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Iilwandle
Ulwandle ngummandla omkhulu wamanzi anetyuwa phakathi kwamazwekazi. Iilwandle zinkulu kakhulu kwaye zidibana nezinye iilwandle ezincinci zitsho zimanyane. Xa zidibene zizonke, iilwandle zibangathi ‘’zilulwandle’’ olunye, kuba zonke iilwandle zimanyene. Iilwandle (okanye ii-marine biome) zithatha ama-70% zeli hlabathi siphila kulo. [1]
Olona lwandle lude yi-Pacific Ocean. Lithatha umhlaba ongekuhamnjwa kuwo ongange-1/3 (yesiqingatha)somhlaba esiphila kuwo. Igama lolona lwandle luncinane kuthiwa yi-Arctic Ocean. Iindlela zeentshukumo zamanzi zizo ezahlula Ulwandle olusemaZantsi ehlabathi kwezinye iilwandle ezifana ne-Atlantic, i-Pacific and nolwase-India. Olu lwandle lukwaziya ngegama elithi yi-Antarctic, kuba kaloku igubungele yonke ingingqi ejikeleze i- Antarctica. Imephu ezindala zisenokungawsebenzisi amagama athi-ulwandle i-Arctic nelithi ulwandle UmZantsi lwandle. Olona lwandle lunzulu yi-Pacific. Esona siza sinzulu yi-Mariana Trench, ubunzulu baso buziimitha ezili-11,000 (36,200 beenyawo). Eyona nto bubonakala ngayo ubunzulu bolwandle yingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo, ukunyuka koxinzelelo lomoya, nobumnyama obugqibeleleyo. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingaqhelelaka kwaphela ziphila kanye kule ndawo yolwandle. Aziphili ngamandla avela elangeni ukuze, kuba zisebenzisa iityuwa ezifumaneka ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Contents
Umbala[tshintsha | edit source]
Nangona uninzi lwabantu lukholelwa ekubeni iilwandle ziluhlaza kuba isibhaka-bhaka sisiba sisipili kuzo, eneneni oku akusiyonyaniso. Amanzi anayo indawo yokubaluhlaza ngokombala kodwa ke lo mbala wamanzi ungabonakala kuphela xa kukho amanzi amanizni. Kodwa ke esona sizathu sokuba iilwandle zibeluhlaza ngokwebala kukuba amanzi afunxa laandawo imbala ubomvu apha elangeni, kuze kubonakale le ndawo iluhlaza apha ekukhanyeni. Sitsho sikubone ke thina oku kukhanya kubonakalayo ngokungathi ngumbala wamanzi.
Izityalo nezilwanyana[tshintsha | edit source]
Izinto eziphila elwandle zinakho ukuphila kumanzi anetyuwa. Ziyaphazamiseka kukukhanya kwelanga, bubushushu, luxinzelelo lwasemanzini, yintshukumo yamanzi. Intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphila emanzini ziphila kakuhle xa zikufutshane nomphezulu wolwandle, kumanzi abanzi, nakumanzi anzulu. Ezo ziphila kufuphi nomphezulu wolwandle nezo zikwaxhomekeke kwimitha yelanga ukuze zikwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kuthiwa zii-phytoplankton. Phantse zonke izilwanyana zaselwandle zixhomekeke ngqo okanye (ngezinye iindlela) kwezi zityalo ukuze ziphile. Kumanzi abanzi, uyakufumana oorhexe kunye noononkala. Kumanzi anzulu, izilwanyana zolwandle ezikumila kuziindi-ngeendidi kwanobukhulu bazo ngkunjalo zidada ngokukhululekileyo elwandle. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo-ntlobo zeentlanzi, ezifana nentlanzi yamanzanetyuwa i-tuna, udwayi olude lwentlanzi ethand'ukuhamba i-sword kunye nezilwanyana zamanzi ezincancisayo ezifana nee-dolphin kunye nee-whales. Kwisibhaka-bhaka phezu kolwandle olukhamisileyo likhaya leentaka ezinkulu zolwandle, ezifana nee-albatross.[1]
Ukuvunwa kolwandle[tshintsha | edit source]
Amazwe afana [[I-Russia|ne-Russia, kunyeneJapan, anenqwaba yeenqanawa ezinkulu ezihamba kumazwe athile angawona aneendawo kunokuthatyathwa iinyanga ezininzi kulotywa kuzo. Ezi nqanawakazi zinamathala eencwadi amakhulu, izibhedlele, izikolo, These large ships have libraries, hospitals, schools, repair (fixing) shops and other things that are needed for fishermen and their families.
Abantu abaninzi balubona ulwandle njengomthombo wokutya, izimbiwa namandla.
Ukuloba[tshintsha | edit source]
Abafoti elwandle (ii-Oceanographers) ziqikelela okokuba zingaphaya kwama-15, 300 iintlanzi eziphila elwandle, ezinye zazo ziyatyiwa .[2] Intlazi kukutya okungumthombo wee-proteni, baninzi kakhulu abantu abayityayo. Ushishino ngokuloba industries lubaluleke kakhulu kuba luza nemisebenzi, luncede nezigidi-ngezigidi zabantu ngokutya. Namhlanje, njengesiqhelo ngenxa yokuloba elwandle, ulwandle lusinika ii-calories ezifunwa ngabantu ezimalunga ne-2%.[2] I-tuna, ii-ankhovi, kunye ne-herring zivunwa kufuphi nomphezulu wolwandle. [2] Pollock, flounder kunye ne-cod zibanjwa kufuphi nalapho luphela khona ulwandle ngaphantsi, [2] Zingaphezulu kwesigidi ii-toni zee-herring ezibanjwa qho ngonyaka kumNtla we-Pacific, nakumNtla we-Atlantic, kwaye phantse zisibhozo kwezilishumi iintlanzi ezityiwayo ngabantu. Ezinye iintlanzi zisetyenziselwa njenge sichumisi, isincamathelitsi, kunye nokutya kweekati nezinye izilwanyana.[2]
Ubushushu bolwandle[tshintsha | edit source]
Maninzi amaqondo obushushu bolwandle kulwandle oluvulekileyo, (kwintlangothi zombini - ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi)kwanokusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. ii-Icebergs zenziwe zaqamela ngamanzi abanda kakhulu kuyo yomibini le mida, abe wona amanzi avela kumbindi i-equator eshushu noko. [2] Amanzi apholisa ekwafudumeza ngokuthe chu kunomhlaba, ke umhlaba onikwa ifuthe lulwandle uneezigaba eziza mva zamva nezinobushushwana kunomhlaba othe qelele elwandle.
