text:
Mosadi
Mosadi ke motho yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi le dirisiwa segolo go mogodi, fa lentswe le mosetsana e le lentswe le ka setlwaedi le beetsweng ngwana kgotsa moadolesente yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi gape le dirisiwa ka gale go supa motho yo o monamagadi go sa lebelelwa mengwaga, jaaka le dirisiwa mo difreising tsa go tshwana le "ditokelo tsa basadi" "women's rights". "Mosadi" gape le ka nne la raya boikayo-bong jwa motho (person's gender identity.[1]). Basadi bao ba nang le bokao ba tlhago gantsi ba kgona go ka tsala/tshola [giving birth] go tloga ka nako ya puberty go fitlha ka menopause. Go ya ka go ikaya-bong, batho ba ba tlolagantshitseng bong [transgender people] bao ka botsalo go lepilweng gore ke ba ba botona [determined to be male] mme ba ikaya e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala/tshola. Bangwe batho [ba-intersex] ba ba ikayang e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala ka ntlha ya gongwe e le fa ba sterilaisitse sterility kgotsa ba gotsitse Y khromosounu [inheriting Y chromosomes] e le nngwe kgotsa go feta. Ka sewelo mo mabakeng a a rileng/a a tswileng thata, batho bao ba nang le Swyer syndrome ba ka tsala/tshola ka thuso ya melemo [medical assistance]. Go phunyeletsa ka ditso kgotsa ka histori basadi ba itseetse kgotsa ba tshwaetswe go tsea dikarolo tsa mehutahuta.
Contents
- 1 Ethimoloji
- 2 Terminology
- 3 History
- 4 Biology le bong
- 5 Tsa bophelo
- 6 Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive
- 7 Ditiro ka setso le bong
- 8 Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo
- 9 Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika
- 10 Bodumedi
- 11 Thuto
- 12 Basadi dipolotiking
- 13 Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki
- 14 See also
- 15 References
Ethimoloji[baakanya | edit source]
Go peleta mosadi ka Seisimane go tsweletse thata go ya ka meleniamo e e fetileng go tswa go wīfmann[2] go ya go wīmmann go wumman, mme bofelelong, mopeleto wa segompieno wa mosadi [woman.[3]]. Mo Seisemaneng sa kgale, wīfmann e ne e kaya motho yo monamagadi "female human", e le fa wēr e kaya motho yo motona "male human". Mann kgotsa monn e ne e na le bokao bong jo bo magareng [gender-neutral] jwa motho "human", e tsamaelana le motho 'person' kgotsa mothomongwe 'someone' ka Seisemane sa se gompieno; le fa go le jwalo, botlamoraga ga Norman Conquest, lentswe le monna le simolotswe go dirisiwa thata go kaya motho yo motona "male human", mme bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo-13 la khurumetsa tiriso ya lentswe la kgale wēr.[4] Tumapou f and m mo go wīfmann e hueditswe ka mo sebopegong sa gompieno sa "woman", fa ntlha ya tshimologo e e neng e kaya bonamagadi "female", e tsamaile semantic narrowing go tlisa tlhaloganyong mosadi yo o nyetsweng ("wife"). Ke misconception o o tlwaelegileng wa gore lentswe le "woman" go ya ka ethimoloji le lomagane le "womb", leo le tswang go lefoko le le farologaneng la Seisemane sa kgale, wambe le le kayang "stomach" (sa botona kgotsa bonamagadi; SeJeremanae sa gompieno se itshwareletse ka lentswe le le colloquial "Wampe" le letswang mo go Middle High German le le kayang "potbelly").[5][6] Le fa gontse jalo, boikaketso jo bo jaana jwa tlhago ya lentswe le "woman" e tlhagile le mo dikwalong.[7]
Biological symbol[baakanya | edit source]
Letshwao la pholanete ya Venus ke sekai gape sa sesadi [female sex.[8]] se se dirisiwang mo baelojing. Ke mokgwanyana wa seemedi sa seipone sa letsogo [hand-mirror] sa modimogadi Venus kgotsa letshwao la khutswafatso la modimogadi: modiko o o nang le sefapanonyana se se equilateral ka fa tlase. Letshwao la Venus gape le emela senamagadi/bonamagadi [femininity], mme ka alkhemi kgale se ne se emela koporo [copper]. BaBoalkhemi ba agile letshwao le go tswa mo modikong (go emela mowa [spirit]) mo godimo ga sefapano se se equilateral (se emetse matter).
Terminology[baakanya | edit source]
Bosadi ke nako mo bophelong motho yo monamagadi ga a setse a fetile bongwana le boadolosense, ka setwaelo mengwageng ya bo 18.
Lefoko le mosadi le ka dirisiwa ka setlwaedi, go raya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi kgotsa fa re nankolla, go raya mogodi mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi fa a bapisiwa le mosetsana. Lefoko le mosetsana tlhagong le raya "motho yo moswa jwa bong bongwe le bongwe" ka Seisimane [English];[9] e ne e le kwa tshimologong ya sentshwuari ya bo16 fa e tla go ray ngwana yo o namagadi [a female child].[10] Lentswe le mosetsana go le gale le dirisiwa colloquially go kaya mosadi yo moswa kgotso yo a sa nyalwang; le fa go le jalo, mo metlheng ya mengwaga ya bo 1970 fa e simolola babosadi challenged tirisi ya mofuta wo ka gonne tiriso ya lefoko le go kaya mosadi yo o godileng e ne e ka tlisa kgopisanyo. Segolobogolo, mantswe a tlwaelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka mosetsana wa ofisi [office girl] ga a tlholwe a diririwa ka bophara. Conversely, mo ditsong dingwe tse di amantshang tlotla [honor] ya losika le bokgarebe [virginity] bonamagading, lefoko le mosetsana le dirisiwa go kaya lefetwa (mosadi yo a sa kakeng a nyalwa) [never-married woman]; ka mokgwa wo le dirisiwa ka tsela e e [roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden]. Go kaya motho yo monamagadi yo a sa nyalwang jaaka mosadi, mo ditsong tseo, go ka akanngwa gore o na le maiphitlhelo a tlhakanelo-dikobo, eo e ka nnang thogako losikeng lwa gagwe. [citation needed]
Go na le mafoko a mefutafuta a dirisiwang go kaya boleng ba go nna mosadi. Lentswe le "bosadi" le raya fela seemo sa boleng sa mosadi, a setse a kgabagantse menarche; "sesadi" "femininity" le dirisiwa go kaya bontlhanngwe jwa boleng jwa bonamagadi jo bo gokaganeng le maikutlo mangwe a diroles tsa bong [gender roles]; sebosadi "womanliness" se tshwana le sesadi "femininity", e fela ka setlwaedi se gokagane le ye e farologaneng ya diroulo tsa bong; bosesadi "femaleness" ke lentswe le le tlwaelegileng, e fela gantsi le dirisiwa ka bokhutshwane go bosesadi ba motho "human femaleness"; "distaff" ke letlhaodi la kgale le le tswang go ditiro tsa basadi tsa tlwaelo tsa mologi spinner, ga jaanong le dirisiwa fela ka maabomo archaism; "muliebrity" ke neologism (le tlhaga go Selatini) go raya [counterpart] ya bonamagadi ya "virility", e fela e dirisiwa ka go repa, ka nako dingwe go raya fela bosadi "womanhood", ka nako dingwe sesadi "femininity" ka nako dingwe gape jaaka lentswe la kakaretso la mosadi. [citation needed]
Menarche, tshimologo ya menstruation, e dirafala go tloga ka ngwaga wa 12-13. Ditso di le dintsi di na le mareo a tlodiso [rites of passag] go tshwaa fa mosetsana a . . . coming of age, jaaka fa a tlhomamisiwa mo makaleng a mangwe a boKresete [Christianity], [citation needed] bat mitzvah ka seJuta [Judaism], kgotsa tlwaelo ya go dira moletlo o o botlhokwa ya matsalo birthday a mangwe (ka kakaretso magareng ga 12 le 21), jaaka Quinceañera ba Latin America.
History[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba pele bao maina a bone a itseweng archaeology a akaretsa:
- Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), mosadi wa Narmer le kgosigadi wa ntlha wa Egepeta ya kgale [ancient Egypt].[11][12]
- Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent ya Egepeta ya kgale metlheng ysdinasti ya ntlha [first dynasty]. E ka be e ne e le mmusisi wa Egepeta ka bo ena. [13][14]
- Merit-Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), le ena o dutse kwa Egepeta gape ke mosadi wa pele wa go nna ngaka [physician] le wa tsa matlhale [scientist].[15]
- Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), ke ngaka [physician] kwa Ancient Egypt.[16][17]
- Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), kgotsa Shubad – kgosigadi ya kwa Ur yoo lebitla la gagwe le fitlhetsweng le na le diartifacts tsa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo. Dikgosigadi dingwe tsa kwa Ur tse di itseweng tsa pele ga Sargonic (bahumagadi ba segosi) ba akaretsa Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, le Gansamannu.[18]
- Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba"
- Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian kgosigadi, mosadi wa Sargon of Akkad gape e le mmagwe Enheduanna.[19][20]
- Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Dikgosigadi dingwe tse di itseweng tsa pele ga-Sargonic tsa dynasty ya ntlha ya Lagash di akaretsa Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, le Shagshag, mme maina a a mmalwa a dikhumagatsana dingwe le one a a itsege.
- Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),[21][22] moprisitagadi o mogolo [high priestess] wa tempele ya modimo wa Ngwedi [ Moon God] kwa Sumerian motsemogolong wa Ur mme ka gongwe e le mmoki wa ntlha yo a itsegeng ebile e le mokwadi wa ntlha wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[23]
Biology le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Fa re leba ka biology, ditho tsa thobalano [sex organs] tsa bosadi di amega mo reproductive system, ntswa secondary sex characteristics di amega mo go otleng bana kgotsa, mo ditsong tse dingwe, go ngoka e tona/molekane. Di ovaries, go tlhakana le tiro ya tsona ya go laola tsweletso/tlhagiso ya dihomounu, di tsweletsa digamete tsa bosadi tse di bidiwang mae [eggs] a o, fa a umisitswe [fertilized] ke digamete [sperm] tsa e tona, a bopa new genetic individuals. Popelo [uterus] ke setho se se nang le tlhono/thisu [tissue] e e sireletsang ebile e godisa le go tsweletsapele kgolo ya fetase[fetus] le mothapo/mosifa o e tlong go e alola ge e belega/tshola. Vagina e dirisiwa mokotong le fa go belegwa, le fa lentswe le 'vagina' le dirisiwa segolo setona colloquially le ka tsele e e sa tshwaneleng mo lelemeng la Seisemane go raya vulva kgotsa bokantle ba setho sa bosadi [external female genitalia], eo e nang le (ge re akaretsa le vagina) labia, lelengwana/nawa [clitoris], le urethra ya bosadi. Letswele [breast] le tlhagelela matuteng a a monate [sweat gland] go tsweletsa masi/lebese, secretion e e dikotla ke thwadi semelong sa diamusi, yona le bophelo le pelego. Mo basading ba ba godileng, letswele le tonogile thata go gaisa diamusi tse dingwe; go tonoga go, e seng fela tsweletsong ya masi, e ka be bonnyane e le ka lebaka la kgetho ya thobalano [sexual selection]. (Ditseleng dingwe tse banna ba farologaneng ka sebopego le basadi, bona monna [[[man]]].) [citation needed]
Seseng ka nako ya fa fetal e bopega, diembryo tsa bong bobeding di tlhagalela di le gender-neutral. Jaaka mo mabakeng ao go senang bong, jaaka mehuta e e tsweletsang asexually [reproduce asexually], tlhago e e gender-neutral e kgaufi le ya bosadi go na le ya botona. Fetus gantsi e golela bonnng/botoneng fa e le exposed to a significant amount of testosterone (segolo thata ka fetus e na le Y chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre). Ga go se jalo, fetus gantsi e golela bosading, segolo thata fa fetus e na le X chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre, kgotsa gape fa ntate a sa abelana ka chromosome X kgotsa ya Y. Morago ka nako ya puberty, estrogen e feminisa lekgarebe, e mo fe semelo sa bong sa bagodi/ go gola. [citation needed]
Go se lekalekane ga go lepalepana ga dihomounu tsa bomme le dikhemikale (kgotsa diretebatsi) di ka fetola popego ya sekondari ya bong ba difetase. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karyotype 46,XX, fela a le mongwe go ba ba sekete o tla ba le 47,XXX, gape a le mongwe go ba ba 2500 o tla baana le 45,X. Se se ganana le karotype ya bonna tota ya 46,XY; ka jalo, di chromosomes X le Y di itsiwe ka bonamagadi le botona, go ya ka tatelano. Ka gonne batho ba gotsa fela mitochondrial DNA go tswa mo ovum ya mme, dithuto tsa genetic tsa bonamagadi ka gale di lepa mitochondrial DNA.Botswana
Le fa ngwana a kaiwa le yo monamagadi se ga se ga ntsi se kaya gore mo nakong e e tlang ngwana yo o tla ikaya jalo (lebelela gender identity). Sekao, intersex individuals, ba seemo le/kgotsa popego ya tlhago tse di tswakaneng, ba ka dirisa bokao bongwe fa ba tlhekisa ikano ya bone. Kwa tsalong, bana ba ka fiwa bong go ikaegilwe mo dithong tsa bona tsa bong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, le fa ngwana a na le dichromosone tsa XX, fa a tsetswe ka ntsutsu, ba godisiwa ka botona.[24] Go na gape le transgender le basadi ba transsexual, bao ba neng ba kailwe ka botona fa ba tsalwa, e fela ba kaiwa jaaka e le basadi; go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa lephedisano, semolao, le boleng tseo di leng mabapi le kgang e. (lebelela trans woman).Botswana
Le fa bonnyane go tsalwa ba ba namagadi go na le ba ba tona (selekanyo se tsamaela go 1:1.05), ka ntlha ya botshelo jo bo eletswang jo be telele go na le banna ba le 81 fela ba ba leng mo mengwageng ya 60 kgotsa go feta mo basading ba le 100 ba mengwage e e tshwanang. Basadi go le gontsi ba tshela sebaka se se telele go gaisa banna. [25] Se setlholwa ke mabaka a a tlhakaneng :genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (jaaka lebaka la gore merafeng ya sešeng ga go a lebelelwa mo gore basadi ba ka tsenela tiro ya bosole [military service]); dikgetho tsa maphelo [health-impacting] (tse jaaka go ipolaya [suicide] kgotsa go goga sekarete, le go nwa bojalwa [alcohol]); go nna teng ga homounu ya bonamagadi estrogen, yeo e nang le cardioprotective effect mo basading ba premenopausal; le di effect tsa high levels of androgens mo banneng. Go tswa go palogotlhe ya batho/setšhaba, go na le banna ba ba 101.3 go 100 lengwe le lengwe la basadi (source: 2001 World Almanac).Botswana
Mebele ya basetsana e tsamaya diphetogo ga nnyane ga ba le mo nakong ya puberty, go tshwana le fa go tlhaologile le maitemogelo a basimane. Puberty ke tsamao ya diphetogo tsa lebopo eo mmele wa ngwana [child's body] o golang go mmele wa mogodi go kgona [sexual reproduction] go kgonisa fertilisation. E tlhotlholetswa ke ditshupetso tsa di homounu [hormonal signals] go tswa mo bokong brain go ya go gonads-e ka nna diovari kgotsa ditestes. Go arabela ditshupetso, di gonads di ntsha dihomounu tseo di sisinyang libido le kgolo, tiro, le phetogo ya boboko, marapo [[[Lerapo|bones]]], mesifa [muscle], madi [blood], letlalo [skin], moriri [hair], matswele [breasts], le ditho tsa thobalano [sexual organs]. Physical growth—boleele le boima- di and weight—accelerates mo karolong ya ntlha ya puberty gape e fela fa ngwana a tlhagisitse mmele wa bogodi. Go fitlhelela kgolo ya bokgoni ba go tswetsa tsalo, pre-pubertal, dipharologano tsa popo magareng ga basimane le basetsana ke di genitalia, ntsutsu [penis] le phene [vagina]. Puberty ke tsamao e go le go ntsi e diragalang magareng ga mengwaga ya bo 10–16, e fela megwaga e e farologane go ya go mosetsana go mosetsana. Tshupokgolo fa mosetsana a le mo puberty ke menarche, tshimologo ya go ya sesading [menstruation], eo e diragalang bonnyane magareng a mengwageng ya bo 12–13.[26][27][28][29]
Basetsana ba le bantsi ba ya through menarche gape ba kgona go ka ima [pregnant] ba tshola bana [bear children].[30] Se ka setlwaedi se tlhoka internal fertilization ya mae a gagwe ka sperm sa monna ka thobalano [sexual intercourse], le fa artificial insemination kgotsa go jalelela ka karo [surgical implantation] ga embryo e e le teng le yone go a kgonagala (lebelela reproductive technology). Thuto ya tsa tlhagisotsalo ya bonamagadi le ditho tsa tlhagiso [reproductive organs] e bitswa gynaecology.Botswana
Tsa bophelo[baakanya | edit source]
Pholo ya basadi di kaya dio dingwe tsa maphelo tse di lebaganeng thwi le pholo ya basadi ya ditho-popego tsa bonamagadi. Go malwetsi mangwe a segolo se tonna a tlhomarang basadi, jaaka lupus. Gape, go na le malewetsi mangwe a a tsalanang thata le bong [gender-related illnesses] a a bonong kgafetsa kgafetsa kgots fela mo basading, sekao, kankere ya matswele [breast cancer], cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Basadi le banna ba na le matshwao a a farolaganeng a bolwetsi gape ba ka responta ka go go farologaneng kalafing ka ditlhare. Karolo e ya diphuphutso/dinyakisiso e ithutiwa ke ba gender-based medicine.Botswana
Kgang ya pholo ya basadi e tseetswe godimo ke bontsi ba feminists, segolo thata moo go amanang le reproductive health. Pholo ya basadi e filwe leemo magareng a bophara mmeleng wa kitso e e nopolwang, go ba bangwe, ke World Health Organisation, eo e beyang botlhokwa bonng jaaka e le ekaego ya tsa pholo .[31]
