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Setswana
Setswana ke puo ee buiwang mo mafatsheng a Afrika Borwa, Botswana, Namibia le Zimbabwe. Ke nngwe ya dipuo tsa semmuso kwa Afrika Borwa fa kwa Botswana gone e le puo ee tsewang e le yone ya lefatshe ka bophara. Banni bangwe ba Botswana ba tsalwa ba sa bue Setswana jaaka Bakgalagadi, Bakalanga le ba bangwe. Ba se ithuta mo mebileng le kwa sekolong. Molao moteo wa Zimbabwe o moshe o kaya puo ya setswana e le nngwe ya dipuo tsa semmuso tsa lefatshe leo.
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Kgotla ya Batswana[baakanya | edit source]
Kgotla e kaiwa mo setsong sa Setswana jaaka lefelo la botlhokwatlhokwa. Ke felo kwa melao ya morafe e dirwang gone le ditsheko di tsenelang gone. Kgotla ngwe le ngwe, go ya ka Setswana, e biletswa boreaitse go thaya kgotla gore go sireletswe kgosi le morafe. Go epelwa lenaka la mere kgotla lenaka le beiwa mo mpontsheng go ya ka thato ya kgosi le baeletsi ba gagwe. Kgotla e agiwa go ya ka bogolo jwa morafe mme e agiwa jaaka seripagare sa kgolokwe.
Gantsi, ke Kgosi, borangwanaagwe le bao ba tlhopilweng ke ntlo ya kwa kgosing ba ba dirang le go fetola melao ya morafe. Manno kwa kgotla a dulwa go ya ka maemo a motho mo morafeng. Batlhanka le batlhoki ba dula kgakala xle kgosi. Bomatwetwe, batlhabani ba diganka le bahumi ba dula gaufi le kgosi. Ke gone fa mannong fa moo go neng gp bonwa gore ke mang yo nang le meraka e mentsi, e e sasailang ka metlhape ya dikgomo le letsomane la dinku.
Kgotla, kwa dipitso tsa morafe di tshwarelwang gone, ka gale e agiwa gaufi le kwa kgosing ka magong a ditlhare tsa mokgalo le moselesele, mme e agiwa ka mokwa yo o latelang:
- Manno a kgotla - gantsi ka fa tlase ga setlhare.
- Lepatlelo la kgotla – go amogela bao ba tla emang ka dinao kwa kgotla
- Leobo – moago e ruletsweng ka bojang.
- Leiso – kwa molelo o besiwang gone go ithuthafatsa, go apaya tota le go baya metsi mo isong.
- Lesaka la dikgomo.
- Ntlwana – e agiwa ka kwa morago ga lesaka
Kgotla e e kwa godimodimo ke kgotla ya kgosi. Mme yona e latelwa ke dikgotla tsa dikgosana le dikgotla tsa malapa. Senno sa kgotla se dirisiwa kwa kgotla fela, ga se tswe ka kgotla. Mme senno seno se dirwa ka legong la setlhare sa mokgalo, morolwana kgotsa mokabi. Dinno gantsi di betliwa ke banna ba motse.Mo malatsing a gompieno dikgotla di fetogile go tsamaya le dinako. Sepodisa le meago mengwe ya puso e agiwa gaufi kgotsa go nna karolo ya kgotla.
Losika la puo ya Setswana le Merafe e mengwe[baakanya | edit source]
Setswana se sikana thata le Sesotho, puo e e buiwang kwa Afrika Borwa le Lesotho. Se se dira gore babui ba dipuo tse ba tlhaloganyane motlhofo go gaisa ba dipuo tse dingwe tse di mabapi[1].Le fa go ntse jalo Puo ya Setswana ga e tshwane thata le ya Sesotho,di nale modumo o o di farologanyang mme ebile seo se ka tlhalogangwa botoka ke babui ba Botswana le Lesotho [2].
Nalane[baakanya | edit source]
Nalane ya setswana e tshwanetse ya bo e wela fa go tse dingwe tse di filthegileng go fitisisa mo lefatsheng. Seno se dirwa makete le go fitisisa ka ntata ya gore ga e a kwalwa mofatshe, e sale e le mafoko a molomo a a fitisiwang go tswa go batsoga-pele go ya kwa baneng. Botshelo jwa boteduputswa ba setswana, bo fitlhelwa gantsi mo dipokong le mo dikwalong dingwe tsa di padi le dikgankhutswe. Maitlhomo magolo a karolo e, ke go leka go kopanya fa go kgonagalang, tsa botshelo jwa maloba, mme fela re rata go rotloetsa batswana go bala le go kwala setswana.
Setswana mo Afrika Borwa[baakanya | edit source]
Go ya ka bodulo, Puo ya Setswana e phatlaletseng thata mo Afrika Borwa mme e buiwa thata ke merahe ee ko Bechuanaland Protectorate, Bokone-Botlhababa Probinsi ya Kapa (British Bechuanaland and Griqualand West),Bogare,Bophirima ba Free State le Bophirima ba Transvaal. Legale bogolo ba ditulô tse di mo sekakeng se se senang metsi sa Kalahari ebile sena le baduli ba ba nnye ka palo.
Go na le Merahe mengwe ee dirisang pou ya Setswana entswa e se merahe ya Batswana.Yone e akaretsa BaKalanga, BaHerero, Madamara, BaKoba, BaMbukushu,BaSubia, BaKgalagadi, BaSarwa, jalo jalo.Merahe ya BaTswana ka bo yone e ka faroganngwa ka dikarolo tse nne,e leng, Bogareng,Borwa, Bokone le Botlhaba. Dikarolo tse tharo tsa ntlha di ka kaiwa e le tsona tse di dirang diteme tsa Bophirima tsa Setswana.
Bontsi jwa batho ba ba buang Setswana ba fitlhelwa kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa bogolo segolo mo diporofenseng tsa Bokone Bophirima (North West) le Kapa Bokone. Batswana ba Aferika Borwa ba ka nna didikadike di le 3.4 fa Batswana ba Botswana ba ka nna sedikadike le go feta (gongwe 1.3). Batswana ba Namibia le Ba Zimbabwe ba palo potlana. Legale ditirelo tsa kgaso tsa Namibia di gasa gape ka Setswana.
Setswana ke puo e e monatenate, e e nonneng ka e bile e buiwa mo mafatsheng a mane a a mo borwa jwa Aferika. Baithuti bangwe ba dipuo bare Setswana ke nngwe ya dipuo tse di matswakabele thata go gaisa tse dingwe tsa borwa jwa Aferika.
Setswana se na le manatetsha puo a mantsi jaaka diane, dithamalakwane le maele.


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Setshaba se itsisiwe fa Tona ya Lephata la Merero ya Mafatshe a sele Rre Phandu T.C Skelemani a tla buisa diphuthego tsa kgotla ko Ramotswa le Tlokweng, kgwedi ya Seetebsigo e tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le botlhano.
Tona o tla buisa Phuthego ko Kgotleng ya Balete mo mosong ka nako ya boferabongwe. E re mo tshokologong ka nako ya bobedi Tona a buise phuthego ko Kgotleng ya Batlokwa.
Maikaelelo a phuthego tse, ke go lekodisa Setshaba ka tiro ya lephata la merero ya Mafatshe a sele, le go tsaya megopolo ya gore le ka thusanya jang le Batswana.
Setshaba se kopiwa go tsena diphuthego tse ka bontsi le ka nako tse di beilweng.


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SETLHOGO SA KA FA NTLE
Kafa o ka Dirisang Nako ya Gago ka Botlhale ka Teng
“Fa fela nkabo ke na le nako e e oketsegileng!” O setse o kile wa bua mafoko ao ga kae? Nako ke selo se batho botlhe ba nang le sone ka go lekana, ka gonne batho ba ba nang le taolo le ba ba humileng ga ba na nako e ntsi go feta ba maemo a a kwa tlase le ba ba humanegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, bahumi le bahumanegi ba ka se kgone go ikokeletsa nako. Fa e fetile, e fetile. Ka jalo, go botlhale gore re dirise nako e re nang le yone sentle. Jang? Sekaseka ditsela di le nnè tse di thusitseng batho ba le bantsi go dirisa nako ya bone ka botlhale.
Tsela 1: Ithulaganye Sentle
Dira gore dilo tsa botlhokwa di tle pele. Baebele e gakolola jaana: ‘Tlhomamisang dilo tse di botlhokwa thata.’ (Bafilipi 1:10) Dira lenaane la dilo tse di botlhokwa kgotsa tse di potlakileng tse o batlang go di dira, o ntse o gakologetswe gore se o se tsayang se le botlhokwa—ka sekai, go reka dijo tse di tla jewang maitseboa—se ka tswa se sa potlaka. Mme se se ka lebegang se potlakile—jaaka gore o bo o le gone fa lenaneo le o le ratang la thelebishene le simolola—se ka tswa se se botlhokwa. *
Akanyetsa dilo kwa pele. Moreri 10:10 ya re: “Fa sedirisiwa sa tshipi se setse se le boi mme mongwe a sa lootsa bogale jwa sone, foo o tla dirisa maatla a gagwe a botlhaga ka tlhoafalo.” Mme e oketsa ka go re: “Ka jalo go dirisa botlhale gore o tle o atlege go raya go solegelwa molemo.” Re ithuta eng? Fa o lootsa sedirisiwa sa gago sa tshipi, ke gore o rulaganyetsa dilo kwa pele, o tla kgona go dirisa nako ya gago ka botlhale. Beela kwa thoko kgotsa o tlogele gotlhelele ditiro tse di seng botlhokwa, tse di sa direng sepe fa e se go go jela nako fela le maatla. Fa o fitlhela gore o na le nako e ntsi ka gonne o dirile tiro e e neng e saletse kwa morago, ke eng fa o sa dire tiro e o neng o ikaeletse go e dira moragonyana? Fa o akanyetsa dilo kwa pele, o dira gore tiro ya gago e nne le matswela, fela jaaka modiri yo o botlhale yo o lootsang sedirisiwa sa gagwe sa tshipi.
Tshela botshelo jo bo sa raraanang. Ithute go gana go dira dilo tse di seng botlhokwa tse di sa go thuseng ka sepe fa e se go go jela nako fela. Ditiro tse dintsi thata le mekgaphe e mentsi e ka felela ka go gatelelwa mo maikutlong go sa tlhokege mme e ka go amoga boitumelo.
Tsela 2: Tila Dilo Tse di go Jelang Nako
Go beela dilo nako e e tlang le go etsaetsega. “Yo o lebeletseng phefo ga a na go jala peo; mme yo o lebileng maru ga a na go roba.” (Moreri 11:4) Re ithuta eng? Go beela dilo nako e e tlang go senya nako e bile ga go solegele molemo. Molemirui yo o emang go fitlha maemo a siama a ka nna a felela a sa lema kgotsa a sa roba. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, le rona re ka letla gore ditlhobaelo tsa botshelo di dire gore re etsaetsege go dira ditshwetso. Kgotsa re ka ikutlwa e kete re tshwanetse go leta go fitlha re bona tshedimosetso yotlhe e re e tlhokang pele re dira tshwetso. Gone ke boammaaruri gore ditshwetso tsa botlhokwa di tshwanetse go direlwa dipatlisiso le go akanyediwa ka kelotlhoko. Diane 14:15 ya re: “Yo o botlhale o akanyetsa dikgato tsa gagwe.” Mme tota go na le dilo dingwe tse o sa tlhomamisegeng ka tsone fa o dira ditshwetso.—Moreri 11:6.
Go sa batle go dira diphoso. Jakobe 3:17 ya re: “Botlhale jo bo tswang kwa godimo [kgotsa kwa Modimong] . . . bo tekatekano.” Gone ke boammaaruri gore go molemo go eletsa go dira dilo sentle! Le fa go ntse jalo, ka dinako dingwe re ipeela melao e e kwa godimo thata mo re felelang re swabile gongwe e bile re paletswe. Ka sekai, motho yo o ithutang puo e sele o tshwanetse go lebelela gore o tla dira diphoso, a itse gore o tla ithuta mo go tsone. Le fa go ntse jalo, motho yo o sa batleng go dira diphoso ene a ka nna a se ka a batla go dira le fa e le phoso e le nngwe—boikutlo jo bo ka dirang gore a se ka a gatela pele. A bo go le botoka jang ne go nna boingotlo mo dilong tse re di lebeletseng! Diane 11:2 ya re: “Botlhale bo na le ba ba boingotlo.” Mo godimo ga moo, batho ba ba boingotlo le ba ba ikokobeditseng ga ba itseye masisi thata mme gantsi ba kgona le go tshega diphoso tsa bone.
“Tota dilo ga di duelelwe ka madi. Di duelelwa ka nako.”—What to Do Between Birth and Death
Tsela 3: Nna Tekatekano Mme o Lebe Dilo Jaaka di Ntse
Lekalekanya tiro le boitapoloso. “Boikhutso jo bo tletseng seatla bo botoka go na le tiro ya bonatla e e tletseng seatla gabedi le go kgaratlhela phefo.” (Moreri 4:6) Gantsi batho ba ba bereketseng ruri ba itima maungo a “tiro ya [bone ya] bonatla e e tletseng seatla gabedi.” Ba sala ba se na nako le fa e le maatla. Mme ba ba ditshwakga bone ba tlhopha go nna le boikhutso jo bo “tletseng seatla gabedi” mme ba senya nako ya botlhokwatlhokwa. Baebele e re kgothaletsa go nna tekatekano: Dira ka natla o bo o itumelele maduo a gone. Go itumela mo go ntseng jalo ke “mpho ya Modimo.”—Moreri 5:19.
O se ka wa itima boroko. Mokwadi mongwe wa Baebele o ne a re: “Ke tla rapama ke bo ke robala ka kagiso.” (Pesalema 4:8) Bontsi jwa batho ba ba godileng ba tlhoka go robala diura di le robedi bosigo bongwe le bongwe gore ba solegelwe molemo ka botlalo mo mmeleng, mo maikutlong le mo tlhaloganyong. Fa go tliwa mo ntlheng ya tlhaloganyo, go robala ke go dirisa nako sentle ka gonne go go thusa go tlhoma mogopolo le go gopola dilo, ka jalo go dira gore go ithuta go nne motlhofo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa robale mo go lekaneng go dira gore go ithuta go nne thata, e bile go dira gore motho a dire dikotsi kgotsa diphoso motlhofo le go nna pelwana.
Ipeele mekgele e o ka kgonang go e fitlhelela. “Go botoka go bona ka matlho go na le go kgarakgatshega ga moya.” (Moreri 6:9) Seo se kayang? Motho yo o botlhale ga a letle dikeletso fela di laola botshelo jwa gagwe, bogolo jang dikeletso tse di ka se kang tsa direga. Ka jalo, ga a raelwe ke dipapatso tsa matlhajana kgotsa go reka dilo ka sekoloto. Mo boemong jwa moo o ithuta go kgotsofalela se tota a kgonang go nna le sone—‘se a se bonang ka matlho.’
Tsela 4: Tshela ka Melao e e Siameng
Sekaseka melao e o tshelang ka yone. Melao e o tshelang ka yone e dira gore o sekaseke gore ke eng se se molemo, se se botlhokwa le se se mosola. Ke yone e kaelang gore botshelo jwa gago bo tla nna jang. Ka jalo, melao e e siameng e go thusa go baya dilo tsa botlhokwa kwa pele mo botshelong le go dirisa nako ya gago sentle, ura nngwe le nngwe, letsatsi le letsatsi. O ka bona kae melao e e ntseng jalo? Batho ba le bantsi ba e batla mo Baebeleng, e re ka ba lemoga botlhale jwa yone jwa maemo a a kwa godimo.—Diane 2:6, 7.
Dira gore lorato e nne molao wa gago wa botlhokwatlhokwa. Bakolosa 3:14 ya re lorato ke “sebofo se se itekanetseng sa kutlwano.” Re ka se kgone go nna le boitumelo jwa mmatota le go sireletsega mo maikutlong ntle le fa go na le lorato, segolobogolo mo lelapeng. Batho ba ba itlhokomolosang ntlha eno, gongwe ba dira gore go latelela dikhumo kgotsa tiro ya boitshediso e nne gone go tlang pele, ba ka se itumele. Ee, go a utlwala go bo Baebele e dira gore lorato e nne lone nonofo e e di gaisang tsotlhe, ka go lo umaka makgetlho a le makgolokgolo.—1 Bakorintha 13:1-3; 1 Johane 4:8.
Iphe nako ya go ithuta ka Modimo. Monna mongwe yo o bidiwang Geoff o ne a na le mosadi yo o lorato, bana ba babedi ba ba itumetseng, ditsala tse di molemo le tiro e e kgotsofatsang ya bo-paramedic [thuso ya potlako]. Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi tiro ya gagwe e ne e dira gore a bone batho ba boga kgotsa ba a swa. O ne a ipotsa jaana: “A botshelo bo tshwanetse go nna jaana?” Mme letsatsi lengwe o ne a bala dingwe tsa dikgatiso tsa Baebele tse di gatisitsweng ke Basupi ba ga Jehofa mme a bona dikarabo tse di kgotsofatsang.
Geoff o ne a tlhalosetsa mosadi wa gagwe le bana ba gagwe se a neng a se ithuta mme le bone ba ne ba se kgatlhegela. Ka jalo, lelapa le ne la simolola go ithuta Baebele mme seo sa dira gore matshelo a bone a tokafale mme sa ba thusa go dirisa nako ya bone ka tsela e e botlhale go feta le fa e le leng pele. Gape go ithuta Baebele go ne ga dira gore ba nne le tsholofelo e e molemolemo ya go tshelela ruri mo lefatsheng ba tshela botshelo jo bo nang le bokao e bile bo se na pogo.—Tshenolo 21:3, 4.
Se se diragetseng ka Geoff se re gopotsa mafoko a ga Jesu Keresete fa a ne a re: “Go itumela ba ba tshwenyegang ka se ba se tlhokang semoyeng.” (Mathaio 5:3) A o iketleeditse go beela nakonyana kwa thoko gore o ithute ka Modimo? Eleruri ga go na sepe se sengwe se se ka go nayang botlhale jo o bo tlhokang go dirisa letsatsi lengwe le lengwe ka botlhale, mme e seng letsatsi fela, botshelo jwa gago jotlhe.
^ ser. 5 Bona “Ditsela Tse 20 Tsa go Oketsa Nako” mo makasineng wa Tsogang! wa April 2010.