Umphezulu wolwandle, nobizwa ngokuba ngu-mxube wenwebu, awubandi kangako nditsho sesidad'elenzulwini sisiy'ezantsi. [2] emazantsi olu lwandle kulapho kukho inwebu apho kwenzeka khona utshintsho lwangesaquphe ekuthiwa xa lubizwa yi- thermocline. Le ke yinwebu esembindini ebude bayo busuka kumphezulu wolwandle buhle bubheke ezantsi ngokomlinganiselo omalunga neenyawo ezinga-2,600 (800 eemitha). Ii-Thermoclines zingenzeka kuphela ngokwamaxesha onyaka okanye zibe sisigxina, kodwa ke kungatshintsa oku, kuxhomekeke ekubeni kuphi kwaye lunzulu kangakanani na ulwandle. Nje ngoko kusenzeka umphushu, luqala ke ngoku luphole, kodwa ukuba amanzi aphuma ngokomphushu ngendlela ekhawulwzileyo, amanzi aya ngokuya evakala ityuwa. Amanzi anetyuwa nabandayo ngumehlisi wezinga lomkhenkce nelobushushu emanzini olwandle, utsho azike aye ezantsi. Yhiyo le nto amanzi ashushu nabandayo engaxubeki lula. Inkoliso yezilwanyana nezityalo ziphila kule nwebu ishushu ingaphezulu. Ezantsi kwe-thermocline, izinga lokubanda libaphezulu kakhulu, kude ukubanda kwawo kubengaphezulu kokomkhenkce - kube phakathi kwama-32 &ndash 37.4 F (0 &ndash 3 C).[2]
References[tshintsha | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 English through Science (2010) Blue Planet North America: McGrawHill pp. 117 to 118
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Sherwin, Frank (2004) The Ocean Book P.O. Box 726, Green Forest, AR 72638: Master Books ISBN 0-89051-401-1

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Mthatha
Mthatha (ngaphambili yaziwa ngokuba uMtata) - yeyona dolophu enkulu yeMasipala yeNkosi Sabata Dalindyebo eMpuma-Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Le dolophu inesitishi seenqwelo-moya, sasaziwa ngokuba yiK.D. Matanzima Airport ebizwa ngenkokheli eyayinguKaiser Matanzima. idolophu yasemthatha yenye yedolophu eyayiphantsi kwengcinezelo ngexesha locinezeleko apha emzantsi afrika kuba kaloku ingqangwe ziilali kunye namaplasi. amabhulu ayefuna ukuyiphatha ledolophu kuba kaloku yona inomhlaba omhle wokutyala futhi inamaplasi amanintsi. enye yeedolophu ezikufutshanwe emtata yimonti, ibhayi, ingcobo kunye ne pt st johns. utata u nelson rolihlahla mandela wazelalwa kwenye yeelasli zasemtata ebizwa ngokuba yiqunu waze wakhulela khona. umthatha yenye yeelali enembali kakhulu kweli lomzantsi afrika njengoko ezinye inkokheli zalapha emzantsi afrika ziphuma khona.


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IZenzo
Kwincwadi yam iyandulela le, Theophilus,ndibhale ngako konke akwenzileyo nakufundisileyo uYesu,kude kuyotsho kumhla athe wanyuselwa ezulwini, emveni kokuba ebayalele abafundi ngoMoya Oyingcwele. Emva kokungcungcutheka kwakhe uye wazibonakalisa kubo ebanika ubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ngenene uyaphila. Wabonakala kubo ithuba elingangentsuku ezingamashumi amane, ethetha ngobukumkani bukaYehova. Ngesinye isihlandlo xeshikweni esidla nabo, wabanika lo myalelo "hlalani ningemki eYerusalema nilinde isipho eso uBawo ebenithembise ngaso,enindivileyo ndithetha ngaso. Ngokuba uYohane wabhaptiza ngamanzi,kodwa kungentsuku zatywala niyakubhaptizwa ngoMoya Oyingcwele." Badibaniselana kuye bambuza bathi "Nkosi, ingaba uzobubuyisa kwangoku ubukumkani bamaSirayeli?" wathi yena kubo; "ayikokwenu ukwazi ilixa nomhla uBawo alimisileyo ngegunya lakhe. Kodwa niya kwamkela amandla xa athe wahlela kuni Umoya Oyingcwela, yaye niyakuba ngamanqgina wam eYerusalem,kwaYuda, eSamaria ukuya kutsho eiphelweni sehlabathi. Emva kokuba ethethe oku waxhwilwa phambi kwamehlo abo waze wafihlwa lilifu emehlweni abo. Baye beqwalasele esibhakabhakeni njenkoko wayenyuka, kwathi ngesiquphe kwabonakala amadoda amabini enxibe ezimhlophe eme ecaleni kwabo. Athi "madoda aseGalili nama najonga esibhakabhakeni? lo Yesu uthwathwe kuni waya ezulwini uyakuphinde abuye kwangalendlela nimbone ehamba ngayo."


