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Ikhaya laseMidsommar, i-Dago Suite Apt, 2BR.
Umbungazi ovelele
I-iyunithi yokuqasha ephelele ibungazwe ngu-Gugi
- Izivakashi ezingu- 5
- amakamelo okulala 2
- imibhede engu-4
- Igumbi lokugezela elilodwa
U-Gugi Ungumbungazi ovelele
Ababungazi Abahamba Phambili banesipiliyoni, ababungazi bezinga eliphezulu abazinikele ekuphatheni izivakashi ngendlela ekhethekile.
Okokuzithokozisa kokungena okuhle kakhulu
Izivakashi ezingu-100% zakamuva zinikeze inqubo yokungena isilinganiso sezinkanyezi ezingu-5.
Ngena ngaphakathi
Le ngenye yezindawo ezimbalwa endaweni ene-pool.
Konke ukubhukha kuhlanganisa isivikelo samahhala sokukhansela koMbungazi, ukunganembi kwemininingwane yendlu, nezinye izinkinga ezinjengobunzima bokungena.
Eminye imininingwane ihunyushwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Lapho uzolala khona
Ikhasi 1 kwangu-2
Lokho ozokuthola kule ndawo
Ikhishi
I-Wifi
Kwabiwe i-pool
I-TV ene- Isevisi evamile ye-cable kamabonakude
I-Elevator
Umshini womoya oqandisayo
Uvulande Kuyimfihlo
Ukwehliswa kwemithwalo kuvunyelwe
I-Hair dryer
Ayitholakali: i- I-alamu ye-carbon monoxide
4.91 out of 5 stars from 291 reviews
Inhlanzeko
Ukunemba
Ezokuxhumana
Indawo
Ngena
Inani
Lapho uzobe ukhona
Coblong, Jawa Barat, i-Indonesia
- Ukubukeza okungu-656
- Ubuwena buqinisekisiwe
- Umbungazi ovelele
Sawubona nonke futhi siyakwamukela!
Ngingu-Gugi, iminyaka engu-33 ubudala. Ngiyajabula ngokuba yingxenye yomphakathi we-AirBnB nokukwazi ukusiza abantu bazizwe besekhaya.
Njengamanje ngihlala e-Jakarta futhi ngisebenza esikhungweni samasiko.
Ngiyakujabulela ukuhamba umhlaba wonke nokwenza okokuzithokozisa okusha. Amazwe engiwathandayo kuze kube manje yi-Brasil, i-Spain, i-Morocco, i-Sri Lanka ne-Hong Kong. Ngalolu hambo, ngibe nenhlanhla yokufunda ukuthi okokuzithokozisa okuhle kwe-Airbnb kubukeka kanjani: ikhaya elihle, nombungazi onobungane, endaweni engumakhelwane omuhle kanye nekhono lokwenza izinto ozithandayo! Ngizozama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izivakashi engizibungazayo zihamba nazo zonke lokho futhi nginethemba lokuthi zizoba ngaphezulu!
Ngilangazelela ukuhlangana nani nonke!
Ngingu-Gugi, iminyaka engu-33 ubudala. Ngiyajabula ngokuba yingxenye yomphakathi we-AirBnB nokukwazi ukusiza abantu bazizwe besekhaya.
Njengamanje ngihlala e-Jakarta futhi ngisebenza esikhungweni samasiko.
Ngiyakujabulela ukuhamba umhlaba wonke nokwenza okokuzithokozisa okusha. Amazwe engiwathandayo kuze kube manje yi-Brasil, i-Spain, i-Morocco, i-Sri Lanka ne-Hong Kong. Ngalolu hambo, ngibe nenhlanhla yokufunda ukuthi okokuzithokozisa okuhle kwe-Airbnb kubukeka kanjani: ikhaya elihle, nombungazi onobungane, endaweni engumakhelwane omuhle kanye nekhono lokwenza izinto ozithandayo! Ngizozama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izivakashi engizibungazayo zihamba nazo zonke lokho futhi nginethemba lokuthi zizoba ngaphezulu!
Ngilangazelela ukuhlangana nani nonke!
Sawubona nonke futhi siyakwamukela!
Ngingu-Gugi, iminyaka engu-33 ubudala. Ngiyajabula ngokuba yingxenye yomphakathi we-AirBnB nokukwazi ukusiza abantu bazizwe besekha…
Ngingu-Gugi, iminyaka engu-33 ubudala. Ngiyajabula ngokuba yingxenye yomphakathi we-AirBnB nokukwazi ukusiza abantu bazizwe besekha…
Phakathi nokuhlala kwakho
Ngeke ngibe khona ukuze ngikubingelele mathupha kodwa ungathintana nomama wami ozoqondisa inqubo yesheke futhi njengoxhumana naye oyinhloko uma udinga okuthile ngesikhathi uhlala noma ungangifinyelela :)
UGugi Ungumbungazi ovelele
Ababungazi Abahamba Phambili banesipiliyoni, ababungazi bezinga eliphezulu abazinikele ekuphatheni izivakashi ngendlela ekhethekile.
- Izilimi: English, Deutsch, Bahasa Indonesia
- Izinga lokuphendula: 100%
- Isikhathi sokuphendula: kungakapheli ihora
Ukuze uvikele ukukhokha kwakho, ungalokothi uthumele imali noma uxhumane nabantu ngaphandle kwewebhusayithi ye-Airbnb noma i-app.
Izinto okufanele uzazi
Imithetho yendlu
Ngena: 14:00 - 00:00
Isikhathi sokuphuma: 11:00
Akubhenywa
Izilwane ezifuywayo azivunyelwe
Ayikho imicimbi noma izenzakalo
Ezempilo & ukuphepha
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-COVID-19 ze-Airbnb ziyasebenza
Asikho isiqwashisi se-carbon monoxide
Isiqwashisi sentuthu


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text:
Itshe eliyigugu enkabeni ye-Windsor
Umbungazi ovelele
I-iyunithi yokuqasha ephelele ibungazwe ngu-Marina
- Izivakashi ezingu- 2
- ikamelo lokulala 1
- umbhede ongu-1
- Igumbi lokugezela elilodwa
Ukuzingenela
Zingenise ngebhokisi lesikhiye.
U-Marina Ungumbungazi ovelele
Ababungazi Abahamba Phambili banesipiliyoni, ababungazi bezinga eliphezulu abazinikele ekuphatheni izivakashi ngendlela ekhethekile.
Indawo enhle
Izivakashi ezingu-95% zakamuva zinikeze indawo isilinganiso sezinkanyezi ezingu-5.
Konke ukubhukha kuhlanganisa isivikelo samahhala sokukhansela koMbungazi, ukunganembi kwemininingwane yendlu, nezinye izinkinga ezinjengobunzima bokungena.
Eminye imininingwane ihunyushwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Lapho uzolala khona
Igumbi
umbhede oyidabulu engu- 1
Lokho ozokuthola kule ndawo
Ikhishi
I-Wifi
I-TV
Umshini womoya oqandisayo
Ukwehliswa kwemithwalo kuvunyelwe
I-Hair dryer
Isiqandisi
I-microwave
Indawo yokupaka ekhokhelwayo engaphandle kwamagceke
4.98 out of 5 stars from 83 reviews
Inhlanzeko
Ukunemba
Ezokuxhumana
Indawo
Ngena
Inani
Lapho uzobe ukhona
Windsor and Maidenhead, England, i-United Kingdom
- Ukubukeza okungu-83
- Ubuwena buqinisekisiwe
- Umbungazi ovelele
I am married with two children and work with my gorgeous husband, Gennaro (he made me say that!) in our privately owned hair salon in central Windsor. Our flat is located above the salon but has its own private entrance. Please feel free to ask any questions and we will do our best to help. We wish you a memorable and fun stay in our historic town of Windsor.
I am married with two children and work with my gorgeous husband, Gennaro (he made me say that!) in our privately owned hair salon in central Windsor. Our flat is located above th…
Phakathi nokuhlala kwakho
Ngokuvamile siyatholakala ukuze sikusize nganoma yimiphi imibuzo ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuhlala kwakho.
UMarina Ungumbungazi ovelele
Ababungazi Abahamba Phambili banesipiliyoni, ababungazi bezinga eliphezulu abazinikele ekuphatheni izivakashi ngendlela ekhethekile.
- Izilimi: English, Italiano
- Izinga lokuphendula: 100%
- Isikhathi sokuphendula: kungakapheli ihora
Ukuze uvikele ukukhokha kwakho, ungalokothi uthumele imali noma uxhumane nabantu ngaphandle kwewebhusayithi ye-Airbnb noma i-app.
Izinto okufanele uzazi
Imithetho yendlu
Ngena: Ngemva kwalokho 15:00
Isikhathi sokuphuma: 11:00
Ukuzingenela nge ibhokisi lesikhiye
Akufaneleki ezinganeni nasezinsaneni
Akubhenywa
Izilwane ezifuywayo azivunyelwe
Ayikho imicimbi noma izenzakalo
Ezempilo & ukuphepha
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-COVID-19 ze-Airbnb ziyasebenza
Isiqwashisi se-carbon monoxide
Isiqwashisi sentuthu

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Lo mzamo osaqhubekayo kwelaseNingizimu-Afrika wokucathulisana njengomphakathi okhululekile nofisa ukuphila ngokwazisana nokubonelelana, uthakaselwa ngabaningi emhlabeni jikelele. KwelaseYurophu baningi abafana noMnumzane uJohannes Meyer waseBerlin, eJalimane, esixoxisana nabo ngokuningi okwenzekayo.
UMumzane uMeyer ususwa phansi yilolu daba olusematheni oludingidwa ngabafundi nabaphathi ikakhulukazi eNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch ngemibono nangendlela yokuxoxisana emphakathini okukhulunywa kuwo izilwimi eziningi ezahlukene njengakwelaseNingizimu-Afrika. Uphefumula uthi-ke okaMeyer:
Bayangijabulisa abafundi baseStellenbosch ngemizamo yabo.
Mina ngiyisakhamuzi saseJalimane eYurophu. Ukuxhumana kwami nabangani eNingizimu-Afrika kwaqala ngezikhathi zomzabalazo wenkululeko, abazali bami bebambisene nabangani babo ababeqhamuka lapho, besindé ezinhlekeleleni eziningi – eSharpeville, eSoweto nakwezinye izindawo –, belwela ukukhulula elakubo embusweni wobandlululo nengcindezelo, umbuso weapartheid.
Ukukhululeka kweNingizimu-Afrika [1994] ngakuthokozela njengokuqala kwesahluko esisha emizamweni yokubuyisana nokuhlalisana ngokwazisana nokubonelelana emhlabeni jikelele.
Ekutholeni kwamiumfundaze wokuyoqhuba izifundo zami eMzansi [2004], ngangethembé ukuthi ngalokho ngiyothola nethuba lokuthi ngifunde kangcono isiZulu kwelaseMgungundlovu naseThekwini lapho engangizoyofunda khona, ngafike ngadumalela khona: Kufundwa ngesiNgisi eNyuvesi yakwaZulu-Natali! Abaningi abafundisa nabafunda khona bakhombisa ukungathandisisi ukukhulunyiswa nokuxoxisana ngolwimi lwakubo – basixuba nesiNgisi isiZulu uma bengasavelanga-nje bakwitiza, babhidilisha isiNgisi ngokungapheleli phi.
Nanamuhla lokhu kusangixaka lokhu: INingizimu-Afrika yizwe elinezilwimi eziyishumi nanye [11] ngokomthethosisekelo – isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiTswana, isiSuthu, isiSwazi, isiNdebele, isiVenda, isiPedi, isiTsonga, isiNgisi, isiBhunu, …
Ngiyazibuza: Ziyokhululeka nini izakhamuzi zaseNingizimu-Afrika engqondweni, zikhawule ukulokhu zazama ukulingisa amaNgisi, zikhululeke, zibe yinzalo nabazali beAfrika ekhululekile, izakhamuzi zayo ezilingana nazo zonke ezinye ezizweni ezinganeno nangaphesheya kwezilwandle?
Ezingxenyeni eziningi emhlabeni sezedlule izizwe ezi9khathini ezazicindezelwe kuzo, seziyayiphila le nkululeko ezagcina zizizuzele yona. Sezayeka ukulokhu zizama ukulingisa abacindezeli bazo bezolo – zixoxiana ziphilisana ngezilwimi zazo.
Ngibafisela impumelelo abazali nabafundi nabaphathi nabo bonke abakulo mzabalazo wokukhulula elakubo ebugqilini nasebuvileni, bakhululeke nabo, baphile njengabaningi abanye emhlabeni, sisifunde kahle kubo isiZulu nesiXhosa nesiTswana nesiSuthu nesiSwazi nesiNdebele nesiVenda nesiPedi nesiTsonga nazo zonke ezinye.
