text:
Umbhobho wentsimbi we-centrifugal
Iinkcukacha zeMveliso
Iithegi zeMveliso
Uvavanyo lwabathengi
Umzi-mveliso unezixhobo eziphambili, abasebenzi abanamava kunye nenqanaba lolawulo olulungileyo, ngoko ke umgangatho wemveliso wawunesiqinisekiso, le ntsebenziswano ikhululekile kwaye yonwabile!
Inkonzo yewaranti emva kokuthengiswa ifike ngexesha kwaye icinga, iingxaki zokudibana zingasonjululwa ngokukhawuleza, siziva sithembekile kwaye sikhuselekile.
Ukuthetha ngale ntsebenziswano kunye nomvelisi waseTshayina, ndifuna nje ukuthi "dodne", soneliseke kakhulu.
Umzi-mveliso unezixhobo eziphambili, abasebenzi abanamava kunye nenqanaba lolawulo olulungileyo, ngoko ke umgangatho wemveliso wawunesiqinisekiso, le ntsebenziswano ikhululekile kwaye yonwabile!
Ngokubanzi, sanelisekile ngayo yonke imiba, ixabiso eliphantsi, elikumgangatho ophezulu, ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nesitayile esihle se-procuct, siya kuba nentsebenziswano yokulandelelana!


