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Ezolimo
Kudala kwakusithiwa xa kuthethwa nge-Agricultural Science kuthethwa ngezolimo. Makhe sikhuphe i-science le, sithethe nge-agriculture iyodwa. yintoni i-Agriculture?
Ezolimo[tshintsha | edit source]
Ezolimo, sisenokuthi kukufuya, le nto athi amaNgesi wona yi-farming, okanye singathi xa kuthethwa nge-Agriculture kuthethwa ngezolimo, athi ke yena ontetho isisiNgesi yi-husbandry. Ngokupheleleyo i-Agriculture kukufuywa kwezilwanyana; kukutyalwa kwezityalo nokukhuliswa kwazo, ukunonotshelwa kwesityalo ekuthiwa yi-fungi, kunye nezinye indlela zokuxhasa ubomi ezinje ngokutya, I-fiber ekutyeni, i-biofuel, nezibuyezarha kunye nezinye iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukugcina nokuphucula impilo yomntu. I-Agriculture yayingundoqo kuphuhliso ngethuba apho kwakusanda khona ukufuduka kwabantu kwiindawo zabo zemveli ngenxa yokuzingela nagezinye izizathu de baye kuzinza kwelinye ilizwe babe ngabalapho umphelo. Ngesingesi ke kuthiwa le mfuduko yi- sedentary human civilization. Apha ke kulapho kwatsho kwanda ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasekhaya nokutyalwa kwezityalo ezikukutya eluntwini, okwaba luncedo olukhulu kwatsho kwakho umdliva wokutya. Le ntlutha yenza okokuba luye luphuhla ngokuphuhla i-civilisation. Isifundo esenziwa ngale-Agriculture kuthiwa yi-Agricultural science. Imbali ngale Agriculture singayilanda emva ukusuka kumawaka-ngamawaka eminyaka, apho ukukhula kolimo bekusoloko kuqhubeka phambili kusenziwa kukwachazwa ngokubanzi kukwahlukana kwemo yezulu, kwamasiko, kunye ne-technologies.

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U-Raymond Mhlaba
Ubawo uRaymond Mhlaba wazalwa ngomhla we-12 kweyomDumba ngo1920, waza walishiya eli ngomhla wama-20 kwakweyomDumba ngo2005. Wayelelinye lamatsha ntliziyo omzabalazo esilwa nengcinezelo ekwayinkokheli yeANC. Lo kaMhlaba wachitha iminyaka engama-25 yonke ethothoza ejele ngesigwebo awayesaziwa ngaso bekunye noRholihlahla, isigwebo iRivonia trial. Bonke ubomi bakhe ebudaleni bakhe wabuchitha evuth'amalangatye njengelungu leANC ekwalilo nelungu lombutho wamakomanisi alapha eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yobuntu waye nabo, wade wanikwa isiteketiso esithi 'Oom Ray'.
Ubomi bakhe[tshintsha | edit source]
U"oom Ray" waazalwa kwingingqi ebizwa ngokuba kuseMazoka kwisithili sase-Fort Beaufort. Ufunde e-Healdtown 'secondary school". Wathi akusishiya isikolo waya kusebenza kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla eBhayi. Kulapho wafika wakhwetywa khona yimibutho yabasebenzi bekwenza oko ngombutho owawubizwa ngokuba yi"Non European Laundry Workers Unio". Ngo-1943 waazibandakanya nombutho wamakomanisi aseMzantsi afrika. Ngo-1944 waba lilungu elipheleleyo le-ANC. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato okokuqala nentombi yakwa Meke, uJoyceHe, owayeyinzalelwane yakwaseFort Beaufort. Kwiminyaka eli-17 bekunye, phambi kokuba umkakhe lo abhubhe kwingozi yemoto ngo-1960, babenabantwana abathathu.


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1:1 Ilizwi likaYehova elafika kuYoweli, unyana kaPetuweli.
1:2 Yivani oku, nina madoda makhulu, nibeke iindlebe, nonke bemi belizwe; kwakha kwakho na oku ngemihla yenu, nangemihla yooyihlo?
1:3 Kuxeleni koonyana benu, oonyana benu bakuxele koonyana babo, oonyana babo bakuxele kwisizukulwana esisemva kwabo.
