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Amadlozi lamabizo ahlukeneyo abizwa ngawo
Amadlozi ngabantu bakithi abangasekho emhlabeni. Laba bantu bagcina imindeni yabo, bayivikele kukho konke okubi. Yikho kulesaga esithi. "Akudlozi laya komunye umuzi ladela kwabo". Lesi saga siyagcizelela ukuthi noma kungabe kulosizi olunjani kwakulindelwe ukuthi amadloizi aluchithe emndenini enze yonke into ibekahle. Ayilihlo lomndeni ngoba amadlozi yimimoya yabantu asebafa abahlala bekukhangele bekupha lenhlanhla. (Nxumalo. 1977:28).
Amadlozi ayakwazi ukukuxwayisa lapho ozovelelwa khona yingozi ingekenzakali ngoba ahlala ekukhangele. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uyabe engakuboni lokho ngesikhathi kusenzeka kodwa aze abone emva kwesikhathi ukuthi amadlozi ebemvikela.kuyenzeka ukuthi umuntu ethi nxa egada ikhombi isisu sibebuhlungu. Azame ukuthi uyaqinisela kuyale, ayehle ayozikhulula. Kuthi nxa esebuya ikhombi ibe isihambile. Lomuntu uzophatheka kabi ngokusala kwakhe. Leyo khombi ingahlangana lengozi bafe bonke abantu abakade bephakathi kwayo yikho lapho okucacayo ukuthi amadlozi akubo amvikele.
IMISEBENZI YAMADLOZI.
Amadlozi alemisebenzi ayenzayo emindenini yawo, ngendlela efana leyomuntu ophilayo lapha emhlabeni. Kuyenzeka enze okuhle njalo engenza lokubi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Kudingeka sikuqaphela ukuthi lokho umuntu akwenza uma ethabile, lalokho akwenza uma ezondile akusoze kufane. Umsebenzi wamadlozi yikuthi abheke imindeni yawo. Kuyenzeka acele ukudla kuwe, uhluleke ukuwanika abakufunayo.
Ngesiko lesintu akudingeki ukuthi amadlozi aze acele. Imindeni yawo kuqakathekile ukuba ihlale iwakhumbula zikhathi zonke. Lawo adinga ukwenzelwa okuhle. ukuze lawo alethe amathamsanqa. (Vilakazi. 1986:11).
Uma umuntu esezohamba emhlabeni udinga ukuphathwa kahle kakhulu. Abantu abadala bayakwazi ukubona umuntu osesendleleni eya kuboyisemkhulu. Amehlo nje ewodwa axoxa indaba. Kodwa akulula ukukubona konke lokhu kumuntu osuke ezofa ngengozi. Nxa umuntu esesondele ekufeni umndeni wakhe udingeka ukuthi ube seduze laye. Lokho kuyosiza ekutheni kuzwakale yonke imilayezo yakhe yokugcina. Njalo konke akutshilo kudingeka kwenziwe njengoba etshilo esaphila. Nxa kungenziwanga ikhaya lingaphenduka libe yibhedlela njalo abantu bomdeni babe lomnyama. (Mbiti, 1931 : 83)
AMABIZO AMADLOZI.
1) ABAPHANSI.
Nxa kukhulunywa ngabaphansi kuchazwa wona amadlozi. Kuthiwa abaphansi nje ngoba bahlala ezweni elingabonwa ngamehlo enyarna.
Leli lizwe lingaphansi komhlaba.
Abaphansi yimimoya yomuzi yabantu asebabhubha. (Msimang.1991:16). Ibizo elithi abaphansi lisetshenziselwa ukuhlonipha arnadlozi. Kuyisiko lesiNdebele ukuhlonipha. Izinto ezinkulu azibizwa ngamabizo azo. Akutshiwo ukuthi iNkosi ifile, kodwa kuthiwa ikhotheme. Izinto eZinkulu ziyagigiyelwa. Lebala elithi "asebabhubha" lihlonipha asebafa.
2) IZITHUTHA
Amadlozi alokubizwa ngokuthi yizithutha ("fools"). Leli bizo lisetshenziswa ukukhuza bona abaphansi nxa bengasajabulisi abaphilayo. Lisuka ezenzweni zabo ezimbi. Amadlozi ayakwazi ukwenza into ethusa umndeni ngendlela eyisimanga. Kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala umndeni ubhubha uphela, kanti kuzonde amadlozi. Kusuka kufuneka ukuthi kulungiswe okuthile okungahambi kahle. Kuye kuphice ngesinye isikhathi ukuthi konakelephi ngoba amalungu omdeni engazi inkinga. Okujwayelekile lapha emhlabeni yikuthi umuntu ujeziselwa icala alaziyo. Amadlozi ayakujezisa loba ungalazi icala lakho. Abadala bomndeni bagcina sebewathethisa bethi: "Libhuqa umuzi wenu nje lina soneni? Lizokhonzwa ngubani?
Selizohlala entabeni nlidle utshani njengezintethe yini?" (Msimang, 1991: 19). Nxa sebethethisiwe bayezwa, besebelubeka phansi lolo swazi. Nxa kuthulwe nje, bangaze bawubhuqabhuqe umuzi bawuqede du yikho kuthiwa bayizith
3) ITHONGO
Ithongo ngelinye ibizo elitsho idlozi. Ukuthi ithongo kuhambisana lokuthi ubuthongo. Lokho kutshiwo ngoba isikhathi sedlozi sokukhululeka kusebusuku sekulelwe lapho elifika khona ngamaphupho. (Berglund, 1975 : 89). Ithongo liqhathaniswa lamaphupho ngoba isikhathi esinengi ukuze livakatshe umuntu uqale abanjwe yibubuthongo libe selisiya kuye ithongo.
4) ABAMHLOPHE
Amadlozi kuyake kuthiwe bamhlophe ngoba okumhlophe kubonakala emnyameni loba emathunzini. Ngokunjalo lamadlozi amhlophe njengoba ehamba lobu bumhlophe obuchazwa bokuletha inhlanhla. Lapha akuqondiswangwa embaleni wesikhumba somuntu. Amadlozi amhlophe yingakho ebonakala emaphutsheni. (Berglund. 1975 :90).
Amathongo uma ekhumbule izizukulwane zawo. afika ebusuku ngephupho. Ukuze umuntu abonakale kahle ebusuku kumele agqoke impahle ezimhlophe. Yikho amadlozi kuthiwa amhlophe ngoba abonakala emnyameni.
5) ABAKITHI
Kujwayelekile ukuthi umuntu abize amadlozi ngokuthi "abakithi". Nxa eveleIwe ngokuhle uthi "abakithi bayangithanda ". Kanti nxa umuntu eyehlelwe libhadi uthi: "abakithi bangifulathele". Lokhu kutsho ukuthi amadlozi omndeni ngabantu asebadlula emhlabeni ozalwa labo ngqo. Nxa umuntu ethi abakithi uqondise emadlozini akubo labantu abaphilayo abelesibongo esifana lesakhe. Amadlozi akwesinye isibongo ngeke aphenduke abe ngawesinye isibongo. Yikho kuqakathekile ukuthi umuntu abezaze ukuthi ungowakobani isibongo sakhe lokuthi abebazi abakibo.
6) AMAKHOSI
Amadlozi ayabizwa ngokuthi amakhosi. Leli bizo lisebenza nxa kubuye umoya womuntu womdeni osowadlulayo emhlabeni owayeyisangoma wazongena kumuntu ophilayo kulowomdeni. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu nxa lowomuntu nxa wayesazi kakhulu imithi yesintu yokulapha. Nxa selenze kanje alisabizwa ngokuthi idlozi sekuzothiwa amakhosi. (Msimang. 1991 : 19). Lokhu kuchaza lokugcizelela ukuthi umoya womuntu osewabhubha uyakwazi ukwembatha inyama yomuntu ophilayo. Nxa umuntu engenwe amakhosi uthatha isimo sokwenza kwamakhosi. Okungangokuthi nxa abantu bekhuluma aye noma bembingelela kumele bathi "Makhosi".
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Indlela amadlozi abonakala ngayo - amaphupho
Lapha ophuphayo ulibona idlozi lelo njengoba elazi ligqoke iziqgoko ezejwayekileyo likhuluma laye njengoba lalenza lisaphila. (Msimang. 1991: 22). Lokhu kutsho ukuthi nxa liziveza idlozi kulowomuntu ophuphayo lifika liyileso simo elaliyiso lisaphila. Amadlozi ngesinye isikhathi afaniswa lezingilosi ngokwenkolo yobuKrestu ngenxa yezenzo zawo.
(Makhathini. 1965: 4).
Nxa abantu bebuka isimo samadlozi abo abanye bagcina sebewabona njenge zingelosi. Leli bizo lande kakhulu enkolweni yobuKrestu. Ibizo lokuthi ingilosi lisebenza ngoba abantu basuke bebone imisebenzi emihle eyenziwe ngamadlozi. Nxa ugula kakhulu, kwesinye iskhathi uphupha ukhulu wakho osewabhubha. Kuthi kusisa ungaselazo inhlungu lokugula. Nxa kusenzeka ngalendlela akekho ongakuvimba nxa ubiza ukhulu wakho ngengilosi ngenxa yesenzo sakhe esihle sokukwelapha.
Nxa idlozi livakashela umuntu ngephupho lisebenzisa lezindlela ezilandelayo: eyokuthinta, eyokuzwa, eyokunambitha leyokubona.(Berglund. 1975: 98). Nxa umuntu kade ephupha idlozi ubonakala ngokuvuka enambitha ngoba idlozi lingena ngomlomo. Nxa kungena into emlonyeni umuntu uyanambitha kodwa ukuze lelodlozi libonakale ukuthi lingubani. Liya emehlweni womuntu ophuphayo. Idlozi liphinde liqhubekela ezindlebeni ukuze uzwe lokho elikutshoyo.
Nxa umuntu elele kusuke kufana lokuthi ufile. Yikho uSomandla edunyiswa lapho kulalwa, aphinde adunyiswe akuseni. Lapho umuntu evuka kubuhlungu amahlombe uye abone ukuthi ubevakatshelwe ngamadlozi. Kwesinye isikhathi idlozi likugwaza emahlombe. ngoba lifuna ungakhohlwa lokho elikutshele khona. Lokhu likwenza ngoba akulula ukuthi umuntu akhohlwe into ebuhlungu.
Abantu abadala abalolwazi olujulileyo bamane bazibonele nxa kukhona ofikelwe yikonakala wadlala ngedlozi. Lokhu bakubona ngendlela idlozi elifika ngayo emaphutsheni engenhle. Kungcinwa sekubizwa inyanga ezolungisa lokho konakala. Lenyanga Ililungisa ngokukhipha imithi yayo eyayikhonjiswa ngokhokho bayo mhla beyinika lomsebenzi. Okuqakathekileyo okumele abantu bakuqondisise yikuthi akusiwo wonke amaphupho athunyelwa ngamadlozi.
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VUMBU INHLATHU ELEKHANDA LOMUNTU ESIQEDE ABANTWANA35
. . . Igcina igazi labo phakathi kodiwo edamu
Cornelius Luphahla
LOKHE zikhuza umhlola njalo zitshwaqe umzimba izakhamizi zesigabeni seMahole eFilabusi, ngaphansi kukasobhuku uJulliet Moyo ngemva kokubona uhalabezi lwenyoka olulekhanda lomuntu obelugcinwe ngesinye isakhamuzi endlini njalo okucatshangelwa ukuba yilo obeseluqede abantwana, uMthunywa uyakuveza lokhu lamhlanje.
Impicabadala le ivele kumaviki amabili edluleyo lapho okukhitshwe inhlathu elekhanda lomuntu, izandla kanye lendiwo zegazi labantwana ezimbili.
Inyoka le ibonakale emzini kaNkosazana Khethiwe Bhebhe njalo uMthunywa ulevidiyo yenyoka le.
Izakhamizi zesiqinti lesi ezikhulume lephephandaba likazulu ziveze ukuthi lokhu zitheneke amadolo ngembedumehlwana le.
Kuzwakale ukuba inyoka le ibitshayelwa umlozwi ngumnikazi wayo nxa ibizwa njalo ithutshe sasivunguzane ivela edamu leZhulube lapho ebike ihlale khona nxa ingekho endlini.
Ngaphandle kokuba lekhanda lomuntu lezandla, inyoka le, kubonakala ukuthi ilenwele hatshi iwigi ngoba esinye isakhamuzi kuvidiyo le sibonakala sizama ukuzidonsa njalo zizinde okwezabelungu zitshaya eqolo.
Inyoka le kuvidiyo ikhala okosane olulambileyo ngoba ibisithi nxa ibizwa iphiwe ilambazi kodwa mhlalokho isimo sasiguqukile.
Esinye isakhamuzi esilandisele uMthunywa ngalinkemenkeme sithe lokhu sathwetshulwa yingwe kasikaze sikubone.
“Lokhu ngakhotha udengezi lwedubha kangikaze ngibone okunje. Abantu bagangile sibili sihlezi labo. Le ngeke ngathi yinyoka ngoba isamuntu phezulu,” kuchaza esinye isakhamuzi esithande ukwaziwa ngokuthi nguMaNdebele nje kuphela.
Uqhubekele phambili wathi inyoka le kwathiwa yiyo esiqede abantwana edamu leli abadlula kilo nxa besiya esikolo.
“Abantwana lapha esigabeni bahamba umango omude besiya esikolo kungakho sebebanengi asebefe bedlula edamu leli,” kulandisa uMaNdebele.
Esinye njalo isakhamuzi esithande ukwaziwa ngokuthi nguNdlovu nje kuphela siveze ukuba sasikhona mhla kukhitshwa inyoka le.
“Mina ngangikhona mhla abaphurofethi bekhipha inyoka le koMaBhebhe noma nje kungazange kwabizwa abantu abanengi. Sathi sifika bathi uMaBhebhe kageze izandla emanzini abo wathi ngemva kokugeza bambuza ngenyoka le wasechaza ukuthi inyoka le yatshiywa nguninazala owabhubhayo owayesaziwa ngokuthi nguNaThephula njalo eyinyanga edumileyo.
“Kuthe kunjalo bathi kayibize wayibiza ngokhwelo kwathutsha isivunguzane esikhulu sithe sikhangele isivunguzane lesi kwangena inkalakatha yenyoka yafika yazigoqa endlini yaqala ukukhala sanyoni,” kuchaza uMnu Ndlovu.
“Wathi ebuzwa ukuthi wayeyigcineleni waveza ukuthi kakwazi ukuba ayise ngaphi. Wabika njalo ukuthi inyoka le ibihlala edamu leZhulube kodwa uhlupho lwayo yikuthi ibinyamalalisa abantwana esigabeni ibabulale ifake igazi ediweni ibe inatha,” kulandisa uMnu Ndlovu.
UMthunywa ubuye njalo wakhulumisana loNkosazana Belinda Tshuma oyisakhamuzi sakule indawo waveza ukuthi inyoka le yayibunjwe samuntu.
“Inyoka le yayifana lenhlathu umehluko kwakuyikuthi yayilekhanda lomuntu lenwele angathi zifakwe iphemu (perm), indevu kanye lezandla zomuntu. Mina ngangisithi ifake iwigi kanti zinwele zayo,” kuchaza uNkszn Tshuma.
Iphephandaba likazulu lizwe ukuthi kuthe ngemva kokuba inyoka le isibonwe ngabantu abaphurofethi bathi umnikazi wayo ayithele idizili ayitshise, waseyitshisa.
Kuzwakale njalo ukuthi ngemva kokutshisa inyoka le izakhamizi kunye labaphurofethi baqonda edamu lapho okwakulendiwo zegazi bafika bangena emanzini baphuma beziphethe.
“Abaphurofethi bangena edamu baphuma bephethe indiwo ezimbili zilegazi labantwana phakathi lazo zatshiswa,” kuchaza uNkszn Tshuma.