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1:1 UPawulos, umpostile kaYesu Kristu ngokuthanda kukaThixo, noTimoti umzalwana,
1:2 ubhalela abaseKolose, abazalwana abangcwele abakholwayo kuKristu; uthi, Makube lubabalo kuni, noxolo oluvela kuThixo uBawo wethu, neNkosi yethu uYesu Kristu.
1:3 Sihlala sibulela kuye uThixo, uYise weNkosi yethu uYesu Kristu, xa sinithandazelayo,
1:4 sivile nje ngokukholwa kwenu kuKristu Yesu, nokubathanda kwenu bonke abangcwele,
1:5 ngenxa yethemba eli nalibekelwayo emazulwini; nalivayo ngenxa engaphambili ngalo ilizwi lenyaniso leendaba ezi zilungileyo;
1:6 zikhoyo kuni, njengoko zikhoyo nakulo lonke ihlabathi, zixakatha neziqhamo, kwanjengoko zixakathayo ngaphakathi kwenu, kususela kwimini enaluvayo, nalwazi, ubabalo lukaThixo ngenya, niso.
1:7 njengoko nafundayo nokufunda kuEpafra, ongumkhonzi oyintanda kunye nathi, engumlungiseleli othembekileyo kaKristu ngenxa yenu;
1:8 owasazisayo nokusazisa uthando lwenu lwaseMoyeni.
1:9 Ngenxa yoku, kususela kwimini esevayo, nathi asiphezi ukunithandazela nokunicelela, ukuze nizaliswe kukukwazi kakuhle ukuthanda kwakhe, ninokulumka nokuqonda konke okukokomoya;
1:10 ukuze nihambe ngokuyifaneleyo iNkosi, nise kuko konke ukukholisa, nixakathe isiqhamo kuwo wonke umsebenzi olungileyo, nikhulela ekumazini uThixo;
1:11 nisomelezwa ngokomelela konke, ngokokuqina kozuko lwakhe, nide nise kuko konke ukunyamezela, nokuzeka kade umsindo, kunye novuyo;
1:12 nibulela kuye uYise, owasenza sakulingana ukwahlulelwa ilifa labangcwele ekukhanyeni;
1:13 owasihlangulayo egunyeni lobumnyama, wasifudusela ebukumkanini boNyana wothando lwakhe,
1:14 esinayo kuye inkululeko ngokuhlawulelwa ngegazi lakhe, ukuxolelwa kwezono ke oko.
1:15 Ungumfanekiselo kaThixo ongenakubonwa, owamazibulo kwindalo yonke.
1:16 Ngokuba zadalelwa kuye zonke izinto, ezisemazulwini nezisemhlabeni, ezinokubonwa nezingenakubonwa, nokuba ziitrone, nokuba zibubukhosi, nokuba zizilawuli, nokuba ngamagunya; zonke izinto zidalwe nguye, zidalelwe yena.
1:17 Yena ke ungaphambi kweento zonke, nazo zonke izinto zima zimi kuye.
1:18 Yena ke uyintloko yomzimba, yebandla; oyingqalo, owamazibulo ukuvuka kwabafileyo, ukuze yena abe ngomkhulu ezintweni zonke.
1:19 Ngokuba kwakholeka ukuthi ukuzaliseka konke kuhlale kuye,
1:20 nokuthi ngaye azixolelanise naye zonke izinto, elwenzile uxolo ngalo igazi lomnqamlezo wakhe; ewe, ngaye, nokuba zizinto ezisemhlabeni, nokuba zezisemazulwini.
1:21 Nani, enibe nifudula ningazani noThixo, niziintshaba ngengqondo yenu emisebenzini yenu engendawo, kukalokunje unixolelanisile ngako ukufa emzimbeni wenyama yakhe,
1:22 ukuze animise ningcwele, ningenakubekwa bala, ningenakumangalelwa phambi kwakhe;
1:23 ukuba kaloku nihlala nihleli elukholweni, nisekelwe niqinile, ningashukunyiswa nimke ethembeni leendaba ezilungileyo ezi nazivayo, zona zashunyayelwayo kwindalo yonke ephantsi kwezulu; endaba ngumlungiseleli wazo, mna Pawulos.
1:24 Ngoku ndiyavuya ezintlungwini zam ngenxa yenu, ndikuzalisa kanye okusileleyo kwiimbandezelo zikaKristu, enyameni yam, ngenxa yomzimba wakhe olilo ibandla;
1:25 endaba ngumlungiseleli walo mna ngokokugosisa kukaThixo, awandigosisa ngako kuni, ukuba ndilizalise ilizwi likaThixo,
1:26 kwaimfihlelo, leyo ke ibifihliwe kwasemaphakadeni nasezizukulwaneni; kukalokunje ibonakalalisiweyo kubo abangcwele bakhe,
1:27 awathandayo uThixo ukubazisa bona into obuyiyo ubutyebi bozuko lwaloo mfihlelo phakathi kwazo iintlanga, obunguKristu phakathi kwenu, ithemba lozuko.
1:28 Sazisa yena ke thina, siluleka wonke umntu, sifundisa wonke umntu ngabo bonke ubulumko, ukuze simise wonke umntu egqibelele ekuKristu Yesu;
1:29 endibulalekela kona oko, ndizama ngokokusebenza kwakhe okusebenzayo kum ngamandla.
2:1 Kuba ndithanda ukuba nikwazi ukuba kukhulu kwako ukuzama endikuzamayo ngenxa yenu, nabo baseLawodike, nabo bonke abangabubonanga ubuso bam ngokwenyama;
2:2 ukuze zithuthuzelwe iintliziyo zabo, bebandakanyiwe ngothando, kusingise kuyo yonke indyebo yokuqonda okuqinisekileyo, kusingise ekwazini imfihlelo kaThixo uYise, nekaKristu,
2:3 ekufihlwe kuye bonke ubutyebi bobulumko nobokwazi.
2:4 Nditsho ke, ukuze kungabikho bani unilukuhlayo ngentetho egudileyo.
