text:
Lwela go Nna Boikgapo
“Maungo a moya [kgotsa dinonofo tse moya o di tlhagisang] ke . . . boikgapo.”—BAGAL. 5:22, 23.
PINA: 83, 52
1, 2. (a) Go nna le diphelelo dife fa motho a se na boikgapo? (b) Ke eng fa kgang ya boikgapo e le botlhokwa gompieno?
BOIKGAPO ke nonofo ya botlhokwa ya Bokeresete. (Bagal. 5:22, 23) Jehofa o boikgapo ka tsela e e feletseng. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ga ba a itekanela e bile ba thatafalelwa ke go bontsha boikgapo. Tota e bile, batho ba le bantsi gompieno ba lebana le mathata ka gonne ba se na boikgapo. Seo se ka dira gore ba nne le mokgwa wa go beela dilo kwa morago le gore ba se ka ba dira bontle kwa sekolong kgotsa kwa tirong. Gape go ka felela ka go sotla ba bangwe ka mafoko, botagwa, thubakanyo, tlhalo, dikoloto tse di sa tlhokegeng, go tshwakgoga, go tshwarwa, go tshwenyega mo maikutlong, malwetse a tlhakanelodikobo, go ima go go sa lebelelwang le tse dingwe.—Pes. 34:11-14.
2 Go bonala sentle gore batho ba ba seng boikgapo ba tsenya bone le batho ba bangwe mo mathateng. Bothata jwa go tlhoka boikgapo bo nna maswe le go feta. Ka bo1940, go ile ga dirwa dipatlisiso ka kgang ya boikgapo, mme dipego tsa bosheng tsone di bontsha gore batho ga ba sa tlhole ba bontsha boikgapo jaaka pele. Seno ga se gakgamatse baithuti ba Baebele ka gonne Baebele e ile ya bolelela pele gore sesupo sengwe sa gore re tshela mo “metlheng ya bofelo,” ke gore batho e tla nna “ba ba se nang boikgapo.”—2 Tim. 3:1-3.
3. Ke eng fa Bakeresete ba tshwanetse go nna boikgapo?
3 Ke eng fa o tshwanetse go nna boikgapo? Akanya ka mabaka ano a mabedi a botlhokwa. La ntlha, go lemogilwe gore batho ba ba kgonang go laola dikeletso tsa bone, ga ba nne le mathata a mantsi. Ba kgona go laola maikutlo a bone, ba nna le kamano e e molemo le ba bangwe e bile ga ba galefe motlhofo le go tlhobaela thata jaaka batho ba ba tseegang maikutlo ka bonako. La bobedi, bokgoni jwa go emelana le dithaelo le go laola dikeletso tse di sa siamang bo botlhokwa gore re kgone go amogelwa ke Modimo. Kgang ya ga Adame le Efa e supela boammaaruri jwa seno. (Gen. 3:6) Gape akanya ka diphelelo tse di sa siamang tse batho ba ileng ba lebana le tsone go tloga ka nako eo ka gonne ba se na boikgapo.
4. Ke eng se se ka kgothatsang batho ba go leng thata gore ba nne boikgapo?
4 Ga go na motho ope yo o sa itekanelang yo o nang le boikgapo ka tsela e e feletseng. Jehofa o itse seno e bile o batla go thusa batlhanka ba gagwe gore ba kgone go fenya bokoa jwa bone jwa go dira se se sa siamang. (1 Dikg. 8:46-50) E re ka a le lorato, o kgothatsa batho ba ba siameng ba ba batlang go mo direla mme go le thata gore ba bontshe boikgapo mo dilong dingwe. Mma re sekaseke sekao se se molemo sa ga Jehofa. Go tswa foo re tla ithuta ka dikao tse di siameng le tse di sa siamang tse di mo Baebeleng. Mo godimo ga moo, re tla sekaseka dikakantsho tse di ka re thusang gore re nne boikgapo ka tsela e e oketsegileng.
JEHOFA O RE TLHOMETSE SEKAO
5, 6. Jehofa o tlhomile sekao sefe sa go nna boikgapo?
5 Jehofa o bontsha boikgapo ka tsela e e feletseng ka gonne o itekanetse. (Dute. 32:4) Le fa go ntse jalo, rona ga re a itekanela. Mme gone, fa re batla go itse mo go oketsegileng ka boikgapo, re tlhoka go sekaseka sekao sa ga Jehofa gore re tle re kgone go mo etsa. Jehofa o ile a bontsha boikgapo mo maemong afe?
6 Akanya kafa Jehofa a ileng a bontsha boikgapo ka gone fa Satane a ne a tsuologa. Kgang eno e ne e tlhoka go rarabololwa. Ga go pelaelo gore se Satane a se dirileng se ne sa dira gore dibopiwa tse di ikanyegang tsa Modimo tsa kwa legodimong di galefe e bile di nne le letlhoo. Gongwe le wena o ikutlwa jalo fa o akanya ka mathata a Satane a a bakileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Jehofa ga a ka a itlhaganelela go tsaya kgato. O ne a tsiboga ka tsela e e siameng. O ile a nna bonya go galefa e bile a bontsha tshiamiso mo botsuoloding jono jwa ga Satane. (Ekes. 34:6; Jobe 2:2-6) Ka ntlha yang? Jehofa o letlile gore nako e fete ka gonne ga a batle gore ope a senngwe mme “o eletsa gore botlhe ba fitlhe mo boikwatlhaong.”—2 Pet. 3:9.
7. Re ka ithuta eng mo sekaong sa ga Jehofa?
7 Tsela e Jehofa a ileng a bontsha boikgapo ka yone e re ruta gore re tshwanetse go akanyetsa ka kelotlhoko se re se buang le se re se dirang, ga re a tshwanela go itlhaganelela go dira dilo. Fa o lebane le kgang nngwe ya botlhokwa, iphe nako e e tla go letlang gore o tseye kgato e e siameng. Rapelela botlhale gore o kgone go bua le go dira se se siameng. (Pes. 141:3) Fa o tseegile maikutlo, go motlhofo tota gore o dire sengwe se o tla se ikwatlhaelang. Tota e bile, bontsi jwa rona re kile ra bua kgotsa ra dira sengwe se morago re neng ra sa ikwatlhaela.—Dia. 14:29; 15:28; 19:2.
DIKAI TSE DI SIAMENG LE TSE DI SA SIAMANG TSA BATLHANKA BA MODIMO
8. (a) Re ka bona kae dikai tsa batho ba ba ileng ba bontsha dinonofo tse di molemo? (b) Ke eng se se thusitseng Josefa gore a fenye thaelo ya mosadi wa ga Potifaro? (Bona setshwantsho se se simololang setlhogo.)
8 Ke dikai dife tsa mo Baebeleng tse di bontshang botlhokwa jwa go laola tsela e re tsibogang ka yone? O ka tswa o gopola batho ba le mmalwa ba mo Baebeleng ba ba ileng ba bontsha boikgapo fa ba lekwa. Mongwe wa bone ke morwa Jakobe e bong Josefa. O ne a bontsha boikgapo fa a ne a direla kwa ntlong ya ga Potifaro, yo e neng e le molebedi wa badisa ba ga Faro. Mosadi wa ga Potifaro o ne a kgatlhegela Josefa e re ka a ne “a bopegile sentle e bile a le montle,” mme o ne a leka go mo raela. Ke eng se se thusitseng Josefa gore a se ka a ineelela thaelo eo? Ga go na pelaelo gore o ne a ipha nako ya go akanya ka ditlamorago tse di ka nnang gone fa a ka dira jalo. Mme fa boemo bo ne bo nna maswe le go feta, o ne a tlhanola direthe. O ne a re: “Ke ka dira jang bosula jo bogolo jono mme ka leofela Modimo?”—Gen. 39:6, 9; bala Diane 1:10.
9. O ka ipaakanyetsa jang go emelana le dithaelo?
9 Sekao sa ga Josefa se re ruta eng? Ntlha nngwe ke gore, le rona re ka tlhoka go tila keletso ya go batla go tlola melao ya Modimo. Mo nakong e e fetileng, Basupi bangwe ba ne ba lwantsha bothata jwa go ja bobe, go nwa bobe, go goga, go dirisa diokobatsi, boitsholo jo bo sa siamang jwa tlhakanelodikobo le tse dingwe. Tota le fa ba sena go kolobediwa, ka dinako dingwe ba ka raelesega go boela kwa mekgweng ya bone ya pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa o raelesega go tlola melao ya Modimo, nonotsha tumelo ya gago ka go ipha nako ya go akanya ka ditlamorago tse di ka nnang teng ka gonne o paletswe ke go laola dikeletso tsa gago. Leka go akanya ka maemo a mo go one o ka raelesegang go dira se se sa siamang mme o dire tshwetso ya gore o tla a tila jang. (Pes. 26:4, 5; Dia. 22:3) Fa o ka lebana le thaelo nngwe, kopa Jehofa gore a go neye botlhale le boikgapo jwa gore o emelane le yone.
10, 11. (a) Basha ba le bantsi ba lebana le kgwetlho efe kwa sekolong? (b) Ke eng se se ka thusang basha ba Bakeresete go emelana le kgatelelo ya go dira boitsholo jo bo maswe?
10 Basha ba le bantsi ba lebana le thaelo e e tshwanang le ya ga Josefa. Akanya ka Kim. Bontsi jwa bana ba a neng a tsena sekolo le bone ba ne ba dira boitsholo jo bo sa siamang jwa tlhakanelodikobo, mme gantsi morago ga mafelobeke, ba ne ba ikgantsha ka dilo tse di maswe tse ba di dirileng. Kim o ne a itidimalela fela fa seo se direga. A re ka dinako dingwe kgang eno e ne e dira gore a ikutlwe e le letlhaodi e bile baithutimmogo le ene ba ne ba tsaya gore ke sematla ka gonne a sa ratane. Le fa go ntse jalo, Kim o ne a itse gore basha ba le bantsi ba lebana le thaelo e e kgolo ya go batla go tlhakanela dikobo. (2 Tim. 2:22) Baithutimmogo le ene ba ne ba rata go mmotsa gore a ga a ise a dire jalo. Seno se ne se mo naya tshono ya go tlhalosa lebaka la go bo a ise a tlhakanele dikobo. Ruri re motlotlo ka basha ba Bakeresete ba ba ikemiseditseng go tila boitsholo jo bo sa siamang jwa tlhakanelodikobo mme Jehofa le ene o motlotlo ka bone!
11 Baebele e na le dikai tsa tlhagiso tsa batho ba ba ileng ba palelwa ke go bontsha boikgapo fa go tla mo kgannyeng ya tlhakanelodikobo. Gape e tlhalosa ditlamorago tse di ka nnang teng fa motho a dira jalo. Mongwe le mongwe yo o lebaneng le boemo jo bo tshwanang le jwa ga Kim o tshwanetse go akanya ka sekai sa lekawana le go buiwang ka lone mo go Diane kgaolo 7. Gape akanya ka se Amenone a ileng a se dira le mathata a a neng a nna gone ka ntlha ya boitshwaro jwa gagwe. (2 Sam. 13:1, 2, 10-15, 28-32) Batsadi ba ka thusa bana ba bone go nna boikgapo le go nna botlhale fa ba intsha le mongwe ka go tlotla le bone ka kgang eno ka nako ya kobamelo ya lelapa mme ba ka dirisa dipego tsa Baebele tse di sa tswang go umakwa.
12. (a) Josefa o ile a laola maikutlo a gagwe jang fa a dirisana le bomorwarraagwe? (b) Re ka tlhoka go laola maikutlo a rona mo maemong afe?
12 Josefa o ne a tlhoma sekao se sengwe se se molemo sa go bontsha boikgapo. E re ka Josefa a ne a batla go itse maitlhomo a bomorwarraagwe, ga a ka a ba bolelela gore ke ene mang fa ba ne ba ile kwa Egepeto go ya go reka dijo. Mme fa a ne a utlwa gore o palelwa ke go itshwara, o ne a ya kwa lefelong le le kwa thoko gore a lele. (Gen. 43:30, 31; 45:1) Fa Mokeresetemmogo le wena kgotsa mongwe yo o mo ratang a sa dire sengwe sentle, go bontsha boikgapo jaaka Josefa a ile a dira go ka go thusa gore o tile go dira dilo tse o sa di akanyetsang sentle. (Dia. 16:32; 17:27) Fa e le gore o na le mongwe wa losika yo o tlositsweng mo phuthegong, o ka nna wa tlhoka go laola maikutlo a gago gore o tile go dirisana le motho yoo. Go bontsha boikgapo mo maemong ao ga go itlele fela, mme go ka nna motlhofo go dira jalo fa re gopola gore re a bo re etsa Modimo e bile re ikobela kaelo ya gagwe.
13. Re ka ithuta eng mo dipegong tsa ga Kgosi Dafide?
13 Baebele e re bolelela ka sekao se se molemo sa ga Kgosi Dafide. O ne a na le maatla a magolo mme o ne a tila go a dirisa fa a ne a rumolwa ke Saulo le Shimei. (1 Sam. 26:9-11; 2 Sam. 16:5-10) Mme gone, ga se gore ka metlha Dafide o ne a kgona go laola maikutlo a gagwe e re ka re gopola boleo jo a bo dirileng le Bathesheba le tsela e a ileng a tsiboga ka yone fa Nabale a ne a bontsha bopelotshetlha. (1 Sam. 25:10-13; 2 Sam. 11:2-4) Le fa go ntse jalo, re ka ithuta sengwe go tswa mo go Dafide. Sa ntlha, balebedi ba batho ba Modimo ba tshwanetse go nna kelotlhoko gore ba se ka ba dirisa taolo ya bone ka tsela e e sa siamang. Sa bobedi, ga go na ope yo o ka repang fela a akanya gore ene a ke se wele mo thaelong.—1 Bakor. 10:12.
SE O KA SE DIRANG
14. Mokaulengwe mongwe o ne a diragalelwa ke eng, mme ke eng fa tsela e re tsibogang ka yone mo maemong a a ntseng jalo e le botlhokwa?
14 Ke eng se o ka se dirang gore o nne boikgapo? Akanya ka boemo jono. Mongwe o ne a thula koloi ya ga Luigi kwa morago. Le fa mokgweetsi yoo a ne a le phoso, o ne a tlhapatsa Luigi mme a leka go mo lwantsha. Luigi o ne a kopa Jehofa gore a mo thuse go ritibala maikutlo mme o ne a leka go ritibatsa mokgweetsi yoo, le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a palelwa. Luigi o ne a kwala inshorense ya monna yoo mme a mo tlogela a ntse a omana. Beke morago ga moo, o ne a dira loeto lwa go boela kwa mosading mongwe mme a lemoga gore monna wa gagwe e ne e le mokgweetsi yole. Monna yono o ne a tlhabilwe ke ditlhong e bile o ne a kopa maitshwarelo ka ntlha ya boitshwaro jwa gagwe. O ne a bolelela Luigi gore o tla founela batho ba inshorense ya gagwe gore ba tle ba rarabolole kgang ya bone ka bonako. Monna yono o ne a reetsa molaetsa wa Baebele mme o ne a itumelela se a se utlwang. Luigi o ne a lemoga botlhokwa jwa go bo a ile a nna a ritibetse morago ga kotsi eo le gore go ka bo go ile nna ga nna maswe thata jang fa a ka bo a ile a tseega maikutlo.—Bala 2 Bakorintha 6:3, 4.