Maternal mortality kgotsa maso a botswetse a tlhaloswa ke ba WHO jaaka e le "leso la mosadi fa e le moimana kgotsa sebakeng sa matsatsi a 42 a phediso/pheletso ya boimana, go sa tlhaole gore ke sebaka se se kae goba lefelo le lefe la boimana, go tloga go mabaka a a ka bong a amana le go kgotsa a ronkgile ke boimana kgotsa tsamao ya bone e seng go tswa kotsing kgotsa mabaka a kotsi."[32] Bo nnyane diperesente di le 99% tsa maso a boimana a diragala mo dinageng tse di santseng di ikaga. Go feta seripa sa ona go diragala kwa sub-Saharan Africa gape bogolo ngwe-tharong kwa South Asia. Mabaka magolo a maso a pelego ke go tsorotla madi (segolo go tswa madi fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana ), tshwaetso (ka tlwaelo fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana), pre-eclampsia le eclampsia, khutliso-boimana e e sa bolokegang, le boimana bjo bo kgweleaneng ka ntlha ya bolwetsi ba letadi [malaria] le HIV/AIDS.[33] dinaga di le dintsi tas Yuropa, Australia, le Japane le Singapore di bolokegile that mabapi le tsa tsholo ya bana, fa dinaga tsa Sub-Saharan di le diphata tota.[34]
Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive[baakanya | edit source]
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:[35]
- (...) ditokelo tsa botho tsa basadi di akaretsa tokelo tsa bone go ka laola godimo ga le go tsea kgato ka tokologo le boikarabelo mo mabakeng a a amanang le bong ba bone, go akaretsa tsa pholo ya bong le itsweletso, kwa ntle ga kgapeletso, kgethololo le kgwetlho. Bolosika bjo bo lekanang magareng ga basadi le banna mo mabakeng a tsa botsalano bonng le itswalong, go akaretsa tlhompho ka botlalo go tlhompha botho ba motho,go tlhoka tlhompho ya pelegano, tumelano le kabelano ya maikarabelo go maithswaro a bong le ditlamorago tsa ona.
Tlolo ya ditokelo tsa itsweletso di akaretsa boimana ka kgapeletso [forced pregnancy], go imisiwa ga kgapeletso [forced sterilization] le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso [forced abortion].
Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso go ne go dirisiwa nakong seripeng sa ntlha sa sentshuari ya bo 20th bogolo ke dinaga tsa Bophirimatsatsi. Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso di begwa e le mekgwa e sešeng e dirisiwang mo dinageng tse di jaaka Uzbekistan le China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Tlhokego ya melao e e maleba ya tsa kgwetlo ya thobalano e tlhakane le The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack go tlhokega ga phitlhelelo go dithibela-pelego [contraception] le/kgotsa khutliso-boimana [abortion] ke mabaka a kgapeletso ya boimana (lebelela boimana ka peto [pregnancy from rape]).Botswana
Ditiro ka setso le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa prehistoric, basadi ba tsere karole e e rileng ya setso. Mo ditšhabeng tsa botsomi-le-bokgobokelo [hunter-gatherer], basadi ka karetso e ne e le bakgoboketsi ba dijo tsa dijalo, diphoofotswana, dijonyana tsa diphoofotswana le ditlhapi, fa banna ba tsoma nama ya diphoofolo tse kgolo. Botswana
Mo setšheng, dikarolo ka bong di fetogile e le tota. Kwa ga lowe, go tloga bonnyaneng, kgatlhegelo ya ditiro e ne segolo e lebisitswe ntlheng e e rileng go ya ka bong.[42] Go ya ka dingwao, basadi ba klase ya magareng [middle class women] ba ne ba amega mo ditirong tsa segae segolo thata tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Basadi ba ba humanegi bone, bogolo ba klase ya go dira [working class], le fa se gantsi e setse e le se se eletswang, maemo a tsa moruo a ba gapeleditse go batla tiro kwa ntle ga legae. Ditiro di le dintsi tse di neng di le teng mo go bone e ne e le tse di duelang madi a a kwa tlase go lekannwga le tseo di leng teng go banna. Botswana
Fa diphetogo mebarakeng ya madirelo di tla di e ba teng, go ba gona ga bothapiwa go fetogile fela go tloga tirong ya 'ditshila', diureng tse ditelele tsa mediro ya kwa difekethering go ya go ditiro tse di "tlhwekileng", tse di tlhomphegang tsa diofisi tseo di neng di tlhoka thuto, botseakarolo ga basadi kwa madirelong a kwa U.S.go tlhatlhogile ka 6% ka 1900 go ya go 23% ka 1923. Go suta go go badiredi go tlisiitse diphetogo mo maikutlo a basadi kwa tirong, gwa dumelela go tla ga menololo ya ditiro eo ditswamorago tsa yone di direlng basadi go nna career and education oriented.Botswana
Ka bo 1970s, diachademiki tsa bomme di le dintsi, go akaretsa ba thutamatlhale, di ne tsa ikatologanya le go tshola bana. E fela, go phunyeletsa di 1980s, diinstitushene di lekile go lekalekanya maemo a banna le basadi tkwa mafelobodirelo. Le fa go le jalo, go se lekalekane fa kwa gae go ragile ditšhono tsa basadi go ka atlega jaaka banna. Basadi ba diprofeshenale ba santsane ba lebagane le mediro ya selegae le tlhokomelo ya bana. Jaaka fa batho ba a tle ba bue, ba na le "mekgweleo 'mebedi" eo e sa ba letleleleng nako le matla a go ka tswelela ka tsa ditiro. Le gone, le fa go ne go na le go oketsega ga tekatekanyo ya go tsea karolo tsa bong ka mo gae bobeding ga banna le basadi, thuto-nyakisiso ya sešeng e bontshitse gore basadi ba itebagantse le tsa morality, fairness, and well-being, fa banna ba itebagantse le social conventions.[43] Go fitlhela ka tshimologong ya sentshuari ya bo 20th, dikholotshe tsa basadi kwa U.S. di ne di required gore ditokololo tsa fakhalti tsa basadi di nne di sa nyalwa, se se itshetlegile mo goreng mosadi a ka se kgone go ka tswelela a tshwere di full-timeprofeshene tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe. Go ya ka Schiebinger, " Go nna wa tsa matlhale o le mosadi ebile o le mme ke mokgweleo mo setšhabeng se se solofelang gore basadi go le gontsi go feta banna ba bea lelwapa pele ga ditiro tsa bone. [Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.]" (pg. 93).[44]
mekgatlho e emelela equality of opportunity bong ka bobedi le equal rights go sa kgathalatsege bong. Ka tswakatswakano ya diphetogo tsa tsa moruo [economic] le maiteko a mokgatlho ya bahumagadi [feminist],Template:Specify mo mengwagasomeng ya jaanong basadi mo merafeng e le mentsi ba na le phitlhelelo ya mediro e e kwa godimo ga ya maloba ya kagolegae [homemaker].
Etswa palo e kgolwane ya basadi e batla thuto e e kwa godimo, dituelelo gantsi di kwa tlase ga tsa banna. dikgang tsa CBS News ka 2005 di tleimile gore mo United States basadi ba ba mengwageng e 30 go ya go 44 gape ba na le dikiri ya unibesithi ba dira diperesente di le 62 ya banna bao ba nang le dithuto tsa go tshwana le tsa bone, kelo e e ka tlasenyana ga dinaga tse di 19 kwa ntle ga tse tharo kwa dipalo di fumanegang. ditšhaba dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi tseo di duelang dituelo tse di sa lekalekaneng ke Jeremane, New Zealand le Switzerland.[45]
Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi[baakanya | edit source]
Kgoeletso ya mo phedisong ya Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le Basadi [UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women] e tlhalosa "kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi [violence against women]" jaaka:[46]
gape e itsise mekga e meraro ya kgwtlho e jalo: eo e diragalang ka mo lelapeng, eo e diragalang ka mo gare ga motse ka le gotlhekgotsa bophara, le eo e tlhotlheletswan kgotsa rotloetswang ke Mmuso. E gape e begang gore"kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke itshupo ya matla a ka histori a sa lekaneng magareng a banna le basadi." [47]
kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke bothata jo bo phatlhaletseng , bo tlhotlholetswa, segolo thata kwa ntle ga Bophirima, ke maemo a setshaba a bong tona, tlhokego ya melao e e maleba , le tlhokego ya tsenyo tirong ya melao e e le teng. Dingwao tsa setšhaba tse di leng teng dikarolong tse ntsi tsa lefatshe di kgoreletsa tswelopele go iseng tshireletsong ya basadi kgatlhanong le kgwetlho. Sekao, go ya ka paloboka tsa UNICEF, palokgolong ya basadi ba ba mo mengwageng ya 15–49 ba ba naganang gore mogatso o loketswe go ka otlhaya kgotsa a otla mosadi mo mabakeng a a rileng e kgolo go ya go 90% kwa Afghanistan le Jordan, 87% kwa Mali, 86% kwa Guinea le Timor-Leste, 81% kwa Laos, le 80% kwa Central African Republic.[48] Paloboka tsa 2010 e e dirilweng ke Pew Research Center e fumane gore kgobotlo ka majwe [stoning] jaka kotlhao ya bootswa [adultery] e ne e thuswa ke 82% ya bafetodi kwa Egepeta [Egypt] le Pakistan, 70% kwa Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% kwa Indonesia.[49]
Mekga e e maleba ya kgwetlho e e amang basadi e akaretsa go sugutla ditho tsa bosadi [female genital mutilation], kgwebo ya thubalano [sex trafficking], kgapeletso ya kgwebo ka mmele [forced prostitution], kgapeletso nyalo [forced marriage], petelelo [rape], tshwenyo ka thobalano [sexual harassment], dipolao tsa go tlhompha [honor killings], go kolopa esiti [acid throwing], le kgwetlho e e amanang le tuelo-bogadi [dowry related violence]. mmebuso e e ka e kgatholosa mo kgwetlhong kgatlhanong le basadi, sekao, ka meetlo ya go tshwana le kgobotlo ka majwe for instance through practices such as [stoning] (jaaka e le kotlhao ya bootswa).
Go ntse go na le mekgwa e mentsi ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi go ya ka histori, e e neng e atile, e e supegang e le go tshubiwa ga baloi [burning of witches], go tlhabela ka baswagadi [widows] (jaaka sati) le pofo maoto [foot binding]. Tshekiso ya basadi bao ba pateletswang ka boloi e na le setso se se telele, sekao, diteko tsa boloi tshimologong ya pako ya sejwale [witch trials in the early modern period] (magareng a disentshuari tsa 15th and 18th) di ne di tlwaelegile kwa Europe gape le kwa dikoloneng tsa ma Yoropa kwa North America. Gompieno, go setse di dikodiko tsa lefatshe (jaaka dikarolo tsa Sub-Saharan Africa, lefelo-magae la North India, le Papua New Guinea) tumelo boloing e tserweng tsia ke batho ba le bantsi, gape basadi ba patelediwang gore ke baloi ba gatelelwang ka kgwetlho e e masisi tota. [50][51][52] Go tlaleletsa, go na le dinaga dingwe tseo di nang le melawana ya borukhutli kgatlhanong le boloi. Kwa Saudi Arabia, boloi ke eme e le borukghutlhi jo kotlo ya bone e leng loso [punishable by death], gape ka 2011 naga e e ile ya kgaola mosadi tlhogo ka ntlha ya boloi [ 'witchcraft and sorcery'].[53][54]
Gape ke molato gore dikgwetlho dingwe kgatlhanong le basadi di bonwa e le ditsa e le ditlolomolao tsa borukhutlhi mo dinakong tsa sešeng, mme ga di ganelelwe ka gotlhegotlhe, ka gonne dinaga di le dintsi di tswetse pele go di letlelela. Se se jalo segolo mo molatong wa petelelo lenyalong [marital rape].[55][56] Kwa Lefatsheng la Bophirimatsatsi, go ne go na le tshoetso ya go netefatsa tekatekano ya bong [gender equality] lenyalong [marriage] le tshekiso ya kgwetlho selegae [domestic violence], e fela dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe basadi ba sa ntsane be tseelwa ditokelo tsa molao tse di botlhokwa fa ba tsena mo lenyalong.[57]
Kgwetlho ya thobalano kgatlhanong le basadi e oketsega thata metlheng ya dintswa [war] le dikgotlhang tsa marumo [armed conflict], metlheng ya futugelo ya sesole [military occupation], kgotsa difutugelo semorafe [ethnic conflicts]; segolo thata ka mokgwa wa petelelo tsa ntwa [war rape] le bokgoba ba tsa thobalano [sexual slavery]. Dikao tsa sešeng tsa kgwetlho ka thobalo metlheng ya ntswa di akaretsa petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Tokologo ya Bangladesh [rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War], petelelo ka Ntwa ya kwa Bosnia [rape in the Bosnian War], petelelo metlheng ya Polaomogofe ya kwa Rwanda [rape during the Rwandan Genocide], le petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Congo [rape during Second Congo War]. Kwa Colombia, kgotlhang ya marumo e feleletse e okeditse kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ya thobalano.[58]
Melao le melawana ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi di atlhologane go ya ka sedikopuso. Kwa European Union, tshwenyo ya thobalano le go kgwebo ka motho di kwa tlase ga ditaelo [directives].[59][60]
Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe ba apara ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, ka ditlhopho tsa bone tsa moaparo di rutloetsa ke dingwao tsa sediko, metheo ya tumelo, semelo sa setšhaba, le metsamae ya moaparo, go mabaka a mangwe. Ditšhaba tse di fapafapaneng di na le dikakanyo tse di farologaneng ka bokgabane [modesty]. E fela, mo di dikopuso di le dintsi, ditlhopho tsa basadi bapabi le moaparo ga di a tlhophologa, ka melao e kganela seo ba ka se aparang kgotsa ba se se apare. Se ke sekai mabapi moaparo wa seIsilamo [Islamic dress]. Lefa di dikopuso dingwe ka se molao di dumeletse moaparo oo ( go ka apara mofapha-tlhogo), dinaga dingwe di ganetsa kgotsa di thiba go ka apara moaparo mongwe wa hijab (jaaka burqa/ go kgurumetsa sefatlhego) mo mafelong a a mo pontsheng (naga e jalo ke France - bona kganetso ya go khurumetsa sefatlhego ya kwa Forantshe [French ban on face covering]). Melao e e ke kgang e e masisi e le tota.[61]
Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika[baakanya | edit source]
Tekanyo ya kumiso e e feleletseng [total fertility rate] (TFR) - palo bogare ya bana ba ba belegweng ke mosadi botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe - e farologane segolo thata magareng a di diko tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. Ka 2013, palo e e kwa godimo e akantsweng ya TFR e ne e le kwa Niger (7.03 ya bana e ne e tsholwa ke mosadi a le mongwe) mme e e kwa tlasenyana e le kwa Singapore (0.79 bana/mosadi).[63] Le fa dinaga di le dintsi mo Sub-Saharan African di na le TFR e kwa godimo, e e tlholang mathata ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya ditsweletsi gape e na le seabe mo go ateng ga batho [overpopulation], dinaga di le dintsi tsa kwa Bophirimatsatsi go le jaana di itemogela sub replacement fertility rate e e ka isang go population ageing le population decline.
Mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, go nnile diphethogo di le dintsi tsa seemo sa lesika dingwagasome tse di fetileng. Sekao, kwa Bophirima , go ne go na le tsamao ya go ikatologanya le dipaakanyetso tse di akaretsang go dula/tshela le leloko-tshika extended family go tseo di nang le nuclear family. Go na gape le tsamao ya go tloga go nyalo e e umisang go ya go eo e sa umiseng. Bana ba ba belegweng kwa ntle ga lenyalo ba ka tswa ba belegwa fo tswa go cohabiting couples kgotsa go single women. Le fa tsalo kwa ntle ga lenyalo e tlwaelegile e bile e amogetswe ka botlalo dikarolong dingwe tsa lefatshe, kwa mafelong mangwe di a sotlakakwa e le ruri, ka bomme ba ba sa nyalwang ba lebane le kgethololo, e e akaretsan kgwetlho e e tswang mo malokong a masika a bone, gape mo mabakeng a a feteletseng tota ba a bolawa ka dipolao tsa tlotlo [honor killings].[64][65] Go tlaleletsa, thobalano kwa ntle ga lenyalo [sex outside marriage] e ntse e se ka mo molaong dinageng tse dintsi (jaaka Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[66] Afghanistan,[67][68] Iran,[68] Kuwait,[69] Maldives,[70] Morocco,[71] Oman,[72] Mauritania,[73] United Arab Emirates,[74][75] Sudan,[76] Yemen,[77]).
Tseokarolo ya mme [mother] setšhabeng e farologane magareng ga ditso. Dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, basadi bao ba nang le bana ba ba ikaegileng mo go bone go lebeletswe gore ba dule gae ba neele matla a bone otlhe kgodisong ya bana, fa kwa mafelong mangwe (segolo thata dinageng tsa Bophirimatsatsi) bomme go le gontsi ba boela morago ditirong tsa tuelo mothers most often return to paid work (lebelela mme yo o dirang [working mother] le mme yo o dulang gae [stay at home mother]).
Bodumedi[baakanya | edit source]
Ditumelo tse di rileng di na le dintlha tse itseng tse di amanang le kabelano tiro ka bong [gender roles], tirisanommogo ya social le ya go ithuna magareng a bong, go apara diaparo go go siameng ga basadi, le dilo tse difapaneng tse di amang basadi le boemo jwa bone setšhabeng. Kwa dinageng di le dintsi, dithuto tsa ditumelo tse di tshusumetsa molao wa borukhutlhi [ criminal law], kgotsa molao wa losika [family law ] di dikopusong tseo. (Lebelela sekao molao wa Sharia law). Dithulaganyo tsa ditšhabatšhaba di buisane thata mabapi le botsalano magareng a bodumedi, molao le tekatekano ya bong.[78]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto ya bahumagadi [Female education] e akaretsa makgetlho a tekatekano ya bong le phitlhelelo ya thuto, le ka moo e kopaneng le go phokotso ya bohuma. Gape dilo dingwe tse di amegang ke dithuto tsa bong-bongwe [single-sex education] le thuto bodumedi ka ntlha ya gore karologanyo ya thuto go ya ka bong gape le ka dithutiso tsa bodumedi go tloga kgale e le tsone di tsepameng mme di santsane di le botlhokwa segolo thata mo dikgannyeng tsa setšheng go ruteng bahumagadi jaaka e le kgang e e etsweng tlhoko ka bophara.
