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Ungafunda konke okuqukethwe ngezansi noma ukudawunilode lapha – phawula: kuzothatha idatha yakho engu-1 Mb. Kunoma yikuphi, sethemba ukuthi uzokuthola kuzuzisa futhi kujabulisa ukufunda lokhu!
Isethulo
Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1961, uNelson Mandela eyilungu lenhlangano ehleliwe yezemthetho eNingizimu Afrika: efunda engaphansi kommeli, umsizi wommeli, engummeli ozimele futhi esebenzisana nabanye. Ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21, lapho eqala izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, wafika ngemoto yeBambela-bukhosi uJongintaba – ngo-1964, ngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engu-25 kamuva, wayezofika eRobben Island ehamba ngebhanoyi lezempi.
Lena indaba kaNelson Mandela, uMmeli ofundele ezoMthetho nomlweli woguquko oyingcweti!
UMandela Ummeli
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngomhlaka-18 Julayi 1918 eMvezo, umuzi omncane ogwini loMfula iMbase, esifundeni saseMtata, futhi wachitha isikhathi sobusha bakhe esiningi eQunu. Umndeni kayise wawungowasebukhosini futhi wakha umkhandlu wenkosi yabaThembu. Uzalo lwawo luhamba luze lufike eNkosini uNgubengcuka (c1790-1830) owahlanganisa ubukhosi babaThembu, obabunamakhosi ahlukahlukene. UNelson Mandela wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye lapho uyise, uHenry Gadla eshona. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, uyise wahlela ukuba uMandela omncane ayohlala neNkosi Enkulu YabaThembu uJongintaba, owayeyibambela eBukhosini Obukhulu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 waba yingxenye yomkhosi wasentabeni wokusokwa okwamenza waba yindoda. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho wafakwa emotweni yebambela-bukhosi waya eKolishi LaseClarkebury, elalixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseWeseli ngo-1825 lapho iNkosi YabaThembu, uNgubengcuka, azinikeza indawo. Elapho uMandela wabonakala engumfundi othembisayo, wathola iSitifiketi sakhe samaBanga Aphansi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile.
Unyaka wakhe wokugcina esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso wawungo-1938 e-Healtdown, kwathi ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21 waba umfundi eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, eyayixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseMpumalanga Koloni ngo-1916 futhi yayinabafundi abangaba ngu-150 ngaleso sikhathi. Wenza iziqu ze-BA, efunda isiNgisi, uMthetho Wezesayensi Yemvelo Nenhlalo Yabantu kanye nokuQondiswa Kwezindaba Zendabuko, okwakuzomenza akwazi ukuqashwa uMnyango Wezindaba Zendabuko ePitoli. Kwakuyinto engenzeka ngalezo zikhathi futhi uMandela wazithola esengutolika wesiXhosa nesiNgisi, mhlawumbe esebenza neMantshi. Ungane wakhe oseduze eFort Hare kwakunguKaizer Matanzima owayengumzala kaMandela nowayengummeli oyinhloko owenza okuhlukile. Wathola iziqu zakhe ze-BA eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare efunda ngomthetho wamaRoma futhi waqala inkampani yakhe ngo-1940 kwathi ngo-1944 wazuza umklomelo we-Cape Law Society ngenxa yemiphumela yakhe ezivivinyweni zokuFanelekela Ukuba Ummeli, nakuba wagcina engazange asebenze njengommeli.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1940, ngemva konyaka efikile, uMandela waba yingxenye yombango wabafundi – wayekhethelwe eMkhandlwini Wabafundi kodwa ngenxa yokuvukela wasenqaba leso sikhundla. Ngenxa yalokho waxoshwa nokwamdumaza kakhulu uJongintaba, owayemi kwelokuthi abuyele eFort Hare ngoNyaka Olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho uJongintaba wayelungiselela uMandela nomfowabo uJustin imishado ehleliwe ngakho bobabili babaleka – bantshontsha izinkomo zikaJongintaba ezimbili, bazidayisela usomabhizinisi wendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathathwa imoto eya eGoli eyayihamba ummeli wendawo futhi bafika eGoli ngomhlaka-16 Epreli 1941.
Umuntu ophakathi kwabokuqala uNelson nomfowabo uJustin abaya kuye kwakunguDkt Xuma, owayesanda kukhethwa njengomongameli we-ANC nowayengumngane womndeni. Wabathumela kuMnu. Wellbeloved nowabathumela ukuba bayosebenza e-Crown Mines. UJustin wanikezwa umsebenzi womuntu osaqeqeshwa futhi uMandela wasebenza njengomqaphi wakusihlwa. Wanikezwa isigqoko esiyindilinga, iwisa nempempe. Kwafika enye ithelegramu ivele kuJongintaba ecela induna ukuba ithumela lezi zelamani ekhaya. UMandela wayenesibhamu esidala epotimendeni lakhe elahlolwa unogada lapho nje sebelungela ukuhamba. Ngenxa yalokhu wabekwa icala, wafakwa ejele futhi wahlawuliswa kancane.
UMandela waya kohlala nomzala wakhe, uGarlick Mbekene, futhi watshela izihlobo zakhe ngesifiso sakhe sokuba ummeli. UMbekene wamethula kuWalter Sisulu naye owayezalelwe ezweni labaThembu, futhi wayengumholi we-ANC egatsheni lendawo, engumholi wekhwaya, futhi eyilungu lenhlangano yezinsizwa ezingamaXhosa. USisulu wayethengisa izindlu, kodwa hhayi ngendlela esikuqonda ngayo lokho namuhla. I-Alexandra yamiswa njengelokishi lendabuko ngo-1912 futhi ngenxa yalokho yashiywa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo soMthetho Womhlaba Ka-1913, owawenqabela abaNsundu ukuba bathengise noma bathenge imizi ezindaweni zabelungu. Usomabhizinisi waseJalimane wayebolekisa ngemali futhi inkampani yabameli i-Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman yabhalisa amabhondi ayevikela izimali ezibolekiwe. USisulu wayehola ngokuthola amakhasimende. UMandela watshela uSisulu ukuthi ufuna ukufundela ukuba ummeli, ngakho uSisulu wamethula kummeli uLazar Sidelsky, owavuma ukuba afundele ubumeli ngaphansi kwakhe, (namuhla kwaziwa ngokufundela ukuba ummeli ngokwenza inkonzo yomphakathi) ngesikhathi enza izifundo zakhe ebe esebenza.
Kwakungavamile ngalezo zinsuku ukuthi inkampani yabameli inikeze umuntu onsundu umsebenzi ophathelene nezomthetho – ezweni lonke kwakunabameli abaneziqu abangu-18 ngo-1946 ngesikhathi lapho kwakungabaNsundu abangu-2% kuphela abahlala eGoli ababengathola ilungelo lokusebenza njengabameli ngokusemthethweni. UMandela wabhalisela ukufunda e-UNISA, nokwakhokhelwa uSisulu futhi waqala ukusebenzela inkampani i-Witkin.
Umuntu wokuqala onsundu owamukelwa njengommeli enkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika kwakungu-Alfred Mangena (mhla zingu-14 Julayi 1910) walandelwa uPixley ka Isaka Seme (mhla zingu-22 Disemba 1910) noGeorge Dixon Montsio ngo-1911. Ngo-1960 kwakunabameli abansundu abangu-60 eNingizimu Afrika okungenani oyedwa kwabathathu babo babezinze eTranskei ngaleso sikhathi. Izikhungo eziqondisayo ekuLondolozweni Kwendabuko okungenani zazinamathuba afanayo nalawo ayetholakala eGoli lapho imithetho yobandlululo yasemadolobheni yayenza ukusebenza kungaqiniseki. Abansundu Abachumayo, bahlangana eBunga, baba nendawo ethi bona eMtata futhi bavulela isizukulwane esisha sabameli abaNsundu amathuba amahle kakhulu abawenza lo msebenzi. Ezinye izikhungo ezaziqhuba umsebenzi wezomthetho kwabaNsundu zaziseGoli naseThekwini.
Maphakathi no-1942 uMandela wahlala mahhala endaweni ehlala izisebenzi zasemayini futhi wahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa emzini kaWalter Sisulu e-7372 Orlando West. Kulapha lapho ahlangana khona no-Evelyn Mase, futhi bashada ngomhlaka-5 Okthoba 1944, ngemva ‘kokuthandana isikhashana.’ UMandela wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha u-Evelyn enengamashumi amabili nantathu futhi yayingekho imali yelobolo neyedili lomshado. UThembekile wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Febhuwari 1946. U-Evelyn wayehola amaphawundi angu-18 ngenyanga emsebenzini wakhe wokuba umhlengikazi futhi lezi zithandani zahamba zayohlala e-8115 Orlando West zikhokha irenti engu-17d 6din ngenyanga cishe ngasekuqaleni kuka-1947. UbakwaMandela bathola ingane yesibili, intombazane egama layo uMakiwaze. Wayephila ngokugula kusukela ezalwa futhi akazange alulame, washona ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-9, ngo-1948. Indodana yesibili, uMakgatho, yazalwa ngo-Agasti 1950, futhi ngo-1954 kwazalwa enye indodakazi uMakaziwe, nowaqanjwa lelo gama kukhunjulwa indodakazi eyashona isencane eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambilini.
Impilo njengommeli osafunda yayinzima nemali ingekho. Umholo wakhe wokuqala kwakungamaphawundi amabili ngenyanga neyakhula yaba amaphawundi angu-8 ngenyanga ngoDisemba 1946. Wayenesudi eyedwa ayayiphiwe uMnu. Sidelsky eyayidinga ayithunge njalo ukuze ihlale isesimweni. Ngezinye izikhathi wayehamba ngezinyawo amamayela amahlanu eya emsebenzini ukuze onge imali yebhasi khona ezothenga ngayo ukudla. Ngawo-1940, uma ufundela ukuba ummeli, kwakudingeka ufunde iminyaka emihlanu uphase neziVivinyo Zokuba Ummeli futhi yilokho uMandela akwenza ukuze abe ummeli.
Omunye owayesebenzela uSidelsky kwakungomunye umfundi uNat Bregman, osenkolweni kaMarx nowayengusomahlala owayesebenza emsakazweni ngezinye izikhathi nokwathi kamuva waba nenkampani yakhe yabameli. UMandela wamchaza njengomngane wakhe wokuqala ongumlungu, wayeya emihlanganweni naye futhi edla naye ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Wayefunda ngokuzimisela okukhulu kusihlwa futhi ngo-1943 wabuyela eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare eyokwethweswa iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of Arts.
Ngo-1943 uMandela waphinde wabhalisa eWits ukuze enze izifundo zakhe ze-Bachelor of Laws – i-LLB, ngethemba lokuba ummeli. Wayengafundi ngokugcwele futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguye yedwa umfundi onsundu emkhakheni wezomthetho futhi wayengakaze abe khona umuntu onsundu ongummeli enkantolo ephakeme eJohannesburg. UDuma Nokwe waba ngummeli wokuqala onsundu ukuba ilungu leNhlangano Yabameli ngo-1956. Enyuvesi wahlangana noJoe Slovo, uRuth First, uBram Fischer, uGeorge Bizos, u-J.N. Singh no-Ismail Meer, phakathi kwabaningi. NgoDisemba 1946 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokuboleka imali engamaphawundi angu-250 ku-Bantu Welfare Trust, athi wayeyidingela ukufunda ngokugcwele unyaka wakhe wokugcina enza i-LLB. Wayithola le mali. Ngokusho kwakhe, uMandela wathi wayengumfundi odonsa kanzima – kwamthatha iminyaka eyisithupha efunda i-LLB futhi wehluleka kathathu ukuphumelela unyaka wokugcina. NgoDisemba 1949 wabhalela iSikhulu Somkhakha Wezomthetho, uSolwazi Hahlo emcela ukuba amnikeze ithuba lokugcina ukuze abhale izifundo eyengaziphumelelanga. Emhlanganweni okhethekile owawungomhlaka-14 Disemba 1949 iSikhulu Somkhakha nezinye izisebenzi eziyisithupha zebhodi lalo mkhakha basichitha isicelo sakhe, ngoba wayefeyile izifundo ezintathu onyakeni wakhe wokugcina.
Ngo-1952, uMandela waphinde wabhalisela ukwenza i-LLB eWits, kodwa lokho kwakhanselwa phakathi nonyaka ngenxa yokungayikhokhi imali yenyuvesi. Nakuba manje ayesesebenzela i-Hyman Basner njengommeli, kuyaphawulela ukuthi uMandela wayengenayo imali yokukhokhela izifundo zakhe, kodwa kulokhu kubukeka sengathi inyuvesi yayizimisele ukuzwelana naye.
Lapho uthisha omkhulu, uHumphrey Raikes, etshelwa ummeleli wenyuvesi ngokukhanselwa okuqubekayo, watusa ukuba uMandela anikezwe ithuba lokubonana nomqondisi omkhulu, uGlyn Thomas, okwakukhalwa kuye nowayengase abe necebiso nosizo okukahle. UMandela akazange asamukele leso simemo — ngaleso sikhathi wayegxile kakhulu eMkhankasweni Wokuvukela, futhi ngokushesha wasungula eyakhe inkampani yabameli ebambisene no-Oliver Tambo
Ngo-1948, uDaniel Francois Malan waba uNdunankulu futhi waqala ukuphoqelela ubandlululo olwedlulele. Umbhali u-JM Coetzee uluchaza ngale ndlela elandelayo ubandlululo: ‘Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso esiphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngobuhlanga noma ngobuzwe, esenziwa sasebenza iqembu elikhethekile, elizichaza lona ukuze liqinise ukubuswa amazwe angaphandle ngokukhethekile ukuze liwabambe liwaqinise amagugu awambiwa phansi.’ Leli qembu lalakhiwa abelungu kuphela (ngaleso sikhathi bebizwa ngabantu baseYurophu). Umbhali Wemidlalo u-Athol Fugard wabhala: ‘Ngoba ngokuqinisekile, akukho ndawo namuhla emhlabeni – futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi esedlule – okwake kwaba nomphakathi lapho ifilosophi yezepolitiki ebusayo, esekelwa futhi isizwe iqembu elibusayo lenkolo yobuKristu, eye yaholela abesilisa nabesifazane ababukeka bekhaliphile ebuphukuphukwini obungachazeki nobudida ingqondo – okwenza kumangaze nakakhulu ukusabalala kwalesi simo sobuhlanya. Ayikho indawo ekuphileni kwethu kwangasese nokuvuleleke kubantu, engaphazanyiswanga yile nto.’
