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Ungafunda konke okuqukethwe ngezansi noma ukudawunilode lapha – phawula: kuzothatha idatha yakho engu-1 Mb. Kunoma yikuphi, sethemba ukuthi uzokuthola kuzuzisa futhi kujabulisa ukufunda lokhu!
Isethulo
Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1961, uNelson Mandela eyilungu lenhlangano ehleliwe yezemthetho eNingizimu Afrika: efunda engaphansi kommeli, umsizi wommeli, engummeli ozimele futhi esebenzisana nabanye. Ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21, lapho eqala izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, wafika ngemoto yeBambela-bukhosi uJongintaba – ngo-1964, ngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engu-25 kamuva, wayezofika eRobben Island ehamba ngebhanoyi lezempi.
Lena indaba kaNelson Mandela, uMmeli ofundele ezoMthetho nomlweli woguquko oyingcweti!
UMandela Ummeli
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngomhlaka-18 Julayi 1918 eMvezo, umuzi omncane ogwini loMfula iMbase, esifundeni saseMtata, futhi wachitha isikhathi sobusha bakhe esiningi eQunu. Umndeni kayise wawungowasebukhosini futhi wakha umkhandlu wenkosi yabaThembu. Uzalo lwawo luhamba luze lufike eNkosini uNgubengcuka (c1790-1830) owahlanganisa ubukhosi babaThembu, obabunamakhosi ahlukahlukene. UNelson Mandela wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye lapho uyise, uHenry Gadla eshona. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, uyise wahlela ukuba uMandela omncane ayohlala neNkosi Enkulu YabaThembu uJongintaba, owayeyibambela eBukhosini Obukhulu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 waba yingxenye yomkhosi wasentabeni wokusokwa okwamenza waba yindoda. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho wafakwa emotweni yebambela-bukhosi waya eKolishi LaseClarkebury, elalixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseWeseli ngo-1825 lapho iNkosi YabaThembu, uNgubengcuka, azinikeza indawo. Elapho uMandela wabonakala engumfundi othembisayo, wathola iSitifiketi sakhe samaBanga Aphansi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile.
Unyaka wakhe wokugcina esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso wawungo-1938 e-Healtdown, kwathi ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21 waba umfundi eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, eyayixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseMpumalanga Koloni ngo-1916 futhi yayinabafundi abangaba ngu-150 ngaleso sikhathi. Wenza iziqu ze-BA, efunda isiNgisi, uMthetho Wezesayensi Yemvelo Nenhlalo Yabantu kanye nokuQondiswa Kwezindaba Zendabuko, okwakuzomenza akwazi ukuqashwa uMnyango Wezindaba Zendabuko ePitoli. Kwakuyinto engenzeka ngalezo zikhathi futhi uMandela wazithola esengutolika wesiXhosa nesiNgisi, mhlawumbe esebenza neMantshi. Ungane wakhe oseduze eFort Hare kwakunguKaizer Matanzima owayengumzala kaMandela nowayengummeli oyinhloko owenza okuhlukile. Wathola iziqu zakhe ze-BA eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare efunda ngomthetho wamaRoma futhi waqala inkampani yakhe ngo-1940 kwathi ngo-1944 wazuza umklomelo we-Cape Law Society ngenxa yemiphumela yakhe ezivivinyweni zokuFanelekela Ukuba Ummeli, nakuba wagcina engazange asebenze njengommeli.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1940, ngemva konyaka efikile, uMandela waba yingxenye yombango wabafundi – wayekhethelwe eMkhandlwini Wabafundi kodwa ngenxa yokuvukela wasenqaba leso sikhundla. Ngenxa yalokho waxoshwa nokwamdumaza kakhulu uJongintaba, owayemi kwelokuthi abuyele eFort Hare ngoNyaka Olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho uJongintaba wayelungiselela uMandela nomfowabo uJustin imishado ehleliwe ngakho bobabili babaleka – bantshontsha izinkomo zikaJongintaba ezimbili, bazidayisela usomabhizinisi wendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathathwa imoto eya eGoli eyayihamba ummeli wendawo futhi bafika eGoli ngomhlaka-16 Epreli 1941.
Umuntu ophakathi kwabokuqala uNelson nomfowabo uJustin abaya kuye kwakunguDkt Xuma, owayesanda kukhethwa njengomongameli we-ANC nowayengumngane womndeni. Wabathumela kuMnu. Wellbeloved nowabathumela ukuba bayosebenza e-Crown Mines. UJustin wanikezwa umsebenzi womuntu osaqeqeshwa futhi uMandela wasebenza njengomqaphi wakusihlwa. Wanikezwa isigqoko esiyindilinga, iwisa nempempe. Kwafika enye ithelegramu ivele kuJongintaba ecela induna ukuba ithumela lezi zelamani ekhaya. UMandela wayenesibhamu esidala epotimendeni lakhe elahlolwa unogada lapho nje sebelungela ukuhamba. Ngenxa yalokhu wabekwa icala, wafakwa ejele futhi wahlawuliswa kancane.
UMandela waya kohlala nomzala wakhe, uGarlick Mbekene, futhi watshela izihlobo zakhe ngesifiso sakhe sokuba ummeli. UMbekene wamethula kuWalter Sisulu naye owayezalelwe ezweni labaThembu, futhi wayengumholi we-ANC egatsheni lendawo, engumholi wekhwaya, futhi eyilungu lenhlangano yezinsizwa ezingamaXhosa. USisulu wayethengisa izindlu, kodwa hhayi ngendlela esikuqonda ngayo lokho namuhla. I-Alexandra yamiswa njengelokishi lendabuko ngo-1912 futhi ngenxa yalokho yashiywa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo soMthetho Womhlaba Ka-1913, owawenqabela abaNsundu ukuba bathengise noma bathenge imizi ezindaweni zabelungu. Usomabhizinisi waseJalimane wayebolekisa ngemali futhi inkampani yabameli i-Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman yabhalisa amabhondi ayevikela izimali ezibolekiwe. USisulu wayehola ngokuthola amakhasimende. UMandela watshela uSisulu ukuthi ufuna ukufundela ukuba ummeli, ngakho uSisulu wamethula kummeli uLazar Sidelsky, owavuma ukuba afundele ubumeli ngaphansi kwakhe, (namuhla kwaziwa ngokufundela ukuba ummeli ngokwenza inkonzo yomphakathi) ngesikhathi enza izifundo zakhe ebe esebenza.
Kwakungavamile ngalezo zinsuku ukuthi inkampani yabameli inikeze umuntu onsundu umsebenzi ophathelene nezomthetho – ezweni lonke kwakunabameli abaneziqu abangu-18 ngo-1946 ngesikhathi lapho kwakungabaNsundu abangu-2% kuphela abahlala eGoli ababengathola ilungelo lokusebenza njengabameli ngokusemthethweni. UMandela wabhalisela ukufunda e-UNISA, nokwakhokhelwa uSisulu futhi waqala ukusebenzela inkampani i-Witkin.
Umuntu wokuqala onsundu owamukelwa njengommeli enkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika kwakungu-Alfred Mangena (mhla zingu-14 Julayi 1910) walandelwa uPixley ka Isaka Seme (mhla zingu-22 Disemba 1910) noGeorge Dixon Montsio ngo-1911. Ngo-1960 kwakunabameli abansundu abangu-60 eNingizimu Afrika okungenani oyedwa kwabathathu babo babezinze eTranskei ngaleso sikhathi. Izikhungo eziqondisayo ekuLondolozweni Kwendabuko okungenani zazinamathuba afanayo nalawo ayetholakala eGoli lapho imithetho yobandlululo yasemadolobheni yayenza ukusebenza kungaqiniseki. Abansundu Abachumayo, bahlangana eBunga, baba nendawo ethi bona eMtata futhi bavulela isizukulwane esisha sabameli abaNsundu amathuba amahle kakhulu abawenza lo msebenzi. Ezinye izikhungo ezaziqhuba umsebenzi wezomthetho kwabaNsundu zaziseGoli naseThekwini.
Maphakathi no-1942 uMandela wahlala mahhala endaweni ehlala izisebenzi zasemayini futhi wahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa emzini kaWalter Sisulu e-7372 Orlando West. Kulapha lapho ahlangana khona no-Evelyn Mase, futhi bashada ngomhlaka-5 Okthoba 1944, ngemva ‘kokuthandana isikhashana.’ UMandela wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha u-Evelyn enengamashumi amabili nantathu futhi yayingekho imali yelobolo neyedili lomshado. UThembekile wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Febhuwari 1946. U-Evelyn wayehola amaphawundi angu-18 ngenyanga emsebenzini wakhe wokuba umhlengikazi futhi lezi zithandani zahamba zayohlala e-8115 Orlando West zikhokha irenti engu-17d 6din ngenyanga cishe ngasekuqaleni kuka-1947. UbakwaMandela bathola ingane yesibili, intombazane egama layo uMakiwaze. Wayephila ngokugula kusukela ezalwa futhi akazange alulame, washona ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-9, ngo-1948. Indodana yesibili, uMakgatho, yazalwa ngo-Agasti 1950, futhi ngo-1954 kwazalwa enye indodakazi uMakaziwe, nowaqanjwa lelo gama kukhunjulwa indodakazi eyashona isencane eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambilini.
Impilo njengommeli osafunda yayinzima nemali ingekho. Umholo wakhe wokuqala kwakungamaphawundi amabili ngenyanga neyakhula yaba amaphawundi angu-8 ngenyanga ngoDisemba 1946. Wayenesudi eyedwa ayayiphiwe uMnu. Sidelsky eyayidinga ayithunge njalo ukuze ihlale isesimweni. Ngezinye izikhathi wayehamba ngezinyawo amamayela amahlanu eya emsebenzini ukuze onge imali yebhasi khona ezothenga ngayo ukudla. Ngawo-1940, uma ufundela ukuba ummeli, kwakudingeka ufunde iminyaka emihlanu uphase neziVivinyo Zokuba Ummeli futhi yilokho uMandela akwenza ukuze abe ummeli.
Omunye owayesebenzela uSidelsky kwakungomunye umfundi uNat Bregman, osenkolweni kaMarx nowayengusomahlala owayesebenza emsakazweni ngezinye izikhathi nokwathi kamuva waba nenkampani yakhe yabameli. UMandela wamchaza njengomngane wakhe wokuqala ongumlungu, wayeya emihlanganweni naye futhi edla naye ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Wayefunda ngokuzimisela okukhulu kusihlwa futhi ngo-1943 wabuyela eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare eyokwethweswa iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of Arts.
Ngo-1943 uMandela waphinde wabhalisa eWits ukuze enze izifundo zakhe ze-Bachelor of Laws – i-LLB, ngethemba lokuba ummeli. Wayengafundi ngokugcwele futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguye yedwa umfundi onsundu emkhakheni wezomthetho futhi wayengakaze abe khona umuntu onsundu ongummeli enkantolo ephakeme eJohannesburg. UDuma Nokwe waba ngummeli wokuqala onsundu ukuba ilungu leNhlangano Yabameli ngo-1956. Enyuvesi wahlangana noJoe Slovo, uRuth First, uBram Fischer, uGeorge Bizos, u-J.N. Singh no-Ismail Meer, phakathi kwabaningi. NgoDisemba 1946 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokuboleka imali engamaphawundi angu-250 ku-Bantu Welfare Trust, athi wayeyidingela ukufunda ngokugcwele unyaka wakhe wokugcina enza i-LLB. Wayithola le mali. Ngokusho kwakhe, uMandela wathi wayengumfundi odonsa kanzima – kwamthatha iminyaka eyisithupha efunda i-LLB futhi wehluleka kathathu ukuphumelela unyaka wokugcina. NgoDisemba 1949 wabhalela iSikhulu Somkhakha Wezomthetho, uSolwazi Hahlo emcela ukuba amnikeze ithuba lokugcina ukuze abhale izifundo eyengaziphumelelanga. Emhlanganweni okhethekile owawungomhlaka-14 Disemba 1949 iSikhulu Somkhakha nezinye izisebenzi eziyisithupha zebhodi lalo mkhakha basichitha isicelo sakhe, ngoba wayefeyile izifundo ezintathu onyakeni wakhe wokugcina.
Ngo-1952, uMandela waphinde wabhalisela ukwenza i-LLB eWits, kodwa lokho kwakhanselwa phakathi nonyaka ngenxa yokungayikhokhi imali yenyuvesi. Nakuba manje ayesesebenzela i-Hyman Basner njengommeli, kuyaphawulela ukuthi uMandela wayengenayo imali yokukhokhela izifundo zakhe, kodwa kulokhu kubukeka sengathi inyuvesi yayizimisele ukuzwelana naye.
Lapho uthisha omkhulu, uHumphrey Raikes, etshelwa ummeleli wenyuvesi ngokukhanselwa okuqubekayo, watusa ukuba uMandela anikezwe ithuba lokubonana nomqondisi omkhulu, uGlyn Thomas, okwakukhalwa kuye nowayengase abe necebiso nosizo okukahle. UMandela akazange asamukele leso simemo — ngaleso sikhathi wayegxile kakhulu eMkhankasweni Wokuvukela, futhi ngokushesha wasungula eyakhe inkampani yabameli ebambisene no-Oliver Tambo
Ngo-1948, uDaniel Francois Malan waba uNdunankulu futhi waqala ukuphoqelela ubandlululo olwedlulele. Umbhali u-JM Coetzee uluchaza ngale ndlela elandelayo ubandlululo: ‘Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso esiphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngobuhlanga noma ngobuzwe, esenziwa sasebenza iqembu elikhethekile, elizichaza lona ukuze liqinise ukubuswa amazwe angaphandle ngokukhethekile ukuze liwabambe liwaqinise amagugu awambiwa phansi.’ Leli qembu lalakhiwa abelungu kuphela (ngaleso sikhathi bebizwa ngabantu baseYurophu). Umbhali Wemidlalo u-Athol Fugard wabhala: ‘Ngoba ngokuqinisekile, akukho ndawo namuhla emhlabeni – futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi esedlule – okwake kwaba nomphakathi lapho ifilosophi yezepolitiki ebusayo, esekelwa futhi isizwe iqembu elibusayo lenkolo yobuKristu, eye yaholela abesilisa nabesifazane ababukeka bekhaliphile ebuphukuphukwini obungachazeki nobudida ingqondo – okwenza kumangaze nakakhulu ukusabalala kwalesi simo sobuhlanya. Ayikho indawo ekuphileni kwethu kwangasese nokuvuleleke kubantu, engaphazanyiswanga yile nto.’
‘Umama’ wesishaya-mthetho sobandlululo (njengoba sasaziwa kanjalo ePhalamende ngo-1990) kwakunguMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu Ka-1950, owahlukanisa bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngobuhlanga. Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu, nawo ongoka-1950 wawuveza izindawo okungahlala kuzo izinhlanga ezithile kanti uMthetho Wamandla Abantu Ka-1951 waphoqa ukuba kube neziNdawo Zabansundu (Bantustans) okwenza kwaba nezigidi zabantu abangebona abelungu ukuba bangabi izakamuzi zezwe abazalelwe kulo, nokuthi babhekwe njengezigebengu uma bengenawo ‘amapasi.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu H J Botha wakhuluma ngale ndlela elandelayo ngomthetho wezindawo zabansundu eNdlini Yokuhlangana. ‘Njengoba nje okhokho bethu abangamaDashi bakha izindonga ezivikela amanzi adlulayo eZeeland ukuze bagcine uLwandle Lwasenyakatho lukude nezwe loyise, namuhla sakha izindonga zesiko kuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika ukuze sizigcine zikude izidlamlilo ezinsundu.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu C M Warren we-United Party wacaphuna umzala kaMandela, iNkosi uKaizer Matanzima eNdlini Yokuhlangana ngale ndlela elandelayo: ‘Kimi, intuthuko ehlukile iyilokho uMagna Carta ayikho kubantu baseBrithani. Ngifisa ukuqinisekisa abantu ukuthi abaholi baseTranskei bangabalwa phakathi kwabantu abahlakaniphile emhlabeni.’