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Botswana
Lefatshe la Botswana mo borwa jwa Aferika, ke lefatshe le le dikaganyeditsweng ke a mangwe, ka jalo ga le a bapa le lewatle. Pele ga le tsaya boipuso ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a roba bongwe, masome a le marataro le metso e le merataro mo go mmamosadinyana le ne le bidiwa Bechuanaland. Lefatshe la Botswana le dikaganyeditswe ke la Aferika Borwa kwa borwa-botlhaba go fitlha kwa borwa bophirima, Namibia kwa bophirima, Zambia kwa bokone le Zimbabwe kwa bokone-botlhaba. Lefatshe le le bidiwa Botswana, le reelelwa ka banni ba lone eleng Batswana.
Pina ya setshaba ya Botswana ke fatshe leno la rona, e e tlhamilweng ke Rre K T Motsete.
Madi a a dirisiwang ko Botswana ke Pula.
Botswana ke lefatshe le le farologanyeng le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika. Morago ga puso ya ga Mmamosadinyana, Botswana o ne a tsaya boipuso ka di 30 tsa Lwetse 1966. Morago ga boipuso, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la dirisanya mmogo le puso ya Mmamosadinyana go itlhabolola. Babusi ba Botswana ka nako eo ba ne ba leka ka bojotlhe go ntsha Botswana mo tlaleng. Domokoraga e ne ya busa lefatshe le e eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama, tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana.
Gompieno Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a tlhabologang ka bofefo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika a bolawa ke tlala le matshwenyego jaaka dintwa le tsietso setshaba, Botswana e kgonne go fenya mmaba mo ebileng e leng sekai mo Aferika.
Contents
Melao ya lefatshe la Botswana[baakanya | edit source]
Molao wa Bogosi (Chieftainship Act, CAP 41:01- 1933) 1. Temana ya bobedi (section 2) ya molao o, yare: Merafe ke e e herang bobedi e e tholegileng e bua puo ya Setswana, eleng Bakgatla, Bangwato, Balete, Bakwena, Batawana, Barolong, Batlokwa le Bangwaketsi. Temana eo gape e boa ere: dikgosi ke tsa merafe e o fela, ebile lefatshe ke la yone merafe eo fela. 2. Se se raya gore merafe e mengwe e kgaphetswe kwa ntle, ga e tsewe ele merafe, mme ele meratshwana e e ka fa tlase ga merafe e e buang Setswana. Maikaelelo le maikemisetso a molao o, ke go nyeletsa merafe e e kgaphetsweng kwa ntle jaaka: Babirwa, Batswapong, Bakalaka, Bayeyi, Bambukushu, Basubiya, Basarwa, Baherero, Bambanderu, Bakgalagadi, Bakgothu, fela jalo. Puso e solofetse gore meratshwana e, e nyelele, e komediwe ke e buang Setswana. 3. Morafe ke batho, ka jalo fa puso e tsaya gore morafe mongwe gase morafe, o raya gore morafe o o gase batho. Batho badirilwe ke Modimo, ba na le teme le ngwao e e remeletseng mo lefatshing le ba tshelang mo go lone, jaaka dijo, dikago, diaparo le didirisiwa tsa bone[1].
Molao wa lefatshe (Tribal Territories Act, CAP 32:02 - 1933) 1. Molao o, o dirafatsa tlhaloso e e dirilweng mo molaong wa bogosi, o o tlhalosang gore lefatshe ke la bo mang. 2. Se molao wa lefatshe o se dirang ke go kgaola melolwane go supa gore lefatshe la Bangwato le tswa fa le felela fa , la Bakgatla, Balete, Batlokwa, Bakwena, Bangwaketsi, Batawana, Barolong fela jalo. Malao o, o raya gore merafe e e kgaphetsweng kwa ntle ga ena lefatshe. 3. Merero yotlhe ya tiriso ya lefatshe e mo maruding a merafe e e ferang bobedi. Merafe e mengwe go tsewa gore e komeditswe, e ka fa tase ga emengwe. Ka jalo ga ba na tshwanelo ya lefatshe ele merafe, fa ese fela ka bongwe ka bongwe. 4. Se se raya gore merafe e e kgaphetsweng kwa ntle ga e kake ya ngongorega ka lefatshe ele sethopha sa morafe. Ba ka ngongorega fela ka bongwe ka bongwe, ba ngongoregela dilo tse di tshwanang masimo, le lwapa a bone fela. Merafe e e buang Setswana yone, eka ngongorega ele morafe, ba ngongoregela lefatshe la bone ka kakaretso. 5. Sekai ke gore Basarwa, ga ba ka ke ba ngongorega ka lefatshe ele Basarwa, ba ka ngongorega fela fa ba tlhakane le Bangwaketse, ebile le bone ba ipitsa Bangwaketse[2].
Lenaneo la tiriso ya metsi mo Botswana[baakanya | edit source]
Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le nosiwa metsi ke makalana a a farologaneng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Water Utilities Corporation e ntse e nosa ditoropo le ditoropo kgolo. Mo godimo ga moo, kompone e, e ntse e tshwaragane le Lephata la Metsi le Dikhansele tsa Dikgaolo ka bokete jwa metsi go abiwa le mafelo a mangwe a lefatshe leno. Maikaelelo a Lenaneo la go Dira Diphetogo mo Mhameng wa Metsi ke go baakanya ditsamaiso tse marara mme ka jalo go nne bonolo go isa metsi kwa bathong.Ke eng se se tlamileng gore go diragadiwe Lenaneo la Diphetogo tsa Mhama wa Metsi?Kanoko ya Lenaneo Legolo la Sechaba la Phatlalatso Metsi la 2005-2006, le ne la re go dirwe diphetogo tse dikgolo mo mhameng wa metsi, mme dingwe tsa tsone e le gore, go kgaoganngwe tsamaiso ya mhama wa metsi le makalana a mangwe a a thusang ka ditirelo. Morago ga dikanoko tse, ba ne ba gakolola gore Water Utilities Corporation e tseye tsamaiso yotlhe ya go nosa lefatshe leno[3].
Dipolotiki le puso ya Botswana[baakanya | edit source]
E sale lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya Boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1966,le tile le eteletswe pele ke Phutlhego ya Botswana Democratic Party e le mo bogompienong e ntseng e busa fela.Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana ke Rre Seretse khama Ian Khama,yo o sa tswang go amoga maemo a mo go Rre Festus Mogae.Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana ke ya batho ka batho mme se se raya gore mongwe le mongwe o nale tshwanelo ya tlhopha phutlhego e a akanyang gore e ka mo tswa mosola mo tsamaisong ya lefatshe a phutlhologile[4].Go nale kagiso e e renang lefatshe ka bophara mme se se dire gore mafatshe ka bontsi a batle go itsalanya le rona.Batswana ka bontsi ke batho ba ba ratang go itse le gone go tlhaloganay ka mafatshe a sele,jalo se batka tirisanyo mmogo fa gare ga mafatshe.
Phemelo[baakanya | edit source]
Ka nako ya boipuso,lefatshe la Botswana le kile la bo le sena sesole se se netameng. E ne e le morago ga gore Masole a Rhodesian le a Aferika Borwa ba lwantshiwe ke mephato ya ZIPRA le MK[14] mme Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa 1977[5]. Tautona e ne e le ene molaodi wa sesole gape a nale dithata tsa go ka etelela lefatshe gape. Sesole sa Botswana se nale maloko a ka tshwara selekanyo sa 12,000.
Go latela phetogo ya sepolotiki sa Aferika Borwa,Maitlamo a sesole sa Botswana ba ne ba itlama go sireletsa diphologolo tsa tlholego, go thusa batho ka nako ya fa ba wetswe ke dibetsa tsa tlholego , gape le gone go tlisa kagiso. Lefatshe la United States e sa tswa go nna lefatshe le le neng la thusa Botswana ka ditlhabololo le sone seole sa Botswana (BDF), mme bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba fiwa ithuthuntsho ke ba lefatshe la U.S. Ithuthuntsho e ke yone e e tswewang e le yone ya konokono mo Botswana[6].
Diteme tsa Botswana[baakanya | edit source]
Teme e e buiwang mo Botswana ke Setswana,ke sone se re ikgatsang ka sone go tswa mo mafatsheng a Africa e bile se golaganya merafe e farologanyeng go utlwana.Ka gore go nale merafe e e farologanyeng Botswana o nale diteme tse dingwe tse di buiwang ke yone merafe e jaaka:
Bona gape[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ kamanakao.tripod.com/melao.pdf
- ↑ kamanakao.tripod.com/melao.pdf
- ↑ www.mmewr.gov.bw/downloads/download.php?dir
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]