NguJohannes Meyer waseBerlin.


text:
UkuBuka nokuBona ngeSo eliSha
UkuBaluleka koHlangothi okuBukwa nokuBonwa ngalo
nguWilhelm Schmid*
Aké sithi uyazihambela-nje, ushayela imoto. Njalo-nje uma ujika empambanweni yemigwaqo kufanele uqaphelisise: kungase kuqhamuke-nje esikhaleni ogibele ibhaysikili. Kwakungabakuhle kangakanani emhlabeni ukuba babengekho laba bamabhaysikili okulokhu kufanele kuhlalwe beqashelwe! Bedlula-nje nòma irobhothi libomvu, okucishe kungalokothi-nje kwenzeke koshayela imoto.
Ntambama usuthatha ikhefu, ufisa ukunyakanyakazisa umzimba. Uphuma ngebhaysikili; wazithela: Okuthikazisayo kozihambela ngebhaysikili yilaba bezimoto; bashayela ngokungabonelelani! Kunesizathu esizwakalayo ukuthi wena ogibele ibhaysikili ungemi nòma irobhothi libomvu: Kunzima ukuthi uphinde uyonyathela ezitibilini, kanti-ke wena webhaysikili ubona kangcono empambanweni yemigwaqo, uyakwazi futhi ukuthi usheshe ujike ekhoneni, nendlela yabahamba ngezinyawo ikuvulekele. Lapho-ke kubuye kuhluphe laba abahamba ngezinyawo!
Ngokulandelayo uzihambela ngezinyawo; wazithela: ikakhulukazi laba bamabhaysikili bayingozi ngokungaqondakali kwabo, nabezimoto abazinaki izindlela eziwelisa abezinyawo emgwaqeni.
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Kuyini khona lokho: ukuBuka ngeSo eliSha? UHlangothi oluthile lokuBona/lokuBuka? Ukuthi izinto sizibona noma asiziboni kanjani. Ukuthi izinto ezithile siyazibona, ezinye asiziboni.
NgelesiLathini elithi perspectus kushiwo esikubonayo, esikuqondayo; okungukuthi ngesikubonisisayo, esikwaziyo noma esithatha ngokuthi siyakwazi nesineqiniso nakho.
Ngokuya ngesimo esikuso nangesikwenzayo sibona umhlaba nakho konke okukhona, sihlunge, sihlele esikubonayo nesikuzwayo – hhayi-nje ngasikhathi, njalo-nje.
Akukwazeki ukuthi umuntu abone ngokuphelele-jikelele njengoba mhlawumbe oPhezukonke, uSmakade, ekwazi. Ingxaki akusikho ukuthi singakwazi kanjani ukufinyelela ekuPheleleni-jikelele, kodwa yikuthi singaphulukundlela kanjani, siphunyuke emNcingweni wohlangothi olulodwa, olumncingo nokungathi lunokufiphaza. Yingakho-ke sinethuba lokuphenduka, sithathe olunye uhlangothi lokubuka nokubona. Ngalokho sesingakwazi ukubona ngeso elibanzi, sibuke ngeso elisha, siphunyuke engozini yokungena sidukuze emnyameni.
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Ukwahlukana kwezindlela zokubona yikhona esihlangabezana nakho njalo-nje. Kuvamile ukuthi umuntu angacabangi ukuthi unendlela ethile abona ngayo. Yindalo yami; ubumina, uqobo lwami. Ukubuka uthathela kuwe, yiyona yodwa indlela eqondile yokubuka nokubona impilo nezenzakalo ekhaya nangaphandle. Yingakho kuvame ukuxwayisa nokuthuthumelisa ukuthi abanye izinto bazibona ngokwehlukile. Akunjalo-nje kuphela emiphakathini eyahlukene, kodwa nasezimbonini kanye nasezinhlanganweni ngokunjalo.
Ngikuboné lokhu ngisebenza esbhedlela lapho bengixoxisana khona nabaningi abakhona, ngivakashela amagumbi ngokwahlukana kwawo. Ethutshaneni lokusebenzisana nabakhona lapha nalaphaya kuvela isidingo sokuzama ukuqondisisa indlela okucatshangwa nokusetshenzwa ngayo: Indlela abona ngayo uNobhala ophethe ayifani nekadokotela owelaphayo, ekadokotela wenhliziyo ayifani kunekadokotela ohlinzayo, ekadokotela yehlukene kweyomhlengikazi. Abanye abayinaki nokuyinaka indlela yabashanelayo, okuyibona abangabanye abazi kakhulukazi ngakho konke esbhedlela.
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Indlela yokubuka nokubona ingaphathelana kakhulu nokujwayelekile ngokomcabango nangokwamasiko-mpilo, ngokwenqubo ekuhlalisaneni emphakathini kanye nangokwenqubo ngedawo nendawo. KwelaseSpeni [Spain] umhlaba ubonakala ngokwehlukene kunakwelaseNoki [Norway], eZurihi [Zurich] ngokwehlukene kunaseBhelini [Berlin], njalo njalo. Ngaphandle kwendawo, isikhathi naso sinengxenye yaso: Endleleni ethile yokubona kungabakhona inkathi ende, kodwa eze iqale ukubonakala sekubhekwa emuva, kuphenywa umlando. Yilowo nalowo angakwazi ukuziphenyela, azitholele eyakhe indlela yokubona neyokubuka, akwazi nokuyihlela, ayimise kabusha. Ukuze siphunyuke emncingweni, kufanele sikwazi ukuzejwayeza ukuziphenyela, sizitholele indlela entsha yokubuka nokubona.
Indlela elula yokwenza njalo wukukhuthalela ezobuciko, uhambele imibukiso nemihlangano. Ezobuciko ziwumzamo wokufumana amathuba amasha, lokho-ke ikakhulukazi okuyizindlela ezingaziwa nezingejwayelekile – njengoba owezobuciko, uChristo, ehlala esikhombisa.
Nòma siphumele phandle, sibheke imvelo; ikakhulukazi ezintabeni kuyasicacela ukuthi emva kokusithela-nje kancane, kuvuleka obunye ubuso bomhlaba. Kwelimagqumagquma kufundeka kangconywana ukuzejwayeza ukuziphenyela, uzitholele indlela entsha yokubuka nokubona. Kunjalo-ke nakokuphathelene nengqondo, lapho indlela yokubona ihambisana khona nesimo somcabango: Sibheké ngapha noma ngaphaya? Siké siguquke-nje nakancane emcabangweni, sizizungeze kanye? Ngisho nomzabalazo omkhulukazi wokuzama ukwazisana nokubonelelana udinga ukuthi kukwazeke ukubheka nokubona umhlaba ngokweso lengqondo njengoba ubonwa ngomunye.
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Indlela yokubuka nokubona iya ngokwehluka ngokwesimo empilweni [ongumzali ubona ngokwehlukile kungongakaze abe umzali]. Iyaguquka ngokokuphatheka emphefumulweni (uma sethukile, sinovalo, sibonakala sehlukile kunòma sinethemba nokuqiniseka); kanjalo nangokuthi wenza msebenzi muni, unasikhundla siphi lapho. Iyaguquka futhi indlela yokubuka nokubona ngokujwayelana nabantu abathile, nangesimo esithile okuso, esithathwa ngokuthi sihle noma sibi, okuphinde futhi kuhambisane nesimo jikelele semphile yakho.
Nakimi
kuké kuthi ebengikade ngikubona kukuhle zolo lokhu,
kungiphendukele,
namuhla ngikubone kungasenamqondo-nje.
Lapho zolo lokhu bekubalele khona ubukhazikhazi bempumelelo, namhla sigqolozelwe umgodi ojulile omnyama wendumalo ngokwehluleka. Ukungichazela ukuthi lokho yindlela nayo ethile yokubuka nokubona, akungisizi. Yileyo naleyo ndlela iziqhwagela iqiniso ngokwayo; akuseyukuphinde kube ngenye indlela. Kungenzeka-ke nokho ukuthi kunokuthikaziseka kwendlela yokubona:
Ukuthi sekuyohlala njalo-nje kukubi kanje noma kukuhle kanje, akuvamile; kuyayekube-nje yinhlalayenza yezingqinamba zansukusonke. Kunganjani kesithathe enye indlela yokubuka, sikwemukele ukuthi impilo nayo phela iziphefumulela kanjalo? Sesizoké-ke bathi siphefumulisane nayo eziphithiphithini zezehlakalo ezinhle nezimbi, kokuthokozisayo nokujabhisayo. Sesingavumelana-ke nokuthi kokunye ngokubi, kokunye ngokuhle okuvamayo.
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Indlela-ndabuko obuka nobona ngayo iguquka uguqukisise ngezigaba zokukhula nezivivinyo eziza nazo: Esokuqala yisigaba samathuba, esize sifike kowamashumi amabili nanhlanu [25] wobudala, lapho amathuba ehlukene uwahlola, uwazama, uwaqhathanisa – kanye nawe luqobo ngokunjalo, okuthiwa futhi yisigaba sokudlala. Esigabeni sangempela, esize sifike kowamashumi amahlanu [50] sekubhekeké ukuthi asetshenziswe amathuba [zifezeke izifiso, igcwaliseke imigomo] ngokukhandleka konke okuhambisana nalokho; ingani phela izinto eziningi ezibalulekile kudingeké zenziwe ngasikhathi-sinye, kulo lona leli banga elifishane. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, okuyela kweyamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu [75], indlela yokubuka nokubona isiholwa wuhlamvana oluthi „-sa-“ enkulumweni, olukhomba inkathi yamanje esizokwedlula [„Usaphilaphilile nokho!“]. Sisekhona isikhathi sokunaka lokhu nalokhuya okubona kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuthi ngokuqhubeka kweminyaka, mhlawumbe kuze kufike kowekhulu [100], ubuthaka namaxhwala abhoke.
Ukwaneliseka nokunethezeka empilweni
kutholakala ngokuthi
ukwazi ukwamukela
leso naleso sigaba empilweni nezindlela zaso zokubuka nokubona.
Inkomba-ndlela eyaziseka kakhulu empilweni izuzeka ngokukwazi ukubona ngamehlo engqondo, ubone izolo nekuthangi ngeso lakusasa – okufana nokubuka impilo yakho yanamuhla ngeso lasekupheleni kwezinsuku zakho, lapho-ke usuzozibuza uthi: Ngingayemukela, ngiyithande le mpilo engiyiphilayo; inhle? Angiphunyukwa-nje njengamanje yithuba elingabasemqoka kimi? Kungafanele ngenzeni ukuze ngiguqule okuthile empilweni yami? Ngizimisele kulokho nòma le mpilo esengiyejwayele ngiyibona isemqoka kunalokho, sekuyiyona mpilo enhle leyo kimi? Ngifisa ukuthi ngibe sengifiké phi uma ukuphela kwempilo sekugcina kungifikele? Yiziphi izinyathelo engingakwazi ukuzithatha ngamehlo engqondo, ngisuka emngceleni wempilo, ngihlehla ngize ngifika kolwanamuhla, ukuze ngisuke lapho-ke, ngithathe izinyathelo eziqondé phambili, ngifeze okusemqoka kimi ukuze ngigcine ngifiké lapho ngifisa ukufika khona?
Indlela yokubuka nokubona yokuphoqeleleka, esuka phakathi ezibilini, ivela uma ujunywa ngobekungalindelekile empilweni. Zinzima izingqinamba umuntu akwazi ukubhekana nazo, uma impilo imjikela. Ingxaki ekuvelelayo noma isifo esikuhlaselayo siyayiguqula, siyihlanekezele impilo, kuvele imibuzo enzima, kokunye kwayona impilo ibebucayi: Ibiyini impilo yami, iyini, isengaba yini? Impilo ebengiyiphila iyazibhidlikela-nje, izingcucu kufanele kuciciyelwe, zichitshelwe, mhlawumbe kwenziwe ngesifutho nangendluzula ukuze ubumina, uqobo lwami, luphinde lutholakale nempilo iphinde ikwazi ukuphileka. Obhekene nalokho engathi: Ukugula kungephuca okuthil, kodwa mhlawumbe kunginika futhi okuthile, akukho okungokweze. Mhlawumbe kunginika umsebenzi osuzoqondana nami, esengingafunda okuthile kuwo. Kungijikijela kwenye-nje impilo, kungelekelele, ngifunde enye indlela yokubuka nokubona ebengingayazi.
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Ekuguqukeni kwendlela yokubuka nokubona liyasiza iso longaphandle – iso labanye, abangani noma abelekeleli abakufundelayo. Engxoxweni nabo kuvuleka amathafa nenkalo kanye nezindlela owawungasazicabangani. Lelo so longaphandle [iExovision] lingasiza nasezindaweni, ezindimeni zemfundo nasezimbonini eziningi ukuhlangabezana „nobumpumputhe benjwayelo“ obungase buhlasele.