Le fa mokgatlho wa tsa bohumagadi o tlhatlositse botlhokwa jwa dilo tseo di amanang le thuto ya bahumagadi, dikgannye tse di namile ka bophara ebile ga di tlholoswe ka bokhutshwane. Di ka akaretsa, sekao, thuto ka AIDS.[1] Thuto ka gotlhe, se se kaya gore thuto e puso e e abelang phoraemari le sekonthari ikemetse kwa ntle ga bong [independent of gender] ga e ise e nne setlwaelo ka bophara [global norm], le fa go itshengwa jalo dinageng di le dintsi tse ditsweletsengpele. kwa dingang dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi, basadi ba gaisitse banna maemomg a mantsi a thuto. Sekao, kwa United States ka 2005/2006, basadi ba duetswe 62% ya associate degrees, 58% ya bachelor's degrees, 60% ya master's degrees, le 50% ya doctorates.[2]
Literacy[baakanya | edit source]
World literacy e kwa tlase mo bahumagading go na le mo go ba botona. CIA World Factbook e bega di tekanyetso tsa go tloga 2010 tseo di bontshang gore 80% ya basadi e kgona go buisa le go kwala, go lekanngwa le 88.6% ya banna (ba mengwageng ya 15 le go feta). Ditekanyetso tsa go kgona go buisa le go kwala di kwa tlasetlase kwa Borwa le Bophirima ba Asia, le kwa dikarolong tsa Sub-Saharan Africa.[79]
Dinaga tsa OECD[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Gender gap ya tsa thuto kwa dinageng tsa Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) e fokoditswe go tsweng mengwageng 30 e e fetileng. Basadi ba batšha gompieno jaana go na le kgonego ya gore ba ka fetsa dithuto tsa bona tsa theishari: kwa dinageng tse 19 tsa tse 30 tsa OECD, bogolo go feta gabedi basadi ba le bantsi ba mo mengwageng ya bo 25 go ya go 34 ba feditse dithuto tsa bone tsa theishari go na le basasdi ba ba mo mengwageng ya bo 55 go ya go 64. Kwa dinageng di le 21 tsa tse di 27 tsa OECD go ya ka data e e ka lekelekanngwang, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng go tswa go manaena a maemo a yunibesithi e lekana kgotsa e feta ya banna. Basetsana ba mengwaga e le15 ka gale ba bontsha ditsholofetso tsa kwa godimo tsa tsa thuto tsa bone go na le basimane ba mengwaga e e tshwanang le ya bone.[80] Le fa basadi ka palo ba feta seipagare sa dialogane tsa yunibesithi kwa dinageng tse mmalwa tsa OECD, ba amogela fela 30% ya degree tsa theishari tse di fiwang bao ba leng ka mo mafapheng a tsa matlhale le tsa boenginere, mme basadi ka palo ke ba ba 25% go ya go 35% fela mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa OECD ba e leng ba dipatlisiso.[81]
Go santse go na le dikgopolelo tse di fapologileng tsa tlwaelo tsa gore basadi ga ba ise ba phunyeletse go fitlhelela di digree tsa bo akhademiki. Go ya ka Margaret Rossiter, mo historian wa tsa matlhale, basadi jaanong jaan ba amogela diperesente tse 54 tsa di digree tsa bachelor tsotlhe kwa United States. Le fa go le jalo, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi bao ba nang le di digree tsa bachelor go gaisa banna, fa maemo a thuto a tlhatlhoga, banna ka bontshi ba aga ba fitlhelela tsa dipalopaloTemplate:Clarify go na le basadi. Kwa maemomg dikalogo [graduate level], basadi ba tlatsa diperesente di le 40 tsa di digree tsa doctorate (persente tse 31 tsa bone e le ba boengenere).[82]
Le fa basadi go fitlha jaanong ba ithuta kwa diyunibesithing tsa maemo a kwa godimo go ya ka tekano go tshwana le banna, Template:Clarify ga ba fiwe tšhono ya go ka tsena mo fakhalting. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman o itemogetse gore bogolo fa institute e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo, ke ka moo go ileng go ba bothata le go go ja nako, gore basadi ba fumane leemo ka mo fakhalthing moo. Ka 1989, Harvard University e ntshitse mosadi wa bone wa ntlha go chemistry, Cynthia Friend, gape ka 1992 mosadi wa ntlha go physics, Melissa Franklin. Le ene o itemogetse gore basadi go le gontsi ba ka itsholela maemo a bona a professional lekga la ntlha jaaka batlhapetsi le batlhatlheledi fa banna go le gontsi ba ka dira la ntlha mameong tenure. Go ya ka Smith le Tang, go tloga ka 1989, banna ba persente ya 65 le basadi ba peresente e le 40 percent ba tshwere maemo a leng tenured fa peresente tse 29 fela ya tsa ba matlhale le boenginere di thapilwe jaaka bathusi ba diphrofesera kwa dikholetsheng le diyunibesithi tsa four-year e le basadi. [83]
Mediro[baakanya | edit source]
Ka 1992, basadi ba ne ba duelwa diperesente tse di 9 tsa di Ph.D. tse di abilweng mo engineering fela peresente e le nngwe ya basadi bao e nnile mophrofesara. Ka 1995, diperesente di le11tsa diphrofesara tsa tsa matlhale le boenjinere e ne e le basadi. Ka tekanyo, e fela di dean tse 311 tsa dikolo tsa boinjinere e ne e le basadi, eo e tlhaelang ka peresente e le 1 ya palotlalo. Le mogo psychology, degree eo basadi ka bontsi ba fumanang diPh.D., ba tshwere ka bontsi maemo a mmalwa a a tenured, bonneteng diperesente tse 19 ka 1994.[84]
Basadi dipolotiking[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba emetswe-tlase mebusong ya dinaga di le di ntsi. Ka 2013 Diphalane, tekanyo bogareng ka sediko ya basadi ba ba leng makgotlheng a setšhaba ke 22%.[86] Suffrage ke tokelo ya botho ya go kgetha [vote]. Women's suffrage in the United States e ne ya wediwa ka bonya, sa ntlha boemong ba state le selegae, go simolola ka bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo19 le tshimologong ya senthwuari ya bo 20, mme ka 1920 basadi kwa US kgetho ya legotlhe, ge go fetiswa Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dinaga dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi di ne tsa iketla go ka dumelela basadi go kgetha; segolo Switzerland, moo basadi ba unneng ditokelo tsa go ka kgetha mo dikgethong tsa feterale tsa 1971, mme mo canton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden basadi ba ne ba fiwa tokelo ya go ka kgetha dintlheng tsa selegae fela ka 1991, fa canton e ne e e gapeletswa ke Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;[87][88] le Liechtenstein, ka 1984, e le ka ntlha ya Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984.
Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba, go ya ka histori, dirile ditshwaelo go tsa matlhale, dikwalwa [literature] lebotaki [art]. Karolo e le esi eo basadi go ya ka histori, ba neng ba dumeletswe go e fitlhelela thata ke ya obstetrics le gynecology (pele ga senthwuari ya bo 18, tlhokonelo ya basadi ba baimana kwa Yuropa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga basadi; go tlogeng bogareng ba senthwuari ya bo18 kelotlhokomelo ya tsa phodiso ya basadi ba baimana e ne ya simolola go tlhoka thuto ya tlhamalalo, eo basadi ka gale ba neng ba sa e fitlhelele, ka jalo tiro e e ne ya neeletswa banna).[89][90]
Go kwala go ne ka tlwaelo go tswewa go dumeletswe basadi ba leemo la kwa godimo, le fa go fitlhelela kgono jaaka o le mokwadi wa mohumagadi mo lefatsheng le le bontsing e leng la botona go ka nna bothata tota; ka lebaka le basadi ba le bantsi ba ile ba itsalla maina a senna (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).Botswana
Basadi e ntse e le batlhami, bakwalammino, batshameka diletswa, baopedi, batlhatlhi, baithuta mmino, baruta mmino, batlhatlhobi/bakgadi ba mmino/bakwaledi ba mmino le diphorofeshene dingwe tsa mmino. Go na le tsamao ya mmino, ditiragalo le genres tse di amanang le basadi, women's issues le feminism. Ka bo 2010s, le fa basadi ba dira bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa diopedi tsa mmino o o tlwaelegileng popular music le mmino wa klasiki classical music , le bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa bakwalammino (bontsi ba bona e le baopedi-bakwalammino), go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng record producers, rock critics le rock instrumentalists. Le fa go na le palo e kgolo ya basadi ba e leng batlhami women composers mminomg wa klasiki, go tloga ka nako Medieval period go fitlha go na jaanong, kemelo ya batlhami ba basadi e kwa tlase-tlase mo commonly performed classical music repertoire, historing ya dikwalo mmino le mo diencyclopedia tsa mmino; go fa sekao, ka mo Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann ke ene motlhami wa mohumagadi a le esi yoo a umakiwang.
Basadi ba dira bontlhanngwe jo bogolwane ya diopelanosi tsa diletswa mminong wa klasiki gape diperesente tsa basadi mo orchestras e a oketsega. Sekwalwa sa 2015 sa diopelanosi concerto kwa diCanadian orchestras tse kgolo, le mororo, se bontshitse gore 84% ya diopelanosi le Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal e ne e le banna. Ka 2012, basadi ba santse ba dirile 6% fela ya diorchestra tsa maemo a kwa godimo a Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Basadi ga ba tlwaelega mo batshameking ba diletswa mminong wa tlwaelo jaaka rock le heavy metal, etswane go na le bahumagadi ba ditshamekadiletswa ba itsegeng le all-female bands. Basadi segolobogolo ba emetswe tlase mo extreme metal genres.[91] Basadi gape ba emetswe tlase botlhatlhing ba orchestral , go kgala tsa mmino/bokwaledi ba mmino, tlhagiso/tsweletso ya mmino music producing, le sound engineering. le fa ka sentshwuari ya bo 19 basadi ba ne ba sa rotloetswe go ka tlhama, ebile go na le basadi ba ba mmalwa ba e leng di musicologists, basadi ba ile ba itshunya thutong ya mmino music education "... ka tsela eo ba ileng ba tlhagella ka megetla [mo lefapheng le] bofelelong ba bogare ba karolo ya sentshwuari ya bo 19th go fitlhelela sentshwuari ya bo 20."[92]
Go ya ka Jessica Duchen, mokwadi wa mmino wa London's The Independent, diopedi tsa basadi tsa mmino wa klasiki ba ["...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent"] atlholwa go le gontsi go ya ka ponagalo, go na le ka bokgoni ba bone" gape ba lebagane le kgatelelo ["... to look sexy onstage and in photos"] ya go lebega ba le sexy mo steijing le mo ditshwantshong."[93] Duchen o umaka gore le fa go "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."] na le diopedi tsa basadi ba ba ganang go tshameka ka dipopego tsa bone, bao ba dirang jalo ba a atlega [93]
Go ya ka mokwaledi wa Seyalemoya 3 sa UK , Edwina Wolstencroft, madirelo a mmino wa klasiki kgale a buletswe go ka nna le basadi mo dikarolong tsa ditshamekong kgotsa ditlhaletso, e fela ga se gantsi basadi ba nna mo maemong a taolo, jaaka a go nna moetaledipele wa orchestra [leader of an orchestra].[94] Mo mminong o o tlwaelegileng, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi ba diopedi bao ba gatisang dipina, go na basadi ba se ba kae kwa morago ga audio console boa ba dirang jaaka batlhagisi ba mmino [music producers], mothotsoko yoo a eteletseng pele ebile a tsamaisa lenaane la dikgatiso.[95]
See also[baakanya | edit source]
- Sex assignment
- Lists of women
Medical:
- Feminine psychology
- Gender differences
Dynamics:
- Femininity
- Feminization (sociology)
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Mitochondrial Eve
- Sexism
- Women as theological figures
- Women in science
Political:
- Gender studies
- Womyn
Exploration:
- List of female explorers and travelers
- Women in space
References[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as [man] or [woman], or some combination thereof."
- ↑ "wīfmann": Bosworth & Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898-1921) p. 1219.
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, entry for "woman".
- ↑ man - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ Germanic Etymology
- ↑ dict.cc, DT-EN, entry: Wampe
- ↑ e.g.
- ↑ Jose A. Fadul.
- ↑ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'.
- ↑ By late 14th century a distinction was arising between female children, often called 'gay girls' – and male, or 'knave girls' -: a1375 William of Palerne (1867) l. 816 ' Whan þe gaye gerles were in-to þe gardin come, Faire floures þei founde.'
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001).
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ Merit-Ptah at the University of Alabama.
- ↑ Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, Horatius Press 1996, p. 334.
- ↑ Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, Marcel Dekker 1992, p. 28.
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Michael Roaf (1992).
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky.
- ↑ Jennifer Bergman (19 July 2001).
- ↑ J. M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Jake Page (2007).
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?"
- ↑ (Tanner, 1990).
- ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003).
- ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
- ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana.
- ↑ Menarche and menstruation are absent in many of the intersex and transgender conditions mentioned above and also in primary amenorrhea.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/social_determinants
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)".
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ "Resolution on Reproductive and Sexual Health | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics".
- ↑ "Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women".
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan".
- ↑ "China 'one-child' policy: Mother of 2 dies after forced sterilization".
- ↑ "Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "China forced abortion photo sparks outrage".
- ↑ http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf
- ↑ Sharpe, S. (1976).
- ↑ Gere, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2012).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "U.S. Education Slips In Rankings".
- ↑ "A/RES/48/104.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly.
- ↑ "Statistics by Area - Attitudes towards wife-beating - Statistical table".
- ↑ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project".
- ↑ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=djcil#H2N1
- ↑ http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/witchhunts.pdf
- ↑ "Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea".
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Beheading for 'sorcery' shocking | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' - CNN.com".
- ↑ In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women found that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States.
- ↑ In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991.
- ↑ For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[1]
- ↑ "Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women | Amnesty International".
- ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [2]
- ↑ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF
- ↑ "Women's right to choose their dress, free of coercion".
- ↑ "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013343/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=91cf943a-3fa6-4fce-afec-4ab2c2a356fd
- ↑ "Turkey condemns 'honour killings'".
- ↑ "Human Rights Voices – Pakistan, August 21, 2008".
- ↑ "Home".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran".
- ↑ "United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait".
- ↑ "Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social".
- ↑ Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012).
- ↑ "Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Oman" (PDF).
- ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania".
- ↑ Dubai FAQs.
- ↑ Judd, Terri (10 July 2008).
- ↑ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims".
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ↑ "United Nations News Centre - Harmful practices against women and girls can never be justified by religion – UN expert".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ Education Levels Rising in OECD Countries but Low Attainment Still Hampers Some, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publication Date: 14 September 2004.
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006.
- ↑ Eisenhart, A. Margaret; Finkel, Elizabeth (2001).
- ↑ Brainard, Susanne G.; Carlin, Linda (2001).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "Angela Merkel".
- ↑ "Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages".
- ↑ "The Long Way to Women's Right to Vote in Switzerland: a Chronology".
- ↑ "Experts In Women'S Anti-Discrimination Committee Raise Questions Concerning Reports Of Switzerland On Compliance With Convention".
- ↑ Gelis, Jacues.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds.
- ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers.
- ↑ "Women Composers In American Popular Song, Page 1".
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap
- ↑ Jessica Duchen.
- ↑ Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).


