text:
Esinye sezihloko noma izindawo, ezivame ukujabulisa abasebenzisi abaningi be- I-GNU / Linux emhlabeni wonke, imvamisa kuyikhono lalaba bavumeli ukuthi bazenzele ubuwena, futhi babavumele ukuthi babukise ngabo amakhono ngokwezifiso ngaphambi kwabanye, ngokuncintisana okunempilo nokuhle.
Impela zonke I-GNU / Linux Distro, ngamunye Imvelo yedeskithophu (DE), ngamunye Iwindi Manager (WM) imvamisa inamakhono ahlukile wokwenza ngokwezifiso. Ngakho-ke, kule ncwadi sizogxila kakhulu kuyo I-XFCE, ngasendleleni, eyi-Desktop Environment engiyithandayo iminyaka eminingi manje, engiyisebenzisa njengamanje ku- I-Distro MX Linux 19.3.
Kodwa-ke, kulabo abangakaze basebenzise noma abazi okuncane mayelana I-XFCEKuyafaneleka ukuncoma ukufundwa kwencwadi yethu yangaphambilini kuyo, lapho sithi khona:
"I-XFCE imvelo yedeskithophu engasindi yezinhlelo ezifana ne-UNIX. Umgomo wayo ukushesha futhi usebenzise izinsiza ezimbalwa zohlelo, ngenkathi uhlala ubukeka ubonakala futhi kulula ukuwusebenzisa. I-XFCE ifaka ifilosofi yendabuko ye-UNIX yokuhleleka nokusebenza kabusha. Yenziwe ngochungechunge lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlinzeka konke ukusebenza ongakulindela endaweni yanamuhla yedeskithophu. Zihlanganiswe ngokwahlukana futhi zingakhethwa kumaphakeji atholakalayo ukudala indawo efanelekile yomuntu siqu yomsebenzi". Umphakathi we-XFCE (www.atek.org).
Nalabo abanentshisekelo yokungena ngaphakathi Ukwenza ngokwezifiso i-GNU / Linux DistrosNgokuvamile, sikushiya laba abanye:
Inkomba
I-XFCE: Imvelo ye-Linux Mouse Desktop
Ungayenza kanjani ngokwezifiso i-XFCE?
Ukuze uqalise ngokwenza ngezifiso i- Imvelo ye-XFCE Desktop sizoyihlukanisa ibe yizinto eziningana, sishiya i- Ingemuva ledeskithophu (Iphephadonga), ngoba kusobala ukuthi lokho sekuvele kungu-100% ekunambithekeni komsebenzisi.
Ukubukeka
Ukuze uqale Ukwenza ngokwezifiso i-XFCE, okungcono kufanele kube ukuqala ngokubukeka okuphelele kwe-DE, okungaqalwa ngenketho "Ukubukeka" i-del "Umphathi wokuhlela" ngu-XFCE. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzisi kufanele bapheqe ithebhu ngayinye (Isitayela, izithonjana, ifonti nezilungiselelo) bese uzama ukumiswa okuhlukile. Imayini ingabonakala esithombeni ngenhla.
desk
Ngemuva kwalokho ungaya kwinketho "Ideski" i-del "Umphathi wokuhlela" ngu-XFCE. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzisi kufanele bapheqe ithebhu ngayinye (Ingemuva, amamenyu nezithonjana) bese uzama ukumiswa okuhlukile. Imayini ingabonakala esithombeni ngenhla.
Izilungiselelo Zomphathi Wewindi
Bese uya kokukhethwa kukho "Izilungiselelo Zomphathi Wewindi" i-del "Umphathi wokuhlela" ngu-XFCE. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzisi kufanele bapheqe ithebhu ngayinye (Ukukhethwa, Ukugxila, Ukufinyeleleka, Izindawo Zokusebenza, Ukuma kanye noMqambi) bese uzama ukumiswa okuhlukile. Imayini ingabonakala esithombeni ngenhla.
Iphaneli enkulu yedeskithophu
Ukusuka lapho ungaya kunketho "Iphaneli" i-del "Umphathi wokuhlela" ngu-XFCE. Ukwenza lokhu, abasebenzisi kufanele bapheqe ithebhu ngayinye (Ukubukeka Kwesethulo Nezinto) bese uzama ukumiswa okuhlukile. Imayini ingabonakala esithombeni ngenhla.
Inkinobho Yasekhaya neMenyu
Endabeni yami ethile, njengoba ubona ngisebenzisa i- isici (iwijethi) kubizwa «Imenyu yeWishker» esikhundleni se "Imenyu Yesiko ye-XFCE". Okungivumela ukuthi ngiyilungiselele njengoba kubonakala, esithombeni ngenhla ngenhla.
Ezinye izinto zangaphandle (Conky)
- I-Compton: Ukufeza, phakathi kweminye imiphumela eminingi yokubonakalayo, okusobala komhlaba okubandakanya okusobala kwamawindi asebenzayo, kanye nokusobala kwewindi lemenyu enkulu.
- Ama-Conkys: Ukufeza kufaka phakathi ukubonisa okuhle nokusebenzayo kwideskithophu.
Impela, kusekuningi okungenziwa Yenza ngokwezifiso i-XFCEKodwa-ke, kuleli phuzu, umuntu angasuka kalula ukubukeka okubonakalayo kwedeskithophu ezenzakalelayo, njengaleyo ekhonjiswe esithombeni esingenhla ngokushesha, iye komunye ohluke ngokuphelele kuyo, njengaleyo engikubonise yona ngaphezulu.
Isiphetho
Siyethemba lokhu "okuthunyelwe okuwusizo okuncane" cishe
«¿Cómo personalizar el Entorno de Escritorio XFCE?», okuzenzakalelayo, eza ngokukhanya okuncane kakhulu nange-minimalist, ngakho-ke ayikhangi kangako ekubukeni okubukwayo; inentshisekelo enkulu futhi iyasiza, kuyo yonke
«Comunidad de Software Libre y Código Abierto» kanye negalelo elikhulu ekusabalalisweni kwemvelo emangalisayo, enkulu futhi ekhulayo yezicelo ze
«GNU/Linux».
Futhi ukuthola eminye imininingwane, unganqikazi njalo ukuvakashela noma yikuphi Umtapo wolwazi oku-inthanethi njengoba I-OpenLibra y I-JedIT ukufunda izincwadi (ama-PDF) ngalesi sihloko noma ezinye izindawo zolwazi. Okwamanje, uma ukuthandile lokhu
«publicación», ungayeki ukuyaba nabanye, ku- Amawebhusayithi ayizintandokazi, iziteshi, amaqembu, noma imiphakathi zokuxhumana nabantu, okungcono mahhala futhi evulekile njenge I-mastodon, noma ukuphepha nokuyimfihlo kwangasese yocingo.


c: text/html

text:
Isistimu Esebenzayo: Windows, Android
Iqembu lezinhlelo: USU software
Inhloso: Ukuzenzakalelayo kwebhizinisi
Uhlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla
Ungabuka incazelo ye-franchise yethu kukhathalogi ye-franchise: i-franchise
Ividiyo yohlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla
Le vidiyo ingabukwa ngezihlokwana ngolimi lwakho.
Landa inguqulo yedemo
Lapho uqala uhlelo, ungakhetha ulimi.
Intengo yesoftware
Oda uhlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla
Ukuthengisa esitolo - uhlobo olukhethekile lomsebenzi oluhambisana nokuthengiswa kwempahla ethile - izingcezu zempahla (imvamisa izingubo, okungajwayelekile - izicathulo, izesekeli, njll.), Okusele esitokweni. Ukubalwa kwemali ngokuvamile kubandakanya ukugcina zonke izinhlobo zamarekhodi ngesabelo esikhulu samarekhodi esitoko nokuthengisa. Indlela ethembeke futhi elula kunazo zonke yokwenza uhlelo lwesitolo lusebenze ngokugcwele wuhlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla. Uhlelo ngalunye lokuthengisa izimpahla lwenzelwe ukuhlela umsebenzi wenkampani yokuhweba, ukusheshisa inqubo yokucubungula idatha nokwenza uhlelo, nokwenza ukugeleza komsebenzi kube kuhle (ikakhulukazi, umsebenzi womnyango wokuthengisa). Abanye abaphathi, becabanga ukuthi bathole indlela eshibhile yokuthenga uhlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla, banquma ukulanda uhlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla online ngokubuza uhlelo lombuzo wesayithi lokusesha ukuthengisa izimpahla mahhala noma izinhlelo zokuthengisa impahla mahhala. Kufanele kuchazwe ukuthi le ndlela yenkinga ayilungile ngokuphelele futhi ayikwazi nje kuphela ukwehlisa ukuzethemba kwakho ezinhlelweni ezizenzakalelayo zokubalwa kwezimali, kepha futhi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kolwazi. Iqiniso ukuthi akubona bonke abahleli bezinhlelo abazobhekelela ukunakekelwa kohlelo lwamahhala lokuthengisa ukulawula ukuthengiswa kwempahla (futhi uma kunjalo, hhayi ngaphandle kwesikhuthazo semali), futhi lesi sidingo sokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kungekudala noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuqinisekile ukuvela. Ngamanye amagama, bonke ochwepheshe batusa kuphela uhlelo lokuthengisa oluthengwe konjiniyela abathembekile.
Uhlelo oluthembeke kakhulu lokuthengisa izimpahla nokulawulwa kwesitoreji - i-USU-Soft. Lolu hlelo lokuthengisa izimpahla lunezinzuzo eziningi kunezifana zalo futhi luyakwazi ukukhombisa imiphumela emihle ngokushesha okukhulu. Kubonakala ngekhwalithi ephezulu yokwenza, ukusetshenziswa okulula, izindleko zebhajethi ezimnandi kanye nohlelo lokulungisa olufanele. Abathuthukisi be-USU-Soft banophawu lomhlaba wonke lokuzethemba i-DUNS, eqinisekisa ukwamukelwa kwalolu hlelo lokuthengisa ukuphathwa kwezimpahla emhlabeni wonke njengomunye wemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu yokuthengisa izimpahla. Uhlelo lokuthengisa lokuphathwa kwezimpahla olukusiza ukuba ukwazi ukuthengisa izimpahla likuvumela ukuthi ungasebenzisi kuphela imishini ejwayelekile esitolo (imishini yokugcina kanye nokugcina impahla - izikena zebhakhodi, amaphrinta okuthola, amalebuli, njll.), Kepha idivayisi entsha ngokuphelele, okungezona zonke izitolo esezazi kahle - amatheminali wokuqoqwa kwedatha wanamuhla (i-DCT). Le yithuluzi elincane elihlangene, lapho isisebenzi simane siphathe ephaketheni bese silisebenzisa njengoba kudingeka. Isibonelo: ukwenza i-inventory, uyayisebenzisa bese ugcine isikhathi esiningi. Idatha ifundwa bese idluliselwa ku-database eyinhloko. Idivayisi iyakwazi ukugcina inani elithile lemininingwane, okuhlanganisa okubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, noma kunezinto eziningi kakhulu ezinqolobaneni, ungazengeza zonke ku-database futhi amandla okugcina ohlelo lokuthengisa lwe-accounting alunamkhawulo.
Ukusebenza namakhasimende nakho kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Imininingwane ngamakhasimende ingafakwa ngqo etafuleni lemali. Isibonelo, ufaka ku-accounting system yokuthengisa noku-oda ukuphathwa kwegama, isibongo, igama eliyigama leklayenti, nokuthi uneminyaka emingaki, uma efisa, lokho akuthandayo njalonjalo. Iklayenti ngalinye linikezwa amabhonasi ngokuthenga ngakunye. Sicabanga ukuthi akunasisekelo ukuchaza ukuthi luyini uhlelo lwamabhonasi, ngoba zonke izitolo kade zasebenzisa leli su lokuheha nokugcina amakhasimende. Bambalwa abantu abangamelana nethuba lokusebenzisa la mabhonasi anqwabelene esikhundleni semali futhi bathenge izimpahla eziningi esitolo sakho. Uzobona ukuthi yikuphi okuthengwa yikhasimende futhi kuthola amabhonasi. Ngakho-ke, uzokuqonda lokho akhetha ngakho-ke uthumela ukukhangisa bese unikela ukuthenga okunye, umkhuthaze ukuthi asebenzise imali ethe xaxa. Amakhasimende nawo angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ukwenza kube lula ukuzulazula kudathabheyisi enkulu enolwazi ngenani elikhulu lamakhasimende. Ukuphathwa kwamakhasimende yilokho okudingekayo kunoma iyiphi inhlangano yebhizinisi.
Lesi sigaba singasuselwa kunqubo ehlukile: ngokuya ngenani lokuvakashelwa (kumakhasimende ajwayelekile navamile); kuncike ebukhoneni noma ukungabikho kwezikhalazo (kulabo abangakaze bakhononde nalabo abenza njalo); ngokuya ngokuthenga okuthile, ngeminyaka, ngemigwaqo yokuhlala, njll. Amanye amaklayenti aze afanelwe nokunikezwa isimo se-VIP nawo wonke amalungelo adinga ukunikezwa. Futhi ukuxhumana njalo namakhasimende akho, ungasebenzisa izindlela ezi-4 zokuxhumana - iViber, i-SMS, i-imeyili kanye nekholi yezwi. Ungathumela izikhangiso, amakhathalogi, izinhlinzeko ezikhethekile, izaphulelo, noma umeme imicimbi, ukuhalalisela ngamaholide, ukubonga ngokuthenga, ukwazisa ngokufika okusha kwezimpahla nokunye okuningi.
Ngabe ufuna ukugwema amaphutha lapho usebenza nemikhiqizo nokuthengisa? Ngabe ufuna ukuhambisa omunye umsebenzi oyisidina kumshini ongawusingatha kangcono kakhulu futhi ngokushesha? Ngabe ufuna ukwengeza ibhizinisi lakho kakhulu kangangokuba izimbangi zakho zizoba semuva kakhulu? Ngemuva kwalokho zizwe ukhululekile ukukhetha uhlelo lwethu lokuthengisa lokuzenzekelayo. Siqinisekisa konke lokhu, futhi nokuningi. Sijwayele ukumangaza abathengi bethu. Kuwebhusayithi yethu esemthethweni uzothola lonke ulwazi oludingayo, futhi ukwazi ukulanda inguqulo yedemo yamahhala ukuyifaka enkampanini yakho bese uhlola ukuthi konke esikutshela khona kuyiqiniso noma cha. Singakuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwethu oluyingqayizivele lwe-automation ne-modernization yebhizinisi ngeke likudumaze futhi nakanjani uzofuna ukuqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa! Xhumana nathi nganoma iyiphi indlela oyithandayo. Sihlala sixhumana futhi sizokujabulela ukuphendula noma imiphi imibuzo ongayithola.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
1. Ngokuya ngosayizi wevolumu yezokuthutha, ihlukaniswe yaba: B500 B600 B650 B800 B1000 B1200 amamodeli ajwayele ukusetshenziswa njengeB1400 (B imele ububanzi, ngamamilimitha). Njengamanje, umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza wenkampani ibhande elihambayo le-B2200mm.