Kuzwakale njalo ukuthi esikhathini esinengi bekubonakala isavunguzane esikhulu sivela emangweni wedamu kanti kuyabe kuyiyo inyoka le isizokudla ilambazi njalo lokhu inyoka le yatshiswayo asisabonakali.
Intatheli ikhulumisane losobhuku walesisigaba uNkkz Julliet Moyo ochaze ukuthi indaba yenyoka le kakayizwa.
“Mina indaba le angikayizwa angazi kumbe yikuthi ngangingekho okwesikhathi eside ngize ngabuya kuyonale iviki kodwa abakangitsheli,” kuphetha uNkkz Moyo.
UMthunywa uvakatshele emzini wesakhamizi lesi esicatshangelwa ukuthi yiso esasigcine inyoka le kwathiwa waya eNkayi emkhuhlaneni. Imizamo yokukhulumisana laye yehlule ngoba ucingo lwakhe lwalile ukungena.54


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Kabasakhuzwa abantwana beTsholotsho
Iphephandaba likazulu lizwe ukuthi abantwana besigabeni seNemane eTsholotsho sebephenduke izitha zabazali babo ngoba bengafuni ukukhuzwa.
Kuzwakale ukuba kuviki ephelileyo kulontanga ozibopheleyo ngoba ekhuziwe osekwenze inani labontanga asebezibulele ngemva kokukhuzwa laya kwabane.
UMthunywa uzwe ukuthi lonyaka sebebabili ontanga asebezibulele ngemva kokukhuzwa kukanti abanye ababili bafa nyakenye.
UKhansila wakule indawo uMnumzana Jonathan Ndlovu ubike ukuba njengezakhamizi abasazi ukuthi bakhuze abantwana kumbe babekele babe ngumhlambi kazelusile.
"Sesihlala sizidla amathambo engqondo njengabazali ukuba abantwabethu sibakhuze kumbe sebekele ngoba sisesaba ukuthi ungamkhuza uzahlangana laye eselenga esihlahleni," kubika uMnu Ndlovu.
"Abadala bathi isigogo sigoqwa sisemanzi pho nxa sengisehluleka ukuthi ngilaye umntwana ongowami ngenze njani?" kveza uMnu Ndlovu
Okusiphicayo yikuthi abantwana ababili batholakale bezihilele endaweni eyodwa.
UMthunywa uvakatshele elinye inina elilomntwana owakhuzwa wasezibophela kodwa wathi kenelisi ukukhuluma ngaloludaba.
Elinye inina eliziveze ngokuthi nguNkosikazi Sikhangele Ndlovu uthe indawo yakibo isiyiSodoma leGomora.
"Abantwana bakithi abaselanhlonipho, sebesenza indawo le ibe yiSodoma leGomora ngoba sebethandana lamaxhegu angoyisemkhulu. Kukanti ungazama ukubakhuza bavuka upenyane baphose bakubulale," kuchaza uNkkz Ndlovu.
USobhuku wakule indawo uMnumzana Mthunzi Dube ubike ukuba njengabazali sebephelelwe ngamasu ngoba bengasazi ukuthi babakhuze njani abantwababo.
"Izikolo ziyavulwa asiselaqiniso lokuthi ababalisi bazenelisa ukuzefundisa endaweni elabantwana abathi bangakhuzwa badobhe intambo bayezibophela," kubika uMnu Dube.
Kusiga esedluleyo kulomfana otholakale eziwisele edamu okusuka kutshiye abadala bejingekile ngemibuzo eminengi.


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Nkayi bus accident, Orbert Mpofu do something - WhatsApp update
10:16, 4 Oct - +27 7* *** ****: Good morning MhlekaziBulawayo 24,please hide my number.
Baba Honourable Minister: Orbert Mpofu, Ngilethemba baba wethu uyazibona izikhalo zezakhamuzi mayelana ngeMigwaqo yethu yaseMakhaya esp uNkayi Road, iMigwaqo eya emaPulazini esayiphiwa nguHulumende (resettlement) in short, kanye lo NyameNdlovu Road oyiwo uMgwaqo oya emzini wakho Mhlonitshwa awuhambeki.
Sicela usizwele baba nanti izulu liyeza sicela usikhiphe ekuhluphekeni,ezifuleni sicela ufake ama Storm water pipe ukuze sikwazi ukudlula lanxa kulamanzi, amaStorm water pipes agcwele emaFemini e Kelvin ko Bulawayo alahliwe.
Sicela baba uthumele amaGrader asebenze ngamandla wonke kuyo yonke indawo belungise bephinde bevule imigwaqo eya eMaResettlement siyizakhamuzi lathi sifile like Citizens njenga seMashonaland imigwaqo yabo mihle.
Sicela lisisize bantu siyakhala ngemiGwaqo. Uma ungaphakami Mhlonitshwa kuyothi kuphela ama Christimas le New year kuyophela abanengi abantu ngenxa yemigwaqo le.Siyacela usizwele baba thina asilawo amandla nguwe ophethe intambo.
Bulawayo 24 sicela lesisikhalo sifike ku Mhlonitshwa uHon Orbert Mpofu.


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Integrity Helpline
Ungahlola isimo sombiko wakho noma umbuzo usebenzisa inombolo yokungena noma igama lokungena owalisungula lapho uthumela umbiko noma umbuzo.
Uma ungathanda ukukhuluma nothile kungazi muntu, sishayele ucingo futhi omunye futhi omunye wabamelei bethu uzokujabulela ukukusiza.
select local number below
Uma ushayela elinye izwe khetha indawo yakho ohlwini olungezansi ukuze uthole inombolo yamahhala yamazwe ngamazwe eyabelwe izwe lakho. Uma izwe lakho lingekho ohlwini Chofoza lapha ukuze uthole iziqondiso ezengeziwe
Sicela uphawule ukuthi lena akuyona inkonzo yezimo eziphuthumayo. Xhumana neziphathimandla zendawo yakho uma lokhu kuyinkinga esongela ukuphila.
Iziqondiso zokushayela kwelinye izwe
Lolu akulona ucingo lwezimo eziphuthumayo. Uma ubika isimo esiphuthumayo, sicela uxhumane nenkonzo yezimo eziphuthumayo efanele noma abezomthetho phakathi endaweni noma ezweni lakini.
If your country is not listed, use the following number for a collect call/reverse charge call. Operator assistance may be required and local charges may apply:+1-720-514-4400
Lapho ushayela elinye izwe sicela uqiniseke ukuthi usebenzisa indlela efanele yokuphuma namakhodi ezwe aqondile endawo yakini nalapho ushayela khona.
Lolu akulona ucingo lwezimo eziphuthumayo. Uma ubika isimo esiphuthumayo, sicela uxhumane nenkonzo yezimo eziphuthumayo efanele noma abezomthetho phakathi endaweni noma ezweni lakini.


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Unyaka: ngo1848.
Indabuko: Karl Marx no-Frederick Engels, isiBophelezo Sebhlangano Yamakhomanisi, iNingizimu Afrika: Workers Organization for Socialist Action (WOSA), 2002; Umhumushi: Brian Ramadiro, 2002.
Le Nkathi: Marxists Internet Archive, ngoFebruwari 2013.
Kunesipoki esihlupha i-Yurobhu – isipoki sobukhomanisi. Zonke iziphathimandla ze-Yorubhu endala zakhe umfelandawonye ongcwele ukuze kuphephethwe lesipoki: u-Phapha nenkosi yase-Rashiya, U-Metternich kanye no- Guizot, ubuxhwanguxhwangu base-Fulansi (French Radicals) kanye nezimpimpi zamaphoyisa ase-Jalimane.
Ngeyiphi inhlangano ephikisayo engajivazwa yiziphathi-mandla ngelokuthi inobukhomanisi? Ngeyiphi inhlangano ephikisayo engaziphenduleli, kulezinye izinhlangano esezithuthukile ezindleleni zazo zokuphikisa, nakulezo zeziphekulazikhuni, ngalelichaphazi lensolo yokuba zinobukhomanisi?
Kubili okuvela kulamaqiniso: –
I. Ubukhomanisi sebuvunywe yiziphathi-mandla zase-Yurobhu ukuba nabo bungamandla.
II. Sesifikile isikhathi sokuba Amakhomanisi aphumele eshashalazini, abhekane nomhlaba wonke, asakaze imibono yawo, izinjongo kanye nezindlela zawo bahlangabezane nalenganekwane yesipoki sobu-Khomanisi bephethe isibophezelo salenhlangano qobo lwayo.
Ukuze lokhu kufezeke, ama-Khomanisi amazwe ngamazwe ahlangene e- London adweba lesibophezelo esizoshicilelwa ngalezilimi: isi-Fulentshi, isi- Jalimane, isi-Taliyane, isi-Felemishi (Flemish) kanye nesi-Danishi (Danish).
Umlando wabantu bonke emhlabeni jikelele kuze kube manje[2], ngumlando wemizabalazo yezigaba.
Phakathi kokhululekile nesigqila, kwesigwili (patrician) kanye nomfokazane, kulo olilunga eliphelele lenyonyani yezingcweti yemisebenzi yezandla[3] kanye nesishozi sakhe, ngelilodwa, phakathi komcindezeli kanye nocindezelwe, bahlala bejamelene njalo, belwa impi engenamkhawulo, impi ethi manje ishoshe phansi, futhi ibuye iphumele eshashalazini, impi ethi zikhathi zonke iphelele ekuguqukeni kwendlela yokuphatha ezweni noma iphelele encithakalweni yazo zombili lezigaba ezincitisanayo.
Ezikhathini ezedlule simfumanisa emlandweni ukuba cishe ndawo zonke umphakathi uhleleke uhlolo, ungubuninginingi bezikhundla. E-Roma yasendulo kunama-patrician, ama-knights, abantu-nje, izigqila; Ezikhathini Ezimaphakathi kutholakala izinkosi, amakhosi akhonze kwamanye, induna yomsebenzi wezandla, labo abaseqedile ukufundela umsebenzi othile wezandla, labo abasafundela umsebenzi wezandla, abasebenzi basemapuluzani (serfs); cishe kuzo zonke lezi zigaba kukhona ezinye ezincane.
Lomphakathi wobunxiwankulu banamuhla umilele emvithivithini yombuso waMakhosi, zange uqede umbango wezigaba. Umphakathi wobunxiwankulu wakhe ezintsha izigaba, izimiso ezintsha zencindezelo, imizabalazo emisha ethatha isikhundla saleyo yakudala.
Lezinkathi zethu, yizinkathi zobunxiwankulu, zigcamise ngalesi sici: zenze ukuba umbango wezigaba ube sobala. Umphakathi noma izwe lonke lihlukane amaqembu amabili abangayo, lihlukana izigaba ezijamelene – onxiwankulu nesigaba sabasebenzi.
Kuzisebenzi zasemapulazini zesiSikhathi Esimaphakathi kwazalwa khona abalimi abanemvume emadolobheni Asendulo. Imbewu yokuqala yonxiwankulu iqhumise kulaba balimi. Ukufumaniswa kwe-Melika, nokuzungezwa kwe-Kapa kwavulela lonxiwankulu abakhulayo amathuba amasha. Izimakethe zase-Ndiya nase-Shayina, ukubuswa kwe-Melika ngabase-Yurobhu, uhwebelano namazwe abuswa ngamanye (amakholoni), nokwanda kohewbolana nempahla, konke lokhu kwanikeza uhwebolano, uqondiso lwemikhumbi, izimboni, uvuko olungakaze lwabonwa phambilini, futhi kwanikeza uvuko kulabo ababehlose ukuguqula isimo sokubusa kulemixegexege yemiphakathi yeSikhathi Esimaphakathi.
Indlela yeSikhathi Esimaphakathi yokukhiqiza, yayigodlwe futhi ihanjiswa imifelandawonye yezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla engavumeli yinoma bani ukuba angene kuyona, yayingasanele ukufeza izidingo zemakethe ekhulayo nalezo zezimakethe ezintsha. Indlela entsha yokukhiqiza yathatha isikhundla saleyo yakudala. Izinduna zalezinyonyani zezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla zasunduzelwa eceleni kwangeniswa abakhiqizi abavela esigabeni esimaphakathi: ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ngezinyonyani (zezingcweti yemisebenzi yezandla) kwashabalala kwangena ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-mboni ngayinye.
Ngalesikhathi, izimakethe nezidingo zabantu zaqhubeka nokukhula njalo. Ngisho nabakhiqizi bebangasanele. Kwakuyikhona, umusi nemishini yaguqula indlela yokukhiqiza impahla. Isikhundla sezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla sathathwa yizidlakela zezimboni zesimanje; isikhundla sabakhiqizi besigaba esimaphakathi sathathwa yizomboni zogcwigcwi bezicebi, yizinduna zamabutho ezimboni, ngonxiwankulu besimanje.
Izimboni zesimanje zakhe imakethe esingatha umhlaba wonke. Ukufunyaniswa kwe-Melika kwenza lokhu kwalula. Lemakethe ilethe enkulu ingqubeko kuhwebolano, kuqondiso lwemikhumbi, kuxhumano phakathi ezweni; nxashana izimboni, uhwebelano, uqondiso lwemikhumbi kanye nemigwaqo yezitimela kuqhubeka nokwanda, ngokulingayo, onxiwankulu babekhula, izimali zabo eziqongelelwe zande, basunduzele eceleni yonke imisalela yezigaba zomphakathi Wesikhathi Esimaphakathi.
Siyabona-ke ukuba onxiwankulu kwasabona bangumphumela wenguguko ende, bangumphumele wempendu-mpenduko yezindlela zokukhiqiza / zokuphila nezohwebolano.
Isinyathelo nesinyathelo ekukhuleni konxiwankulu besihambisana nokudlondlobala kwalesi sigaba kwezopolitiko. Yisigaba esasicindezelwe embusweni Wamakhosi, yisigaba esakha umfelandawonye ohlomile ezindaweni lapho besiphethe khona amandla okubusa (ama-commune[4]): lapha ilizwe eliziphethe lingena nkosi (njengase-Ithali nase-Jalimane); laphaya baYisigaba Sesithathu esithela intela ngaphansi kobukhosi (njengase-Fulansi); qede, ngezikhathi zokhiqizo lwesimanje, lesigaba besisebenzela Izinkosi Ezingenakululekwa njengesikhali esilinganisa amandla phakathi kwamakhosi; kanti futhi besiludonga – onxiwankulu, kusukela ekuqalweni kwezimboni zesimanje kanye nemakethe esingatha umhlaba wonke, bazahlulela wonke amandla wokubusa, kulombuso wokhetho, isigungu sikahulumeni wesimanje silikomidi lokuphatha izindaba ezibhekene nabo bonke onxiwankulu.
Onxiwankulu, masiqhathanisa nezikhathi ezingaphambi kwalezi zabo, babamba iqhaza elikhulu enguquleni-mbuso eyaletha enkulu ingqubekela phambili.
Onxiwankulu, kuzo zonke izindawo lapho abathataha khona amandla, baqeda konke okuphathelene nemiphakathi yamakhosi, okuphathelene nokulawula kwamadoda, kanye nako konke ukuhlobana kwabantu ngokuzalana okusimame empilweni yasemaphandleni. Ngaphandle kozwelo basakaze lenxubevange yezibopho ezazibophezele wonke umuntu “kwabadala ngokwesiko nangemvelo"; akusenalutho okuxhumanisa omunye komunye ngaphandle kobugovu nongazwelani “oluthatha ukheshi kuphela". Onxiwankulu sebathulise nenkulu injabulo yobungcwele benkolo, bathulise ubutasatasa bamaqhawe, bathulise bonke labo abangathandi impucuko abafisa ukubambelela emiphakathini yakudala. Igugu lobuntu seli linganiswa nesibalo semali ethile, kanti endaweni yenkululeko enganakubalwa futhi enganamkhawulo bafaka eyodwa kuphela inkululeko, eyiqeli kakhulu – Inkululeko Yohwebolano. Ngelilodwa, inkululeko yokuxhaphaza, egubezwe ngenkolo kanye nenkohliso yezepolitiko, isukhundla senkululeko sesithathwe uxhaphazo olungenamahloni, olusobala, futhi olungcwelizisayo.
