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Gezi
Gezi i matimba ya ntumbuluko lama vonakaka hi tindlela to hambana hambana ku fana na ku endla rihati, ndzilo naswin'wana. Gezi hirona xihlovo xa tithekinoloji hinkwato ta manguva lawa.
Vanhu ikhale va lavisisa Matimba ya gezi, hambi leswi switekeke nkarhi wo leha kutwisisa maendlele na mphakelo wa gezi. Ku kala ku fika malembe-xidzana ya vu khume nkaye, loko tinjiniyera ti kota ku tirhisa matimba lawa ku ndlandlamuxa mabhindzu na tinkomponi to aka tinhundzu. Ku olova ko fambisa no phakela gezi swi endle leswaku ku tala tindlela ti tirhisa gezi ku fana na swa vutleketli, Ndzilo wo kufumeta, timboni, vuhaxi na tikhompuyuta.[1]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Jones, D.A. (1991). "Electrical engineering: the backbone of society". Proceedings of the IEE: Science, Measurement and Technology 138 (1). pp. 1–10. doi:10.1049/ip-a-3.1991.0001.


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Demokhrasi
Demokhrasi (Kumbe δnuokpatίa, dēmokratía hi xigriki, leswivulaka "Mfumo wa vanhu"), i xiyimiso xa hulumendhe laha va akatiko va hlawulaka vayimeri vavona leswaku va aka mfumo na Phalamendhe.[1] Mfumo wa xidhemokhrasi wu tiviwa tani hi "mfumo wa ntalo wa vanhu".[2] Hindlela yin'wana mfumo wa xidemokhrasi i xiyimiso xofuma lava mintlimbo naku ololoxiwa ka yona swititshege eka leswi vanhu vaswi endlaka, kambe kuri hava loyi anga na matimba, kumbe mbuyelo yakona. Leswi endla leswaku mintlawa hinkwayo yi phikizana ku fuma.[3]
Hikuya hi N'wa tipolitiki Larry Diamond, Demokhrasi yina swiyenge swa mune: (a) Xiyimiso xatipolitiki xo langha no cinca hulumendhe hi ku tirhisa nhlawulo lowu ntshuxekeke; (b) Kunghenelela ka va akatiko eka swatipoliki na vutoomi bya vanhu; (c) Kusirhelela timfanelo ta ximunhu ta vaakatiko hinkwavo, kuhlanganisa na (d) Mfumo wa nawu, laha nawu na vulandzeleri bya wona byi endliwaka hi ku ringana eka vanhu hinkwavo.[4]
References[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary: Democracy.
- ↑ "Democracy – Definition of Democracy by Merriam-Webster".
- ↑ Przeworski, Adam (1991). Democracy and the Market. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–14.
- ↑ Diamond, L., Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies January 21, 2004: "What is Democracy"; Diamond, L. and Morlino, L., The quality of democracy (2016).

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Johanisii 1:1
"U rangani ha zwoṱhe Ipfi o vha e hone,
huno Ipfi o vha e na Mudzimu, nahone e Ene Mudzimu."
Shango line ra dzula khalo ndi tshiendedzi tsho fhateaho vhukuma tshi dilangulaho. Nga kha u tshila, u kunda, na lufu ri tanziela lunako, minukhelelo, lufuno na muzika. Kha vha do elekanya izwi zwi tevhelaho: Divhambalo, ndila dza kuhumbulele kwa zwa matshilo, lutavula,vhuvhi, vhulimi, u ambisana , dzinaledzi na tshingamu; izwi zwithu zwo vha hone u bva kha a huna? Zwo sokou tshenwa zwi hone shuu…?
Kha mirafho yothe yo no vhuyaho ya vha hone fhano Lifhasini, rine ari na tshine ra nga banda ngatsho kha u sa kona u vhona kana u tenda u vha hone ha Mudzia-Saentsi na Mbalo we a thoma zwothe zwo ri tangaho. Madzuloni a u sa kholwa ri tea u akhamala nga nyofho dza u thonifha Onoyo.
Kha minwaha i linganaho zwigidi zwiraru (3,000) zwo fhiraho khosi Davida wa Isiraele o nwala kha Psalme 8:3-4 uri: “Ndi tshi vhona litadulu lau, mishumo ya minwe yau, na dzinaledzi dze wa dzi vhea, Ndi ri muthu u tou vha mini U tshi mu elelwa? Naa nwana wa muthu u tou vha mini U tshi mutonda?”
More creation science information is available regarding:
Biology, Geology, Archaeology, Paleontology, Astronomy, Evolution, Intelligent Design,
Adam & Eve, Noah's Ark, the Ice Age, the Garden of Eden, and Earth History.Article (in English) on: Dinosaurs
Article (in English) on: Giraffes
Article (in English) on: Woodpeckers
Article (in English) on: Bats
-- Other Articles in English HERE --


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Amerikha ya le N'walungu
Amerikha ya le Nwalungu itiko-nkulu leri kumekaka eka halufu ya misava ya vupela dyambu bya n'walungu.[1][2] Rirhendzeriwe en'walungwini hi lwandle ra Arkthiki, evuxeni hi lwandle ra Atlanthiki, evupela dyambu na le dzongeni hi lwandle ra Phasifiki, nale dyongeni bya vuxa hi tiko-nkulu ra Amerikha ya le Dzongeni na lwandle ra le Kharibhiyeni.
Amerikha yale Nwalungu i tiko-nkulu ra vunharhu hi vukulu, kulandzela matiko-nkulu ya Axiya na Afrika,[3] naswona iravumune kuya hi ntalo wa vanhu, kulandzela Axiya, Afrika na Yuropa.[4] Hi lembe ra 2013, ntsengo wa vanhu va rona awukumbeteriwa kwalomu ka 565 watimiliyoni tavanhu.
Amerikha yale Nwalungu rifikeleriwe hi vanhu vosungula, loko vata tsemakanya buluho ra misava ra Beringi, kwalomu ka 40,000 kuya eka 17,000 wa malembe lamahundzeke. Nguva yotoloveleka eka tiko-nkulu leri yisungula kwalomu ka malembe xidzana ya vu 6 kuya eka 13. Kasi nguva ya vanhu va Kholombiya yi hele loko vanhu va sungula ku tluta lwandle ra Atlanthiki na ku fika ka vakolonyi va le Yuropa. Mindzhavuko ya manguva lawa ya kombisa vuxaka byo hambana eka vakolonyi va le Yuropa, vanhu vo sungula va Amerikha, mahlonga yo suka e Afrika na switukulwana swa vona.
Nhlohlotelo wa va Yuropa wu tikomba ngopfu e n'walungwini wa tiko-nkulu leri, kasi nhlohlotelo wa vanhu vosungula va tiko-nkulu leri na ma Afrika, wu vonaka ngopfu e dzongeni ra tiko-nkulu leri. Hikwalaho ka matimu ya vukolonyi e tikweni -nkulu leri, vanhu varona votala va vulavula Xinghezi, Xipanichi kumbe xifurhwa naswona matiko ya kona mana mindhavuko yale vupela dyambu.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ "North America". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ↑ "Map And Details Of All 7 Continents". worldatlas.com. Retrieved September 2, 2016. "In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents, as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas."
- ↑ "North America Land Forms and Statistics". World Atlas.com. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ↑ "North America Fast Facts". World Atlas.com. Retrieved 16 June 2013.


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Rihanyo
Rihanyo i xikombiso xa leswaku wsi yenge swa miri wa xivumbiwa switirha hi ndlela leyi faneleke. Eka vanhu, i vuswikoti byo tikongomisa loko valangutane na swi yimo leswitikaka swa miehleketo kumbe swa mbangu. Nhlangano ya Misava ya Rihanyo(WHO) yi hlamusela rihanyo eka Vumbiwa ra yona ra 1948, hi ndlela leyi landzelaka "Xiyimo xa miri, miehleketo na vuxaka lebyi nene, kungari kupfumaleka ka vuvabyi ntsena."[1][2] Kuna tihlamuselo tin'wana leti yelanisaka rihanyo na ntsako wa munhu. [3]
Swihlawulekisi[Lulamisa | edit source]
Hi ku angarhela, ndlela leyi munhu a hanyaka hayona yi na xandla eka rihanyo rakwe na muxaka wa vutomi. Kupfumeriwa leswaku Rihanyo ri antswisiwa hi kuyamahlweni ka ntivo rihanyo na migingiriko yo hanya vutomi lebyi nene e vanhwini. Hi kuya hi Nhlangano ya misava ya rihanyo, swihlawulekisi swa rihanyo lerinene swi hlanganisa mbangu na rifuwo, naswona swi hlanganisa na matikhomele ya munhu.[4]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ World Health Organization.
- ↑ World Health Organization. (2006).
- ↑ Sport, Disability and an Original Definition of Health.
- ↑ World Health Organization.


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Vubhuda
Vubhuda i vukhongeri na ndlela yavutomi leyi hlanganisaka mindzhavuko, vupfumeri na vumoya lebyi tshegeriweke eka tidyondzo ta Bhuda. Vubhuda byi sukela eka Indiya wa khale exikarhi ka malembe xidzana ya vuntsevu (6) na vumnune (4), laha byi hangalakeke eka tiko-nkulu ra Axiya, endzhaku ku swona byi hungukeke e Indiya. Marhavi lama kulu ya Vubhuda i: Theravada (Pali: "Xikolo xa vakulu") na Mahayana (Sanskrit: "Golonyi leyi kulu"). Vubhuda i vukhongeri bya vumune lebyi kulu emisaveni, naswona byina kwalomu ka 500 watimiliyoni ta valandzeri lava tiviwaka hi Mabhuda.[1][2]
Swikolo swa fipfumelo ra vubhuda, swi hambana hi tinhlamuselo ka ndlela yo ya enkutsulweni, nkoka wa matsalwa yo kwetsima, na magandzelele ya kona. Magandzelele ya vubhuda mahlanganisa ku tumbela eka bhuda, Dharma na Sangha, ku hlahluva matswalwa, kulandzelela kutikhoma lokunene, ku ala ku navela, ku tidyondzisa ku encisa, kuhlakulela vuthlarhi, vunene; rirhandzu na ntwela vusiwana, Swiendlo swa vaMahayana swa bodhicitta na Vajrayana swa masungulo kumbe kuhetiseka.
Eka Theravada, nkutlunya lowu kulu iku hetisisa kleshas na kufikelela ndzhawu leyi nene ya Nirvana, leswi kumekaka hi ku landzelela ndlela leyi nene ya swiyenge swa nhungu (leyi thlelaka yitiviwa tani hi ndlela yale xikarhi), hindlela yeleyo, vakota ku papalata ndzendzeleko wa ku xaniseka. Theravada yina valandzeri votala eXrilanka na Axiya wale dzongeni.
Mahayana, lebyi hlanganisaka mindzhavuko yale tikweni ra Pure, Zen, Nichireni, Xinghoni na Tayitayi, byi kumeka e vuxeni bya Axiya. kuhambana na Nivhana, vuMahayana byi lava ku fikelela ndlela ya bodhisattva, vuyimo lebyi munhu a tsamaka eka ndzendzeleko wa kutswariwa leswaku vapfuna van'wana ku fikelela kuxalamuka.
vuVajrayana, i tidyondzo leti landzeleriwaka hi va Indiya vale Sidha, naswona byi voniwa tani hi rhavi ravunharhu bya vubhuda. Vubhuda bya le Thibheti, lebyi landzelelaka tidyondzo ta Vajrayana, naswona byi landzeleriwa ngopfu e tindzhawini ta Himalaya, Mongholiya na Kalmykiya.[3]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Pew Research Center. "Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists". Pew Research Center.
- ↑ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact". gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
- ↑ "Candles in the Dark: A New Spirit for a Plural World" by Barbara Sundberg Baudot, p305