2. Ngokwemvelo yokusetshenziswa ehlukile, ihlukaniswe yaba yibhande elijwayelekile elihamba ngenjoloba, ibhande elihambayo lokushisa irabha, ibhande elihambisa iraba elibandayo, ibhande elihambisa i-acid ne-alkali, ibhande elihambisa uwoyela, ibhande elihambisa ukudla kanye amanye amamodeli. Ubukhulu obuncane bekhava yerabha emabhantshini ajwayelekile okuhambisa injoloba namabhande okuhambisa ukudla ngu-3.0mm, futhi ubukhulu obuncane benjoloba engaphansi engu-1.5mm; amabhande okuhambisa injoloba angamelana nokushisa, amabhande okuhambisa injoloba angamakhaza, amabhande okuhambisa injoloba amelana ne-alkali, namabhande wokuhambisa iraba amelana no-oyela. Ubukhulu obuncane beglue ngu-4.5mm, futhi ubukhulu obuncane bekhava engezansi ngu-2.0mm. Ngokuya ngezimo ezithile zemvelo yokusetshenziswa, ubukhulu be-1.5mm bungasetshenziswa ukukhulisa impilo yenkonzo yerabha lekhava ephezulu nengaphansi.
3. Ngokwamandla aqine ebhande elihambayo, ingahlukaniswa ibhande elijwayelekile le-canvas elihambayo kanye nebhande elinamandla le-canvas elihambayo. Ibhande elihambayo elinamandla le-canvas lihlukaniswe ibhande le-nylon elihambayo (ibhande le-NN elihambayo) kanye nebhande le-polyester elihambayo (ibhande le-EP elihambayo).
2. Izindlela zokwelashwa esizeni zokuphambuka kwebhande elihambayo
(1) Ukulungiswa kokuphambuka kwe-roller roller okuzenzakalelayo: Lapho uhla lokuphambuka kwebhande elihambayo lungelikhulu, i-roller roller yokuzihudula ingafakwa lapho kuphambuka ibhande elihambayo.
(2) Ukulungiswa okufanelekile nokuphambuka okulungile: Lapho ibhande lokuhambisa lichezuka kwesobunxele liye kwesokudla, futhi isiqondiso asilandelanga, kusho ukuthi ibhande elihambayo likhululekile kakhulu. Idivayisi yokuxabana ingalungiswa ngokufanele ukuqeda ukuphambuka.
(3) Ukulungiswa kokuphambuka kwe-roller ohlangothini olulodwa: Ibhande lokuhambisa lihlala lichezukela ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi ama-roller amaningana amile angafakwa ebangeni ukusetha kabusha ibhande.
(4) Lungisa ukuphambuka kwe-roller: ibhande elihambayo ligijima ku-roller, hlola ukuthi i-roller ayijwayelekile yini noma iyahamba, lungisa i-roller endaweni evundlile futhi ujikeleze ngokujwayelekile ukuqeda ukuphambuka.
(5) Lungisa ukuphambuka kokuhlangana kwebhande lokuhambisa; ibhande elihambayo lihlala ligijimela ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi ukuphambuka okuphezulu kusejoyintini. Isihlanganisi sebhande elihambayo kanye nolayini ophakathi webhande elihambayo kungalungiswa ukuqeda ukuphambuka.
(6) Ukulungisa ukuphambuka kwe-roller yokudonsa ephakanyisiwe: ibhande lokuhambisa linendlela ethile yokuchezuka nebanga, futhi amaqembu amaningana ama-rollers wokuhudula angaphakanyiswa kolunye uhlangothi lwendlela yokuchezuka ukuqeda ukuphambuka.
(7) Lungisa ukuphambuka kwe-roller yokudonsa: ukuqondiswa kokuchezuka kwebhande elihambayo kuqinisekile, futhi ukuhlolwa kuthola ukuthi umugqa ophakathi nendawo we-roller roller awubheki ngqo kulayini ophakathi webhande elihambayo, ne-roller roller ingakwazi ukulungiswa ukuze kuqedwe ukuphambuka.
(8) Ukuqedwa kokunamathiselwe: iphuzu lokuchezuka kwebhande elihambayo lihlala lingashintshiwe. Uma kutholakala okunamathiselwe kuma-roller okuhudula kanye nakuzigubhu, ukuphambuka kufanele kuqedwe ngemuva kokususwa.
(9) Ukulungisa ukuphambuka kokuphakelayo: itheyipu ayiphambuki ngaphansi komthwalo omncane, futhi ayiphambuki ngaphansi komthwalo osindayo. Isisindo okuphakelayo kanye nendawo kungase kushintshwe ukuqeda ukuphambuka.
(10) Ukulungisa ukuphambuka kubakaki: ukuqondiswa kokuchezuka kwebhande lokuhambisa, isikhundla silungisiwe, futhi ukuphambuka kubi kakhulu. Izinga nokuba mpo kubakaki kungashintshwa ukuze kuqedwe ukuphambuka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-25-2021


text:
Ukhahlamba yizintaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika. Enkulu kunazo zonke itholakala oSotho, lapho ezaziwa khona ngokuthi Maloti. Ukhahlamba luphinde lwaziwe ngezimphophoma zalo eziningi, nemidwebo emigedeni eyadwetshwa ngama khoi khoi. UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, eyasungulwa ngonyaka ka 2000, iyi UNESCO World Heritage Site esingatha inxenye yalezi zintaba.
I-Hiking trail oKhahlamba.
Ukhahlamba eNingizimu Afrika
Imephu yaseNingizimu Afrika ekhombisa i-central plateau isekelwe yi-Great Escarpment nobudlelwano bayo ne-Cape Fold Mountains eNingizimu. Isiqephu se-Great Escarpment, ebonakaliswa ngokubomvu yaziwa ngokuthi Ukhahlamba.
uTugela Falls – uTugela River
Ukubuka inxenye yeMpumalanga
Drakensberg kwi Great Escarpment, uyibukela kwi God's Window, maduzane ne Graskop
, ubheka ngaseNingizimu. I-erosion resistant layer ebukhuni le eyakha okuphezulu kwale escarpment, ine quartzite eshone phansi kakhulu, okungeye Black Reef Formation, ephinde ibe yinxenye yezintaba zase Magaliesberg maduzane ne Pitoli
.
I-Panorama ye Giant's Castle
Umdwebo wamatshe wamaKhoi Khoi emgedeni we-Clarens Formation wo-UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park of KwaZulu-Natal
maduzane nomngcele wasoSotho


text:
Mkhuseli Sizani
UPhilip Mnunu, owaziwa ngelikaBra Fix, ubelokhu engundabamlonyeni eLokishini laseZwide e-Port Elizabeth kusukela ngawezi-1980.
Yize manje eseneminyaka engama-60, akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izintokazi zisamthanda – nobudlakela bakhe.
“Uma engena esiteji emiqhudelwaneni uhlanyisa abesifazane,” kusho uSiyabulela Qandana ongumnikazi wendawo yokuzivocavoca i-Ironman.
“Sinamalungu angama-80 kanti uBra Fix uyisikhuthazo kithi sonke. Akekho umuntu oyisidlakela njengaye.”
Uzakwabo aqeqesha naye, uJabulile Ngowebo, oneminyaka engama-27, uthe wayengumfana omncane ngesikhathi eqala ukubona uBra Fix futhi ulandela uhambo lweqhawe lakhe.
“Ngaqala ukuzivocavoca ukuba nomzimba othandekayo njengaye.”
Ekhuluma nabakwa-Scrolla.Africa ngesikhathi ezilolonga ngoLwesibili ekuseni esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eMyezo, uBra Fix uthe izinsuku lapho umkhaba uyinkomba yokuthi umakoti womuntu obemnakekela seziphelile.
“Ukuqina emzimbeni kungisizile ukuthi ngihlale ngiwumqemane. Anginakho ukudla okukhethekile futhi angizisebenzisi izithayiselayo. Angiphuzi futhi angibhemi futhi angikaze ngiye kudokotela,” uyasho.
“Kodwa ngisenza ama-squats angama-200 anesisindo esingu-200kg nsuku zonke.”
Uthe abesifazane bayamcela ukuthi aqeqeshe abayeni babo.
“Bangicela ukuthi ngibasize ukuqeda umkhaba futhi babe ne-six pack njengami,” ehleka.


text:
Ngamalanga lokha uSisanda oneminyaka ebunane nakafika ekhaya abuya esikolweni, uhlubula ijinifomu yakhe ambathe izambatho zekhaya, adle ukudla kwakhe kwemini bese uyokudlala umrabaraba nobamkhulwakhe. Bebezwa ubumnandi lokha nabadlulisa “iinkomo” zabo babhoda ibhodo kangangobana uSisanda akasafuni ukulisa. Kodwana ubamkhulwakhe uyamkhumbuza bonyana uthe ufuna ukuba mphathibhanga ngelinye ilanga lokha nasele akhulile.
“Uzakwenza bunjani lokho nangabe awuyi esikolweni esiphakemeko?” kutjho ubamkhulu enza ihlaya.
USisanda ahleke. “Ngizokuya esikolweni esiphakemeko neyunivesithi. Kungebangelo ngisebenza ngamandla kangaka esikolweni!”
USisanda mude kuneminyaka yakhe – ufuze uyise. Ubuso bakhe oburonjwana nokumomotheka kwakhe okuhle lifuzo likanina. Ababelethi bakhe bobabili bavuka ekuseni ngamalanga bayokusebenza esithamelweni seembandana esiseduze. Ngesikhathi uSisanda nabangani bakhe bathoma esikolweni, kungena iimbhesi ezizele iimvakatjhi abafuna ukuzokubona iimbandana ezihle ze-Afrika.
Ngelanga lakhe lamabeletho eladlulako, uSisanda waphatheka ngokukhethekileko – ababelethi bakhe bamtholela imvumo yokobana enzele umgidi wakhe wamabeletho esithamelweni seembandana. Iindlulamithi zesithamelweni bezimangele kobana kwenzekani ngesiqhema sabantu abanengi kangaka. Zalula iintamo zazo ezide ukuze zibone kuhle umgidi begodu zabonakala sengathi zifuna nekhekhe lamabeletho! USisanda uyazithanda iindlulamithi. Zoke iimbandana bezikhethekile kuye, kodwana ziindlulamithi ezizithobileko azithanda khulu ngehlizwakhe. Angathatha ilanga loke abukelana nazo.
Ngomunye uLesihlanu, ubaba kaSisanda wabuya emsebenzini frurhu. Khabe abonakala angakathabi nakancani.
“Kwenzenjani, baba?” kubuza uSisanda.
“Namhlanjesi umtjhitjhi weenyosi utinyele indlulamithi esikazi,” kuhlathulula uyise kaSisanda. “Ihlokwakhe beyivuvuke khulu ngonobangela wokutinyelwa amehlwakhe amahle bekavalekile. Sizame koke okusemandleni ukuyisiza, kodwana akhenge kusebenze, – yase iyafa. Okubuhlungu ukudlula koke kukobana inekonyana elisadinga itlhogomelo layo.”
“Bababe!” kutjho uSisanda athoma ukulila. “Ngifisa ngathi ngabe kunento engingayenza. Ngidlumbana bonyana umntwana wendlulamithi utshwenyeke njengami nje.”
USisanda walila, walila. Unina wazama ukumthulisa. Unina wabe wamfundela iindatjana ngesikhathi sokulala ukumsiza bonyana akhohlwe bona umzwela ubuhlungu kangangani umntwana wendlulamithi. Kusesenjalo, uSisanda wabanjwa buthongo walaliswa liphimbo elipholileko likanina.
Ngelanga elilandelako ekuseni uSisanda wavuka nombono! “Ngingakhamba nani emsebenzini namhlanjesi?” wabuza kuyise. “Nginesipho somntwana wendlulamithi.”
Ababelethi bakhe baqalana, bamomotheka base bathi, “Iye, kulungile, ungakhamba nathi.” Kwakulilanga elifuthumeleko kodwana linamafu.
Yoke into esithamelweni yabonakala ithule ngokungakajayeleki.
“Ngicabanga bonyana ilanga alikahlabi namhlanjesi ngombana lidanile ngomntwana wendlulamithi,” kutjho uSisanda.
Indlovu ekulu yaqala umndeni odlulako. “Mhlamunye iyamangala kobana kubayini umntazanyana omncani akhamba nababelethi bakhe emsebenzini,” kutjho unina kaSisanda.
USisanda avume ngehloko. “Uzokumangala nakatholako,” uyacabanga.
Bathola umntwana wendlulamithi ajame yedwa. Alengise intamo yakhe ede namehlwakhe azotho abonakala anganathabo. USisanda wajama eduze kwakhe ngendlela akghona ngayo. Wakhupha ibheganakhe encazana wase ukhupha incwadi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ababelethi bakhe basamangele, wathoma wafundela umntwana wendlulamithi incwadi. Watjhugulula ihlokwakhe waqala ngakuye wase ulalela kwangathi uzwisisa elinye nelinye igama elifundwako. Ekuthomeni, ababelethi bakaSisanda babecabanga bonyana ukufundela indlulamithi kukwenza into esimanga. kodwana batjhugulula imikhumbulo lokha nababona bonyana umntwana wendlulamithi ubukeka anokuthula kangangani – amehlwankhe alungileko aqale uSisanda.
“Indatjanami imenze wazizwa angcono,” uSisanda wacocela uyisemkhulu lokha nakafika ekhaya.
USisanda esikhathini esinengi ngemva kwamadina nangeempelaveke bekakhamba ayokuvakatjhela indlulamithi encani. Ngasosoke isikhathi nakayako, bekathatha incwadi azomfundela yona. Abangani ababili abatjhaba bebaqaleke babahle nababobabili ngitjho neenkhambi ezidlulako bezibathatha iinthombe.
Kancani, kancani indlulamithi encani yakhula, yabanamandla. Abantu besithamelweni bebayitlhogomela kuhle khulu begodu nethando lomngani wayo omutjha uSisanda belenza umsebenzi osimanga.
Ngelinye ilanga umphathi wesithamelweni wabawa uSisanda bonyana athiye umnganakhe omutjha lo ibizo.
“Ngicabanga bonyana uThokozani ligama elihle,” kutjho uSisanda.
Ngelanga elilandelako umphathi wesithamelo wadosela utitjhere kaSisanda umtato. Wamema boke abafundi betlasi kaSisanda bonyana bazokubona uThokozani. Indlulamithi ehle besele ikhulule yabayide begodu yabanamandla eenyangeni ezintathu solo uSisanda ahlangana nayo.
Ngelanga lekhambo lelo, abafundi bebanga lesi-3 besele bajame ngerhuluphelo bonyana iinyege zesithamelo zivulwe. USisanda ngokuzikhakhazisa wadosa woke umuntu phambili bonyana baye kuThokozani. Abanye abantwana baqala indlulamithi ede ngokumangala. Abanye bagigitheka ngokusaba. Utitjherabo, uKsz Khanyile, wamane wamomotheka.