c: text/html

text:
I-Bitcoin: Imali ye-intanethi yabarhwebi
nguSatoshi Nakamoto 2008/10/31
Ingabula-zigcawu
Imali eluhlobo olungangxengwanga lweletronikhi yabarhwebi iyabavumela abantu ukuba babhatalane besebenzisa i-intanethi bengakhangange baye ebhankini okanye kwiziko leenkonzo zezimali. Umzila ebihamba kuwo kwi-intanethi uluncedo, kodwa eyona nzuzo yokusebenzisa olu hlobo lorhwebo iye ilahleke ukuba kusafuneka umntu ongomnye othembekileyo ukuba ibe nguye ekufuneka athintele inkqatho yokusetyenziswa kwemali ye-bitcoin izihlandlo ezibini. Sicebisa ukuba ukusombulula le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa kabini sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano babarhwebi abasebenzisanayo. Obu buchwepheshe buza kubhala iinkcukacha zonke zonaniselwano kwisixokelelwano esinamakhonkco-lwazi buze buziphawule ngophawu oluthile oluyimfihho, uphawu olo luza kuba bubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo obungenakutshintshwa nangubani na ngaphandle kokuba lo msebenzi wenziwe kwakhona. Esi sixokelelwano samakhonkco olwazi asisebenzi njengobungqina omsebenzi owenziweyo kunye nobulandelelana ngawo kuphela koko nobokuba olu lwazi luphuma emathunjini ekhompyutha engenakuqhekezwa yonakaliswe. Ukuba nje iikhompyutha ezinolu lwazi zilawula kwizitishi ezincinci ezingasebenzi kunye zizama ukuyonakalisa, ziza kuvelisa isixokolelwano solwazi eside kangangokuba sinokwahlula nabo bafuna ukusonakalisa. Esi sixokelelwano solwazi sona nje sisodwa asifuni bubuxhaka-xhaka bungako bobuchwepheshe. Imiyalezo ipapashwa phantsi kononophelo oluphezulu, futhi nezi zitishi zincinci (ii-nodes) zisetyenziselwa ukusilawula zingamana ziphuma ziphinde zibuye ngokuthanda kwazo, futhi naxa zibuya ziza kufika umsebenzi owenziweyo ngoku bezingekho ukho qha ke ngoko umthamo wawo umkhulu kakhulu ngoku.
Intshayelelo
Urhwebo oluqhutywa nge-intanethi sele luxhomekeke kumaziko ezezimali odwa ngoku wona asebenza njengequmrhu lesithathu elithembakeleyo lokwamkela nokukhupa iintlawulo ezenziwa nge-intanethi. Nangona le nkqubo isebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa isasekelwe kwinto enye ekukuthembeka. Awukwazi ukwenza intlawulo engenakuphinda ijikwe, kuba amaziko ezimali ayayazi into yokuba kuza kufuneka engenelele rhoqo xa kukho uxambuliswano. Indleko zokuhlalela iindibano zokusombulula iimbambano zinyusa umrhumo ohlawulwayo ngokuphatha izimali, into leyo eyenza kubenzima ukuthumela imali encinci, oko ke kubangela ukuba kungabikho lula ukuthumela nje imalana encinci engabalulekanga nganto, futhi baninzi abalahlekelwayo yile ngxaki yokungakwazi ukuthumela imali engenakuphinda ijikwe yeenkonzo nazo ezingajikwayo xa sele zenziwe. Xa kukho amathuba okuba into eyenziweyo ingaphinda ijikwe, loo nto inyanzelisa ukuba kukhokeliswe phambili ukuthembana. Abarhwebi kufuneka babalumkele abathengi, babacele ukuba banike ubucukubhede obuninzi ngaphezu kobu bebenokufunwa ukuba bekungenje. Buyaziwa bona ubuqhetseba ukuba bakuhlala bukho futhi wamkelwe umyinge othile wabo. Ezi ndleko kunye neentlawulo ezinokuphindwa zijikwe zingathintelwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswa imali ebambekayo, kodwa ayikho indlela yokwenza oku kungekho qela lithenjiweyo kula ananiselanayo.
Into efunekayo yindlela yokuhlawula imali esebenzisa i-intanethi kuze kuthunyelwe ubungqina ngendlela efihlakeleyo endaweni yokuxhomekeka kumba wokuthembana kuphela, into leyo eza kuvumela ukuba bantu ababini bakwazi ukuhlawulana ngqo bodwa kungekho mfuneko yomnye umntu wesithathu othembekileyo. Izimali ezibhatalweyo ekungelulanga ukuzijika nge-intanethi zikhusela abarhwebi abathengisayo ekubeni ngamaxhobo obuqhetseba, futhi iinkqubo zokumana kuphicothwa ii-akhawunti zikhusela abarhwebi abathengayo. Kule ngxelo yophando siza nesisombululo kule ngxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-bitcoin izihlandlo ezibini kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha bokuphawula iinkcukacha zeentlawulo ngendlela ezilandelelene ngayo iintlawulo obuthi bukhuphe nobungqina ngekhompyutha obuchaza kanye indlela iintlawulo ezilandelelene ngayo. Le nkqubo ikhuseleke kuphela ukuba izitishi ezincinci zogcino-lwazi (ii-nodes) ezilawula amathumbu ekhompyutha zilawula ubuninzi boqobo nolwazi olukwikhompyutha zibambisene ngendlela engaphezulu kwale inokusetyenziswa ngamanye amaziko amancinci wona ahlasela aze onakalise ulwazi olukwiikhompyutha.
Iintlawulo
Ingqekembe e-elektronikhi siyichaza njengomzia ohanjwe lunaniselwano kwi-intanethi. Umntu ngamnye uthumela i-bitcoin komnye nge-intanethi ngokuthi atyikitye umzila wale ntlawulo yangaphambili kunye neqhosha likawonke-wonke lalo mntu ulandelayo ize yonke le nto idityaniswe. Lo ubhatalayo uye aqinisekise wonke umzila we-intanethi ohanjwe yile ntlawulo ngokuthi ajonge ukuba ngoobani na abebethatha inxaxheba kolu naniselwano, ngamanye amazwi iinkcukacha zabo bonke abanikazi bangaphambili bale bitcoin.
Ingxaki ke inye yeyokuba lo ubhatalwayo akakwazi ukuzifumana iinkcukacha zokuba omnye wabo bebekhe bangabanikazi bale ngqekembe inye khange ayisebenzise na ngaphambili. Isisombululo esilula kule ngxaki kukuba kubekho elinye iqumrhu elithembekileyo, okanye iziko lokwenza imali, eliza kuphica zonke iintlawulo ezenziweyo ukujonga ukuba khange isetyenziswe kwenye into ngaphambili le bitcoin. Emva kwentlawulo nganye, i-bitcoin kufuneka ibuyiselwe kumzi wokwenza imali ukuze wona ukhuphe imali entsha, ngolo hlobo ke iza kuba yimali evela kwiziko lokwenza imali kuphela eza kuthathwa ngokuba ithembakele kwaye khange isetyenziselwe enye into ngaphambili. Ingxaki ngesi sisombululo kukuba lonke olu hlobo lorhwebo luza kuxhomekeka kule nkampani yenza imali, yonke intlawulo yenziwe yiyo, kanye ngolu hlobo iibhanki zenza ngalo.
Sifuna indlela eza kwenza lo mntu uhlawulayo azi ukuba lo mntu ebengumnikazi wale mali ngaphambili khange ahlawule ngayo kwenye into. Kolu phando lwethu, sijonga la ntlawulo yokuqala ngqa, asizihluphi ngamalinge ebesandula ukwenziwa okusebenzisa le mali inye kabini. Inye indlela yokwazi ukuba khange kwenziwe linge lamgunyathi, kukuphanda ngazo zonke iintlawulo ebezenziwe. Kule nkqubo yokusetyenziswa kweziko lokwenza imali, eli ziko belizazi zonke iintlawulo ezenziweyo yaze yalilo nelikwaziyo ukubona ukuba yeyiphi eyokuqala intlawulo. Ukuze sikwazi ukwenza oku kungekho qumrhu lesithathu lithembakeleyo, zonke iintlawulo zonaniselwano kufuneka zibhengezwe esidlangalaleni [1], kufuneka kukho inkqubo apho abantu abachaphazelekayo bezakuvumelana ngendlela ezilandelelene ngayo iintlawulo zonaniselwano ukususela kweyokuqala ukuza kutsho kweyokugqibela. Lo mntu uhlawulwayo ufuna ubungqina bokuba ngethuba kusenziwa intlawulo, uninzi lwamaziko alawulo ikhompyutha ayavumelana ukuba iyaqala ukwenziwa.
Ubuxhaka-xhaka bokugximfiza ixesha
Isisombululo esiza naso siqala ngobuxhaka-xhaka bekhompyutha obugximfiza ixesha. Obu buxhaka-xhaka busebenza ngokuthi kuthathwe isixa samasuntswana olwazi aza kugximfizwa luze olu phawu lusetyenziselwe ukugximfiza amasuntswana lupapashwe kwiqonga lokusasaza ulwazi kuwonke-wonke elifana nephephandaba okanye ulwazi olupapashwa kwi-intanethi [2-5]. Esi sixhobo sokugximfiza ulwazi siluphawula njengobungqina bokuba olu lwazi luyaziwa. Isigximfizo ngasinye siba nesigximfizo sangaphambili kwi-hash yaso, into leyo ethi yenze isixokelelwano, apho isigximfizo sangaphambili kufuneka sihambelana nesi sitsha silandelayo.
Ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo
Ukuze kuqaliswe inkqubo yobuxhaka-xhaka bokugximfiza ngabantu abasebenza kunye, kuza kufuneka kusetyenziswe inkqubo ekhokelisa ukubaluleka kobungqina efanayo ne-Hashcash ka-Adam Back [6], endaweni yephephandaba okanye ulwazi olupapashwe kwi-intanethi. Ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo buquka ukukhuphela ixabiso lolwazi obeselenziwe i-hash, ngokusebenzisa into efana ne-SHA-256, ize i-hash iqale ngesuntswana lolwazi elingu-0. Mninzi kakhulu umsebenzi onokwenziwa ngesuntswana lolwazi elingu-0 oku kungaqinisekiswa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe i-hash enye.
Kwinkqubo yethu yokugximfiza siye sisebenzise inkqubo yobungqina bomsebenzi owenziwiyo ngokwandisa inani elisetyenziswa kanye lalo msebenzi (i-nonce) kwibloko kude kufumaneke inani eliza kunika uphawu olufihlakeleyo lwebloko kude kufumaneke ulwazi olwaneleyo olungu-0 lwamasuntswana olwazi . Yakuba i-CPU isetyenziwe ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo, ibloko ayinakutshintshwa kungakhange kuphindwe kuqalelwe phantsi. Ngenxa yokuba iibloko ethubeni ziye zidityaniswe zibe sisixokolelelwano, ukutshintsha ibloko nganye kuza kufuna ukuba kuqaliswe phantsi umsebenzi ngokutsha kwenziwe iibloko ngokutsha.
Ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo busombulula nengxaki yokubona izimvo zabantu xa iinkqubo yokuthatha isigqibo ixhomekeka kwisininzi. Ukuba isininzi besibalwa ngokuba kuthiwe idilesi ye-IP nganye mayivote kube kanye, le ndlela yokubala isininzi ingaqhatheka lula ngokuba umntu abe nee-IP ezininzi. Inkqubo ekhokelisa ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo yona ithi kuvotwa ngokwe-CPU. Isigqibo sesininzi siza kubonwa ngezona bloko zininzi, ezinobungqina bomsebenzi omninzi owenziweyo. Ukuba ubuninzi be-CPU bulawulwa kwizitishi ezincinci (ii-nodes) ezithembekileyo, kuza kukhula isixokolelwano esingenazikroba esikhawulezileyo ngesantya esiza kubangaphezulu kwesezinye izixokelelwano esikhuphisana nazo. Ukuze akwazi ukwenza ubuqhetseba kwibloko engaphambili, lo nqalintloko wenza umonakalo kuza kufuneka aqale abe nobungqina bomsebenzi ubuwenziwe kule bloko kunye nezinye iibloko ezilandela yona aze akhawuleze ngesantya esiphezulu esiza kumenza ade agqithe kwesi asebenza ngaso amazikwana amancinci alawula olu rhwebo. Siza kubonisa kwalapha ethubeni ukuba mancinci kakhulu amathuba okuba isela elingenileyo kuba lifuna ukwenza umonakalo lihambe ngesantya esiza kwenza ukuba likwazi ukude liyokufika entloko, kule ndawo sele kukuyo ngoku.
Ukuzama ukuthintela umonakalo onokwenziwa zezi khompyutha zintsha zihamba ngesanya esiphezulu kakhulu kunye nokuphelelwa ngumdla nokuzinikela kwabo basebenza kwezi zitishana zincinci zilawulwayo, umthamo olindelekileyo nofunekayo wubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo uza kutshintshwa. Ukuba isantya sinyuswe kakhulu, kuza kuba nzima nokuba kwenziwe umonakalo ngonqali-ntloko.
Isixokelelwano seekhompyutha
Amanqanaba okuphatha isixokelelwnao seekhompyutha ngala alandelayo:
- Iintlawulo zonaniselwano ezintsha zipapashwa kuzo zonke izitishi ezincinci zolwazi.
- Isitishi esincinci ngasinye siqokelela iinkcukacha zentlawulo entsha siyifake kwibloko.
- Isitishi esincinci ngasinye sizama ukukhangela ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo obusitheleyo kwibloko nganye.
- Xa isitishi esincinci sifumana ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo, siyabupapasha kuzo zonke izitishi ezincinci zolwazi.
- Isitishi siyamkela ibloko kuphela xa zonke iintlawulo zisemthethweni futhi ingezizo ezemali esele isetyenzisiwe ngaphambili.
- Izitishi ezincinci zolawulo-lwazi zicaca ukuba ziyamkele ubloko ngokuthi ziqalise ukwakha ibloko elandelayo, zisebenzisa i-hash yebloko esele yamkelwe njenge-hash yangaphambili.
Izitishi ezincinci zolawulo-lwazi zizithatha ngokuba azinazimpazamo izixokelelwano zeebloko ezizezona zide kwaye ziyaqhuba zizama ukuzandisa. Ukuba izitishi ezibini zipapasha iibloko ezimbini ezingafaniyo ngexesha elinye, izitishi zingafumanisa nokuba yeyiphi ibloko kuqala. Xa kunjalo, ziza kusebenzisa le ifunyenwe kuqala, zize ziyibeke elugcinweni enye ukulungiselela xa kunokwenzeka ikhule, nayo ibe sisixokelelwano eside. Le ngxaki iza kusonjululwa xa kufunyanwa ubungqina obulandelayo bomsebenzi owenziweyo size esinye isixokelelwano sibe side ngaphezu kwesinye, izitishi ebezisebenza kwesinye isixokelelwano besilisetyana ziza kutshintshela kwesi sixokelelwano side.
Upapasho lweentlawulo zonaniselwano ezintsha akunyanzelekanga ukuba lufike kuzo zonke izitishi ezincinci. Ukuba nje lufike kwizitishi ezincinci ezininzi, luza kufika kwibloko kungekudala. Inkqubo yokupapasha yeebloko iyakwazi ukuyibona imiyalezo ethunyelwe ngempazamo. Ukuba isitishi esincinci asifumani bloko, siza kuyicela xa sifumana ibloko elandelayo size sibone ukuba kukho ibloko esingayifumenanga.
Umvuzo
Ngokomthetho, intlawulo yokuqala kwibloko yintlawulo yonaniselwano eyodwa ethi izale i-bitcoin entsha yengcali leyo iqale ibloko. Oku kungumvuzo okhuthaza izitishi ukuba zincedise abarhwebi, kwaye yindlela yokuqalisa ukukhupha ii-bitcoin ziye ebantwini abafuna ukurhweba ngazo, njengoko kungekho qumrhu lingundlunkulu olawula olu hlobo lorhwebo. Ukuthi gqolo kusongezwa i-bitcoin ezintsha kufana nabasebenzi-mgodini abomba igolide ngenjongo zokuba iye ebantwini abarhweba ngayo. Kolu uhlobo lorhwebo, yikhompyutha nombane izinto ezisebenzayo.
Umvuzo ungafumaneka nakwimirhumo yokwenza iintlawulo zonaniselwano. Ukuba ixabiso lomsebenzi wokuyila i-bitcoin lingaphantsi kwixabiso elifunyanwayo ngokurhweba ngayo, le mali itsaliweyo yile yokwenza intlawulo yonaniselwano. Zakuba ziyiliwe zaze zakhutshelwa abantu abarhwebayo ii-bitcoin ezilinani elithile elicetywe kwangaphambili, umvuzo ungayimirhumo yokwenza iintlawulo zonaniselwano ungadibani nokudibana nomrhumo oxhomekeka kumaxabiso ezinto ngelo xesha.
Lo mvuzo ungenza nezitishi ezincinci zithembakale. Ukuba unqali-ntloko ofuna ukwenza umonakalo uyakwazi ukuba ne-CPU enesantya esingaphezulu kuzo ezi zezitishi ezincinci zolawulo-lwazi, kuza kunyanzeleka ukuba akhethe ukuba enze ubuqhetseba bokuthi ebe ebantwini la ntlawulo ebesele eyenzile okanye enze i-bitcoin ezintsha. Angakhetha ukuba angaphuli mthetho kuba le mithetho inceda kwayena ngenxa yokuba uza kufumana ii-bitcoin ezininzi ngaphezu komntu wonke, kunokuba aphazamise ubuxhaka-xhaka bokuqhuba olu rhwebo kunye nemeko apho ubutyebi bakhe nabo ebubeka emngciphekweni.
Ukusebenzisa isithuba esincinci kwikhompyutha
Yakuba intlawulo yokugqibela yenziwe, yaza yafakwa ezincwadini, iintlawulo ebezenziwe phambi kwayo zingacinywa ukwenzela ukuba zingatyi indawo. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswa i-Merkle Tree [7][2][5] ngolu hlobo luboniswe ngezantsi apho kushiywa ingcambu yodwa ye-hash yebloko. Iibloko ezindala ziye zisongwe ngokuba kuqhawule amasebe alo mthi. Ii-hash ezingaphakathi akunyanzelekanga ukuba zigcinwe. s
Ibloko eyintloko ekungakhange kwenziwe ntlawulo kuyo ingazi-bytes ezingama-80. Ukuba siyavumelana ukuba ibloko yenziwe rhoqo emva kwemizuzu eli-10, i-80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB ngonyaka. Njengokuba, ukususela ngo-2008, sekuthengiswa iikhompyutha ezine-RAM eyi-2GB futhi xa sijonga kwinkqubo kaMoore yoqikelelo, i-RAM yeekhompyutha iza kukhula nge-1.2GB ngonyaka, ke ngoko iikhompyutha azizikuba nangxaki ngendawo yokugcina iifayile ezinkulu nokuba ibloko eziyintloko zingagcinwa. s
Indlela eLula yokuChaza iNtlawulo
Ungakwazi ukuziqinisekisa iintlawulo ungakhange ude ungene kuzo zonke izitishi ezincinci zogcino-lwazi (ii-nodes). Umntu kufuneka nje agcine ikopi yeebloko ezizintloko zesona sixokelelwano side sobungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo, anokuzifumana ngokujonga kwizitishi zonke zogcino-lwazi ade naye aqiniseke ukuba ngenene eso sesona sixokelelwano side sobungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo, aze ajonge kula Merkle isebe elihambelana nentlawulo ekwibloko egximfizwe iinkcukacha. Nangona engazikukwazi ukuzijongela ngokwakhe intlawulo eyenziweyo, kodwa ngokuyijonga ukuba ibisuka kweyiphi indawo kwesi sixokelelwano angasibona isitishi esincinci ibingene ngaso, kunye nebloko ezongezelelweyo emva kwaso emva kokuba ivumile ukuba yamkelwe yikhompyutha.
Ngamanye amazwi, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa intlawulo ungayithemba ukuba nje izitishi ezincinci zogcino-lwazi izizo ezilawula ubuxhaka-xhaka obusetyenziselwa urhwebo, kodwa iye ithande ukugungqa xa kuvele oonqali-ntloko abafuna ukwenza umonakalo kuyo. Nangona izitishi zogcinolwazi zikwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokwazi ukuba iintlawulo zezokwenyani ngenene, le ndlela ilawulwayo yokuhlawula ingaphazanyiswa zintlawulo zomgunyathi ezenziwe ngoonqalintloko abafuna ukwenza umonakalo ukuba nje bangakwazi ukuyoyisa baze bayilawule. Enye indlela yokuthintela oku kukuyithathela ingqalelo imiyalezo engxamisekileyo emifutshane ethunyelwa zizitishi zogcino-lwazi xa zibona ibloko yomgunyathi, zize ngolo hlobo ziyalele umntu ukuba akhuphele yonke ibloko kunye neentlawula azikhonjiswayo ukuchaza ukuba ikhona ngenene into engahambi kakuhle. Amashishini afumana iintlawulo angafuna ukuba asebenzise ezawo iinkqubo ezizimeleyo nezikwaziyo ukuqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza.
Ukudibanisa nokwahlula ixabiso
Nangona unokwazi ukusebenza nge-bitcoin uwedwa, akunakubalula ukwenza intlawulo yesenti nganye xa ubhatala. Ukuze imali yahlulwe okanye idityaniswe, iintlawulo ziyaphuma ezinye ziyangena. Kuqhele ukuba kubekho intlawulo enye engenayo esisixa esikhulu esivela kwintlawulo enkulu yangaphambili okanye iintlawulo ezininzi ezingenayo zemali encinci, kuze kubekho ezimbini eziphumayo: enye iyintlawulo eqhelekileyo, ize enye ibe yintsalela ebuyiswayo, ukuba ikhona kulowo ebeyithumele.
Kufuneka wazi ukuba ukuzisasaza iintlawulo, apho intlawulo ixhomekeke kwiintlawulo ezahlukeneyo, zize zona ezo ntlawulo zixhomekeke kwezinye ezininzi, akuyongxaki. Akukho mfuneko yokuba ube nekopi ezimeleyo yazo zonke iintlawulo ezazenziwe.
Imfihlo
Iibhanki zesiqhelo zenza iintlawulo zonaniselwano zibe yimfihlo ngokuthi zenze ukuba ulwazi ngazo lungasasazwa, luphelele nje kwabo bantu bachaphazelekayo kunye nequmrhu elingelinye lesithathu elithembakeleyo. Iimeko apho kufuneka ezi ntlawulo zibhengezwe esidlangalaleni zona azibalwa kolu hlobo lonaniselwano kodwa iinkcukacha zingagcinwa ziyimfihlo ngenye indlela: ngokugcina iinkcukacha eziyimfihlo zingaziwa. Uluntu lungabona ukuba kukho umntu othumela isixa semali esithile komnye umntu, kodwa lungayazi ukuba le mali ihlawulwa kubani na. Oku kufana nqwa nendlela olupapashwa ngayo ulwazi ngamaziko orhwebo ngezabelo, apho ixesha kunye nomthamo worhwebo ubhengezwayo, kodwa kungachazwa ukuba ngoobani abebeqhuba urhwebo.
Njengesinye sezixhobo zokhuselo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe iikhowudi eziyimfihlo kwintlawulo nganye ukwenzela ukuba bangaziwa aba bananiselanayo. Lubakhona unxulumano phakathi kweentlawulo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezithi zivele ukuba zenziwe ngumntu omnye. Ingxaki yenzeka xa isitshixo-mfihlo sithe sachazwa, lo nto ingabangela ukuba kuvele ukuba nezinye iintlawulo zezomntu omnye.
Ukubala
Sicinga ngemeko apho unqalintloko ofuna ukwenza umonakalo ezakufuna ukudala esinye isixokolelwano somgunyathi phambi kokuba esi sokwenyani siyilwe. Nokuba ingenzeka le nto, ayibangeli ukuba kwenzeke umonakalo apho abantu bazenzela utshintsho bengagqithanga mntwini, umzekelo bazenzele imali engasuki ndawo okanye bathathe imali engeyoyabo. Izitishi zogcino-lwazi azizikuyamkela intlawulo engumgunyathi, kwaye azinakuthatha kwankcukacha zinento yokwenza nayo. Loo nqalintloko uzama ukwenza umonakalo angenza utshintsho kwiintlawulo ebezenziwe nguye kuphela azibuyisele imali ebesanda kuyihlawula.
Olu kruthakruthwano phakathi kwesixokelelwano sokwenyani kunye nesomgunyathi lungafaniswa ne-Binomial Random Walk. Zithi zeziphumelele ezi zixokolelwano zokwenyani ziqale zande ngebloko enye, loo nto izenze zibe phambili ngo: +1, size esi somgunyathi sibesemva ngebloko enye, lonto yenze ukuba kuthiwe umgama phakathi kwazo ngu: -1. s
Amathuba okuba lo nqalintloko ade aleqe angabi semva angafaniswa nala nto kuthiwa yi-Gamblerโs Ruin Problem. Masithi umntu ongcakazayo onemali eyaneleyo ayibolekileyo uqala ukungcakaza sele esetyaleni aze adlale izihlandlo ezininzi ezama ukuba aphume etyaleni abanemali ekhoyo. Singabala amathuba okuba ade afikelele kwiqondo lokuba angabinatyala, okanye unqalintloko ozama ukwenza umonakalo uza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuze afikelele kule ndawo sikuyo isixokelelwano sokwenyani, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo[8]:
Ngenxa yokuba besiqikelele ukuba u, la mathuba ehla kakhulu njengokuba inani leebloko unqalintloko ekufuneka efike kuzo lisanda. Kuba ke ngoku amathuba embalwa kakhulu, ukuba akazikufumana ntlahla enze umtsi omkhulu, amathuba akhe aye encipha kakhulu kwaye uye eshiyekela kakhulu.
Ngoku masikhe siqwalasele ixesha ekufuneka lo ufakelwe imali alilinde phambi kokuba aqiniseke ukuba umntu ebethumele imali akazikuphinda ayijike. Sithatha ngokuba lo uthumele imali ngunqalintloko ofuna ukuqhatha lo uza kuyifumana acinge ukuba ubhatelwe, aze asuke ayijike ayibuyisele kuye ukuhamba kwexsha. Lo ufumene imali uza kuxelelwa ngoko nangoko xa le nto isenzeka, kodwa yena la nqalintloko uza kucinga ukuba lo ebemthumele imali uza kothuka sekophulwe.
Lo ufumana imali uza kuyila isitshixo-mfihlo esitsha aze anike isitshixo-mfihlo sikawonke-wonke kulo ebeyithumele phambi kokuba atyikitye. Oku kuthintela lo ebethumele ukuba enze isixokolelewano seebloko phambi kwexesha ngokuthi ahlale kuyo angayeki ade abe nentlahla yokuba agqithe ibe nguye ophambili, aze enze intlawulo ngalo mzuzu. Yakuba yenziwe intlawulo, unqalintloko uqalisa ukusebenza ngondlela-mnyama kwesinye isixokelelwano esingesinye esinezinye iinkcukacha zale ntlawulo.
Lo uhlawulwayo yena uza kulinda ide intlawulo ibe kanti yenzekile kwibloko futhi nebloko ezingu: z zidityanisiwe emva koko. Akayazi indima esele ihanjwe ngunqalintloko, kodwa sisithi ke le bloko inyanisekileyo ithathe eli xesha liqhelekileyo ukusebenza kwibloko enye, umgama osele uhanjwe ngunqalintloko ungachazwa ngokwethiyori ye-Poisson Distribution kwaye iziphumo zingakhangeleka ngolu hlobo:
Ukuze sikwazi ukubala amathuba anawo unqalintloko phambi kokuba afike kule ndawo sikuyo, siphinda-phinda eli nani lixhaphakileyo libalwe ngokwe-Poisson ngesixa somgama ngamnye osele ewuhambile unqalintloko ngamathuba anawo okufika kule ndawo zikuyo ezi bloko zokwenyani:
Ukuwalandelelanisa ngokutsha ukuthintela ukuba amathuba abe linani elingenasipheloโฆ
Xa kuthe kwatshintshelwa kwikhowudi engu-Cโฆ
#include
double AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)
{
double p = 1.0 - q;
double lambda = z * (q / p);
double sum = 1.0;
int i, k;
for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)
{
double poisson = exp(-lambda);
for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)
poisson *= lambda / i;
sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));
}
return sum;
}
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Xa sithe sahlalutya iziphumo, siyabona ukuba amathuba ehla kakhulu ngo: z.
q=0.1
z=0 P=1.0000000
z=1 P=0.2045873
z=2 P=0.0509779
z=3 P=0.0131722
z=4 P=0.0034552
z=5 P=0.0009137
z=6 P=0.0002428
z=7 P=0.0000647
z=8 P=0.0000173
z=9 P=0.0000046
z=10 P=0.0000012
q=0.3
z=0 P=1.0000000
z=5 P=0.1773523
z=10 P=0.0416605
z=15 P=0.0101008
z=20 P=0.0024804
z=25 P=0.0006132
z=30 P=0.0001522
z=35 P=0.0000379
z=40 P=0.0000095
z=45 P=0.0000024
z=50 P=0.0000006
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Ukusombulula isibalo si-P esingaphantsi ko: 0.1%...
P < 0.001
q=0.10 z=5
q=0.15 z=8
q=0.20 z=11
q=0.25 z=15
q=0.30 z=24
q=0.35 z=41
q=0.40 z=89
q=0.45 z=340
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Isiqukumbelo
Siphakamise ukuba kusetyenziswe inkqubo ye-intanethi kungaxhomekekwa kumba wokuthembana. Siqale ngokucacisa esi sicwangciso siqheliweyo sendlela etyhutyha ngayo i-bitcoin ku-intanethi, into leyo yenza ukuba xa ungumnikazi we-bitcoin akekho omnye oza kuba nebango kuyo, kodwa lonto ayincedi ukuba akhona amathuba okuba ubanjiswe umgunyathi kuthi kanti le mali ucinga ukuba unayo sele isetyenzisiweyo, qha wena loo nto awuyazi. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, siye sacebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe ubuxhaka-xhaka obuza kulawulwa ngabarhwebi bonke apho kuza kusetyenziswa ubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo ukuze kubhalwe zonke iinkcukacha zeentlawulo ezenziweyo esidlangalaleni into leyo eza kubangela ukuba kungabi lula kwaphela ukuba unqalintloko enze utshintsho engagunyaziswanga ukuba izitishi zogcino-lwazi ezinyanisekileyo ziza kulawula umthamo omkhulu we-CPU. Obu buxhaka-xhaka bukhangeleka bulula kakhulu kodwa kunzima ukuba bube lixhoba lokuxhatshazwa. Izitishi zogcino-lwazi ziyasebenzisana kungekho bani uzimele ngasemva. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba zaziwe njengoko imiyalezo ingathunyelwa kwindawo ethile enye qha xa ithunyelwa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho ndlela yakwenza utshintsho olungaziwayo. Izitishi zingamane ziphuncuka kodwa ziphinde zibuye, zixhomekeka nje kubungqina bomsebenzi owenziweyo njengelona xhadi lilithemba xa zifuna ulwazi xa ziphinda zibuya emva kokuba bezikhe zaqhawuka. Zixhomekeke kulwazi olukwi-CPU, apho zithi zizamkele iibloko njengokuba zisisixhobo sorhwebo esithambekeleyo zize zisebenzele ukuzandisa zize zizikhabe iibloko zomgunyathi ngokwala ukusebenza ngazo. Nayiphina imithetho nemigaqo efunekayo kunye nemivuzo efumanekayo ingalula xa kusetyenziswa le ndlela yokusebenzisana.
References
- W. Dai, "b-money,"open in new window http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txtopen in new window, 1998.
- H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, "Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements,"open in new window In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, May 1999.
- S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document,"open in new window In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.
- D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping,"open in new window In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334, 1993.
- S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings,"open in new window In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997.
- A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure,"open in new window ]http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdfopen in new window, 2002.
- R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key cryptosystems,"open in new window In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.
- W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications,"open in new window 1957.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Bobabini umenzi kunye nomthengisi.
Isixeko saseShijiazhuang, kwiphondo laseHebei, eTshayina
Ewe.Siphumelele isiqinisekiso se-ISO9001 kunye ne-OHSA18001.
Kwaye umzi-mveliso wethu uphumelele i-BSCI & Sedex Audit.
Ezinye iisampuli zisimahla, ezinye iisampuli azikwazi.
Isampulu: phakathi kweentsuku ezisi-7
Imveliso yobuninzi: ixesha lokuhambisa limalunga neentsuku ezingama-30 emva kokufumana idiphozithi kunye nalo lonke uyilo luqinisekisiwe.
Siqinisekisa izixhobo zethu kunye nokusebenza.Ukuzinikela kwethu kukwaneliseka kwakho ngeemveliso zethu.Kwiwaranti okanye hayi, yinkcubeko yenkampani yethu ukujongana nokusombulula yonke imiba yabathengi ukuze wonke umntu aneliseke.
Ewe, nceda usithumelele uyilo lwakho kunye nobungakanani.
Ewe, sineqela le-QC elinobuchule elinabasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-10 be-QC.
I-MOQ yethu idla ngokuba yi-300pcs/iseti, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo olwahlukileyo lwezixhobo kunye nezimbo.


