text:
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MemTrax kunye neModeli yoMshini wokuFunda kuHlelo lweNgcaciso yeMild Cognitive Impairment
Inqaku loPhando
Ababhali: Bergeron, Michael F. | Indawo, uSara | Zhou, Xianbo | Ding, Tao | Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M. | Zhao, Feng | Du, Bo | Chen, Xinjie | Wang, Xuan | Zhong, Lianmei | Liu, Xiaolei| Ashford, J. Wesson
I-DOI: 10.3233/JAD-191340
Ijenali: Ijenali ye Izifo ze-Alzheimer's, iv. 77, hayi. I-4, iphe. 1545-1558, 2020
Abstract
imvelaphi:
Ukuxhaphaka kweziganeko kunye nokuxhaphaka kwe Isifo se-Alzheimer kunye nokukhubazeka okuncinci kwengqondo (MCI) kubangele umnxeba ophuthumayo wophando ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwengqondo kunye novavanyo.
Injongo:
Eyona njongo yethu yophando yayikukujonga ukuba ngaba iimetrics zeMemTrax ezikhethiweyo kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo kunye neempawu zeprofayili yezempilo zingasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiimodeli eziqikelelwayo eziphuhliswe ngokufunda ngomatshini ukwahlula impilo yengqondo (eqhelekileyo ngokuchasene ne-MCI), njengoko kuya kuboniswa ngu Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
Iindlela:
Senze uphononongo olunqamlezileyo kwi-neurology engama-259, iklinikhi yenkumbulo, kunye nezigulana zabantu abadala zangaphakathi eziqeshwe kwababini. kwizibhedlele eTshayina. Isigulana ngasinye sanikwa i-MoCA yolwimi lwesiTshayina kwaye yazilawula ngokuqhubekayo ukuqatshelwa kwe-MemTrax kwi-intanethi ye-episodic. uvavanyo lwememori kwi-intanethi kwangolo suku. Iimodeli zokwahlula kwangaphambili zakhiwe kusetyenziswa umatshini wokufunda kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-10-fold cross, kunye nokusebenza kwemodeli kulinganiswe ngokusebenzisa iNdawo ePhantsi kwe-Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). Iimodeli zakhiwe kusetyenziswa iimetriki ezimbini zokusebenza kwe-MemTrax (ipesenti echanekileyo, ixesha lokuphendula), kunye neempawu ezisibhozo eziqhelekileyo kunye nembali yomntu.
iziphumo:
Xa kuthelekiswa abafundi kuzo zonke iindibaniselwano ezikhethiweyo zamanqaku e-MoCA kunye nee-thresholds, i-Naïve Bayes idla ngokuba ngoyena mfundi ugqwesileyo ngokuphumelela kuhlelo lulonke luka-0.9093. Ngaphezulu, phakathi kwabafundi abathathu abaphezulu, ukusebenza kokuhlelwa okusekelwe kwi-MemTrax kukonke bekugqwesile kusetyenziswa iimpawu ezine ezikudidi oluphezulu (0.9119) xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa zonke iimpawu ezili-10 eziqhelekileyo (0.8999).
Isiphelo:
Ukusebenza kweMemTrax kunokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwimodeli yolwahlulo lokufunda ngomatshini isicelo sokuhlola ukufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwangoko.
INTSHAYELELO
Iziganeko ezivunyiweyo (nangona zingafunyaniswanga ngaphantsi) ezixhaphake ngokubanzi kunye nokuxhaphaka kunye nokunyuka okuhambelanayo kwezonyango, intlalo, kunye noluntu impilo iindleko kunye nomthwalo wesifo se-Alzheimer's (AD) kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuncinci (MCI) kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo [1, 2]. Le meko icinezelayo kunye neyokuqhatha iye yabangela ukuba kubizwe ngokungxamisekileyo ukuba uphando luqinisekise ukufumanisa kwangoko Uvavanyo lwengqondo kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo zokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwiseto yobuqu kunye nekliniki kwizigulana ezikhulileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye nabemi [3]. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zibonelele ngoguqulelo olungenamthungo lweziphumo ezifundisayo kwiirekhodi zempilo zombane. Izibonelelo ziya kufezekiswa ngokwazisa izigulane kunye nokuncedisa oogqirha ekuboneni utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngaphambili kwaye ngaloo ndlela lwenza ukuba i-stratification ngokukhawuleza kwaye ifike ngexesha, ukuphunyezwa, kunye nokulandelela unyango olufanelekileyo kunye nonyango olusebenzayo kunye nokunyamekela kwabo baqala ukufumana amava. ukuhla kwengqondo [3, 4].
Isixhobo sekhompyutha seMemTrax (https://memtrax.com) luvavanyo olulula nolufutshane oluqhubekayo lokuqaphela olunokuthi luzilawule ngokwalo kwi-intanethi ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwememori ye-episodic enzima apho umsebenzisi aphendule kwimifanekiso ephindaphindiweyo kwaye kungekhona kwintetho yokuqala [5, 6]. Uphando lwakutsha nje kunye neziphumo zeziphumo ezisebenzayo ziqala ukuqhubela phambili kwaye ngokudibeneyo ukubonisa ukusebenza kwekliniki ye-MemTrax ekuqaleni kwe-AD kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-MCI [5-7]. Nangona kunjalo, uthelekiso oluthe ngqo lwenkonzo yeklinikhi kwizinto ezikhoyo impilo yokuqonda Uvavanyo kunye nemigangatho eqhelekileyo iqinisekisiwe ukwazisa imbono yobuchwephesha kunye nokuqinisekisa usetyenziso lweMemTrax ekubhaqweni kwangaphambili kunye nenkxaso yoxilongo. van der Hoek et al. [8] uthelekisa iimetrics zokusebenza ezikhethiweyo zeMemTrax (isantya sokuphendula kunye nepesenti echanekileyo) kwisimo sokuqonda njengoko kumiselwe yiMontreal. Uvavanyo lokuqonda (MoCA). Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lwalukhawulelwe ekunxulumaniseni ezi metrics zokusebenza kunye nophawu lwesimo sokuqonda (njengoko kumiselwe yi-MoCA) kunye nokuchaza uluhlu oluhambelanayo kunye namaxabiso anqanyuliweyo. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukwandisa kolu phando kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokuhlelwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, umbuzo wethu ophambili wophando waba:
- Ngaba umntu okhethiweyo weMemTrax iimetriki zokusebenza kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo kunye nempilo profile Iimpawu mazisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwimodeli eqikelelwayo ephuhliswe ngokufunda komatshini ukwahlula impilo yengqondo ngokudibeneyo (eqhelekileyo ngokuchasene ne-MCI), njengoko kuya kuboniswa ngamanqaku e-MoCA?
Okwesibini koku, besifuna ukwazi:
- Kubandakanywa iimpawu ezifanayo, ngaba imodeli yokufunda yomatshini esekelwe kwi-MemTrax inokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwisigulane ukuqikelela ubukhali (obuncinci ngokuchasene nobunzima) phakathi kweendidi ezikhethiweyo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo njengoko kuya kugqitywa ngoxilongo oluzimeleyo lwekliniki?
Ukufika kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo okusebenzayo kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokufunda koomatshini ekuhlolweni / ukubhaqwa sele kubonakalise iingenelo ezisebenzayo ezicacileyo, kunye nemodeli eqikelelwayo ekhokela oogqirha ngokufanelekileyo kuvavanyo olucelomngeni lwengqondo / yengqondo kunye nolawulo lwesigulane. Kuphononongo lwethu, sikhethe indlela efanayo kwimodeli yokuhlelwa kwe-MCI kunye nocalucalulo oluqatha lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo njengoko kungqinwa luxilongo lwezonyango olusuka kwiiseti ezintathu ezimele izigulane ezikhethiweyo zokuzithandela kunye nezigulana eziphuma kwizibhedlele ezibini zaseTshayina. Sisebenzisa imodeli eqikelelwayo yokufunda ngomatshini, sichonge abafundi abagqwesileyo kwiidathasethi/iintlanganisela zabafundi kwaye sabeka amanqaku okusikhokela ekuchazeni eyona modeli isebenzayo yeklinikhi.
Ingqikelelo yethu ibiyeyokuba imodeli esekwe kwiMemTrax eqinisekisiweyo ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula impilo yengqondo ngokwe-dichotomously (eqhelekileyo okanye i-MCI) ngokusekwe kwikhrayitheriya yamanqaku e-MoCA, kwaye imodeli efanayo ye-MemTrax yokuxela kwangaphambili ingasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ekucaluleni ubungqongqo kwiindidi ezikhethiweyo ze ufunyaniswe ngonyango ukukhubazeka kwengqondo. Ukubonisa iziphumo ezilindelekileyo kuya kuba luncedo ekuxhaseni ukusebenza kwe-MemTrax njengesikrini sokubona kwangaphambili ukuhla kwengqondo kunye nokuhlelwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Uthelekiso oluncomekayo kushishino ekucingelwa ukuba lukumgangatho ohambelana nokulula okukhulu kunye nokukhawuleza kokusebenza kuya kuba nefuthe ekuncedeni oogqirha bamkele esi sixhobo silula, sithembekileyo, kunye nesifikelelekayo njengesikrini sokuqala ekuboneni kwangethuba (kubandakanya iprodromal) ukusilela kwengqondo. Indlela enjalo yokusebenza kunye luncedo inokukhuthaza ngakumbi ukhathalelo lwesigulane kunye nongenelelo olungcono kwangexesha kunye nolwahlulo olungcono. Ezi mbono zokucinga phambili kunye neemetrics eziphuculweyo kunye neemodeli nazo zinokuba luncedo ekunciphiseni okanye ekumiseni ukuqhubela phambili kwengqondo, kuquka i-AD kunye ne-AD-related dementias (ADRD).
IMPAHLA NENKQUBO
Inani labafundi
Phakathi kukaJanuwari 2018 kunye no-Agasti 2019, uphando olunqamlezileyo lwagqitywa kwizigulana eziqeshwe kwizibhedlele ezibini zaseChina. Ulawulo lwe-MemTrax [5] kubantu abaneminyaka eyi-21 nangaphezulu kwaye ukuqokelelwa kunye nocazululo lwezo datha zaphononongwa kwaye zamkelwa kwaye zalawulwa ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yeenqobo zokuziphatha. umntu IKomiti yoKhuseleko lweSifundo yeYunivesithi yaseStanford. I-MemTrax kunye nazo zonke ezinye iimvavanyo zolu phononongo lulonke lwenziwa ngokwe-Helsinki declaration ye-1975 kwaye ivunyiwe yiBhodi yokuHlola yeZiko leSibhedlele esiBambiseneyo sokuQala seYunivesithi yezoNyango yaseKunming, eYunnan, eChina. Umsebenzisi ngamnye unikwe i imvume yokwazi ukuba ufunde/uphonononge kwaye uvume ngokuzithandela ukuthatha inxaxheba.
Abathathi-nxaxheba baqeshwe kwi-pool yezigulane ezingaphandle kwiklinikhi ye-neurology kwisibhedlele saseYanhua (YH sub-dataset) kunye ne iklinikhi yenkumbulo kwiSibhedlele sokuQala esiManyeneyo saseKunming Medical IYunivesithi (i-XL sub-dataset) eBeijing, eChina. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphinde baqeshwe kwi-neurology (i-XL sub-dataset) kunye neyeza zangaphakathi (i-KM sub-dataset) izigulane kwiSibhedlele esiBambiseneyo sokuQala saseKunming Medical University. Iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa zibandakanya i-1) amadoda kunye nabasetyhini ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-21 ubudala, i-2) ukukwazi ukuthetha isiTshayina (isiMandarin), kunye ne-3) ukukwazi ukuqonda izikhokelo zomlomo kunye nezibhaliweyo. Indlela yokukhutshelwa ngaphandle ibingumbono kunye nokonakala kwemoto kuthintele abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bagqibezele Uvavanyo lweMemTrax, kunye nokungakwazi ukuqonda imiyalelo ethile yovavanyo.
Inguqulelo yesiTshayina yeMemTrax
I-Intanethi Iqonga lovavanyo leMemTrax laguqulelwa kwisiTshayina (i-URL: https://www.memtrax.com.cn) kwaye ilungelelaniswe ngakumbi ukuba isetyenziswe nge-WeChat (i-Shenzhen Tencent Computer Systems Co. LTD., i-Shenzhen, i-Guangdong, i-China) ukuze uzilawule. Idatha igcinwe kwi-server yefu (i-Ali Cloud) ehlala e-China kwaye inikwe ilayisenisi esuka e-Alibaba (Alibaba Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) yi-SJN Biomed LTD (Kunming, Yunnan, China). Iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo kwi-MemTrax kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuvavanya ezisetyenziswe apha zichazwe ngaphambili [6]. Uvavanyo lwanikezelwa ngaphandle kwentlawulo kwizigulana.
Inkqubo yokufunda
Kwizigulane ezilaliswayo kunye nezigulana zangaphandle, iphepha lemibuzo eliqhelekileyo lokuqokelela ulwazi lwabantu kunye nolwazi lomntu olufana nobudala, isondo, iminyaka yemfundo, umsebenzi, uhlala wedwa okanye nosapho, kwaye imbali yezonyango yayilawulwa lilungu leqela lophononongo. Emva kokugqitywa koluhlu lwemibuzo, iimvavanyo ze-MoCA [12] kunye ne-MemTrax zaqhutywa (i-MoCA kuqala) ngaphandle kwemizuzu engama-20 phakathi kweemvavanyo. Ipesenti ye-MemTrax echanekileyo (MTx-% C), ixesha lokuphendula elichanekileyo (MTx-RT), kunye nomhla kunye nexesha lovavanyo zirekhodwe kwiphepha lilungu leqela lofundo-nzulu kumthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye ovavanyiweyo. Ikhweshine ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo kunye neziphumo ze-MoCA zafakwa kwi-Excel spreadsheet ngumphandi owayeqhuba iimvavanyo waza wangqinwa ngugxa wakhe phambi kokuba iifayili ze-Excel zigcinwe ukuze zihlalutywe.
Uvavanyo lweMemTrax
Uvavanyo lwe-intanethi ye-MemTrax lubandakanya imifanekiso ye-50 (i-25 eyodwa kunye ne-25 ephindaphindiweyo; iiseti ezi-5 zemifanekiso ye-5 yemifanekiso eqhelekileyo okanye izinto) eziboniswe kwi-pseudo-random order. Umthathi-nxaxheba uya (ngokwemiyalelo) ukucofa iqhosha lokuQalisa kwisikrini ukuqalisa uvavanyo kwaye aqale ukujonga uthotho lwemifanekiso kwaye kwakhona uchukumise umfanekiso okwisikrini ngokukhawuleza kangangoko xa kuvela umfanekiso ophindaphindiweyo. Umfanekiso ngamnye uvele kangangemizuzu emi-3 okanye de umfanekiso okwisikrini uchukunyiswe, nto leyo ebangele ukuba umfanekiso olandelayo uboniswe ngoko nangoko. Ukusebenzisa iwotshi yangaphakathi yesixhobo sendawo, iMTx-RT yomfanekiso ngamnye igqitywe lixesha eligqithileyo ukusuka ekubonisweni komfanekiso ukuya kuthi ga xa isikrini sichukunyiswe ngumthathi-nxaxheba ekuphenduleni ekuboniseni ukuqondwa komfanekiso njengalowo sele ubonisiwe. ngexesha lovavanyo. I-MTx-RT yarekhodwa kuwo wonke umfanekiso, kunye ne-3 epheleleyo erekhodiweyo ebonisa ukuba akukho mpendulo. I-MTx-% C ibalwe ukubonisa ipesenti yokuphinda kunye nemifanekiso yokuqala apho umsebenzisi aphendule ngokuchanekileyo (inyani yokwenene + i-negative yokwenyani eyahlulwe ngama-50). Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zolawulo lwe-MemTrax kunye nokuphunyezwa, ukunciphisa idatha, idatha engavumelekanga okanye "akukho mpendulo", kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili lwedatha luchazwe kwenye indawo [6].