“Umnganakho muhle, Sisanda. Ubenomusa khulu kuye,” watjho ngesineke.
“Ngubani ibizo lakhe?” kubuza omunye wabesanyana.
“NguThokozani,” kuphendula uSisanda.
“Ukuthi Thokozani kutjho ukuthi ‘ukuthokoza’,” kuhlathulula uKsz Khanyile.
Abantwana bahlala phasi balalela lokha uSisanda nakabafundela indatjana ayifundela uThokozani ngelanga lokuthoma abahlangana ngalo. Umphathi wesithamelo wabathatha iinthombe. Nezinye iimvakatjhi ezazidlula ngendlela nazo zabathatha iinthombe. Ngitjho nomthathiinthombe wephephandaba naye wabathatha. Umthathiinthombe wathembisa bonyana isithombe sabo sizakuba sephepheni msinyana. Woke umuntu wawahla izandla.
Ukufundela umngani ngomnqopho wokumpholisa. Sisipho esimangazako lesi!


text:
uMbhalo kwelakithi – izolo nanamuhla: Biblia Zuluensis 1996 …
nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini
weViyo leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha
nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu – Biblia Zuluensis
0. Isingeniso
1. Sihlushwe yini? (1832 – …)
2. Wasuka-ke umshikashika (1996 – …)
3. Ukuziphatha nokuziphathela
4. Yilowo nalowo unendima embhekile
5. Kuyahlakuliswana kuyacathuliswana
6. Kuqeqeshwana kusetshenzwa
7. Phansi phezulu – ekhaya, ezincwadini nasendleleni
8. Welela neno nomcebo lowo!
9. Ubuhle nobunmandi bombhalo
10. “zimnandi ngokuphindwa”
Umtapo wolwazi
Sekungowamashumi amabili (20) lo nyaka silokhu siphikelele isigungu sezikhuthali ezithile eNingizimu-Afrika1 ukufundisisa nokuhumusha nokubhala kabusha “iBhaybheli” silithatha ezilwimini zalo zendabuko – isiHebheru, isiAramu nesiGrikhi – silihumushela olwimini lwakubo, isiZulu, okuwulwimi olukhulunywa ngokuvame ukuzedlula zonke ezinye kwelaseMzansi-Afrika namuhla2. Umphumela walolu banjiswano kuzoba yincwadi entsha – iBhaybheli ngesiZulu -, ezothi ifundeka izwakala kahle kwabayifunda nabayifundelwa namuhla, ibe ishaya emhlolweni, iwubambisisile umkhondo walapho iqhamuka khona.
Kuhloswe ukuthi le nqolobane yezibonelo nezeluleko nolwazi etholakala kule ncwadikazi, kwayona equkethe izincwadi eziningi ezahlukene, yethulwe ngokucacileyo, kuthi nonobunzima ekuzifundeleni okubhaliwe, azizwele kanye aqonde ngalezi zingxoxo ngabathile nangezigigaba zasemandulo nasemazweni akude namasiko ehlukile kwawelakithi. Lo mtapo wolwazi kuzanywa ukuthi kufinyeleleke kalula kuwo – ulandwe, ulethwe kwelakithi3. Ingxenye yawo isisezandleni; isiyasetshenziswa4.
Sihlushwe yini? (1832 – …)
Izaba zokuqala zokulubhala phansi ulwimi lwesiZulu zazanywa eminyakeni ephambili – esondele kowenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amathathu nambili (1832)5 – kwelekelelana abomdabu nabokufika, besebenzisa izinhlamvu zokubhala zolwimi lwesiLathini ezisetshenziswa kwelaseYurophu naseMelika nakwelakithi nanamuhla lokhu, bethatha amagama nemisho nezingxoxo ezithile emabhaybhelini esiNgisi okwakufikwe nawo kuvelwa phesheya, bewafaka esiZulwini ukuze kuxoxwe kushunyayelwe ngawo. Kwahamba kwahamba kuzanywa lapha nalaphaya ngezindlela ezehlukene, bagcina abathile sebecishe balihumusha lonke ibhaybheli, belihumushela kolwakithi – isicishe igamenxe inkathi yenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye (+ 1845). Liqhamuka lapho-ke leli elisetshenziswa namuhla, “iBhayibheli elingcwele”, elashicilelwa ngowenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye (1959)6. Selulude-ke nokho uhlu lwemiqulu nezincwadi nezincwajana ezibhalwé ngesiZulu eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili (180) eyedlule7
Noma-ke leli “elingcwele”8 lituseka kakhulu ngezinga elilubeka ngalo ulwimi lwakithi ezingxoxweni nasemizekelisweni yasemandulo nasemazweni akude anemikhuba namasiko ehlukile kwawakithi – izibulo kuyo yonke imibhalo ekhona ngolwakithi, aligculisisi kahle hle ngoba udaba aliluthathi emsukeni walo, olwimini lwalo lwendabuko, ulwimi lwesiHebheru, lwesiAramu noma lwesiGrikhi, njengoba kufanele nanjengoba onke amabhaybheli ahunyushwe ngokuyikho enza, iluhlangabeza endleleni, iluthathela esiNgisini nakwezinye izilwimi nazo ezazilandele ngokwazo emthonjeni. Lingaqhubeka ukusetshenziswa nokusebenziseka leli “elingcwele” kuze kuphumeleleke ukuzihumushelela mathupha, njengoba isiGungu seziKhuthali zeBiblia Zuluensis seziqalile-nje eminyakeni ephambili [1996], kusukwa emthonjeni kuqondwe esiZulwini ngendlela okuqhutshwa ngayo nakwezinye izilwimi emhlabeni wonke jikelele namuhla.
Wasuka-ke umshikashika (1996 – …)
Ngangizifundela-nje ngilungiselela inkulumo enganginxuswe ukuthi ngiyoyethula eNyuvesi ngesihloko esasisematheni ngaleyo minyaka, isihloko esithi “UBulili-bunye neSonto (Homosexuality and Church)” 9 lapho ngethuka ngithola amaphutha amaningi nezikhala ezingaqedwa ebhaybhelini “elingcwele” ekuliqhathaniseni kwami namabhaybheli oluthathelwa kuwo lolu daba lobukholwa, elesiHebheru iBiblia Hebraica nelesiGrikhi iNovum Testamentum Graece (Nestle-Aland), okwangikhuthaza ukuthi ngiqhubeke ngihlolisise ngokuqhathanisa, ngakhe uhlu lwakho konke engikutholayo ukuze ngibonisane nabanye, sicebisane. Yilapho kwavela khona umbono wokuthi kutholakale indlela yokuwalungisa la maphutha nokugcwalisa lezi zikhala esizitholile kuleli “iBhayibheli elingcwele” [1959] elisetshenziswa kwelakithi ngokuthi senze njengabo bonke abanye – sisukume, siziyele mathupha emthonjeni, silulande khona udaba siluqondise ngqo kolwakithi. Ngazilungiselela-ke ukusuka nalo phansi lolo banjiswano, ngilwakhe, ngiluqhube ngokusemandleni.
Emva kokubonisana neNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseNingizimu Afrika (Bible Society of South Africa) eKibhithawini ngaqala ukuxhumana nabathile ngamunye ngamunye, savumelana ukulusungula uBanjiswano lweziKhuthali, siqale sihumushe elesiHebheru, iBiblia Hebraica, okuyincwadi yabokholo lwesiJuda eyaziwa ngokuthi yithestamente elidala. Ithestamente elisha savumelana ngokuthi singabe sisalihumusha ngoba base belihumushé ngokuncomekayo ozakwethu ababekade behambé phambili, baqeda ngowe-1986, besebenzisa yona le ndlela nathi esivumelene ngayo10. Sekungadingeka-nje ukuthi uma sesiqedile ngethestamente elidala, sibonisane nabo ngendlela yokuzihlanganisa lezi zaba zombili, ziphume zincwadi-nye – iBhaybheli ngesiZulu.
Sabonisana savumelana ngesibalo esidingekayo ukuze umsebenzi uqhubeke nangezindlela esifisa ukubambisana ngazo. Sasisazibiza ngokuthi singuBiblia 2000; sasicabanga ukuthi sidinga iminyaka-nje emine ukuwuyiphetha le ndima esiziqokele yona, kanti asibuzanga elangeni!
Akuthathanga sikhathi, kwacaca ukuthi kufanele sihlole sibukeze indlela okubhalwa ngayo isiZulu, sibonisane nabanye ukuthi ingalungiswa kanjani ukuze ihambisane nendlela ulwimi oseluthuthuké ngayo nanangendlela olusetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini okusetshenziswa kuwo izilwimi eziningi ezahlukene ngokulinganayo njengakwelakithi muva-nje. Sagcina sivumelene ngendlela esiyaziwa ngokuthi yi-“Bhanjekhu”, okungukuthi “Bhala njengoba ukhuluma”11. Emva kokukhononda nokunqikaza okwavela kwabathile, kwagcina kuvunyelwene ukuthi kuzanywe kuqhutshekwe ngeBhanjekhu12.
Uma siphelele, silishumi nesithupha (16), noma ke-nje yishumi nambili (12) – abesilisa nabesifazane ngokulinganayo abaseminyakeni engamashumi amabili (20) kuya kwengamashumi ayisithupha (60) nangaphezudlwana abatholwé ngumholi weViyo leziKhuthali ngokucophelela ukuthi babekhona ngokulinganayo abangaphansi nabangaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu (30) yobudala kanye nabakufundela esikoleni kanye nabazifundela ngokwabo ukufunda nokubhala kanye nabanolwazi nemfundo ephakeme (imfundo yaseNyuvesi ngoLwazi kwezeNkolo, iTheology, asebeyisebenzise ngokwaziwayo emphakathini iminyaka eminingi); kanye-ke nesimilo nokwaziseka nokubasekhaya olwimini lwesiZulu13.
OKUSEMQOKA: Ubanjiswano lwethu alunasikhwama; izindleko ezivelayo yilowo nalowo uyazithwalela noma-ke sihlanganise, sithwalisane. Asikho isikhuthali esibheké ukukhokhelwa; sisebenzisana ngesihle nangokubonelelana. Imiphumela evelayo ngeyezikhwepha zethu sonke; iphuma ngegama lethu.
Ukuziphatha nokuziphathela
Ekukhethelweni kwami ukuluhola lolu banjiswano ngenxa yentshisekelo enginayo kanye nemfundo nolwazi njengokudingekileyo, ngavuma ukuxhumana nokuhlala ngithintene nozakwethu bonke ngokwehlukana kwabo nangezindima esibhekene nazo kwezoLwazi kwezeNkolo, iTheology, kwelakithi nakwamanye amazwe; sithi sishikashikana nokuhumusha-nje, sibe siqhubeka sichathazelelana ulwazi nabasesimweni esifanayo. Ukuthuthuka ngolwazi kanye nokuxhumana nabangasinika umdlandla sethemba ukukuthola ngaleyo ndlela yokuphumela eshashalazini, sixoxisane nabo bonke esethuka sithintana nabo – njengoba abadala besho, bethi injobo enhle ithungelwa ebandla.
Sizikhulumela isiZulu-nje. Emihlanganweni yonke sinikana ithuba lokubhala ‘amaminithi’, amaphuzu asemqoka kobekuxoxwa ngakho, kanye nemibiko ngezingxoxo eziqukethe ulwazi, siyibeke eshashalazini lasemoyeni (internet) ukuze itholakale kalula kwabafisa ukwazi ngesikwenzayo, kubelula nakwabafisa ukungena bazoselekelela14.
Yilowo nalowo unendima embhekile
Ubona ngakho ukuthi kuyasetshenzwa: Yincwadi ngapha, yimpensela ngapha. Yilowo nalowo kulaba abayishumi nesithupha (16) abaseViyweni leziKhuthali unomunye noma nabanye kubo noma ngakubo abonisana naye kwakwenzayo; ngaleyo ndlela lolu banjiswano lokuhumusha ludedela nabaningi abayoba ngabafundi bomphumela walo msebenzi ukuthi babambe iqhaza – nabo babe yingxenye yeviyo lezikhuthali, leli kube yibhaybheli labo lisasuka phansi!
Kungaba yiphutha elikhulu kabi emshikashikeni onjengalo, uma kukhohlakala ukuxhumana nabathile kanye nezinhlangano namabandla asebenza nanganoma yiyiphi inhlobo-nje ngebhaybheli: INhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu Afrika, amaSonto onke namaBandla awo kanye nabathile emphakathini abafundisa ezikoleni, ababhala emaphephandabeni nabasakaza kwezomoya nabashumayeli nabakhokheli ngothi lwabo. Izimemo nemibiko yonke ekhishwayo bayayithola, nòma iningi labo lingaphenduli. Kule minyaka eyishumi nesithupha (16) esiyedlule sisebenza, siyabona ukuthi liqhubeka kahle iViyo ezindimeni elibhekene nazo uma lingalokhu lenqene ukuthi lezi zaba zingathikaziseka zigcine ziphelelé ezeni ngenxa yokuthi kukhona abathile asebengenwe umona, bethukuthelela ukungathi bona abanakiwe emkhankasweni abawazi kungowabo. Usuke eneso nengqondo ekhaliphile umholi oyikhuthalelayo le nkonzo yokuthuthukisa umoya wokuzwana nokwazisana, nabangenalo ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ngokubonakalayo, abasondeze, abemukele.
Kuyahlakuliswana kuyacathuliswana
Indima yokuqala elibhekana nayo iViyo umholi uyithatha ebhaybhelini lesiHebheru, iBiblia Hebraica, – ake sithi nje-ke encwadini yokuqala, uGenesisi, esahlukweni sokuqala, umusho wokuqala. Wenza nje-ke: Yilolo nalolo luhlamvu emshweni wokuqala uyaluthatha aluhumushele esiZulwini. Kuthi ohlamvini olunezincazelo ezimbili noma ezintathu esiZulwini, azibhale-nje zonke, angishiyi lutho. Usesuka-ke lapho usewedlulisela eViyweni lo musho wokuqala ukuze lowo nalowo azame ukwakha umusho ozwakalayo ngesiZulu ethathela lapho. Umusho wokuqala encwadini yokuqala ebhaybhelini – uGenesisi, isahluko sokuqala, umusho wokuqala / ivesi lokuqala (Gen 1,1) – lingama kanje:
Ekuqaleni\Emandulo-wadala\wasungula\wakha\waphemba- (usibanibani/othile-izibhakabhaka\amazulu-nezwe\nomhlaba\nenhlabathi.