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The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)
XiTsonga / Tsonga
- Misava hinkwayo yi hambeta yi vulavula ririmi rin'we ni ku va ni ntlawa wun'we wa marito.
- Kuteloko va ye etlhelweni ra le vuxeni, va hetelela va kuma rivala etikweni ra Xinara, va tshama kona.
- Kutani va byelana, va ku: "Tanani! A hi bakeni switina hi swi hisa." Kutani va tirhisa switina ematshan'weni ya ribye, ni nhlaka ematshan'weni ya ndzhope.
- Kutani va ku: "Tanani! A hi tiakeleni muti ni xihondzo lexi nhlohlorhi ya xona yi nga ta fika ematilweni, naswona a hi tiendleleni vito ra ndhuma, hikuva hi nga tshuka hi hangalasiwa ehenhla ka vuandlalo bya misava hinkwayo."
- Kutani Yehovha a rhelela ku ya vona muti ni xihondzo lexi vana va vanhu va xi akeke.
- Endzhaku ka sweswo Yehovha a ku: "Waswivo! I vanhu van'we naswona hinkwavo va vulavula ririmi rin'we, kutani va sungula ku endla leswi. Phela, sweswi ku hava lexi nga va tsandzaka loko vo anakanya ku xi endla.
- Tana sweswi! A hi rhelele hi fika hi pfilunganya ririmi ra vona leswaku va nga twisisani loko va vulavula."
- Ku suka kwalaho Yehovha a va hangalasela ehenhla ka vuandlalo bya misava hinkwayo, kutani hakatsongotsongo va tshika ku aka muti.
- Hi yona mhaka leyi wu thyiweke vito ra Babele, hikuva Yehovha u pfilunganye kwalaho ririmi ra misava hikwayo, naswona ku suka kwalaho Yehovha u va hangalasele ehenhla ka vuandlalo bya misava hinkwayo.
From: Vuhundzuluxeri Bya Misava Leyintshwa Bya Matsalwa Yo Kwetsima
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Ḽavhuraru, 20 March
U songo sinyuwa . . . u vho ḓo tshinya.—Ps. 37:8.
Vhathu vhane vha ṱavhanya u fhela mbilu, kanzhi vha a semana musi vho sinyuwa. Zwi khagala uri honoho vhuḓifari vhu nga si ite uri muṱani hu vhe na dakalo. Bivhili i ri sevha uri ri iledze tsinyuwo, maṱamba na u zhamba. (Vhaef. 4:31) Zwi ṱungufhadzaho ndi uri, vhuḓifari ho raloho kanzhi vhu ita uri hu vhe na dzikhakhathi. Vhathu vha nga dzhia tsinyuwo hu zwithu zwo ḓoweleaho, fhedzi zwi nyadzisa Musiki washu. Vhathu vhanzhi vho vha vha tshi fanela u bvula yeneyo mikhuvha i vhaisaho musi vha sa athu u ambara vhumuthu vhuswa. (Vhakol. 3:8-10) U zwifha na zwone ndi tshipiḓa tsha vhumuthu ha kale. Sa tsumbo, zwo ḓowelea uri vhathu vha zwifhe musi vha tshi fanela u badela muthelo kana u iledza u hwala vhuḓifhinduleli ha zwivhi zwavho. Zwo fhambanaho na zwenezwo, Yehova ndi “Mudzimu wa ngoho.” (Ps. 31:5, NW) Nga zwenezwo, Mudzimu u ṱoḓa uri mugwadameli wawe “muṅwe na muṅwe” a “ambe ngoho kha wa hawe” hu si u “zwifhelana.” (Vhaef. 4:25; Vhakol. 3:9) Nga u ralo, ri fanela u amba ngoho naho zwi tshi vhonala zwi tshi shonisa kana zwi tshi konḓa.—Mir. 6:16-19. w17.08 18 ¶3, 5; 20 ¶12-13, 15
Ḽavhuṋa, 21 March
Fhungo ḽawe ḽi . . . gidima nga luvhilo.—Ps.147:15.
Ṋamusi, Yehova u ri livhisa nga Ipfi ḽawe ḽine ḽa vha Bivhili. Nahone “[ipfi ḽawe ḽi] gidima nga luvhilo,” zwine zwa amba uri u ri ṋea vhulivhisi musi ri tshi vhu ṱoḓa. Humbulani nga ha nḓila ine na vhuyelwa ngayo musi ni tshi guda Bivhili, u ṱolisisa khandiso dza “mulanda a fulufhedzeaho na wa vhuṱali,” u ṱalela JW Broadcasting, u dalela jw.org, u amba na vhahulwane na u ḓikonanya na Vhakriste nga riṋe. (Mat. 24:45) Naa a ni athu u vhona uri Yehova u a ṱavhanya u ni ṋea vhulivhisi? Mupsalme o vha a tshi zwi ḓivha uri Mudzimu o vha a tshi takalela lushaka lwa Isiraele lwa kale. Ho vha hu lushaka lwe lwa ṋewa ‘ipfi’ ḽa Mudzimu na “zwine a zwi funa na milayo yawe.” (Ps. 147:19, 20) Ṋamusi, ri na ndugelo khulwane vhukuma ya u vhidzwa nga dzina ḽa Mudzimu. U ḓivha Yehova na u livhiswa nga Ipfi ḽawe, zwo ita uri ri ḓiphine nga u vha na vhushaka ha tsini nae. U fana na muṅwali wa Psalme ya 147, naa a ni na zwiitisi zwinzhi zwavhuḓi zwa u huwelela uri “Rendani Yah!” na u ṱuṱuwedza vhaṅwe u ita zwi fanaho? w17.07 20 ¶15-16; 21 ¶18
Ḽavhuṱanu, 22 March
A hu na ḽiswole ḽine ḽa ḓidzhenisa kha zwa mabindu, ḽi tshi itela uri ḽi takalelwe nga we a ḽi ṅwalisa uri ḽi vhe ḽiswole.—2 Tim. 2:4.
Vhatevheli vha Yesu ṋamusi, u katela na vhaḓinḓa vha fhiraho milioni vha re tshumeloni ya tshifhinga tsho ḓalaho vha ita zwoṱhe zwine vha nga kona u itela u shumisa nyeletshedzo ya Paulo ire afho nnṱha. Samusi vha tshi hana u tsikeledzwa nga khunguwedzo na nga shango ḽo vha tangaho, vha humbula nyeletshedzo ine ya ri: “Mupambi u luvha he a pamba.” (Mir. 22:7) Sathane u ṱoḓa ri tshi fhedza tshifhinga tshashu na nungo sa dziphuli dza vhuvhambadzi ha ḽino shango ḽawe. Dziṅwe phetho dzine ra dzi dzhia dzi nga ita uri ri mbwandamele zwikolodoni lwa miṅwaha minzhi. Vhaṅwe vha hadzima tshelede nnzhi u itela u badela nnḓu, u badela tshikolo, goloi dza vhunzhili-nzhili u katela na minyanya ya maṱhakheni nahone zwenezwo zwi nga ita uri vha mbwandamele zwikolodoni. Ri sumbedza uri ri shumisa vhuṱali musi ri tshi leludza vhutshilo hashu, u fhungudza zwikolodo na tshinyalelo dzashu nahone zwenezwo zwi ita uri ri shumele Mudzimu ro vhofholowa nṱhani ha u vha phuli dza vhuvhambadzi ha musalauno ha ḽino shango.—1 Tim. 6:10. w17.07 10 ¶13


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Wazina, 21 ka Março
A mhaka yakwe yi tsutsuma mazambo. — Lis. 147:15.
Inyamutlha, Jehovha i hi rangela hi ku tirisa Mhaka yakwe, yi nga Bhibhiliya. A mutsali wa Lisimu 147 i te a mhaka ya Jehovha “yi tsutsuma mazambo” kasi ku hi vhuna. Jehovha i hi rangela hi cikhati ci faneleko, hi ndlela yi faneleko kambe. Ehleketa hi lezvi u vhunekisako zvona hi Bhibhiliya, mabhuku ma humesiwako hi ‘nandza gi tsumbekileko ni go tlhariha,’ tivhidiyu ta JW Broadcasting, saite ya hina ya jw.org, madhota, ni vamakabye lomu bandleni. (Mat. 24:45) Wa zvi wona wutomini ga wena lezvaku Jehovha wa tsutsuma kasi ku ku rangela ke? A mutsali wa Lisimu 147 i wa zvi tiva lezvaku ka matiko wontlhe ya laha misaveni, Jehovha i wa hlawulile a vaIzrayeli va kale lezvaku va maha vanhu vakwe. Hi vona voce va nga amukele “mhaka” ya Nungungulu ni ‘zvileletelo zvakwe’. (Lis. 147:19, 20) Inyamutlha, hi na ni thomo ga hombe ga ku vitaniwa hi vito ga Nungungulu. Ha bonga hi lezvi hi mu tivako, ni lezvi hi nga ni mhaka yakwe kasi ku hi rangela, hi tlhela hiva ni kuzwanana ka hombe naye. A ku fana ni mutsali wa Lisimu 147, wenawu u na ni zvigelo zvo tala zva kuva u ‘dhumisa Jehovha!’ u tlhela u kuca van’wani lezvaku vonawu va mu dhumisa. w17.07 20 ¶¶15-16, 18
Wazihlanu, 22 ka Março
A ku na musochwa a mahako yin’wani mitiro kasi a kuma mali, hakuva i lava ku tsakisa loyi a mu vitanileko wusochweni. — 2 Tim. 2:3, 4.
A valandzeli va Jesu inyamutlha, a ku patsa lava va 1 000 000 ni ku hundza va nga ka ntiro wa cikhati contlhe, va maha zvontlhe va zvi kotako kasi ku landzela a wusungukati ga Pawule. A va vhumeli ku xengwa hi zvinavetiso zva tiko legi go randza titshomba. Va alakanya a tshinya ga nayo gaku a ‘mupembi i nandza ga mupembisi.’ (Mav. 22:7) Sathani i lava lezvaku hi mbheta contlhe cikhati ca hina ni ntamu wa hina na hi tirela mabhindzu ya tiko legi. A vokari va maha mangava ya hombe kasi ku xava yindlu, ku xava movha, ku hakhela zvigondzo, kutani ku maha mubuzo wa muchadho. Loku hi nga ti woneli, hi ga tshuka hi tshama ni mangava hi malembe yo tala. Hi kombisa wutlhari loku hi olovisa wutomi ga hina, hi potsa mangava, hi tlhela hi nga tirisi nguvhu mali. Hi ndlela leyo, hi ta tlhatlheka kasi ku tirela Nungungulu wutshan’wini ga ku maha tikhumbi ta mabhindzu ya tiko legi. — 1 Tim. 6:10. w17.07 6 ¶13
Mulongiso, 23 ka Março
Ndza wona lezvaku a zvileletelo zva wena zvontlhe zvi lulamile, ndzi venga a tindlela tontlhe ta mawunwa. — Lis. 119:128.
Jehovha i na ni fanelo ya ku fuma. I tirisa khwatsi a wuhosi gakwe hakuva i fuma hi kululama ko mbhelela. I hi byela lezvi: ‘Hi mina Jehovha ndzi mahako wuxinji, ni kulamula ni nongameto laha misaveni; hakuva ndza xalaliswa hi zvakunghahi.’ (Jer. 9:24) Jehovha a nga na cilaveko ca ku vhuniwa hi milayo ya vanhu kasi ku tiva lezvi zvi lulamileko. Hi yena a bohako ku a zvo lulama hi lezvi. Niku hi kululama kakwe ko mbhelela, Jehovha i va vekele milayo a vanhu. A muyimbeleli wa tisimu i te: ‘A kululama ni nongameto zviseketelo zva citshamu ca wena ca wuhosi.’ Hikwalaho, ni wihi nayo kutani tshinya ga nayo, kutani ciboho ci tako hi ka Jehovha ci lulamile. (Lis. 89:14) Sathani i wula lezvaku Jehovha a hi Hosi ya yi nene. Kanilezvi loyi a tsandzekako ku neha kurula laha misaveni hi yena. w17.06 22 ¶5


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Spaniya
Spaniya (Xipaniya: España, IPA: [es'paɲa]) i tiko ra le dzongeni ka yuropa, laha ku vulavuriwaka Xipaniya. Tiko leri ri hlanganisa Xipaniya xa le ribuweni exikarhi ka Lwandle ra Atlantiki na ra Meditera, Swihlala-ntsongo swi mbirhi eka malwandle lama angarheke, kuhlanganisa na swi-mutana leswi tiyimeleke e Nwalungwini wa Afrika. Tiko ra Xipaniya ri le xikarhi ka Lwandle ra Meditera e dzongeni na vuxa, Lwandle ra Kantabrika enwalungu na lwandle ra Atlantika e vupela-dyambu. Xipaniya xihleriwe hi Phalamende ya xi demokrasi naswona itiko leri tifumaka. Xipaniya xile ka ntlawa wa Nhlangano wa matiko ya Yuropa ku sukela hi lembe ra 1986 naswona i tiko leri hluvukeke leri nga ra vunkaye hi kufuwa e misaveni hinkwayo, kasi riri ra vunthlanu e Yuropa. Xipaniya, Portugal na Andora i matiko lama vumbaka ribuwa-nkulu ra Iberiya, naswona ma hlanganisa vu anamo bya kwalomu ka 504,030 km², Hi rona tiko leri anameke ngopfu e vupela-dyambu bya Yuropa(kulandzela Furhwa).
Xipaniya xi hlakarherile e hansi ka mfumo wa rhoma Hispaniya, hikwalaho xi va ri nwana ra matiko ya nkoka e nkarhini wolowo. E minkarhini leyi landzeleke, Xipaniya ri fumiwile hi Jarimani, endhzaku ri ta fumiwa hi mufumi wa mu Islamu. Xipaniya ri hlaserile Furhwa hi 1793 loko mafurhwa ma dlayile hosi ya wona Luwi wa vu Khume-ntsevu, kambe ri hluriwa kufika laha ri kondleteleke kurhula na furhwa hi 1795.


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Khompuyuta
Khompuyuta i muchini lowu leteriwaka to endla tinhlayo na swileriso hixinkarhana. Vuswikoti bya tikhomupyuta ku landzelela ndzayo na swileriso swo karhi hi ku longoloka, swi vuriwa Phurogiramu. Tikhompuyuta teleto titirhisiwa tanihi swiyimiso swa vulawuri eka mintirho yotala eti nkomponini to tala, nale ka michini leyi tirhisiwaka hi mani namani. Leswi swi hlanganisa michini yo toloveleka tani hi yo kufumeta swakudya, tirhimoti, tirhobhoto tale tinkomponi, kukunguhata hi ku tirhisa tikhompuyuta, na tifoni tale phakidini. Kasi na Inthaneti nayona yi fambisiwa hi ti khompuyuta leti khwekelaka na vulavurisana na timiliyoni ta tikhompuyuta tin'wana emisaveni.
Kusukela khale ka khaleni, michini yo toloveleka ayitirhisiwa kufana na vuhlalu leswaku ku hlayeleriwa habyona. Ekusunguleni ka nguva ya tinkomponi, michini ya tinsimbhi a yitirhisiwa ku endla mintirho yo rharhangana ku fana na ku kongomisa neyithi leyi rhungaka. Michini leyi rharhanganeke ya gezi yi akiwile na swona yi pfunete ku endla tinhlayo to hambana hambana eka lembe xidzana ra vu 20. Michini yo sungula ya gezi leyi thlariheke yi sungule ku tirhisiwa hinkarhi wa nyimpi ya misava ya vumbirhi. Rivilo, matimba na ku olova ka matirhisele ya tikhompuyuta leti, ma kurile hi ku hatlisa loku kulu kusukela kwalano.
Hakanyingi, khompuyuta yina mbilu yin'we leyi kotaka ku endla tinhlayo (CPU), yithlela yiva na ndlela yo vekisa vuxokoxoko no byi tsundzuka. Mbilu ya khompuyuta yi kota ku endla tinhlayo to lova, yikota ku langa eka switandzaku swimbirhi, yithlela yi kota ku longoloxa no lawula mafambisele na matirhele yo karhi hikuya hi vuxokoxoko lebyi vekisiweke. Michumu yin'wana leyi tirhisiwaka na mbilu ya khompuyuta yi fana na michumu yo letela (Bhodo yo thlava marito, Kondlo ro kongomisa, naswin'wana), Minchumu yo kombisa mbuyelo (Xikrini xa khomuyuta, na michini yo gandlisa). Michumu leyi tirhisiwaka na khompuyuta yo endla leswaku vuxokoxoko byi kota ku nghenisiwa eka khompuyuta no hlantiwa hilaha ku fanaka.
Masungulo[Lulamisa | edit source]
Hikuya hi Oxford Dictionary, matirhisele yo sungula ya rito "Khompuyuta" akuri hi lembe ra 1613 eka buku ya xinghezi leyinge The Yong Mans Gleanings leyi tsariweke hi Richard Braithwait: "Ndzi vile khompuyuta leyinene ya minkarhi, na n'watinhlayo lonkulu, naswona ndzi chiche masiku ya wena mava nomboro ntsena." Leswi aswi hlamusela munhu loyi a a tirha ku hlaya tinomboro. Rito leri riyile emahlweni ri tirhisiwa hi nhlamuselo leyi ku kondza eka malembe xidzana ya vu 20. Kusukela eka malembe xidzana ya vu 19, rito khompuyuta a ritirhiseriwa kuvula muchini lowu kotaka ku bha tinhlayo.[1]
Online Etymology Dictionary yi pfumelana na matirhisele ya rito leringe Khu=ompuyuta hi malembe ya 1940, kuhlamusela "loyi a bhaka tinhlayo", naswona yihlamusela leswaku matirhisele ya rito raku "muchini wabha tinhlayo" risukela eka malembe ya 1897. Kasi yithlela yihlamusela leswaku matirhisele ya manguva lawa ya rito khompuyuta masukela eka malembe ya 1945, naswona ama kongomisiwa eka muchini wa Turing.[2]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ computer, n.. Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ↑ "computer (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary.


