text:
Mosadi
Mosadi ke motho yo o monamagadi. Lentswe la mosadi le dirisiwa segolo go mogodi, fa lentswe le mosetsana e le lentswe le ka setlwaedi le beetsweng ngwana kgotsa moadolesente yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi gape le dirisiwa ka gale go supa motho yo o monamagadi go sa lebelelwa mengwaga, jaaka le dirisiwa mo difreising tsa go tshwana le "ditokelo tsa basadi" "women's rights". "Mosadi" gape le ka nne la raya boikayo-bong jwa motho (person's gender identity.[1]). Basadi bao ba nang le bokao ba tlhago gantsi ba kgona go ka tsala/tshola [giving birth] go tloga ka nako ya puberty go fitlha ka menopause. Go ya ka go ikaya-bong, batho ba ba tlolagantshitseng bong [transgender people] bao ka botsalo go lepilweng gore ke ba ba botona [determined to be male] mme ba ikaya e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala/tshola. Bangwe batho [ba-intersex] ba ba ikayang e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala ka ntlha ya gongwe e le fa ba sterilaisitse sterility kgotsa ba gotsitse Y khromosounu [inheriting Y chromosomes] e le nngwe kgotsa go feta. Ka sewelo mo mabakeng a a rileng/a a tswileng thata, batho bao ba nang le Swyer syndrome ba ka tsala/tshola ka thuso ya melemo [medical assistance]. Go phunyeletsa ka ditso kgotsa ka histori basadi ba itseetse kgotsa ba tshwaetswe go tsea dikarolo tsa mehutahuta.
Ethimoloji[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Go peleta mosadi ka Seisimane go tsweletse thata go ya ka meleniamo e e fetileng go tswa go wīfmann[2] go ya go wīmmann go wumman, mme bofelelong, mopeleto wa segompieno wa mosadi [woman.[3]]. Mo Seisemaneng sa kgale, wīfmann e ne e kaya motho yo monamagadi "female human", e le fa wēr e kaya motho yo motona "male human". Mann kgotsa monn e ne e na le bokao bong jo bo magareng [gender-neutral] jwa motho "human", e tsamaelana le motho 'person' kgotsa mothomongwe 'someone' ka Seisemane sa se gompieno; le fa go le jwalo, botlamoraga ga Norman Conquest, lentswe le monna le simolotswe go dirisiwa thata go kaya motho yo motona "male human", mme bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo-13 la khurumetsa tiriso ya lentswe la kgale wēr.[4] Tumapou f and m mo go wīfmann e hueditswe ka mo sebopegong sa gompieno sa "woman", fa ntlha ya tshimologo e e neng e kaya bonamagadi "female", e tsamaile semantic narrowing go tlisa tlhaloganyong mosadi yo o nyetsweng ("wife"). Ke misconception o o tlwaelegileng wa gore lentswe le "woman" go ya ka ethimoloji le lomagane le "womb", leo le tswang go lefoko le le farologaneng la Seisemane sa kgale, wambe le le kayang "stomach" (sa botona kgotsa bonamagadi; SeJeremanae sa gompieno se itshwareletse ka lentswe le le colloquial "Wampe" le letswang mo go Middle High German le le kayang "potbelly").[5][6] Le fa gontse jalo, boikaketso jo bo jaana jwa tlhago ya lentswe le "woman" e tlhagile le mo dikwalong.[7]
Biological symbol[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Letshwao la pholanete ya Venus ke sekai gape sa sesadi [female sex.[8]] se se dirisiwang mo baelojing. Ke mokgwanyana wa seemedi sa seipone sa letsogo [hand-mirror] sa modimogadi Venus kgotsa letshwao la khutswafatso la modimogadi: modiko o o nang le sefapanonyana se se equilateral ka fa tlase. Letshwao la Venus gape le emela senamagadi/bonamagadi [femininity], mme ka alkhemi kgale se ne se emela koporo [copper]. BaBoalkhemi ba agile letshwao le go tswa mo modikong (go emela mowa [spirit]) mo godimo ga sefapano se se equilateral (se emetse matter).
Terminology[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Bosadi ke nako mo bophelong motho yo monamagadi ga a setse a fetile bongwana le boadolosense, ka setwaelo mengwageng ya bo 18.
Lefoko le mosadi le ka dirisiwa ka setlwaedi, go raya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi kgotsa fa re nankolla, go raya mogodi mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi fa a bapisiwa le mosetsana. Lefoko le mosetsana tlhagong le raya "motho yo moswa jwa bong bongwe le bongwe" ka Seisimane [English];[9] e ne e le kwa tshimologong ya sentshwuari ya bo16 fa e tla go ray ngwana yo o namagadi [a female child].[10] Lentswe le mosetsana go le gale le dirisiwa colloquially go kaya mosadi yo moswa kgotso yo a sa nyalwang; le fa go le jalo, mo metlheng ya mengwaga ya bo 1970 fa e simolola babosadi challenged tirisi ya mofuta wo ka gonne tiriso ya lefoko le go kaya mosadi yo o godileng e ne e ka tlisa kgopisanyo. Segolobogolo, mantswe a tlwaelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka mosetsana wa ofisi [office girl] ga a tlholwe a diririwa ka bophara. Conversely, mo ditsong dingwe tse di amantshang tlotla [honor] ya losika le bokgarebe [virginity] bonamagading, lefoko le mosetsana le dirisiwa go kaya lefetwa (mosadi yo a sa kakeng a nyalwa) [never-married woman]; ka mokgwa wo le dirisiwa ka tsela e e [roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden]. Go kaya motho yo monamagadi yo a sa nyalwang jaaka mosadi, mo ditsong tseo, go ka akanngwa gore o na le maiphitlhelo a tlhakanelo-dikobo, eo e ka nnang thogako losikeng lwa gagwe. [citation needed]
Go na le mafoko a mefutafuta a dirisiwang go kaya boleng ba go nna mosadi. Lentswe le "bosadi" le raya fela seemo sa boleng sa mosadi, a setse a kgabagantse menarche; "sesadi" "femininity" le dirisiwa go kaya bontlhanngwe jwa boleng jwa bonamagadi jo bo gokaganeng le maikutlo mangwe a diroles tsa bong [gender roles]; sebosadi "womanliness" se tshwana le sesadi "femininity", e fela ka setlwaedi se gokagane le ye e farologaneng ya diroulo tsa bong; bosesadi "femaleness" ke lentswe le le tlwaelegileng, e fela gantsi le dirisiwa ka bokhutshwane go bosesadi ba motho "human femaleness"; "distaff" ke letlhaodi la kgale le le tswang go ditiro tsa basadi tsa tlwaelo tsa mologi spinner, ga jaanong le dirisiwa fela ka maabomo archaism; "muliebrity" ke neologism (le tlhaga go Selatini) go raya [counterpart] ya bonamagadi ya "virility", e fela e dirisiwa ka go repa, ka nako dingwe go raya fela bosadi "womanhood", ka nako dingwe sesadi "femininity" ka nako dingwe gape jaaka lentswe la kakaretso la mosadi. [citation needed]
Menarche, tshimologo ya menstruation, e dirafala go tloga ka ngwaga wa 12-13. Ditso di le dintsi di na le mareo a tlodiso [rites of passag] go tshwaa fa mosetsana a . . . coming of age, jaaka fa a tlhomamisiwa mo makaleng a mangwe a boKresete [Christianity], [citation needed] bat mitzvah ka seJuta [Judaism], kgotsa tlwaelo ya go dira moletlo o o botlhokwa ya matsalo birthday a mangwe (ka kakaretso magareng ga 12 le 21), jaaka Quinceañera ba Latin America.