Lowo nalowo useyawunamatha-ke lo musho, ephethe impensela adweba abhale masinya ngayo lapho enombuzo khona nòma lapho enomunye umbono khona, ahlole, acabangisise ukuthi angakha umusho othini ngalezi zinhlamvu eziphambi kwakhe. Angabonisana nomelekeleli wakhe; akuvumelekile ukuthi abonisane nozakwabo eViyweni kuleli banga ngoba kusazanywa ukuthi kuvezwe imisho eyahlukene kangangoba kukwazeka – mhlawumbe eyishumi nesithupha (16) – ngezinhlamvu ezifanayo.
Imibono yonke eyishumi nanhlanu (15) ibuyela kumholi ngokushesha. Uyayihlola, eyiqhathanisa, abuye ayoqhathanisa nendlela lo musho obekwé ngayo kwelesiHebheru, bese akha umusho awubona ushayisisa kahle emhlolweni, awedlulisele kulowo nalowo eViyweni, alinde izimpendulo. Usuke futhi umshikashika ngokunjalo … Kuyothi-ke emva kokubonisana nokuphendulana kathathu noma kane noma kaningi uma kungasekho mibuzo nazinkinga, ume-ke lo musho njengomphumela wobanjiswano. Mhlawumbe ungabe ufundeka kanje: “Endulo uMvelingqangi wadala izulu, wadala nomhlaba.“ Sekwedlulelwa kolandelayo-ke kuze kuphethwe isahluko sokuqala, kuphethwe incwadi yokuqala – kusukwe ku-“Adam noEva“ kwedlulelwe ku-“Khayini noAbela”.
Kuqeqeshwana kusetshenzwa
Lithi iViyo liqhubeka lisebenza, kube kuvela imibuzo edinga ukuhlalelwa phansi, icutshungulwe kunesikhathi. Isibonelo: Lezi zigigaba okuxoxwa ngazo lapha ebhaybhelini, ngaphambi kokuba zibhalwe phansi okokuqala ngqa, zazaziwa ngokuxoxelwana ngezindlela ezehlukene, zaze zagcina sezibhalwé njengoba sizithola ebhaybhelini lesiHebheru esithathela kulo njengoba sihumusha. Nasi-nje esinye sazo kuxoxwa ngaso encwadini kaEksodusi, kuthiwa: “Waphendukela ngapha nangapha (uMosi); esebonile ukuthi akukho-muntu, wambulala owaseGibhithe, …” (uEksodusi 2,12). Iviyo lithi uma libheka kwelesiHebheru, lisithole sibekwé kanje lesi sigigaba: „Wayyipen koh waakoh wayyare’ ki `eyn `iys wayyk et-hammiseriy.“15, okungukuthi “Wayesephendukela-ngapha-nangapha, ekuboneni-ukuthi-akukhomuntu-wayeseshaya umGibhithe…”.
Ngokuqhathanisa indlela lo musho obekwa ngayo emabhaybhelini ehlukene asetshenziswa namuhla – njengalana esiJalimane athi „…wandte-sich hierhin und-dorthin“, „… schaute er sich nach allen Seiten um16“, „… sah … sich nach allen Seiten um17 …“ kuyamcacela ofundayo ukuthi lo musho kukaningi uxoxwa ngomlomo ngezindlela ezehlukene ngaphambi kokuba ulotshwe phansi ngale ndlela esiwuthola uyiyo kwelesiHebheru esithathela kulo sonke ekuhumusheni kwethu; uthi ufunda, kuze kube sengathi usuyambona oxoxayo, eselinganisa nangezandla ethi “ngapha nangapha”. Ekuwulolongeni lo musho kuvela izindlela eziningi, njengokuthi „… wathi thala thala …“, „… wathi qala qala …“ oder „… wathi ngqa ngqa …“ – okuyizindlela ezithathelwa esenzweni esithi „thalaza“/„qalaza“ izindlela isiZulu esikwazi ngazo ukuthatha umsindo noma ukunyakaza sikubeke ngamazwi – iSenzakuthi.
Lo musho kaEksodusi 2,12 kwelesiHebheru othi „Wayyipen koh waakoh wayyare’ ki `eyn `iys wayyk et-hammiseriy“ sesingawubeka ngesiZulu sithi: „Wathi qala qala, wamjuma/wamzuma!“.
Phansi phezulu – ekhaya, ezincwadini nasendleleni
Ukuze iViyo lithi liqhubeka nezindima elibhekene nazo, libe lithuthuka nangolwazi ngomsuka nangomlando wamabala elishikashikana nawo, umholi uxhumana ephindelela nozakwabo nabanye osolwazi, bechathazelelana abakwaziyo, bekhumbuzana nangezincwadi ezichaza kabanzana. Umtapo wezincwadi ekhaya nasekuhambeni ulusizo olukhulu. Kanti-ke kuké kwenzeke kuvele isu elingcono, lizivelele kuphunyulwe-nje nòma umuntu esaziphumele-nje, elula amadolo.
Osekusizé kakhulu muva-nje yimibiko iViyo eliyibhalayo emva kokubonisana ngokuthile bese liyichoma eshashalazini lasemoyeni (internet); ifundwa ngabaningi. Eminye yayo yilena:
- „Umlando wokwenanwa kwezincwadi zethestamente elidala (ThD)“ 18
- „Ngubani owabhala yiphi incwadi?“ 19
- „iThestamente elidala lisalifundelwani?“ 20
- „Sifundisana ukufunda isiHebheru“ 21
- „Sihlola ngokuqhathanisa“ 22
- „uHlu lwamagama namabizo (lusaqhutshwa)“ 23
- „ISICHASISO: iBhaybheli“ 24
- „uMlando kaIzrayeli“ 25
Elinye isu iViyo elilithokozelayo, lavela-nje esikhaleni, sekudideké amakhanda: Umholi weViyo nguye yedwa-nje owakhé kude, phesheya nezilwandle, okungamlungeli ukuthi avuke nsukuzonke ayohlangana nabanye; sewasizwa yiposi, muva-nje nayiposi lonyazi (eMail) ukuhlala ethintene ephendulana nozakwabo eviyweni. Lokho sekwenzé ukuthi uMhlangano woNyaka, okuyiwona okuqhutshekwa kuwo ngezihloko zolwazi ezidinga isikhathi nesineke kungajahwe ndawo, sewamiselwa impelasonto yesibili kuSebthemba – okwaziwa nangabaningi abanye abalithakaselayo ithuba lokuzozethamelela nokuzobamba iqhaza bezedlulela.26 Kusebenzeka kahle uma kuhlelwé kanje, nòma-ke sekuyothatha isikhathi esijana ukuluphothula umkhankaso.27
Welela neno nomcebo lowo!
IViyo lavumelana ngendlela yokuhumusha eyasungulwa eminyakeni ephambili (1969, isungulwa kusetshenzwa emazweni athile eAfrika.28 UMholi wayethula, wayichaza; yilowo nalowo useyazi ngokufanayo, usengabachazela naye abanye ngayo:
Igebe elikhulu eliphakathi kolwimi lwamaJuda, isiHebheru, nolwakithi, isiZulu, nomahluko phakathi kwesikhathi okwenzeka ngakho lokhu okulotshiweyo nesikhathi izikhuthali namuhla eziphila kuso – singasasithinti isimo okwakuphilwa kuso nesimo okuphilwa kuso namuhla – yiyo yonke imimango lelo nalelo chashaza eledlula kulo uma lisuswa kolwesiHebheru, lifakwa kolwesiZulu.
Amagama nezigigaba zasemazweni akude emandulo kudinga kekubhekwe-nje ngokwakho, kuqondisiswe kahle, ngaphambi kokuba kuzanywe ukukuhumushela kolunye ulwimi. Yingakho-ke iViyo lifunda lifundisisa, libuze libuzisisa, kuboniswane kuphindelelwa. Phakathi kwelendabuko yale ncwadi nakwelakithi kunebanga elikhulu! IViyo lakwaBiblia Zuluensis lesi simo lisifanisa nokwahlukana kwengxenye yelakithi engenhla nengezansi komfulakazi uThukela:
Ufinyelela kanjani umcebo uphelele, uphephile, ngaphesheya koThukela? Ifika kanjani inqolobane yeBiblia Hebraica kwelakwaZulu – iphelele, iphephile?
Le ndlela yokuhumusha esayisungulelwa ngoNida noTaber29, ebizwa ngokuthi yifunctional equivalent method (esizibizela yona thina ngokuthi yiFem) ichazeka kanje:
IViyo leziKhuthali lifana neqembu lamavulandlela elaziyo ukuthi akukho zibuko – akukho bhuloho – okungaweleleka ngalo ukuthuthezela umcebo ngaphesheya koThukela lapho ulindelwe khona. Ngenxa yokuthi lapho uThukela lungenela khona olwandle maningi kakhulu amanzi, kujulile, iqembu kufanele lewuse umfula, lihambe ligudla ogwini lomfula lize lifike enhla, lapho amanzi engesemaningi kakhulu, kungasajulile kakhulu, lapho laphaya nalaphaya mhlawumbe kubonakala khona amatshe okungacaceka kuwo, kuwelelekele ngaphesheya.
Umcebo lo iqembu liwucana, liwenze imithwadlana emincane ephatheka ngesandla, liphathisane, liwelisane. Kungenzeka-ke ukuthi lolu dledle kusukwa esingenelweni somfula olwandle, kwewukwa kuyiwa emazibukweni enhla nomfula, luphindaphindwe kaningi uze uphelele wonke lo mcebo othuthezelwayo. Kungavela nokuningi okungabambezela nokungathikazisa endleleni – ukuphendula kwezulu, ukukhathala, izigebengu!
Isineke neso elibanzi nokwazisana kusemqoka kulolu banjiswano lwamavulandlela eweza umcebo, ewuwezela kwelakubo izibuko lapho ulindelwe khona. Ngaphesheya ngokufanayo: Imithwadlana iyaphathiswana, ithuthezelwe iyonqwatshelwa ngasesingenelweni njengangaphesheya – iphelele, iphephile! IViyo leziKhuthali selinalo ngalinye ngalinye ichashazana neganyana nendatshana eliyidingela ukuyethula kwabo. Usungaqhubeka-ke umsebenzi wokuhumusha nokulolonga:
Izinhlamvu namagama angaqondakalisisi noma ahlanekezelwe ngamabomu kanye nezaga kuyaxazululwa, kuhlaziywe, kucutshungulwe, kuthi lapho kudingeka khona kunandiswe kuhlotshiswe kuvumelane nemimango namagquma akwaZulu ngaphandle kokuguqula umqondo nomongo wawo. Kungenzeka-ke iViyo liyigweme ngamabomu-nje indlela obekwe ngayo umusho othile ngesiHebheru, lizitholele esiZulwini eliyibona ishaya kangcono emhlolweni kanti futhi izwakala kangcono. Isibonelo:
USawuli kuthiwa ungena emgedeni ukuze “embese izinyawo zakhe” kule ngxoxo uDavida, owayekade emzingela, agcina emkhombisé khona ngokumnika umphetho wengubo yakhe ayezisikele khona lapho emgedeni uSawuli enganakile – emkhombisa-ke ukuthi ubengamjuma, ambulale-nje uma ubethanda. Lelibala emshweni wesithathu encwadini yokuqala kaSamweli, isahluko samashumi amabili nane (1. Sam 24,3) lichazeka kanjena ngokujiya kolwimi lwesiHebheru: “ukwembesa” (= ukuhloniphisa, ukufihla, ukugcika, ukufeza), “izinyawo” (= isici, ubuze, ububha, ihlazo, amanyala, amahloni).30
“ukufihla amanyala” njengoba kushiwo kuleli bala, ziningi izindlela zenhlonipho udaba olubekwa ngazo esiZulwini zizwakale ngaphandle kokuba kukhulunywe kugqakazwe, kuhlanjalazwe. UkuHlonipha31 nokuhloniphisa kwaziswa kakhulu esiZulwini.
Kanjalo-ke kutholakala kaningi ukuthi kukhona ukuhlobana kanti futhi kukhona umehluko phakathi kwesiHebheru nesiZulu – ezinhlamvini zenkulumo, ekwakhiweni kwemisho, ekuhlanekezeleni umqondo nasekwakheni izaga neziphicaphico.
Isibonelo: NgesiZulu sithi “wakhuluma“. NgesiNgisi sithi “She/He spoke“. NgesiHebheru sithi “wayyo’mer“ – umusho obhalwé njengegama elilodwa-nje, okusetshenziswa iziphongozo nezijobelelo ukuguqula izwi, nenani, nesikhathi ngokunjalo. Mayelana nokuhlonipha kuningi lapho zihlobene kanti futhi zehlukene kakhulu lezi zilwimi zombili. Isibonelo:
Uma ngesiHebheru kuthiwa “w’ho’odom yoda´ei-hawwo ischeto wattahar’“ (okungukuthi “Umuntu-ke\wamazi\umkakhe\wakhulelwa”)32 kuhumusheka kubekeke lokhu ngezindlela eziningi – enye yazo yile: “UAdamu walala noEva, wamkhulelisa”33. IViyo leziKhuthali lakwaBiblia Zuluensis liligwema ngamabomu elesiZulu elimqondo-munye no “yoda” wesiHebheru (“yoda” = “ukwazi noma ukwazana ngokocansi”) ebekungathi “wamlala”, livumelane ngamanye nawo ashaya emhlolweni kodwa elubeka udaba ngokuluhloniphisa okwaziwayo – njengalana: „wazisondeza ku …“ „wamthinta“ „wamthinta kwamancane“ noma kuvele kusetshenziwe lona leli eselaziwa, elingasadingi kuchazwa, elithi „wamazi“.
Yiyo yonke imininingwane lowo nalowo kulolu banjiswano okufanele ayiqaphelisise ukuze udaba luthi lungena esiZulwini lube lungawulahli umongo nomqondo walo wasesisuseni salo.
Iqembu lamavulandlela seligciné seliyisigungu sochwepheshe, osolwazi. Njengoba bebethuthezela amachashaza, namagama nezaga nezingxoxo, balingisa ukuthuthezela okwenziwa ngonyazi (electronic) – ziqale zihlahlwe, zicanwe izitho (bytes) bese zithubeleza ngogesi emkhathini, zithi zingafika phambili, zinqwatshele ndawonye, zixhunywe ukuze zifike zifundeke ngokuzwakalayo – njengoba lenza neqembu lamavulandlela ekuwezeni umcebo, liwuwezela ngaphesheya koThukela.
Ubuhle nobunmandi bombhalo
Njengoba zizihle zizwakala kahle kanje eziningi izingxoxo ebhaybhelini lesiHebheru esithathela kulo ekuhumusheleni ezilwimini zonke ezinye, lokho kuwumphumela wezaba nemizamo engaqedwa, kuphindelelwa – njengoba nangesiZulu kunamazinga amaningi ehlukene okubeka nokunandisa udaba. Okusemqoka kukho konke yingqondo – umbiko oqukethwe umbhalo. Siyichaza kanjena eyobuhle nobumnandi bombhalo:
Kufana-nje nenhlwathi uma izilambele, icothele ukujuma inyamazane: Iyayibuka, isondele ngokunyenya, iyilalele esikhaleni – lapho engathi uma yethuka, ibalekele ngakhona. Njengoba inhlwathi iyizingela-nje le nyamazane, isihlelé kahle engqondweni yayo, yabona ukuthi le nyamazane ilingana namandla ayo; iyabona futhi ukuthi yinyamazane edlekayo – nayo futhi efisayo ukuthi iyidle, okungathi uma iyidla-nje, seneliseke nesidingo sokuqeda indlala nokuthola okwanele okwakha
umzimba.