Mhla zingu-18 Febuwari 1953 uNobhala Womnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnu AEM Jansen, wamemezela ukuthi kwakungumthetho wesikhathi eside woMnyango Wezobulungisa ukwethula ubandlululo ezinkantolo zeNyunyana, futhi ngo-1960 iMantshi Ephakeme YaseCape Town yamemezela ukuthi wonke amagumbi asezinkantolo kulelo dolobha anamatafula ahlukile abameli abangebona abelungu. Njengommeli uMandela wayesazobona ukubandlululwa ngobuhlanga nokucwaswa okwengeziwe ngokuthi acelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba aveze ikhadi lakhe ‘elimHlonza Njengommeli’ noma ezinye iziMantshi zimbuze ngokufaneleka kwakhe ukuba ummeli – into eyayingavamile ukwenzeka kubameli abangabelungu.
Ngo-1951, eseziphothulile izifundo zakhe e-Witkin, uMandela wasebenzela inkampani yabameli i-Terreblanche and Briggish lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangonyaka. Wabe esejoyina inkampani yabameli i-Helman and Michel lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangezinyanga ezintathu. Ukuze akwazi ukuhola imali eyanele nokunakekela umndeni wakhe uMandela waqala ukufundela izivivinyo ezizomenza afaneleke njengommeli nowakwazi ukuziqeda. Ngokwemibiko ye-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal (yangaphambili), uMandela wafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngoMashi 1951. I-Law Society yaqala ukuba khona ngo-1892 ibizwa nge-De Ingelijfde Orde van Procureurs en Notarissen. Ngo-1902 yaba i-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal, futhi elinye lamalungu ayo kunguMahatma Ghandi, owafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngo-1903. Ngo-1975 yethiwa elinye igama yaba i-Law Society of the Transvaal futhi namuhla yaziwa nge-Law Society of the Northern Provinces. Ngemva kokuphumelela izivivinyo zakhe, uMandela wasebenza e-HM Basner njengommeli ophelele. I-Hymie Basner yayiwasekela ngentshiseko amalungelo abaNsundu. Ngokusho kukaMandela ‘izinyanga eziningi ngisebenza ngangivame ukuba senkantolo ngimele amakhasimende amaningi ale nkampani aNsundu.......ngemva kwesipiliyoni engasithola lapha ngase ngikulungele ukuzimela.’
Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ngomhlaka-5 Septhemba 1952 ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli ozimele. Unobhala wakhe kwakunguZubelda Patel owahamba noMandela esuka e-HM Basner. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Oliver Tambo wayesebenzela inkampani yabameli eyayaziwa nge-Kovalsky and Tuch futhi uMandela wayejwayele ukumvakashela lapho ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wabazisa ngomhlaka-4 Disemba 1953 ukuthi wayesesebenzisana no-Oliver Tambo. URuth Mompati wabajoyina ngalowo nyaka njengonobhala wezomthetho.
Kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yabameli abansundu abasebenzisanayo eNingizimu Afrika futhi yayaziwa nge-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
Nakhu okushiwo uMandela encwadini yomlando wakhe ethi Long Walk to Freedom:
‘Kusukela ekuqaleni i-Mandela and Tambo yayinamakhasimende amaningi kakhulu. Sasingebona abameli abaNsundu okuwukuphela kwabo eNingizimu Afrika kodwa sasiwukuphela kwenkampani yabameli abaNsundu. Kubantu abaNsundu, sasiwukuphela kwenkampani abangayisebenzisa. Ukuze sifike emahhovisi ethu ekuseni sasihamba phakathi kwesixuku sabantu emihubheni, ezitebhisini nasegunjini lokulinda elincane emahhovisi ethu.
Ngasheshe ngakuqaphela lokho okushiwo i-Mandela and Tambo kubantu abaNsundu abavamile. Yayiyindawo abangeza kuyo bathole ukulalelwa ngesineke nabangasebenzisana nayo ngokuphumelelayo, indawo ababengasoze babuyiselwa emuva futhi kudlalwe ngabo kuyo, indawo ababengazizwa beqiniseka ngempela ukuthi bazomelwa abadoda anesikhumba esifana nesabo. Yileso isizathu esangenza ngaba ummeli kwasekuqaleni, futhi umsebenzi wami wawungenza ngizizwe ngiqiniseka ukuthi ngenze isinqumo esifanele.’
Izikhathi zokusebenza kule nkampani yalaba ababambisene zazisukela ku-8.00 kuya ku-17.00 bejwayele ukuvala emini futhi behamba bobabili beyodla isitshulu. Lapho bobabili besayodla isidlo sasemini babejwayele ukubuya sekunolunye uyide lwabantu olubalindile. Nsuku zonke uMandela wayeshayela imoto yakhe enemibala emibilli eluhlaza okotshani yohlobo lwe-Oldsmobile (ayeyibiza ngenkunzimalanga yakhe ye-Oldsmobile) esuka e-Orlando eya e-Chancellor House, egqoke isudi enebhantshi elinezinkinombo ezisagolide ezifaswa ngapha nangapha esifubeni ethungwe u-Alfred Khan, owayephinde athunge amasudi kaHarry Oppenheimer. UMandela no-Oppenheimer kungenzeka ukuthi babenomthungi oyedwa, kodwa babenemibono engafani. UHarry Oppenheimer, owayeyilungu le-United Party ePhalamende eDolobheni LaseKimberley, watshela i-Cape Times ngomhlaka-26 Julayi 1956: “Kubalulekile, nokho, ukuba ingxenye enkulu yokuhlukaniswa komphakathi nezakhamuzi ilondolozwe iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ngoba umuntu wase-Afrika ‘usaphila ngesidala kakhulu ngokwezepolitiki, isiko nenkolo yakhe.’ Uqagula ukuphela kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, kodwa kusazodlula izizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, ngenxa yokuthi ama-Afrika kwakusadingeka akhuliswe ngezindlela zaseYurophu.”
UMandela wayengummeli ohamba phambili ngakho konke, nakuba enkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ayejwayele ukunyakazisa umzimba njengokungathi uyalingisa emdlalweni weshashalazi futhi enokweqisa. Uzakwabo u-Oliver Tambo wayehluke ngokuphelele – ethula, ecabangela futhi ecabanga ngokujulile. Ngamazwi akhe, uMandela wathi wayehluleka ukugcina kahle amaphepha omsebenzi nokunakekela izindaba zezimali, kuyilapho uTambo ayenakisisa futhi ecophelela. Ngokho bobabili njengoba besebenzisana bavumelana ukuthi umsebenzi omningi kaMandela uzoba ukunakekela amacala enkantolo kuthi uTambo anakekele umsebenzi wasehhovisi. Ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi kaMandela wawulinganiselwe eNkantolo Kamantshi yesifunda saseJohannesburg nokwakubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwakhe wayengakwazi ukusingatha amacala asezinkantolo ezingaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Ngakho uTambo kwakumelwe enze lowo msebenzi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wabo waphazamiseka.
Ngo-1950 uHulumeni waphasisa uMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi ngaleyo ndlela uqeda i-Communist Party, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamalungu angaba ngu-2500. Kwaqokwa owayezobhekelela lokhu kuqedwa ukuze engamele ukuvalwa kwezinhlangano zobuKhomanisi nokwakha uhlu lwabantu abangamaKhomanisi, ababengamaKhomanisi nabasekela ubuKhomanisi. Ngo-1958 owayebhekelele ukuqedwa kwe-Communist Party wakhipha amagama abantu abangaba ngu-600 abangaphansi kwalo Mthetho ayefaka phakathi igama likaWalter Sisulu noNelson Mandela. Ngo-1968, ngesikhathi bedonsa izigwebo zabo eRobben Island, laba bangane abakhulu ngokuphumelelayo bafaka isicelo enkantolo becela ukuba amagama abo akhishwe kulolu hlu.
Umkhankaso Wokuvukela Imithetho Engenabo Ubulungisa waqala ngomhlaka-26 Juni 1952. NgoDisemba 1952 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa wakhipha isaziso esenqabela uMandela ukuba abe khona kunoma imuphi umhlangano okhona esifundeni sikamantshi izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi waphinde wenqatshelwa ukuhlala kunoma iyiphi indawo yeNyunyana ngaphandle kwasifunda sikaMantshi SaseJohannesburg. Amaphoyisa amisa lo mkhankaso oqhubekayo ngokubopha abaholi bawo abaningi, kuhlanganise uMandela, owabekwa icala ngaphansi koMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi. Babengamashumi amabili ababengabasolwa, futhi wawumkhulu kakhulu umsindo enkantolo kangangokuba kwadingeka ukuba imantshi icele umongameli we-ANC, uDkt Moroka (owayethathe isikhundla sikaDkt Xuma njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1949) ukuba axoshe leso sixuku, futhi wenza kanjalo. Bonke abasolwa batholwa benecala lokubhebhezela ubuKhomanisi futhi bathola izigwebo ezilengisiwe. UJaji Rumpff owayengamele leli cala wathi abasolwa babenxenxe ngokuqhubekayo abavukeli ukuba balandele ‘isenzo esinokuthula nokuthi bagweme ukudlame lwanoma iluphi uhlobo.’ Ngomhlaka-20 Juni 1949 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa, u-CR Swart wathi emkhandlwini obusayo: ‘Yebo, izimantshi namjaji ethu aqeqeshelwe ukubona ukuthi ‘yiqhinga’ leli lapho kwenzeka okuthile, futhi ngiye ngaqaphela ukuthi iningi lalaba Bantu Bendabuko lizama ukwenza sengathi limsulwa, futhi alimsulwa ngendlela okubonakala sengathi limsulwa ngayo.’
Ngenxa yaleli cala, i-Transvaal Law Society yafaka isicelo sokuba igama likaMandela likhishwe ohlwini lwabameli. Leli cala lalalelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uMandela wamelwa usihlalo weNhlangano Yabameli EJohannesburg, uWalter Pollak. Inkantolo yasenqaba lesi sicelo yathola nokuthi, nakuba izenzo zakhe zingabhekwa njengezibucayi, wayezimisele ukusiza abantu bakubo abangebona abelungu. Inkantolo yathi lesi sizathu asanele ukuthi kungakhishwa igama lakhe ohlwini. Ngokuvumelana ne-Incorporated Law Society of theTransvaal v Mandela 1954 (3) SA 102 (T), inkantolo yaphinde yathola ukuthi angakhishwa kuphela ohlwini uma akwenzile kumenza angakufanelekeli ukuba sohlwini lwalo msebenzi ohloniphekile. Impikiswano yaqhubeka futhi, ekucabangeni okuyiphutha kokuthi kungumsebenzi wenkantolo ukujezisa ummeli otholwe enecala. Lesi sicelo sachithwa.
Ngomhlaka-25 kuya ku-26 Mayi 1955, abantu abangaba ngu-3000 bafika eMhlanganweni Wabantu owabanjelwa eKliptown lapho kwaphasiswa khona i-Freedom Charter. Eminye futhi imikhankaso ebalulekie ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumkhankaso weziNdawo Zabasentshonalanga (ukukhishwa ngokhahlo) nomkhankaso owawumelene ne-Bantu education (imfundo yaBantu Abansundu).
NgoLwesithathu ekuseni, ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 1956, kwabonakala ‘isenzo samaphoyisa esimangalisayo eNyunyaneni,’ njengoba amaPhoyisa, ephethe amaphepha agunyazwe ngokusemthethweni asayinwe iMantshi YaseJohannesburg, ngobuningi ayethelekela abaholi bezepolitiki abaningana futhi ababopha ngecala lokuvukela elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi batshelwa ukuba babuyele enkantolo bazolalela icala labo eFort, iJele LaseJohannesburg Elikhulu, ngomhlaka-19 Disemba 1956. UNelson Mandela no-Oliver Tambo babephakathi kwabasolwa – iCala Lokuvukela Umbuso njengoba lalaziwa kanjalo ladonsa iminyaka eminingi futhi laba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emsebenzini wobumeli abambisene kuwo.
Ukuphenya ngemibuzo okulungiselela icala okwase kuthathe isikhathi eside kwaqala ngomhlaka-19 Desemba 1956. Umbuso wawuthi i-Freedom Charter yakhiwa i-ANC, i-SAIC, i-SACP ne-COD nokuthi inezinyathelo zokugumbuqela umbuso nokumisa umbuso wobukhomanisi; nokuthi abanye babasolwa babenze izinkulumo ezigqugquzela umsebenzi wokwenezela okufanele wenziwe iphalamende ukusekela le njongo, ngokwesibonelo, uguquko olwenziwa ngodlame nokuchithwa kwegazi. Omunye ummeli kwabamele abamangalelwa, uVernon Berrange QC, ukuphikisa kwakhe kwakuthi icala lokuvukela umbuso elibelwe laba abangu-156 liwuzungu lwezepolitiki njengelabantu abacindezelwa umbuso phakathi nenkathi yokuPhenya Ngemibuzo noma icala lomlilo waseReichstag eJalimane. Abameli babamangalelwa baveza ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa “babeyizisulu zezindaba zepolitiki kulabo ababengabashushisi.” Wathi, “leli akulona icala elijwayelekile, uma ubheka indlela ababoshwe ngayo abamangalelwa.” Amanye amalungu oPhiko Olukhethekile (Special Branch) lwe-CID avuma lapho abameli babamangalelwa bewahloma imibuzo ukuthi i-ANC yayijwayele ukugcizelela ukuthi “umzabalazo wayo awunalo udlame.” Ukuphenya ngemibuzo ukungiselela icala kwaphela ngoSepthemba 1957, futhi amacala ayebekwe abantu abangu-64 ababehlanganisa u-Oliver Tambo, nomongameli we-ANC u-Albert Luthuli ahoxiswa. Icala lalilokhu lihlehliswa unyaka nonyaka futhi ngoMashi 1961 uJustice Rumpff wakhipha isahlulelo, wabathola begenacala bonke abamangalelwa. Lokhu kwakusekelwe ekutheni ‘uHulumeni wehluleka ukufakazela ukuthi wawulawulwa amaKhomanisi nokuthi abashushisi babehlulekile kufakazela ukuthi uMhlangano wawuhloselwe ‘ukusebenzisa udlame’ ukuthola abakudingayo.’
NgoJanuwari 1958 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokudivosa u-Evelyn enkanto, futhi idivosi yaphethwa mhla zingu-19 Mashi 1958. Ngokwemigomo yedivosi eyakhishwa inkantolo, u-Evelyn wasala nomuzi owawuse-8115 Orlando. Waphinde wathola netayitela lomhlaba uMandela ayewuthengile eMtata, yasala ngakuye impahla eningi, futhi wathola isamba semali engamaphawundi angu-50. Waphinde wanikezwa ilungelo lokugcina izingane ezincane ezintathu nemali yesondlo engamaphawundi angu-15 nyanga zonke ukuzikhulisa nokukhokha imali yesikole. NgoJuni 1958 uMandela wakhululwa izinsuku eziyisithupha emthethweni owawumenqabela ukwenza okuthile futhi washada noWinnie eBizana mhla zingu-14 Juni 1958. UWinnie waboshwa okokuqala ngo-Okthoba 1958, ngemva kokujoyina uphiko lwabesifazane be-ANC e-Orlando esitelekeni somphakathi futhi wagciwa amasonto amabili. UZenani wazalwa ngomhlaka-5 Febuwari 1959 futhi uZindzi wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Disemba 1960. Imithetho yasejele yayingazivumeli izivakashi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-16, okwenza uMandela waba nobuhlungu obukhulu ngesikhathi esejele.