Uvavanyo lwe-MemTrax luchazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwaye uvavanyo lokuziqhelanisa (kunye nemifanekiso ekhethekileyo ngaphandle kwaleyo isetyenziswe kuvavanyo lokurekhoda iziphumo) yanikezelwa kubathathi-nxaxheba kwisimo esibhedlele. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-YH kunye ne-KM-sub-datasets bathatha uvavanyo lwe-MemTrax kwi-smartphone eyayilayishwe ngesicelo kwi-WeChat; ngelixa inani elilinganiselweyo le-XL sub-dataset yezigulane zisebenzisa i-iPad kwaye abanye basebenzisa i-smartphone. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bathatha uvavanyo lwe-MemTrax kunye nomphandi wophononongo ngokujonga ngokungathandabuzekiyo.
Uvavanyo lokuqonda lwaseMontreal
I-Beijing version ye-MoCA yaseTshayina (i-MoCA-BC) [13] yalawulwa kwaye yafumana amanqaku ngabaphandi abaqeqeshiweyo ngokwemiyalelo yovavanyo olusemthethweni. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-MoCA-BC ibonakaliswe njengethembekile uvavanyo lwengqondo ukuhlolwa kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo kubantu abadala baseTshayina [14]. Uvavanyo ngalunye luthathe malunga nemizuzu eli-10 ukuya kwengama-30 ukulawulwa ngokusekelwe kubuchule bokuqonda bomthathi-nxaxheba.
Imodeli yohlelo lwe-MoCA
Bekukho izinto ezisebenzisekayo ezingama-29, kubandakanywa neeMemTrax ezimbini iimetrics zokuvavanya ukusebenza kunye neempawu ezingama-27 ezinxulumene nokubalwa kwabantu kunye nempilo ulwazi lomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. Isigulana ngasinye sovavanyo lwe-aggregate ye-MoCA sisetyenziswe njenge ukuhlolwa kwengqondo "ibhenchmark" yokuqeqesha iimodeli zethu zokuqikelela. Ngokufanelekileyo, ngenxa yokuba i-MoCA yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza ileyibhile yeklasi, asikwazanga ukusebenzisa amanqaku adibeneyo (okanye nawaphi na amanqaku e-moCA subset scores) njengento ezimeleyo. Senze imifuniselo yokuqala apho senza imodeli (ukuhlelwa kwempilo yengqondo echazwe yi-MoCA) i(ii)izibhedlele ezithathu zokuqala/iikliniki ezisezantsi zolwazi ngamnye kwaye emva koko zidityaniswe kusetyenziswa zonke iimpawu. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iinkcukacha ezifanayo azizange ziqokelelwe kwikliniki nganye kwezine ezimele i-sub-datasets ezintathu; ngoko, uninzi lweempawu zethu kwidathasethi edityanisiweyo (xa usebenzisa zonke iimpawu) zineziganeko eziphezulu zamaxabiso angekhoyo. Emva koko sakhe imifuziselo enedatha edityanisiweyo sisebenzisa izinto eziqhelekileyo kuphela ezikhokelele ekuphuculweni kokusebenza kokuhlelwa. Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwacaciswa ngendibaniselwano yokuba nemizekelo emininzi yokusebenza kunye nokudibanisa iiseti zedatha yesigulane ezithathu kwaye akukho zimpawu zokuxhaphaka okungafanelekanga kwamaxabiso alahlekileyo (inye kuphela into kwidathasethi edibeneyo, uhlobo lomsebenzi, olunamaxabiso alahlekileyo, achaphazelayo. Izihlandlo ezithathu kuphela zezigulane), kuba ziimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezirekhodwe kuzo zontathu iziza eziqukiweyo. Okuqaphelekayo, besingenawo umqathango othile wokukhatywa kwenqaku ngalinye elingakhange liqukwe kwidatha edityanisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimodeli yethu yedatha edibeneyo edibeneyo, saqala ukusebenzisa zonke iimpawu ukusuka kwisigulana ngasinye se-sub-datasets ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Oku kukhokelele ngokubanzi kwindlela yokusebenza ebisezantsi ngokulinganisekayo kunomfuziselo wokuqala kwiseti yedatha engaphantsi nganye. Ngaphezu koko, ngelixa ukusebenza kokuhlelwa kweemodeli ezakhiwe kusetyenziswa zonke iimpawu bezikhuthaza, kubo bonke abafundi kunye nezikim zokuhlela, ukusebenza kuphuculwe ngokuphindwe kabini kwiimodeli ezininzi xa kusetyenziswa iimpawu ezifanayo kuphela. Enyanisweni, phakathi kwezinto eziye zaphelela ekubeni ngabafundi bethu abaphezulu, zonke ngaphandle kwemodeli enye ziphuculwe ekupheliseni iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga.
I-dataset yokugqibela ehlanganisiweyo (i-YH, i-XL, kunye ne-KM edibeneyo) iquka iimeko ze-259, nganye imele umthathi-nxaxheba okhethekileyo owathatha zombini iimvavanyo ze-MemTrax kunye ne-MoCA. Kwakukho iimpawu ezizimeleyo ezi-10 ezabelwana ngazo: Iimethrikhi zokusebenza kwe-MemTrax: MTx-% C kunye ne-MTx-RT; ulwazi lwedemografi kunye nembali yonyango: iminyaka, isondo, iminyaka yemfundo, uhlobo lomsebenzi (ikhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / ikhola emhlophe), inkxaso yentlalontle (nokuba ngaba umntu ovavanyayo uhlala yedwa okanye nosapho), kwaye ewe/hayi iimpendulo zokuba ngaba umsebenzisi imbali yesifo seswekile, i-hyperlipidemia, okanye ukwenzakala kwengqondo. Iimethrikhi ezimbini ezongezelelweyo, i-aggregate score ye-MoCA kunye ne-aggregate score ye-MoCA elungelelaniswe iminyaka yemfundo [12], isetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo ukuphuhlisa iilebhile zokuhlela ezixhomekeke, ngaloo ndlela kudala izikimu ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zemodeli eziza kusetyenziswa kwidathasethi yethu edibeneyo. Kwinguqulelo nganye (elungisiweyo kwaye engalungiswanga) yamanqaku e-MoCA, idatha yaphinda yahlulwa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-binary classification kusetyenziswa imiqobo emibini yekhrayitheriya-eyokuqala enconyiweyo [12] kunye nexabiso elinye elisetyenziswe kwaye liphakanyiswe ngabanye [8, 15]. Kwisinye isikimu sokuhlelwa kwe-threshold, isigulane sasithathwa njengengqondo yengqondo eqhelekileyo ukuba ifumene i-≥23 kuvavanyo lwe-MoCA kunye nokuba ne-MCI ukuba amanqaku angama-22 okanye aphantsi; kanti, kwifomathi yohlelo olucetyiswayo lokuqala, isigulana kwafuneka sifumane amanqaku angama-26 okanye angcono kwi-MoCA ukuze ibhalwe njengempilo yengqondo eqhelekileyo.
Idatha ehluziweyo yokwenziwa kolwahlulo lwe-MoCA
Siphinde savavanya ulwahlulo lwe-MoCA sisebenzisa iindlela ezine ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokubeka amanqaku: i-Chi-Squared, iGain Ratio, iNgxowa-mali yoLwazi, kunye nokungaqiniseki kweSymmetrical. Ngombono wethutyana, sisebenzise iirenki kuyo yonke idatha edityanisiweyo sisebenzisa isikimu sethu ngasinye kwezine. Bonke amanqanaba bavumelana ngeempawu eziphezulu ezifanayo, oko kukuthi, ubudala, inani leminyaka yemfundo, kunye neemetriki zombini zeMemTrax (MTx-% C, ithetha iMTx-RT). Emva koko sakha kwakhona iimodeli sisebenzisa ubuchule bokhetho ngalunye ukuqeqesha iimodeli kwiimpawu ezine eziphezulu kuphela (bona Ukukhetha amanqaku ngezantsi).
Iziphumo ezokugqibela ezisibhozo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yokuhlela amanqaku e-MoCA zithiwe thaca kwiThebhile yoku-1.
Itheyibhile 1
Isishwankathelo seenguqu zesikimu somzekelo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlelwa kwe-MoCA (Eqhelekileyo Impilo yengqondo ngokuchasene neMCI)
Inani elichaphazelekayo kunye neepesenti zezigulane ezipheleleyo kwiklasi nganye ziyahlukana ngohlengahlengiso lwamanqaku emfundo (Uhlengahlengiso okanye olungalungiswanga) kunye nomda wokuhlela (i-23 okanye i-26), njengoko isetyenziswe kuzo zombini iisethi zeempawu (Azihlungwanga kwaye ziFifa).
Imodeli yovavanyo lweklinikhi esekwe kwiMemTrax
Kwiiseti zethu ezintathu zantlandlolo (YH, XL, KM), kuphela izigulane ze-XL ze-sub-dataset ziye zafunyaniswa ngokuzimeleyo ngokukhubazeka kwengqondo (okt, amanqaku abo e-MoCA awazange asetyenziswe ekusekeni ukuhlelwa kwesiqhelo ngokuchasene nokukhubazeka). Ngokukodwa, izigulana ze-XL zafunyaniswa zinazo Uvavanyo lwesifo sika-Alzheimer (AD) okanye i-vascular dementia (VaD). Ngaphakathi kwezi ndidi zoxilongo oluphambili, bekukho enye inkcazo ye-MCI. Ukuxilongwa kwe-MCI, i-dementia, i-vascular neurocognitive disorder, kunye ne-neurocognitive disorder ngenxa ye-AD yayisekelwe kwiinkqubo zokuxilonga ezicacileyo kunye nezahlukileyo ezichazwe kwi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 [16]. Ukuqwalasela olu xilongo olucokisekileyo, izikimu ezimbini zokumisela imodeli zisetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-sub-dataset ye-XL ukwahlula inqanaba lobunzima (iqondo lokukhubazeka) kwicandelo ngalinye lokuxilongwa kweprayimari. Iinkcukacha ezisetyenzisiweyo kuzo zonke ezi zicwangciso zokuxilonga i-diagnostic (AD kunye ne-VaD) zibandakanya ulwazi lwabantu kunye nolwazi lwembali yesigulane, kunye nokusebenza kwe-MemTrax (MTx-% C, ithetha i-MTx-RT). Uxilongo ngalunye luphawulwe ngobumnene ukuba luchongiwe i-MCI; kungenjalo, kwakugqalwa njengento eqatha. Siqale saqwalasela ukubandakanya amanqaku e-MoCA kwiimodeli zokuxilongwa (ezithambileyo ngokuchasene nokuqina); kodwa sizimisele ukuba oko kuya koyisa injongo yesikimu sethu somzekelo wesibini. Apha abafundi baya kuqeqeshwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iimpawu zesigulana ezifumaneka lula kumnikezeli kunye neemetrics zokusebenza zovavanyo olulula lwe-MemTrax (endaweni ye-MoCA) ngokuchasene nereferensi "umgangatho wegolide", ukuxilongwa kwekliniki okuzimeleyo. Kwakukho iimeko ezingama-69 kwidatha yokuxilongwa kwe-AD kunye neemeko ezingama-76 ze-VaD (Itheyibhile 2). Kuzo zombini iiseti zedatha, bekukho iimpawu ezizimeleyo ezili-12. Ukongeza kwiimpawu ze-10 ezibandakanyiweyo kwi-classification yamanqaku e-MoCA, imbali yesigulane nayo iquka ulwazi kwimbali yoxinzelelo lwegazi kunye ne-stroke.
Itheyibhile 2
Isishwankathelo seenguqu zesikimu somzekelo ezisetyenziselwa ulwahlulo lobungqongqo boxilongo (Buphakathi ngokuchasene noBubi)
Inani elichaphazelekayo kunye neepesenti zezigulane ezipheleleyo kwiklasi nganye zihlukaniswe ngoluhlu oluphambili lokuxilongwa (AD okanye i-VaD).
Statistics
Ukuthelekiswa kweempawu zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nezinye iimpawu zamanani phakathi kwee-sub-datasets kwisicwangciso sokuhlelwa kwemodeli nganye (ukuqikelela impilo yengqondo ye-MoCA kunye nobunzima bokuxilongwa) kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ulwimi lweprogram yePython (uguqulelo 2.7.1) [17]. Ukwahluka kwentsebenzo yemodeli ekuqaleni kunqunywe usebenzisa enye-okanye into emibini (njengoko kufanelekile) i-ANOVA kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba kunye novavanyo lwe-Tukey oluthembekileyo oluphawulekayo (HSD) ukuthelekisa iindlela zokusebenza. Olu vavanyo lweeyantlukwano phakathi kweemodeli zentsebenzo zenziwa ngokudibanisa iPython kunye ne-R (inguqulo 3.5.1) [18]. Sisebenzise le ndlela (nangona, ingaphantsi kuneyona ilungileyo) njengendlela yoncedo lwe-heuristic kule inqanaba lokuqala imodeli yokuqala yokuthelekisa ukusebenza ngokulindelekileyo kwisicelo seklinikhi esinokwenzeka. Emva koko sasebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-Bayesian olusayiniweyo lisebenzisa ukuhanjiswa kwangasemva ukufumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukungafani komzekelo wokusebenza [19]. Kolu hlalutyo, sasebenzisa i-interval -0.01, 0.01, ebonisa ukuba ukuba amaqela amabini anomahluko wokusebenza ongaphantsi kwe-0.01, ayecatshangelwa ngokufanayo (ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulinganisa okusebenzayo), okanye ngenye indlela ahluke (enye ingcono kune-1.0.2). enye). Ukwenza uthelekiso lweBayesi labahlukanisi nokubala oku nokwenzeka, sisebenzise ilayibrari ye-baycomp (uguqulelo 3.6.4) kwiPython XNUMX.
Imodeli eqikelelwayo
Sakhe iimodeli eziqikelelwayo sisebenzisa iiyantlukwano ezilishumi ezipheleleyo zezicwangciso zethu zokumisela ukuqikelela (ukwahlula) isiphumo sovavanyo lwe-MoCA yesigulana ngasinye okanye ubuzaza bokuxilongwa kweklinikhi. Bonke abafundi basetyenziswa kwaye iimodeli zakhiwa kusetyenziswa iqonga lomthombo ovulekileyo lwesoftware Weka [20]. Uhlalutyo lwethu lokuqala, siqeshe i-10 esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-algorithms yokufunda: 5-Abamelwane abasondeleyo, iinguqulelo ezimbini zeC4.5 umthi wesigqibo, i-Logistic Regression, i-Multilayer Perceptron, i-Naïve Bayes, iinguqulelo ezimbini ze-Random Forest, i-Radial Basis Function Network, kunye neVector yeNkxaso. Umatshini. Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nokuchasana kwezi ndlela zichazwe kwenye indawo [21] (jonga iSihlomelo esichaphazelekayo). Ezi zikhethwe ngenxa yokuba zibonisa iindidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zabafundi nangenxa yokuba siye sabonisa impumelelo xa sizisebenzisa kuhlalutyo lwangaphambili kwidatha efanayo. Izicwangciso ze-hyper-parameter zikhethwe kuphando lwethu lwangaphambili olubonisa ukuba zomelele kwiinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo [22]. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwethu lwangaphambili kusetyenziswa i-dataset efanayo edibeneyo kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo eziye zasetyenziswa emva koko kuhlalutyo olupheleleyo, sichonge abafundi abathathu ababonelela ngokusebenza okuqinileyo kuzo zonke iindidi: Ukuguqulwa kweLogistic, i-Naïve Bayes, kunye ne-Support Vector Machine.