History[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Basadi ba pele bao maina a bone a itseweng archaeology a akaretsa:
- Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), mosadi wa Narmer le kgosigadi wa ntlha wa Egepeta ya kgale [ancient Egypt].[11][12]
- Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent ya Egepeta ya kgale metlheng ysdinasti ya ntlha [first dynasty]. E ka be e ne e le mmusisi wa Egepeta ka bo ena. [13][14]
- Merit-Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), le ena o dutse kwa Egepeta gape ke mosadi wa pele wa go nna ngaka [physician] le wa tsa matlhale [scientist].[15]
- Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), ke ngaka [physician] kwa Ancient Egypt.[16][17]
- Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), kgotsa Shubad – kgosigadi ya kwa Ur yoo lebitla la gagwe le fitlhetsweng le na le diartifacts tsa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo. Dikgosigadi dingwe tsa kwa Ur tse di itseweng tsa pele ga Sargonic (bahumagadi ba segosi) ba akaretsa Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, le Gansamannu.[18]
- Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba"
- Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian kgosigadi, mosadi wa Sargon of Akkad gape e le mmagwe Enheduanna.[19][20]
- Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Dikgosigadi dingwe tse di itseweng tsa pele ga-Sargonic tsa dynasty ya ntlha ya Lagash di akaretsa Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, le Shagshag, mme maina a a mmalwa a dikhumagatsana dingwe le one a a itsege.
- Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),[21][22] moprisitagadi o mogolo [high priestess] wa tempele ya modimo wa Ngwedi [ Moon God] kwa Sumerian motsemogolong wa Ur mme ka gongwe e le mmoki wa ntlha yo a itsegeng ebile e le mokwadi wa ntlha wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[23]
Biology le bong[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Fa re leba ka biology, ditho tsa thobalano [sex organs] tsa bosadi di amega mo reproductive system, ntswa secondary sex characteristics di amega mo go otleng bana kgotsa, mo ditsong tse dingwe, go ngoka e tona/molekane. Di ovaries, go tlhakana le tiro ya tsona ya go laola tsweletso/tlhagiso ya dihomounu, di tsweletsa digamete tsa bosadi tse di bidiwang mae [eggs] a o, fa a umisitswe [fertilized] ke digamete [sperm] tsa e tona, a bopa new genetic individuals. Popelo [uterus] ke setho se se nang le tlhono/thisu [tissue] e e sireletsang ebile e godisa le go tsweletsapele kgolo ya fetase[fetus] le mothapo/mosifa o e tlong go e alola ge e belega/tshola. Vagina e dirisiwa mokotong le fa go belegwa, le fa lentswe le 'vagina' le dirisiwa segolo setona colloquially le ka tsele e e sa tshwaneleng mo lelemeng la Seisemane go raya vulva kgotsa bokantle ba setho sa bosadi [external female genitalia], eo e nang le (ge re akaretsa le vagina) labia, lelengwana/nawa [clitoris], le urethra ya bosadi. Letswele [breast] le tlhagelela matuteng a a monate [sweat gland] go tsweletsa masi/lebese, secretion e e dikotla ke thwadi semelong sa diamusi, yona le bophelo le pelego. Mo basading ba ba godileng, letswele le tonogile thata go gaisa diamusi tse dingwe; go tonoga go, e seng fela tsweletsong ya masi, e ka be bonnyane e le ka lebaka la kgetho ya thobalano [sexual selection]. (Ditseleng dingwe tse banna ba farologaneng ka sebopego le basadi, bona monna [[[man]]].) [citation needed]
Seseng ka nako ya fa fetal e bopega, diembryo tsa bong bobeding di tlhagalela di le gender-neutral. Jaaka mo mabakeng ao go senang bong, jaaka mehuta e e tsweletsang asexually [reproduce asexually], tlhago e e gender-neutral e kgaufi le ya bosadi go na le ya botona. Fetus gantsi e golela bonnng/botoneng fa e le exposed to a significant amount of testosterone (segolo thata ka fetus e na le Y chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre). Ga go se jalo, fetus gantsi e golela bosading, segolo thata fa fetus e na le X chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre, kgotsa gape fa ntate a sa abelana ka chromosome X kgotsa ya Y. Morago ka nako ya puberty, estrogen e feminisa lekgarebe, e mo fe semelo sa bong sa bagodi/ go gola. [citation needed]
Go se lekalekane ga go lepalepana ga dihomounu tsa bomme le dikhemikale (kgotsa diretebatsi) di ka fetola popego ya sekondari ya bong ba difetase. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karyotype 46,XX, fela a le mongwe go ba ba sekete o tla ba le 47,XXX, gape a le mongwe go ba ba 2500 o tla baana le 45,X. Se se ganana le karotype ya bonna tota ya 46,XY; ka jalo, di chromosomes X le Y di itsiwe ka bonamagadi le botona, go ya ka tatelano. Ka gonne batho ba gotsa fela mitochondrial DNA go tswa mo ovum ya mme, dithuto tsa genetic tsa bonamagadi ka gale di lepa mitochondrial DNA.Botswana
Le fa ngwana a kaiwa le yo monamagadi se ga se ga ntsi se kaya gore mo nakong e e tlang ngwana yo o tla ikaya jalo (lebelela gender identity). Sekao, intersex individuals, ba seemo le/kgotsa popego ya tlhago tse di tswakaneng, ba ka dirisa bokao bongwe fa ba tlhekisa ikano ya bone. Kwa tsalong, bana ba ka fiwa bong go ikaegilwe mo dithong tsa bona tsa bong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, le fa ngwana a na le dichromosone tsa XX, fa a tsetswe ka ntsutsu, ba godisiwa ka botona.[24] Go na gape le transgender le basadi ba transsexual, bao ba neng ba kailwe ka botona fa ba tsalwa, e fela ba kaiwa jaaka e le basadi; go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa lephedisano, semolao, le boleng tseo di leng mabapi le kgang e. (lebelela trans woman).Botswana
Le fa bonnyane go tsalwa ba ba namagadi go na le ba ba tona (selekanyo se tsamaela go 1:1.05), ka ntlha ya botshelo jo bo eletswang jo be telele go na le banna ba le 81 fela ba ba leng mo mengwageng ya 60 kgotsa go feta mo basading ba le 100 ba mengwage e e tshwanang. Basadi go le gontsi ba tshela sebaka se se telele go gaisa banna. [25] Se setlholwa ke mabaka a a tlhakaneng :genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (jaaka lebaka la gore merafeng ya sešeng ga go a lebelelwa mo gore basadi ba ka tsenela tiro ya bosole [military service]); dikgetho tsa maphelo [health-impacting] (tse jaaka go ipolaya [suicide] kgotsa go goga sekarete, le go nwa bojalwa [alcohol]); go nna teng ga homounu ya bonamagadi estrogen, yeo e nang le cardioprotective effect mo basading ba premenopausal; le di effect tsa high levels of androgens mo banneng. Go tswa go palogotlhe ya batho/setšhaba, go na le banna ba ba 101.3 go 100 lengwe le lengwe la basadi (source: 2001 World Almanac).Botswana
Mebele ya basetsana e tsamaya diphetogo ga nnyane ga ba le mo nakong ya puberty, go tshwana le fa go tlhaologile le maitemogelo a basimane. Puberty ke tsamao ya diphetogo tsa lebopo eo mmele wa ngwana [child's body] o golang go mmele wa mogodi go kgona [sexual reproduction] go kgonisa fertilisation. E tlhotlholetswa ke ditshupetso tsa di homounu [hormonal signals] go tswa mo bokong brain go ya go gonads-e ka nna diovari kgotsa ditestes. Go arabela ditshupetso, di gonads di ntsha dihomounu tseo di sisinyang libido le kgolo, tiro, le phetogo ya boboko, marapo [[[Lerapo|bones]]], mesifa [muscle], madi [blood], letlalo [skin], moriri [hair], matswele [breasts], le ditho tsa thobalano [sexual organs]. Physical growth—boleele le boima- di and weight—accelerates mo karolong ya ntlha ya puberty gape e fela fa ngwana a tlhagisitse mmele wa bogodi. Go fitlhelela kgolo ya bokgoni ba go tswetsa tsalo, pre-pubertal, dipharologano tsa popo magareng ga basimane le basetsana ke di genitalia, ntsutsu [penis] le phene [vagina]. Puberty ke tsamao e go le go ntsi e diragalang magareng ga mengwaga ya bo 10–16, e fela megwaga e e farologane go ya go mosetsana go mosetsana. Tshupokgolo fa mosetsana a le mo puberty ke menarche, tshimologo ya go ya sesading [menstruation], eo e diragalang bonnyane magareng a mengwageng ya bo 12–13.[26][27][28][29]