text:
Umasipala ombaxa iBuffalo City usungule iphulo lokufakela iikhamera zalemihla kwiilokishi ezahlukeneyo eMonti.
Enye yelokishi ezizakuthi zixhamle kweliphulo yilokishi yaseDuncan Village, kodwa abanye babahlali kule ngingqi abazinto ngokufakelwa kwezi khamera. Intatheli yeli phephandaba ityelele lo mandla ukuqonda ngezi khamera zohlobo lwe-CCTV.
UMbonisi Mehlomakhulu oneminyaka engamashumi amathandathu noqhuba isithuthi sikawonke-wonke, ngomnye wabantu abangenalwazi ngokufakwa kwezi khamera ezitalatweni zaseDuncan. “ Ndiyayibona nje lepali ifakelwe ibhokisana emhlophe, kodwa andiwazi umsebenzi wayo, nje ngokuba undicacisele nje ndivuya kakhulu. Le ndawo inobungozi kakhulu emini nase busuku. Zininzi kakhulu izinto ezenzekayo apha kuba kuhlala abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo, abebala kunye nabamnyama,” ucacise watsho.
“ Ngamanye amaxesha ulutsha lwabebala kuye nabamnyama abakumaqela obundlobongela aye alwe kuqhambuke imfazwe. Nje ngomntu oqhuba izithuthi zika wonke-wonke kusasa ndikhe ndidibane negazi kunye neemela ezaphukileyo, ndibone ukuba bekusiliwa. Ndiyavuya ke nje ngokuba kuza kufakelwa iikhamera ukuze sibone abephuli-mthetho,” ucacise watsho.
Omnye umhlali oshishina ngerhasi kule ndawo utshilo ukuba unolwazi lokufakelwa kweekhamera kule ndawo.
“ Asikhuselekanga kwaphela apha. Mhlawumbi ukubakho kwezi khamera kuza kudlala indima enkulu ukulwa ulwaphulo mthetho apha eDuncan Village. Ngonyaka ka-2014 kukho umi wangaphandle owaye sebenza kule khonteyina yam wakhuthuzwa wahlatywa amatyeli ngootsotsi. Wachitha iinyanga eziliqela esibhedlele. Siyoyika apha kwaye ixesha elininzi ucango sihlala siluvalile. Kukho umfana owasinda ezakoxuthelwa imali elapha ngaphakathi ngootsotsi abazingenelayo wasinda ngokukhala kwam ,” utshilo lo mama ungafunanga ukuchaza igama lakhe.
Othethela umasipala I-Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality uSibusiso Cindi uthe: “ Eliphulo ngumzamo kamasipala wokusiphula neegcambu ulwaphulo mthetho kwiilokishi zalapha eMonti. Siza kusebenzisana kakhulu namapolisa ngethemba lokuba iziphumo ziza kubonakala kungekudala . Ubuchule kukuba ke ezikhamera zifakwa kwiindawo apho zingena kubonakala lula kuwonke-wonke,” utshilo uCindi.


text:
Ushicilelo lwe-3D
Ushicilelo lwe-3D lusebenza njani?
Enye indlela yokuvelisa i-3D yokushicilela."Sisongezo" kuba sibeka nje kwaye sidibanise iileya zemathiriyeli ukwenza izinto zokwenyani endaweni yokufuna ibhloko yemathiriyeli okanye ukungunda.Inokwakha iijiyometri ezintsonkothileyo kunetekhnoloji "eqhelekileyo", ihlala ikhawuleza, ineendleko zokuseta ezisisigxina ezisezantsi, kwaye isebenza ngoluhlu oluhlala lukhula lwezixhobo.Icandelo lobunjineli liyisebenzisa kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kusenziwa iprototyping kunye nokuphuhlisa iijiyometri ezikhaphukhaphu.
imveliso eyongezelelweyo kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D
Igama elithi "ushicilelo lwe-3D" lihlala linxulunyaniswa nenkcubeko yomenzi, abantu abangafundanga kunye nabanomdla, abashicileli bedesktop, ubuchule bokushicilela obufikelelekayo njenge-FDM, kunye nemathiriyeli engabizi kakhulu njenge-ABS kunye ne-PLA.Oku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yabashicileli bedesktop abafikelelekayo abavele kwintshukumo yeRepRap, efana noqobo lweMakerBot kunye ne-Ultimaker, enegalelo kwidemokhrasi yoshicilelo lwe-3D kunye noshicilelo lwe-2009 3D boom.
复制


text:
Ngeminyaka eyi-17 yophuhliso olunzulu kwishishini, inkampani ingene kuluhlu lwababoneleli behlabathi be-ABB, Siemens, Schneider, Alstom, Smith kunye nezinye iinkampani ze-Fortune 500.
Ngomgca wemveliso yovavanyo olupheleleyo lwamandla, amava atyebileyo kwinkonzo yentsimi yaphesheya kweelwandle, kunye noyilo lwelizwe lweBhanti enye kunye neNdlela enye, iye yaba ngumboneleli wovavanyo lwamandla wehlabathi onokhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe.
I-HV Hipot ihlala ihambelana nokuzinikela kwigridi yesizwe kunye nokulawula i-bureau yokunikezelwa kwamandla, iziko lombane, iziko le-metrology, izityalo zamandla kunye nezinye iinkqubo zamandla kunye ne-subway, iplanti yezixhobo zamandla, i-metallurgy, i-petrochemical, iyunithi yenkqubo yokukhusela yomkhosi, ilabhorethri kwiikholeji nakwiiyunivesithi. , iifektri kunye neeyunithi zokwakha izixhobo zamandla, kunye namanye amashishini kunye namaziko ukubonelela ngokhuseleko, olulungeleyo kunye nezisombululo zoshishino lwemiboniso engaphezulu.
Inkampani idala ingcamango yenkonzo ye "Power Doctor", ejolise ekuboneni iziphene zamandla, ukuphelisa iingozi zamandla, ukugcina ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo yamandla, kunye nokuseka isethi epheleleyo yenkqubo yokukhangela ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nezisombululo zeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo.
Umthengi ongundoqo
Uqeqesho lwaBasebenzi
Ngokuthembela imvelaphi yobugcisa ezininzi eziphezulu iinjineli R & D kunye namandla yobuchwephesha enkulu-high-voltage iindawo zoqeqesho elebhu, inkampani waqalisa ukuququzelela uvavanyo intsimi amandla izifundo zoqeqesho lobugcisa kunye neesaluni exchange lobugcisa ngo 2012. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, has ngaphezu kweendawo Iiseshini ezili-100 kwaye kwaqeqeshwa abafundi abangaphezulu kwama-5,000.Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukutshintshiselana kwezobugcisa kwintsimi yokuvavanya amandla, kuye kwadala iingcamango ezintsha kunye neendlela ezintsha.
Uzinikele ekuvavanyeni amandla ababoneleli behlabathi, jonge phambili ekusebenzisaneni nawe.