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Ukubakhona kovela ngaphandle, ongesiye owakhona, obekezelelwe ngesihle [ukuthi abekhona], kuyabakhuthaza abakhona ukuthi bakhululeke, babhobokelane, babonisane. Iso lakhe eliqhamuka ngaphandle likhuthaza ukudlinza nokuzihlola; lokho kuyakusiza ukuthi impilo yakho uyenze indima yemfundo, kusiza futhi bonke abanye abakhona ukuthi ekubhobokelaneni kwabo baphenduke ubanjiswano kwezemfundo. Ezinhlanganweni zezindlela ezahlukene zokubuka nokubona kudaleka okusha ngenxa yokuthi izindlela ezindala zokubuka nokubona azisahambeki. Ukuxhumanisa izindlela ezahlukene zokubuka nokubona kuyadingeka, kudinga isasasa nokukhaliphela njalo ukuthola izindlela ezintsha. Ezimbonini eziningi namuhla lokho kuthathwa njengekhono elisemqoka lokubona kude ngamehlo engqondo nangomthombo wobuciko obuthakaselelwayo nobusetshenziswayo.
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Kwezokuthandana, engithandana naye ngifunda ngaye [ngivulwa nguye amehlo okubona] indlela entsha yokubuka nokubona. Umngani, intombi noma isoka lami, kubhekeké ukuthi yilo elenza lo msebenzi (nami ngokunjalo kulo). Ongibuka ngeso langaphandle ungitshela ngokukhululeka ukuthi ungibona nginjani, lokho-ke bese kugxila kimi engqondweni, ngikwazi nami ukuzibona ngeso longaphandle. Emabangeni amade ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ongibuka ngeso longaphandle uyakwazi ukungitshela ukuthi ngokubona kwakhe „ngiqondé phi“, asho nòma ngisesendleleni eqondile, efanelana nami, nòma sengiyanhlanhlatha, nòma ngilibele [ngichitha isikhathi] ngokungaphansi kwekhono enginalo, nanokuthi yimaphi „amathuba“ asangivulekele. Uyawelula amabanga, awunwebe umkhathi ongizungezile, uma sekungathi uyangingcinga, aqhamuke nemicabango namasu ebengingasenawo. Le ndlela yokubuka nokubona ngingayemukela kulowo, ngizejwayeze yona. Ngaphandle kwale ndlela ngingasengilingeke ukulokhu ngizungeza ngeze emicabangweni nasezifisweni.
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Siyazi ukuthi impilo akusikho-nje kuphela lokhu okungathi kuyikho okwamanje; kunamathuba amaningi amanye asekhona okungekho nalinye lawo elingafeza nenelise konke okukwazekayo, esikuqonda ngokufunisela nokuzama. Inhlanhla enkulu yikuthi emizuzwini ethile ngazi othile ongangitshela angazise – owomndeni noma umngani noma-ke ngumelekeleli owakufundela, engingayikhuluma naye imibuzo enjalo. Ukukhula kwenzeka kanjalo. Yileyo naleyo nguquko endleleni yokubuka nokubona iwuvula iweneke kabusha umhlaba nempilo; njalo-nje kuyayekuthi emva kwalokho singabesisaqonda ukuthi kwakwenziwa yini ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho sasicabanga ngenye indlela.
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Nokuhlalisana ngokwazisana nokubonelelana kukwazeka ngokukhuthalela ukufunda-uphindelela ukuguqula indlela yokubuka nokubona, uzinike umzuzwana-nje wokuzama ukuthi udaba uké ulubone ngeso lobuka engaphandle – kwasemndenini nakanjalo ezinhlanganweni nasemphakathini wonke:
Ngingazizwa kanjani
mina
uma ngingaba kuleso simo
esinye?
Ukuqondisisa kangcono ukuthi kumenzekela njani omunye, ngingaké ngizame „ukungena ezicathulweni zakhe“, ngizame ukuqondanisa ukwenza kwami nesimo kanye nendlela yakhe yokubuka nokubona. Okuningi kubuye kuxoleleke ngokuthi izindlela zokubuka nokubona phela ziningi – nanokuthi ayikho indlela yokuhlalisana ngokwazisana nokubonelelana elungé ngokwedlula zonke ezinye njengoba ingekho nendlela yokubuka nokubona eyenza sibone ngokuphelele; konke kwezokwazisana nokubonelelana okungilungele mina, kungenzeka ukuthi akumlungeli omunye ngokunjalo.
… …
Ukuyiqondisisa kahle indlela yokubuka nokubona okungeyakho luqobo lwakho nangokomsebenzi oziphilisa ngawo, yiphuzu kwezokuhlakaniphela impilo enokweneliseka. Yinhlakanipho empilweni ukuzazi ezinye izindlela zokubuka nokubona nokukwazi ukuyiguqula neyakho.
Yizindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokubuka nokubona esikhathazeka ngakho? Akusikho ukuthi sikhathazeka futhi ngokuyiqiniso kokwenzekayo? Ngenxa yokuthi yilelo nalelo qiniso linamacala amaningi elingabonakala liqondakale ngawo, kufanele ukuthi kuyakwazeka ukuthi liqhanyukelwe liqondakale ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokubuka nokubona. Njengengqulunga okungakwazeki ukuthi ibonakale ngokuphelele kanyekanye, kukwazeka ukuba nolwazi ngayo ngokuphelele emva kokuyibuka nokuyibona nxazonke jikelele.
Singakukhuthalela, ukuze sihambisane neqiniso, ukuthanda ukwazi izindlela eziningi ezehlukene zokubuka nokubona; kusemqoka kakhulu lokho nakwezomphakathi. Nguyinzuzo enkulu kabi kwezombuso wentando yeningi ukuthi kuxhunyanwa ludlana neqiniso ngenxa yezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokubuka nokubona, okwakuthi kwezombuso wengcindezelo nendluzula, njengoba umlando usifundisa, kugcine kuhlwathizwa emnyameni-nje ngenxa yokuphoqelelwa ukubuka ngandlela-nye.
Asingakhathazeki; akudingeki senze ngehaba: Kulungile ukuba nendlela okungeyami luqobo yokubuka nokubona; ngingayigcina ngaphandle kokushaywa ngunembeza. Iyikhaya lami emhlabeni ozindlela eziqedwa. Ngayo kuyakwazeka ukuhlunga kokuningi okudinga nsukuzonke ukuthi ngizwe ngakho ngikwazi: Lokhu kuqondene nami, lokho cha, kusemqoka, lokhuya angisukukunaka. Kodwa-ke kufanele sejwayele ukuzama ukwehlukana nendlela yami-nje. Hhayi ngoba kuyimfanelo, kodwa ngoba umhlaba nempilo esemkhathini obanzi ingumnotho. Emhlabeni ukweneliseka emphefumulweni okungenamnqamulo nokukhululeka engqondweni kuvela kanjalo.
uWilhelm Schmid, owazalwa ngowe-1953, ungusolwazi kwezeNhlakanipho ngoLwazi.
. . . . . . . .
*NguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini eKwaMachanca eJalimane [Dr Ben Khumalo-Seegelken], uMholi weViyo leziKhuthali oBanjiwaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis]; uMtapo woLwazi: Wilhelm Schmid, „Perspektivenwechsel. Von der existenziellen Bedeutung der Blickrichtung“, in: Glaubenssachen, Norddeutscher Rundfunk [NDR], Religion und Gesellschaft, Hannover: Sonntag, 23. Oktober 2016, 08.40 Uhr.


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Isikhathi sokufika ekhaya e-St. Petersburg: ubuqiniso bokuba khona kwayo, uhlu lwemikhawulo nezindawo ezingavunyelwe ukuthi intsha ingazivakashela. Izinyathelo zokujeziswa kwabazali abangazibhekanga izingane zabo. Osomabhizinisi bawugeqa kanjani umthetho wokugcina ikhasimende liphakathi kwezingane
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Iyanda futhi kaningi emphakathini wesimanje imibuzo iphakanyiswa esihlokweni se-ecology. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa komoya okusabalele okwenziwa yimfucuza yezimboni namagesi, nokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi, kanye nenkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti nokulahlwa kwemfucuza
Izinkinga zemvelo ze-Krasnoyarsk Territory azikhathazi kuphela izakhamuzi zezwe lethu. Ngale kwemingcele yayo, amadolobha ezimboni anjengeNorilsk neKrasnoyarsk nawo ajwayelekile. Bahamba phambili ngokungcoliswa kwemvelo
I-ecology ye-Krasnodar Territory njengomphumela wenani lezifundo ibizwa nge-tense. Inkinga enkulu maqondana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo idalwe ukuthuthwa komgwaqo, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasehlobo, lapho kukhona ukuthutheleka kwabavakashi eKrasnodar Territory. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwemvelo kubi kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, ikakhulukazi izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela
Izinkinga zemvelo yesifunda sase-Chelyabinsk zinkulu kangangokuthi izazi zemvelo zihlukanisa isimo njengesibi. Inqwaba yamabhizinisi esifundeni angcolisa umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi nakho konke okumila kuyo. Lokhu kuthinta impilo yabantu, kubangela ukukhula kwe-oncology. Noma ngabe wonke amabhizinisi esifunda afaka izikhungo zokwelapha, kuzothatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili kuze kube yilapho imvelo isibuyiselwe ngokuphelele, futhi kuzoba okuphephile ukuhlala kunoma yiliphi idolobha lesifunda saseChelyabinsk
Emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, abaseSpain bathola izindawo zedolobha lase-New Orleans. Lezi kwakuyizikhathi zamakoloni, ngakho-ke iFrance nayo yafuna lezi zindawo. Leli dolobha laqanjwa ngokuhlonipha inkosi yaseFrance uPhilip of Orleans. Iminyaka yokungaqiniseki yaphela kubantu lapho iNew Orleans idayiswa e-US. Uma kuze kube manje leli dolobha laliyikoloni kuphela elihlala izigqila, khona-ke eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu ngemva kwesisekelo salo, ukuphila lapho kwaqala ukuthuthuka ngendlela ehlukile
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Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-13, umfuyi we-Deliflor Chrysanten's spray chrysanthemum Baltic uyinhlobonhlobo enesabelo semakethe esiphezulu esigabeni sokufutha.Izinhlobonhlobo zizoshintsha izindawo eVannoVa, umfelandawonye ohamba phambili wabalimi be-chrysanthemum.
Umlimi we-R&A van Kester ubelokhu ebambe iqhaza ne-Baltic kusukela ezinsukwini zakuqala zohlobo oluhlukahlukene futhi uye wasekela i-Baltic ukuthi ibe yinhlobo ephumelelayo ekhona namuhla. Baqala ukukhulisa i-Baltic lapho bethulwa, okokuqala ngomuntu ngamunye futhi kamuva njengengxenye ye inyunyana yabalimi i-VannoVa.R&A van Kester manje izoyeka ukutshala ama-chrysanthemum, ngakho i-Baltic izohamba ngaphakathi kwe-VannoVa ukuze ikwazi ukutshala u-Fred van Paassen, umlandeli ofanelekayo. isonto 3.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezimbali okuhlelwe yi-Deliflor ngeviki lesi-3, kuzoba nomzuzu osemthethweni lapho u-Deliflor ezobonga u-René, u-André no-Bart van Kester ngokuzibophezela kwabo isikhathi eside ezinhlobonhlobo ze-chrysanthemum i-Baltica. kanye no-Jan van Paassen.Deliflor kuyakuthokozela ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-Baltic ngaphakathi kwenyunyana yabalimi i-VannoVa.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi amanani ezimbali anyukile emasontweni ambalwa edlule.Ubani obengacabanga ukuthi intela entsha kubantu bezwe laseNingizimu Melika e-Colombia ingaba nomthelela e-Auburn, eNew York? Yilokhu okwenzekile.…
Umbala ohlaba umxhwele ngempela futhi oyingqayizivele okungelula ukuwuchaza.Okumpunga ngaphansi kwamacembe kwenza le mbali ikhetheke.Iqhakaza i-couture enkulu, egcwele umzimba wonke nezinhliziyo ezisontekile izici eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo olusha lwesitayela.…
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezinhle ze-salmon anemone zinendawo emnyama, enika amandla izimbali.I-Stresa kakade iwuhlobo oludumile lwe-Deliflor. I-chrysanthemum yesifutho esiphinki aziwa ngezindawo zawo ezinsomi ngokumnyama.…
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-31-2022


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Lesi sigaba yakhelwe ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo reference, kunokuba ukuze ifundwe njengoba lelandzisako.