c: text/html

text:
Tony see through everything
by Anonymous-Writer • November 17, 2017 • * Safe for Work *, Love - Pure and Simple • 0 Comments
Tony please see through everything. Not all is as it seems. Wa nkitse le nna ke a go itse. O itse botsadi jwa me le nna ke itse jwa gago. O itse ba lwapa la me le nna ba gago.
Ke a go rata e bile o se letlelele ope a go gogela kgakala le nna. O monna wa me Tony.
Ke santse ke go emetse fela jaaka e sale ke go emetse le gape fela jaaka ke itse gore bokamoso jwa rona ke jo bo ntle fa re ka kopana mmogo go aga lorato lo lo tiileng lo sale lo elediwa e bile lo segofaditswe ke Legodimo.
Ke ntse ke le wa gago ka nako tshotlhe, ke tshepetse go wena gore tsatsi lengwe o tla arabela pitso e re e bileditsweng. E sale re e bilediwa e sale nakong ele. Ke tshabile go go bolelela nnete ka ke ne ke tshaba gore o tla ntlhoa o ntlhoela se ke neng ke go bolelela sone phatlhalatsa. Fela jaaka e rile ke go kwaletse mo pampiring e le gore ke laetswe gore ke go bolelele gore ke a go rata e re ka nako eo o ne wa ntlhanogela wa ikgogela kgakala le nna. Ke ne ka solafalelwa ke botshelo go feta selekanyo ka itshola gore ke ne ke buelang.
Go bua nnete ga ke sole sepe sa Modimo se a se mpontsheditseng. Ga ke sole sepe se Modimo a eletsang go se fitlhelela ka ga rona.
Ke sola fela ditiragalo tse di diragetseng morago ga fa ke fetsa go bua.
Le gale kgotsa o ka nkgala ka ke sa itse megopolo ya gago ka ga me.
Nkinele matsogo metsing ke le motho wa lefatshe a le diphoso.
Ke wa gago fela jaaka o le wa me.
Se ntlogele go lela ke le ise
Se ntshege go lelela le go nyorelwa go nna le wena jaaka monna o ke mo ratang ke eletsa go aga lapa nao
Se ntshege go batla go sala thato ya Modimo morago
Ke kopa o se ntlhoele go eletsa go sala tsa Modimo morago
A o gopola nakong e re ne re lo etetse wa bua mafoko a gore Satane o nale go dirisa batho ba ba gaufi le motho. Ke ne ka utlwa botlhoko thata ka ke ne ka tseela gore o bua ka nna, ke gopola ditiragalo tsotlhe tse di diragetseng ka go go bolelela ditoro tsa me. Ke ne ke sa kgone go tlhaloganya gore mo tumelong e ke neng ke na nao le mo go saleng Modimo morago mafoko a me a ne a ka bidiwa Satane. Le gale mo go nna ke ne ke sa bone sepe se se bosula ka seo se ne se laetswe.
Dilo di dintsi ga di a diragala ka mo di neng di tshwanetse go diragala ka teng.
But I dont regret what was asked of us.
Ke tlhaloganya gore fa o sa nthate ke ka moo go neng ga nna ka teng wa iponela gore tseo ke di buang ga se nnete mo go wena.
Mme nna ke santse ke eme ka lone lefoko leo la gore ke a go rata Tony, o monna wa me o Modimo a ntaetseng ka ene.
Mogatsaka ke tla go emela. Ke go fa nako e o e tlhokang gore o ikakanye sentle. Mme e re o ntse o ikakanya o nkarabele dipotso tse:
Sebe se ne se le kae mo go batleng gore re nyalane fela jaaka Modimo a segofaditse ka nako e neng e laotswe
Sebe se ne se le kae go aga lwapa lo lo ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Modimo
Moratuwa, monna dikotimarameng, Rragwe banake ke ikuela go wena
Rantings of a woman in love