15, 16. Go ithuta Baebele go ka thusa wena le ba lelapa la gago jang gore lo nne boikgapo?
15 Go ithuta Baebele ka kelotlhoko go ka thusa Bakeresete gore ba nne boikgapo. Gopola gore Modimo o ne a bolelela Joshua jaana: “Buka eno ya molao e se ka ya tloga mo molomong wa gago, o e balele kwa tlase motshegare le bosigo, gore o tlhokomele go dira kafa go sotlhe se se kwadilweng mo go yone; gonne o tla dira gore tsela ya gago e atlege e bile o tla dira ka botlhale.” (Josh. 1:8) Go ithuta Baebele go ka go thusa jang gore o nne boikgapo?
16 Re sa tswa go bona gore Baebele e na le dipego tse di bontshang sentle melemo le ditlamorago tsa ditiro tsa rona. Jehofa o na le lebaka la go bo a ile a dira gore dipego tseno di kwalwe. (Bar. 15:4) Go tla bo go le botlhale gore re di bale, re tlhatlhanye ka tsone le go di ithuta! Leka go bona gore di ka thusa wena le ba lelapa la gago jang. Kopa Jehofa gore a go thuse go dirisa se o se ithutang mo Lefokong la gagwe. Fa o lemoga gore o palelwa ke go bontsha boikgapo mo maemong mangwe, amogela gore o na le bothata. Go tswa foo, rapela ka gone mme o bone gore o ka baakanya jang. (Jak. 1:5) Ga go pelaelo gore go dira dipatlisiso mo dikgatisong tsa rona go tla go thusa gore o bone tshedimosetso e e ka go tswelang mosola.
17. Batsadi ba ka thusa bana ba bone jang gore ba nne boikgapo?
17 O ka thusa jang bana ba gago gore ba nne boikgapo? Batsadi ba a itse gore ga go motlhofo gore bana ba nne le nonofo eno. Mme fela jaaka go ntse ka dinonofo tse dingwe tse bana ba tshwanetseng go di ithuta, batsadi ba tshwanetse go ba tlhomela sekao. (Baef. 6:4) Ka jalo, fa o lemoga gore bana ba gago ba palelwa ke go laola dikeletso tsa bone, ipotse gore a o ba tlhomela sekao se se molemo. Nna o gopotse kafa go nna gone ka metlha kwa bodireding, kwa dipokanong le go tshwara kobamelo ya lelapa go ka solegelang bana ba gago molemo ka gone. O se ka wa tshaba go gana go dira dilo dingwe tse ba di kopang fa e le gore go a tlhokega! Jehofa o ne a tlhomela Adame le Efa melao, mme melao eo e ne e tla ba thusa gore ba tlotle bolaodi jwa gagwe. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, melao ya batsadi le sekao sa bone di ka thusa bana ba bone gore ba nne boikgapo. Sengwe sa botlhokwa tota se o ka se rutang bana ba gago ke gore ba rate bolaodi jwa Modimo le go tlotla melao ya gagwe.—Bala Diane 1:5, 7, 8.
18. Ke eng fa go nna le ditsala tse di siameng go ka go solegela molemo?
18 E ka ne o motsadi kgotsa nnyaa, ga o a tshwanela go itlhokomolosa botlhokwa jwa go tlhopha ditsala tse di siameng. Batla ditsala tse di tla go kgothaletsang go fitlhelela mekgele e e siameng le go tila dilo tse di sa siamang. (Dia. 13:20) Go itsalanya le batho ba ba ratang Jehofa go ka go tlhotlheletsa ka tsela e e molemo le go dira gore o etse tsela e ba bontshang boikgapo ka yone. Mme ga go na pelaelo gore boitshwaro jwa gago jo bo siameng bo tla kgothatsa ditsala tsa gago. Fa o tswelela o bontsha boikgapo, Modimo o tla go amogela mme seo se tla dira gore o itumelele botshelo e bile o tla kgona go tswelela o dirisana sentle le batho ba bangwe.


c: text/html

text:
JW BROADCASTING
Reetsa Dikgatiso Tsa Mantswe Fela mo Amazon Fire TV
Karolo ya Audio e na le dikgatiso tsa mantswe fela tse di jaaka mmino, diterama tsa mmalo wa Baebele le tse dingwe.
(Ela tlhoko: Remote ya gago e ka tswa e sa tshwane le e e mo sekirining seno.)
Tobetsa Audio mo JW Broadcasting go bona dikgatiso tsa mantswe fela. Latela dikgato tseno fa o batla dikgatiso tsa mantswe fela le fa o batla go di reetsa:
Reetsa Kgatiso ya Mantswe Fela
Dikgatiso tsa mantswe fela di rulagantswe go ya ka maina a a farologaneng. Maina a dikgatiso tseno a tlhagelela fa godimo ga tsone.
Tobetsa remote jaaka go bontshitswe mo setshwantshong seno fa o batla go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng.
Tobetsa remote jaaka go bontshitswe mo setshwantshong seno fa o batla go bona dikgatiso tse di tlhagelelang mo karolong e e rileng.
Tobetsa remote mo gare fa o batla go tsenya kgatiso e o e tlhophileng le gore dintlha tsa yone di tlhage mo sekirining.
O ka dira jaana:
Tobetsa Play fa o batla go tshameka kgatiso go tswa kwa tshimologong.
Tobetsa Play All fa o batla go tshameka dikgatiso tsotlhe tsa mantswe fela, go simolola ka e o setseng o e butse. Dikgatiso tseno di tla emisa fa di sena go tshameka tsotlhe.
Tobetsa Resume fa o batla go tshameka kgatiso go tswa kwa o neng o e emisitse gone.
Dikgatiso tse di fa tlase ga Resume, Play le Play All ke tsa karolo ya bidio e o e butseng. Tobetsa remote kwa godimo mo sedikong fa o batla go bona dibidio tse di mo karolong eno kgotsa tobetsa remote kwa tlase mo sedikong fa o batla go boela kwa dintlheng tsa bidio e o e butseng.
Reetsa Dikgatiso Tsotlhe Tsa Mantswe Fela
O kgona go reetsa dikgatiso tsotlhe tse di mo karolong e o e tlhophileng. Fa o le mo sekirining seo, tlhopha karolo e o batlang go e reetsa, go tswa foo, o ka nna wa tlhopha go:
Tobetsa Play All fa o batla go tshameka dikgatiso tsotlhe tse di mo karolong eno, go simolola ka ya ntlha.
Tobetsa Shuffle fa o batla go tshameka dikgatiso mme o sa batle gore di tshameke ka go latelana.
Dikgatiso tseno di tla emisa fa di sena go tshameka tsotlhe.
Tshameka Dikgatiso ka Tsela e o Batlang ka Yone
Fa kgatiso e tshameka, o ka dirisa remote ya Amazon Fire TV go tlhopha gore o batla go e tshameke jang, o ka tlhopha go:
Tobetsa Play kgotsa Pause fa o batla go emisa kgatiso kgotsa go e tshameka gape.
Tobetsa Fast Forward fa o batla gore kgatiso e tshameke ka bonako. Tobetsa Play fa o batla gore e tshameke.
Tobetsa Rewind fa o batla go tshameka kgatiso go tswa kwa tshimologong. Tobetsa Play fa o batla gore e tshameke.
Tobetsa Back fa o batla go boela kwa sekirining sa Audio.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
KGAOLO YA BORARO 3.1 SEKWALWA 3.1.1 Matseno
by user
viewsReport
Comments
Transcript
University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) KGAOLO YA BORARO 3.1 SEKWALWA 3.1.1 Matseno Kgaolo ya boraro e ya go ikamanya le tlhaloso ya sekwalwa (sebopego sa sekwalwa). Go tlhalosiwa fa sekwalwa se na le matlalo a le mararo, e leng, diteng, thulaganyo le setaele. 3.1.2 Tlhaloso ya sekwalwa Sekwalwa se ya go tlhalosiwa go ya ka Bolebapopego (Russian Formalism). Fa go tlhalosiwa Bolebapopego ga twe, ke tiori ya ntlha ya go sekaseka sekwalwa e e simolotseng kwa Russia. Go ya ka Stevens le Stewart (1987: 2) ba re ke mokgwa wa go kgaolagare sekwalwa go bona bogare jwa sona. • Basekaseki ba bogologolo Bogologolo go ne go na le basekaseki ba dikwalwa kwa Russia, fela ba ne ba sa ipopa go ya ka ditlhopha. Basekaseki ba, fa ba lebelela sekwalwa, ba ne ba lebanya tshekatsheko eo le botshelo jwa mokwadi gonne ba mo tsaya jaaka motho wa maemo a a kwa godimo. Tshekatsheko ya bona e ne e golaganya mokwadi le sekwalwa. Ka mafoko a mangwe, go ya ka basekaseki ba ba bogologolo, mokwadi le sekwalwa ke selo se le sengwe. Ga go na pharologano magareng ga mokwadi le sekwalwa. Puo e, e tshegediwa ke Grobler le ba bangwe (1992: 7) fa ba re: …literary scholars, both in Russia and elsewhere were clearly author-orientated in their approach: as reflected by their giving precedence to the moral, 46 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) biogaraphical, ideologies and historical dimensions of literary words. Fa batiori ba ba bogologolo ba kgaolagare sekwalwa, ba ne ba se bona fa se na le matlalo a le mabedi, e leng, 'fabula' le 'syuzhet' go ya ka fa Ryan le van Zyl (1982: 20) ba buang ka teng. Visser (1982: 20) le Segre (1988: 230) ba re 'fabula' ke ditiragalo tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di tlhagisiwa ka tsela ya tlhamalalo. 'Syuzhet' yona e senolwa e le dikgang tsa 'fabula' tse di rulagantsweng ka matsetseleko ka tiriso ya malepa a botlhami, thulaganyo e e matswakabele gore dikgang tseo di tlhagisiwe ka mokgwa o o seng wa ka metlha, o o sa tlwaelegang kana wa tshwanololo (defamiliarization/enstrangement). Matlalo a mabedi a, a ka bontshiwa ka seralo se: Diteng Thulaganyo • Balebapopego (Russian Formalists) Elrich (1986: 63-64) a re Balebapopego ke basekaseki ba ntlha ba tiori ya dikwalwa e e simolotseng kwa 'Russia'. Basekaseki ba, ba ne ba ipopile go ya ka ditlhopha di le pedi, e leng, 'Moscow Linguistic Circle' le 'Opagees' go tswa kwa 'St Pietersburg'. Ba ne ba tsaya thuto ya dikwalwa jaaka e e kgethegileng, gape e e ikemetseng ka boyona. Fa ba rotoga, ba ne ba amogela sebopego sa sekwalwa go ya ka fa se tlhagisiwang ka teng ke basekaseki ba bogologolo ka gore se na le matlalo a le mabedi a a setseng a tlhalositswe ke batiori ba ba farologaneng ka fa godimo. Se ba neng ba le 47 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) kgatlhanong le sona e ne e le gore fa go sekasekiwa sekwalwa go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa botshelo jwa mokwadi ka fa basekaseki ba bogologolo ba tlhalosang ka teng. Go ya ka Balebapopego se se leng mo sekwalweng ke sona se se mosola thata, e bile ke sona se tshwanetseng go sekasekiwa. Ka go rialo, fa go lebelelwa sekwalwa, ga go a tshwanela go tlhatlhobiwa botshelo jwa mokwadi. Ke ka foo, Jefferson le Robey (1986: 32) ba reng: A literary work has nothing to do with vision or with its authorial meaning. A given work of literature is related to literature in general and not to the personality of its author. Go tlhalosiwa go se nne le kamano magareng ga mokwadi le sekwalwa. Ke ka ntlha e Schklosky (Abrams, 1988:234) a gatelelang kgang e ka gore maikaelelo a sekwalwa ke tshwanololo. Go dirisiwa ga mafoko kgotsa puo ka mokgwa o e seng wa mmuagale, o o sa tshwaneng le tiriso ya ona ya ka metlha, ke gona go go leng mosola. Fa ba oketsa mo puong e, Eagleton (1983: 34) le Mojalefa (1995: 82) ba re sentlentle go tshwanetse ga sekasekiwa sekwalwa go ya ka moo Balebapopego ba buang ka teng, e seng botshelo jwa mokwadi ka gore bo ka se thuse mosekaseki ka gope. Basekaseki ba, le bona ba sa ntse ba tiisa go se nne le kgolagano magareng ga mokwadi le sekwalwa. Ke ka tsela e Lemon le Reis (1965: 107) ba tlatsang ka gore fa tshekatshekong ya bona, Balebapopego ba tlhokomela malepa a puo a a dirisiwang ke mokwadi fa a tlhama sekwalwa gonne tiriso e ya puo ke yona e farologanyang sekwalwa se se rileng le dikwalwa tse dingwe. Ka mokgwa o, go kaya gore Balebapopego go tshwana le basekaseki ba bogologolo, ba lebaganya kgang ya bona le sebopego sa sekwalwa fa se na le matlalo a le mabedi, e leng diteng (fabula) le thulaganyo (syuzhet) go ya ka fa Groenewald (1993) le Mojalefa (1995) ba a bitsang ka teng. 48 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Balebakagego (Structuralists) Morago ga Balebapopego, go ne ga tlhagelela balebakagego ba go tshwana le Genette (1980: 40) le Strachan (1988: 3-5). Le bona ba ne ba amogela sebopego sa sekwalwa fa se arogantswe go ya ka matlalo. Ba re sekwalwa se na le matlalo a le mararo, e seng, a le mabedi go ya ka fa basekaseki ba bogologolo le balebapopego ba buang ka teng. Letlalo le la boraro ga ba le tlhagise ka tlhamalalo. Fa ba le tlhalosa ba re e kete ke thekeniki ya tebelelo (point of view) e e dirisiwang mo thulaganyong. Go netefatsa kgang e, Strachan (1988: 5) a re: Soos in die voorwoord genoem, word daar van die veronderstelling uitgegaan dat 'n verhalende teks uit drie lae bestaan teks, verhaal en geskiedenis. Strachan le Genette go ka twe ba akaretsa matlalo a sebopego sa sekwalwa ka go a bitsa 'geskiedenis'/'story', 'verhaal'/'narrative' le 'teks'/'narration' a Groenewald (1993: 14) le Mojalefa (1995: 1) ba a tlhalosang gore ke diteng, thulaganyo le setaele. Go farologana le boGenette, Groenewald le Mojalefa ga gatelela gore fa go sekasekiwa diteng, go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa setlhogo, fa go tlhotlhomisiwa ka ga thulaganyo, se se botlhokwa se se tshwanetseng go lemogiwa ke thitokgang, mme ka fa ntlheng e nngwe mowa le maikutlo di tshwanetse go tsewa tsia thata fa go lekodisisiwa setaele. Ka jalo, go ya go sekasekiwa matlalo a le mararo a go ya ka fa a tlhalosiwang ka teng ke boGroenewald. 