1:4 Okushiywe ngumqikela kudliwe yinkumbi, okushiywe yinkumbi kudliwe ngumkhothululi, okushiywe ngumkhothululi kudliwe ngumnqunquthi.
1:5 Vukani, manxila, nilile; bhombolozani, nonke baseli bewayini, ngenxa yencindi yewayini; kuba inqunyulwe emlonyeni wenu.
1:6 Kuba ezweni lakowethu kunyuke uhlanga olunamandla, olungenakubalwa; amazinyo alo ngamazinyo engonyama, nawemihlathi alo ngawengonyamakazi.
1:7 Luwubhuqile umdiliya wam, lwawuvikiva umkhiwane wam; luwuchuhe kwathi tu, lwawulahla; amasebe awo asuka aba mhlophe.
1:8 Bhomboloza njengentombi ebhinqe ezirhwexayo, ngenxa yendoda yobutsha bayo.
1:9 Unqamkile endlwini kaYehova umnikelo wokudla nothululwayo; benza isijwili ababingeleli, abalungiseleli bakaYehova.
1:10 Abhuqiwe amasimi, umhlaba wenza isijwili; kuba ibhuqiwe ingqolowa, itshile iwayini entsha, ioli yomile.
1:11 Danani, balimi; bhombolozani, basebenzi bezidiliya, ngenxa yengqolowa nangenxa yerhasi; kuba lutshabalele uvuno lwamasimi.
1:12 Umdiliya utshile, umkhiwane untshwenyile, nomrharnate, kwanamasundu nemiapile; yonke imithi yasendle yomile; ewe, iphelile imihlali, imkile koonyana babantu.
1:13 Bhinqani ezirhwexayo, nimbambazele, babingeleli; bhombolozani, balungiseleli besibingelelo; yizani, lalani ngezirhwexayo bonke ubusuku, balungiseleli boThixo wam; kuba indlu yoThixo wam ivinjiwe umnikelo wokudla nothululwayo.
1:14 Ngcwalisani uzilo, memani ingqungquthela, hlanganisani amadoda amakhulu, bonke abemi belizwe, beze endlwini kaYehova uThixo wenu, nikhale kuYehova.
1:15 Hayi ke, le mini! Kuba isondele imini kaYehova, ivela njengembuqo kuSomandla.
1:16 Akunqumke phambi kwamehlo ethu na ukudla, imivuyo nemigcobo endlwini yoThixo wethu?
1:17 Zibolile iinkozo phantsi kwamagada azo, bachithakele oovimba, athi bhuma amaqonga, kuba itshile ingqolowa.
1:18 Hayi, ukuncwina kwempahla enkulu! Ikhohliwe imihlambi yeenkomo, kuba ingenatyani; nemihlambi yempahla emfutshane ibandezelekile.
1:19 Ndikhala kuwe, Yehova; kuba umlilo uwatshisile amakriwa asentlango, nelangatye layirhawula yonke imithi yasendle.
1:20 Kwanempahla enkulu yasendle itsalela kuwe; kuba itshile imijelo yamanzi, umlilo wawatshisa amakriwa asentlango.
2:1 Vuthelani isigodlo eZiyon, nihlabe umkhosi entabeni yam engcwele. Mabagungqe bonke abemi belizwe, ngokuba isiza imini kaYehova, kuba isondele:
2:2 imini enobumnyama nesithokothoko, imini enamafu, enamafu amnyama, anjengokuthi qhiphu kokusa phezu kweentaba; abantu abaninzi, abanamandla; akuzanga kube nje naphakade, emva kwabo akusayi kuza kubuye kube nje, kude kuse eminyakeni yezizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
2:3 Phambi kwabo kutshisa umlilo; nasemva kwabo kurhawula ilangatye. Ilizwe linjengomyezo we-Eden phambi kwabo; emva kwabo linjengentlango enkangala, nento esindileyo ayi kubakho kulo.
2:4 Injengokubonakala kwamahashe imbonakalo yabo; njengakhwelwayo, benjenjalo ukubaleka.
2:5 Anjengesithonga seenqwelo zokulwa ezincotsheni zeentaba amagqasi abo; njengesithonga selangatye lomlilo otshisa iindiza; njengabantu abanamandla abakhe uluhlu.