text:
Reunion.com > Daniel Kirsh - Tracy Kleist > Jessica Kitson - Angela Kitt
Classmates from Jessica Kitson to Angela Kitt
Jessica Kitson Jill Kitson Jim Kitson Jimmy Kitson Joan Kitson Joanne Kitson Joe Kitson Joel Kitson John Kitson Jon Kitson Jonathan Kitson Joseph Kitson Joshua Kitson Joy Kitson Joyce Kitson Jp Kitson Judith Kitson Judy Kitson Julie Kitson Juliet Kitson Karen Kitson Karmella Kitson Kate Kitson Katherine Kitson Kathleen Kitson Kathryn Kitson Kathy Kitson Katie Kitson Keith Kitson Kelly Kitson Kenneth Kitson Keri Kitson Kevin Kitson Kim Kitson Kimberlee Kitson Kimberly Kitson Kris Kitson Krista Kitson Kristin Kitson Kurt Kitson Kwame Kitson Kyle Kitson Larry Kitson Laura Kitson Lauren Kitson Laurie Kitson Lee Kitson Leonard Kitson Leslie Kitson Lewis Kitson Linda Kitson Lisa Kitson Lois Kitson Lorna Kitson Luvenia Kitson Lynn Kitson Marcella Kitson Marcia Kitson Margaret Kitson Marilyn Kitson Marion Kitson Mark Kitson Mary Kitson Matt Kitson Matthew Kitson Maureen Kitson Megan Kitson Melissa Kitson Melody Kitson Michael Kitson Michele Kitson Michelle Kitson Mike Kitson Monica Kitson Moses Kitson Nancy Kitson Natalie Kitson Nathalie Kitson Nathan Kitson Neal Kitson Neil Kitson Nicole Kitson Nita Kitson Norman Kitson Orville Kitson Pamela Kitson Patricia Kitson Patrick Kitson Paul Kitson Paula Kitson Penny Kitson Perrita Kitson Peter Kitson Philisity Kitson Phyllis Kitson Rachel Kitson Ralph Kitson Randy Kitson Ray Kitson Raymond Kitson Rebecca Kitson Renee Kitson Rhonda Kitson Rich Kitson Richard Kitson Rick Kitson Rita Kitson Robert Kitson Robin Kitson Rodney Kitson Roger Kitson Ronald Kitson Rosemary Kitson Rosie Kitson Roxie Kitson Ruth Kitson Ryan Kitson Sally Kitson Sandra Kitson Sara Kitson Sarah Kitson Scott Kitson Selma Kitson Selvena Kitson Shanell Kitson Shannon Kitson Sharon Kitson Shawn Kitson Sheila Kitson Sherri Kitson Sherry Kitson Shirley Kitson Simon Kitson Sonia Kitson Sophie Kitson Stacy Kitson Stephanie Kitson Stephen Kitson Steve Kitson Steven Kitson Sue Kitson Susan Kitson Sydney Kitson Tammy Kitson Teresa Kitson Terrence Kitson Terri Kitson Terry Kitson Theresa Kitson Thomas Kitson Tiffany Kitson Timothy Kitson Todd Kitson Tony Kitson Tonya Kitson Tron Kitson Tyler Kitson Victoria Kitson Walter Kitson Wayne Kitson Wendi Kitson Wendy Kitson Wilford Kitson William Kitson Zachary Kitson Letty Kitson-belcher Phoebe Kitson-davis Rodrick Kitson-walters Thongchai Kitsoongnern Demetri Kitsopoulos Gerasimos Kitsopoulos John Kitsopoulos Maria Kitsopoulos Michael Kitsopoulos Nicholas Kitsopoulos Toni Kitsopoulos Allison Kitsos Andrew Kitsos Anna Kitsos Anthony Kitsos Belinda Kitsos Chris Kitsos Christin Kitsos Christine Kitsos Christopher Kitsos Dean Kitsos Demetra Kitsos Dennis Kitsos Elizabeth Kitsos Evangeline Kitsos Evangelos Kitsos Gary Kitsos George Kitsos Gus Kitsos Haralambos Kitsos Haroula Kitsos Jacob Kitsos Joanne Kitsos John Kitsos Julie Kitsos Laura Kitsos Mark Kitsos Marlene Kitsos Mary Kitsos Matthew Kitsos Michael Kitsos Nicholas Kitsos Paul Kitsos Pete Kitsos Peter Kitsos Sarantis Kitsos Sharron Kitsos Stella Kitsos Steve Kitsos Suzette Kitsos Thomas Kitsos Vassilis Kitsos William Kitsos Danielle Kitsoul Mark Kitsoulis Raymond Kitsteiner Virginia Kitsteiner William Kitsteiner Brent Kitsu Susan Kitsu Hami Kitsuda Iichiro Kitsuda John Kitsuse Joseph Kitsuta Aaron Kitt Adam Kitt Adolphles Kitt Aisha Kitt Alan Kitt Alberta Kitt Alexander Kitt Alexis Kitt Alfred Kitt Alice Kitt Alisa Kitt Alison Kitt Allen Kitt Alta Jo Kitt Alva Kitt Alvin Kitt Amanda Kitt Amy Kitt Andrea Kitt Andrew Kitt Angela Kitt


text:
A o ka rata go bala setlhogo seno ka %%?
Ee
Nnyaa
Dibuka le Dibukana Tsa go Ithuta Baebele
Ithute Baebele go ya ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng ka go dirisa dibuka le dibukana tseno tse o ka itseelang tsone.
Buka ya Ngwaga ya Basupi ba ga Jehofa ya 2014
Ke Eng se se Dirang Gore Botshelo Jwa Lelapa bo Itumedise?
Khalendara ya Basupi ba ga Jehofa ya 2014
Sephiri sa Boitumelo mo Lelapeng
Solegelwa Molemo ke Thuto ya Sekolo sa Bodiredi sa Puso ya Modimo
Go Tlhatlhoba Dikwalo ka Malatsi Otlhe--2014
Diphetogo dingwe tse di dirilweng mo dikgatisong tse di mo Internet di ka tswa di ise di dirwe mo dikgatisong tse di gatisiwang.
© 2014 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
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text:
Genesise 1:1-31
2 Jaanong lefatshe le ne le tobekane fela le kgakgabetse e bile go le lefifi mo godimo ga bodiba jo bo boteng jwa metsi; mme maatla a a dirang a Modimo a ne a ya kwa le kwa mo godimo ga metsi.
3 Mme Modimo a re: “A go nne lesedi.” Mme ga nna lesedi. 4 Morago ga moo Modimo a bona gore lesedi le ne le le molemo, mme Modimo a dira gore lesedi le lefifi di kgaogane. 5 Modimo a simolola go bitsa lesedi Motshegare, mme lefifi lone a le bitsa Bosigo. Ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la ntlha.
6 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A go nne le phuthologo fa gare ga metsi mme a metsi a kgaogane le metsi.” 7 Mme Modimo a dira phuthologo a bo a kgaoganya metsi a a tshwanetseng go nna kwa tlase ga phuthologo le metsi a a tshwanetseng go nna kwa godimo ga phuthologo. Mme ga nna jalo. 8 Mme Modimo a simolola go bitsa phuthologo Legodimo. Ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la bobedi.
9 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A metsi a a kafa tlase ga magodimo a phuthelwe mo lefelong le le lengwe mme a go bonale mmu o o omileng.” Mme ga nna jalo. 10 Mme Modimo a bitsa mmu o o omileng Lefatshe, mme metsi a a phuthilweng a a bitsa Mawatle. Mo godimo ga moo, Modimo a bona fa go le molemo. 11 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A lefatshe le dire gore bojang bo tlhoge, dimela tse di ntshang peo, ditlhare tsa maungo tse di ungwang maungo kafa mefuteng ya tsone, a peo ya one e leng mo go one, mo lefatsheng.” Mme ga nna jalo. 12 Mme lefatshe la simolola go ntsha bojang, dimela tse di ntshang peo kafa mofuteng wa tsone le ditlhare tse di ungwang maungo, a peo ya one e leng mo go one kafa mofuteng wa one. Mme Modimo a bona fa go le molemo. 13 Ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la boraro.
14 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A go nne le masedi mo phuthologong ya magodimo gore a kgaoganye motshegare le bosigo; mme a a nne ditshupo tsa dipaka le malatsi le dingwaga. 15 Mme e nne masedi mo phuthologong ya magodimo gore a phatsime mo lefatsheng.” Mme ga nna jalo. 16 Mme Modimo a dira masedi a mabedi a magolo, lesedi le legolwane gore le laole motshegare le lesedi le lebotlana gore le laole bosigo, a dira le dinaledi. 17 Modimo a a baya jalo mo phuthologong ya magodimo gore a phatsime mo lefatsheng, 18 le gore a laole motshegare le bosigo a bo a kgaoganye lesedi le lefifi. Mme Modimo a bona fa go le molemo. 19 Mme ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la bonè.
20 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A metsi a nyeule bontsintsi jwa meya e e tshelang mme a dibopiwa tse di fofang di fofe fa godimo ga lefatshe mo phuthologong ya magodimo.” 21 Mme Modimo a bopa ditshedi tse ditonatona tsa lewatle le meya yotlhe e e tshelang e e tsamayatsamayang, e metsi a neng a e nyeudisa kafa mefuteng ya yone, le sebopiwa sengwe le sengwe se se fofang se se nang le diphuka kafa mofuteng wa sone. Mme Modimo a bona fa go le molemo. 22 Foo Modimo a di segofatsa, a re: “Atang lo ntsifale lo tlale mo metsing a a mo boalong jwa lewatle, mme a dibopiwa tse di fofang di ntsifale mo lefatsheng.” 23 Mme ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la botlhano.
24 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A lefatshe le ntshe meya e e tshelang kafa mefuteng ya yone, seruiwa le phologolo e e tsamayang le sebatana sa naga sa lefatshe kafa mofuteng wa sone.” Mme ga nna jalo. 25 Mme Modimo a dira sebatana sa naga sa lefatshe kafa mofuteng wa sone le seruiwa kafa mofuteng wa sone le phologolo nngwe le nngwe e e tsamayang ya lefatshe kafa mofuteng wa yone. Mme Modimo a bona fa go le molemo.
26 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “A re dire motho mo setshwanong sa rona, kafa tshwanong ya rona, mme a ba laole ditlhapi tsa lewatle le dibopiwa tse di fofang tsa magodimo le diruiwa le lefatshe lotlhe le phologolo nngwe le nngwe e e tsamayang mo lefatsheng.” 27 Mme Modimo a bopa motho mo setshwanong sa gagwe, a mmopa mo setshwanong sa Modimo; a ba bopa monna le mosadi. 28 Mo godimo ga moo, Modimo a ba segofatsa mme Modimo a ba raya a re: “Atang lo ntsifale lo tlatse lefatshe lo bo lo le fenye, mme lo laole ditlhapi tsa lewatle le dibopiwa tse di fofang tsa magodimo le sebopiwa sengwe le sengwe se se tshelang se se tsamayang mo lefatsheng.”
29 Mme Modimo a tswelela a re: “Bonang, ke lo neile dimela tsotlhe tse di ntshang peo tse di leng mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe le setlhare sengwe le sengwe se se nang le leungo la setlhare le le ntshang peo. A e nne dijo tsa lona. 30 Mme sebatana sengwe le sengwe sa naga ya lefatshe le sebopiwa sengwe le sengwe se se fofang sa magodimo le sengwe le sengwe se se tsamayang mo lefatsheng se go nang le botshelo e le moya mo go sone [ke se neile] dimela tsotlhe tse ditala gore e nne dijo.” Mme ga nna jalo.
31 Morago ga moo Modimo a bona sengwe le sengwe se a se dirileng mme, bona! se bo se le molemo tota. Mme ga nna maitseboa ga ba ga nna moso, letsatsi la borataro.