Onxiwankulu sebakhumule imiqhele yayonke imisebenzi ethi kuze kube manje yayihlonishwa futhi inesithunzi. Onxiwankulu sebaphendule udokotela, ummeli, umfundisi, imbongi, kanye nososayensi, yabenza izisebenzi babo eziholelwayo.
Onxiwankulu sebamuke umndeni ingubo yozwelano, qede benza umndeni waba uhlobano lwemali.
Onxiwankulu sebabonakalisile ukuba kwenzeke kanjani ukuba ukuhlukumeza obunamandla ngezikhathi zamakhosi, ukuhlumeza okudunyiswa yiwo wonke amadonsela-mva, bebuhambisana nobukhulu obuvila. Onxiwankulu bahamamba phambili ekutshengiseni ukuba inkuthalo yomuntu ingalethani. Onxiwankulu bafeze izimanga ezedlula izakhiwo zase- Gibhithe, imisele yokuhola amanzi yase-Roma, amasonto esi-Gothiki; onxiwankulu bathathe amahambo enza kube yize konke ukwamuka kwezizwe kanye nayo yonke imikhankaso (yokuphoqela amazwe ngamazwe ukuba alandele inkolo yobu-Krestu).
Onxiwankulu bangashabalala uma bengaqhubeki nokuthuthukisa noukuguqula imishini yokukhiqiza, lentuthuko nenguquko ishintsha indlela yokwakha umnotho, loku bese kushintsha indlela youkuphila emphakathini wonke. Ukonga izindlela ezindala zokukhiqiza ngaphandle koshintsho, masiqhathanisa nonxiwankulu, bekungumbandela wazo zonke izigaba zosozimboni bakudala – kodwa hhayi onxiwankulu. Ukushinthsa indlela youkukhiqiza okunganamkhawulo, unyakaziso olungenamnqawulo kwendlela yokuphila, ukungabaza nobuyaluyalu kwempilo okungaphakade, konke lokhu kuhlukanisa izikhathi zonxiwankulu kuzo zonke eziphambilini. Konke ukuzalana, ukuhlobana, nezindlela zokuphila azisagxilanga ezweni ngalinye kanti nezinkolo nemibono yasendulo seyikhukhulwe, bese kuthi konke okusha kungasaphathwa andukuba kubune. Konke okulitshe kuncibilike kube umoya, konke okungcewle kube okomhlaba, wonke umuntu aphoqeleke ukuba abhekane ngqo nesimo sakhe sokuphila kanye nokuphathelena kwakhe nabanye abantu.
Isidingo esikhule njalo semakethe yokuthengisa umkhiqizo senza onxiwankulu bagijime onke amagumbi omhlaba. Bakhosele ndawo zonke, bakhe ndawo zonke, bakhe izihlobo ndawo zonke.
Onxiwankulu, ngokusebenzisa imakethe esingathe umhlaba wonke, benze ukuba indlela yokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa umkhiqizo ifane kumazwe wonke Labo abafuna ukuphindisela umphakathi emva bajabhe kakhulu ngoba ubunxiwankulu budilize lodonga izimboni zamazwe ngamazwe bezimi kulona. Izimboni zeminyaka zamazwe sezibhubhisiwe noma zisabhubhiswa malanga onke. Isikhundla salezi zimboni sithathwa ngezinye, lezimboni ezintsha zahlululela ukufa nokuphila, yizimboni okungakhathakekile kuzona ukuba izinto eziluhlaza zokwenza impahla zivela kwelakuphi izwe, zisebenzisa izinto eziluhlaza zokukhiqiza impahla ezivela emajukujukwini omhlaba; ompahla yazo engasetshenziswa ekhaya kuphela, kodwa kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Esikhundlni sezidingo zakudala, ezaneliswa ngumkhiqizo wasekhaya, sithola izidingo ezintsha, ezinganeliswa ngumkhiqizo wamazwe asekudeni anemimoya eyahlukile. Endaweni yamazwe ahlala wedwana eqholoshile, sibona ukuphathelana / ukusebenzisana kuzo zonke izinto, amazwe wonke ancike futhi asebenzisane namanye. Njegasekhiqizweni ophathelana nezinto ezibonakalayo, kunjalo futhi nasemkhiqizweni yengqondo / wemicabango (isbn., amabhuku, izingoma, imifanekiso). Lemisebenzi yengqondo yezwe ngalinye seyimpahla yawonke umuntu. Ukucwasa ngubuzwe kanye nokuba nenhliziyo yokungavumeli abanye ukuba bazinqumele kuhambe kuhambe kubenzima ukufezeka, bese kuthi kuyo yonke imibhalo kazwelonke neyemiphakathi emincane, kudalwe khona imibhalo yomhlaba wonke.
Onxiwankulu, ngokuthuthukisa imishini yokukhiqiza ngokushesha, ngokuthuthuka kwezinto zokuxhumana, konke lokhu kulethe impucuko nakwelikhulu iqaba. Ukushibha kwezimpahla iyona mbayi-mbayi abayisebenzisayo ukunqoba nenkulu inkani nenzondo yabezizwe ngamaqaba. Onxiwankulu baphoqela wonke amazwe, nxa engafuni ukubhubhiswa, ukulandela indlela yokukhiqiza yobunxiwankulu, iwaphoqele ukuba angenise loku bona abakubiza impucuko yomphakathi – ukuze nabo babengonxiwankulu. Kafushane, onxiwankulu bakha umhlaba oyisithombe sabo.
Onxiwankulu sebenze ukuba amaphandle abengaphansi kwamadolobha. Bakhe amadolobha amakhulu, bandisa nesibalo sabantu emadolobheni masiqhathanisa namaphandle, ngokwenza njalo bakhulule ingxenye enkudlwana yabantu kubuthutha bempilo yasemaphandleni. Njengoba benze amaphandle ukuba ancike/ athemebele emadolobheni, benze amazwe amaqaba-ngamaqaba athembele kulawo aphucikile, amazwe abalimi athembele kumazwe wonxiwankulu, Impumalanga ithembele ku-Ntshonalanga.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi onxiwankulu baqeda ukusakazeka kwabantu, kwezinto zokukhiqiza, kanye nempahla. Abantu sebabuthelene ndawonye, sebahlanganiswe ndawonye yizinto zokukhiqiza, baqoqele impahla ezandlani ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yaloku amandla okubusa asebuthalane ndawonye. Izifunda ngezifunda zinezidingo ezahlukile, imethetho yazo, ohulumeni bazo, kanye nezindlela zazo zokuthela intela, zaqoqelwa ndawonye zaba yisizwe esisodwa esinohulumeni owodwa, umthetho owodwa wezwe, isizwe esibhekela isidingo sesigaba esisodwa ezweni, umudwa owodwa wezwe, kanye nentelo efanayo kumpahla evela ngaphandle kwezwe.
Onxiwankulu, ngalezi nkathi zabo zokubusa ezicihse zibe amakhulu eminyaka, bakhe isimuhluza, isidlakela sezinto kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza edlula yayo yonke inzalo endlule inhlangene. Ukunqotshwa kwamandla emvelo ngumuntu, yimishini, ukusetshenziswa kwe-kemitseli ezimbonini kanye nasekulimeni, eqondisweni lwemikhumbi ethunqa umusi, ujantshi, imishini kagesi yokushaya ucingo, kanye nokucwenga amazwe ngamazwe ukuze kulinywe, ukwakhiwa kwemisele nemifula, ukuqambwa kwemiphakathi esithubeni – ngesiphi isikhathi endulo lapho ekwakukhona ngisho nesazelela sokuba izinto nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezifana nalezi bezigodlwe ngabakhiqizi / ngabasebenzi?
Siyabona-ke ukuba: izinto zokukhiqiza kanye nokuhwebelana, onxiwankulu abasekele kuzona, zizalwe emphakathini Wombuso Wamakhosi. Ezingene elithile ekuthuthukeni kwalezinto zokukhiqiza nokuhwebelana izimiso zokukhiqiza okwakusetshenzwa ngaphansi kwazo ngezinkathi Zamakhosi, indlela lomphakathi wawulima futhi ukhiqiza ngayo, kafushane, izindlela zokuphatha nokusebenzisa impahla yayisiphikisana nalamandla athuthukile wokukhiqiza; lendlela endala yokuphatha nokukhiqiza impahla beyisibopho. Isibopho okwakufanele singqunywe, sisakazwe; vele kwabanjalo.
Esikhundleni sawo kwangena ukuncintisana okungavinjelwe lutho, kuhambisana nenhlelo yomphakathi kanye neplotiki esekele lokhu, kanye nokuthathwa komnotho kanye nezopolitiki ngonxiwankulu.
Lomnyakazo wenzeka ngaphambi kobuso bethu. Inhlalo yobunxiwankulu besimanje manje, nezindlela zayo zokuphatha nokukhiqiza umnotho, zokuhwebelana kanye nezokuphatha impahla, yinhlalo eqambe isidlakela sezimpahla zokukhiqiza nokuhwebelana, singalinganisa lomphakathi njengomlumbi osehluleka ukuthiba lemikhuba ayibize kwelabafileyo. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi lapho sibona ukuba umlando wezimboni kanye nohwebolano kahle-kahle ngumlando wokuvukela onxiwankulu besimanje kuphikiswana nezindlela zabo zokuphatha impahla eziyisimiselo sombuso kwabo. Kwanele ukubalula izikhathi lapho onxiwnkulu behluleka ukuthengisa impahla yabo. Lokuhluleka ukuyithengisa, ukuyinhlanyeza impahla yabo, kubeka yonke inhlalo yobunxiwankulu esimweni esibucayi. Loku kuhluleka ukuthengisa kwenza ukuba impahla ekhiqizwa manje naleyo ekhiqizwe phambilini ibhubhuswe. Kulezibhelu kuhlasela isifo okhokho bangasihleka usulu – isifo sokukhiqiza ngokweqile. Umphakathi uzithola usubuyela ebuqabeni, kubesengathi kwehle indlala ebomvu, impi ebhubhise konke yangqamule konke kokuphila; kubesengathi izimboni kanye nohwebolano kubhubhisiwe. Ngungani? Ngoba kunempucuko eningi kakhulu, kunempahla eningi kakhulu yokuphilisa wonke umuntu, izimboni eziningi ngokwedlule, uhwebelano oluningi ngokwedlule. Amandla okukhiqiza asesetshenziswa ngumphakathi awasaseki noma athuthukise izimiso ezidlondlobalisa impahla yonxiwankulu; amandla wokukhiqiza asebukhali kangangokuba asephikisana nalezimiso, izimiso eziwabophe izinyawo; lamandla afuna ukuzikhulula kulezibopho, ukuzikhulula kwawo kuletha ubuketukete kubo bonke onxiwankulu. Izimiso zonxiwankulu zifiphene kakhulu, ziyahluleka ukuba ingxenye yalamandla akhiqiza lomnotho. Benza njani onxiwankulu ukuzitakula kulezibhelu? Ngokuchitha ubuningi ngubuningi bamandla okukhiqiza; nokuvula izimakhethe ezintsha, nokusebenzisa ngokuphelele izimakethe ezindala. Ngokwenza kanjena bavula izimbobo lapho ezinye ezimbi kakhulu izibhelu zizongena khona, loku kunciphise zonke izindlela zokugwema lezibhelu.
Lenduku onxiwankulu ababeyisebenzisa ukubhula ngayo imibuso yobukhosi isibhekena nabo.
Onxiwankulu abagcinanga ngokukhanda izikhali ezizobabhubhisa; baqambe kwabona labantu abazozebenzisa lezikhali – isigaba sesimanje sabasebenzi.
Ukukhula konxiwankulu kuhambisana nokudlondlobala kwesigaba sabasebenzi – leyo ngxenye ephila kuphela ngokusebenza, ethola umsebenzi kuphela nxa amandla abo okusebenza andisa imali/inzuzo. Labasebenzi kufanele bazithengise ngamacezu-cezu, bayimpahla, njengayo yonke impahla okuhwebelana ngayo, yingakho-ke babhekana nakho konke ukuphenduphenduka kwemakethe, ukwehla nokwenyuka kwemakethe.
Ngenxa yokusebenziswa kabanzi kwemishini, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, imisebenzi yesigaba sabasebenzi isilahlekelwe isici sayo sobynye, ngenxa yaloku, isilahlaeelwe yibo bonke ubuhle bayo. Umsebenzi usiyisixhumelo somshini, kuyena sokudingeka amakhono alula kuphela, angashintshiyo, futhi amakhono angafundwa yinomabani. Yingakho-ke izindleko zokukhokhela umsebenzi zikhawuliswe cishe kuleyo mali eyanele ukuba umsebenzi abambe umphefumulo nokuba andise inzalo yakhe. Kodwa intengiso yempahla, ngokunjalo amandla okusebenza, ilingana netingiso eyanele kuphela ukuyikhiqiza lempahla. Ngakho-ke ukwanda ngokunyanyeka komsebenzi othile, kuhambisana nokuncipha kweholo lawo. Akupheleli lapho, ngokulinganayo, ngokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwemishini kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kwanda ubunzima bomsebenzi, loku kwenziwa ngokudephisa amahora okusebenza, noma ngokwandisa umsebenzi okufanele ufezwe ngesikhathi esithile, noma ngokusetshenziswa kwemishini esheshayo, njll.
Izimboni zesimanje sezigugqule izindawo ezincane zokusebenza ezaziphethwe yizikhulu zamadoda zaba izidlakela zamafektri. Inyokomo yabasenzi iminyene e-fektri, ihlelwe njengebutho. Njengamasotsha angana zikhundla kulebutho lemboni, babekwe ngaphansi kwezandla zezinduna nosatsheni. Abazigqila zonxiwankulu nezigqila zohulumeni wobunxiwonkulu kuphela, zikhathi zonke bagqilazwa ngumshini, yinduna, futhi kakhulukazi, ngunxiwankulu qobo lwakhe. Lokubusa ngobudlwangudlwangu, ngokutshengisa ngokusobala ukuba impokophelo nejongo yako ukuthola inzuzo, kwenza abasebenzi abantu bazonde futhi bakhonkobalise inhliziyo.
Ukuncipha kokudingeka kobungcwethi kanye nokusebenzisa kwamandla emisebenzini yezandla, ngamanye amazwi, ukuthuthuka kwezimboni kwenza ukuba abesifazane bathathe isikhundla sabesilisa. Ukwahlukana ngobulili kanye neminyaka akusasho lutho esigabeni sabasebenzi. Wonke uwonke ungumsebenzi kulesigaba, kushiyanwa kuphela ngamaholo abaholelwa wona, ukwahlukana okusimeme ebulilini naseminyakeni yabo.
Athi eqeda ukuxhashazwa ngumphathi we-fektri, akhokhelwe; qede avinjezelwe yilena enye ingxenye yonxiwankulu: umqhashisi, umphathi sikolo, yilowo oboleka ngemali athathe izibambiso, njll.