Ukuthi le nyamazane imisé ngezimpondo zakwanokusho, icothoza ngezinselo ezinhle kanjani, icwayiza kanjani ngamehlo uma ihlalwa yimpukane ebusweni, … konke lokho akubalulekile kangako kule nhlwathi ezifunela inyama yokuqeda indlala nokwakha umzimba ngokwempilo.
Izothi-ke inyamazane uma isibona le nhlwathi, yethuka, izithele kufeleba, ayibambe ngqi, ayithandele ngomzimba nangomsila wakhe, ingabe isakwazi ukubaleka. Uyasuka lapho uyibophisisa impela uyaqinisa, iyabhocobala iba umphotho ifuza umnyaba wezinkuni, ivumela ukuthi ikwazeke ukumimiliteka ngobude bayo, igwinyeke iphelele, kungalahleki namlenzana naphonjwana-nje. Sekudinga-nje ukuthi inhlwathi iyikhothe, iyikhothe, mimilitiyane!
Nansi-ke inhlwathi isisuthi inyamazane; isizingelé yaphumelela! Umzimba
wayo-ke manje usuzobhekana nokuncela nokwemukela onke amanoni nomnkantsha nobubende nemvomve nakho konke okutholakala kule nyamazane.
Kunjalo-ke ukuthatha ulwazi ulususa olwimini lwezizwe ululetha kini. Akungabi ubugagu kuphela lolu lwazi olubekwa ngabo kwelakubo, akube yilo ulwazi uqobo lwalo ofika nalo kithi uma usihumushela!
Uma kuqhubeka kahle, lezi zingxoxo nezigameko zigcina sezejwayelekile-nje sengathi ngezendabuko, kanti kwajulukwa kuphindelelwa kuzanywa ukuzifaka: “Wahamba ijuba likaNowa” okuyisaga esishiwo uma ‘eseshayé utshani’, engasabuyi obekulindelwe ukuthi uzohamba, abuye.34 Baningi namuhla abangasazi ukuthi lesi nezinye izaga ezinjalo zangena ngebhaybheli esiZulwini.
Njengoba bese sishilo: Kufanele-ke kukwazi ukufundeka ngendlebe lokhu okuhunyushiwe. Iso lofundayo kanye nolimi lwakhe kufanele luzigijimile-nje, luzishelelele-nje kalula phezu kwezinhlamvu ezibhaliweyo ukuze nezwi lehle lenyuka, ligcizelele njengoba kwenziwa uma kukhulunywa, kuxoxwa noma kwethiwa izinganekwane. Yingakho-ke iViyo lidamane lihlola ukuthi abanye bona benze njani, leboleke nakubo uma kukhona okungasebenziseka ekulobeni ngendlela ehambisana nalo mgomo35.
Ubugagu ekuxoxeni buluphendula lube yinqolobane yomlando namakhono ehlukile ulwimi lwesiZulu, olunezinkondlo ezihaywayo nezithenyelezwayo ngokwehluka kwazo36. Kunenqubo namasiko alusizo kwabahumushayo – njengokwethiwa kwamabizo nezidlaliso nezibongo.37
“zimnandi ngokuphindwa”
Kanye ngonyaka iViyo likhipha incwajana eliyibiza ngokuthi ngu-“zimnandi ngokuphindwa“, equkethe ezimbalwa kwezihunyushiwe, ezilotshwé njengengxoxo-nje emfushane, kunxuswe ofundayo – emakhaya, ezikoleni, emabandleni amasonto nanoma kuphi nje-ke emphakathini – ukuthi abeke imibono, anike nezeluleko lapho ebona kudingeka khona. Baningi abayikhuthalele le nkundla; lo mshikashika uphenduka ube yindaba yomphakathi wonke njengokwesifiso seziKhuthali eViyweni loBanjiswano. Ezinye zalezi esezicutshungulwé ngale ndlela yilezi:
- iviki lokuqala ngqa (uGenesisi 1) 38
- umuntu ngumuntu-ngabantu (uGenesisi 2)39
- vulekiyane amehlo! (uGenesisi 3)40
- kwachitheka igazi (uGenesisi 4)41
- uzamcolo nejuba likaNowa (uGenesisi 7)42
- uthingo lwenkosazana (uGenesisi 8)43
- kwabheda ulwimi eBhabhela (uGenesisi 11)44
- amadodakazi kaSelofehadi (uJoshwa 17; uNumeri 27; uNumeri 36)45
Uzoqhubeka u-“zimnandi ngokuphindwa” uluphelekezele uhlelo, zaziwe zidingidwe zonke eziphakathi zizi zigcine zivelé encwadini eyoba umphumela – iBhaybheli ngesiZulu, ezinye zezingxenye zazo esezingatholakala eshashalazini elisomoyeni46.
>> Lo mbiko usaqhubeka <<
nguBheni kaMkhulunyelwa noMaZungu wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini
weViyo leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha
iBhaybheli ngesiZulu – Biblia Zuluensis
http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/texte-ibhaybheli.html
30.12.2011
UMtapo woLwazi:
1. Imiqulu
Bibel in gerechter Sprache, hg. von Ulrike Bail, Frank Crüsemann, Marlene Crüsemann, Erhard Domay, Jürgen Ebach, Claudia Janssen, Hanne Köhler, Helga Kuhlmann, Martin Letzsch und Luise Schottroff, Gütersloh 2006.
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, hg. von Karl Elliger/Wilhelm Rudolph, Stuttgart 1979.
Das KAIROS Dokument: Herausforderung an die Kirche. Ein theologischer Kommentar zur politischen Krise in Südafrika, EWM-Informationen Nr. 64, Hamburg 1985.
Die Bybel. Nuwe Vertaling (met herformulerings). Teks, Woordelys en Teksverwysings, Kapstadt 1983.
Die Lexikon-Bibel. Gute Nachricht. Übersetzung mit Erklärungen und Bildern. Ohne die Spätschriften des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart 2003.
Gute Nachricht Bibel. Altes und Neues Testament. Mit den Spätschriften des Alten Testaments (Deuterokanonische Schriften/Apokryphen), Stuttgart 1997.
IBhayibheli eliNgcwele, The Bible in Zulu, B.F.B.S. 1959, INhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu neAfrika, SBN 564-00773-0 (amakhasi: 1186).
IBaible eli iNgcwele. Eli neTestamente eliDala, neliTya. Ku Kutywa Kuzo Izilimi Zokuqla. Ukuhlelwa kokuqala 1893. Ukuhlelwa kokuqala kwaseNingizimu neAfrika © 1974. Inhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu neAfrika 1974.
IThestamente eliSha namaHubo, Indaba emnandi kaJesu Kristu iNkosi yethu, Isihumusho sika-1986, ukuhlelwa kokuqala 1986, ukushicilelwa kwesithathu, 1992. INhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu neAfrika 1986.
Novum Testamentum Graece. Apparatum criticum recensuerunt et editionem novis curis elaboraverunt Kurt Aland et Barbara Aland una cum instituto studiorum textus Novi Testamenti Monasternsi (Westphalia), hg. von Kurt Aland/Eberhard Nestle/Erwin Nestle, Stuttgart 1979.
Steurer, Rita Maria 21989, Das Alte Testament: Interlinearübersetzung Hebräisch-Deutsch; hebräischer Text nach der Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Bd. 1: Genesis-Deuteronomium, Neuhausen-Stuttgart.
Dies. 21993, Das Alte Testament: Interlinearübersetzung Hebräisch-Deutsch; hebräischer Text nach der Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Bd. 2: Josua – Könige, Neuhausen-Stuttgart.
Dies. 21996, Das Alte Testament: Interlinearübersetzung Hebräisch-Deutsch; hebräischer Text nach der Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Bd. 3: Jesaja – Jeremia – Ezechiel, Neuhausen-Stuttgart.
Dies. 21999, Das Alte Testament: Interlinearübersetzung Hebräisch-Deutsch; hebräischer Text nach der Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Bd. 4: Die 12 kleinen Propheten – Hiob – Psalmen, Neuhausen-Stuttgart.
Dies. 22003, Das Alte Testament: Interlinearübersetzung Hebräisch-Deutsch; hebräischer Text nach der Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Bd. 5: Sprichwörter – Ruth – Das Hohelied – Prediger – Klagelieder – Esther – Daniel – Esra – Nehemia – 1. Chronik – 2. Chronik, Neuhausen-Stuttgart.
The Holy Bible (1611). Self-pronouncing Edition. Revised Standard Version. Containing the Old and New Testaments. Translated from the Original Tongues being the version set forth A.D. 1611, revised A.D. 1881-1885 and A.D. 1901, compared with the most ancient authorities and revised A.D. 1946-1952, Cleveland-New York 1962.
The New Testament in Modern English. JB Phillips Revised Edition, London 1960/1972.
2. Izincwadi nezincwajana
Bryant, A.T. 1949, The Zulu People. As They Were Before the White Man Came, Pietermaritzburg.
Callaway, Henry 1970 (1870), The Religious System of the AmaZulu, Wynberg (Faksimile-Reprint).
De Waard, J./Nida, E.A. 1986, From One Language to Another. Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating, Nashville.
Finkelstein, Israel/Silberman, Neil A. 2002, Keine Posaunen vor Jericho. Die archäologische Wahrheit über die Bibel, München.
Gross, Walter (Hg.) 2001, Bibelübersetzung heute – Geschichtliche Entwicklungen und aktuelle Anforderungen. Stuttgarter Symposion 2000 (Arbeiten zur Geschichte und Wirkung der Bibel 2), Stuttgart.
Hermanson, E.A. 1991, The transliteration of New Testament Proper Nouns into Zulu, Pretoria (unveröffentlichte Masterarbeit).
Khumalo-Seegelken, Ben 1999-2008, „zimnandi ngokuphindwa“. uBheni wakwaKhumalo usixoxela kabusha ezikhethiweyo kwezingasoze zabuna, Huntlosen (unveröffentlicht), Occasional papers No. 1-7, http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/texte-ibhaybheli.html, Stand: 30.12.2011.
Ders. 2007, Thina Kwelakithi iZolo naNamuhla. Umzila wolwazi nomlando welakwaZulu namaphethelo ngelaka ngangekhono labalobi nabasunguli kusukela emandulo kuze kube namuhla (übersetzte und aktualisierte Fassung von: Cope, T. 1974, The Zulu People. A Select Biography, Durban, unveröffentlicht).
Ders. 2008, Gemeinschaft der Verschiedenen, Berlin, http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/LSVD_Gemeinschaft-der-Verschiedenen.pdf, Stand: 30.12.2011.
Meinhold, Arndt 2000, Kriterien wissenschaftlichen Bibelübersetzens an Beispielen alttestamentlicher Kommentare, in: Walter Groß (Hg.) 2001, Bibelübersetzung heute – Geschichtliche Entwicklungen und aktuelle Anforderungen. Stuttgarter Symposium 2000 (Arbeiten zur Geschichte und Wirkung der Bibel 2), Stuttgart.
Nida, E.A./Taber, C.R. 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden.
Nxumalo, S.S. 1979, iFonethiksi nokuhlelwa kwesiZulu, Midrand.
Nyembezi, Sibusiso C.L. 1973, Uhlelo lwesiZulu, Pietermaritzburg.
Ders. 1954, Zulu Proverbs, Johannesburg.
Prinsloo, Mastin/Breier, Mignonne 1996, The social uses of literacy: theory and practice in contemporary South Africa, Philadelphia.
Roberts, C. 1900, A Zulu Manual or Vade-Mecum, being a Companion Volume to „The Zulu-Kafir Language“ and the „English-Zulu Dictionary“, London.
Ders. 31902 (1874), The Zulu-Kafir Language, simplified for beginners (erweiterte Auflage), London.
Schlosser, Katesa 1977, Die Bantubibel des Blitzzauberers Laduma Madela. Schöpfungsgeschichte der Zulu. Mit Illustrationen von Laduma Madela, Muziwezixhwala Tabete und Jabulani Ntuli, Kiel.
Vilakazi, Absolom 1965, Zulu Transformations. A study of the dynamics of social change, Pietermaritzburg.
Quellen
- Lesi sigungu sesaziwa ngokuthi siyiViyo leziKhuthali oBanjisweni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu (Team of Volunteers: Biblia Zuluensis – iBhaybheli ngesiZulu). Sizobe sihlangene ngokulandelayo maduze-nje. Bheka: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/team-toiling-20th-year.doc 06.01.2015
- Ezilwimini ezlishumi nanye (11) kwelaseNingizimu-Afrika isiZulu sikhulunywa ngokuvamile ukuzedlula zonke ezinye. Uqhathaniso ngokwengxenye yekhulu (100%): isiZulu 23,8%; isiXhosa 17,6%; isiBhunu 13,3%; Sesotho sa Leboa 9,4%; isiNgisi 8,2%; seTswana 8,2%; seSotho 7,9%; xiTsonga 4,4%; siSwati 2,7%; tshiVenda 2,3%; isiNdebele 1,6%; ezinye izilwimi 0,5% ( South Africa Yearbook 2006/07, www.safrica.info).
- Sikhulunywa kulo lonke elaseMzansi-Afrika isiZulu, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni esiphakathi neziNtaba zoKhahlamba nolwandlekazi olusempumalanga, ngenhla nangezansi koMfula uThukela, esaziwa namuhla ngokuthi isifundazwe sakwaZulu-Natali >> http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/Isifundazwe-saKwaZulu.doc 30.12.2011
- Bheka lapha: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/IBHAYBHELI_NGESIZULU.pdf 30.12.2011
- Ngesikhathi sombuso weNkosi uDingane kaSenzangakhona kaJama (1828-1840) okwaqhubeka, kwanda eminyakeni eyalandela lapho – ngesikhathi sombuso weNkosi uMpande kaSenzangakhona kaJama (1840- …)
- IBhayibheli eliNgcwele, The Bible in Zulu, B.F.B.S. 1959, INhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu neAfrika, SBN 564-00773-0 (amakhasi: 1186).
- Iningi lazo zikulolu hlu esalwakhelwa nguTrevor Cope ngowe-1974. Bheka lapha: Thina Kwelakithi – The Zulu People 1974, http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/Thina-Kwelakithi-Izolo-Nanamuhla__.doc 30.12.2012
- IBhayibheli eliNgcwele 1959.