text:
Merogo
Lefoko merogo le raya senngwe se se jegang e ka nna bontlha bongwe jwa setlhare kgotsa setlhare, mme go sa akarediwe dipeo gape le maungo. Se se raya matlhare, ditlhito, kgotsa medi ya ditlhare mme gape go akarediwe le dimela tse dingwe (jaaka squash).
Lefoko le ga le na leina la nnete le le tsepameng mo dithutong tsa biology; ka go rialo lefoko le le raya dilo tse di mmal culinary and cultural tradition. Sekai ke gore batho ba tsaya gore mabowale one ke merogo le fa e ntse e se ditlhatsana,[1][2],fa bangwe bone ba a kgaoganya le dijo ka kakaretso.[3]
Merogo e mngwe e kgona go jwewa e sa apewa, e menngwe yone e jewa e apeilwe, gape le e menngwe ke tshwanelo ya gore e jewe e apeilwe. Merogo gantsi e jewa e apeilwa bogolo jang e le seshabo kgotsa mo dijong tse di letswai. Le fa go ntse jalo merogo mnngwe e dirisiwa modijong tse di nang le sukirinyana, jaaka rhubarb pie le carrot cake.
Tlhaloso ya lefoko "merogo" jaaka "setlhare se se golang go jewa" e ne e ise e simololwe go fitlha ka 18th century.[4]
Contents
Mafoko[baakanya | edit source]
Go nale mafoko a le mane a a rayang merogo le maungo:
- Maungo(dimela): peo ya leung (nako dingwe e akaretsa tse di farologanyeng popego),
- Leungo(a a kgethiwang): bontlha bongwe jo bo jewang jo bo nang le sukiri,
- Merogo: bontlha bongwe jo bo jewang jo bo letswainyana.
Ngwe ya dimela di tshwana mmidi kgotsa dinawa , di ka tsewa fela jaaka merogo.
Nngwe ya dipotso tsa gore a mme tamati ke morogo e santse e kile ya sekwa kwa kgotla tshekelong ya United States ka ngwaga wa 1893. Mme kgotla e tlhalositse ka molao motheo wa Nix v. Hedden gore tamati ke morogo ka gore e wela mo dituelong tsa ngwaga wa 1883 tsa dithoto tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele. Kgotla kgolo e bile ya papamatsa gore tamati ke leungo gape fa go buiwa ka dithuto tsa dimela.[5]
Temo ya merogo le maungo e ka tshetsa batho[baakanya | edit source]
Mothusa tona wa temothuo, Rre Oreeditse Molebatsi o rotloeditse balemi ba merogo le maungo go dira ka natla go jesa lefatshe leno.E rile mothusa tona a bua kwa phuthegong ya balemi ba merogo ba kgaolo ya legare kwa Mahalapye ka Mosupologo, a ba bolelela fa a tshwentswe ke go sa direng sentle ga bone.Rre Molebatsi a re lephata la gagwe le na le lenaneo la temo ya merogo la ISPAAD, le mo go lone puso e thusang balemi go simolola le go tsweledisa temo ya nosetso. A re temo ya merogo ke kgwebo e molemi a ka dirang madi go itshetsa le go jesa lefatshe, a tlatsa ka gore balemi ba itse fa temo ya merogo e raya molemi a dira ka diatla go ntsha maduo a a kwa godimo.Rre Molebatsi a re o tshwenyegile thata ka gore go na le balemi ba le bantsi mo kgaolong ya legare mme sebe sa phiri ke gore bontsi jwa bone ga ba dire sentle, a ipotsa gore matsapa di a tsaya kae.O ne a rotloetsa balemi ba nosetso go tsaya temo ya bone ka tlhoafalo ka jaana go na le mmaraka wa merogo mo Botswana le mo mafatsheng a sele. Mothusa tona o ne a rotloetsa balemi ba ba direlang mo dikgaolong tse di se nang metsi gore ba kgone go tswelela mo kgwebong ya bone.A re go na le balemi ba ba sa direng sentle mo dikgaolong tse dingwe lebaka le letona e le metsi, mme seo se ba kgoreletse go gola le go kgona ditoro tsa bone.Rre Molebatsi a re o lemogile fa go na le mathata mo baleming ka jaana thobo ya bone e le kwa tlase ntswa go na le badirelapuso ba ba firetsweng go ba thusa go tokafatsa thobo.O ne a kgothatsa balemi go dirisana thata le badiri bao mo dikgaolong tsa bone gore maduo a nametse le gone gore molemi a obe letsogo.A re thobo ya merogo mo lefatsheng leno fa e kopantswe ga e goroge kwa seelong se se batlwang go jesa Batswana, mme seo se pateletse puso go reka merogo kwa ntle.
Rre Molebatsi a re ke ka moo a emeng ka dinao gore balemi ba dire ka natla go ntsha thobo e e lekaneng go rekisiwa mo mmarakeng wa Botswana.A re o kgatlhanong le balemi ba e reng go nna thata mo kgwebong ya bone ba bo ba sia ba tlogela, a tlatsa ka gore seo ga se na go isa lefatshe la Botswana gope. Mothusa tona a re kgwebo e raya gore molemi o tsile go dira ka gotlhe go sa kgathalesege gore o a latlhegelwa kgotsa o dira dipoelo ka a tlhaloganya gore tse di kgona go diragala mo kgwebong.O ne a rotloetsa balemi ba merogo go simolodisa mokgatlho o o ba tshwaraganyang gore ba bue ka lentswe le le lengwefela.Rre Molebatsi a re go nna mokgatlho go a busetsa ka puso e ka reetsa dilelo tsa bone fa ba bua ka lentswe le lengwe fela.O ne a kopa balemi gore ba tswe ka megopolo e e ka thusang puso go tsaya ditshwetso tse di maleba le gone go fetola ditsetlana tsa go tlhabolola temo ya nosetso. E rile balemi ba tswa la bone ba supa fa ba lebanwe ke dikgwetlho di tshwana le letlhoko la metsi le motlakase o o turang mo go ngomolang pelo fa ba re ba o tsenya kwa masimong.Nngwe ya dikgang tse ba neng ba di ntsha e bile ba kopa puso go e sekegela tsebe ke go fokodiwa ga ditlhwatlhwa tsa go hira batswakwa ka ba le turu mme e bile gape Batswana e se batho ba ba ratang go bereka kwa masimo.Ba re e sale diteseletso tsa nakwana di emisiwa jaanong ba sokola ka batho ba ba dirang kwa masimong mme ba kopa puso go di busetsa.Fa a latlhela la motlapitsong, Rre Koonyatse Tamasiga o ne a re go na le batho ba ba saleng ba fiwa masimo mo kgaolong ya Dikabeya gore ba simolole go lema mme nako kgolo ke eno, ka jalo a kopa puso go a neela balemi ba ba tlhoafaletseng temo.A re masimo ga a ka ke a fiwa batho fela ba bo ba sa a dirise.
Dikai tsa dimela tse di dirisiwang jaaka merogo.[baakanya | edit source]
Palo ya dilo tse di bitswang "merogo" e telele ebile ga e akaretse bontlha bongwe jwa dimela:
- Lehupela la sethunya
- Dipeo
- Mmidi , dinawa,
- Matlhare
- Mahupela
- Dithitwa
- Dithitwa tsa matlhare
- Modi
-
- Dinawa
Dikota[baakanya | edit source]
Tlhokomelo[baakanya | edit source]
Thobo e e faphegileng e tsweledisa botsheolo jwa merogo .
Merogo e nang le mathare e tshwanetse ya dirisiwa mo nakong e e khutswane , kgotsa ya bewa mo pampiring e phutlhetswe.
Maemo[baakanya | edit source]
Template:Expand section Go nale maemo a ISO a a buang ka merogo le maungo.[6]
O ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
- Boleng jwa dijo
- Tshireletso ya dijo
- Leungo
- Palo ya merogo
- Merogo e e nnang e le teng ngwaga otlhe
- Baji ba merogo
- Veganism
- Malwetse a merogo
- Diphologolo tse di jang merogo
- Thekiso ya merogo
Dipadi[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ "Mushrooms" classified under "Other vegetables". In What foods are in the vegetable group? United States Department of Agriculture. Last modified on 2011-05-31 02:35 PM. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ↑ "Mushrooms" classified under "VEGETABLES". In Suggestions - Vegetables at Cooks.com. Accessed on 2009-06-24].
- ↑ Alternative Crops and Plants: Vegetables and Mushrooms. United States Department of Agriculture. Last modified on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ↑ Ayto, John (1993). Dictionary of Word Origins. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-214-1. OCLC 33022699.
- ↑ Full text of this opinion in Nix v. Hedden courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ↑ "67.080: Fruits. Vegetables". International Organization for Standardization. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=80. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
Palo pele[baakanya | edit source]
- Munro, Derek B., Small, E. 1997 Vegetables of Canada. NRC Research Press, Ottawa ISBN 978-0-660-19503-2


text:
Reunion.com > Jason Gloystein - Hami Golbar > Roberto Go - Ralph Goacher
Classmates from Roberto Go to Ralph Goacher
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Basarwa
Basarwa ke batho ba Botswana. Basarwa ke bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo Botswana. Batswana ba ne be goroga mo Botswana dingwaga tse di ntsi tse di fetileng. Ba ne ba tseela Basarwa lefatshe, ba bo ba dira gore Basarwa ba tshabele ko sekakeng. Ke ka moo gompieno Basarwa ba nnang ko sekakeng le ko merakeng.
Ditso tsa pele[baakanya | edit source]
Tshekatsheko ya ditso e supa fa bangwe ba letso la basarwa ba sale ba nnile mo sekakeng sa kgaolo ya kgalagadi.Mme bontsi ja letso la Basarwa mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika ba ne ba patelediwa go nna mo kgaolong eo. Basarwa ba kalahari ba nnile mo lehumeng fa bahumi ba ba nnang go bapa le bone ba ba rontshitse ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lehatshe.Morago ga nako ee sa fedising pelo Botswana ga mmogo le Namibia, ba ne ba fithela bonno jwa bone bo fokoditswe mo go fiteletseng.[1]
Basarwa ba Kalahari[baakanya | edit source]
Basarwa ke batho ba thata e itsiweng ele batsomi. Go nneng ga matlong a a sa akaegeng, Basarwa ba tshedile ka go tsoma diphologolo le go bapala diphologolo tsa naga.Bontsi jwa batho mo borwa jwa Afreka ba ne ba itsesiwe ngwao ya Basarwa ga mmogo le teme ya bone go dirisa setshwantsho sa motshikenyego.[2]
Kgotla kgolo ya ditsheko[baakanya | edit source]
Ka kgwedi ya ferikgong a thola masome a mabedi le bosupa ngogola ,Basarwa ba ne ba fenya tsheko kgathanong le puso mo Botswana ko kgotla kgolo ya ditshekelo morago ga go kganelwa go amana le metsi a a nowang mo di dibeng tse di kwa ba nnang teng.Barrister Gordon Bennett e ne e le moemedi wa basarwa ko tshekong jaaka fa baathodi ba supa fa puso ya Botswana e le molato go fa thuso ee sa nametseng.Gangwe le gape, puso ya Botswana e ne bolelelwa gore e duele dituelo tsa go tsenelela tsheko ga Basarwa.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ The modern day Bushmen / San. Art of Africa. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
- ↑ http://goafrica.about.com/library/bl.san.htm


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Koketsego ya palo ya batlhoki e a tshwenya
Modulasetilo wa khansele-potlana ya Letlhakeng, Rre Tshoganetso Leuwe a re o tshwenngwa thata ke go oketsega ga dipalo tsa batho ba ba tsenang mo lenanenong la batlhoki.
E rile fa a bula semmuso phuthego ya khansele-potlana eo mo bosheng, mokhanselara Leuwe a re dipalo tsa batho ba go nna jalo di tsweletse ka go oketsega le ntswa go na le mananeo a puso a a rotloetsang batho go itirela matshelo.
O ne a ikuela mo makhanselareng a mangwe go emisa go ema nokeng batho ba ba boitseme go tsena mo ditirong tsa tlhabololo itsholelo ba gabile gore ba tlaa kwadisiwa mo botlhoking. Mokhanselara Leuwe a re mo nakong eno go setse go dirisitswe madi a a ka tshwarang P9 million mo lenaneong la botlhoki.
Mabapi le tsa nyeletso lehuma, Rre Leuwe a re go nnile le tokafalo mme a gakolola gore go ka nna ga tlhagoga dikgoreletsi ka ditlhotlhwa tsa dithoto di tsweletse ka go golela pele.
A re seemo se se ntseng jalo se gwetlha gore jaanong go itebaganngwe le tlhabololo ya dikitso, kgwebo le go itshimololela dilo. A re dilo tse ke tsone di ka kgonang go godisa itsholelo le go tlhama mebereko.
O kopile gore go dirisanngwe go thusa bao ba ba filweng dithuso gore dikgwebo tsa bone di tswelele, gore go nne le seemo se mo go sone go ka nnang le kgwebo e e atlegileng le dikitso tsa go itshimololela dilo.
Mokhanselara o ne a bolela fa a tshwenngwa ke gore lefa thulaganyo ya Ipelegeng e tokafatsa matshelo mo magaeng, kgwetlho e tona ke go palelwa ke go ntsha maduo ga ba ba neetsweng dithuso tseo. O gakolotse makhanselara ka ene go tlhomamisa gore ba lwantsha mokgwa wa boitseme mo bathong mme ba ba thuse go itlhabolola.
Phuthego eo e ne ya bolelelwa ka go wediwa ga matlo a le 22 a batlhoki mo kgaolong potlana eo ngogola, le go agiwa ga matlwana a boitiketso kwa malapeng a bone ba ba thusitsweng bao.
Kgaolwana eo e na le thulaganyo ya go agela batlhoki matlwana a boitiketso a mahuti go na le a metsi ka go bo metsi a tlhaela mo kgaolwaneng eo.
Mabapi le tsa dibetso tsa tlholego, mokhanselara Leuwe o boletse gore e ne ya re mo kgweding ya Sedimonthole ngogola kgaolwana ya tlhagelwa ke dibetso tsa tlholego kwa Serinane le Salajwe fa metse e mebedi eo e ne e tlhaselwa ke dipula tsa matlakadibe le sefako tse di tlogetseng go sentswe malwapa a le matsi. BOKHUTLO
- Itholo ditiro e naya benggae dithata tsa itsholelo
- Baithuti ba tlhoka thapelo
- Tirelo Setshaba e a simologa
- Makhanselara a ngongorega ka ditsela
- No funds to replace classroom