UJohn Vorster waqokwa njeNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa ngo-1960. NjengoMandela, uVorster wayengummeli owayeke waboshwa phakathi kuka-1942 no-1944 eKoffiefontein ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe zezepolitiki. UVorster wayekhule waze waba uJenene ophikweni lwezempi lwe-Ossewabrandwag, nakuba ayethi wayengakaze enze into ebangela umonakalo. Wayejwayele ukufunga ethi ‘uzocoboshisa’ amakhomanisi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe wethula ‘umthetho wokuboshwa izinsuku ezingu-90,’ lapho umuntu ayengase aboshwe izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphandle kokuthweswa icala.
Ngomhlaka-21 Mashi 1960 kwenzeka isibhicongo saseSharpeville futhi ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezinhlangano Ezingemthetho, inhlangano ye-PAC ne-ANC zavalwa. Kwakhishwa umthetho wesimo esibucayi owawuzothatha izinsuku ezingu-156 – ngesinye isikhathi kwaboshwa abantu abangu-21 000 eModder B abanye baboshelwa kwamanye amakamu.
Ngo-Okthoba 1960, umbuso kaVerwoerd waba nokhetho lwabelungu kuphela ukuze izwe lenziwe i-republic (izwe labantu). Iningi lakusekela lokho. Usuku lokumemezela izwe njengeZwe Labantu lwaqondaniswa nomgubho wenyunyana weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanye, mhla zingu-31 Mayi 1961. NgoMayi 1961 futhi ngemva nje kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuphele iminyaka emihlanu yomthetho wesibili omvibhelayo, uMandela wabonakala engqungqutheleni okuthiwa i-All-In Africa eyayisePietermaritzburg, eyayihanjelwe abantu abangaba ngu-1 400.
Bacela ukuba kube ‘nomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi ongacwasi ngobuhlanga’ eNingizimu Afrika futhi baphoqa ukuthi kube nomhlangano omkhulu kazwelonke wabameleli abadala abangabesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo, bazo zonke izinhlanga namasiko. Lo mhlangano wakha isisekelo sohulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuphelele, uMandela etshela izihambeli. Ngokushesha uMandela wazibonakalisa engumuntu okwaziyo ukumela izindaba zomphakathi i-ANC eyake yamazi. Lapho kutheleka amaphoyisa, uMandela nabanye abaholi bacasha kuleso sakhiwo.
Amaphoyisa ezokulondeka, ayethe “azoqela bonke abaholi abangebona abelungu lapho bevela,” aqala umkhankaso wokuthungatha uMandela nayesebenzisana nabo. Waqhubeka inyanga yonke, kodwa kwakuqabukela kudlule usuku igama likaMandela lingahambi phambili kwabezindaba. Kwakushayelwa abahleli bamaphephandaba izingcingo, futhi uMandela wayelokhu aziwa nakakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, futhi wayeba nemihlangano eyimfihlo nezintatheli. Ezifihlile nalapho engazifihlile, uMandela wayebonakala kakhulu – futhi edlula phambi kwawo amaphoyisa. Nokho izwi lokuthi abangaphumi emakhaya aliphumelelanga ekuphazamiseni ngokugcwele izingqondo zabantu abaningi ababengenandaba nezepolitiki.
Ngomhlaka-8 Januwari 1961 uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli osizayo. Ngomhlaka-7 Juni 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa uMandela ukuthi wayengasasebenzi njengommeli osizayo kodwa ukuthi wayesezokwenza ‘imisebenzi ethile’ eNkantolo Kamantshi. Ngomhlaka-5 Julayi 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa inkampani yabameli eseGermiston i-H Davidoff and Herman ukuthi uMnu. Mandela useyekile ukusebenza njemmeli. Lokho kwaba isaziso sokugcina i-Law Society eyasithola sivela kuMandela njengommeli – manje owayesezokwenza umsebenzi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Esigamwini sokugcina sonyaka ngo-1961 uMandela, uSisulu nabanye abaholi be-ANC namalungu enhlangano yamakhomanisi bakha “Umkhonto Wesizwe” ukwenza umsebenzi wezempi ohloliwe. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1961 ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, kwamiswa amakamu kwaqhunyiswa namabhomu ezindaweni ezazihlonziwe. UMandela wayebonakala manje anyamalale manje ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika futhi abezindaba babembiza “nge-Pimpernel (uhlobo oluthile lwembali) Emnyama”. Wahlala isikhathi esithile endaweni encane eRivonia, enza sengathi usebenza egadini noma ungumshayeli. NgoJanuwari 1962 kwakufanele aphinde ahlangane nalowo ayesebenza naye, u-Oliver Tambo, eTopiya, lapho uTambo ayethunyelwe khona ukuba amise i-ANC yangaphandle
UMandela wakhishwa ngesinyenyela eNingizimu Afrika ehamba ngogwaqo iLobatsi oseBotswana, wayesethatha indiza eya e-Addis Ababa. Ngokwedayari yakhe uMandela wayebhekwa njengesivakashi sikahulumeni futhi abaholi abanjengoJulius Nyerere, uHabib Bourguiba, uSekou Toure, uLeophold Senghor, uBen Balla waseNigeria noWilliam Tubman waseLiberia ‘bamphatha ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu.’ ELondon wahlangana noHugh Gaitskell we-Labour Party, noJo Grimmond we-Labour Party. UHaile Selassie waseTopiya wanikeza uMandela iphasiphothi-mbumbulu enegama likaDavid Motsamayi, owayeyikhasimende enkampanini yabameli i-Mandela and Tambo. UMandela wasebenzisa leli gama-mbumbulu lapho ebuyela eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngomhlaka-5 Agasti 19 62 uMandela waboshelwa ngaphandle kwaseHowick, eKZN ezenza umuntu oshayelela omunye – wayevela emhlanganweni ayewubambe noLuthuli, ezombikela ngohambo lwakhe lokuvakashela amazwe omhlaba.
NgoMayi 2016 i-Sunday Times yaveza ukuthi uDavid Rickard, owayeyiSekela Lenxusa Le-US eThekwini nowayesebenzela i-CIA, wavuma ukuthi nguye owakhipha ulwazi olwaholela ekubanjweni kukaMandela.
Icala likaMandela lokubhebhezela isiteleka nokuphuma ezweni engenayo iphasiphothi laliseNkantolo Yesefunda SaseJohannesburg futhi watholwa enecala. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ebhadle ejele, wabe esethunyelwa eRobben Island, lapho avalelwa yedwa. NgoJuni 1963, kwaba nezenzo zokucekela phansi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezenziwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngomhlaka-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa athatha impahla eseRivonia, eyayinamaphepha amaningi abandakanya uMandela nabakhi bozungu. Wasuswa ejele walethwa eRivonia futhi, ngasekupheleni kwecala watholwa enecala kuwo wonke amacala amane ayebekwe wona futhi wagwetshwa udilika ijele.
Ihhovisi e-Chancellor House lacekelwa phansi umlilo ngo-1960 futhi lokhu kanye nemisebenze yezepolitiki eyayikhula ngamandla kwenza kwangaba lula ngabo ukuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi wobumeli futhi yavalwa. Ngo-2011 lapho lesi sakhiwo sesizodilizwa, sathola imali yokusilungisa engu-7 million wamarandi ivela ku-Johannesburg Development Agency.
Amahhovisi amathathu enkampani yabameli azoba umtapo wolwazi onezincwadi zamacala ezomthetho asingathwa yile nkampani ezifakwe kuyikhompuyutha.
Imnyuziyamu izoba sesitezi esiphansi futhi lokhu kuzohlanganisa izincwadi zamacala asenkantolo, izithombe ezingazange zinyatheliswe esikhathini esidlule, imithetho evimbelayo – konke okuhlobene nomsebenzi we-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
U-Advocate George Bizos, umngane nommeli omdala kaMandela wayeyisimenywa esikhethekile lapho kwethulwa lezi zakhiwo ezivuselelwe futhi wathi: Ngiyajabula ngesinyathelo esithathwe iDolobha sokuvuselela lesi sakhiwo; siyisakhiwo esiphilayo, indawo ephilayo kamhlonishwa uNelson Mandela, u-Oliver Tambo, uDuma Nokwe, uMendi Msimang, uGodfrey Pitje nabanye.
Kwakungesikhathi elindele isigwebo ecaleni laseRivonia lapho abhala futhi waphasa izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala ze-LLB njengomfundi ofunda engaphandle owabhalisa ngeNyuvesi YaseLondon. Ngo-1967 lapho eseRobben Island wayesenza unyaka wakhe wokugcina lapho ephazamiseka futhi. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nzima kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ngo-1970 uvala izincwadi eziqhamuka phesheya ayezithola ngenxusa laseBrithani.
Ngo-1974, wacabanga ngokuqedela i-LLB yakhe eWits, wenza inyuvesi ukuba imphendule ngokuqapha nangokomthetho kunokuzwelana naye. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezamajele wavala ukuxhumana kwakhe neWits futhi wamenqabela ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ze-LLB, kungaba ngeLondon, iWits noma i-Unisa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uMandela waphoqeleka ukuba athathe izifundo zomuntu oqalayo futhi wabhalisela ukwenza i-BCom (kwezoMthetho) e-Unisa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1981, umphathi emkhakheni wezomthetho e-Unisa, uSolwazi Willem Joubert, wakhuluma nohulumeni ngokungabi nangqondo kokuqhubeka nokwenqabela uMandela ukuba enze i-LLB, futhi wakwazi ukubhalisela i-LLB e-Unisa, owagcina eyithole ngo-1989, sekuphele iminyaka engu-46 eyibhalisele okokuqala eWits.
Abameli abaningi bawabheka amacala kaNelson Mandela angokomthetho nahlobene nalokho ngesikhathi eboshiwe. Inkampani yabameli eseCape Town i-Bernadt, Vukic, Potash & Getz (eyayaziwa nge-Frank, Bernadt & Joffe) yahlanganisa umsebenzi waphakathi kuka-1966 no-1990. Ngo-2004 i-Himan Bernadt yethula amafayela angokomthetho amayelana noMandela ku-Centre of Memory. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uMandela wayethatha indaba ayidlulisele enkantolo lapho amagunya ephula noma ehluleka ukulandela imithetho eshaywe yiwo, futhi la mafayela enkampani abonisa ukuzimisela kukaMandela ukubekela amagunya inselele esebenzisa zonke izindlela ezikhona.
Ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 2013, uNelson Mandela wadlula emhlabaeni eneminyaka engu-95. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-The Law Society of South Africa, egameni lamalungu ayo ayisithupha yakhipha isitatimende esilandelayo.
‘Emhlabeni wayengungqa-phambili, emndenini wakhe nasesizweni sethu, engubaba, kodwa emsebenzini wobumeli wayeyisisekelo sezimiso wonke ummeli azifisa ukuphila ngazo: ukubuyisana, ubulungisa ekuhlalisaneni nokuhlonipha izindlela zokuphila ezivikelwa uMthetho Wamalungelo.
Njengabameli sizizwa sihloniphekile ngokuthi uMnu. Mandela wakhetha ukusebenza ezinhlwini zethu. Yena, ekanye no-Oliver Tambo, bavula inkampani yabameli abansundu yokuqala ezweni, okwalethela abantu ababengenathemba ithemba nesithunzi, okwacabela isizukulwane samanje sabameli indlela eya phambili.’
Ifa likaMandela labhalwa okokuqala ngo-2004 lachitshiyelwa ngo-2008.
Unkosikazi kaMandela wesibili, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, akafakwanga efeni. Yena noMandela badivosa ngo-1996.
Ngo-2014 abameli baWinnie Mandela bafaka amaphepha enkantolo athi umuzi wawuthola ngesikhathi besashadile noMandela futhi ungowakhe ngokuvumelana nemigomo yamasiko abaThembu. Ngo-Aphreli 2016 iNkantol Ephakeme YaseMthatha yasichitha lesi sicelo wakhokha nezindleko. Ngo-Agasti 2016 wadlulisela icala ku-SCA ukuze kushintshwe lesi sinqumo.
NgoMayi 2016 kwaphinde kwaphothulwa konke ukwabiwa kwefa likaNelson Mandela. Ababengamele zonke izinto uGeorge Bizos noDikgang Moseneke balichaza ngendlela elandelayo ifa likaMandela:
UMachel uzothola izindawo ezine laba ababeshadile ababengabanikazi bazo ngokuhlanganyela eMozambique. Uzophinde athole izimoto zabo, ubucwebe abuthola lapho beshada nayo yonke imali ekuma-akhawunti asebhange noma etshalwe ezikhungweni zabo zezimali.
UMachel noMandela babeshade ngelungiselelo elihlanganisa amafa. Wayengunkosikazi wakhe wesithathu. Izingane uMachel azithola ngesikhathi esengunkosikazi wowayengumongameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel, uJosina noMalengane Machel, ngamunye wathola u-R3m.
Washiyela ngayinye yezingane eziyisithupha uMachel azithola emshadweni owandulele u-R100 000. UMachel wanikezwa izinsuku ezingu-90 ukunquma ukuthi uzolisebenzisa yini ilungelo lakhe lokuthatha isigamu sefa likaMandela, uMoseneke wathi walisebenzisa.
Imizi kaMandela eseHoughton, eJohannesburg, eCape Town, eQunu naseMthatha eMpumalanga Koloni yashiywa ku-trust yomndeni.
Amalungu omndeni ayezosebenzisa le mizi emihlanu ukuze ahlale kuyo kuye ngesidingo.
Imali yahlukaniswa ngendlela elandelyo:
- Izingane uMandela azithola kumkakhe wokuqala u-Evelyn, uMakgatho Mandela noMakaziwe Mandela, zathola u-R3.5m no-R3.3m ngokulandelana.
- Izingane zikaMakgatho, uMandla, uNdaba, uMbuso no-Andile Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R1.1.
- Izingane zikaMakaziwe - uDumani noTukwini Mandela, u-Adjao Amuah noKweku Amuah – ngayinye yathola u-R1.1m.
- Izingane zikaThembekile Mandela, uNdileka noNandi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3.3m efeni. UThembekile indodana endala uMandela ayithola ku-Evelyn.
- Izingane zikaMadikizela-Mandela, uZenani Mandela-Dlamini noZindzi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3m.
- Izingane zikaZenani - uZinhle, uZaziwe and uZamaswazi – ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
- UBambatha, uZondwa, uZwelabo noZoleka, okuyizingane zikaZindzi, ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
- Umzukulu kaMandela, uZozuko Mandela, okuyingane kaZamaswazi, wathola u-R100 000 efeni.
- Abayisishiyagalolunye, ababesebenza eduze noMandela, kuhlanganise nomsizi wakhe uLa Grange, ngamunye wathola u-R50 000 efeni.
- Izikhungo zezemfundo – iNyuvesi YaseWitwatersrand neNyuvesi YaseFort Hare – ngasinye sathola u-R100 000.
- I-Qunu Secondary School eMpumalanga Koloni ne-Orlando West High School eSoweto, eGauteng, ngasinye salezi zikole sathola u-R100 000. Lezi zikhungo zazizosebenzisa le mali njengemifundaze.
- I-ANC izothola imali eyisilinganiso esiphansi sika-10% nesilinganiso esiphezulu sika-30% ezimalini ze-NRM Family Trust.
Ummeli nomngane kaMandela uGeorge Bizos wathi le fa libonisa indlela uMandela ayengenabugovu ngayo.