Ingxenye yokugcina yesigaba esimaphakathi – abathengisi abancane, abaphathi zitolo, izingcwethi zemisebenzi yezandla kanye nabalimi abancane – ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bonke laba bantu behlela esigabeni sabasebenzi, loku kwenzeka ngoba imadlana yabo ayilingene ukwakha izimboni ezinkulu ezidingekile kulesikhathi samanje, futhi bahluleka ukizibambela kumncintisano wemakethe konxiwankulu abakhulu, kanti futhi amakhono alesigaba adindibaliswa yizindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, isigaba sabasebenzi sibuthezelwa kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi
Abasebenzi badlula emazingeni athile zokuthuthuka. Bathi beqeda kuzalwa, uqale umzabalazo wabo nonxiwankulu. Ekuqaleni, lomncintisano ungenelwa ngumsebenzi ngamunye, bese ungenelwa ngabanye abasenbenzi efektrini, bese ungenelwa yibo bonke abasebenzi abasebenza kumkhakha othile, bese ungenelwe yilabo abasebenza ndawonye emphakathini owodwa, bephikisana nonxiwankulu ababahleli ubhongwane. Babhekise izinduku zabo hhayi ezimisweni zobunxiwankulu, kodwa bazibhekise emishinini yokukhiqhiza; babhubhise impahla ekhiqizwe ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo encintisana namandla abo okukhiqiza, babulale imishini, bashise ama-fektri, bafuna ukubuyela Esikhathini Esimaphakathi lapho khona abasebenzi babesebenza bedwana.
Ngalesikhathi abasebenzi bayisixuku esididayo esisakazwe ezweni lonke, sihlukaniswe yikuncintisana ngaphakathi kwaso. Makwenzekile ndawanathize bahlangane bakhe imhlangano, loku abakwenzi ngoba bekufisa, kodwa kwenzeka ngoba onxiwankulu babahlanganise ndawonye, loku onxiwankulu bekwenza ngoba befuna ukufeza izinjongo zabo zepolitiki; ngalesikhathi onxiwankulu baphoqelekile ukuba bagqugquzele abasebenzi, bayaphumelela ukwenza lokhu ngalesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, lomnyakazo womlando ngokuphelele oqoqelane ezandleni zonxiwankulu; yonke impulelo etholakala ngalendlela yimpumelelo yonxiwankulu.
Kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwezimboni, abasebenzi abandi kuphela ngesibalo; baqoqekela ngenani eliphezulu endaweni eyodwa, amandla abo ayakhula, futhi bazizwe ukuthi banamandla. Izimfuno / nezimiso kanye nezimo zempilo phakathi kwalesigaba kuhambe zifane/ zilingane ngoba imishini yokukhiqiza isula konke ukwahlukana ngemisebenzi futhi ndawozonke amaholo anciphe ehlesilwe ezingeni elifanayo. Ukukhula kokuncintisana phakathi konxiwankulu, okuletha izibhelu kwezohwebelano, kwenza ukuba amaholo abasebenzi nawo ehle enyuka. Ukwanda ngokuthuthuka kwemishini, intuthuthuko eqhubekela phambili ngesivinini, kubeka impilo yabasebenzi ebucayini, ukushayisana komsebenzi ngamunye nonxiwanku kuhambe kube ukushayisana kwezigaba ezimbili. Laphake abasebenzi baqala ukwakha imifelandawonye yezinyonyani ezizobhekana nonxiwankulu; bazikhande inkatha ukuze izinga lamaholo lihlale liphezulu; bakhe imifelandawonye andukuba bangenele yonke eminye imizabalazo ezayo. Lapha nalaphaya, lomncintisano uphenduka ube yingugqula-mbuso.
Ngezinye izikhathi abasebenzi bayangqoba, okwesikhashana kuphela. Izithelo zemizabalazo yabo azitheli masinyane, zithela ngokwanda kobumbano lwabo.
Lokubumbana kusizwa izinto zokuxhumana ezikhandwa yizimboni zesimanje, ezenza ukuba abasebenzi abahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene baxhumane. Bekulindllwe loku kubungelwa ndawonye ukuze imizabalazo yemiphakathi ngemiphakathi, yezimboni ngezimboni ibuthelwe ndawonye, okuyimizabalazo efanayo, ibe imizabalazo eqhatha izigaba ezweni lonke. Lokubumbana, ukuze kufezwe ngabasebenzi beSikathi Esimaphakathi, masikhumbule imigwaqo yabo engasholutho yamakalitshi, bekudinga amakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka, ngenxa kajantshi, abasebenzi besimanje babumbana ngeminyaka embalwa. Lokubumbana kwabasebenzi bazakhe isigaba esizimele, ukuze bakhe inhlangano yabo yezepolitiko, kudindibaliswa ukuncintisana phakathi kwabasebenzi. Kodwa lobumbano lwabasebenzi luqhubeka njalo, luqine, lubeqotho, lubenamandla. Luphoqele izishayamthetho ukuba zamuke izimfuno ezithile zabasebenzi. Ingakho-ke imfuno yomthetho ongquma ukuba kusetshenzwe amahora ayishumi kuphela ngelanga yamukelwa e-Ngilande.
Empeleni, ukushayisana phakathi kwezigaba zompakathi omdala kusiza nezindlela eziningi intuthuthukiso yesigaba sabasebenzi. Onxiwankulu bazothola mihla namalanga basempini. Belwa namakhosana, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, naleyongxenye yonxiwankulu, othi zifiso zayo ziphikisana nokuqhubela phambili kwezimboni; futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi belwa nonxiwankulu bakwamanye amazwe. Kuzo zonke lezimpi, bazithola bephoqelekile ukuba babheke esigabeni sabasebenzi, bacele usizo, ngakho-ke ukudonsela isigaba sabasebenzi kwezopolitiko. Onxiwankulu-ke, kuyabonakala ukuthi yibona abanikazi abasebenzi umsuka wemfundo yezopotiko kanye nemfundo yonke nje, ngamanye amazwi, onxiwankulu benikeza abasebenzi izikhali zokulwa nabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, njengoba besesibonile, izingxenye zesigaba esibusayo, ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezimboni, zikhalakathela esigabeni sabasebenzi, noma izimiso zempilo yazo zibabucayi. Lengxenye inikeza isigaba sabasebenzi amalunga amasha aletha inkanyiso kanye nengqubekela phambili.
Ngokugcina, ngezikhathi lapho umzabalazo wezigaba ususondele kwelamanqamu, ukuqhubeka kokuhlakazeka kwesigaba esibusayo, kuwo wonke amahlangothi omphakathi omdala, kuthatha isimo esinodlame, loku kuholele ekutheni ingcosana yesigaba esibusayo sizikhulule, sithathe uhlangothi lwesigaba esifisa ukuguqula indlela yokubusa, isigaba esiphethe ikusasa ezandleni laso. Njengaphambilini, ingxenye yezikhulu/ yezinduna/ yamakhosi yathatha uhlangatho lonxiwankulu, namanje-ke ingxenye yonxiwankulu ithatha uhlangothi lwesigaba sabasebenzi, kakhulukzazi, ingxenye yezifundiswa zonxiwankulu eziqonda ngokuphelele ukuba umnyakazo womlando uqondephi.
Kuzo zonke izigaba ezijamelene nonxiwankulu namuhla, isigaba sabasebenzi kuphela esimelele inguquko-mbuso ngokuphelele / ngokoqobo. Lezi ezinye izigaba ziphihlizwa futhi zinyamalaliswa yizimboni zesimanje; isigaba sabasebenzi bona bayiloku okukhethekile ngalezinkathi zesimanje futhi bangumpumela walezimboni.
Ingxenye esekugcineni esigabeni esimaphakathi, umkhiqizi omncane, umphathi sitolo, ingcwethi yomsebenzi wezandla, umlimi omncane, bonke laba balwa nonxiwankulu, ukuze basindise impilo yabo njengengxenye yesigaba esimaphakathi. Kwazise-ke ukuba ababona onguqula-mbuso, kodwa bayingxenye efuna ukudla ngelidala. Kanti akupheleli lapho, bayiziphekula zinkuni, ngoba bazama ukuphindisela emva izinyathelo zomlando. Uma kwenzekile ngenhlanhla babe ngoguqula-mbuso, bangamaguqula-mbuso ngoba bebona ukuba sebazokwehlela esigabeni sabasebenzi; lapha sebavikela hhayi izimfuno / izidingo zabo zanamuhla, kodwa lezo zakusasa; bashiya imibono yabo bamukele leyo yesigaba sabasebenzi.
“Isigaba esiyingozi", udodi ezweni, leningi elilahlwe yizo zonke izigaba ezisekugcineni emphakathini omdala, lapha nalaphaya, sithathwa ngumnyakazo wenguqula-mbuso yesigaba sabasebenzi; izimiso zempilo yalesigaba zisilungisela ngconyana ukuba yiziphekulazinkuni ezikhokhelwayo.
Esimweni sesigaba sabasebenzi, yonke imisalela yomphakathi omdala itholakala khona. Umsebenzi akanampahla yokukhiqiza; uhlobano lwakhe nomfazi wakhe, nezingane zakhe akusafani nohlobano lwemindeni yobunxiwankulu; ukusebenza ezimbonini zesimanje, ukubuswa imali, ngokufanayo E-Ngilande nase-Fulansi, e-Melika nase-Jalimane, sekumphuce sonke isici esitshengisa indabuko yakhe. Umthetho, ubuqotho, inkolo, konke loku kuyena kuzinhlengo zobunxiwankulu, okuthi uma sibheka emva kwazo sithole ukuba zilalele abasebenzi njengazo zonke izifiso zonxiwankulu.
Zonke izigaba eziphumelele ukuthatha amandla bezizama ukuvikela amandla kanye nezikhundla zazo ezintsha ngokuphoqela umphakathi wonkani ukuba ulandele isimiso sendlela yabo yokuphatha nokwabelana impahla/umnotho. Abasebenzi ngeke baphathe amandla okukhiqiza omphakathi, ngaphandle kokuqeda zonke izindlela zaphambilini zokwahlukaniselana umnotho. Abasebenzi abanalutho okufanele baluvikele noma okufanele baluhlomele; isithunywa sabo ukubhidliza iziviko zaphambilini, kanye nezindlela zokuvikela ukuphathwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ngumuntu ngasese / ngayedwa.
Yonke lena eminye iminyakazo emlandweni bekuyiminyakazo yengcosana, noma iminyakazo eyayilwela isifiso/izimfuno zengcosana. Umnyakazo wabasebenzi uyazazi ukuba uqondephi, ngumnyakazo ozimele oyingongomela yeningi ukuze kufezwe izimfuno / izifiso zeningi. Isigaba sabasebenzi, sona lesi isigaba okuyisigaba sokugcina kulomphakathi wamanje, ngeke sisukume, sime ngezinyawo, ngaphandle kokuvusa nokuphonsela emoyeni zonke, ezinye izigaba zomphakathi.
Nakuba isibili somzabalazo wesigaba sabasebenzi nonxiwankulu kungeyona umzabalazo wezwe ngalinye, inqubo yawo ekuqaleni yingqubo yezwe ngalinye. Isigaba sabasebenzi samazwe ngamazwe, kusobala ukuba kufanele siqede izindaba nonxiwankuli bezwe labo. Ngokutshengisa izimo isigaba sabasebenzi abadlula kuzona entuthukweni yabo, silandele lomshoshaphansi wempi phakhathi kwezigaba zompakathi, impi ebhevile kumphakathi wamanje, kufike isikhathi lapho lempi iphumele eshashalazini kube nenguquko-mbuso, ezoketula ubinxiwankulu ngendlondlo futhi ezoba udonga lapho ukubusa kwesigaba sabasebenzi kuzokwakhelwa khona.
Ngaphambi kwalesikhathi, zonke izinhlobo zemiphakathi bezakhwe, njengoba sesibonile, ngaphezu kombango phakathi kwabugqilazi kanye nabagqilaziwe. Impumelelo ekugcilazeni isigaba esithile, isekele ezimisweni ezithile okufunale ziqinisekiswe, ukuze okungenani, lesigaba siqhubeka nokuphila impilo yaso yobugqila. Umlimi omncane, ngezinkathi lapho abalimi babegqilaziwe, abezama ukuziphakamisa abe ilunga elikhethekile lomphakathi, njengesigaba esimaphakathi, esiphila ngaphansi kwempatho yamakhosi angana kululekwa (amakhosi ashaya umthetho wodwana), saphumelela ukuzithuthukisa saze saba ngonxiwankulu. Umsebenzi wesimanje, uhlukile, esikhundleni sokuba aqhubekele phambili njengoba izimboni ziqhubekela phambili, ushona phansi nezimiso zempilo yakhe ziqhubeka nokubabucayi. Aphenduke isiphanqu/ umfokazane, izinga lokwanda kobufokazana ledlula izinga lokwanda kwesibalo sabantu kanye nelomnotho. Kubasobala ukuba onxiwankulu abasafanele ukuba yisigaba esibusayo, futhi akusafanele ukuba bafunze umphakathi wonke izimiso zempilo yabo, benze lezimiso umthetho wezwe lonke. Akusafanele ukuba balawule ngoba sebayahluleka ukuqinisekisa impilo yezigqila ebugqileni bazo, ngoba baphoqelekile ukugqilaza, sekufanele bondle esikhundleni sokuba zona zondle bona. Umphakathi awasaphumeleli okuphila ngaphansi kwesandla sonxiwankulu, ngamanye amazwi, impilo yobunxinwankulu isiphambeni nesimiso somphakathi wonkana.
Isimiso esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze onxiwankulu baqhubeka nokuphila yikuba kufanele bakwazi ukukhanda futhi nokungeza imali; undonga lwemali ngumsebenzi oholelwayo. Umsebenzi oholelwayo usekele ngokuphelele ekuncintisaneni phakathi kwabasebenzi. Ukuphokophela phambili kwezimboni, okugqugquzelwa ngonxiwankulu ngokuphoqwa yikuncintisana kwezimboni, kuqeda ukwahlukana kwabasebenzi okulethwa yokuncintisana phakathi kwabo, kubalethe ndawonye ngezindlela ezigqugquzela umfelandawonye wengugqula-mbuso. Ukuthuthuka kwezimboni kubhudliza lona donga onxiwankulu abakhe kulona lendlela yabo yokukhiqiza nokuzithathela impahla. Kakhulukazi-ke, onxiwankulu baziletha labo abazobagubhela ithuna labo. Ukuwa konxiwankulu kanye nokunqoba kwesigaba sabasebenzi, ngokulinganayo, akunakuvinjwa.
Amadlela-ndawonye ahlobene kanjani nesigaba sabasebenzi? Amadlelandawonye awakhi inhlangano ephikisana nezinye izinhlangano zesigaba sabasebenzi.
Awanazifiso ezahlukile kulezo zesigaba sabasebenzi siphelele.
Awakhi imithetho yawo ezoqembulu isigaba sabasebenzi, abazokhanda futhi babumbe ngayo inqunquthela yasebenzi.
Amakhomanisi / amadlela-ndawonye ahluka ngalendlela kwezinye izinhlangano zesigaba sabasebenzi:
1) Kumizabalazo yesigaba sabasebenzi kumazwe ngamanzwe, abalula futhi aqhamisa izifiso / izimfuno esifanayo zesigaba sabasebenzi, kungakhathalekile ukuba bavela kwelakuphi.
2 ) Kuzigaba ngezigaba zokuthuthuka umzabalazo wabasebenzi nonxiwankulu okufanele udlule kuzo, amadlela-ndawonye, ngaso sonke isikhathi amelela izifiso / izimfuno zenqunquthele yonke.
Amadlela-ndawonye, ngakho-ke, yiyona ngxenye ephambili futhi enesibindi kuzo zonke izinhlangano zesigaba sabasebenzi kumazwe onke, iyona ngxenye efuqela phambili ezinye; siyabona futhi ukuba ngemicabango / ngemibono, masiqhathanisa noquqaba, yibona abaqondisisa kahle indlela okufanele ihanjwe, izimo, kanye nemiphumela yenqunquthela yesigaba sabasebenzi.
Injongo yamanje yamadlela-ndawonye iyafana naleyo yezinye izinhlangano zesigaba sabasebenzi: ukubunjwa kwesigaba sabasebenzi sibe yisigaba, ukuqeda ukulawula konxiwankulu, ukuthathwa kwamandla okubusa yisigaba sabasebenzi.