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Ntivo-Vutomi
Ntivo-Vutomi i tidyondzo ta vutomi bya swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka, kuhlanganisa na vuvumbeki, ntirho na makulele ya swona.[1] Hikuangarhela, ntivo-vutomi byi hlanganisa Swivumbiwa-Vutomi, Swihlawulekis-Vutomi na kutekelela kuhlanganisa na ku tswala swivumbiwa swin'wana. Kupfumeriwa leswkau swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka, swi tihanyisa hi dya leswaku swi kuma matimba, na ku tolovela mbangu lowu swihanyaka eka wona.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Based on definition from: "Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms". Texas State University at San Marcos. Archived from the original on 2004-06-08.


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Nawu
Nawu i mafambisele ya milawu leyi vekiweke naswona yi landzelerisiwa hi kutirhisa mindzawulo ya ximunhu kumbe Hulumendhe leswaku ku lawuli mahanyele.[2] Nawu tani hi xiyimiso, wu pfuna ku lawula no tiyisisa leswaku va aka tiko va komba ku xiximana, naswona ku kondloteriwa kuringana eka vanhu hinkwavo. Milawu leyi landzelerisiwaka hi Mfumo yi nga vekiwa hi huvo leyi hlanganeke, kumbe muveki nawu ku ya hi xitiviso xa mfumo. Mavekele ya milawu manga hlohloteriwa hi Vumbiwa, leri tsariweke ku hlanganisa na ti mfanelo leti nga endzeni ka Vumbiwa. Nawu wu vumba swa Tipolitiki, ku xaviselana, Matimu na nhlangano wa vanhu hi tindela to hambana na swona wu thelal wutirha tani hi mulamuleri exikarhi ka vuxaka bya vanhu.
Kuna ku hambana exikarhi ka (a) Milawu ya Ximfumo, leyi landzeleriwaka hi tindzawulo to karhi ta ximfumo, naswona (b) Nawu wa Xintu, lowu landzelelaka ku avanyisa ka huvo. Kuya hi matimu, Milawu ya vukhongeri a yilandzelerisiwa ngopfu ku tlula milawu yin'wana, ngopfu ngopfu eka vukhongeri bya Xiyuda na Xisurumani. Nawu wa Xisurumani wa Xariya, wutirhisiwa ngopfu e misaveni naswona wutekiwa tani hi nawu wa tiko ematikweni yo fana na Irani na Arabhiya ya le Dzongeni.[3]
Nawu wu thlela wu pfuxa mintlimbo leyi rharhanganeke loko swita eka ti mhaka ta Kuringana, Vunene, na Vululami. Kuna xivulavuri lexi nge 'Vanhu hinkwavo va ringana emahlweni ka Nawu', hambi leswi Jonathan Swift a anguleke leswaku 'Milawu yixana na mapume, lama phasaka switsotswana, kambe ma pfumela timimpfi ti hundza.' Hi lembe ra 1894, matsalana Anatole France u tsarile hiku monya leswaku, "Enhlohlorhini ya vuringani bya wona, nawu wu sivela vafumi na swisiwana hi ku ringana leswaku vanga tshuki va etlela e handle, va kombela e mapatwini, na ku yiva xinkwa."[4] loko a tsala hi malembe ya 350 BC, N'wa filosofi wa mugriki Aristoka u hlamusele leswaku, "Mfumo wa nawu wu antswa ngopfu kutlula nawu wa munhu un'we."[5] Mikhail Bakunin uteri: "Milawu hinkwayo leyi simekiweke, i ya ku tikirheta na ku tlakusela eka xiyimiso, kutshikeleriwa ka vatirhi hi ntlawa lowu fumaka".[6] kasi Cicero yena ute "Ku tala ka milawu, iku tsongahala ka vululami".[7] Tidyondzo ta VuMaksi ti hlamusela leswaku Nawu wu ngehe laveki loko Mfumo wu herisiwile.[8] Kunga khatariseki mavonele ya vanhu, Nawu hi wona xihlovo ya mindzawulo hinkwayo ya ximfumo.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Luban, Law's Blindfold, 23.
- ↑ Robertson, Crimes against humanity, 90.
- ↑ "What is sharia law?". brightknowledge.org.
- ↑ (France, The Red Lily, Chapter VII).
- ↑ Aristotle.
- ↑ Stewart and Burgess.
- ↑ Cicero, De Officiis, I, 10, 33.
- ↑ "Withering away of the state".


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Axiya
Axiya, i tiko-nkulu leri kulukumba emisaveni naswona leri ngana vanhu votala kutlula matiko-nkulu hinkwawo ya misava. Tiko-nkulu leri ri kumeka e n'walungu na dzonga ramisava. Axiya yi hlanganisa 44,579,000 wati skwe-khilomitara hi ku anama, naswona ri ringana ntsengo wa 30% ya misava hiku angarha. Ritiveka tani hi kaya ra vanhu vanhluvuko wo sungula wa misava naswona ritshamela kuva nanhlayo wa vanhu lavo tala himpfuka ka ku sungula ka nkarhi[1] rithlela riva xihlovo xa minhluvuko ya vanhu.
Hiku angarhela, Axiya yi rhendzeriwe evuxeni hi lwandle ra Phasifiki, edzongeni hi lwandle ra Indiya, na le n'walungu hi lwandle ra Arkthiki. Ndzelakano wale vupela dyambu na Yuropa iwa matimu na ndzhavuko ntsena hikuva akuna lexi hambanisaka matikonkulu lawa hixiviri. Ndzelakano lowu amukeriwaka hivanhu votala wa matiko-nkulu lawa hilowu hoxaka Axiya evuxeni bya ndlela ya mati yale Suez, nambu wa Urali, tintshava ta Urali, na le dzongeni bya tintshava ta Khawukhasa na lwandle ra Khaspiani na lwandle ra ntima.[2]
Chayina na Indiya amaphikizana ekuveni matiko lama ngana ikhonomi leyi kulu emisaveni exikarhi ka malembe ya 1 kuya eka 1800 CE. Chayina akuri tiko leringana matimba ya ikhonomi nkarhi wo leha naswona yi kokele votala ku ya evuxeni,[3][4][5][6] ku yakuma vufuwi na kuhumelela ka ndzhavuko wa khale ka Indiya ,[7] naswona byi kokela mabindzu ya Yuropa, kuvalanga ndzhawu na vukolonyi. Kutsunmburiwa ka Amerikha hi Kholumbasi ari karhi a lava Indiya, swi hlamusela ndlela leyi Vayuropa ava navela vufuwi bya le Axiya hayona. Gondzo ra Voya bya Silk, rive ndlela leyi tirhisiweke hi ta mabindzu kusuka e Yuropa kuya e Axiya, kasi ntila wa mati wa Malaka wuve ntila wa tamabindzu hi ku tirhisa lwandle. Axiya yi kombile kukula eka ta ikhonomi, naswona ku andza ka vanhu varona hi lembe xidzana ra vu 20, swi pfunile tamabindzu ya tiko-nkulu leri, hambi leswi ntsengo wa vaaka tiko va rona wusunguleke ku hunguteka.[8] Axiya yive nstindza wa vukhongeri byo tala bya misava ku hlanganisa na Vukreste, Vusurumani, Vuyuda, Vuhindu, Vubhudha, Vukhonfusiyani, Vutawo, Vujayini, Vusikhi, Vuzorowastrani, na byin'wana vukhongeri.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ "The World at Six Billion". UN Population Division. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016., Table 2
- ↑ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
- ↑ "Professor M.D. Nalapat. Ensuring China's "Peaceful Rise". Accessed January 22, 2016.". Archived from the original on 10 January 2010.
- ↑ "Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies. World Bank Publications. Accessed January 22, 2016.".
- ↑ "The Real Great Leap Forward. The Economist. Sept 30, 2004". The Economist.
- ↑ "Chris Patten. Financial Times. Comment & Analysis: Why Europe is getting China so wrong. Accessed January 22, 2016.".
- ↑ http://www.indianscience.org/essays/22-%20E--Gems%20&%20Minerals%20F.pdf
- ↑ "Like herrings in a barrel". The Economist (The Economist online, The Economist Group) (Millennium issue: Population). 23 December 1999..


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Vutleketli
Vutleketli i kufambafamba ka vanhu, swiharhi na tinhundzu kusuka endzhawini yokarhi kuya eka yin'wana. mixaka ya swavutleketli yihlanganisa, swihahampfhuka,[1] switimela,[2] mimovha[3] naswin'wana na swin'wana. Tavutleketli tinga hambanisiwa hikuya hi maakele ya swilo swo famba hiswona na vukorhokeri lebyi yelanaka. Vutleketli ibyankoka swinene hikuva byi endla leswaku vanhu vakota ku xaviselana tinhundzu, leswinga swa nkoka eka nhluvuko wa vanhu.
Swiakiwo swa vutleketli swihlanganisa, magondzo, tinjhanjhi, vuphatsami bya swihahampfhuka, Ribuwa ra switimela swa mati, switchi swa mabhazi, tindzhawu to hlayisa nhundzu, tindzawu to xavisa mafurha ya mova, na tin'wana tindzhawu leti yelanaka. Switichi leswi swingaha thlela switirhisiwa ku cinca vakhandziyi, nhundzu kumbe ku lunghisa swifambo.
Kasi vukorhokeri byi hlanganisa tindlela to fambisa swifambo swa vutleketli, milawu leyi faneke ku landzeleriwa na vulawuri bya swa vutleketli.


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Rirhandzu
Rirhandzu i nxaxamelo wa minthlaveko na xiyimo xa miehleketo, leyi hakanyingi yinga na matimba, kusukela eka vunakulori lebyi enteke kufikela eka ntsako lowu tolovelekeke. Xikombiso xa nxaxamelo wa minthlaveko ya rirhandzu hileswaku rirhandzu ra manana rahambana eka rirhandzu exikarhi ka mpatswa rithlela rihambana na rirhandzu ra swakudya. Hiku olova, rirhandzu i nthlaveko wa nkokelo wa matitwele ya matimba na ku twanana exikarhi ka vanhu.[1] Rirhandzu ringa thlela riva mfanelo ya vumunhu leyi yimelaka vunene, ntwela-vusiwana, na ntwanano - "Kutshembeka na kunavelela un'wana leswinene".[2] Ringathlela ri hlamusela kutwela na kutsakela vanhu van'wana, munhu hixiyexe kumbe swiharhi.[3]
Vafilosofa va Vagriki vakhale vahlamusele minxaka ya mune ya rirhandzu: Rirhandzu ra munti (storge hi xigriki), Rirhandzu ra vunghana(philia hi xigriki), Rirhandzu ra rimbewu (eros), rirhandzu ra vukwembu (agape). Vatsari va manguva lawa vathlela va hlamisela yin'wana mixaka ya rirhandzu: Rirhandzu ra kunavela, Kutirhandza, rirhandzu ro xixima.[4][5] Rirhandzu rithlela riva na tinhlamuselo ta vukhongeri na vumoya. Matirhisele lawa yotala ma komba kunonoha ka ku hlamusela nthlaveko wa rirhandzu kuhambana na minthlaveko yin'wana.
Rirhandzu hikuya hi mixaka ya rona ri pfuna ku aka vuxaka exikarhi ka vanhu, naswona ritlanga xiphemu lexi kulu eka swa vutshila na vupfapfarhuti.[6]
Rirhandzu ringa twisiseka tanihi nchumu lowu khomanisaka vanhu naswona wu pfuna ku yisa mahlweni nhlayo ya vona.[7]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary (1998) + Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2000)
- ↑ "Love - Definition of love by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com.
- ↑ Fromm, Erich; The Art of Loving, Harper Perennial (1956), Original English Version, ISBN 978-0-06-095828-2
- ↑ Liddell and Scott: φιλίa
- ↑ Mascaró, Juan (2003). The Bhagavad Gita. Penguin Classics. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044918-3. (J. Mascaró, translator)
- ↑ "Article On Love". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ↑ Helen Fisher. Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love. 2004.


text: 高高兴兴快快拍拍手掌 心开开朗笑笑高声唱 夸夸啦你你我我最爱去高歌 磞磞跳跳你与我冲天响 Tottoko Hamu Hamu Tottoko Mohi Mohi Tottoko Kushi Kushi Hekeke Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya U Ra Ra Ra Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya U Ra Ra Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya U Ra Ra Ra Ya Ya Ya Ya U Ra Ra Ya 要说你快说 尽管说 莫避忌莫怨 但愿这考试顺意 无论哪 对垒既竞赛 不管我 落后甚远 亦或会好转运变 红日里 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 唔话你知 想知你就留心的 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 无话你知 相当美妙无比的咒语 要说到爱你 莫自暴自弃 愿望你他永共对 无论哪 每对礼拜心开郎 特别愉快 尽力去玩我大晒 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 疑幻似真 可知每事愉比愉 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya let's try agin 天荒老地亦都不觉远 高高兴兴快快拍拍手掌 心开开朗笑笑高声唱 夸夸啦你你我我最爱去高歌 蹦蹦跳跳你与我冲天响 到个时放假的功课越做越快 学问我好快学晒 从没礼 你要信我 心所信乐极愉快 尽力去玩我大晒 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 如日每知 心中满会完美事 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 无敌再响 超级美妙无比的赞美 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya 系要讲 开心既事共分享 Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya Let's Try Again 欢天快地大家一再唱 高高兴兴快快拍拍手掌 心开开朗笑笑高声唱 夸夸啦你你我我最爱去高歌 编辑于2004/07/13更新


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Vutsari
Vutsari, hiku angarhela, mpahla ya matsalwa. Hikukongoma, vutsari i matsalwa lama voniwaka tanihi vutshila naswona mari yankoka, ngopfungopfu hi kutirhisa ririmi leri hambanaka na matirhisele ya siku na siku.
Rimitsu ra rito Vutsari risuka eka rito raxilatini "literatura/litteratura" (leri tekiweke eka rito littera: letere kumbe matsalele) ritirhisiwa ku hlamusela matsalwa hinkwawo, hambi leswi tinhlamusela totala ti hlanganisaka na matsalwa lama vulavuriwaka kumbe kuyimbeleriwa.
Vutsari byi hambanisiwa hikuya hi sitori leswi riki swa xiviri, kumbe switori swaxiviri, naswona hi kuya hi vuthlokovetseri kumbe vuthemenderi. Byinga thlela byi hambanisiwa hikuya hi swiyenge leswikulu kufana na Tinovhele, Switori swo koma kumbe Dirama; naswona mintirho leyi ya vutsari yithlela yi hambanisiwa hi tinguva ta matimu kumbe mboyamelo wa matsalwa.
Nhlamuselo[Lulamisa | edit source]
Ikhale vanhu varingeta ku hlamusela "vutsari".[1] Simon na Delyse Ryan varingeta kuhlamula xivutiso lexinge "Vutsari iyini?" hi ku xiya leswilandzelaka:
Pfhumba ro twisisa nhlamuselo wa "Vutsari", indlela leyi kandziyiweke ngopfu, hambileswi vugima musi bya kona, abyi anetisi. Tinhlamuselo to tala ito angarhela naswona ticincacinca kuya hi minkarhi. Kahle kahle, nchumu lowu nga tiyiseka hi nhlamusela wa Vutsari, hileswaku hlamuselo yeloyo yi ta cinca.[2]
Nhlamuselo wa vutsari wu hambana hambana hi kuya hi minkarhi: i "nhlamuselo leyi fambisanaka na ndzhavuko".[3] Kufikela eka malembe xidzana ya vu 18, e vupela dyambu bya Yuropa, Vutsari abyi hlanganisa tibuku hinkwati na matsalwa hinkwawo.[3] Varhoma hivona va koteke ku tumbuluxa nhlamuselo leyi kongomeke, laha va sunguleke ku hambanisa vutsari elbyi tumbuluxiweke "emiehleketweni" kumbe milorho.[4][5]
Minthsaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Meyer, Jim (1997). "What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 41 (1). Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ↑ Simon Ryan; Delyse Ryan. "What is Literature?". Foundation: Fundamentals of Literature and Drama. Australian Catholic University. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Leitch et al., The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, 28
- ↑ Ross, "The Emergence of "Literature": Making and Reading the English Canon in the Eighteenth Century", 406
- ↑ Eagleton, Literary theory: an introduction, 16