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NGWANATSELE 5, 2013 | ARMENIA
Armenia e Letla Batho Ba ba Sa Tseneleng Bosole go Dira Tiro ya Setšhaba
Go lebega puso ya Armenia e ne ya felela e tsere ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole tsia. Ka Diphalane 23, 2013, Khomishene e e Lwelang Diphetogo kwa Armenia e ne ya reetsa dikopo tsa Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba ba fetang 90 mme ya naya ba le 51 mo go bone tetla ya go dira tiro ya setšhaba, e leng thulaganyo e ntšha ya ba ba sa tseneleng bosole (Khomishene e sa ntse e tla sekaseka dikopo tse di setseng). Go tswa foo, Khomishene e ne ya ya kwa Kgolegelong ya Erebuni mme ya naya Basupi ba le 6 mo go ba le 20 ba ba neng ba le mo kgolegelong tetla ya go dira tiro ya setšhaba. Magolegwa ano a le marataro a ne a gololwa ka Diphalane 24, 2013. Khomishene e sa ntse e tla sekaseka dikopo tse di setseng tsa magolegwa a Basupi ba ba ka ratang go dira tiro e nngwe go na le go tsenela bosole mme go lebeletswe gore e golole banna bano ba ba tlhophang thulaganyo eno.
Thulaganyo e Ntšha
Thulaganyo eno e ntšha e simologile ka Seetebosigo 8, 2013, fa Armenia e ne e dira diphetogo tse di tlhokang gore Molao wa Armenia wa Tirelo Setšhaba o tsamaisane le melao ya Yuropa mme di ne tsa simolola go dira ka Phukwi 25, 2013. Ka Diphalane 2, 2013, kwa Kokoanong ya Palamente ya Lekgotla la Yuropa, moporesidente wa Armenia o ne a akgela ka diphetogo tse di dirilweng bosheng mo molaong fa a ne a re: “Go ya ka thulaganyo eno ya rona, batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole ka ntlha ya segakolodi sa bone ba ka se nne le rekoto ya bokebekwa.” Ka Diphalane 3, 2013, Armenia e ne ya simolola go latela molawana wa gore kotlhao e e newang batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole e fokodiwe ka dikgwedi di le thataro. Go ikaegilwe ka molawana ono, Basupi ba le robedi ba ba neng ba saletswe ke dikgwedi tse di kafa tlase ga tse thataro kwa kgolegelong ba ne ba gololwa ka Diphalane 8 le 9, 2013.
Thulaganyo e ntšha ya tirelo setšhaba e letla batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole ka ntlha ya segakolodi go thusa setšhaba ka ditsela tse dingwe tse di seng kgatlhanong le segakolodi sa bone se se thapisitsweng ka Baebele. Gone jaanong ga e tlhole e laolwa ke Sesole sa Armenia kgotsa setšhaba. Go lebeletswe gore batho ba dire tiro ya setšhaba ka dikgwedi di le 36, diura di le 48 ka beke mme ba newa malatsi a boikhutso a le 10 ka ngwaga. Ba ba tsenyang dikopo ba tla newa tiro gaufi le magae a bone e bile ba ka se dire tiro epe e e amanang le bosole.
Dikgato Tse di Tserweng Gore go Dirwe Diphetogo
Fa Armenia e nna leloko la Lekgotla la Yuropa ka 2001, e ne ya ikana gore e tla dirisa molao o Dinaga tsotlhe tse e nnang maloko a Lekgotla leno di o latelang, wa go dira gore go nne le tiro ya setšhaba le go golola batho botlhe ba ba neng ba tsentswe mo kgolegelong ka ntlha ya segakolodi sa bone. Le fa Armenia e ne e dirile maikano ao, e ne ya tswelela e sekisa le go tsenya makawana a Basupi mo kgolegelong.
Mo dingwageng di le 20 tse di fetileng, Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba feta 450 ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong ka lobaka lo loleele mo maemong a a sa jeseng di welang e bile ba tshwarwa makgwakgwa.
Fa Molao wa Tirelo Setšhaba wa Repaboliki ya Armenia o simolola go dira ka Phukwi 1, 2004, go ne go lebega e kete maemo a ba ba tsentsweng mo kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go sa tsenele bosole a tla tokafala. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa thulaganyo ya tirelo setšhaba e simolola go dira, e ne e laolwa le go kaelwa ke sesole e bile batho ba ne ba otlhaelwa go sa tsenele bosole. Gangwe le gape Lekgotla la Yuropa le ne la tlhalosa gore tsela e thulaganyo eo e neng e dirwa ka yone, e ne e sa dumalane le melao ya Yuropa ya tirelo setšhaba. Ka sekai, mo go Resolution 1532 (2007), Kokoano ya Palamente ya Lekgotla la Yuropa e ne ya re “e amegile thata ka gore tirelo setšhaba e e sa dirweng go ya ka thulaganyo e dirile gore batho ba le bantsi ba ba sa tseneleng bosole ka ntlha ya segakolodi sa bone, ba bontsi jwa bone e leng Basupi ba ga Jehofa, ba tswelele ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong ka gonne ba bona go le molemo go ya kgolegelong go na le go dira tirelo setšhaba e tota e sa lateleng melao.”
Komiti ya Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya Ditshwanelo Tsa Batho le yone e ne e amegile thata ka gore Armenia e ntse e tsenya Basupi ba ba sa tseneleng bosole mo kgolegelong. Kwa kokoanong ya yone ya bo105 (2012), Komiti e ne ya konela ka go re:
“Puso e e busang e tshwanetse go tlhoma tirelo setšhaba e e seng ya bosole, e e ka dirwang ke batho botlhe ba ba sa tseneleng bosole le gore e se ka ya otlhaya kgotsa ya tlhaola ka tsela epe fela, ya ja madi a mantsi kgotsa ya senya nako. Gape Puso e e busang e tshwanetse go golola batho botlhe ba ba tsentsweng mo kgolegelong ka gonne ba sa tsenele bosole kgotsa ba sa dire tiro ya setšhaba e e leng teng.”
Lekgotla la ECHR le Imolola Batho
E re ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa Armenia di sa buelela Vahan Bayatyan le makawana a mabedi a Basupi ba ba neng ba tsentswe mo kgolegelong, ba ne ba isa dikopo tsa bone tse di kgatlhanong le Armenia kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Yuropa ya Ditshwanelo tsa Batho (ECHR). Kgetsi ya ga Rre Bayatyan e ne ya fetola dilo fa Lekgotla le Legolo la ECHR le mmuelela ka tsela e e tlhomologileng ka Phukwi 7, 2011. E ne e le la ntlha mo hisitoring ECHR e laela gore Kokoano ya Ditshwanelo tsa Batho ya Yuropa e sireletse batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole. Tshwetso eno ya Lekgotla le Legolo e ne ya latelwa ke ditshwetso tse dingwe tse nnè tsa ECHR, tse le tsone di neng di buelela ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole. *
Puso ya Armenia e ne ya itlhokomolosa katlholo ya Lekgotla le Legolo mo kgetsing ya Bayatyan v. Armenia, ka go sekisa le go bona Basupi ba le 29 molato; ba le 23 mo go bone ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong. Go simolola ka Phukwi 2011 go ya go Diphalane 2013, banna ba le 86 ba ne ba fetsa palogotlhe ya dingwaga di feta 168 kwa dikgolegelong tsa Armenia. Bangwe ba makawana ano ba ne ba ikuela ka go isa dikopo tse di oketsegileng kwa ECHR ka go bo ba tsentswe mo kgolegelong e se ka fa molaong.
Dikgang Tse di sa Rarabololwang
Batho ba ba sa tseneleng bosole ba ba weditseng katlholo e ba neng ba e neilwe e bile ba golotswe mo kgolegelong ka Diphalane 2013, ba solofela gore direkoto tsa bone tsa bokebekwa di tla phimolwa go dumalana le diphetogo tse di sa tswang go dirwa mo melaong ya Armenia ya tsa bokebekwa. Kgang e nngwe e e tshwenyang ke gore a batho ba ba neng ba bonwa molato le go tsenngwa mo kgolegelong morago ga kgetsi ya ga Bayatyan, ba tla newa madi a phimolakeledi.
Go sa ntse go lebeletswe gore diphetogo tse Armenia e di dirileng mo molaong wa tirelo setšhaba di bonale ka botlalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, gone jaanong go lebega Armenia e tsaya tsia tshwanelo ya batho ya go sa tsenele bosole ka ntlha ya segakolodi sa bone.
Dikgato Tse di Tserweng Gore Thulaganyo ya Tirelo Setšhaba e Amogelwe
^ ser. 12 Bona Erçep v. Turkey, no. 43965/04, 22 November 2011; Bukharatyan v. Armenia, no. 37819/03, 10 January 2012; Tsaturyan v. Armenia, no. 37821/03, 10 January 2012; Feti Demirtaş v. Turkey, no. 5260/07, 17 January 2012.


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Tona o ema dikoporase nokeng
Tona wa papadi le madirelo a re o ema nokeng dikoporase ebile o dumela gore fa dilo di tsamaya ka fa tshwanelong, Batswana ba ka akola katlego ya tsone.
E rile fa a bua kwa pitsong ya dikoporase kwa Sebele bosheng, Mme Dorcas Makgato-Malesu a re lephata la gagwe le ikaelela go nonotsha boeteledipele jwa dikoporase gore di kgone go dira dipoelo.
A re go botlhokwa gore dikoporase di ithulaganye sesha, di bo di ipaakanyetse kgaisanyo e e diragalang mo papapdisaong. A re dikoporase di tshwanetse tsa nna le batsamaisi ba ba nonofileng.
Tona o boletse gore puso ga e kake ya dira mo go kalokalo ka gore ditsompelo tsa yone di a tlhaela, ebile e lebaganwe ke go tlhomamisa gore dikgoreletsi tsa go dira kgwebo di a nyelediwa go balelwa le go fa maloko a dikoporase le badiri ba stone botsipa ja go dira kgwebo mo metlheng ya segompieno.
O boletse fa a na le tsholofelo ya gore pitso eo e sekasekile methale e mesha mo go tsamaiseng kgwebo mo malatsing a segompieno.
Tona a re lenaneo la dikoporse go simolola ka 2011 go fitlha ka 2020 le di baya mo seemong se se botoka sa go gweba e bile se bone dilo di le tlhano tse di ka kgonafalang tse di akaretsang madi, tsa molao, go nna tlhaga ga maloko, le bokgoni ja go gweba ga sennela ruri.
A re go na le lenaneo la Africa Co-operative Development Strategy (2013-2016) le le lone le ka dirisiwang go thusa dikoporase tsa mo Botswana go tswelela.
Mme Makgato-Malesu o boletse gore mananeo a mabedi a a batla gore dikoporase lefatshe ka bophara di tshwanetse go ema ka dinao mme tsa tsamaisa itsholelo le ditlhabololo tsa mafatshe a tsone mme di tlhabolole matshelo a maloko a tsone.
A re ka mabaka a a ntseng jalo, dikoporase tsa Botswana di tshwanetse go ikaga sesha gore di kgone go nna bontlha bongwe jwa makgotla a dikoporase a mafatshefatshe. BOKHUTLO
- Itholo ditiro e naya benggae dithata tsa itsholelo
- Baithuti ba tlhoka thapelo
- Tirelo Setshaba e a simologa
- Makhanselara a ngongorega ka ditsela
- No funds to replace classroom


text:
ANC e Latlhile Seaparwelwa Khemo Sa Sone! Ba Bolaile Babereki!
Bathapi le boradipolitiki ba molato! Ba tshwanetse go emisa mapodisi go dira dilo tse di sa siamang.
Molaotheo o tshepisitse ditokelo tsa dipolotiki le tekatekano. Go a bonagala gore boradipolotiki le bathapi ba dira ka mo ba ratang ka teng. Ba tshameka ka batho. Seo se bonagetse ka nako eo mapodisi a bolaileng badiri bao ba neng ba dirile ditshupetso kwa moepong wa Lonmin Marikana.
ANC E LATLHILE SEAPARWELWA KHEMO SA SONE! BA BOLAILE BABEREKI!
Bathapi le boradipolitiki ba molato! Ba tshwanetse go emisa mapodisi go dira dilo tse di sa siamang.>
Ga gona molao, ga gona Kigali. Ga go na Zuma, ga go na Malema, ga go na LONMIN!
Molaotheo o tshepisitse ditokelo tsa dipolotiki le tekatekano. Go a bonagala gore boradipolotiki le bathapi ba dira ka mo ba ratang ka teng. Ba tshameka ka batho. Seo se bonagetse ka nako eo mapodisi a bolaileng badiri bao ba neng ba dirile ditshupetso kwa moepong wa Lonmin Marikana.
DITOKELO TSA GA MANG?
Batho re tshwanetse go bona bonnete: mokgatlo wa ANC le bathapi ba laola:
Thulaganyo ena, e thusa batho ba ba humileng le ba bonatla go nna bonatla thata : batho ba ba berekang le ba bahumanege ba boga. Garena tshireletso, o a bereka mme ga o tshele sentle , ditlhwatlhwa tsa dijo di ya godimo.Motlakase wa ga Eskom o a tura! Re tshwaneste go duela? Ka eng? Mme ga re kena ntwa e kgolo, re a thuntsiwa.
ANC/MMUSO+BATHAPI/DIGOLAGANYE
Mmuso o dirisa mapodisi go betsa batho ba gwanta bantsha ditletlebo tsa bona. Ke ditokela tsa rona re tshela motshotlegong jaanong relwa kgathanong le mmuso le borakgwebo (Lonmin).
Re a didimantswa ka marumo.
Ntlha re sa dumalane kontle ga pelaelo le ditiro tsa babereki ko Marikana, re nna fela re eme nokeng batlhoki le babereki ba ba kobo dikhutswane kgatlhanong le mmuso.
ANCYL = ANC = POLAO YA MARIKANA
ANC ba re batla fetola dilo tse di diragalang. Ka gore go ne go na le dingongorego ka di puso tsa National Party (NP). NP e ne e bolaile babereki. Jannong, ANC le bone ba bolaile ba bereki. ANCYL ba ne ba sa tshwanela go sekisa mapodisi go bolaya batho (bona statement 17August 2012).
Malema le babereki ba ba lelekweling ko ANCYL ba batla go dirisa dintlha tse, go boela ko ANC-go huma le go bua maka. Mme, diatla tsa ANC di na le madi.
Gompieno le ga nako e setse e fetile, babereki ba ANCYL ba batla tjhelete mme ga ba batle batho ba ne le kgololosego.
BOJANOSI? GARE BO BATLE
“Capitalism” ke mokgwa o gatellang le go dirisa botlhaswa mo bathong ba bantsho, “Coloureds” le “Indians” ba ba dirang, ba gatelelwa ka lefa la mmuso wa kgatelelo (apartheid) ke mapodisa le bathapi malatsi otlhe.
(Makgowa ba ba dirang le bona ba gatelelwa).
PUSO YA BABEREKI E SENG YA MMUSO
ANCYL e dirisa dipolao tsa kwa Marikana go ANC e dire puso e mo tlase ga mmuso. Mme Marikana e bontsha bonnete ba mmuso, ga gore sepe gore ke lekoko lefe: mapodisa a bloya go thusa batho ba ba humileng.
Taola ya babereki ga e reye gore go buse bathapi le bo rapolitiki e raya gore go buse batho.
MAPODISE GA BA KA KE BA FETOGA
Tiro ya mapodisi ke go gatelela le go didimalatsa babereki le bahumanege. Bothata bo ka se lokisiwe ke (dikomisinare) jaaka batho ba akanya.
Botsa losika la ga Andries Tatane. Ditlhopo di kase fetole sepe. Gopola: Sharpeville 1960, Soweto 1976, Uitenhage 1985, Michael Makabane ka 2000, babereki ba SAMWU ka2009, Andries Tatane ka 2011… Marikana ka mgwaga wa 2012. Batho ba le masomepedi tlhano ba bolailwe ka ngwana wa 2000 pele ga Marikana.
MATLA A BATHO ESENG DITLHOPO LE MEKGATLO YA DIPOLOTIKI
Lebelela kwa Marikana. Ditlhopo ga di fetole sepe.
Go tsena mmuso le dipolitiki ga se go fetola dilo. Go tlhopa motho o mongwe mo boemong ba ga Jacob Zuma gase phetogo.
Go tlhopa mokgatlo o montŝha wa dipolitiki - le wa “molema” le wa “babereki” ga go thuse.
LEKGOTLA LA BABEREKI: TSOGANG
Makgotla a Marikana le NUM le AMCU di wetse mo lerabeng la borapolitiki le bathapi. Ba ne ba lwana mme ba ne ba tshwanetse go lwa le sera. Kopano ke matla: ga go a tshwanela go kgaogana re laolwa. Babereki ba mo lefatsheng kopanang!Dinaga le merafe kopanang!
Emisa kgolagano! COSATU ga e tshwanetse go dira le ANC.
ANARCHISM = GO IPUSA GA BATHO = COUNTERPOWER
Ke nako ya gore re fetole tsamaiso ya bathapi/mmuso ka puso ya batho. Se, seraya gore re batla babereki/baagi ba buse gotswa kwa tlase go ya kwa godimo. Re batla tokologo ya ba bereki ba ba ipusang le baagi. Ga re se batla puso e e re thunsta jaaka dintja re batla go ipusa.
THARABOLLO: KGOLOLOSEGO YA BATHO!
RE YA LETLHOKA: SE VONTENG KOPANANG A RE TSHWARAGANENG!
Fa o dumelana le dikakanyo kgotsa o batla go itse ka anarchism: nomoro ya mogala ke: 072 399 0912 kgotsa zacf@riseup.net
Ethagiswa ke: Tokologo Anarchist Collective, Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front le Inkululeko Wits Anarchist Collective.
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BASHA BA BOTSA JAANA
Nka Buisana Jang le Batsadi Ba me Ka Melao e ba Ntlhomelang Yone?
Se o se tlhokang: Bokgoni jwa go buisana
Puisano ke sedirisiwa sa botlhokwa se se ka
thusang ba bangwe gore ba go tlhaloganye.
thusang gore o tlhaloganye lebaka la go bo o sa newe se o se batlang.
Boammaaruri ke gore, fa o batla go tshwarwa jaaka motho yo o godileng, o tshwanetse go ithuta go bua ka tsela e e tshwanetseng. O ka dira seo jang?
Ithute go laola maikutlo a gago. Puisano e e molemo e tlhoka boikgapo. Baebele ya re: “
Sematla se ntsha moya wa sone otlhe, mme yo o botlhale o o boloka o ritibetse go fitlha kwa bofelong.”—Diane 29:11.
Re ithuta eng? Tlogela go goa, go ngala, go itaaganya ditswalo kgotsa go dira dilo tsa bongwana. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dira jalo go ka dira gore o okelediwe melao—e seng gore o newe kgololesego.
Leka go leba dilo ka tsela e batsadi ba gago ba di lebang ka yone. Sekai: A re re batsadi ba gago ga ba batle gore o ye kwa kokoanong nngwe. Go na le gore o ngangisane le bone, o ka nna wa ba botsa jaana:
“A lo ne lo tla ntetla go ya fa nka tsamaya le tsala e e godileng e bile e ikanyega?”
Le fa go le jalo, batsadi ba gago ba ka nna ba se ka ba dumela. Mme fa o tlhaloganya gore ba tshwenyegile ka eng, o ka nna wa akantsha se ba ka dumalanang le sone.
Dira gore batsadi ba gago ba go tshepe. Akanya ka monna yo o kolotang banka. Fa a duela ka metlha, banka e tla mo tshepa mme mo isagweng a ka nna a adimiwa madi gape.
Go ntse fela jalo le mo lelapeng. Batsadi ba gago le bone ba lebeletse gore o ba ikobele. Fa o nnela go swabisa batsadi ba gago, o se ka wa gakgamala fa ba sa tlhole ba go tshepa jaaka pele.
Mme fa o ikanyega—tota le mo dilong tse dinnye—batsadi ba gago ba ka nna ba go tshepa thata le mo isagweng.