"Izifiso zakhe kule fa ziwukufingqwa kwezifiso zakhe ekuphileni. Uze wabela nezikhungo zemfundo. Wayengenabo nhlobo ubugovu,” kusho uBizos owayehlengezela izinyembezi ngemva kokufunda ifa.
SIYABONGA NGOKUFUNDA KWAKHO
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Ungafunda konke okuqukethwe ngezansi noma ukudawunilode lapha – phawula: kuzothatha idatha yakho engu-1 Mb. Kunoma yikuphi, sethemba ukuthi uzokuthola kuzuzisa futhi kujabulisa ukufunda lokhu!
Isethulo
Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1961, uNelson Mandela eyilungu lenhlangano ehleliwe yezemthetho eNingizimu Afrika: efunda engaphansi kommeli, umsizi wommeli, engummeli ozimele futhi esebenzisana nabanye. Ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21, lapho eqala izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, wafika ngemoto yeBambela-bukhosi uJongintaba – ngo-1964, ngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engu-25 kamuva, wayezofika eRobben Island ehamba ngebhanoyi lezempi.
Lena indaba kaNelson Mandela, uMmeli ofundele ezoMthetho nomlweli woguquko oyingcweti!
UMandela Ummeli
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngomhlaka-18 Julayi 1918 eMvezo, umuzi omncane ogwini loMfula iMbase, esifundeni saseMtata, futhi wachitha isikhathi sobusha bakhe esiningi eQunu. Umndeni kayise wawungowasebukhosini futhi wakha umkhandlu wenkosi yabaThembu. Uzalo lwawo luhamba luze lufike eNkosini uNgubengcuka (c1790-1830) owahlanganisa ubukhosi babaThembu, obabunamakhosi ahlukahlukene. UNelson Mandela wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye lapho uyise, uHenry Gadla eshona. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, uyise wahlela ukuba uMandela omncane ayohlala neNkosi Enkulu YabaThembu uJongintaba, owayeyibambela eBukhosini Obukhulu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 waba yingxenye yomkhosi wasentabeni wokusokwa okwamenza waba yindoda. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho wafakwa emotweni yebambela-bukhosi waya eKolishi LaseClarkebury, elalixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseWeseli ngo-1825 lapho iNkosi YabaThembu, uNgubengcuka, azinikeza indawo. Elapho uMandela wabonakala engumfundi othembisayo, wathola iSitifiketi sakhe samaBanga Aphansi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile.
Unyaka wakhe wokugcina esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso wawungo-1938 e-Healtdown, kwathi ngo-1939, eneminyaka engu-21 waba umfundi eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare, eyayixhaswe iziThunywa Zevangeli ZaseMpumalanga Koloni ngo-1916 futhi yayinabafundi abangaba ngu-150 ngaleso sikhathi. Wenza iziqu ze-BA, efunda isiNgisi, uMthetho Wezesayensi Yemvelo Nenhlalo Yabantu kanye nokuQondiswa Kwezindaba Zendabuko, okwakuzomenza akwazi ukuqashwa uMnyango Wezindaba Zendabuko ePitoli. Kwakuyinto engenzeka ngalezo zikhathi futhi uMandela wazithola esengutolika wesiXhosa nesiNgisi, mhlawumbe esebenza neMantshi. Ungane wakhe oseduze eFort Hare kwakunguKaizer Matanzima owayengumzala kaMandela nowayengummeli oyinhloko owenza okuhlukile. Wathola iziqu zakhe ze-BA eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare efunda ngomthetho wamaRoma futhi waqala inkampani yakhe ngo-1940 kwathi ngo-1944 wazuza umklomelo we-Cape Law Society ngenxa yemiphumela yakhe ezivivinyweni zokuFanelekela Ukuba Ummeli, nakuba wagcina engazange asebenze njengommeli.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1940, ngemva konyaka efikile, uMandela waba yingxenye yombango wabafundi – wayekhethelwe eMkhandlwini Wabafundi kodwa ngenxa yokuvukela wasenqaba leso sikhundla. Ngenxa yalokho waxoshwa nokwamdumaza kakhulu uJongintaba, owayemi kwelokuthi abuyele eFort Hare ngoNyaka Olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho uJongintaba wayelungiselela uMandela nomfowabo uJustin imishado ehleliwe ngakho bobabili babaleka – bantshontsha izinkomo zikaJongintaba ezimbili, bazidayisela usomabhizinisi wendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathathwa imoto eya eGoli eyayihamba ummeli wendawo futhi bafika eGoli ngomhlaka-16 Epreli 1941.
Umuntu ophakathi kwabokuqala uNelson nomfowabo uJustin abaya kuye kwakunguDkt Xuma, owayesanda kukhethwa njengomongameli we-ANC nowayengumngane womndeni. Wabathumela kuMnu. Wellbeloved nowabathumela ukuba bayosebenza e-Crown Mines. UJustin wanikezwa umsebenzi womuntu osaqeqeshwa futhi uMandela wasebenza njengomqaphi wakusihlwa. Wanikezwa isigqoko esiyindilinga, iwisa nempempe. Kwafika enye ithelegramu ivele kuJongintaba ecela induna ukuba ithumela lezi zelamani ekhaya. UMandela wayenesibhamu esidala epotimendeni lakhe elahlolwa unogada lapho nje sebelungela ukuhamba. Ngenxa yalokhu wabekwa icala, wafakwa ejele futhi wahlawuliswa kancane.
UMandela waya kohlala nomzala wakhe, uGarlick Mbekene, futhi watshela izihlobo zakhe ngesifiso sakhe sokuba ummeli. UMbekene wamethula kuWalter Sisulu naye owayezalelwe ezweni labaThembu, futhi wayengumholi we-ANC egatsheni lendawo, engumholi wekhwaya, futhi eyilungu lenhlangano yezinsizwa ezingamaXhosa. USisulu wayethengisa izindlu, kodwa hhayi ngendlela esikuqonda ngayo lokho namuhla. I-Alexandra yamiswa njengelokishi lendabuko ngo-1912 futhi ngenxa yalokho yashiywa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo soMthetho Womhlaba Ka-1913, owawenqabela abaNsundu ukuba bathengise noma bathenge imizi ezindaweni zabelungu. Usomabhizinisi waseJalimane wayebolekisa ngemali futhi inkampani yabameli i-Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman yabhalisa amabhondi ayevikela izimali ezibolekiwe. USisulu wayehola ngokuthola amakhasimende. UMandela watshela uSisulu ukuthi ufuna ukufundela ukuba ummeli, ngakho uSisulu wamethula kummeli uLazar Sidelsky, owavuma ukuba afundele ubumeli ngaphansi kwakhe, (namuhla kwaziwa ngokufundela ukuba ummeli ngokwenza inkonzo yomphakathi) ngesikhathi enza izifundo zakhe ebe esebenza.
Kwakungavamile ngalezo zinsuku ukuthi inkampani yabameli inikeze umuntu onsundu umsebenzi ophathelene nezomthetho – ezweni lonke kwakunabameli abaneziqu abangu-18 ngo-1946 ngesikhathi lapho kwakungabaNsundu abangu-2% kuphela abahlala eGoli ababengathola ilungelo lokusebenza njengabameli ngokusemthethweni. UMandela wabhalisela ukufunda e-UNISA, nokwakhokhelwa uSisulu futhi waqala ukusebenzela inkampani i-Witkin.
Umuntu wokuqala onsundu owamukelwa njengommeli enkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika kwakungu-Alfred Mangena (mhla zingu-14 Julayi 1910) walandelwa uPixley ka Isaka Seme (mhla zingu-22 Disemba 1910) noGeorge Dixon Montsio ngo-1911. Ngo-1960 kwakunabameli abansundu abangu-60 eNingizimu Afrika okungenani oyedwa kwabathathu babo babezinze eTranskei ngaleso sikhathi. Izikhungo eziqondisayo ekuLondolozweni Kwendabuko okungenani zazinamathuba afanayo nalawo ayetholakala eGoli lapho imithetho yobandlululo yasemadolobheni yayenza ukusebenza kungaqiniseki. Abansundu Abachumayo, bahlangana eBunga, baba nendawo ethi bona eMtata futhi bavulela isizukulwane esisha sabameli abaNsundu amathuba amahle kakhulu abawenza lo msebenzi. Ezinye izikhungo ezaziqhuba umsebenzi wezomthetho kwabaNsundu zaziseGoli naseThekwini.
Maphakathi no-1942 uMandela wahlala mahhala endaweni ehlala izisebenzi zasemayini futhi wahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa emzini kaWalter Sisulu e-7372 Orlando West. Kulapha lapho ahlangana khona no-Evelyn Mase, futhi bashada ngomhlaka-5 Okthoba 1944, ngemva ‘kokuthandana isikhashana.’ UMandela wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha u-Evelyn enengamashumi amabili nantathu futhi yayingekho imali yelobolo neyedili lomshado. UThembekile wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Febhuwari 1946. U-Evelyn wayehola amaphawundi angu-18 ngenyanga emsebenzini wakhe wokuba umhlengikazi futhi lezi zithandani zahamba zayohlala e-8115 Orlando West zikhokha irenti engu-17d 6din ngenyanga cishe ngasekuqaleni kuka-1947. UbakwaMandela bathola ingane yesibili, intombazane egama layo uMakiwaze. Wayephila ngokugula kusukela ezalwa futhi akazange alulame, washona ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-9, ngo-1948. Indodana yesibili, uMakgatho, yazalwa ngo-Agasti 1950, futhi ngo-1954 kwazalwa enye indodakazi uMakaziwe, nowaqanjwa lelo gama kukhunjulwa indodakazi eyashona isencane eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambilini.
Impilo njengommeli osafunda yayinzima nemali ingekho. Umholo wakhe wokuqala kwakungamaphawundi amabili ngenyanga neyakhula yaba amaphawundi angu-8 ngenyanga ngoDisemba 1946. Wayenesudi eyedwa ayayiphiwe uMnu. Sidelsky eyayidinga ayithunge njalo ukuze ihlale isesimweni. Ngezinye izikhathi wayehamba ngezinyawo amamayela amahlanu eya emsebenzini ukuze onge imali yebhasi khona ezothenga ngayo ukudla. Ngawo-1940, uma ufundela ukuba ummeli, kwakudingeka ufunde iminyaka emihlanu uphase neziVivinyo Zokuba Ummeli futhi yilokho uMandela akwenza ukuze abe ummeli.
Omunye owayesebenzela uSidelsky kwakungomunye umfundi uNat Bregman, osenkolweni kaMarx nowayengusomahlala owayesebenza emsakazweni ngezinye izikhathi nokwathi kamuva waba nenkampani yakhe yabameli. UMandela wamchaza njengomngane wakhe wokuqala ongumlungu, wayeya emihlanganweni naye futhi edla naye ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Wayefunda ngokuzimisela okukhulu kusihlwa futhi ngo-1943 wabuyela eNyuvesi YaseFort Hare eyokwethweswa iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of Arts.
Ngo-1943 uMandela waphinde wabhalisa eWits ukuze enze izifundo zakhe ze-Bachelor of Laws – i-LLB, ngethemba lokuba ummeli. Wayengafundi ngokugcwele futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguye yedwa umfundi onsundu emkhakheni wezomthetho futhi wayengakaze abe khona umuntu onsundu ongummeli enkantolo ephakeme eJohannesburg. UDuma Nokwe waba ngummeli wokuqala onsundu ukuba ilungu leNhlangano Yabameli ngo-1956. Enyuvesi wahlangana noJoe Slovo, uRuth First, uBram Fischer, uGeorge Bizos, u-J.N. Singh no-Ismail Meer, phakathi kwabaningi. NgoDisemba 1946 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokuboleka imali engamaphawundi angu-250 ku-Bantu Welfare Trust, athi wayeyidingela ukufunda ngokugcwele unyaka wakhe wokugcina enza i-LLB. Wayithola le mali. Ngokusho kwakhe, uMandela wathi wayengumfundi odonsa kanzima – kwamthatha iminyaka eyisithupha efunda i-LLB futhi wehluleka kathathu ukuphumelela unyaka wokugcina. NgoDisemba 1949 wabhalela iSikhulu Somkhakha Wezomthetho, uSolwazi Hahlo emcela ukuba amnikeze ithuba lokugcina ukuze abhale izifundo eyengaziphumelelanga. Emhlanganweni okhethekile owawungomhlaka-14 Disemba 1949 iSikhulu Somkhakha nezinye izisebenzi eziyisithupha zebhodi lalo mkhakha basichitha isicelo sakhe, ngoba wayefeyile izifundo ezintathu onyakeni wakhe wokugcina.
Ngo-1952, uMandela waphinde wabhalisela ukwenza i-LLB eWits, kodwa lokho kwakhanselwa phakathi nonyaka ngenxa yokungayikhokhi imali yenyuvesi. Nakuba manje ayesesebenzela i-Hyman Basner njengommeli, kuyaphawulela ukuthi uMandela wayengenayo imali yokukhokhela izifundo zakhe, kodwa kulokhu kubukeka sengathi inyuvesi yayizimisele ukuzwelana naye.
Lapho uthisha omkhulu, uHumphrey Raikes, etshelwa ummeleli wenyuvesi ngokukhanselwa okuqubekayo, watusa ukuba uMandela anikezwe ithuba lokubonana nomqondisi omkhulu, uGlyn Thomas, okwakukhalwa kuye nowayengase abe necebiso nosizo okukahle. UMandela akazange asamukele leso simemo — ngaleso sikhathi wayegxile kakhulu eMkhankasweni Wokuvukela, futhi ngokushesha wasungula eyakhe inkampani yabameli ebambisene no-Oliver Tambo.
Ngo-1948, uDaniel Francois Malan waba uNdunankulu futhi waqala ukuphoqelela ubandlululo olwedlulele. Umbhali u-JM Coetzee uluchaza ngale ndlela elandelayo ubandlululo: ‘Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso esiphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngobuhlanga noma ngobuzwe, esenziwa sasebenza iqembu elikhethekile, elizichaza lona ukuze liqinise ukubuswa amazwe angaphandle ngokukhethekile ukuze liwabambe liwaqinise amagugu awambiwa phansi.’ Leli qembu lalakhiwa abelungu kuphela (ngaleso sikhathi bebizwa ngabantu baseYurophu). Umbhali Wemidlalo u-Athol Fugard wabhala: ‘Ngoba ngokuqinisekile, akukho ndawo namuhla emhlabeni – futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi esedlule – okwake kwaba nomphakathi lapho ifilosophi yezepolitiki ebusayo, esekelwa futhi isizwe iqembu elibusayo lenkolo yobuKristu, eye yaholela abesilisa nabesifazane ababukeka bekhaliphile ebuphukuphukwini obungachazeki nobudida ingqondo – okwenza kumangaze nakakhulu ukusabalala kwalesi simo sobuhlanya. Ayikho indawo ekuphileni kwethu kwangasese nokuvuleleke kubantu, engaphazanyiswanga yile nto.’
‘Umama’ wesishaya-mthetho sobandlululo (njengoba sasaziwa kanjalo ePhalamende ngo-1990) kwakunguMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu Ka-1950, owahlukanisa bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngobuhlanga. Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu, nawo ongoka-1950 wawuveza izindawo okungahlala kuzo izinhlanga ezithile kanti uMthetho Wamandla Abantu Ka-1951 waphoqa ukuba kube neziNdawo Zabansundu (Bantustans) okwenza kwaba nezigidi zabantu abangebona abelungu ukuba bangabi izakamuzi zezwe abazalelwe kulo, nokuthi babhekwe njengezigebengu uma bengenawo ‘amapasi.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu H J Botha wakhuluma ngale ndlela elandelayo ngomthetho wezindawo zabansundu eNdlini Yokuhlangana. ‘Njengoba nje okhokho bethu abangamaDashi bakha izindonga ezivikela amanzi adlulayo eZeeland ukuze bagcine uLwandle Lwasenyakatho lukude nezwe loyise, namuhla sakha izindonga zesiko kuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika ukuze sizigcine zikude izidlamlilo ezinsundu.’ NgoMashi 1963 uMnu C M Warren we-United Party wacaphuna umzala kaMandela, iNkosi uKaizer Matanzima eNdlini Yokuhlangana ngale ndlela elandelayo: ‘Kimi, intuthuko ehlukile iyilokho uMagna Carta ayikho kubantu baseBrithani. Ngifisa ukuqinisekisa abantu ukuthi abaholi baseTranskei bangabalwa phakathi kwabantu abahlakaniphile emhlabeni.’