3.1.3 Diteng Groenewald (1991: 12) le Mojalefa (1993: 4) ba re diteng ke letlalo la ntlha la sekwalwa. Fa a atolosa kgang e, Marggraff (1994: 61) a re ke ditiragalo 49 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) tsotlhe tse di iseng di rulaganngwe ke mokwadi. Dikgang tse, ke tse e reng fa mokwadi a simolola go tlhama sekwalwa tsa bo di ntse di le teng. Ka jalo, ditiragalo tse tsa diteng, ga se tse mokwadi a itlhamelang tsona gonne ena o kwala ka tse a itemogetseng mo botshelong. Ke ka foo, Chatman (1978: 1920) a reng: The "fable" (fabula) or basic stuff, is the sumtotal of events to be related in the narrative “Fable ” is the set of events tied together which are communicated to us in the course of the work. Go netefadiwa diteng gore ke ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tse mokwadi a di fitlhelang di ntse di le teng pele a simolola go kwala sekwalwa. Fa ba netefatsa kgang e, Georgakopoulou le Goutsos (1997: 42) ba re: Narrative is the encoding of previous experiences that took place at a specific point or over past time of storyworld. In their narrativasation experiences are segmented into sequence of discrete events that are temporally ordered. Go ya ka basekaseki ba, maitemogelo a mokwadi ke ona a leng mosola thata mo go bopeng sekwalwa. Maitemogelo a, ke ditiragalo tse mokwadi a simololang ka tsona go di baakanya gore e nne kgang e le nngwe. Fa ba oketsa mo go se, Strachan (1988: 5), Heese le Lawton (1988: 104) le Groenewald (1992: 1) ba re dikgang tse tsa diteng ke kologano ya ditiragalo tse di baakantsweng go naya sekwalwa sebopego sa sona. Ke ka foo Bennett le Royle (1999: 58) le O Neil (1994: 24) ba buang ka ditiragalo tse di rulagantsweng tse, gore ke tsona tse moanedi a yang go di tlotlela babuisi go tswa mo sekwalweng. Go tswela pele, Jefferson le Robey (1986: 37) ba re diteng ke: 50 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) …a series of logically and chronologically related events that are caused or experienced by characters. Go itemogelwa fa ditiragalo e se tsona fela tse di bopang letlalo le la ntlha, baanelwa, nako le lefelo di le botlhokwa gonne le tsona e le karolo ya diteng (Lekganyane, 1997: 21). Groenewald (1993: 9) o bua ka baanelwa gore ke badiragatsi gonne ke bona ba ba diragatsang ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa. Ka go rialo, go ka twe ke motswedi wa ditiragalo. Go tswela pele, Mojalefa (1997: 8) a re nako e laola go fetoga ga ditiragalo. Ke yona e e bontshang tshimologo le bokhutlo jwa tiragalo e e rileng. Ka fa go je lengwe, RimmonKenan (1983: 3) le Vandermoere (1982: 124) ba bua ka go nna mosola ga lefelo ka gonne ke fa ditiragalo di diragalelang le go diragadiwa ke baanelwa teng. Mojalefa (1997: 8) o sa ntse a gatela pele ka gore tsona dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng, di gokaganngwa ke setlhogo (topic) gonna ngatana e le nngwe. O tiisa ntlha e ka go re: Sona sererwa se, se logagantšwe go ba selo se tee gomme se lebane thwii le histori (diteng). Go buiwa ka go nna tlhwatlhwa ga setlhogo mo sekwalweng se boSikwane (1984: 108) ba se tlhalosang gore ke leina la buka, kgankhutshwe, jalo jalo. Serudu (1989: 4) ena fa a bua ka ga setlhogo a re ke kgang e mokwadi a kwalang kgotsa a buang ka ga yona mo sekwalweng. Magapa (1997: 1) o tlatsa ka gore yona kgang e, e ka nna lefoko kgotsa polelwana e le nngwe e e akaretsang diteng tsa sekwalwa. Ka jalo, go ka twe ke tshobokanyo ya diteng ka lefoko le le lengwe kgotsa a a mmalwanyana. Ke ka foo, Marggraff (1994: 6) a reng setlhogo ke: 51 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) When a point is reached at which the reality cannot be abstracted any further, when a final abstration is reached; then one refers to the topic of the story. Setlhogo ke tshosobanyo ya bofelo ya sekwalwa. Go tswela pele, Marggraff (ibid) o bua fa setlhogo se, se le botlhokwa: It is this topic which is of vital importance on the story level; and which exerts its influence into two directions: Vertically it determines the four elements of level one; and horizontally it establishes connections. Setlhogo se mosola e le tota gonne se laola dielemente tsotlhe tsa diteng ka fa letlhakoreng le le tsepameng, mme ka fa go le le rapameng dielemente tse tsa diteng, di a tshwaraganngwa go nna kgang e le nngwe e e kitlaneng. Ke ka tsela e Groenewald (1993: 8–9) le Mojalefa (1995: 3) ba akaretsang go nna mosola ga setlhogo ka go re: • se logaganya ditiragalo tsotlhe tsa sekwalwa; • se laola ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa; • se laola tikologo (nako le lefelo); • se laola fa ditiragalo di simololang le fa di felelang teng; le • go itsise babuisi baanelwabagolo le ditiragalokgolo tsa sekwalwa. Go ka sobokiwa ka gore diteng ke dikgang tse mokwadi a di fitlhelang di ntse di le teng fa a kwala sekwalwa sa gagwe. Letlalo le la diteng, le laolwa ke setlhogo, mme ke sona se se tlhophang dikgang tse mokwadi a batlang go kwala ka ga tsona. Ka jalo, setlhogo se botlhokwa ka gore se na le tiro e e rileng ya go tlhopha dikgang tsa diteng. Ka tsela e, go mosola thata gore fa 52 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) go sekasekiwa letlalo le la ntlha la sekwalwa, go tlhokomelwe tiro ya setlhogo. 3.1.4 Thulaganyo Barry le Wright (1966: 69), Barnet, Berman le Burto (1971: 83-4), Rylance (1981: 571), Grobler (1989: 41)) le Walder (1992: 107) ba tlhalosa thulaganyo ka gore ke paakanyo kgotsa tlhatlhamano ya ditiragalo tsa tiro ya bokwadi tse di golaganngwang ka matsetseleko mo sekwalweng. Go gatelelwa kologano ya ditiragalo go bopa kgang e le nngwe e e rileng. Holman (1972: 397) le Murray (1996: 65) ba re ke foreime kana motheo o dikgang tsa sekwalwa di ikaegileng godimo ga ona. Brooks le Warren (1975: 25) ba re ke fa ditiragalo di rulaganngwang go ya ka fa di tlholanang ka teng. Groenewald (1991: 22) o tswetsa kgang e pele ka gore ditiragalo tse, di itlhophetswe ke mokwadi go di dirisa. Ke ka ntlha e Lentricchia le McLaughlin (1990: 403) le Seema (1995: 4) ba reng di kologanngwa go ya ka lenaneo le le rileng ka go latelana ga tsona. Hawkes (1977: 77) le Rimmon-Kenan (1983: 3) ba re fa a rulaganya ditiragalo tse, mokwadi o dirisa mafoko, dipolelwana le dikarolo dingwe tsa puo go gatelela molaetsa o o tsamaelanang le se a ithutileng sona mo botshelong. Di Girolamo (1981: 84) o atolosa kgopolo e ka a re molaetsa oo, o botlhokwa e le tota gonne o loisa kgolagano e e bofagantseng mokwadi le babuisi ba sekwalwa. Crane (Madden, 1980: 142) a re fa ditiragalo di rulagantswe ka tlhomamo, di tla ntshetsa mo pepeneneng ditiro tsa baanelwa jaaka e le bona badiragatsi ba sekwalwa. Ke ka foo, Cohen (1973: 15) a reng: A plot involves characters in a sequence of events arranged in any order deemed suitable by the author. 53 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Foster (Heese le Lawton, 1988: 135) o oketsa ka gore fa go tlhotlhomisiwa thulaganyo, ga se baanelwa fela ba ba tshwanetseng go elwa tlhoko gonne nako le yona e batla go tlhokomediwa. Ke ka foo, a reng thulaganyo ke: …a narrative of events arranged in their time sequence. Ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa di rulaganngwa go ya ka nako e di yang go diragadiwa le go diragalela baanelwa ka yona. Nako e e rileng e, ke yona e e di laolang. Machiu (1994: 69) a re ga se dielemente tse fela tse di tsewang tsia fa go tlhatlhobiwa thulaganyo, lefelo le lona le tshwanetse go sekasekiwa gonne ke fa ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa di diragadiwang le go diragalela baanelwa teng. More (1995: 20) a re fa dielemente tsotlhe tse, di rulagantswe ka matsetseleko le manontlhotlho, di ya go tsweletsa kgang e le nngwe e e kitlaneng. Thulaganyo e ya ditiragalo go ya ka Mfoloe (1992: 37) le Dietrich le Sundell (1967: 115) e tshwanetse go fiwa tiro ka go e lebanya le thitokgang. Se, se bontsha babuisi gore dielemente tsotlhe tsa thulaganyo, di fiwa ditiro mo sekwalweng. Pretorius le Swart (1982: 20) ba tlhalosa fa go na le dikgato tsa botlhokwa tse di tshwanetseng go elwa tlhoko fa go sekasekiwa thulaganyo, e leng, (a) tshenolo (exposition), (b) thaologo (motorial moment), (c) tharaano (complication), (d) setlhoa (climax), (e) phetsogo (peripet/turning point) le (f) tharabololo le katlholo (the devolvement phase and unravelling/denoument). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, Cohen (1973: 68), Cole le Lindemann (1990: 93) le Groenewald (1993: 18-19) bona ba bua ka ga dikgato di le nne fela, e leng, (a) tshenolo (exposition) (b) phuthologo (development), (c) setlhoa (climax) le (d) tharabololo (denoument). Fa go ka lebelelwa dikgato tsa boPretorius, go lemogiwa fa kgato ya bobedi le ya boraro, e leng, thaologo le tharaano di filwe lereo le le lengwe ke 54 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) boCohen gore ke phuthologo, fa kgato ya bone le ya botlhano, e leng, setlhoa le phetsogo tsa boPretorius le tsona tse, boCohen ba di bitsa ka lereo le le lengwe, e leng, tharabololo. Tlhotlhomisi e ya go sala latela dikgato di le nne tsa boGroenewald, e seng, di le thataro go ya ka fa di buiwang ka teng ke boPretorius ka gonne dikgato tse dingwe, di atolositswe go bopa kakanyo e le nngwe. Ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo di tshwaraganngwa ke thitokgang go bopa kgang e le nngwe, gape ke yona e e gokaganyang dithekeniki tsotlhe gore di lebane sentle. Dithekeniki ke karolo ya thulaganyo. Fa go buiwa ka ga thekeniki ke fa go supiwang tsela e mokwadi a rulaganya sekwalwa sa gagwe ka yona. Groenewald (1993: 17) o tiisa mafoko a ka gore thekeniki ke mokgwa o ka ona mokwadi a tsweletsang thitokgang ka ona. Fa a bua go ya pele a re, thekeniki e, e na le mesola e le mebedi, e leng, (a) go gatelela, go godisa le go tlisa kgopolo e e rileng le (b) go lebanya kgopolo eo le thitokgang. Kgang e, e tlhalosa gore thitokgang e mosola mo sekwalweng (Groenewald, 1993: 4-5). Fa ba tlhalosa thitokgang Thrall le Hibbard (1960: 486), Scott (1960: 29), Olmsted (1973: 20), boMeij (1977: 53), boKniekebocker (1985: 10) le Natoli (1987: 267) ba re ke se totatota se toutiwang mo sekwalweng kgotsa se mokwadi a se rutang babuisi. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go ka twe ke se mokwadi a se tlhalosetsang babuisi kana se ba se inopolelang mo sekwalweng. Go netefadiwa fa thitokgang e le kgankgolo e ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa di ikaegileng godimo ga yona. Kgankgolo e, ke ona molaetsa wa mokwadi. Fa ba oketsa mo ntlheng e, boSikwane (1984: 31) ba re molaetsa o, ke ona o senolelang babuisi lebaka le le dirileng mokwadi go kwala sekwalwa seo se se rileng. Gape ba re ditiragalo, dikakanyo le maitseo a baanelwa tsotlhe tse, di lebisitse kwa go thitokgang e le nngwe. Kgang e, e atolosiwa ke Shole (1988: 11) fa a re mo diterameng, ditiro, ditiragalo le 55 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) dipuo tsotlhe tse di lebile lebaka lengwe la botshelo jwa setho, le moterama a ratang go le lemosa babogedi le babuisi. Lebaka le, ke lona thitokgang. Ke thitokgang e e golaganyang diteng, go di naya bokaelo jo di ka tlhaloganngwang ka jona. Ke ka ntlha e Dietrich le Sundell (1967: 44) ba reng: Theme of course is derived from the total effect of all the elementsof a story – characters, tone, plot and the rest. Ga se ditiragalo le baanelwa fela tse di tlhagisiwang ke thitokgang, dielemente tsotlhe tse di bopang kgang le tsona di a akarediwa. Armstrong le Brandes (1963: 218) le Brooks le Warren (1975: 273) ba fetsa ka gore thitokgang ke bokhutlo jwa se mokwadi a ratang go se dira mabapi le setlhogo se a se tlhophileng. Ke se mokwadi a se bonang mo kgannyeng, mo kgopolong e e rileng, e a ratang go e abelana le babuisi. Go ka wediwa ka gore thulaganyo ke foreime ya ditiragalo. Foreime e, e bopilwe ke dielemente di le nne, e leng, ditiragalo, baanelwa, nako le lefelo. Dielemente tse nne tse, di fiwa ditiro. Ditiro tsa dielemente tse, di lebagane le go senola maikaelelo a mokwadi. Tiro ya thitokgang le dithekeniki ke go tsweletsa molaetsa wa mokwadi. 3.1.5 Setaele Phala (1999: 11) le Mataboge (2001:16) ba tlhalosa setaele gore ke letlalo la boraro la sekwalwa. Wales (1989: 435) le Stern (1991: 224) ba re ke tsela ya mokwadi ya go dirisa puo mo sekwalweng. Ke ka ntlha e Kane (1988: 10), Serudu (1989: 5) le Murray (1996: 65) ba reng ke tlhopho ya mafoko thulaganyo ya dipolelo le botshwantshi. Basekaseki ba, ba gatelela gore 56 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) mokwadi o tshwanetse go nna le tlotlofoko e e humileng kgotsa go itse puo ya gaabo ka botlalo. Buffon (Cooper, 1968: 176) le Groenewald (1991: 79) ba re fa puo e dirisiwa ka mokgwa o wa go itlhalosa ga mokwadi ka go dirisa mafoko a a rileng ke fa teng fa go buiwang ka setaele. Ke ka ntlha e Van Peer (1988: 291-292) a tlatsang mo kgannye e, ka gore kakanyo ya setaele ga e ya lebana le tlhopho ya mafoko fela fa go tlhangwa sekwalwa, gape e golagane le maikutlo a mokwadi (Celine, 1972:934). Ke ka foo Abrams (1971: 18), Mokoko (1995: 18) le Seema (1996: 18) ba reng setaele ke karolo ya maemo a a kwa godimo ya sekwalwa ka gonne se amana le puo e e rileng e mokwadi a e dirisang. Cuddon (1991: 892) o senola ponagalo e nngwe e e tshwanetseng go tsewa tsia fa go buiwa ka setaele, e leng, thulaganyo ya puo: The analysis and assesment of style involves examination of a writer’s choice of words, his figures of speech, the devices (rhetorical and otherwise), the shapes of his sentences (whether they be loose or periodic), the shapes of his paragraphs, indeed of conceivable aspect of his language and the way he uses it. Fano, ga twe setaele se tsamaelana le tlhopho ya mafoko, dikapolelo le ditemana. Ke tsona dielemente tsa botlhokwa tsa setaele. Tiro ya puo e e ntseng jaana, e nyalelana le maikaelelo a mokwadi a go kwala sekwalwa sa gagwe. Fa ba gatelela sebopego sa ditemana jaaka karolo ya setaele, Stone le Bell (1977: 115) ba re ga di a tshwanela gonna 'just hunks of prose marked by indentations'. Ba re ditemana tse, ga di a tshwanela go nna tse di khutshwane thata gonne babuisi ba ka akanya gore mokwadi o ba tlhaetsa matlho. Ka fa 57 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) letlhakoreng le lengwe, ba re fa di le dileele thata le gona ga go a siama ka gonne babuisi ba ka fitlhela dikakanyo tse dingwe di boeleditswe ka phoso. Van Gorp (1984: 291-292) a re setaele ke mokgwa o o golaganeng le tlhaeletsano ya puo kgotsa e ka nna mokgwa o merafe e mengwe e itshenolang ka ona. Ke ka tsela e Lucas (1974: 49) a reng ke kgolagano ya mokwadi le babuisi ba sekwalwa sa gagwe ka mokgwa wa mmuisano. Holman (1983: 432-433) o tiisa kgang e ka gore botsalano jo bo tlhalosiwang magareng ga mokwadi le babuisi ga se jona fela gonne bo fitlhelwa gape le fa gare ga mokwadi le sekwalwa sa gagwe. Ke ka mokgwa o go sa kgonagaleng go fetola setaele sa mokwadi yo mongwe gonne se amana le botho jwa gagwe ka sebele (Kruger le Ntsime, 1989: 40). Fa ba tshegetsa kgang e, Green le LeBihan (1989: 21) ba gatelela setaele gore se golagane le motho kgotsa mokwadi ka gonne ba re 'style is the man'. Go ya ka boGrobler (1992: 90) fa setaele se fetolwa, molaetsa le ona o a fetoga. Batiori ba go tshwana le Wymer le ba bangwe (1978: 64) ba bona botshwantshi jaaka sebetsa se segolo sa setaele. Ba re: While remaining literal in each individual instance, images may make an added contribution to the total design of a story if they recur frequently in the story. Puo ya basekaseki ba, e tiisetsa gore mokwadi a ka itsiwe ka setaele sa tiriso e e rileng ya botshwantshi go godisa molaetsa wa sekwalwa sa gagwe (boSikwane, 1984: 27). Fa a tlhalosa go ya pele, More (1995: 3) a re go na le dithekeniki tsa setaele: Style means a totality of techinics employed by an author in manupulating the language to express his thoughts, feelings and emotions. 