Imibuzo mayelana causality e ucwaningo social ngokuvamile ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze uthole ndlela asisekelo ukuze causality incike kumagrafu esiyimbangela, bheka Pearl (2009) , kanye indlela asisekelo ngokusekelwe imiphumela engahle, bheka Imbens and Rubin (2015) (futhi isithasiselo lobuchwepheshe kulesi sahluko). Ukuze uqhathanise lezi zindlela ezimbili, bheka Morgan and Winship (2014) . Ukuze uthole ndlela ngokusemthethweni ngokuchaza confounder, bheka VanderWeele and Shpitser (2013) .
Esahlukweni, Ngazakhela ezazifikile umugqa elikhanyayo emkhatsini ikhono lethu lokwenza tilinganiso esiyimbangela kusuka idatha yokulinga futhi non-experiment. Esimweni esingokoqobo, ngicabanga ukuthi umahluko blurrier. Ngokwesibonelo, wonke umuntu uyawamukela ukuthi ukubhema kubanga umdlavuza ngisho nakuba siye awupheli a randomized ukuhlola ukuthi amabutho abantu ukuba ngibheme. Ngoba omuhle incwadi ubude zokwelapha ekwenzeni esiyimbangela ezakhishwa idatha non-yokulinga ukubona Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) , kanye Dunning (2012) .
Izahluko 1 no-2 Freedman, Pisani, and Purves (2007) zinikeza isingeniso ecacile singene umehluko emkhatsini ucwaningo, kocwaningo, futhi randomized kocwaningo.
Manzi (2012) inikeza isingeniso elithakazelisayo futhi efundekayo singene isisekelo zefilosofi ezibalo randomized kocwaningo. Liphinde lunikeze izibonelo ezithakazelisayo wangempela wamandla zokucwaninga kwezamabhizinisi.
Casella (2008) , Box, Hunter, and Hunter (2005) , Athey and Imbens (2016b) ahlinzeke izingeniso ezinhle namaphuzu ezibalo design yokulinga kanye nokuhlaziywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona zokwelapha omuhle ukusetshenziswa ucwaningo emikhakheni eminingi ehlukene: ezomnotho (Bardsley et al. 2009) , Kwabantu (Willer and Walker 2007; Jackson and Cox 2013) , Psychology (Aronson et al. 1989) , Wezifundo zezombusazwe (Morton and Williams 2010) , kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle (Glennerster and Takavarasha 2013) .
Ukubaluleka umhlanganyeli ekuqasheni (isib, izibonelo zalokho) kuyinto ngokuvamile ngaphansi-kangaka ucwaningo lokuhlola. Nokho, uma umphumela ukwelashwa kuyinto heterogeneous labantu, khona-ke ukusampula esibucayi. Longford (1999) uveza leli phuzu ngokucacile lapho likhuthaza abacwaningi becabanga ucwaningo nje ucwaningo labantu nge sampling ozenzekelayo.
I dichotomy ukuthi nganikeza phakathi lab and field nemaresiphi kancane kwaba lula. Eqinisweni, abanye abacwaningi baye basikisela typologies eningiliziwe, ngamazibulo ikakhulukazi ehlukanisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo emkhakheni (Harrison and List 2004; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2013) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zocwaningo eyenziwa ngu ososayensi bezenhlalo ukuthi musa khaxa kuyo lab and field dichotomy. Inhlolovo kwenziwa ucwaningo kanye ucwaningo social Survey Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ucwaningo besebenzisa ingqalasizinda vo ezikhona bese uqhathanisa izimpendulo izinguqulo ehlukile ye imibuzo efanayo (ezinye nemaresiphi inhlolovo ethulwa eSahlukweni 3); for more on inhlolovo kwenziwa ucwaningo ukubona Mutz (2011) . nemaresiphi Social kukhona nemaresiphi lapho uphathwa ezinye inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle ongenziwa kuphela okumele zenziwe yi-uhulumeni. nemaresiphi Social zihlobene nesimiso nokuhlola. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi nemaresiphi inqubomgomo, bheka Orr (1998) , Glennerster and Takavarasha (2013) , kanye Heckman and Smith (1995) .
A eziningana amaphepha baye kuqhathaniswa lab and field ucwaningo abstract (Falk and Heckman 2009; Cialdini 2009) kanye mayelana nemiphumela nomthetho ucwaningo ethize e wezifundo zezombusazwe (Coppock and Green 2015) , ezomnotho (Levitt and List 2007a; Levitt and List 2007b; Camerer 2011; Al-Ubaydli and List 2013) kanye psychology (Mitchell 2012) . Jerit, Barabas, and Clifford (2013) unikeza nice ucwaningo design ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela evela lab and field ucwaningo.
Ukukhathazeka mayelana abahlanganyeli ekushintsheni ukuziphatha kwabo ngoba bayazi babekwa zakubhekisisa babizwe ngokuthi ukufuneka imiphumela, futhi baye watadisha kwengqondo (Orne 1962) kanye nakwezomnotho (Zizzo 2009) . Nakuba iningi labo ezihlobene ne lab kwenziwa ucwaningo, lezi zimpikiswano efanayo kungabangela izinkinga for ucwaningo emkhakheni kanye. Empeleni, funa imiphumela nazo ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi imiphumela Hawthorne, igama sivela enza ucwaningo ensimini, ikakhulukazi odumile okukhanyisa ukuhlolwa kwaqala ngo-1924 ngesikhathi Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) . Bobabili imiphumela wokwakha Hawthorn imiphumela zihlobene umqondo wokumeda esisheshayo okuxoxwe ngayo eSahlukweni 2 (bheka futhi Webb et al. (1966) ).
Umlando ucwaningo emkhakheni iye yachazwa ezinhlwini ezingu ezomnotho (Levitt and List 2009) , isayensi yezombangazwe (Green and Gerber 2003; Druckman et al. 2006; Druckman and Lupia 2012) , Psychology (Shadish 2002) , kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi (Shadish and Cook 2009) . Enye indawo ye-social science lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni ngokushesha yayiya ivelela kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa international. Ukuze uthole ukubukezwa omuhle walowo msebenzi ngaphakathi ezomnotho ukubona Banerjee and Duflo (2009) , futhi luhlolo esibucayi ukubona Deaton (2010) . Ukuze uthole ukubukezwa kwezinqumo lo msebenzi wezifundo zezombusazwe ukubona Humphreys and Weinstein (2009) . Ekugcineni, zezinselele zezindinganiso abathintekayo ngokuhlolwa yasensimini baye lucwaningwa wezifundo zezombusazwe (Humphreys 2015; Desposato 2016b) kanye nokuthuthukiswa economics (Baele 2013) .
Esahlukweni, ngasikisela ukuthi ulwazi pre-ukwelashwa kungasetshenziswa ngcono ikwazi kulinganiselwa imiphumela ukwelashwa, kodwa kukhona abanye mpikiswano mayelana le ndlela: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , kanye Berk et al. (2013) ; bheka Bloniarz et al. (2016) ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa.
Ngiye okhethe ukugxila kuwo imiqondo emithathu: kwemukeleka, heterogeneity imiphumela yokwelashwa, kanye netindlela. Lezi imiqondo anamagama ahlukene emikhakheni ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, odokotela bengqondo bathambekele ukudlulela ngale kwenziwa ucwaningo elula ngokugxila balamuli nabomengameli (Baron and Kenny 1986) . Umqondo we balamuli ethunjwa engikubiza ngokuthi izindlela, kanye nomqondo lalabalungisi ethunjwa engikubiza ngokuthi kwemukeleka yangaphandle (isib, ingabe imiphumela ukuhlola lingafani uma elaliphethwe ezimweni ezahlukene) kanye heterogeneity yemiphumela yokwelashwa ( isib, imiphumela okukhulu abanye abantu kunabanye abantu).
Ucwaningo of Schultz et al. (2007) ikhombisa ukuthi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma social kungasetshenziswa ukudizayina izinhlelo zokungenelela ngempumelelo. Ukuze uthole i-agumenti okwengeziwe jikelele ngendima theory ukuklama setfule kungenelela ngempumelelo, bheka Walton (2014) .
Imiqondo sokusebenza yangaphakathi nangaphandle base yethulwa ngo Campbell (1957) . Bheka Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) ukuze uthole umlando eningiliziwe futhi kwenaba ngokucophelela of kwezibalo isiphetho kwemukeleka, kwemukeleka yangaphakathi, ukwakha kwemukeleka, nobuqiniso zangaphandle.
Ukuze ekuhlaziyeni nezindaba ezihlobene ezibalo esiphethweni kwemukeleka ucwaningo ukubona Gerber and Green (2012) (for a nombono social science) kanye Imbens and Rubin (2015) (for a nombono kwezibalo). Ezinye nezindaba of ezibalo isiphetho esisemthethweni kuphakama ikakhulukazi online ensimini kwenziwa ucwaningo zihlanganisa nezindaba ezifana nezindlela computationally ephumelelayo ngokudala ukuzethemba ngezikhathi ngedatha nasekuthengeni (Bakshy and Eckles 2013) .
Ukuba semthethweni kwangaphakathi kungaba nzima ukuqinisekisa e complex ensimini ucwaningo. Bheka, isibonelo, Gerber and Green (2000) , Imai (2005) , kanye Gerber and Green (2005) I-mpikiswano mayelana ukuqaliswa eyinkimbinkimbi ensimini experiment mayelana yokuvota. Kohavi et al. (2012) kanye Kohavi et al. (2013) isingeniso amehlo mayelana nezinselelo ezikhona sokusebenza isikhawu online ensimini ucwaningo.
Enye ukukhathazeka enkulu kwemukeleka yangaphakathi izinkinga ne eqenjini. Enye indlela eya ezingabangela izinkinga ne eqenjini ukuqhathanisa ekwelapheni kanye control amaqembu ezicini ebonakalayo. Lolu hlobo lokuqhathanisa ubizwa ngokuthi isheke balance. Bheka Hansen and Bowers (2008) indlela kwezibalo ukuba silinganisele amasheke, futhi ubone Mutz and Pemantle (2015) ngezinkathazo iqondene balance. Ngokwesibonelo, esebenzisa balance hlola Allcott (2011) bathola ukuthi kukhona abanye ubufakazi bokuthi eqenjini awuzange lwenteke kahle ezintathu ucwaningo kwezinye OPower nemaresiphi (bheka iThebula 2; sites 2, 6, 8). Ukuthola eminye kusondela, bheka Imbens and Rubin (2015) , Isahluko 21.
Okunye ukukhathazeka ezinkulu ezihlobene kwemukeleka ngaphakathi: 1) one-Amasa asekela non-ukuhambisana, lapho hhayi wonke umuntu eqenjini ukwelashwa empeleni wathola ukwelashwa, 2) ezimbili esehlanganyela non-ukuhambisana, lapho hhayi wonke umuntu eqenjini elashwa ukwelashwa kanye ezinye abantu eqenjini control ukuthola ukwelashwa, 3) ukuzithumela kwezinye izindawo nokufa, lapho imiphumela akulinganiswa for ezinye ababambiqhaza, futhi 4) nokugxambukela, lapho ukwelashwa lichitheke phezu esuka kubantu esimweni ukwelashwa abantu isimo control. Bheka Gerber and Green (2012) Izahluko 5, 6, 7, no-8 ukuze uthole okuthe xaxa ngayinye kulezi zindaba.
Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi enza semthethweni, bheka Westen and Rosenthal (2003) , esingaphezu on enza ukuba semthethweni e big imithombo idatha, Lazer (2015) kanye eSahlukweni 2 sale ncwadi.
Esinye isici sokusebenza yangaphandle setting lapho i kokungenela lihlolwe. Allcott (2015) inikeza ukwelashwa ngokucophelela theory kanye enokwehla ukukhethwa site noma ukuchema kuzo. Lo magazini kuyaxoxwa ngaso Deaton (2010) . Ngaphezu kokuba ziphindaphindwe ezindaweni eziningi, ukungenelela Home Energy Umbiko nakho okuye ngokuzimela wafundela namaqembu ocwaningo amaningi (isib, Ayres, Raseman, and Shih (2013) ).
Ukuze ekuhlaziyeni omuhle ka heterogeneity nemiphumela yokwelashwa ucwaningo emkhakheni, bheka iSahluko 12 of Gerber and Green (2012) . Ukuze izingeniso ukuze heterogeneity nemiphumela yokwelashwa ekulingweni yezokwelapha, bheka Kent and Hayward (2007) , Longford (1999) , kanye Kravitz, Duan, and Braslow (2004) . Heterogeneity nemiphumela yokwelashwa ngokuvamile ukugxila umehluko esekelwe pre-ukwelashwa izici. Uma unesithakazelo heterogeneity ngokusekelwe imiphumela post-ukwelashwa, khona-ke approachs eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe bayadingeka ezifana babhekane nezinga elikhulu uthishanhloko (Frangakis and Rubin 2002) ; bheka Page et al. (2015) sokuba kubuyekezwe.