Imibono yamadlela-ndawonye ayisimeme emicabangweni noma emithethweni yomazenzela, noma ayifunyaniswanga yileli naleliya thwasana elibheke ukushintsha isimo somhlaba.
Lemicabango iphumeza, kakhulukazi, impatho /uhlobano lomphakathi oluvela kuwona lomzabalazo wezigaba, kuleminyakazo yomlando eyenzeka ngaphambi kubuso bethu. Ukuqedwa kokuphathwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ngumuntu ngasese akusonasici samadlelandawonye kuphela.
Zonke izindlela zaphambilini zokuphatha impahla nokuhlobana okusimeme kulokhu, beziguquguquka ngokomlando ngenxa yenguquko yezimiso zomlando.
Inguqulo-mbuso yase-Fulansi, iyisibonele lapho inguqula-mbuso yaqeda ukuphathwa kwempahla ngendlela yobukhosi kwangena indlela youkuphathwa kwempahla ngendlela yobunxiwankulu.
Isici esibalula ubudlela-ndawonye akukona ukuqeda ukuphathwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ndawozonke, kodwa ukuqeda ukuphathwa kwempahla ngendlela yobunxiwankulu. Kodwa indlela yokuphatha impahla yokukhiqiza ngasese, indlela yonxiwankulu besimanje, iphumisa ngokuphelele indlela yokukhiqiza nokwahlukanisela impahla esekele embangweni wezigaba, ekuxhashazweni kweningi yingcosana.
Kafushane, singathi inkolo noma imicabango yobudlela-ndawonye: ukuqeda kokuphathwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ngasese.
Thina madlela-ndawonye sisolwa ngelokuthi sifisa ukuqeda ilungelo lomuntu ngomuntu lokuzuza impahla ayisebenzele, lempahla okuthiwa ingumsuka wenkululeko yawonku wonke, umsuka wokusebenza kanye nokuzimela
Impahla elwelwe kabi, esetshenzelwe kanzima, umuntu ayisebenzele yedwana! Ukhuluma ngempahla yezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla kanye noyomlimi omncane, indlela yokuphatha impahla ezalwe ngaphambi konxiwankulu? Asikho isidingo sokuqeda lempahla; ukuthuthuka kwezimboni cishe kuyiqedile, futhi malanga onke ziqhubeka nokuyibhubhisa.
Noma ukhuluma ngendlela yokuphatha impahla yokukhiqiza ngobunxiwankulu besimanje?
Ngabe ukusebenza okuholelwayo kuyamakhela umsebenzi impahla? Lutho, nakancani. Amandla okusebenza enzela unxiwankulu imali: imali yilempahla exhaphaza umsebenzi oholelwayo, imali, ayandi ngaphandle kwesimo esiletha uhele olusha labasebenzi abazoxhashazwa kabusha. Impahla, lohlobo eliphethwe ngayo namhlanje, lusimeme embangweni phakathi konxiwankulu nabasebenzi abaholelwayo. Asihlolisise kahle lezingxenye zombili kulombango.
Ukuba nguzozimali / ngunxiwankulu, akulingene kuphela ukuba wena wedwana ubenesikhundla kulendla yokukhiqhiza, kodwa futhi kufanele lesikhundla sisikelwe indlela umphakathi ohleleke ngayo. Imali impahla kawonke uwonke, iyimali ngenxa yeqhaza lamalunga amaningi ehlangane, hhayi, ekugcineneni, isebenza kuphela ngenxa yeqhaza lawo wonke amalunga omphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, imali akuwona amandla angasese kuphela; ingamandla emphakathini.
Ngakho-ke, nxa imali iphenduka impahla kawonke uwonke, ibe impahla yawonke amalunga omphakathi, loku akusho ukuba impahla yangasese seyiphenduke impahla yompakathi wonke. Kushinstha kuphela isimo salempahla emphakathini. Ilahlekelwa isici sayo sobugaba.
Mashibheke ukusebenza nomsebenzi oholelwayo.
Inani lemali elivamili elikhokhelwa umsebenzi oholelwa yilona holo onxiwankulu ababona ukuthi limfanele: yinani elilingene kuphelela loku okuzophilisa umsebenzi, ukuze aqhubeka nokuba yilunga lesigaba sabasenzi. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi umsebenzi akutholayo ngokusebenza kwakhe kulingene kuphela ukuba abambe umoya wakhe futhi aqhubeke nempilo yakhe ebucayi. Asizimisele lutho ukuqeda lendlela yokuthatha izithelo zokusebenza ngumsebenzi, indlela eqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokuphila komuntu, ondlela engashiyi nzuzo ezosetshenziselwa ukugqiliza amandla okusebenza wamanye amalunga omphakathi. Sifuna ukuqeda kuphela indlela elusizi yenkokhelo yabasebenzi, lapho khona umsebenzi aphilela kuphela ukwandisa imali/osozimali, futhi lapho avunyelwa ukuphila kuphela uma lokhu kuhambisana nezidingo kanye nezifiso zesigaba esibusayo.
Emphakathini wobunxiwankulu, amandla okusebenza aphilayo ayindlela yokwandisa imali/osozimali. Empakathini wamakhomanisi amndla okusebenza aqokelelwa ngendlela eyandisa, egcwalisa, futhi egqugquzela impilio yomsebenzi qobo lwakhe.
Emphakathini wobunxiwankulu, ngakho-ke, okwayizolo yikona okubusa inamuhla; emphakathini wobukhomanisi inamuhla lilawula okwayizolo. Emphakathini wobunxiwankulu, imali izimele futhi inesiqu somuntu, kuthi umuntu ophiliya ancike kwabanye futhi angabinasiqu sakhe sobuntu.
Ukuqedwa kwalesimo sezinto onxiwankulu bakubiza ngelokuthi, ukuqedwa kwesiqu sobuntu nokulahlekelwa yinkululeko!Baqinisili. Ukuqedwa kwesiqu sobuntu sobunxiwankulu, ukuzimela kobunxiwankulu, kanye nenkululeko yobunxiwankulu izona njongo zethu.
Inkululeko, ngaphansi kwalezimiso zokukhiqiza zobunxiwankulu, isho kuphela inkululeko kwezohwebelano, inkululeko yokuthengisa nokuthenga
Kodwa uma ukuthengisa nokuthenga kushabalala, inkululeko yokuthengisa nokuthenga nayo iyashabalala. Yonke lenkulumo mayelana nenkululeko youkuthengisa nokuthenga, nawo wonke “amagama anesibindi" wonxiwankulu, uma kukhona akushoyo, lokhu kuphathelene nezimo ezinzima zokuhwebelana ngeZikhathi Ezimaphakathi, kodwa lokhu akunamqondo uma kubhekiswe ekuqedweni kokuthengisa nokuthenga ngendlela yobukhomanisi, noma kwezimiso zokukhiqiza zobunxiwankulu, kanye nokuqedwa konxiwankulu kwasabona.
Uxhaphazela ezibilini uma uzwa ukuthi sizoqeda ukuphathwa ngasese kwempahla yokukhiqiza. Kodwa emphakathini wakho, ukuphathwa kwempahla kuphelisiwe engxenyeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye lwamaphesenti abantu; ukuqhubeka kokuphathwa kwempahla yingcosana kwenzeka ngoba ayikho ezandleni zalamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.Usisola ngelokuthi sifuna ukuqeda uhlobo lokuphatha impahla ompilo layo lusimeme ekungabikhoniyo kwalempahla ezandleni zeningi lomphakathi.
Ngelilodwa, usisola ngokuhlosa ukuthatha eyakho impahla. Kunjalo, yikona lokhu esizimisele kona.
Kusekela kuleso sikhathi lapho sekungenandlela yokushintsha amandla okusebenza abe yimali, yirenti, abe ngamandla angalawulwa ingcosana ethile emphakathini: kusekela kuleso sikhathi lapho impahla yomuntu wonke sekuhlulekwa ukuyiguqula yenziwe impahla kanxiwankulu, yenziwe imali, kusukela ngalesi sikhathi, uthi wena ubunye sebuqediwe.
Kufanele wamukele-ke ukuba ngobunye / ngesiqu sobuntu awukhulumi ngomunye umuntu ngaphandle kwanxiwankulu, ukhuluma ngesigaba esimaphakathi esiphethe impahla. Lenhlobo yomuntu kufanele isinduzelwe eceleni; ingasadalwa.
Ubundlela-ndawonye abuvimbele muntu ukuthatha amandla ezithelo zomkhiqizo womphakathi; kuphela buvimbela ukuba angabinamandla okugqilaza amandla okusebenza wabanye ngokumuka lezithelo.
Abanye bathi ngokuqedwa kokuphathwa kwempahla ngasese, ukusebenza kuzophela, wonke uwonke uzophenduka ivila.
Uma ngabe bekunjalo ubunxiwankulu kufanele ngabe kade kwaphela kubulawa ubuvila, ngoba labo abathola konke, abenzi lutho. Lensolo ngenye indlela yokuphinda phinda lokhu: ngeke kusabakhona abasebenzi abaholelwayo uma kungesana mali / nxiwankulu.
Yonke impikiso ebhekiswa endleni yobundlela-ndawonye yokukhiqiza nokwahlulelana impahla, ngokufanayo, ibhekiswe kobundlela-ndawonye ekhukhiqizweni nasekwahlulelaneni kwempahla yenqondo / yemicabango. Njengoba kunxiwankulu, ukushabalala kwempahla esimame ebugabeni kuchaza ukushabalala kokukhiqiza qobo lakho, ukushabalala kwamasiko asekele ebugabene kuyena kufana nokuthi sekushabalale wonke amasiko.
Lamasiko awakhalelayo, iningi labantu, liwabuka njengoqeqesho lokuziphatha njengomshini.
Ungadonsisani nathi enhlosweni yethu yokuphelisa ukuphathwa kwempahla ngobunxiwankulu, ngokusebenzisa imithetho yakho yobunxiwankulu nemicabango yayo ngenkululeko, ngamasiko, ngomthetho, njll. Kwasayona imicabango yakho izalelwe ezimisweni zobunxiwankulu zokukhiqiza nokuphatha impahla, nakanjalo isayensi yakho yemithetho iyintando yesigaba sakho esenze intando yesigaba senu umthetho kawonke umuntu, intando osiqu kanye nedlela yaso enqunyelwe izimiso zomnotho wesigaba senu.
Lobugovu nokuzikhohlisa bunenza ukuba niguqulele emithethweni yemvelo neyemicabango lezindlela zokuphila ezisimeme kulendlela yenu yokukhiqiza nokuphatha impahla - izindlela emlandweni ezivama ukuqhamuka futhi zishabalale ngokuthuthuka kokukhiqiza - lokuzikhohlisa kuyafana nalokho kwezinye izigaba ezazibusa ngaphambi kwenu.
Okusobala endleleni yokuphatha impahla yasendulu, futhi enikuvumayo manikhuluma ngemiphakathi yamakhosi, niphoqelekile ukuba nikwale kweyenu indlela yokuphatha impahla ngobunxiwankulu.
Makuqedwe imindeni! Ngisho naleyo ngxenye yenu ethuthuke kakhulu efisa ukwenza izimo zempilo zibengcono, ishisa kakhulu uma izwa lesiphakamiso samadlela-ndawonye.
Ngeliphi udonga umndeni wamanje, umndeni wobunyiwankulu, owakhele kulona? Usekele, emalini, enzuzweni yangasese. Lendlela yomndeni ngokuphelele, itholakala kuphela esigabeni sonxiwankulu. Kodwa isimo esifanayo siyatholaka phakathi kwemiphakathi yabasebenzi lapho umasibheka kahle umndeni yinto engekho, futhi lesimo sigcamiswa ngubunondindwa emphakathini.
Indlela yomndeni yobunxiwankulu izoshabalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nxa izimiso zayo zishabalala, konke lokhu kuzoshabalala nxa imali / osozimali beshabalala.
Usibeka icala lokuthi sifuna ukunqanda uxhaphazo lwezingane ngabazali bazo? Siyalivuma lelicala.
Kodwa uthi sibhubhisa lobungcwele bokuhlobano, uma esikhundleni semfundiso yasekhaya sifako imfundiso yomphakathi.
Kodwa eyenu imfundiso! Kanti yona ayinqunyelwa yizimo zomphakathi ofundiselwa ngaphansi kwazo, ngokubamba iqhaza komphakathi mathupha, noma ngokusebenzisa izikolo, njll? Amakhomanisi bokungenjongo yawo ukuba umphakathi ubambe iqhaza kwezemfundo; kodwa ahlose ukushintsha indlela umphakathi obamba ngayo iqhaza kulokhu, futhi nokusindisa imfundo ezinqumeni zesigaba esibusayo.
Lenkulumo engudodi yonxiwankulu ephathelene nemindeni kanye nezemfundo, kanye nobungcwele bohlobano phakathi kwabazali nengane, iyanyisa kakhulu ngoba kucacile ukuba izinyathelo zokhiqizo lwesimanje, zisakaza bonke ubudlelwane emindenini yesigaba sabasebenzi, izingane zabo ziphendulwe impahla yohwebelano kanye nesandla sokusebenza.
Kodwa nina madlela-ndawonye nizoletha izindlu zabesifazana zokufeba, kumemeza unxiwankulu.
Unxiwakulu uthatha umkakhe njengesandla sokukhiqiza. Uzwe kuphela ukuba izandla zokukhiqhiza kufanele sixhashazwe ngokufanayo, yingakho-ke isinqumo sakhe yikuba konke lokhu okwenziwa kubo bonke abanye, ngokufanayo, kufanele kwehlele abasifazane. Akana ngisho nencane insolo yokuba inhloso ikushabalalisa isikhundla sabesifazane lapho bayizandla / izinto zokukhiqiza kuphela.
Kuko konke okunye, ayikho into edlula ubuwula nobungcwele-ngcewele bonxiwankulu uma bekhuluma ngezindlu ezihlala isifazane kuphela, benza sengathi bakholwa yikuba zizovulwa ngokusemthethweni ngamadlela-ndawonye. Amadlela-ndawonye awanasidingo sokuletha uthando olungakhokhelwa: loluthando lwalukhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwempilo / kwesikhathi.
Onxiwankulu bethu, abaneliswa yikuba benza abakuthandayo ngamakhosikazi kanye namadodakazi esigaba sabasebenzi, singakhulumi ngonondindwa, balala abafazi babanye onxiwankulu ngenkulu injabulo.
Umshado wobunxiwankulu, kahle kahle, indlela yokuba nabafazi abaphethwe yiwonku- wonke, ngakho-ke, amadlela-ndawonye uma ngabe ayasolwa, angasolwa ngelokuthi afisa ukuletha, esikhundleni sothando uliyimfihlo, ukuletha uthando lwamahala olusemthethweni. Kucacile-ke, ukuba ukuqedwa kwalendlela yokukhiqiza kuzoletha ukuqedwa kothando lwamahala / olukhulekile olusekele kulendlela yokukhiqiza: njengobunondindwa emphakathini nangasese.
Amandlela ndawonye futhi asolwa ngelokuthi afisa ukuqeda amazwe kanye nobuzwe.
Abasebenzi abanazwe. Ngeke sibathathele lokhu abanganako. Njengoba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqalene ukuba isigaba sabasebenzi sizithathele amandla okubusa, kufanele sisukume sibe yisisigaba esiholayo ezweni, sizenze sona isizwe, ngokwenza-njena, sililizwe lonke, kodwa hhayi isizwe ngendlela yobunxiwankulu.
Ukuhlukana ngobuzwe kanye nokubanga phakathi kwabantu kuyashabalala malanga onke, ngenxa yokuthuthuka konxiwankulu, kwenkululeko yokuhwebelana, kwemakethe yomhlaba, yokufana kwendlela yokukhiqiza, yokuphatha impahla nokufana kwezindlela zokuphila okusimeme kulokhu.