Basetsana ba le bantsi ba ya through menarche gape ba kgona go ka ima [pregnant] ba tshola bana [bear children].[30] Se ka setlwaedi se tlhoka internal fertilization ya mae a gagwe ka sperm sa monna ka thobalano [sexual intercourse], le fa artificial insemination kgotsa go jalelela ka karo [surgical implantation] ga embryo e e le teng le yone go a kgonagala (lebelela reproductive technology). Thuto ya tsa tlhagisotsalo ya bonamagadi le ditho tsa tlhagiso [reproductive organs] e bitswa gynaecology.Botswana
Tsa bophelo[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Pholo ya basadi di kaya dio dingwe tsa maphelo tse di lebaganeng thwi le pholo ya basadi ya ditho-popego tsa bonamagadi. Go malwetsi mangwe a segolo se tonna a tlhomarang basadi, jaaka lupus. Gape, go na le malewetsi mangwe a a tsalanang thata le bong [gender-related illnesses] a a bonong kgafetsa kgafetsa kgots fela mo basading, sekao, kankere ya matswele [breast cancer], cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Basadi le banna ba na le matshwao a a farolaganeng a bolwetsi gape ba ka responta ka go go farologaneng kalafing ka ditlhare. Karolo e ya diphuphutso/dinyakisiso e ithutiwa ke ba gender-based medicine.Botswana
Kgang ya pholo ya basadi e tseetswe godimo ke bontsi ba feminists, segolo thata moo go amanang le reproductive health. Pholo ya basadi e filwe leemo magareng a bophara mmeleng wa kitso e e nopolwang, go ba bangwe, ke World Health Organisation, eo e beyang botlhokwa bonng jaaka e le ekaego ya tsa pholo .[31]
Maternal mortality kgotsa maso a botswetse a tlhaloswa ke ba WHO jaaka e le "leso la mosadi fa e le moimana kgotsa sebakeng sa matsatsi a 42 a phediso/pheletso ya boimana, go sa tlhaole gore ke sebaka se se kae goba lefelo le lefe la boimana, go tloga go mabaka a a ka bong a amana le go kgotsa a ronkgile ke boimana kgotsa tsamao ya bone e seng go tswa kotsing kgotsa mabaka a kotsi."[32] Bo nnyane diperesente di le 99% tsa maso a boimana a diragala mo dinageng tse di santseng di ikaga. Go feta seripa sa ona go diragala kwa sub-Saharan Africa gape bogolo ngwe-tharong kwa South Asia. Mabaka magolo a maso a pelego ke go tsorotla madi (segolo go tswa madi fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana ), tshwaetso (ka tlwaelo fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana), pre-eclampsia le eclampsia, khutliso-boimana e e sa bolokegang, le boimana bjo bo kgweleaneng ka ntlha ya bolwetsi ba letadi [malaria] le HIV/AIDS.[33] dinaga di le dintsi tas Yuropa, Australia, le Japane le Singapore di bolokegile that mabapi le tsa tsholo ya bana, fa dinaga tsa Sub-Saharan di le diphata tota.[34]
Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:[35]
- (...) ditokelo tsa botho tsa basadi di akaretsa tokelo tsa bone go ka laola godimo ga le go tsea kgato ka tokologo le boikarabelo mo mabakeng a a amanang le bong ba bone, go akaretsa tsa pholo ya bong le itsweletso, kwa ntle ga kgapeletso, kgethololo le kgwetlho. Bolosika bjo bo lekanang magareng ga basadi le banna mo mabakeng a tsa botsalano bonng le itswalong, go akaretsa tlhompho ka botlalo go tlhompha botho ba motho,go tlhoka tlhompho ya pelegano, tumelano le kabelano ya maikarabelo go maithswaro a bong le ditlamorago tsa ona.
Tlolo ya ditokelo tsa itsweletso di akaretsa boimana ka kgapeletso [forced pregnancy], go imisiwa ga kgapeletso [forced sterilization] le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso [forced abortion].
Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso go ne go dirisiwa nakong seripeng sa ntlha sa sentshuari ya bo 20th bogolo ke dinaga tsa Bophirimatsatsi. Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso di begwa e le mekgwa e sešeng e dirisiwang mo dinageng tse di jaaka Uzbekistan le China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Tlhokego ya melao e e maleba ya tsa kgwetlo ya thobalano e tlhakane le The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack go tlhokega ga phitlhelelo go dithibela-pelego [contraception] le/kgotsa khutliso-boimana [abortion] ke mabaka a kgapeletso ya boimana (lebelela boimana ka peto [pregnancy from rape]).Botswana
Ditiro ka setso le bong[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa prehistoric, basadi ba tsere karole e e rileng ya setso. Mo ditšhabeng tsa botsomi-le-bokgobokelo [hunter-gatherer], basadi ka karetso e ne e le bakgoboketsi ba dijo tsa dijalo, diphoofotswana, dijonyana tsa diphoofotswana le ditlhapi, fa banna ba tsoma nama ya diphoofolo tse kgolo. Botswana
Mo setšheng, dikarolo ka bong di fetogile e le tota. Kwa ga lowe, go tloga bonnyaneng, kgatlhegelo ya ditiro e ne segolo e lebisitswe ntlheng e e rileng go ya ka bong.[42] Go ya ka dingwao, basadi ba klase ya magareng [middle class women] ba ne ba amega mo ditirong tsa segae segolo thata tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Basadi ba ba humanegi bone, bogolo ba klase ya go dira [working class], le fa se gantsi e setse e le se se eletswang, maemo a tsa moruo a ba gapeleditse go batla tiro kwa ntle ga legae. Ditiro di le dintsi tse di neng di le teng mo go bone e ne e le tse di duelang madi a a kwa tlase go lekannwga le tseo di leng teng go banna. Botswana
Fa diphetogo mebarakeng ya madirelo di tla di e ba teng, go ba gona ga bothapiwa go fetogile fela go tloga tirong ya 'ditshila', diureng tse ditelele tsa mediro ya kwa difekethering go ya go ditiro tse di "tlhwekileng", tse di tlhomphegang tsa diofisi tseo di neng di tlhoka thuto, botseakarolo ga basadi kwa madirelong a kwa U.S.go tlhatlhogile ka 6% ka 1900 go ya go 23% ka 1923. Go suta go go badiredi go tlisiitse diphetogo mo maikutlo a basadi kwa tirong, gwa dumelela go tla ga menololo ya ditiro eo ditswamorago tsa yone di direlng basadi go nna career and education oriented.Botswana
Ka bo 1970s, diachademiki tsa bomme di le dintsi, go akaretsa ba thutamatlhale, di ne tsa ikatologanya le go tshola bana. E fela, go phunyeletsa di 1980s, diinstitushene di lekile go lekalekanya maemo a banna le basadi tkwa mafelobodirelo. Le fa go le jalo, go se lekalekane fa kwa gae go ragile ditšhono tsa basadi go ka atlega jaaka banna. Basadi ba diprofeshenale ba santsane ba lebagane le mediro ya selegae le tlhokomelo ya bana. Jaaka fa batho ba a tle ba bue, ba na le "mekgweleo 'mebedi" eo e sa ba letleleleng nako le matla a go ka tswelela ka tsa ditiro. Le gone, le fa go ne go na le go oketsega ga tekatekanyo ya go tsea karolo tsa bong ka mo gae bobeding ga banna le basadi, thuto-nyakisiso ya sešeng e bontshitse gore basadi ba itebagantse le tsa morality, fairness, and well-being, fa banna ba itebagantse le social conventions.[43] Go fitlhela ka tshimologong ya sentshuari ya bo 20th, dikholotshe tsa basadi kwa U.S. di ne di required gore ditokololo tsa fakhalti tsa basadi di nne di sa nyalwa, se se itshetlegile mo goreng mosadi a ka se kgone go ka tswelela a tshwere di full-timeprofeshene tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe. Go ya ka Schiebinger, " Go nna wa tsa matlhale o le mosadi ebile o le mme ke mokgweleo mo setšhabeng se se solofelang gore basadi go le gontsi go feta banna ba bea lelwapa pele ga ditiro tsa bone. [Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.]" (pg. 93).[44]
mekgatlho e emelela equality of opportunity bong ka bobedi le equal rights go sa kgathalatsege bong. Ka tswakatswakano ya diphetogo tsa tsa moruo [economic] le maiteko a mokgatlho ya bahumagadi [feminist],Tempolete:Specify mo mengwagasomeng ya jaanong basadi mo merafeng e le mentsi ba na le phitlhelelo ya mediro e e kwa godimo ga ya maloba ya kagolegae [homemaker].