Abacwaningi abaningi balinganisela heterogeneity nemiphumela yokwelashwa usebenzisa ekuhlehleni komugqa, kodwa izindlela newer ancike umshini ofunda izinto, isibonelo Green and Kern (2012) , Imai and Ratkovic (2013) , Taddy et al. (2016) , kanye Athey and Imbens (2016a) .
Kukhona ezinye zokungabaza okwatholakala heterogeneity nemiphumela ngenxa yezinkinga kuqhathanisa eziningi futhi "lokudoba." Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene izindlela ezibalo ezingasiza ikheli ukukhathazeka ngokufana amaningi (Fink, McConnell, and Vollmer 2014; List, Shaikh, and Xu 2016) . Enye indlela ukuba ukukhathazeka mayelana "wokudoba" pre-ukubhaliswa, okuyinto kuya kuvama kwengqondo (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , isayensi ezombusazwe (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) , nakwezomnotho (Olken 2015) .
Ekuhloleni Costa and Kahn (2013) kuphela cishe isigamu amakhaya ukuhlola sakwazi ukuba kuhlobene nolwazi lokubala ubuningi babantu. Abafundi abanesifiso sokwazi imininingwane kanye nezinkinga kungenzeka nale analysis kufanele ubheke leli phepha original.
Izindlela ngendlela emangalisayo ezibalulekile, kodwa ethubeni lokuba kube nzima kakhulu ukufunda. Ucwaningo mayelana netindlela esihlobene kakhulu kwisifundo sanoma balamuli kwengqondo (kodwa bheka futhi VanderWeele (2009) I-ukuqhathanisa eqondile phakathi imibono emibili). Tindlelanchubo Statistical umshini ekutholeni, ezifana ndlela athuthukiswe in Baron and Kenny (1986) , ivamile impela. Ngeshwa, kuvela ukuthi lezo zinqubo esithembele kuso ezinye ezicatshangwayo eqinile (Bullock, Green, and Ha 2010) kanye abhekana nazo lapho kuneendlela amaningi, njengoba ongakulindela ezimweni eziningi (Imai and Yamamoto 2013; VanderWeele and Vansteelandt 2014) . Imai et al. (2011) kanye Imai and Yamamoto (2013) anikele ezinye izindlela ezibalo improved. Ngaphezu kwalokho, VanderWeele (2015) inikeza ukwelashwa incwadi sobude nabantu abaningi imiphumela ebalulekile, kuhlanganise indlela olunzulu ukuze uzwela analysis.
Indlelanchubo ehlukile ligxile ukuhlolwa azame ukulawula indlela ngqo (isib, enikeza amatilosi vitamin C). Ngeshwa, ngo izilungiselelo eziningi social science kukhona ngokuvamile tindlela eziningi futhi kunzima ukuklama zokwelapha ukushintsha ngaphandle kokushintsha abanye. Abanye izindlela Ucwaningo tindlela ukuma zichazwe Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto (2013) , Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan (2011) , kanye Pirlott and MacKinnon (2016) .
Ekugcineni, tindlela banomlando omude ifilosofi nesayensi sinjengoba sichazwa Hedström and Ylikoski (2010) .
Ukuze uthole olunye on ukusetshenziswa izincwadi izifundo kanye nezifundo audit ukukala ukucwaswa ukubona Pager (2007) .
Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu ekuqasheni ababambiqhaza kukubuka ukuthi ukwakha kuyinto Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Ngoba MTurk ulingisa izici bendabuko lab nemaresiphi okhokhela abantu ukuqedela imisebenzi babengeke benze for free-abaningi abacwaningi seziqalile usebenzisa Turkers (izisebenzi MTurk) abanengxenye tifundvo wesintu kwenziwa ucwaningo okuholele ekutheni ushibhile iqoqo kuka yendabuko idatha ngokushesha futhi ukulinga-campus laboratory (Paolacci, Chandler, and Ipeirotis 2010; Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012; Rand 2012; Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) .
Amandla enkulu nemaresiphi ne iqhaza ukubuthwa MTurk yilezi yokudla: abavumela abacwaningi ukuthola ababambiqhaza ngokushesha futhi njengoba kudingeka. Nakuba kwenziwa ucwaningo lab kungathatha amasonto ukugijima kanye ucwaningo emkhakheni kungathatha izinyanga ukusetha-up, ucwaningo nge abahlanganyeli ukubuthwa MTurk kungenziwa run ngezinsuku. Ngokwesibonelo, Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz (2012) sakwazi ukuthola tifundvo 400 ngosuku olulodwa ukuze iqhaza ukuhlola ngomzuzu 8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba lezi ababambiqhaza waqoqa nganoma yisiphi injongo (kuhlanganise ukuhlola kanye mass ngokubambisana, njengoba kuxoxwa eZahlukweni 3 no-5). Le kalula ukunxenxa kusho ukuthi abacwaningi ungagijima ukulandelanisa ucwaningo ahlobene zilandelana.
Ngaphambi abaqashwayo ababambiqhaza MTurk for ucwaningo lwakho siqu, kukhona izinto ezine ezibalulekile ukuze ukwazi. Okokuqala, abacwaningi abaningi zokungabaza non-specific ucwaningo ezihilela Turkers. Ngoba lokhu kugxeka kwabo akuyona othize, kunzima yokulwisana ubufakazi. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka eminingana izifundo besebenzisa Turkers, thina manje siphethe ngokuthi le zokungabaza akudingekile ikakhulukazi. Sekube izifundo eziningi ngokuqhathanisa nezibalo zabantu Turkers kwamanye imiphakathi kanye nezifundo eziningi ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela ucwaningo nge Turkers imiphumela kusuka kwamanye imiphakathi. Njengoba sazi konke lo msebenzi, ngicabanga ukuthi indlela engcono kuwe ukucabanga ngakho wukuthi Turkers kukhona enengqondo lula isampula, sifana abafundi kodwa kancane wehlukile (Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) . Ngakho, njengoba nje abafundi elinabantu enengqondo abanye kodwa hhayi bonke ucwaningo ocwaningayo, Turkers kukhona inabantu enengqondo abanye kodwa hhayi bonke ucwaningo. Uma uya ukusebenza nge Turkers, khona-ke kunengqondo ukuba ufunde eziningi zalezi zifundo eqhathanisa baqonde umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama abo.
Okwesibili, abacwaningi baye bavela best-imikhuba ngenxa yokwanda yiqiniso kwalesi zangaphakathi of Turk kwenziwa ucwaningo, futhi kufanele bafunde ngoJehova futhi ulandele lezi best-imikhuba (Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012) . Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi usebenzisa Turkers bayakhuthazwa ukusebenzisa abezokuphepha ukususa abahlanganyeli ongatjhejisisiko (Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2014; Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2016) (kodwa bheka futhi DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015b) kanye DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015a) ). Uma ungenalo ukususa ababambiqhaza ongatjhejisisiko, iyiphi umphumela we ukwelashwa Pho, kungasindiswa igezwa umsindo kwethulwa esuka ababambiqhaza ongatjhejisisiko, futhi empeleni inani labamba iqhaza ongatjhejisisiko kungaba olutheni. Ekuhlolweni kwe-Huber kanye nozakwabo (2012) ngu-30% of ababambiqhaza akuphumelelanga ukunakwa eziyisisekelo abezokuphepha. Enye inkinga evamile nge Turkers kuyinto abahlanganyeli non-ukuzikhohlisa (Chandler et al. 2015) .
Okwesithathu, isihlobo ezinye nezinye izinhlobo ucwaningo digital, MTurk kwenziwa ucwaningo abakwazi ukucaca; Stewart et al. (2015) ilinganisela ukuthi ngasiphi isikhathi zikhona-7,000 kuphela abantu ku MTurk.
Ekugcineni, kufanele wazi ukuthi MTurk umphakathi nemithetho yawo siqu kanye nokuthuthukiswa (Mason and Suri 2012) . Ngendlela efanayo ukuthi bazozama ukuthola mayelana isiko ezweni lapho wawuhamba ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa yakho, kufanele sizame ukuthola okwengeziwe mayelana namasiko kanye nemithetho Turkers (Salehi et al. 2015) . Futhi, kufanele wazi ukuthi Turkers uzobe ukhuluma ngani sokuhlolwa kwakho uma nenza into ezingafanelekile noma abangenasimilo (Gray et al. 2016) .
MTurk kuyindlela emangalisayo elula ekuqasheni ababambiqhaza kukubuka wakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lab-like, ezifana Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , noma insimu-like more, ezifana Mason and Watts (2009) , Goldstein, McAfee, and Suri (2013) , Goldstein et al. (2014) , Horton and Zeckhauser (2016) , kanye Mao et al. (2016) .
Uma ucabanga sokuzama ukwakha umkhiqizo wakho siqu, mina batusa ukuthi ufunda iseluleko olunikezwa MovieLens group in Harper and Konstan (2015) . A ukuqondisisa key kulokho okwenzeka kuwo wukuthi for ngamunye project yimpumelelo ziningi, ukwehluleka abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu MovieLens umkhankaso neminye imikhiqizo efana GopherAnswers ukuthi nokuhluleka ephelele (Harper and Konstan 2015) . Esinye isibonelo umcwaningi kokuhluleka ngenkathi kuzanywa ukwakha umkhiqizo kuyinto umzamo Edward Castronova ukwakha umdlalo online esibizwa Arden. Naphezu $ 250,000 in ngezimali, project kwaba flop (Baker 2008) . Projects like GopherAnswers futhi Arden ngeshwa ezivamile lokungetulu kwekumane amaphrojekthi afana ne MovieLens. Ekugcineni, lapho sengithi hhayi ukuthi ikhona enye abacwaningi ukuthi yayiphumelele eyakhelwe imikhiqizo zokucwaninga okuphindaphindiwe akazange nanka criteria yami: 1) ababambiqhaza ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo ngoba lokho ibanikeze (isib, kungukuthi ikhokhwe futhi akuzona Izisebenzi zokuzithandela esiza nezesayensi) kanye 2) umkhiqizo liye lasetshenziswa ukuze experiment ezingaphezu kweyodwa abahlukene (ie, hhayi ukuhlolwa efanayo izikhathi eziningi ezahlukene umhlanganyeli amachibi). Uma wazi ezinye izibonelo, ngicela ungazise.
Ngalalela umqondo ka Quadrant Pasteur esikhulume ngazo kaningi izinkampani tech, futhi kuyasiza ekuhleleni imizamo yokuthola ucwaningo Google (Spector, Norvig, and Petrov 2012) .
Bond futhi isifundo nozakwabo ' (2012) futhi izama ukuthola umphumela walezi zokwelapha on abangane balabo abathola them. Ngenxa design ukuhlola, lezi spillovers kukhona nzima ukubona ehlanzekile; Abafundi abanesifiso sokwazi kufanele ubone Bond et al. (2012) ukuze uthole ingxoxo ngokuphelele. Lokhu experiment siyingxenye emasikweni akudala ucwaningo wezifundo zezombusazwe imizamo ukukhuthaza ukuvota (Green and Gerber 2015) . Lezi nemaresiphi zokwazi out-the-ivoti zivamile ngokwengxenye ngoba basuke Quadrant Pasteur sika. Okungukuthi, kunabantu abaningi abakhuluphele ushukumiseleka ukuba wandise yokuvota nokuvota kungaba ukuziphatha ezithakazelisayo ukuze ahlole imibono more jikelele mayelana ukushintsha indlela yokuziphatha nethonya social.
Abanye abacwaningi baklame benikeza nezeluleko mayelana egijima kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni nezinhlangano ezifana amaqembu ezombusazwe, ama-NGO kanye namabhizinisi (Loewen, Rubenson, and Wantchekon 2010; List 2011; Gueron 2002) . Abanye baye banikela izeluleko zokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani nezinhlangano kungaba nomthelela ucwaningo imiklamo (Green, Calfano, and Aronow 2014; King et al. 2007) . Partnership kungabangela imibuzo zesimilo (Humphreys 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) .
Uma uya ukudala uhlelo analysis ngaphambi egijima sokuhlolwa kwakho, mina asikisela ukuthi uqale ngokufunda imihlahlandlela yokubika. Indlovukazi (Consolidated Standard Ukubika Izilingo) ziqondiso zakhiwa kwezokwelapha (Schulz et al. 2010) kanye modified ucwaningo social (Mayo-Wilson et al. 2013) . Isethi ahlobene iziqondiso lakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela abahleli be-Journal of Kusahlolwa Political Science (Gerber et al. 2014) (bheka futhi Mutz and Pemantle (2015) kanye Gerber et al. (2015) ). Ekugcineni, imihlahlandlela nokubika kuye kwasungulwa kwengqondo (Group 2008) , futhi bheka futhi Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn (2011) .