- Ngangifundisisa ngiqhathanisa la mavesi okujwayelwe ukuthi avulwe uma kuzanywa kuphindelelwa kwehlulelwa kuqalekiswa ababulili-bunye nezocansi eziphathene nabo, kuzanywa ukubakhipha inyumbazana nokubagciwaza – la mavesi: uGenesisi 19,4-11; uLevithikhu 18,22; uLevithikhu 20,13; abeHluleli 19,22-25; abaseRoma 1,27; iNcwadi yokuQala yabaseKhorinte 6,9; iNcwadi yokuQala kaThimothi 1,10. (Bheka futhi: Khumalo-Seegelken 2008).
- IThestamente eliSha namaHubo, Indaba emnandi kaJesu Kristu iNkosi yethu, Isihumusho sika-1986, ukuhlelwa kokuqala 1986, ukushicilelwa kwesithathu, 1992. INhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseNingizimu neAfrika 1986 ISBN 0-7982-0657-8 (amakhasi: 659).
- iBhanjekhu. Bheka lapha: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/iBHANJEKHU.pdf 30.12.2011
- INhlangano yabaLobi beziNcwadi okuFundwa ngazo eziKoleni ingenye yababanesasasa lokuzwisisa ukuthi kungahlolwa kulungiswe kanjani, abanye bayo begcizelela bethi: “Kufanele nakanjani sazisise, sibambisane. Okubhalwé ebhaybhelini phela kuyobe sekubhalwe kubhaliwe; izincwadi zezikole esizibhalayo azingasileli emuva!” – kusho uSolwazi uDBZ Ntuli emhlanganweni wabo engangimenyelwé kuwo eThekwini ngowe-1997.
- Kukhona abaluncelayo kanye nabalufundiswa nabazifundela ulwimi lwesiZulu abaqhamuka kuwo onke amagumbi akwelakithi nakude – asikhethé bala lamuntu!
- Isibonelo: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/bibilia-zuluensis_AMAMINITHI-2010.doc 30.12.2011.
- Steurer 1989, 329.
- Bheka: Die Lexikon-Bibel, 96.
- Bheka: Bibel in gerechter Sprache, 118.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/umlando-wokwenanwa-kwezincwadi-zethestamente-elidala-TD.pdf, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/Ngubani-owabhala-yiphi-incwadi-TSh.pdf, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/ithestamente-elidala-lisalifundelwani.pdf, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/sifundisana-ukufunda-isiHebheru.doc, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/SIHLOLA-NGOKUQHATHANISA.pdf, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/uhlu-lwamagama-namabizo.pdf, 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/ISICHASISO_iBhaybheli.pdf, Stand: 16.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/Umlando-kalzrayeli.doc, Stand: 16.12.2011.
- Isikhumbuzo ngomhlangano olandelayo sesiphumile-nje: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/team-toiling-16th-year.doc, 30.12.2011.
- Kusazothatha ikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili (180) eminyaka uma kuqhutshwa ngale ndlela. Okungasiza ukusifinyeza lesi sikhathi kungaba ukusungula amaViyo eziKhuthali amane asebenza kanyekanye ezindimeni ezehlukene, bese egcina ngokuzihlanganisa, azilolonge, zivumelane.
- Nida/Taber 1969.
- Le ndlela esisebenza ngayo uma sihumusha izingxoxo nemizekeliso siyisusa ezincwadini zayo zendabuko siyifaka olwimini lwakithi, siyibiza ngokuthi „yifemu“, okuyisifinyezo sebizo lesilungu elithi functional equivalent method (fem). Le ndlela sazebolekela yona kwabanye abahumushi bamabhaybheli baphesheya nakwamanye amazwe eAfrika asebesebenzé kade, bakhipha imiphumela encomekayo ngayo.
IFemu yindlela yokuhumusha elandela umbiko oqukethwe yilo mbhalo ohunyushwayo. Umbiko yiwona phela okuzanywa ukuthi wedluliselwe kwabakhuluma ulwimi lwakithi njengoba kuhunyushwa-nje. Ubuhle neciko nobugagu obungabakhona olwimini esuswa kuyo ingxoxo akudingeki buphoqelelwe ukufakwa olwimini lwakithi okungaze kugcine sekuphunyuké kwalahleka lolu daba esifisa ukuluhumusha. (Qhathanisa noNida/Taber 1969).
- Uma sihumushela esiZulwini silandela u Steurer 1989, 553
- Ngokunjalo akuhluphi esiZulwini ukumazi ngamagama amaningi lo oPhezukonke okuthiwa konke lokhu okukhona kwavezwa nguye – owayaziwa ngamagama amaningi, amanye awo alotshwé phansi ebhaybhelini lesiHebheru okuyilona sonke siluthathela khona lolu daba, kuthiwa unguAdonayi, unguEl Shadayi, nathi esimbiza ngokuthi nguMdali, nguMvelingqangi, nguSmakade, oPhezukonke, yiNkosi, yiNkosi yamaKhosi,.
- uGenesisi 4,1.
- Die Lexikon-Bibel, 33 (sizihumushele).
- Okulandela le ngxoxo ngoNowa okuthiwa kwathi uzamcolo sekubonakala sengathi usudambile, “wathuma ijuba; alabe lisabuya”. (uGenesisi 8,12)
- La mabhaybheli esiJalimane, i-Die Lexikon-Bibel, ne-Bibel in gerechter Sprache, kanye ne-BasisBibel ayisibonelo esihle kakhulu obanjiswaneni lweBiblia Zuluensis.
- Isibonelo esaziwayo yizibongo zeNkosi uShaka kaSenzangakhona (1787-1828), okuthi nanamuhla uma zihaywa kucace ukuthi kuqalwa phansi kukhunjuzwana ngezigigaba nezingqinamba emlandweni njengoba kwenziwa nasezingxoxweni zasebhaybhelini uma kuze kuthiwa “ngesikhathi senkosi u … …”
- Kuyasiza ukuthi wonke umuntu ekuzalweni kwakhe wethiwa amagama amaningi abafikele engqondweni abazali bakhe esalindelwe, okuthi ngokukhula kwakhe elinye lawo kube ngabizwa ngalo ngunina, nguyise, ngabanewabo nodadewabo, ngontanga ngokwehlukana; kuze kungene nezidlaliso, namantelo nezibongo ezinye ezingemnandi-nje kuphela. UVelabahleke, uBahlanganisile, uMahlekehlathini ngamanye amagama namantelo nezibongo aseya ngokushabalala, ayekade elusizo ekugcineni ulwazi ngezenzakalo nezigigaba ezithile ezifana nomlando kulabo abedlula kuzo – kolwesiZulu nakolwesiHebheru ngokunjalo.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/iviki-lokuqala-ngqa.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/umuntu-ngumuntu-ngabantu.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/vulekiyane-amehlo.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/kwachitheka-igazi.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/uzamcolo-nejuba-likaNowa.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/uthingo-lwenkosazana.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/kwabheda-ulwimi-eBhabhela.pdf 30.12.2011.
- http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/biblia-zuluensis_amadodakazi-kaSelofehadi.pdf 30.12.2011
- Bheka lapha: http://www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de/dokumente/IBHAYBHELI_NGESIZULU.pdf 30.12.2011.


text: Amathuluzi ethu okuzenzekelayo ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa izingxenye ze-Automotive Engine, ingxenye ye-Fuel Tank, ingxenye ye-Car Boot, ingxenye ye-Hinge njalonjalo, futhi ithoni yethu yezindaba isukela kumathani angama-300 kuye kwangama-600; Sizonquma inqubo yokuhlelwa ngokuya kwe-CAE, futhi sibe nokuklanywa kwamathuluzi ngokuya ngamakhasimende ajwayelekile, amathuluzi ekugcineni azothunyelwa ngemuva kokuhlanzwa & ukupeyinta & ukufuthwa kobufakazi bokugqwala ka-oyili & ukupakisha komshini ngosizo lwebhokisi lokhuni lokuthunyelwa.


text:
Ribbon Eels
Igama Lomndenazo Elijayelekileko
Ribbon eels
Elinye Igama Ebizwa Ngalo
Leopard, Green, Starry, Black cheek, Guinea fowl, Moray eel
Igama Lesayensi
Muraenidae
Ubungako
Ingakhula beyibe mamitha amathathu.
Ikambiso Yokufanisa
Amhlangotho womzimbayo apatalele. Mhlobo oqinileko nonamandla. Inomlomo omkhulu kanye namazinyo amakhulu nabukhali aqale ngemuva. Isikhumba sayo asinawo amaphepha. Ayinawo amalungu wesifubeni ezithaya ngawo. Lawo wangemhlana athoma ngeva kwehloko bese akhambe ayokufika emsileni bekahlangane nalawo wangaphasi.
Imibalazo ihluka ukusuka konzima (amadzinyanazo) ukuya kosarulana okukhanya khudlwana kanye nohlaza sasibhakabhaka (keziduna) ukuya kosarulana (kezisikazi).
Ilwazi Elivamileko
Umndeni wama-Muraenidae wakhiwe mikhakhawo elitjhumi nahlanu kanye nemihlobazo emakhulu amabili. Zaziwa khulu ngeempumulo zazo ezingaphambi kwehloko. Iphefumula ngokuvula umlomayo woke. Amadzinyanazo anombala onzima kodwana nakakhulako ayatjhuguluka abe nombala ohlaza sasibhakabhaka kanye nosarulana.
Nazikhulako zitjhugulula ubulili ukusuka kobuduna zibe ngezisikazi. Nemibalazo iyatjhuguluka ibesarulana. Zizifihla hlangana neququ yesanda. Ziba namadzinyana ngokubekela, amaqandazo ziwabekelela emanzini aseduze.
Ukudla Kwazo
Ziphila ngokudla iimfesana ezincani.
Ukusabalala Kwazo
Zitholakala emalwandle we-Indian kanye ne-Pacific oceans.
Imihlobazo Ejayelekileko
Juvenile (black)
Rhinomuraea quaesita
Male (blue and yellow)
Rhinomuraea quaesita
Terminal male (yellow and black)
Rhinomuraea quaesita


text:
Iphrofayili ye-aluminium yezimboni1
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo
Amathegi womkhiqizo
Ukupakisha nokulethwa
Imininingwane Yokufaka 1.Iphepha le-EP ngaphakathi kwephepha ngalinye elihlukile bese liba nephepha lobuciko ngaphandle
2.EP Paper ngaphakathi kwephrofayili ngayinye ehlukile bese iphepha lephepha le-pallet
Ibhokisi 3.wooden
Isikhathi sokulethwa:Kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 noma ngokwe-oda
Intengo:Ngokusho kwentengo yemakethe ngosuku lokufaka i-oda
1.Singumkhiqizi ongumakadebona, sihlanganisa ukwakheka kwesikhunta, i-aluminium extrusion, nokuqamba amanga.
2.Sinayo imboni yethu yesikhunta.
3.Sinemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokuhlangabezana nemfuneko yakho, eyenziwe ngezifiso yamukelwa ngokufudumele!
Imikhiqizo 4.Our kungaba ngemibala ehlukene kanye nokwelashwa ebusweni ahlukahlukene.
Imikhiqizo 5.Our kabanzi ekwakhiweni, ingqalasizinda, imoto yokukhiqiza, civil nokunye.


text:
Ngemuva KZKG ^ Gaara kuzodala inkumbulo kimi I-USB ebhuthayo ne kugcine .iso kwahlanganiswa ngabathuthukisi be I-ArchLinux, Ngiqale ukufaka lokhu kusatshalaliswa ku-PC yami.
Inqubo yokufaka.
Inqubo yokufaka engiyichaza ngezansi yenziwe kamuva emshinini obonakalayo, into engincoma ukuthi uyenze uma kungokokuqala ufaka I-ArchLinux. Noma iyiphi iphutha ngicela ungazise ukuyilungisa.
Isikrini sokuqala esizosibona yilesi:
Njengoba kunengqondo, sikhetha inketho eboniswe esithombeni: IBoot Arch Linux (i686). Ngemuva kokuqala, uma konke kuhamba kahle, sithola lesi sikrini:
Njengoba ukwazi ukufunda kahle, ukuqala inqubo yokufaka kufanele senze umyalo:
# /arch/setup
Kepha okokuqala, kuyalulekwa ukumisa ikhibhodi yethu, ngakho-ke sibhala:
# km
Ngalo myalo I-ArchLinux isivumela ukuthi sikhethe ukwakheka kwekhibhodi esizokusebenzisa. Mina, nginekhibhodi yesiNgisi, ngakho-ke ngakhetha inketho elandelayo:
Kamuva sithola isikrini esilandelayo:
Lapho isicela khona ukuthi sikhethe ifonti yekhonsoli. Ngikushiya ngokuzenzakalela .. Futhi manje uma sibeka umyalo wokuqala ukufakwa:
# /arch/setup
Lapho sinikela Faka le menyu enhle izophuma (okusimema ukuthi siziphoxe hahahaha)..
Akusho ukuthi imenyu ilandela ukuhleleka okunengqondo, ngakho-ke akukhuthazwa ukweqa noma yisiphi isinyathelo, yize kubonakala kimi ukuthi isifaki uqobo asikuvumeli. Le nketho yokuqala izosivumela ukuthi sikhethe lapho sizofaka khona amaphakheji okuqala nalapho sinikeza Faka lesi sikrini asiveli.
Siyishiya ngokuzenzakalela kunketho yokuqala, ukuze ifake amaphakheji adingekayo kusuka kufayela le- I-CD-ROM, noma kulokhu kusuka kwimemori. Uma sesinikeze u-Ok sibuyela kumenyu esithombeni 5. Sibe sesigxumela esinyathelweni sesibili, lapho sikhetha khona isihleli sombhalo esifuna ukusisebenzisa:
Angazi ngawe, kodwa okungenani kimi VI Kungenxa yabasebenzisi abane-octopus complex, ngakho-ke ngisebenzisa NANO I-LOL. Uma sesinikeze u-Ok sibuyela kumenyu esithombeni 5. Siya esigabeni sesithathu lapho silungiselela khona iwashi lohlelo:
Endabeni yami ngiyakhetha Melika »Havana.
Ngemuva kwalokho silungisa iwashi ngenketho Setha isikhathi nosuku. Ngisebenzisa inketho: isikhathi sendawo.
Futhi ngikhetha inketho Manual:
Lapho siqeda ngewashi kuza ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokufakwa: Disk ukwahlukanisa. Ukukhombisa lesi sibonelo ngaphambilini nginezingxenye ezi-3 ezenziwe:
- sda1 : Okwezimpande [/].
- sda2 : Okwasekhaya [/ ikhaya].
- sda5 : Ukushintshanisa [ukushintshanisa]
Yini okudingeka siyazi lapho sihlukanisa?
Lapho nje sifaka inketho yokuhlukanisa nabanye, sizobona lesi sikrini:
Ngokuyisisekelo sinezinketho ezi-4:
- Lungiselela ngokuzenzakalela : Kukwahlukanisa okuqondisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhle uma sinediski elingenalutho noma asikhathali ngokulahleka kwedatha, kepha akuyona le esizoyisebenzisa.