2:5 Kuba nangona ndingekhoyo ngenyama, khona ngomoya ndinani, ndivuya, ndibona ulungelelwano lwenu, nokuzimaseka kokukholwa kwenu kuKristu.
2:6 Njengokuba ngoko namamkelayo uKristu Yesu iNkosi, hambani kuye, nendele nakhelwe kuye,
2:7 naqiniswa ngokholo, njengoko nafundiswayo nafezeka kulo, ninombulelo.
2:8 Lumkani, kungabikho bani unithimbayo ngayo intanda-bulumko, nangokulukuhla okungento yanto, ngokwesithethe sabantu, ngokweziqalelo zehlabathi, kungengokukaKristu.
2:9 Ngokuba kuhleli kuye konke ukuzaliseka kobuThixo ngokomzimba;
2:10 kanjalo nigqibelele kuye, oyintloko yabo bonke ubulawuli negunya;
2:11 enathi kuye naluswa nokwaluswa ngolwaluko olungenakwenziwa ngazandla, ngako ukuhluba umzimba wenyama, ngalo ulwaluko lukaKristu;
2:12 ningcwatywe naye elubhaptizweni; enathi nikuye, navuswa nokuvuswa naye, ngokukholwa kwenu kukusebenza kukaThixo, owamvusa kubo abafileyo.
2:13 Nani, nifile nje ziziphoso nakukungaluki kwenyama yenu, unidlise ubomi ndawonye naye, enixolele zonke iziphoso.
2:14 Ewucimile umbhalo wesandla owalana nathi, owawumelene nathi ngayo imimiselo, uwususile ke kanye, ngokuwubethelela emnqamlezweni;
2:15 ebabhunyule obalawuli nomagunya, wabenza isibonelo ekuhleni, ememelela ngabo ekuwo umnqamlezo.
2:16 Makungabikho mntu ngoko unigwebayo ngento edliwayo, nangento eselwayo, nangendawo yomthendeleko, nangenyanga ethwasileyo, nangeesabatha;
2:17 ezisisithunzi sezinto eziza kuza; ke sona isiqu sesikaKristu.
2:18 Makungabikho namnye unilahlekanisa nomvuzo wenu, ethanda ukwenjenjalo ngokuthobeka kwentliziyo, nangokunqula izithunywa zezulu, engena ezintweni angazibonanga, efumana wakhukhumaliswa yiyo ingqiqo yenyama yakhe,
2:19 engabambe yona iNtloko, ekuphuma kuyo ukuthi umzimba wonke ukhule ngokukhulisa kukaThixo, uncedwa, ubandakanywa ngako konke ukuxhomekelelana kwamalungu nemisipha.
2:20 Ukuba ngoko nafa noKristu, nakhululeka kuzo iziqalelo zehlabathi, yini na ukuba ninge nisadla ubomi ngokwabehlabathi, nimiselwe imimiselo
2:21 (eyokuthi, Musa ukuphatha, musa ukungcamla, musa ukuchukumisa,
2:22 kanti zonke ezi zinto zezonakaliswa kukudliwa), nenze ngokwemithetho neemfundiso zabantu?
2:23 Okunene zizinto ezo ezidunyelwe bubulumko ngokunqula okuzithandelayo, nangokuthobeka kwentliziyo, nangokubandezela umzimba, kodwa kungengambeko yanelisa inyama.
3:1 Ukuba ngoko navuswa kunye noKristu, funani izinto zaphezulu, apho akhona uKristu, ehleli ngasekunene kukaThixo.
3:2 Nyamekelani izinto zaphezulu, zingabi zezasemhlabeni.
3:3 Kuba nafayo, baye ubomi benu bufihlakele ndawonye noKristu kuye uThixo.
3:4 Xa athe wabonakalaliswa uKristu, obubomi bethu, ngelo xesha niya kubonakalaliswa nani, ninaye ebuqaqawulini.
3:5 Bhubhisani ngoko amalungu enu asemhlabeni: umbulo, ukungcola, ukuthabatheka okuhlazisayo, inkanuko embi, nokubawa, okuyinkonzo yezithixo kona oko;
3:6 eza ngenxa yezo zinto ingqumbo kaThixo phezu kwabangevayo;
3:7 enanifudula nihamba phakathi kwazo nani, okuya nibe nisidla ubomi nikuzo.
3:8 Ke ngoku, nani aba, kulahleni oku konke: ingqumbo, umsindo, ulunya, ukunyelisa; ukuthetha amanyala kungabikho emlonyeni wenu.
3:9 Musani ukuxokisana, nizihlubile nje umntu omdala, kunye nezenzo zakhe,
3:10 nambatha lowo umtsha, uhlaziyelwa ekwazini okuhle, ngokomfanekiselo walowo wamdalayo;
3:11 apho kungekho mGrike namYuda, kwaluka nokungaluki, mbharbhari namSkitiya, khoboka namkhululeki; usuke uKristu waba zizinto zonke, waba kubo bonke.
3:12 Yambathani ngoko, njengabanyulwa bakaThixo, abangcwele, abathandiweyo, iimfesane zeemfefe, ububele, ukuthobeka kwentliziyo, ubulali, ukuzeka kade umsindo,
3:13 ninyamezelana, nixolelana, ukuba ubani uthi abe nokusola ngakubani; njengokuba naye uKristu wanixolelayo, yenjani njalo nani.
3:14 Ke, phezu kwazo zonke ezo zinto, yalekani uthando, oluyintambo yogqibelelo.
3:15 Uxolo lukaThixo, enabizelwa kwakulo mzimbeni mnye, malulawule ezintliziyweni zenu, nibe nokubulela.
3:16 Ilizwi likaKristu malihlale ngaphakathi kwenu ngokobutyebi; nifundisana, nilulekana ngabo bonke ubulumko; nithi, ngeendumiso neengoma nezango ezizezomoya, nivume kamnandi entliziyweni yenu kuyo iNkosi.