Ukuqinisekiswa okunqamlezileyo kunye nemodeli yemetric yokusebenza
Kuyo yonke imodeli eqikelelwayo (kubandakanywa nohlalutyo lwangaphambili), imodeli nganye yakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-10-fold cross, kunye nokusebenza kwemodeli kulinganiswe ngokusebenzisa iNdawo ePhantsi kwe-Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-cross-validation kwaqala ngokuhlula ngokungenamkhethe nganye ye-10 yedatha yeskimu ye-modeling kwi-10 elinganayo (i-folds), isebenzisa ezisithoba kula macandelo ahlukeneyo ukuqeqesha imodeli kunye necandelo eliseleyo lokuvavanya. Le nkqubo iphindwe ngamaxesha e-10, isebenzisa icandelo elahlukileyo njengovavanyo olusetiweyo kwi-iteration nganye. Iziphumo zaye zadityaniswa ukubala iziphumo zomzekelo wokugqibela/ukusebenza. Kumfundi ngamnye/indibaniselwano yedatha, yonke le nkqubo yaphindwa izihlandlo ezili-10 ngedatha yahlulwe ngokwahlukileyo ngexesha ngalinye. Eli nyathelo lokugqibela lanciphisa i-bias, laqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda, kwaye lanceda ekumiseleni imodeli yokusebenza ngokubanzi. Lilonke (kumanqaku e-MoCA kunye nezikimu zokuhlela ubungqongqo ezidityanisiweyo), iimodeli ezingama-6,600 zakhiwa. Oku kuquka iimodeli ezingahluzwanga ezili-1,800 (iinkqubo zemodeli ezi-6 ezisetyenziswa kwidathasethi×3 yabafundi×10 ibaleka×10 imigoqo = 1,800 imifuziselo) kunye nemizekelo ehluziweyo eyi-4,800 (iinkqubo zomfuziselo ezi-4 ezisetyenziswa kwidathasethi×3 yabafundi×4 ubuchule bokukhetha uphawu×10 balekayo× Ii-folds ezili-10 = iimodeli ze-4,800).
Ukukhetha amanqaku
Kwimifuziselo ehluziweyo, ukhetho lwenqaku (usebenzisa iindlela ezine zokubeka amanqaku) lwenziwa ngaphakathi kokuqinisekiswa okunqamlezayo. Kwi-folds nganye ye-10, njenge-10% eyahlukileyo yedatha yedatha yayiyidatha yovavanyo, kuphela iimpawu ezine eziphezulu ezikhethiweyo kwidathasethi yoqeqesho ngalunye (okt, ezinye iifolda ezilithoba, okanye i-90% eseleyo yedatha epheleleyo) yasetyenziswa. ukwakha iimodeli. Asikwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezine ezisetyenzisiweyo kwimodeli nganye, njengoko olo lwazi alugcinwanga okanye lwenziwe lufumaneke ngaphakathi kweqonga lomzekelo esilisebenzisileyo (Weka). Nangona kunjalo, kunikwe ukulungelelaniswa ekukhethweni kwethu kokuqala kweempawu eziphezulu xa i-rankers isetyenziswe kuyo yonke idatha yedatha edibeneyo kunye nokufana okulandelayo kwintsebenzo yomzekelo, ezi mpawu ezifanayo (iminyaka yobudala, iminyaka yemfundo, i-MTx-% C, kwaye ithetha i-MTx-RT ) kusenokwenzeka ukuba zezona zixhaphakileyo eziphezulu ezine ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokhetho lwenqaku ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokuqinisekisa.
IINKCUKACHA
Iimpawu zamanani zabathathi-nxaxheba (kubandakanywa amanqaku e-MoCA kunye neemetriki zokusebenza kwe-MemTrax) kwiiseti zedatha ezihambelanayo kwisicwangciso sohlelo ngalunye lomzekelo ukuxela kwangaphambili impilo yengqondo ebonakaliswe yi-MoCA (eqhelekileyo xa ithelekiswa ne-MCI) kunye nobunzima bokuxilongwa (ubumnene ngokuchasene nobukhulu) buboniswe kwiThebhile yesi-3.
Itheyibhile 3
Iimpawu zabathathi-nxaxheba, amanqaku e-MoCA, kunye nokusebenza kwe-MemTrax kwisicwangciso sokuhlela imodeli nganye
Amaxabiso abonisiwe (intsingiselo, i-SD) eyahlulwe ngobuchule bokuhlela imodeli imele idatha edityanisiweyo esetyenziselwa ukuqikelela impilo yengqondo ebonakaliswe yi-MoCA (MCI ngokuchasene nesiqhelo) kunye neseti yedatha engaphantsi kwe-XL esetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubunzulu boxilongo (ubumnene ngokuchasene nobunzima).
Kwindibaniselwano nganye yamanqaku e-MoCA (elungisiweyo/engalungiswanga) kunye nomda (26/23), bekukho umahluko wezibalo (p = 0.000) kwi-pairwise nganye kuthelekiso (impilo yengqondo eqhelekileyo ngokuchasene ne-MCI) yobudala, imfundo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-MemTrax (MTx-% C kunye ne-MTx-RT). Isigulana ngasinye se-sub-dataset kwiklasi ye-MCI nganye kwindibaniselwano nganye yayikwi-avareji malunga ne-9 ukuya kwi-15 yeminyaka ubudala, inikwe ingxelo malunga neminyaka emihlanu embalwa yemfundo, kwaye yayinentsebenzo engaphantsi kwe-MemTrax yazo zombini iimethrikhi.
Iziphumo eziqikelelwayo zentsebenzo yeziphumo zokuhlelwa kwamanqaku e-MoCA kusetyenziswa abona bafundi bathathu baphezulu, ukuRegression kweLogistic, iNaïve Bayes, kunye noMatshini weVector yeNkxaso, zibonisiwe kwiThebhile 4. isetyenziswe kwiiseti zedatha yazo zonke izikimu zokubonisa. Kuluhlu lwedatha olungahluzwanga kunye nemodeli, ixabiso ngalinye ledatha kwiThebhile 4 libonisa imodeli yokusebenza esekelwe kwi-AUC ngokufanelekileyo intsingiselo ethathwe kwiimodeli ezili-100 (ii-10 runs×10 folds) ezakhelwe umfundi ngamnye/iskim somdibaniso, ngeyona ndlela iphakamileyo. umfundi ophumeleleyo obhalwe ngqindilili. Ngelixa umfuziselo wesethi yedatha ehluziweyo, iziphumo ezixelwe kwiTheyibhile 4 zibonisa umndilili oqhelekileyo wokuqhutywa kwemodeli ukusuka kuma-400 eemodeli zomfundi ngamnye esebenzisa indlela yokuhlela amanqaku (iindlela ezi-4 zokuhlela amanqaku×10 baleka×10 ukugotywa).
Itheyibhile 4
Intsebenzo yokuhlelwa kwamanqaku eDichotomous MoCA (AUC; 0.0–1.0) iziphumo zomfundi ngamnye kwabathathu abaqhube kakuhle kuzo zonke izikim zokumodareyitha.
Ukusebenzisa iiyantlukwano zeseti yenqaku, inqaku le-MoCA, kunye ne-MoCA cutoff threshold, eyona ntsebenzo iphezulu yesikim ngasinye somzekelo ibonisiwe ngesibindi (engahlukanga ngokwezibalo kunabo bonke abanye abangangeni ngesibindi kwimodeli efanelekileyo).
Ukuthelekisa abafundi kuzo zonke iindibaniselwano zeenguqulelo zamanqaku e-MoCA kunye nemigangatho (elungisiweyo/engatshintshwanga no-23/26, ngokulandelelanayo) kwidathasethi edityanisiweyo engahluzwanga (okt, kusetyenziswa iimpawu ezili-10 eziqhelekileyo), uNaïve Bayes ngokuqhelekileyo ebengoyena mfundi ugqwesileyo ngokufunda ngokubanzi. ukusebenza kokuhlelwa kwe-0.9093. Xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo abafundi abathathu abaphezulu, iimvavanyo ezihambelana neBayesian-correlated sign-rank tests zibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka (Pr) yaseNaïve Bayes eqhube kakuhle kakhulu kuLogistic Regression ibe yi-99.9%. Ngaphezu koko, phakathi kwe-Naïve Bayes kunye ne-Support Vector Machine, i-21.0% yamathuba okulingana okubonakalayo ekusebenzeni komfundi (ngoko, i-79.0% yamathuba oMshini weVector ye-Naïve Bayes ogqwesileyo kwi-Support Vector Machine), kunye ne-0.0% yokuba nokwenzeka koMshini weVector yeNkxaso oqhuba ngcono, ngokulinganayo yomeleza inzuzo yokusebenza kweNaïve Bayes. Uthelekiso olongezelelweyo lwenguqulelo yamanqaku e-MoCA kubo bonke abafundi/imidongwezi lucebise ukuba kukho i-advanteji encinane yokusebenza kusetyenziswa amanqaku e-MoCA angalungiswanga xa ethelekiswa nohlengahlengiso (0.9027 xa ithelekiswa no-0.8971, ngokulandelelanayo; Pr (ayilungiswanga > ilungisiwe) = 0.988). Ngokufanayo, uthelekiso lwe-cutoff threshold kubo bonke abafundi kunye neenguqulelo zamanqaku e-MoCA lubonise inzuzo encinci yokuhlelwa kwentsebenzo kusetyenziswa u-26 njengomgangatho wokuhlela xa uthelekiswa no-23 (0.9056 xa uthelekiswa no-0.8942, ngokulandelelanayo; Pr (26> 23) = 0.999). Okokugqibela, ukuvavanya inkqubo yokuhlelwa kweemodeli kusetyenziswa kuphela iziphumo ezihluziweyo (okt, iimpawu ezine zodidi oluphezulu kuphela), uNaïve Bayes (0.9143) ngokwamanani wayengoyena mfundi uqhube kakuhle kuzo zonke iinguqulelo/imiqobo yamanqaku e-MoCA. Nangona kunjalo, kuzo zonke iindlela zokulinganisa amanqaku zidityanisiwe, bonke abafundi abagqwesileyo baqhube ngendlela efanayo. Iimvavanyo zomgangatho osayiniweyo waseBayesi zibonise amathuba angama-100% okulingana kwepraktikhali phakathi kwesibini ngasinye sabafundi abahluziweyo. Njengedatha engahluzwanga (usebenzisa zonke iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezili-10), kwakhona kwabakho inzuzo yokusebenza kwinguqu engalungiswanga yamanqaku e-MoCA (Pr (ayilungiswanga > ilungiswe) = 1.000), kunye nenzuzo efanayo eyahlukileyo yoluhlu lwe-26 (Pr (26> 23) = 1.000). Okuqaphelekayo, umndilili wokupasa komfundi ngamnye kwabathathu abaphezulu kuzo zonke iinguqulelo/imiqobo yamanqaku e-MoCA kusetyenziswa kuphela iimpawu ezine ezikudidi oluphezulu ugqithise kumndilili wokupasa kwakhe nawuphi na umfundi kwidatha engahluzwanga. Akumangalisi ukuba, ukusebenza kokuhlelwa kweemodeli ezihluziweyo (usebenzisa iimpawu ezine ezikumgangatho ophezulu) iyonke yayiphezulu (0.9119) kwiimodeli ezingahluzwanga (0.8999), kungakhathaliseki ukuba imodeli yendlela yokubeka ifaniswa naloo mifuziselo ngokusebenzisa zonke ezili-10 eziqhelekileyo. Iimbonakalo. Kwindlela nganye yokukhetha uphawu, bekukho i-100% enokwenzeka yenzuzo yokusebenza ngaphezulu kweemodeli ezingahluzwanga.
Ngezigulane ezithathelwa ingqalelo kwi-AD yokuxilongwa ngokuqatha, phakathi kweqela (MCI-AD ngokuchasene ne-AD) umahluko weminyaka (p = 0.004), imfundo (p = 0.028), amanqaku e-MoCA ahlengahlengisiweyo/alungiswanga (p = 0.000), kunye neMTx-% C (p = 0.008) zazibalulekile ngokwezibalo; ngelixa iMTx-RT yayingeyiyo (p = 0.097). Ngezo zigulana ziqwalaselwe ulwahlulo lobunzima bokuxilongwa kwe-VaD, phakathi kweqela (MCI-VaD ngokuchasene neVaD) umahluko kumanqaku e-MoCA ahlengahlengisiweyo / angalungiswanga (p = 0.007) kunye neMTx-% C (p = 0.026) kunye neMTx-RT (p = 0.001) zazibalulekile ngokwezibalo; kanti iminyaka (p = 0.511) kunye nemfundo (p = 0.157) kwakungekho ntlukwano phakathi kweqela.
Iziphumo zovavanyo oluqikelelweyo lweziphumo zokucalulwa kobuqatha kusetyenziswa abafundi abathathu abachongiweyo ngaphambili, uLogistic Regression, iNaïve Bayes, kunye noMatshini weVector yeNkxaso, zibonisiwe kwiThebhile 5. , abona bafundi bathathu sibachonge njengabona bancomekayo kwimodeli yethu yangaphambili baye banikezela ngeyona ndlela iqhuba kakuhle kuzo zombini ezi nkqubo zintsha zokumodareyitha. Ukuthelekisa abafundi kulo lonke udidi oluphambili loxilongo (AD kunye neVaD), akuzange kubekho mahluko wokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo phakathi kwabafundi be-MCI-VaD ngokuchasene neVaD, nangona uMshini weVector yeNkxaso ngokubanzi usebenze ngokubalaseleyo. Ngokufanayo, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwabafundi be-MCI-AD ngokuchasene nokuhlelwa kwe-AD, nangona i-Naïve Bayes (NB) inenzuzo encinci yokusebenza ngaphezu kwe-Logistic Regression (LR) kunye nesininzi nje esingenakuphikiswa phezu koMshini weVector yeNkxaso, okunokwenzeka kwe-61.4% kunye ne-41.7% ngokulandelelanayo. Kuzo zombini iiseti zedatha, bekukho inzuzo yokusebenza ngokubanzi kuMatshini weVector yeNkxaso (SVM), nge Pr (SVM> LR) = 0.819 kunye Pr (SVM > NB) = 0.934. Inkqubo yethu yokuhlelwa ngokubanzi kubo bonke abafundi ekucingeni ubuzaza boxilongo kwi-sub-dataset ye-XL ibingcono kudidi lokuxilongwa kwe-VaD xa kuthelekiswa ne-AD (Pr (VAD> AD) = 0.998).
Itheyibhile 5
Intsebenzo yolwahlulo lobungqongqo lwezonyango (i-AUC; 0.0–1.0) isiphumo somfundi ngamnye kwabathathu abagqwesileyo kuzo zombini izikim zokubonisa imodeli.
Owona msebenzi uphezulu weskim somzekelo ngamnye uboniswe kwi ngesibindi (engahlukanga ngokwezibalo kunabanye abangangeni ngesibindi).