2:6 Ebusweni babo ziyazibhijabhija izizwe; bonke ubuso buba luthuthu.
2:7 Bagidima njengamagorha; banyuka udonga njengamadoda okulwa; bahamba elowo ngendlela yakhe, abaphambaphambi emendweni wabo.
2:8 Abagilani, bahamba elowo ngomendo wakhe; bawa nasezikhalini, bangenzakali.
2:9 Baphithizela emzini; babaleka eludongeni; banyuka ezindlwini; bangena ngeefestile njengesela.
2:10 Phambi kwabo uyagungqa umhlaba; liyanyikima izulu. Lisuke laba mnyama ilanga nenyanga, neenkwenkwezi zibufinyezile ubumhlophe bazo.
2:11 UYehova ukhupha izwi lakhe phambi kwempi yakhe; kuba mkhulu kakhulu umkhosi wakhe; kuba unamandla umenzi welizwi lakhe; kuba inkulu imini kaYehova, yoyikeka kunene; ngubani na onokuyinyamezela?
2:12 Nangoku ke, utsho uYehova ukuthi, Buyelani kum ngentliziyo yenu yonke, nangokuzila, nangokulila, nangokumbambazela;
2:13 nikrazule intliziyo yenu, ingabi ziingubo zenu, nibuyele kuYehova uThixo wenu; kuba unobabalo nemfesane, yena uzeka kade umsindo, unenceba enkulu, uyazohlwaya ngenxa yobubi.
2:14 Ngubani na owaziyo? mhlawumbi wobuya azohlwaye, ashiye intsikelelo ngasemva kwakhe, umnikelo wokudla nothululwayo kuYehova uThixo wenu.
2:15 Vuthelani isigodlo eZiyon, ngcwalisani uzilo, memani ingqungquthela.
2:16 Hlanganisani abantu, ngcwalisani ibandla, buthani amadoda amakhulu, hlanganisani iintsapho nabanyayo emabeleni; makaphume umyeni egumbini lakhe, umtshakazi esililini sakhe.
2:17 Mabalile ababingeleli, abalungiseleli bakaYehova, phakathi kwevaranda nesibingelelo, bathi, Yiba nenceba, Yehova, ebantwini bakho, ungalinikeli ilifa lakho ekungcikivweni, ukuba iintlanga zizekelise ngabo, yini na ukuba kuthiwe ezizweni, Uphi na uThixo wabo?
2:18 Waba nobukhwele ke uYehova ngelizwe lakhe, waba nofefe ngabantu bakhe.
2:19 Waphendula uYehova, wathi ebantwini bakhe, Yabonani, ndinithumela ingqolowa, newayini entsha, neoli, eniya kwaneliswa yiyo; ndingabi saninikela ukuba nibe sisingcikivo ezintlangeni.
2:20 Ndiya kumkhwelelisela kude kuni owasentla, ndimgxothele ezweni elingumqwebedu, enkangala; umphambili wakhe usinge kulwandle lwasempumalanga, umqosheliso wakhe kulwandle lwasentshonalanga, kunyuke ukunuka kwakhe, kunyuke ukubola kwakhe, kuba eziphakamisile ukwenza izinto ezinkulu.
2:21 Musa ukoyika, hlabathi, gcoba uvuye; kuba uYehova wenza izinto ezinkulu.
2:22 Musani ukoyika, mpahla inkulu yasendle; kuba amakriwa asentlango aphuma uhlaza; kuba umthi uxakatha isiqhamo sawo, umkhiwane nomdiliya unika amandla awo.
2:23 Nani, nyana baseZiyon, gcobani nivuye kuYehova uThixo wenu; kuba uninika umyaleli wokuba kubekho ubulungisa, anihlisele umvumbi, imvula ethambisayo nemvula evuthisayo ekuqaleni.
2:24 Zozala izanda yingqolowa, iphalale yiwayini entsha nayioli imikhombe yokukhongozela.
2:25 Ndonibuyiselela okweminyaka eyadliwa yinkumbi, nangumkhothululi, nangumqikela, nangumnqunquthi, impi yam enkulu endayithumelayo phakathi kwenu.