Mhla zingu-18 Febuwari 1953 uNobhala Womnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnu AEM Jansen, wamemezela ukuthi kwakungumthetho wesikhathi eside woMnyango Wezobulungisa ukwethula ubandlululo ezinkantolo zeNyunyana, futhi ngo-1960 iMantshi Ephakeme YaseCape Town yamemezela ukuthi wonke amagumbi asezinkantolo kulelo dolobha anamatafula ahlukile abameli abangebona abelungu. Njengommeli uMandela wayesazobona ukubandlululwa ngobuhlanga nokucwaswa okwengeziwe ngokuthi acelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba aveze ikhadi lakhe ‘elimHlonza Njengommeli’ noma ezinye iziMantshi zimbuze ngokufaneleka kwakhe ukuba ummeli – into eyayingavamile ukwenzeka kubameli abangabelungu.
Ngo-1951, eseziphothulile izifundo zakhe e-Witkin, uMandela wasebenzela inkampani yabameli i-Terreblanche and Briggish lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangonyaka. Wabe esejoyina inkampani yabameli i-Helman and Michel lapho achitha khona isikhathi esingangezinyanga ezintathu. Ukuze akwazi ukuhola imali eyanele nokunakekela umndeni wakhe uMandela waqala ukufundela izivivinyo ezizomenza afaneleke njengommeli nowakwazi ukuziqeda. Ngokwemibiko ye-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal (yangaphambili), uMandela wafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngoMashi 1951. I-Law Society yaqala ukuba khona ngo-1892 ibizwa nge-De Ingelijfde Orde van Procureurs en Notarissen. Ngo-1902 yaba i-Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal, futhi elinye lamalungu ayo kunguMahatma Ghandi, owafakwa ohlwini lwabameli ngo-1903. Ngo-1975 yethiwa elinye igama yaba i-Law Society of the Transvaal futhi namuhla yaziwa nge-Law Society of the Northern Provinces. Ngemva kokuphumelela izivivinyo zakhe, uMandela wasebenza e-HM Basner njengommeli ophelele. I-Hymie Basner yayiwasekela ngentshiseko amalungelo abaNsundu. Ngokusho kukaMandela ‘izinyanga eziningi ngisebenza ngangivame ukuba senkantolo ngimele amakhasimende amaningi ale nkampani aNsundu.......ngemva kwesipiliyoni engasithola lapha ngase ngikulungele ukuzimela.’
Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ngomhlaka-5 Septhemba 1952 ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli ozimele. Unobhala wakhe kwakunguZubelda Patel owahamba noMandela esuka e-HM Basner. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Oliver Tambo wayesebenzela inkampani yabameli eyayaziwa nge-Kovalsky and Tuch futhi uMandela wayejwayele ukumvakashela lapho ngezikhathi zekhefu lasemini. Ngokwemibiko ye-Law Society, uMandela wabazisa ngomhlaka-4 Disemba 1953 ukuthi wayesesebenzisana no-Oliver Tambo. URuth Mompati wabajoyina ngalowo nyaka njengonobhala wezomthetho.
Kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yabameli abansundu abasebenzisanayo eNingizimu Afrika futhi yayaziwa nge-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
Nakhu okushiwo uMandela encwadini yomlando wakhe ethi Long Walk to Freedom:
‘Kusukela ekuqaleni i-Mandela and Tambo yayinamakhasimende amaningi kakhulu. Sasingebona abameli abaNsundu okuwukuphela kwabo eNingizimu Afrika kodwa sasiwukuphela kwenkampani yabameli abaNsundu. Kubantu abaNsundu, sasiwukuphela kwenkampani abangayisebenzisa. Ukuze sifike emahhovisi ethu ekuseni sasihamba phakathi kwesixuku sabantu emihubheni, ezitebhisini nasegunjini lokulinda elincane emahhovisi ethu.
Ngasheshe ngakuqaphela lokho okushiwo i-Mandela and Tambo kubantu abaNsundu abavamile. Yayiyindawo abangeza kuyo bathole ukulalelwa ngesineke nabangasebenzisana nayo ngokuphumelelayo, indawo ababengasoze babuyiselwa emuva futhi kudlalwe ngabo kuyo, indawo ababengazizwa beqiniseka ngempela ukuthi bazomelwa abadoda anesikhumba esifana nesabo. Yileso isizathu esangenza ngaba ummeli kwasekuqaleni, futhi umsebenzi wami wawungenza ngizizwe ngiqiniseka ukuthi ngenze isinqumo esifanele.’
Izikhathi zokusebenza kule nkampani yalaba ababambisene zazisukela ku-8.00 kuya ku-17.00 bejwayele ukuvala emini futhi behamba bobabili beyodla isitshulu. Lapho bobabili besayodla isidlo sasemini babejwayele ukubuya sekunolunye uyide lwabantu olubalindile. Nsuku zonke uMandela wayeshayela imoto yakhe enemibala emibilli eluhlaza okotshani yohlobo lwe-Oldsmobile (ayeyibiza ngenkunzimalanga yakhe ye-Oldsmobile) esuka e-Orlando eya e-Chancellor House, egqoke isudi enebhantshi elinezinkinombo ezisagolide ezifaswa ngapha nangapha esifubeni ethungwe u-Alfred Khan, owayephinde athunge amasudi kaHarry Oppenheimer. UMandela no-Oppenheimer kungenzeka ukuthi babenomthungi oyedwa, kodwa babenemibono engafani. UHarry Oppenheimer, owayeyilungu le-United Party ePhalamende eDolobheni LaseKimberley, watshela i-Cape Times ngomhlaka-26 Julayi 1956: “Kubalulekile, nokho, ukuba ingxenye enkulu yokuhlukaniswa komphakathi nezakhamuzi ilondolozwe iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ngoba umuntu wase-Afrika ‘usaphila ngesidala kakhulu ngokwezepolitiki, isiko nenkolo yakhe.’ Uqagula ukuphela kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, kodwa kusazodlula izizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, ngenxa yokuthi ama-Afrika kwakusadingeka akhuliswe ngezindlela zaseYurophu.”
UMandela wayengummeli ohamba phambili ngakho konke, nakuba enkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ayejwayele ukunyakazisa umzimba njengokungathi uyalingisa emdlalweni weshashalazi futhi enokweqisa. Uzakwabo u-Oliver Tambo wayehluke ngokuphelele – ethula, ecabangela futhi ecabanga ngokujulile. Ngamazwi akhe, uMandela wathi wayehluleka ukugcina kahle amaphepha omsebenzi nokunakekela izindaba zezimali, kuyilapho uTambo ayenakisisa futhi ecophelela. Ngokho bobabili njengoba besebenzisana bavumelana ukuthi umsebenzi omningi kaMandela uzoba ukunakekela amacala enkantolo kuthi uTambo anakekele umsebenzi wasehhovisi. Ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi kaMandela wawulinganiselwe eNkantolo Kamantshi yesifunda saseJohannesburg nokwakubangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwakhe wayengakwazi ukusingatha amacala asezinkantolo ezingaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Ngakho uTambo kwakumelwe enze lowo msebenzi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wabo waphazamiseka.
Ngo-1950 uHulumeni waphasisa uMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi ngaleyo ndlela uqeda i-Communist Party, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamalungu angaba ngu-2500. Kwaqokwa owayezobhekelela lokhu kuqedwa ukuze engamele ukuvalwa kwezinhlangano zobuKhomanisi nokwakha uhlu lwabantu abangamaKhomanisi, ababengamaKhomanisi nabasekela ubuKhomanisi. Ngo-1958 owayebhekelele ukuqedwa kwe-Communist Party wakhipha amagama abantu abangaba ngu-600 abangaphansi kwalo Mthetho ayefaka phakathi igama likaWalter Sisulu noNelson Mandela. Ngo-1968, ngesikhathi bedonsa izigwebo zabo eRobben Island, laba bangane abakhulu ngokuphumelelayo bafaka isicelo enkantolo becela ukuba amagama abo akhishwe kulolu hlu.
Umkhankaso Wokuvukela Imithetho Engenabo Ubulungisa waqala ngomhlaka-26 Juni 1952. NgoDisemba 1952 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa wakhipha isaziso esenqabela uMandela ukuba abe khona kunoma imuphi umhlangano okhona esifundeni sikamantshi izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi waphinde wenqatshelwa ukuhlala kunoma iyiphi indawo yeNyunyana ngaphandle kwasifunda sikaMantshi SaseJohannesburg. Amaphoyisa amisa lo mkhankaso oqhubekayo ngokubopha abaholi bawo abaningi, kuhlanganise uMandela, owabekwa icala ngaphansi koMthetho Oqeda Ubukhomanisi. Babengamashumi amabili ababengabasolwa, futhi wawumkhulu kakhulu umsindo enkantolo kangangokuba kwadingeka ukuba imantshi icele umongameli we-ANC, uDkt Moroka (owayethathe isikhundla sikaDkt Xuma njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1949) ukuba axoshe leso sixuku, futhi wenza kanjalo. Bonke abasolwa batholwa benecala lokubhebhezela ubuKhomanisi futhi bathola izigwebo ezilengisiwe. UJaji Rumpff owayengamele leli cala wathi abasolwa babenxenxe ngokuqhubekayo abavukeli ukuba balandele ‘isenzo esinokuthula nokuthi bagweme ukudlame lwanoma iluphi uhlobo.’ Ngomhlaka-20 Juni 1949 uNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa, u-CR Swart wathi emkhandlwini obusayo: ‘Yebo, izimantshi namjaji ethu aqeqeshelwe ukubona ukuthi ‘yiqhinga’ leli lapho kwenzeka okuthile, futhi ngiye ngaqaphela ukuthi iningi lalaba Bantu Bendabuko lizama ukwenza sengathi limsulwa, futhi alimsulwa ngendlela okubonakala sengathi limsulwa ngayo.’
Ngenxa yaleli cala, i-Transvaal Law Society yafaka isicelo sokuba igama likaMandela likhishwe ohlwini lwabameli. Leli cala lalalelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uMandela wamelwa usihlalo weNhlangano Yabameli EJohannesburg, uWalter Pollak. Inkantolo yasenqaba lesi sicelo yathola nokuthi, nakuba izenzo zakhe zingabhekwa njengezibucayi, wayezimisele ukusiza abantu bakubo abangebona abelungu. Inkantolo yathi lesi sizathu asanele ukuthi kungakhishwa igama lakhe ohlwini. Ngokuvumelana ne-Incorporated Law Society of theTransvaal v Mandela 1954 (3) SA 102 (T), inkantolo yaphinde yathola ukuthi angakhishwa kuphela ohlwini uma akwenzile kumenza angakufanelekeli ukuba sohlwini lwalo msebenzi ohloniphekile. Impikiswano yaqhubeka futhi, ekucabangeni okuyiphutha kokuthi kungumsebenzi wenkantolo ukujezisa ummeli otholwe enecala. Lesi sicelo sachithwa.
Ngomhlaka-25 kuya ku-26 Mayi 1955, abantu abangaba ngu-3000 bafika eMhlanganweni Wabantu owabanjelwa eKliptown lapho kwaphasiswa khona i-Freedom Charter. Eminye futhi imikhankaso ebalulekie ngaleso sikhathi kwakungumkhankaso weziNdawo Zabasentshonalanga (ukukhishwa ngokhahlo) nomkhankaso owawumelene ne-Bantu education (imfundo yaBantu Abansundu).
NgoLwesithathu ekuseni, ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 1956, kwabonakala ‘isenzo samaphoyisa esimangalisayo eNyunyaneni,’ njengoba amaPhoyisa, ephethe amaphepha agunyazwe ngokusemthethweni asayinwe iMantshi YaseJohannesburg, ngobuningi ayethelekela abaholi bezepolitiki abaningana futhi ababopha ngecala lokuvukela elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi batshelwa ukuba babuyele enkantolo bazolalela icala labo eFort, iJele LaseJohannesburg Elikhulu, ngomhlaka-19 Disemba 1956. UNelson Mandela no-Oliver Tambo babephakathi kwabasolwa – iCala Lokuvukela Umbuso njengoba lalaziwa kanjalo ladonsa iminyaka eminingi futhi laba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emsebenzini wobumeli abambisene kuwo.
Ukuphenya ngemibuzo okulungiselela icala okwase kuthathe isikhathi eside kwaqala ngomhlaka-19 Desemba 1956. Umbuso wawuthi i-Freedom Charter yakhiwa i-ANC, i-SAIC, i-SACP ne-COD nokuthi inezinyathelo zokugumbuqela umbuso nokumisa umbuso wobukhomanisi; nokuthi abanye babasolwa babenze izinkulumo ezigqugquzela umsebenzi wokwenezela okufanele wenziwe iphalamende ukusekela le njongo, ngokwesibonelo, uguquko olwenziwa ngodlame nokuchithwa kwegazi. Omunye ummeli kwabamele abamangalelwa, uVernon Berrange QC, ukuphikisa kwakhe kwakuthi icala lokuvukela umbuso elibelwe laba abangu-156 liwuzungu lwezepolitiki njengelabantu abacindezelwa umbuso phakathi nenkathi yokuPhenya Ngemibuzo noma icala lomlilo waseReichstag eJalimane. Abameli babamangalelwa baveza ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa “babeyizisulu zezindaba zepolitiki kulabo ababengabashushisi.” Wathi, “leli akulona icala elijwayelekile, uma ubheka indlela ababoshwe ngayo abamangalelwa.” Amanye amalungu oPhiko Olukhethekile (Special Branch) lwe-CID avuma lapho abameli babamangalelwa bewahloma imibuzo ukuthi i-ANC yayijwayele ukugcizelela ukuthi “umzabalazo wayo awunalo udlame.” Ukuphenya ngemibuzo ukungiselela icala kwaphela ngoSepthemba 1957, futhi amacala ayebekwe abantu abangu-64 ababehlanganisa u-Oliver Tambo, nomongameli we-ANC u-Albert Luthuli ahoxiswa. Icala lalilokhu lihlehliswa unyaka nonyaka futhi ngoMashi 1961 uJustice Rumpff wakhipha isahlulelo, wabathola begenacala bonke abamangalelwa. Lokhu kwakusekelwe ekutheni ‘uHulumeni wehluleka ukufakazela ukuthi wawulawulwa amaKhomanisi nokuthi abashushisi babehlulekile kufakazela ukuthi uMhlangano wawuhloselwe ‘ukusebenzisa udlame’ ukuthola abakudingayo.’