- Ngesandla ukwahlukanisa Hard Drive : Lapha kufanele singene kuphela uma sifuna ukudala ukwahlukanisa okusha noma ukuwasusa kwi-hard disk, asisenantshisekelo manje.
- Ngesandla Lungiselela amadivayisi we-block, ama-fileystems nama-mountpoints : Le inketho esiyithandayo ngoba izosivumela ukuthi sikhethe ukuthi iziphi izingxenye esizokhuphuka kuzo impande, ikhaya nokushintshana.
- Izinguquko zesistimu yefayela lokugcina ezibuyiselwayo : Le nketho ukubuyela esimweni sokuqala sediski. Futhi angicabangi ukuthi siyayidinga.
Esimweni sami esithile, nge-hard drive, ngikhetha inketho yokuqala ngokuzenzakalela. Ukukhetha ezinye izinketho angazi ukuthi kungakuhle yini, ngakho ungazithinti ngaphandle kokuthi usemshini obonakalayo. Sinikela Faka futhi sithola isikrini esilandelayo:
Lapha singabona ukwahlukaniswa okungu-3 engikutshele ngakho ngaphambili. Ungabheki usayizi wazo. Badinga nje ukwazi lokho I-sda1 ingeyempande, sda2 yasekhaya y i-sda5 yokushintshana. Sikhetha owokuqala bese sinikeza Faka. Sithola isikrini esilandelayo:
Ukunakwa ngalo mlayezo. Lapha lokhu asicela khona wukuthi sikhethe uma sifuna ihlanzekile, ifomethi noma yini ofuna ukuyibiza ngokuthi ukwahlukanisa okukhulunywa ngakho. Ngoba sda1 akunankinga, kepha kufanele siqaphele uma sifuna ukugcina imininingwane yethu ekwahlukanisweni kwe- / ekhaya.
Kulokhu sikutshela lokho YEBO   futhi sithola iwindi elilandelayo:
Siyakhetha I-Ext4 ngemicibisholo ye Phezulu / phansi futhi sinikela Faka. Lapho-ke isikrini lapho sikhetha khona ukuthi sifuna ukufaka ini kulolo hlukelo asiveli:
Esimweni sethu siyakhetha / impande. Sinikela Faka bese siya esikrinini esilandelayo:
Lapha singabeka ifayela le- Ilebula noma ilebula kudiski. Lesi sinyathelo siyakhethwa, ngakho-ke ngisishiya njengoba sinjalo ngokwakhona. Sinikela Faka bese siya esikrinini esilandelayo:
Kuyafana nesinyathelo esedlule, kushiywa ngokuzenzakalela ngaphandle kokuthi sazi ukuthi singayidlulisela kanjani imingcele ethile Okulandelayo4.
Siphinda lesi sinyathelo esifanayo sda2, sikhumbula njalo ukuthi akufanele sinikeze u-Yebo inketho yesithombe #16 uma sifuna ukugcina yethu / ekhaya. Uma kwenzeka kuba sda5 okuwukuphela kwento eguqukayo nge-sda1 ukuthi esikhundleni sokukhetha I-Ext4, sikhetha inketho yokuqala esithombeni #17, noma Shintsha.
Uma senza konke kahle, ukwahlukaniswa kufanele kubukeke kanjena:
Siyakhetha QEDILE, sinikela Faka futhi sithola umyalezo olandelayo:
Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi asenzanga ukwahlukanisa okwehlukile kwe- / ibhuthri. Ngokuzenzakalelayo isicela ukuthi sibuyele emuva ukulungisa lokhu ngenketho: emuva, kepha sikhetha inketho: unganaki. Lapho sesinikeze u-Ok sibuyela kumenyu ekumfanekiso 5 bese siya kukhetho 5: Khetha Amaphakheji.
Le nketho phakathi kwezinye izinto isivumela ukuthi sifake ifayela le- I-Grub:
Futhi uma sesiqedile siya enkethweni yemenyu elandelayo: Faka amaphakheji.
Ngokuzenzakalelayo, kukhethwa kuphela okukhethwa kukho kokuqala. Ngimaka womabili ukufaka ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza engizodinga ukuzihlanganisa kamuva nokunye. Uma simaka okwesibili, kuzobonakala isikrini esilandelayo:
Lapho kuzofanele simake khona (nebha yesikhala) imaphi amaphakheji esifuna ukuwafaka. Lapho siqeda sichofoza KULUNGILE bese uhlelo luqala ukufaka:
Lapho sesiqedile, sinikela Faka futhi sithola lokhu:
Uma sifuna sifuna ukweqa lesi sinyathelo, inqobo nje uma sazi kamuva ukuthi kufanele sishintshe ukuze Arch sebenze njengoba kufanele. Yimaphi amafayela engiwashintsha?
- /etc/rc.conf Ifayela elibucayi kusukela amademoni aqala ngohlelo, inethiwekhi, amamojula nezinye izinketho zilungiselelwe kulo.
- /etc/resolv.conf : Ukusetha ukubheka i-DNS yenethiwekhi.
- /etc/pacman.conf : Lapho ngiguqula kuphela inketho yokusebenzisa ummeleli ku-Pacman.
- /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist Lapho kufakwa noma kususwa khona amakhosombe e-Arch.
- Umsuka-Iphasiwedi : Uma ngincoma ukuthi ukhethe le nketho ukunikeza i-Root iphasiwedi ngezizathu zokuphepha, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke icele iphasiwedi yalo msebenzisi.
# reboot
Ukulethwa okulandelayo.
Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizobona ukuthi ungawahlela kanjani amafayela:
- /etc/rc.conf.
- /etc/resolv.conf.
- /etc/pacman.conf.
- /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.


text:
Ngalokhu ingxenye yokuqala kusukela ochungechungeni lwezihloko ezikwi- «Yandex Umthombo Ovulekile » Sizoqala ukuhlola kwethu ikhathalogu enkulu futhi ekhulayo ye vula izinhlelo zokusebenza ithuthukiswe yi Ezobuchwepheshe Giant de "I-Yandex LLC".
Ukuze siqhubeke nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu mayelana nezicelo ezivulekile ezikhishwe yi-Technological Giants ngayinye yeqembu elaziwa njenge I-GAFAM (I-Google, i-Apple, i-Facebook, i-Amazon ne-Microsoft) nezinye ezifana: "Alibaba, Baidu, Huawei, Netflix, Samsung, Tencent, Xiaomi, Yahoo neYandex".
Okwalabo abanentshisekelo yokuhlola eyethu ukushicilelwa kokuqala okuhlobene nesihloko, ungachofoza kusixhumanisi esilandelayo, ngemuva kokuqeda ukufunda le ncwadi:
“Namuhla, zombili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele ziqhubekela phambili ngokuya ekuhlanganisweni okukhulu kweFree Software ne-Open Source kumamodeli abo ebhizinisi, amapulatifomu, imikhiqizo kanye nezinsizakalo. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ubuchwepheshe obumahhala nobuvulekile buya ngokuya buba yingxenye ebalulekile yendlela yokusebenza nokungena kubo, ukuze kuzuze abanikazi babo, amaklayenti noma izakhamizi. " Umthombo Ovulekile weGAFAM: Ama-Giant Technological asekela uMthombo Ovulekile.
Inkomba
I-YxOS-P1: I-Yandex Open Source - Ingxenye 1
Izicelo ze Umthombo Ovulekile weYandex
Ngaphambi kokuqala, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-, iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye- Umthombo Ovulekile weYandex (YxOS), ungathola futhi amanye amaphrojekthi amaningi avulekile enkampani eshiwo kumasayithi ayo amabili asemthethweni ku- IGitHub (Yandex y YandexMobile) namawebhusayithi we Umthombo Ovulekile Omangalisayo, I-Ajenda Yomthombo Ovulekile y Umthombo Ovulekile Libs.
“I-Yandex ingenye yezinkampani ezinkulu ze-Internet eYurophu futhi isebenzisa injini yokusesha ethandwa kakhulu eRussia. Futhi ukuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinsizakalo, ezigxile kumsebenzisi futhi ngokuya ngobuchwepheshe besimanje bamuva, ukudala nokusebenzisa Umthombo Ovulekile kokuningi kwayo. " Umthombo Ovulekile weYandex
Kulolu hlu lwamaphrojekthi okukhulunywe ngawo ku- "Umthombo Ovulekile we-Yandex" Sizoqala ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelayo:
ChofozaHouse
Kafushane, i- "Umthombo Ovulekile we-Yandex" ichaza kanjena:
“Luhlelo lokuphatha imininingo egciniwe yemininingwane evulekile yekholomu, olusingatha imininingwane emikhulu ngokwedlulele, kufaka phakathi leyo engahlanganisiwe, ngendlela ezinzile futhi esimeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvumela ukukhiqiza imibiko yedatha yomuntu uqobo ngesikhathi sangempela. Uhlelo lunokuqhekeka kalula futhi lungakalwa ukuze kugcinwe futhi kucubungulwe izigidigidi zemigqa, nama-petabyte wedatha. "
Ngenkathi eyakhe «Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni» engeza okulandelayo:
“Luhlelo olusheshayo, oluqondiswe kwikholamu, oluvulekile lomthombo wokuphatha imininingo egciniwe olwenza imibiko yokuhlaziya ikhiqizwe kusetshenziswa imibuzo ye-SQL ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukusebenza kwayo kuvame ukwedlula ezinye izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwedathabheyisi eziqondiswe kukholamu ezitholakala emakethe. Icubungula phakathi kwamakhulu ezigidi nangaphezulu kwemigqa engaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane namashumi ama-gigabytes emininingwane yedatha kuseva ngayinye. "
Note: Imininingwane engaphezulu ehambisanayo futhi ehlobene nale software, ingatholakala ngqo kokulandelayo isixhumanisi esisemthethweni ku-GitHub.
ICatBoost
Kafushane, i- "Umthombo Ovulekile we-Yandex" ichaza kanjena:
“Ungumtapo wolwazi ovulekile wesizukulwane esizayo wokuqiniswa kwe-gradient ezihlahleni zezinqumo. Kuthuthukiswe ngabacwaningi nabanjiniyela beYandex, ilandela i-algorithm yeMatrixNet, esetshenziswa kabanzi ngaphakathi kweYandex ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi, ukwenza izibikezelo, nokwenza izincomo. Iyonke futhi ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene nasezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene. "
Ngenkathi eyakhe «Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni» engeza okulandelayo:
“Yi-algorithm yokufunda ngomshini esebenzisa ukuqiniswa kwe-gradient ezihlahleni ezinquma. Itholakala njengomtapo wolwazi ovulekile. "
Note: Imininingwane engaphezulu ehambisanayo futhi ehlobene nale software, ingatholakala ngqo kokulandelayo isixhumanisi esisemthethweni ku-GitHub.
Isifingqo
Siyethemba lokhu "okuthunyelwe okuwusizo okuncane" mayelana nalokhu kuhlola kokuqala kwe
«Yandex Open Source», inikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezivulekile nezinhlobonhlobo ezivulekile ezakhiwe yi-Technological Giant ye
«Yandex LLC»; futhi inentshisekelo nokusetshenziswa okukhulu, kwayo yonke
«Comunidad de Software Libre y Código Abierto» kanye negalelo elikhulu ekusabalalisweni kwemvelo emangalisayo, enkulu futhi ekhulayo yezicelo ze
«GNU/Linux».
Okwamanje, uma ukuthandile lokhu
publicación, Ungami yabelana ngayo nabanye, kumawebhusayithi wakho owathandayo, iziteshi, amaqembu noma imiphakathi yokuxhumana nabantu noma amasistimu wokuthumela imiyalezo, okungcono mahhala, okuvulekile kanye / noma okuphephe kakhulu njenge yocingo, Isignali, I-mastodon noma enye ye- I-Fediverse, okungcono.
Futhi khumbula ukuvakashela ikhasi lethu lasekhaya ku- «KusukaLinux» ukuhlola izindaba eziningi, kanye nokujoyina isiteshi sethu esisemthethweni se- Yocingo kusuka ku-DesdeLinux. Ngenkathi, ukuthola eminye imininingwane, ungavakashela noma yikuphi Umtapo wolwazi oku-inthanethi njengoba I-OpenLibra y JedIT, ukufinyelela nokufunda izincwadi zedijithali (ama-PDF) ngalesi sihloko noma ezinye.


text:
Ubhubhane
Ubhubhane igama elisuselwa esiGrikhini, lichaza ukuqubuka kwesifo esithelelanayo esesihambe amazwe ahlukene nezindawo ezahlukene. Ukubhebhetheka ngokushesha kwesifo ebantwini abaningi abasendaweni eyodwa esikhathini esifishane kubizwa ngobhubhane lwendawana.[1] Bese kuba khona isifo esithelele abantu abayisibalo esaziwayo, lolu akulona ubhubhane. Isifo esithelelanayo esinesibalo abathelelekile abaziwayo esifana nomkhuhlane wokushintsha kwezikhathi zonyaka azibalwa kubhubhane ngoba zivela ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni kunokuthi zibhebhetheke emhlabeni wonke.
Incazelo nezigaba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Ubhubhane isifo esithelelanayo esiqala ezweni elilodwa sibhebhetheke kwamanye amazwe.[2] Ukuze isifo kuzothiwa siwubhubhane, kufanele kube isifo esibhebhetheke emazweni amaningi futhi kube isifo esithelelanayo/ Umzekelo; isifo somdlavuza sibulala abantu abaningi emhlabeni kodwa akuthiwa ubhubhane ngoba asithelelani.[3]
Isigaba sokuqala senzeka lapho okuqala khona ukutholakala kwabantu abanesifo. Uma kungenziwa isibonelo nge-COVID-19, kungashiwo isikhathi la okwakusagula khona abantu abayidlanzana.
Isigaba sesibili ilapho okubonakala khona isifo emphakathini.[4] Ilapho okubonakala khona ukuthelelana kwabantu kuphinde kulokhu kutheleleka abasha.
Isigaba sesithathu ilapho ukubhebhetheka kwesifo sekuthotshisiwe noma kungasekho muntu othelelekayo.
Ukuphatheka[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Ziningi izinto amazwe angazenza uma kuqubuka ubhubhane. Ngo 2005 isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-World Health Organisation(WHO) yasungula indlela yokumelana nezifo emazweni onke i-International Health Regulations(IHR), lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukuvikela, nokuphathwa kwezifo ezingahle zithutheleke kwamanye amazwe.[5] ngaphezu kwalokho i-WHO yenze uhlelo lwecebo lokumelana nobhubhane oluyimikhuhlane. Lolu hlelo lwashicilelwa ngo-1999 okokuqala lase luphinda lubhekwa futhi ngo-2005 nango-2009.[6] Izinhlelo eziningi ezazibekelwe ukubhekana ne-COVID-19 zadalula kwi-IHR yango-2005 nasekuzilungiseleleni kwe-WHO.