‘Umama’ wesishaya-mthetho sobandlululo (njengoba sasaziwa kanjalo ePhalamende ngo-1990) kwakunguMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu Ka-1950, owahlukanisa bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngobuhlanga. Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu, nawo ongoka-1950 wawuveza izindawo okungahlala kuzo izinhlanga ezithile kanti uMthetho Wamandla Abantu Ka-1951 waphoqa ukuba kube neziNdawo Zabansundu (Bantustans) okwenza kwaba nezigidi zabantu abangebona abelungu ukuba bangabi izakamuzi zezwe abazalelwe kulo, nokuthi babhekwe njengezigebengu uma bengenawo ‘amapasi.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu H J Botha wakhuluma ngale ndlela elandelayo ngomthetho wezindawo zabansundu eNdlini Yokuhlangana. ‘Njengoba nje okhokho bethu abangamaDashi bakha izindonga ezivikela amanzi adlulayo eZeeland ukuze bagcine uLwandle Lwasenyakatho lukude nezwe loyise, namuhla sakha izindonga zesiko kuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika ukuze sizigcine zikude izidlamlilo ezinsundu.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu C M Warren we-United Party wacaphuna umzala kaMandela, iNkosi uKaizer Matanzima eNdlini Yokuhlangana ngale ndlela elandelayo: ‘Kimi, intuthuko ehlukile iyilokho uMagna Carta ayikho kubantu baseBrithani. Ngifisa ukuqinisekisa abantu ukuthi abaholi baseTranskei bangabalwa phakathi kwabantu abahlakaniphile emhlabeni.’
Mhla zingu-18 Febuwari 1953 uNobhala Womnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnu AEM Jansen, wamemezela ukuthi kwakungumthetho wesikhathi eside woMnyango Wezobulungisa ukwethula ubandlululo ezinkantolo zeNyunyana, futhi ngo-1960 iMantshi Ephakeme YaseCape Town yamemezela ukuthi wonke amagumbi asezinkantolo kulelo dolobha anamatafula ahlukile abameli abangebona abelungu. Njengommeli uMandela wayesazobona ukubandlululwa ngobuhlanga nokucwaswa okwengeziwe ngokuthi acelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba aveze ikhadi lakhe ‘elimHlonza Njengommeli’ noma ezinye iziMantshi zimbuze ngokufaneleka kwakhe ukuba ummeli – into eyayingavamile ukwenzeka kubameli abangabelungu.
Ngo-1951, eseziphothulile izifundo zakhe e-Witkin, uMandela wasebenzela inkampani yabameli i-Terreblanche and Briggish lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangonyaka. Wabe esejoyina inkampani yabameli i-Helman and Michel lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangezinyanga ezintathu. Ukuze akwazi ukuhola imali eyanele nokunakekela umndeni wakhe uMandela waqala ukufundela izivivinyo ezizomenza afaneleke njengommeli nowakwazi ukuziqeda. Ngokwemibiko ye-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal (yangaphambili), uMandela wafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngoMashi 1951. I-Law Society yaqala ukuba khona ngo-1892 ibizwa nge-De Ingelijfde Orde van Procureurs en Notarissen. Ngo-1902 yaba i-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal, futhi elinye lamalungu ayo kunguMahatma Ghandi, owafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngo-1903. Ngo-1975 yethiwa elinye igama yaba i-Law Society of the Transvaal futhi namuhla yaziwa nge-Law Society of the Northern Provinces. Ngemva kokuphumelela izivivinyo zakhe, uMandela wasebenza e-HM Basner njengommeli ophelele. I-Hymie Basner yayiwasekela ngentshiseko amalungelo abaNsundu. Ngokusho kukaMandela ‘izinyanga eziningi ngisebenza ngangivame ukuba senkantolo ngimele amakhasimende amaningi ale nkampani aNsundu.......ngemva kwesipiliyoni engasithola lapha ngase ngikulungele ukuzimela.’
Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ngomhlaka-5 Septhemba 1952 ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli ozimele. Unobhala wakhe kwakunguZubelda Patel owahamba noMandela esuka e-HM Basner. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Oliver Tambo wayesebenzela inkampani yabameli eyayaziwa nge-Kovalsky and Tuch futhi uMandela wayejwayele ukumvakashela lapho ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wabazisa ngomhlaka-4 Disemba 1953 ukuthi wayesesebenzisana no-Oliver Tambo. URuth Mompati wabajoyina ngalowo nyaka njengonobhala wezomthetho.
Kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yabameli abansundu abasebenzisanayo eNingizimu Afrika futhi yayaziwa nge-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
Nakhu okushiwo uMandela encwadini yomlando wakhe ethi Long Walk to Freedom:
‘Kusukela ekuqaleni i-Mandela and Tambo yayinamakhasimende amaningi kakhulu. Sasingebona abameli abaNsundu okuwukuphela kwabo eNingizimu Afrika kodwa sasiwukuphela kwenkampani yabameli abaNsundu. Kubantu abaNsundu, sasiwukuphela kwenkampani abangayisebenzisa. Ukuze sifike emahhovisi ethu ekuseni sasihamba phakathi kwesixuku sabantu emihubheni, ezitebhisini nasegunjini lokulinda elincane emahhovisi ethu.
Ngasheshe ngakuqaphela lokho okushiwo i-Mandela and Tambo kubantu abaNsundu abavamile. Yayiyindawo abangeza kuyo bathole ukulalelwa ngesineke nabangasebenzisana nayo ngokuphumelelayo, indawo ababengasoze babuyiselwa emuva futhi kudlalwe ngabo kuyo, indawo ababengazizwa beqiniseka ngempela ukuthi bazomelwa abadoda anesikhumba esifana nesabo. Yileso isizathu esangenza ngaba ummeli kwasekuqaleni, futhi umsebenzi wami wawungenza ngizizwe ngiqiniseka ukuthi ngenze isinqumo esifanele.’
Izikhathi zokusebenza kule nkampani yalaba ababambisene zazisukela ku-8.00 kuya ku-17.00 bejwayele ukuvala emini futhi behamba bobabili beyodla isitshulu. Lapho bobabili besayodla isidlo sasemini babejwayele ukubuya sekunolunye uyide lwabantu olubalindile. Nsuku zonke uMandela wayeshayela imoto yakhe enemibala emibilli eluhlaza okotshani yohlobo lwe-Oldsmobile (ayeyibiza ngenkunzimalanga yakhe ye-Oldsmobile) esuka e-Orlando eya e-Chancellor House, egqoke isudi enebhantshi elinezinkinombo ezisagolide ezifaswa ngapha nangapha esifubeni ethungwe u-Alfred Khan, owayephinde athunge amasudi kaHarry Oppenheimer. UMandela no-Oppenheimer kungenzeka ukuthi babenomthungi oyedwa, kodwa babenemibono engafani. UHarry Oppenheimer, owayeyilungu le-United Party ePhalamende eDolobheni LaseKimberley, watshela i-Cape Times ngomhlaka-26 Julayi 1956: “Kubalulekile, nokho, ukuba ingxenye enkulu yokuhlukaniswa komphakathi nezakhamuzi ilondolozwe iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ngoba umuntu wase-Afrika ‘usaphila ngesidala kakhulu ngokwezepolitiki, isiko nenkolo yakhe.’ Uqagula ukuphela kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, kodwa kusazodlula izizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, ngenxa yokuthi ama-Afrika kwakusadingeka akhuliswe ngezindlela zaseYurophu.”
UMandela wayengummeli ohamba phambili ngakho konke, nakuba enkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ayejwayele ukunyakazisa umzimba njengokungathi uyalingisa emdlalweni weshashalazi futhi enokweqisa. Uzakwabo u-Oliver Tambo wayehluke ngokuphelele – ethula, ecabangela futhi ecabanga ngokujulile. Ngamazwi akhe, uMandela wathi wayehluleka ukugcina kahle amaphepha omsebenzi nokunakekela izindaba zezimali, kuyilapho uTambo ayenakisisa futhi ecophelela. Ngokho bobabili njengoba besebenzisana bavumelana ukuthi umsebenzi omningi kaMandela uzoba ukunakekela amacala enkantolo kuthi uTambo anakekele umsebenzi wasehhovisi. Ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi kaMandela wawulinganiselwe eNkantolo Kamantshi yesifunda saseJohannesburg nokwakubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwakhe wayengakwazi ukusingatha amacala asezinkantolo ezingaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Ngakho uTambo kwakumelwe enze lowo msebenzi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wabo waphazamiseka.
Ngo-1950 uHulumeni waphasisa uMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi ngaleyo ndlela uqeda i-Communist Party, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamalungu angaba ngu-2500. Kwaqokwa owayezobhekelela lokhu kuqedwa ukuze engamele ukuvalwa kwezinhlangano zobuKhomanisi nokwakha uhlu lwabantu abangamaKhomanisi, ababengamaKhomanisi nabasekela ubuKhomanisi. Ngo-1958 owayebhekelele ukuqedwa kwe-Communist Party wakhipha amagama abantu abangaba ngu-600 abangaphansi kwalo Mthetho ayefaka phakathi igama likaWalter Sisulu noNelson Mandela. Ngo-1968, ngesikhathi bedonsa izigwebo zabo eRobben Island, laba bangane abakhulu ngokuphumelelayo bafaka isicelo enkantolo becela ukuba amagama abo akhishwe kulolu hlu.
Umkhankaso Wokuvukela Imithetho Engenabo Ubulungisa waqala ngomhlaka-26 Juni 1952. NgoDisemba 1952 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa wakhipha isaziso esenqabela uMandela ukuba abe khona kunoma imuphi umhlangano okhona esifundeni sikamantshi izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi waphinde wenqatshelwa ukuhlala kunoma iyiphi indawo yeNyunyana ngaphandle kwasifunda sikaMantshi SaseJohannesburg. Amaphoyisa amisa lo mkhankaso oqhubekayo ngokubopha abaholi bawo abaningi, kuhlanganise uMandela, owabekwa icala ngaphansi koMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi. Babengamashumi amabili ababengabasolwa, futhi wawumkhulu kakhulu umsindo enkantolo kangangokuba kwadingeka ukuba imantshi icele umongameli we-ANC, uDkt Moroka (owayethathe isikhundla sikaDkt Xuma njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1949) ukuba axoshe leso sixuku, futhi wenza kanjalo. Bonke abasolwa batholwa benecala lokubhebhezela ubuKhomanisi futhi bathola izigwebo ezilengisiwe. UJaji Rumpff owayengamele leli cala wathi abasolwa babenxenxe ngokuqhubekayo abavukeli ukuba balandele ‘isenzo esinokuthula nokuthi bagweme ukudlame lwanoma iluphi uhlobo.’ Ngomhlaka-20 Juni 1949 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa, u-CR Swart wathi emkhandlwini obusayo: ‘Yebo, izimantshi namjaji ethu aqeqeshelwe ukubona ukuthi ‘yiqhinga’ leli lapho kwenzeka okuthile, futhi ngiye ngaqaphela ukuthi iningi lalaba Bantu Bendabuko lizama ukwenza sengathi limsulwa, futhi alimsulwa ngendlela okubonakala sengathi limsulwa ngayo.’
Ngenxa yaleli cala, i-Transvaal Law Society yafaka isicelo sokuba igama likaMandela likhishwe ohlwini lwabameli. Leli cala lalalelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uMandela wamelwa usihlalo weNhlangano Yabameli EJohannesburg, uWalter Pollak. Inkantolo yasenqaba lesi sicelo yathola nokuthi, nakuba izenzo zakhe zingabhekwa njengezibucayi, wayezimisele ukusiza abantu bakubo abangebona abelungu. Inkantolo yathi lesi sizathu asanele ukuthi kungakhishwa igama lakhe ohlwini. Ngokuvumelana ne-Incorporated Law Society of theTransvaal v Mandela 1954 (3) SA 102 (T), inkantolo yaphinde yathola ukuthi angakhishwa kuphela ohlwini uma akwenzile kumenza angakufanelekeli ukuba sohlwini lwalo msebenzi ohloniphekile. Impikiswano yaqhubeka futhi, ekucabangeni okuyiphutha kokuthi kungumsebenzi wenkantolo ukujezisa ummeli otholwe enecala. Lesi sicelo sachithwa.
Ngomhlaka-25 kuya ku-26 Mayi 1955, abantu abangaba ngu-3000 bafika eMhlanganweni Wabantu owabanjelwa eKliptown lapho kwaphasiswa khona i-Freedom Charter. Eminye futhi imikhankaso ebalulekie ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumkhankaso weziNdawo Zabasentshonalanga (ukukhishwa ngokhahlo) nomkhankaso owawumelene ne-Bantu education (imfundo yaBantu Abansundu).
NgoLwesithathu ekuseni, ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 1956, kwabonakala ‘isenzo samaphoyisa esimangalisayo eNyunyaneni,’ njengoba amaPhoyisa, ephethe amaphepha agunyazwe ngokusemthethweni asayinwe iMantshi YaseJohannesburg, ngobuningi ayethelekela abaholi bezepolitiki abaningana futhi ababopha ngecala lokuvukela elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi batshelwa ukuba babuyele enkantolo bazolalela icala labo eFort, iJele LaseJohannesburg Elikhulu, ngomhlaka-19 Disemba 1956. UNelson Mandela no-Oliver Tambo babephakathi kwabasolwa – iCala Lokuvukela Umbuso njengoba lalaziwa kanjalo ladonsa iminyaka eminingi futhi laba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emsebenzini wobumeli abambisene kuwo.
Ukuphenya ngemibuzo okulungiselela icala okwase kuthathe isikhathi eside kwaqala ngomhlaka-19 Desemba 1956. Umbuso wawuthi i-Freedom Charter yakhiwa i-ANC, i-SAIC, i-SACP ne-COD nokuthi inezinyathelo zokugumbuqela umbuso nokumisa umbuso wobukhomanisi; nokuthi abanye babasolwa babenze izinkulumo ezigqugquzela umsebenzi wokwenezela okufanele wenziwe iphalamende ukusekela le njongo, ngokwesibonelo, uguquko olwenziwa ngodlame nokuchithwa kwegazi. Omunye ummeli kwabamele abamangalelwa, uVernon Berrange QC, ukuphikisa kwakhe kwakuthi icala lokuvukela umbuso elibelwe laba abangu-156 liwuzungu lwezepolitiki njengelabantu abacindezelwa umbuso phakathi nenkathi yokuPhenya Ngemibuzo noma icala lomlilo waseReichstag eJalimane. Abameli babamangalelwa baveza ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa “babeyizisulu zezindaba zepolitiki kulabo ababengabashushisi.” Wathi, “leli akulona icala elijwayelekile, uma ubheka indlela ababoshwe ngayo abamangalelwa.” Amanye amalungu oPhiko Olukhethekile (Special Branch) lwe-CID avuma lapho abameli babamangalelwa bewahloma imibuzo ukuthi i-ANC yayijwayele ukugcizelela ukuthi “umzabalazo wayo awunalo udlame.” Ukuphenya ngemibuzo ukungiselela icala kwaphela ngoSepthemba 1957, futhi amacala ayebekwe abantu abangu-64 ababehlanganisa u-Oliver Tambo, nomongameli we-ANC u-Albert Luthuli ahoxiswa. Icala lalilokhu lihlehliswa unyaka nonyaka futhi ngoMashi 1961 uJustice Rumpff wakhipha isahlulelo, wabathola begenacala bonke abamangalelwa. Lokhu kwakusekelwe ekutheni ‘uHulumeni wehluleka ukufakazela ukuthi wawulawulwa amaKhomanisi nokuthi abashushisi babehlulekile kufakazela ukuthi uMhlangano wawuhloselwe ‘ukusebenzisa udlame’ ukuthola abakudingayo.’