text:
Die ukuphosa isikhonkwane selapel
Iinkcukacha zeMveliso
Ezi zikhonkwane zinendlela yazo ekhethekileyo yoyilo, ngokungqinelana nezinto ezikhethwa ngumthengi ukuyila imveliso.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zikhoyo, kuquka ukongeza imibala eqaqambileyo ye-enamel.
Izikhonkwane zelapel zesiko zenziwe nge-zinc okanye i-pewter kwaye zenziwe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokunyibilika.
Isinyithi sishushu kwifom ye-liquid, igalelwe kwi-mold, kwaye iveliswe ngokuphosa okujikelezayo.
Ixesha lokuvelisa: 15-20 iintsuku zokusebenza emva kokuphononongwa kobugcisa.
Ngaba ujonge izikhonkwane zesiko?
Inkampani yethu inokuvelisa izikhonkwane ze-lapel ze-3D!
Izikhonkwane zokuphosa zibonelela ngoncedo oluninzi oluqhele ukufezekiswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezisemgangathweni zokutampa.
Kunokuba ube nendawo enye kuphela ephakanyisiweyo kunye nendawo enye yokuhlehla (njengakwisitayile se-lapel ye-2-D), olu hlobo lomzobo lubonisa ngcono iicontours zomhlaba, ludala iikopi zezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neenkcukacha zobuso, iimilo kunye nezilwanyana.
Ukuphosa ukufa. Izikhonkwane zokuphosa ze-Die zenziwe kwii-castings kunokuba zivela kwinkqubo yokunyathela.
Ukungunda kwenziwa kwaye ke isinyithi elulwelo sigalelwe kumngundo ukwenza ipini yokuphosa.
Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo ibiza kakhulu, ukuba ukusika akufuni kungcono ukhethe i-enamel yesiko elithambileyo okanye inaliti enzima ye-enamel yesiko.
Iphini yokuphosa isiko lokufa Yintoni isikhonkwane sokuphosa isiko?
Izikhonkwane zokuphosa zokufa ziyingqayizivele kakhulu ngenxa yokuba imilo ayiyongxaki.Inokwenza nayiphi na imilo umthengi ayifunayo.Ingenziwa ngokusikwa ngokujikeleza unobumba, umngxuma phakathi kwephini, kwipatheni ekhethekileyo, okanye nayiphi na enye into. into oyithandayo.
Benza iimilo ezintsonkothileyo kunye noyilo ngokudala ukubumba okuqhelekileyo kwaye bafake isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo se-zinc. I-pin efikelelekayo.Ukongezelela kuyo, ilula kunobhedu okanye intsimbi kwaye isetyenziselwa iphini lokufa.
Inaliti yokuphosa inokukhethwa kuyo yonke isilivere, yonke igolide, okanye nawuphi na omnye umbala wesinyithi.
Unokukhetha i-enamel ethambileyo okanye eqinile kuluhlu lwethu olupheleleyo lwePantone okanye imibala ye-PMS, kwaye sineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibala ye-CARDS onokukhetha kuyo ukuvelisa ngcono imveliso egqibeleleyo, eguquguqukayo, ngoko ibonakala ifana kakhulu nenaliti yokubumba.
Iinaliti zokufa zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okupheleleyo kwimveliso, ukuvumela iimilo zesiko kuyilo kunye nenani elingenamkhawulo leenzuzo ezongezelelweyo - zonke simahla.
Abathengi abaninzi basebenzisa izikhonkwane zokuphosa ngenxa yokuba bafuna ukubonisa uyilo oluntsonkothileyo okanye umphumo welogo, balandele umgangatho ophezulu kunye neziphumo ezibonakalayo, kwaye bafuna ukuthungwa.
Okanye banokufuna ipini enemilo entsonkothileyo okanye engaqhelekanga.
Bafuna iimveliso ezizodwa.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, izikhonkwane zokufa - ziyalelwa xa zikhulu kune-intshi ezimbini ngobukhulu.
Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokwenza idayi inzima ngakumbi kunenkqubo yokwenza ipini yokufa yesitampu sesinyithi, zibiza kakhulu.
Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ixabiso liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu kunye nobuninzi bomyalelo.
Singayijika ibe ngumsebenzi wobugcisa ngombono wakho woyilo okanye ingqikelelo yomyili wethu oyingcali, kwaye siyibekele imveliso yakho kuphela.
I-PinProsPlus ayihlawulisi mali ezongezelelweyo.


text:
iJapani
IJapan isiqithi esempumalanga yePeninsula yaseKorea.
Ingoma yesizwe nguKIMIGYO (intsingiselo = ihlabathi lakho).
- umbusi : Naruhito
Geography[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, ungafuna bathi kwiziqithi ezincinane lobushushu Japan, ezifana Kyushu. Ummandla malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-378,000. 30% yihlathi.
Lwabantu[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Inani labemi bantu abayizigidi ezili-125.
Kwiminyaka yamuva, ukuguga ngokukhawuleza kuyaqhubeka.
Uluntu lujolise kwingingqi ejikelezileyo yeso sixeko, ukuqhutyelwa kwamanzi kwimihlaba yasemaphandleni.
Phantse i-98% yabemi ngabantu baseJapan. Ezinye Abemi boMzantsi Korean, uhlanga Korean, uhlanga Chinese, bamazwe Taiwan, ezifana Brazil . Kukho abantu abambalwa baseAinu abajikeleze iHokkaido.
KwezoPolitiko[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Ubukhosi bukho ebantwini. Nangona igosa lenkulumbuso, kukho umbusi onomqondiso wabantu ngaphandle kolawulo. Umsebenzi obuthathaka wenkundla, amandla e-bureaucracy anesimo esiqinileyo saseJamani.
Umhlaba kazwelonke uhlulwe ngama-47, kunye ne-parishural assembly kunye ne-rhu lumente ye-prefectural apho iziko libekwa khona.
Inkcubeko[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Ukutya okuqhelekileyo
Abantu baseJapan babedla ukudla irayisi kunye nezinye iinkozo njengesiqhelo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa emva kokutya kweSibini zeMfazwe yehlabathi. Isidlo somdabu waseJapan sithiwa ukutya kwaseJapane (ukutya kwaseJapan).
phakeme.


text:
Namhlanje, nge-22 kaSeptemba, ndinika ingxelo okokuqala ukumiliselwa kwe Inguqulelo entsha yoBuntu bokuChukumisa ukuba ngumsebenzisi wenkqubo yokusebenza kwi IPineTab yam. Nangona kulungile, kuya kufuneka ndithethe izinto ezimbini malunga nayo: kwiPineTab (kwaye andazi ukuba ikwiPinePhone, kuba andinayo), uhlaziyo aluveli njenge "OTA", kodwa njenge " Inguqulelo X ". Kwelinye icala, ndikwi «Umgqatswa» ijelo, ke andazi (kwaye ndicela) ukulingana.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, yintoni uye wazisa kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo UBports yi Ukuqaliswa kwe-OTA-13 ukusuka Ubuntu Ukuthinta. Nangona ababhekisi phambili besixelela ngezona ndaba zibalaseleyo, ndingathanda ukuphinda ndive izimvo ezandisiweyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi: Isikhangeli seMorph ngoku sinamanzi ngakumbi, luphuculo olubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokusebenza apho uninzi lwezicelo ziyiwebhu kwaye isikhangeli esisekwe.
Amagqabantshintshi e-Ubuntu Touch i-OTA-13
Phakathi kwezona zinto zintsha zibalaseleyo, sinazo:
- Inkxaso yezixhobo ezingaphezulu kwifowuni:
- Isony Xperia X.
- I-Sony Xperia X ehambelana.
- I-OnePlus 3.
- I-OnePlus 3T.
- Ukusebenza kweSony Xperia X.
- I-Sony Xperia XZ.
- QtWebEngine 5.14 (ukusukela ngo-5.11). Oku kubangele ukuba ihlaziye kuhlobo lwamva nje lwe-injini yeChromium kwaye yile nto yenza ukuba uMbhrawuza weMorph kunye neappapps zibengcono. Ikwaphucula isenzo sokukopa kwaye sinokuvula i-PDF, i-MP3, iifoto kunye neefayile zombhalo kwiqhosha elivulekileyo.
- Iimpawu ezindala ziye zafunyanwa kuseto lweNkqubo.
- Olunye uphuculo lobuhle ngokubanzi.
- Ukuphuculwa kwemiyalezo, iifowuni kunye neefowuni zonxibelelwano.
- Ukulungiswa okuhlukeneyo.
Uyifaka njani i-OTA-13
Izixhobo ezixhaswayo ziya kuba nakho ukufaka i-OTA-13 ukuya kuseto lweNkqubo / uHlaziyo kwaye ucofe ku "Jonga uhlaziyo". Inguqulelo entsha sele ihanjisiwe kwisiteshi esizinzileyo, ke iya kubonakala nakubasebenzisi abalumkileyo kakhulu. Abo kuthi bakwimeko yonjiniyela okanye umjelo wesithethi banezinye iinguqulelo ezikhoyo ezinamanani ahlukeneyo.