3:17 Nako konke enisukuba nikwenza ngelizwi, nokuba kungomsebenzi, yenzani izinto zonke egameni leNkosi uYesu, nibulela ngayo kuye uThixo uYise.
3:18 Nina bafazi, walulameleni awenu amadoda, njengoko kufanele abaseNkosini.
3:19 Nina madoda, bathandeni abafazi benu, ningabi bukhali kubo.
3:20 Nina bantwana, balulameleni abazali benu ezintweni zonke; kuba oko kukholekile kuyo iNkosi.
3:21 Nina boyise, musani ukubacaphukisa abantwana benu, ukuze bangafi iintliziyo.
3:22 Nina bakhonzi, balulameleni ezintweni zonke abaziinkosi zenu ngokwenyama; kungabi ngankonzo yamehlo, ngathi ningabakholisi-bantu; makube ngokwentliziyo engenakumbi, nisoyika uThixo.
3:23 Nako konke enisukuba nikwenza, kusebenzeni ngokwasemphefumlweni, kunge kukwiNkosi, akukhona kubantu;
3:24 nisazi nje ukuba niya kuyamkela eNkosini imbuyekezo yelifa; kuba nikhonza iNkosi uKristu.
3:25 Lowo umonayo omnye uya kukuthwala oko kona one ngako; kanjalo akukho kukhetha buso bamntu.
4:1 Nina baziinkosi, baphatheni ngokufanelekileyo nangokulungeleleneyo abanikhonzayo; nisazi nje ukuba nani ngokwenu nineNkosi emazulwini.
4:2 Zingisani ukuthandaza, niphaphamile kuko, ninombulelo;
4:3 kunye noko nisithandazela, ukuze uThixo asivulele umnyango welizwi, ukuba siyithethe imfihlelo kaKristu, endikhonkxwe ngenxa yayo;
4:4 ukuze ndiyibonakalalise, njengoko ndimelwe kukuthetha ngako.
4:5 Hambani ngobulumko ngakwabo bangaphandle, nilonga ixesha eli.
4:6 Ukuthetha kwenu makuhlale kumnandi, kuvakalisiwe ngetyuwa, ukuze nazi ukuba nimelwe kukuthini na ukuphendula bonke ngabanye.
4:7 Izinto zonke ezilunge nam wonazisa uTikiko, umzalwana oyintanda, umlungiseleli othembekileyo, ongumkhonzi kunye nam eNkosini;
4:8 endimthumele khona oku kuni, ukuze azazi iindawo ezingani, azithuthuzele iintliziyo zenu;
4:9 kunye no-Onesimo, umzalwana othembekileyo, oyintanda, ongomnye wenu. Bonazisa izinto zonke zalapha.
4:10 Uyanibulisa uAristarko, ongumbanjwa ndawonye nam, noMarko umtshana kaBharnabhas, enamkela imithetho ngaye; ukuba uthe weza kuni, mamkeleni;
4:11 noYesu, ekuthiwa nguYusto, kwabolwaluko; ngabo bodwa abasebenzisana nam ngenxa yobukumkani bukaThixo, abathe bona baba sisonwabiso kum.
4:12 Uyanibulisa uEpafra ongomnye wenu, umkhonzi kaKristu, ehlala ezama ngenxa yenu emithandazweni, ukuze nime nigqibelele, nizalisekile kuko konke ukuthanda kukaThixo.
4:13 Kuba ndiyamngqinela ukuba unenzondelelo enkulu ngenxa yenu, nabo baseLawodike, nabo baseHirapoli.
4:14 Uyanibulisa uLuka, igqirha eliyintanda, noDemas.
4:15 Bulisani kubazalwana abaseLawodike, nakuNimfa, nakulo ibandla elisendlwini yakhe.
4:16 Xa ke le ncwadi ithe yaleswa kuni, ize nenze ukuba ileswe nasebandleni eliseLawodike; nani niyilese leyo iphuma eLawodike.
4:17 Yithini kuArkipo, Lukhangele ulungiselelo owalwamkelayo lwaseNkosini, ukuze uluzalise.
4:18 Umbuliso lo ungesam isandla, mna Pawulos. Yikhumbuleni imixokelelwane yam. Ubabalo malube nani. Amen.


text:
1:1 UPawulos, umkhonzi kathixo, umpostile ke kaYesu Kristu, ngokokholo lwabanyulwa bakaThixo, nokuyazi inyaniso engokokuhlonela uThixo;
1:2 ngethemba lobomi obungunaphakade, awathi uThixo, ongenakuxoka, wabubeka idinga ngaphambi kwamaxesha angunaphakade,
1:3 walibonakalisa ke ilizwi lakhe ngamaxesha angawalo, ngokuvakalisa endakuphathiswayo mna, ngokommiselo woMsindisi wethu uThixo:
1:4 kuTito, umntwana wam wenene ngokwaselukholweni, esinobudlelane ngalo: Makube lubabalo, noxolo oluvela kuThixo uYise, nakuYesu Kristu, uMsindisi wethu.
1:5 Ndakushiya eKrete ngenxa yoku, ukuze uhambise ukuzilungisa izinto eziseleyo, umise amadoda amakhulu kwimizi ngemizi, njengoko ndakumisela ngako mna:
1:6 ukuba umntu ungongenakumangaleleka, eyindoda yamfazi mnye enabantwana abakholiweyo, abangamiselwa tyala lakuzibhubhisa, abangaswele kuthobela mntu.
1:7 Kuba umveleli umelwe kukuba ngongenakumangaleleka, njengegosa likaThixo; angabi ngowenza ukuzithandela kwakhe; angabi ngoqumba msinya; angabi ngogeziswa yiwayini; angabi ngumbethi; angabi ngongxamela nzuzo imbi.