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Boemelo jwa terena mo Botswana
Contents
Tshimologo[baakanya | edit source]
Terena ke ngwe ya dipalamo tse di dirisiwang mo Botswana. Gantsi e dirisiwa go rwala dithoto kgotsa batho go ya mafelong aa farologanyeng.Go na le terena ee tswang mo toropo kgolo Gaborone go ya kwa toropong ya Francistown.Fa terena ee rwalang dithoto yone tsamaya mafelo aa farologanyeng le gone kwa mafatsheng aa mabapi. Ditlhwatlhwa tsa go palama terena di kwa tlase mo di letlang motho mongwe le mongwe go ka e palama.
Mmele[baakanya | edit source]
Palo ya maemelo a terena mo Botswana a akaretsa:
Ditoropo tse diterena di yang kwa go tsone[baakanya | edit source]
Tse di leng teng[baakanya | edit source]
- Ramatlhabama, Aforika-Borwa yo e leng molelwane wa lefatshe la Botswana le la Aforika-borwa
- Lobatse
- Gaborone - motse-mogolo wa lefatshe leno
- Palapye - makaranelo a diporo tse di rorang magala
- Serule -marakanelo a diporo
- Francistown
- Ramokgwebana - yo o kopanetseng molelwane le lefatshe la zimbabwe
- Palo ya maemelo a terena mo {1}Botswana {/1} e akaretsa:
- Morupule - maemelo a diterena
- Serule - marakanelo a diporo
- Selibe Phikwe -maemelo a diterena
- Francistown -marakanelo a diporo
- Sowa - maemelo a diterena
Katoloso[baakanya | edit source]
Go ya Namibia[baakanya | edit source]
- Mola wa Trans-Kalahari go ya Namibia - ngwaga wa 2008 [1] [2] o sekgele sa dikhilomethara di le makgolokgolo le makgolo a le marataro.
-
- Aranos - moepo o o mosha wa magala
- Palapye - o golaganye le Bulawayo mo Zimbabwe
- Francistown
- Mafeking
- Lobatse
- Kang mo Botswana
- Ghanzi , kgonagalo ya moepo wa kopore le selefera .
- Morupule , moepo wa magala mo botlhaba jwa legare mo Botswana
- Kgogomelo ya Shearwater , Namibia -maemelo a dikepe.
- Aus mo Namibia
Go ya Mozambique[baakanya | edit source]
- Go feta ka Aforika-Borwa kgotsa ka Zimbabwe [3]
- Gaborone go ya Maputo [4]
- Serule , Botswana go feta ka Zimbabwe go ya Template:Country data Mozambique Maputo kwa (Newport)
Go ya Zambia[baakanya | edit source]
Dikaelatikologo[baakanya | edit source]
O ka leba gape[baakanya | edit source]
- Tsa mesepele mo Botswana
- Kompone ya diterena mo Botswana
Bokhutlo[baakanya | edit source]
Terena e kotsi fela thata fa kotsi e ka e diragalela go nna le tshenyego ee tseneletseng mme gape ga go motlhofo gore e diragalelwe ke kotsi.Ke ka moo batho ba ratang go e dirisa go na le dipalamo tse dingwe.


text:
THE OFFICIAL BOKONE BOPHIRIMA GOVERNMENT NEWSPAPER
Diketekete tsa batho go tswa mafelong a a farologaneng ba ne ba tsenetse phitlho ya ga Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope mo bokhutlong jwa beke e e fetileng.
Batlaphitlhong ba raletse pula e e neng e tsorotla kwa motseng wa Motswedi kwa ntle ga Zeerust ka Lamatlhatso, go tla go felegetsa monna yo o kileng a bo a le Mopresidente wa naga e e ikemetseng ya Bophuthatswana wa maloba.
Dibui ka go farologana di kaile fa Kgosi Mangope e ne e le moeteledipele yo o neng a dira ka natla, a tlotlega, a na le seriti le boineelo, mme e bile gape a ne a boifa Modimo.
Fa a ne a bua kwa tirelong e ya phitlho, Tonakgolo ya Bokone Bophirima, Supra Mahumapelo, o rile Kgosi Mangope o ne a na le diphoso jaaka mang le mang, mme fela o diretse baagi ba gagwe go tlala seatla ka nako ya puso ya gagwe.
Mahumapelo o tlhalositse fa batho ba ba tsweletseng go kgalema puso ka gobo e nnile karolo ya tiro ya phitlho, ba sa tlhaloganye maikaelelo a poelano, go aga setšhaba se se kitlaneng, mme se tshela ka kagiso.
“Re le puso re tsweletsa mananeo a rona a go tsholetsa poelano, phodiso le go tlhabolola porofense ya rona mme re ka se fitlhelele seo ga re ka tswelela go reetsa batho bao ba nang le dipuo tsa letlhoo le go kgaoganya baagi ba rona.
“Re ne re dira le Rre Mangope jaaka Kgosi, mme e bile gape o kile a dira kwa Kokwanotheomolaong ya rona ya porofense. Ka jalo re ka seke ra ikgatholosa karolo e a e tsereng go aga setšhaba sa rona,” ga rialo Tonakgolo Mahumapelo.
Kgosi Mangope o tlhokofetse a le dingwaga di le 94.
Tirelo ya phitlho ya gagwe e ne e tsenetswe ke baagi ba le bantsi go tswa dikhutlong tse nne tsa naga, makoko a a farologaneng a sepolotiki, dikgosi, dikereke le badiragatsi.
Batlaphitlhong ba ba itsegeng ba ne ba akaretsa moeteledipele wa Congress of the People (COPE), Mosiuoa Lekota, Moruti Kenneth Moshoe wa African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) le motlatsatona wa maloba was tsa tolamo, Dikgang Moseneke.
Letona la kabinete ya pele ya Bophuthatswana yo o neng a dira ka fa tlase ga Kgosi Mangope, Seroke Kgobokoe, o kaile fa Kgosi Mangope e ne e le motho yo o neng a rata thata tsa thuto le temothuo.
“Rre e ne e le moeteledipele wa nnete yo o neng a le boikobo, a dira le rona bontle a dula a tla ka dikakanyo tse dintsi tsa go tlhabolola metseselegae le mafelo otlhe a naga ya gagwe.
“E ne e le moeteledipele yo o dumelang mo go direng ka natla le go tlisa ditlhabololo tse di tla ungwelang baagi, mme e le tsa maemo a a kwa godimo,” a kaya jalo Kgobokoe.
Fa a ne a bua a emetse lelapa, morwa Kgosi Mangope - Kwena Mangope - o lebogile tshegetso le thologelo ya batho ba ba neng ba tlile go felegetsa rraagwe.
“Ke kgothetse tota bagaetsho go le bona le tlile ka bontsi jo le tlileng ka bona. Ga go ne go kgonagala nkabe ke tla lo etela yo mongwe le yo mongwe, fela go leboga. Ke lona le netefaditseng gore Rre o bona phitlho e e mo tshwanetseng ya tlotlego,” ga rialo Kwena Mangope.
O boile gape a leboga Tonakgolo Mahumapelo le puso ya porofense ka go nna ba ntse ba etela Kgosi Mangope ka nako e a neng a ntse a bobola.
“Ke rata go leboga Tonakgolo Mahumapelo ka matsapa a a a tsereng mo nakong e e fetileng go tlhola rre. Seo e ne e le go bontsha boeteledipele jo bo tlhwatlhwa.
Ke leboga gape tshegetso le go nna teng ga lona jaaka puso go simologa fa a ne a re tlogela, ka tirelo ya matshidiso le go fitlha gompieno,” a rialo Kwena Mangope.
Caption 1: Kgosi Mangope o fitlhetswe kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa motseng wa Motswedi
Setshwantsho ka Mpho Bilwane


text:
Nako tsa tsotlhe, batho ba mpotse, “Abuti, o tswa kae?” Ga ke kgone go araba ka bonolo. Ke na le magae a montse: ke goletse ko Georgia, ke tsenetse yunibesiti ko North Carolina, ke igodisetse ko lefatshe le dithaba tsa Blue Ridge, ke tlhotse dikgwedi tsa thataro go tlhotlhomisa New Zealand, ke rutile ko South Carolina. Ke atlile basetsana ba ka ko tlase dinaledi tsa dipeleka di dintshe. Ga ke ne legae le nnwe fela: ke na le magae a montshe.
Byaanong ke na le legae la leswa: Letlhakaneng, North West Provice, Aforikaborwa. Ke kopa go tlhalosa legae la ka le. Letlhakaneng ke motse ya ga nnye fela. Ko borwa, go na le Gauteng: Pretoria le Johannesburg. Gauteng ke peleka ya batho ba bontshe, ya difaktori, ya merafo. Batho bale ba lelekisa chelete. Botshelo bo Gauteng ke botshelo bo pele. Ga ba itsa go emela. Fela ko leboa, go na le masimo le sekgwe fela. Ke Aforika ya ditoro: ka phirima ya letsatsi, le tshware ditlhare tse mutlwa. Diphologolo – dimphala, dibosbok, diphiri – di iphitlha ko meriti. Ke lefatshe le lontle. Ke rata go tlhotlhomisa sekwge se.
Letlhakaneng le nna mo gare. Ba bongwe ba bereka ko difaktori, merafo, le magae tsa Pretoria, Johannesburg le Brits. Fa ke tsamaya ko sekolong, ke abela tsela le batho ba apara diyuniformo tsa ShopRite le batho ba disa dikgomo ko sekgweng. Go tlaletsa go nna mo, fela ke legae la ke. Byaanong legae la ka ke Letlhakaneng. Ka Lamatlhatso ke tsamaya ko dimolong tsa Hatfield; ka Latshipi ke lelekisa diphologolo tsa sekgwe ko leboa.
Ke duletse mo Letlhakaneng ka gobane September 2011. Tlamano ya ka e tla fetsa ka July 2013. Ke tla nako ya go ya go bowa legae la America. Go tla thata go tloga Letlhakaneng, fela go tla bonolo go bona gape lelapa la ka ko America. Ke tla gopotsa Letlhakaneng. Ke karolo ya pelo ya ka. Ke tla tlisa kgopolo ya Letlhakaneng mo pelong ya ka ka nako tsotlhe.


text:
Thanolo ya utlwa ka Sekgoa
utlwa
feel
lediri
1feel‘Bana ga ba lebege ba utlwa seramê jaaka bagolo ba se utlwa’ — Children don’t seem to feel the cold as much as adults do
- nna le temogô nngwe e tsêna ka letlalô, segakolodi, jalo jalo
2hear‘Ga gona opê yo o neng a kgôna go utlwa se a neng a se bua’ — No one could hear what he said
- tlêlwa ke temogô nngwe ya modumô o tsêna ka ditsêbê
3taste‘Utlwa morô o, o bo o mpolêlêla gore a o batla go okediwa letswai’ — Taste this soup and tell me if it needs more salt
- nna le temogô nngwe e tsêna ka leganô
4be obedient‘Bana ba ba a utlwa’ — These children are obedient
- dumalana le sengwe kgotsa ôbamêla molao kana ditaêlô


text:
Ka'êškone
Bana botlhe ba feta ka dikarolo tsa kgolo go lebilwe maikutlo le boitshwaro. Losea kgotsa ngwana yo monyennyane ba tla tshameka ba le nosi ka boitumelo. Fa ngwana yo
mongwe a tsena mo tshamekong e e tsweletse le e ne o ka ntshiwa ka go garumelelwa kgotsa ka go mo kgarametsa. Mogongwe ngwana o kgona go tshameka le yo mongwe, ka bonyakabonya a ithuta go amogana le go drisa ditshono tsa gagwe. Kwa pheletsong setlhopha se a gola goya ko baneng ba le bararo kgotsa ba le bane. Ka nako e ngwana a simololang go tsena sekolo la bananyana go tla nna motlhofo mo go e ne gore a tsenelele setlhopha sa bana ba bangwe mme a simolole go natefelelwa ke lesedi le o.[5]
Ngwana yo o nang le ADHD le bogole o ka tlhoka thuso e e feteletseng go ithuta tselana tsa bo ja mmogo. Go fetoga ga dikai tsa ngwana wa ADHD di ka modira gore a nne se tshwakga mo kamanong ya gagwe le ba nkana ba gagwe. Bana ba ba tlhaelelwang ke go tsaya nako ya bone ga e kake ba inakanya le tomagano mo tikologong ya bone, se se dira gore go nne thata mo go bone gore ba ithute dikitso tsa tomagano ka lesedi le ba nang le lone.[5]Dingwaga tse go akanngwang fa ngwana a na le boikarabelo mo ditshwetsong tsa gagwe sekai(lenyalo, go tlhopha, le tse dingwe fela jalo) di fetogile mo tsamao ya nako, mme se se kailwe ke tsela e ba tsewang ka yone ke makgotla a molao. Ka dinako tsa ba Roma, gone go tsewa gore ngwana ga e kake ya nna modira melato, maemo a moragonyana a ileng a amogelwa ke kereke.. Ka disentshuri tsa lesome le boferabongwe, bana ba ba ko tlase ga dingwaga tse supa gone go sa dumele gore e ka nna badira melato. Bana ba dingwaga tse di fetang bosupa bone gone go akanngwa gore ba na le boikarabelo jwa ditshwetso tsa bone. Ka mong ba ne ba ka lebisiwa dikatlholo tsa melato ya borukutlhi, ba isiwa kwa kgolegelong ya batho ba ba tona, e bo ba otlhaiwa jaaka bone ka go ba kgwathisa, go batshuba ka ditshipi le go ba kaletsa. [6] Mo bo gompieno mo mafatsheng a le mantsi jaaka Canada le United stattes, ngwana wa dingwaga tse di lesome le bobedi kgotsa go feta ba bewa ka boikarabelo jwa ditiro tsa bone mo ba ka felelang ba rometswe kwa dikgolegelong tsa pankanyo motho jaaka 1}juvenile hall.
Ditshekatsheko di lemogile fa mafatshe a ka nna masome a mabedi le botlhano lefatshe ka bophara a sena dingwaga tsa thuto e e tlhokegang gotsa e e patelesegang go ka dirwa. Dingwaga tse di ko tlase tse di sa letelelweng fa ngwana a ka bereka kgotsa go nyalwa le tsone di a farologana. Mo mafatsheng a le sekaenyana fela a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano, bana ba dingwaga tse supa go ya kwa go tse lesome le botlhano ba ka tseelwa kwa kgotla tshekelong le kwa dikgolegelong ka mabaka a ditiro tsa borukutlhi. Mo mafatsheng a mangwe bana ka fa molaong ba patleletswa go tsena sekolo go fitlhela ba le dingwaga tse di simololang ka lesome le bone kgotsa lesome le botlhano, mme ba ka bereka pele ga dingwaga tse. Tshwanelo ya ngwana ya go rutega e gomagomediwa ke go nyalwa mo go tlang pele,pereko ya bana le go isiwa dikgolegelong.[7]