text:
Zeziphi izilwanyana ezitya iikati zasendlwini
Iikati zizitya inyama, ikakhulu zitya inyama. Nangona iikati zendlu ziya kudla iintlobo ezininzi zokutya kwezilwanyana, iintlobo zokutya ezikutyayo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiminyaka yazo kunye nesimo sentlalo.
Iikati zizitya inyama, kwaye zikhetha ukutya inyama kunezinye iintlobo zokutya. Iikati ezinjengeentlanzi, kwaye iikati ezininzi zitya iintlanzi njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo yokutya kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, intlanzi inokubiza kakhulu kunenyama eninzi, ngoko kungcono ukondla iikati ezingakhethi kakhulu malunga nokutya kwazo njengentlanzi.
Iikati nazo zitya izityalo ezininzi, kuquka inyama kunye nenyama. Ngokomzekelo, iikati ezininzi ziya kudla inyama yehashe, kwaye ezinye iikati zinokutya inyama yenkomo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutya kwekati akuphelelanga kwinyama, kwaye baya kudla izityalo, nabo. Ezinye iikati ziya kutya iziqhamo, ngelixa ezinye zitya imifuno.
Zingakanani iikati zasendlwini?
Iikati zincinci kunezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana, kubandakanya izinja kunye neekati ezincinci. Ubungakanani bekati buxhomekeke kwikati nganye, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zincinci kunezinja kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezidliwayo.
Ubungakanani bekati yendlu buxhomekeke kubungakanani bekati nganye, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo eyona kati inkulu ilingana nenja encinane. Ikati encinci kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu yikati ye-shorthair yasekhaya. Ezi kati zilingana nekati yasekhaya, kwaye zinobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezili-10.
Zitya ntoni iikati zasekhaya?
Iikati zizilwanyana ezidla inyama, kwaye ubukhulu becala ziphila ngaphandle kwenyama. Ukutya okutyiwa yikati kusekelwe kwiminyaka yekati. Iikati ezincinci ziya kudla ukutya kwabantwana, kwaye iikati ezindala ziya kudla ukutya kwabantu abadala.
Ukutya kwekati ubukhulu becala yinyama, kodwa ezinye iintlobo zokutya ziyatyiwa ngamaxesha athile. Intlanzi, amandongomane kunye nemifuno zezinye zeentlobo zokutya eziya kutyiwa ziikati.
Ngokubanzi, iikati ziya kudla into eziqhele ukuyenza. Ngokomzekelo, iikati eziye zondliwa ngokutya kweentlanzi ziya kuqhubeka zisitya iintlanzi. Ukuba oku kukutya okuqhelekileyo kwekati, ikati iya kuqhubeka isitya intlanzi.
Ngaba iikati zingayitya intlanzi?
Iikati, njengezinye izilwanyana ezininzi, zinokutya inyama nenyama yezinye izilwanyana. Noko ke, kukho iintlobo ezithile zeentlanzi ezingenakutyiwa ziikati.
Iintlanzi ezinetyhefu kwiikati, ezinjengee-anchovies nokrebe, azityiwa ziikati. Iikati nazo azikwazi kutya iintlanzi ezingaqhelanga ukuzitya. Oku kunokubangelwa livumba lokutya okanye incasa yokutya.
Iikati ezingazange ziyitye intlanzi aziyi kuyitya intlanzi xa zinikwe ithuba. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ikati ayizazi iintlanzi.
Uninzi lweekati ezityiswe iintlanzi ziya kuyamkela intlanzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ikati sele ikuqhelile ukutya intlanzi, kwaye intlanzi iqhelekile kwikati.
Bona Okuninzi
Ngamaxesha anqabileyo, ukucoca kunokwenzeka xa ikati yakho iphazamisekile ngenxa yento ethile. Kuyafana nendlela onokuthi ubethe umlozi okanye uhlabelele ngelixa ulindele ukuba abantu basebukhweni bafike kwisidlo sakusihlwa. Isitshixo ekuqondeni le "worry-purr" kukuma komzimba; ukuba iindlebe zekati yakho zibuyile kwaye umzimba wakhe ubonakala uxinezelekile, i-purr ibonisa inkxalabo ngento ethile. Funda ngokugqithisileyo
I-Dave's Naturally Healthy Grain Ukutya kwekati enkonkxiweyo yasimahla ye-5.5oz lelona xabiso lilungileyo lomgangatho olungileyo wokutya okunkozo okunkozo okunkonkxiweyo onokuthi uthenge. Ukutya kwenkukhu okusempilweni ngokwendalo kukaDave kulungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana namanqanaba esondlo esekwe yiprofayili yezondlo zekati ye-aafco ukuze igcinwe. Funda ngokugqithisileyo
Iinkonkxa zenkunkuma ngumthombo olungileyo wokulahlwa kokutya okuninzi ezithanda ukutyiwa zezi mpuku. Iimpuku ziyakwazi ukumelana nokutya okonakeleyo kwaye zingatya ukutya ixesha elide emva kokuba zingabonakali. Okulusizi kukuba, oku kutya konakeleyo kusenokubangela izifo kwezi zilwanyana ezinokusasazeka phakathi kweempuku nasebantwini. Funda ngokugqithisileyo
Ngokunciphisa inani lenyama esiyidlayo kunye nokuzabalazela ukutya okuzinzileyo, sinokunceda ngamnye ekunciphiseni umonakalo wokusingqongileyo. Kwaye, ngelixa kukho izinto ezilungileyo kunye neengxaki zokutya inyama, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuyisika ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko kwaziswa itekhnoloji entsha kunye nomthetho, sonke singenza umahluko ekukhuseleni... Funda ngokugqithisileyo
Amagqabantshintshi
Iimpungutye ziya kudla iikati ezincinci. Nangona kunjalo, ayiqhelekanga kangako. Iimpungutye zizilwanyana zasendle, ezithatha ithuba, kwaye zinokuhlasela, okanye zitye ikati yendlu. Kufuneka ulumke xa usebenza nempungutye yasendle ekhayeni lakho. Iimpungutye zinokuba nobuhlobo, kodwa ukuba zibe kwicala elikhuselekileyo, sicebisa ukuba zibukele kude.
Ezinye iikati zinokusitya isilwanyana esizingelwayo ukuba silambile okanye sisishiye isilwanyana kwixesha elizayo xa ikati ilambile okanye ingasityi nokusitya! Nangona iikati ezingaphakathi ziyakwazi ukuzingela izilwanyana ezingena ngaphakathi endlwini okanye ukuba ikati ichwechwa ngaphandle.
Ikati etya intlanzi phantsi kwesihlalo, umzobo oseludongeni engcwabeni laseYiputa eliqala ngenkulungwane ye-15 BC. Olona phawu lwakuqala olwaziwayo lokwenziwa mbuna kwekati yasendle yase-Afrika (F. lybica) yombiwa kufutshane nengcwaba le-Neolithic lomntu e-Shillourokambos, emazantsi eSipro, malunga no-7500-7200 BC.
Isitya esiphakanyiswe ngaphezu komgangatho sihlala sihlala sicocekile. Okwangoku, kuphelisa ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo kokutya kunye neziselo kwiikati ezinothuli okanye udaka. Sekunjalo, akuthethi ukuba kufuneka ulibale ngokucoca okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane endlwini. Okwangoku, isitya esiphakanyisiweyo siluncedo ...
Iikati zinengxaki yokutyeba kakhulu e-United States, ke qiniseka ukuba ungamniki umhlobo wakho onoboya kakhulu koku kutya kune-carb ephezulu! Nangona kunjalo, intwana yokuphatha rhoqo kanye ngexesha ilungile! Ezinye iikati azinakuthanda ukutya ukutya okuziinkozo okanye ukutya okuthile, ngoko zama ukubanika isampulu phambi kokuba ubanike isnack epheleleyo.
Izilwanyana ezitya ezinye kuphela kuthiwa zizilwanyana ezidla inyama. Iibhere ezincanyiweyo, ookrebe, iziqongqothwane, neentubi zizilwanyana ezidla inyama. Njengezilwanyana ezitya utyani, nangona kunjalo, i-carnivores inokuphindaphinda kwaye itye iindidi ezininzi zezilwanyana, okanye ikhethekileyo kwaye itye uhlobo olunye kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, amaxhalanga anempandla awalukhethi kakhulu uhlobo lwenyama alutyayo.
Izilwanyana zinokubekwa ngokwamaqela ngokweentlobo zokutya ezikutyayo. Ezinye izilwanyana ezibizwa ngokuba zii-carnivores zitya inyama kuphela. Ezinye zibizwa ngokuba 'zizilwanyana ezitya ukhula'.
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba iikati lukhetho oludumileyo kwizilwanyana zasekhaya - enyanisweni, ngokutsho kweAmerican Veterinary Medical Association, malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 zemizi yase-US inala mantshontsho amnandi, anoboya njengomhlobo ohlala kuyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, bakhohlakele ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye banokuthanda ukungqengqa kwikhibhodi yakho ngelixa usebenza okanye ukonwabela ukubetha izinto zisuka edesikeni yakho ngaphandle kwesizathu esithile.
Petco.com: "Ukutya okuyingozi kwiikati." Incwadana yeNdaba yeSibhedlele seZilwanyana sase-Columbia: "Iimpuphu kunye neeNzipho." Provet Healthcare: "Ityhefu yeCaffeine." IYunivesithi yase-Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine: "Iidiliya ezibulalayo kunye nezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo kwi-Animal Poison Control." I-ASPCA: "Iitumato" kunye "nezityalo zeTomato."
Iikati akuyomfuneko ukuba zikhutshelwe phandle ezinzulwini zobusuku ukuze zenze ishishini lazo. Ngelixa kungekho mntu ukunandiphayo ukucoca i-litterbox, kuselula kakhulu kwaye kungaphantsi komthwalo kunokuba uphume phandle ebumnyameni okanye kwimozulu embi kwaye uphathe iibhegi ezincinci zenkunkuma yomhlobo wakho ophaphazelayo de ube ungafika kumgqomo wenkunkuma.
Funda malunga neendlela ezi-3 eziqhelekileyo onokuzondla ngazo ikati yakho kunye nezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kuzo nganye.
UChristina Donnelly yingcali yezilwanyana ezincinci ezigxile kwizinja kunye nombhali onamava angaphezu kwe-12 yeminyaka kwintlalontle yezilwanyana. Uye wavolontiya kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nemibutho, kuquka i-ASPCA kunye ne-Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary.
Ubungqina befosili obufunyenwe e-China obumalunga neminyaka engama-5,300 eyadlulayo buveze ukuba iikati ezifanayo ngobukhulu kwiikati zasekhaya zanamhlanje ezondla izilwanyana ezincinci ezitya ukutya okuziinkozo, njengeempuku kunye namabele kwiindawo zezolimo. Nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba ezi kati yayiziikati zengwe (Prionailurus...
Iikati ziye zaboniswa ukunceda abantu ukuba baphumelele ukulahlekelwa kwabo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye babonise iimpawu ezingaphantsi kweentlungu zentlungu, njengokukhala. Nangona zizilwanyana kuphela, iikati zisebenza njengenkxaso yentlalontle ngamaxesha anzima. Abantu abasezijwini babika ukuthetha nesilwanyana sabo ukuze bavelise iimvakalelo zabo, kuba kudla ngokuba lula ukuthetha nento engayi kuphendula kwaye ayikwazi ukugweba kunomnye umntu.
Njengoko nawuphi na umnini wekati esazi, iikati zihlala ziphosa kwaye zishiya izipho ezithandekayo, ezimanzi ezinoboya obujikeleze indlu. Kodwa xa uboya bungena nzulu kwindlela yokwetyisa, ikati ifuna uncedo oluncinane lokuyiqhekeza kwaye igqithise kwelinye icala. Yibize ngengqondo yesithandathu okanye intuition nje, kodwa ikati yakho iyayazi ukuba incinci ...
Izilwanyana ezihlala zenza imihlambi emikhulu ngokwendalo kwaye zinobudlelwane obuhle kumalungu athile okuphepha amanye. Yimaza asezantsi naphezulu avakala ngcono kunabantu kwaye umndilili wenkomo yobisi inobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezili-1,200. Uhlobo lokutya lwahluke kakhulu kwiimazi kuba azilumi ingca endaweni yoko zisonga ulwimi lwazo.
Izilwanyana ezenza abagqatswa abalungileyo bokufuywa ekhaya zidla ngokubelana ngeempawu ezithile: Zikhula kwaye zivuthwe ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ezenza zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo ukulima. Zizala lula ekuthinjweni kwaye zinokufumana amaxesha amaninzi okuzala ngonyaka omnye. Batya ukutya okusekelwe kwizityalo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungabizi mali ukuzondla.
Uninzi lwehlabathi luyazithanda iikati kwaye luyothuswa kukucinga ukutya enye, kodwa oku akunjalo kuyo yonke indawo.
Kukwakho namahemuhemu aqhubekayo okuba-ukuba ungafa-ikati ayinakukhathalela kwaphela, kwaye, eneneni, ingatya umntu wakho oswelekileyo ukuze uphile. Kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba yonke le nto yokucinga yi-hooey ecacileyo. Ngokutsho kophononongo lwe-2017 kwiiNkqubo zokuziphatha, iikati zikhetha ukusebenzisana kwabantu kuzo zonke ezinye izinto ezikhuthazayo ...
Uluhlu lwezilwanyana zasekhaya (okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya) kunye nezilwanyana zasefama ezineenyani ezinomdla kunye nemifanekiso. Funda olu luhlu lwezilwanyana zasefama ukuphucula amagama akho esigama ngesiNgesi. Akukhathaliseki nokuba uvela kweliphi ilizwe okanye ulwimi lwakho lwenkobe, sonke siyazazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifumaneka elwandle.
Ebudeni bemini nangokuhlwa, iingwenkala zichitha ixesha lazo zichwechwela kwaye zibambe amaxhoba. Ngenxa yokuba amazinyo abo mafutshane xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iikati ezinkulu, iphawula iSmithsonian, iingwenkala aziyi emqaleni ngoko nangoko xa zihlasela. Kunoko, zifunxa ixhoba lazo ngokucinezela imihlathi eyomeleleyo emqaleni wesilwanyana.
8. Esi silwanyana sihlala ezindlwini zabantu okanye efama. Iyakhonkotha kwaye abantu bayayithanda. Iikati ngamanye amaxesha ziyazoyika kodwa azisoloko ziyoyika._ 9. Esi silwanyana sihlekisa kakhulu kwaye sihle. Ungayibona kwiZoo kodwa ihlala eAfrika.
Siqokelele kuphela awona maqhina abalaseleyo ezilwanyana kubantwana nakubantu abadala. Khuphisana nabahlobo bakho kwaye uzame ukuthelekelela isilwanyana ngasinye!
Eli phepha lomsebenzi lilungile kakhulu ekufundeni izilwanyana, ukutya kunye nemikhwa yokutya kwezilwanyana. Kwakhona kukho umsebenzi omnye wokwenziwa kweemo zesininzi zezibizo. Ndiyathemba ukuba abafundi bakho...
IiFama Animal Riddles. Izilwanyana zokuqala abantwana abaninzi abadibana nazo emva kwezilwanyana zasekhaya zizilwanyana zasefama kwaye bayazithanda.
Iyamangalisa indlela abantu abahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke abaziva ngayo izandi zezilwanyana ezifanayo. Ndihlala ndiyifumana le nto inika umdla ubuncinci. Ekubeni bendithetha nge-onomatopoeia kwizithuba ezimbalwa zokugqibela bendicinga ukuba ndiza kubelana nawe ngendlela izandi zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo eziviwa ngayo kwaye zibhalwe ngesiNgesi. Ezinye zezi zahluke kancinane kwizenzi ezisetyenziswa ukuchaza ezi zandi, endizidwelise izolo. Ndiqaphele amagama angezantsi angenakusetyenziswa (okanye adla ngokungasetyenziswa) njengezenzi ezineenkwenkwezi (*).
Ngobunye ubusuku ngoDisemba 2011, kwafika ibhere kwisixeko saseVancouver eKhanada. Yahamba kwizitrato zedolophu idlula izindlu, iivenkile kunye neeofisi. Emva koko lafumana ukutya emigqomeni ngaphandle kwendawo yokutyela laza laqalisa ukutya.
Nje ukuba ubenze bathabatheke ngumxholo uya kufumanisa ukuba bazimisele ngakumbi ukufunda isigama sesiNgesi esifunekayo ukuthetha ngaso. Kukho amakhulukhulu eendawo zokugxila kulwimi onokuthi uziphuhlise xa usenza izihloko kwizilwanyana zoo. Nazi ezinye iingcamango zokukunceda uqalise.
Xa useluvalelweni, unganceda ikati ngokuyindwendwela rhoqo kube kanye. Ukunikela ngezinto ezinje ngeengubo kunye nebhokisi yenkunkuma kuya kuba yindlela entle yokunceda. Nje ukuba zichane ngokupheleleyo kwaye zivavanyelwe naziphi na izifo, ukukhulisa iikati de zifumane ikhaya elingunaphakade yinto enokwenzeka.
Kwilizwe lam, izindlu ezininzi zifuya izinja ukuze zikhusele indlu yazo kuso nasiphi na isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. Inja ikhethwa njengento endiyithandayo ngenxa yobume bayo obukhethekileyo, njengokukwazi ukuqonda xa umniniyo enxibelelana nabo. Imibuzo yokulandela yokuchaza isilwanyana osithandayo IELTS Ukuthetha.
Iikati, ii ferrets, amalulwane aneziqhamo, ii hamster, izinja ze racoon, namaxhama anomsila omhlophe zinokusasaza usulelo kwezinye izilwanyana zohlobo olufanayo kwiindawo zaselabhoratri. Iqela lophononongo luphande iiprimates ezingengabo abantu njengemizekelo yosulelo lomntu. I-Rhesus macaques, i-cynomolgus macaques, iimfene, i-grivets, kunye nee-marmosets eziqhelekileyo zinokosulelwa yi-SARS-CoV-2 kwaye zigule kwindawo yaselabhoratri.
Ezi zilwanyana zihlala zibizwa ngokuba "zizilwanyana zasekhaya zangaphandle" kwaye zikhula ngokuthandwa kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ngokufumana esinye sezi zilwanyana njengesilwanyana sasekhaya, kukho izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqwalasele? Ngaphambi kokuba ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, phendula le mibuzo ilandelayo
Njengamanye amazwe ehlabathi, sikholisa ukugcina izinja kunye neekati njengabalingane. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi zilwanyana zimbuna kwaye kulula ukuhlala nabantu. 5. Ucinga ukuba izixeko ziyindawo efanelekileyo yokugcina isilwanyana sasekhaya? Andicingi njalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba izixeko ziindawo apho kukho ukuxinana kweenqwelo-mafutha kunye nemfumba yokwakha, nto leyo ebangela ukwenzakala kwimpilo yezilwanyana zasekhaya, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba zijamelene neengozi zendlela okanye ukungabikho kwendawo yokudlala.
Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba abantu abanezilwanyana zasekhaya bahlala befumana inzuzo enkulu yezempilo kunabo bangenayo, isilwanyana akufuneki sibe yinja okanye ikati. Umvundla ungalunga ukuba awudibani nezinye izilwanyana okanye unendawo encinci kodwa usafuna umhlobo onoboya oza kukhwela kuye. Iintaka zinokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yoluntu kwaye zincede ugcine ingqondo yakho ibukhali ukuba umdala...
Iikati zinokuba mnandi nazo - kodwa izinja zigcinwe ngabantu ixesha elide, kwaye, njengoko oyena mntu uzinikeleyo othanda ikati uya kuvuma, izinja kulula kakhulu ukuziqeqeshela ubuqabane. Uninzi lweekati, njengoko sisazi, ziyathandeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. U-Marion Janner, umkhankaseli wempilo yengqondo kunye nomthandi wezilwanyana ojikelezayo, uthi izinja
Nangona iikati zichaphazeleka ngakumbi, izinja zikwasemngciphekweni ukuba kutyiwe isixa esikhulu esaneleyo. Inyama ekrwada/engaphekwanga kakuhle, amaqanda kunye namathambo Inyama ekrwada kunye namaqanda akrwada anokuba neebhaktheriya ezifana neSalmonella kunye ne-E. coli ezinokuba yingozi kwizilwanyana zasekhaya nakubantu. Amaqanda akrwada aqulethe i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-avidin eyehlisa ukufunxwa kwe-biotin (ivithamin B), enokukhokelela kwiingxaki zesikhumba kunye nedyasi.
4 Umfundi A: Zoba umfanekiso wesilwanyana. Umfundi B: Ngelixa uMfundi A ezoba, buza imibuzo ngezilwanyana. Ngaba uzobe ikati?
Ngaba unexhala malunga nomgangatho wokutya esikutyayo isilo-qabane sakho? Abanye abantu bavumela inja yabo ikhothe ubuso babo
Ukutya kwemihla ngemihla okusibhozo iikati ezinomdla akufuneki zitye Kukho uluhlu olude lokutya...
Imizi yogcino-zilwanyana emininzi ibeka izilwanyana zohlobo olufanayo kwindawo enye. Umzekelo, iingonyama, amahlosi kunye nezinye iikati ezinkulu zinokugcinwa kunye kwezinye imiboniso. Izilwanyana ezihlala kwimozulu efanayo okanye kwi-biome, umzekelo ingca okanye iintlango, nazo zinokudityaniswa zibe ngamaqela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iindwendwe ziyakwazi ukujonga izilwanyana kodwa zingazichukumisi.
Izilwanyana zasekhaya zahlukile kwizilwanyana zasendle. Ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kuhlelwa ngokusekwe kwimisebenzi yazo efana nokufuywa kubudlelwane (ezifana nezinja neekati), izilwanyana ezikhuliselwa ukutyiwa kwaye ziveliselwe iinjongo zorhwebo (iigusha, iinkomo, umqhagi, ihagu, iikaka, njl.njl.), izilwanyana ezisetyenzisiweyo. ngenxa
Kwiikati - njengakwiintsana kunye nezinja - abaphandi abakazazi zonke izinto ezibumba ubudlelwane bomgcini, kodwa mhlawumbi ngumxube onzima wemfuzo, ubuntu kunye namava. Kungenzeka ukuba iikati ezingakumbi zibotshelelwe ngokukhuselekileyo kubanini bazo kunophononongo olutsha olufunyenweyo, utshilo uMikel Delgado, umphandi wokuziphatha kwezilwanyana...
Kodwa loo manani ayancipha ngenani lezilwanyana esizidlayo. Iinkukhu eziqikelelwa kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-50 zixhelelwa ukutya minyaka le - inani elingabandakanyi amantshontsho angamadoda kunye nezikhukukazi ezingavelisi mveliso ezibulawa kwimveliso yamaqanda. Inani lemfuyo enkulu, ngakumbi iihagu, ezixhelwayo nalo liyakhula, njengoko le tshati ingezantsi ibonisa.
Ezi zilwanyana azinamasiko akhethekileyo okukhwelana, yonke into ilula kakhulu - inkunzi ifumana imazi ngokuvumba kwaye idibana nayo. Ukukhulelwa kwe-raccoon yabasetyhini kuthatha iinyanga ezi-2. Ukubeleka kwenzeka kwindawo ethile efihlakeleyo; ngokwesiqhelo, ngumngxuma womthi okanye umngxuma oshiywe wesinye isilwanyana.
Ingaba u-Swift waqamba 'iikati nezinja ezinetha' nokuba wayethetha ukuba ukubhekisa kwizilwanyana ezihlanjwa ezitratweni kwimozulu enzima yintelekelelo kwaphela. Ukuchasana okwaziwayo phakathi kweekati kunye nezinja kunye nokulwa kwazo okubangelwayo kuye kwacetyiswa njengesafobe semozulu eqhwithi.
Izilwanyana zikwahlala ziyintandokazi eqinileyo ebantwaneni, ngoko sigqibe ekubeni sizidibanise ezi zimbini kolu luhlu lwamaqashiso anxulumene nezilwanyana azakugcina ingqondo encinci ixakekile iiyure ukufumana loo mpendulo inzima. Ngoku abantwana bakho baziingcali zamaqhina, kutheni ungazami uluhlu lukaKidadl lwamaqhina amanzi kunye namaqhina anzima, okanye ukuba bafuna ukuhleka.
Isilwanyana sasendle, okanye isilwanyana sasendle esizalelwe ekuthinjweni, sinokuthotywa-ukuziphatha kwabo kunokulungiswa ukuze baqhelane nokuhlala kunye nabantu-kodwa abafuywa ngokwenene kwaye bahlala besendle. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi luye lwabanjwa endle kwaye lwathanjiswa ukuze lusetyenziswe ngabantu njengezinja okanye ezinye iikati ezingaqhelekanga.