1:8 Umelwe kukuthi abe ngobuka iindwendwe, umthandi wokulungileyo, onesidima, olilungisa, ongcwele, onokuzeyisa;
1:9 ebambelele ezwini elithembekileyo ngokwemfundiso, ukuze abe nako ukuvuselela ngayo imfundiso ephilileyo, nokubohlwaya badane abaphikayo.
1:10 Kuba baninzi abathethi bezinto ezingento nabakhohlisi, abaswele intobeko, ngokukodwa abo bolwaluko,
1:11 abamelwe kukuvingcwa imilomo; abathi izindlu ziphela bazibhukuqe, befundisa izinto ezingafanelekileyo ngenxa yenzuzo embi.
1:12 Wathi omnye wabo, kwaumprofeti wakowabo, AmaKrete ahlala engamaxoki, amarhamncwa amabi, amadla-kudla angasebenziyo.
1:13 Obo bungqina buyinene. Ngenxa yeli thuba bohlwaye kabukhali, badane, ukuze baphile elukholweni;
1:14 banganyamekeli zintsomi zabuYuda, namithetho yabantu abayinikela umva inyaniso.
1:15 Izinto zonke zihlambulukile kwabahlambulukileyo; kwabadyobhekileyo nabangakholwayo, akukho nto ihlambulukileyo; kusuke kwadyobheka nengqiqo nesazela sabo.
1:16 Bayavuma ukuba bayamazi uThixo; kanti ngayo imisebenzi bayamkhanyela, bengamasikizi, bengabangevayo, nakumsebenzi wonke olungileyo bengenakucikideka.
2:1 Ke wena, thetha izinto eziyifaneleyo imfundiso ephilileyo;
2:2 ukuba amadoda amakhulu abe ziingcathu, andileke, abe nesidima, aphile elukholweni, eluthandweni, elunyamezelweni;
2:3 ukuba abafazi abakhulu kwangokunjalo babe nesimilo esibafaneleyo, bangabi ngabatyholi; bangazilahleli kwiwayini eninzi; bafundise okuhle;
2:4 ukuze bayale abafazana ukuba babe nesidima, bawathande amadoda abo, babathande abantwana babo,
2:5 babe nesidima, babe nyulu, basebenze ezindlwini zabo, babe nokulunga, bawathobele awabo amadoda, ukuze ilizwi likaThixo linganyeliswa.
2:6 Kwangokunjalo amadoda amatsha wayale ukuba abe nesidima.
2:7 Ezintweni zonke zenze umzekelo wemisebenzi emihle;
2:8 emfundisweni ube ngomsulwa, ngondilekileyo, ngolizwi liphilileyo, lingenakugwetywa; ukuze ochasayo abe neentloni, engenanto imbi yakuthetha ngani.
2:9 Amakhoboka wathethele ukuba azithobele iinkosi zawo, abe ngakholekileyo kakuhle ezintweni zonke, engaphiki; angashinti;
2:10 asuke abonakalalise konke ukuthembeka okulungileyo, ukuze ayivathise imfundiso yoMsindisi wethu uThixo ezintweni zonke.
2:11 Kuba lubonakele kubantu bonke ubabalo lukaThixo, lulolusindisayo;
2:12 lusiqeqesha ukuze sithi, sikuncama ukungahloneli Thixo nokukhanuka okukokwehlabathi, sihlale ngokunesidima, nangokubulungisa, nangokuhlonela uThixo, kweli phakade langoku;
2:13 silinde ithemba elinoyolo, nembonakalo yobuqaqawuli boThixo omkhulu, uMsindisi wethu uYesu Kristu,
2:14 owazinikela ngenxa yethu, ukuze asikhulule ngokusihlawulela kuko konke ukuchasa umthetho, azihlambululele abantu abangabakhe, abazondelela imisebenzi emihle.
2:15 Ezi zinto zithethe, uvuselele, wohlwaye ngawo wonke ummiselo. Makungabikho namnye ukudelayo.
3:1 Bakhumbuze ukuba bathobele oozilawuli noomagunya, baphulaphule abaphathi, bawulungele wonke umsebenzi olungileyo.
3:2 Mabanganyelisi namnye umntu, bangabi nakulwa, babe nokuthantamisa, bebonakala benobulali bonke kubantu bonke.
3:3 Kuba nathi sibe sifudula singabasweli-kuqonda, singeva, silahleka, sikhonza iinkanuko neziyolo ngeziyolo, sihleli ngolunya nomona, sinezothe, sithiyana.
3:4 Kodwa kuthe kwakubonakala ububele bukaThixo, uMsindisi wethu, nokuthanda kwakhe abantu,
3:5 kungengamisebenzi esebulungiseni esayenzayo thina, kungokwenceba yakhe, wasisindisa ngentlambululo yokuzalwa ngokutsha, nangokuhlaziya koMoya oyiNgcwele;
3:6 awamthululayo phezu kwethu ngokobutyebi, ngoYesu Kristu uMsindisi wethu;
3:7 ukuze sithi, sigwetyelwe ngobabalo lwalowo, sibe ziindlalifa zobomi obungunaphakade ngokwethemba.
3:8 Lithembekile ilizwi elo; nezo zinto ndinga ungaziqinisela, ukuze banyameke, benze imisebenzi emihle, abo bakholiweyo kuThixo. Ezo zinto zintle, zinokubanceda abantu.
3:9 Ke yona imibuzo yobudenge, nemilibo yokuzalwa, neenkani, nokulwa ngawo umthetho, zinxweme, kuba azincedi lutho, asinto zanto.
3:10 Umntu ongumahlukanisi, akuba elulekwe kanye nokuba kukabini, mmangale;
3:11 usazi ukuba onjalo ugwenxeke kwaphela; uyona, ezigwebile ngokwakhe.