NgoJanuwari 1958 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokudivosa u-Evelyn enkanto, futhi idivosi yaphethwa mhla zingu-19 Mashi 1958. Ngokwemigomo yedivosi eyakhishwa inkantolo, u-Evelyn wasala nomuzi owawuse-8115 Orlando. Waphinde wathola netayitela lomhlaba uMandela ayewuthengile eMtata, yasala ngakuye impahla eningi, futhi wathola isamba semali engamaphawundi angu-50. Waphinde wanikezwa ilungelo lokugcina izingane ezincane ezintathu nemali yesondlo engamaphawundi angu-15 nyanga zonke ukuzikhulisa nokukhokha imali yesikole. NgoJuni 1958 uMandela wakhululwa izinsuku eziyisithupha emthethweni owawumenqabela ukwenza okuthile futhi washada noWinnie eBizana mhla zingu-14 Juni 1958. UWinnie waboshwa okokuqala ngo-Okthoba 1958, ngemva kokujoyina uphiko lwabesifazane be-ANC e-Orlando esitelekeni somphakathi futhi wagciwa amasonto amabili. UZenani wazalwa ngomhlaka-5 Febuwari 1959 futhi uZindzi wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Disemba 1960. Imithetho yasejele yayingazivumeli izivakashi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-16, okwenza uMandela waba nobuhlungu obukhulu ngesikhathi esejele.
UJohn Vorster waqokwa njeNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa ngo-1960. NjengoMandela, uVorster wayengummeli owayeke waboshwa phakathi kuka-1942 no-1944 eKoffiefontein ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe zezepolitiki. UVorster wayekhule waze waba uJenene ophikweni lwezempi lwe-Ossewabrandwag, nakuba ayethi wayengakaze enze into ebangela umonakalo. Wayejwayele ukufunga ethi ‘uzocoboshisa’ amakhomanisi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe wethula ‘umthetho wokuboshwa izinsuku ezingu-90,’ lapho umuntu ayengase aboshwe izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphandle kokuthweswa icala.
Ngomhlaka-21 Mashi 1960 kwenzeka isibhicongo saseSharpeville futhi ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezinhlangano Ezingemthetho, inhlangano ye-PAC ne-ANC zavalwa. Kwakhishwa umthetho wesimo esibucayi owawuzothatha izinsuku ezingu-156 – ngesinye isikhathi kwaboshwa abantu abangu-21 000 eModder B abanye baboshelwa kwamanye amakamu.
Ngo-Okthoba 1960, umbuso kaVerwoerd waba nokhetho lwabelungu kuphela ukuze izwe lenziwe i-republic (izwe labantu). Iningi lakusekela lokho. Usuku lokumemezela izwe njengeZwe Labantu lwaqondaniswa nomgubho wenyunyana weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanye, mhla zingu-31 Mayi 1961. NgoMayi 1961 futhi ngemva nje kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuphele iminyaka emihlanu yomthetho wesibili omvibhelayo, uMandela wabonakala engqungqutheleni okuthiwa i-All-In Africa eyayisePietermaritzburg, eyayihanjelwe abantu abangaba ngu-1 400.
Bacela ukuba kube ‘nomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi ongacwasi ngobuhlanga’ eNingizimu Afrika futhi baphoqa ukuthi kube nomhlangano omkhulu kazwelonke wabameleli abadala abangabesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo, bazo zonke izinhlanga namasiko. Lo mhlangano wakha isisekelo sohulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuphelele, uMandela etshela izihambeli. Ngokushesha uMandela wazibonakalisa engumuntu okwaziyo ukumela izindaba zomphakathi i-ANC eyake yamazi. Lapho kutheleka amaphoyisa, uMandela nabanye abaholi bacasha kuleso sakhiwo.
Amaphoyisa ezokulondeka, ayethe “azoqela bonke abaholi abangebona abelungu lapho bevela,” aqala umkhankaso wokuthungatha uMandela nayesebenzisana nabo. Waqhubeka inyanga yonke, kodwa kwakuqabukela kudlule usuku igama likaMandela lingahambi phambili kwabezindaba. Kwakushayelwa abahleli bamaphephandaba izingcingo, futhi uMandela wayelokhu aziwa nakakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, futhi wayeba nemihlangano eyimfihlo nezintatheli. Ezifihlile nalapho engazifihlile, uMandela wayebonakala kakhulu – futhi edlula phambi kwawo amaphoyisa. Nokho izwi lokuthi abangaphumi emakhaya aliphumelelanga ekuphazamiseni ngokugcwele izingqondo zabantu abaningi ababengenandaba nezepolitiki.
Ngomhlaka-8 Januwari 1961 uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli osizayo. Ngomhlaka-7 Juni 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa uMandela ukuthi wayengasasebenzi njengommeli osizayo kodwa ukuthi wayesezokwenza ‘imisebenzi ethile’ eNkantolo Kamantshi. Ngomhlaka-5 Julayi 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa inkampani yabameli eseGermiston i-H Davidoff and Herman ukuthi uMnu. Mandela useyekile ukusebenza njemmeli. Lokho kwaba isaziso sokugcina i-Law Society eyasithola sivela kuMandela njengommeli – manje owayesezokwenza umsebenzi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Esigamwini sokugcina sonyaka ngo-1961 uMandela, uSisulu nabanye abaholi be-ANC namalungu enhlangano yamakhomanisi bakha “Umkhonto Wesizwe” ukwenza umsebenzi wezempi ohloliwe. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1961 ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, kwamiswa amakamu kwaqhunyiswa namabhomu ezindaweni ezazihlonziwe. UMandela wayebonakala manje anyamalale manje ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika futhi abezindaba babembiza “nge-Pimpernel (uhlobo oluthile lwembali) Emnyama”. Wahlala isikhathi esithile endaweni encane eRivonia, enza sengathi usebenza egadini noma ungumshayeli. NgoJanuwari 1962 kwakufanele aphinde ahlangane nalowo ayesebenza naye, u-Oliver Tambo, eTopiya, lapho uTambo ayethunyelwe khona ukuba amise i-ANC yangaphandle
UMandela wakhishwa ngesinyenyela eNingizimu Afrika ehamba ngogwaqo iLobatsi oseBotswana, wayesethatha indiza eya e-Addis Ababa. Ngokwedayari yakhe uMandela wayebhekwa njengesivakashi sikahulumeni futhi abaholi abanjengoJulius Nyerere, uHabib Bourguiba, uSekou Toure, uLeophold Senghor, uBen Balla waseNigeria noWilliam Tubman waseLiberia ‘bamphatha ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu.’ ELondon wahlangana noHugh Gaitskell we-Labour Party, noJo Grimmond we-Labour Party. UHaile Selassie waseTopiya wanikeza uMandela iphasiphothi-mbumbulu enegama likaDavid Motsamayi, owayeyikhasimende enkampanini yabameli i-Mandela and Tambo. UMandela wasebenzisa leli gama-mbumbulu lapho ebuyela eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngomhlaka-5 Agasti 19 62 uMandela waboshelwa ngaphandle kwaseHowick, eKZN ezenza umuntu oshayelela omunye – wayevela emhlanganweni ayewubambe noLuthuli, ezombikela ngohambo lwakhe lokuvakashela amazwe omhlaba.
NgoMayi 2016 i-Sunday Times yaveza ukuthi uDavid Rickard, owayeyiSekela Lenxusa Le-US eThekwini nowayesebenzela i-CIA, wavuma ukuthi nguye owakhipha ulwazi olwaholela ekubanjweni kukaMandela.
Icala likaMandela lokubhebhezela isiteleka nokuphuma ezweni engenayo iphasiphothi laliseNkantolo Yesefunda SaseJohannesburg futhi watholwa enecala. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ebhadle ejele, wabe esethunyelwa eRobben Island, lapho avalelwa yedwa. NgoJuni 1963, kwaba nezenzo zokucekela phansi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezenziwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngomhlaka-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa athatha impahla eseRivonia, eyayinamaphepha amaningi abandakanya uMandela nabakhi bozungu. Wasuswa ejele walethwa eRivonia futhi, ngasekupheleni kwecala watholwa enecala kuwo wonke amacala amane ayebekwe wona futhi wagwetshwa udilika ijele.
Ihhovisi e-Chancellor House lacekelwa phansi umlilo ngo-1960 futhi lokhu kanye nemisebenze yezepolitiki eyayikhula ngamandla kwenza kwangaba lula ngabo ukuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi wobumeli futhi yavalwa. Ngo-2011 lapho lesi sakhiwo sesizodilizwa, sathola imali yokusilungisa engu-7 million wamarandi ivela ku-Johannesburg Development Agency.
Amahhovisi amathathu enkampani yabameli azoba umtapo wolwazi onezincwadi zamacala ezomthetho asingathwa yile nkampani ezifakwe kuyikhompuyutha.
Imnyuziyamu izoba sesitezi esiphansi futhi lokhu kuzohlanganisa izincwadi zamacala asenkantolo, izithombe ezingazange zinyatheliswe esikhathini esidlule, imithetho evimbelayo – konke okuhlobene nomsebenzi we-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
U-Advocate George Bizos, umngane nommeli omdala kaMandela wayeyisimenywa esikhethekile lapho kwethulwa lezi zakhiwo ezivuselelwe futhi wathi: Ngiyajabula ngesinyathelo esithathwe iDolobha sokuvuselela lesi sakhiwo; siyisakhiwo esiphilayo, indawo ephilayo kamhlonishwa uNelson Mandela, u-Oliver Tambo, uDuma Nokwe, uMendi Msimang, uGodfrey Pitje nabanye.
Kwakungesikhathi elindele isigwebo ecaleni laseRivonia lapho abhala futhi waphasa izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala ze-LLB njengomfundi ofunda engaphandle owabhalisa ngeNyuvesi YaseLondon. Ngo-1967 lapho eseRobben Island wayesenza unyaka wakhe wokugcina lapho ephazamiseka futhi. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nzima kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ngo-1970 uvala izincwadi eziqhamuka phesheya ayezithola ngenxusa laseBrithani.
Ngo-1974, wacabanga ngokuqedela i-LLB yakhe eWits, wenza inyuvesi ukuba imphendule ngokuqapha nangokomthetho kunokuzwelana naye. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezamajele wavala ukuxhumana kwakhe neWits futhi wamenqabela ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ze-LLB, kungaba ngeLondon, iWits noma i-Unisa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uMandela waphoqeleka ukuba athathe izifundo zomuntu oqalayo futhi wabhalisela ukwenza i-BCom (kwezoMthetho) e-Unisa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1981, umphathi emkhakheni wezomthetho e-Unisa, uSolwazi Willem Joubert, wakhuluma nohulumeni ngokungabi nangqondo kokuqhubeka nokwenqabela uMandela ukuba enze i-LLB, futhi wakwazi ukubhalisela i-LLB e-Unisa, owagcina eyithole ngo-1989, sekuphele iminyaka engu-46 eyibhalisele okokuqala eWits.
Abameli abaningi bawabheka amacala kaNelson Mandela angokomthetho nahlobene nalokho ngesikhathi eboshiwe. Inkampani yabameli eseCape Town i-Bernadt, Vukic, Potash & Getz (eyayaziwa nge-Frank, Bernadt & Joffe) yahlanganisa umsebenzi waphakathi kuka-1966 no-1990. Ngo-2004 i-Himan Bernadt yethula amafayela angokomthetho amayelana noMandela ku-Centre of Memory. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uMandela wayethatha indaba ayidlulisele enkantolo lapho amagunya ephula noma ehluleka ukulandela imithetho eshaywe yiwo, futhi la mafayela enkampani abonisa ukuzimisela kukaMandela ukubekela amagunya inselele esebenzisa zonke izindlela ezikhona.
Ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 2013, uNelson Mandela wadlula emhlabaeni eneminyaka engu-95. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-The Law Society of South Africa, egameni lamalungu ayo ayisithupha yakhipha isitatimende esilandelayo.
‘Emhlabeni wayengungqa-phambili, emndenini wakhe nasesizweni sethu, engubaba, kodwa emsebenzini wobumeli wayeyisisekelo sezimiso wonke ummeli azifisa ukuphila ngazo: ukubuyisana, ubulungisa ekuhlalisaneni nokuhlonipha izindlela zokuphila ezivikelwa uMthetho Wamalungelo.
Njengabameli sizizwa sihloniphekile ngokuthi uMnu. Mandela wakhetha ukusebenza ezinhlwini zethu. Yena, ekanye no-Oliver Tambo, bavula inkampani yabameli abansundu yokuqala ezweni, okwalethela abantu ababengenathemba ithemba nesithunzi, okwacabela isizukulwane samanje sabameli indlela eya phambili.’
Ifa likaMandela labhalwa okokuqala ngo-2004 lachitshiyelwa ngo-2008.
Unkosikazi kaMandela wesibili, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, akafakwanga efeni. Yena noMandela badivosa ngo-1996.
Ngo-2014 abameli baWinnie Mandela bafaka amaphepha enkantolo athi umuzi wawuthola ngesikhathi besashadile noMandela futhi ungowakhe ngokuvumelana nemigomo yamasiko abaThembu. Ngo-Aphreli 2016 iNkantol Ephakeme YaseMthatha yasichitha lesi sicelo wakhokha nezindleko. Ngo-Agasti 2016 wadlulisela icala ku-SCA ukuze kushintshwe lesi sinqumo.
NgoMayi 2016 kwaphinde kwaphothulwa konke ukwabiwa kwefa likaNelson Mandela. Ababengamele zonke izinto uGeorge Bizos noDikgang Moseneke balichaza ngendlela elandelayo ifa likaMandela:
UMachel uzothola izindawo ezine laba ababeshadile ababengabanikazi bazo ngokuhlanganyela eMozambique. Uzophinde athole izimoto zabo, ubucwebe abuthola lapho beshada nayo yonke imali ekuma-akhawunti asebhange noma etshalwe ezikhungweni zabo zezimali.
UMachel noMandela babeshade ngelungiselelo elihlanganisa amafa. Wayengunkosikazi wakhe wesithathu. Izingane uMachel azithola ngesikhathi esengunkosikazi wowayengumongameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel, uJosina noMalengane Machel, ngamunye wathola u-R3m.
Washiyela ngayinye yezingane eziyisithupha uMachel azithola emshadweni owandulele u-R100 000. UMachel wanikezwa izinsuku ezingu-90 ukunquma ukuthi uzolisebenzisa yini ilungelo lakhe lokuthatha isigamu sefa likaMandela, uMoseneke wathi walisebenzisa.
Imizi kaMandela eseHoughton, eJohannesburg, eCape Town, eQunu naseMthatha eMpumalanga Koloni yashiywa ku-trust yomndeni.