Etswa palo e kgolwane ya basadi e batla thuto e e kwa godimo, dituelelo gantsi di kwa tlase ga tsa banna. dikgang tsa CBS News ka 2005 di tleimile gore mo United States basadi ba ba mengwageng e 30 go ya go 44 gape ba na le dikiri ya unibesithi ba dira diperesente di le 62 ya banna bao ba nang le dithuto tsa go tshwana le tsa bone, kelo e e ka tlasenyana ga dinaga tse di 19 kwa ntle ga tse tharo kwa dipalo di fumanegang. ditšhaba dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi tseo di duelang dituelo tse di sa lekalekaneng ke Jeremane, New Zealand le Switzerland.[45]
Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kgoeletso ya mo phedisong ya Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le Basadi [UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women] e tlhalosa "kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi [violence against women]" jaaka:[46]
gape e itsise mekga e meraro ya kgwtlho e jalo: eo e diragalang ka mo lelapeng, eo e diragalang ka mo gare ga motse ka le gotlhekgotsa bophara, le eo e tlhotlheletswan kgotsa rotloetswang ke Mmuso. E gape e begang gore"kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke itshupo ya matla a ka histori a sa lekaneng magareng a banna le basadi." [47]
kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke bothata jo bo phatlhaletseng , bo tlhotlholetswa, segolo thata kwa ntle ga Bophirima, ke maemo a setshaba a bong tona, tlhokego ya melao e e maleba , le tlhokego ya tsenyo tirong ya melao e e le teng. Dingwao tsa setšhaba tse di leng teng dikarolong tse ntsi tsa lefatshe di kgoreletsa tswelopele go iseng tshireletsong ya basadi kgatlhanong le kgwetlho. Sekao, go ya ka paloboka tsa UNICEF, palokgolong ya basadi ba ba mo mengwageng ya 15–49 ba ba naganang gore mogatso o loketswe go ka otlhaya kgotsa a otla mosadi mo mabakeng a a rileng e kgolo go ya go 90% kwa Afghanistan le Jordan, 87% kwa Mali, 86% kwa Guinea le Timor-Leste, 81% kwa Laos, le 80% kwa Central African Republic.[48] Paloboka tsa 2010 e e dirilweng ke Pew Research Center e fumane gore kgobotlo ka majwe [stoning] jaka kotlhao ya bootswa [adultery] e ne e thuswa ke 82% ya bafetodi kwa Egepeta [Egypt] le Pakistan, 70% kwa Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% kwa Indonesia.[49]
Mekga e e maleba ya kgwetlho e e amang basadi e akaretsa go sugutla ditho tsa bosadi [female genital mutilation], kgwebo ya thubalano [sex trafficking], kgapeletso ya kgwebo ka mmele [forced prostitution], kgapeletso nyalo [forced marriage], petelelo [rape], tshwenyo ka thobalano [sexual harassment], dipolao tsa go tlhompha [honor killings], go kolopa esiti [acid throwing], le kgwetlho e e amanang le tuelo-bogadi [dowry related violence]. mmebuso e e ka e kgatholosa mo kgwetlhong kgatlhanong le basadi, sekao, ka meetlo ya go tshwana le kgobotlo ka majwe for instance through practices such as [stoning] (jaaka e le kotlhao ya bootswa).
Go ntse go na le mekgwa e mentsi ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi go ya ka histori, e e neng e atile, e e supegang e le go tshubiwa ga baloi [burning of witches], go tlhabela ka baswagadi [widows] (jaaka sati) le pofo maoto [foot binding]. Tshekiso ya basadi bao ba pateletswang ka boloi e na le setso se se telele, sekao, diteko tsa boloi tshimologong ya pako ya sejwale [witch trials in the early modern period] (magareng a disentshuari tsa 15th and 18th) di ne di tlwaelegile kwa Europe gape le kwa dikoloneng tsa ma Yoropa kwa North America. Gompieno, go setse di dikodiko tsa lefatshe (jaaka dikarolo tsa Sub-Saharan Africa, lefelo-magae la North India, le Papua New Guinea) tumelo boloing e tserweng tsia ke batho ba le bantsi, gape basadi ba patelediwang gore ke baloi ba gatelelwang ka kgwetlho e e masisi tota. [50][51][52] Go tlaleletsa, go na le dinaga dingwe tseo di nang le melawana ya borukhutli kgatlhanong le boloi. Kwa Saudi Arabia, boloi ke eme e le borukghutlhi jo kotlo ya bone e leng loso [punishable by death], gape ka 2011 naga e e ile ya kgaola mosadi tlhogo ka ntlha ya boloi [ 'witchcraft and sorcery'].[53][54]
Gape ke molato gore dikgwetlho dingwe kgatlhanong le basadi di bonwa e le ditsa e le ditlolomolao tsa borukhutlhi mo dinakong tsa sešeng, mme ga di ganelelwe ka gotlhegotlhe, ka gonne dinaga di le dintsi di tswetse pele go di letlelela. Se se jalo segolo mo molatong wa petelelo lenyalong [marital rape].[55][56] Kwa Lefatsheng la Bophirimatsatsi, go ne go na le tshoetso ya go netefatsa tekatekano ya bong [gender equality] lenyalong [marriage] le tshekiso ya kgwetlho selegae [domestic violence], e fela dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe basadi ba sa ntsane be tseelwa ditokelo tsa molao tse di botlhokwa fa ba tsena mo lenyalong.[57]
Kgwetlho ya thobalano kgatlhanong le basadi e oketsega thata metlheng ya dintswa [war] le dikgotlhang tsa marumo [armed conflict], metlheng ya futugelo ya sesole [military occupation], kgotsa difutugelo semorafe [ethnic conflicts]; segolo thata ka mokgwa wa petelelo tsa ntwa [war rape] le bokgoba ba tsa thobalano [sexual slavery]. Dikao tsa sešeng tsa kgwetlho ka thobalo metlheng ya ntswa di akaretsa petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Tokologo ya Bangladesh [rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War], petelelo ka Ntwa ya kwa Bosnia [rape in the Bosnian War], petelelo metlheng ya Polaomogofe ya kwa Rwanda [rape during the Rwandan Genocide], le petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Congo [rape during Second Congo War]. Kwa Colombia, kgotlhang ya marumo e feleletse e okeditse kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ya thobalano.[58]
Melao le melawana ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi di atlhologane go ya ka sedikopuso. Kwa European Union, tshwenyo ya thobalano le go kgwebo ka motho di kwa tlase ga ditaelo [directives].[59][60]
Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Basadi mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe ba apara ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, ka ditlhopho tsa bone tsa moaparo di rutloetsa ke dingwao tsa sediko, metheo ya tumelo, semelo sa setšhaba, le metsamae ya moaparo, go mabaka a mangwe. Ditšhaba tse di fapafapaneng di na le dikakanyo tse di farologaneng ka bokgabane [modesty]. E fela, mo di dikopuso di le dintsi, ditlhopho tsa basadi bapabi le moaparo ga di a tlhophologa, ka melao e kganela seo ba ka se aparang kgotsa ba se se apare. Se ke sekai mabapi moaparo wa seIsilamo [Islamic dress]. Lefa di dikopuso dingwe ka se molao di dumeletse moaparo oo ( go ka apara mofapha-tlhogo), dinaga dingwe di ganetsa kgotsa di thiba go ka apara moaparo mongwe wa hijab (jaaka burqa/ go kgurumetsa sefatlhego) mo mafelong a a mo pontsheng (naga e jalo ke France - bona kganetso ya go khurumetsa sefatlhego ya kwa Forantshe [French ban on face covering]). Melao e e ke kgang e e masisi e le tota.[61]
Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tekanyo ya kumiso e e feleletseng [total fertility rate] (TFR) - palo bogare ya bana ba ba belegweng ke mosadi botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe - e farologane segolo thata magareng a di diko tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. Ka 2013, palo e e kwa godimo e akantsweng ya TFR e ne e le kwa Niger (7.03 ya bana e ne e tsholwa ke mosadi a le mongwe) mme e e kwa tlasenyana e le kwa Singapore (0.79 bana/mosadi).[63] Le fa dinaga di le dintsi mo Sub-Saharan African di na le TFR e kwa godimo, e e tlholang mathata ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya ditsweletsi gape e na le seabe mo go ateng ga batho [overpopulation], dinaga di le dintsi tsa kwa Bophirimatsatsi go le jaana di itemogela sub replacement fertility rate e e ka isang go population ageing le population decline.
Mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, go nnile diphethogo di le dintsi tsa seemo sa lesika dingwagasome tse di fetileng. Sekao, kwa Bophirima , go ne go na le tsamao ya go ikatologanya le dipaakanyetso tse di akaretsang go dula/tshela le leloko-tshika extended family go tseo di nang le nuclear family. Go na gape le tsamao ya go tloga go nyalo e e umisang go ya go eo e sa umiseng. Bana ba ba belegweng kwa ntle ga lenyalo ba ka tswa ba belegwa fo tswa go cohabiting couples kgotsa go single women. Le fa tsalo kwa ntle ga lenyalo e tlwaelegile e bile e amogetswe ka botlalo dikarolong dingwe tsa lefatshe, kwa mafelong mangwe di a sotlakakwa e le ruri, ka bomme ba ba sa nyalwang ba lebane le kgethololo, e e akaretsan kgwetlho e e tswang mo malokong a masika a bone, gape mo mabakeng a a feteletseng tota ba a bolawa ka dipolao tsa tlotlo [honor killings].[64][65] Go tlaleletsa, thobalano kwa ntle ga lenyalo [sex outside marriage] e ntse e se ka mo molaong dinageng tse dintsi (jaaka Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[66] Afghanistan,[67][68] Iran,[68] Kuwait,[69] Maldives,[70] Morocco,[71] Oman,[72] Mauritania,[73] United Arab Emirates,[74][75] Sudan,[76] Yemen,[77]).
Tseokarolo ya mme [mother] setšhabeng e farologane magareng ga ditso. Dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, basadi bao ba nang le bana ba ba ikaegileng mo go bone go lebeletswe gore ba dule gae ba neele matla a bone otlhe kgodisong ya bana, fa kwa mafelong mangwe (segolo thata dinageng tsa Bophirimatsatsi) bomme go le gontsi ba boela morago ditirong tsa tuelo mothers most often return to paid work (lebelela mme yo o dirang [working mother] le mme yo o dulang gae [stay at home mother]).
Bodumedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ditumelo tse di rileng di na le dintlha tse itseng tse di amanang le kabelano tiro ka bong [gender roles], tirisanommogo ya social le ya go ithuna magareng a bong, go apara diaparo go go siameng ga basadi, le dilo tse difapaneng tse di amang basadi le boemo jwa bone setšhabeng. Kwa dinageng di le dintsi, dithuto tsa ditumelo tse di tshusumetsa molao wa borukhutlhi [ criminal law], kgotsa molao wa losika [family law ] di dikopusong tseo. (Lebelela sekao molao wa Sharia law). Dithulaganyo tsa ditšhabatšhaba di buisane thata mabapi le botsalano magareng a bodumedi, molao le tekatekano ya bong.[78]
Thuto[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Thuto ya bahumagadi [Female education] e akaretsa makgetlho a tekatekano ya bong le phitlhelelo ya thuto, le ka moo e kopaneng le go phokotso ya bohuma. Gape dilo dingwe tse di amegang ke dithuto tsa bong-bongwe [single-sex education] le thuto bodumedi ka ntlha ya gore karologanyo ya thuto go ya ka bong gape le ka dithutiso tsa bodumedi go tloga kgale e le tsone di tsepameng mme di santsane di le botlhokwa segolo thata mo dikgannyeng tsa setšheng go ruteng bahumagadi jaaka e le kgang e e etsweng tlhoko ka bophara.