NgoJanuwari 1958 uMandela wafaka isicelo sokudivosa u-Evelyn enkanto, futhi idivosi yaphethwa mhla zingu-19 Mashi 1958. Ngokwemigomo yedivosi eyakhishwa inkantolo, u-Evelyn wasala nomuzi owawuse-8115 Orlando. Waphinde wathola netayitela lomhlaba uMandela ayewuthengile eMtata, yasala ngakuye impahla eningi, futhi wathola isamba semali engamaphawundi angu-50. Waphinde wanikezwa ilungelo lokugcina izingane ezincane ezintathu nemali yesondlo engamaphawundi angu-15 nyanga zonke ukuzikhulisa nokukhokha imali yesikole. NgoJuni 1958 uMandela wakhululwa izinsuku eziyisithupha emthethweni owawumenqabela ukwenza okuthile futhi washada noWinnie eBizana mhla zingu-14 Juni 1958. UWinnie waboshwa okokuqala ngo-Okthoba 1958, ngemva kokujoyina uphiko lwabesifazane be-ANC e-Orlando esitelekeni somphakathi futhi wagciwa amasonto amabili. UZenani wazalwa ngomhlaka-5 Febuwari 1959 futhi uZindzi wazalwa ngomhlaka-23 Disemba 1960. Imithetho yasejele yayingazivumeli izivakashi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-16, okwenza uMandela waba nobuhlungu obukhulu ngesikhathi esejele.
UJohn Vorster waqokwa njeNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa ngo-1960. NjengoMandela, uVorster wayengummeli owayeke waboshwa phakathi kuka-1942 no-1944 eKoffiefontein ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe zezepolitiki. UVorster wayekhule waze waba uJenene ophikweni lwezempi lwe-Ossewabrandwag, nakuba ayethi wayengakaze enze into ebangela umonakalo. Wayejwayele ukufunga ethi ‘uzocoboshisa’ amakhomanisi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe wethula ‘umthetho wokuboshwa izinsuku ezingu-90,’ lapho umuntu ayengase aboshwe izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphandle kokuthweswa icala.
Ngomhlaka-21 Mashi 1960 kwenzeka isibhicongo saseSharpeville futhi ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezinhlangano Ezingemthetho, inhlangano ye-PAC ne-ANC zavalwa. Kwakhishwa umthetho wesimo esibucayi owawuzothatha izinsuku ezingu-156 – ngesinye isikhathi kwaboshwa abantu abangu-21 000 eModder B abanye baboshelwa kwamanye amakamu.
Ngo-Okthoba 1960, umbuso kaVerwoerd waba nokhetho lwabelungu kuphela ukuze izwe lenziwe i-republic (izwe labantu). Iningi lakusekela lokho. Usuku lokumemezela izwe njengeZwe Labantu lwaqondaniswa nomgubho wenyunyana weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanye, mhla zingu-31 Mayi 1961. NgoMayi 1961 futhi ngemva nje kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuphele iminyaka emihlanu yomthetho wesibili omvibhelayo, uMandela wabonakala engqungqutheleni okuthiwa i-All-In Africa eyayisePietermaritzburg, eyayihanjelwe abantu abangaba ngu-1 400.
Bacela ukuba kube ‘nomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi ongacwasi ngobuhlanga’ eNingizimu Afrika futhi baphoqa ukuthi kube nomhlangano omkhulu kazwelonke wabameleli abadala abangabesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo, bazo zonke izinhlanga namasiko. Lo mhlangano wakha isisekelo sohulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuphelele, uMandela etshela izihambeli. Ngokushesha uMandela wazibonakalisa engumuntu okwaziyo ukumela izindaba zomphakathi i-ANC eyake yamazi. Lapho kutheleka amaphoyisa, uMandela nabanye abaholi bacasha kuleso sakhiwo.
Amaphoyisa ezokulondeka, ayethe “azoqela bonke abaholi abangebona abelungu lapho bevela,” aqala umkhankaso wokuthungatha uMandela nayesebenzisana nabo. Waqhubeka inyanga yonke, kodwa kwakuqabukela kudlule usuku igama likaMandela lingahambi phambili kwabezindaba. Kwakushayelwa abahleli bamaphephandaba izingcingo, futhi uMandela wayelokhu aziwa nakakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, futhi wayeba nemihlangano eyimfihlo nezintatheli. Ezifihlile nalapho engazifihlile, uMandela wayebonakala kakhulu – futhi edlula phambi kwawo amaphoyisa. Nokho izwi lokuthi abangaphumi emakhaya aliphumelelanga ekuphazamiseni ngokugcwele izingqondo zabantu abaningi ababengenandaba nezepolitiki.
Ngomhlaka-8 Januwari 1961 uMandela wazisa i-Law Society ukuthi manje usesebenza njengommeli osizayo. Ngomhlaka-7 Juni 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa uMandela ukuthi wayengasasebenzi njengommeli osizayo kodwa ukuthi wayesezokwenza ‘imisebenzi ethile’ eNkantolo Kamantshi. Ngomhlaka-5 Julayi 1961 i-Law Society yaziswa inkampani yabameli eseGermiston i-H Davidoff and Herman ukuthi uMnu. Mandela useyekile ukusebenza njemmeli. Lokho kwaba isaziso sokugcina i-Law Society eyasithola sivela kuMandela njengommeli – manje owayesezokwenza umsebenzi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Esigamwini sokugcina sonyaka ngo-1961 uMandela, uSisulu nabanye abaholi be-ANC namalungu enhlangano yamakhomanisi bakha “Umkhonto Wesizwe” ukwenza umsebenzi wezempi ohloliwe. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1961 ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, kwamiswa amakamu kwaqhunyiswa namabhomu ezindaweni ezazihlonziwe. UMandela wayebonakala manje anyamalale manje ezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Afrika futhi abezindaba babembiza “nge-Pimpernel (uhlobo oluthile lwembali) Emnyama”. Wahlala isikhathi esithile endaweni encane eRivonia, enza sengathi usebenza egadini noma ungumshayeli. NgoJanuwari 1962 kwakufanele aphinde ahlangane nalowo ayesebenza naye, u-Oliver Tambo, eTopiya, lapho uTambo ayethunyelwe khona ukuba amise i-ANC yangaphandle.
UMandela wakhishwa ngesinyenyela eNingizimu Afrika ehamba ngogwaqo iLobatsi oseBotswana, wayesethatha indiza eya e-Addis Ababa. Ngokwedayari yakhe uMandela wayebhekwa njengesivakashi sikahulumeni futhi abaholi abanjengoJulius Nyerere, uHabib Bourguiba, uSekou Toure, uLeophold Senghor, uBen Balla waseNigeria noWilliam Tubman waseLiberia ‘bamphatha ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu.’ ELondon wahlangana noHugh Gaitskell we-Labour Party, noJo Grimmond we-Labour Party. UHaile Selassie waseTopiya wanikeza uMandela iphasiphothi-mbumbulu enegama likaDavid Motsamayi, owayeyikhasimende enkampanini yabameli i-Mandela and Tambo. UMandela wasebenzisa leli gama-mbumbulu lapho ebuyela eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngomhlaka-5 Agasti 19 62 uMandela waboshelwa ngaphandle kwaseHowick, eKZN ezenza umuntu oshayelela omunye – wayevela emhlanganweni ayewubambe noLuthuli, ezombikela ngohambo lwakhe lokuvakashela amazwe omhlaba.
NgoMayi 2016 i-Sunday Times yaveza ukuthi uDavid Rickard, owayeyiSekela Lenxusa Le-US eThekwini nowayesebenzela i-CIA, wavuma ukuthi nguye owakhipha ulwazi olwaholela ekubanjweni kukaMandela.
Icala likaMandela lokubhebhezela isiteleka nokuphuma ezweni engenayo iphasiphothi laliseNkantolo Yesefunda SaseJohannesburg futhi watholwa enecala. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ebhadle ejele, wabe esethunyelwa eRobben Island, lapho avalelwa yedwa. NgoJuni 1963, kwaba nezenzo zokucekela phansi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezenziwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngomhlaka-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa athatha impahla eseRivonia, eyayinamaphepha amaningi abandakanya uMandela nabakhi bozungu. Wasuswa ejele walethwa eRivonia futhi, ngasekupheleni kwecala watholwa enecala kuwo wonke amacala amane ayebekwe wona futhi wagwetshwa udilika ijele.
Ihhovisi e-Chancellor House lacekelwa phansi umlilo ngo-1960 futhi lokhu kanye nemisebenze yezepolitiki eyayikhula ngamandla kwenza kwangaba lula ngabo ukuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi wobumeli futhi yavalwa. Ngo-2011 lapho lesi sakhiwo sesizodilizwa, sathola imali yokusilungisa engu-7 million wamarandi ivela ku-Johannesburg Development Agency.
Amahhovisi amathathu enkampani yabameli azoba umtapo wolwazi onezincwadi zamacala ezomthetho asingathwa yile nkampani ezifakwe kuyikhompuyutha.
Imnyuziyamu izoba sesitezi esiphansi futhi lokhu kuzohlanganisa izincwadi zamacala asenkantolo, izithombe ezingazange zinyatheliswe esikhathini esidlule, imithetho evimbelayo – konke okuhlobene nomsebenzi we-Mandela and Tambo Attorneys.
U-Advocate George Bizos, umngane nommeli omdala kaMandela wayeyisimenywa esikhethekile lapho kwethulwa lezi zakhiwo ezivuselelwe futhi wathi: Ngiyajabula ngesinyathelo esithathwe iDolobha sokuvuselela lesi sakhiwo; siyisakhiwo esiphilayo, indawo ephilayo kamhlonishwa uNelson Mandela, u-Oliver Tambo, uDuma Nokwe, uMendi Msimang, uGodfrey Pitje nabanye.
Kwakungesikhathi elindele isigwebo ecaleni laseRivonia lapho abhala futhi waphasa izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala ze-LLB njengomfundi ofunda engaphandle owabhalisa ngeNyuvesi YaseLondon. Ngo-1967 lapho eseRobben Island wayesenza unyaka wakhe wokugcina lapho ephazamiseka futhi. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nzima kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ngo-1970 uvala izincwadi eziqhamuka phesheya ayezithola ngenxusa laseBrithani.
Ngo-1974, wacabanga ngokuqedela i-LLB yakhe eWits, wenza inyuvesi ukuba imphendule ngokuqapha nangokomthetho kunokuzwelana naye. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezamajele wavala ukuxhumana kwakhe neWits futhi wamenqabela ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ze-LLB, kungaba ngeLondon, iWits noma i-Unisa.
Ngenxa yalokho, uMandela waphoqeleka ukuba athathe izifundo zomuntu oqalayo futhi wabhalisela ukwenza i-BCom (kwezoMthetho) e-Unisa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1981, umphathi emkhakheni wezomthetho e-Unisa, uSolwazi Willem Joubert, wakhuluma nohulumeni ngokungabi nangqondo kokuqhubeka nokwenqabela uMandela ukuba enze i-LLB, futhi wakwazi ukubhalisela i-LLB e-Unisa, owagcina eyithole ngo-1989, sekuphele iminyaka engu-46 eyibhalisele okokuqala eWits.
Abameli abaningi bawabheka amacala kaNelson Mandela angokomthetho nahlobene nalokho ngesikhathi eboshiwe. Inkampani yabameli eseCape Town i-Bernadt, Vukic, Potash & Getz (eyayaziwa nge-Frank, Bernadt & Joffe) yahlanganisa umsebenzi waphakathi kuka-1966 no-1990. Ngo-2004 i-Himan Bernadt yethula amafayela angokomthetho amayelana noMandela ku-Centre of Memory. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, uMandela wayethatha indaba ayidlulisele enkantolo lapho amagunya ephula noma ehluleka ukulandela imithetho eshaywe yiwo, futhi la mafayela enkampani abonisa ukuzimisela kukaMandela ukubekela amagunya inselele esebenzisa zonke izindlela ezikhona.
Ngomhlaka-5 Disemba 2013, uNelson Mandela wadlula emhlabaeni eneminyaka engu-95. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-The Law Society of South Africa, egameni lamalungu ayo ayisithupha yakhipha isitatimende esilandelayo.
‘Emhlabeni wayengungqa-phambili, emndenini wakhe nasesizweni sethu, engubaba, kodwa emsebenzini wobumeli wayeyisisekelo sezimiso wonke ummeli azifisa ukuphila ngazo: ukubuyisana, ubulungisa ekuhlalisaneni nokuhlonipha izindlela zokuphila ezivikelwa uMthetho Wamalungelo.
Njengabameli sizizwa sihloniphekile ngokuthi uMnu. Mandela wakhetha ukusebenza ezinhlwini zethu. Yena, ekanye no-Oliver Tambo, bavula inkampani yabameli abansundu yokuqala ezweni, okwalethela abantu ababengenathemba ithemba nesithunzi, okwacabela isizukulwane samanje sabameli indlela eya phambili.’
Ifa likaMandela labhalwa okokuqala ngo-2004 lachitshiyelwa ngo-2008.
Unkosikazi kaMandela wesibili, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, akafakwanga efeni. Yena noMandela badivosa ngo-1996.
Ngo-2014 abameli baWinnie Mandela bafaka amaphepha enkantolo athi umuzi wawuthola ngesikhathi besashadile noMandela futhi ungowakhe ngokuvumelana nemigomo yamasiko abaThembu. Ngo-Aphreli 2016 iNkantol Ephakeme YaseMthatha yasichitha lesi sicelo wakhokha nezindleko. Ngo-Agasti 2016 wadlulisela icala ku-SCA ukuze kushintshwe lesi sinqumo.
NgoMayi 2016 kwaphinde kwaphothulwa konke ukwabiwa kwefa likaNelson Mandela. Ababengamele zonke izinto uGeorge Bizos noDikgang Moseneke balichaza ngendlela elandelayo ifa likaMandela:
UMachel uzothola izindawo ezine laba ababeshadile ababengabanikazi bazo ngokuhlanganyela eMozambique. Uzophinde athole izimoto zabo, ubucwebe abuthola lapho beshada nayo yonke imali ekuma-akhawunti asebhange noma etshalwe ezikhungweni zabo zezimali.
UMachel noMandela babeshade ngelungiselelo elihlanganisa amafa. Wayengunkosikazi wakhe wesithathu. Izingane uMachel azithola ngesikhathi esengunkosikazi wowayengumongameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel, uJosina noMalengane Machel, ngamunye wathola u-R3m.
Washiyela ngayinye yezingane eziyisithupha uMachel azithola emshadweni owandulele u-R100 000. UMachel wanikezwa izinsuku ezingu-90 ukunquma ukuthi uzolisebenzisa yini ilungelo lakhe lokuthatha isigamu sefa likaMandela, uMoseneke wathi walisebenzisa.
Imizi kaMandela eseHoughton, eJohannesburg, eCape Town, eQunu naseMthatha eMpumalanga Koloni yashiywa ku-trust yomndeni.
Amalungu omndeni ayezosebenzisa le mizi emihlanu ukuze ahlale kuyo kuye ngesidingo.
Imali yahlukaniswa ngendlela elandelyo:
Izingane uMandela azithola kumkakhe wokuqala u-Evelyn, uMakgatho Mandela noMakaziwe Mandela, zathola u-R3.5m no-R3.3m ngokulandelana.
Izingane zikaMakgatho, uMandla, uNdaba, uMbuso no-Andile Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R1.1.
Izingane zikaMakaziwe - uDumani noTukwini Mandela, u-Adjao Amuah noKweku Amuah – ngayinye yathola u-R1.1m.
Izingane zikaThembekile Mandela, uNdileka noNandi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3.3m efeni. UThembekile indodana endala uMandela ayithola ku-Evelyn.
Izingane zikaMadikizela-Mandela, uZenani Mandela-Dlamini noZindzi Mandela, ngayinye yathola u-R3m.
Izingane zikaZenani - uZinhle, uZaziwe and uZamaswazi – ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
UBambatha, uZondwa, uZwelabo noZoleka, okuyizingane zikaZindzi, ngayinye yathola u-R100 000.
Umzukulu kaMandela, uZozuko Mandela, okuyingane kaZamaswazi, wathola u-R100 000 efeni.