UKUQALA
Ukubona kwangethuba utshintsho kwimpilo yengqondo kubalulekile into eluncedo kulawulo lwempilo yomntu kunye nempilo yoluntu ngokufanayo. Ewe, ikwayinto ephambili kakhulu kwiisetingi zeklinikhi kwizigulana kwihlabathi liphela. Injongo ekwabelwana ngayo kukulumkisa izigulane, abanakekeli, kunye nababoneleli kwaye bakhawuleze unyango olufanelekileyo kunye noluneendleko eziphantsi kunye nokhathalelo lwexesha elide kwabo baqala ukufumana ukuhla kwengqondo. Ukudibanisa iiseti zedatha yezibhedlele/zeklinikhi zethu ezithathu, sichonge abafundi abathathu abakhetheke kakhulu (kunye neyona nto ibalaseleyo -Naïve Bayes) ukwakha imifuziselo eqikelelwayo kusetyenziswa. Iimethrikhi zokusebenza kwe-MemTrax ezinokuhlela ngokuthembekileyo imeko yezempilo yengqondo i-dichotomously (impilo yesiqhelo yengqondo okanye i-MCI) njengoko iya kuboniswa ngamanqaku adibeneyo e-MoCA. Okuqaphelekayo, umgangatho wokusebenza kwabo bobathathu abafundi uye waphucuka xa iimodeli zethu zisebenzise kuphela iimpawu ezine ezikudidi oluphezulu ezibandakanya ubukhulu becala ezi metrics zentsebenzo ye-MemTrax. Ngaphezu koko, siye satyhila amandla angqinisisiweyo okusetyenziswa kwabafundi abafanayo kunye neemetrics zentsebenzo ye-MemTrax kwisikimu sohlelo lwenkxaso yoxilongo ukuze kwahlulwe ubunzulu bamacandelo amabini oxilongo lwe-dementia: i-AD ne-VaD.
Uvavanyo lwenkumbulo ngundoqo ekubhaqweni kwangaphambili kwe-AD [23, 24]. Ke, lithuba lokuba iMemTrax yamkelekile, ibandakanyeke, kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwi-intanethi. uvavanyo lokuhlola inkumbulo ye-episodic kubemi ngokubanzi [6]. Ukuchaneka kokuqaphela kunye namaxesha okuphendula avela kulo msebenzi oqhubekayo wokusebenza atyhila ngokukodwa ekuchongeni ukuwohloka kwangaphambili kunye nokuguquka kunye nokusilela kwiinkqubo ze-neuroplastic ezinxulumene nokufunda, imemori kunye nokuqonda. Oko kukuthi, iimodeli ezilapha ezisekwe ubukhulu becala kwiimethrikhi zokusebenza kwe-MemTrax zinovakalelo kwaye zinokwenzeka ngokulula kwaye ngexabiso elincinci zityhila ukusilela kwebhayoloji ye-neuropathologic ngexesha lenguqu ye-asymptomatic yenqanaba ngaphambi kokulahleka okukhulu kokusebenza [25]. Ashford et al. ihlolisise iipatheni kunye nokuziphatha kokuchaneka kwememori yokuqaphela kunye nexesha lokuphendula kubasebenzisi be-intanethi abathathe inxaxheba ngokwabo ngeMemTrax [6]. Ukuhlonipha ukuba olu lwabiwo lubalulekile kwimodeli efanelekileyo kunye nokuphuhlisa izicelo zokhathalelo lwezigulane ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo, ukucacisa ukuqatshelwa okusebenzayo kweklinikhi kunye neeprofayili zexesha lokuphendula kubalulekile ekusekeni isiseko sesiseko esibalulekileyo seklinikhi kunye nophando oluluncedo. Ixabiso elisebenzayo le-MemTrax ekuhlolweni kwe-AD kwisigaba sokuqala sokukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nenkxaso yokuxilonga eyahlukileyo kufuneka emva koko ihlolwe ngokucokisekileyo kwimeko yekliniki apho i-comorbidities kunye nokuqonda, i-sensory, kunye ne-motor capabilities echaphazela ukusebenza kovavanyo inokuqwalaselwa. Kwaye ukwazisa imbono yobuchwephesha kunye nokukhuthaza usetyenziso lweklinikhi olusebenzayo, kunyanzelekile kuqala ukubonisa uthelekiso kuvavanyo olusekiweyo lovavanyo lwempilo yengqondo, nangona olu lwamva lunokuthi lunyanzeliswe luvavanyo olunzima, imfundo kunye nezithintelo zolwimi, kunye neempembelelo zenkcubeko [26] . Kule nkalo, uthelekiso oluncomekayo lwe-MemTrax ekusebenzeni kwezonyango kwi-MoCA edla ngokuchazwa njengomgangatho woshishino lubalulekile, ngakumbi xa kulinganiswa ubunzima obukhulu bokusebenziseka kunye nokwamkelwa kwesigulana kwe-MemTrax.
Uphononongo lwangaphambili oluthelekisa iMemTrax ne-MoCA luqaqambisa ingqiqo kunye nobungqina bokuqala obuqinisekisa uphando lwethu lomfuziselo [8]. Nangona kunjalo, olu thelekiso lwangaphambili lunxulumanise nje iimetriki ezimbini eziphambili zeMemTrax esizivavanyile kunye nemeko yokuqonda njengoko kugqitywe yi-MoCA kwaye kuchazwe amanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye namaxabiso aphelileyo. Siye sazinzisa uvavanyo lwenkqubo yezonyango ye-MemTrax ngokuphonononga indlela esekelwe kwimodeli eqikelelweyo eya kubonelela ingqwalaselo ethe kratya yezinye iiparameters ezinokuthi zichaphazele isigulane. Ngokwahlukileyo kwabanye, asizange sifumane inzuzo kwimodeli yokusebenza kusetyenziswa ukulungiswa kwemfundo (uhlengahlengiso) kumanqaku e-MoCA okanye ekwahlukeni kwempilo yengqondo ecalula umyinge wamanqaku e-MoCA aggregate threshold ukusuka kwi-26 ecetyiswayo yokuqala ukuya kwi-23 [12, 15]. Ngapha koko, i-advanteji yokusebenza yohlelo ithandwa kusetyenziswa amanqaku e-MoCA angalungiswanga kunye nomda ophezulu.
Amanqaku aphambili ekusebenzeni kweklinikhi
Ukufunda ngoomatshini kuhlala kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye kusebenza kakhulu kwimodeli eqikelelweyo xa idatha ibanzi kwaye ine-multi-dimensional, oko kukuthi, xa kukho uqwalaselo oluninzi kunye noluhlu olubanzi oluhambelanayo lwexabiso eliphezulu (igalelo) iimpawu. Nangona kunjalo, ngale datha yangoku, iimodeli ezihluziweyo ezineempawu ezikhethiweyo ezine kuphela zenze ngcono kunezo zisebenzisa zonke iimpawu ezili-10 eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba i-aggregate yedatha yesibhedlele ayizange ibe neyona nto ifanelekileyo yekliniki (ixabiso eliphezulu) iimpawu zokuhlela ngokufanelekileyo izigulane ngale ndlela. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lwenqanaba logxininiso kwiimetrikhi zokusebenza zeMemTrax-MTx-% C kunye neMTx-RT-ixhasa ngamandla ukwakhiwa kweemodeli zovavanyo lwenqanaba lokuqala malunga nolu vavanyo olulula, olulula ukululawula, olunexabiso eliphantsi, kunye nokutyhila ngokufanelekileyo malunga nolu vavanyo. ukusebenza kwememori, ubuncinci ngoku njengesikrini sokuqala sohlelo lwebinary yesimo sempilo yengqondo. Ukunikezelwa koxinzelelo oluhlala lunyuka kubaboneleli kunye neenkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo, iinkqubo zokuhlolwa kwezigulane kunye nezicelo zeklinikhi kufuneka ziphuhliswe ngokufanelekileyo ngogxininiso lokuqokelela, ukulandelela, kunye nokulinganisa ezo mpawu zesigulane kunye neemetrics zokuvavanya eziluncedo kakhulu, ezinenzuzo, kunye nezingqinisiso ezisebenzayo kuxilongo. kunye nenkxaso yolawulo lwesigulane.
Ngee-metrics ezimbini eziphambili ze-MemTrax ezingundoqo kuhlelo lwe-MCI, umfundi wethu ogqwesileyo (i-Naïve Bayes) wayenomsebenzi oqikelelweyo ophezulu kakhulu kwiimodeli ezininzi (i-AUC ngaphezu kwe-0.90) kunye ne-real-positive-positive ratio ye-fake-positive ratio esondela okanye engaphezulu kwe-4. : 1. Isicelo soguqulo lwezonyango kusetyenziswa lo mfundi siya kuthi ke ngoko sibambe (ukuhlelwa ngokuchanekileyo) uninzi lwabo banengxaki yokuqonda (cognitive deficit), ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko ezinxulumene nokuhlela ngempazamo umntu onempilo yesiqhelo yokuqonda njengonengxaki yokuqonda (false positive) okanye ukuphoswa kolohlelo kwabo banengxaki yokuqonda (ubuxoki obungalunganga). Nayiphi na kwezi meko zokungahlelwa kakuhle kunokubeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga ngokwasengqondweni kwintlalontle kwisigulana nakubanonopheli.
Nangona kucazululo lokuqala nolupheleleyo siye sasebenzisa bonke abafundi abalishumi kwisikim semodeli nganye, siye sajolisa iziphumo zethu kubahlalutyi abathathu ababonisa owona msebenzi unamandla ungatshintshiyo. Oku kwakhona yayikukuqaqambisa, ngokusekwe kule datha, abafundi abalindeleke ukuba baqhube ngokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwisicelo seklinikhi esisebenzayo ekumiseleni ukuhlelwa kwemeko yokuqonda. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba olu phononongo lwalujongwe njengophando oluyintshayelelo malunga nokusebenziseka komatshini wokufunda ekuhlolweni kwengqondo kunye nale mingeni yeklinikhi ngexesha elifanelekileyo, senze isigqibo sokugcina iindlela zokufunda zilula kwaye zenziwe ngokubanzi, kunye nokulungiswa kweparameter encinci. Siyayixabisa into yokuba le ndlela inokuthi ithintele amandla okukwazi ukuqikelela ngakumbi isigulana. Ngokunjalo, ngelixa ukuqeqesha iimodeli kusetyenziswa kuphela iimpawu eziphezulu (indlela ehluziweyo) zisazisa ngakumbi malunga nezi datha (ngokukodwa kwiintsilelo kwidatha eqokelelweyo kwaye iqaqambisa ixabiso ekwandiseni ixesha elixabisekileyo lekliniki kunye nezixhobo), siyaqonda ukuba kuphambi kwexesha ukucutha. ububanzi beemodeli kwaye, ke ngoko, zonke (kunye nezinye iimpawu) kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo de sibe neprofayili ecacileyo yeempawu eziphambili eziza kusebenza kuluntu olubanzi. Ngaloo ndlela, sikwaqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba idatha ebandakanyayo kunye nommeli ngokubanzi kunye nokulungiswa kwezi kunye nezinye iimodeli kuya kuba yimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba zibandakanywe kwisicelo seklinikhi esisebenzayo, ngakumbi ukulungiselela ukugula okuchaphazela ukusebenza kwengqondo okuya kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kuvavanyo olongezelelweyo lweklinikhi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MemTrax kuye kwalungiswa ngakumbi yimodeli yobunzima besifo ngokusekwe kuxilongo olwahlukileyo lwezonyango. Ukusebenza kokuhlelwa okungcono xa kuqikelelwa ubunzima be-VaD (xa kuthelekiswa ne-AD) kwakungekho iyamangalisa inikwe iimpawu zeprofayili yesigulane kwiimodeli ezithile kwimpilo ye-vascular kunye nomngcipheko we-stroke, oko kukuthi, uxinzelelo lwegazi, i-hyperlipidemia, isifo seswekile, kunye (ngokuqinisekileyo) imbali ye-stroke. Nangona bekuya kunqweneleka ngakumbi kwaye kufanelekile ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lwezonyango olufanayo kwizigulane ezihambelanayo ezinempilo yengqondo eqhelekileyo ukuqeqesha abafundi ngale datha ibandakanya ngakumbi. Oku kuqinisekisiwe ngokukodwa, njengoko i-MemTrax ijoliswe ukuba isetyenziswe ngokuyinhloko ekubonweni kwangethuba lokusilela kwengqondo kunye nokulandelela okulandelayo kotshintsho lomntu. Kukwavakala ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwedatha okunqweneleka ngakumbi kwidathasethi ye-VaD kube negalelo ngokuyinxenye ekusebenzeni kwemodeli engcono. I-dataset ye-VaD yayilungelelaniswe kakuhle phakathi kweeklasi ezimbini, ngelixa idatha ye-AD enezigulane ezimbalwa ze-MCI zazingekho. Ngokukodwa kwiiseti zedatha ezincinci, kwanemizekelo embalwa eyongezelelweyo inokwenza umahluko onokulinganiswa. Zombini ezi mbono ziingxoxo ezinengqiqo ezisisiseko sokumahluko ekusebenzeni kobungqongqo besifo. Nangona kunjalo, ukulinganisa ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kwidathasethi yeempawu zamanani okanye iimpawu zendalo ezithe ngqo kwinkcazo yekliniki eqwalaselwayo kuphambi kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, le noveli ibonise usetyenziso lwemodeli yolwahlulo lwe-MemTrax kwindima yenkxaso yoxilongo lweklinikhi ibonelela ngombono obalulekileyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukufuna uviwo olongezelelweyo kunye nezigulana kulo lonke ixesha lokuqhubeka kwe-MCI.
Ukuphunyezwa kunye nokusebenziseka okubonisiwe kwe-MemTrax kunye nale mifuziselo e-China, apho ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yahluke kakhulu kwezinye iindawo ezisetyenziswayo (umzekelo, iFransi, i-Netherlands, ne-United States) [7, 8, 27], igxininisa ngakumbi amandla ukwamkelwa kwehlabathi jikelele kunye nexabiso leklinikhi yeqonga elisekelwe kwi-MemTrax. Lo ngumzekelo obonakalayo wokuzabalazela ukulungelelaniswa kwedatha kunye nokuphuhlisa izithethe ezisebenzayo zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa imodeli yokuhlolwa kwengqondo esemgangathweni kwaye ilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokulula kwihlabathi jikelele.
Amanyathelo alandelayo ekunciphiseni ukuqonda imodeli kunye nokusetyenziswa
Ukungasebenzi kwengqondo kwi-AD kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo, kungekhona kwizigaba ezicacileyo okanye amanyathelo [28, 29]. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli nqanaba lokuqala, injongo yethu yayikukuqala ukuseka amandla ethu okwakha imodeli ebandakanya i-MemTrax enokwahlula ngokwesiseko "eqhelekileyo" ukusuka "esingeyosiqhelo". Idata ebandakanyayo engakumbi yobungqina (umzekelo, ukucinga kwengqondo, iimpawu zemfuza, iimpawu zebhayoloji, izinto ezihambelanayo, kunye neziphawuli ezisebenzayo zobunzima. imisebenzi efuna ingqiqo ulawulo) [30] kuyo yonke imimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, abantu, kunye namaqela eminyaka ubudala ukuqeqesha kunye nokuphuhlisa ubuchwephesha (kubandakanywa ne-aptly weighted ensemble) iimodeli zokufunda ngoomatshini ziya kuxhasa iqondo elikhulu lokuhlelwa okuphuculweyo, oko kukuthi, amandla okuhlula amaqela ezigulana ezinobunzima. I-MCI ibe yi-subsets ezincinci kunye nezicacileyo ngakumbi kunye nokuncipha kwengqondo okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, uxilongo lweklinikhi oluhambelanayo lwabantu ngabanye kwingingqi ezahlukeneyo zezigulane lubalulekile qeqesha ngempumelelo ezi modeli zibandakanya ngakumbi kwaye zomelele ngokuqikelelwayo. Oku kuya kuququzelela ulawulo lwamatyala acwangcisiweyo ngakumbi kwabo banemvelaphi efanayo, iimpembelelo, kunye neeprofayili zengcinga ezichazwe ngokumxinwa kwaye ngaloo ndlela kunyuswe inkxaso yesigqibo sezonyango kunye nokhathalelo lwesigulane.