2:26 Niya kudla nidlile, nihluthe, nilidumise igama likaYehova uThixo wenu, oniphethe ngokubalulekileyo; bangadani abantu bam naphakade;
2:27 nazi ukuba ndiphakathi kwamaSirayeli; ukuba mna Yehova ndinguThixo wenu, akukho wumbi; bangadani abantu bam naphakade.
2:28 Kuya kuthi emveni kokuba njalo, ndithulule uMoya wam phezu kwenyama yonke, baprofete oonyana benu neentombi zenu; amadoda enu amakhulu aphuphe amaphupha, amadodana enu abone imibono.
2:29 Kwanaphezu kwabakhonzi naphezu kwabakhonzazana ndothulula uMoya wam ngaloo mihla.
2:30 Ndiya kwenza izimanga ezulwini nasehlabathini, igazi nomlilo nemiqulu yomsi.
2:31 Ilanga liya kusuka libe mnyama, nenyanga ibe ligazi, phambi kokuba ifike imini kaYehova, leyo inkulu yoyikekayo.
2:32 Bothi bonke abasukuba benqula igama likaYehova, basinde; kuba entabeni yaseZiyon naseYerusalem kuya kubakho abasindileyo, njengoko watshoyo uYehova; naphakathi kwabaseleyo kubekho awobabiza uYehova.
3:1 Ngokuba, yabonani, ngayo loo mihla, nangalo elo xesha, ndiya kukubuyisa ngalo ukuthinjwa kukaYuda neYerusalem,
3:2 ndozibutha zonke iintlanga, ndizihlisele entilini yakwaYoshafati; ndimangalelane nazo khona ngenxa yabantu bam, ilifa lam amaSirayeli, ezibathe saa ezintlangeni, zalaba ilizwe lam.
3:3 Abantu bam zibenzele amaqashiso, zavuza ihenyukazi ngenkwenkwe; zathengisa ngentombi ngewayini, zasela.
3:4 Kananjalo niya kundenza ntoni na nina, Tire, nawe, Tsidon, nani, mida yonke yamaFilisti? Niya kundibuyekeza impatho yam na? Niya kundenza ntoni na? Kwakamsinya, ngokukhawulezayo, ndiya kukubuyisela ukuphatha kwenu entlokweni yenu.
3:5 Ekubeni nithabathe isilivere yam negolide yam, izinto zamezintle ezinqwenelekayo, nazisa etempileni yenu;
3:6 nathengisa ngoonyana bakaYuda nangoonyana baseYerusalem koonyana bakaYavan, ukuze nibakhwelelisele kude emdeni wabo;
3:7 yabonani, ndiyabaxhoxha endaweni enathengisa ngabo kuyo, ndikubuyisele ukuphatha kwenu entlokweni yenu.
3:8 Ndothengisa ngoonyana benu nangeentombi zenu esandleni soonyana bakaYuda, bathengise ngabo kumaShebha, kuhlanga olukude; kuba uthethile uYehova.
3:9 Memezani oku ezintlangeni, ngcwalisani imfazwe; xhoxhani amagorha; makafike enyuke onke amadoda okulwa.
3:10 Khandani amakhuba enu abe ngamakrele, nezitshetshe zenu zemidiliya zibe zizikhali;
3:11 oswele amandla makathi, Ndiligorha. Khawulezani nize, nonke zintlanga zangeenxa zonke, nibuthelane; wahlisele khona amagorha akho, Yehova.
3:12 Mazixhoxhwe zinyuke iintlanga, ziye entilini yakwaYoshafati; ngokuba ndiya kuhlala phantsi khona, ukuze ndizigwebe zonke iintlanga zangeenxa zonke.
3:13 Fakani irhengqa, kuba ukudla kuvuthiwe; yizani nixovule, ngokuba isixovulelo sewayini sizele, iyaphalala imikhombe yokukhongozela; kuba bukhulu ububi bazo.
3:14 Yimbuthumbuthu, yimbuthumbuthu entilini yesigqibo! Kuba isondele imini kaYehova entilini yesigqibo.
3:15 Ilanga nenyanga zenziwe mnyama, iinkwenkwezi zikufinyezile ukukhanya kwazo.
3:16 UYehova ubharhula eZiyon, ukhupha ilizwi lakhe eYerusalem, linyikime izulu nehlabathi; ke uYehova ulihlathi kubantu bakhe, uligwiba koonyana bakaSirayeli.