Abayisishiyagalolunye, ababesebenza eduze noMandela, kuhlanganise nomsizi wakhe uLa Grange, ngamunye wathola u-R50 000 efeni.
Izikhungo zezemfundo – iNyuvesi YaseWitwatersrand neNyuvesi YaseFort Hare – ngasinye sathola u-R100 000.
I-Qunu Secondary School eMpumalanga Koloni ne-Orlando West High School eSoweto, eGauteng, ngasinye salezi zikole sathola u-R100 000. Lezi zikhungo zazizosebenzisa le mali njengemifundaze.
I-ANC izothola imali eyisilinganiso esiphansi sika-10% nesilinganiso esiphezulu sika-30% ezimalini ze-NRM Family Trust.
Ummeli nomngane kaMandela uGeorge Bizos wathi le fa libonisa indlela uMandela ayengenabugovu ngayo.
"Izifiso zakhe kule fa ziwukufingqwa kwezifiso zakhe ekuphileni. Uze wabela nezikhungo zemfundo. Wayengenabo nhlobo ubugovu,” kusho uBizos owayehlengezela izinyembezi ngemva kokufunda ifa.
SIYABONGA NGOKUFUNDA KWAKHO


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eThekwini - Amaphoyisa angabatshuzi athole isidumbu sentombazane eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala eminze ibhukuda emfuleni.
Kukholakala ukuthi le ntombazane kanye nabangani bayo bebebhukudla emfuleni ngaseLuanda eMarriannhill ngoLwesibili.
Laba bantwana bebebhukuda kulo mfula bebuya esikoleni ngesikhathi le ntombazane iminza emanzini.
OLUNYE UDABA: Kuminze umfana ethi ukhipha ukushisa eThekwini
Umndeni wakubo ubize abezomthetho ngemuva kokuba engabuyi esikoleni kwaze kwahlwa ngoLwesibili ebusuku futhi akazange afike nasesikoleni ngoLwesithathu.
Ngesikhathi kubuzwa abangani bakhe, amaphoyisa athola ukuthi waminza ngoLwesibili ntambama emfuleni.
Amaphoyisa ophiko lweSearch and Rescue afika kulo mfula ehamba nezinja ezihogela umkhondo kuyothungathwa le ntombazane.
Isidumbu sale ngane sitholakale kuwo lo mfula ngoLwesithathu emini.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
I-Factory Sale Sale Okuphambili Iphrinta Ikhekhe Le-Chocolate I-Candy Cookie Umshini Wokunyathelisa Umshini Wokungena Umshini we-A3 Digital Flatbed Printer
Abaqambi bekhekhe le- 3d ye-printer ikhekhe
I-Digital Coffe Printer ifanele ukunyathelisa isithombe / isithombe ku-Cofe, Ubisi, Ikhekhe, i-Cookie, i-Chocolate nezinye iziphuzo nokudla.Ukuphrinta okusheshayo kufike ku-20s / indebe.Bhala ngokulungiswa okuphezulu, ikhwalithi yokuphrinta ephelele.
I-Printhead ehlala ehlala njalo.CE evunyelwe.
Iphrinta ye- RF-A4S i- 2d yephrinta yekhekhe iholela kumamodeli amasha amabhizinisi amasha, okungaba ukugqama okukhulu kakhulu kwezicelo eziningi ekhishini, i-catering, i-confectionaries, i-café nama-bakeries. Iphrinta ye-3d ye-cake ibuye yenzelwe ukugqugquzela, ukujabulisa, imfundo, nokuveza ubuciko kokubili abancane nabadala ekhaya, ekhaya labahlengikazi futhi ingaba yimfundo enhle kakhulu yekhofi iphrinta esikoleni.
I-Shenzhen Refinecolor Technology Co.Ltd iyinhlangano ekhethekile yochungechunge lwe-flatbed iphrinta, umshini we-shenzhen wesibhangqwana isitsha sethu esisha esidliwa yi-cake printer sakhiwe njengomkhumbi wekhofi noma iphrinta elenziwe ngekhanda nge-HP ukuphrinta ikhanda, kuyizinkinobho ezimbalwa noma inkomishi eyodwa enemibala engu-4, ukukhetha okuhle kwekhasimende lesitolo sekhofi kanye nokudinga okukhethekile okudinga ngokusebenza okulula kanye nezindleko eziphansi ngokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo okugcwele, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
Usizo lwabenza imisenenzi Commecial Ukudla Ezidliwayo ikhekhe iphrinta
Izigaba zomkhiqizo : Iphrinta yokudla > Iphrinta ye-Cake


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Ubufakazi Bokuvuza Okuneziphuzo Ezingagcwele Amathambo Amanzi
Ubufakazi Bethu Bokuvuza Okuneziphuzo Ezingenakunqanda Amanzi E-Amanzi awazi kahle ukuthi yikhwalithi enhle futhi elula yokuqhuba imisebenzi yangaphandle, siphezulu ukuba sibe nethemba
wonke amakhasimende ethu, futhi nethemba ukuthi ungomunye wamakhasimende ethu aziswayo.
- SILICONE IBOTTLE YAMANZI: ngengozi yehlelwa phansi, ngeke iphule, ayikho iphunga, ilula kakhulu.
- UKUHLELA IZINHLANGANO ZAMANZI AMANZI: i-collapsible ne-silicone yamanzi ibhodlela it up, iphatheka kakhulu futhi ayithathi isikhala kakhulu.
- I-ANTI LEAKAGE: Uma ugcwalisa ibhodlela le-abicah ngamanzi, ulifake esikhwameni sakho, ungakhathazeki ngokuvuza amanzi futhi ugobe okunye esikhwameni sakho.Kukhona nge-valve proof proof valve.
- I-ANTI LEAKAGE AMANZI OMSEBENZI: uma ugcwalisa ibhodlela lamanzi lasiliconsi ngamanzi, faka amabhodlela amanzi e-silicone esikhwameni sakho, ungakhathazeki ngokuvuza amanzi bese ugoba into ethile esikhwameni sakho.Kukhona ne-valve proof valve.
Kungani ukhetha ibhodlela le-silicone yamanzi
Ulapha: >> Amabhodlela amanzi angaphandle angenawo amanzi >> Ukuvuza Okungcolile Ukuphuza Amathambo Okungapheli Amanzi E-Silicone
1. Yenziwe ngamakhemikhali e-grade% okudla e-100% adlulisa i-FDA, i-LFGB yokuhlola, ehlala isikhathi eside futhi eguquguqukayo ngokwanele ukuze ifake.
2. Ukubekezelela -55 kuya ku-220 Celsius, Okukhulu ngenxa yokuphuza okushisayo nokubandayo, ungafisa noma i-microwave it. Igcina isimo sayo futhi ingalokothi ikhishwe amakhemikhali awonakele
3. Ungayifisa futhi uyisebenzise njengepakethe ye-ice uma ulimala noma unomkhuhlane: noma ufake amanzi ashisayo, ingasetshenziswa njengephakethe elishisayo.
4. Ingasetshenziswa njengomsila omncane uma unendiza ende.
5. Ukuphelela umsebenzi, isikole, ukuvivinya umzimba, ukugijima, ukugibela ibhayisikili, ukuhamba ngesikebhe ...
6. Kulula ukugeza nokuthwala, i-lashishisher ivikelekile.
Ubufakazi Bokuvuza Okuneziphuzo Ezingagcwele Amathambo Amanzi yimikhiqizo esemqoka enkampanini yethu. Ukuvuza yethu Ubufakazi foldable Silicone Water Bottle Ngokuyinhloko activicity ourdoor. Okuqukethwe kobufakazi bethu bokuvuza obunamapulezi we-Silicone Water Bottle i-100% ye-BPA yebanga lobuchwepheshe bebanga lobuchwepheshe kanye ne-PP. I Ukuvuza Ubufakazi foldable Silicone Water Bottle yethu ngokuphelele non-enobuthi, futhi ovunyelwe iSigungu FDA / SGS / LFGB / CE. Kuyinto enothile, engazinzile. Ngakho ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi i- bpa yethu ikhululekile ibhodlela lamanzi lingcono kakhulu kuwe .Siye senza umkhiqizo we-silicone iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10, kanye nebhizinisi lamazwe angaphezu kweminyaka engama-4. Sinesipiliyoni seminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ekukhiqizeni Amabhodlela wamanzi angabheki , Amabhodlela wokuhamba we-silicone , ama- Silicone ahlukahlukene , Izingane ezithinta umgexo , Amakhemikhali ahlaziya amathoyizi , Izingane ezihamba nge-pacifier clips , I- Baby teething mitten , njll. Okokugcina, Siyizimboni, ngakho-ke singakunikeza izimpahla ngentengo yokuncintisana ngekhwalithi ephakeme kanye nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe.
Imininingwane yamathuluzi yamanzi angabheki
I-S2 Water Bottle - 550ml
I-S3 Water Bottle - 500ml
I-S5 Water Bottle - 750ml
ezinye amabhodlela Showcase
Ungathanda
ibhodlela lokuhamba lamabhilikhi
Izigaba zomkhiqizo : Amabhodlela Amanzi weSilicone > Izidakamizwa Zama-Silicone Amanzi Aphephile


text:
Cape Town – UMengameli Jacob Zuma kungenzeka ukuba usindile
esiphakamisweni sokungethenjwa kobuholi bakhe, kodwa amaqembu aphikisayo athi
akukapheli, isazohlangana enkantolo.
NgoLwesibili, uZuma usinde okwesishagalombili
esiphakamisweni sokungethenjwa kwakhe. Alinganiselwa ko-30 amalungu e-ANC
ePhalamende avote kanye namaqembu aphikisayo emizameni yokugudluza uZuma.
Kodwa i-Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) ithe
isibheke icala eliseNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo elimayelana noZuma ngoSepthemba.
I-EFF ithi uZuma wephula isifungo sehhovisi
lakhe, ngakho kumele agudluzwe esikhundleni sakhe.
OLUNYE UDABA: Uhulumeni ubonge abantu bakuleli ngokuziphatha kahle
Ngasekuqaleni konyaka, i-EFF yafaka usomlomo
wePhalamende uBaleka Mbete enkantolo, ngemizamo yokumphoqa ukuba athathele
izinyathelo uZuma ngokwehluleka ukuthobela uMthethosisekelo.
Umholi we-United Democratic Movement uBantu
Holomisa uthe iqembu lakhe lizojoyina i-EFF eNkantolo yoMthethosisekolo
emizameni yokugudluza uZuma.
Khonamanjalo, umholi weDA uMmusi Maimane, uthe
ukuphunyuka ngembobo yenayiti kukaMengameli Zuma kukhomba ngokusobala ukuthi ngisho
i-ANC ayisamdingi.


text:
Ukukholwa KuNkulunkulu Kumele Kugxile Eqinisweni, Hhayi Emasikweni Enkolo
Mangaki amasiko enkolo owagcinayo? Kukangaki uhlubuka ezwini likaNkulunkulu futhi uhamba indlela yakho? Kukangaki lapho wenze izwi likaNkulunkulu ngenxa yokuba ucabanga ngokweqiniso ngemithwalo Yakhe futhi ufuna ukufeza isifiso Sakhe? Qonda izwi likaNkulunkulu futhi ulenze. Yiba nemigomo ezenzweni zakho; lokhu akusikho ukuhambisana nemithetho noma ukwenze njalo ngokungathandi kodwa ukuze ubonwe. Kunalokho, lokhu kuwukwenza iqiniso kanye nokuphila ngezwi likaNkulunkulu. Ukwenza okunjalo kuphela okugculisa uNkulunkulu. Noma yiliphi isiko elijabulisa uNkulunkulu aliwona umthetho kodwa lingukwenza iqiniso.
Abanye abantu bathanda ukubukwa. Ngenkathi kukhona abafowabo nodadewabo, bathi bayambonga uNkulunkulu, kodwa uma bengaboni, abalenzi iqiniso futhi benza ngendlela ephambene ngokuphelele. Ingabe abayibo abaFarisi benkolo? Umuntu omthanda ngokweqiniso uNkulunkulu futhi oneqiniso yilowo othembekile kuNkulunkulu, kodwa engakwembuli obala lokho. Uzimisele ngokwenza iqiniso lapho kuvela izinkinga futhi angakhulumi noma enze ngendlela ephambana nonembeza wakhe. Ukhombisa ukuhlakanipha lapho izinkinga zivela futhi ubambelele emgomweni ngezenzo zakhe, noma ngabe izimo zinjani. Umuntu onjengalona osebenza ngeqiniso. Kunabanye abakhuluma ngezindebe zomlomo ngokumbonga kwabo uNkulunkulu. Bachitha izinsuku zabo bebuthe izinhlonze ngokukhathazeka, babe nesimo sokuzenzisa futhi benze sengathi banobuso obunosizi. Kwaze kwenyanyeka! Uma nje ubungambuza, “Iziphi izindlela ombonga ngazo uNkulunkulu? Ngicela ungitshele!” ubeyophelelwa ngamagama. Uma uthembekile kuNkulunkulu, ungakhulumi ngakho esidlangaleni, kodwa sebenzisa izenzo zakho zoqobo ukukhombisa uthando lwakho ngoNkulunkulu, futhi ukhuleke Kuye ngenhliziyo eneqiniso. Labo abasebenzisa amazwi kuphela ukuze babhekane noNkulunkulu bonke bangabazenzisi! Abanye bakhuluma ngokumbonga uNkulunkulu ngomkhuleko ngamunye, bese futhi beqala ukukhala ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho bethandaza, ngisho ngaphandle kokuqhutshwa nguMoya oNgcwele. Abantu abanjengalaba bangenwe amasiko nemicabango yenkolo; baphila ngalawo masiko nemicabango enjalo, bahlale bekholwa ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo ziyamjabulisa uNkulunkulu, nokuthi ubungcwele bokuzenzela noma izinyembezi zokuzidabukisa ziyilokho uNkulunkulu akufunayo. Ingabe yikuphi okuhle okungaqhamuka kulaba abangasile? Ukuze bakhombise ukuthobeka kwabo, abanye babo benza sengathi banomusa uma bekhuluma kukhona abanye. Abanye bayazithoba ngamabomu uma kukhona abanye, njengezinyane lemvu elingenamandla nhlobo. Ingabe lena indlela yabantu basembusweni? Umuntu wasembusweni kumele akhombise impilo futhi abe ngokhululekile, omsulwa futhi ovulelekile, othembekile futhi nothandekayo; umuntu ohlala esimweni senkululeko. Unobuqotho nesithunzi, futhi angaba ufakazi lapho ehamba khona; lowo ungumuntu othandwa nguNkulunkulu kanye nabantu. Labo abasanda kuphendukela okholweni banezenzo eziningi ezibonakala ngaphandle; kumele kuqala badlule esikhathini sokubhekana nezimo kanye nokwephulwa. Labo abanokukholwa kuNkulunkulu ezinhliziyweni zabo abakwazi ukubonakala ngokusobala kwabanye, kodwa ukwenza nezenzo zabo kuyatuseka kwabanye. Yilabo bantu abanjalo kuphela abangathathwa njengokuthi bayaliphila izwi likaNkulunkulu. Uma ushumayela ivangeli zonke izinsuku kulo muntu emuva kwalokho, umletha ensindisweni, kepha ekugcineni, ube usaqhubeka ukuphila ngemithetho nezimfundiso, ngeke ulethe udumo kuNkulunkulu. Lolo hlobo lwabantu bangabantu benkolo, futhi bangabazenzisayo.