Amalungu omndeni ayezosebenzisa le mizi emihlanu ukuze ahlale kuyo kuye ngesidingo.
Imali yahlukaniswa ngendlela elandelyo:
- Izingane uMandela azithola kumkakhe wokuqala u-Evelyn, uMakgatho Mandela noMakaziwe Mandela, zathola u-R3.5m no-R3.3m ngokulandelana.
- Izingane zikaMakgatho, uMandla, uNdaba, uMbuso no-Andile Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R1.1.
- Izingane zikaMakaziwe - uDumani noTukwini Mandela, u-Adjao Amuah noKweku Amuah – ngayinye yathola u-R1.1m.
- Izingane zikaThembekile Mandela, uNdileka noNandi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3.3m efeni. UThembekile indodana endala uMandela ayithola ku-Evelyn.
- Izingane zikaMadikizela-Mandela, uZenani Mandela-Dlamini noZindzi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3m.
- Izingane zikaZenani - uZinhle, uZaziwe and uZamaswazi – ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
- UBambatha, uZondwa, uZwelabo noZoleka, okuyizingane zikaZindzi, ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
- Umzukulu kaMandela, uZozuko Mandela, okuyingane kaZamaswazi, wathola u-R100 000 efeni.
- Abayisishiyagalolunye, ababesebenza eduze noMandela, kuhlanganise nomsizi wakhe uLa Grange, ngamunye wathola u-R50 000 efeni.
- Izikhungo zezemfundo – iNyuvesi YaseWitwatersrand neNyuvesi YaseFort Hare – ngasinye sathola u-R100 000.
- I-Qunu Secondary School eMpumalanga Koloni ne-Orlando West High School eSoweto, eGauteng, ngasinye salezi zikole sathola u-R100 000. Lezi zikhungo zazizosebenzisa le mali njengemifundaze.
- I-ANC izothola imali eyisilinganiso esiphansi sika-10% nesilinganiso esiphezulu sika-30% ezimalini ze-NRM Family Trust.
Ummeli nomngane kaMandela uGeorge Bizos wathi le fa libonisa indlela uMandela ayengenabugovu ngayo.
"Izifiso zakhe kule fa ziwukufingqwa kwezifiso zakhe ekuphileni. Uze wabela nezikhungo zemfundo. Wayengenabo nhlobo ubugovu,” kusho uBizos owayehlengezela izinyembezi ngemva kokufunda ifa.
SIYABONGA NGOKUFUNDA KWAKHO
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Ungafunda konke okuqukethwe ngezansi noma ukudawunilode lapha – phawula: kuzothatha idatha yakho engu-1 Mb. Kunoma yikuphi, sethemba ukuthi uzokuthola kuzuzisa futhi kujabulisa ukufunda lokhu!
Isethulo
Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1961, uNelson Mandela eyilungu lenhlangano ehleliwe yezemthetho eNingizimu Afrika: efunda engaphansi kommeli, umsizi wommeli, engummeli ozimele futhi esebenzisana nabanye. Ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21, lapho eqala izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, wafika ngemoto yeBambela-bukhosi uJongintaba – ngo-1964, ngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engu-25 kamuva, wayezofika eRobben Island ehamba ngebhanoyi lezempi.
Lena indaba kaNelson Mandela, uMmeli ofundele ezoMthetho nomlweli woguquko oyingcweti!
UMandela Ummeli
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngomhlaka-18 Julayi 1918 eMvezo, umuzi omncane ogwini loMfula iMbase, esifundeni saseMtata, futhi wachitha isikhathi sobusha bakhe esiningi eQunu. Umndeni kayise wawungowasebukhosini futhi wakha umkhandlu wenkosi yabaThembu. Uzalo lwawo luhamba luze lufike eNkosini uNgubengcuka (c1790-1830) owahlanganisa ubukhosi babaThembu, obabunamakhosi ahlukahlukene. UNelson Mandela wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye lapho uyise, uHenry Gadla eshona. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, uyise wahlela ukuba uMandela omncane ayohlala neNkosi Enkulu YabaThembu uJongintaba, owayeyibambela eBukhosini Obukhulu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 waba yingxenye yomkhosi wasentabeni wokusokwa okwamenza waba yindoda. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho wafakwa emotweni yebambela-bukhosi waya eKolishi LaseClarkebury, elalixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseWeseli ngo-1825 lapho iNkosi YabaThembu, uNgubengcuka, azinikeza indawo. Elapho uMandela wabonakala engumfundi othembisayo, wathola iSitifiketi sakhe samaBanga Aphansi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile.
Unyaka wakhe wokugcina esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso wawungo-1938 e-Healtdown, kwathi ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21 waba umfundi eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, eyayixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseMpumalanga Koloni ngo-1916 futhi yayinabafundi abangaba ngu-150 ngaleso sikhathi. Wenza iziqu ze-BA, efunda isiNgisi, uMthetho Wezesayensi Yemvelo Nenhlalo Yabantu kanye nokuQondiswa Kwezindaba Zendabuko, okwakuzomenza akwazi ukuqashwa uMnyango Wezindaba Zendabuko ePitoli. Kwakuyinto engenzeka ngalezo zikhathi futhi uMandela wazithola esengutolika wesiXhosa nesiNgisi, mhlawumbe esebenza neMantshi. Ungane wakhe oseduze eFort Hare kwakunguKaizer Matanzima owayengumzala kaMandela nowayengummeli oyinhloko owenza okuhlukile. Wathola iziqu zakhe ze-BA eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare efunda ngomthetho wamaRoma futhi waqala inkampani yakhe ngo-1940 kwathi ngo-1944 wazuza umklomelo we-Cape Law Society ngenxa yemiphumela yakhe ezivivinyweni zokuFanelekela Ukuba Ummeli, nakuba wagcina engazange asebenze njengommeli.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1940, ngemva konyaka efikile, uMandela waba yingxenye yombango wabafundi – wayekhethelwe eMkhandlwini Wabafundi kodwa ngenxa yokuvukela wasenqaba leso sikhundla. Ngenxa yalokho waxoshwa nokwamdumaza kakhulu uJongintaba, owayemi kwelokuthi abuyele eFort Hare ngoNyaka Olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho uJongintaba wayelungiselela uMandela nomfowabo uJustin imishado ehleliwe ngakho bobabili babaleka – bantshontsha izinkomo zikaJongintaba ezimbili, bazidayisela usomabhizinisi wendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathathwa imoto eya eGoli eyayihamba ummeli wendawo futhi bafika eGoli ngomhlaka-16 Epreli 1941.
Umuntu ophakathi kwabokuqala uNelson nomfowabo uJustin abaya kuye kwakunguDkt Xuma, owayesanda kukhethwa njengomongameli we-ANC nowayengumngane womndeni. Wabathumela kuMnu. Wellbeloved nowabathumela ukuba bayosebenza e-Crown Mines. UJustin wanikezwa umsebenzi womuntu osaqeqeshwa futhi uMandela wasebenza njengomqaphi wakusihlwa. Wanikezwa isigqoko esiyindilinga, iwisa nempempe. Kwafika enye ithelegramu ivele kuJongintaba ecela induna ukuba ithumela lezi zelamani ekhaya. UMandela wayenesibhamu esidala epotimendeni lakhe elahlolwa unogada lapho nje sebelungela ukuhamba. Ngenxa yalokhu wabekwa icala, wafakwa ejele futhi wahlawuliswa kancane.
UMandela waya kohlala nomzala wakhe, uGarlick Mbekene, futhi watshela izihlobo zakhe ngesifiso sakhe sokuba ummeli. UMbekene wamethula kuWalter Sisulu naye owayezalelwe ezweni labaThembu, futhi wayengumholi we-ANC egatsheni lendawo, engumholi wekhwaya, futhi eyilungu lenhlangano yezinsizwa ezingamaXhosa. USisulu wayethengisa izindlu, kodwa hhayi ngendlela esikuqonda ngayo lokho namuhla. I-Alexandra yamiswa njengelokishi lendabuko ngo-1912 futhi ngenxa yalokho yashiywa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo soMthetho Womhlaba Ka-1913, owawenqabela abaNsundu ukuba bathengise noma bathenge imizi ezindaweni zabelungu. Usomabhizinisi waseJalimane wayebolekisa ngemali futhi inkampani yabameli i-Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman yabhalisa amabhondi ayevikela izimali ezibolekiwe. USisulu wayehola ngokuthola amakhasimende. UMandela watshela uSisulu ukuthi ufuna ukufundela ukuba ummeli, ngakho uSisulu wamethula kummeli uLazar Sidelsky, owavuma ukuba afundele ubumeli ngaphansi kwakhe, (namuhla kwaziwa ngokufundela ukuba ummeli ngokwenza inkonzo yomphakathi) ngesikhathi enza izifundo zakhe ebe esebenza.
Kwakungavamile ngalezo zinsuku ukuthi inkampani yabameli inikeze umuntu onsundu umsebenzi ophathelene nezomthetho – ezweni lonke kwakunabameli abaneziqu abangu-18 ngo-1946 ngesikhathi lapho kwakungabaNsundu abangu-2% kuphela abahlala eGoli ababengathola ilungelo lokusebenza njengabameli ngokusemthethweni. UMandela wabhalisela ukufunda e-UNISA, nokwakhokhelwa uSisulu futhi waqala ukusebenzela inkampani i-Witkin.
Umuntu wokuqala onsundu owamukelwa njengommeli enkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika kwakungu-Alfred Mangena (mhla zingu-14 Julayi 1910) walandelwa uPixley ka Isaka Seme (mhla zingu-22 Disemba 1910) noGeorge Dixon Montsio ngo-1911. Ngo-1960 kwakunabameli abansundu abangu-60 eNingizimu Afrika okungenani oyedwa kwabathathu babo babezinze eTranskei ngaleso sikhathi. Izikhungo eziqondisayo ekuLondolozweni Kwendabuko okungenani zazinamathuba afanayo nalawo ayetholakala eGoli lapho imithetho yobandlululo yasemadolobheni yayenza ukusebenza kungaqiniseki. Abansundu Abachumayo, bahlangana eBunga, baba nendawo ethi bona eMtata futhi bavulela isizukulwane esisha sabameli abaNsundu amathuba amahle kakhulu abawenza lo msebenzi. Ezinye izikhungo ezaziqhuba umsebenzi wezomthetho kwabaNsundu zaziseGoli naseThekwini.
Maphakathi no-1942 uMandela wahlala mahhala endaweni ehlala izisebenzi zasemayini futhi wahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa emzini kaWalter Sisulu e-7372 Orlando West. Kulapha lapho ahlangana khona no-Evelyn Mase, futhi bashada ngomhlaka-5 Okthoba 1944, ngemva ‘kokuthandana isikhashana.’ UMandela wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha u-Evelyn enengamashumi amabili nantathu futhi yayingekho imali yelobolo neyedili lomshado. UThembekile wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Febhuwari 1946. U-Evelyn wayehola amaphawundi angu-18 ngenyanga emsebenzini wakhe wokuba umhlengikazi futhi lezi zithandani zahamba zayohlala e-8115 Orlando West zikhokha irenti engu-17d 6din ngenyanga cishe ngasekuqaleni kuka-1947. UbakwaMandela bathola ingane yesibili, intombazane egama layo uMakiwaze. Wayephila ngokugula kusukela ezalwa futhi akazange alulame, washona ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-9, ngo-1948. Indodana yesibili, uMakgatho, yazalwa ngo-Agasti 1950, futhi ngo-1954 kwazalwa enye indodakazi uMakaziwe, nowaqanjwa lelo gama kukhunjulwa indodakazi eyashona isencane eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambilini.
Impilo njengommeli osafunda yayinzima nemali ingekho. Umholo wakhe wokuqala kwakungamaphawundi amabili ngenyanga neyakhula yaba amaphawundi angu-8 ngenyanga ngoDisemba 1946. Wayenesudi eyedwa ayayiphiwe uMnu. Sidelsky eyayidinga ayithunge njalo ukuze ihlale isesimweni. Ngezinye izikhathi wayehamba ngezinyawo amamayela amahlanu eya emsebenzini ukuze onge imali yebhasi khona ezothenga ngayo ukudla. Ngawo-1940, uma ufundela ukuba ummeli, kwakudingeka ufunde iminyaka emihlanu uphase neziVivinyo Zokuba Ummeli futhi yilokho uMandela akwenza ukuze abe ummeli.
Omunye owayesebenzela uSidelsky kwakungomunye umfundi uNat Bregman, osenkolweni kaMarx nowayengusomahlala owayesebenza emsakazweni ngezinye izikhathi nokwathi kamuva waba nenkampani yakhe yabameli. UMandela wamchaza njengomngane wakhe wokuqala ongumlungu, wayeya emihlanganweni naye futhi edla naye ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Wayefunda ngokuzimisela okukhulu kusihlwa futhi ngo-1943 wabuyela eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare eyokwethweswa iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of Arts.
Ngo-1943 uMandela waphinde wabhalisa eWits ukuze enze izifundo zakhe ze-Bachelor of Laws – i-LLB, ngethemba lokuba ummeli. Wayengafundi ngokugcwele futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguye yedwa umfundi onsundu emkhakheni wezomthetho futhi wayengakaze abe khona umuntu onsundu ongummeli enkantolo ephakeme eJohannesburg. UDuma Nokwe waba ngummeli wokuqala onsundu ukuba ilungu leNhlangano Yabameli ngo-1956. Enyuvesi wahlangana noJoe Slovo, uRuth First, uBram Fischer, uGeorge Bizos, u-J.N. Singh no-Ismail Meer, phakathi kwabaningi. NgoDisemba 1946 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokuboleka imali engamaphawundi angu-250 ku-Bantu Welfare Trust, athi wayeyidingela ukufunda ngokugcwele unyaka wakhe wokugcina enza i-LLB. Wayithola le mali. Ngokusho kwakhe, uMandela wathi wayengumfundi odonsa kanzima – kwamthatha iminyaka eyisithupha efunda i-LLB futhi wehluleka kathathu ukuphumelela unyaka wokugcina. NgoDisemba 1949 wabhalela iSikhulu Somkhakha Wezomthetho, uSolwazi Hahlo emcela ukuba amnikeze ithuba lokugcina ukuze abhale izifundo eyengaziphumelelanga. Emhlanganweni okhethekile owawungomhlaka-14 Disemba 1949 iSikhulu Somkhakha nezinye izisebenzi eziyisithupha zebhodi lalo mkhakha basichitha isicelo sakhe, ngoba wayefeyile izifundo ezintathu onyakeni wakhe wokugcina.
Ngo-1952, uMandela waphinde wabhalisela ukwenza i-LLB eWits, kodwa lokho kwakhanselwa phakathi nonyaka ngenxa yokungayikhokhi imali yenyuvesi. Nakuba manje ayesesebenzela i-Hyman Basner njengommeli, kuyaphawulela ukuthi uMandela wayengenayo imali yokukhokhela izifundo zakhe, kodwa kulokhu kubukeka sengathi inyuvesi yayizimisele ukuzwelana naye.