text:
The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)
Setswana (Tswana)
- Jaanong lefatshe lotlhe la tswelela le na le puo e le nngwe fela le mafoko a le mangwe fela.
- Mme ga diragala gore fa ba tsere loeto ba ela ntlheng ya botlhaba kgabagare ba bona lebala la mokgatšha mo lefatsheng la Shinare, mme ba nna mo go lone.
- Mme ba simolola go raana ba re: "Tlang! A re direng ditena mme re di beseng ka go di fisa." Ka jalo setena e ne e le leje la bone, mme bitumena e ne e le seretse sa bone.
- Jaanong ba re: "Tlang! A re ikageleng motse le tora e bogodimo jwa yone bo fitlhang kwa magodimong, mme a re itireleng leina le le tumileng, e se re kgotsa ra gasama mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe."
- Mme Jehofa a fologa go ya go bona motse le tora e bomorwa batho ba neng ba e agile.
- Morago ga moo Jehofa a re: "Bona! Ke setšhaba se le sengwe fela e bile botlhe ba na le puo e le nngwe fela, mme seno ke se ba simololang go se dira. Aitsane, jaanong ga go na sepe se ba ka tswang ba gopotse go se dira se ba ka se kang ba se fitlhelela.
- Tlang jaanong! A re fologeng mme re tlhaktlhakanyeng puo ya bone gore yo mongwe a se ka a reetsa puo ya yo mongwe."
- Ka jalo go tswa koo Jehofa a ba gasamisetsa mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe, mme kgabagare ba tlogela go aga motse.
- Ke gone ka moo leina la one le neng la bidiwa Babele, ka gonne Jehofa o ne a tlhakatlhakantse puo ya lefatshe lotlhe gone, e bile go tswa koo Jehofa o ne a ba gasamiseditse mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe.
From: Thanolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha ya Dikwalo Tse di Boitshepo
Tower of Babel in Bantu languages
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text:
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text:
Molelo
Molemo ke thakathakanyo e e diragalang ka bonako ya di gase mo tsamaisong ya combustion, e e ntshang mogote, lesedi le tse dingwe tse di farologaneng.[1] Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.
Motuka ke bontha bongwe jo bo bonalang jwa molemo gape o na le ditlhase. Fa digase tse di fisa thata, dikgona go nna ionized go dira plasma.[2] Mmala wa motuka le bogale jwa molemo bo ya ka dilo tse dishang le dilo tse di tshelwang mo teng
Ditlamorago tsa molemo ke conflagration, se se na le bokgoni jwa go senyaka mmele ka go o fisa. Molemo ke selo sa bothokwa se se amang matshelo a batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ditlamorago tse di siameng tsa molelo ke go rotloetsa kgolo le go babalela tikologo. Molemo o sa le o dirisiw ake batho go apaya, go dira mogote, sesupo le ditiro tsa propulsion. Ditlamorago tse di bosula tsa molelo di akaretsa, go leswafatsa metsi, go senya mmu, go leswafatsa loapi le kotsi mo matshelo a batho.[3]
Contents
- 1 Ditebego
- 2 Boitsaanape jwa molelo
- 3 Mekwalo e e beilweng ya ditswa mmung
- 4 Taolo ya batho
- 5 Tshireletso le Thibelo
- 6 Paakanyo
- 7 O ka tsibogela
- 8 ditshwantsho tsa tlaleletso
- 9 Tse di latelang ke tse di dirisitsweng go batla kitso e e kwadilweng fa
- 10 tshekatsheko ya bakwadi
Ditebego[baakanya | edit source]
Maranyane[baakanya | edit source]
Molelo o simolola fa selo se se thothetsang molelo, se kopane le selekanyo se se siameng sa gase ya oxygen kana sengwe se se na le oxygen, se le gaufi le motswedi wa mogote kana mogote o le kwa godimo ga flash point gore leokwane le ka kopangwa, gape gore e kgona go tshegetsa, selekanyo sa bonako jwa oxidation, e ntshang a tlhakatlhakanyo. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
Fa o simolola go tuka, thathakanyo ya di gase e tshwanetse go diragala, mo eleng gore molelo o kgona go tshegetsa mogote wa one, ka go ntsha nonofo ya mogote mo tiragalong ya combustion le go propagate, fela fa go nale neelano ya gase le leokwane.
Molelo o ka timiwa ka go ntsha ditsetlana dingwe tse di bakang molelo. Sekaseka gase ya tholego jaaka go tswa mo letshegong la boapeelo. Molelo o ka timiwa ka tse di latelang:
- • fa o tima motswedi wa gase, mo go ntsha motswedi wa leokwane.
- Fa o kgorumetsa motuka gotlhelele, mo go fokotsa bogale jwa motuka, ka gonne combustion e dirisa gase ya oygen e e mo phefong le go e ntsha, lefelong le le gaufi le motuka o o nale CO2.
- Go tshela metsi mo molelo go fokotsa mogote o o mo teng ka bonako go na le o molelo o ka o dirang( fa o budulela mowa mo molelong go ka fokotsa mogote, wa digase tse di shang go tswa mo leokwaneng go tshwana le ntlha e e fa godimo) kana
- Go tshela sedirisiwa se se timang molelo jaaka Halon mo motukeng, se se kganelang thakathakanyo ya di gase, go fithelela selekanyo sa combation se nna bonya go babalela mola wa thakathakanyo.
Molelo o ka okediwa ka go oketsaselekanyo sa combustion Mekgwa ya go dira se ke go lekalekanyo leokwane le di gase tse thokegang tsa selekanyo se se rileng, go oketsa leokwane le gase mo bokopanyong jwa selekanyo se, go oketsa mogote, gore mogote wa molelo o kgone go tshegetsa go tuka ga molelo kana go tsenya sethothetsi; sethothedi se se dirisiwang gore leokwane le digase di thakathakane ka pela.
Motuka[baakanya | edit source]
Motuka ke tlhakatlhakano ya digase le dilo tse di tswang mo teng, infrared, nako tse dingwe lesedi le le bonako, selekanyo sa lefelo le le ikaegileng ka ditebego tsa dilo tse dishang le tsibogo e e bonako. Mo nako tse dintsi, jaaka go sha ga dilo tsa tholego jaaka, dikgong, kana go sha mo go sa felelang ga gase, incadescent solid particles tse di bidiwang soot di ntsha o o tshwanang motuka o o phatsimang o o lephutshi. Lesedi le na le lefelo le le tsweletseng. Go sha mo go feletseng ga gase, go na le motuka wa mmala o motala, ka lobaka la go ntshiwa ga radiation ya bophara bo le bongwe go tswa mo phudugong ya electron mo di molecule tse di dirilweng ke motuka. Nako tse dinsi, go dirisiwa gase ya oxygen, mme Hydrogen e e tukang mo chloride le yone e ntsha motuka, mo go dirang gase ya Hydrogen Chloride(HCl). Thakanyo e engwe e e kgonang go ntsha motuka, mo go tse dintsi ke Fluorine le hydrogen le hydrazine le nitrogen tetroxide.
Go phatsima ga motuka go thakathakane. Mogote wa mmele wa radiation o ntshiwa mo gaseng ya soot, le dikarolo tsa leokwane, le fa go ntse jaalo dikarolo tsa soot di le dinnye thata go itshola jaaka mmele e mentsho e e siameng. Gape go ntshiwa photon, e ntshiwa ke di atoms le molecules tse di seng mathagathaga mo di gaseng Bontsi jwa mogote wa radiation o ntshiwa mo dilong tse bonalan. Mmala o ikaegile mo mogoteng wa mmele o montsho wa radiation, le kago ya boranyane gore go ntshiwa go kgonagale Mmala o tlwaelesegile mo motukeng o fetoga le mogote. Sekai se se siameng ke setshwantsho sa molelo wa naga. Fa go tuka mo gontsi go diragalang teng mo lefatshe, molelo o mosweu, mmala wa fa gole mogote thata wa dilo tsa tholego ke lephutshi. Fa godimo ga lefelo le lephutshi, mmala o fetogelosa mo bosetheng, se se raya gore ga go mogote thata, morago ga mmala o ke bohibidu, fa go seng mogote. Fa godimo ga mmala o mohibidu, go tuka ga go sa thole go diragala, gape dikarolo tse di sa tukang kgotsa di sa sha, ka tebego di dintsho.
Komponi ya NASA ya ko Amerika e lemogile gore gravity e tsaya karolo mo tiragalong ya motuka. Fa go nonofo ev e gogelang kwa godimo e fetolwa, se se ka baka mefuta e e farologaneng ya metuka[4] Kabakanyo ya metuka ka fa tlase ga diemo tsa gravity, di ikaegile ka go sutla ga dikarolwana mo metsing, jaaka soot e nna e gola go feta motuka o o tlwaelesegileng., jaaka mo kereseng mo diemong tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa go tsholetsega ga mmele, di dira gore o nne lephutshi. Fa go senang gravity, jaaka mo mafelong ka tikologong tse di mo lefaufaung, convection ca e sa thole e diragala, le mothuka o thuka ka go dikologa, le go rata go nna motala le bokgoni( lefa o ka kgona go tima fa o sa tshwarwe sentle, le gore CO2 go tswana mo go tukeng, ga e kabakangwe sentle fa go senang gravity, mme se se ka tima motuka). Go na le dithaloso tse di ntsi tsa di pharologanyo tse, mo e leng gore go ka kgonagaa gore mogote o kabakangwe ka go lekalekana, gore soot e seka ya dirwa le go tuka mo go feletseng go dirgala.[5] Diteko tse di dirilweng ke NASA di supa gore metuka e e thakanang fa go senang gravity, e letelela gore soot e le ntsi e thakane le digase morago e bo e dira thakanyo ya metuka mo lefatsheng, ka ntateng ya maitsholo a farologaneng a ditshidi fa go senang grafity, fa go tshwanthsangwa le fa go na le diemo tsa gravity e e tlwaelesegileng.[6] Ditemogo tse di ne tsa dirisiwa mo boranyane, le mo madirelong thatathata tiriso ya leokwane.
Mo diegeneng tse di tukang, go na le dikgatlo tse dintsi tse di tsewang go tima motuka. Mekgwa e e ikaegile mefuta ya leokwane, jaaka mafura, dikgong, leokwane le le nale nonofo e ntsi jaaka leokwane la difofane.
Mogote[baakanya | edit source]
Molelo o ntsha mogote, kana ke mokgwa wa go fudusa nonofo go tswa mo mmeleng mongwe ka lobaka la go amana le taolo ya mogote.
Megote e e etsegeng ya molelo le metuka[baakanya | edit source]
- Motuka wa gase e e hemiwang le gase ya nonofo.
- Motuka wa sedirisiwa sa madirelo a maranyane.
- • Motuka wa sedirisiwa se se tsenyang kgatelelo e potlana[7]
- Motuka wa kerese
- Go goga motsoko
- o Mogote o o sa tshwantshiwing: lethakore le le tshubilweng 585 °C (1,100 °F)
- Mogote wa go tshwantshiwa: bogare jwa fa go tshubuilweng: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
- Go nna go le mogote thata fagare.
Mogote wa metuka ka ditebego.[baakanya | edit source]
Mogote wa metuka e e na le dikarolo tsa carbon di ntsha lesedi, di ka lemogwa ka mmala wa tsone.[8]
- Bohibidu
- -O bonala 525 °C (980 °F)
- o sa bonale: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
- mmala o o sa bonaleng wa leungo: 800 °C (1,500 °F)
- mmala o o bonalang sentle wa leungo: 900 °C (1,700 °F)
- mmala wa leungo o o bonala sentle: 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)
- mmala wa namune
- Boteng: 1,100 °C (2,000 °F)
- bonala: 1,200 °C (2,200 °F)
- Bosweu
- Bosweu: 1,300 °C (2,400 °F)
- phatsima: 1,400 °C (2,600 °F)
- galalela: 1,500 °C (2,700 °F)
Boitsaanape jwa molelo[baakanya | edit source]
Naga e ngwe le ngwe ya tholego e na le molelo wa yone, gape ditshidi mo nageng ya teng di ikaegile ka one molelo o. Molelo o dira mafelo a bodulo,lengwe le lengwe e le fa seemong se se rileng.[9] Mefuta ya dithare, diphologolo le ditshidinyana di na le bokgoni jwa go dirisang seemo sengwe, gape fa o ntse o dira o ne mafelo a, molelo o letelela mefuta e mentsi go nna mo lefelong leo.
Mekwalo e e beilweng ya ditswa mmung[baakanya | edit source]
Taolo ya batho[baakanya | edit source]
Go laola molelo e ne e le phetogo e e neng e diragala mo matshelo a batho ba bogologolo. Go gotsa molelo, go dira mogote le lesedi, mo go ne go dira gore batho ba kgone go apaya dijo, go oketsa mefuta le go nna teng ga dikotla. Mogote o o neng o dirwa o ne o thuthafatsa batho ka mariga, o dira gore ba kgone go tshela mo fa go le tshididi. Molelo gape o ne o kgoba dibatlana. Bosupi jwa dijo tse di apeilweng, di ne tsa bonwa go tswa mo dingwageng tse didikadike tse di fetileng, le fa molelo o ne o sa dirisiwe ka mokgwa o o rileng go fithelela ka dingwaga tse 400,00 tse di fitileng. [10] Bosupi bo bo ne jwa anama ka dingwaga tse masome mathano go ya ko lekgolo tse di fitileng, go supa gore tiriso e ntsi nako le nako; mo go kgathisang, ka nako e lengwefela go leswafatsa phefo le gone ga simolola go anama, ka dipalo tse dintsi.[10] Tiriso ya molelo e ne ya simolola go nna mafathatha, o ne wa dirisiwa go dira magala le go laola ditshidi tsa naga dingwaga tse makgole a lesome a a fetileng.[10]
Molelo gape o ne dirisiwa mo dingwageng tse difitileng go bogisa le go athola, e le go fisa motho a tshela le didirisiwa tsa pogiso jaaka sethako sa tshipi, se se neng se tlatswa ka metsi, mafura kana se fisiwa ka molelo gore motho a bogisege.
ka nako ya diphetogo go tswa mo tsomeng go ya ko jwaleng dijalo, batho fatshe ka bophara ba ne ba dirisa molelo jaaka sedirisiwa sa go babalela lefatshe. melelo e ne laolwa ka go fisamlelo e e tsididi fa go tshwantshangwa le melelo e bogale e e senyang mmu. Melelo e e bogale e senyaka dijwalo le diphologolo gape e tsenya batho mo kotsing. Se ke mathata a matona mo nageng tsa gompieno fa go fisa melelo ya setso is thibelwa go rotloetsa kgolo ya dithare tse di dirang dilo tsa kago. Melelo e e seng bogale e diriwa thata ka paka ya dithobologo le thobo. go supa fa go tshubiwa ka nonofo ya ditshidi tse di suleng e sa gole sentle, se seka simolodisa melelo e e bogale. go na le mefuta e mentsi ya tikologo, e rotloetsang entsifalo ya diphologolo le ditlhare. Batho bo ne ba dira gore dinaga tse dikgothaganeng di atloge.
Go na le dipalo tse di ntsi tsa tiriso ya molelo. Fa o ka akanya sentle molelo o dirisiwa ke mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka tsela e e laolesegang. Badirisi ba dipalamo tse di dirisa molelo, ba ditisa molelo nako le nako ba kgweetsa. Madirelo a nonofo ya motlakase e kabakanya palo e ntsi ya motlakane mo bathong.
Tiriso ya molelo mo dintlweng e sale e nna ditso. Molelo o ne o dirisiwa mo didirisiwa tsa ntwa. Hormer o ne a bua ka tiriso ya molelo ga baeteledipele ba ba gerika ba ba neng ba iphithile mo pitseng ya dikgong go fisa Troy ka na ya dintwa tsa trojan. Moragonya ba Byzantine ba ne ba dirisa molelo wa bagerika go thasela dikepe le banna, Ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe, batho ba ntlha ba ba ne ba tika melelo e ne e le dithopha tsa ntwa, gape go dikoloi tsa ntwa dine di agegile sentle. mo dintweng tse di neng tsa tla morago, dibetsa tsa ganyaolo di ne di dirisiwa ke Axis le Allies go tshwana, thatathata ko Tokyo, Rotterdam,lontone, Hamburg le Dresden, mo tiragalong tse pedi tse, ntwa ya melelo e ne simolodisiwa ka bomo e mo one molelo o ne o dikologa toropo, o ne wa gogelwa mo teng . Masole a difofane a Amerika le one a dirisa dibetsa tse kgathanong le Japane ka nako ya bone ya ntwa, mme se sa senyaka matlo a ne a agilwe ka dikgong le di pampiri. Tiriso ya leokwane e ne ya simolola ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 1944, ko bofelo jwa ntwa ya bobedi, ntswa tiriso ya lone ga e a ka kgathegelwa ke sechba go fithelela ntwa ya Vietnam. Sebetsa sa kganyaqolo se se dirilweng ka leokwane le yone e ne e dirisiwa.
Tiriso jaaka leokwane[baakanya | edit source]
Leokwane fa le tshubiwa le ntshang nonofo e e bothokwa Dikgong ke kgale di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, le gompieno di a dirisiwa. Tiriso ya leokwane le tswang mo mmung jaaka petroleum, gase ya tholego le magala, mo madirelong a maokwane a kabakanya bontsi jwa motlakase lefatshe ka bophara mo bo gompienong; sethopa sa nonofo ya mafatshe e buile gore selekanyo se se masome a boferabobedi a motlakase a tswa mo metsweding e. [12] molelo mo madirelong a motlakase o dirisiwa go thuthafatsa metsi, go dira mosi o o dirisiwang ke mafetho. Mafetho a a tlaabo a dikolosa generatara ya motlakase go dira motlakase. Molelo o dirisiwa gape go dira ditiro, mo di engineng.
Dilo tse di salang morago ga go sha di bidiwa masalela kana molora, fa go lora go yone go le kwa tlase ga mogote wa motuka, go e kopane le go omelela jaaka e tshidifala, lefa go lora ga molora go le fa godimo ga mogote wa motuka.
Tshireletso le Thibelo[baakanya | edit source]
Mananeo a thibelo ya melelo ya naga lefatshe ka bophara, e ka dira gore go dirisiwe di tsela tsa go thibela jaakago dirisa lefelo la tholego le melelo e e laolesegang. [13][14][15] Go dirisa lefelo la naga la molelo go tewa molelo mongwe le mongwe o o bakilweng ke dilo tsa tholego, tse dilaqolesegang mmele di letelelwa go sha. Melelo e e laolwang ke meloelo e simolotsweng ke makalana a goromente, ko tlase ga diemo tsa loapi tse di seng kotsi.[16]
Makalana a a lwantshang melelo a teng mo mafelo a a tthabologileng go tioma le laola melelo e e sa laolesegeng Batima melelo ba ba ithuthuntshitsweng ba dirisa di dirisiwa tsa go tima molelo, dirisiwa tsa metsi jaaka polokelo ya metsi le dilo tse di timang molelo kana ba ka dirisa dilo dingwe ba lebeletse gore molelo o bakilwe ke enng.
Thibelo ya molelo e diretswe go fokotsa metswedi e e thothetsang molelo. Thibelo ya melelo e akaretsa go ruta batho gore ba ka emisa go simolola molelo jaang.[17] Mo dikago tse ditona thata dikole, thuthuntsho ya melelo e a diriwa go ruta botho gore ba ka itsaya jaang mo di kagong tse dishang. Go simolola molelo kana bomo ke molato ka fa tlase ga melawana mengwe.
Dikago tsa maemo a ntlha di thoka di dirisiwa tsa thibelo ya molelo le thibelo e e mathagathaga go fokotsa tsenyo e e ka bakwang ke molelo. Mofuta mongwe wa thebelo ya molelo ke mafelo a gasa metsi. Go oketsa thibelo ya melelo mo dikagong, di dirisiwa tsa kago le dilwana tsa ntlo mo mafatsheng aa thabologileng di a sekwasekwa go bona gore a ga di tshabelelwe ke molelo. kago ya didirisiwa tsa ntlo, go betla le dipolaseteke tse di dirisiwang mo dipalamong le mo ditirong tse dingwe di lekilwe.
Fa thibelo le tshireletso ya molelo e padiler, makalana a madi a tsa melelo ba ka thusa ka madi.
Paakanyo[baakanya | edit source]
Go na le mefuta le ditsela tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang , go ya mefuta wa molelo kaq na tshenyo ya molelo. Tsenyo ya molelo e ka dirwa ke dithopha tsa taolo ya dilwana, batho ba ba babalelang dikago, kana beng ba metse ka bo bone; mme fela go bitsa maitsaanape wa paakanyo ya tshenyo ya melelo, go thophilewe e le tsela e e siameng gape e babalesegile go baakanya dilwana tse sentsweng ke molelo. Bontsi jwa bone ba balwa kwa tlase ga paakanyo ya tshenyo ya metsi le molelo, gape ba ka kgona go thusa go paakanya ka bonako, ba baakanyetsa beng ba motse kana makalana a matona.[18]
Dikomponi tse di baakanyang ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo di laolwa ke maphata a baji ba reki. Ko Calafonia, dipaakanyo tsotlhe tsa meklelo le metsi di kwadisitswe kwa tlase ga lekalana la ditumalano tsa go dira ka go bereka. [19] Mo bogompienong, lekalana le ga lena dithopha tsa paakanyo ya ditshenyo tsa metsi kana molelo. Mme ntswa lekalana le le batla setlankana e le sesupo gore ba letelelwe go paakanya ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo.[20]
O ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- Áed (leina le le leilweng)
- molelo o o na le mmala
- Go sha
- Go tshuba moswi
- Go tuka mo go rotloetswang ke mogote wa letsatsi
- Molelo (Tsetlana ya maemo)
- Tshekatsheko ya molelo
- kelothoko ya molelo
- Molete wa molelo
- molelo wa phefo
- kobamelo ya molelo
- Teko ya motuka
- Tsela ya botshelo e es sireletsegileng
- Maina a melelo a ditso
- maina a motswedi wa lesedi
- Boitsaanape jwa go tshuba
- Sedirisiwa se sesupa motuka wa melelo e metona e e laolesegang
- lefoko la segerika le le rayang molelo
- Go bola ga dilo tse suleng ka mogote mongwe o o rileng.
- Mokgwa o sa laolesegeng wa go simolola molelo
- Mosi
- Letunya mosi
ditshwantsho tsa tlaleletso[baakanya | edit source]
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Setshwantsho:tshimololo ya motuka e e bonya.
Tse di latelang ke tse di dirisitsweng go batla kitso e e kwadilweng fa[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ Template:Cite document
- ↑ Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?". About.com. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/firechemistry.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-21
- ↑ Lentile, et al. , 319
- ↑ Spiral flames in microgravity, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.
- ↑ CFM-1 experiment resultsTemplate:Dead link, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
- ↑ LSP-1 experiment resultsTemplate:Dead link, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
- ↑ "Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons" (PDF). http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf.
- ↑ "A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905
- ↑ Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities , Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Template:Cite doi
- ↑ [56]
- ↑ ""Share of Total Primary Energy Supply", 2002; International Energy Agency". http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm.Template:Dead link
- ↑ Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan , 4.
- ↑ Template:Vancite web
- ↑ Template:Vancite journal
- ↑ Template:Vancite web
- ↑ Fire & Life Safety EducationTemplate:Dead link, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner
- ↑ Begal, Bill (August 23, 2007). "Restoration With a Capital E-P-A: A Case Study". Restoration & Remediation. http://www.randrmagonline.com/CDA/Archives/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000156172. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ↑ "California Contractors State License Board". State of California. http://www.cslb.ca.gov/. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ "What You Should Know About Your Water Damage Or Mold Removal Company:". Rapco West Environmental Services, Inc.. http://www.rapcowest.com/water.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
tshekatsheko ya bakwadi[baakanya | edit source]
- Template:Cite document Template:Dead link
- Haung, Kai. 2009. Palo ya batho le dikago tsa dintlha tsa amang palo ya melelo ya bonno jwa batho mo ditoropong tse ditona tsa Amerika. Tshekatsheko e e dirilwe . ko mmadikole wa Texas TXstate.edu
- Template:Vancite journal
- Kosman, Admiel: Molelo o rileng. In: Thu, Ferikgong 13, 2011.
==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle ==
- Molelo o bereka jang at Dilo di bereka jang
- Molelo ke eng? go tswa ka thamalalo
- {0mo molelong,Adobe Flash-go tswa mo ithuthuntshong ya maranyane koNOVA (TV series)
- melelo ya batho ba ntlha BBC mekwalo ka bo itemogelo jwa baitsaanape.
- Motuka mo lefaufaungTemplate:Dead link
- Melelo e rileng mo lefaufaung
- moebuildingcontrol.co.uk - UK ditaelo tsa tshireletso ya melelo le botekiniki jwa molelo.
- mokgwatho wa thibelo ya molelo ya Smokey Bear
- tiriso ya molelo go ijesa monateka sedirisiwa sa motuka