Uninzi lophando olufanelekileyo lweklinikhi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luye lwajongana nezigulane ezinobunzima obuncinci be-dementia; kwaye, ekusebenzeni, kaninzi ukungenelela kwesigulane kuzanywa kuphela kwizigaba eziphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ukwehla kwengqondo kuqalisa kakuhle phambi kokuba kuhlangatyezwane nemigaqo yeklinikhi yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, isikrini sakwangoko esekwe kwiMemTrax sinokukhuthaza imfundo efanelekileyo yabantu malunga nesi sifo kunye nokuqhubeka kwaso kunye nokungenelela kwangethuba nangexesha. Ke, ukubonwa kwangethuba kunokuxhasa ukubandakanyeka okufanelekileyo ukusuka kukuzivocavoca, ukutya, inkxaso yeemvakalelo, kunye nokuphuculwa kwentlalontle ukuya kungenelelo lwezonyango kunye nokuqinisa utshintsho olunxulumene nesigulana ekuziphatheni kunye nokuqonda ukuba ngokukodwa okanye ngokuhlangeneyo kunokunciphisa okanye kunokunqanda ukuqhubeka kwengqondo [31, 32] . Ngaphezu koko, ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa kwangoko, abantu kunye neentsapho zabo banokukhuthazwa ukuba baqwalasele izilingo zeklinikhi okanye bafumane iingcebiso kunye nezinye iinkonzo zenkxaso yeenkonzo zentlalo ukunceda ukucacisa ukulindela kunye neenjongo kunye nokulawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Ukuqinisekiswa okungaphaya kunye nosetyenziso olusebenzayo oluxhaphakileyo ngezi ndlela kunokuba sisixhobo ekudambiseni okanye ekumiseni ukuqhubeka kwe-MCI, AD, kunye ne-ADRD kubantu abaninzi.
Enyanisweni, isiphelo esiphantsi soluhlu lweminyaka yesigulana kwisifundo sethu asimeleli inani leenkxalabo zendabuko kunye ne-AD. Nangona kunjalo, umndilili weminyaka kwiqela ngalinye elisetyenzisiweyo kwiiskim zemodeli yokuhlelwa ngokusekwe kumanqaku e-MoCA/umqobo kunye nobukhali bokuxilongwa (Itheyibhile 3) igxininisa uninzi olucacileyo (ngaphezu kwama-80%) ubuncinci beminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Olu nikezelo lufaneleke kakhulu ukwenziwa ngokubanzi, luxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwezi modeli kuluntu olubonakalisa abo bachaphazeleka ngokwesiqhelo ukuqala kwangoko kunye nesifo se-neurocognitive esikhulayo ngenxa ye-AD kunye ne-VaD. Kwakhona, ubungqina bamva nje kunye noxinzelelo lwembono ezo zinto zaziwayo (umzekelo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukutyeba, isifo seswekile, kunye nokutshaya) ezinokuba negalelo ekunyukeni kwangoko. abantu abadala kunye namanqaku omngcipheko we-vascular kunye nesiphumo sokwenzakala kwengqondo efihlakeleyo yemithambo ekhula ngokufihlakeleyo kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo nakulutsha. abantu abadala [33–35]. Ngako oko, elona thuba lilungileyo lokuhlola lokuqala lokubona kwangoko Inqanaba lokusilela kwengqondo kunye nokuqaliswa kothintelo olusebenzayo kunye nezicwangciso zokungenelela ekujonganeni ngempumelelo ne-dementia iya kuvela kuphononongo lwemiba enegalelo kunye nezalathi ezingaphambili kuwo wonke umda wobudala, kuqukwa ukuba mdala kwaye okunokwenzeka nokuba sebuntwaneni (kuphawula ukufaneleka kweemeko zemfuza ezifana ne-apolipoprotein E ukusuka ekukhulelweni kokuqala).
Ngokwesiqhelo, uxilongo olusebenzayo lweklinikhi kunye neenkqubo ezixabisa kakhulu zokucinga kwangaphambili, iprofayili yemfuza, kunye nokulinganisa i-biomarkers ethembisayo ayisoloko ifumaneka ngokulula okanye inokwenzeka kubaboneleli abaninzi. Ke, kwiimeko ezininzi, ulwahlulo lokuqala lwemeko yempilo yengqondo lunokufuneka luthatyathwe kwiimodeli kusetyenziswa ezinye iimetrikhi ezilula ezibonelelwa sisigulana (umz., ukuzixela. iingxaki zememori, amayeza angoku, kunye nokunciphisa imisebenzi yesiqhelo) kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zabantu [7]. Iirejista ezifana neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Impilo yeBongo Irejistri (https://www.brainhealthregistry.org/) [27] kunye nabanye abanobubanzi obukhulu beempawu ozixelayo, amanyathelo omgangatho (umzekelo, ukulala kunye nokuqonda yonke imihla), amayeza, isimo sempilo, kunye nembali, kunye ulwazi oluthe kratya lwamanani abantu luya kuba luncedo ekuphuhliseni nasekuqinisekiseni ukusetyenziswa kwezi modeli zamandulo eklinikhi. Ngaphaya koko, uvavanyo olunje ngeMemTrax, olubonise ukuba luluncedo ekuvavanyeni umsebenzi wememori, enyanisweni lunokubonelela ngoqikelelo olungcono kakhulu lwe-AD pathology kuneziphawuli zebhayoloji. Ngenxa yokuba eyona nto iphambili ye-AD pathology kukuphazamiseka kwe-neuroplasticity kunye nelahleko entsonkothileyo ye-synapses, ebonakala njengeepisodic. ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwememori, umlinganiselo ovavanya inkumbulo ye-episodic unokuthi enyanisweni bonelela ngoqikelelo olungcono lwe-AD yomthwalo we-pathological kunamakishi ebhayoloji kwisigulane esiphilayo [36].
Ngazo zonke iimodeli eziqikelelwayo-nokuba zincediswa yidatha entsonkothileyo kunye nebandakanyayo evela kwitekhnoloji ye-state-of-the-art kunye nokuqonda okucokisekileyo kweklinikhi kwiindawo ezininzi okanye ezo zithintelwe kulwazi olusisiseko nolufumaneka ngokulula lweprofayili ekhoyo yesigulane-inzuzo eyaziwayo yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. kunye nokufunda koomatshini kukuba iimodeli ezinesiphumo ziyakwazi ukudibanisa kunye nokunyanzelwa "ukufunda" kwidatha entsha efanelekileyo kunye nombono obonelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwesicelo esiqhubekayo. Ukulandela ukuhanjiswa kwethekhnoloji esebenzayo, njengoko iimodeli apha (kunye nokuphuhliswa) zisetyenziswa kwaye zityetyiswe ngamatyala amaninzi kunye neenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo (kubandakanywa nezigulane ezine-comorbidities ezinokuthi zibonise ngokuhla kokuqonda), ukusebenza kwangaphambili kunye nokuhlelwa kwempilo yokuqonda kuya kuba namandla ngakumbi, okukhokelela kuncedo olusebenzayo lwenkxaso yezigqibo zeklinikhi. Olu tshintsho luya kufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye lufezekiswe ngokufakela i-MemTrax kwisiko (ejoliswe kwizakhono ezikhoyo) amaqonga anokuthi ababoneleli bezempilo basebenzise ngexesha lokwenyani ekliniki.
Okuyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni nasekusebenziseni imodeli ye-MemTrax yenkxaso yokuxilonga kunye nokhathalelo lwesigulane zifunwa kakhulu emva kwedatha enentsingiselo yelongitudinal. Ngokujonga kunye nokurekhoda utshintsho oluhambelanayo (ukuba lukhona) kwimeko yeklinikhi kulo lonke uluhlu olwaneleyo lwesiqhelo nge-MCI yasekuqaleni, iimodeli zovavanyo oluqhubekayo olufanelekileyo kunye nokuhlelwa kunokuqeqeshwa kunye nokuguqulwa njengezigulane ezineminyaka yobudala kwaye ziphathwe. Oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunokuncedisa ngokulandelelwa kwexesha elide lotshintsho oluncinci lwengqondo, ukungenelela okusebenzayo, kunye nokugcina unonophelo olunolwazi lwe-stratified. Le ndlela ihambelana ngokusondeleyo kunye nokusebenza kweklinikhi kunye nesigulane kunye nokulawulwa kwamatyala.
Imida
Siyawuxabisa umngeni kunye nexabiso lokuqokelela idatha yeklinikhi ecocekileyo kwiklinikhi elawulwayo / indawo yesibhedlele. Nangona kunjalo, bekuya komeleza imodeli yethu ukuba iiseti zethu zedatha ziquka izigulane ezininzi ezineempawu eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuthe ngqo kwimodeli yethu yokuxilongwa, bekuya kuba yinto enqwenelekayo kwaye kufanelekile ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo olufanayo lwezonyango kwizigulane ezihambelanayo ezinempilo yengqondo eqhelekileyo ukuqeqesha abafundi. Kwaye njengoko kugxininiswe kuhlelo oluphezulu lokusebenza usebenzisa isethi yedatha ehluziweyo (kuphela amanqaku aphezulu aphezulu), ngokubanzi kunye Imilinganiselo yempilo yengqondo/izalathisi kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziphucukile imodeli yokusebenza enenani elikhulu leempawu eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izigulana.
Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba kusenokwenzeka ukuba baye bafumana ezinye izigulo ezinokuthi zibangele ukusilela kwengqondo okudlulayo okanye okungapheliyo. Ngaphandle kwe-sub-dataset ye-XL apho izigulane zichazwe njenge-AD okanye i-VaD, idatha ye-comorbidity ayizange iqokelelwe / ixelwe kwi-pool yesigulane se-YH, kwaye i-comorbidity echazwe kakhulu ngokude kwi-sub-dataset ye-KM yayiyisifo sikashukela. Kuyaphikiswa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kubandakanywa izigulane kwiiskim zethu zokumodareyitha ezine-comorbidities ezinokuthi zibangele okanye zandise izinga lokunqongophala kwengqondo kunye nesiphumo esisezantsi sokusebenza kwe-MemTrax kuya kubonisa ngakumbi izigulane ezijoliswe kwihlabathi lokwenyani kolu vavanyo lwengqondo ngokubanzi. kunye nendlela yokwenza imodeli. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwee-comorbidities ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwengqondo kunenzuzo ngokubanzi ekuphuculeni iimodeli kunye neziphumo zokunakekelwa kwezigulane.
Ekugqibeleni, izigulane ze-YH kunye ne-KM ze-sub-dataset zisebenzisa i-smartphone ukuthatha uvavanyo lwe-MemTrax, ngelixa inani elilinganiselweyo lezigulane ze-XL ezisezantsi zisebenzisa i-iPad kwaye abanye basebenzisa i-smartphone. Oku kunokuba kwazisa umahluko omncinci onxulumene nesixhobo ekusebenzeni kwe-MemTrax kumzekelo wohlelo lwe-MoCA. Nangona kunjalo, iiyantlukwano (ukuba zikhona) kwi-MTx-RT, umzekelo, phakathi kwezixhobo zinokungahoywa, ngakumbi xa umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye enikwa uvavanyo “lokuziqhelanisa” kanye phambi kovavanyo olurekhodiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo zimbini ziphathwa ngesandla kunokubanakho ukubeka esichengeni uthelekiso oluthe ngqo kunye/okanye ukudityaniswa nezinye iziphumo zeMemTrax apho abasebenzisi baphendule ukuphinda imifanekiso ngokuchukumisa ibar yendawo kwikhibhodi yekhompyuter.
Amanqaku aphambili kwi-MemTrax yokuqikelela usetyenziso lwemodeli
- • Imifuziselo yethu yengqikelelo eqhuba kakuhle equka iimetrics ezikhethiweyo zeMemTrax zinokuhlela ngokuthembekileyo imeko yempilo yengqondo (impilo yesiqhelo yengqondo okanye i-MCI) njengoko iya kuboniswa luvavanyo olwamkelwa ngokubanzi lwe-MoCA.
- • Ezi ziphumo zixhasa ukudityaniswa kweemetrics ezikhethiweyo zeMemTrax kuhlelo lwenkqubo yokuhlola imodeli yolwahlulo lwakwangoko.
- • Imodeli yethu yokuhlelwa kwakhona ibonise amandla okusebenzisa ukusebenza kwe-MemTrax kwizicelo zokwahlula ubuzaza bokuxilongwa kwesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo.
Ezi ziphumo zenoveli ziseka ubungqina obuqinisekileyo obuxhasa ukusetyenziswa komatshini wokufunda ekwakhiweni kweemodeli zolwahlulo ezisekelwe kwi-MemTrax ezomeleleyo zenkxaso yoxilongo kulawulo olusebenzayo lweemeko zeklinikhi kunye nokhathalelo lwesigulane kubantu abanengxaki yokuqonda.
AMAKHODI
Siyawuqaphela umsebenzi kaJ. Wesson Ashford, uCurtis B. Ashford, kunye noogxa bakhe ekuphuhliseni nasekuqinisekiseni umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuqatshelwa kwe-intanethi kunye nesixhobo (i-MemTrax) esisetyenzisiweyo apha kwaye sibulela izigulane ezininzi ezinesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo eziye zanegalelo kuphando olusisiseko olubalulekileyo. . Siphinde sibulele u-Xianbo Zhou kunye noogxa bakhe kwi-SJN Biomed LTD, oogxa bakhe kunye nabasebenzisana nabo kwizibhedlele / iindawo zeekliniki, ngakumbi uDkt. M. Luo noM. Zhong, abancedise ekuqeshweni kwabathathi-nxaxheba, iimvavanyo zokucwangcisa, kunye nokuqokelela, ukurekhoda, kunye nokulawula idatha, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abavolontiya abanikela ngexesha labo elixabisekileyo kwaye bazibophezela ekuthatheni iimvavanyo kunye nokubonelela. idatha exabisekileyo ukuba siyivavanye kolu phononongo. Oku uphononongo luxhaswe ngokuyinxenye yi-MD Scientific Research Inkqubo yeYunivesithi yezoNyango yaseKunming (iNombolo yeNkxaso ye-2017BS028 ukuya kwi-XL) kunye neNkqubo yoPhando yeSebe leSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji yaseYunnan (i-Grant no. 2019FE001 (-222) ukuya kwi-XL).
J. Wesson Ashford ufake isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuze kusetyenziswe iparadigm ethile eqhubekayo yokuqaphela echazwe kweli phepha ngokubanzi. uvavanyo lwenkumbulo.
I-MemTrax, LLC yinkampani ephethwe nguCurtis Ashford, kwaye le nkampani ilawula uvavanyo lwenkumbulo inkqubo echazwe kweli phepha.
Ukubhengezwa kwababhali kufumaneka kwi-intanethi (https://www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/19-1340r2).
IZALATHISO
Affiliations: [a] SIVOTEC Analytics, Boca Raton, FL, USA | [b] iSebe leKhompyutha kunye nobuNjineli boMbane kunye neNzululwazi yeKhompyutha, iYunivesithi yaseFlorida yaseAtlantic, iBoca Raton, FL, USA | [c] SJN Biomed LTD, Kunming, Yunnan, China | [d] Iziko le Uphando lwe-Alzheimer, Iziko laseWashington loPhando lweKlinikhi, eWashington, DC, eU.SA | [e] iSebe lezoNyango loBuyiselo, iSibhedlele sokuQala esiManyano neYunivesithi yaseKunming Medical, Kunming, Yunnan, China | [f] iSebe leNeurology, iSibhedlele sabantu baseDehong, iDehong, Yunnan, China | [g] iSebe le-Neurology, iSibhedlele sokuQala esiManyeneyo saseKunming Medical University, iSithili saseWuhua, iKunming, iPhondo laseYunnan, eChina | [h] Iziko leSigulo esiNxulumene neMfazwe kunye neNzakalo yokuFunda, i-VA Palo Alto Care Health Inkqubo, Palo Alto, CA, USA | [i] iSebe leNzululwazi ngeNgqondo kunye neNzululwazi yokuziphatha, kwiSikolo seYunivesithi yaseStanford, ePalo Alto, CA, eMelika.