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TshiVenḓa
TshiVenḓa ndi luambo lu no ambiwa Afurika Tshipembe. Ludovha hafhu lwa ambiwa nga vhanwe vha vhathu vhare kha shango la tsini line lavha Zimbabwe. Ndi luṅwe lwa dzinyambo dza tshiofisiri kha la Afurika Tshipembe na khala Zimbabwe. Tshivenḓa tshi ambiwa nga Vhavenḓa. Tshi ya dovha hafhu tsha kwashekanyiwa tsha vha na luambo lwa Musanda. Itsho ndi Tshivenḓa tshi no ambiwa Thavhani/Pfamoni/Musanda nahone nga mavu, vhaṱanuni na vhakololo vha musanda
Phalaphala FM ndi tshititshi tsha radio tshi no hasha nga luambo lwa tshiVenḓa.
Maṅwe a maipfi a Tshivenḓa ndi aya: Ndaa: zwine zwa amba uri Hello.
Aa! Na zwone ndi Hello fhedzi nga vhathu vha tshifumakadzini.
Contents
Muvenda mubikwa na ive, ive la vhibva muvenda a sala vha ralo Vhavenda vha tshi di khoda![edit | edit source]
Kha vha ke ndivho tshisikuni tsha luambo lwavho
Ri do sedza kha zwinzhi zwitevhelaho[edit | edit source]
Divhazwakale[edit | edit source]
phusuphusu dza dzimauli
Maambiwa[edit | edit source]
- Luambo lwa musanda
- Luambo lwa khombani
- Luambo lwa ngomani
- luambo lwa dombani
- Luambo tshidinda
- Luambo lwa Mogodini
- Luambo lusili
Luambo[edit | edit source]
Manwalwa[edit | edit source]
Ngano ndi musi muthu muhulwane a tshi anetshela vhana zwe ene a anetshelwa nga vhahulwane. Kha ngano hu vha hu na ndayo kana mulaedza une wa khou bviselwa kha vhana. Musi vhana vha tshi anetshelwa lungano huthomiwa nga uri "Salungano, salungano", aya maipfi a sumbedza uri hu khou tevhela lungano. Musi vhana vha tshi fhindula vhari "Salungano".
Vhurendi ndi ndila ine vhaVenḓa vha i shumisa u bvisela vhupfiwa havho khagala, u bvisela mulaedza kha lushaka, u laya, u kaidza na u isa mulaeudza kha vhathu vho tiwaho. Kha lubuvhisia ulwu ni do kona u wana zwinwe zwa zwirendo zwa tshiVenḓa zwo nwalaho nga vhaVenḓa.


text:
Vuhindu
Vuhindu i vukhongeri, kumbe ndlela ya vutomi, leyi landzeleriwaka etikweni-nkulu ra Indiya. Vuhindi byi vuriwa vukhongeri bya khale kutlula hinkwabyo emisaveni,[1][2] naswona vadyondzeki van'wana va byi vula Sanātana Dharma, "Ndzhavuko wa hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe "Ndlela ya hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe hala ka matimu ya vanhu. Van'wana vadyondzeki va vona vuhindu byiri mfanganyo wa mindzhavuko yo hambana hambana ya xi Indiya, leyi ngana timintsu leti rharhanganeke.
Hambileswi vuhindi byi ngana tifilosofi to hambana hambana, byi hlanganisiwa hi tindlela to fana, minkhuvo yo fana, ntivo tinyeleti, mapfumba yo ya eka tindhawu to kwetsima. Matsalwa ya vuhindu mahleriwe hi Shruti ("Lama twiwaka") na Smriti ("Lama tsundzukiwaka"). Matsalwa lawa ma hlahluva Vukhongeri, Filosofi, Switori swa khale, vutiolori, ku encisa na ku aka titempele ta vukhongeri. Matsalwa lama kulu mahlanganisa Vedas na Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, na Agamas.[3] Swihlovo swa vulawuri na mintiyiso ya laha kunga heriki, matlanga xiyenge lexi hlawulekeke, hambileswi kungana ndzavuko lowu tiyeke wo kanetana na vulawuri, leswaku va entisa kutwisisa mintiyiso no dnlandlamuxa ndzhavuko.
Tidyondzo-nkulu eka vupfumeri bya vuhindu byi hlanganisa ma Puruṣārthas ya mune, minkutlunya ya vutomi, kunga Dharma (Matikhomele/Vutihlamuleri), Artha (Kuhumelela/Ntirho), Kama (Kunavela/Kunyanyuka) na Moksha (Ku kutsula/Ntshuxeko/Kuponisiwa);[4] karma (Swiendlo, xikongomelo na mbuyelo), samsara (Ndzendzeleko wa ku tswariwa nakambe), na Yoga (Tindlela kumbe maendlelo yo kuma moksha). minkhuvo ya vuhindi yi hlanganisa puja (vugandzeri) na swivulavuleri, kuehleketisisa, mindzhavuko ya muti yo kurisa vana, minkhuvo ya lembe, na mapfumba yo hambana hambana. Vahindu van'wana va sukela vutomi bya vona na swilo swavona, leswku va sungula eka Sannyasa (vugandzeri bya ximunhu) bya vutomi bya vona hinkwabyo leswaku va kuma Moksha. Vuhindu byi lava vutihlamuleri bya hilaha kunga heriki, kufana na kuvulavula ntiyiso, kunga vavisi swilo leswi hanyaka (ahimsa), kulehisa mbilu, kutikhoma, na ntwela vusiwana eka vanhu van'wana.
Vuhindu ivukhongeri bya vunharhu hi vukulu emisaveni, naswona byina kwalomu ka biliyoni ya valandzeri lava tiviwaka hi vahindi.[5][6] Vahindi va tata nhlayo ya va aka tiko va le matikweni ya Indiya, Nepal, Morixiyasi na xihlala xa Bali e Indonexiya.[7]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Kurien, Prema (2006). "Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans". Social Forces (Johns Hopkins University Press) 85 (2): 723–741. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0015.
- ↑ FL Bakker (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Brill). Deel 153, 1ste Afl.: 15–41. JSTOR 27864809.
- ↑ Klostermaier, Klaus (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). State University of New York Press. pp. 46–52, 76–77. ISBN 978-0791470824.
- ↑ Bilimoria et al., ed. (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges. p. 103.
- ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism". A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ↑ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact". gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
- ↑ "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.


text:
MATHADA A VHUTSHILO
Copyright 2018 N.T. ṊEGUYUNI
Published N.T. ṊEGUYUNI by Smashwords
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ZWI RE NGOMU
35 TSHISIWANA (NA) VHUSIWANA (NI)
NDIVHUWO
Ndaa!
Ndi ngoho muṅwe na muṅwe u a amba. Ndi livhuwa Ramakole, Musiki na muṋe washu Ene Mudzimu. Ene o nkonisaho. Ndi dovha hafhu u livhuwa vhoṱhe vhe vha ita uri dzangalelo ḽa zwirendo ḽi vhonale. A tho koni u hangwa ene mufumakadzi wanga Nkhensani / Livhuwani we a vho bvelela musi mushumo u vho ya u ṱhaphuwani. Zwo ita uri ndi vhone vhutshilo nga iṅwe nḓila. Mukegulu ndi a vha livhuwa musadziwavhaṋe Vho Tshinakaho vhe vha ḓi amba uri a hu na ḽi no fa ḽi so ngo gonya luwa. Zwivhanana zwanga vho Khuliso, Vusani na Funanani zwo vha zwi siho. Vhadededzi vhanga vho shuma vhukuma.
THERO
Thero kha ino bugu dzo anda. Hone ndi nthihi fhedzi ine ya vha mudzi. Ro ṅwala bugu u itela uri ri bveledze lufuno nahone ri ḓiphiṋe ngalwo. Ngeletshedzo na ndayo ndi maipfhi a mufu, ha pfhukwi.
TSIANGANE
Nṋe ndi pfhi Nkelebeni, ṅwana wa musadzi-wa-vhane na munna-wa-vhane vho Tshinakaho na vho Tshifaro vha Guyuni. Ndo dzhena zwikolo ha Mashau kha ḽa Bodwe, phuraimari ya Tshivhaḓe na kha sekondari dza Ṅwariḓi na Mafanzhoni. Ndo swika na Yunivesithi ya Venda, Yunivesithi ya Afurika Tshipembe na ya Stellenbosch he nda wana hone digiri ya Masiṱasi (Ngudo dza Nyambo dza Afurika).
Mushumo uyu ndo u thomiw u bva kale ndi tshee mutshudeni Univesithi ya Venḓa, nga ṅwaha wa 1989. Zwo ṱuṱuwedzaho mushumo uyu ndi nge ḽiṅwe ḓuvha nda dzhenela muṱaṱisano wa zwirendo kha Radio Venḓa. Ndi he nda thuba pfhuvho nga tshirendo tshine tsha pfhi “Phila-Dzofha”. U bva afho nda mbo isa phanḓa na u ṅwala.
Dzangalelo ḽa vhurendi ḽo ṱuṱulwa hafhu na nga vhagudisi-makone vha ngaho vho Nemadzivhanani Khuliso. Wo vha u tshi nga zwi takalela. Vhanzhi vha a zwi ḓivha.
Hone ndo balelwa u kandisa na u anḓadza nga mulandu wa zwikundisi zwine nda tata u zwi bula, fhedzi tshiṅwe tshazwo ho vha u shaya nḓivho na hone vhushai ho ntsiaho ndo rano.
Kha mutevhe wa zwifhinga, ho vha hu na masamba kha ḽa hashu, u viya na zwiṅwe. Ho vha na u dzhiiwa ha mivhuso, ha vha na u dzhena ha muvhuso na u shanduka ha maitele a dzipfhhunzo na zwiṅwe-vho.
Musi ndo rano ndi nga amba zwinzhi nga ha u tambula musi muthu a si na thuso yo fhelelaho; u fana na thuso ya saikhoḽodzhi, na u aluwa hu si na lufuno, u shaya ṱhuṱhuwedzo kha vhukoni vhu vhonalaho. Fhedzi arali wa linga u sendela tsini na musiki zwi vha khwine. Khamusi u shanduka ha zwifhinga hu nga ḓisa tshanduko kha vhathu vha muno.
Ri ḓo amba musi ri tshi ṱangana.
1 SHAKA
Shaka ndi nnyi e si shaka,
Lutsinga luthihi lu sisimaho ḽithihi,
Ḽi kamisaho honohu vhuthihi,
Ho livhaho haya huthihi.
Shaka ndi mukupula mabiko ṅwando khofheni,
Wo medzwaho nga mukundi thandululo maseo.
Zwifhingani zwa khaṱhulo ya mapwali,
Ḽone ḽi ri ho gogoḓela, ri ende dzofha ḽanga-vho.
Shaka no balangana naḽo thovhela!
Nge u khurela vhudzulo na kundwa.
No laṱa ndavhidzano vhukuma,
Nge vhushaini na siiwa no ga.
Ni sia dzofha ḽo honyana
Nga u kundwa tshifhinga nungo phigulusa,
Na ralo ne; hu vuswa i ḓivusaho.
Hu hone u laṱa vhadzimu vhashu –vho.
No ralo na ima seli na ṱhama,
Nda sala vhupfha vhuḓi nga inwi ndo khwathekana.
Ḽi ḓe ḽi tshenele-vho na nṋe.
Sana ḽaḽo ri ḓe ri ore roṱhe.
Hu ḓo vha vhushaka-ḓe vhu suṅwaho
Nga ndozwo vhushai ho moḓaho,
Ha ḓo zuwa zwifhio?
Hu si pfharelo nzulisano.
Thetshelesa ṅwana wa Khotsi!
Ro sikwa roṱhe na zwoṱhe,
Kha ri tende u a si zwashu,
Tshashu ndi lufuno lwo ruḓelwaho maṱo.
Hani wo ḓola vhuvhi,
Ngeno wo bebwa wo kuna?
Ndi nge wa shavhela kule na mupo.
Zwino tshika ndi ifa ḽau.
Nge wa ri u swika,
U kudzwe hau wo ga.
Iṱo ḽau ḽi pofudzwe,