text:
Umgqomo wesiganeko lukhetho olugqibeleleyo ukuba ubamba iminyhadala eyahlukeneyo kwaye ufuna ukudibanisa uphawu kunye nokugcinwa.zibukeka zintle kwaye zisebenziseka kakhulu njengomgqomo ukuba uyafuneka
(1) Kulula ukuseta kunye nokuthatha phantsi, ukupakisha kude ngokupheleleyo
(2) Ilaphu elisemgangathweni elinomzantsi ongangeni manzi kunye ne-webbing eqinisiweyo
(3) Indawo enkulu yokusasaza imiyalezo yakho
(4) Isethi nganye iza nengxowa yokuthwala/izikhonkwane, ilula kwaye iyaphatheka
Umgangatho wokuqala, uKhuseleko luqinisekisiwe


text:
Amava
Singumyili owomeleleyo we-10+ iminyaka yamava kunye nomenzi kwishishini le-PV.
Umgangatho
Izixhobo ezihambelana ne-Eco-friendly / ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 yobomi bokwenyani
Emva koThengiso lweNkonzo
Iwaranti yomgangatho we-10 iminyaka
I-SUN Floating(Xiamen) Energy Co., Ltd, eseXiamen, eTshayina, licandelo le-Xiamen BROAD New Energy Technology Co., Ltd kunye ne-Soeasy (Xiamen) Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. BROAD&Soeasy baneminyaka eli-10+ yamava intsimi yelanga.I-cumulative efakwe kwimveliso yi-30GW +, kunye nomthamo wonyaka wemveliso yi-5GW +.Sabelana ngeemarike zaseJapan, eUnited States, eOstreliya, e-Europe, kuMbindi Mpuma, eMzantsi-mpuma Asia nakwamanye amazwe adinga amandla e-PV, kwaye phantse iiprojekthi ezili-100 ze-Ultra High Voltage (UHV) zifakwe ngempumelelo phesheya kolwandle.
I-SUN Floating yasekwa njengeshishini lesizwe elingundoqo lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, elizinikele kwi-Floating-PV-Inkqubo yoshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe.Ngenkxaso yeqela lethu le-R&D kunye namava ethu okwakha, siyile iinguqulelo ezintsha zazo zonke izakhiwo ezidadayo ezisulungekileyo kunye neepontoni+isakhelo sentsimbi. iinkqubo, eziye zaphunyezwa ekusebenzisaneni kwenkqubo yokubumba isivuthelo kunye nefilosofi yethu yokubonelela ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokuvelisa amandla acocekileyo kunye nohlaza emhlabeni jikelele.Sijonge ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezingcono kuyilo, unxibelelwano, ucwangco kunye nolungiselelo kubathengi baphesheya kwaye sizibophelele ekuboneleleni ngezisombululo zenkqubo yokunyuka kweFPV ehamba phambili yehlabathi, ukwenza amandla acocekileyo afikelelekayo angene kwizigidi zamakhaya.
I-SUN Floating ineqela le-R&D elikumgangatho ophezulu kumzi-mveliso we-PV odadayo.Kunye neeseti imigca yokuvelisa ukuvuthela isikali esikhulu kwakunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zemveliso kuquka izibonelelo zovavanyo ezinxulumene.Sineminyaka emininzi amava olawulo lobugcisa ekuyileni nasekuqhubeni ukuvuthela ukubumba imveliso.Imveliso yethu engundoqo edadayo inkqubo edadayo idlulise isatifikethi CE , ISO 9001 inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho, ISO 14001 inkqubo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo, kunye ne-ISO 45001 inkqubo yolawulo lwempilo nokhuseleko emsebenzini.
Ngoluhlu lwezisombululo kunye neenkonzo, i-SUN Floating izibophelele ekuboneleleni ngenkqubo ye-PV edadayo ethembekileyo neyoqoqosho kwihlabathi jikelele.siya kuthatha iinzame zethu zokuqhubeka nokuvuselela inkqubo ye-PV edadayo kwaye ikhokele kwishishini le-PV kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi.
Ukuhlolwa koMgangatho: izinto ezilungele i-eco-friendly / ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 yobomi bokwenyani
Uyilo olulungiselelweyo: qinisekisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nabathengi kunye nohlalutyo lweprojekthi, Sibonelela ngothethwano olujolise kubathengi kunye nenkonzo yoyilo
Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kwemveliso: Iimveliso ziya kulungelelaniswa ngokuzoba kwaye zitshekishwe liqela lethu le-QC. Ngokuqinisekiswa kwabathengi, kuya kuhla kwimveliso yobuninzi.
Ukusuka kuYilo ukuya kwiProjekthi yokuGqibela: Sikunye neqela le-R&D lamava angama-10+ eminyaka
Inkonzo yasemva kwentengiso: iminyaka eyi-10 yewaranti esemgangathweni


text:
IiLensi ze-Opto Tech zeHD eziqhubela phambili
Iinkcukacha zeMveliso
Iithegi zeMveliso
Iimpawu zoyilo
Ungeno kunye noYilo lweDrive
I-Opto Tech
Ukuphuhlisa ilensi entsha eqhubekayo kumgangatho ophezulu, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo nezinamandla ziyimfuneko. Ukwenza lula, kufuneka ucinge ukuba inkqubo yokuphucula ijonge umphezulu odibanisa imiphezulu emibini eyahlukeneyo engqukuva (umgama kunye nombono okufutshane) ngokulinganayo. ngokunokwenzeka.Kubalulekile, ukuba iindawo zomgama kunye nembono ekufutshane ziphuhliswe ngokukhululekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka nazo zonke iipropati ezibonakalayo ezifunekayo.Kwakhona iindawo eziguquliweyo kufuneka zibe zigudileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, oko kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kwe-astigmatism enkulu engafunwayo.Ezi mfuno zokujonga lula zohlwaya kunzima kakhulu ukuzisombulula.Umphezulu une, kubungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-80 mm x 80 mm kunye nenqaku lomgama we-1 mm, amanqaku okudibanisa angama-6400.Ukuba ngoku indawo nganye nganye ifumana inkululeko yokuhamba ngaphakathi kwe-1 mm malunga ne-1 µm (0.001 mm) ukulungiselela ulungiselelo, nge-64001000 unenani eliphezulu elingakholelekiyo lezinto ezinokwenzeka.Olu lungelelwaniso lunzima lusekwe kwitekhnoloji yokulandelela iray.


text:
Cold rolled steel coil
Iinkcukacha zeMveliso
Iithegi zeMveliso
Uvavanyo lwabathengi
Inkampani inezixhobo ezityebileyo, oomatshini abaphambili, abasebenzi abanamava kunye neenkonzo ezigqwesileyo, ndiyathemba ukuba uhlala uphucula kwaye ugqibelelisa iimveliso kunye nenkonzo yakho, ndikunqwenelela ngcono!
Ukusebenza kwemveliso ephezulu kunye nomgangatho omhle wemveliso, ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugqitywa kokukhusela emva kokuthengisa, ukhetho olufanelekileyo, ukhetho olungcono.
Ukusebenza kwemveliso ephezulu kunye nomgangatho omhle wemveliso, ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugqitywa kokukhusela emva kokuthengisa, ukhetho olufanelekileyo, ukhetho olungcono.
Inkampani inokuqhubeka notshintsho kule marike yoshishino, uhlaziyo lwemveliso ngokukhawuleza kwaye ixabiso liphantsi, le yintsebenziswano yethu yesibini, ilungile.


text:
Iprofayile yekhampani
I-Relong Technology Co., Ltd. ibekwe kwisiXeko saseQingdao, kwiPhondo laseShandong.Yinkampani ezinikele kwiirobhothi ezikrelekrele, ukuyila kweenqanawa, izixhobo zokuthutha amanzi, umgangatho wamanzi aselwandle kunye novavanyo lwemekobume yendalo, iinkonzo zokuhlangula;izixhobo zenkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo kwimizi-mveliso, irada kunye nezixhobo ezixhasayo, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, elishishini lobugcisa obuphezulu obudibanisa ukuthengisa kunye nophuhliso lwesoftware yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kubandakanya ukubonisana, ukuyila, ukuvelisa, ukufakela, kunye nolawulo lokusebenza.
I-Relong ibonelela ngenkonzo elungelelanisiweyo yokumisa enye ngokuhambelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zesiza somxhasi ngamnye.Uyilo lobuchwephesha, umsebenzi wokuwelda wamazwe ngamazwe, inkonzo yentsimi yobungcali kunye nenkonzo emva kokuthengiswa sisiseko seRelong brand izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nodumo oluphezulu.
I-Relong Technology Co., Ltd ngumvelisi oqeqeshiweyo wezixhobo ze-dredger ezifana nempompo ye-booster, impompo ye-dredger, intloko ye-cutter, i-dredger gearbox, i-winch yaselwandle kunye nombhobho wokukhupha, njl.Yenzelwe ulwakhiwo lweemodyuli ukwenzela ukunika izisombululo ezizinzileyo kwimingeni ojongene nayo.
Inkonzo ende
I-Relong ibonelela ngenkonzo elungiselelweyo yokumisa enye ngokuhambelana nemeko yendawo yokucoca yomthengi ngamnye.Uyilo lobuchwephesha, umsebenzi wokuwelda wamazwe ngamazwe, inkonzo yentsimi yobungcali kunye nenkonzo emva kokuthengiswa sisiseko seRelong brand izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nodumo oluphezulu.
Inkonzo yasemva kokuthengiswa
Ukuba ufuna uncedo lokufumanisa ingxaki yakho sitsalele umnxeba.Sinikezela ngeenkonzo ezilula zokulungisa ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo i-dredge.Sinikezela ngeenkonzo zokulungisa kwiziko lethu kunye neenkonzo ezikwisiza kwindawo yakho.
Uqeqesho lobuchwephesha
Uqeqesho lunokuqhutywa kwindawo yeprojekthi yomsebenzisi okanye kwinkampani yethu ngokomyalelo womthengi.Uqeqesho lwasimahla kwindawo luya kubonelelwa.
Ixesha loqeqesho lixhomekeke kwizakhono zabaqhubi kunye namandla abo ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni.
Umbono wethu
Sizama ukwenza udidi olufanelekileyo olukhuselekileyo ebantwini nakwindalo.Ke ngoko, sigxile ekuveliseni iidrayivu ezithembekileyo, ezihlala ixesha elide kunye nezisebenza kakuhle ngelona xabiso liphantsi lomxhasi kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Injongo yethu
Sisebenzisa itekhnoloji yamva nje kuyilo, ukulinganisa kunye nokuvelisa ukuphuhlisa rhoqo izixhobo zethu zokucoca ezisemgangathweni.Ngale ndlela, siqinisekisa ukuba isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ingabizi kakhulu kwaye inobungani nokusingqongileyo kangangoko.
Imilinganiselo Yethu
Ukudibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisemgangathweni ezivela kumenzi wesixhobo sokuqala kunye nokubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kunye nesicwangciso solondolozo esilumkileyo kunokuzisa inzuzo enkulu kumjikelo wobomi wofakelo.