Imbalelwano: [*] Imbalelwano eya ku: Michael F. Bergeron, PhD, FACSM, SIVOTEC Analytics, Boca Raton Innovation Campus, 4800 T-Rex Avenue, Suite 315, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. I-imeyile: mbergeron@sivotecanalytics.com.; U-Xiaolei Liu, MD, iSebe le-Neurology, iSibhedlele sokuQala esiBambiseneyo seYunivesithi yezoNyango yaseKunming, i-295 Xichang Road, iSithili saseWuhua, i-Kunming, iPhondo laseYunnan 650032, eChina. I-imeyile: ring@vip.163.com.
Amagama angundoqo: Ukuguga, Isifo se-Alzheimer, isifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, ukuvavanywa kobunzima


c: text/html

text:
Masiqale ngentshayelelo emfutshane kwiinzuzo ze-aluminium extrusion.
Ikhaphukhaphu
I-aluminiyam yi-1/3 yobuninzi bentsimbi, eyenza i-aluminiyam ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezinxulumene nentshukumo.Inzuzo yecandelo le-aluminiyam ekhutshiweyo kukuba ibeka izinto kuphela apho zifuneka khona, ezinokuthi zinciphise ubunzima kunye neendleko.
Yomelele
Ialuminiyam inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokuqina wobunzima kunezinye izinto ezininzi.Ngokomzekelo, i-aluminium ye-6061-T6 ye-aluminiyam iphantse yaphindwe kane amandla e-304-steel-steel;eyenza i-aluminium ekhutshiweyo ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwizicelo zokuthwala umthwalo, apho ukunciphisa ubunzima kubalulekile.
Ukungadleli
Xa i-Iron i-oxidize iya kuhlwa kwaye ivuthe, kodwa xa i-aluminiyam i-oxidize yenza ifilimu ekhuselayo phezu komhlaba.Oko kunokonga kwiindleko zeenkqubo zokugquma kwaye kuphelise ukugcinwa xa kungekho mfuneko yokugqitywa kwezithambiso eziphezulu.
Kulula ukusebenza nayo
Uninzi lwamabakala omatshini we-aluminium ngokulula.Unokuyisika i-aluminium extrusion ubude nge-hacksaw kwaye ubhobhoze imingxuma nge-drill yakho engenazintambo.Ukusebenzisa i-aluminium extrusions ngaphezu kwezinye izinto kunokugcina ukuguga kunye nokukrazula koomatshini bakho kunye nezixhobo.
Iinketho ezininzi zokugqiba
I-aluminiyam eyongeziweyo inokupeyintwa, ifakwe ipleyiti, ipolishwe, yenziwe i-anodized.Oku kukunika inkitha yeenketho onokukhetha kuzo kunokuba kunokwenzeka ngezinye izinto.
Iyarisayikilishwa
Kukho ixabiso lemarike ye-aluminiyam elahlekileyo.Oko kuthetha ukuba xa imveliso yakho ifikelela esiphelweni somjikelo wobomi bayo akukho miba ngokulahla izinto ezingafunwayo.
Izixhobo ezingabizi kakhulu
Xa abaqulunqi becinga ngokusebenzisa i-aluminiyam ekhutshiweyo, baya kuhlala bezithintele kwiimilo ezikhoyo kwiikhathalogu zeemveliso eziqhelekileyo.Elo inokuba lithuba eliphosiweyo lokwenziwa koyilo, kuba isixhobo se-extrusion yesiko siyabiza ngokumangalisayo.
IAluminiyam Extrusion Dies FAQs
Umbuzo: Lithini ixabiso lokufa?
A: Akukho xabiso limiselweyo lokufa.Ngokusekwe kwi-custolizations kubandakanya ubungakanani, imilo kunye nokugqiba, siya kunika ixabiso elifanelekileyo.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ubomi bokufa kwe-extrusion?/ Ingaba i-extrusion ifa ixesha elingakanani?
A: Siyila iifa ukulawula ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo olungalinganiyo, olucothisa isantya se-extrusion kunye nokwandisa ubomi bokufa.Ekugqibeleni, ukufa kuya kufuneka kutshintshwe, kodwa sithatha iindleko zokutshintshwa kweefa.
Umbuzo: Ngaba unokusebenzisa iifa ezikhoyo kwezinye iiprofayili zeprofayile?
A: Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo sakho esithile, sinikezela ngokufa okusemgangathweni.Ukuba sinokufa okusemgangathweni ohambelana nemfuno yakho, siya kukuthumelela ushicilelo lweprofayile ukuze uhlole.Ukuba iyasebenza kwisicelo sakho, siya kukusebenzela yona.
Ukuthenga nokuodola ii-FAQs
Umbuzo: Ngaba unokusika ii-extrusions kubude obuchaziweyo ngaphambi kokuba uzithumele ngenqanawa?
A: Sisebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkqubo kunye nobuchule bokumisela i-aluminiyam extrusions ngendlela yokusika, ukugoba, ukudiliza, ukuwelda, umatshini kunye nokwenza ukudibanisa imveliso yakho yokugqibela.
Umbuzo: Ngowuphi ubungakanani obuncinane bomyalelo?
A: Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubungakanani obuncinci bomyalelo ngaphandle kweentlawulo ezimiselweyo yi-1,000 yeponti nganye yokusila.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iindlela zokupakisha ozinikezelayo?
IMPENDULO: Sisebenzisa iindidi ngeendidi zokupakishwa okusemgangathweni kunye nesiko ukuthumela iodolo yakho nangayiphi na indlela ofuna ngayo, ukusuka kwingxowa engenanto ukuya kumakhreyithi avaliweyo, akhuselekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-04-2021

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text: Inokutshintshwa ngobungakanani obuhlukeneyo bepore bezinto ze-ceramic membrane (UF, MF).Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuKutya kunye nesiselo, i-Bio-pharm, isityalo sokutsalwa, ikhemikhali, imveliso yeGazi, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye neminye imimandla.Isetyenziselwa imifuniselo efana nokwahlula, ukucocwa, ukucaciswa, kunye nokuvalwa kolwelo lokutya kunye nokubuyisela inkqubo yemveli yepleyiti. kunye nokucoca isakhelo, ukuhlukana kwe-centrifugal, i-solvent extraction, i-sedimentation yendalo, i-diatomaceous earth filtration njl. Inokunciphisa ubuninzi bekhabhoni esebenzayo kwi-decolorization, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-adsorption ye-resin adsorption, kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuhlaziywa kwe-ion exchange resin.I-BONA yokuhluzwa kwe-membrane ye-ceramic kunye nokwahlula iteknoloji ineenzuzo zokuhluza ngokukhawuleza, isivuno esiphezulu, umgangatho omhle, iindleko eziphantsi zokusebenza, kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.


text:
Kolu papasho siza kwabelana nawe, a khetha kwezona templates zasimahla ze-Keynote, ukuze ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa kuzo zombini iintetho zeshishini kunye neeprojekthi zobuqu.
Xa sisebenzisa i-Keynote template, sizigcina iiyure zokusebenza. Kuya kufuneka wongeze kuphela ulwazi, imifanekiso, imizobo, yonke into oyifunayo, kwaye intetho yakho iya kuba ngaphezulu kokulunga.
Ithemplethi ekhethiweyo xa usenza umboniso ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inokuchaphazela ingcamango oza kuyibangela, wena kunye nomxholo. Uyilo, kokukhona lungcono, kokukhona uya kuthimba umdla wabaphulaphuli bakho.
Index
- 1 Iitemplates zasimahla zeNgcaciso yeentetho zakho
- 2 Uyifaka njani itemplate ye-Keynote
Iitemplates zasimahla zeNgcaciso yeentetho zakho
Njengakuzo zonke iimeko apho sinikelwe ngokukhutshelwa kwasimahla kunye nePremium, kunye neetemplates zeKeynote, kwenzeka into efanayo. Kwaye yiloo nto, iitemplates ezihlawulweyo ziya kusinika inani elikhulu leenketho kunye nomgangatho wokugqiba.
Kodwa ukuba uye wagqiba ekubeni olona khetho lufanelekileyo ngenxa yazo naziphi na izizathu, kungcono ukukhuphela itemplate yasimahla, siya kukubonisa eyona templates yasimahla ye-Keynote yeentetho zakho.
I-Orenji, emhlophe kunye neyanamhlanje
Le template yenzelwe ngokudlala imibala eyahlukileyo kakhulu, ukudala umoya osondeleyo kunye nowanamhlanje. Ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe phakathi kwezilayidi ezahlukeneyo, apho imizobo eyahlukeneyo ibandakanyiwe onokuthi uyibeke kwiprizenteyishini yakho.
BlockChain
Le template ene inkalo yobuchwephesha yasimahla, ongayisebenzisa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeenkcazo-ntetho, nangona igxile kakhulu kwiintengiso.
Iindidi ze-infographic kunye nezilayidi zoyilo zibonakaliswe kulo mzekelo. Lilonke, i-template ye-BlockChain ye-keynote ineendlela ezimalunga ne-140 ezahlukeneyo zesilayidi.
USella
Kubandakanya izilayidi ezi-5 ezenziwe kwangaphambili ngaphakathi kwenguqulelo yasimahla. Kwakhona uye iinguqu ezintle kwaye udlale ngemibala engqindilili kuyilo lwezilayidi. Utshintsho olumnandi luya kwenza ababukeli bawe phantsi imihlathi.
Le template igqityiwe ngeemephu ezihlelekayo, xa kuyimfuneko ukongeza idatha yejografi okanye indawo ethile.
isithuba
Ngoyilo lwangoku, iSithuba sesinye setemplate yasimahla yeKeynote esikunika yona. Igqibelele kakhulu, ekubeni iye yenza njalo Ngaphezulu kwemibala engama-40 eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-100 yeslayidi ezijikeleze iintlobo ngeentlobo zeempawu zesiko.
Ukusebenzisa le template kulula kakhulu, kwaye ikwasebenzisa iifonti zikaGoogle zasimahla ukongeza umbhalo kwizilayidi.
umoya
Umoya, sithemplethi ekunika a inani elikhulu loyilo lwesilayidi olwahlukileyo nolwenzelwe wena onokuthi wenze ngalo unikezelo lwakho.
Ukongeza kweli nani likhulu lezilayidi, uya kufumana ikhathalogu ebanzi yee-icon kwifomathi ye-vector kunye nemizobo ukuze uhlele njengoko ubona kufanelekile.
Inethiwekhi eluhlaza
Ithemplethi egxininiswe kuyo imiboniso enxulumene nehlabathi letekhnoloji kunye nekhompyuter. Isebenzisa uyilo olutsala umdla, kwaye inokukukhumbuza ngemuvi yeMatrix.
Isipaki seDekhi
Uya kufumana le template ngokupheleleyo simahla ukukhuphela. Inokungaphezulu Izilayidi ezingama-30 ezinoyilo olulodwa, ezinesitayile esilula nesibukekayo, esiya kwenza umboniso wakho ube yinto yodwa.
Ungasebenzisa le template ye-Keynote kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwenkcazo, zombini ukusuka kwihlabathi lezorhwebo kunye nokudala.
London
Ukuba yintoni oyifunayo itemplate enesitayile esihle kunye nesetyhini, le yitemplate yakho. ILondon, inezilayidi eziyi-21 zizonke ezicwangciswe kwangaphambili, ukongeza kuchwethezo olunesimbo esithambileyo sokukunceda uveze umxholo kwinkcazo-ntetho yakho.
I-Duotone
Sele enegama lakhe, usixelela yonke into. Lo mzekelo we Ithemplethi yasimahla yenzelwe kusetyenziswa ubuchule besiphumo se-duotone, umkhwa oye wakhula ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Kule thempleyithi, ungafumana ngaphezu kwe-132 izilayidi eseziyilwe kwangaphambili.
ibhalansi
Yangoku kwaye incinci, yile template yasimahla ekhoyo kwi-Envato Elements. Iqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-145 izilayidi ezikhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo, ikwabonelela ngeemilo kunye neempawu zokuhlela. Xa kuziwa kwiinkcazo-ntetho, iBalance yayiyilwe ngendlela yepanoramic.
isindululo soshishino
Kule meko sithetha nge template nge isimbo esihle, esigxile kwiinkcazo-ntetho kwizihloko zesindululo seshishini. IBussines, ibonisa inani elikhulu lezilayidi, zizonke ezingama-50 eziyilwe kwangaphambili. Ukongeza kuyo yonke le nto, inezinto zokutsiba, izilayidi zemifanekiso yomibini kunye neebhloko zeteksti kunye nemizobo eyahlukeneyo kunye neegrafu.
Ezisiseko
Ngezilayidi ezingama-31 zizonke kunye nezibambi-ndawo onokuthi ngazo urhuqe kwaye ulahle umxholo, ikwenza kube lula kuwe ukutshintsha umxholo owahlukileyo kwizilayidi.
Ayisiyiyo le kuphela, nayo ibandakanya inani elikhulu lee-icon, imizobo, iigrafu, amaxesha, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi oza kugqibezela ngayo iinkcazo-ntetho zakho.
eva
Ukuba uya emsebenzini okanye usebenza kunye abathengi abanxulumene nelizwe lefashoni kunye nokufota, le yitemplate yakho. Ngaphezulu kwezilayidi ezingama-200 kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemibala ekhanyayo nemnyama, ukongeza kwii-icon eziphantse zibe ngama-300 kwifomathi ye-vector, le template iba yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokusebenza nayo.
wonke
Sithetha, kule meko, nge ithempleyithi enesitayile sale mihla, onokuthi ngaso ubambe ingqalelo yabaphulaphuli bakho. Luyilo oluguquguqukayo onokuthi ngalo ubonise nawuphi na umsebenzi, nokuba leliphi ishishini.
Kwizilayidi zakhe, umbala usetyenziswa ngendlela echubekileyo, kunye neefonti ezingqindilili zokutsala umdla wababukeli.
Uyifaka njani itemplate ye-Keynote
Ukuba le nto uyifunayo kukwenza umboniso ngesitayile esisodwa ngale mizekelo yeetemplate esizikhankanyileyo, uya kuyifumana. Ukungenisa kunye nokufaka ezi templates kulula kakhulu, kukho amanyathelo amane kuphela.
Okokuqala kufuneka khetha kwaye ukhuphele ithempleyithi ezilungele iimfuno zakho. Nje ukuba uyikhuphele, kufuneka wenze njalo yivule ukuze uyisebenzise.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuvula kwaye qala i-Keynote kwaye ukhangele ifayile osanda kuyikhuphela. Eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba wenze ifolda kwidesktop apho zonke iitemplate zakho zigciniwe.
Xa uyifumene ifayile, usebenzisa i-Keynote cofa vula kwaye uqalise ukwenza itemplate ngendlela othanda ngayo.
Njengoko ubonile, kukho inani elikhulu leetemplates zasimahla zokuthatha iinkcazo-ntetho zakho ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo.


text:
I ukukhululwa kwenguqulelo entsha yeVentoy 1.0.79, esona sixhobo sibalaseleyo esenzelwe ukwenza iidrive ze-USB ezivulelekileyo ezibandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
Inkqubo iphawuleka ngenxa yokuba inikeza ukukwazi ukuqala inkqubo yokusebenza ukusuka kwi-ISO, WIM, IMG, VHD kunye nemifanekiso ye-EFI ingatshintshwanga ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhupha umfanekiso okanye ukufomatha kwakhona imidiya. Umzekelo, khuphela ngokulula iseti yemifanekiso ye-iso enomdla kwi-USB flash drive eneVentoy bootloader, kwaye iVentoy iya kubonelela ngesakhono sokuqalisa iinkqubo zokusebenza zangaphakathi.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, unokutshintsha okanye wongeze imifanekiso emitsha ye-ISO ngokulula ngokukopa iifayile ezintsha, ezilungele uvavanyo lwangaphambili kunye nokuqhelaniswa nokuhanjiswa okwahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.