Lapho uthisha omkhulu, uHumphrey Raikes, etshelwa ummeleli wenyuvesi ngokukhanselwa okuqubekayo, watusa ukuba uMandela anikezwe ithuba lokubonana nomqondisi omkhulu, uGlyn Thomas, okwakukhalwa kuye nowayengase abe necebiso nosizo okukahle. UMandela akazange asamukele leso simemo — ngaleso sikhathi wayegxile kakhulu eMkhankasweni Wokuvukela, futhi ngokushesha wasungula eyakhe inkampani yabameli ebambisene no-Oliver Tambo.
Ngo-1948, uDaniel Francois Malan waba uNdunankulu futhi waqala ukuphoqelela ubandlululo olwedlulele. Umbhali u-JM Coetzee uluchaza ngale ndlela elandelayo ubandlululo: ‘Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso esiphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngobuhlanga noma ngobuzwe, esenziwa sasebenza iqembu elikhethekile, elizichaza lona ukuze liqinise ukubuswa amazwe angaphandle ngokukhethekile ukuze liwabambe liwaqinise amagugu awambiwa phansi.’ Leli qembu lalakhiwa abelungu kuphela (ngaleso sikhathi bebizwa ngabantu baseYurophu). Umbhali Wemidlalo u-Athol Fugard wabhala: ‘Ngoba ngokuqinisekile, akukho ndawo namuhla emhlabeni – futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi esedlule – okwake kwaba nomphakathi lapho ifilosophi yezepolitiki ebusayo, esekelwa futhi isizwe iqembu elibusayo lenkolo yobuKristu, eye yaholela abesilisa nabesifazane ababukeka bekhaliphile ebuphukuphukwini obungachazeki nobudida ingqondo – okwenza kumangaze nakakhulu ukusabalala kwalesi simo sobuhlanya. Ayikho indawo ekuphileni kwethu kwangasese nokuvuleleke kubantu, engaphazanyiswanga yile nto.’
‘Umama’ wesishaya-mthetho sobandlululo (njengoba sasaziwa kanjalo ePhalamende ngo-1990) kwakunguMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu Ka-1950, owahlukanisa bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngobuhlanga. Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu, nawo ongoka-1950 wawuveza izindawo okungahlala kuzo izinhlanga ezithile kanti uMthetho Wamandla Abantu Ka-1951 waphoqa ukuba kube neziNdawo Zabansundu (Bantustans) okwenza kwaba nezigidi zabantu abangebona abelungu ukuba bangabi izakamuzi zezwe abazalelwe kulo, nokuthi babhekwe njengezigebengu uma bengenawo ‘amapasi.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu H J Botha wakhuluma ngale ndlela elandelayo ngomthetho wezindawo zabansundu eNdlini Yokuhlangana. ‘Njengoba nje okhokho bethu abangamaDashi bakha izindonga ezivikela amanzi adlulayo eZeeland ukuze bagcine uLwandle Lwasenyakatho lukude nezwe loyise, namuhla sakha izindonga zesiko kuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika ukuze sizigcine zikude izidlamlilo ezinsundu.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu C M Warren we-United Party wacaphuna umzala kaMandela, iNkosi uKaizer Matanzima eNdlini Yokuhlangana ngale ndlela elandelayo: ‘Kimi, intuthuko ehlukile iyilokho uMagna Carta ayikho kubantu baseBrithani. Ngifisa ukuqinisekisa abantu ukuthi abaholi baseTranskei bangabalwa phakathi kwabantu abahlakaniphile emhlabeni.’
Mhla zingu-18 Febuwari 1953 uNobhala Womnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnu AEM Jansen, wamemezela ukuthi kwakungumthetho wesikhathi eside woMnyango Wezobulungisa ukwethula ubandlululo ezinkantolo zeNyunyana, futhi ngo-1960 iMantshi Ephakeme YaseCape Town yamemezela ukuthi wonke amagumbi asezinkantolo kulelo dolobha anamatafula ahlukile abameli abangebona abelungu. Njengommeli uMandela wayesazobona ukubandlululwa ngobuhlanga nokucwaswa okwengeziwe ngokuthi acelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba aveze ikhadi lakhe ‘elimHlonza Njengommeli’ noma ezinye iziMantshi zimbuze ngokufaneleka kwakhe ukuba ummeli – into eyayingavamile ukwenzeka kubameli abangabelungu.
Ngo-1951, eseziphothulile izifundo zakhe e-Witkin, uMandela wasebenzela inkampani yabameli i-Terreblanche and Briggish lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangonyaka. Wabe esejoyina inkampani yabameli i-Helman and Michel lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangezinyanga ezintathu. Ukuze akwazi ukuhola imali eyanele nokunakekela umndeni wakhe uMandela waqala ukufundela izivivinyo ezizomenza afaneleke njengommeli nowakwazi ukuziqeda. Ngokwemibiko ye-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal (yangaphambili), uMandela wafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngoMashi 1951. I-Law Society yaqala ukuba khona ngo-1892 ibizwa nge-De Ingelijfde Orde van Procureurs en Notarissen. Ngo-1902 yaba i-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal, futhi elinye lamalungu ayo kunguMahatma Ghandi, owafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngo-1903. Ngo-1975 yethiwa elinye igama yaba i-Law Society of the Transvaal futhi namuhla yaziwa nge-Law Society of the Northern Provinces. Ngemva kokuphumelela izivivinyo zakhe, uMandela wasebenza e-HM Basner njengommeli ophelele. I-Hymie Basner yayiwasekela ngentshiseko amalungelo abaNsundu. Ngokusho kukaMandela ‘izinyanga eziningi ngisebenza ngangivame ukuba senkantolo ngimele amakhasimende amaningi ale nkampani aNsundu.......ngemva kwesipiliyoni engasithola lapha ngase ngikulungele ukuzimela.’
Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ngomhlaka-5 Septhemba 1952 ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli ozimele. Unobhala wakhe kwakunguZubelda Patel owahamba noMandela esuka e-HM Basner. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Oliver Tambo wayesebenzela inkampani yabameli eyayaziwa nge-Kovalsky and Tuch futhi uMandela wayejwayele ukumvakashela lapho ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wabazisa ngomhlaka-4 Disemba 1953 ukuthi wayesesebenzisana no-Oliver Tambo. URuth Mompati wabajoyina ngalowo nyaka njengonobhala wezomthetho.
Kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yabameli abansundu abasebenzisanayo eNingizimu Afrika futhi yayaziwa nge-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
Nakhu okushiwo uMandela encwadini yomlando wakhe ethi Long Walk to Freedom:
‘Kusukela ekuqaleni i-Mandela and Tambo yayinamakhasimende amaningi kakhulu. Sasingebona abameli abaNsundu okuwukuphela kwabo eNingizimu Afrika kodwa sasiwukuphela kwenkampani yabameli abaNsundu. Kubantu abaNsundu, sasiwukuphela kwenkampani abangayisebenzisa. Ukuze sifike emahhovisi ethu ekuseni sasihamba phakathi kwesixuku sabantu emihubheni, ezitebhisini nasegunjini lokulinda elincane emahhovisi ethu.
Ngasheshe ngakuqaphela lokho okushiwo i-Mandela and Tambo kubantu abaNsundu abavamile. Yayiyindawo abangeza kuyo bathole ukulalelwa ngesineke nabangasebenzisana nayo ngokuphumelelayo, indawo ababengasoze babuyiselwa emuva futhi kudlalwe ngabo kuyo, indawo ababengazizwa beqiniseka ngempela ukuthi bazomelwa abadoda anesikhumba esifana nesabo. Yileso isizathu esangenza ngaba ummeli kwasekuqaleni, futhi umsebenzi wami wawungenza ngizizwe ngiqiniseka ukuthi ngenze isinqumo esifanele.’
Izikhathi zokusebenza kule nkampani yalaba ababambisene zazisukela ku-8.00 kuya ku-17.00 bejwayele ukuvala emini futhi behamba bobabili beyodla isitshulu. Lapho bobabili besayodla isidlo sasemini babejwayele ukubuya sekunolunye uyide lwabantu olubalindile. Nsuku zonke uMandela wayeshayela imoto yakhe enemibala emibilli eluhlaza okotshani yohlobo lwe-Oldsmobile (ayeyibiza ngenkunzimalanga yakhe ye-Oldsmobile) esuka e-Orlando eya e-Chancellor House, egqoke isudi enebhantshi elinezinkinombo ezisagolide ezifaswa ngapha nangapha esifubeni ethungwe u-Alfred Khan, owayephinde athunge amasudi kaHarry Oppenheimer. UMandela no-Oppenheimer kungenzeka ukuthi babenomthungi oyedwa, kodwa babenemibono engafani. UHarry Oppenheimer, owayeyilungu le-United Party ePhalamende eDolobheni LaseKimberley, watshela i-Cape Times ngomhlaka-26 Julayi 1956: “Kubalulekile, nokho, ukuba ingxenye enkulu yokuhlukaniswa komphakathi nezakhamuzi ilondolozwe iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ngoba umuntu wase-Afrika ‘usaphila ngesidala kakhulu ngokwezepolitiki, isiko nenkolo yakhe.’ Uqagula ukuphela kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, kodwa kusazodlula izizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, ngenxa yokuthi ama-Afrika kwakusadingeka akhuliswe ngezindlela zaseYurophu.”
UMandela wayengummeli ohamba phambili ngakho konke, nakuba enkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ayejwayele ukunyakazisa umzimba njengokungathi uyalingisa emdlalweni weshashalazi futhi enokweqisa. Uzakwabo u-Oliver Tambo wayehluke ngokuphelele – ethula, ecabangela futhi ecabanga ngokujulile. Ngamazwi akhe, uMandela wathi wayehluleka ukugcina kahle amaphepha omsebenzi nokunakekela izindaba zezimali, kuyilapho uTambo ayenakisisa futhi ecophelela. Ngokho bobabili njengoba besebenzisana bavumelana ukuthi umsebenzi omningi kaMandela uzoba ukunakekela amacala enkantolo kuthi uTambo anakekele umsebenzi wasehhovisi. Ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi kaMandela wawulinganiselwe eNkantolo Kamantshi yesifunda saseJohannesburg nokwakubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwakhe wayengakwazi ukusingatha amacala asezinkantolo ezingaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Ngakho uTambo kwakumelwe enze lowo msebenzi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wabo waphazamiseka.
Ngo-1950 uHulumeni waphasisa uMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi ngaleyo ndlela uqeda i-Communist Party, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamalungu angaba ngu-2500. Kwaqokwa owayezobhekelela lokhu kuqedwa ukuze engamele ukuvalwa kwezinhlangano zobuKhomanisi nokwakha uhlu lwabantu abangamaKhomanisi, ababengamaKhomanisi nabasekela ubuKhomanisi. Ngo-1958 owayebhekelele ukuqedwa kwe-Communist Party wakhipha amagama abantu abangaba ngu-600 abangaphansi kwalo Mthetho ayefaka phakathi igama likaWalter Sisulu noNelson Mandela. Ngo-1968, ngesikhathi bedonsa izigwebo zabo eRobben Island, laba bangane abakhulu ngokuphumelelayo bafaka isicelo enkantolo becela ukuba amagama abo akhishwe kulolu hlu.
Umkhankaso Wokuvukela Imithetho Engenabo Ubulungisa waqala ngomhlaka-26 Juni 1952. NgoDisemba 1952 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa wakhipha isaziso esenqabela uMandela ukuba abe khona kunoma imuphi umhlangano okhona esifundeni sikamantshi izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi waphinde wenqatshelwa ukuhlala kunoma iyiphi indawo yeNyunyana ngaphandle kwasifunda sikaMantshi SaseJohannesburg. Amaphoyisa amisa lo mkhankaso oqhubekayo ngokubopha abaholi bawo abaningi, kuhlanganise uMandela, owabekwa icala ngaphansi koMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi. Babengamashumi amabili ababengabasolwa, futhi wawumkhulu kakhulu umsindo enkantolo kangangokuba kwadingeka ukuba imantshi icele umongameli we-ANC, uDkt Moroka (owayethathe isikhundla sikaDkt Xuma njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1949) ukuba axoshe leso sixuku, futhi wenza kanjalo. Bonke abasolwa batholwa benecala lokubhebhezela ubuKhomanisi futhi bathola izigwebo ezilengisiwe. UJaji Rumpff owayengamele leli cala wathi abasolwa babenxenxe ngokuqhubekayo abavukeli ukuba balandele ‘isenzo esinokuthula nokuthi bagweme ukudlame lwanoma iluphi uhlobo.’ Ngomhlaka-20 Juni 1949 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa, u-CR Swart wathi emkhandlwini obusayo: ‘Yebo, izimantshi namjaji ethu aqeqeshelwe ukubona ukuthi ‘yiqhinga’ leli lapho kwenzeka okuthile, futhi ngiye ngaqaphela ukuthi iningi lalaba Bantu Bendabuko lizama ukwenza sengathi limsulwa, futhi alimsulwa ngendlela okubonakala sengathi limsulwa ngayo.’
Ngenxa yaleli cala, i-Transvaal Law Society yafaka isicelo sokuba igama likaMandela likhishwe ohlwini lwabameli. Leli cala lalalelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uMandela wamelwa usihlalo weNhlangano Yabameli EJohannesburg, uWalter Pollak. Inkantolo yasenqaba lesi sicelo yathola nokuthi, nakuba izenzo zakhe zingabhekwa njengezibucayi, wayezimisele ukusiza abantu bakubo abangebona abelungu. Inkantolo yathi lesi sizathu asanele ukuthi kungakhishwa igama lakhe ohlwini. Ngokuvumelana ne-Incorporated Law Society of theTransvaal v Mandela 1954 (3) SA 102 (T), inkantolo yaphinde yathola ukuthi angakhishwa kuphela ohlwini uma akwenzile kumenza angakufanelekeli ukuba sohlwini lwalo msebenzi ohloniphekile. Impikiswano yaqhubeka futhi, ekucabangeni okuyiphutha kokuthi kungumsebenzi wenkantolo ukujezisa ummeli otholwe enecala. Lesi sicelo sachithwa.
Ngomhlaka-25 kuya ku-26 Mayi 1955, abantu abangaba ngu-3000 bafika eMhlanganweni Wabantu owabanjelwa eKliptown lapho kwaphasiswa khona i-Freedom Charter. Eminye futhi imikhankaso ebalulekie ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumkhankaso weziNdawo Zabasentshonalanga (ukukhishwa ngokhahlo) nomkhankaso owawumelene ne-Bantu education (imfundo yaBantu Abansundu).