58 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Go tiisediwa gore go na le dithekeniki tse di lebaneng le thulaganyo le tsa setaele. Dithekeniki tsa thulaganyo di golagane le puo go senola molaetsa fa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, dithekeniki tsa setaele tsona di amana le maikutlo le mowa go bontsha thitokgang. Fa a bua ka ga kgang ya dithekeniki tsa setaele, Marggraff (1996: 49) a re: The style of a text is the sum of stalistica used to achieve the mood of the perfect author, attitudes, which the perfect author takes towards his theme. Marggraff o tlhalosa fa dithekeniki tsa setaele di laolwa ke dipharologantsho (style markers). Mojalefa (1991: 40) ena o amanya setaele le maikutlo: Mongwalelo ke polelo ye tiišago moko wa ditaba. Ke yona polelo yeo mongwadi a dirago segwera le mmadi gobane mongwadi o ntsha khuduego. Go gatelelwa gore mongwalelo ga o laolwe ke dikapolelo fela, eupsa o laolwa le ke khuduego le maikutlo tseo di tswetsago moko wa ditaba pele. Go gatelelwa go nna mosola ga setaele. Ka fa ntlheng e nngwe, khuduego e senolwa e le karolokgolo e e bopang setaele fa puo yona e le karolo e nnye ya setaele. Ke ka foo, khuduego e leng botlhokwa fa go sekasekiwa setaele. Ohman (1972: 4) o tshegetsa Mojalefa fa a re ga se thulaganyo ya dikakanyo fela e e tlhokomelwang mo tshekatshekong ya setaele, gape mokwadi o tshwanetse go tsaya maemo mabapi le se a kwalang ka ga sona ka go senola maikutlo a gagwe. Fa a akaretsa khuduego, Cohen (1973: 175) a re ke maikutlo a a tlhagelelang mo go mokwadi fa babuisi ba buisa sekwalwa sa gagwe. Maikutlo a, a 59 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) tlhodiwa ke baanelwa ka ditiro, dipuo le maitsholo a bona. Abrams (1971: 112) le Serudu (1992: 24) ba nesetsa mafoko a pula fa ba re maikutlo a, e ka nna a boitumelo, bonaba, bohutsana, botsalano, jalo jalo. Ke ka mokgwa o Cuddon (1979: 16) a reng, mowa le maikutlo tse di renang mo pelong ya mokwadi ke tsona di tshwarang dithwe tsa kutlo tsa babuisi fa ba buisa tiro ya mokwadi yo o rileng, gape e e kwadilweng ka matsetseleko. Go ka swetswa ka gore setaele ke kakanyo e kgolo e e bopiwang ke dikarolo di le pedi, e leng, puo le maikutlo. Puo ke karolo e nnye fa maikutlo e le karolokgolo ya setaele gonne ke ona a a tsweletsang molaetsa. Ka go rialo, setaele ga se puo fela, mme ke puo e e senolang maikutlo a mokwadi. Ke ka foo go ka tweng, setaele ke mokgwa wa go tlhagisa maikutlo a mokwadi ka puo (Marggraff, 1994: 68). Go ya go tlhokomelwa ka fa sekwalwa se amanang ka teng le babuisi . Go ya ka Culler (1997: 56) le Lodge (1988: 35) molaetsa mo sekwalweng o ka tlhagisiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Mokwadi a ka nna motho yo o kwalang kana yo o buang fela. Fa e le mokwadi wa sekwalwa sa go kwadiwa (written text), o tla abelana le babuisi molaetsa wa gagwe ka sona. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, fa mokwadi e le yo o sa kwaleng, gona o tla naya babuisi molaetsa wa gagwe ka molomo (oral text). Ke ka ntlha e boRanamane (1976: 1) le Selden (1989: 65) ba reng mo dikwalweng go na le tse di kwadiwang jaaka dikwalo (written texts) le tse di buiwang fela go tshwana le dithamalakwane (oral literature), maboko le dinaane tsa bogologolo. Groenewald (1991: 3) le Webster (1995: 25) ba re dikwalwa tse di kwadilweng, e bile di gatisitwe tsotlhe di ka mefuta e e farologaneng jaaka terama, poko, esei, porouse, jalo jalo. Ka jalo, tlhotlhomisi e, e itshetlegile thata ka porouse gonne dikwalwa tse di yang go sekasekiwa di wela ka fa tlase ga yona. Ka fa gare ga porouse go na 60 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) gape le mefuta e mengwe e mennye ya go tshwana le padi, patsana, lokwalotshelo kgotsa baokerafi le kgankhutshwe. Maikaelelo a tshekatsheko ga se go tlhokomela dikarolwana tsotlhe tsa porouse, fela ke go itebaganya le tlhaloso ya kgankhutshwe gonne e le sekwalwa se se kwadilweng, e seng, se se buiwang ka molomo. 3.1.6 Tshosobanyo Mo kgaolong ya boraro, sekwalwa se tlhalositswe fa se na le matlalo a le mararo, e leng, diteng, thulaganyo le setaele. Diteng ke dikgang tsotlhe tse mokwadi a di fitlhelang di ntse di le teng, mme di ise di rulaganngwe go nna ngatana e le nngwe. Diteng tse, di na le dielemente di le nne, e leng, ditiragalo, baanelwa, nako le lefelo, tse di gokaganngwang ke setlhogo go nna kgang e e kitlaneng. Ke tse mokwadi a simololang ka tsona fa a tlhama sekwalwa sa gagwe. Thulaganyo yona go builwe gore ke paakanyo ya ditiragalo tsa bokwadi tse di rulaganngwang ka manontlhotlho mo sekwalweng. Le yona e na le dielemente di le nne, e leng, ditiragalo, baanelwa, nako le lefelo tse di fiwang ditiro ka go di lebaganya le thitokgang e e senotsweng gore ke bokhutlo jo mokwadi a batlang go bo dira ka setlhogo se a se tlhophileng. Fa setaele se ne se sekasekiwa, go lemogilwe gore se bopilwe ka dikarolo di le pedi, e leng, puo le maikutlo. Puo e bopa karolo e nnye fa maikutlo ona e le karolokgolo ya setaele. Ka mafoko a mangwe, setaele ga se puo fela, mme ke puo e e tlhagisang maikutlo a mokwadi tebang le kgang e a e kwalang. 61 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) KGAOLO YA BONE 4.1 KGANKHUTSHWE 4.1.1 Matseno Mo kgaolong e, kgankhutshwe e ya go sekasekiwa ga mmogo le mefuta ya yona e mebedi e megolo, e leng, dikgankhutshwe tsa tshedimosetso le tsa go itisa. Fa kgankhutshwe e ya go tlhalosiwa go ya go tlhokomelwa lenaneo le: kgankhutshwe ke eng; le mefuta e le mebedi e mogolo ya kgankhutshwe. 4.1.2 Kgankhutshwe ke eng Fa Abrams (1981: 177) a tlhalosa kgankhutshwe a re: … the name short story covers a diversity of prose fiction all the way from the short story, which is a slightly elaborated anecdote of perhaps 500 words to such a long complex forms… Tlhaloso ya ga Abrams e naya mathata fa e ka tlhokomelwa sentle gonne o tlhalosa kgankhutshwe le anakethoutu jaaka e kete ke selo se le sengwe. Fa Cuddon (1991: 865) a leka go rarabolola bothata jo jwa ga Abrams, a re: It may be argued that the forefathers of the short story, however, rude in somecases are legends, 62 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) parables, fairy tales, anecdote, exemplum, essay, character study. Tlhaloso ya ga Cuddon le yona ga e rarabolole mathata a tlhaloso a kgankhutshwe ka gonne o kopanya kgankhutshwe le tlhamo kana esei ga mmogo le mefuta e mengwe e e tsamaelanang le kgankhutshwe. Fa a tlhalosa kgankhutshwe, O Brien (Lategan, 1956: 6) ramaleme yo o nnileng le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo dikgankhutshweng, a re: 'A short story is a story that is short'. Go gatelelwa bokhutshwane jwa dikgang fa go kwadiwa kgankhutshwe. Baldick (1990: 204) le Poe (Cuddon, 1998: 17) ba tswetsa pele kgang e ka gore le fa kgankhutshwe e le e khutshwane, fela boleele jwa yona ga bo ka ke jwa lekanyediwa. 4.1.3 Ditiragalo Ferguson (1989: 3) o bua ka ga pharologantsho e nngwe ya kgankhutshwe ka go re: A short story must be tremendously succinct-with a very short story pulse or rhythm and the closest selection of ditail - in other words summarise intensely and keep down the lateral development. Puo ya ga Ferguson e gatelela gore ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe di tshwanetse go nna tse di khutshwane, e seng tshobokanyo ya ditiragalo tsa kgang e telele. Ke ka ntlha e Matthews (Current Garcia, 1974: 34) a reng: The writer of the short story must be concise, and compression, a vigorous compression is important: …For him the half is more than the whole. 63 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Se Matthews a se kayang fa, ke gore tshobokanyo e telele ya dikgang ga e amane ka gope le kgankhutshwe. Se, se tlhalosa gore kgankhutshwe ga se kgaolo e e ntshitsweng mo dikwalweng tse dingwe kgotsa khutshwafatso ya dikwalwa tseo. Reid (1977: 54), Shaw (1983: 46), Meyer (1983: 46) le Malimabe (1984: 1) ba utolola diponagalo tse dingwe tsa kgankhutshwe, e leng, tiragalokgolo, motifi le kgopolo. Ka mafoko a mangwe, kgankhutshwe e na le kgankgolo e le nngwe, motifi o le mongwe le kgopolo e le nngwe. 4.1.4 Baanelwa Shipley (1970: 373), Phillips (1977: 10), May (1976: 52) le Aycock (1982: 99) ba tswela pele ka go golaganya kgankhutshwe le elemente ya thulaganyo, e leng, baanelwa, ka go bua gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa sekwalwa ya botlhokwa. Johnson le Hamlin (1966: 1-2) le Frakes le Traschen (1969: 1) ba re kgankhutshwe e na le moanelwamogolo a le mongwe yo bongwefela jwa ditiragalo bo ikaegileng godimo ga gagwe. Moanelwamogolo yo, go ya ka Carpenter le Neumeyer (1967: 9), Bonheim (1982: 166) le Lazarus le Smith (1983: 261) ga se ena a le nosi, fela o na le baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba mo thusang kgotsa ba ba mo kgoreletsang go diragatsa maikaelelo a gagwe. Maxwell-Mahon (1984: 4) le Mashike (1988: 286) bona ba tiisetsa ka gore go tshwanetse ga nna le palo e e rileng ya baanelwabatlaleletsi mo kgankhutshweng. Ke ka tsela e boChaphole (1992: 17) ba tsepamisang palo e ka gore e tshwanetse go nna pedi go ya go tlhano. Ka go rialo, palo ya baanelwa ba kgankhutshwe ga e a tshwanela go feta tlhano. 64 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) 4.1.5 Tikologo Stone le Bell (1977: 5) le Sebate (1990: 10) ba re tikologo ke karolo e nngwe e e tlhwatlhwa ya kgankhutshwe. Fa ba tswetsa pele go tsepamisa tikologo fa e lebane le kgankhutshwe ba re, ga e a tshwanela go tlhalosiwa ka botlalo, fela se se botlhokwa ke go bontsha fa e le yona e e ngotlang dikgang tsa kgankhutshwe. Fano, go bontsha fa tikologo ya kgankhutshwe e le e khutshwane. Irmscher (1981: 37) o tshegetsa puo e fa a re kgankhutshwe e golagane le nako e khutshwane le lefelo le le ngotlegileng. 4.1.6 Thitokgang Grobler le ba bangwe (1992: 48) le Boshego (1993: 8) ba oketsa ka gore ga se ditiragalo, baanelwa, nako le lefelo fela tse e leng, dielemente tsa botlhokwa mo tshekatshekong ya kgankhutshwe ka gonne thitokgang le yona e na le seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong ya ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe. Beckson le Ganz (1961: 303) ba bua gore thitokgang e tshwanetse go nyalelana le bogolo jwa sebopego sa kgankhutshwe: Prose narrative briefer than the short novel, more restricted in character and situations, and usually concerned with a single effect… because of limited length, background against which the character’s movement is generally sketched slightly. Le fa basekaseki ba bua ka ga kgankhutshwe gore e tshwanetse go nna le palo ya baanelwa e e ngotlilweng, fela ba gatelela gore e tshwanetse go tlhalosa kgang e le nngwe, le gona e seng e telele. Mfoloe (1992: 94) le Boshego (1993: 8) ba netefatsa kgang e ka gore ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe di agelela mo go thitokgang e le nngwe. Gore thitokgang e, e tle e nne bonolo fa pele ga matlho a babuisi, ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe di tshwanetse tsa 65 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) nna tse dikhutshwane, gape di nne maleba. Ka go rialo, tatelano ya dikgang tsa kgankhutshwe e tshwanetse go nna bonolo, mme e tlhoke tharaano (Shaw, 1983: 46). Ke ka jalo go ka tweng, fa go sekasekiwa kgankhutshwe go a tlhokega gore go tlhokomelwe maikaelelo a yona a a tlhagisang kakanyo e e rileng le moono o o tlhotlholeditseng mokwalakhutshwe go kwala kgang e, gore e se ke ya latlhegelwa ke boleele ga mmogo le boleng jwa yona. Ke ka tsela e de Grandsaigne (1985: 2) a tiisetsang ka gore kgankhutshwe e tshwanetse go itshetlega ka moanelwamogolo a le mongwe, lefelo le le lengwe le kakanyo e le nngwe. 