Njalo lapho labo bantu benkolo behlangana, bayabuza, “Dadewethu, unjani kulezi zinsuku?” Yena aphendule, “Ngizizwa nginokumbonga uNkulunkulu nokuthi angikwazi ukufeza isifiso senhliziyo Yakhe.” Omunye athi, “Nami, futhi, ngiyambonga uNkulunkulu futhi angikwazi ukumgculisa.” Le misho embalwa namazwi kodwa kukhombisa izinto ezimbi ezisekujuleni phakathi ezinhliziyweni zabo. Amazwi anjalo ayenyanyeka futhi awanambitheki ngokwedlulele. Imvelo yalaba bantu iphikisana noNkulunkulu. Labo ababheke ubunjalo besimo bakhuluma noma yini esezinhliziyweni zabo futhi bavula izinhliziyo zabo enkulumweni. Akukho nakunye okungukwenza okuyiphutha, ayikho imikhuba emihle yokukhombisa isizotha ekukhulumeni nasekwenzeni noma izinkulumo ezingenaso isigqi. Bahlale beqonde ngqo futhi abayihloniphi imithetho yasemhlabeni. Kunalabo abanothando lokubukisa nokuziveza ingaphandle, ngisho noma kungenzi mqondo. Uma omunye ecula, uqala ukudansa, angaboni ngisho nokuthi ilayisi elisebhodweni lakhe selishile. Lolo hlobo lwabantu abanabo ubunkulunkulu, noma abahloniphekile, futhi bakhonze kakhulu ukudlala. Zonke lezi yizindlela zokubonakalisa ukungabi bikho kweqiniso! Lapho abanye abantu bexoxa ngezindaba zempilo kumoya, nakuba bengakhulumi ngokubonga kuNkulunkulu, bagcina uthando lwabo lweqiniso Kuye ngaphakathi ezinhliziyweni zabo. Ukumbonga kwakho uNkulunkulu akuhlanganise lutho nabanye abantu; unokubonga uNkulunkulu, hhayi umuntu. Ngakho kusiza ngani ukukhuluma ngakho sonke isikhathi kwabanye? Kumele wenze mqoka ukungena kokoqobo, hhayi ukukhuthalela ukubukwa noma ukubukisa.
Zimele ukuthini izenzo zomuntu ezinhle zokuzenzisa? Zimele inyama, kanti ngisho imikhuba yangaphandle elungile kakhulu kuneminye ayimele ukuphila, kodwa umoya wakho wedwa. Ukwenza kwangaphandle komuntu akusoze kwafeza okufiswa uNkulunkulu. Uhlale njalo ukhuluma ngokumbonga kwakho uNkulunkulu, kepha awukwazi ukunikeza impilo kwabanye noma ugqugquzele abanye ukuba bathande uNkulunkulu. Uyakholwa ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo ziyomenelisa uNkulunkulu? Ukholwa ukuthi lokhu ngokufiswa yinhliziyo kaNkulunkulu, ukuthi lokhu kungokomoya, kodwa ngokweqiniso lokhu akunamqondo! Ukholwa ukuthi lokho okukujabulisayo kanye nalokho okufisayo yilokho uNkulunkulu ajabula ngakho. Ingabe lokho okujabulisa wena kumele okukaNkulunkulu? Ingabe isimilo somuntu singamela uNkulunkulu? Lokho okukujabulisayo yikho kanye uNkulunkulu akuzondayo, nokuthi imikhuba yakho yiyo leyo uNkulunkulu ayizondayo nangayifuni. Uma uzizwa unokubonga, hamba uye kothandaza phambi kukaNkulunkulu. Asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngakho kwabanye. Uma ungathandazi phambi kukaNkulunkulu kodwa kunalokho uqhubeka nokuzibizela ukunakwa phambi kwabanye, ingabe lokhu kungafeza okufiswa yinhliziyo kaNkulunkulu? Uma izenzo zakho njalo zingezibonakalayo kuphela nje, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungumuntu ongelusizo lwalutho impela. Nhloboni yomuntu lowo owenza izenzo ezinhle ezingukuzenzisa kodwa ezingenalo iqiniso? Labo bantu abanjalo bangabaFarisi abazenzisayo kanye nabantu benkolo! Uma ningayeki ukwenza kwenu kwangaphandle futhi ningeke nenze izinguquko, izimpawu zokuzenzisa ezikina ziyokhula kakhulu-ke. Ngokuya ngokukhula kwezimpawu zokuzenzisa, kulapho ukuphikisana noNkulunkulu nakho kudlondlobala, nokuthi ekugcineni, lolo hlobo lwabantu, ngiqinisekile luyolahlwa!


text:
Umshuwalense wemoto uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abanikazi bemoto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaphi. Wonke amagesi kahulumeni anezidingo zawo siqu. Kunezinye izidingo ezidingekayo abashayeli ukuze bakwazi ukuthenga umshwalense futhi bakwazi ukushayela ngaphandle kokungena enkingeni. Futhi, umshuwalense wemoto ungase ube yinto ebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Abashayeli abaningi bazithola besebenza futhi abaziqondi izimo eziphuthumayo ezihlanganisiwe. Kubalulekile ukukhuluma nochwepheshe mayelana neminye yomshuwalense, Umshuwalense Omncane Webhizinisi ku Sandton kodwa kukhona okuyisisekelo ukuthi wonke umuntu ofuna umshuwalense wemoto kufanele aqonde.
Impahla kanye nemfanelo
Ngomshwalense wemoto yomshuwalense, ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezicelo ongayithola futhi ziyimpahla kanye nemfanelo. Ngokuvamile, Izingcaphuno Zemishuwalense Yemoto umthwalo wemfanelo uzokufihla umnikazi wemoto ngazo zonke izizathu ezinjengezinhloso zokulimaza noma ukunganaki. Umshuwalense womhlaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi uhlanganisa noma yimuphi umonakalo owenzelwa emotweni yakho noma umonakalo owenziwe kwenye imoto.
Kubantu abacebile, banomshuwalense omkhulu wemfanelo ngoba kunamathuba amaningi angase athole isinqumo. Isikhathi esiningi, laba bantu bayakwazi ukulungisa izimoto zabo uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi.
Imingcele kanye nemingcele yokunciphisa
ingachazwa njengesikhulu inani lemali ukuthi inkampani yomshuwalense ingakhokha zonke izicelo zenqubomgomo. Ezinkontileka eziningi, uzothola ukuthi kukhona ukubekwa kwemingcele kokubili kokuphela. Ngezinye izikhathi imikhawulo yempahla kanye nemfanelo ingasethwa. Uma imingcele iphansi, ama-premium aphansi futhi ngokuphambene.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhishwa imali kungukuthi uzodinga ukuzixazulula ngaphambi kokuba inkampani ithathe isimangalo. Esimweni esinjalo, Umshuwalense Wemoto Wokusetshenziswa Kwebhizinisi kunesidakamizwa kuzo zonke izenzakalo kanye nayo yonke inqubomgomo. Uma i-deductible iphakanyiswa, ama-premium ahla.
Imigqa yokugqoka
Ezimweni eziningi, umuntu oqinisekisiwe uyadingeka ukuba abe nemigqa yokugcizelela. Kunezinketho eziningi ongakhetha kuzo. Ungakhetha ukukhetha ukubekwa uma kwenzeka ushayela enye imoto. Kukhona futhi inketho yokwengeza abanye kwinqubomgomo. Ukufakwa kwezenhlalakahle kungakhethwa futhi ngenxa yokweba izingxenye zemoto noma imoto.
Ukutholakala kwezimoto ezingekho emshwaleni kuvamile kakhulu. Yilapho abashayeli abangaqinisekisiwe bahlanganiswa khona. Lokhu kusebenza kahle uma kwenzeka ingozi kanti enye inhlobo ayinayo umshuwalense odingekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkampani
Eziningi zezivumelwano Kuhlobene nemoto kunemininingwane efana kakhulu. Futhi, izinkampani zomshuwalense wemoto zingahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye. Uma ukhetha inkampani enkulu, izinsizakalo zizobe zihle kakhulu. Uzosebenzisa amazinga angcono nokubhalwa.
Ukubuyekezwa kungasiza kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo. Ungacela umndeni wakho nabangane noma uhlole amabhizinisi ebhizinisi lendawo. Ungenza ukufanisa ngokusekelwe kokulinganisa abakujabulela. Kunezinhlelo ezahlukene ezibekiwe ukuze kuqhathaniswe nezinkampani ezahlukene. Uma ukulinganiswa kuhle, khona-ke uzokwazi ukuthi inkampani izwakala ngokwezimali.
Umshuwalense Omncane Webhizinisi ku Sandton ?
Uma okwamanje uhlala eMissouri noma uhlela ukuthuthela lapho, umshwalense wemoto yinto ozoyihlola ngempela uma uhlela ukuba nomnikazi wemoto. Umshwalense wokuzenzekelayo ubeka wena uma ubangela umonakalo kunoma yimuphi umuntu noma umzimba womuntu, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi ubhalise futhi ushayela noma imuphi imoto. p>
Isimo ngasinye sinezimiso nemithetho yaso uma kuziwa ku-auto umshuwalense, ngakho kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuvakashela iwebhusayithi yaseMissouri yeMoto yeMoto ukuze uthole imininingwane ephelele yalokho okudingayo. Ngokujwayelekile, kukhona umshuwalense wemfanelo encane okufanele udonswe kuwo. KuMbuso waseMissouri, lokhu kulandelayo: $ 25,000 ukuhlolwa okuncane kokulimala komzimba ngomuntu ngamunye, ukukhokhelwa okungenani $ 50,000 kwengozi ngayinye, kanye no-$ 10,000 ubuncane bokufaka impahla noma ingozi ngayinye. Kuhle ukwazi lolu lwazi uma uthengisa umshwalense wemoto ukuze ukwazi ukwaziswa kangcono futhi ungathola inqubomgomo enhle kakhulu kuwe. p>
Inshwalense yemfanelo, okuyinto enikezwe igunya eMissouri, ayifihli umnikazi wezinqubomgomo uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi. Lolu hlobo lwemshwalense luhlanganisa kuphela abashayeli bezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nempahla. Ukuziqinisekisa wena nemoto yakho, kufanele ucabangele ukushayisana nokuhlanganisa okuphelele. Uma ufuna ukuthula kakhudlwana kwengqondo, ungakhetha umshwalense wokushayela ongaqinisekisiwe noma ongagunyaziwe, okukuvikela uma kwenzeka umuntu ehlasela imoto yakho futhi engavunyelwe noma engaqinisekisiwe. p>
Uma ufuna amanani omshuwalense omoto ongcono kakhulu Missouri, iseluleko esihle kakhulu ukuthenga ezungeze futhi uqhathanise okungenani izinkampani ezinhlanu zomshuwalense. Ungase umangale ukubona ukuthi amazinga omgomo ahluke kangakanani phakathi kwezinkampani ezihlukene, ngisho nezinketho ezifanayo noma ezifanayo zokuqapha. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthenga nxazonke futhi uqhathanise amanani omshuwalense wemoto amaningi. p>
Ngisho noma okwamanje uqinisekisiwe, ungase ukwazi ukusindisa amakhulu amadola ngonyaka ngokushintsha abahlinzeki bomshuwalense wezimoto. Ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa izingcaphuno eziningi ku-intanethi ngendaba emaminithi, ngakho-ke awukho lutho oluzolahlekelwa, noma ngabe ungagcina usindisa okuningi. p>
I-Missouri Insurance Information Service ithi izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 kubikwa kubiwe ngo-2008, cishe ingxenye yabo eSt. Louis naseKansas City. Lokhu kungaba kuhle ukucabangela lokhu yizindawo ezimbili ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezisemaphandleni, kepha lokhu kuyizindaba ezimbi kubahlali baseSt. Louis naseKansas njengoba lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe bazokhokha izinga eliphezulu le-inshuwalense ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu. Izimoto ezinhlanu ezivame kakhulu ezebiwe eMissouri yi-Dodge Intrepid, i-Ford Taurus, i-Pontiac Grand Prix, i-Dodge Stratus ne-Oldsmobile Cutlass, ngakho-ke ungase ufune ukugwema lezi zimoto ukuze ugcine amazinga omshwalense wakho wemoto ngangokunokwenzeka. p>
Sibutsetelo se-Car Insurance
Uma okwamanje uhlala eMissouri noma uhlela ukuthuthela lapho, umshwalense wemoto yinto ozoyihlola ngempela uma uhlela ukuba nomnikazi wemoto. Umshwalense wokuzenzekelayo ubeka wena uma ubangela umonakalo kunoma yimuphi umuntu noma umzimba womuntu, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi ubhalise futhi ushayela noma imuphi imoto. p>
Isimo ngasinye sinezimiso nemithetho yaso uma kuziwa ku-auto umshuwalense, ngakho kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuvakashela iwebhusayithi yaseMissouri yeMoto yeMoto ukuze uthole imininingwane ephelele yalokho okudingayo. Ngokujwayelekile, kukhona umshuwalense wemfanelo encane okufanele udonswe kuwo. KuMbuso waseMissouri, lokhu kulandelayo: $ 25,000 ukuhlolwa okuncane kokulimala komzimba ngomuntu ngamunye, ukukhokhelwa okungenani $ 50,000 kwengozi ngayinye, kanye no-$ 10,000 ubuncane bokufaka impahla noma ingozi ngayinye. Kuhle ukwazi lolu lwazi uma uthengisa umshwalense wemoto ukuze ukwazi ukwaziswa kangcono futhi ungathola inqubomgomo enhle kakhulu kuwe. p>
Inshwalense yemfanelo, okuyinto enikezwe igunya eMissouri, ayifihli umnikazi wezinqubomgomo uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi. Lolu hlobo lwemshwalense luhlanganisa kuphela abashayeli bezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nempahla. Ukuziqinisekisa wena nemoto yakho, kufanele ucabangele ukushayisana nokuhlanganisa okuphelele. Uma ufuna ukuthula kakhudlwana kwengqondo, ungakhetha umshwalense wokushayela ongaqinisekisiwe noma ongagunyaziwe, okukuvikela uma kwenzeka umuntu ehlasela imoto yakho futhi engavunyelwe noma engaqinisekisiwe. p>
Uma ufuna amanani omshuwalense omoto ongcono kakhulu Missouri, iseluleko esihle kakhulu ukuthenga ezungeze futhi uqhathanise okungenani izinkampani ezinhlanu zomshuwalense. Ungase umangale ukubona ukuthi amazinga omgomo ahluke kangakanani phakathi kwezinkampani ezihlukene, ngisho nezinketho ezifanayo noma ezifanayo zokuqapha. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthenga nxazonke futhi uqhathanise amanani omshuwalense wemoto amaningi. p>
Ngisho noma okwamanje uqinisekisiwe, ungase ukwazi ukusindisa amakhulu amadola ngonyaka ngokushintsha abahlinzeki bomshuwalense wezimoto. Ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa izingcaphuno eziningi ku-intanethi ngendaba emaminithi, ngakho-ke awukho lutho oluzolahlekelwa, noma ngabe ungagcina usindisa okuningi. p>
I-Missouri Insurance Information Service ithi izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 kubikwa kubiwe ngo-2008, cishe ingxenye yabo eSt. Louis naseKansas City. Lokhu kungaba kuhle ukucabangela lokhu yizindawo ezimbili ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezisemaphandleni, kepha lokhu kuyizindaba ezimbi kubahlali baseSt. Louis naseKansas njengoba lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe bazokhokha izinga eliphezulu le-inshuwalense ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu. Izimoto ezinhlanu ezivame kakhulu ezebiwe eMissouri yi-Dodge Intrepid, i-Ford Taurus, i-Pontiac Grand Prix, i-Dodge Stratus ne-Oldsmobile Cutlass, ngakho-ke ungase ufune ukugwema lezi zimoto ukuze ugcine amazinga omshwalense wakho wemoto ngangokunokwenzeka. p>
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