Le fa mokgatlho wa tsa bohumagadi o tlhatlositse botlhokwa jwa dilo tseo di amanang le thuto ya bahumagadi, dikgannye tse di namile ka bophara ebile ga di tlholoswe ka bokhutshwane. Di ka akaretsa, sekao, thuto ka AIDS.[1] Thuto ka gotlhe, se se kaya gore thuto e puso e e abelang phoraemari le sekonthari ikemetse kwa ntle ga bong [independent of gender] ga e ise e nne setlwaelo ka bophara [global norm], le fa go itshengwa jalo dinageng di le dintsi tse ditsweletsengpele. kwa dingang dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi, basadi ba gaisitse banna maemomg a mantsi a thuto. Sekao, kwa United States ka 2005/2006, basadi ba duetswe 62% ya associate degrees, 58% ya bachelor's degrees, 60% ya master's degrees, le 50% ya doctorates.[2]
Literacy[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
World literacy e kwa tlase mo bahumagading go na le mo go ba botona. CIA World Factbook e bega di tekanyetso tsa go tloga 2010 tseo di bontshang gore 80% ya basadi e kgona go buisa le go kwala, go lekanngwa le 88.6% ya banna (ba mengwageng ya 15 le go feta). Ditekanyetso tsa go kgona go buisa le go kwala di kwa tlasetlase kwa Borwa le Bophirima ba Asia, le kwa dikarolong tsa Sub-Saharan Africa.[79]
Dinaga tsa OECD[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Thuto[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Gender gap ya tsa thuto kwa dinageng tsa Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) e fokoditswe go tsweng mengwageng 30 e e fetileng. Basadi ba batšha gompieno jaana go na le kgonego ya gore ba ka fetsa dithuto tsa bona tsa theishari: kwa dinageng tse 19 tsa tse 30 tsa OECD, bogolo go feta gabedi basadi ba le bantsi ba mo mengwageng ya bo 25 go ya go 34 ba feditse dithuto tsa bone tsa theishari go na le basasdi ba ba mo mengwageng ya bo 55 go ya go 64. Kwa dinageng di le 21 tsa tse di 27 tsa OECD go ya ka data e e ka lekelekanngwang, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng go tswa go manaena a maemo a yunibesithi e lekana kgotsa e feta ya banna. Basetsana ba mengwaga e le15 ka gale ba bontsha ditsholofetso tsa kwa godimo tsa tsa thuto tsa bone go na le basimane ba mengwaga e e tshwanang le ya bone.[80] Le fa basadi ka palo ba feta seipagare sa dialogane tsa yunibesithi kwa dinageng tse mmalwa tsa OECD, ba amogela fela 30% ya degree tsa theishari tse di fiwang bao ba leng ka mo mafapheng a tsa matlhale le tsa boenginere, mme basadi ka palo ke ba ba 25% go ya go 35% fela mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa OECD ba e leng ba dipatlisiso.[81]
Go santse go na le dikgopolelo tse di fapologileng tsa tlwaelo tsa gore basadi ga ba ise ba phunyeletse go fitlhelela di digree tsa bo akhademiki. Go ya ka Margaret Rossiter, mo historian wa tsa matlhale, basadi jaanong jaan ba amogela diperesente tse 54 tsa di digree tsa bachelor tsotlhe kwa United States. Le fa go le jalo, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi bao ba nang le di digree tsa bachelor go gaisa banna, fa maemo a thuto a tlhatlhoga, banna ka bontshi ba aga ba fitlhelela tsa dipalopaloTempolete:Clarify go na le basadi. Kwa maemomg dikalogo [graduate level], basadi ba tlatsa diperesente di le 40 tsa di digree tsa doctorate (persente tse 31 tsa bone e le ba boengenere).[82]
Le fa basadi go fitlha jaanong ba ithuta kwa diyunibesithing tsa maemo a kwa godimo go ya ka tekano go tshwana le banna, Tempolete:Clarify ga ba fiwe tšhono ya go ka tsena mo fakhalting. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman o itemogetse gore bogolo fa institute e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo, ke ka moo go ileng go ba bothata le go go ja nako, gore basadi ba fumane leemo ka mo fakhalthing moo. Ka 1989, Harvard University e ntshitse mosadi wa bone wa ntlha go chemistry, Cynthia Friend, gape ka 1992 mosadi wa ntlha go physics, Melissa Franklin. Le ene o itemogetse gore basadi go le gontsi ba ka itsholela maemo a bona a professional lekga la ntlha jaaka batlhapetsi le batlhatlheledi fa banna go le gontsi ba ka dira la ntlha mameong tenure. Go ya ka Smith le Tang, go tloga ka 1989, banna ba persente ya 65 le basadi ba peresente e le 40 percent ba tshwere maemo a leng tenured fa peresente tse 29 fela ya tsa ba matlhale le boenginere di thapilwe jaaka bathusi ba diphrofesera kwa dikholetsheng le diyunibesithi tsa four-year e le basadi. [83]
Mediro[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ka 1992, basadi ba ne ba duelwa diperesente tse di 9 tsa di Ph.D. tse di abilweng mo engineering fela peresente e le nngwe ya basadi bao e nnile mophrofesara. Ka 1995, diperesente di le11tsa diphrofesara tsa tsa matlhale le boenjinere e ne e le basadi. Ka tekanyo, e fela di dean tse 311 tsa dikolo tsa boinjinere e ne e le basadi, eo e tlhaelang ka peresente e le 1 ya palotlalo. Le mogo psychology, degree eo basadi ka bontsi ba fumanang diPh.D., ba tshwere ka bontsi maemo a mmalwa a a tenured, bonneteng diperesente tse 19 ka 1994.[84]
Basadi dipolotiking[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Basadi ba emetswe-tlase mebusong ya dinaga di le di ntsi. Ka 2013 Diphalane, tekanyo bogareng ka sediko ya basadi ba ba leng makgotlheng a setšhaba ke 22%.[86] Suffrage ke tokelo ya botho ya go kgetha [vote]. Women's suffrage in the United States e ne ya wediwa ka bonya, sa ntlha boemong ba state le selegae, go simolola ka bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo19 le tshimologong ya senthwuari ya bo 20, mme ka 1920 basadi kwa US kgetho ya legotlhe, ge go fetiswa Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dinaga dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi di ne tsa iketla go ka dumelela basadi go kgetha; segolo Switzerland, moo basadi ba unneng ditokelo tsa go ka kgetha mo dikgethong tsa feterale tsa 1971, mme mo canton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden basadi ba ne ba fiwa tokelo ya go ka kgetha dintlheng tsa selegae fela ka 1991, fa canton e ne e e gapeletswa ke Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;[87][88] le Liechtenstein, ka 1984, e le ka ntlha ya Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984.
Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Basadi ba, go ya ka histori, dirile ditshwaelo go tsa matlhale, dikwalwa [literature] lebotaki [art]. Karolo e le esi eo basadi go ya ka histori, ba neng ba dumeletswe go e fitlhelela thata ke ya obstetrics le gynecology (pele ga senthwuari ya bo 18, tlhokonelo ya basadi ba baimana kwa Yuropa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga basadi; go tlogeng bogareng ba senthwuari ya bo18 kelotlhokomelo ya tsa phodiso ya basadi ba baimana e ne ya simolola go tlhoka thuto ya tlhamalalo, eo basadi ka gale ba neng ba sa e fitlhelele, ka jalo tiro e e ne ya neeletswa banna).[89][90]
Go kwala go ne ka tlwaelo go tswewa go dumeletswe basadi ba leemo la kwa godimo, le fa go fitlhelela kgono jaaka o le mokwadi wa mohumagadi mo lefatsheng le le bontsing e leng la botona go ka nna bothata tota; ka lebaka le basadi ba le bantsi ba ile ba itsalla maina a senna (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).Botswana
Basadi e ntse e le batlhami, bakwalammino, batshameka diletswa, baopedi, batlhatlhi, baithuta mmino, baruta mmino, batlhatlhobi/bakgadi ba mmino/bakwaledi ba mmino le diphorofeshene dingwe tsa mmino. Go na le tsamao ya mmino, ditiragalo le genres tse di amanang le basadi, women's issues le feminism. Ka bo 2010s, le fa basadi ba dira bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa diopedi tsa mmino o o tlwaelegileng popular music le mmino wa klasiki classical music , le bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa bakwalammino (bontsi ba bona e le baopedi-bakwalammino), go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng record producers, rock critics le rock instrumentalists. Le fa go na le palo e kgolo ya basadi ba e leng batlhami women composers mminomg wa klasiki, go tloga ka nako Medieval period go fitlha go na jaanong, kemelo ya batlhami ba basadi e kwa tlase-tlase mo commonly performed classical music repertoire, historing ya dikwalo mmino le mo diencyclopedia tsa mmino; go fa sekao, ka mo Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann ke ene motlhami wa mohumagadi a le esi yoo a umakiwang.