Uma ukudala uhlelo analysis kufanele ucabangele pre-kokubhalisa it ngoba pre-ukubhaliswa kuyokwandisa ukuqiniseka ukuthi abanye bahlupheka ngaphezu kwimiphumela yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma usebenza nomlingani, it uzoba nomkhawulo enanini ikhono umlingani wakho ukushintsha ukuhlaziywa ngemva kokubona imiphumela. Oku-ukubhaliswa kuya kuvama kwengqondo (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , isayensi ezombusazwe (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) , kanye nakwezomnotho (Olken 2015) .
Nakuba sakha pre-analysis plan yakho kufanele uqaphele ukuthi abanye abacwaningi ibuye isebenzise ukuhlehla kanye izindlela okuhlobene ngcono ngokunemba ezilinganiselwa ukwelashwa nomphumela, futhi kukhona amanye mpikiswano mayelana le ndlela: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , kanye Berk et al. (2013) ; bheka Bloniarz et al. (2016) ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa.
Design iseluleko ngqo ku-intanethi insimu nemaresiphi is yethuliwe Konstan and Chen (2007) kanye Chen and Konstan (2015) .
Ukuze uthole olunye on ucwaningo MusicLab, bheka Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , Salganik and Watts (2008) , Salganik and Watts (2009b) , Salganik and Watts (2009a) , kanye Salganik (2007) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi winner-thatha-konke izimakethe, bheka Frank and Cook (1996) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi inhlanhla untangling nangekhono more ngokuvamile, bheka Mauboussin (2012) , Watts (2012) , kanye Frank (2016) .
Kukhona enye indlela ukuqeda izinkokhelo obambe iqhaza abacwaningi kufanele usebenzise ngokuqaphela: izinsizwa. In eziningi online field nemaresiphi ababambiqhaza ngokuyisisekelo esebuthelwa ucwaningo never inzuzo. Izibonelo zalokhu ndlela zihlanganisa Restivo futhi van de Rijt sika (2012) ukuhlolwa imivuzo e Wikipedia kanye Bond nalowo asebenzisana sika (2012) ukuhlolwa ekhuthaza abantu ukuba bavote. Lezi nemaresiphi musa ngempela babe zero izindleko variable, banayo zero izindleko variable abacwaningi. Nakuba izindleko eziningi lokhu kucwaninga incane kakhulu ukuba umuntu ngamunye owayekhona, izindleko ezincane eziphoqelelwe isibalo omkhulu ababambiqhaza zingawenza ngokushesha. Abacwaningi egijima massive nemaresiphi online ngokuvamile bathethelele ukubaluleka encane ezigidini imiphumela yokwelapha bungane ngokuthi miphumela encane ibaluleke uma isicelo abantu abaningi. The ngqo ukucabanga esifanayo siyasebenza nakubafazi izindleko abacwaningi ukuphoqelela abahlanganyeli. Uma kwenziwa ucwaningo lwakho likwenza abantu esigidini esisodwa baya ezigidini ukuchitha umzuzu owodwa, ukuhlolwa ayiyona ingozi kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umuntu othize, kodwa ekuhlanganisweni ke udlale iminyaka ethi ayibe mibili isikhathi.
Enye indlela yokwenza zero variable izindleko zokukhokha abahlanganyeli ukusebenzisa lottery, indlela esiye yasetshenziswa nasezintweni ucwaningo Inhlolovo (Halpern et al. 2011) . Ekugcineni, for more mayelana ukuklama kujabulise umsebenzisi-nakho ukubona Toomim et al. (2011) .
Nazi izincazelo original of the ezintathu R, kusukela Russell and Burch (1959) :
"Ukubuyiselwa kushiwo esikhundleni abazi ophilayo izilwane ephakeme material insentient. Ukuncishiswa kusho ukuncipha izinombolo izilwane esetshenziswa ukuthola ulwazi of imali inikezwe nokunemba. Intuthuko kushiwo noma yimuphi ukwehla izigameko noma kobukhulu izinqubo ngonya nakilabo izilwane kusadingeka ukuba kusetshenziswe. "
Laba bobathathu R ukuthi mina phakamisa musa ukukhipha nezimiso zokuziphatha ezichazwe eSahlukweni 6. Kunalokho, zingabantu inguqulo nekuchazwa elilodwa zalezo zimiso-beneficence-ngqo setting ucwaningo womuntu.
Lapho ucabangela Contagion Emotional, zikhona izingqinamba ezintathu non-zesimilo okufanele sihlale sizikhumbula lapho ehumusha lesi silingo. Okokuqala, akucaci ukuthi imininingwane langempela ukuhlola ukuxhuma okushiwo theory; ngamanye amazwi, kunemibuzo ephathelene enza ikhombe kwetsembeka. It Akucaci ukuthi emihle nemibi izwi okuzama empeleni inkomba ezinhle isimo esingokomzwelo ababambiqhaza ngoba 1) akucaci ukuthi amazwi abantu post kukhona inkomba imizwelo yabo futhi 2) akucaci ukuthi oluthile inhliziyo ukuhlaziya amasu ukuthi abacwaningi esetshenziswa uyakwazi thembeke ukuphetha imizwelo (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . Ngamanye amazwi, ingase ibe khona ngezinga elithile emibi isignali ekubandlululeni. Okwesibili, i-design kanye nokuhlaziywa ukuhlola lisitshela lutho mayelana owayebizwa nomthelela kakhulu (ie, akukho analysis of heterogeneity imiphumela yokwelashwa) futhi lokho mshini kungase kube. Kulokhu, abacwaningi kwadingeka ulwazi oluningi mayelana abahlanganyeli, kodwa baphindiselwa ngokuyisisekelo ziphathwe njengemfucuza amawijethi analysis. Okwesithathu, ubukhulu umphumela kule experiment lalilincane kakhulu; umehluko phakathi ukwelashwa kanye control nemibandela imayelana 1 ngamazwi 1,000. Ngo iphepha, Kramer kanye nozakwabo wenze icala umphumela lokhu size kubalulekile ngoba emakhulwini ezigidi zabantu ukufinyelela News yabo Feed usuku ngalunye. Ngamanye amazwi, bexabana ukuthi ngisho nemiphumela ezincane umuntu ngamunye they are big ekuhlanganisweni. Ngisho noma ubungase ukwamukela le ngxoxo, kusenzima akucaci noma umphumela lokhu size kubalulekile mayelana umbuzo more jikelele yisayensi ngezingozi esithathelwanayo ngokomzwelo. Ukuze uthole olunye on the izimo lapho imiphumela ezincane zibalulekile ukubona Prentice and Miller (1992) .
NgokoMthetho we-R wokuqala (Ukubuyiselwa), nokumadanisa Emotional Contagion experiment (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) kanye esithathelwanayo ngokomzwelo experiment yemvelo (Coviello et al. 2014) unikeza ezinye izifundo jikelele mayelana ukudela okuthile bahilelekile babesuka nemaresiphi kukubuka yemvelo (kanye nezinye izindlela ezibonisa like ukumadanisa lowo mzamo ukuba zazikuphi ucwaningo idatha non-ocwaningayo, bheka iSahluko 2). Ngaphezu izinzuzo zokuziphatha, ukushintshela kumakhondomu yokulinga izifundo non-yokulinga godu kwenza abacwaningi ukutadisha zokwelapha ukuthi zingabantu logistically engakwazi phaka. Lezi izinzuzo zokuziphatha futhi yokudla Nokho ziyabiza,. Ngokuhlolwa zemvelo abacwaningi ukulawula kancane phezu izinto efana ukunxenxa ababambiqhaza, eqenjini, kanye nohlobo lwamathekisthi ukwelashwa. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye nemikhawuko imvula njengendlela yokwelapha wukuthi bobabili kwandisa unethemba kunciphe engemihle. Nokho, Ocwaningweni yokulinga, Kramer kanye nozakwabo sakwazi ukuba ulungise unethemba futhi engemihle ngokuzimela.
Le ndlela ethile olusetshenziswa Coviello et al. (2014) laphinda nekuchazwa e Coviello, Fowler, and Franceschetti (2014) . Ukuze isingeniso eziguquguqukayo instrumental ukubona Angrist and Pischke (2009) (ngaphansi lehlelekile) noma Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin (1996) (more lehlelekile). Ukuze sihlole uyangabaza eziguquguqukayo instrumental ukubona Deaton (2010) , futhi isingeniso eziguquguqukayo instrumental zomculo obuthakathaka (imvula liyithuluzi obuthakathaka), bheka Murray (2006) .
Ezimweni ezivamile, i-isingeniso esihle kukubuka yemvelo Dunning (2012) , kanye Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , kanye Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) zinikeza imibono emihle mayelana kulinganiswa imiphumela esiyimbangela ngaphandle ucwaningo.
NgokoMthetho we-R yesibili (intuthuko), kukhona zesayensi kanye yokudla ukudela okuthile lapho ucabangela ekushintsheni design of Contagion Emotional vinjwa izikhala ekufukuleni izikhala. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube icala ukuqaliswa lobuchwepheshe Okuphakelayo News kwenza kuba kakhulu kulula ukwenza i linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso luvimbe izikhala kunokuba thizeni ekufukuleni izikhala (phawula ukuthi i linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso luvimbe izikhala babengase luyasetshenziswa njengendlela ungqimba on top of the system News Feed ngaphandle kungadingeki nakancane ukuba kusetshenziswe ukushintshwa uhlelo ecashile). Ngokwesayensi, Nokho, inkolelo-mbono iphendulwa ukuhlola akazange ngokucacile basikisela design omunye phezu komunye.
Ngeshwa, mina angingowaleli ukuqaphela lobuKhristu ucwaningo ngaphambi mayelana nokuthi wayeqinisile yini uma isihlobo ukuvimba ekufukuleni okuqukethwe in the Okuphakelayo News. Futhi, angizange ngimbone ucwaningo okuningi mayelana ngcono zokwelapha ukubenza ayiyona ingozi; omunye Okungabalulwa Jones and Feamster (2015) , lapho icabanga Endabeni nesilinganiso ukucwaninga izici Internet (a sihloko I ngakho eSahlukweni 6 ebuhlotsheni cwaningo Encore (Burnett and Feamster 2015; Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) ).
NgokoMthetho we-R wesithathu (Ukuncishiswa), a isingeniso esihle bendabuko amandla analysis Cohen (1988) . Oku-ukwelashwa covariates kungafakwa esigabeni design kanye nokuhlaziywa esigabeni ucwaningo; Isahluko 4 soMthetho Gerber and Green (2012) inikeza isingeniso esihle ukuze kokubili kusondela, futhi Casella (2008) inikeza ukwelashwa more ngokujulile. Amasu ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi wangaphambi inqubo yokwelapha ngokwamaqiniso eqenjini zivame esibizwa noma ivinjiwe imiklamo yokulinga noma wakubo imiklamo zokuhlola (amagama alisetshenziswa njalo kuwo imiphakathi); kulezi zindlela kakhulu ezihlobene amasu izibonelo zalokho wakubo okuxoxwe ngayo eSahlukweni 3. Bheka Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon (2016) ukuze uthole okuthe xaxa ngokusebenzisa miklamo ucwaningo okukhulu. Oku-ukwelashwa covariates kungabuye kufakwe analysis esiteji. McKenzie (2012) ichaza umehluko-in-umehluko approach to ehlaziya kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni ngokuningiliziwe. Bheka Carneiro, Lee, and Wilhelm (2016) ukuze uthole okunye mayelana ukudela okuthile phakathi izindlela ezingafani ezisetshenziswa ukwandisa ekwakhiweni izilinganiso imiphumela yokwelashwa. Ekugcineni, lapho enquma ukuthi ukuzama zihlanganisa pre-ukwelashwa covariates at the design noma analysis esigabeni (noma kokubili), kukhona izinto ezimbalwa okumele ukucabange. Esimweni lapho abacwaningi bafuna ukukhombisa ukuthi ababona "wokudoba" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , besebenzisa covariates pre-ukwelashwa esigabeni design ingaba wusizo (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) . Ezimweni lapho abahlanganyeli zifika ngokulandelana, ikakhulukazi online insimu nemaresiphi besebenzisa ulwazi pre-ukwelashwa esigabeni design kungase kube nzima logistically, bheka isibonelo Xie and Aurisset (2016) .