3:17 Niya kwazi ke ukuba mna Yehova ndinguThixo wenu, ohleli eZiyon, entabeni yam engcwele; iYerusalem yoba ngcwele, abasemzini bangabi sacanda phakathi kwayo.
3:18 Kuya kuthi ngaloo mini, iintaba zivuze incindi yeediliya, iinduli ziphalale amasi, imijelo yonke yakwaYuda iphalale amanzi; kuphume umthombo endlwini kaYehova, useze isihlambo semingampunzi.
3:19 IYiputa kuya kuba senkangala, nelakwaEdom libe yintlango esenkangala, ngenxa yokugonyamela kwabo oonyana bakaYuda, ekubeni bephalaze igazi elimsulwa ezweni labo.
3:20 Ke uYuda uya kumiwa ngonaphakade, iYerusalem imiwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
3:21 Ndiya kulisula igazi labo endandingalisulanga; ngokuba uYehova uhleli eZiyon.


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Robben island
Isiqithi sekapa (Robben Island) Isiqithi sekapa sifumaneka kwi khilomitha ezi sixhenxe ukusuka kwintsona kungxweme lwase Bloubergstrand, kulwendle iAtlantic ocean [1] ,kwiphondo lweNtsona koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Esi sisiqithi esiyimbalasane kakhulu kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika nezwekazi iAfrika iphela.Sisiqithi esiyimitsi embalwa umphakamo phezu kolwandle iAtlantic ocean.
Ngonyaka wama 1999 esisixeko saziswa ngoku sesikweni njenge ziko lezobugcisa nekcubeko kwiphondo lentshona koloni asiqulathe imbali yelizwe lomzantsi afrika kwaye sibuyisa inkumbulo ngekqubo yocalucalulo nempumelelo yorhulumente wentando yesininzi.Ikumphakamo weemitha ezingamashumi mathathu phezu kolwa ndle .Esi sixeko sasi setyenziswa njenge ntilongo nendawo yokugcina abantu ababhukuqa umbuso ixesha elide, kunye nesibhedlele sengqondo.Esi siqithi sibe liziko lezinto ezininzi ukususela ngowama 1600 ukufika komkhosi wamaBhulu ngethuba lika Jan van Riebeck [2] owayekhokela umkhosi wamakholoniyali ikwangumntu wokuqala ukuzinza kwesi siqithi.IRobben island le luphawuoludumileyo ehlabathini
Kulapho amaqhawe esizwe ekuquka utata uNelson Mandela[3], O.R Tambo, Robbert sobukwe [4] nabanye ngethuba loRhulumente wengcinezelo. Kalapho amatshantliziyo awayesilwisana noRhulumente ayebanjwa aze agcinwe khona iminyaka. Ukususela kumawaka alishumi elinesixhenxe eminyaka irobben island isetyenziswa njenge ndawo yokugcina amabanjwa ayamene nezopolitiko.Urhulumente wamaAmaBhulu wayevalela khona amabanjwa ezombuso nezigila mkhuba.
Amanye amaqhawe esizwe awayebanjwe esiqithini
- Nelson Mandela (owayesakuba ngumongameli weloMzantsi Afrika)
- Kgalema Motlanthe (sekela mongameli weloMzantsi Afrika)
- Jacob Zuma (Mongameli weloMzantsi )
- Govan Mbeki (Iqhawe lesizwe)(iqhawe lesizwe)
- Walter Sisulu (Iqhawe lesizwe)
- Tokyo Sexwale (owayesakuba ngumphathiswa wezindlu)
- Mosiuoa "Terror" Lekota (umongameli weCope)
- Amos Masondo
Robert sobukwe[tshintsha | edit source]
URobert Mangaliso Sobukwe wayengumqambi nenkokheli yombutho iPAC elasekwa ngo wama1959.Ngomhla wama21 kweyekwindla ngowama1960 wayengumququzeleli wekqubo eyayisilwa nokusetyenziswa kwamaPasi.Kulapho wathi wabanjwa wayokuvalelwa eRobben Island iminyaka emithathu emva komthetho owathi wasekwa ngethuba eselivalelweni sandiswa isigwebo yayiminyaka emithandathu.Wayevalelwa kwisisele esisekhusini engavumelekanga ukuba athethe nabantu [5]