NgoLwesithathu ekuseni, ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 1956, kwabonakala ‘isenzo samaphoyisa esimangalisayo eNyunyaneni,’ njengoba amaPhoyisa, ephethe amaphepha agunyazwe ngokusemthethweni asayinwe iMantshi YaseJohannesburg, ngobuningi ayethelekela abaholi bezepolitiki abaningana futhi ababopha ngecala lokuvukela elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi batshelwa ukuba babuyele enkantolo bazolalela icala labo eFort, iJele LaseJohannesburg Elikhulu, ngomhlaka-19 Disemba 1956. UNelson Mandela no-Oliver Tambo babephakathi kwabasolwa – iCala Lokuvukela Umbuso njengoba lalaziwa kanjalo ladonsa iminyaka eminingi futhi laba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emsebenzini wobumeli abambisene kuwo.
Ukuphenya ngemibuzo okulungiselela icala okwase kuthathe isikhathi eside kwaqala ngomhlaka-19 Desemba 1956. Umbuso wawuthi i-Freedom Charter yakhiwa i-ANC, i-SAIC, i-SACP ne-COD nokuthi inezinyathelo zokugumbuqela umbuso nokumisa umbuso wobukhomanisi; nokuthi abanye babasolwa babenze izinkulumo ezigqugquzela umsebenzi wokwenezela okufanele wenziwe iphalamende ukusekela le njongo, ngokwesibonelo, uguquko olwenziwa ngodlame nokuchithwa kwegazi. Omunye ummeli kwabamele abamangalelwa, uVernon Berrange QC, ukuphikisa kwakhe kwakuthi icala lokuvukela umbuso elibelwe laba abangu-156 liwuzungu lwezepolitiki njengelabantu abacindezelwa umbuso phakathi nenkathi yokuPhenya Ngemibuzo noma icala lomlilo waseReichstag eJalimane. Abameli babamangalelwa baveza ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa “babeyizisulu zezindaba zepolitiki kulabo ababengabashushisi.” Wathi, “leli akulona icala elijwayelekile, uma ubheka indlela ababoshwe ngayo abamangalelwa.” Amanye amalungu oPhiko Olukhethekile (Special Branch) lwe-CID avuma lapho abameli babamangalelwa bewahloma imibuzo ukuthi i-ANC yayijwayele ukugcizelela ukuthi “umzabalazo wayo awunalo udlame.” Ukuphenya ngemibuzo ukungiselela icala kwaphela ngoSepthemba 1957, futhi amacala ayebekwe abantu abangu-64 ababehlanganisa u-Oliver Tambo, nomongameli we-ANC u-Albert Luthuli ahoxiswa. Icala lalilokhu lihlehliswa unyaka nonyaka futhi ngoMashi 1961 uJustice Rumpff wakhipha isahlulelo, wabathola begenacala bonke abamangalelwa. Lokhu kwakusekelwe ekutheni ‘uHulumeni wehluleka ukufakazela ukuthi wawulawulwa amaKhomanisi nokuthi abashushisi babehlulekile kufakazela ukuthi uMhlangano wawuhloselwe ‘ukusebenzisa udlame’ ukuthola abakudingayo.’
NgoJanuwari 1958 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokudivosa u-Evelyn enkanto, futhi idivosi yaphethwa mhla zingu-19 Mashi 1958. Ngokwemigomo yedivosi eyakhishwa inkantolo, u-Evelyn wasala nomuzi owawuse-8115 Orlando. Waphinde wathola netayitela lomhlaba uMandela ayewuthengile eMtata, yasala ngakuye impahla eningi, futhi wathola isamba semali engamaphawundi angu-50. Waphinde wanikezwa ilungelo lokugcina izingane ezincane ezintathu nemali yesondlo engamaphawundi angu-15 nyanga zonke ukuzikhulisa nokukhokha imali yesikole. NgoJuni 1958 uMandela wakhululwa izinsuku eziyisithupha emthethweni owawumenqabela ukwenza okuthile futhi washada noWinnie eBizana mhla zingu-14 Juni 1958. UWinnie waboshwa okokuqala ngo-Okthoba 1958, ngemva kokujoyina uphiko lwabesifazane be-ANC e-Orlando esitelekeni somphakathi futhi wagciwa amasonto amabili. UZenani wazalwa ngomhlaka-5 Febuwari 1959 futhi uZindzi wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Disemba 1960. Imithetho yasejele yayingazivumeli izivakashi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-16, okwenza uMandela waba nobuhlungu obukhulu ngesikhathi esejele.
UJohn Vorster waqokwa njeNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa ngo-1960. NjengoMandela, uVorster wayengummeli owayeke waboshwa phakathi kuka-1942 no-1944 eKoffiefontein ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe zezepolitiki. UVorster wayekhule waze waba uJenene ophikweni lwezempi lwe-Ossewabrandwag, nakuba ayethi wayengakaze enze into ebangela umonakalo. Wayejwayele ukufunga ethi ‘uzocoboshisa’ amakhomanisi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe wethula ‘umthetho wokuboshwa izinsuku ezingu-90,’ lapho umuntu ayengase aboshwe izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphandle kokuthweswa icala.
Ngomhlaka-21 Mashi 1960 kwenzeka isibhicongo saseSharpeville futhi ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezinhlangano Ezingemthetho, inhlangano ye-PAC ne-ANC zavalwa. Kwakhishwa umthetho wesimo esibucayi owawuzothatha izinsuku ezingu-156 – ngesinye isikhathi kwaboshwa abantu abangu-21 000 eModder B abanye baboshelwa kwamanye amakamu.
Ngo-Okthoba 1960, umbuso kaVerwoerd waba nokhetho lwabelungu kuphela ukuze izwe lenziwe i-republic (izwe labantu). Iningi lakusekela lokho. Usuku lokumemezela izwe njengeZwe Labantu lwaqondaniswa nomgubho wenyunyana weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanye, mhla zingu-31 Mayi 1961. NgoMayi 1961 futhi ngemva nje kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuphele iminyaka emihlanu yomthetho wesibili omvibhelayo, uMandela wabonakala engqungqutheleni okuthiwa i-All-In Africa eyayisePietermaritzburg, eyayihanjelwe abantu abangaba ngu-1 400.
Bacela ukuba kube ‘nomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi ongacwasi ngobuhlanga’ eNingizimu Afrika futhi baphoqa ukuthi kube nomhlangano omkhulu kazwelonke wabameleli abadala abangabesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo, bazo zonke izinhlanga namasiko. Lo mhlangano wakha isisekelo sohulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuphelele, uMandela etshela izihambeli. Ngokushesha uMandela wazibonakalisa engumuntu okwaziyo ukumela izindaba zomphakathi i-ANC eyake yamazi. Lapho kutheleka amaphoyisa, uMandela nabanye abaholi bacasha kuleso sakhiwo.
Amaphoyisa ezokulondeka, ayethe “azoqela bonke abaholi abangebona abelungu lapho bevela,” aqala umkhankaso wokuthungatha uMandela nayesebenzisana nabo. Waqhubeka inyanga yonke, kodwa kwakuqabukela kudlule usuku igama likaMandela lingahambi phambili kwabezindaba. Kwakushayelwa abahleli bamaphephandaba izingcingo, futhi uMandela wayelokhu aziwa nakakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, futhi wayeba nemihlangano eyimfihlo nezintatheli. Ezifihlile nalapho engazifihlile, uMandela wayebonakala kakhulu – futhi edlula phambi kwawo amaphoyisa. Nokho izwi lokuthi abangaphumi emakhaya aliphumelelanga ekuphazamiseni ngokugcwele izingqondo zabantu abaningi ababengenandaba nezepolitiki.
Ngomhlaka-8 Januwari 1961 uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli osizayo. Ngomhlaka-7 Juni 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa uMandela ukuthi wayengasasebenzi njengommeli osizayo kodwa ukuthi wayesezokwenza ‘imisebenzi ethile’ eNkantolo Kamantshi. Ngomhlaka-5 Julayi 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa inkampani yabameli eseGermiston i-H Davidoff and Herman ukuthi uMnu. Mandela useyekile ukusebenza njemmeli. Lokho kwaba isaziso sokugcina i-Law Society eyasithola sivela kuMandela njengommeli – manje owayesezokwenza umsebenzi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Esigamwini sokugcina sonyaka ngo-1961 uMandela, uSisulu nabanye abaholi be-ANC namalungu enhlangano yamakhomanisi bakha “Umkhonto Wesizwe” ukwenza umsebenzi wezempi ohloliwe. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1961 ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, kwamiswa amakamu kwaqhunyiswa namabhomu ezindaweni ezazihlonziwe. UMandela wayebonakala manje anyamalale manje ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika futhi abezindaba babembiza “nge-Pimpernel (uhlobo oluthile lwembali) Emnyama”. Wahlala isikhathi esithile endaweni encane eRivonia, enza sengathi usebenza egadini noma ungumshayeli. NgoJanuwari 1962 kwakufanele aphinde ahlangane nalowo ayesebenza naye, u-Oliver Tambo, eTopiya, lapho uTambo ayethunyelwe khona ukuba amise i-ANC yangaphandle.
UMandela wakhishwa ngesinyenyela eNingizimu Afrika ehamba ngogwaqo iLobatsi oseBotswana, wayesethatha indiza eya e-Addis Ababa. Ngokwedayari yakhe uMandela wayebhekwa njengesivakashi sikahulumeni futhi abaholi abanjengoJulius Nyerere, uHabib Bourguiba, uSekou Toure, uLeophold Senghor, uBen Balla waseNigeria noWilliam Tubman waseLiberia ‘bamphatha ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu.’ ELondon wahlangana noHugh Gaitskell we-Labour Party, noJo Grimmond we-Labour Party. UHaile Selassie waseTopiya wanikeza uMandela iphasiphothi-mbumbulu enegama likaDavid Motsamayi, owayeyikhasimende enkampanini yabameli i-Mandela and Tambo. UMandela wasebenzisa leli gama-mbumbulu lapho ebuyela eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngomhlaka-5 Agasti 19 62 uMandela waboshelwa ngaphandle kwaseHowick, eKZN ezenza umuntu oshayelela omunye – wayevela emhlanganweni ayewubambe noLuthuli, ezombikela ngohambo lwakhe lokuvakashela amazwe omhlaba.
NgoMayi 2016 i-Sunday Times yaveza ukuthi uDavid Rickard, owayeyiSekela Lenxusa Le-US eThekwini nowayesebenzela i-CIA, wavuma ukuthi nguye owakhipha ulwazi olwaholela ekubanjweni kukaMandela.
Icala likaMandela lokubhebhezela isiteleka nokuphuma ezweni engenayo iphasiphothi laliseNkantolo Yesefunda SaseJohannesburg futhi watholwa enecala. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ebhadle ejele, wabe esethunyelwa eRobben Island, lapho avalelwa yedwa. NgoJuni 1963, kwaba nezenzo zokucekela phansi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezenziwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngomhlaka-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa athatha impahla eseRivonia, eyayinamaphepha amaningi abandakanya uMandela nabakhi bozungu. Wasuswa ejele walethwa eRivonia futhi, ngasekupheleni kwecala watholwa enecala kuwo wonke amacala amane ayebekwe wona futhi wagwetshwa udilika ijele.
Ihhovisi e-Chancellor House lacekelwa phansi umlilo ngo-1960 futhi lokhu kanye nemisebenze yezepolitiki eyayikhula ngamandla kwenza kwangaba lula ngabo ukuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi wobumeli futhi yavalwa. Ngo-2011 lapho lesi sakhiwo sesizodilizwa, sathola imali yokusilungisa engu-7 million wamarandi ivela ku-Johannesburg Development Agency.
Amahhovisi amathathu enkampani yabameli azoba umtapo wolwazi onezincwadi zamacala ezomthetho asingathwa yile nkampani ezifakwe kuyikhompuyutha.
Imnyuziyamu izoba sesitezi esiphansi futhi lokhu kuzohlanganisa izincwadi zamacala asenkantolo, izithombe ezingazange zinyatheliswe esikhathini esidlule, imithetho evimbelayo – konke okuhlobene nomsebenzi we-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
U-Advocate George Bizos, umngane nommeli omdala kaMandela wayeyisimenywa esikhethekile lapho kwethulwa lezi zakhiwo ezivuselelwe futhi wathi: Ngiyajabula ngesinyathelo esithathwe iDolobha sokuvuselela lesi sakhiwo; siyisakhiwo esiphilayo, indawo ephilayo kamhlonishwa uNelson Mandela, u-Oliver Tambo, uDuma Nokwe, uMendi Msimang, uGodfrey Pitje nabanye.
Kwakungesikhathi elindele isigwebo ecaleni laseRivonia lapho abhala futhi waphasa izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala ze-LLB njengomfundi ofunda engaphandle owabhalisa ngeNyuvesi YaseLondon. Ngo-1967 lapho eseRobben Island wayesenza unyaka wakhe wokugcina lapho ephazamiseka futhi. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nzima kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ngo-1970 uvala izincwadi eziqhamuka phesheya ayezithola ngenxusa laseBrithani.
Ngo-1974, wacabanga ngokuqedela i-LLB yakhe eWits, wenza inyuvesi ukuba imphendule ngokuqapha nangokomthetho kunokuzwelana naye. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezamajele wavala ukuxhumana kwakhe neWits futhi wamenqabela ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ze-LLB, kungaba ngeLondon, iWits noma i-Unisa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uMandela waphoqeleka ukuba athathe izifundo zomuntu oqalayo futhi wabhalisela ukwenza i-BCom (kwezoMthetho) e-Unisa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1981, umphathi emkhakheni wezomthetho e-Unisa, uSolwazi Willem Joubert, wakhuluma nohulumeni ngokungabi nangqondo kokuqhubeka nokwenqabela uMandela ukuba enze i-LLB, futhi wakwazi ukubhalisela i-LLB e-Unisa, owagcina eyithole ngo-1989, sekuphele iminyaka engu-46 eyibhalisele okokuqala eWits.
Abameli abaningi bawabheka amacala kaNelson Mandela angokomthetho nahlobene nalokho ngesikhathi eboshiwe. Inkampani yabameli eseCape Town i-Bernadt, Vukic, Potash & Getz (eyayaziwa nge-Frank, Bernadt & Joffe) yahlanganisa umsebenzi waphakathi kuka-1966 no-1990. Ngo-2004 i-Himan Bernadt yethula amafayela angokomthetho amayelana noMandela ku-Centre of Memory. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uMandela wayethatha indaba ayidlulisele enkantolo lapho amagunya ephula noma ehluleka ukulandela imithetho eshaywe yiwo, futhi la mafayela enkampani abonisa ukuzimisela kukaMandela ukubekela amagunya inselele esebenzisa zonke izindlela ezikhona.
Ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 2013, uNelson Mandela wadlula emhlabaeni eneminyaka engu-95. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-The Law Society of South Africa, egameni lamalungu ayo ayisithupha yakhipha isitatimende esilandelayo.
‘Emhlabeni wayengungqa-phambili, emndenini wakhe nasesizweni sethu, engubaba, kodwa emsebenzini wobumeli wayeyisisekelo sezimiso wonke ummeli azifisa ukuphila ngazo: ukubuyisana, ubulungisa ekuhlalisaneni nokuhlonipha izindlela zokuphila ezivikelwa uMthetho Wamalungelo.