Kuwufanele enezela kancane umuzwa mayelana nokuthi kungani umehluko-in-ukungezwani kungaba kuphumelela kangcono kunokuthi umehluko-in-izindlela. ImiPhumela Jikelele Abaningi online babe ukuhluka kakhulu (bheka isib, Lewis and Rao (2015) kanye Lamb et al. (2015) ) futhi okuzinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulokhu, ushintsho score kuyodingeka ukuhluka kakhulu ezincane, okwandisa amandla test kwezibalo. Esinye isizathu sokuthi kungani lokhu wasondela alisetshenziswa kaningi wukuthi ngaphambi yobudala digital kwakungeyona evamile ukuba nemiphumela nomthetho pre-ukwelashwa. Indlela ukhonkolo esiningi sokucabanga ngawo ukuba zicabange UCWANINGO ukukala ukuthi i ukuzivivinya umzimba othize kubangela kwesisindo. Uma wenza umehluko-in-izindlela ndlela, isilinganiso sakho kuyodingeka variability ukuthi livela variability in izisindo labantu. Nokho, Uma wenza umehluko-in-umehluko ndlela, ukuthi ukushintshashintsha zemvelo e izisindo sisuswa futhi kalula thola umehluko odalwe ukwelashwa.
Enye indlela ebalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe inani labamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwakho kuyinto azokuqhubela analysis amandla, okuyinto Kramer kanye nozakwabo owayengenza esekelwe osayizi umphumela baphawula kusukela kuhlelo lokusebenza emvelo ngokuthulisa Coviello et al. (2014) noma ngaphambili ucwaningo non-yokulinga by Kramer (2012) (eqinisweni lezi yizinto ekupheleni kwalesi sahluko). Phawula ukuthi le ukusetshenziswa kwamandla analysis kancane ezahlukene ukwedlula ejwayelekile. In the age analog, ngokuvamile bacwaningi amandla ukuhlaziywa ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo kwakungeyona ezincane kakhulu (ie, ngaphansi-sikagesi). Nokho, Manje, abacwaningi okufanele ukwenze amandla ukuhlaziywa ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo akuyona engahlula (ie, phezu-sikagesi).
Ekugcineni, ngabhekisisa enezela R wesine: repurpose. Okungukuthi, uma abacwaningi bazithola ngedatha yokulinga okungaphezu kwalokho abakudingayo ukuze kubhekwane mbuzo wabo original ucwaningo, kufanele repurpose idatha ukubuza imibuzo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi Kramer kanye nozakwabo wayesebenzise umehluko-in-umehluko Estimator futhi bazithola ngedatha omningi kunalokho okudingekile ukuze kubhekwane mbuzo ucwaningo lwabo. Kunokuba akuthuthukiswa ukusebenzisa idatha ngokugcwele, babekwazi sengifunde ubukhulu nomphumela njengoba umsebenzi pre-ukwelashwa nkulumo ngokomzwelo. Njengoba nje Schultz et al. (2007) yathola ukuthi umphumela ukwelashwa ezahlukene ukukhanya ababhema, mhlawumbe imiphumela ye Okuphakelayo News zazihlukile for ntu kakade zazivame ukuba post imiyalezo happy (noma sad). Repurposing kungase kuholele ekusebenziseni "wokudoba" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) nesithi "p-nokugenca" (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) , kodwa laba basuke ikakhulu addressable inhlanganisela yokubika othembekile (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) , pre-ukubhaliswa (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , kanye nezindlela zokufunda umshini ukuthi azame ukugwema kuka-fitting.


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Amahubo esizwe saseMbo
EsiZulwini isizwe esingenalo ihubo, sisuke sizifanela nesizwe esifile. Njengoba namanye amazwe emhlabeni enamahubo esizwe. Amakhosi ezizwe saseMbo nawo ngokwahlukana kwawo abanamahubo awo. Amahubo ahlanganisa nezibongo zenkosi kusuke kuqoshwa umlando wesizwe. Ihubo ngalinye liyacacisa ukuthi laqanjwa nini, kwakubusa yiphi iNkosi futhi kwakuhlosweni ngalo, okungaba okwakukhathaza isizwe noma kwakutuswa okuthile.¬† Amahubo ¬†aseMbo aqala emahubeni eyehutshwa ngesikhathi kubusa … Read more


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Zisetshenziswa zazihluzwa
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
Amathegi womkhiqizo
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo:
Imishini yokuvuselelwa kukaphethiloli yokuvuselelwa kukadoti isebenzisa i-vacuum atomization flash ngokushesha i-distillation technology, ehlukile kunenkambiso yeziphuzo yendabuko ethembele emgomeni wephuzu lokwehlukanisa iphuzu elibilayo, (ngokwesibonelo, ukwehlukaniswa kwendabuko kwephoyinti lendabuko kubanga ngama-600 ° C, ngenkathi i-vacuum ephezulu ye-distillation technology icishe ibe ngama-350 kepha) ithembela komehluko endleleni esetshenziswayo yamahhala yokunyakaza kwamangqamuzana wezinto ezahlukahlukene ukufeza ukwahlukana oketshezi noketshezi. Indlela yamahhala yokunyakaza kwamangqamuzana ibhekisa ebangeni elihanjwe yi-molecule phakathi kokushayisana okubili okusondele. Lapho uwoyela ushiswa, ama-molecule akhanyayo nosindayo kawoyela azogcwala indawo engamanzi futhi angene esigabeni segesi. Ngoba izindlela zamahhala zama-molecule akhanyayo nezisindayo ahlukile, ama-molecule ezinto ezihlukile ahamba ngokuhlukile ngemuva kokuchichima ebusweni beketshezi ukufeza ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla. umgomo we. Ubuchwepheshe be-vacuum atomization flash distillation abugcini nje ngokusheshisa isikhathi sokuchichima kwamangqamuzana, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wamafutha.
Izinsiza kusebenza zezinto zokusebenza:
1. Yamukela ubuchwepheshe be-decompression catalytic pyrolysis technology kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali womkhiqizo.
2. Ifakwe imishini yokuvikela imvelo ngokuqhathaniswa ephelele. Njengokushisa kwegesi yokukhipha kanye namagumbi okususa uthuli.
3. Nciphisa ukumuncwa komoya kanye nokubola kukawoyela oyisisekelo ovuselelwe ekushiseni okuphezulu.
4. Izinga likhiqiza uwoyela kawoyela kadoti alikho ngaphansi kwama-80%.
5. Ukusebenza kuphephile futhi kunokwethenjelwa, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza buhambile, izinga lokuzenzekelayo liphezulu, nezinsiza zokuphepha seziphelele.
6. Izinga lokushisa lokuvuselelwa kukawoyela kadoti liphansi kakhulu kunezinye izinqubo, ngakho-ke longa kakhulu amandla.
Inqubo Umdwebo Wokugeleza:
Isiphuzo Sokuphucululwa Kwesisetshenziswa
Amafutha we-Will distill kuya ku-oyela / i-American API lube base base Classification standard
Izinzuzo Zethu:
1. Ukuphepha:
a. Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obucwilisiwe obuzenzekelayo
b. Yonke insimbi izotholwa yindlela yokuhlola engeyona eyonakalisayo ye-ultrasonic ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-welding kanye nesimo se-welding.
c. Ukwamukela uhlelo lokulawula inqubo yokwenza ikhwalithi, yonke inqubo yokwenziwa, usuku lokwenziwa, njll.
d. Ifakwe ngedivayisi yokulwa nokuqhuma, ama-valve okuphepha, ama-valve okuphuthumayo, ingcindezi namamitha okushisa, kanye nohlelo olwethusayo.
2. Ukulungele imvelo:
a. I-Emission Standard: Ukwamukela izinto ezikhethekile zokukhipha igesi ukususa igesi ene-asidi nothuli entanyeni.
b.Smell ngesikhathi sokusebenza: Kuboshwe ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
c. Ukungcola kwamanzi: Akukho ukungcola nhlobo.
d. Ukungcola okuqinile: okuqinile ngemuva kwe-pyrolysis yizingcingo ezingcolile zekhabhoni ezimnyama nezensimbi ezingacutshungulwa ngokujulile noma zithengiswe ngqo ngenani lazo.
Inkonzo yethu:
Isikhathi sewaranti se-1.Quality: Iwaranti yonyaka owodwa ophendulayo oyinhloko wemishini ye-pyrolysis kanye nokugcinwa kwempilo yonke ngeqoqo eliphelele lemishini.
Inkampani yethu ithumela onjiniyela ukufakwa nokuthunyelwa endaweni yomthengi kubandakanya ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono abasebenzi bomthengi ekusebenzeni, ukunakekelwa, njll.
3. Ukuhlinzekwa kokuhlinzekwa ngokomthengi ngokomsebenzi wokusebenzela nomhlaba, imininingwane yezemisebenzi yomphakathi, amabhukwana wokusebenza, njll.
4. Ngomonakalo odalwe abasebenzisi, inkampani yethu ihlinzeka izingxenye nezesekeli ngentengo yezindleko.
5. Ifektri yethu inikezela ngezingxenye zokugqoka ngenani lezindleko kumakhasimende.


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UMahluli omkhulu e Zimbabwe uJustice Luke Malaba, lamhlanje ufungise abahluleli abathobamunwemunye ukuqala umsebenzi, emthethwandaba waphezulu oweHigh Court, abasanda kukhethwa nguMongameli Emmerson Mnangagwa, ngemva kokuvivinywa yikomishini ebona ngemithetho eyeJudicial Service Commission.
Abafungiswe ukuqala ukusebenza emthethwandaba oweHigh Court, ngababalisa oMnu. Rogers Manyangadze, Joseph Chilembe, Bongani Ndlovu, Samuel Deme, Munamato Mutevedzi, Never Katiyo, Elijah Makomo, lamakhosikazi amabili uCatherine Cate Bachi Muzawazi loLucie-Anne Chipo Mungwari.
Abekomishini elawula abahluleli bemithethwandaba eyeJudicial Service Commission, bathi ukuqala umsebenzi kwabahluleli abatsha laba kuzanceda kakhulu ukwehlisa umthwalo womsebenzi wemithethwandaba obungasahambi kahle ikakhulu ngesikhathi sokuvalelwa kwabantu ezindlini phansi kwezinqondiso ezeLockdown, zokumelana lobhubhane olweCovid 19.
Phakathi kwabahluleli abatsha laba, ababili babo kuphela ngabesifazana. Bathe bebuzwa abeJudicial Service Commission, ukuthi kungani abesifazana bebulatshwana kangaka, bona bathi lokhu beqhubeka ngohlelo lwabo lokudinga abahluleli abanengi ngakhoke kuhlandla elilandelayo mhlaumbe inani labesifazane lizabe iphezulu ukwedlula leli hlandla.
Abafungiswe ukuqala umsebenzi Ngolwesithathu bahle bakhuphula inani labahluleli bomthethwandaba weHigh Court, laya kwabangamatshumi amane lantathu, abalitshumi lasikhombisa babo kungabesifazana.
Edaleni laphezulu eleSupreme Court kulabahluleli abalitshumi lambili, abahlanu kuphela kungabesifazana.
Omunye wabahluleli abafungiswe namhlanje nguJustice Samuel Deme, owesilisa okhubazeke emehlweni. UChikwanha wamukele ngenjabulo ukuphumelela kwakhe ekuvivinyweni ngabeJSC esithi lokhu kwenziwe kulandelwa isisekelo sombuso welizwe esinika ithuba lelungelo kwabakhubazekileyo ukuthi bengatshiywa phandle endabeni ezinje. U Justice Deme uqhubeke ethi ukuphumelela kwakhe ukukhethwa ukuba ngomunye wabahluleli bomthethwandaba wapheuu kuzsnika idlabuzane kwabanye abakhubazekileyo ukuba basebenze nzima ukuthola amathuba anje hatshi ukumelela ukukhangezwa.
Abenhlanganiso elawula umsebenzi wamagqwetha eyeLaw Society of Zimbabwe, bathi ukwengezwa kwenani labahluleli kulinyathelo elihle kakhulu, kodwa okuqakathekileyo yikuthi amajaji lawa asebenzise ubungcwethi babo ukwahlulela amacala kungabi lokungenela kwezombusazwe emsebenzini wabo kumbe ukukhangwa ngemali ngabosomabhizimusi loba ukudinga ukufumbathiswa.


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Amaqanda
Amaqanda ngesilungu bathi "eggs". abakelwa zinkukhu noma inyoni.Amaqanda abekwa yizilwane zesifazane ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezihlukene, kufaka phakathi izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izilwane ezincelisayo ezimbalwa, nezinhlanzi, futhi eziningi zazo zidliwe ngabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. [1] Amaqanda wezinyoni nezirhubuluzi aqukethe iqanda leqanda elivikelayo, i-alben (iqanda elimhlophe), ne-vitellus (isikhuphasha samaqanda), equkethwe ngaphakathi kwezingqimba zomzimba ezahlukahlukene. Amaqanda asetshenziswa kakhulu amaqanda enkukhu. Amanye amaqanda enkukhu afaka nalawo amadada nezigwaca nawo ayadliwa. Amaqanda ezinhlanzi abizwa ngokuthi i-roe ne-caviar.