Basadi ba dira bontlhanngwe jo bogolwane ya diopelanosi tsa diletswa mminong wa klasiki gape diperesente tsa basadi mo orchestras e a oketsega. Sekwalwa sa 2015 sa diopelanosi concerto kwa diCanadian orchestras tse kgolo, le mororo, se bontshitse gore 84% ya diopelanosi le Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal e ne e le banna. Ka 2012, basadi ba santse ba dirile 6% fela ya diorchestra tsa maemo a kwa godimo a Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Basadi ga ba tlwaelega mo batshameking ba diletswa mminong wa tlwaelo jaaka rock le heavy metal, etswane go na le bahumagadi ba ditshamekadiletswa ba itsegeng le all-female bands. Basadi segolobogolo ba emetswe tlase mo extreme metal genres.[91] Basadi gape ba emetswe tlase botlhatlhing ba orchestral , go kgala tsa mmino/bokwaledi ba mmino, tlhagiso/tsweletso ya mmino music producing, le sound engineering. le fa ka sentshwuari ya bo 19 basadi ba ne ba sa rotloetswe go ka tlhama, ebile go na le basadi ba ba mmalwa ba e leng di musicologists, basadi ba ile ba itshunya thutong ya mmino music education "... ka tsela eo ba ileng ba tlhagella ka megetla [mo lefapheng le] bofelelong ba bogare ba karolo ya sentshwuari ya bo 19th go fitlhelela sentshwuari ya bo 20."[92]
Go ya ka Jessica Duchen, mokwadi wa mmino wa London's The Independent, diopedi tsa basadi tsa mmino wa klasiki ba ["...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent"] atlholwa go le gontsi go ya ka ponagalo, go na le ka bokgoni ba bone" gape ba lebagane le kgatelelo ["... to look sexy onstage and in photos"] ya go lebega ba le sexy mo steijing le mo ditshwantshong."[93] Duchen o umaka gore le fa go "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."] na le diopedi tsa basadi ba ba ganang go tshameka ka dipopego tsa bone, bao ba dirang jalo ba a atlega [93]
Go ya ka mokwaledi wa Seyalemoya 3 sa UK , Edwina Wolstencroft, madirelo a mmino wa klasiki kgale a buletswe go ka nna le basadi mo dikarolong tsa ditshamekong kgotsa ditlhaletso, e fela ga se gantsi basadi ba nna mo maemong a taolo, jaaka a go nna moetaledipele wa orchestra [leader of an orchestra].[94] Mo mminong o o tlwaelegileng, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi ba diopedi bao ba gatisang dipina, go na basadi ba se ba kae kwa morago ga audio console boa ba dirang jaaka batlhagisi ba mmino [music producers], mothotsoko yoo a eteletseng pele ebile a tsamaisa lenaane la dikgatiso.[95]
See also[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
- Sex assignment
- Lists of women
Medical:
- Feminine psychology
- Gender differences
Dynamics:
- Femininity
- Feminization (sociology)
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Mitochondrial Eve
- Sexism
- Women as theological figures
- Women in science
Political:
- Gender studies
- Womyn
Exploration:
- List of female explorers and travelers
- Women in space
References[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
- ↑ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as [man] or [woman], or some combination thereof."
- ↑ "wīfmann": Bosworth & Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898-1921) p. 1219.
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, entry for "woman".
- ↑ man - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ Germanic Etymology
- ↑ dict.cc, DT-EN, entry: Wampe
- ↑ e.g.
- ↑ Jose A. Fadul.
- ↑ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'.
- ↑ By late 14th century a distinction was arising between female children, often called 'gay girls' – and male, or 'knave girls' -: a1375 William of Palerne (1867) l. 816 ' Whan þe gaye gerles were in-to þe gardin come, Faire floures þei founde.'
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001).
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ Merit-Ptah at the University of Alabama.
- ↑ Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, Horatius Press 1996, p. 334.
- ↑ Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, Marcel Dekker 1992, p. 28.
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Michael Roaf (1992).
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky.
- ↑ Jennifer Bergman (19 July 2001).
- ↑ J. M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Jake Page (2007).
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?"
- ↑ (Tanner, 1990).
- ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003).
- ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
- ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana.
- ↑ Menarche and menstruation are absent in many of the intersex and transgender conditions mentioned above and also in primary amenorrhea.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/social_determinants
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)".
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ "Resolution on Reproductive and Sexual Health | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics".
- ↑ "Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women".
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan".
- ↑ "China 'one-child' policy: Mother of 2 dies after forced sterilization".
- ↑ "Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "China forced abortion photo sparks outrage".
- ↑ http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf
- ↑ Sharpe, S. (1976).
- ↑ Gere, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2012).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "U.S. Education Slips In Rankings".
- ↑ "A/RES/48/104.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly.
- ↑ "Statistics by Area - Attitudes towards wife-beating - Statistical table".
- ↑ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project".
- ↑ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=djcil#H2N1
- ↑ http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/witchhunts.pdf
- ↑ "Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea".
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Beheading for 'sorcery' shocking | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' - CNN.com".
- ↑ In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women found that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States.
- ↑ In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991.
- ↑ For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[1]
- ↑ "Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women | Amnesty International".
- ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [2]
- ↑ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF
- ↑ "Women's right to choose their dress, free of coercion".
- ↑ "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013343/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=91cf943a-3fa6-4fce-afec-4ab2c2a356fd
- ↑ "Turkey condemns 'honour killings'".
- ↑ "Human Rights Voices – Pakistan, August 21, 2008".
- ↑ "Home".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran".
- ↑ "United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait".
- ↑ "Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social".
- ↑ Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012).
- ↑ "Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Oman" (PDF).
- ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania".
- ↑ Dubai FAQs.
- ↑ Judd, Terri (10 July 2008).
- ↑ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims".
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ↑ "United Nations News Centre - Harmful practices against women and girls can never be justified by religion – UN expert".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ Education Levels Rising in OECD Countries but Low Attainment Still Hampers Some, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publication Date: 14 September 2004.
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006.
- ↑ Eisenhart, A. Margaret; Finkel, Elizabeth (2001).
- ↑ Brainard, Susanne G.; Carlin, Linda (2001).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "Angela Merkel".
- ↑ "Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages".
- ↑ "The Long Way to Women's Right to Vote in Switzerland: a Chronology".
- ↑ "Experts In Women'S Anti-Discrimination Committee Raise Questions Concerning Reports Of Switzerland On Compliance With Convention".
- ↑ Gelis, Jacues.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds.
- ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers.
- ↑ "Women Composers In American Popular Song, Page 1".
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap
- ↑ Jessica Duchen.
- ↑ Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).


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Didirisiwa Tsa go Ithuta Baebele
Laeborari ya rona e e nang le didirisiwa tsa mahala tsa go ithuta Baebele le dilo tse dingwe, e ka go thusa gore o ithute Baebele mo go tseneletseng le gore o tlhaloganye Lefoko la Modimo ka botlalo. Dirisa Baebele ya rona ya mahala e e mo Internet e e nang le dithulusu tse dintsi gore o kgone go ithuta Baebele mo go tseneletseng. Bona ditlhogo tsa go ithuta Baebele tse o ka di dirisang go ithuta o le nosi. Tokafatsa tsela e o ithutang Baebele ka yone ka go lebelela dibidio, go bala buka e e tlhalosang Baebele, go dirisa dimmapa, ditlhaloso tsa mafoko a a mo Baebeleng le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa mahala tsa go ithuta Baebele.
Bala Baebele mo Internet
Ipalele Baebele ya Thanolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha. E opa kgomo lonaka e bile e balega motlhofo.
Dibidio Tsa go Ithuta Baebele
Dibidio Tse di Tlhalosang Dibuka Tsa Baebele
Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng ka buka nngwe le nngwe ya Baebele.
Dithuto Tsa Botlhokwa Tsa Baebele
Dibidio tseno tse dikhutshwane di araba dipotso tsa botlhokwa tsa Baebele tse di jaaka: Goreng Modimo a ile a bopa lefatshe? Go diragala eng ka batho ba ba suleng? le e e reng, Goreng Modimo a sa fedise dilo tse di bosula?
Dikgatiso Tse di Thusang go Ithuta Baebele
Buka e e Tlhalosang Baebele
Buka ya Insight on the Scriptures e na le tshedimosetso e e farologaneng. E tlhalosa ka batho, mafelo, dimela kgotsa dijalo, diphologolo, ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa le mafoko a Baebele. Di-PDF tsa buka eno, di na le dimmapa le ditshwantsho, gape e na le kaedi ya ditlhogo le ditemana.
Tshobokanyo ya Baebele
Boroutšhara jwa Baebele—E na Le Molaetsa Ofe? bo na le tshobokanyo ya Baebele e bile bo na le dintlhakgolo tsa molaetsa wa Baebele.