text:
Phandu Skelemani
Template:Infobox MinisterPhandu Tombola Chaka Skelemani (yo o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a tlhola ga tlhona,ka ngwaga wa 1945[1]) ke lepolotiki la Botswana la phuthego e e busang ya Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), yo o direlang gompieno e le tona wa ditogamano le merero ya tsa mafatshe a sele. Ke leloko la palamente kwa kwa khudutlhamageng ya Botswana gape e le leloko la palamente yaPan-African go tsweng mo Botswana; moragonyana e ne e le , mmueledi mogolo wa lefatshe la Botswana go simololeng ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2003.
Skelemani o tsholetswe kwa motsaneng wa Mapoka.[1] O nale stlankana sa boemo jo bo kwa godimo mo dithutong tsa molao go tsweng mmadikolong wa Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland[1][2] gape a berekele puso dingwaga di ka nna masome a boraro,[3] fa a ne a simolola e le mosekasiki wa molao ka ngwaga wa 1973.[1][4] Mo atlolosong maemo ya gagwe o ne a nna mosekasiki wa molao yo o motona ka ngwaga wa 1975, yo o eteletseng molao pele ka ngwaga wa 1978, gape a nna mothusa mmueledi ka ngwaga wa 1980.[1] O ne a tlhapiwa go nna mmueledi ka ngwaga wa 1992;[1][4] mo nonofong eo,o ne a gakolola khudutlhamaga mme gape a tsenelela diphuthego.[1]
Fa Mme Joy Phumaphi a ithola marapo kwa palamenteng ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2003 go nna mothusi wa moeteledipele wa World Health Organization, Skelemani le ene a ithola marapo a gagwe a go nna mmueledi [5] mme gape a ema e le motlhophiwa wa phuthego ya BDP candidate mo ditlhophong tse di neng di tshwarelelwa mo boemong jwa ga Mme Phumaphi jwa, Francistown botlhaba.[6] Mo go ikopeleng setlilolo, Skelemani o ne a supa kwa a goletseng teng , a re se se ka mo thusa go emela lefelo la gagwe sentle kwa palamenteng .[3] Skelemani o ne a fenya ditlhopho gape a tsaya setlilo sa bopalamente ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2003.[7] Ngwaga o o latlelang , ka Ngwanatsele a tlhola borobabongwe,ngwaga wa 2004,o ne a tlhophiwa kwa palamenteng go nna tona wa merero ya tsa ga tautona le setshaba.[2]
Skelemani o ne a sutlisetswa kwa maemong a go nna tona wa ditirelo tsa tshiamiso, moemedi wa molao, Sesole sa Botswana , Sepodisi, Tshenyetso setshaba gape le ya itsholelo, le tshireletso ka Ferikgong ngwga wa 2007.[8] Fa Rre Ian Khama a tsaya stlilo sa botautona ka Moranang a tlhola ga nngwe ngwaga wa 2008, o ne a baya Skelemani go nna tona wa ditogamano le merero ya mafatshe a sele .[9]
Phandu Sekelemane o rotleditse Setshaba[baakanya | edit source]
Tirisano e ntle fa gare ga mafatshe a Botswana le United Kingdom e tsiseditse mafatshe ao dipoelo tse di bonalang mo mafatsheng oomabedi.E rile fa a bua kwa moletlong wa matsalo wa dingwaga tse 85 wa ga Queen Elizabeth II mo Gaborone la Labobedi, tona ya tsa mafatshe a sele le tirisano ya mafatshe, Phandu Skelemani a re tirisano ya go nna jalo e e tswang kgakala, pele ga lefatshe la Botswana le bona boipuso, e na le maduo mo mehameng ya botsogo, kgwebo, tshireletso, thuto le go thusa setshaba ka kakaretso.Rre Skelemani a re thuso e lefatshe la Botswana le tsweletseng go e fiwa ka ntlha ya tshwaragano ya makgotla a SADC/UK le ACP/EU e tsweletse ka go solegela Batswana molemo mo mehameng ya tshwaragano mo dikgaolong, kgwebo, go lwantsha HIV le AIDS, go fedisa lehuma le go tlhabolola botshelo jwa batho.A re lefatshe la Botswana le tsweletse ka go akola dithuso tsa madi go tswa kwa go ba ofisi ya boemedi jwa lefatshe la Britain mo Botswana. Dithuso tseo ke tsa go tlhabolola matshelo a Batswana jaaka Motse wa Badiri, Somarelang Tikologo le Kgetsi ya Tsie.Rre Skelemani o ne a netefaletsa batsenelela moletlo oo, ba bontsi jwa bone e neng e le ba lefatshe la Britain gore lefatshe la Botswana le ikaeletse go tiisa tirisano le botsala fa gare ga mafatshe ao.E rile fa a ntsha la gagwe, moemedi wa lefatshe la Britain mo Botswana, Mme Jennifer Anderson o ne a supa fa a itumeletse moletlo oo, a supa gore o tiisa tirisano fa gare ga ba lelwapa la bogosi jwa Britain le mafatshe a selekane.Princess Anne, le ene o ne le teng kwa moletlong oo morago ga gore a etele Tautona Lt Gen. Seretse Khama Ian Khama pele le go baya dikgare fa ntle ga dikago tsa palamente.Dikgare tseo e ne e le segopotso sa Batswana ba ba neng ba lwela lefatshe la Britain ka nako ya ntwa ya lefatshe ya bobedi.Princess Anne o setse a kile a etela lefatshe la Botswana, gabedi. Queen Elizabeth II le ene o kile a etela lefatshe la Botswana gantsinyana, leeto gagwe la ntlha e le la ngwaga wa 1947.
O ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 CV Tsebe ya lephata la ditogamano le merero ya tsa mafatshe a sele.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 [7] ^ "Mogae a tlhophiwa kwa khuduthamageng - difatlhego tse di lesome tse di sha - Bomme ba le batlhano", BOPA, November 10, 2004.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ipapatso ya Francistown botlhaba", BOPA, September 11, 2003.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Skelemani a re batho ba tlhoka go itse", BOPA, October 23, 2003.
- ↑ Richard P. Werbner, Reasonable Radicals and Citizenship in Botswana (2004), Indiana University Press, page 25.
- ↑ "Mels' candidate fails to submit nomination", BOPA, October 7, 2003.
- ↑ "Skelemanio kopa nonofo e e rileng mo DCs, dikgosi, diofisi tsa babereki", BOPA, November 19, 2003.
- ↑ "Mogae o oketsa khudutlhamaga", BOPA, January 22, 2007.
- ↑ "Khama o koba matona a lae matlhano", Mmegi Online , April 2, 2008.
Template:Foreign Ministers of Botswana
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Kwana, o tlhabilwe Mme o bolailwe
Go rekela Rara Mewa ya batho.
O na le tshwanelo Go bona tlotlo,
Thata le nonofo Le kgalalelo.
O na le tshwanelo Ya go menolola
Kwalo la botshelo: Lo kanolole.
O tau ya Juta, Motse wa Dafita.
O fentse, o a busa, Kwana o kgosi.
Rona, ditso tsotlhe Ba dipuo tsotlhe,
Ba merafe yotlhe Re ba ‘go, Kwana
Ka o re dirile Bogosi, puso,
Bana ba ga Rra’go Le bomonna’o.
Mo mading a gago Re sweufaditswe,
Re tlhatswitse kobo, Pelo tsa rona,
Re go wela pele Ka kobamelo;
Re ntsha malebogo, Kwana, Modimo.
Sekgele sa phenyo, Wena sefapano,
O sesupo sele sa Morw’a motho.
O tla bonwa marung Tsatsing ja tsheko.
Re go dumedisa E sale jaanong.


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Kgaolo 40
Keresete o diragatsa tsogo ya batho botlhe—Baswi ba basiami ba ya kwa lefelong le le itshekileng mme baleofi kwa lefifing le le kwa ntle go emela letsatsi la tsogo ya bone—Dilo tsotlhe di tlaa tsosoloswa mo sebopegong sa tsone se se siameng e bile se le phepa mo tsogong. E ka nna dingwaga di le 74 pele ga ga Keresete.
1 Jaanong morwaaka, fano go selekanyo sengwe go feta se ke tlaa se go rayang; gonne ke lemoga gore mogopolo wa gago o tshwenyegile mabapi le tsogo ya baswi.
2 Bona, ke go raya ke re, ga gona tsogo—kgotsa, ke tlaa re, ka mafoko a mangwe, gore o o swang o ga o apare bo sa sweng, go bola mo ga go apare bosaboleng—go fitlhelela morago ga go tla ga ga Keresete.
3 Bona, o diragatsa tsogo ya baswi. Mme bona, morwaaka, tsogo ga e ise e nne. Jaanong, ke go phuthololela masaitseweng; le fa go ntse jalo, go na le masaitseweng a le mantsi a a beilweng, a ope a sa a itseng fa e se Modimo ka sebele. Mme ke go bontsha selo se le sengwe se ke se boditseng ka tlhoafalo go tswa mo Modimong gore ke ka tla ka itse—seo ke mabapi le tsogo.
4 Bona, go na le nako e e tlhomilweng fa botlhe ba tlaa tlang pele go tswa mo baswing. Jaanong fa nako e e tla ga go ope yo o itseng; mme Modimo o itse nako e e beilweng.
5 Jaanong, gore a go tlaa nna le nako ya ntlha kgotsa nako ya bobedi kgotsa nako ya boraro e batho ba tlaa tlang go tswa mo baswing, ga go re sepe; gonne Modimo o itse dilo tse tsotlhe; mme go ntekane go itse gore se ke sone—gore go na le nako e e beilweng gore botlhe ba tlaa tsoga mo baswing.
6 Jaanong go tshwanetse go tlhokega go nne le sebaka gareng ga nako ya loso le ya tsogo.
7 Mme jaanong ke tlaa botsa gore go tla diragala eng ka botho jwa batho go tswa mo nakong e ya loso go ya kwa nakong e e beetsweng tsogo?
8 Jaanong gore a go na le nako e e fetang bongwe e e beetsweng batho go tsogo ga go re sepe; gonne botlhe ga ba swe gangwe, mme se ga se re sepe; gotlhe go jaaka letsatsi le le lengwe fela mo Modimong, mme nako e lekanyediwa go batho fela.
9 Jalo he, go na le nako e e beetsweng go batho gore ba tlaa tsoga mo baswing; mme go na le sebaka gareng ga nako ya loso le tsogo. Mme jaanong, mabapi le sebaka se sa nako, se se diragalelang botho jwa batho ke selo se ke se boditseng ka tlhoafalo mo Moreneng go se itse; mme se ke selo se ka ga sone ke itseng.
10 Mme fa nako e tla fa botlhe ba tlaa tsoga, jaanong foo ba tlaa itse gore Modimo o itse dinako tsotlhe tse di beilweng go motho.
11 Jaanong, mabapi le seemo sa botho fa gare ga loso le tsogo—Bona, go itsisitswe go nna ke moengele, gore mewa ya batho botlhe, fela fa jaaka e emelela go tswa mo mmeleng o o swang o, ee mewa ya batho botlhe, go sa re sepe gore a ba molemo kgotsa ba bosula, e tseelwa gae kwa Modimong o o e fileng botshelo.
12 Mme jaanong foo go tlaa diragala, gore mewa ya bao ba ba siameng e amogelwe mo seemong sa boitumelo, se se bidiwang lefelo le le itshekileng, seemo sa boikhutso, seemo sa kagiso, kwa ba tlaa ikhutsang go tswa mo mathateng otlhe a bone le go tswa mo tlhokomeleng yotlhe le matlhoko.
13 Mme jaanong foo go tlaa diragala, gore mewa ya baleofi, ee, ba ba leng bosula—gonne bona, ga bana karolo le fa e le seabe sa Mowa wa Morena; gonne bona, ba tlhophile ditiro tse di bosula go na le molemo; jalo he mowa wa ga diabole o ne wa tsena mo go bone, mme wa tsaya taolo ya ntlo ya bone—mme ba ba tlaa kobelwa kwa ntle mo lefifing le le ka kwa ntle; go tlaa nna le selelo, le go kuruetsa, le khuranyo ya meno, mme se ka ntlha ya boikepi jwa bone, ba esiwa botshwarwa ka thato ya ga diabole.
14 Jaanong se ke se seemo sa botho jwa baleofi, ee, mo lefifing, le mo seemong sa poitshego, tebelelo e e boifisang go molelo wa bogale jwa kgalefo ya Modimo mo go bone; jalo ba sala mo seemong se, fela jaaka basiami mo lefelong le le itshekileng, go fitlhelela nako ya tsogo ya bone.
15 Jaanong, go na le bangwe ba ba tlhalogantseng gore seemo se sa boitumelo le seemo se sa bohutsana jwa botho, pele ga tsogo, e ne e le tsogo ya ntlha. Ee, ke a dumela e ka nna ya bidiwa tsogo, go emelela ga mowa kgotsa botho le go e abela boitumelo kgotsa bohutsana, go ya ka mafoko a a builweng.
16 Mme bona, gape go builwe, gore gona le tsogo ya ntlha, tsogo ya botlhe bao ba ba kileng ba nna, kgotsa ba ba leng, kgotsa ba ba tlaa nnang, go fologela kwa tsogong ya ga Keresete go tswa mo baswing.
17 Jaanong, ga re gopole gore tsogo e ya ntlha, e go buiwang ka yone ka mokgwa o, e ka nna tsogo ya botho le go gololelwa ga bone kwa boitumelong kgotsa bohutsana. Ga o kake wa gopola gore se ke se e se rayang.
18 Bona, ke go raya ke re, Nnyaa; mme e raya go kopana gape ga botho le mmele, ya bao go tswa ka malatsi a ga Atame go fologela kwa tsogong ya ga Keresete.
19 Jaanong, gore a botho le mebele ya bao ba go setseng go builwe ka bone yotlhe e tlaa kopanngwa nako e le nngwe fela, baleofi ga mmogo le basiami, ga ke bue; a go lekane, gore ka re botlhe ba tla pele; kgotsa ka mafoko a mangwe, tsogo ya bone e diragala pele ga tsogo ya bao ba ba swang morago ga tsogo ya ga Keresete.
20 Jaanong, morwaaka, ga ke re tsogo ya bone e tla ka nako ya tsogo ya ga Keresete; mme bona, ke naya e le kakanyo ya me, gore botho le mebele di a kopana, ya basiami, ka nako ya tsogo ya ga Keresete, le tlhatlogelo ya gagwe kwa legodimong.
21 Mme gore a e tlaa nna ka tsogo ya gagwe kgotsa morago, ga ke bue; mme ke bua go le kana, gore go na le sebaka fa gare ga loso le tsogo ya mmele, le seemo sa botho mo boitumelong kgotsa mo bohutsaneng go fitlhelela nako e e beilweng ke Modimo gore baswi ba tlaa tla pele, mme ba kopane, mmogo botho le mmele, mme ba tlisiwe go ema fa pele ga Modimo, le go atlholwa go ya ka fa ditirong tsa bone.
22 Ee, se se tlisa tsosoloso ya dilo tseo tse di builweng ka melomo ya baporofiti.
23 Botho bo tlaa buseletswa kwa mmeleng, mme mmele kwa bothong; ee, mme serwe sengwe le sengwe le tokololo e tlaa buseletswa kwa mmeleng wa yone; ee, le thiri ya tlhogo tota ga e na go latlhega; mme dilo tsotlhe di tlaa buseletswa mo sebopegong sa tsone se se itekanetseng.
24 Mme jaanong, morwaaka, se ke yone tsosoloso e ka yone go builweng ka melomo ya baporofiti—
25 Mme jaanong foo basiami ba tlaa phatsima pele mo motseng wa bogosi jwa Modimo.
26 Mme bona, loso lo lo boitshegang lo tla mo baleofing; gonne ba a swa go ya ka fa dilong tse di amanang le dilo tsa tshiamo; gonne ga ba phepa, mme ga go selo sepe se se seng phepa se se ka tsayang boswa jwa motse wa bogosi jwa Modimo; mme ba kobelwa kwa ntle, mme ba gololelwa go ja maungo a go dira ga bone ditiro tsa bone, tse di neng di le bosula; mme ba nwa maritsa a senwelo se se botlhoko.