Izikhupha zamaqanda namaqanda aphelele zigcina amanani abalulekile amaprotheni ne-choline, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni yokupheka. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo kwamaprotheni, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States phambilini wahlukanisa amaqanda njengezinyama ezingaphakathi kwePhiramidi Lomhlahlandlela Wokudla (manje eyi-MyPlate). Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kokudla kwamaqanda, kunezinkinga ezithile ezingaba khona zezempilo ezivela kokuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol, ukungcoliswa kwe-salmonella, kanye nokungezwani komzimba namaprotheni amaqanda.


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Dylan Bettencourt
I-Gunners iqale iqinile lapho ihlangana ne-Tottenham, kuphele lapho ibona khona u-Erik Lamela eshaya i-‘rabona’ enesibindi ngokubhekana nomdlalo eyinikezwe iqembu likaJose Mourinho ithuba lokuhola ngokuhlasela kwabo kokuqala emdlalweni.
Uhlangothi lukaMikel Arteta liqhubekile nokuphoqa umdlalo futhi laqala ngendlela yomdlali wasesiswini obolekiswe ngemali uMartin Ødegaard kusasele imizuzu ngaphambi kokuba kuphele isiwombe sokuqala
Umdlali wase-France u-Alexandre Lacazette unikeze i-Gunners ukuhola ngemuva kokushaya iphenathi ngemuva kokuthi uDavinson Sánchez ehlise uLazazette ngokungadingekile ngemuva kokuthi eselisikile ithuba lakhe.
Ngemuva kwekhadi lesibili eliphuzi, uLamela ushiye inkundla kodwa yize sebeshoda ngomdlali oyedwa, i-Spurs iqhubekele phambili futhi umdlali uHarry Kane ube negoli elingavunyelwe ngokuba ku-offside.
Lokhu kunqoba kuka-Arteta bekungokokuqala ebhekene noJose Mourinho, njengomdlali noma umphathi. I-Spaniard izokujabulela kakhulu ukuthi ekugcineni izothola imenenja ehlotshiswe kakhulu.
Isiphetho semidlalo emihlanu yokunqoba kwe-Spurs sesifike emaphethelweni futhi bahlala endaweni yesikhombisa esicongweni se-Premier League, ngamaphuzu ayisithupha emaqenjini amane aphezulu. I-Arsenal ihleli endaweni yeshumi naphezu kokunqoba kodwa manje isele ngamaphuzu amane kuphela ngemuva kwamadoda kaMourinho.
Womabili amaqembu abuyile emdlalweni kule mpelasonto ezayo ne-Gunners izobhekana ne-West Ham kanti i-Spurs izobhekana ne-Aston Villa. Womabili amaqembu kufanele anqobe ukukhuphula amathuba okudlala e-Europe ngesizini ezayo.
Umthombo wesithombe: @ Football.London


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I-Rugby Championship: Iphakethe le-wallaby elithuthukisiwe noNeville no-Wilson ukuze bagcine baphumelele e-Eden Park
Sydney, Sept 22, 2022 (AFP) - I-Australia isibuyisele umugqa wesibili ophakeme uCadeyrn Neville kanye nomugqa wesithathu uHarry Wilson ozobhekana neNew Zealand ngoMgqibelo e-Eden Park, lapho abakwaWallabies bezozama ukuphula isiqalekiso seminyaka engu-36.
UNeville uzoqala okokuqala kusukela alimala edolweni bedlala ne-England ngoJulayi, kanti ukubuya kukaWilson kuzovumela uRob Valetini ukuthi anyukele ephikweni lesithathu.
Ama-Aussies azobe ebheke ukunqoba kwawo okokuqala ku-All Blacks e-Auckland kusukela ngo-1986.
"Kuyajabulisa ukuthi uCadeyrn uyatholakala futhi uHarry usebenze kanzima ukuze athole elinye ithuba ngakho-ke siyabajabulela bobabili," kusho imenenja yase-Australia uDave Rennie. AmaWallabies abheke ukubuya ekuhlulweni okudabukisayo (39-37) eMelbourne ngoLwesine olwedlule, okuvunyelwene nge-try ka-Jordie Barrett ngemuva kwe-siren.
Mais pour ce faire, ils doivent mettre fin à une série de 22 défaites consécutives à l’Eden Park, qui devrait afficher complet samedi avec 47.000 spectateurs. « L’équipe a mis de côté la déception du dernier test en début de semaine et nous avons beaucoup en jeu à Auckland », a ajouté Rennie.
Imidlalo emibili yokugcina ngoMgqibelo izonquma ukuthi ngubani odle umhlanganiso ku-2022 Rugby Championship.
INew Zealand neNingizimu Afrika, ezokwamukela i-Argentina eThekwini, abambene ngamaphuzu angu-14 esicongweni, kanti i-Australia isendaweni yesithathu ngayishumi.
“Abalandeli baseNew Zealand balindele ukuthi i-All Blacks iwine e-Eden Park futhi asisakwazi ukulinda ukuphinde sibadlalele enkundleni yabo yasekhaya,” kuchaza uRennie.
I-Wallabies ilahlekelwe umugqa wesibili u-Darcy Swain ngoLwesine, owamiswa amasonto ayisithupha ngemuva kokukhonjwa indlela eyingozi kuQuinn Tupaea ngesonto eledlule.
Umdlali wesokunxele u-James Slipper uzoba ukapteni we-Australia phambili okungashintshiwe ne-huku u-David Porecki kanye ne-prop yesokudla u-Allan Alaalatoa.
I-Scrum-half u-Jake Gordon uzoqala futhi ku-hinge no-fly-half u-Bernard Foley, ogcine indawo yakhe nakuba ejeziswe ngokumosha isikhathi emdlalweni wokugcina, okuholele ekunqobeni kweNew Zealander eMelbourne.
Iqembu le-Australia v New Zealand:
Kellaway – Wright, Ikitau, Foketi, Koroibete – (o) Foley, (m) Gordon – Wilson, Samu, Valetini – Neville, Holloway – Alaalatoa, Porecki, Slipper (cap)
Ababhalisile: Fainga'a, Bell, Fa'amausili, Frost, McReight, White, Hodge, Petaia
© 2022 AFP
Isitolo Sombhoxo: I-SEXY RUGBY


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Lapho owokufika ethola imvume yokuhlala, unikezwa nelungelo lokuhlanganiswa komndeni. Ukuhlanganiswa komndeni kusho ukuthi amalungu omndeni ophethe isimo avunyelwe ukuza eNetherlands. Isigaba 8 se-European Convention on Human Rights sinikeza ilungelo lokuhlonipha impilo yomndeni. Ukuhlanganiswa komndeni kuvame ukuthinta abazali bokufika, abafowabo nodadewabo noma izingane. Kodwa-ke, ophethe isikhundla nomndeni wakhe kumele bahlangabezane nemibandela eminingi.
Okuqondisiwe
Umphathi walesi simo ubizwa nangokuthi ngumxhasi kwinqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwemindeni. Umxhasi kufanele athumele isicelo sokuhlanganiswa komndeni ku-IND kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu esethole imvume yokuhlala. Kubalulekile ukuthi amalungu omndeni asevele akha umndeni ngaphambi kokuba owokufika aye eNetherlands. Endabeni yomshado noma yobambiswano, owokufika kufanele akhombise ukuthi ubudlelwano buhlala isikhathi eside futhi buyinto ekhethekile nokuthi bebevele bukhona ngaphambi kokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Lowo ophethe lesi sikhundla kufanele-ke afakazele ukuthi ukwakheka komndeni kwakwenzekile ngaphambi kohambo lwakhe. Izindlela eziyinhloko zobufakazi yimibhalo esemthethweni, njengezitifiketi zomshado noma izitifiketi zokuzalwa. Uma umnikazi wesimo engenawo lawa madokhumenti, kwesinye isikhathi kungacelwa ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ukufakazela ukuxhumana komndeni. Ngaphezu kokufakazela ubudlelwano bomndeni, kubalulekile ukuthi umxhasi abe nemali eyanele yokuxhasa ilungu lomndeni. Lokhu kuvame ukusho ukuthi umnikazi wesimo kumele athole iholo elisemthethweni elincane noma iphesenti lalo.
Imigomo nemibandela eyengeziwe
Izimo ezingeziwe zisebenza kumalungu athile omndeni. Amalungu omndeni aphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-65 kumele aphumelele ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kokuhlanganiswa komphakathi ngaphambi kokuza eNetherlands. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi yimfuneko yokuhlanganiswa komphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwimishado evunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba umnikazi wesikhundla aye eNetherlands, bobabili abalingani kufanele bafinyelele eminyakeni yobudala eyi-18. Emishadweni eyenziwe kamuva noma ebudlelwaneni obungashadile, kuyisidingo ukuthi bobabili abalingani kufanele okungenani babe ngama-21 iminyaka yobudala.
Uma umxhasi efuna ukuhlangana nezingane zakhe, okulandelayo kuyadingeka. Izingane kumele zibe yizingane ezincane ngesikhathi kufakwa isicelo sokuhlanganiswa komndeni. Izingane ezisukela eminyakeni eyi-18 kuye kwengama-25 nazo zingafaneleka ukuhlanganiswa komndeni nomzali wazo uma ingane ibilokhu ingowomndeni futhi isengowomndeni wabazali.
I-MVV
Ngaphambi kokuba i-IND inikeze imvume yokuthi umndeni uze eNetherlands, amalungu omndeni kumele abike kwinxusa laseDashi. Enxusa bangafaka isicelo se-MVV. I-MVV imele 'Machtiging voor Voorlopig Verblijf', okusho imvume yokuhlala isikhashana. Lapho ufaka isicelo, umsebenzi wasenxusa uzothatha izithupha zomunwe welungu lomndeni. Kumele futhi afake isithombe sepasipoti asisayine. Isicelo sizobe sesidluliselwa ku-IND.
Izindleko zohambo lokuya enxusa zingaba phezulu kakhulu futhi kwamanye amazwe zingaba yingozi kakhulu. Umxhasi-ke naye angafaka isicelo se-MVV nge-IND samalungu omndeni wakhe. Lokhu kunconywa yi-IND. Uma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuthi umxhasi athathe isithombe sepasipoti selungu lomndeni nesimemezelo esiphikisayo esisayinwe yilungu lomndeni. Ngokumemezela okuphikisanayo ilungu lomndeni limemezela ukuthi alinabo ubugebengu obedlule.
Isinqumo IND
I-IND izobheka ukuthi ngabe isicelo sakho siphelele yini. Lokhu kunjalo lapho ugcwalise imininingwane kahle futhi wengeza yonke imibhalo edingekayo. Uma isicelo singaphelele, uzothola incwadi yokulungisa lokho okushiyiwe. Le ncwadi izoqukatha imiyalo yokuthi ungasigcwalisa kanjani isicelo kanye nosuku okumele isicelo sigcwaliswe ngalo.
Lapho i-IND isithole yonke imibhalo nemiphumela yanoma yikuphi ukuphenywa, izobheka ukuthi ngabe uyahlangabezana yini nemibandela. Kuzo zonke izimo, i-IND izohlola, ngesisekelo sokuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye kwezintshisekelo, ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini umndeni noma impilo yomndeni lapho i-Article 8 ECHR isebenza khona. Ngemuva kwalokho uzothola isinqumo ngesicelo sakho. Lokhu kungaba isinqumo esingalungile noma isinqumo esihle. Uma kwenzeka kuthathwa isinqumo esingesihle, i-IND iyasenqaba isicelo. Uma ungavumelani nesinqumo se-IND, ungasiphikisa leso sinqumo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuthumela isaziso sokuphikisana ne-IND, lapho uchaza khona ukuthi kungani ungavumelani nesinqumo. Kufanele ufake lesi siphikiso kungakapheli amasonto ama-4 ngemuva kosuku lwesinqumo se-IND.
Uma kunesinqumo esihle, isicelo sokuhlanganiswa komndeni samukelwa. Ilungu lomndeni livunyelwe ukuza eNetherlands. Angathatha i-MVV kwinxusa elishiwo kwifomu lesicelo. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe zingakapheli izinyanga ezi-3 ngemuva kwesinqumo esihle futhi imvamisa kufanele kwenziwe i-aphoyintimenti. Isisebenzi senxusa linamathela kwi-MVV kupasipoti. I-MVV isebenza izinsuku ezingama-90. Ilungu lomndeni kufanele liye eNetherlands kulezi zinsuku ezingama-90 bese libika endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi eTer Apel.
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