Ukubusa kwesigaba sabasebenzi kuzokwenza lezizimo zishabalale ngokushesha. Ukusebenza ngokubambisana phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi emazweni asethuthukile, isimiso sokuqala enkululekweni yesigaba sabasebenzi.
Ukuxhashazwa komuntu ngomunye kuzoqedwa, ngokufanayo, ukuxhashazwa kwelizwe ngelinye kuzoqedwa. Ukushabalaliswa komzabalazo wezigaba phakathi kwesizwe, kuzohambisana nokushabalaliswa kwenzondo / kokujamelana phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe.
Izinsolo ezibhekiswa kubudlela-ndawonye ezisimame kwezenkolo, kufilosofi nakusayensi yemicabango ngeke sichithe isikhathi ngokuzihlolisisa.
Ngabe kudinga ukudepha okungakana kwenhliziyo ukuqonda ukuba imicabango imibono, umqondo, ngelilodwa, ulwazi lomuntu, lushintsha-shintsha nxa izimo zempilo yakhe zishintsha, ekuhlobaneni kwakhe nabanye kanye nasempilweni yakhe emphakhathini?
Ngabe umlando wemicabango utshengisani ngaphandle kokuthi imisebenzi yenqondo ishintsha isiqu sayo nxa indlela yokukhiqiza ishintsha? Imibono ebusayo ngazo zonke izikhathi imibono yesigaba esibusayo saleyonkathi.
Nxa abantu bekhuluma ngemicabango / ngemibono eyinguqulambuso, bachaza ukuthi phakathi kulomphakathi omdala izimbewu zomphakathi omusha sezitshaliwe, bachaza ukuba ukuhlakazeka kwemicabango emidala kuhamba kanye-kanye nokuhlakazeka kwezimiso zendlela yokuphila yakudala.
Ngenkathi lapho umphakathi wasendulo bewusondele emaphethelweni wawo, izinkolo zasendulu zanqotshwa ngubukrestu. Ngenkathi ubukrestu buhlulwa imicabango yalobo abakholelwa kulokhu abukutshelwa yinqondo kuphela ngezinkathi zika 1700-1799, umphakathi wobukhuso walwa impi yawo yokugcina namaguqula-mbuso wonxiwankulu. Imicabango yokuzikhethela inkolo futhi nokucabanga ngaphandle kwenkolo bekukhanyisa lokhu okwasekwenzeka – ukuncintisano okukhululekile kwezolwazi.
“Kusobala", kuzoshiwo njalo, “ukuba imicabango / imibono kwezenkolo, imithetho yokulunga, ifilosofi, imithetho yokuthetha amacala enkantolo ibishintsha-shintsha ngokuthuthuka komphakathi. Kodwa ukuba inkolo, imithetho yokulunga, ifilosofi, isayensi yezepolitiki, kanye nomthetho, konke lokhu, kungamahlala khona"
“Futhi kunamaqiniso angaphakade afana Nenkululeko, Ukunquma Ngokulunga, njll. okutholaka kuzo zonke izikhathi zemiphakathi. Kodwa ubudlela-ndawonye bubhubhisa lamaqiniso angaphakade, kubhubhisa inkolo, imithetho yokulunga, kunokuba bubumbe konke lokhu ngendlela eyahlukile; ngakho-ke ubudlela-ndawonye buphikisana azonke izindlela zokuphila zamphambilini"
Isingatheni lensolo? Umlando wayonke imiphakhathi edlule ibisingathe ukuthuthuka kombango wezigaba, imibango othathe izindlela /iziqu ezahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene emlandweni.
Akukhathalekile ukuba lombango ithathe yiphi indlela, okufanayo kuzo zonke izinkathi ezedlule, yikuba: ingxenye yompakathi ixhaphaza lena enye. Akumangazi-ke ukuba imibono yayo yonke imiphakathi edlule, nakuba inobuningi-ningi bokwahlukana ekutshengisayo, ihamba indlela eyodwa efanayo, kunemibono ethile efanayo jikelele emphakathini, imibono engenakushabalala ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokushabalaliswa kombango wezigaba.
Inguqulo-mbuso yobukhomanisi / yamadlela-ndawonye iyino efuna ukunqamula ngokuphelele ubudlelwane nalezindlela ezilisiko; yingakho ukuthuthuka kwayo kusingethe ukunqunywa okuphelele nokuhlobana nemicabango eyilisiko / yakudala.
Thana siqede ngezimpikiso zonxiwankulu ezibhekiswe kubukhomanisi / kubudlela-ndawonye.
Sibonile ukuba isinyathelo sokuqala sesigaba sabasebenzi yikuphakamisela lesigaba ekubeni yisigaba esilawulayo/ esibusayo ukuze sinqobe lempi yentando yeningi.
Abasebenzi bazosebenzisa amandla abo wokubusa ukuhlutha, ngamabanga-ngamabanga, yonke impahla yokukhiqiza konxiwankulu, ukubeka yonke impahla yokhuqiza ezandleni zikahulumeni – uhulumeni lapho abasebenzi kuyibona abalawuli; futhi ukuze kwandiswe amandla okukhiqiza ngokushesha.
Kusobala –ke ukuba ekuqaleni konke lokhu kuzofezeka kuphela ngokuhlutha onxiwankulu impahla yokukhiqiza, futhi ngosusa ngendlondlo izimiso sokukhiqiza zobunxiwankulu; ngezindlela ezibonakala sengathi zizokhubaza umnotho futhi ezingeke zilethe impumelelo, kodwa lezindlela zalomkhankaso zizokwenza ukuba kuqhutshekwe nokuhluthwa komphakathi omdala, yizokuphela izindlela ezikhona zokuguqula indlela yokukhiqiza.
Kusobala-ke, ukuba lezinyathelo ezizothathwa zizohluka ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Nokho, emazweni athuthukile, lezinyathetho zingalandelwe cishe yonke indawo.
1. Ukuqedwa kokuphathwa ngasese komhlaba, wonke amrenti kufanele asabenzele isidingo sawonku wonke
2. Intela enkulu kufanele ithelwe yilabo abanamaholo aphezulu
3. Ukuqedwa kwawo wonke amalungelo wamafa
4. Ukuthathwa nguhulumeni kwayo yonke impahla yalabo abashiya izwe lakubo futhi abaphikisana nohulumeni wabasebenzi
5. Ukuphathwa kwemali yokubolekana emabhange kahulumeni; ngokwakha ibhange lakwazwelonko ngemali kahulumeni / yomphakathi futhi liphathwe nguhulumeni yedwana
6.Ukuphathwa kwezinto zokuxhumana nokuhamba nguhulumeni
7. Ukwandiswa kwezimboni kanye nezinto zokukhiqiza eziphethwe nguhulumeni; ukulinywa komhlaba ongasetshenziswa, nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba ngenhlelo yomphakathi.
8. Isibopho esifanayo sokusebenza kuwonke umuntu, ukusungulwa kwamabutho ezimboni, kakhulukazi kwezolimo.
9.Ukuxhumaniswa kolimo nezimboni; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqedwa kokuhlukana phakathi kwamadolobha namaphandle ngokwabela ngokulingana abantu kuzo zonke izindawo ezweni
10. Zonke izingane zifunde mahala ezikoleni zikahulumeni. Ukuqedwa kokusentshinsizwa kwezingane ezimbonini ngaloluhlobo lwanamhlanje. Ukuxhunyaniswa kwemfundo nokukhiqhiza kwezimboni, njll.
Nxa ngokuthuthuka kwempilo, ukuhlukana ngezigaba sekuphelisiwe, futhi wonke umkhiqizo ubekwe ezandleni zeningi elidlelanayo ezweni lonke, amandla okulawula / okubusa emphakathini azophelelwa isimo / isici sawo sepolitiki. Amandla epolitiki, ngamandla wesigaba abuthelwe ndawonye ukuze kucindezelwe esinye . Uma isigaba sabasebenzi ngenkathi sizabalaza nonxiwankulu siphoqelekile, ngenxa yesimo esizithola kusona, ukuzimbumba isigaba; uma ngenxa yenguqulo-mbuso, sizenza isigaba esibusayo, ngokwenza njalo sihlakaza ngendlozula izimiso zendlela yakudala yokukhiqiza, kanjalo-ke, ngokhuhlakaza lezimiso, sihlakaze umbango wezigaba kanye nobuguba ngokuphelele, ngokwenza njalo-ke, siqede ukulawula kwaso njengesigaba.
Esikhundleni somphakathi omdala wobunxiwankulu, nobuga balomphakathi kanye nemibango yawo wezigaba, sizoba nokusebenzisa lapho inkululeko nentuthuko yomuntu ngamunye izoba yisimiso senkululeko nentuthuko yawonke umuntu.
Isahluko 3:
Umthapo wezincwado zobudlelandawonye
Nobukhomanisi
1. Ubudlela-ndawonye obudonsela emva
A. Ubudlela-ndawonye bamakhosi
Ngenxa yesikhundla sabo emlandweni, kuye kwaba ngumsebenzi wamakhosi ase-Fulansi kanye nase-Ngilande ukuloba imibhalo ephikisana nobunxiwankulu besimanje. Kungunqula-mbuso yase- Fulansi yango 1830, kanye nasebuyaluyaluni base-Ngilande amakhosi ehlulwa yilelivukane elizonde kabi. Emva kwaloku, umzabalazo ozimisele wezepolitiki ubusuphelwe ngamandla. Bekusele kuphela imizabalazo ngemibhalo. Ngisho nasemibhalweni isifiso/ isikhalo sakudala sokubuyela emphakathini wamakhosi besekubonakala ukuba ngeke sisaba nempumelelo.[5]
Ukuze aphumelele ekutholeni abalandeli, amakhosi wayepoqelekile ukulibali izimfuno zawo, nokubeka onxiwankulu icala ngendlela egquguzela izimfuno zesigaba sabasenzi kuphela. Ngakho-ke, amakhosi aziphindisele konxiwankulu ngezinhlamba futhi nokuhlebela endlebeni yabo iziborofithi ezithi inkulu ingozi ezobehlela.
Ubundlela-ndawonye bobukhosi buvela ngalendlela: ingxenye buyisikhalo, ingxenye buyizinhlamba; ingxenye ukunkenketha kwasendulo, ingxenye buyinsongo yakusasa; ngezinye izinkathi ngenxa yokuzonda kwabo onxiwankulu, ukugxeka / nokuphikasa kwabo buyantela futhi bunobuhlakani, bashaya onxiwankulu lapho okuzwela khona, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi imiphumela yalokhu iyize, ngenxa yokwahluleka kwabo ukuqonda imashi yomlando wesimanje.
Amakhosi, ukuze abuthele abantu kuwona, abeka phambili kulemashi inhlupheko yesigaba sabasebenzi. Kodwa iningi labantu emva kokujoyina lemashi bazibonele ukuba ngemuva kwalemashi kusekhona uphawu lophiko lwezempi lwesikhathi samakhosi, qede bashiya phansi behlekela phezulu, begegetheka.
Ingxenye enye Yama-Fulentshi eyayifuna ukuqhubeka nokubusa kwamakhosi (French Legitimists) kanye “Nobusha base-Ngilande" (Young England) yabamba iqhaza kulombukiso.
Nxa bechazele abasebenzi ukuba indlela yabo yokuxhaphaza yehlukile kuleyo yonxiwankulu, amakhosi ayalibala ukuba inxaphazo yawo beyenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo kanye nezimiso ezahlukile, izimiso zasendulo. Ngokutshengisa ukuba, ngaphansi kombuso wabo, isigaba sabasebenzi sesimanje besingekho, bayalibala ukuba onxiwankulu iyona nzalo enganakuvinjelwa yenhlobo yomphakathi wabo.
Kuko konke okunye, bayahluleka ukufihla ukuba ukugxeka / ukuphikisa kwabo ubunxiwankulu yiloku ubudonsela emva nokuba insolo enkulu ebhekiswe konxinwankulu yikuba: ngaphansi kombuso wonxiwankulu kwakheka isigaba esabelwe ukunqamula, izimpande namagatsha, inhlelo yokubusa / yokuphila yomphakathi wakudala.
Abasoli onxiwankulu ngelokuthi badala isigaba sabasebenzi, babasola ngelokuthi badala onguqula-mbuso besigaba sabasebenzi.
Kwezepolitiki babamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izinyathelo zokuqondisa isigaba sabasebenzi, kanti empilweni yamihla namalanga, abekela eceleni ubugagu bawo, enza noma yini ukudobha izithelo zegolide eziwe esihlahleni sezimboni, futhi adayisa iqiniso, uthando, ubuqotho, ukuze athole amathuba okudayisa uvolo, ushukela webhithrudi, kanye notshwala obenziwa ngezambane.[6]
Njengoba umfundisi ngaso sonke isikhathi abehambisana nomqhashi, ngokunjalo ubudlela-ndawonye bobufundisi buhambisana nobudlelandawonye bamakhosi.
Ayikho into elula njengokunikeza umbadlalana wobundlela-ndawonye ubuncathu bobukrestu. Zange na ubukrestu bushumayele buphikisana nokuphathwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ngasese, buphikisana nomshado, buphikisana nesakhiwo sikahulumeni? Esikhundleni salokhu abushumayezanga ngobuhawu kanye nobumpofu, ukungaganwa nokuzivikela ezinkanukweni zenyama, ngokuphila emishini kanye nobungcwele besonto? Ubudlela-ndawonye bobukrestu kuphela bungamanzi angcwele umfundisi abusisa ngawo intshisakalo yamakhosi.
B. Ubudlela-ndawonye besigaba-esimaphakathi
Amakhosi asendulo akusona sodwa isigaba esachithwa ngonxiwankulu, akuso sodwa isigaba ozimiso saso ezadangala futhi ezabhubhiswa esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu besimanje. Abalimi abancane besikhathi esimaphakathi yibona omandluleli bonxiwankulu banamuhla. Kulawo mazwe angakathuthuki ngokuphakeme ezimbonini nasekuhwebelaneni, lezigaba ziphila ngokunganaki / ngokungashinsthi eceleni kwalonxiwankulu abaphakamayo.
Emazweni lapho impucuko yesimanje isithuthuke ngokuphelele, isigaba esisha sonxiwankulu abancane sesakhiwe, esiguquguquku phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi nesonxiwankulu, sihlale sizilungisela ukunezelela ingxenye yesigaba sonxiwankulu. Amalunga alesigaba, nkathi zonke sijikijelwe phansi esigabeni sabasebenzi ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezimboni, ngokuthuthuka kwezimboni zesimanje, naso siyasibona isikhathi lapho sizoshabalala ngokuphelele siphele ukuba yisigaba esizimele emphakathini wesimanje, isikhundla saso ezimbonini, kwezolimo nasekuhwebelaneni sithathwe yizimanenja, yizithunywa zomantshi kanye nosozitolo.
Emazweni afana no-Fulansi lapho abalimi abancane bayingxenye engaphezulu kwahafu yomphakathi, bekulindelekile ukuba abalobi bathathe uhlangothi lwalengxenye bephikisana nonxiwankulu, empikisweni yabo yobunxiwankulu basebenzisa imibono yabalimi abancane kanye neyonxiwankulu-abancane ukulwela isigaba sabasebenzi. Ngalendlela-ke, ubudlela-ndawonye bonxiwankulu abancane badalwa. U-Sismondi bekuyena owayehola leliqembu, hhayi kuphela e-Fulansi kodwa nase-Ngilande.