text:
Batho ba ba Ratang Kgololesego ba Kopana Kwa Armada
Go tloga ka Seetebosigo 6 go ya go 16, 2013, baeng ba le dimilione go tswa mo lefatsheng lotlhe ba ne ba thologela kwa boemakepe jwa Rouen kwa bokone jwa Fora, kwa go nngwe ya dikokoano tse dikgolo le tse di kgatlhang thata mo lefatsheng tse mo go tsone go bontshiwang dikepe, e e bidiwang Armada.
Morago ga gore dikepe tse dintlentle le tse dileele di tsamaye dikilometara di le 120 kwa Seine, e leng noka e e motsopodia ya kwa lefelong le lentle la Normandy, di ne tsa latlhela ditshetledi tsa tsone gaufi le boemakepe jwa dikilometara di le supa jo go neng go tshwaretswe moletlo mo go jone. Mo malatsing a feta lesome, baeng ba ne ba nna le tshono ya go palama mahala le go etela dingwe tsa dikepe tse 45 tse dileele tse di bontshiwang mo moletlong ono.
Ke eng se se tlhotlheleditseng batho ba bantsi jaana ba dingwaga tse di farologaneng go ya kwa moletlong wa Armada? Mosimolodi le morulaganyi wa tiragalo eno a re moletlo wa Armada o naya batho tshono ya go “atamalana le ‘Diganka Tsa Lewatle’ tse di dirang gore re ijese dijo tsa ditoro.” Kana gone, dikepe tseno di dira gore batho ba le bantsi, bannye le bagolo, ba akanye ka kgololesego le go tsaya maeto a maleele.
Gape bajanala ba le diketekete ba ne ba nna le tshono ya go utlwa ka kgololesego e nngwe, e boammaaruri jwa Baebele bo e nayang batho. (Johane 8:31, 32) Fa baeng ba ntse ba tsamaya mo Rouen e e kgatlhang ya metlha ya bogare le mo ditselaneng tsa yone tse ditshesane tse di tlhanaselang, ba ne ba lemoga kolotsana e e beilweng dikgatiso e e dirisiwang ke Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba mo lefelong leno. Fa babogedi kgotsa batsamaisadikepe ba tla mo kolotsaneng, ba ne ba bolelelwa gore ba ka itseela dikgatiso dipe fela tsa Baebele mo go yone, mahala. Bontsi jwa bafeti ka tsela ba ne ba kgatlhegela setlhogo sa makasine wa Tora ya Tebelo se se reng “Lefatshe Le le Se Nang Letlhoo—Leng?” mme ba ne ba lalediwa go tla go reetsa puo ya Baebele e e neng e tla neelwa ka Sefora, Seesemane kgotsa Se-Spain.
Batho ba mo lefelong leno ba ne ba itumelela thulaganyo eno. Monna mongwe yo kwa tshimologong a neng a gakgamaletse go bona Basupi ba eme mo lefelong la botlhe ba bapile le kolotsana e e beilweng dikgatiso, o ne a re: “Ke itumelela go lo bona mo mebileng. Ke tlotla batho ba ba emelang se ba se dumelang tota le fa nna ke sa dumele se lo se dumelang.” Banna ba babedi ba ba godileng ba ba kopaneng le basha ba Basupi ba ba neng ba dira tiro eno ba ne ba ba raya ba re: “Nnang motlotlo ka se lo leng sone!”