Sekube nezinkulumo ngezindlela okumele zisetshenziwe ezizosiza amazwe akwazi ukuthola iziguli eziningi zisuka nje ngaphambi kokuzibeka zodwa bese ziyalashwa, lezo zindlela (ukuhlola, ukwelapha, ukulandelela)[7]. Emveni kwalokho kube sekulandelelwa bonke abantu abake bahlangana nalo ogulayo, bese nabo bebekwa bodwa. Lendlela yokwenza idunyiswe indlela ebasebenzele ngayo emazweni okubalwa kuwo i-South Korea neSingapore, yizo lezi zizwe zaqala ukulungiselela into efana nalena emfeni kobhubhane lwe-SARS.[8]
Ukuqhelelana nomphakathi enye yezindlela okuhloswe ukwehliswa ukuthelelana ngokuvimba ukuthi abantu bengasondelani ukuze kwehliswe amathuba okuthelelana ngezifo ezithelelanayo. Umphathi we-WHO uDkt Michael J Ryan, ekhuluma nabezindaba kuNdasa(Mashi) ka-2019, uthe ukuziqhelelanisa nomphakathi indlela yesikhashana okungehliswa ukubhebhetheka kwaleli gciwane iphinde isuse umthwalo kwabezempilo, kodwa ngeke iliqede leli gciwane. Kubiza imali eningi ukwenza lokhu futhi kumele kwenziwe kanye neminye imizamo.[9]
Ubhubhane lwamanje[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Isandulela ngculazi nengculazi[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Indaba ephelele: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Yize i-WHO isebenzisa igama elichaza ubhubhane lwendawo uma ichaza isandulela ngculazi. Kusukela ngo-2018, balinganiiselwa kumamiliyoni angu-37.9 abantu abanesandulela ngculazi emhlabeni.[10] kufe abantu abalinganiselwa ku-770 000, bebulawa ingculazi ngo-2018.[11] Okwamanje i- Sub-Saharan Africa iyona ndawo enabantu abaningi abathelelekayo. Ngo-2018 bebelinganiselwa emaphesentini angu-61 abathelelekile kulendawo.
Amagciwane ohlobo lwekhorona[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Amagciwane ohlobo lwekhorona angamagcciwane awumndeni omkhulu wamagciwane abanga ukugula okusuka emkhuhlaneni omncane kuya ezifeni ezinamandla ezifana ne-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) ne-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Uhlobo olusha lwalamagciwane i-(SARS-COV-2) idala i-COVID-19.[12] Ezinye izinhlobo zalamagciwane zisusuka ezilwaneni zingene ebantwini. Uphenyo olujulile luthole ukuthi i-SARS-COV yangena ebantwini ngamakati, bese kuthi i-MERS-CoV yangena ebantwini ngamakameli. Khukhona ezinye izinhlobo zalamagciwane ezingakangeni ebantwini ezisabhebhetheka ezilwaneni kuphela.[13][14]
Uhlobo olusha lwegciwane lwekhorona oluquuke e- Wuhan, esifundazweni sase-Hubei, eShayina ngoZibandlela (Disemba) ka-2019 seludale uhlobo olusha lwesifo esidala kube nzima ukuphefumula lesi sifo i-COVID-19. Isigugu sesikhungo semfundo ephakeme i-John Hopkins, sithe i-COVID-19 ihlasele amazwe angu-200, amazwe ahlaselekee kakhulu kubalwa kuwo i- United States, i-central China, i-western Europe ne Iran[15]. Mhla zingu-11 KuNdasa(Mashi) 2020, isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ibike ukuthi i-COVID-19 ubhubhane[16][17]. Kusukela mhla zingu-23 kuMbasa(Ephreli) 2020, isibala sabantu abathelelwe i-COVID-19 besifika kumamiliyoni angu-2.63 emhlabeni wonke, esabashonile besingu-184,249 bese isibalo sabantu abasindile besimi ku-722,055.[18]
Uqubuko olubonakalayo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umalaleveva[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umalaleveva usabalele ezindaweni ezinesifuthefuthe noma ezishisayo, kubalwa kuzo ingxeye yamazwe aseMelika, i-Asia ne-Afrika. Unyaka nonyaka kunabantu abalinganiselwa ku-350 kuya ku 500 wamamiliyoni abathola umalaleveva.[19] Ukungazweli imishayanguzo sekuthanda ukuba inkinga ekwelapheni umalaleveva esikhathini samanje ngoba lesi sehlo sesithanda ukuba yinto ejwayelekile, ngaphandle kwe-artemisinins [20] Umalaleveva wake wayisifo esivamile e-Yurophu naseNyakatho neMelika, lapho ongasabonwa khona.[xxiii] Umalaleveva kungenzeka ukuthi waba nomthelela ekuwiseni umbuso wamaRoma.[21][22] Lesi sifo saduma ngokuba “imfiva yaseRoma”[23] isifo segazi i-Plasmodium falciparum saba inkinga enkulu kwababethumba amazwe nakubantu bendawo ngesikhathi ifika eMelika kanye nokudayiswa kwezigqila.[24]
Umkhuhlane wase-Spain[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umkhuhlane wase-Spain (1918 kuya ku 1920) wathelela abantu abangama miliyoni angu-500 emhlabeni wonke jikelele,[xxvii] lapho kubalwa nabantu baseziqhingini zase-Pacific nasezwenikazi leqhwa i-Arctic, wabulala abantu abalinganiselwa kuma miliyoni angu-20 kuya kwangu-100.[25][26][27] Esikhathinii esiningi uma kuqubuka imikhukhlane ivamise ukubulala abantwana nazaguga, bese kuthi laba abaphakathi nendawo basinde. Kodwa umkhuhlane wase-Spainn waubulala kakhulu abantu abasha.[28] Umkhuhlane wase-Spain wabulala abantu abaningi ukudlula impi yomhlaba yokuqala i-World War I yona eyathu ngamaviki angu-25 yabulala abantu abadlula abantu abalulawa ingculazi eminyakeni engu-25.[29][30] Ukuhamba ngamaqembu amakhulu kwamasosha kwadala kulempi kwadala ukuthi ukutheleleka kubhebheheke ngokushesha, ukutheleleka kalula kwamasosha kwadalwa ingcindezi yomqondo, ukungadli kahle nokudutshulwa ngamabhomu.[31] Ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha kwadala ukuthi kube lula ukuthi amasosha nabanye bebhebhethekise lesi sifo.[32]
Izinkathazo ngamagciwane azayo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Amagciwane angabulaleki[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Indaba egcwele: Antibiotic resistance
Amagciwane angabulaleki uma ehlaselwa ngesibulala magciwane abizwa ngokuthi “amagciwane anamandlakakhulu”. Lawa magciwane angadala ukuthi kulookhu kubuya izifo esezithotshisiwe.[33] Isibonelo, lapho khona isifo sofuba singayizweli imishayanguzo ejwayele ukusetshenziswa kudala inkinga enkulu kubalaphi. Isibalo sabantu abathola lesi sifo sofuba esibizwa nge- multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) sibalwa kuhhafu wemiliyoni emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka.[34] Amazwe anezibalo eziphezulu zaloluhlobo lofuba iShayina neNdiya.[35] Isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ibika ukuthi abantu abatheleleka ngalesi sifo emahlabeni wonke balinganiselwa kumamiliyoni angu-50, amaphesentu angu-79 kulabo bantu anamagciwane ahlula izibulala magciwane ezimbili noma ezintathu kuyaphezulu. Ngonyaka kaa-2005 kubikwe ukuthi abathola i-MDR TB babengu-124 eMelika. Isifo sofuba esingalapheki ngemishayanguzo eminingi i-XDR TB yatholakala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika ngo-2006, kwase kutholakala ukuthi isemazweni angu-49 okubalwa kuwo iMelika. i-WHO ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abatheleleka nge XDR-TB bangu-40 000 ngonyaka.[36]
Eminyakeni engu-20 eyedlule amagciwane ajwayelekile okubalwa kuwo i-Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens ne-Enterococcus, asenamandla ukudlula izibulala magciwane ezithize ezifana ne-vancomycin nezinye ezifana neaminoglycosides kanye ne-cephalosporins. Amagciwane angabulaleki angumthelela omkhulu wokutheleleka kwabahlengikazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutheleleka okudalwa i-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ebantwini abayimiqemane sekuvamile.
Izimfiva ezi-hemorrhagic[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Izimfiva ezi-hemorrhagic izifo eziyingozi ezithelelanayo. Izibonelo kubalwa kuzo i-Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus disease ne Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Lezi zifo zinamathuba okuthi zingaba ubhubhane.[37] Into eyenza ukuthi zingabhebhetheku ngokushesha ukuthi zithelelana ngokuthi ube seduze kakhulu nomuntu ezimphethe, futhi lowo muntu uhlala isikhathi esifishane bese eyashona noma agule kakhulu. Lesi sikhathi esifishane sisiza abanhlengi ukuthi basheshe bamuvalele yedwa ogulayo bese engakwazi ukuthelela abanye.
Zika virus Igciwane iZika[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Indaba ephelele: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever
Ukuqubuke kwegciwane iZika kwaqala ngo-2015 laba mandla kakhulu ekuqaleni kuka-2016, lapho okwase kunesibaloo esidlulile ku-1.5 wama miliyoni amazweni adlulile kwayishumi nambili emazweeni aseMelika. Inhlangano yezempilo umhlaba wonke(WHO) yakhipha isexwayiso esithi iZika kugenzeka ibhebhetheke umhlaba wonke uma ingakhalinywa.[38]
References[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
- ↑ Principles of Epidemiology, Third Edition (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
- ↑ Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ↑ A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.
- ↑ Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020
- ↑ See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en
- ↑ ibid
- ↑ The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020 http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head.
- ↑ World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s
- ↑ "WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". Retrieved 12 April 2020
- ↑ Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ↑ "UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ McArdleColumnistBioBioFollowFollowColumnist, Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ↑ "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ↑ COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd 2020: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
- ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.
- ↑ "Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ↑ White, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.
- ↑ Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.
- ↑ DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001.
- ↑ "Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.
- ↑ "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.
- ↑ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ↑ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ↑ Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526.
- ↑ "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu.
- ↑ Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News
- ↑ Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427.
- ↑ Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010
- ↑ Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr
- ↑ Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization.
- ↑ Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009
- ↑ Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?. CNN.com
- ↑ Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019.
- ↑ "Zika virus could become 'explosive pandemic'". bbc.co.uk. 28 January 2016.


text:
Graphite Iziko
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo
Amathegi womkhiqizo
I-hexi carbon ikakhulu ikhiqiza ama-graphite electrode. Ngaphandle graphite electrode, nathi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ethile graphite. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yale mikhiqizo ye-graphite inenqubo efanayo nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi njengama-graphite electrode. Imikhiqizo yethu ye-graphite ikakhulu ifaka i-graphite crucible, i-graphite cube, induku ye-graphite ne-carbon rod, njll. Amakhasimende angenza ngokwezifiso imikhiqizo ye-graphite enezimo ezihlukile ngokuya ngezidingo zabo. Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-graphite ukuxuba i-petroleum coke ne-asphalt. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlelwa ngokucindezela, ukubhaka nokuwosa ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme lama-3000 ℃. Bese icutshungulwa yaba ubujamo obuhlukile ngokuya ngesidingo semakethe.
I-graphite crucible ekhiqizwe yi-Hexi carbon ine-conductivity enhle yokushisa, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, i-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo okuphansi nokuqina okuhle kwamakhemikhali. Ngenqubo yokusebenzisa, noma ngabe izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu, lisengakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza okuhle; Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kokushisa okubandayo nokushisayo akunamthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwe-crucible. I-graphite crucible inokusebenza okuhle ekuncibilikiseni ama-alloys, izinsimbi ezingafakwanga kwamanye ama-alloys, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kakhulu ekusansimbi, ekubunjweni, emishini, embonini yamakhemikhali nakwezinye izimboni. I-graphite crucible ekhiqizwe yi-Hexi Carbon Factory inomphumela omuhle kubuchwepheshe nasekusebenziseni. Singacubungula ama-graphite crucibles ngamadayimitha asukela ku-300 mm kuye ku-800 mm, futhi futhi singakwazi ukwenza ngezifiso kuwo ngokuya ngezidingo zamakhasimende. Izinga lemikhiqizo ye-graphite enikezwe inkampani yethu izobhekwa ngaphambi kokushiya ifektri. Uma kunezinkinga, siyathembisa ukuzixazulula zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-5 zokusebenza.


text:
I-Covid-19 idale inkinga ebudlelwaneni babantu nasemishadweni.
Kepha kukhona izithandani eziphume ziqinile kulento.
Iqembu lezithandani ligubhe izibopho zalo eziphumelele yize bekunomvalelo emcimbini obuse-Centurion ngoMgqibelo.
Umeluleki wemishado, uDkt uLloyd Zulu, ubemenywe kulo mcimbi ngoba ubenegalelo elikhulu ekusizeni izithandani ngesikhathi somvalelo.
Uthe useke wabona kwenzeka kaningi lapho imishado isencupheni yokuphela.
“Kwesinye isikhathi, amakhosikazi ayethi ngeke akwazi ukubona abayeni bawo zonke izinsuku bengayi emsebenzini.”
Uthe abesilisa kubukeka sengathi bathola ingcindezi enkulu yokondla imindeni yabo kunabesifazane.
“Abanye besifazane babefuna ukuthi abayeni babo babaphathe kahle futhi babondle kube sengathi umhlaba ujwayelekile,” uyasho.
“Izithandani bezingakujwayele ukuhlala ndawonye usuku lonke, nsuku zonke futhi lokhu kudale izingxabano kangangokuthi kwabizwa abefundisi nami njengomeluleki ukuba singenelele.
Kepha ezinye izithandani zithe umvalelo we-Covid-19 ubasizile ngokuthi baxhumane kangcono.
UNkele Banda, oneminyaka engama-38, uthe umyeni wakhe weminyaka eyi-10 ubenohlelo oluxake kakhulu emsebenzini ngaphambi kwe-Covid.
“Ubesebenza ngoMsombuluko kuya kuLwesihlanu futhi ebuya ekhaya ebusuku nsuku zonke. Kodwa ngesikhathi somvalelo, wakhombisa umndeni ukuthi uyasikhathalela,” uyasho.
Uthe bachitha isikhathi sabo bevalelene njengomndeni.
“Bekumnandi kakhulu. Kwakufana nothando lweqiniso umuntu ahlangana nalo lapho uqala uhlangana nomuntu. Sichitha isikhathi sethu ndawonye futhi senza ucansi olumnandi kakhulu,” uyasho.
Uthe umyeni wakhe ubezinika isikhathi sokugeza izingane, aziphekele futhi amsize ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke.
“Kimi umvalelo kube yinto enhle,” uyasho.
UNkele weluleke abanye besifazane abashadile ukuthi bangabeki ingcindezi yabo eyengeziwe emadodeni abo ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi balwa izimpi emsebenzini abangazivezi njalo kumakhosikazi abo.