text:
Jisas Ri Himache Le Wui Tau
1
Jisas Gotri Himamwale kipe humbwewa tano tini mwanji funda ri bwani ri mendiro
1 Seꞌe, Tiofilas, ka imbihumbwa a kairo chengi oti Jisas to wosiro ele sumbu ga ele hima ni ri ondiyakandiyandaro mwanji tini a kairo. 2 A kaini ani ambwero mwanji jipe naha ti, oti Gotri Himamwale Jisas ni sawesiwani ele ri himache rihi naro leni wu rano tau tini kwambu tiki wunu ri sawero. Wosiwani Gotri rini rani hewen ko tiki ya rini rakau. 3 Jisas metengei naha amwaka ti ri mendini me yapweke tiki ri haro. Wosinumbwa ele ri himache mu tiki gumwa kumbwa ya ri sukwa. Ri sukwasini sumbu miyafo ya ri wosi, wowa apa wu hambwa kinani, rini ri haro ti ri ai sairo. Ete ri dawani gisi ti 40 ki rini wu heiwani, Gotri kwambu ni ya wunu ri sawe. 4 Rini wunu ga ete ri dani kwambu tiki ya wunu ri sawe, “Apa kunu Jerusalem ko ti ku hanjaꞌai kei. Ma ku dani ai yapai kunu ha kinani ri bwasiro mwaꞌambwe ti ku nikisinda. Ani okwe ka imbihumbwa kunu a sawe to, 5 ‘E, Jon to ele himiyama hurahama ni fwa minde tiki uku o wunu ri yasiro. Woro gisi miyafo i hinga Gotri Himamwale kipe ki kunu yasino.” ’
6 Ka gisi ki ele ri himache funda ete wu wausini ya rini wu sili, “Apukolaka, do gisi kumbwa mini Isurel hima kupu lei king apukolaka mi waꞌaisini funda nunu mi aulinoꞌo?” 7 Ete wowani mwanji wasa ti ya wunu ri sawe, “O kui tau mina. Ai Yapai ri owero gisi ti kunu ku hikisandau. Rinjenga o sumbu sukwano gisi tini ri hambwandau. 8 Woroti, ma ku mendi, gisi miyafo i hinga Gotri Himamwale kipe kunu tambwa sikawambwa apa kwambu ti ku toro sindau. Wosinumbwa ai mwanji ti Jerusalem ko tiki ku bwani, e, ele Jutiya mapwa ku bwani, ele Sameriya mapwa ku bwani ini do nuwe laka hinga ete funda ku chikino.”
Jisas hewen ko tokwe ri rauro
9 Ele mwanji hinga ri bwani ri humbusiwani ele hima miya rini numbwa wu misindawani ya ri rau. Ri rauwani niri wamwa ti hiki hinga tito sikani ya rini rakau. Ete wowani wunu ya rini wu hei ki heifu. 10 Ri rausiwani wunu niri tini ete wu maundawani o gisi naha kumbwa hima fopi fisi wunu ga ya fi eti. Hima mwe pi fini nikaꞌari wamwa tini fi injiro. 11 Woro findo ya fi sawe, “Kunu Galili pe hima le, hinde wowani ku etisini niri tini ku maundau? O ku heiwani raundau Jisas, oti Yapai Gotri to hewen ko tokwe ai rini rakaundau. Ichai, do ri rauwani ku heiro hingambwa o ri ai takonda.”
Jutas tau wa ti hima forini rini wu esiro
12 O hinga fi bwasiwani ele hima o kimba, hi ti Olif, oti wu hanjaꞌaisini Jerusalem ko tokwe ya wu i. Ka kimba hi ti Olif, oti Jerusalem ko tini takaisini dau, himati gisi tiki Juta hima kupu leni ohounawani wu indau numbo fai hinga wu iro. 13 Ele hima wu ini Jerusalem ko laka ti wu raruni wui me aka ki kiheiye aka tipa wuhi tiki ya wu rau. Hi wuhi le kale: Pita, Jon, Jemis, Anduru, Filip hima pi Tomas, Batolomiyu hima pi Matiyu, Jemis yapai rihi Alafiyas, Saimon Jutiya ko keke gangambanindau hima, Jutas yapai rihi Jemis. 14 Kale hima tiya hinga wunu sembe funda naha wu hambwani Gotri ni wu uchahambwandani ya wu da. E, himiyama le, Mariya Jisas ri nuwai, Jisas ri hipache le, wunu okwe funda wu wausini Gotri ni ya wu uchahambwanda.
15 O gisi ki Pita ri saini ele ri hiparakambwe lei nindo tiki ri etisini mwanji fo ya ri bwakonda. Hima mwe le wu wausini wu daro ti 120 hinga. 16 Pita ya ri sawe, “Ai hiparakambwe le, mwanji foti Gotri chengi tiki dau ti, imbihumbwa Gotri Himamwale kipe tito Defit takisopo tiki bwaro. Rini Jutas ni ri bwaro. Kari hima to Jisas ni toroni injiro hima leni numbo tini ri mekusiro. Woroti apa o sumbu chengi tiki kaisiro hinga siraro. 17 Imbihumbwa Jutas nunu ga ichiꞌuchandaro hima. Rini okwe dohaꞌa tau funda nunu ga ri raro.” Pita o hinga ya wunu ri sawe. 18 Kari hima Jutas nuwe tipa foti ri raro ti ya mwe ti kapwa sumbu tini wungwa ri jiro. O nuwe tipa ri rasini ri onjohokinani mwarimwari nuwe tiki ri raiwani sembe rihi ti fikakoni setuwapu hinga tinda ete nuwe tiki ya sika. 19 O hinga rini wosiwanumbwa Jerusalem pe hima le o sumbu ni ya wu hambwa. Wosini ka nuwe tipa wui mwanji tiki ka hinga wu uchandau, Akeletama. O mwanji jamekowa ka hinga, “Hima fi sikaro nuwe.”
20 Wosini Pita ya ai sawe, “Dohaꞌa mwanji imbihumbwa Sam chengi tiki kairo ti ka hinga:
“Aka rihi ti sa nimba da.
Hima fori apa o aka rihi ki da kei.”
Sam chengi tipa fotiki kairo mwanji fo ka hinga ai sawero:
“Hima forito ri tau wa tiki sa eti.”
21 “O keke apa hima forini nui nindo tiki nu wakini Juta ri tau wa tiki nu esino. Jisas Apukolaka ga ichiꞌuchandani ri wosindaro sumbu hinga ni heiro hima forini nu esino. 22 Jon imbihumbwa ele himiyama hurahama ni uku ti yasindawani Jisas tau mu ti ri rasaisini ete ri ra ra ri ta tani Gotri Jisas ni rakauro gisi tiki ya ri ambwe. O sumbu hinga tinda heiro hima forini apa nu esino. Wosiwambwa apa do tau nu randau tau hinga ri rani ai sairo Jisas hi tini ri saweno.”
23 Pita o hinga ri bwani hima fisi ya wu esi. Fori Josep, Basapas hi ba fo rini uchandau, hi rihi foti Jasitas. E, hima fori Mataiyas. 24 Wosini Gotri ni ka hinga ya wu uchahambwa, “Apukolaka, mindombwa ele hima i sembe mi hambwandau. Apa ma nunu mekusi, hinde na hima ni nunu mi ondiyasino, 25 wosiwa Jutas wa tiki ai etisini do mi himache tau hinga ri rano? Jutas dohaꞌa tau mihi hanjaꞌaisini ri hani ri iro.” 26 Wosini Gotri ni wu uchahambwasini fini keke tapa wuhi wu rasaiwani Mataiyas to Gotri okokona ya ri eti. Wowani ele tapaꞌangi tapaꞌangi hatachi funda himache lenga ya ri eti.


text:
Wazithathu, 20 ka Março
U nga henye, nguko eto ti vanga kubiha dwe.—Mas. 37:8.
Vathu vamwani va ni txihenyisani, va ruka vamwani. Ngako toneto ti txi humelela, mwaya wotshe wa xaniseka. Bhiblia yi hi txharihisa ti to hi vayilela txihenyisani, kuruketela ni kubhonga-bhonga. (Vaef. 4:31) Timhaka toneto ti nga vanga mazunga. Vathu vo tala nyamsi wa ditshiku va pimisa ti to timhaka ti lunga ngu kupeka. Kambe mahanyelo oneyo ma nyetisa M’vangi wathu. Se, wungi wa vanathu ti lavile ve txitxa mahanyelo awe, ve ambala wuthu wa wuphya. (Vakl. 3:8-10) Kuhemba njimwani txienge txa wuthu wa kale. Ngu txikombiso, vamwani va hemba ti to va si resi mwendo kudiha minando yawe. Kambe Jehovha i “Txizimu txa ditshuri.” (Mas. 31:5, NM) Ngu toneto ene a lava ti to vakhozeli vakwe ve ‘womba ditshuri’ ni ku ‘va si hembi.’ (Vaef. 4:25; Vakl. 3:9) Ti ha kubasani ti to hi fanete hi womba-womba ditshuri, hambi hi txo wona nga ta sekisa mwendo kukarata.—Mav. 6:16-19. w17.08 16 ¶3, 5; 18-19 ¶12-13; 20 ¶15
Wazina, 21 ka Março
Dipswi dakwe da kuluveta kuhangalaka.—Mas. 147:15.
Nyamsi, Jehovha a hi kongomisa ngu kuthumisa Dipswi dakwe, i ku Bhiblia. M’bhali wa Masalmu a wombile ti to dipswi da Jehovha da “kuluveta” ti to di hi vhuna. Jehovha a hi kongomisa ngu nzila ya yinene ni ngu mbimo ya kona. Alakanya nzila yi u vhunekako ngu yona ngu Bhiblia, mabhuku a “txithumi txo thembeka na txi di ni wutxhari,” JW Broadcasting, jw.org, madhota ni vanathu vatxiwamna ni vatxisikati. (Mat. 24:45) Se u ti woni upune ti to Jehovha wa kuluveta kukuvhuna. M’bhali wa Masalmu a ti ti ziva ti to Jehovha a sawute ditiko da kale da Israyeli basi ti to di va vathu vakwe. I ti dona dwe ditiko di di nga ti amukela “dipswi” ni “mithetho” yakwe. (Mas. 147:19, 20) Nyamsi hi ni lungelo ya hombe yo dhanwa ngu ditina dakwe. Ha bonga ku hi m’zivako, hi kongomiswako ngu Dipswi dakwe ni ku hi ku vangana vakwe. Kufana ni wu a nga bhala Masalmu 147, nawe u ni sivangelo so tala so “dhumisa Jehovha!” ni kukuzeta vamwani ti to ve mu dhumisa. w17.07 19-20 ¶15-16; 20 ¶18
Wazixanu, 22 ka Março
A walo m’thu wu, a ku, a di yimbini, a txi ti ningetela ka mithumo ya kuhanya kuwa, ngako a txi lava kutsakisa awule a nga m’ramba kuta yimbini.—2 Tim. 2:4.
Nyamsi, valondiseli va Jesu, kupata ni miliyoni yimweyo ya vathumeli va mbimo yotshe, va maha totshe ti va nga ti kotako ti to ve thumisa txialakanyiso txa mpostoli Paulo. Va lamba ka ti ditiko diya do tala ngu mabiwu di wombako tona. Kha va divali ditshina diya da mlayo: “Wule a lombako somaha, a maha khumbi ya wule a nga lomba kwakwe.” (Mav. 22:7) Sathani a lava ti to hi luza mtamo ni mbimo yathu hi di ka ta mabhindo a ditiko diya. Vamwani va maha sikweneti sa hombe ti to ve xava mimovha, ve hakela sikolwa ve maha mtxadho wo dhula. Wa ti wona ti to ngako hi si tiwoneli hi nga maha sibotxhwa sa sikweneti? Athu hi kombisa wutxhari mbimo yi hi hehukisako wutomi wathu, hi vayilela sikweneti ni kuthumisa male hi si woni ni msana. Ngu toneto basi ti nga mahako hi thumela Txizimu hi di khululekile i singa ku va sibotxhwa sa mabhindo a ditiko diya.—1 Tim. 6:10. w17.07 6-7 ¶13


text:
Vukhongeri
Vukhongeri i nxaxamela wa mindzhavuko ya matikhomele, swi endlo, mavonele, matsalwa yo kwetsima, tindzhawu to kwetsima na mafambisele ya vutomi ya vanhu.[1] vukhongeri byo hambana hambana byi nga katsa ku mbe ku pfumala swiyenge leswi hlanganisaka "Vukwembu",[2] "swilo leswi kwetsimaka",[3] "Ripfumelo",[4] "Xivumbiwa kumbe swivumbiwa swa matimba swa moya"[5] kumbe muxaka wokarhi wa "ku nga heli naswona swi tisa matimba eka vutomi."[6]
Swiendlo swa vukhongeri swinga katsa switoloveto, kuchumayela, switsundzuxo na vugandzeri (bya Xikwembu/Swikwembu), maganzelo, minkhuvo, kuthwasa, mintirho ya rifu, mintorho ya micato, kukhongela, vunanga, kuhlanganisa na mindzhavuko ya vanhu. Vukhongeri byi na matimu yo kwetsima na swiviko. leswi hlayisiweke eka matsalwa yo kwetsima, na swifungo, na tindzhawu, leswi swi ringetaka ku nyika xivangelo xa vutomi. Vukhongeri byi nga thlela byi va na switori swa xikombiso, leswi van'wana va malandza va tshembaka leswaku swa ntiyiso, leswi nga na xikongomelo xo hlamusela masungulo ya vutomi, ntumbuluko na swin'wana. Ripfumelo, ehenla ka swivangelo, rivoniwa tani hi xivangelo xa tidyondzo ta Vukhongeri.[7] Ku na kwalomu ka 10,000 wa tinxaka ta vukhongeri emisaveni hinkwayo.[8] kwalomu ka 84% wa va aki va misava va pfumela eka yin'we ya nthlanu wa vukhongeri, kunga Vukreste, Vusurumani, Vuhindu, Vubhudha na vukhongeri bya ndzhavuko.[9]
Kuya emahlweni ka nhluvuko na sayensi, ku vangele leswaku vukhongeri byi soriwa ngopfu e manguveni lawa, hambileswi vanhu van'wana vanga pfuleki eka vukhongeri.[10] Tidyondzo ta vukhongeri ti hlanganisa, Vufundhisi, tidyondzo ta sayensi ni vukhongeri. Tidyondzo leti ti hlamusela matumbulukelo na matirhele ya vukhongeri.
Swiyelanisi[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Geertz, C. (1993) Religion as a cultural system.
- ↑ James, W. (1902) The Varieties of Religious Experience.
- ↑ Durkheim, E. (1915) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.
- ↑ Tillich, P. (1957) Dynamics of faith.
- ↑ Vergote, A. (1996) Religion, belief and unbelief.
- ↑ Paul James & Peter Mandaville (2010). Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions. London: Sage Publications.
- ↑ Faith and Reason by James Swindal, http://www.iep.utm.edu/faith-re/
- ↑ African Studies Association; University of Michigan (2005). History in Africa (Volume 32 ed.). p. 119.
- ↑ Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
- ↑ "Religiously Unaffiliated". The Global Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. December 18, 2012.


text:
Home
Va ka Masungwini i vaTsonga va Vahlengwe vo huma eN'walungu wa Afrika Dzonga. Hi hina Vahlengwe va ka Xioki (Chauke) hi na va vatukulu va Bangwana na Mantsena; Mantsena i n'wana Bangwana na Nwa-Zingiva. Hi yena loyi vito ra Xioki (Chauke) ri sunguleke eka yena hi ku teka vukosi bya vakokwa wakwe va ka Hlungwana. Vana va Mantsena la va nga nyikiwa vukosi hi tata wa vona:
Hina hi vana va Daniel Masungwini Chauke(1922-), loyi a nga n'wana wa Masungwini(1856-1939) na Mhangeni. Tata wa Masungwini a ri Xithwalana(1789-1861). Xithwalana a ri n'wana wa Nkaxa(1762-1834). Tata wa Nkaxa a ri Xilonga.