text:
zonke iindawo zokubeka star yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus
ijack emnyama i-ultra maxx 1000 yokufaka i-driveway filler kunye ne-sealer amathuba okuphulukana roulette 7 amaxesha kumqolo zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2015 uphumelele kwi-texas holdem poker kunye no-daniel negreanu jouer okanye blackjack en ligne gratuit sans telecharger yekhasino o ho tram ba ria vung tau kukho yekhasino e kings entabeni nc oomatshini ekufakwa yekhasino ezithengiswayo e houston Texas blackjack oogqirha ababini bobumnyama watch online zonke iindawo zokubeka star yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus texas holdem poker 3d free download full version zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2014 lepa yi enermax yekhasino 4c pwm kwakhokelela 120mm kwipoker yintoni engcono egungxulwayo okanye ethe ngqo yekhasino uze kuye ngemela black jack hills chapman road st. uGeorge ks uluhlu lwe 18 nangaphezulu yekhasino in southern california free kwiindawo zokubeka akukho idiphozithi ugcine oko uwine chord gitar roulette aku jatuh cinta kunci dasar imali slot yintlawulo a quizlet kuthetha ntoni ukufowuna kunye nokusonga kwi-poker iblackjack ultra maxx 1000 driveway filler kunye nophononongo lwesealer
AZ BG BN BS CA CEB CS DA DE EL EN ES ET FA FI FR GL GU HA HI HR HU HY ID IG IT IW JA JW KK KM KN KO KU KY LO LT LV MG MK ML MN MR MS MY NE NL NO NY OR PA PL PS PT RO RU RW SD SI SK SL SN SO SQ SR ST SU SV SW TA TE TG TH TK TL TR TT UK UR UZ VI XH YI YO ZH ZU
free kwiindawo zokubeka akukho idiphozithi ugcine oko uwine black jack hills chapman road st. uGeorge ks lepa yi enermax yekhasino 4c pwm kwakhokelela 120mm oomatshini ekufakwa yekhasino ezithengiswayo e houston Texas uphumelele kwi-texas holdem poker kunye no-daniel negreanu texas holdem poker 3d free download full version yekhasino o ho tram ba ria vung tau imali slot yintlawulo a quizlet iblackjack ultra maxx 1000 driveway filler kunye nophononongo lwesealer yekhasino uze kuye ngemela amathuba okuphulukana roulette 7 amaxesha kumqolo jouer okanye blackjack en ligne gratuit sans telecharger kuthetha ntoni ukufowuna kunye nokusonga kwi-poker zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2014 zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2015 kukho yekhasino e kings entabeni nc ijack emnyama i-ultra maxx 1000 yokufaka i-driveway filler kunye ne-sealer blackjack oogqirha ababini bobumnyama watch online kwipoker yintoni engcono egungxulwayo okanye ethe ngqo zonke iindawo zokubeka star yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus chord gitar roulette aku jatuh cinta kunci dasar uluhlu lwe 18 nangaphezulu yekhasino in southern california
zonke iindawo zokubeka star yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus free kwiindawo zokubeka akukho idiphozithi ugcine oko uwine yekhasino o ho tram ba ria vung tau kwipoker yintoni engcono egungxulwayo okanye ethe ngqo yekhasino uze kuye ngemela blackjack oogqirha ababini bobumnyama watch online oomatshini ekufakwa yekhasino ezithengiswayo e houston Texas uphumelele kwi-texas holdem poker kunye no-daniel negreanu imali slot yintlawulo a quizlet uluhlu lwe 18 nangaphezulu yekhasino in southern california iblackjack ultra maxx 1000 driveway filler kunye nophononongo lwesealer kuthetha ntoni ukufowuna kunye nokusonga kwi-poker kukho yekhasino e kings entabeni nc amathuba okuphulukana roulette 7 amaxesha kumqolo lepa yi enermax yekhasino 4c pwm kwakhokelela 120mm texas holdem poker 3d free download full version jouer okanye blackjack en ligne gratuit sans telecharger ijack emnyama i-ultra maxx 1000 yokufaka i-driveway filler kunye ne-sealer zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2014 zonke iindawo zokubeka inkwenkwezi yekhasino akukho iikhowudi idiphozithi bonus 2015 chord gitar roulette aku jatuh cinta kunci dasar black jack hills chapman road st. uGeorge ks
aeroflto.ru edge-browser.aeroflto.ru blog.aeroflto.ru casino.aeroflto.ru


text:
TIME IBakala 1
Umyalezo we-10
Amabali athile anemifanekiso embalwa okanye angabi nayo kwamifanekiso anokuthi ayijonge umntwana wakho xa umfundela. Amabali alolu hlobo ke akhuthaza abantwana ukuba bazenzele umfanekiso-ngqondweni weenkcukacha zebali ngokunokwabo. Hlalani kwindawo eniza konwaba kuyo nomntwana wakho nize nonwabele ukuphulaphula ibali esilirekhodileyo.
Cofa apha ngezantsi ukumamela isicatshulwa
Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba abantwana bafunde ukuphulaphula amabali ngaphandle kokuncediswa yimifanekiso. Xa umntwana wakho ekwazi ukuphulaphula ngenyameko utsho afumane ithuba lokuva amagama amatsha, indlela aqonda ngayo izinto azivayo nayo iyaphucuka.
Oku ke kuza kumncedisa ekukhuliseni izakhono ezibalulekileyo zokunxibelelana ezifana nokuthetha kunye nokufunda. Xa ufundela umntwana ibali, mgcine enomdla ngokutshintshatshintsha ilizwi nto leyo eza kwenza aqaphele iindawo ezilusizi nezonwabisayo ebalini okanye xa kuthetha omnye umntu. Xa niphulaphule ibali elithi: ‘UFudwazana ufumana ikhaya lakhe’ jonga indlela onokumnceda ngayo enomdla umntwana wakho ukuze alonwabele ibali.
Ukuba umntwana wakho sele elazi ibali, ayinamsebenzi loo nto kuba abantwana bayakuthanda ukuphinda bamamele amabali ebebekhe bawamamela ngaphambili.
Ibali ngoFudo lifumana indlu yakhe


text:
Ibhalwe nguLuvo Mnyobe - Umfundi wesidanga seMastazi kwi-Economic Journalism
Ngolwesibini, umhla we-21 KweyoMsintsi 2021, isikolo seeLwimi noNcwadi: Icandelo leeLwimi zesiNtu kwiYunivesithi iRhodes belibhiyozela ulwimi lwesiXhosa likwaphehlelela neencwadi zemibongo. Ezi ncwadi zibhalwe nguGqirhalwazi Athambile Masola, incwadi yakhe ithi Ilifa, kwakunye noUnam Wena ebhalwe nguMthunzikazi Mbungwana ongumfundi kwezobuGqirhalwazi kwiFilosofi kwiYinivesithi iRhodes.
Bobabini aba babhali banobudlelwano kwakunye neYunivesithi iRhodes, apho babefunde izifundo zabo. UMasola ufunde kwiYunivesithi iRhodes apho afumene isidanga seMastazi kwakunye nesobuGqirhalwazi kwiFilosofi eqwalesele imbali yamanina aNtsundu kwakunye neembalo azibhalwe ngamanina aNtsundu. UMbungwana yena ufumene isidanga sakhe seMastazi kwiCreative Writing (ubuGcisa bokuBhala) ngolwimi lwesiXhosa kwalapha kwiYunivesithi iRhodes.
Lo msitho wokuphehlelela iincwadi zesiXhosa uphantsi kweenzame zecandelo leeLwimi zesiNtu ekuqwalaseleni uukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwenkobe.
UMasola ucacise ngokukubaluleka kolwimi lwenkobe. “Ndiyayithanda xa ibizwa ngeMother Tongue (ulwimi lwasekhaya/lwenkobe) kuba ibeka uxanduva kumzali ukuba afundise usana ulwimi lakhe” kwatso uMasola.
UMasola uvule lo msitho ngombongo wakhe othi “Coconut”. Lo mbongo ujongene nokuphulukana kwabantu abatsha kunye nenkcubeko kwakunye nolwimi lwasekhaya. Kulo mbongo uMasola ubhala ngendlela afundiswa ngayo iziduku zakhe esithi:
Awukwazi ukuzithutha?
I don’t know what that means.
Iziduko zakho !
…
My dad only gave me 5. Said I wouldn’t remember zonke.
UMasola ungenelele ngokucacisa ukuba iziduko zifana namabali ngembali yomntu. Ngoko ke ukubaluleka kwazo azinako ukugxininiswa ngakumbi. Wongeze ukuba okwaziyo ukufundisa abantwana iziduko zabo makabafundise ngokupheleleyo kuba yena wazifunda zonke sele emdala.
UGqirha Bulelwa Nosilela, wakweli sebe eYunivesithi iRhodes ungenelele ngokugxininsa ukubaluleka kweziduko.
“Libali lokwenene nembali ngobuntu bakho eli lifumaneka kwiziduko. Ngokuva apha koku kuzithutha kwakho kuyavakala amaGcina ngabantu abakhutheleyo” watsho uNosilela.
Obeqhuba lo msitho, ngumfundi weYunivesithi iRhodes, uZikho Dana ubuze uMasola ukuba; njengokuba abantu abatsha, ingakumbi kumakhasi onxebelelwano uFacebook, uTwitter nezinye sele bebiza iziduko nge-Family Bars kuyintoni ukubaluleka kweziduko?
“Ukuba abantwana bafuna ukuzitshinsha (ukuzi-Evolver) banakho ukwenza oko, uza kukhumbula ukuba kwasekuqaleni iziduko zaziveza amabali eveza imbali nebali labantu. Abantu bayatshintsha ngoko neziduko kufuneke zitshintshe” watsho uMasola.
UMbungwana naye ucacise ukuba ngexesha ebhala le ncwadi yemibongo ebebhalela isiqu sakhe.
Uchaze wenjenje; “Ndingumbhali ozicingelayo ngoko ke ngeli xesha bendibhala le ncwadi bendicinga ngezinto zam, kwaye ndicebisa abafundi ukuba mababhale ngelizwe, ngendlela abalibona ngayo. Intsingiselo yombongo iza kusoloko isahluka, umntu ngamnye owufundayo uza kufumana intsingiselo eyahlukileyo”.
UDana ubuze uMbungwana ngombongo wakhe “Kuyatsha”, ebuza ukuba yintoni emphembelele ukuba makabhale lo mbongo. Uphendule esithi;
“Siphila kwilizwe elitshayo, ndandicinga ngesankxwe sobomi apho sisoloko sifihla iingxaki esiphila phakathi kwazo. Kum inye indlela yokuphilisa ithumba, kukulitsha ligqabhuke. Ngamanye amaxesha sizama ukuhlala phezu kweengxaki kanti xa sinokuthetha ngezi ngxaki sisengqondweni nangaphandle singaphila sonke” uye watsho uMbungwana.
UMasola wongeze omnye umbongo othi “Intombi ezilala emini”. UMasolo ucacise ukuba ngeli xesha ebebhala lo mbongo ebesenzela ukuhlisa amaxhala kubantu abatsha abahlala besebenza ngalo lonke ixesha. Ngalo mbongo ebezama ukucebisa abantu ukuba bazinike ixesha baphumle baze bakwazi ukucinga baziphilise engqondweni.
“Izinto ezifana neMental Health nonxunguphalo noxinzelelo lwengqondo zenziwa kukusoloko sifuna ukusebenza kanti ngelinye ixesha kuyafuneka ukuba uphole uzimamele ungenzi nto uzazi ukuba uphelele njengomntu ngaphandle kokusebenza” uMasola.
Ezi mbongi zibuzwe ukuba zingacebisa zithini kumntwana oyintombi ophila kula maxesha sikuwo, bezibuzwa lo mbuzo nguGqirha uMakhenyane. Waphendula uMasola esithi naye ebekhe azibuze lo mbuzo wongeza ngelithi angawuphendula ngcono lo mbuzo ngombongo wakhe “Izwi Elidala”;
Ekuqalekeni ube ekho ulizwi
Mzukulwana ndikujongile
Ndinomdla womkhe uyazibona na ukuba uyigolide
“Ikhona le nto yokuba njengamanina sisoloko sikhangela ixabiso lethu kwimpumelelo. Lo mbongo undikhumbuza ukuba ndiphelele, ndizithembile andishoti ngamntu/nganto” watsho uMasola.
UMbungwana wongeze ukuba kubalulekile ukuba sifundise abantwana endlini konke abakufunayo bangakufumana emakhaya.
“Kubaluleki ukuba ootata, nangona benqabile bakhulise abantwana babakhumbuze ukuba banele ngendlela abayiyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo luthando. Umzali makabonise umntwana wakhe uthando. Nokuba litswele elityiwa endlina umzali makabekho” watsho uMbungwana.
Ezi mbongi zongeze ngelithi; kunzima ukuthengisa iincwadi zesiXhosa ezenzelwe abantu abatsha. Ezi mbongi zithi iivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi zijonge isikakhulu kwezabantwana abancinci abaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa ke kucacile ukuba iincwadi ezintsha ezifana nezi ezibhalwe ngabantu abatsha ziza kwenza igalelo ekubeni abantu baziqhenye ngenkcubeko yabo.Source: Communications