Leliqembu lobudlela-ndawonye lacwaninga ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuphambana / ukuphikisana kwezimiso zokhiqizo lwesimanje. Labeka obala ukuzenzisa kwabososayensi bezomnotho nokuvikela kwabo ubunxiwankulu. Labonisa, ngaphandle kwempikiso, ukuchithwa kwemiphakathi ngenxa yemishini kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi; ukuqoqelana kwezimali kanye nomhlaba ezandleni ezimbalwa; ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele kanye nezibhelu ezilandela lokhu; batshengisa ngokuphelele incithakalo enganakuvinjwa yesigaba sonxiwankulu abancane kanye nabalimi abancane, ulusizi lwesigaba sabasebenzi, isiphithiphithi ekuhlelweni kwezimbonini, ukungalingani ekwabelaneni umnotho, izimpi zoqothulo phakathi kwamazwe, ukuchithwa kuwezibopho zemithetho yokulunga yakudala, kohlobano lwemindeni ngendlela yakudala, kanye nezizwe zakudala. Izinjongo yalenhlobo yobundlela-ndawonye ukufisa ukubuyela ezindleleni zakudala zokukhiqiza nokwabelana umnotho, futhi nokubuyisa izindlela ezindala zokuphatha impahla, nokuhlobana okuhambisana nalezindlela, noma ukuminya izindlela zesimanje zokukhiqiza nokwabelana umnotho phakathi kwesakhiwo sendlela endala yokuphatha impahla, osakhiwo sayo kwakulindelekile ukuba sibhamuzwe yilezindlela zesimanje zokukhiqiza nokwabelana umnotho. Zombili lezinjongo ziphindisela umphakathi emva kanti futhi azinakwenzeka / ziliphupho.
Amagama okugcina alenhlobo yobudlela-ndawonye: imifela ndawonye yezinkampani zezingcwethi zemisebenzi yezandla ekukhiqizeni; ukuphathwa kwesilisa kwezolimo.
Ekugcineni, nxa amaqiniso angenukusahabalala omlando asesuse konke lokuzikhohlisa okudakisayo, lenhlobo yobudlela-ndawonye yaphelela osizini lwebhabhalazi.
C. Ubudlela-ndawonye base Jalimane noma ubudlela-ndawonye “boqobo / beqiniso"
Imibhalo ephathelene nobudlela-ndawonye nobukhomanisi yase-Fulansi, yimibhalo evelele ngaphansi kwencindezelo yonxiwankulu, imibhalo ephunyeza umzabalazo nonxiwankulu, yethulwa e-Jalimane ngesikhathi lapho onxiwankulu kuleli babesanda kuqala umncintisano wabo namakhosi angenakululekwa.
Amafilosofa ase-Jalimane, amathwasana wamafilosofa, nabalobi, bamukela ngezombili lemibhalo, bakhohlwa yikuba ngalesikhathi lemibhalo ishiya lase- Fulansi ingena e- Jalimane, izimiso zase-Fulansi azihambanga nalemibhalo ukuya kwelase-Jalimane. Lemibhalo yathi mayitholana nezimiso zomphakathathi wase- Jalimane, yalahlekelwa ngumsebenzi yawo emphakathini yaba imibhalo efundelwe ulwazi layo kuphela. Yingakho-ke, kumafilosofa ase-Jalimane ngezikhathi zika 1700-1799, izimfuno Zenguqula-mbuso Yokuqala (yase-Fulansi) bezizimfuno ezisobala ezihambisana “nokucabanga ngokufanele", futhi beziphimisa izidingo zenguqula-mbuso yonxiwankulu, kubona lokhu bekuchaza ukuba lezidingo ngezemvelo, izidingo njengoba kunqunyelwe, izidingo zobuntu nkathizonke.
Umsebenzi wababhali base-Jalimane bekusingathe ukuxhumanisa lemicabanjo emisha evela e-Fulansi nesazelelo sefilosofi yabo yasendulo, ngamanye amazwi, ukuxhumelela imicabanjo yase-Fulansi ngaphandle kokushiya imibono yabo yefilosofi.
Lukuxhumela kwenzeke ngendlela efana naleyo yokuzithathela ulimi lakwelinye izwe, ngukulihumusha.
Kuyaziwa ukuba abafundisi bamakhatholiki babhala ngezimpilo ezingashalutho zezingcwele zamakhatholiki ngaphezu kwemibhalo yezinkolo zasendulo. Ababhali base-Jalimane basishintsha lesi simo, ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yase-Fulansi ephethelene nezomhlaba, babhala umbhedo wabo wefilosofi ngaphansi kwalemibhalo yokuqala yase-Fulansi. Isibonele yikuba ngaphansi kwemibhalo yama-Fulentshi ehlolisisa futhi ephikisana nendlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo, bona babhala “ngokulahlekelwa kobuntu", futhi ngaphansi kwemibhalo yama-Fulentshi ephikisana nohulumeni wobunxiwankulu, bona babhala “ukuqedwa kwengxenye ejwayelekile", njll.
Ukwethulwa kwalamazwi efilosofi besebenzisa imibono yempikiso yama-Fulentshi, baqamba “Ifilosofi Yokwenza", “Ubudlela-ndawonye boqobo", “Isayensi yobudlela-ndawonye Yase-Jalimane", “Izisekelo zefilosofi Yobudlela-ndawonye", njll.
Ngalendlela imibhalo yobudlela-ndawonye nobukhomanisi yase- Fulansi yaqedwa ubukhali bayo. Lemibhalo ezandleni zama-Jalimane yahluleka ukuphumisa imizabalazo yezigaba, umJalimane wacabanga ukuba uphumelele ekunqobeni “ukuchema kwama-Fulentshi", nokungameleli izidingo zeqiniso, kodwa lokhu okudingwa yiqiniso; bengamelele izimfuno zabasebenzi, kodwa izimfuno zobuntu, zawo wonke umuntu, umuntu ungenasigaba, ongena sibili, umuntu ophila / otholakala kuphela ezinkungwini zombuso wefilosofi engekho.
Lobundlela-ndawonye base-Jalimane, njengomfana wesikolo, bathatha umsebenzi wabo ngesithunzi nangesizotha bumemezela lentengiso yempahla ngobuluthi, ngalesikhathi, besebulahlekelwa yilobuhlakani babo obungazilutho.
Impi yama-Jalimane, kakhulukazi yonxiwankulu base-Prussia (ingxenye ye- Jalimane yanamuhla), iphikisana namakhosi asendulo nobukhosi obungalulekwa, ngamanye amazwi, umzabalazo wama-liberali, waqina ngokwempela.
Ngalokhu, ithuba lanikezwa lobudlela-ndawonye “boqobo" ukuba bubhekane nenqunquthela yezepolitiki buphethe izimfuno zayo ezinobudlela-ndawonye, ukuphonsa / ukujikijela iziqalekiso ezaziyisiko kuma-liberali, ukuphikisana nohulumeni wokhetho, ukuphikisana nokuncintisana bobunxiwankulu, nenkululeko yamaphephandaba ngendlela yobunxiwankulu, nemithetho yonxiwankulu, namalungelo okuzinqumela nokulingana ngobunxiwankulu, nokushumayeza uquqaba ukuba abanalutho abazolizuza, kanye nokuba bazolahlekelwa yiko konke, kulenqunquthela yonxiwankulu. Lobudlelandawonye base-Jalimane balibala, ngenkathi ebaluleke kakhulu, ukuba impikiso yama-Fulentshi, lena bona ababezama ukuyilinganisa, isekele ekutheni onxiwankulu besimanje sebakhona emphakathini, kanye nezimiso zabo zomnotho nomthetho-sisekelo wezepolitiki ohambelana nalokhu, konke lokhu yizona zinto lomzabalazo obuzoza e-Jalimane ubuqonde ukukufeza / ukwezenza.
Ohulumeni abangenakulekwa, nalemithimba yabo yabafundisi, yamaprofesa, yeizikhulu zamaphandle, kanye nezinceku zikahulumeni, bamukela ngezombili loluhlobo lobundlela-ndawonye ababezolusebenzisa njenge ngesithuso kulabonxiwankulu babasongeli.
Kwaphela kamnandi emva komuthi omubi wembaxabulo nenhlavu, ngalaba bohulumeni, sikhathi sinye, bephuzisa imvukelo yesigaba sabasebenzi base-Jalimane.
Nakuba ubudlela-ndawonye “boqoba" bobusebenzela uhulumeni njengasikhali sokulwa nonxiwankulu base-Jalimane, khonamanjalo, bebumelele izifiso zodonsela-mva, izifiso zalengxenye ephikisana nempucuko e-Jalimane. E-Jalimane, isigaba sonxiwankulu abancane noma isigaba esimaphakathi, esingumsalela wezikhathi zo-1500-1599, kusekela ngalesikhathi siqhamu-qhamuka ngezinhlobo ezahlukile, yisona kanye sisekelo salendlela yokubusa.
Ukugcina lesi sigaba ukugcina isimo sezinto njengoba sinjena e-Jalimane. Ubukhulu bonxiwankulu ngezimboni nangamandla epolitiki busisongela ngokusishabalalisa – lokhu onxiwankulu bakhwenza ngokuqoqela izimali ezandleni ezimbalwa; kanti kweliny ukhangothi imvukelo yonguqula-mbuso besigaba sabasebenzi nayo futhi iyasisongela. Ubundlela –ndawonye “Boqobo" bubonakale sengathi bushaye lezinyoni zombili ngetshe elilodwa. Lobudlelandawonye basabalala njengesifo.
Lengubo yobulembu bemicabango, ehlotshiswe ngezimbali zobuciko bobugagu, obujule emazoleni womaya onyanyisayo, lengubo ebabazekayo amadlela-ndawonye ase – Jalimane abegoqengayo ulusizi “lwamaqiniso abo angaphakade", ayisikhumba namathambo, ibasebenzele ekuthengiseni ngokweqile lempahla yabo kulomphakathi onjena. Lobudlela-ndawonye base- Jalimane bacacelwa , ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuba ibizelo lako ukuba ngummeli ochiphathekile wodonsela-mva wonxiwankulu abacane / wesigaba esimaphakathi.
Bamemezela ukuba isizwe sase-Jalimane yisona sibonele sobuzwe, nokuba odonsela-mva base-Jalimane yibona bantu boqobo. Kuko-konke lobundlangudlangu balomuntu woqobo, banikeza incazelo efihliwe, ephakeme, yobudlela-ndawonye, incazelo ephikisana nesiqu soqobo salodonsela-mva. Benza konke ukuphikisana “nokubhubhisa obunonya" bamakhomanisi, ukumemezala / ukwazisa inzondo ephakeme futhi engachemile yabo yayonke imizabalazo yezigaba. Ngaphandle kwencane ingcosana, onke amaphephandaba namabhuku azibiza ngelamandlela-ndawonye nelamakhomanisi agcwele-gcwele lapha e-Jalimane amdibi munye kulemibhalo enyanyekayo futhi ecabayo.[7]
Ingxenye yonxiwankulu ifisa ukulungisa izikhalo zabantu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka nokubusa ngobunxiwankulu.
Lesigaba sisingethe ososanyensi bezomnotho, labo abanikela ngemali kubampofu, labo abanomhawu, labo abathuthukisa isimo sokuphila sesigaba sabasebenzi, abahleli bezinhlangano ezinikezana ngosizo, amalunga ezinhlangano ezinqanda ukuphatha kwabi kwezilwane, izishisekeli ezifuna ukunqanda uphuzo oludakayo, zonke izinhlobo ezingacatshangwa zabalungisi. Lohlobo lobudlela-ndawonye solusetshenzwe laba inhlelo yamasu aphelele.
Incwadi yaka-Proudhon ethi “Philosophy of Poverty (I-filosofi ephathelene nenhlupheko)" iyisibonelo salenhlobo yobudlela-ndawonye.
Lamadlela-ndawonye wonxiwankulu afuna zonke izimo ezinhle zomphakathi wesimanje ngaphandle kwemizabalazo nezingozi ezidalwa yilokhu. Afuna lesimo somphakathi wamanje, ngaphandle kwezinxgenye zawo zonguqula-mbuso nalezo eziwokokayo. Bafisa onxiwankulu ngaphandle kwesigaba sabasebenzi. Onxiwankulu, ngokusobala, bacabanga ukuba umpakathi okahle yilowo lapho bona baphethe khona; bese ubudlela-ndawonye bobunxiwankulu buthathe lombono buwuthuthukise, buwenze izinhlelo ezingamasu acatshangwe ngokuphelele. Ekudingeni isigaba sabasebenzi ukuba sifeze loluhlelo lwamasu, ngokwenza njalo ukuze abasebenzi bangene ngokushesha kule-Jerusalem Entsha, kudingeka empeleni ukuba abasebenzi bahlale ngaphakathi kwalamagceke omphakathi wanamuhla, kodwa bazikhulule kulemibono yenzondo ebhekiswe konxiwankulu.
Indlela yesibili lenhlobo yobudlela-ndawonye ehambisa ngayo, phambilini kokuba amasu wayo acatshangwe ngokuphelele, beyizama ukwehlisa isithunzi sazonke ezinye izinhlangano zamaguqula-mbuso emehlweni wesigaba sabasebenzi ngokusitshengisa ukuba ushintsho kwezo politiki ngeke kusilethe lutho, ukuba ushintsho lwezimiso zempilo, ushinthso ekuphathweni / ekuhlobanani kwezomnotho, olungaletha lukhu abakufisayo. Ngoshintsho lwezimiso zempilo, lobudlela-ndawonye abuqonde nakancane ukuqedwa kwezindlela zokukhiqiza nokuphatha impahla ngobunxiwankulu, ukuqedwa ukungenziwa kuphela inguqula-mbuso, kodwa bakhuluma ngokulungisa izindlela zokuhambisa izigungu ezithile zikahulumeni, ushintsho olusimeme ekuqhubekeni kwalezindlela zokukhiqiza nokuphatha; ukulungisa, ngakho-ke, okungathinti uhlobano phakathi kosozimali nabasebenzi, ushintsho olungahle makwenzekile, lehlise izindleko, futhi lwenze umsebenzi ube lula emahovisi kahulumeni wonxiwankulu.
Ubudlela-ndawonye bobunxiwankulu bufinyelele encasisweni ephelele nxa, nxa kuphela, buyindlela yokukhuluma.
Uhwebelano olukhululekile: ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi sizuze. Izintela ezivikela impahla yezwe kwamanye: ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi sizuze. Ukulungiswa kwamajele: ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi sizuze. Leli-ke, yilona gama lokugcina leqiniso lobudlela-ndawonye bobunxiwankulu.
Konke kufinqwe emushweni: unxiwankulu ungunxiwankulu – ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi sizuze.
Lapha asikhulumi ngaleyomibhalo ethi, kuyo yonke inguqula-mbuso yesimanje, ngase sonke isikhathi yaphumisa izimfuno zesigaba sabasebenzi, njengemibhalo ka-Babeuf nabanye.
Imizamo yokuqala yesigaba sabasebenzi yokufeza izinhloso sayo, eyenziwa ngezithuba zeziyaluyalu ndawozonke, ngezinkathi umphakathi wobukhosi uchithwa, bekufanele yehluleke, ngokuba isigaba sabasebenzi besingakathuthuki, kanti futhi izimiso zomnotho eziludonga lwenkululeko yaso bezingabikho, izimiso okwukusafanele zakhiwe, ezazizokhwakhiwa yilezinkathi zonxiwankulu ezazizofika. Imibhalo yenguqula-mbuso eyayihambisana nalenqunquthela yesigaba sabasebenzi bekufanele ibenesiqu sobudonsela-mva. Lemibhalo yafundisa ukuzalela konke okuhle nokumnandi kanye nokulingana kawonke wonke emphakathini okungacatshangangwa ngokuphelele.
Izinhlelo zamasu zamadlela-ndawonye kanye namakhomanisi, ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele, zo-Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, kanye nabanye, zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi nonxiwankulu ungakathuthuki, njengoba besichaza ngenhla.
Abaqambi balezinhlelo zamasu bayakubona, empeleni, ukunctisana kwezigaba, kanye nezinyathelo zalamalunga aphelelwe yisikhathi kulomphakathi wanamuhla. Kodwa isigaba sabasebenzi, njengoba sisakhasa, sibanike isithombe sesigaba esingena kuziqalisa inhlokotho emlandweni noma isigaba esingenanqunquthela ezimele.