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Bibele
Bibele (Kusuka eka xiGriki tὰ BιBλίa, tà biblía, "Ti buku"[1] ) i nxaxamelo wa matsalwa yo kwetsima ya xiyuda na vukreste. I nxaxamelo ya matsalwa la ma tsariweke hi minkarhi yo hambana hambana, hi vatsari vo hambana hambana, e ti ndzhawini to hambana hambana. Mayuda na Vakreste vateka tibuku leti nge Bibeleni tani hi rhekhodo ya nkoka leyi sukaka eka xikwembu leyi hlamuselaka vuxaka exikarhi ka vanhu na Xikwembu.
Ti Bibele leti kandziyisiweke ta hambana nyana hi kuya hi vuhundzuluxeri.[2] Testamende ya khale ya Xikreste yi yelana na Bibele ya Xiheveru, kasi Testamende leyintshwa yi yelana na Septuagint ya xigriki; Bibele ya xiheveru eka vukhongeri bya xiyuda yi vitiwa Tanakh.
Kuna mavonele na matitwele yo hambana hambana exikarhi ka mintlawa ya vukreste mayelana na Bibele. Varhoma Katolika, Va Anglikani na Va Vuotodoksi va tshikelela ku twanana na ntikelo wa Bibele ku ri mukhuva wo kwetsima, kasi Maphrotestanti ma tshikelela leswaku Bibele yiri yoxe ntsena hi yona yinga ya nkoka eka vukhoneri bya vukreste.
Ku ringanisiwa leswaku ku xavisiwe kwalomu ka 5 wa tibiliyoni ta ti Bibele, leswi endlaka yiva buku leyi xaviweke ngopfu ya nkarhi hinkwawo.[3][4] ku xavisiwa kwalomu ka tikhopi ta 100 wa timiliyoni hi lembe,[5][6] naswona yi na nhlohlotelo lowu kulu eka vutsari na matimu, ngopfu ngopfu e vupela-dyambu laha Bibele ya Gutenberg yi veke buku buku yo sungula ku gandlisiwa hi xitalo.
Swyelanisi[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Miller & Huber, Stephen & Robert (2003). The Bible: the making and impact on the Bible a history. England: Lion Hudson. p. 21. ISBN 0-7459-5176-7.
- ↑ Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1.
- ↑ "Best selling book of non-fiction".
- ↑ Ryken, Leland.
- ↑ "The battle of the books".
- ↑ Ash, Russell (2001). Top 10 of Everything 2002. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-8043-3.


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Vurimi
Vurimi kumbe kurima i kuhlakula swimilana na ku fuwa swiharhi leswkau switadyiwa, kutirhisiwa eka swiambalo, mafurha, vutshunguri naswin'wana swilo leswitirhisiwaka ku hlayisa vutomi bya vanhu.[1] Vurimi tlange xiyege xa nkoka swinene eku humeleriseni nhlangano na nhluvuko wa vanhu, laha ku fuwa swiharhi ku vangeke ntalo wa swakudya hithlelo swi hlohlotela nhluvuko wa vanhu. Tidyondzo ta vurimi titiviwa hi Sayensi ya Vurimi. Matimu ya vutivi bya vurimi, ya sukela ekule ngopfu naswona vutivi lebyi byi khumbiwe ngopfu hi tinguva leti hambaneke, mindzhavuko leyi hambaneke na tithekinoloji leti hambaneke.
Vurimi bya manguva lawa byi katsa kurima hikuya hintalo wa swimilana, kuhlanganisa ka timbewu, kutirhisiwa ka mirhi yo kurisa swimilana, mirhi yo tshungula swifuwo na kuya mahlweni ka tithekinoloji tin'wana, swi pfune ku tlakusa ntshovelo, kambe hila thlelo swivanga mavambyi na ku onha mbangu. Kutirhisa mbewu leyi khotsiweke, swisungula ku tala ngopfu, hambi leswi swinga yirisiwa ematikweni man'wana. Ntshovelo wa swakudya na matirhisele ya mati iswin'wana swiphiqo leswikulu emisaveni.
Kwalomu ka un'we eka vanhu vanharhu emisaveni, vathoriwe no tirha eka vukorhokeri bya vurimi, naswona kulandzela ntirho wa vukorhokeri, hambi leswi kungana ku hunguteka ka vatirhi va tavurimi ematikweni ya vupela dyambu.
Masungulo[Lulamisa | edit source]
Rito vurimi (agriculture) impfangayo ma marito ya Xilatina (agricultūra), kusuka eka ager, "nsimu", na cultūra, "kuhlakula" kumbe "kukurisa".[2] Vurimi hakanyingi byi hlamusela ntirho lowu endliwaka hi vanhu, hambileswi ntirho lowu wuxiyiweke eka swiharhi swofana na Vusokoti, muhlwa na swin'wana.[3] Kurima swivula kutirhisa switirhisiwa swa ntumbuluko ku "hlakula no kurisa minchumu leyi hlayisaka vutomi, kuhlanganisa swakudya, vungoti, timhadzi na swin'wana leswi thsoveriwaka." Hlamuselo lowu wu hlanganisa ku rima na ku fuma swiharhi na ku kurisa mirhi.[4] Minkarhi yin'wana kuhambanisiwa vurimi na ku byala mirhi ya timhadzi, hikwalaho ka leswi mirhi yatimhadzi yitekaka malembe ku kula. Hambiswiritano kupfumerowa leswaku kuna kufana kokarhi eka mintirho leyi.[5][6]
Minthsaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Safety and health in agriculture. International Labour Organization. 1999. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-92-2-111517-5. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ↑ Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. (2002). The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-19-863121-9.
- ↑ Ulrich G. Mueller; Nicole M. Gerardo; Duur K. Aanen; Diana L. Six; Ted R. Schultz (December 2005). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36: 563–95. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626.
- ↑ "Definition of Agriculture". State of Maine. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ↑ Committee on Forestry Research, National Research Council (1990). Forestry Research: A Mandate for Change. National Academies Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-309-04248-8.
- ↑ Budowski, Gerardo (1982). "Applicability of agro-forestry systems". In MacDonald, L.H. Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics. United Nations University. ISBN 92-808-0364-6. Retrieved 17 March 2016.


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Japani
Japani ( Nippon kumbe Nihon hixi Japani; Nihongo "日本国" kumbe Nihon-koku, leswinge "Tiko ximfumo ra Japani") i tiko ra swiihlala leswi kumekeke e vuxeni bya Axiya. Tiko leri rikumeka elwandle ra Phasifiki, naswona rile dzongeni bya tiko-nkulu ra Axiya, naswona ri navalaka kusukela elwandle ra Okhotsk e n'walungu bya lwandle ra le vuxeni bya Chayina na Thayiwani e vudzongeni bya vupela dyambu.
Maletere ya xijapani ma hlamusela vito ra tiko leri leswaku i "Xihlovo xa dyambu". 日 yi yimela ni naswona yi vula dyambu, kasi 本 yi yimela hon, kumbe pon naswona yivula xihlovo. Japani hakanyingi yivuriwa "Tiko kutsivuka ka dyambu".
Japani inhlangano wa kwalomu ka swihlala swa 6,852 leswi nge henhla ka swiyenge swa misava leswinge henhla ka ridaka ro hisa. Swihlala leswikulu i Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu na Shikoku, leswi hlanganisaka 97% ya kuanama ka tiko ra Japani. Ntsengo wa vaaka tiko i 127 watimiliyoni naswona i tiko ra vu khumen'we hi ntalo wa vaaka tiko emisaveni. Dorobha ra Tokyo i ntsindza wa tiko ra Japani, naswona rina kwalomu ka 9.1 wa timiliyoni ta vaaka tiko.[1]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ "「東京都の人口(推計)」の概要(平成26年2月1日現在) (2014)". Tokyo Metropolitan Government (JPN). Retrieved March 20, 2014.


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Mpfumawulo
Eka ti dyondzo ta Fiziksi, Mpfumawulo i ku dzinginikisiwa ka moya kumbe mati ku fikela loko kudzinginika loku ku fika e tindleveni.[1][2] Ahi mipfumawulo hinkwayo leyi hi kotaka ku yitwa, kuna mimpfumawulo leyi nga yitsongo ngopfu, kumpe yikulo ngopfu lero hi tsandzeka ku yitwa. Swin'wana swiharhi swi twa mipfumawulo hi ndlela yohamba na ya vanhu.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems. Western Electrical Company. 1969. p. 2.1.
- ↑ ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013


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Distance
distance calculator for the cities begins with fro in ru.
Frol, Frol, Frolenki, Frolevo, Frolikha, Frolikha, Frolikhino, Frolishchi, Frolki, Frolkovo, Frolkovo, Frolkovo, Frolo-Tomashi, Frolov, Frolov, Frolov, Frolov, Frolov, Frolov, Frolova, Frolovichi, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovka, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovo, Frolovshchina, Frolovshchina, Frolovsk, Frolovskaya, Frolovskaya, Frolovskaya, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy, Frolovskiy Rayon, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye, Frolovskoye Pervoye, Frolovtsy, Frol'tsevo, Frol'tsevo, Frol'tsevo, Frol'tsevo, Froly, Froly, Froly, Froly, Froly, Froly, Frolyata, Frolyatino, Frolych, Fromino, Fronino, Fronskaya,
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Ndzhavuko
Ndzhavuko (kusuka ekaXilatini cultura ri tekiwa e ka colere, leswi vulaka "ku hlakulela")[1] hi ku angarha ri hlamusela maendlele ya swilo ya vanhu na nkonka wa swiendlo sweleswo. Mindzhavuko yinga twisisiwa ta ni hi "nhlengelo wa mimfungo na tinhlamuselo ta mafambisele ya swilo kumbe swi enldo leswi tolovelekeke"[2]
Ndzhavuko wu nga ha hlamuseriwa tanihi ndlela ya vutomi kuhlanganisa vuqambhi, kupfumela na tindzhawu ta vuleteri ta rixaka kunga swilo leswi hundziseriwaka kusuka eka xitukulwana na xitukulwana. Ndzhavuko wu vuriwa "Ndlela ya vutomi ya vanhu hi xitalo."[3] tanihileswi sweleswo swi hlanganisaka matikhomele, swi ambalo, ririmi, vukhongeri, swi henwa, na mikhuva leyi tolovelekeke.
Masungulo ya Ndzhavuko[Lulamisa | edit source]
Matirhiselo ya masiku lawa ya riviti "ndzhavuko" matshegeriwe eka riviti leri ari tirhisiwa hi Murhoma wa Khale kunga Cicero eka matsalwa ya yena lamange Tusculanae Disputationes, laha atsaleke hi ku hlakulela muya-xiviri kumbe "cultura animi",[4] hi kutirhisa xifananisi xa Vurimi leswaku a hlamusela ku akeka ka moya-xiviri hi nhlamusela ya filosofi, naswona u twisese leswaku ndhzavuko inhluvuko wa le henhla wa vanhu. Samuel Pufendorf uyise xifananisi lexi emahlweni a xitirhisa e mahanyelweni ya namunthla, laha mongo wa nhlamusela wa yena hi ta ndzhavuko wuyelanaka, kambe wunga ha xongeteli leswaku Filosofi iku helela ka munhu ka ntumbuluko. Matirhisele ya yena na ya lava vateke endzhaku ka yena "makombetela eka tindlela hinkwato leti vanhu va koteke ha tona ku hluvuka eka mahanyele ya khale ya vuharhi, ivi vatirhisa vuthlarhi bya vona leswaku vava vanhu hikuhelela".[5]
N'wa ta Filosofi Edward S. Casey (1996) wahlamusela: "Rito ndzhavuko rivula "ndzhawu leyi hlakuriweke" hikuya hi xinghezi xale xikarhi, naswona rito leri rikumeka nale ka xiLatini colere, "kutikhoma, kukhatalela, kuhlakula, kugandzela" na cultus, "ntsombano, ngopfungopfu wa vukhongeri." Kulandza ndzhavuko, iku teka vundhzawu lebyi hlohloteriwaka ngopfu hi ndhzavuko leswaku uwu khatalela — ubyarha vutihlamuleri hi wona naswona uwu khatalela hahombe."[6]
Velkley uhlamusela Ndzhavuko, aku:
... ekusunguleni awu hlamusela kuhlakulela moya-xiviri kumbe miehleketo, kambe wu kume hlamuselo wa sweswi eka matsalwa ya lembe-xidzana ra khume-nhungu (18) ya vatsari va ma Jarimani, lava ava xopaxopa matsalwa ya Rousseau lawa ama sola "ximanje-manje vutshunxeki na malembe ya rivoningo". Hiswona leswi vangelaka kuhambana exikarhi ka "ndhzavuko" na "nhluvuko", na hambiloko kuhambana loku kunga hlamuseriwi hi kukongoma.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Harper, Douglas (2001). Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ↑ Findley, Carther Vaughn and John Alexander Rothney (2006). Twentieth-century World. Sixth edition, p. 14. ISBN 978-0-618-52263-7.
- ↑ Williams, Raymond. Keywords, "Culture"
- ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (45 BC). Tusculanes (Tusculan Disputations). pp. II, 15.
- ↑ Velkley, Richard (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy". Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–30.
- ↑ https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B00DG8M7EU --October 2014