text:
Ekuhlaleni imisebenzi kuba ngcono gaming amava
Uyakuthanda emnqamlezweni-iqonga gaming amava
Akukho clickbait, nje free porn gaming
Indlela malunga ukutshintsha indlela ngaba uyakuthanda porn kwi-intanethi? Indlela malunga hayi ehleli phaya ubukele abantu fucking ekhusini okanye ukubhatala a fortune ukuba incoko kunye abanye okruqukileyo webcam imodeli? Kulungile, ngoko ke kufuneka i-intsebenziswano ukuba kuza ngomhla Eyona Ngesondo Simulators Imidlalo, entsha gaming site kuba ngabantu abadala ukuba inikezela eyona iyamkhulula elidlulileyo eminyaka. Sisebenzisa esiza nge massive ingqokelela ka-ngesondo simulator porn imidlalo enako idlalwe ngqo kwi yakho zincwadi. Ngaba awuyidingi ukuba lilungu ngaphandle site of ahlawule kuba nantoni na xa ufuna apha., Siphinda-zonke malunga free gaming kwaye sifuna ukubhala na free ngesondo tube ukuba usebenzisa ukuba nceda yakho fantasies kunjalo ngoku. I-ngesondo simulators ukuba sino ngomhla wethu site ingaba esiza nabo bonke kinks ufuna nceda ngendlela ingqokelela loo nto ke yenza wena kuphulukana nayo ingqondo yakho phezu njani realistic ngayo uziva ngathi usasebenzisa. I-imizobo ezi entsha imidlalo ingaba uphambene kwaye ke kanjalo amandla kuba izindululo zokuphela ukuba bamele ukwenza yonke into k ubonakala ngathi ngoko ke lokwenene. Nkqu isandi iziphumo kuba eziphuculweyo.
Yiyo yonke imibulelo yokuba yonke imidlalo kule uqokelelo nakhelwe usebenzisa HTML5.I-HTML5 iteknoloji ngu lemveliso entsha kwaye esisebenza nabo bonke izixhobo. I-imidlalo kwi-site yethu iya sebenza ngqo kwi yakho zincwadi kwaye uphumelele ukuba ufuna nayiphi na ulwandiso okanye installment. Dlala kwabo ngomhla ikhompyutha okanye mobile, kwaye uyakuthanda yakho kinks.
Sisebenzisa esiza nge omnye eyona qokelela ka-ngesondo simulators kwi web. Zonke ukuba ufuna ukufumana apha iyilelwe ukwenza uziva ngathi ufuna ekubeni real ngesondo. Ukuba ke, ngenxa yokuba imidlalo ingaba esiza nge ezininzi inkululeko kuba iintshukumo uyakwazi ukwenza. Basically, ufumane ukuba fuck iimpawu kodwa ufuna. I-namathuba kuba ngesondo izikhundla, kinks kwaye fetishes ngu nasiphelo kunye zethu ingqokelela ka-ngesondo imidlalo. Kwaye customization lomthetho iimpawu uza ukwazi ukwenza amadoda nabafazi yakho amaphupha., Ungatshintsha ngoko ke izinto ezininzi malunga iimpawu kwezi imidlalo, ukususela indlela bakhangela ukuba indlela yokuba umthetho wama-xa kufuneka ubeke yakho dick ngaphakathi kwabo. Sizo sose _umxholo imidlalo ifomu zonke iindidi porn.
Ukuba ufuna into ngakumbi extreme, sino BDSM simulators kwi-site yethu, apho unako fuck zonke iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo ngamakhoboka kwaye ubeke kwabo ngokusebenzisa okuninzi intlungu. Sisebenzisa omnye ezimbalwa zephondo ukuba kanjalo ukuyizisa kuni ithuba enjoying a BDSM simulator ukususela imbono ye-slave.
Abanye bethu imidlalo bamele kanjalo esiza nge celebrity iimpawu. I-parody ngesondo imidlalo yethu kule ndawo iza ukwazi fuck zonke iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo amantshontsho ukusuka cartoons, iimifanekiso, i-tv uphawu kwaye nkqu ukususela manga kwaye christmas. Siya kuba nkqu imidlalo kunye iimpawu ezingekho nkqu humans. Ingqokelela ka-furry porn imidlalo zethu site yinto kufuneka xa yakho fursona efumana horny. Kwaye fetish icandelo ngu esiza nge zonke iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo ezinye kinks, ezifana pregnancy ngesondo, iinyawo dlala kwaye ngoko, kokukhona. Uyakuthanda a ihlabathi apho ngesondo yile yokuba enze oko egameni Eyona Ngesondo Simulator Imidlalo.
Kunye ngoko ke, abaninzi imidlalo wethu kwenkunkuma, sisebenzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba siza nceda iimfuno nabani na oya kuza ngomhla we-site yethu. Kwaye nabani na utyelelo kuthi uza kukwazi ukudlala ezi imidlalo kunye akukho lwamagama iqhotyoshelwe. Kule ndawo ngomhla apho siya kuwanikezela isiqulatho ngu excellently yenzelwe. Umsebenzisi amava ngu esiza nge yonke into kufuneka ndinomsebenzi omkhulu ixesha. Sino yokukhangela izixhobo ukunceda wena yiya lula nge-zonke ezi imidlalo kwaye sino ezinye iinkalo zoluntu ukuba uza ukwazi ezisebenza kunye nabo bonke abanye abadlali kwi-site. Iphezulu ukuba, sifuna ziqiniseke ukuba zonke yakho kinks iya kugcinwa efihlakeleyo., Hayi kuphela ukuba akunyanzelekanga ukuba asiphe na personal data, kodwa sathi kanjalo andazi idilesi yakho ye-IP ngenxa sino ofihliweyo iiseva ukuba uza ukukhusela yakho ekwi-intanethi isazisi.


text:
Encarni Arcoya
Oko ndandineminyaka emithandathu ndandinezinja. Ndiyathanda ukwabelana ngobomi bam kunye nabo kwaye ndihlala ndizama ukuzazisa ukuba ndibanike olona mgangatho uphambili wobomi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ndithanda ukunceda abanye abathi, njengam, bazi ukuba izinja zibalulekile, luxanduva ekufuneka silukhathalele kwaye senze ubomi babo bonwabe kangangoko.
U-Encarni Arcoya ubhale amanqaku angama-45 ukusukela ngoMeyi 2020
- 19 Jul Kokuphi ukutya kwenja okugqwesileyo?
- 05 Oct Ungacoca njani iindlebe zenja
- 22 Sep Ibhotile yamanzi enja
- 16 Sep Ukucofa izinja
- 10 Sep Ungasusa njani ivumba lomchamo wenja
- 06 Sep Ukusula okumanzi izinja
- 02 Sep Ikhola yenja ekhanyayo
- 01 Sep Izihlanganisi zenzipho zezinja
- 31 Agasti Uyithatha kanjani inja emotweni
- 25 Agasti Isusa iinwele
- 23 Agasti Ukubopha kweCanicross
- 23 Agasti Umtya ongenazandla
- 17 Nov Ingqondo engaqhelekanga yokuva izinja
- 16 Nov Inja yendaleko
- 30 Sep Izifo ezithintela inja ukukhonkotha
- 05 Sep Isifo somlenze obomvu ezinjeni
- 04 Sep Uyisebenzisa nini iPrimperan
- 03 Sep Inja yam ichama kakhulu, ngoba?
- 02 Sep Kutheni le nto inja yam ingatyi okanye isele amanzi?
- 01 Sep Kutheni le nto inja yam ihamba ijikeleza?


text:
Isicwangciso seSifundo sokuphefumla ngokuNzulu saBantwana kunye naBadala
Ukuphefumla. Sonke siyayenza. Ukuba uphefumla yonke imihla, esi sicwangciso sesifundo sokuphefumla sesakho.
Umthambo wokuphefumlela nzulu sisifundo sobomi bonke. Yiya kuhambo lokufunda lwangaphakathi kunye nehlabathi jikelele ukuziqhelanisa nokukhumbula kunye nokuzola ngesi sicwangciso sesifundo sokuphefumla sabantwana.
Ukukwazi ukuphefumla ngokunzulu kusinceda siphefumle ubomi kunye nothando kwihlabathi lethu.
SIZIKHOKHISI eziziingqondo kuhambo lwethu lokufunda lobomi bonke.
A SelISifundo seSifundo esiKhokelwe nguF-Sisikhokelo sokuphefumlela nzulu: Ziqhelise ukuphefumla ngengqondo kunye Self, Abanye kunye neLizwe lethu
amanqaku: Hlola oku Ubuntu kunye neCandelo lokuHlala kwaye Icandelo lokufundisa ukuqhubela phambili uphonononge iikhonsepthi ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngovelwano, ukugweba, ukukhetha icala, ukuqonda, kunye nokunye. Yakha uvelwano kunye nezihlunu zokufuna ukwazi nge esi sifundo sobomi bonke.
Ukufunda okuhlala ixesha elide ebomini, phinda esi sicwangciso sokufunda sokuphefumla rhoqo kunye nexesha lokubonisa kunye nokuphinda rhoqo ngokutsha Iihambo zokuFunda. Ukuphefumla ngengqondo sisenzo sobomi bonke. Faka isicwangciso sesifundo sokuphefumla.
1) BUZA YAKHOSELFA UMBUZO OPHEFUMLAYO WOKUPHEFUMLA
“Ndiphefumla kangakanani ngosuku? Ndiphefumla kangakanani ngomzuzu? Ukuphefumla kubaluleke kangakanani ebomini bam? ”
Vala amehlo kwaye uthathe umoya omkhulu ngeempumlo. Njengokuba uphefumla ngaphakathi, ubale ukuba kukuthatha kangaphi imizuzwana yokuphefumla. Njengokuba uphefumla ngaphandle, bala ukuba kuthabatha imizuzwana emingaphi ukuze uphefumle ngokupheleleyo. Yenza oku kathathu. Kulungile, ngoku le yinxalenye apho uvala khona amehlo kwaye uyenze le nto. Khumbula ukuvula amehlo akho emva!
Bhala ukuba kuthathe ixesha elingakanani na ukuphefumla nokuphuma ngaphakathi ngalo lonke ixesha, kwaye ubhale phantsi ukuba uziva njani ngokuphefumla.
2) UKUGQIBELA WOKUPHEFUMLA
Masizame enye indlela ngoku. Ngeli xesha, phefumla kancinane kwaye ubale ukuya ku-6 njengoko uphefumla. Xa ufikelela kwimizuzwana emi-6, phefumlela ngaphandle kancinane kwaye ubale ukuya ku-6 kwakhona. Yenza la maxesha ama-3 amehlo akho evaliwe. Ukuba uziva ulungele ngakumbi, yenza oku amaxesha ali-10. Ulungele? Masiyenze.
Cinga ngalo mbuzo uphefumlayo: “Kuziva njani oku kuphefumla nzulu? Xa ndiphefumlela ngaphakathi, ndiqaphela ntoni? Xa ndiphefumla, yintoni endizibuza yona? ” Cinga ngale nto kodwa ukhululekile-ungabhala amanqaku, urekhode iaudiyo, wenze umzobo okanye umzobo, wenze intshukumo okanye umdaniso ukucinga ngale nto, ucamngce ngeenkumbulo ocinga ngazo, okanye ubonakalise nangayiphi na indlela oziva ngayo iluncedo kuwe.
3) IMIFANEKISO ENKULU YOKUPHEFUMULA
“Ndiqaphela ntoni ngokuphefumla kwam kwinxalenye yoku-1 nakwinxalenye yesi-2 yesifundo sethu sokuphefumla? Ngaba ukhona umahluko kubude bexesha lokuphefumla kwam? Ngaba ukhona umahluko kwindlela endiziva ngayo xa ndiphefumla ubude bexesha ngalinye? ”
Ixesha elinentsingiselo lezibalo! Wawuyintoni umahluko wexesha phakathi kokuphefumla kwakho kwinxalenye yokuqala nakwinxalenye yesibini? Uza kuthatha imiphefumlo emingaphi ngomzuzu xa uphefumla njengokuba ubuyinxalenye yokuqala? Ungathini xa uphefumla nzulu njengoko ubunjalo kwinxalenye yesibini, kwimizuzwana emi-6 kunye nemizuzwana emi-6 ukuphuma?
4) Phefumla nabanye
Makhe sifunde ngabanye abacinga ngokuphefumla, ukuba nengqondo, ukucamngca, iyoga kunye nokunye! Khangela la magama kwi iphepha lamabali ukukhetha ibali lokuqala oza kuqala ngalo.
Njengokuba ubandakanyeka nala mabali (okanye naliphi na ibali elikwiphepha lamabali!), Cinga apho ukuphefumla okunengqondo kunye nokudlala nzulu kunokudlala indima khona ebomini balo mntu. Ukuphefumla nzulu kunokuba luncedo njani kubomi buka _____? Ukuphefumla kwethu kunxibelelana njani nentliziyo kunye nengqondo yethu? Yintoni ____ ekufuneka abelane ngayo malunga nale nxu lumano?
khumbula: ukuphefumla kubalulekile, nokuba sicinga ngako okanye akunjalo! Kwaye sonke sinokufunda kunye njengoko sikhumbula ukuphefumla kwethu. Masifunde indlela yokukhumbula kunye. Unokuzonwabisa obu bugcisa buhle kunye nengoma njengoko ubonakalisa ukuphefumla kwakho.
QALISA IPHEPHA LOKUPHEFUMLA NGOKUKHULULEKILEYO
Njengoko uzibandakanya kusuku lwakho, zama ukuphefumla nzulu esikwenzileyo kwinxalenye yesibini yesicwangciso sesifundo sokuphefumla sanamhlanje. Kuxhomekeke kuwe ukuba uzama ixesha elingakanani. Ukuba uziva ukulungele ukwenza njalo, zama ukwenza i-10 enzulu yokuphefumla ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ugxininise ekuphefumleni ngeempumlo zakho kwaye ugxile ekuphefumleni kwakho.
Njengoko uziqhelanisa nokuphefumla okunzulu, ijenali malunga nokuba yintoni ekukhokelele ekubeni uzive ngathi wenza umthambo wokuphefumla xa usenza. Ngaba ubunoxinzelelo oluncinci okanye unexhala? Ubunokonwaba kancinci kwaye hyper? Ngaba ubulungiselela ukwenza intetho enkulu? Ubuzama ukulungela ukugxila? Ubuzama ukulala? Ngaba ubuqala ukuziva unomsindo kwinto ethile okanye emntwini?
KUKHO amaxesha amaninzi kubomi bethu apho olu hlobo lokuphefumla lunokuba nentsingiselo enzulu kwaye lube sempilweni kuthi sonke. Zama ukuthatha amanqaku xa ufumene owakhoself ukuphefumla ngokunzulu, kwaye ubone ukuba uqala ukuqaphela nayiphi na iipateni ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuphefumla ngokunzulu ngumkhuba wobomi bonke kunye nohambo lobomi lokufunda. Ukukhumbula ayisiyonto siyiyo okanye asikho- ingqondo ayisiyonto esinayo okanye esingenayo.
Njengokuba ubhala izinto eziphefumlayo, buza abanye imibuzo ngayo yonke le nto. Jonga ukuba abanye babandakanyeka njani ekuphefumlweni okunengqondo. Singafunda omnye komnye!
Ukuba sonke senza ukuphefumla okunzulu incoko kwimihla yobomi bethu, iya kuba yinto ekuhambeni kwexesha ehlala ixesha elide! Ukuthanda ukufunda ngobomi yinjongo, akunjalo?
IiVidiyo ezingenamagama kunye neZicwangciso zeZifundo Ukuphefumlela uBomi ekufundeni
Ukuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nemithambo yokuphefumla nzulu ayiyonto yexesha elinye, kwaye ayipheli emva kwesi sicwangciso sesifundo sokuphefumla. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuphila ngengqondo kunye nokuphefumla yinto esinokuyenza ebomini!
Funda ngakumbi apha malunga nokuba kutheni iividiyo zethu zingenamagama: akukho ngxelo imiselweyo, akukho mqobo wolwimi! Izicwangciso zezifundo ezinceda abantwana abasaqalayo ukuba babeke phambili ukuthanda ukwazi nokuqonda ngaphezu kokugweba nokuthath' icala kwasebancinane. Ngamabali angenamagama - jonga ngezantsi!