text:
amandla.mobi ke mokgatlo o ikemetseng wa setjhaba, o o agang Mzanzi e tsamaisiwang ke batho. Go dira se re leka go fetola mogala mongwe le mongwe wa letheka go nna sediriswa sa go aga kgololesego, re sa kgetholole gore o nna kae, o bua loleme lefe, kgotsa ona le mathata afe, fela fa o ka tsaya tshwetso le ba bangwe.
Maloko otlhe a amandla.mobi go ralala naga ba kopana mo dinakong tse di masisi go thusana go lebelela mabaka a dirang diphetogo. Tiro ya rona ke go go golaganya le ba bangwe, gore lentswe la gago le nne le matla ga mmogo le tshusumetso ya go pateletsa ba ba tsamaisang dikantoro go nna le maikarabelo. Oka nna karolo ya amandla.mobi ka go ikwadisa fa kgotsa gonna le rona mo ditshupetsong.
amandla.mobi ke mokgatlho o o sa direng morokotso mme o ikaegile ka maloko a a a etleetsang mananeo a farologaneng. Jaaka mokgatlho o o ikemetseng ga re amogele letseno gotswa go mekgatlho ya sepolotiki, puso kgotsa dikgwebo. Ba o batla go etleetsa amandla.mobi ka kgatso, ikwadise fa.
amandla.mobi ke mokgatlo o ikemetseng wa setjhaba, o o agang Mzanzi e tsamaisiwang ke batho. Go dira se re leka go fetola mogala mongwe le mongwe wa letheka go nna sediriswa sa go aga kgololesego, re sa kgetholole gore o nna kae, o bua loleme lefe, kgotsa ona le mathata afe, fela fa o ka tsaya tshwetso le ba bangwe.


text:
Mopipi
Mopipi ke motse wa Botswana. O na le baagi ba le 3.066 (2001). Mopipi o mo kgaolwaneng ya Boteti e e mo kgaolong ya Legare. Mopipi o dikhilomithara di le masome a matlhano le bobedi go tswa mo toropong ya Orapa fa o ya ko Maun Motse o, o dikaganyeditswe ke Makgadikgadi a Nxai le Makgadikgadi. Makgadikgadi a go dumelwa gore a kile a bo e le matsha, mme ka go kgotlelesega ga tikologo metsi a kgala ga helela e le makgadikgadi a a letswai. Banni ba motse o, ba kile ba bo ba tshela ka tlhapi ka nako e Noka ya Boteti e neng e tshela.


text:
Ela tlhoko: phetolelo ee ya setswana e tseerwe ka tlhamalalo semmuso go tswa mo kwalong ya Lefapha la Molao. Re re lemogile gore phetolelo ee e na le diphoso, mme re direla go fitlhelela phetolelo e ntsha e e botoka.
Please note: This Setswana translation is taken directly from the official Department of Justice edition. We are aware that it is not complete or always accurate (e.g. s6.23.2), and we are working towards a new, better translation.
[Mametlelelo 6B, eo pele e neng e le Mametlelelo 6A, e e tsentsweng ke k. 2 ya Molaotheo Tlhabololo ya Borobedi ya Molao wa 2002 e bile e kwadilwe gape k. 6 Molaotheo Tlhabololo ya Bolesome ya Molao wa 2003 mme e phimotswe ke k. 5 ya Molaotheo Tlhabololo ya Bosometlhano ya Molao 2008.]


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THE OFFICIAL BOKONE BOPHIRIMA GOVERNMENT NEWSPAPER
Re tsaya nako e re le Lefapha la Setso, Botaki le Merero ya Magosi go utlwelana botlhoko le badiri le bareetsi ba seteishene sa Motsweding FM ka go hulara ga mongwe wa badiri ba sona e bile e le mogaka mo go tsa kgaso, Modiko “Atjaawuu” Christian Mothupi.
Jaaka go le mo dikgatlhegelong tsa lefapha go tsweletsa ditso le mmino wa Setswana, re nnile karolo ya thulaganyo ya “Tsa etsho tsa Setswana” e ka yona Modiko a amileng dimilione tsa baagi ka kgaso e e manontlhotlho ya mmino wa Setswana, sengwe se lefapha le se tshegetsang ka dinako tsotlhe.
Motho yo a neng a na le bokgoni e bile a tlotliwa ke ba le bantsi mo go se a neng a se dira e bile a se rata. O ne a tlhophiwa le go tsenela kgaisano ya dikabo tsa South African Traditional Music Awards (SATMA) makgetlho a feta a le marataro jaaka mogasi yo o gaisitseng mo go tsa mmino wa setso.
Boineelo jwa gagwe mo tirong bo ne jwa nna le thotloetso e kgolo mo go ba le bantsi e bile a neelana ka tshedimosetso ka thulaganyo ya gagwe go bareetsi. O ne a itse se bareetsi ba neng ba se tlhoka, a itse go tswakanya mafoko gore a tlogele bareetsi ba ikakata ka ditshego ka Setswana sa gagwe.
Moitseanape wa tsa setegeniki fa a ne a se ka fa kgasong, e bile a itse go boka le go ipoka ka botswerere.
Re ka mo gopola ka “Dumela tlhe kwena, dumela kwena ya Madiba, noga ya go se latelwe bodibeng, wa e latela bodibeng o tla tshwana le setlatla se rwele tlatlana ka lotlatlana… Atjaawuuu!”
Re akgola mogaka yono, yo a tswang kwa motseng wa Middleton B, Mokope ka fa ntle ga Atamelang mo masepaleng wa selegae wa Tswaing, mme e nnile moagi wa Mahikeng fa e sale a le lekawana a simolola go dira.
Keletso ya lefapha ke gore baswa ba ba tlang kwa morago ba itseele mo mogakeng yono, le go tsamaya mo dikgatong tsa gagwe ka go tsweletsa mmino wa setso ka serodumo sa ona.
A ba lelapa, masika le ditsala ba sidilege mo kutlobotlhokong ya bona. A mowa wa ga Modiko Mothupi o robale ka kagiso, “Kwena ya Madiba”.


text:
Kitsiso ya bokopano
Batho botlhe ba ba kileng ba tsena mo sekolong se se botlana sa Morama JSS ba lalediwa bokopano kwa sekolong sa morama ka di 10 may 2017 (Motsheganong) ka nako ya 1400hrs.
Bokopano jo ke mabapi le gore sekolo se digela dingwaga tse masome a mararo ka Lwetse 2017, se ntse se le teng.
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text:
Ntlo ya peeletso ya lefatshe la Botswana
National Archives of Botswana ke ntlo ya peeletso ya lefatshe la Botswana. Ba beile dithoto do ka tshwara 20,000 mme ebile gape diofisi tse dikgolo di kwa Gaborone.[1]
Botswana National Archives and Records Services ke lekalana la puso le le simolodisitsweng ka molao motheo wa National Archives Act of 1978, yo o simolodisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2007. Maitlamo a lephata le ke go beeletso kitso le go e tshwara ka mantlhotlho; le gone go baya sentle kitso ya lefatshe la Botswana.
Contents
Kitso ka kakaretso[baakanya | edit source]
Lefelo le le beeletsa tsotlhe dikitso tse di tlhokang tshomarelo e e rileng gore dikokomane tse di tla tlang di kgone go anywa botsipa le gone go tlhaloganya ka tse di neg di diragala bogologolo.Ntlo ya peeletso e tshwana fela le lefelo le le tshegetsang difikantswe tsa lefatshe la Botswana,pharologanyo fela ke gore le lengwe le tshegetsa difikantswe fa le lengwe le tshegetsa kitso le ditlhoto tse di faphegileng.Bontsi jwa bajanala le bone bana ba sekolo tota ba rata go etela Ntlo ya peeletso ka e ba fa se ba se tlhokang,le gone go itse ka ka lefatshe la Botswana
Tlhaloso ka ditirelo[baakanya | edit source]
Molao motheo wa National Archiveso tlhalosa gore tsotlhe dikitso tse di fetlang dingwaga tse di masome a mabedi di letlelelwa go bonwa ke setshaba. Kitso e e beeleditsweng e botlhokwa ebile e ngwe ke ya lefatshe la Botswana. Go nale e e botlhokwa le go fetla e e buang ka boswa jwa lefatshe la Botswana,ebile go setse malebelanyana fela a le sekae. Ka jalo setshaba fa se etletse kwa diofising ba gakololwa go tshwara dithotho tse di beeleditsweng ka tshomarelo go itsa gore di seka tsa senyegela pele.Go bona kitso e yotlhe go nale motlhale yo o dirisiwang ke setshaba fa ba batla go tla go bona. Fa motho a batla go etlela lefelo le,o tshwanetse go tlatsa pampiri e a e fiwang. Go bona dithoto le kitso mo lefelong le ga go kganelwe ebile ke mahala.
Melawana ya kobamele fa o le mo ntlong ya peeletso[baakanya | edit source]
Melawana e e latlelang e dirisiwa ke batho ba ba etlelang lefelo le.
- Ga gona pampiri epe e tswang ka lebatli la ntlo.
- Tsotlhe dipampiri di lebelwa mo ntlong ya peeletso.
- Baeti botlhe ba tlamiwa go tlatsa pampiri e e fa kgorong ya lebatli ka nako tsotlhe fa ba tsena mo ntlong.
- Go ja,go goga motsoko le gone go tlamuka dithoto ga go letlelelwe..
- Motho ga a letlelelwe go ntsha sepe kgotsa go tshwara sepe a sa fiwa teta.
- Dibeke tsotlhe ga di letlelelwe go tsena mo ntlong ya peeletso.
- Go ithutela mo dibukaneng tse di faphegileng tsa lokwala ga go letlelelwe.
- Modirisi o gakololwa go tlogela sepe se a neng a se dirisa fa a neng a se dirisetsa teng.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe.[baakanya | edit source]
O ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
- Palo ya mafelo a dipeeletso


text:
Jesu, o ruta batho Ka dikgakgamatso
Dithuto tsa botshelo Tse di tswang godimo,
Moruti wa lefatshe, O re senolele
Taolo tsa Bogosi, Tsa puso ya gago;
Taolo tsa bogosi, Tsa puso ya gago.
Bua fela, re a utlwa. Bua fela, re a utlwa
Melao, melao yotlhe, Melao, melao yotlhe.
Re eletsa segolo go e rutwa, Re eletsa le go e boloka.
“Ba ba humanegileng Mo Moyeng ba sego.
Ba tla rua Bogosi Jwa Rara Modimo,
Mme ba ba pelonomi, Le ba ba molemo
Ba tla fenya lefatshe Le jone boleo.
Mme go sego, ka botlalo Dipelo, dipelo tsotlhe
Tse di tshegetsang thato ya me sentle,
Tse di nthatang ka thata ya tsone.
Ba ba tlhologetsweng Tshiamo le bontle
Ba kgorisiwa thata Menate le botshe.
Go sego ba ba lelang; Ba tla gomodiwa.
Mme ba ba itshekileng Ba bona Morena.
Lo ikanyeng, lo ipeleng. Barutwa, barutwa ba me.
Gonne tuelo ya lona e kgolo
Mme Bogosi jwa me ke jwa jone.”


text:
Déposé le 17 avril 2018 par : Mme Rixain, Mme Jacqueline Dubois, Mme Frédérique Dumas, M. Freschi, Mme Colboc, Mme Gomez-Bassac, M. Lénaïck Adam, Mme Thill, M. Sorre, Mme Racon-Bouzon, M. Gérard, M. Galbadon, Mme Calvez, M. Cormier-Bouligeon, Mme Liso, M. Testé, M. Raphan, Mme Tiegna, Mme Piron, Mme Motin, Mme Pouzyreff, M. Nadot, Mme Muschotti, M. Thiébaut, Mme Rossi, Mme Romeiro Dias, Mme Lazaar, Mme Couillard, M. Gouffier-Cha, Mme Le Peih, M. Cabaré, Mme Panonacle, Mme Fontenel-Personne, Mme Valetta Ardisson, Mme Hammerer, Mme Gipson, Mme Guerel, Mme Blanc, Mme Rauch, Mme Charvier, Mme Sylla, M. Grau, M. Besson-Moreau, Mme de Montchalin, Mme Rilhac, Mme Hai, Mme Peyrol, M. Véran, M. Laabid, Mme Lenne, Mme Bagarry, M. Marilossian, Mme Gayte, Mme Khedher, M. Villani.
Amendement irrecevable au titre de l'article 40 de la constitution.