4.1.7 Dithekeniki Bonheim (1982: 166) a re mo kgankhutshweng go na le dithekeniki tse di rileng tse di dirisiwang ke mokwalakhutshwe: A limitation of its length, brings with it a limited cast of characters, restricted time scheme, a single action, or at least a few separate action and a unity of techniques. Ngotlego ya baanelwa, ditiragalo le tikologo e tlhola tiriso ya dithekeniki tse le tsona di kitlaneng go bopa bongwefela jwa dikgang tsa kgankhutshwe. Fa a tlhalosa thekeniki, Groenewald (1993: 17) a re ke mokgwa o mokwadi a tsweletsang kgotsa a bayang dikgang tsa gagwe mo sekwalweng ka teng. Mampho (1999: 89) ena a re thekeniki ke kgopolo e e lebaneng le kamano. Kamano e, e na le matlhakore a le mabedi, e leng, le le rapameng le le le tsepameng. A re kamano e, ke yona e lemosang babuisi thekeniki e e rileng. Madden (1980: 2) le Mayekiso (1985: 102) ba tlhalosa go ya pele gore nngwe ya ditiro tsa thekeniki ke go tlhola kgogedi mo sekwalaweng. Ke ka ntlha e Groenewald (1993: 17) a buang ka mesola ya yona e le mebedi, e 66 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) megolo, e leng, go tiisa kgopolo e e itsegeng le go e lebanya le thitokgang. Fa ba tswetsa pele kgang e, Yelland le ba bangwe (1983: 182) le Manyaka le Sekeleko (1992: 172) ba ribolola dithekeniki di le pedi fela, tse gantsi di dirisiwang ke bakwalakhutshwe, e leng, polelwapele (foreshadowing/prolepsis) le polelwamorago (flashback/analepsis). Kgatla (2000: 199) a re mosola wa thekeniki ya polelwapele ke go dira gore maikaelelo a mokwadi a go kwala sekwalwa a atlege. Gape a re polelwapele e na le seabe se segolo gonne e tsweletsa kgang e e toutiwang mo sekwalweng, e leng, yona thitokgang kana molaetsa. Botlhokwa jwa polelwamorago bo lebagane le bokhutlo jwa kgankhutshwe gore thekeniki e, e tlhole kgamarego kana kgakgamalo mo babuising ka gonne bofelo jwa yone e se jo ba neng ba bo solofetse. Ka go rialo, go ka lemogiwa gore go na le pharologano e e rileng magareng ga se mokwalakhutshwe a se buang kwa tshimologong le se kgankhutshwe e felelang ka sona. Ke ka jalo, Baker (1990: 64) a reng se kgang ya kgankhutshwe e se senolang kwa bokhutlong, ke sona se tlholang kgogedi gonne ga se a tlhalosiwa kwa tshimologong. Ka jalo, babuisi ba nna le kgatlhego ya go itse kgang e e mo sekwalweng, fela nako ga e ba letle ka gore ke e khutshwane. Ke ka moo, Shaw (1983: 264) a reng dikgang tse di sa kwadiwang, tse di sa tlhalosiwang kana go sa buiwang sepe ka ga tsona kwa tshimologong, di na le maatlakgogedi mo kgankhutshweng ka gonne ke tsona di ngokang babuisi mo sekwalweng. Sikwane le ba bangwe (1984: 49) ba oketsa ka thekeniki e nngwe e e maleba mo tshekatshekong ya kgankhutshwe: Mo dikgankhutshweng tse dingwe mokwadi a ka dirisa mmuisano mo matsenong ka go bona baanelwa ba ganetsana. Ka go dirisa mmuisano mathata a bona a itsiwe. Le fa thekeniki e ya mmuisano e sa dirisiwe ke bakwadi mo dikwalweng tse dingwe, fela e nonofile thata fa e dirisiwa go bonagatsa kana go rulaganya 67 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe. Ke ka foo, Cassill (1975: 159) le Pretorius le Swart (1982: 22-23) ba reng mmuisano o tsweletsa pele dikgang kgotsa o godisa poloto, o senola semelo, maikutlo le dikgatlhego tsa baanelwa gore babuisi ba itse boammaaruri jwa botshelo go ya ka fa mokwalakhutshwe a bo bonang ka teng. BoGrobler (1992: 48) ba re thekeniki e nngwe e e mosola, mme e dirisiwa ke mokwalakhutshwe, ke e e lebaneng le nako gonne ba re mo kgankhutshweng ga go na nako ya go tshwara fale le fale, maikaelelo ke go somarela nako e khutshwane ya kgankhutshwe. Se se botlhokwa ke go dirisa dithekeniki tsa phetakapejana tse di farologaneng jaaka tshomarelo ya mafoko, ditshitshinyo le tsamaiso e e bonako ya ditiragalo go thusa mokwalakhutshwe go tlhagisa maikaelelo a gagwe kwa ntle ga tikatiko. Thekeniki e nngwe ya kgankhutshwe go ya ka Sebate (1992: 8) ke: Other divices such as extended descriptions, comments and explanations. Puo e, e gatelela thekeniki ya tlhaloso ya ditiragalo ka botlalo gore le yona e mosola mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa kgankhutshwe. Fela go ka tiisediwa ka gore tlhaloso ya mofuta o, le fa e le ka botlalo, e tshwanetse go nna e e ngotlegileng gonne boatlhamo jwa kgankhutshwe bo amana le kgang e khutshwane. Ka go rialo, go kwala dikgang tsa kgankhutshwe ke thekeniki e e dirisiwang mo thulaganyong ya ditiragalo tsa kgankhutshwe. 4.1.8 Mefuta ya kgankhutshwe Groenewald (1993: 19-65) o aroganya porouse le terama ka mefuta e le mebedi, e leng, (a) wa tshedimosetso le (b) wa go itisa. Jaaka kgankhutshwe e le karolo ya porouse, le yona e ya go kgaoganngwa ka mefuta e le mebedi, e leng, wa tshedimosetso le wa go itisa. Ka tsela e, fa kgankhutshwe e ya go sekasekiwa go ya go tlhokomelwa mefuta e. 68 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) 4.1.8.1 Dikgankhutshwe tsa tshedimosetso Groenewald (1993: 8) o tlhalosa mofuta o wa sekwalwa ka go o lebaganya le kgotlhang. Kgotlhang ya kgankhutshwe ya tshedimosetso e magareng ga tshiamo le bosula. Ka jalo, babuisi ba itsalanya le moanelwamogolo, e leng, molwantshiwa le fa e le gore moanelwamogolo yo, e ka nna motho yo o bosula. Ka ntlha ya fa kgotlhang e, e le magareng ga tshiamo le bosula, e seng magareng ga moanelwamogolo yo o siameng le yo o bosula, setlhoa le tharabololo di lebane le tshiamo. Fa moanelwamogolo e le motho wa tshiamo, fela a na le makoa, (go se siame), moanelwamogolo yoo, o tla otliwa ka ntlha ya makoa ao a gagwe. Ke ka jalo, baanelwabagolo ba mofuta o, ba bidiwang ba ba sa itekanelang le ba ba itekanetseng Groenewald (1993: 37-65) o tswela pele go kgaoganya mofuta wa dikgankhutshwe tsa tshedimosetso go ya ka dikarolo di le lesome, e leng, (a) kgankhutshwe ya botshelo jwa segompieno, (b) kgankhutshwe ya botshelo jwa segologolo, (c) kgankhutshwe ya balelapa, (d) kgankhutshwe ya saekholoji, (e) kgankhutshwe ya tshotlo kana tlaopo, (f) kgankhutshwe ya thadiso ya botshelo, (g) kgankhutshwe ya matlhotlhapelo (tragedy), (h) kgankhutshwe ya phatose (phathos) (i) kgankhutshwe ya tshegiso (humor) le (j) kgankhutshwe ya bašwa. • Kgankhutshwe ya botshelo jwa segompieno Fa a tlhalosa mofuta o, Groenewald (1993: 37-38) a re bakwadi ba ona ba kwala ka ga botshelo jwa kwa motsesetoropong. Ke ka ntlha e a o bitsang 'Motifi wa Makgoeng'. Gape go tlhalosiwa gore batho ba ba tshelang botshelo jo jwa segompieno, bangwe ba bona ga ba sa tlhole ba tlotla mekgwa le ditlwaelo tsa setso. Ba simolotse go tshela sešwa. Go tswela pele, a re kgankhutshwe ya botshelo jwa segompieno e na gape le karolo e nngwe, e leng, tlhaloso ya ka fa batho ba ba setseng ba itlwaeditse botshelo jwa kwa 69 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) ditoropong gonne ke fa ba nnang teng. Kwa ditoropong ke legae la bona. Ke ka foo, batho bao ba bidiwang gore ke batho ba segompieno. 'MmaModiegi', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya ga Sikwane, 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana `a mmaago…' le 'O nkutlwe' Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, ke dikgankhutshwe tsa segompieno ka gonne baanelwa ba basadi ba bakwalakhutshwe ba buang ka ga bona ba tsene sekolo le fa ba bangwe ba sa fitlha kwa kgakala ka dithuto tsa bona, fela ba na le kitso e nnye malebana le thuto. Ke ka jalo, ba sa batleng go gatelediwa ke banna. Ga ba rate go ipona ba sotlegile mo botshelong jwa bona go tshwana le mo nakong ya bogologolo. • Kgankhutshwe ya botshelo jwa segologolo Groenewald (1993: 39-40) a re bakwadi ba mofuta o wa kgankhutshwe, ba kwala ka ga ditiragalo tsa bogologolo. Mo dikgankhutshweng tse, segologolo se dira tiro e kgolo e e tshwanang le ya moanelwamogolo, yo e leng, thwadi gonne se tsweletsa thitokgang pele. Gape a re ditiragalo ga mmogo le tikologo ya setlhopha se, ke tsa setso. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Khutsana', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magolengle Ntsime, 'Mafaratlhatlha a botshelo' le 'Sego sa metsi', Mafaratlhatlha (1987), ya ga Chikane le 'Seteropo ke sa gago', O Foo ke Fano (1985), ya ga Shole ke tsona di tlhagisang botshelo jwa segologolo. • Kgankhutshwe ya balelapa Groenewald (1993: 40) o gatelela gore bakwalakhutshwe ba mofuta o wa kgankhutshwe, ba kwala ka ga dikgang tse di amanang le balelapa. Mo kgankhutshweng ya balelapa, botlhe ka fa lelapeng ke balwantshiwa. Balelapa ba a fetogafetoga ka ntlha ya go tuma le go tlotliwa ga bona. Thitokgang ya kgankhutshwe e, e ka golaganngwa le matlhotlhapelo mo babuising ka gore bona ba itsalanya le batho bao balelapa jaaka e le 70 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) batlotlegi. Pharologano e kgolo ya mofuta o, ke boatlhamo jwa yona jo bo bonnyanenyane jwa dikgang tse go buiwang ka ga tsona. Ka jalo, go ka twe kgankhutshwe e, ke kanedi ya tlhatlagano ya ditiragalo tse di rileng. Kgankhutshwe e e buang ka ga batho balelapa ba e leng, balwantshiwa ke, 'O nkutlwe', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope ka gonne mo go yona Tholo le Kedisaletse ba lwantshiwa ke batsadi gore Tholo a ye seantlo sa ga mogolole yo o tlhokafetseng, fela boobabedi ba kgatlhanong le kakanyo e. Ba fetsa ba lwantshiwa ke batho ba bagolo. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Mafaratlhatlha a botshelo' le 'Sego sa metsi', Mafaratlhatlha (1987), ya ga Chikane, le gona go na le baanelwabagolo ba basadi ba e leng, batho balelapa, mme ba lwantshiwa ke baanelwa ba bangwe balelapa. • Kgankhutshwe ya saekholoji Fa a tswela pele, Groenewald (1993: 44-47) a re kgopolo e ya saekholoji e dirisiwa ke mokwalakhutshwe fa a batla go tlhalosa ka fa moanelwa a akanyang le go huduega mo moweng ka teng. Se segolo ke gore saekholoji ga e a lebana le go tlhalosa moanelwa yo o tsenwang fela, mme e tlhalosa maikutlo, kgopolo le khuduego ya moanelwa yo o sa ntseng a tlhaloganya dikgang ka nepagalo le ka tlwaelo. Ka jalo, go dumelwa gore saekholoji ga e a golagana le ditsenwa fela, mme e ka dirisiwa gape ke mokwalakhutshwe fa a batla go tlhalosa semelo sa moanelwa kana baanelwa. Ka mafoko a mangwe, saekholoji jaaka thekeniki e ka lemogiwa ka go nna le dibopego tse di farologaneng go tshwana le fa motho a palelwa ke go araba dipotso tse a di bodiwang gore go tle go boniwe boammaaruri. Dipotso tse di tla bong di bodiwa mo, di tlhagisa maikutlo, kgopolo le khuduego ya motho yo o di botsang, ke gore ke tsa kgakgamalo. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime, mokwalakhutshwe o tlhalosa semelo sa moanelwamogolo Mmina ka dikgang tsa lerato tse di mo palelang go di araba morago ga go gobala ga gagwe. 71 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) • Kgankhutshwe ya tshotlo kgotsa tlaopo Groenewald (1993: 48) o tlhalosa fa mofuta o wa kgankhutshwe o amana le go sotliwa ga batho ka go senola makoa a bona a a jaaka boikgogomoso, boikgantsho le megabaru. Mokwalakhutshwe wa mofuta o wa kgankkhutshwe, a ka sotla ka batho ka maikaelelo a go tshegisa babuisi, mme a dirisa thekeniki ya phapologantsho go tsweletsa tshotlo eo pele. Ka jalo, tiriso ya thekeniki ya phapologantsho e botlhokwa ka gore e tshegisa babuisi, e bile e tsweletsa gape dikgang tse di tlhagisang tlaopo, segolothata, fa go tsewa ditiragalo tse e seng tsa ka metlha, tse di sa tlwaelegang go bapisiwa. Ke ka tsela e babuisi ba keketegang ka ditshego gonne phapologantsho e godisa ditiragalo tse di sa reng sepe. Kgankhutshwe ya 'MmaModiegi', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya ga Sikwane, 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1987), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime le 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, ke tsona dikao tse di nepagetseng ka gonne ke fa baanelwa ba basadi ba ikgokgomosang teng e bile ba nang le megabaru fa ba bapisiwa le baanelwa ba bangwe. • Kgankhutshwe ya thadiso ya botshelo Mo mofuteng o wa kgankhutshwe, Groenewald (1993: 61-62) a re go buiwa ka ga botshelo jwa moanelwa yo o itsegeng thata. Se, se tlhalosa gore mofuta o, o lebane le dikgang tsa hisetori tse e leng, boammaaruri. Dikgankhutshwe tsa mothale o, ga se tsa botsweretshikakanyo (maginative art). Le tsona di tshwanetse go kwadiwa ka matsetseleko le manontlhotlho fela jaaka dikwalwa tse dingwe. Mo mofuteng o, setlhogo se golagane le botshelo jwa motho, mme thitokgang yona e amana le thoriso, tlotlo, le lerato, jalo jalo, tse e leng, khuduego ya mokwadi. Thadiso e ya botshelo e tshwanetse ya nna le maatlakgogedi a magolo a a godisang phisegelo ya babuisi go buisa kgankhutshwe eo. Mo kgankhutshweng e e ntseng jaana, go tshwanetse ga nna le kgotlhang kana mathata a a tsweletsang maatlakgogedi pele. 72 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Kgankhutshwe ya 'Mafaratlhatlha a botshelo' le 'Sego sa metsi', Mafaratlhatlha (1987), ya ga Chikane, 'Khutsana' le 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime, ke tsona dikao tsa botlhokwa tse di welang mo mofuteng o, ka gonne di thadisetsa babuisi botshelo jwa baanelwa ba basadi. • Kgankhutshwe ya matlhotlhapelo Groenewald (1993: 61) a re kgankhutshwe e, yona e bua ka ga matlhotlhapelo. Matlhotlhapelo a, a tlhodiwa ke moanelwamogolo yo e leng, ena thwadi. Moanelwamogolo yo, o na le makoa. Makoa a a rileng a, ke ona a mmakelang matlhotlhapelo. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime, Mmina ke moanelwamogolo yo o nang le makoa, e bile a mmakela matlhotlhapelo a go teketiwa ke basimane ba bangwe kwa nageng ka maikaelelo a go mmolaya. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, moanelwamogolo Tselane o feletsa a tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya makoa a gagwe. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'MmaModiegi', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), MmaModiegi o ipolaela setlogolo ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe a a kwa godimo. • Kgankhutshwe ya phatose Fa a tlhalosa mofuta o, Groenewald (1993: 61) o sa ntse a bua ka ga matlhotlhapelo. Matlhotlhapelo a, ke a magolo go gaisa a a golaganeng le a mofuta wa masetlapelo. Mo mofuteng wa phatose, go na le kutlwelobotlhoko. Kutlwelobotlhoko e, e amana le moanelwamogolo, e leng, ena thwadi. Moanelwamogolo yo, ga a na makoa. Ke ka ntlha e babuisi ba ikgolaganyang le ena gonne ba mo utlwela botlhoko. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'O nkutlwe', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, Kedisaletse ke moanelwamogolo, mme o patelediwa go nyalwa ke monna yo o sa mo rateng 73 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) ka ntlha ya keletso ya batsadi. Kwa bokhutlong o ya kwa tlase ka gonne o nyaditse melao ya setso. Ga a sa tlhole a na le dithoto tsela monna wa gagwe, e bong, Mofeti Matlapeng a mo tlogeletseng tsona. • Kgankhutshwe ya tshegiso Go ya ka Groenewald (1993: 63-64) mo dikgankhutshweng tsa mafatshe a mangwe go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya dikgankhutshwe tsa tshegiso, e leng, (a) tsa go itisa le (b) tsa khuduego. Mo dikgankhutshweng tsa tshegiso tsa go itisa, babuisi ba itumelela ditlhaloso tsa kgamarego kgotsa kgakgamalo ya baanelwa. Kgamarego e, e golagane le makoa kgotsa botshwakga bongwe jwa baanelwa. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'Tlogela ngwanake', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya ga Sikwane, moanelwamogolo wa mosadi, e leng, Mapula o na le makoa a a gakgamatsang babuisi ka gonne o bua le mogatse jaaka a rata. O feletsa ena le morwaagwe ba otla monna go fitlhela baagisani ba tsereanya, mme ba mo tsaya ba mo isa kwa bookelong. Mo dikgankhutshweng tsa tshegiso e e lebaganeng le khuduego, se babuisi ba se kgatlhegelang le go se itumelela ke sona se se ba tsibosang ka boeleele jwa moanelwa yo o rileng gonne ba amega mo go sona. Babuisi ba le bona, ba iphitlhela ba le mo tsielegong ka ntlha ya boramatla jwa moanelwa yoo. Go ya ka Groenewald (1993: 63) kgamarego e, ke e e sa dumelesegeng ka gore e diragala ka sewelo. Ga e a tlwaelega, ga se ya ka metlha. Ka go rialo, ga se e babuisi ba e solofelang. Kgankhutshwe ya 'O potile noga ka fa mosimeng', Tsa fa Isong (1968), ya ga Moroke, 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope le 'Tlogela ngwanake' Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya ga Sikwane, ke dikao tse di maleba tsa dikgankhutshwe tse fa go tsona go diragalang dilo tse di sa tlwaelegang. 74 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) • Kgankhutshwe ya bašwa Groenewald (1993: 65-66) o tlhalosa fa dikgankhutshwe tsa bašwa di arogantswe ka mefuta e le meraro. Mofuta wa ntlha ke wa bašwa ba ba simololang go ithuta ka go lebelela ditshwantsho go tloga mo dingwageng di le thataro go ya go di le robedi. Dikgankhutshwe tse di dirisiwang fa, di tshwanetse go tlala ka ditshwantsho tse dintsi tsa mebalabala. Ditshwantsho tse, di tshwanetse go tlhalosa ka tsenelelo se se diragalang, puo le yona e nne e e bonolo gore bana ba tlhaloganye ka bonako. Fa e le mofuta wa bobedi ona, o tshwanetse go nna le ditshwantsho tse di lekanetseng puo e e dirisiwang mo dikgankhutshweng. Dikgankhutshwe tsa mofuta o, di kwalelwa baithuti go fitlhela ba tsena mo mephatong e e kwa godimo ya sekolo. Baithuti ba, ke ba go lekana dingwaga di le somepedi go ya go di le somenne. Fa mosekaseki a bua ka ga mofuta wa boraro wa bašwa, a re ke o o golaganeng le baithuti ba ba setseng ba godile. Dikgang tsa dikgankhutshwe tsa mofuta o, le tsona di tsamaelana le bogolo jwa baithuti. Baithuti ba go buiwang ka ga bona fa, ke ba ba simololang go ithuta ka tsa lerato. Mo dikgankhutshwenng tsa mothalo o, baithuti ba itumelela dikgang go gaisa ditshwantsho. Kgankhutshwe ya 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime, 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', Le fa o ka e buela lengopeng…' le 'O nkutlwe', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, ke dikao tsa dikgankhutshwe tsa bašwa ka gonne mo go tsona bašwa ba itumelela dikgang tsa lerato. 4.1.8.2 Dikgankhutshwe tsa go itisa Groenewald (1993: 7) o tlhalosa gore kgotlhang ya kgankhutshwe ya go itisa e magareng ga moanelwa wa tshiamo le yo o bosula. Fa e le gore kgotlhang e magareng ga baanelwa (mongwe o emela go siama fa yo mongwe ena a emela bosula). Kgotlhang ya mofuta o, ke ya ka fa ntle. Babuisi ba ikamanya le moanelwa yo o siameng, mme ba nyatsa yo o bosula. Ke ka ntlha e 75 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) baanelwa ba dikgankhutshwe tsa mofuta o, ba bidiwang gore ke ba ba sa itekanelang. Moanelwa wa go siama ke yo o siameng wa go se siame ke yo o bosula. Mo kgankhutshweng ya 'MmaModiegi', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya ga Sikwane, mmaagwe Modiegi o siame gape o bosula. Mo go 'Tlogela ngwanake', Iphimole dikeledi (1987), ya Sikwane, Mapula ga a siama, mme mo go 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', Mmualebe (1982), moanelwamogolo Tselane o siame fa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, a boniwa e le moanelwamogolo yo o bosula ka gore o pataganya makau a le mabedi ka nako e le nngwe, mme bona ba sa itse sepe go fitlhela kwa losong lwa gagwe. Kgotlhang ya dikwalwa tsa mofuta o, yona e golagane le setlhoa le tharabololo ka gonne kgankhutshwe e felela fa dikgang di siamang teng. Sekao, ke fa go simololwa go buisiwa kgankhutshwe ya botseka mo babuisi ba setseng ba itse gore dikgang di ya go siama, ke gore ba lemoga leina la mmolai. Ke ka ntlha e Muir (1957: 22-23) a oketsang ka go re: In this course the novel of action will generally deal out death to certain of the subsidiary characters; the wicked will be slaughtered, and some even of the good may safely be sacrificed, so long as the hero returns to peace and prosperity after his tumultuous vacation. The plot, in short, is in accordance with our wishes, not with our knowledge. It externalises with greater power than we ourselves possess our natural desire to live dangerously and yet be safe; to turn things upside down, transgress as many laws as possible, and yet escape the consequences. It is a fantasy of disire rather than a picture of life. BoGrobler (1992: 43) ba tswela pele ka go aroganya dikgankhutshwe tsa go itisa ka dikarolo di le pedi, e leng, tsa go lebadisa babuisi mathata le 76 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) mahutsana fa ba di buisa gonne di a ba itumedisa thata (escapist literature) le tsa thanolo (interpretive literature). Fa basekaseki ba bua ka ga dikgankhutshwe tsa go lebadisa babuisi mathata le mahutsana ba re, ga di na boleng jo bo tseneletseng (real depth), fela babuisi ba tswela pele go di buisa kwa ntle ga lebaka lepe fa e se fela gore di ba ngoka maikutlo. Ga twe, fa go buisiwa dikgankhutshwe tsa mofuta o, babuisi ba tshwanetse go ela tlhoko gore ke dithekeniki dife tse mokwalakhutshwe a di dirisang go ba ngokela mo go tsona. Mo mofuteng wa dikgankhutshwe tsa thanolo ga twe, kgang ka boyona ga e mosola go gaisa molaetsa. Ka mafoko a mangwe, dikgankhutshwe tsa mothale o, ga di buisiwe fela ka ntlha ya go itumedisa babuisi, gape ba ithuta ka ga botshelo ka kakaretso go tswa mo go tsona. BoGrobler ba re mofuta o wa bobedi o tlhwatlhwa e le tota go gaisa wa ntlha wa dikgankhutshwe tse di tlhokang boleng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, babuisi ba mofuta o wa kgankhutshwe, ba tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso tebang le mokwalakhutshwe gore o dirisa eng mo bokwading jwa gagwe go ngoka maikutlo a bona le gore ba tlhaloganye molaetsa ka botlalo kwa ntle ga thuso epe. Go tswela pele, Groenewald (1993: 21) o kgaoganya mofuta wa dikgankhutshwe tsa go itisa ka dikarolo di le tharo, e leng, (a) kgankhutshwe ya thuto kgotsa boitshwaro, (b) kgankhutshwe ya lorato le (c) kgankhutshwe ya botseka. • Kgankhutshwe ya thuto kgotsa boitshwaro Groenewald (1993: 19-20) o tlhalosa gore kgankhutshwe ya mofuta o, ga e a lebana le leeto go tshwana le padi kana patsana gonne e na le tikologo e e ngotlegileng. Bakwalakhutshwe ba dikgankhutshwe tsa thuto kana boitshwaro ba eletsa fa thitokgang e ka nna thuto kana boitshwaro fa ba bangwe bona ba dirisa thuto kgotsa boitshwaro jaaka setlhogo. Kgankhutshwe ya 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana a mmaago…', Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope, 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga 77 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) Magoleng le Ntsime le 'O potile noga ka fa mosimeng', Tsa fa Isong (1968), ya ga Moroke, ke dikgankhutshwe tsa thuto kgotsa boitshwaro. • Kgankhutshwe ya lerato Groenewald (1993: 25) a re bontsi jwa dikgankhutshwe tsa lerato ke tsa go itisa. Le fa go ntse jalo, o bua fa go na le tse dingwe tsa dikgankhutshwe tse, tse e leng, tsa tshedimosetso. Fa a tswela pele a re, dikgankhutshwe tse di lebaneng le matlhotlhapelo gantsi di sekametse ka fa ntlheng ya lerato. Kgankhutshwe ya 'Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana 'a mmaago…', 'Le fa o ka e buela lengopeng…' le 'O nkutlwe, Mmualebe (1982), ya ga Malope le 'Lerato le e seng lona', Mpolelele dilo (1972), ya ga Magoleng le Ntsime, ke dikgankhutshwe tsa lerato. • Kgankhutshwe ya botseka Fa a tlhalosa kgankhutshwe ya botseka, Stewart (1980: 12) a re e theilwe godimo ga letseka kgotsa matseka a a tshwaraganeng le go batlisisa ka ga bosenyi. Fa ba tiisetsa puo e, Boileau le Narcejac (Groenewald, 1993: 29) ba re: Le roman policier est un enquette,` a coupe sur, mais une enquette qui a pour but d ’elucider un certain myst`ere en apparence incomprehensible, accablant pour le raison. Se se tlhagisiwang fa ke gore kgankhutshwe ya botseka e lebane le patlisiso e e utololang sephiri (myst`ere). Go gatela pele, Stewart o nopola Ellery Queen fa a re, kgankhutshwe ya botseka e tshwanetse go nna le letseka kgotsa mmatlisisi yo o golaganeng le bosenyi. Gape ga twe, lona letseka le, le 78 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) tshwanetse go nna molwantshiwa yo o atlegang mo dipatlisisong tsa gagwe ka dinako tsotlhe. Groenewald (1993: 28-36) o bua ka melao ya dikgankhutshwe tsa botseka: 'Le lois du roman polocier' ka go re: Le roman est r`ecit ou`le raisonnement cree l’effriu qu’ul est charg`e di’apaiser. Go tiisediwa gore kgankhutshwe ya mofuta o, e na le matlhakore a le mabedi: (a) la go tshosa le (b) la go gomotsa babuisi. Murch (1968: 84) o akaretsa kgopolo e ya kgankhutshwe ya botseka ka go re: A detective story is a tale in which the primary interest lies in the methodical discovery, the rational means, of the exact circumstances of a mysterious event or series of events. Boileau le Narcrjac ba aroganya dikgakhutshwe tsa botseka ka mefuta e le lesome, e leng, (a) kgankhutshwe ya botseka (detective), (b) kgankhutshwe ya lepodisi (policier), (c) kgankhutshwe e e botlhoko ya lepodisi (policier noir), (d) kgankhutshwe ya mathata (probl`eme`), (e) kgankhutshwe e e botlhoko (noir), (f) kgankhutshwe ya mmolai kana phisegelo (bourreau), (h) kgankhutshwe e e utlwisang botlhoko (cruel), (i) kgankhutshwe ya kokobalo (suspense) le (j) kgankhutshwe ya go boifisa kgotsa ya poifo (thriller). Go ka konwa kgang e ka gore mokwadi wa kgankhutshwe e nngwe le e nngwe o kwala ka ga mathata a botshelo. Ke ka tsela e a buang ka kgotlhang: kgotlhang e e leng magareng ga baanelwa kgotsa fa moanelwa a lebaganngwang le matlhotlhapelo teng. Se segolo fa, ke gore go tshwanetse 79 University of Pretoria etd – Makgato, M M (2006) ga nna le kgotlhang kgotsa pharologano. Kgotlhang kana pharologano e, e na le matlhakore a le mabedi: (a) letlhakore la tshiamo le (b) letlhakore le le bosula. 4. 1.9 Tshosobanyo Go ka akarediwa ka go bua gore kgankhutshwe e tlhalositswe jaaka sekwalwa se se khutshwane. Go bontshitswe gore mo kgankhutshweng, go na le dielemente di le nne, e leng, ditiragalo, baanelwa, nako le lefelo. Sengwe gape se se botlhokwa mo tshekatshekong ya kgankhutshwe, ke thitokgang e ditiragalo tsotlhe di etleeditsweng godimo ga yona. Go lemogilwe fa go na le dithekeniki tse gantsi di dirisiwang ke bakwalakhutshwe, go tshwana le polelwapele le polelwamorago. Polelwapele e tlhalositswe fa e le mosola gonne e tsweletsa pele kgang e e toutiwang. E diragatsa maikaelelo a mokwalakhutshwe. Fa e le polelwamorago, yona e senotswe fa e amana le bokhutlo jwa dikgang ka go tlhola kgamarego mo babuising gonne bofelo jwa ditiragalo e se jo ba neng ba bo solofetse. Kgankhutshwe e arogantswe ka mefuta e le mebedi e megolo, e leng, dikgankhutshwe tsa tshedimosetso le tsa go itisa. Dikgankhutshwe tsa tshedimosetso tsona di kgaogantswe go ya ka dikarolo di le lesome, e leng, tsa segompieno, tsa botshelo jwa segologolo, tsa balelapa, tsa saekholoji, tsa tshotlo kana tlaopo, tsa thadiso ya botshelo, tsa matlhotlhapelo, tsa phatose, tsa tshegiso le tsa bašwa. Fa e le dikgankhutshwe tsa go itisa, tsona di arogantswe go ya ka mefuta e le meraro, e leng, tsa thuto kgotsa boitshwaro, tsa lerato le tsa botseka. 80


text:
POTSOLOTSO | DR. GENE HWANG
Moitsedipalo o Tlhalosa Tumelo ya Gagwe
Dr. Gene Hwang o tshotswe ka 1950 kwa Tainan, e e kwa Taiwan e bile e ne e le porofesa wa dipalo kwa Yunibesithing ya National Chung Cheng kwa Taiwan. Gape ke porofesa yo o rotseng tiro kwa Yunibesithing ya Cornell kwa U.S.A., kwa a neng a ruta gone le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipalo. Ke mongwe wa baitsedipalo ba go neng go kwalwa thata ka bone ka dingwagangwaga mo thutegong ya dipalo e leng selo se le gompieno a sa ntseng a se dira. Fa e ne e le lekawana, o ne a dumela gore botshelo bo itlhagetse fela. Mme moragonyana o ne a fetola tsela e a lebang dilo ka yone. Bakwadi ba Tsogang! ba ne ba mmotsa ka tiro ya gagwe le ka se a se dumelang.