Njengabameli sizizwa sihloniphekile ngokuthi uMnu. Mandela wakhetha ukusebenza ezinhlwini zethu. Yena, ekanye no-Oliver Tambo, bavula inkampani yabameli abansundu yokuqala ezweni, okwalethela abantu ababengenathemba ithemba nesithunzi, okwacabela isizukulwane samanje sabameli indlela eya phambili.’
Ifa likaMandela labhalwa okokuqala ngo-2004 lachitshiyelwa ngo-2008.
Unkosikazi kaMandela wesibili, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, akafakwanga efeni. Yena noMandela badivosa ngo-1996.
Ngo-2014 abameli baWinnie Mandela bafaka amaphepha enkantolo athi umuzi wawuthola ngesikhathi besashadile noMandela futhi ungowakhe ngokuvumelana nemigomo yamasiko abaThembu. Ngo-Aphreli 2016 iNkantol Ephakeme YaseMthatha yasichitha lesi sicelo wakhokha nezindleko. Ngo-Agasti 2016 wadlulisela icala ku-SCA ukuze kushintshwe lesi sinqumo.
NgoMayi 2016 kwaphinde kwaphothulwa konke ukwabiwa kwefa likaNelson Mandela. Ababengamele zonke izinto uGeorge Bizos noDikgang Moseneke balichaza ngendlela elandelayo ifa likaMandela:
UMachel uzothola izindawo ezine laba ababeshadile ababengabanikazi bazo ngokuhlanganyela eMozambique. Uzophinde athole izimoto zabo, ubucwebe abuthola lapho beshada nayo yonke imali ekuma-akhawunti asebhange noma etshalwe ezikhungweni zabo zezimali.
UMachel noMandela babeshade ngelungiselelo elihlanganisa amafa. Wayengunkosikazi wakhe wesithathu. Izingane uMachel azithola ngesikhathi esengunkosikazi wowayengumongameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel, uJosina noMalengane Machel, ngamunye wathola u-R3m.
Washiyela ngayinye yezingane eziyisithupha uMachel azithola emshadweni owandulele u-R100 000. UMachel wanikezwa izinsuku ezingu-90 ukunquma ukuthi uzolisebenzisa yini ilungelo lakhe lokuthatha isigamu sefa likaMandela, uMoseneke wathi walisebenzisa.
Imizi kaMandela eseHoughton, eJohannesburg, eCape Town, eQunu naseMthatha eMpumalanga Koloni yashiywa ku-trust yomndeni.
Amalungu omndeni ayezosebenzisa le mizi emihlanu ukuze ahlale kuyo kuye ngesidingo.
Imali yahlukaniswa ngendlela elandelyo:
Izingane uMandela azithola kumkakhe wokuqala u-Evelyn, uMakgatho Mandela noMakaziwe Mandela, zathola u-R3.5m no-R3.3m ngokulandelana.
Izingane zikaMakgatho, uMandla, uNdaba, uMbuso no-Andile Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R1.1.
Izingane zikaMakaziwe - uDumani noTukwini Mandela, u-Adjao Amuah noKweku Amuah – ngayinye yathola u-R1.1m.
Izingane zikaThembekile Mandela, uNdileka noNandi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3.3m efeni. UThembekile indodana endala uMandela ayithola ku-Evelyn.
Izingane zikaMadikizela-Mandela, uZenani Mandela-Dlamini noZindzi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3m.
Izingane zikaZenani - uZinhle, uZaziwe and uZamaswazi – ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
UBambatha, uZondwa, uZwelabo noZoleka, okuyizingane zikaZindzi, ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
Umzukulu kaMandela, uZozuko Mandela, okuyingane kaZamaswazi, wathola u-R100 000 efeni.
Abayisishiyagalolunye, ababesebenza eduze noMandela, kuhlanganise nomsizi wakhe uLa Grange, ngamunye wathola u-R50 000 efeni.
Izikhungo zezemfundo – iNyuvesi YaseWitwatersrand neNyuvesi YaseFort Hare – ngasinye sathola u-R100 000.
I-Qunu Secondary School eMpumalanga Koloni ne-Orlando West High School eSoweto, eGauteng, ngasinye salezi zikole sathola u-R100 000. Lezi zikhungo zazizosebenzisa le mali njengemifundaze.
I-ANC izothola imali eyisilinganiso esiphansi sika-10% nesilinganiso esiphezulu sika-30% ezimalini ze-NRM Family Trust.
Ummeli nomngane kaMandela uGeorge Bizos wathi le fa libonisa indlela uMandela ayengenabugovu ngayo.
"Izifiso zakhe kule fa ziwukufingqwa kwezifiso zakhe ekuphileni. Uze wabela nezikhungo zemfundo. Wayengenabo nhlobo ubugovu,” kusho uBizos owayehlengezela izinyembezi ngemva kokufunda ifa.
SIYABONGA NGOKUFUNDA KWAKHO


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Amathiphu ayishumi aphezulu okubhala inkulumo
Akulula-ke ngoba uhlobo lwezinkulumo luyahluka nabalaleli bayahluka, kodwa-ke kuzo zonke izinkulumo kumele unake isikhathi, wazi ukhuluma nohlobo olunjani lwabantu, futhi uxhumane nabalaleli. Khumbula ukuthi uma uqala ukubhala ubeke lamaphuzu amathathu:
Ubani okhuluma naye?
Yini isihloko okhuluma ngaso?
Singakanani isikhathi osinikiwe?
- Kubalulekile ukuthi uqala ngala maphuzu ngaphambi kokuba ubhale. Nanka amathiphu okubhala inkulumo enohlonze futhi ehehayo:
Yazi uhlobo lwabalaleli ozokhuluma nabo.
- Sebenzisa ithoni eyenza abantu baqonde. Umbhali uMaya Angelou uthi ‘abantu bangakhohlwa ukuthi utheni kubona, kodwa abasoze bakhohlwa ukuthi wenzani nokuthi ubenze baphatheka kanjani’.
- Yenza indlela enohlonze ezokwenza abaleli bathatheke ukuze balalelisise kahle. Qala ngesibonelo noma ngendaba ethusayo enokuthathekisa okukhulu.
- Sebenzisa izinguquko, inkulumo mayingathathi ithoni eyodwa ize iyophela. Isibonelo: buza ‘ngiqonde ukuthini mangithi . . .?’ Lokhu kuzobaphaphamisa bacabange babe ingxenye yenkulumo yakho. Faka izibonelo kanye nezethulo ekuthuleni inkulumo yakho, zenza abalaleli baqonde kahle futhi bathatheke.
- Naka isikhathi, kumele inkulumo ingabi yinde ngoba abalaleli bazokhathala ugcine unganakiwe.
- Uma ubhala qikelela ukuthi inkulumo izokwenza ungafundi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kumele uxhumane nabalaleli, ubabuke uma uthula inkulumo.
- Inkulumo yakho kumele uyenze ibe mfushane, ukhumbule ukuqonda kwabantu kubalelwe emizuzwini engamashumi amabili kuphela. Yibuyekeze ngaphambi kokuba uyithule.
- Isono esikhulu ekuthuleni inkulumo ukuzama ukumpintsha ulwazi oluningi enkulumeni yakho. Ikakhulukazi uma uzofaka nemiphumela yocwaningo nophenyo. Lokhu kwenza ibe yinde okwenza abalaleli bakhathale angakwazi ukubamba okubalulekile kuyona.
- Khumbuleka. Baningi abethuli bezinkulumo abakhohlwa ngabalaleli. Bhala ngendlela ezokwenza abalaleli bangakukhohlwa.
- Okokugcina, phetha inkulumo ngendlela enamandla nohlonze. Qikelela ukuthi abantu bayabona ukuthi ususemaphethelweni. Phetha ngendatshana ezobenza babe nogqozi, noma ubahlekise.
Uma sewethula inkulumo, ukukala inkulumo enempumelelo ubona ngokumamatheka, ukucabanga kanye namazwana aphuma kubalaleli. Uma bengasho lutho kukhona okungahambanga kahle. Lamathiphu engiwabhalile azoqikelela ukuthi abalaleli bayakuzwa futhi nawe ukhuluma ngendlela enomthelela omuhle.
>>Iziqondiso zegrama, amacebo okubhala nokunyeokuningi>>

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


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Idatha ayisoloko isesimweni esifanelekayo, kodwa ikhona kwi-Inthanethi. Ulwazi oluningi luyatholakala ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene, okwenza kube nzima ngathi ukuliqonda futhi konke akunakutholakala ku-CSV noma kwenye ifomethi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kuyoba nzima kuwe ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi kahle - kyпиTb бokcepckий Meшok phpbb. Futhi, awukwazi ukuwuhlanganisa namasethi amadatha futhi uwahlole ngokuzimela. Ngakho, ukukhipha idatha yindlela kuphela yokudala amakhophi emafomethi afanelekayo nokufinyeleleka.
1. Sebenzisa i-Google Spreadsheets ne-Google Chrome
Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi kokubili i-Google Chrome ne-Google Spreadsheets isiza ukufaka idatha kumaminithi angu-5 kuphela, futhi akudingeki ukuthi ufake noma iyiphi ikhodi nakanjani. Ukwazi ukuhlelwa kwesayithi lakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokususa nokusebenzisa idatha. Indlela elula yokwenza lokho kungumyalo we-ImportHTML kuma-Google Spreadsheets. Isebenza njengemilingo futhi ishaya yonke iwebhusayithi yakho ngaphandle kokuyekethisa kwikhwalithi. Ungasebenzisa futhi isofthiwe enobungane be-Chrome futhi iza nezinto eziningi.
2. Sebenzisa i-Scraperwiki ngemiphumela engcono
Uma ufuna ukukhipha imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ungenayo amakhono okuhlela, kuzomele uzame i-Scraperwiki ngemiphumela engcono. Kuyasiza ukuhlunga amakhasi ahlukahlukene e-Wikipedia namawebhusayithi aqinile futhi ulande yonke indawo ku-hard drive yakho kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa. Leli thuluzi lifanele ukutshala imali yakho nesikhathi sakho futhi uqinisekise ukuhlinzeka ngemiphumela engcono kakhulu nenembile kakhulu. I-Scraperwiki inemisebenzi ehlukene, njengokuthi ungabhala amakhodi ahlukene, ungacela ochwepheshe ukuba babhale abahlukumelayo egameni lakho futhi uxhumane nemiphakathi ye-Scraperwiki ngemiphumela engcono.
3. Qondisisa isakhiwo se-scraper
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda isakhiwo se-scraper. Iningi le-scrapers lithengiswa izingxenye eziyinhloko ezintathu: umgca wamakhasi okukhishwa, indawo yedatha ehleliwe ukuze igcinwe njenge-database, nomlandi noma umlingisi osiza ukwengeza i-URL emgqeni.
4. Qonda ukubaluleka kokwakheka:
Ukudweba kuyindlela yokukhipha idatha emakhasini ahlukene ewebhu, amafayili e-PDF, neminye imibhalo, okwenza isetshenziswe futhi ifundeke ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo. Ngenye yezindlela eziwusizo kakhulu futhi eziphelele ongayisebenzisa ukuze ubuthe futhi usebenzise idatha. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi awudingi ukuba namakhono okuhlela ukukhipha idatha uma usebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-Kimono nokungeniswa. io.
5. Funda ukuthi ungahlunga kanjani:
Kufanele ufunde ukuthi ungaba kanjani uma ufuna ukukhipha idatha kumakhasi ewebhu ahlukene njalo. Futhi, ungafunda uma unolwazi oluningi ukuze umangale futhi ufuna ukuyisebenzisa kabusha kuwebhusayithi yakho. Uma uthola izaziso ze-imeyili mayelana nemikhiqizo ezithakazelisayo namasevisi, ungase ufune ukukhipha futhi ufunde okuyisisekelo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuhlunga kuwumsebenzi olula odinga amakhono ambalwa okuhlela. Amanye amathuluzi we-web scraping awadingi ukuthi ufunde amakhono wokuhlela nezilimi, okusho ukuthi ungenza imisebenzi yakho ngaphandle kwekhodi.


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Lengxenye igxile kakhulu emphakathini waseNanda, izinhlangano, izikhungo zemfundo kanye nemicimbi yomphakathi. Ngukuka Gandhi, uDube, uShembe kanye nabanye abaholi, ukuthembela kuwene nokuzisiza kwakuyizinto ezibalulekile. Namhlanje singathola imisebenzi eminingi eziqalelwe ngumphakathi kanye nemizamo emihle yabantu yokusiza abanye. Ezinye zalezi zizinda zingavakashelwa ngabavakashi abafisa ukuzivakashela. Njengoba lesisizinda sihlanganise okuningi, futhi siqukethe nezinto abantu baseNanda abazithatha njenga nezibalulekile.
This post is also available in: English


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winlogon.exe Ukusetshenziswa kokungena ku-Windows – iyinkqubo enesibopho sokuqala iseshini nokukhipha i-logoff yomsebenzisi. Ifayela le-winlgon.exe lihlala likhona ku-C: \ Windows \ System32.
Inqubo ye-winlogon.exe ihlukaniswa ngokuthi “ayibulawe”. Ngeke ususwe ohlwini lwe-executables, usebenzisa, isibonelo, “Umphathi Wezinkampani”. Kodwa kungenziwa ngosizo lwesofthiwe ekhethekile, isibonelo, – Umbuso “I-Process Explorer”. Ukuze “slam” loluhlelo lwenqubo ngokuhlelekile, akwanele ukusebenzisa i-API ephezulu. Lokhu kudinga ukuthola amalungelo e-kernel-level, okuyinto enzima kakhulu ukuhlelwa komsebenzi onjalo.
Inqubo ye-Windows Logon iphinde ihlose umsebenzi wekhibhodi negundane, inesibopho sokukhiya ikhompyutha yakho nokuqalisa izikrini zesikrini emva kwesikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “Ukulandelana okulondekile”, ngakho-ke amanye ama-PC angalungiswa ukuze afune ukuthi ucindezele i-Ctrl + Alt + Susa ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngemvume. Ctrl + Alt + Susa inhlanganisela yezinqamuleli zekhibhodi njalo ibanjwa yi-winlogon.exe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ungena ngemvume kwideskithophu evikelekile lapho ezinye izinhlelo zingenakuqapha iphasiwedi oyithintayo noma uzenza ingxoxo yokungena ngemvume.
Ngakho, i-winlogon.exe kufanele iqhubeke isebenza ngemuva, ibe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yokugunyazwa ku-Windows. Kuwebhusayithi ye-Microsoft, ungathola uhlu oluthe xaxa lwezobuchwepheshe lwamakhono wenqubo ye-Winlogon
Uma leli fayela litholakala kunoma iyiphi enye isiqondisi, kufanele isuswe ngokushesha. Okwamanje, kwaziwa amagciwane angaphezu kwekhulu (isibonelo, [email protected], Spyware.CMKeyLogger, W32 / Netsky-D nabanye abaningi) abasebenzisa igama elithi winlogon.exe ukufihla khona kwabo ohlelweni.