text:
Tlotlo a e nne ya Modimo kwa magodimodimong!
Le kagiso mo lefatsheng
mo bathong ba o ba itumelelang.
Morena Modimo, Kgosi ya legodimo,
Rara yo o thatayotlhe. Re a go boka, re a go leboga,
Mme re baka kgalalelo ya gago e kgolo.
Morena Jesu Kreste, Morwa Rara, Morena Modimo,
Konyana ya Modimo:
Wena yo o tlosang boleo jwa lefatshe
o re utlwele botlhoko.
Wena yo o bapileng le Rara:
re amogelele Dithapelo.
Gonne ke wena fela o leng Boitshepho:
ke wena fela o leng Morena,
ke wena fela o leng Mogodimodimo, Jesu Kreste,
yo o leng mo kgalalelong ya Modimo Rara
mmogo le Moya o o Boitshepho.
AMEN!


text:
Letshwao la Kgwebo ke letshwaokgwebo, tsekedi(slogan) kgotsa sesupo. Le tlhaola ditirelo kgotsa dithoto tsa motho mongwe mme le di tlhaola go tswa go dithoto le ditirelo tsa yo mongwe. Dikao di akaretsa:
Ka jalo letshwaokgwebo ke lefoko kgotsa mafoko a a kopantsweng (sekao Kentucky Fried Chicken). Tsekedi ke polelo e khutshwane mme sesupo ke setshwantsho se se kgethegileng kgotsa sekai. Tsona di neelana ka boitshupo mo lefelong la mmaraka.Di ka neelana ka dikumo mmogo le ditirelo.
Fa letshwao la kgwebo (letshwaokgwebo, tsekedi, kgotsa sesupo) le kwadisitswe, ga go ope yo o ka dirisang letshwao le la kgwebo,kgotsa lengwe le le batlileng le tshwana le lona. Fa se se diragala, go tsewa dikgato tsa semolao.
Letshwao la kgwebo le ka sireletswa jalo ka fa tlase ga Molao fa le Kwadisitswe. Matshwao a kgwebo a a sa kwadiswang a ka sireletswa go ya ka molao wa tlwaelo. Dikgato tsa kwadiso di tlisa sethifikeithi sa kwadiso seo se nang le boemo ba semolao, bo bo letlang mong wa letshwaokgwebo le le kwadisitsweng go nna le ditshiamelo tse di kgethegileng go dirisa letshwao leo.
CIPRO e laola Rejisetara ya Matshwao a kgwebo eo e leng rekoto ya matshwao kgwebo otlhe a a setseng a dirisiditswe mme a kwadisitswe mo Rephaboliking ya Aforika Borwa.
Letshwao la kgwebo le le kwadisitsweng le ka sirelediwa botshelo jwa lona jotlhe. Le ntšhafadiwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le lesome morago ga go duelwa ga madi a ntšhafatso.


text:
Lebala La Metshameko La Francistown
Lebala la metshameko la Francistown ke lebala le le dirisiwang metshameko ka mefutla mo Botswana, le le santseng le agiwa.Fa le fela ka ngwaga wa 2009,le tla bo le dirisiwa gantsi go tshameka Fa le fela ka ngwaga wa 2009, le tla bo le dirisetswa kgwele ya dinao gape le tla tshegetsa metshameko ya setlhopha sa mo gae sa TAFIC. Lebala le le tla nna le nonofo ya selekanyo sa go tshegetsa batho ba le 27,000.
Le tla nna le ditlamelo tse di tona tsa tlhwatlhwa. Le nale manno a ditilo a a tlhomaganeng go ya ko godimo a le borobabongwe. Lebala le le tla tsenngwa motlho wa nnete. Mmanno a a tlotlegileng a a bidiwang "Pavilion" a tla nna le ditlamelo tsa batlotlegi tsa maemoa a ko godimo. Lebala le ke lone le le tona mo Botswana,le tla dirisediwa go tshegetsa metshameko ya tlhwatlhwa ya mafatshe e e totegang.Ke nngwe ya mabala a a fiwang tota gape a tsewa tsia ka gore toga-maano a sone ke e e kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.
Bodulo jwa puisanyo le jwa itshidilo mmele bo tla tsenngwa mo labaleng. go solofelwa fa lebala le le tla fela ngwaga o o tlang ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e simolola. Lebala le ke lengwe la ditlamelo tse ba lekgotla la metshameko ya kgwele ya dinao (FIFA) e ikaelelang gore le dirisewe ke ditlhopha tsa sejana sa lefatshe sa ngwaga wa 2010 pele ga metshameko.
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- "Francistown Stadium" (in en). Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture (Botswana). http://www.mysc.gov.bw/dsr/index.php/projects-details/francistown-stadium. Retrieved 25 Ngwanatsele 2012.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Coordinates: 21°09′37″S 27°29′55″E / 21.160261°S 27.498565°E


text:
Mo Windows
Fa o fudugela kwa nageng kgotsa kgaolong e sele, fetola seting ya kgaolo ya gago gore o nne o reke kwa Lebentleleng. Ela tlhoko: Dikuno di le dintsi tse di rekilweng mo Lebentleleng la Windows mo kgaolong e nngwe ga di na go bereka mo go e nngwe. Seno se akaretsa Xbox Live Gold le Groove Music Pass, didiriso, metshameko, mmino, dibaesekopo, le dithulaganyo tsa TV.
Go fetola kgaolo ya gago mo Windows, mo lebokosong la phuruphutsho, tsenya Kgaolo, o bo o tlhopha Fetola kgaolo kgotsa naga ya lona.
Ka fa tlase ga Naga kgotsa kgaolo, tlhopha kgaolo ya gago e ntšhwa.
O ka kgona go boela gape kwa kgaolong ya gago ya kwa tshimologong nako nngwe le nngwe.
Mo webosaeteng ya Lebentlele
Fa o fudugela kwa nageng kgotsa kgaolong e sele, fetola seting ya kgaolo ya gago gore o nne o reke kwa Lebentleleng. Ela tlhoko: Dikuno di le dintsi tse di rekilweng mo Lebentleleng la Windows mo kgaolong e nngwe ga di na go bereka mo go e nngwe. Seno se akaretsa Xbox Live Gold le Groove Music Pass, didiriso, metshameko, mmino, dibaesekopo, le dithulaganyo tsa TV.
Tshubilwe Lebentlele la Windows, sekorolela kwa tlase go ya kwa botlaseng jwa dintlhatlase.
Tlhopha kgokagano ya puo o bo o tlhopha puo e ntšhwa – motswako wa dipuo.
O ka kgona go boela gape kwa kgaolong ya gago ya kwa tshimologong nako nngwe le nngwe.
Akhaonto ya Xbox Live
Tsela ya go fetola kgaolo ya akhaonto ya gago ya Xbox Live ke eno.
Saenela go tsena mo Xbox Live Tsebe ya go fuduga ga akhaonto.
Tlhopha Latelang, o bo o tlhopha kgaolo, mme morago ga foo Ke a Amogela.


text:
Motsana wa Mogome
Mogome ke motse o o mo kgaolong ya legare mo Botswana. Motse o fa tlase ga tsela e e kopanyang Palapye le Mahalapye.Ditoropo tse di kgaoganngwa ke dikilomethara di le masome a matlhano Mogome o nale sekolo se se potana, gapw palo ya batho e ne e le makgolo a mararo,masome a bosupa le motso mo palo bathong ya ngwaga wa 2001.[1]
Contents
Banni ba Mogome ba rotloediwa bopelotlhomogi[baakanya | edit source]
Modulasetilo wa mokgatlho wa Tapologong Association Rre Molemane Maje o kopile boeteledipele mo setshabeng go nna le seabe ka nako tsotlhe mo ditirong tsa bopelotlhomogi.O buile mafoko a ka matlhatso fa mokgatlho oo o ne o tshwere mogwanto wa dikhilometara di le masome a mabedi go kgobokanyetsa ba Motswedi Rehabilitation Centre madi.Rre Maje a re fa mongwe le mongwe a ka tsaya kgato go thusa ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo setshabeng, matshego a tebelopele ya setshaba, Vision 2016, ke gone a ka atlegang.O ikuetse mo sechabeng gore batho botlhe ba rwale ditlhako go tsweledisa go thusa sekolo sa Motswedi Rehabilitation Centre ka dithuso tsa bopelotlhomogi.Rre Maje o buile a sa kgwe mathe ka batho ba ba itlhokomolosang bahumanegi mme a kopa setshaba go tsenya letsogo go thusa ba ba seng lesego mo botshelong.
A re manokonoko a lehuma a maswe mme a ka kgonwa fela fa mowa wa bopelotlhomogi o le teng mo setshabeng.Kgosi Mothibe Linchwe, le ene, o ne a rotloetsa batsadi le banana go tsenya letsogo mo ditirong tsa kutlwelobotlhoko.O ne a leboga barulaganyi ba mogwanto a bolela fa mogwanto e le nngwe ya ditsela tsa go itshidila mmele.E rile moemedi wa Setlogelwa-tsatsing Rre Michael Moji a bua a rotloetsa bana ba Motswedi Rehabilitation Centre go ithutuntsha thata mo go direng ka diatla gore ba tle ba kgone go ikgobokanyetsa madi a ba ka ithusang ka one.O boletse fa mokoduwe go tsosiwa o o itsosang ka jalo a ba kgothatsa go leka ka thata go itsosa botshelo jwa bone bo tokafale.
Badiri ba kgaolwana potana ya Legare ba gakolotswe go dira ka nata[baakanya | edit source]
Badirela puso ba kgaolwana ya legare le tikologo ba ba duelwang ka letsatsi ba kgothaditswe go bereka ka mashetla le go ikanyega mo tirong le fa puso e santse a ba beile ka fa mosing mo go ba okeletsang dituelo.Ba kgothaditswe ke moeteledipele wa lekgotla la bone la babereki, Rre Johnson Motshwarakgole bosheng mo phuthegong e a neng a e tshwere le bone bosheng.Rre Motshwarakgole o ne a ba kopa gore ba ititee ka thupana fa ba tshwere tiro ya bone gore ba kgotsofatse mohiri, ba seka ba eletsa dithoto tsa motirong mo ba ka felelang ba di utswa jaaka fa go setse go nnile le dikgang dingwe tsa batho ba ba neng ba tshwarwa ba utswile dingwe tsa mo tirong."Bangwe ba atle ba tshwarwe ba utswile madi a puso ka go bereka ba eta ba ngwega mo tirong le boitseme." "Gape lo seka lwa dirisa dikoloi tsa Puso botlhaswa."E rile a bua ka go okeletsa babereki madi a re bone e le babueledi ba babereki ba buile le boeteledipele jwa puso gore ba ye go kopana go buisana ka dituelo tsa babereki jaanong ba maketse e re ba ise ba kopane tona wa tsa madi e ne a bo a ya go bua ka dituelo tsa babereki mo phatlalatsong ya madi, mme a teilwe go twe a name a tlogetse kgang eo.
"Tona ga a a obamela ditumalano tsa phuthego ya rona ya khansele e e tlhophilweng bosheng e tlhophelwa go boisana ka tse di tshwenyang jaaka dituelo tsa babereki le tse dingwe tse di tshwenyang babereki." Motshwarakgole a re mo malatsing a makhutshwane khansele ya bone e tlaa ya go kopanela kgang kgolo e le go bua ka dituelo tsa babereki. "Ka gore gompieno balemi bone ba filwe seabe sa bone jaanong re emetse sa babereki." E rile a wetsa kgang ya gagwe a ba leboga a re le fa ba sa amogele sepe ba leka go tsutlaganya bonnyennyane jo ba bo amogelang ba duelela bana dikole ba ba rekela dijo, diaparo, ba aga le go duela dipalamo gore bana ba kgone go ya dikoleng.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ "Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census". Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071124145441/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist50.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
Coordinates: 22°48′28″S 26°59′56″E / 22.80778°S 26.99889°E


text:
Miranda de Ebro
Miranda de Ebro ke toropo kgolo kwa Spain, Europa. E na le baagi ba le 38.417 (2007).
Ditso[baakanya | edit source]
Go tsweng ngwaga tsa 1940-1947,Miranda de Ebro,toropo mo bokone jwa Spain, e ne e nale bothibelo jwa magolegwa a batswa kwa. Bangwe e ne se ba ba tswang mo lefelong la Spain baba neng ba tshwerwe ka nako tsa dintwa.Bangwe e ne ele baba tlodileng molelwane ka bokhukhuntshwane. Mo bofelelong, bontsi e ne e le masole a Germany a neng a ikgobokantse fa ba tsena mo Spain kwa phelelong ya dintwa tsa mafatshe. Bontsi jwa magolegwa e ne e lebega e le ma french, mme bontsi jwa bosetshaba bo ne bo le teng go akaretswa le bone ma America.
palo e supa maina a magolegwa a neng a tshwerwe kwa kgolegelong gone ka nako eo. Polelo e ne supa maina a magolegwa le bosetshaba jwa bone fela. Tumelo ga ya neelwa,mme fa re kanoka ka difane, palo ya bajuta e ne e le kwa tlase.Go na le karata ya ikwadiso, e tlaletsa polelo ya motho mongwe le mongwe, e naya lefelo le malatsi a matsalo,seemo go supa fa o nyetswe kana o sa nyalwa, ntwa ya bonno,leina la rragwe le nako ya tshwaro mo Spain.[1]
Otele[baakanya | edit source]
Toropo ya Miranda de Ebrob ke lefelo le le tletseng ka diotele ka go farologana. Dingwe tsa tsone di umakilwe fa tlase: Otele ya ntlha e bidiwa Vía Norte. E gone mo toropong ya Miranda de Ebrob, kgogedi ya teng ke Bodegas Bilbainas, Bodega Rafael Lopez de Heredia, le Plaza de la Paz. Popego ya otele Otele e,e nale reseturente le phaphose ya boamogelo baeng. E nale dikamore tsa thakano le kamore ya bokopano. [2]