Ke dithuto dife tse o di ithutileng fa o ne o le mosha?
Kwa sekolong re ne re rutiwa thuto ya gore ditshedi di iphetogetse go nna tse dingwe mme go ne go se na ope yo o neng a kgona go tlhalosa gore botshelo bo simologile jang. Fa batsadi ba me ba ne ba simolola go tsena kereke ya Batao, ke ne ke tle ke reetse baruti ba bone le go ba botsa dipotso. Mme ke ne ka bona dikarabo di se kae tse di kgotsofatsang.
Goreng o ne o nna moitsedipalo?
Fa ke le kwa sekolong se sepotlana, ke ne ke kgatlhiwa thata ke dipalo. Kgatlhego eo e ne ya gola fa ke ne ke ya kwa yunibesithing, kwa ke neng ka itumelela go ithuta ka dipalo gone. Ke akanya gore go ntsha bosupi o dirisa dipalo e ka nna selo se se kgatlhang tota.
Go tlile jang gore o kgatlhegele Baebele?
Ka 1978, mosadi wa me e bong Jinghuei, o ne a simolola go ithuta Baebele le Basupi ba ga Jehofa mme ke ne ke tle ke tlotle le bone fa ba ithuta. Ka nako eo, re ne re nna kwa United States. Jinghuei o ne a sa tswa go amogela doctorate ya fisikisi mme ke ne ke ithutela dipalo kwa Yunibesithing ya Purdue kwa India.
O ne o ikutlwa jang ka se se mo Baebeleng?
Ke ne ka kgatlhiwa thata ke pego ya kafa lefatshe le bopilweng ka gone gore batho ba kgone go tshela mo go lone. Malatsi a le marataro a popo a a tlhalosiwang ka tsela e e motlhofo mo go Genesise—go farologana le ditlhamane tsa bogologolo—a utlwala sentle. * Le fa go ntse jalo, go ntsere lobaka gore ke dumele mo Mmoping.
Bothata e ne e le eng?
Gore ke dumele mo Mmoping, ke ne ke tshwanetse go tlogela kereke e ke goletseng mo go yone
Seo se ne sa nkama thata. Gore ke dumele mo Mmoping, ke ne ke tshwanetse go tlogela kereke e ke goletseng mo go yone ya Batao ka gonne e ne e ruta gore ga go na Modimo kgotsa Mmopi.
Moragonyana o ne wa fetola tsela e o lebang dilo ka yone. Go tlile jang?
Fa ke ntse ke akanya ka gore botshelo bo simologile jang, ke ne ka tlhomamisega gore sebopiwa sa ntlha se tshwanetse sa bo se ne se raraane thata. Ka sekai, se ne se tshwanetse se kgone go tshola, e leng mokgwa o o batlang tshedimosetso ya dijini le tsela e e nepagetseng ya go dira dijini tse di tshwanang. Tota le sele e nnye e tlhoka dimolekhule go bopa dikarolo tsa sele e ntšha, le tsela ya go dirisa maatla. Go ka tla jang gore sebopiwa se se raraaneng jalo se itlhagele fela? E re ka ke le moitsedipalo, ke ne ke sa kgone go amogela kgopolo eo. Go tlhokega se se fetang go fopholetsa fela.
Ke eng se se go tlhotlheleditseng go sekaseka ka kelotlhoko se Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba se rutang?
Ke ne ke tlhola ke ithuta le Basupi mme ke tla ke emisa go ithuta. Ka jalo, fa ke ne ke etetse kwa Taiwan ka 1995, ke ne ka simolola go lwala mme ke tlhoka thuso. Mosadi wa me o ne a ikgolaganya le Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba kwa Taiwan a le kwa United States. Ba ne ba mphitlhela kwa ntle ga bookelo ke feletswe ke maatla e bile go se na malao. Mongwe wa Basupi o ne a nkisa kwa hoteleng gore ke ikhutse. O ne a nna a ntlhola a bo a nkisa tliliniking gore ke newe melemo.
Ke ne ka amiwa thata ke tsela e ba neng ba nkgathalela ka yone, ka bo ka gopola kafa Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba bontshitseng lelapa la me bopelonomi ka gone ka makgetlo a le mmalwa. Tumelo ya bone e ba farologanya le batho ba bangwe. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ithuta Baebele le bone gape mme ka kolobediwa mo ngwageng o o latelang.
A se o se dumelang se ganetsana le dithuto tsa gago?
Le eseng! Bosheng jaana, ke ntse ke dirisa dipalo go thusa baitsesaense ba ba ithutang gore dijini di bereka jang. Go ithuta ka dijini go dira gore re itse gore botshelo bo simologile jang, e leng se se dirang gore ke gakgamalele botlhale jwa Mmopi.
Re neele sekai sa botlhale joo.
Akanya ka go ata ga ditshedi. Ditshedi tse dinnye, jaaka tse di nang le sele e le nngwe tse di nnang mo metsing kgotsa mo mmung, ga di na dirwe tsa tsalo. Ditshedi tseno tse di nang le sele e le nngwe, di dirisa tshedimosetso e e mo dijining tsa tsone go ikoketsa—e leng thulaganyo ya go ikoketsa ya setshedi se le sengwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, dijalo le diphologolo di le dintsi tse ditona le tse di namagadi di kopanya dijini tsa tsone go dira tse dingwe. Goreng thulaganyo eno e gakgamatsa?
Goreng thulaganyo ya go ikoketsa e e dirwang ke setshedi se le sengwe—e e nang le lobaka lo loleele e dira sentle—e ka fetoga go nna thulaganyo ya go ikoketsa e e dirwang ke ditshedi di le pedi? Dithulaganyo tseno tse di tlhokegang tsa go kopanya bontlhanngwe jwa dijini tsa setshedi se setona le jwa se se namagadi di raraane thata, e bile di dira gore batho ba ba dumelang gore ditshedi di itlhagetse fela ba tlhakane tlhogo. Ke tsaya gore ditshedi tse di kgonang go ikoketsa ka botsone di bontsha botlhale jwa Modimo sentle.
^ ser. 11 Fa o batla tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng ka go re lefatshe le bopilwe ka lobaka lo lokae, bona boroutšhara jwa Botshelo—A ke Tiro ya Mmopi? jo bo gatisitsweng ke Basupi ba ga Jehofa. Bo gone mo www.jw.org/tn.


text:
Boitlamo ka ga Kutlwelobotlhoko
Motheo wa of compassion o ikaegile mo boteng jwa ditso tsotlhe tsa tumelo, ngwao le tsa semowa, di re susumetsang ka metlha go tshola batho ba bangwe ka moo le rona re eletsang go ka tsholwa. Kutlwelobotlhoko e re kgarameletsa go dira ka botswapelo go efosa tshotlego ya dibopiwa mmogo le rona, go itshutisa go bogareng jwa maemo a rona mme re tlhome yo mongwe moo, le go tlotla serodumo se se sa phimogeng sa motho yo mongwe le yo mongwe, go tshola botlhe,ntle le kgethololo, ka toka e tsepameng, go lekana le tlotlo.
Gape go botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa phatlalatsa le jwa sephiri go tila ka tlhomamo le ka tiisetso go utlwisa botlhoko.Go dira le go bua ka bogagapa go tswa go letlhoyo, borokgotli, kgotsa bopelo-tshetlha, go humanegisa, go dirisa botlhaswa kgotsa go kganela ditshanelo tsa botho go ope,le go kgotlhetsa letlhoyo ka go nyenyefatsa ba bangwe~le bone baba ba rona~ke kganelo ya Botho jwa rona jwa gale. Re amogela gore re reteletswe go tshela ka kutlwelobotlhoko mme le gore bangwe ba atolositse bogolo jwa tshotlego ya batho ka leina la bodumedi.
Ka moo re ikuela go borre le bomme botlhe ~ go tlhoma sesha kutlwelobotlhoko go bogare jwa dingwao le bodumedi ~ go boela go motheo wa bogologolo o reng tlhaloso ya dikwalo yeo e tsalang bogagapa,letlhoyo kgotsa go nyatsa e le e sa letlelelwang ~ go netefatsa gore basha ba neelwa tshedimosetso e nepagetseng le e nang le serodumo ka ga ditso tse di ngwe, ditumelo le dingwao ~ go rotloetsa kanaanelo e siameng ya pharologanyo ya dingwao le sedumedi ~ go aga botho jo bo tlhomameng go pogisego ya batho botlhe ~le go ba ba kaiwang jaaka baba.
Re tshwanela ka potlako go dira bopelotlhomogi thata e tlhamaletseng, e phatsimang le e tshelang tota mo lefatsheng la rona le le tlhoboganeng.E tsepame mo tlhomamong go fenya bopelotshetlha,kutlwelobotlhoko e ka kgona go phutlhamisa melelwane ya sepolotiki, sedumedi, tshekamotumelo le ya sedumedi. E tlholega go kgokagano ya rona e boteng, kutlwelobotlhoko e botlhokwa go dikgolagano tsa batho le go fitlhela botho jo bo phethagetseng.Ke tsela e isang tshenolong, le go nna ya leruri go kago ya moruo o siameng le boagi jwa lefatshe pharephare jwa kagiso.


text:
Motse wa Tsetseng
Tsetseng ke motse yo mo kgaolong ya Kweneng e e mo Botswana. Motse o, o mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari, gotsweng sekgale sa dikhilomethara tse masome mane gotsweng bokone botlhaba jwa motse wa Kang. Mo palong bathong ya ngwaga wa 2001 dipalo di ne dile makgolo a mararo le masome a borobabongwe le botlhano.
Motse o tlhaelelwa ke ditlamelo[baakanya | edit source]
Modulasetilo wa komiti ya ditlhabololo kwa Tsetseng, Mme Direemeng Kgolo, a re motse wa bone o beilwe ka fa mosing mo o ka reng one ga o amiwe ke Tebelopele ya 2016.O ne a ikuela mo mopalamenteng wa kgaolo ya Letlhakeng Bophirima, Rre Filbert Nagafela, fa a ba etetse bosheng.Mme Kgolo a re kgaolo ya bone e e leng ya bofelo mo Kweneng, e tlhaelelwa ke didirisiwa tse dintsi. A re ga go na megala ya ditlhaeletsanyo, a tlatsa ka gore seo se ba paledisa go tshwaragana le Batswana ka bophara.O ne a bo a ikuela gore mopalamente a ba thuse gore megala ya Mascom le Orange e kgone go tshwara ka go nne ga go na sepe gotlhelele se se ba gokaganyang le ba masika le ditsala ntlheng e nngwe ya lefatshe leno.A re lenyora le ba apesitse kobo ka letshoba mo motseng wa bone, a re ga go sepe fela se se lolameng. A re metsi mo motseng ga a ise a ke a nne teng ke ka moo a reng ga a bone fa ba amiwa ke Tebelopele ya 2016 ka ba saletse kwa morago mo go sengwe le sengwe, a tlatsa ka gore ntleng ga metsi ga go na botsogo jo bo itekanetseng.