3:12 Xenikweni ndithe ndathuma kuwe uArtemas, nokuba nguTikiko, khawuleza uze kum eNikopolis; kuba ndigqibe kwelokuba ndobudlulisa ubusika khona apho.
3:13 UZenas, umqondisi-mthetho, noApolos, baxhobisele indlela ngokunyameka, ukuze bangasweli nto.
3:14 Abethu mabafunde ke ukwenza imisebenzi emihle yokunceda abaswele kanzima, ukuze bangabi ngabangenasiqhamo.
3:15 Bayakubulisa bonke abanam. Babulise abo basithandayo ngokwaselukholweni. Ubabalo malube nani nonke. Amen.


text:
IsiNgesi
isiNgesi lulwimi lwaseNtshona-Jamani olwathethwa okokuqala yiAnglo-Saxon eNgilani ngeminyaka yokuqala yeMiddle Ages. Sithetha nje lelona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. [1]
Luthethwa kumazwe ngamazwe ehlabathi lonke jikelele. Lulwimi lokuqala lwaseUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada, eAustralia, eIreland, eNew Zealand namazwe amaninzi eCaribbean. Bamalunga na-375 ezigidi abantu abasithetha isingesi nje ngolwimi lweenkobe (abantu abantetho yabo isisiNgesi),[2] nto leyo esibeka kwindawo yesibini isiNgesi njengolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi. Bamalunga nama-220 ezigidi zabanye abantu abasithetha njengolwimi olongezelelwa kwiilwimi zabo zeenkobe, kwaye kusekho izigidi-gidi zabantu abasafunda ukusithetha.
Sitshintshile ke isiNgesi, kunjalo nje besisoloko sitshintshwa ngenxa yefuthe lezinye iilwimi. [3] Kuba phantse ama-60% entetho isuka kwisiLatini, maxa wambi isiNgesi sithathwa ngokuba lolona lwimi lunesiLatini kwiilwimi zesiJamani. [4]
Imbali[tshintsha | edit source]
IsiNgesi saaqala eNgilane. Iintlanga zamaJamani (amaSaxons, amaAngles, kunye namaJutes) eeza eBritane malunga phaya ngoo-449 AD. Bafika mazenzela ikhaya emzantsi nasempuma yesi siqithi, bethyalela ngaphandle amaBritane aluhlobo lwamaCeltic ababefike kuqala kunabo, babenza ukuba bathethe ulwimi lwesingesi endaweni yolwimi lwabo lwakudala ulwimi lwesiCeltic.
Unanamhla oku zisekho iilwimi zesiCeltic ezisathethwayo, ingakumbi eWales, apho isiWelsh ilulwimi lokuqala kwinxalenye yabantu abahlala kumaphandle. Inani labantetho isisiGaelic eScotland lincinane, kwaye phantse bonke bakwinaseziqithini. Ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba s"iScots" lona lululwimi oluyinzalelwane yesiNgesi. isiGaelic eIreland nase[Isle of Man]] sithethwa ngabantu abambalwa kakhulu.
Iilwimi ezizalana nesiJamani zezi ntlanga zaba sisiNgesi samandul. Igama elithi English lisuka kwigama likaAngles: uEnglas. IsiNgesi sakudala asivakali njengesiNgesi esisithethayo ngoku. Ukuba abantu abantetho isisiNgesi ngoku bangamamela okanye bafunde umhlathi obhalwe ngesiNgesi sakudala, ambalwa kakhulu amagama abangawaqonda ukuba athetha ukuthini.
Olona lwimi lusondele esiNgesini esisesasetyenziswayo namhlanje sisiFrisian, sithethwa ngabantu abangama-500,000 nabahlala eNetherlands, eGermany naseDenmark. Ngaphezu kokuba olu lwimi lubufana nesiNgesi, abantu abathetha ezi lwimi zimbini abavani kakuhle into abayithethayo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, abantu abambalwa bathi olona lwimi lusondeleyo esiNgesini lulwimi lwesiDatshi.
Abanye abantu abaninzi beeza eNgilane kamva ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, bethetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ezi lwimi zathi zongeza amanye amagama amaninzi kwatsho kwadaleka esi siNgesi sithethwayo kungoku nje.
Nanku umzekelo, kwiminyaka yoo800 AD, amaDanish namaNorse kunye namapirates, nababizwa ngamaVikings, beza kweli lizwe saza isiNgesi samkela amagama emboleko amaNorse amaninzi. Iilwimi zabo zazizezamaJamani, njengesiNgesi samaNdulo.
Emva koloyiso lukaWilliam wayithabathela kuye iNgilane ngo1066 AD kunye nomlhosi wakhe waza wabayikumkani, weza nabantu bakhe abahloniphekileyo, ababentetho yabo isisiNorman, ulwimi olwaluzalana kakhulu nesiFrentshi, ukuba lubekho kurhulumente omtsha. Baasivala isiNgesi ixesha elide ukuba sifundiswe ezikolweni, lwaza ulwimi lwatshintsha kakhulu, kuba sasithethwa ubukhulu becala endaweni yokokuba sibhalwe, isithuba esingangeminyaka engama-300. IsiNgesi saaboleka amagama amaninzi kwisiNorman ngexesha esasinokubizwa ngokuba lulwimi olwahlukileyo, iMiddle English. U-Geoffrey Chaucer ngumbhali owaziwayo wesiNgesi ekuthiwa yiMiddle English. Emva kwezandi ezininzi ezathi zatshintsha, isiNgesi iMiddle English sabasisiNgesi esiphuculweyo. Nangona umsebenzi kaShakespeare ungabonakala umdala kakhulu, kodwa ibizwa ngokuba iphucukile.