text:
Kereke ya Sion
Kereke ya Sion(kgotsa ZCC) ke nngwe ya dikereke tse ditona tse di tlhomilweng mo borwa jwa Aferika, ka maloko a a balelwang mo Sioneng ya Leeba le ba bangwe ba ba mo go ya Moitshepi Eyenase.Ntlo kgolo ya Sion e ko toropong ya Sion Moria mo Limpopo,Aferika Borwa,mme ebile dikereke tse pedi tse di eteletswe pele ke Barnabas Lekganyane le Moitshepi Eyenase Lekganyane ba e leng bana ba bana ba mosimolodi wa kereke e.
MALOBENG[baakanya | edit source]
Sion e tlhamilwe dikete tse di lesome le borobabongwe,ngwaga dile lesome(ke gore 1910) tse di fitileng e tlhamiwa ke Eyenase Lekganyane yo e neng ele leloko la kereke ya Free Church of Scotland,Apostolic Faith Mission le kereke ya Zion Apostolic Church. Maloko a Sion a setse morago tshedimosetso e go bolelwang Lekganyane are o e amogetse gotswa ko Modimong ka ngwaga wa 1910. Kereke mo tshimologong ene ele mo motseng o Lekganyane a goletseng mo go one eleng Thabakgone, gaufi le Polokwane mo porofenseng ya Limpopo mo Aferika Borwa, mme ene ya kwadisiwa semmuso ele kereke ka ngwaga wa 1942, mo ngwageng o, Sione ene e setse e nale diphuthego mo Botswana le Zimbabwe. Kereke ya pele ene e kgothadiwa thata ke dithuto tsa bakereseke ba Khatholiki ba John Alexander Dowie,yo o neng a nna mo Zion, Lllinois ko Amerika le dithuto tsa moreri wa mopentakosete John G Lake, yo o simolotseng tiro mo Johannesburg ka 1908.
SE SIONE ELENG SONE[baakanya | edit source]
- Tumelo ya gore moeteledipele wa kereke(bishopo) ke moemedi ka Keresete fa gare ga Kereke le Modimo, mme fela jaaka Keresete oka dira metlholo ya masaitseweng le phodiso ya tumelo mo leineng la Morena Jeso Keresete.
- Tumedi ya gore baeteledipele kgotsa baruti ba ZCC baka dirisa moya yo Boitshepo go fodisa. Template:Ref
- Tiriso ya metlhale e farologaneng ka tumelo ya phodiso. Metlhale e e akasetse go baya diatla,tiriso ya metsi a boitshepo, go nwa tee e e boitshepo le go apara megala kgotsa diaparo tse di boitshepo.
- Mebala ya Kereke ke botala ba ditlhare, mmala wa lephutshe,o mosetlha bosweu, botala jwa loapi, merone le se se setlha.
- Mmala wa botala jwa ditlhare le mmala wa lephutshe ke wa seaparo sa borre le bomme ebile se bidiwa "seaparo se segolo". Diaparo tsa Khakhi ke tsa Mokhukhu(di nale sekopelo) kgotsa di aparwa ke banna ba ba nang le Moitshepi Eyenase(ka sekopelo sa leeba). Diaparo tsa botala jwa loapi ke tsa bomme ebile di bidiwa 'khwaere ya bomme'; di kile tsabo di aparwa ka Tshipi. Go nale gape seaparo tsa khakhi se se nang le jeresi e mmala wa botala jwa ditlhare ele sa 'khwaere ya bomme' mme ebile ba se apara ka Tshipi. Seaparo se se setlha ke sa borre le bomme ba ba opelang "NKEDI" .Mebala ya merone le yo mosweu ke e e aparwang ke ba ba thusang ka ditiro tsa Kereke ko Motseng mogolo wa Sion.
- Ka gore Kereke e rera molaetsa wa kagiso, ba simolola madume a bone ka gore 'KGOTSONG KGOTSA KGOTSO A E BE LE LENA (KGOTSO E BE LE LENA)' ba raya gore "peace be unto you" ka loleme la Mmamosadinyana(kgotsa sekgowa).Kereke ya Sione e thaegile ka Kagiso le tlotlo gammogo le lorato la Modimo.
- Kereke ya Sione e nale bukana ya yone e e bidiwang "Messenger" . Go bapa le melaetsa ya maloko a kereke,bukana e e nale ditiragalo ka bophara tse di diragalang mo diphuthegong ka go farologana go anama le lefatshe.(jaaka go etela Mookamedi kgotsa beshopo)
- Go nale lefelo le lengwe le Sione e leng gone go paba le Pudingwana kgotsa Podingwane(Podungwane). Lefelo le ke gone fa lantlha ntlo kgolo ya Sione e neng ele teng pele e fudugela ko Moria.Botswana
- Basadi ga ba tseye karolo mo go rereng.
TUMELO[baakanya | edit source]
Maloko a Sione ka kakaretsoTemplate:Ref a dumela gore:
- Motho o bolokwa ka go amogela Keresete le go kolobediwa mo leineng la Rara, le la Morwa le la moya yo boitshepo(Beebela, Matheio 28:19).
- Motho o rapela (Jehofa, Yawe, ...) mo leineng la Jeso Keresete. Rotlhe re tlhodilwe ke Modimo.
- Tlhatso ya dibe e bonwa fela ka go ipolela, boikotlhao le go rapela.
- Moemedi(bishopo) le badiredi ba Sione ba rera Enfangedi ya Jeso Keresete jaaka e beilwe mo baebeleng.
DIPADI[baakanya | edit source]
- Template:Note Tshedimosetso goya ka goromente wa Aferika Borwa
- Template:Note Anderson, A., 1999. "Bo Lekganyane le Seporofito mo kerekeng ya Sione", Bukana ya tumedi mo Aferika , xxix - 3
- Template:Note Hanekom, C., 1975. Krisis en Kultus : Geloofsopvattinge en seremonies binne 'n Swart Kerk , Academica: Kaapstad en Petori
- Motshwaraganyi Tlhako "Kereke tse pedi dikgolo mo borwa jwa Aferika (The two largest churches in Southern Africa)", 2010, bagatisi ba 'Maltipular Senior'
DIPADI TSE DINGWE[baakanya | edit source]
- Joyce, Peter. 1989. Ditumedi mo Aferika. Letlotlo la Ensakelopedia yaAferika Borwa. Kapa: Struik.
- Lukhaimane, Khelebeni Elias. 1980. "Kereke ya Sione ya ga (Enyenase) Lekganyane, 1924 go ya 1948: An African Experiment with Christianity." Diss., Mmadikolo ya bokone.
- Vilakazi, Absolom, Bongani Mthethwa, le Mthembi Mpanza. 1986. Shembe: The Revitalization of African Society. Johannesburg: Skotaville.
- Motshwaraganyi Tlhako."tlhotlhomiso ka dikereke tse di farologaneng tsa bakeresete ("Reseacher about different types of Christian Churches")


text:
DIPOLELO TSE DI TSHWANTSHITSWENG TSA BAEBELE
DIPOLELO TSE DI TSHWANTSHITSWENG TSA BAEBELE
Modimo o Romela Moshe Kwa Egepeto
Ithute gore Jehofa Modimo o itshupile jang gore o na le maatla a a fetang a ga Faro yo o tlhogoethata wa kwa Egepeto. Bala polelo eno e e tshwantshitsweng mo Internet kgotsa o e printe ka PDF.
TSE DINGWE TSE O KA DI ITSEELANG
Bona kafa dipego tsa Baebele e nnang tsa mmatota ka gone fa o bala polelo nngwe le nngwe e e tshwantshitsweng mo Internet kgotsa mo khoping e o e printileng ya PDF. Go tswa foo, lo le lelapa, tlotlang ka se lo se ithutileng mo pegong eo lo bo lo araba dipotso tse di kwa bofelong jwa yone.


text:
Dibidio mo JW.ORG/TN
Bona dibidio tse di tlhagang go ya ka ditlhogo mo saeteng ya rona ya Internet. Leba kgotsa o itseele dibidio tse di theilweng mo Baebeleng tsa malapa, basha le bana. Bona dibidio tse di nang le tshedimosetso ka ga Basupi ba ga Jehofa.
GO THUSA SETŠHABA
Setsokotsane sa Kwa Philippines—Tumelo e Fenya Masetlapelo
Bafalodi ba tlhalosa kafa Setsokotsane Haiyan se iteileng ka gone.
DITIRAGALO TSE DI KGETHEGILENG
Dintlhakgolo Tsa Pokano ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga
—Diphalane 2013
Bona dintlhakgolo tsa pokano eno e e kgatlhang e bile e tlhomologile, e e neng ya bontshiwa mo mafelong a le 1 830 mo lefatsheng lotlhe.
BOTSHELO KWA BETHELE
Ba Tswa mo 117 Adams Street
Maloko a Bethele a bua ka dilo tse di botlhokwa tse di diragetseng mo tirong ya go gatisa tse di neng di direlwa mo kagong eno ya Brooklyn.
GO THUSA SETŠHABA
Morwalela Kwa Alberta
Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba namotse jang batho ba ba amilweng ke morwalela kwa Alberta, Canada?
DIBIDIO
Gagamalela Mekgele e e Tlotlang Modimo
A dikhumo le thuto ya ditheo tse di kwa godimo ke yone mekgele e e solegelang molemo mo botshelong? Bona gore sekao sa ga Timotheo se ka go thusa jang go dira tshwetso e e siameng.
DIBIDIO
Basha ba Botsa Jaana—Ke Tla Dirang ka Botshelo Jwa Me?
A o ipaakanyeditse go dira tshwetso? Bona sekao sa lekawana lengwe le le tshwanelwang ke go dira tshwetso eno. Ela tlhoko se se tlhotlheleditseng mekgele ya gagwe.
DIBIDIO
Noa
—O ne A Tsamaya le Modimo
Noa o ne a itshupa e le sekao se se molemo sa go nna le tumelo e e nonofileng mo lefatsheng le le tletseng thubakanyo la pele ga Morwalela. Bona gore se a se dirileng se re solegela molemo jang gompieno.
DIBIDIO
Tlotla Bolaodi Jwa ga Jehofa
Ba lelapa kgotsa ditsala ba ka leka jang boikanyegi jwa gago mo Modimong? Baiseraele ba bogologolo ba ne ba lebane le bothata jo bo tshwanang fa Kora a ne a tsuologela Moshe.
DIBIDIO
Go Kopanngwa ke Thuto ya Bomodimo
Dikopano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa “Thuto ya Bomodimo” mo lefatsheng lotlhe di amile batho ba le bantsi jang?