A re selelo se sengwe ke motlakase ka o seyo mo motseng, a re ka jalo ba tlolwa ke ditlamelo. E rile a araba selelo sa motse, Rre Nagafela a re o tlaa ikopanya le ba ba maleba go tsibogela motse ka tse di tshwanetseng gore le bone ba akole didirisiwa tse di farologanyeng.Mme Kgolo a re go le gantsi puso e ba solofetsa dilo dingwe mme e nne moriti o tsididi go diragatsa ditsholofetso tsa yone.O bile a ngongorega ka mananeo mangwe a puso a a tsenngwang mo namola leuba a re puso e tshwanetse e nne boammaaruri.O ne a ikuela gape ka tsela ya Letlhakeng/Tsetseng, a re ga e a siamela matshelo a bone.A re ba eletsa fa le bone ba ka nna le tsela e e botoka e e ka ba thusang go goroga kwa mafelong a tshwana le Letlhakeng kwa ba bonang ditsompelo teng.Kgosi ya Tsetseng, Rre Matausu Gaothuse, a re ba farafarilwe ke borukutlhi mme ka jalo o kopela motse lepodisi la maemo a magolwane go ba thusa.Rre Nagafela a re go maleba gore motse o fiwe kgotsa o nne le ditlamelo tse di tshwanetseng.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe.[baakanya | edit source]
Template:Kweneng District Coordinates: 23°31′25″S 23°2′31″E / 23.52361°S 23.04194°E


text:
Template:Infobox political party
Phathi ya Tomokoraga(BDP) ke phathi ee busang mo Botswana. Modulasetilo wa yone ke rre Daniel Kwelagobe.
BDP e thailwe ke rre Seretse Khama, yo o akgolelwang go kgolo ya itsholelo le sepolotiki sa Botswana. Phathi e e thaetswe mo magaeng a setswana, ebile ka dinako dingwe e ne e tle e bidiwe "phathi ya kgosing"(go tewa Seretse Khama). Mo ditlhophong tsa bofelo, phathi e e ne e gapile masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong(53.26%) a ditlhopho tse di tlwaelesegileng le ditilo dile masome amane(45) mo go tse masome a matlhano le bosupa(57). Ntlhopheng wa phathi ya Tomokoraga Ian Khama ke ene tautona wa Botswana gompieno.
Ka ngwaga wa 1961 ,Seretse Khama o thaile phathi e. Pele ga boipuso bo tsewa ka ngwaga wa 1966, e ne e bidiwa kana e itsege ka leina la Bechuanaland Democratic Party. E rile ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlohla malatsi a le masome a mararo ka 1966,dikeletso tsa ga khama tsa go ipusa tsa atlega. Mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa botlhe ka ngwaga wa 1965,phathi ya gapa ditilo tse di masome a mabedi le borobabobedi mo go tse masome a mararo le bongwe. Khama a nna tautona wa Botswana.
E ntse e le yone phathi e e itsegeng mo ditlhophong tsotlhe go simolola nako e boipuso bo neng bo tswewa. ka fa tlase ga boeteedipele jwa Phathi ya tomokoraga ,tlhabolo ya tsa tsa itsholelo e godile fela thata. Botswana o atlegile ka maemo aa kwa godimo mo ditlhabololong le puso ya batho ka batho.
Rre Festus Mogae o dirile ele ene tautona wa lefatshe go tloga ngwga wa 1998 go fitlha 2008. O ne a abelwa tlotla ya Grand Cross of the Legion d'honneur ke Tautona wa French rre Nicolas Sarkozy ka kgwedi ya mopitlo e le masome a mabedi ka go nna "sekai mo bogoging" le go dira Botswana " seelo" sa puso ya batho ka batho le go busa ka tshiamo. Rre Mogae o ile a gapa Ibrahim Prize ka 2008 ele katlego mo boeteledipeleng jwa Africa
Rre Ian Khama, ngwana wa ga tautona wa pele rre Seretse Khama, o tseneletse phathi e pele ga ditlhopho tsa 1999. Mo bogompienong phathi e faraferwe ke makgamu ebile ba ela dilo tlhoko bare fa botho/maitseo asa gatelelwe,phathi e e tla thubega. lekgamu lengwe(le le ipitsang Barata-Phathi) le eteletswe pele ke rre Ponatshego Kedikilwe, le mokwaledi mogolo wa pele rre Daniel Kwelagobe,fa lekgamu le lengwe (le le ipitsang The A Team) le eteletswe pele ke matona ;rre Jacob Nkate le Mompati Merafhe. Lekgamu le lengwe la A team le ne le eteletswe pele lantlha ke Tautona rre Festus Mogae le mothusi wa gagwe rre Ian Khama. Bobeding jwa bone ba ikgoetse ko ntle ga makgamu a le fa ntswa ba ntse ele maloko a 'The A Team"
E rile kgedi ya Moranang e tlhola letsatsi ka 2008,rre Ian Khama a tlahtlogela mo maemong a botautona ele tautona wa bone wa lefatshe la Botswana, ka go rialo a tlogela bodulasetilo jwa BDP Phatlha ya bodulasetilo e ne jaanong ya tsewa ke modiri yo o boikanyego le yo o berekileng ka lobaka Daniel Kwelagobe.
Mo ikanisong ya gagwe, rre Ian Khama o nankotse tebelopele ya setshaba ya 2016.
Mo bosheng Phathi e kgaogane,Barata Phathi ya itlhamela Botswana Movement for Democracy,jaanong a-team le maloko a mangwe a Barata Phathi a setse kwa Tomokoraga,se se tla morago ga go palelwa ke go buisanya magareng gta makgamu ka rre K Masire(tautona wa pele).


text: mpolelle ka tsela e o ka jang sebete saka ka yona. Ka utlwa . Bona ba Ke botsa hela gr polo e fokotswa kae'k letse k jelwe k motho boloto cz condom nne e gana go mo leka bcz polo ya gagwe e tona'motho wa modimo o rwele Ga e ke e gangwa ka mogogorwana namane e le fa - Motho ga ke a buelelwa a ntse . Le nna kene ke e dumile gape, empa bo-Thabo ke bana, chomi. Question Posted by: GORENG | 2006/09/29 P UO E DITSHILA KA NAKO YA THOBALANO. Ka metlha re ne re palama dipitse re bapile ka tsela eo. May 1, 2011 Eupša ke be ke lahlegelwa ke boroko dikgweding tše sego kae tša pele ka morago ga gore a belegwe. . Tau ga e je e dumile, e a re e lela e be e re e tlhaselwe - Fa Motho yo ga a a tshwanelwa go kgalwa mme o tshwanetsee go letlelelwa gore megopolo e Ka letsatsi leo nna ke ne ke palame Lady mme Mmoloki, tsala ya me e kgolo, o ne a palame Buck. See what people are saying and join the conversation. Re be re dirile dithulaganyo tša mehuta See Tweets about #sefebe on Twitter. Ha ke e ja stuff, ke le hodimo kwana mankalankaleng, ke na le tlwaelo ya ho mo rohaka KA Question Posted by: Shoo | 2006/10/02 S o ,Are you there?? a ko bue lenna tu, ke ngwanana. Ke tlhola ke di tshwara di-four-five mara ye e ne e le Leromposo la polo


text:
Tswana Psalm 23
Jehofa ke modisa wa me; ga nketla ke tlhoka sepe. O mpothisa mo mafulong a matalana; o nkgogela ka fa metsing a a didimetseng. O rudisa mowa wa me; o ntsamaisa mo ditseleng tsa tshiamo ka ntlha ya leina la gagwe. Ee, le fa ke ralala mogogoro wa moriti wa loso, ga nketla ke boifa bosula bope; gonne o na le nna; kgoge ya gago, le thobane ya gago, tsone di a nkgomotsa. O a tle o baakanye bojelo fa pele ga me, mo ponong ya baba ba me; o tloditse tlhogo ya me ka lookwane; senwelo sa me se a penologa. Ruri molemo o tlaa ntshala morago le boutlwelobotlhoko, ka malatsi otlhe a go tshela ga me; mme ke tlaa aga mo ntlong ya ga Jehofa ka bosakhutleng.


text:
Pasa ya Botswana
Pasa ya Botswana e fiwa banni ba Botswana fa ba etela mafatshe a sele.
Contents
Pasa e e dirisang maranyane[baakanya | edit source]
Batswana ka kakaretso ba kopilwe go dira teseleto ya mosepele e ntsha ya pasa ya e-passport.Se se builwe ke modiri mo lephateng la mosepele le boagedi Rre Metlha Otsogile jaaka a ne a buisa diphuthego mo metseng ya Ramokgwebana le Jackalas No.2 bosheng.Rre Otsogile a re Batswana ke batho ba ba bonya fa ba rotloediwa go inaakanya le dilo tsa sesha mme e re ka motsotso wa bofelo batho e bo ele gone ba tabogang lepotlapotla.O boletse fa teseletso eo e le botlhokwa fela thata mo go bao ba tsayang mesepele go ya mafatsheng a sele kgapetsakgapetsa, mme a re fa motho a sa tswe mo lefatsheng leno gangwe le gape, ga go tlhokafale gore o ka dira teseletso eo.A re batho ba go nna jalo, ba ka kopa teseletso ya nakwana e duelelwang P12 fela, mme e tsaya dikgwedi tse tlharo e le mo tirsong.Rre Otsogile o boletse fa e-passport e duelelwa P260 a tlatsa a re e tsaya lobaka la dingwaga tse lesome go ntshafadiwa.O ne a re e tsaya selekano se sesa feteng malatsi a lesome le bone morago ga kopo.Rre Otsogile o ne a rotloetsa gore bao ba tshotseng dipasa tse disha, ba di tlhokomele fela thata, e seng jalo motho a tla lefisiwa P1000 fa e latlhegile. O ne a bolelela morafe gore tiriso ya teseletso mosepele e kgologolo e tla emisiwa ngwaga o tlang o ya fifing.O ne a bolelela fa bao ba neng dirile dikopo tsa pasa batla busetswa madi a bone, mme fela fa ba tshotse sesupo.Go tswa lephateng le le itibagantseng le ditiragalo tse di kwadisiwang, Rre Paul Magazine o ne a kopa Batswana go nna le ditlankana tsa matsalo.Rre Magazine a re mo metlheng eno ya ditlhabologo, go tlaatla gore sepe se se dirwang se bo se dirwa go na le sesupo sa matsalo, a tlatsa a re ba nnile le gore bangwe ba basa tshwanelang ba bo ba filwe karata ya Omang.A re seo se dirisitswe ke gore bangwe, bogolo jang ba ba bapileng le mololwane ba bolela fa batho bao e le bana ba bone ntswa go sa nna jalo.Rre Magazine o ne a kopa batho go nna le boammaruri a tlatsa a re go thusa motswakwa go nna le Omang go borai mme fa ope a ka lemogiwa o tla tseelwa dikgato tse di lebaneng.Rre Magazione o ne a bolela fa ofisi ya bone e sa itibaganya le go kwadisetsa Omang fela jaaka bangwe ba akanya, mme ba kwadisa matsalo, manyalo, le dintsho, a tlatsa a re le ditlankana di tswewa kwa go bone.Mme Mpho Phatsimo, molomaganyi wa dikgang tsa bomme o ne a bolele morafe fa ba itibagantse le lehuma le le mo basading e le baeteledipele ba malwapa.Mme Phatsimo a re ka jalo ba rutuntsha ba bo ba katisa bo mme go ema ba lwantsha lehuma le gore ba nne le boikarabelo mo sechabeng.O ne a kopa bo mme gore ba ikopanye e nne setlhopa go dira projeke ba bo ba ya go kopa dithuso tsa madi mo lephateng la bone.Go tswa lephateng la Pereko le selegae, Mme Dimpoetse Keolefhile o ne a kopa setshaba go tswelela ka go ikwadisetsa go batla mebereko kwa lephateng la pereko.
Botlhokwa jwa pasa[baakanya | edit source]
Batho ga ba patelediwe go nna le pasa e ntsha. Mafoko a a builwe ke tona ya pereko le selegae, Rre Peter Siele, a tlhalosa gore pasa e ntsha ga e patelediwe jaaka karata ya O mang. O ne a tlhalosa jalo a buisa phuthego kwa Tatisiding mo boseng.Tona Siele o ne a tlhalosa le gore puso e simolotse tiriso a pasa e ntsha e se na go lemoga gore e kgologolo e setse e kgona go dirisiwa ke manweenwee, ka jalo go tlhokega e e ka se keng e utswege motlhofo, bogolo jang ke batswakwa.O ne a tlhalosa le gore Batswana bangwe ba setse ba simolotse mokgwa wa go rekisetsa Batswakwa dipasa tsa bone ba bo ba re di latlhegile. O ne a supa le gore mafatshe a mangwe jaaka la Britain, a ne a tlhagisitse la Botswana gore le fetole sebopego sa dipasa gore Batswana ba se ka ba batliwa di-visa fa ba ya teng, jaaka batho ba mafatshe a mangwe. E rile fa a bua ka ditlhwatlhwa tsa go dira pasa e ntsha, tona Siele o ne a supa fa madi a P260.00 a le kwa tlase ga a mafatshe a mangwe a kgaolo ya SADC.O ne a gakolola gore batho ba ba sa tloleng melelwane thata, ba ka dirisa dipampiri tsa nakwana tsa, tse le tsone di kgonang go balwa ke metshine fa ba etela kwa mafatsheng a a bapileng le la Botswana.Tona Siele o ne a supa gore bontsi jwa Batswana bo ikopetse dipasa tse di tswang ka bofefo le tse di diegang, se se supang gore ba ka kgona go duelela dipasa tse disa. Tona o ne a supa gore Batswana ga ba na bothata jwa go duelela dipasa tse disa, a supa le gore ba kgona go reka megala ya letheka e e lopang madi a mantsi.Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, tona o ne a bolelela banni ba Tatisiding ka molao wa lephata la gagwe wa go kwadisa matsalo, boagedi, pereko, manyalo, diswaete le ka mathata a ba lebaganeng le one ka go di kwadisa.O ne a tlhagisa setshaba gore se emise go thusa batho ba e seng Batswana go ikwadisetsa go fiwa dikarata tsa O mang ka go sa bolelele dikgosi boammaaruri. O ne a supa le gore go setse go na le manyalo a a seng ka fa molaong, a tlhagisa ba ba dirang molato oo go emisa go dira jalo. Tona o ne a tlatsa ka gore batho ba ba supang fa ba latlhegetswe ke dikarata tsa O mang, ba tlaa lopiwa P100 go di emisetsa.Mookamedi wa kwadiso ya matsalo le O mang, Mme Neo Lepang, o ne a tlhalosa gore kgaolo ya Francistown e na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa dikgetse tse go tserweng dikarata tsa O mang mo batswakweng. O ne a supa gore go na le dikgetse di le 50 tsa go nna jal
o ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
- Palo ya Dipasa
Batho ba ba nang le dipasa ba ba etela Thailand, United Kingdom, Canada ba sa tlhoke go siamisetswa teseletso ya Visa. Visa e tla bo e fiwa fa motho a tsena mo mafatsheng a a balolotsweng fa motho atsena mo go lone.
Dikgoge tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe.[baakanya | edit source]
Template:Passport-stub Template:Botswana-stub