Malunga neVentoy
kunomoya ixhasa ukuqala kwizixokelelwano BIOS, IA32 UEFI, x86_64 UEFI, ARM64 UEFI, UEFI Secure Boot, kunye MPS64EL UEFI nge MBR okanye GPT iitafile zokwahlula. Ixhasa ukubhuthwa kweenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zeWindows, WinPE, Linux, BSD, ChromeOS, kunye neVmware kunye nemifanekiso yomatshini weXen.
Abaphuhlisi bavavanye ngaphezulu kwe-940 yemifanekiso ye-iso kunye neVentoy, kubandakanya iinguqulelo ezininzi zeWindows kunye neWindows Server, amakhulu aliqela eLinux ezisasazwa (90% yosasazo olubonakaliswe kwi-distrowatch.com kuthiwa ivavanyiwe), ngaphezulu kweshumi elinesibini leenkqubo zeBSD (FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, pfSense, FreeNAS, njl. .
Ukongeza kwimidiya ye-USB, i-Ventoy bootloader inokufakwa kwi-drive yendawo, ii-SSD, i-NVMe, amakhadi e-SD, kunye nezinye iindidi ze-drive ezisebenzisa i-FAT32, i-exFAT, i-NTFS, i-UDF, i-XFS, okanye i-Ext2/3/4 iinkqubo zefayile. Kukho indlela yofakelo oluzenzekelayo lwenkqubo yokusebenza kwifayile kwimidiya ephathwayo ekwaziyo ukongeza ezakho iifayile kwindawo edaliweyo (umzekelo, ukwenza imifanekiso eneWindows okanye yeLinux engaxhasi imowudi ephilayo).
Iindaba eziphambili zeVentoy 1.0.79
Inguqulelo entsha yeVentoy eboniswayo ibalasele inkxaso yosasazo lweFedora CoreOS yongezwa, njengo umfanekiso wesiqalo Super-UEFIinSecureBoot-Disk esetyenziswa ukuqhuba iinkqubo ze-efi ezingatyikitywanga kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwimowudi eKhuselekileyo ye-UEFI yokuQalisa ibuyiselwe kuguqulelo 3.3.
Enye into entsha ebalaseleyo kule nguqulo intsha ukwanda kwenani lemifanekiso ye-iso exhaswayo ukuya kuma-940, kunye nemiba enemowudi yokukhaba kunikezelo olusekwe kwi-RHEL iye yasonjululwa.
Olunye utshintsho olwahlukileyo yolu guqulelo lutsha lweVentoy 1.0.79:
- Iilwimi ezihlaziyiweyo.json
- Fixed bug xa unikezelo olusekwe kwi-rhel inefayile yokukhaba yangaphandle.
- Kulungiswe ibug ukuba iVTOY_LINUX_REMOUNT inketho ayinasiphumo kwi-openSUSE.
- Kulungiswe ibug ukuba ukhetho lwe-autosel lungasebenzi
- Kulungiswe ibug yeVentoy2Disk.gtk ukuba isithuba esibekelweyo asinakuqulatha idijithi yesi-9.
- Kulungiswe ibug engakwaziyo ukufumana indawo yokugcina xa ufaka iseva yeKylin V10SP2.
- I-vtoyboot ehlaziyiweyo kwinguqulo 1.0.24.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuba unomdla wokwazi okungakumbi ngayo, ungajonga iinkcukacha Kule khonkco ilandelayo.
Khuphela kwaye ufake iVentoy
Kwabo banomdla wokukwazi ukuzama esi sixhobo, banokufumana inguqulelo yamva nje kwi ukulandela ikhonkco.
Kwimeko esebenzayo yolu papasho, siya kukhuphela inguqulelo ekhankanywe ngokuvula i-terminal kwaye sichwetheze oku kulandelayo kuyo:
wget https://github.com/ventoy/Ventoy/releases/download/v1.0.79/ventoy-1.0.79-linux.tar.gz
Nje ukuba ukhuphelo lwenziwe, ngoku siza kuqhubekeka ukucofa iphakheji efunyenweyo kwaye siza kuphumeza ifayile engaphakathi kuyo.
Apha sineenketho ezimbini zokusebenza kunye neVentoy, enye yazo ivula i-GUI (GTK / QT), esinokuyiphumeza kwi-terminal ngokuchwetheza oku kulandelayo:
./VentoyGUI.x86_64
Enye inketho yokusebenza neVentoy ikunye neWebUI (esuka kwisikhangeli) kwaye kule nto, ukusuka kwi-terminal siza kuchwetheza lo myalelo ulandelayo:
sudo sh VentoyWeb.sh
Kwaye kamva siza kuvula isikhangeli kwaye siye kule URL ilandelayo
http://127.0.0.1:24680


text:
G-MABTM IThala leencwadi
Itekhnoloji ye-G-MAB yobunini be-Sorrento, eyaqanjwa nguGqr. Ji, isekwe kusetyenziso lwe-RNA ekhutshelweyo yokukhulisa imimandla eguquguqukayo ye-antibody evela kubaxhasi abangaphezu kwama-600.
Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwedatha ye-DNA yolandelelwano olunzulu lubonise ukuba ilayibrari ye-G-MAB iqulethe ngaphezu kwe-10 quadrillion (10).16) ulandelelwano olwahlukileyo lwe-antibody. Oku kuyenza ibe lelinye lawona mathala eencwadi makhulu akhusela abantu ngokupheleleyo kwishishini le-biopharmaceutical. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Sorrento ichonge ngempumelelo izilwa-buhlungu zomntu ezichasene ne-100 enxulumene neklinikhi ephezulu ekujoliswe kuyo kwimpembelelo ye-oncogenic, kubandakanywa i-PD-1, i-PD-L1, i-CD38, i-CD123, i-CD47, i-VEGFR2, kunye ne-CCR2.
Ukuphumelela kakhulu ukuvavanya izinga lokubetha (i-100+ iithagethi ezifanelekileyo zeklinikhi zihlolwe).
- Ukwahlukana okuphezulu kakhulu (2 x 1016 Ulandelelwano olwahlukileyo lwe-antibody)
- Itekhnoloji yobunini (ukwandiswa kwe-RNA kulungiselelwa ukwenziwa kwethala leencwadi)
Ubunakho bokuVelisa:
- indawo ye-cGMP
- Gcwalisa/ukugqiba amandla
- Inkxaso epheleleyo yohlalutyo


text:
Umthombo wemifanekiso obonisiweyo: wallpapersafari.com
Ukuhlaselwa kweTitan yenye yezona zinto ziphumelele kwezorhwebo I-anime ibonisa ukukhutshwa.
Isilayidi esigqwesileyo sobomi be-anime 2018
Kwaye ayisiyiyo enye into ethandekayo ye-anime ekhupha i-bullshit efanayo.
Ibali limalunga nomzabalazo woluntu wokusinda ngokuchasene nezoyikisayo, izitya zokutya kwabantu.
Kungenxa yoko le nto iikowuti ze-anime zinentsingiselo, zinemvakalelo, zinamandla kwaye zinokulandeleka.
Kwaye-ke ukubaleka kwimemori yakho, nazi ezinye zezona ngcaphuno zibalaseleyo ze-AOT kolu ngcelele.
Ezinye zazo ziya kukhuthaza, zikhuthaze, kwaye zikunike inkalipho encinci.
'Ukuba ucinga ukuba inyani kukuphila nje kamnandi kwaye ulandela iminqweno yakho, ungaba nesibindi sokuzibiza ngokuba ulijoni?' -U-Eren Jaeger
'Iyintoni ingongoma ukuba abo banamandla namandla abalwi?' -U-Eren Jaeger
'Andinaxesha lakukhathazeka ukuba lilungile okanye alilunganga, ngekhe uthembe ibali elothusayo elinesiphelo esihle.' -U-Eren Jaeger
Ukuba kukho into enye ngo-Eren Jaeger, unyanisekile ngokukhohlakeleyo kwinqanaba.
“Ndifuna ukubona nokuqonda umhlaba ongaphandle. Andifuni ukufela ngaphakathi kwezi ndonga ndingazi ukuba kukho ntoni phaya. ” -U-Eren Jaeger
'Akukho nto inokuthintela ukwazi komntu.' -U-Eren Jaeger
''Ndiza kunixhela nonke… ndize ndibuye nezinto enizibileyo… Zonke!' -U-Eren Jaeger
“Ukuba uyaphumelela uyaphila. Ukuba ulahlekelwa uyafa. Ukuba awulwi, ngekhe uphumelele. ' -U-Eren Jaeger
“Bendisazi… ubuliqhawe ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na.” -U-Eren Jaeger
'Andinaxesha lakukhathazeka ukuba lilungile okanye alilunganga, ngekhe uthembe ibali elothusayo elinesiphelo esihle.' -U-Eren Jaeger
“Ndingayenza le nto. Hayi, singakwenza oku! Ngenxa yokuba sonke sikhethekile ukususela kumhla wokuzalwa kwethu. Sikhululekile! ” -U-Eren Jaeger
Nokuba izinto zingonakala kanjani, ungasifumana esona sisombululo sisiso. ” -U-Eren Jaeger
“Ndalahla amarhamncwa ayingozi. Zizilwanyana nje eziye zafana nabantu. ” -U-Eren Jaeger
Ukusukela oko ndajoyina iqela lophando, bendinabantu abasweleka kum yonke imihla. Kodwa uyaqonda, akunjalo? Ngenye imini okanye omnye, wonke umntu omkhathaleleyo ekugqibeleni uyafa. Yinto esingenakuyamkela. Kukuqonda okunokukuphambanisa. ' - Hange Zoe
U-Hange akalunganga. Kuxhomekeke kwimbono yakho, loo ngcinga kunokuba nzima ukuyiginya.
“Kumaxesha okuphelelwa lithemba okunzulu… ndiyaqikelela ukuba singafumana ithemba, huh?” - Hange Zoe
“Abantu baphambene ngokukholelwa ukuba ezi ndonga ziya kusikhusela ngonaphakade. Nangona iindonga bezimile kule minyaka iyi-100 idlulileyo, akukho nto inokuqinisekisa ukuba azizukuwa namhlanje. ” -Armin Arlert
Kulula ukuziqinisekisa ukuba izinto 'zikhuselekile' kunokuba samkele inyani.
'Ubhenela ekuphathweni gadalala kuba awukwazi ukubonisa ukuba andilunganga.' -Armin Arlert
'Ndicinga ukuba kukho amaxesha okuba abantu bafe ... nokuba andithandi.' -Armin Arlert
'Xa abantu bejamelene nemeko abangayiqondiyo, kulula ukuba boyike ukubamba.' -Armin Arlert
'Abantu abangakwaziyo ukulahla into ebalulekileyo, abanakuze bathembe ukutshintsha nantoni na.' -Armin Arlert
“Ndishiya konke kuEren. Iphupha lam, ubomi bam, yonke into. Andinayo enye into eseleyo yokulahleka. Ndiqinisekile ukuba u-Eren uzokwazi ukufikelela elwandle. Kuya kufuneka asibonele sobabini. ” -Armin Arlert
'Ukuze ugqwese izilo ezikhulu, kufuneka uzimisele ukushiya ubuntu bakho.' -Armin Arlert
'Ukuzimisela yedwa akwanele emfazweni.' -Armin Arlert
“Siza kuphonononga umhlaba ongaphandle ngenye imini, akunjalo? Kude lee ngaphaya kwezi ndonga, kukho umhlaba womlilo ovuthayo owenziwe ngumkhenkce, namasimi esanti athe saa ngokubanzi. Lihlabathi abazali bam abafuna ukuya kulo. ' -Armin Arlert
'Andiwathandi amagama athi umntu olungileyo okanye umntu ombi kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ulunge kuye wonke umntu, okanye ungalunganga kuye wonke umntu. Kwabanye, ungumntu olungileyo, ngelixa kwabanye ungumntu ombi. ” -Armin Arlert
“Ukutya okuqinileyo kwababuthathaka. Ngumgaqo olula kangako. Ngaphandle kwaba kweli hlabathi, abahlobo bam bazamile ukomelela. ” -Armin Arlert
“Yinyamezele. Musa ukuyiyeka. ” -Armin Arlert
“Wonke umntu angenza ukhetho emva kokuba efunde ukuba iyakuba yintoni imiphumo yoko. Kulula kakhulu ukuthi bekufanele ukuba siyenzile ngale ndlela emva koko. Kodwa ngekhe wazi ukuba ukhetho lwakho luza kuba yintoni phambi kokuba ukhethe. ' -Armin Arlert
“Bendi, ndinguye, kwaye ndihlala ndilijoni, ndifungile ukunikela ngentliziyo yam nomphefumlo wam ekubuyiseleni uluntu. Akukho luzuko lukhulu ngaphezu kokufela loo nkolelo! ” -Armin Arlert
'Kungcono ndife kunokuba ngumthwalo.' -Armin Arlert
Idibeneyo: I-7 Anime eneLizwi lesiNgesi elifanayo njengeArmin Arlert
' Ndifuna ukusinda… ndiphinde ndimbone. Njengomntu, ndisezantsi ngokwenene kunekaka. Kodwa uyayazi loo nto, kwaye uyandincumela ngobubele. ” -Ymir
Ndiyayithanda indlela ethe ngqo yobomi yeYmir.
“Ngaba uhlala ufuna ukuzifihla emva kwemaski oyibekayo ngenxa yabanye? Unguwe, kwaye akukho nto imbi kuloo nto. ” -Ymir
Kutheni usenza ngathi ungomnye umntu ukwanelisa abanye?
Ukuphila ngale ndlela yindlela yam yokuziphindezela. Ndizakuba bubungqina obuphathekayo bokuba ikamva lakho alimiselwanga ekuzalweni! ” -Ymir
Unokuweva amazwi kaYmir ngalo mzuzu we-anime.
“Nam bendikholelwa ekubeni umhlaba ungaba yindawo engcono ukuba andizalwanga. Ndandicatshukelwa nje ngenxa yokuba ndandikho, kwaye ndafa ngenxa yolonwabo lwabantu abaninzi. Kodwa yayinye into endandiyinqwenela ngentliziyo yam yonke… ukuba ndinganikwa elinye ithuba ebomini, ndifuna ukuziphilela ndedwa. Lowo ngumnqweno wam onyanisekileyo. ” -Ymir
“Ukuba sijolise ekwenzeni eyona nto ihamba phambili, soze siphumelele kulowo sichasene naye. Xa kufanelekile, kufuneka sikulungele ukuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu, kwaye sikulungele ukuphulukana nayo yonke into. Ngaphandle kokuba siyitshintshe indlela esilwa ngayo, asinakuphumelela. ” -U-Erwin Smith
U-Erwin ungomnye wabalinganiswa abanengqiqo kwi-AOT. Kwaye amazwi akhe ngumoya womoya omtsha.
'Ukuba uqala ukuzisola, uya kudimaza izigqibo zakho zekamva kwaye uvumele abanye bakwenzele ukhetho. Konke okuseleyo kuwe ke kukufa. Akukho mntu unokuxela kwangaphambili umphumo. Isigqibo ngasinye osithathayo sinentsingiselo kuphela ngokuchaphazela isigqibo sakho esilandelayo. ” -U-Erwin Smith
'Yithi esinika intsingiselo kubomi bamaqabane ethu.' -U-Erwin Smith
Bafuna ukwazi ukuba kwenzeke ntoni entliziyweni yabo. Ngenxa yokuba u-fighitng akakapheli. ' -U-Erwin Smith
' Kufuneka siyeke ukuphilela abanye abantu. Ukusukela ngoku… Masiziphilele! ” -I-Historia Reiss
Umzuzu ka-Historia wesibindi.