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Distance
distance calculator for the cities begins with tik in ma.
Tikkert n'Ououchene, Tikabine, Tikarkebt, Tikdane, Tikensar, Tikerdouchene, Tikfelt, Tikhabrine, Tikhamine, Tikhat, Tikhfart, Tikhfart, Tikhfist, Tikhfist, Tikhfist, Tikhiamine, Tikhibit Izder, Tikhibit Oufila, Tikhninai, Tikhoura, Tikhribine, Tikht, Tikibart, Tikid, Tikida, Tikida, Tikida, Tikida, Tikiouine, Tikiouine, Tikiout, Tikiout, Tikiout, Tikirt, Tikitar, Tikitar, Tikitar, Tikkadarine, Tikki, Tiklilt, Tikni, Tikoutamine, Tikoutar, Tikri, Tikri, Tikrouine, Tiksit, Tiktint,
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Xitsonga
Xitsonga (Tsonga, Xitonga (Thonga), Xironga (Rhonga)) - I ririmi ra Vatsonga leri vulavuriwaka edzongeni wa tiko ra Mozambique, en´walungwini na le vuxeni bya tiko ra Afrika-Dzonga, eSwazini xikan´we na le ka xiphemu xin´wana xa tiko ra Zimbabwe.
Leswinga ndzeni
Matimu ya Ririmi[Lulamisa | edit source]
Junod (1977:47) u hlamusela leswaku hi malembe ya va 1500 ku fika 1600 eN’walungwini wa Mozambiki ku sukela eSaint Lucia ni le tikweni hinkwaro, a ku vulavuriwa ririmi leri ku nga huma XiTsonga xa hina eka rona, hi marhavi lamanyingi ya xona. Matimu ya ririmi leri ya komba leswaku ririmi leri namuntlha hi ri tivaka tani hi "Xitsonga" khale a ri tiveka hi vito ra "Tonga" kumbe "Thonga", leswi na Junod a nga swi seketela eka vulavisisi bya yena loko a tsala hi xinghezi a ku[1]:
"My conclusion is then that the Thonga language was already-spoken by the primitive occupants of the country more than 500 years ago and that, together with a certain number of customs, it formed the great bond which bound the Thonga clans together in past centuries.” ─ (Junod 1912, p. 33)
Vatsonga a va ri na mavulavulele yo hambana ku ya hi tindhawu leti a va tshama eka tona. Henri Junod (1977:38) u hlamusela leswaku tindzimi ta Vatsonga ti nga avanyisiwa hi tindzin’wana (dialects) leti landzelaka[2]:
- XiCopi lexi a xi vulavuriwa hi vaCopi lava va tshamaka e kusuhi ni lwandle e Nyembani na le Xai-Xai.
- Xihlengwe kumbe Xitshwa lexi a xi vulavuriwa ekusuhi na milambu ya Limpopo na Save eMozambiki na le Zimbabwe.
- Xinhlanganu lexi a xi vulavuriwa eSwaziland, Mpumalanga, Kruger National Park, milambu ya Sabie na Nkomati eMozambiki.
- Xirhonga lexi a xi vulavuriwa ekusuhi na milambu ya Sabie na Nkomati.
- XiN’walungu lexi a xi vulavuriwa ekusuhi na milambu ya Limpopo na Olifants eMozambiki.
- Xitshwa lexi a xi kumeka eInhambane eMozambiki.
- XiXika lexi a xi vulavuriwa eN’walungu-vuxa bya nambu wa Nkomati.
Namuntlha Xitsonga xi vulavuriwa hi vanhu lavo tala eMozambiki, eAfrika-Dzonga ni le Zimbabwe. Mhaka yo biha hi leswaku ririmi ra Xitsonga ri le ku kuceteriweni hi tindzimi tin’wana. Milavisiso yi komba leswaku nkucetelo wa tindzimi wu humelela emisaveni hinkwayo na kona eka tinxaka to tala. Leswi swi vangiwa hikuva vanhu va hlangana na tinxaka tin’wana. Emisaveni hinkwayo a ti kona tinxaka ta vanhu leti nga hlanganiki na tinxaka tin’wana. Nkarhi wo tala vanhu va hlangana na vanhu van’wana va mindhavuko yo hambana hi ntsako kumbe hi nyimpi. Ku hlangana ka tinxaka to hambana hi ku tekana kumbe ku xaviselana nhundzu swi endla leswaku tindzimi ta vona ti kucetelana.
Ku hangalaka ka vanhu hi mbangu[Lulamisa | edit source]
Xitsonga xi vulavuriwa hi kwalomu ka 1,646,000 wa vanhu eswifundzenikulu swa Limpopo; Joni na Mpumalanga eAfrika-Dzonga, ku hlanganisa na kwalomu ka 1.5 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu e Mozambhiki, na 19,000 wa vanhu eSwaziland. Ku ni 100,000 wa vanhu lava va vulavulaka Xitsonga (kumbe rin'we ra marhavi ya kona) eZimbabwe.
Xiyimo-mfumo[Lulamisa | edit source]
Xitsonga i rin'wana ra tindzimiximfumo ta Afrika-Dzonga.
Marhavi ya ririmi/Tinxaka ta Ririmi leri[Lulamisa | edit source]
Marhavi ya ririmi ra Xitsonga ma vulavuriwa kuya fikela en'walungwini wa nambu wa Risavi eZimbabwe, ku hlanganisa na kuya fika eDzongeni ra KwaZulu-Natal. Hambi leswi marhavi lawa ma twisisanaka, ku ni ku hambana loku twalaka hi kuya hi vumbangu na nhlohlotelo wa vukoloni. Xitsonga xi ni maxaka ya le kusuhi ngopfu lawa ku nga: Xirhonga (Ronga), lexi vulavuriwaka eMaputo, Mozambiki; na Xitshwa (Tswa), lexi vulavuriwaka eNyembane, na Xihlengwe lexi kumekaka kuya eZimbabwe.
Marhavi lawa ma hambana hi mavulavulele. Xikombiso, eka Xitsonga xa le Afrika-Dzonga u nga ku: Xikwembu; EZimbabwe va ku: Chikwembu.
Marhavi lawa hinkwawo ma kume nhlohlotelo lowu nga ringaniki wa ririmi ra Xizulu naswona, eZimbabwe, hi ririmi ra Xindevele. Leswi swi hoxe marito lawa a ya nga ri kona eka Xitsonga xa khale.
Swikombiso swa marito lama lombiweke: ngqondo, gqoka, ricingo, qamba, Mugqivela... na swin'wana.
Nhlamuselo ya le handle[Lulamisa | edit source]
Swin'wana swa leswi hlawulekisaka ririmi ra Xitsonga hi leswi landzelaka:
- Mitolovelo
- Ndhavuko
- Matsalele ya ririmi
- Mahlayele ya ririmi
- Mfuwo wa ririmi kumbe rixaka/tinxaka
- Maendlele ya swilo


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Yuropa
Yuropa i rinwana ra Matiko-nkulu (hi xiyenge xa Politiki) ya nkombo, naswona rivumba ribuwa ra Tiko-nkulu (Hi xiyenge xa Mbangu) ra Yuraxiya. Yuropa ri angarhiwe enwalungwini hi Lwandle ra Akthika, e vupela-dyambu hi Lwandle ra Atlanthika, e dzongeni hi Lwandle ra Meditera, na le vuxeni bya le dzongeni hi Tintshava ta Khakhasu, Lwandle ra Ntima na mati-ndlela lama hlanganisaka Lwandle ra Ntima na Meditera. E vuxeni Yuropa ri avanyisiwa na Axiya hi mati ya Tintshava ta Ura, Nambu wa Ura, na hi Lwandle ra Kaspa.[1]
Yuropa yi funengeta kwalomu ka 10,180,000km2 hi ku anama, kumbe 2% wa Misava hinkwayo. Yuropa, yina matiko ya 50, laha Rhaxiya ringa rona tiko leri kulu ngopfu hi ku anama naswona rithlela riva na vaakatiko vutala kutlula matiko man'wana ya tiko-nkulu leri. Ntsengo wa vaaka tiko va tiko-nkulu leri wu kumbeteriwa kwalomu ka 740 wa timiliyoni.[2] Ntshamelo ma xelo wa tiko-nkulu leri ma hlohloteriwa hi lwandle ra Atlanthika, laha tinguva ti cincacincaka kutlurisa mpimo, ngopfungopfu ekusuhi na ribuwa ra lwandle leri.
Tiko ra Griki ra khale rivoniwa tani hi xihlovo xa nhluvuko wale vupela dyambu,[3][4] naswona endzaku ka mfumo wa xigriki, ku landzerile mfumo wa ma Rhoma, ivi kulandzela nguva ya mpfuxelelo na Rivoningo eka tiko nkulu leri. Kusukela eka nguva ya kutsumbula, ku hlanganisa na nguva ya tinkomponi, Yuropa yi rhangerile matiko ya misava eka minhluvuko yo tala. exikarhi ka malembe xidzana ya 16 kuya eka 20, Tihulumendhe ta matiko ya Yuropa, ti lawule matiko ya Amerikha wa le N'walungu na le Dzongeni, matiko ya Afrika hi kutala, Oxeniya na matiko yo tala ya le Axiya.
Kusunguriwa ka nguva wa tinkomponi, luku sunguleke e tikweni ra Brithani eku heleni ka lembe-xidzana ra vu 18, kutisile nhluvuko lowukulu eka timhaka ta ikhonomi, ndzhavuko, na mahanyele ya vanhu. Hivumbirhi bya Tinyimpi ta misava, ti lweriwile etikweni-nkulu leri, naswona tihoxe xandla eku hungutekeni ka matimba ya tiko-nkulu leri emisaveni, naswona rihambukela matiko ya Amerikha na Rhaxiya.[5] Hi nguva wa Nyimpi yo titimela, Yuropa ayi tsemiwe exikarhi ka NATO evupela dyambu na Xipfumelelwano xa Warsaw evuxeni, kufikela eka nguva ya Kulwela Ntshuxeko ka malembe ya 1989 na Kuwisiwa ka khumbi ra Berlin.
Hilembe ra 1955, Huvo ya Yuropa yi simekiwile endzaku ka nkulumo ya Nkul, Winston Churchill, leswaku yihlanganisa Yuropa eka tipakani leti fanaka. Huvo leyi yihlanganise matiko hinkwawo ya tiko-nkulu leri, handle ka Belarus, Kazakhstan na Dorobha ra Vatikhani. Kuhlanganisiwa ka matiko man'wana eka huvo leyi ku tise ku simekiwa ka Nhlangano wa Matiko ya Yuropa.[6] Mali leyi tirhisiwaka etikweni-nkulu leri yi vuriwa Yuro.
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. ""Europe"". Retrieved 2007-12-27.
- ↑ "World Populations Prospects, the 2015 RevisionS". United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division.
- ↑ Kim Covert (1 July 2011). Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy. Capstone. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4296-6831-6. "Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece."
- ↑ Ricardo Duchesne (7 February 2011). The Uniqueness of Western Civilization. BRILL. p. 297. ISBN 90-04-19248-4. "The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the “cradle” of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization (2000)"
- ↑ National Geographic, 534.
- ↑ "The European union—a federation or a confederation?". Retrieved 4 August 2017.


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Distance
distance calculator for the cities begins with tin in np.
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Vadyuhari va kuma hlayiso
Vadyuhari va kuma hlayiso
Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela
Vadyuhari na vona swi na nkoka ku va hlayisiwa leswaku vutomi byi kota ku va byi va nandzhihela swinene laha swi nga na fanelo ya ku v ava hlayisiwa leswi swi vonakile hi loko vadyuhari va purojeke ya Hi Hanyile Old Age Green Farmer va kombisile ku ntsaka swinene hikokwalaho va ri na ndzhawu yak u hlayisiwa eka yona na ku kota ku hlayisa mi mirhi ya vona.
Purojeke ya Hi Hanyile i purojeke leyi kumekaka emugageni wa Green Farmer ehandlenya…
Ikhonomi ya le makaya yi ndlandlamuxiwa
Dunisani Ntsanwisi
Ndzawulo ya hluvukiso wa ikhonomi, mbangu na vupfhumba eLimpopo yi endlile leswaku ikhomoni ya xifundza yi tlakuka hikwalaho ka leswi yi sunguleke ku tekela van’waximawusa enhlokweni. Ndzawulo na Van’waximawusa va hlanganile ku…
Xiveketelwa i xinamu
Vatsonga-Machangana va huhutela tidyondzo letinene hi swivuriso swa vona leswi nga lo mpha, hi mavonelakule. Va dyondzisiwa no tsundzuxiwa leswaku mhuti yi biwa ya ha ri na mahika, loko u tsundzuka mhelembe khandziya murhi, kasi xiveketelwa xi bolela…
Hosi Hlaniki a vekiwa xifumo exitulwini
Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela
Madzanadzana ya vaaki, Van’watipolitiki na tihosi ku suka exifundzankulu xa Limpopo na Mpumalanga a va humile hi xitalo ku ta va timbhoni eka ku hlambanyisiwa na ku vekiwa ka Hosi Hlaniki Mkhacani Adeyemu Maluleke exitulwini…
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Ku na xivuriso xa Vatsonga lexi nge: “Mangwa yi pfumale timhondzo hi ku rhumisa”. Xivuriso lexi xi sola swilo swo fana na vulolo, xiveketelwa, ku va madyatshamile, ku pfumala xihundla...20 June 2017
TIN’ANGA TA XINTU TI TLANGELA SIKU RA TIMFANELO TA XIMUNHU
Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela Tiko hinkwaro ra Afrika-Dzonga ri vile ri nghenelela eka mapfhumbha ya tlangela siku ra timfanelo ta ximunhu hi siku ra makume mbirhi n’we(21) nhweti ya...20 June 2017
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Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela Mintlangu ya bolo yi na nkoka swinene laha swi endlaka leswaku vantshwa va hambana na migingiriko ya ku biha leyi katsaka ku tirhisa swidzidziharisi na...20 June 2017
Manganyi a nghenelela eka riendzo ra ku suka Giyani ku ya ekapa
Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela Tani hi ndlela ya ku tekela enhlokweni rito ra xikwembu lexi hi tumbuluxeke ku tekiwile xiboho xa ku kunguhata ku nghenela eka mapfhumbha ya ku...20 June 2017
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Hi: Tracy wa ka Novela Ntlangu wa xibakela wu rhandziwa swinene laha tikweni ra Afrika-Dzonga laha swi endlaka leswaku mitlangu yi kota ku ya emahlweni yi ndlandlamuka na tiko ri...20 June 2017


text:
Ntivo-Mirhi
Ntivo-Mirhi irhavi ra Sayensi leri lavisisaka ma akele na kuhambana ka swi-aki swa swilo hinkwaswo.[1][2] Ntivo-Mirhi yi hlanganisa na ndzavisiso wa ti Athomu, nandlela leyi ti athomu tikhomanaka hayona ku vumba mirhi yokarhi, na ndlela leyi ti hlanganaka kumbe ku hambana hayona ku nyika xivumbeko xa murhi wokarhi.
Minkarhi yin'wana Ntivo-Mirhi wu vitiwa Sayensi ya le xikarhi, hileswi yi hlanganisaka Sayensi ya ntumbuluko, Fiziksi na Ntivo-vutomi.[3][4]
Matimu ya Ntivo-Mirhi mathelela e ka nkarhi wa khale loko vanhu varingete ku hundzula tinsimbi tiva nsuku, e tindzhawini to hambana-hambana ta misava.