Saaqhubela phambili isiNgesi ngokuthatha amagama amatsha kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo, ingakumbi kwisiFrentshi (malunga nama-30% ukuya kuma-40% amagama aso), kodwa nakwisiTshyayina, isiHindi nesiUrdu, isiJapanese, isiSpanishi kunye nesiPhuthukezi. Kwathi kuba iingcali ezininzi ezazisuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwakufuneka zincokole zikwazi ukuthetha omnye komnye, baachonga amagama ezinto ayakuthi asetyenziswe kwezophando kwaye loo magama achongwa kwiilwimi ababezazi bebonke: isiGrike kunye nesiLatini. Laa magama eza nasesiNgesini kananjalo, umzekelo, umfanekiso ofotiweyo ("ifoto-" ithetha "ukukhanya" "kwaye "-igrafu" ithetha "umfanekiso" okanye "umbhalo", kwisiGrike. Umfanekiso ofotiweto ngumfanekiso owenziwe ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya), okanye ifowuni. Lilonke ke, isiNgesi senziwe ngesiNgesi samaNdulo (esizalana kakhulu nesiJamani kunye ne|siDatshi), isiNorse, kunye nesiFrench, kwaye sitshintshwe nasisiLatini, isiGrike, isiTshayina, isiHindi, isiJaphane, kunye nesiPanishi, namanye amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi.
Imbali yobuKumkani baseBritane bufake isandla ekwandeni kolwimi lwesiNgesi. Kunamhlanje nje, isingesi lolona lwimi lubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana neAustreliya, iKhanada, iHong Kong, kwRhiphabhlikhi yaseIndia nasePakistan, eMzantsi Afrika, nakwizizwe ezimanyeneyo zaseMelika, Isingesi lolona lwimi. Kuba ubuKumkani bezizwe eziManyeneyo (ilizwe apho iNgilane ikhoyo) kunye nezizwe zaseMelika ezimanyeneyo zibe zizizwe ngokwembali ebezisoloko zinamandla ekwenzeni imali naseburhulumenteni, abantu abaninzi babona iluncedo ukufunda isiNgesi ukuze bakwazi ukuthetha kumaziko ezophando, ezoshishino, nakwezozakuzelwano. Esi sifundo ke kuthiwa IsiNgesi njengolwimi olongezelelweyo, isiNgesi ngengolwimi lwesiBini (ESL) okanye isiNgesi njengolwimi oluvela ngaphandle (EFL).
Amabali nemidlalo edumileyo neyaziwa kakhulu. uShakespeare waye engumbhali wemibongo nemidlalo yeqonga yesiNgesi edume kakhulu. Sithetha nje, iingoma kunye nemovie (imiboniso yeefilim)zonke zisebenzisa ulwimi lwesiNgesi.
Umahluko kupelo lwamagama[tshintsha | edit source]
IsiNgesi sisebenzisa upelo magama olungaqhelekanga xa sibhalwa. Izandi zoonobumba kunye nendibaniselwano yazo ibonakala ngathi iyafana kodwa yahluke kakhulu. Nanku umzekelo igama elithi "ough" lahlukile kwelithi through (threw), rough (ruff), dough (doe) okanye cough (coff). Le nto ke yenza okokuba ibe lulwimi olunzima kakhulu ukuba lufundwe.[5] Kumazwe amaninzi abantu abantetho isisiNgesi bawapela ngokwahlukileyo amagama. Kukho umahluko phakathi kopelo-magama lwaseMelika kwelinye icala naseUnited Kingdom kwaye amanye amazwe amaninzi (afana nalawo akwingqungquthela yaseBritane) apho isiNgesi ilolona lwimi lusetyenziswayo kwelinye icala. Ezi ndlela zokupela zahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa s"isiNgesi saseMelika ne "siNgesi saseBritane". Umzekelo igama elithi "colour" lipelwa ngolu hlobo "color" eMelika, negama elithi "programme" lipelwa ngolu hlobo "program" eMelika. Negama elithi "spelled" lipelwa ngenye indlela kwisiNgesi saseBritane, apho lipelwa njengo "spelt". Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusasazwa kwendlela ekwenziwa ngayo izinto, usasazo (okanye olunwenwela kwihlabathi jikelele), nasekunwenweni kwamasiko aseMelika ngomabonakude nangeenkqubo zeekhompyutha zaseMelika, abanye abemi baseBritane basebenzisa amagama esiNgesi aseMelika.
Intetho[tshintsha | edit source]
Phantse ngama-60% entetho yolwimi lwesiNgesi ivela kwisiLatini nakwiilimi zeNeo-Latin (ingakumbi kwisiFrentshi):
- Langue d'oïl (isiFrentshi): 29.3%
- isiLatini, siquka isiLatini esiphuculweyo sanamhlanje nekusesophando nobuchwepheshe: 28.7%
- iilwimi zesiJamani – zithathwe kwisiNgesi samaNdulo, esisuka kwisiJamani samandulo, okanye kumagama asandakubolekwa kulwimi lwesiJamani olufana nelweNorse yamandulo; aluquki magama esiJamani abolekwe kulwimi lwesiRoma, i.e., avela kulwimilwesiJamani in Frentshi, isiLatini okanye ezinye iilwimi zesiroma: ezingama-24%
- isiGrike: ama-5.32%
- isiTaliyani, isiPanishi kunye nesiPhuthukezi: 4.03%
- Ulwimi olusuka kumagama abantu nawezinto zendalo: 3.28%
- Olusuka kuzo zonke ezinye iilwimi: zingaphantsi kwe-1%
Nangona kunjalo, kwawona magama akhe axhaphaka, awesiJamani ngawona alinani eliphezulu.
- ↑ Mydans, Seth (14 May 2007) "Across cultures, English is the word" New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2011
- ↑ Curtis, Andy. Color, race, and English language teaching: shades of meaning. 2006, page 192.
- ↑ Baugh, Albert C. & Cable, Thomas 2012. A history of the English language. 6th ed, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-41-565596-X
- ↑ Comparison between English, German and Dutch (in Italian)
- ↑ Template:Cite news