Izinga eliphakeme lokusebenzisa ikhompiyutha yakho (inqubo yeprosesa noma inkumbulo) yenqubo ye-winlogon.exe iphinde ibe uphawu oluqondile lokuthi kukhona okungalungile ngakho. Le nqubo akufanele isebenzise izinsiza eziningi ze-CPU noma i-RAM ezimweni ezivamile.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, sebenzisa ukuskena okugcwele kwesistimu usebenzisa isofthiwe yakho ye-antivirus.
In System Winx64 ingaziwa ngokuthi winlogon.exe Ukusetshenziswa kokungena ku-Windows (32-bit).
Amaphutha ongawahlangabeza
- I-Windows ayikwazanga ukuxhuma ensizeni ye-%s. Le nkinga ivimbela abasebenzisi abavamile ukuba basayinele ukungena.
Njengomsebenzisi ophethe, ungabuyekeza ilogi yesehlakalo semininingwane yesistimu yokuthi kungani insiza ingasabelanga.
- Yehlulekile ukuxhuma ensizeni ye-Windows
- Insiza ye-%s yehlulekile ukusayinela ukungena.
- Igama lakho lokungena liphelelwa yisikhathi namuhla.
- Igama lakho lokungena lizophelelwa yisikhathi ezinsukwini ezingu-%ld.
- Cabangela ukushintsha iphasiwedi yakho
- Qhafaza lapha ukuze uhlole isimo samadrayivu akho enethiwekhi.
- Ayikwazanga ukuphinde ixhume wonke amadrayivu enethiwekhi
- I-%s\%s isenqabile isicelo sakho sokunqamula.
- Sicela ulinde i-%s\%s ukuba iphendule.
- Inqubo yokusayinela ukungena yehlulekile ukubonisa izinkethi zokuphepha nezokungena ngesikhathi kucindezelwa okuthi Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Uma i-Windows ingasabeli, cindezela okuthi Esc, noma usebenzise inkinobho yamandla ukuze uqale phansi.
- Inqubo yokungena yehlulekile ukukhombisa izinkethi eziqinisekisiwe zengxoxo
- Inqubo yokusayinela ukungena yehlulekile ukubonisa izinkethi zokuphepha nezokungena ngesikhathi kucindezelwa okuthi Ctrl+Alt+End. Uma i-Windows ingasabeli, cindezela okuthi Esc, noma usebenzise inkinobho yamandla ukuze uqale phansi.
See original version: winlogon.exe Windows Logon Application


text:
AMAJUDA AZOBUNGAZA INKOSI BUTHELEZI
UMPHAKATHI wamajuda uzobungaza inkosi Mangosuthu Buthelezi ongumholi wenkatha Freedom Party (IFP), ophinde abe ngundunankulu kazulu Jikelele, emcimbini ozokuba seglenhazel Shul Yeshiva College Campus, egoli, kusasa ngomsombuluko ntambama.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkosi Buthelezi nekwazulu-natal Jewry, budala futhi buthele izithelo ikakhulukazi ekulweni negciwane lesandulelangculazi nokusiza ekufukuleni ezemfundo emiphakathini entulayo.
Inkosi Buthelezi isizame kaningi ukungenelela embangweni okhona phakathi kwesizwe sakwa-israel namapalestine, kanti isike yavakasha izikhawu eziningi kwa-israel nge- nhloso yokudala ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kweningizimu Afrika namajuda.
Ngalobu busuku isizwe samajuda sizobe sizibongela enkosini Buthelezi, siyihalalisela ngokuhlanganisa iminyaka engama-90 ibona ilanga.
Kwenzeka lokhu nje, bekunezindumezulu zemicimbi yokubungaza usuku lwayo (inkosi Buthelezi) lokuzalwa.
Kule micimbi izikhulumi eziningi ebezivela emhlabeni wonke jikelele, ziyichaze ngokuthi iyohlala isemlandweni waleli zwe njengomholi owalwela inkululeko yabantu bakubo ngokuthula.
Abanye bayichaze ngokuthi iyinkosi enoxolo ethethelelayo. knowledge.simelane@ilanganews.co.za


text:
Sicela uvakashele leli khasi ukwenza isicelo inthanethi.
Please note: Ulimi lokuqala "Ukrainian Ukwamukelwa Center" okuqukethwe English. Zonke ezinye izilimi enzelwa akududuze, kodwa inguqulo yabo kungenzeka ukuthi ayilungileUkuhumushaamabhonasi khulula
izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu lemfundo European, lula inqubo yokuvuma kanye aphansi ukufundisa Imali eYurophu. Thats kungani kufanele ukhethe Ukraine!Apply now
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)Iningi Ukraine Medical Amayunivesithi abaqashelwa Indian Medical Council, Pakistan Medical Dental Council, European Council of Medicine General Medical Council (Ukubhalisa elinganiselwe) kwezingane zase-UK.
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7) abafundela ubudokotela e-Ukraine zifaneleke ukuvela kokuthi United States Medical Yokunika Ilayisense Examination (USMLE) futhi abaningi abengeziwe njll ...
8) abafundela ubudokotela e-Ukraine zifaneleke Abe-Professional neziLimi Assessment Board (isisu) ye-United Kingdom (UK) MANY NJLL OKWENGEZIWE.
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Kuyinto ngonyaka eziyisithupha Yiqiniso Ukuklonyeliswa “Doctor of Medicine” (MD) degree. Lokhu okulingana “Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Kokuhlinza” (Nbrbsh) degree akhishwe Commonwealth emazweni anjenge UK, Australia, India njll. Ukwamukelwa inkambo eyaqala emva inkontileka esayinwe ngokufanele phakathi umfundi kanye namanyuvesi. Izimali abafundi international engama-USD futhi sihlale njalo phezu isikhathi inkontileka.
I medium ekufundiseni isiZulu yonke iminyaka eyisithupha abafundi international. Inkambo sisenza Russian / Ukraine ukhetho endawo. Candidate ukutadisha medium English iminyaka eyisithupha zinikwa ukufunda ulimi lokuqala eminyakeni emibili, ngakho bangase babe nekhono ngolimi lwendawo zokuxoxa iziguli kanye nokusetshenziswa kwansuku.
Sitatimende seKharikhulamu ezifundiswa University kwamukelwa eMnyango Wezemfundo kanye Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine.
Students akhiwa amaqembu amancane 6-10 amakilasi. Ngenxa iqembu elincane umfundi, lekubukana nemfundzi ngamunye kungenzeka lomfundi ngamunye. Ngokuba okokuqala eminyakeni emibili abafundi zinikwa ekilasini. Ngonyaka 2nd, abafundi nayo ifundiswa izikhonzi emitholampilo waqeqeshwa emitholampilo ezibhedlela isipiliyoni esiwusizo.
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Leso naleso sikhatsi lesivelako eklasini letihlungiwe. Zikhona izivivinyo yangaphakathi sidluliselwa. Unyaka ngamunye yemfundo kubalulekile futhi kufanele badlula phambi umfundi kuvunyelwe ukuba iphothule esikoleni. Ngaphezu luhlolo lolwentiwa esikolweni senyuvesi, Student has kudlule State Test (luhlolo yangaphandle) bengakaqedi nezifundo zabo 3 kanye ngonyaka 6 imfundo. Ngomnyaka iziqu, umfundi evivinywa ubungoti okusebenzayo isiyalo wezempilo embhedeni lesiguli (test Esiwusizo) futhi on ubungoti zesayensi kanye theory (test theory). Bobabili kufanele udluliselwe phambi sokuthweswa iziqu.
Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, umfundi bangazijayeza noma ukubhalisa phezu 20 specialisation olunikezwa nyuvesi ezifana nezenhliziyo, imithi yomtholampilo, isihlonzi mkhiqizo, Radiology, njll impilo yomphakathi. Faka lapha ukuze ngifundele ubudokotela
It is a inkambo yeminyaka emihlanu. Abafundi bafundiswa profile ayisisekelo aphathelene nokwelapha nezinto eziphilayo kanye eyala emitholampilo for amazinyo. Ekuqedeni cwaningo abafundi baklonyeliswa “Diploma ye Doctor ” noma degree of BDS. Abafundi bafundiswa eyala theory kanye emitholampilo ezifana stomatology zokwelapha kanye wamathambo. UMnyango kahle ayihlomele mayelana izakhiwo, imishini, izinsiza-kufundisa. Isibhedlela nokufundisa enkabeni yedolobha egcwele iziguli. Students ukutadisha izinkinga oyinhloko we amazinyo: caries zamazinyo, Periodontitis nezifo ulwelwesi lwamafinyila in the komgodi emlonyeni. Lo msebenzi omkhulu walesi ubuhlakani kuyinto ukuphelela ephakeme imfundo amazinyo. I ubuhlakani uzilungisele inqubo yemfundo okuhloswe ngaso isebenze ikhono engqondweni yethu labafundi, ukuhlakulela umkhuba kwezemfundo & ucwaningo kanye ufake lezo a ndlela wokudala izinto zasemsebenzini. I ubuhlakani kusiza abafundi ukuba bathole ulwazi omuhle ensimini yamazinyo. It likhula futhi eba, iyavuleka bonke best, kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi senyuvesi. Inyuvesi futhi inikeza post graduate inkambo ukuqeqeshwa ngeziguli Dentistry. Faka lapha ukufunda amazinyo
Kuyinto Yebo ngomnyaka wamakhulu ayisithupha yokuklomela “Doctor of Pediatrics” degree. It inikezwa isiRashiya futhi Ukrainian kuphela. Inkambo iyafana “Jikelele Medicine” kodwa ukugxila sokucindezeleka ku usana, ukuhlinzwa usana njll. Labo ukuqedela le nkambo bathole idiploma ye Udokotela Wezingane. Umfundi uthola imfundo jikelele begazi yezokwelapha kuqala iminyaka emibili. imfundo Pediatric iqala kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu ku year.Students lesithupha balukhulume ulwazi nokwakheka zezingane, izitho zomzimba, zokugula kanye nenhlanzeko, izifo, ekwelapheni ukukhubazeka esizalwa naso sokuhlonishwa, hip hop-ngokuhlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa kanye nabanye. Thumela iziqu izifundo nokuqeqesha emitholampilo inikezwa. Faka lapha ukufunda Pediatrics
Kuyinto Yebo oneminyaka emihlanu yokuklomela “Bachelor of Pharmacy” degree. Course inikezwa isiRashiya futhi Ukrainian kuphela. Abafundi kakhulu wafundisa imithetho imithi nezinto eziphilayo futhi ezinye izici emitholampilo. On kuqedwa diploma ye wemithi unikelwa. Basuke ziqeqeshelwa umsebenzi ezinkampanini kanye / noma ucwaningo. A methodical is wadala ukuqeqeshwa ongoti abaqeqeshiwe. Iminyango prime kukhona: kwemithi, biology, ngezakhi zofuzo, wezitshalo, e-organic chemistry, kohlaziyo, chemistry ngokomzimba futhi organic. Post Graduate inkosi izifundo futhi anikwa in Pharmacy. Faka lapha ukufunda ekhemisi
Kuyinto eneminyaka emithathu noma izifundo zeminyaka emine yokuklomela “Bachelor of Nursing” degree. Abafundi baqala ukutadisha eyala yezokwelapha futhi begazi ayisisekelo, Izikhonzi ke emitholampilo nabancelisayo ezimweni ezahlukene. Ukuqeqesha kanye theory unikezwa ekilasini ezibhedlela. Faka lapha ukufunda ubuhlengikazi
Inqubo
Izifundo enikwe Ukraine Medical Amayunivesithi noma amakolishi ulandele Process ngomgomo esungula European wezeMfundo ePhakeme Area ngenqubo eliqhutshwa 46 amazwe iqhaza futhi uMkhandlu WaseYurophu. I imigomo eyinhloko zingokulandelayo:
· Kulula asuka kwelinye izwe ukuze abanye ngaphakathi European wezeMfundo ePhakeme Area ngenjongo ucwaningo olwengeziwe noma umsebenzi.
· Khulisa elikhangayo imfundo ephakeme European kangangokuba abantu abaningi abasuka emazweni non-European ucwaningo kanye / noma umsebenzi e-Europe.
· Nikeza Europe nge ezibanzi, izinga okusezingeni sezihambile isizinda solwazi, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa Europe njengoba esitebeleni, umphakathi onokuthula futhi ukubekezela.
Sicela ufunde lokhu izihloko mayelana Ukraine. Kuyoba wusizo kuwe.
About Ukraine - ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana Ukraine. Kungaba isidina, kodwa ewusizo
Ukuhlala e-Ukraine - kobufakazi abafundi angaphandle. Lapha besho lokho abakuthandayo e-Ukraine kakhulu
Izindleko abahlala e-Ukraine - konke mayelana intengo e-Ukraine. Hlola ukuthi Ukraine yilona lizwe eshibhe Europe.
Zonke amanyuvesi Ukrainian mikhulu. Thina ukhetha ezimbalwa sithanda kakhulu.
Ukraine has 317 amanyuvesi. Ungakhetha noma yiliphi kuwo.Buka konke amanyuvesi
Ukuba nabafundi bakwamanye amazwe uthande ukuba yingxenye yomphakathi Ukrainian zemfundo. Ukwamukelwa nge-Ukrainian Ukwamukelwa Centre iqinisekisa inombolo enkulu amabhonasi abafundi angaphandle.
Ebengikufuna ithuba uthole imfundo eYurophu. Kodwa Ukukhetha enkulu ejenti kwenza ngihlanye. Ngiyabonga ukuthi kukhona Ukwamukelwa Centre. Kuyinto abilyty okuphelele kubafundi ukuthi ufuna ukufunda phesheya. Nayo yonke into elula futhi okulula, futhi akudingeki ukuba sikhathazeke ngokuthi ukuthembeka ejenti.
Ukrainian Ukwamukelwa Center, Ngifuna ukusho sibonga kakhulu kubo bonke ithimba lakho. Wenze yokuvuma yami lula nenduduzo. Ngabhekana ukwesaba lapho ngifika Ukraine. Kodwa-Ukrainian Ukwamukelwa Centre Ungisiza konke. Anginayo izinkinga lapha nhlobo. sibonga Omkhulu ukuba bonke abasebenzi Ukrainian Ukwamukelwa Centre.
Ngingumfana e-Ukraine. Sengiba imfundo yezokwelapha. inqubo yami yokuvuma ngoba kulula kakhulu. Ngathola i-visa ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngijabulile. Ngiyabonga Ukraine Ukwamukelwa Centre. PS: amabhonasi lakho ekufikeni yayimangaza. Bona kungisiza kakhulu abahlala e-Ukraine. Yakho engcono ngempela obakhathalelayo abafundi.
Ukwamukelwa Centre yinhlangano esiza umfundi ukuthola imfundo phesheya