text:
Afrika-Dzonga
Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga (leyi tiviwaka na mavito-ximfumo manwana) i tiko leri nge Dzongeni ra tiko-nkulu ra Afrika. Ribuwa ra Afrika Dzonga ri fikela kwalomu ka 2798 km [1] [2] hi kuleha naswona ri hambanisa malwandle ya Atlantic na Indian Ocean. [3] Kuya e nwalungu wa Afrika Dzonga kuni Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambhiki na Swaziland, kasi Mfumo wa Lesotho i tiko leri ti yimeleka leri rhendzeriweke hi Afrika Dzonga. [4]
Vanhu va ake e Afrika Dzonga ku ringana kwalomu ka malembe ya Dzana ra magidi yamalembe (100,000). [5] Hambiswiritano, ku thumbhiwa ka ntila wa le lwandle lowu hundzaka hi le Kapa, Nkomponi ya Madachi na le vuxeni bya Indiya ma akile xitichi xo wisa endzhawini leyi nga hetelela yi vitiwa Kapa (Cape Town) hi lembe ra 1652. [6] Kapa rivile e hansi ka vukolonyi bya manghezi hi lembe ra 1806. Vu vutla-tiko by matiko ya yuropa byi sungule ku ndlandlamuka kwalomu ka malembe ya 1820 loko Mabunu [7] na manghezi Vavutli va 1820 va koxa tiko ra le nwalungu na le vuxa-dyambu by tiko. Minkwetlembetano e xikarhi ka vaakatiko vosungula, maXhosa na maZulu, na va vutla-tiko va yuropa hi loko yi sungula. Hambiswiritano ku thumbhiwa, ka Dayimani endzhaku nsuku hiswona leswi sunguleke Nyimpi ya mabunu na manghezi laha va lweleke ku lawula mfuwo wa swi celwa swa tiko ra Afrika Dzonga. Hambileswi mabunu ma hluriweke, Afrika Dzonga yi kumile vutiyimeri byo ringanisela e hansi ka Britaniya hi lembe ra 1910. Mafambisele ya mfumo lawa ama ala manghezi, ma tiyisise vonele ra ku ti yimela loku heleleke loku fikeleriweke hi lembe ra 1961 loko Afrika Dzonga yi endliwa Rhiphabliki. Ntlawa lowu rhangeleke wa National Party wu yimise nawu wo yisa emahlweni ku hlawula hi rixaka lowu sunguriweke hi ma Dachi (lowu tiviweke hi ra apartheid), e henhla ka nkaneto lowu veke kona endzeni na le handle ka tiko. Hilembe ra 1990 phresidenti ya nkarhi wolowo F.W. de Klerk yi sungule ku herisa nawu lowu, naswona hi lembe ra 1994 nhlawulo wo sungula wa xi Demokrasi wu endliwile e Afrika Dzonga. Nhlawulo wolowo wu nyikile Nelson Mandela na ntlawa lowu fumaka, African National Congress matimba yo fuma.
Afrika Dzonga yi tiveka hi ku hambana-hambana ka tinxaka, tindzimi ta khume-nwe ta ximfumo leti tivekaka na Nawu-nkulu wa tiko. [3] Xinghezi xi vulavuriwa ngopfu e Afrika Dzonga eka timhaka ta ximfumo na mabinzu, hambiswiri tano i ririmi ra vunthlanu leri vulavuriwaka e mindyangwini. [3] Afrika Dzonga ri ni ku hambana-hambana ka tinxaka, laha kungani miganga yo tala Basa, Makula, na Makhaladi e Afrika hinkwayo. Hambi leswi kwalomu ka 79.6% wa xithsungu xa vanhu e Afrika Dzonga kunga vanhu va ntima, Exikarhi ka lembe ra 2015, nstengo wa xitshungu xa Afrika Dzonga a wuri kwalomu ka 54.9 wa timilliyoni.
Matimu[Lulamisa | edit source]
Hina matsonga -machangani hi tsakile ngopfu loko hi nghena laha ka internet hi kuma leswaku, ririmi ra hina na rona ri kona laha.naswona ku tirha na valungu haku tsakisa ka swona.
Namina Nitsake ngopfu ku kuma ririmi ra mina laha ka internet. na tinyungubyisa hikuva mutsonga wa xiviri.
Swikombo swa le handle[Lulamisa | edit source]
Mintsaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ "South African Maritime Safety Authority". South African Maritime Safety Authority. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
- ↑ "World Factbook - Coastline". CIA. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "South Africa Fast Facts". SouthAfrica.info. April 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ↑ "Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- ↑ "A Short History of South Africa". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ↑ "African History Timeline". West Chester University of Pennsylvania.
- ↑ In English:The Boers, lava akuri Madachi(Dutch people), Majarimani(German people) na Mafurhwa(French people)


text:
Vinhabya-Nhabya Bya Ndhavitavi
Buku leyi ya ntlangu wa Xitsonga yi paluxa vuxisi ni mavunwa ya vanhu va le madorobeni, lava tsakelaka ku vona ku xaniseka ni makhombo ya vanhu van’wana hikokwalaho ka tihanyi, vubihi ni ririmi ro tshwa. This is a Xitsonga drama that exposes the lies and deceit of some city dwellers, who derive pleasure from the sufferings and downfall of others.
Price: R92*
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Swa Vilula
Eeka swirungulwana leswi swo navetisa, Ngobeni u nyokovela exikarhi ka tinxaka leto hambana-hambana ta mintlimbo leyi nga kona emintirhweni, eswisakeni swa rirhadzu xikan’we ni le rixakeni leri tshikeleriweke hi milawu ya xihlawuhlawu. A gripping collection of stories covering the experiences of journalists as they go about their daily tasks. Day-to-day issues are explored, such as marital problems and violence in the townships.
Price: R98*
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Vukosi I Mberha
Price: R103*
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Matlhari Hansi!
Buku leyi i matshalatshala yo vuyisela mfuwo wa ku dyondza na ku dyondzisa eswikolweni swa hina, laha dyondzo se yi nga huma moya. Ku va moya lowu ta vuya ku fanele ku va na, ku hlonipha na ku xiximana exikarhi ka vana va xikolo, matichala na vatswari. This drama tries to instill the message of bringing the culture of learning back into the classroom. For this to happen, the learners, their parents and teachers need to have more respect for one another.
Price: R92*
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Mangava
Nhlengelo wa mintlangu ya xivono xin’we leyi nga eka tsalwa leri i mintlangu ya vuhungasi bya xiyimo xa le henhla swinene. Buku leyi i vumbhoni bya timhaka leti malokixi ni miganga yi nga ti rhwala, a hi tsaleni hi ta vutomi bya hina. This title is a collection of Xitsonga one-act plays written by TH Khosa. The plays are located in rural and urban settings. They provide high entertainment value; while at the same time tell our stories.
Price: R102*
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Ndzi Tswaleriwe Kwala
I ntiyiso leswaku namuntlha ku hlongoriwa vakhalabye ni vakhegula n vatswari va hina … Hhiri a hi yi helo. Futhi hina hi tswaleriwile kwala. A hi yi helo! Llawa i marito ya vatirhi ra purasi eka nhlengelatano yo ti lulamiselaka ku tereka. Mkari’s novel exposes unfair labour practices and living conditions on a farm where workers are dismissed at a whim, or even treated worse if they are aged.
Price: R104*
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Mulunguntima
Price: R110*
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Ntiyiso Ntsena
Tsalwa ra ‘Ntiyiso’ i vumbhoni bya mutsari, Chauke ni ku pfumala ripfalo ro paluxa swidyoho swa vumunhu ni vutomi e Dzongeni wa Afrika. Swihungwana leswi swi hlahluva no xopa-xopa leswi humelelaka eka nkarhi wa sweswi hi xitalo. The title Ntiyiso Ntsena reflects Chauke’s bald, unyielding approach to the darker side of humanity and life in southern Africa. It also comments on current critical issues, including the effects of apartheid.
Price: R85*
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Ndzumbawa Afrika, v.1
Lebyi i vutlhokovetseri bya muxaka wa byona n’wini. Khale, vatsari vo tala a va pfuva-pfuva vutlhokovetseri bya nandzulo, nsihalalo ni bya swivilelo ni minkongomelo yin’wana. Kambe vutlhokovetseri lebyi nga laha bukwini leyi byi papalatile minkongomelo mimbe. Eka buku leyi, vatsari va voyamerile ngopfu eka switlhokovetselo swa nandzulo, nsihalalo no vilela.
Price: R110*
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text:
Thekinoloji
Thekinoloji ("Ntivovuthlarhi hita kuvumba", risuka eka viti ra Xigriki tέxvn, techne, "Vupfapfarhuti kumbe Vutshila"; kuhlanganisa na -λoYίa, -logia[3]) i nhlengelo wa vutshila, vuswikoti na maendlele yo tumbuluxa switirhisiwa kumbe vukorhokeri kumbe kuhetisisa vukambisisi bya Sayensi. Thekinoloji yinga thlela yi hlamuseriwa tanihi vutivi bya maendlelo ya mintirho.
Kutirhisiwa ka thekinoloji kusungule hi kutumbuluxa switirhisiwa swo tirha hiswona kusukela eka mbango. Kusukela eku dyondzeni tindlela to tirhisa ndzilo, kurima na tindlela to vevukisa maendzo hikutirhisa vilwa. Kuhluvuka ka manguva lawa kuhlanganisa kuganglisa ka tibuku, tinqingo na inthaneti, swi vevukise tindlela to vulavurisana namabulu. Kuhluvuka ka malwelo yatinyipi, namathlarhi switise kuonha lokukulu lokuvangeriwaka hi mathlarhi yanyutliya.
Thekinoloji yithlele yupfuna kuhluvukisa tamabindzu yamisava naku kurisa rifuwo. Hambiswiritano swin'wana switandzhaku swo biha naswona leswi onhaka mbangu.
Leswinga ndzeni
Matimu[Lulamisa | edit source]
Ekusunguleni: 2.5 miliyoni – 10,000 BC[Lulamisa | edit source]
Vanhu vakhale vatidyondzise Vutivi byovumba mathulusi yo tirha hiwona, katsongo katsongo hikuya hi swilaveko swavutomi. Kutshembiwa leswaku kuvumba ririmi na mbalavuriswano hi yona thekinoloji yosungula.[4]
Mathulusi ya maribye[Lulamisa | edit source]
Vanhu vakhale vasungule kulota maribye leswaku vakota kuvumba mathulusi yofana na bewula, swikomu na mathlarhi yohlota. Kwalomu ka malembe ya 40,000 lamahundzeke, vanhu vasungule malotele yo vevuka leswaku vavumba mathulusi yo antswa.
Ndzilo[Lulamisa | edit source]
Matirhisele ya ndzilo macince maendlelo ya swilo swonghasi.[5] Kutshembiwa leswaku vanhu vasungule kutirhisa ndzilo kwalomu ka 1,000,000 BC;[6] vativi vatidyondzo vatwanana leswaku vanhu vakhale vangava vasungule kutirhisa ndzilo kwalomu ka 500,000 BC na 400,000 BC.[7][8] Ndzilo watihunyi namakhala, swipfune vanhu kusweka swakudya leswaku va antswisa magayelo yaswona naswona vaengetela swimilana na tinyama leti dyekaka.[9]
Swiambalo na Tiyindlu[Lulamisa | edit source]
Vutivi na vutshila byo endla swiambalo, ithekinoloji leyi landzeleke. Tiyindlu tavanhu vakhale tisungule kuantswisiwa naswona kwalomu ka malembe ya 380,000 BC, vanhu vakhale vasungule ku aka tiyindlu hitimhadzi.[10][11] Swiambalo swa swikhumba swa swiharhi swipfune vanhu leswaku va ya aka etindzawini totitimela, hiswona leswivangeleke leswaku vanhu vasungula ku valanga vahangalaka na tiko nkulu ro Afrika kwalomu ka malembe ya 200,000 BC.[12]
Malembe ya lexikarhi: 10,000 BC – 300 AD[Lulamisa | edit source]
Thekinoloji yavanhu yisungule kuhluvuka no antswa swoghasi eka malembe yohetelela yakhale kuta haleno ka nguva leyitolovelekeke (Ano Domini). Kutirhisiwa ka mathulusi yamaribye lamachukuchuweke, swipfune vanhu leswaku vaendla mathulusi lama lotiweke kahle leswaku makota kutsema kahle. Swihloka swamaribye leswi chukuchiweke swi endle leswaku vanhu vakota to tsema misinya leyikulu no endla swirhapa swo rima. Vurimi byi cince mahanyele no antswisa vutomi bya vanhu swonghasi. Vurimi byi endle swikoteka to hlengeleta vanhu endzawini leyitsonga naswona vakota ku tihanyisa hiswakudya leswi vaswirimaka.[13][14]
Mathulisi yansimbhi[Lulamisa | edit source]
Kuantswisiwa kaxihiso, swi tswale vutshila byo tirha hitinsimbhi.[15] Nsuku, Koporo, nasiliva itinsimbhi leti vatihiseleke leswaku va endla mathulusi lamatiyeke no karhiha swinene.
Matimba yotirha na Vutleketli[Lulamisa | edit source]
Kutumbuluxiwa ka vilwa ku tise ku cinca loku kulu eka mahanyelo na vutomi bya vanhu. Aswitekanga nkarhi kutsumbula leswaku vilwa ringa pfuna ku endla golonyi leyinga tithisiwaka kurhwala swilo leswitikaka na kulwa tinyimpi. Thlandla kambirhi vilwa risungule kutirhisiwa kuphehla matimba kusuka eka matimba ya mati kuya eka matimba ya moya.
Mangula lawa: 300 AD – Kufika namunthla[Lulamisa | edit source]
Thekinoloji yamanhuva lawa yihluvuke swonghasi loko hi ringanisa na tithekinoloji ta vanhu vakhale. Kutumbuluxiwa ka swilo leswi fanaka na bandhi ra hanci, swifambo swa timbongolo naswin'wana swi antswise ndlela yotleketla vanhu na mpahla. Kutumbuluxiwa ka swipirhi, swipanera, mabharha yo susumeta na tiwachi naswona swi antswise vutomi na mahanyele. Nhluvuko wa thekinoloji wu endla leswaku swakudya na swa mabindzi swi olova ku tleketliwa no xavisiwa hi kuolova.
Kusukela hi lembe-xidzana ra 18, kupfuriwa katinkomponi kupfune no hlohlotela kuantswisiwa ka tithekinoloji to tala, ngopfungopfu eka vurimi, vuaki, timayini, swiceriwa na vutleketli. Thekinoloji yitlele yi antswisiwa hiku tsumburiwa ka kuphehla gezi leswaku kuvumbiwa motoro, malambhu yagezi naswina swohambana-hambana. Kuhluvuka ka vutivi bya Sayensi kutise nhluvuko wa swihaha-mpfuka, vutshunguri, tikhemikhali kuhlanganisa na vunjiniyeri. nhluvuko wa thekinoloji wu tise miako yo leha leswi endleke leswaku vanhu vakuma tindzawu to tshama. Tindlela to vulaula namabulo swi antswisiwe ngopfu hi kufika ka thelegrafi, riqingo, xiyanimoya na thelevixini. Lembe-xidzana ra vu 19 nakusungula ka ravu 20, kutsumburiwe tindlela to antswisa vutleketli hi kutirhisa swihaha-mphfuka na timovha.
Minkombo ya tluka[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).
- ↑ Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003).
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980).
- ↑ Wade, Nicholas (15 July 2003).
- ↑ Crump, Thomas (2001).
- ↑ "Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs".
- ↑ "History of Stone Age Man".
- ↑ James, Steven R. (February 1989).
- ↑ Stahl, Ann B. (1984).
- ↑ O'Neil, Dennis.
- ↑ Villa, Paola (1983).
- ↑ Cordaux, Richard; Stoneking, Mark (2003).
- ↑ "The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period".
- ↑ Sussman, Robert W.; Hall, Roberta L. (April 1972).
- ↑ Cramb, Alan W. "A Short History of Metals".


text:
Vusocha
Vusocha, i ntlawa wa tinyimpi wa tiko ro karhi, naswona wu thlela wu rina mpfumelelo wo tirhisa matimba yo dlaya na mathlarhi ya nyimpi ku seketela swilaveko swa hulumendhe ya tiko ro karhi na va akatiko va rona. Ntirho wa masocha iku sirhelela tiko na va aki va rona, mathlela ma lwa nyimpi na tiko rin'wana. Masocha manga thleal mava na mintirho yin'wana yo fana na kuhlohlotela vupolitiki, kusirhelela swa mabhindzu, kulawula va aka tiko, ku aka, vukorhokeri bya nkarhi wa xihantla vathlela va sirhelela tindzhawu tin'wana ta mfumo.[1] The word is now identified as denoting someone that is skilled in use of weapons, or engaged in military service, or in warfare.[2][3]
Mintshaho[Lulamisa | edit source]
- ↑ Tucker, T.G. (1985) Etymological dictionary of Latin, Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156
- ↑ Oxford dictionary
- ↑ "Merriam Webster Dictionary online". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 2011-08-01.


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