Njengoba ukwanda kombango wezigaba kuhambisana nokuthuthuka kwezimboni, isimo somnotho, ngalendlela esingayo asinikeze izimiso ezidingekeli ukukhulula isigaba sabasebenzi. Yingakho-ke, bacinga isayensi entsha yokuqonda umphakathi, nemithetho emisha yomphakathi, ezokwakha lezi zimiso.
Isinyathelo somlando kufanele sivume isinyathelo esiqanjwe yibona; izimiso ezakhiwe ngumlando zidedele lezo zamaphupho; ukuhlangana kancane-kancane, okungahlelwe muntu, kwesigaba sabasebenzi kuvume ukuhlelwa komphakathi okucatshangwe yilaba banqambi. Umlando wakusasa uziphetha, emehlweni wabo, ngokuba yilenkolo yabo kanye nokuba yisinyathelo esifeza lezinhlelo abizilungiselele umphakathi.
Ekwakheni lezinhlelo, bayazi ukuba babhekele kakhulukazi izimfuno zesigaba sabasebenzi, njengesigaba esihlupheka kakhulu. Isigaba sabasebenzi kubona, siyinto ekhona kuphela njengesigaba esihlupheka kakhulu.
Lesimo sentuthuthuko engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, kanye nempilo yalenhlobo yamadlela-ndawonye, yenza ukuba azibone sengathi ami ngaphezu kwayo yonke imibango yezigaba. Afuna ukulingisa / ukuthuthukisa isimo sawonke amalunga omphakathi, kanye nesimo salawo malunga abusiseke kakhulu (ngezimali).
Yingakho-ke, avama ukubhekisa imibono yawo kumphakathi wonkana, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ngezigaba; hhayi, bakhetha lesigaba esibusayo. Vele kungenzeka kanjani ukuba abantu nxa beqedile ukuqonda inhlelo yamasu abo, bahluleke ukubona kuyona inhlelo enhle engafeza konke?
Yingako-ke, bephikisana nazo zonke izinyathelo zepolitiki, kakhulukazi izinyathelo zokuguqula umbuso; bafisa ukufeza izimfuno zabo ngoxolo, indlela eqalekiswe ngokungaphumelele, ngokubasibinelo, bathemba ukuba balungisa indlela yalelivangeli elisha lomphakathi.
Leliphupho lesithombe somphakathi wakusasa, esidwetshwe ngenkathi isigaba sabasebenzi singakathuthuki ngokuphelele, singekazi ukuba ngeyiphi imibono yaso, kuhambisana nezinyathelo zokuqala zalesigaba ukuzindingela ukwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi.
Kodwa lemibhalo yalamadlela-ndawonye namakhomanisi isingethe isici esibalulekile. Ihlasela yonke imithetho/ izisekelo zomphakathi wanamuhla. Yingako-ke iqukethe izincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhanyiseleni isigaba sabasebenzi. Iziphakamiso eziqukethwe kulezinncwadi – ezifana noukuqedwa kokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamaphandle namadolobha, kwemindeni, kokuphathwa kwezimboni ngasese, kohlelo lwemisebenzi eholelwayo, ukumemezela kobudlelwana phakathi kwabantu, ukuguqula komsebenzi kahulumeni ube yilowo wokubheka umkhiqiza komphakathi – zonke lezi ziphakamiso zitshengisa kuphela isidingo zokuqedwa kombango wezigaba, umbango owawusekuqaleni kwawo ngalezikhathi, umbango othi wabonwa kulemibhalo ekuqaleni kwayo ungakazivezi ngokuphelele.Yingako-ke, leziphakamiso ziliphupho kuphela.
Ukubaluleka kobudlela-ndawonye nobukhomanisi obuyiphupho kodwa obuneliso elihlolisisayo, bohlobane ngendlela ephambene nokuthuthuka komlando.
Nxa umzabalazo wesimanje wezigaba uthuthuka futhi uthatha isimo esithile, ngokilinganayo, leliphupho lokumela ngaphandle kwalomzabalazo, nokuhlasela lomzabalazo ngezikhali eziliphupho, kulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi futhi kuba nzima ukuthola izincasiso ezinomqondo ezingavikela lokhu. Yingakho-ke, nakuba abaqambi balezinhlelo zamasu, ngezindlela eziningi, bengamaguqula-mbuso, abalandeli babo, ndawozonke, bakhe amaqembana wodonsela-mva. Babambelela kumibono yabaholi babo, baphikisana namazingangamazinga wentuthuthuko ngokomlando yesigaba sabasebenzi. Bazama, ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukunyathela umzabalazo wezigaba nokulamula umbango wezigaba. Basakholelwa ekuzameni ukhwakha amaphupho abo emiphakathi, ekusunguleni izandawo zabo, “Amakholini", noma ekwakheni kwe-“Little Icaria"[8]– izincwadana uma sizilinganisa nalena enkulu ye-Jerusalema Entsha – ukwakha zonke lezindlu zamakhosi emoyeni, baphoqelekile ukubhekisa izicelo zabo ezikhwameni nasezinhliziyeni zonxiwankulu. Kancane kancane, behlela esigabane salamadlela-ndawonye adonsela emva esiwabalule ngenhla, bahluke kubona kuphela ngenhlelo yamasu abo okufundiseka afakelana isithukuthezi, kanye nentshisekelo enganamkhawulo nokukholelwa ezeni lokuba isayensi yabo yomphakathi izokwenza imilingo.
Ngakho-ke, baphikisana kakhulu nazo zonke izinyathelo zepolitiki ezithathwa yisigaba sabasebenzi; izinyathelo ezifana nalezi, ngesi ngabo, inzalo yazo yikungazinikezele ngokuphelele kulelivangele elisha / kulezindaba ezimnandi abaziphethe.
Abalandeli baka-Owen e-Ngilande, baka- Fourier e-Fulansi, ngokulifanayo, baphikisa labo abafuna ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekolo e-Ngilande (Chartists) nase-Fulansi (ama-Reformistes)
Isahluko sesibili sibeke kahle ukuba yini okwahlukanisa ama-Khomanisi kulezi ezinye izinhlanjgno zesigaba sabasebenzi, ezifana nama-Chartists e-Ngilande kanye nalabo ebafuna ukuguqula indlela yokuphatha komhlaba e-Melika (Agrarian Reformers in America).
Amakhomanisi alwela ukufeza izinjongo zawo zanamuhla, nezimfuno zemali zesigaba sabasebenzi; kodwa kulengqungquthela yamanje, amelela futhi alungisa ikusasa lalengqungquthela. E-Fulansi, Amakhomanisi alekelelana nalabo abifisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi emphakathini (Ama-Social Democrats)[9] nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba ushintsho kanye neziphekula-zikhuni zonxiwankulu, kodwa, bagcine / bavikele ilungelo labo lokuba nombono ophikisayo ezikhathini ezithile kanye nasezinkohlisweni ezabelwa njjengesiko kusukela kuNguqulo-mbuso enkulu.
E-Swizalandi amakhomanisi aseka iziPhekula -zikhuni zonxiwankulu ngaphandle kokuliba ukuba lenhlangano isingathe amalunga abangayo/ ancintisanayo, ingxenye inga madlela-ndawonye wetando yeningi, ngendlela yase-Fulansi, lenye ingxenye yiziphekula-zikhuni zonxiwankulu.
E-Pholendi, baseka leyonhlangano ephikelele ngelokuthi ingugqulambuso kwezolimo yisona simiso esibaluleke kakhulu enkululekweni yalesizwe, lenhlangano eyagqugquzela uvuko lwase-Krakow ngo-1846.
E - Jalimane balwa, zikhathi zonke, nonxiwankulu nxa bethatha izinyathelo zenguqula-mbuso, belwa nobukhosi ubungenakululekwa, nezigwili zasemaphandleni, kanye nonxiwankulu abancane / isigaba esimaphakathi.
Kodwa abaqedi, nakancane, ukufundisa isigaba sabasebenzi ukubona lombango okhona phakathi konxiwankulu nesigaba sabasebenzi, ukuze abasebenzi base-Jalimane, basebenzise lezimiso zomphakathi nezepolitiko onxiwankulu abaphoqelekile ukuba bazethule futhi ezizohambisana nokulawula kwabo, bazisebenzise njengezikhali ezibhekiswe konxiwankulu, ukuze emva kokunqotshwa kwazo-zonke izigaba zodonsela-mva e-Jalimane, umzabalazo oqondiswe konxiwankulu qobo lwabo ungaqala masinyane.
Amakhomanisi abheke kakhulu e-Jalimane, ngoba lelozwe lilindele ukuqala inguqulo-mbuso yonxiwankulu, inguqulo-mbuso ezokuphethwa ngaphansi kwezimiso zempucuko yase-Yorobhu eziphakeme kakhulu futhi loku kuhambisana nesigaba sabasebenzi esithuthuke kabanzana nxa siqhathanisa naleso sase-Ngilande ngezinkathi zo-1600-1699, noma nesae-Fulansi ngezinkathi zo-1700- 1799, kanti futhi inguqulo-mbuso yonxiwankulu yase-Jalimane indlalela lena yesigaba sabasebenzi ezolandela masinyane.
Kafushane, Amakhomanisi ndawozonke aseka zonke izinhlangano zamaguqula-mbuso nxa zibhekane nezimiso neplolitiko ebusayo namuhla.
Kuzo zonke lezinhlangano, babeka phambili / bagqizelela, njengendaba ebaluleke kukhulu, ukuphathwa komnotho/ kwempahla, kungakhathalekile ukuba izinga lentuthuko lingakanani ngaleso sikhathi.
Ekugcineni, basebenza kanzima ndawozonke ukuhlanganisa nokwakha ukuvumelana phakathi kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi zamazwe onke. Amakhomanisi ayakuzonda ukufihla imibono kanye nezinjongo zawo. Abeka eshashalazini ukuba izifiso zawo zizofezeka kuphela ngokuketulwa ngendlondlo kwalezimiso zomphakathi wanamuhla. Yeka isigaba esilawulayo sivevezele nxa sizwa ngenguqula-mbuso yama-Khomanisi. Isigaba sabasebenzi asinalutho esizokulahlekelwa ngaphandle kwamaketangu aso. Sisozuza umhlaba wonke.
Basebenzi Bamazwe Onke, Hlanganani!
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[1] Ngonxiwankulu sisho lesosigaba sesimanje sabosozimali, esiphethe zonke izinto zomphakathi zokukhiqiza futhi singabaqhashi babasebenzi abaholelwayo. Ngesigaba sabasebenzi sisho isigaba esiholelwayo sesimanje sabasebenzi, ngokungabi nezinto zaso zokukhiqiza, siphoqelekile ukuthengisa amandla aso okusebenza ukuze siphile (Engels, umshicilelo ka-1888)
[2] Wonke umlando olotshiwe. Ngonyaka ka – 1847, andukuba umlando woqobo uqale, izindlela zokuhlela nokulawula umphakathi ngaphambi kokuba umlando ulotshwe, bezingaziwa. Kusukela ngalesikhathi u-August von Haxthausen (1792 –1866) wafumanisa ukuphathwa komhlaba ngumphakathi wonkana e-Rashiya, u-George Ludwig von Maurer watshengisa ukuba ilona donga layo yonke imiphakathi yama-Teuton nalapho imilando yawo uqalana khona, nokuba imiphakathi yasemaphandleni, iyona ndabuko yasendulo yayo yonke imiphakathi kusukela e-Ndiya kuyofika e-Ireland. Ilingaphakathi lokuphathwa kwalezindawo zamaphandle ngendlela yobukhomanisi basendulo, okwakuyindlela ejwayelekile yokuphila yalenhlobo yemiphakathi yafumaniswa ngu-Henry Morgan (1818-1861), kulomsebenzi owamenzela isidumo wafumaniswa ukuba imizi noma izihlobo ziphathelana kanjani nesizwana. Ngokuhlakazeka kwemphakathi yasendulo, umphakathi waqala ukuhlukani izigaba ezahlukile, ekugcineni umphakathi wahlukana izigaba ezibangayo. Ngizamile ukulandela lokuhlakazeka encwadini yami ethi: Indabuka Yomndeni, Yempahla kanye Nobuzwe (Origins of the family, property and the state. 2nd ed, Stuttgart, 1866).
[3] Induna yenhlangano yezingcweti yemisebenzi yezandla, lapha sisho ilunga eliphelele lalenhlangano, induna phakathi kwalenhlangano, asisho umphathi wayo.
[4] Leli igama elalinikezwe abahlali basemadolobheni yizakhamuzi sase Ithali kanye nase-Fulansi, emva kokuba bazithengele noma bazithathela amalungelo abo okuziphatha ngokunqoba amakhosi asendulo. [Engels, umshicilelo wesi-Jalimane ngo-1890]. I -“Commune", e-Fulansi, kwakuyingxenye yezwe ephethwe I-komidi elalikhethwe ngentando yeningi. Leligama lalisetshenziswa ngamadolobhana asafusayo, babelisebenzisa nangaphambi kokuba baphumelele ukuzibusa. I-Ngilandi sithatha njengibonelo esigqamile kuntuthuko yezomnotho, kanti kuntuthuko yezepolitiko I-Fulansi yisona sibonele esigqamile.
[5] Lapha asisho Ukubuyela Emasikweni Kwase-Ngilande (1660-1689), kodwa Ukubuyela Emasikweni kwase-Fulansi [Engels, Umshicilelo wesi-Jalimane ngo-1888]
[6] Loku kuphathelene kakhulu ne-Jalimane, lapho izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba ophethwe amakhosana nezigwili ulinywa khona yizinduna zabo, kanti futhi kulezindawo bakhiqiza ngobuningi ushukela webitruthi kanti futhi badidiyela utshwala obenziwa ngezambana. Izicebi ezinkulu e-Ngilande cishe azikwenzi loku; kodwa nazo zinamasu okunezelela ukwehla kwamarenti azo ngokubolekana ngegama lazo kuzinkampani ezingathembekile kahle ukuze zifune imali yokuqala lezinkampani. [Engels, umshicilelo wesi-Jalimane ngo-1888]
[7] Isivunguvungu senguqula-mbuso ka-1848 sisundezele eceleni lomdibi futhi saphehla abagqugquzeli bawo isidingo sokucabhaza kubudlela-ndawonye. ummeli omkhulu nophambili walomdibi ngu-Mnu. Karl Gruen. [Engels, Umshicilelo wesi-Jalimane ngo 1888]
[8] Ama-Phalansteres bekungumakholoni wamandlela-ndawonye ngenhlelo ka-Charles Fourier; i- Icaria bekuligama elanikezwa ngu-Cabet ukubalula Leliphupho lakhe , wayekhuluma ngekholoni yakhe yase- Melika. [Engels, umshicilelo wesi-Ngisi ngo-1888] “Amakholoni asekhaya" yilokhu u-Owen wayekubiza njengesibonelo somphakathi wobukhomanisi. Phalansteres igama lamaphalisi kawonke umuntu ahlelwe ngu-Fourier. I- Icaria igama lalinikezwe lelizwe le-Phupo lemicabango, ozakhiwo zalo zomphakathi u-Cabet wakhuluma ngazo. [Engels, unshicilelo wesi-Jalimane, ngo-1890]
[9] Inhlangano ephalamende eyayimelelwe ngu -Ledru-Rollin, kwezimbhalo ngu-Louis Blanc, kumaphephandaba yi-Reforme. Igama i-Social –Democracy, eliqanjwe yilaba, libalula ingxenye yenhlangano yama- Democrat noma yama-Republican [laba abalwela ukubusa ngokusebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo], izinhlangano ezinombadlana wobudlela-ndawonye. [Engels, umshicilelo wesi-Ngisi ngo-1888]