'Nokuba unezizathu zakho kwaye kukho izinto ongenakundixelela zona, nokuba kunjani, ndikwicala lakho.' -I-Historia Reiss
Ixesha elininzi, uya kwimeko ongazi nto ngayo. Into oyifunayo kukukhawulezisa ukuthatha amanyathelo… kwaye uthathe izigqibo ezinzima kwimeko ezinxaxhileyo. ” -Levi Ackerman
“Andazi ukuba loluphi ukhetho ekufuneka ulukhethile. Andinakuze ndikucebise ngaloo nto… Nokuba ububulumko bunjani obukuyalelayo ukuba ukhetha ntoni, akukho mntu uya kuba nakho ukuxela ukuba kulungile na okanye akunjalo ude ufike kwiziphumo ezithile ngokhetho lwakho. ” -Levi Ackerman
Inyaniso enzima kwiimeko ezithile zobomi. Esi sicatshulwa sijolise ku-Eren Yaeger.
'Abanye ubomi beescouts buxabiseke kakhulu kunabanye, kuphela abo bazizimumu ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavume ukuba bazibandakanye nathi.' -Levi Ackerman
Nokuba unawo umzimba, ufile kodwa. ” -Levi Ackerman
'Isifundo ekufuneka usifundile ngoku asinakufundiswa ngamazwi, kuphela ngokwenza.' -Levi Ackerman
'Inye kuphela into esivunyelwe ukuyenza kukukholelwa ukuba asizukuzisola ngokhetho esilwenzileyo.' -Levi Ackerman
“Ungandivi kakubi. Akunjalo ukuba ndiyamthemba. Ukuba uyangcatsha okanye ahambe ayokukhuphela, ndiza kumbeka phantsi ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. ” -Levi Ackerman
'Ndicinga ukuba eyona ntlungu ingcono.' -Levi Ackerman
“Kuhle ukubona ukuba umntu uneebhola ezihambayo. Kodwa ungalibali ukwenza eyona nto uyenzileyo ukuze uhlale uphila. ” -Levi Ackerman
'Ukuba awufuni kufa, cinga!' -Levi Ackerman
Umahluko phakathi kwesigqibo sakho nesethu ngamava. Kodwa akufuneki uxhomekeke kuloo nto. ” -Levi Ackerman
'Akukho nzakalo, Ungakhe ulinge ufe!' -Levi Ackerman
“Awukwazanga kumsindisa umama wakho ngenxa yokuba… ubungamelanga ngokwaneleyo. Khange ndijongane neTitan… kuba khange ndikhaliphe ngokwaneleyo. ” -Hannes
Isingeniso kwisingeniso kuhlaselo lweTitan.
'Eli hlabathi alinanceba, kwaye lihle kakhulu.' -UMikasa Ackerman
Amacala amabini engqekembe enye.
'Andifuni kulahlekelwa lusapho oluncinci endilushiyileyo.' -UMikasa Ackerman
“Baninzi kakhulu ubomi endinokubuxabisa. Ndaye ndagqiba kwelokuba ngoobani abo bantu kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo. Ke akufuneki uzame ukubuza inceba yam. Kuba okwangoku, andinaxesha lokwenza okanye igumbi entliziyweni yam. ' -UMikasa Ackerman
“Injalo loo nto… Eli hlabathi… likhohlakele. Yandichukumisa into yokuba ukuphila kwakungummangaliso. ” -UMikasa Ackerman
“Ndicela uxolo Eren. Andizukuncama. Soze ndiphinde ndinikezele. Ke ndiza kuphumelela, nokuba kunjani! Ndiza kuphila nokuba kunjani. ' -UMikasa Ackerman
Ihlabathi lizele yinkohlakalo. ” -UMikasa Ackerman
“Ndomelele, ndomelele ngokwenene. Akukho namnye kuni usondela. ” -UMikasa Ackerman
Ngabanqobi kuphela abavunyelweyo ukuba baphile. Eli lizwe alinanceba ngoluhlobo. ” -UMikasa Ackerman
'Kholelwa kumandla akho.' -UMikasa Ackerman
“Impazamo yokucela uvelwano kum. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto andinantliziyo okanye ixesha. -UMikasa Ackerman
phezulu 20 anime ngalo lonke ixesha
“Ubungcali bam kukucoca inyama. Nabani na onomdla wokuzibonela ubuchule bam, nyukela phezulu. ” -UMikasa Ackerman
“Nje ukuba ndifile andizukukhumbula. Ke ndiza kuphumelela nokuba kunjani. Ndiza kuphila nokuba kwenzeka ntoni. ' -UMikasa Ackerman
'Awumi ithuba elinye lokuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba uyalwa.' -UMikasa Ackerman
“Ukungahambi kakuhle… kufuna inkalipho. Ndiyayihlonipha lonto. Mhlawumbi abantu abakwaziyo ukuyenza basisiyatha, kodwa… Kulungile… Into endiqinisekileyo ngayo yeyokuba banqabile abantu abanje. ” - UAnnie Leonhart
“Awunguye umntu owomeleleyo, ngenxa yoko uyayiqonda indlela abavakalelwa ngayo abantu ababuthathaka. Ndiyathetha… Uninzi lwabantu lubuthathaka, kuquka nam… Kodwa ukuba ndifumene iodolo kumntu obone izinto ezinje ngam, nokuba zinzima kangakanani, bendizakwenza eyona nto yam ibalulekileyo ukuyenza. ” -UMarco Bott
Ikamva loluntu liza kutshabalala. Sele nditshilo, andizukuhlala phantsi ngeli xa siza kuxhelwa sonke. ” -UJean Kirstein
“Okwangoku asinakukhetha ngaphandle kokuzama. Sikholelwa ukuba ikhona indlela yokumbetha! ” -UJean Kirstein
Loluphi uhlaselo lwetitan oluthanda kakhulu, kwaye ngoba?
Okucetyiswayo:
I-42 + yeyona Kakhulu i-Hayao Miyazaki Quotes malunga noBomi kunye ne-Anime
Imiboniso bhanya-bhanya enentsingiselo ebonakalisa imiba yoBomi bokwenyani


text:
Ipakethe yomkhenkce yokupholisa imaski yamehlo yenziwe ngesigqubuthelo sePVC senqanaba lezonyango kwelinye icala kunye nelaphu elithambileyo elithambileyo kwelinye icala ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulolona lufanelekileyo njengoko ulala.Icala elithambileyo elithambileyo livumela ukusetyenziswa kolusu oluthe ngqo, libonelela ngamaqondo obushushu amabini, kunye nokwandisa ixesha lonyango elishushu okanye elibandayo, ngelixa icala le-silicone lifumana amava abandayo ngokuthe ngqo.Ngomtya wentloko ohlengahlengiswayo, imaski yethu yamehlo eshushu nabandayo iqinisekile ukuba ingena ngokugqibeleleyo phantse kuzo zonke iisayizi zentloko.Yenzelwe iiyure ezinde zokunxiba ngokukhululekileyo njengoko uphumla kwaye uphumla, kwaye isiqhoboshi esikhuselekileyo siqinisekisa ukuba imaski ihlala ikhuselekile ebusweni bakho njengoko uphosa kwaye ujike ebhedini.
Ukusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kuyabanda kwaye kushushu ukhathalelo olungcono lwebele.


text:
Ingqungquthela igxininise kwi-teknoloji entsha yokukhusela umbane kunye nokukhusela umbane ohlakaniphile, ugxininise ekuyilweni, amava kunye nokusebenza kokukhusela umbane;inkqubela yophando kwifiziksi yombane;ukulinganisa kwebhubhoratri yokubetha kombane, ukubetha kombane wendalo, umbane owenziwe ngesandla;imigangatho yokukhusela umbane;iteknoloji yeSPD;Ubuchwephesha bokukhusela umbane obukrelekrele;ukubonwa kombane kunye nesilumkiso kwangethuba;ukhuseleko lombane lokumisa iteknoloji kunye nemiba yezemfundo kunye nezobugcisa ezinxulumene nengxelo yokuthintela intlekele yombane kunye nengxoxo.
Le Symposium yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngoKhuseleko loMbane lixesha lokuqala lokuba i-ILPS ibanjelwe eChina.Abasebenzi baseTshayina bokhuseleko lombane banokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zezemfundo ezikumgangatho wehlabathi kwindawo yasekhaya kwaye babe notshintshiselwano lobuso ngobuso nenqwaba yabafundi abanegunya kwihlabathi liphela.Ithuba elibalulekileyo lendlela yophuhliso.
Kuyaqondwa ukuba i-semina yeentsuku ezimbini ineengxelo ezingaphezulu kwe-30 zenqanaba eliphezulu lezemfundo kunye nobunjineli beengxelo zobugcisa, kunye neengxoxo ezisebenzisanayo kwisayithi.Umxholo uphantse ugubungela izihloko eziphambili zangoku zophando lokhuseleko lombane kunye nokusetyenziswa, kwaye uya kubandakanya ukukhuselwa kombane wasekhaya kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Imiba eshushu efana nemigangatho yovavanyo lwee-pulse ezininzi, ukhuseleko lokugcinwa kwe-SPD, ukhuseleko lombane olukrelekrele, kunye nokumiswa okuzimeleyo kuyinkxalabo enkulu kwishishini.
Ngaphambili, phantse ikhulu lemiba yoshishino eqokelelwe liqela lemicimbi yenkomfa nge-Intanethi nangefowuni nayo iya kuboniswa kwisemina.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-22-2021


text:
kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo, kwisithuba ebizwa "Isoloko iphikisana: Kutheni i-GNU/Linux ingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi?" siye sakhumbula ukuba ingakanani inkqubela eyenziweyo yethu Iinkqubo zokusebenza zeGNU / Linux ukubala namhlanje usetyenziso olukumgangatho ophezulu kunye nomgangatho wokusebenza, ukufunda nokudlala. Nangona, kusenendlela ende ekufuneka siyihambile, ngakumbi kwi AAA umgangatho imidlalo yemveli. Ngelixa Umphunga kunye nabanye abaphathi bomdlalo Zizinye iindlela ezinkulu. Kwaye namhlanje, siza kuphonononga enye efana kakhulu neSteam ebizwa "Athenaeum".
Umphathi wemidlalo yasimahla, evulekileyo nesimahla ebizwa ngegama layo igqitywe tu "Athenaeum". Igama elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwizikolo, amathala eencwadi, iimyuziyam, amaziko enkcubeko, iiholo zentsebenzo kunye nethiyetha, iincwadana, iiklabhu kunye nemibutho, ngenjongo yokuzalisekisa umsebenzi wenkcubeko ofana nalowo wakudala. izikolo zaseRoma. Kodwa, kule meko igxile kwibala lokuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa kwaye ngokukodwa qokelela kwaye unikeze isixa esihle kakhulu free imidlalo, vula kwaye free.
Kwaye njengesiqhelo, ngaphambi kokungena kwisihloko sanamhlanje malunga nalo Mphathi woMdlalo omtsha we-GNU/Linux ebizwa "Athenaeum", siya kushiya abo banomdla kwiimpapasho zangaphambili ezinxulumene nezinye izicelo ezifanayo kwibala lemidlalo (Gaming), ezi linki zilandelayo kubo. Ngendlela yokuba banokuziphonononga ngokulula, ukuba kuyimfuneko, emva kokugqiba le mpapasho:
“I-Steam yeyabaninzi, yeyona ibalaseleyo kuwo wonke amaqonga osasazo edijithali omdlalo wevidiyo. Ngaphezu kwako konke, ngokuba yinxalenye yenkampani edumileyo yehlabathi ephuhlisa imidlalo kunye nezixhobo zokudlala, ezibizwa ngokuba yiValve.". Umphunga: Uluntu, uLondolozo kunye noMthengi weMidlalo yeGNU / Linux
Index
I-Athenaeum: Indawo yasimahla yeSteam
Yintoni iAthenaeum?
Ngokutsho kwabaphuhlisi bayo kwifayile yayo ye- iwebhusayithi esemthethweni kwi-GitLab, ichazwe ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
"Indawo yasimahla yeSteam".
Nangona kunjalo, "Athenaeum" kunokuba lula entle umqalisi womdlalo kunye nomphathi yakhiwe nge PyQt5. Ukongeza, isebenzisa inkqubo yesikhongozeli se izicelo flatpack iza kufakwa. Oko kukuthi, lujongano lwe Flathub, ngoko yonke imidlalo ifakwe kunye neFlatpak. Yintoni esisindisayo okanye esikhuselayo, usebenzisa umgca womyalelo okanye ukukhangela ngokuthe ngqo kwiwebhusayithi yeFlathub.
Ekugqibeleni, ngoku uya kwi- inguqulelo 2.3.2, yakhululwa ngomhla 27/09/2021 phantsi kwelayisensi GPL 3.0. Okwangoku, ngethemba kwixesha inokuba yinto enye usetyenziso lomdlali inkulu kwimidlalo yomgangatho ongcono kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Kodwa okwangoku, isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ukwenza umsebenzi osisiseko wokulawula imidlalo yasimahla, evulekileyo kunye neyasimahla lula kakuhle.
Ukufakwa kunye nokwenza
Njengoko kuchaziwe kwinqaku lakhe Iwebhusayithi yeFlathub, indlela yakhe faka kwaye uqhube nge-console ihamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukufakwa:
«flatpak install flathub com.gitlab.librebob.Athenaeum»
Ukubulawa:
«flatpak run com.gitlab.librebob.Athenaeum»
Kwimeko yethu ephathekayo, siyivavanye njengesiqhelo kwi Phendula (umfanekiso omfutshane) esekwe MX-21 / Debian-11, kubizwa Imimangaliso, njengoko kubonisiwe kule mifanekiso ilandelayo:
Ukufakwa ngesiphelo sendlela
Ukwenziwa komzobo kusetyenziswa imenyu yesicelo
Umsebenzisi womsebenzisi
Cwangcisa imenyu
Qaphela: Kwabo basebenzisa Manjaro kunye nezinye ezifanayo ze-GNU/Linux Distros zinokuphonononga umdlalo othe ngqo koku kulandelayo unxibelelwano eyeyakwa IZiko leSoftware yeWebhu yeManjaro.
Isishwankathelo
Ngamafutshane, "Athenaeum" inkulu kwaye iyasebenza Umdlalo ongomnye ukulawula isixa esikhulu se free, imidlalo evulekileyo nesimahla ifakiwe. Kwaye ke, ukukwazi ukonwabela ngokulula imidlalo eyonwabisayo kunye nemincili, ukomeleza le ngongoma ye Ukuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa ukuba kuninzi okufunekayo ukwenza ngcono kwabo sibathandayo Iinkqubo ezisebenza simahla kwaye zivulekile, oko kukuthi, GNU / Linux.
Siyathemba ukuba olu papasho luluncedo kakhulu kumntu wonke
«Comunidad de Software Libre, Código Abierto y GNU/Linux». Kwaye ungalibali ukuphawula ngayo apha ngezantsi, kwaye wabelane ngayo nabanye kwiiwebhusayithi zakho ozithandayo, amajelo, amaqela okanye uluntu lwenethiwekhi yoluntu okanye iinkqubo zemiyalezo. Ekugqibeleni, tyelela iphepha lethu lasekhaya ku «UkusukaLinux» ukuphonononga ezinye iindaba, kwaye ujoyine ijelo lethu elisemthethweni Umnxeba ovela kwiDesdeLinux.