Boroutšhara jo bo Nang le Dimmapa Tsa Mafelo a Baebele
Boroutšhara jwa ‘Bona Lefatshe le le Molemo’ bo na le dimmapa le ditšhate tsa mafelo a a farologaneng a a mo Baebeleng, segolobogolo Lefatshe le le Solofeditsweng.
Temana ya Letsatsi
Bukana ya Go Tlhatlhoba Dikwalo ka Malatsi Otlhe e tshwana le buka e batho ba e dirisang go ithuta ka Modimo, ka gonne e na le temana ya letsatsi leo le dintlha tse di tlhalosang temana eo.
Dithulaganyo Tsa go Bala Baebele
Fa e le gore o batla thulaganyo e e tla go thusang go bala Baebele letsatsi le letsatsi, e e tla go thusang go bala Baebele mo ngwageng, kgotsa e e tla go thusang go simolola go bala Baebele, thulaganyo eno e tla go thusa fela thata.
Kafa o ka Bonang Ditemana ka Gone mo Baebeleng ya Gago
Lenaane leno le bontsha kafa dibuka tsa Baebele tse 66 di tlhomaganang ka teng mo dithanolong di le dintsi tsa Baebele. Leina la buka, kgaolo go tswa foo temana.
Dikarabo tsa dipotso tsa Baebele
Ithute gore Baebele ya reng ka Modimo, Jesu, lelapa, go boga le tse dingwe.
Laeborari ya mo Internet (e bula tsebe e nngwe)
Batlisisa ditlhogo tsa Baebele mo Internet o dirisa dikgatiso tsa Basupi ba ga Jehofa.
Ithute Baebele le Mongwe
Thuto ya Baebele ke Eng?
Bona dikarabo tsa dipotso tse di kaga thulaganyo ya rona ya thuto ya Baebele ya mahala.
Kopa Thuto ya Baebele ya Mahala
Tlotlang ka potso nngwe ya Baebele kgotsa ithute mo go oketsegileng ka Basupi ba ga Jehofa.

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47 Wena morwadia Babelona+ wa kgarebane,Fologa o tle go nna mo loroleng.Wena morwadia Bakaladia,Nna fa fatshe mo mmung fa go se nang setulo sa bogosi gone,+Gonne batho ga ba kitla ba tlhola ba go bitsa yo o bokoa le yo o nenekediwang.2 Tsaya lelwala mme o sile bupi.Tlosa lesire la gago.Apola seaparo sa gago, tlosa se o se apereng mo maotong.Kgabaganya dinoka.3 Batho ba tla go bona o sa apara.Dikarolo tsa gago tsa mmele di tla bonwa.Ke tla ipusolosetsa,+ mme ga go na motho ope yo o tla emang fa pele ga me.*4 “Ene yo o re rekololang,Leina la gagwe ke Jehofa wa masomosomo,Ke Modimo yo o Boitshepo wa Iseraele.”+5 Nna foo ka tidimalo mme o ye kwa lefifing,Wena morwadia Bakaladia;+Ga ba kitla ba tlhola ba go bitsa Mohumagadi wa Magosi.+6 Ke ne ka galefela batho ba me.+Ke ne ka dira gore boswa jwa me bo se ka jwa tlhola bo nna boitshepo,+Mme ke ne ka ba tsenya mo seatleng sa gago.+Le fa go ntse jalo, ga o a ka wa ba utlwela botlhoko.+Tota e bile o ne wa rwesa ba ba tsofetseng jokwe e e boima.+7 O ne wa re: “Ke tla tswelela ke le Mohumagadi ka bosakhutleng.”+Ga o a ka wa tsaya dilo tseno masisi;Ga o a ka wa akanyetsa kafa seno se tla felelang ka gone.8 Jaanong utlwa seno, wena yo o ratang menate,+Yo o nnang ka polokesego, yo o buang jaana mo pelong ya gagwe:“Ke nna fela, mme ga go na ope o sele.+Ga nkitla ke nna motlholagadi.Ga nkitla ke swelwa ke bana le ka motlha.”+9 Le fa go ntse jalo, dilo tseno tse pedi di tla go tlela ka tshoganyetso mo letsatsing le le lengwe:+O tla swelwa ke bana e bile o tla nna motlholagadi.Ruri dilo tseno tsotlhe di tla go diragalela+Ka ntlha ya* boloi jwa gago jo bontsi le ditiro tsotlhe tsa gago tse di maatla tsa boselamose.+10 O ne wa ikanya bosula jwa gago.O ne wa re: “Ga go na ope yo o mponang.”Botlhale jwa gago le kitso ya gago ke tsone tse di go timeditseng,Mme o bua jaana mo pelong ya gago: “Ke nna fela, mme ga go na ope o sele.”11 Le fa go ntse jalo, o tla welwa ke masetlapelo,Mme ga go na dipheko dipe tsa gago tse di tla a thibelang.*O tla tlelwa ke mathata; ga o kitla o kgona go a tila.O tla welwa ke tshenyego ya tshoganyetso e o iseng o ke o e bone.+12 Jaanong tswelela fela ka maselamose a gago le ka boloi jwa gago jo bontsi,+Tse o neng wa dira ka natla mo go tsone go tloga o sa le mosha.Gongwe o ka kgona go solegelwa molemo;Gongwe o ka kgona go tsenya batho letshogo.13 O lapisitswe ke bagakolodi ba gago ba bantsintsi.A jaanong ba eme ka dinao mme ba go boloke,Ba ba obamelang magodimo,* ba ba lebang dinaledi,+Ba ka nako ya fa kgwedi e simologa ba itsisengDilo tse di tla go diragalelang.14 Ba tshwana le lotlhaka.Molelo o tla ba laila.Ga ba kgone go ikgolola mo kgabong ya molelo e e maatla.Ano ga se magala a go ithuthafatsa,E bile ono ga se molelo o motho a ka o orang.15 Batshereanyi ba gago ba tla nna jalo mo go wena,Ba o neng wa dira ka natla le bone go tloga o sa le mosha.Ba tla kgarakgatshega, mongwe le mongwe a tsaya tsela ya gagwe.*Go tla bo go se na ope yo o go bolokang.+
Dintlha Tse di Kwa Tlase
^ Kgotsa gongwe “mme ga nkitla ke nna pelonomi mo go ope yo ke kopanang le ene.”


text:
DINTLHA TSE DI OKETSEGILENG
A Jesu o Tsetswe ka December?
BAEBELE ga e re bolelele gore Jesu o tsetswe leng. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re naya mabaka a a utlwalang a a dirang gore re swetse ka gore ga a tsalwa ka December.
Akanya gore maemo a bosa a ne a ntse jang ka nako eo ya ngwaga kwa Bethelehema, koo Jesu a neng a tsalelwa gone. Kgwedi ya Sejuda ya Kiselefe (e e tsamaelanang le kgwedi ya November/December) e ne e le kgwedi e ka yone go neng go le tsididi e bile pula e na. Kgwedi e e neng e tla morago ga eno e ne e le Tebethe (December/January). Ke kgwedi e e neng e le tsididi go gaisa tse dingwe tsotlhe mo ngwageng, mme ka dinako tse dingwe mo go yone kgwedi eo, go ne go wa kapoko mo dithabeng. A re bone gore Baebele yone e re bolelela eng ka tlelaemete ya lefelo leo.
Mokwadi wa Baebele e bong Esera o bontsha gore eleruri kgwedi ya Kiselefe e ne e itsege e le kgwedi e go neng go le tsididi e bile go na dipula ka yone. Fa Esera a sena go tlhalosa gore boidiidi jwa batho bo ne jwa kgobokana kwa Jerusalema “mo kgweding ya borobongwe [ya Kiselefe] mo letsatsing la bomasome a mabedi la kgwedi,” o bega gore batho ba ne “ba roromisiwa . . . ke meokodi ya pula.” Batho ba ba neng ba phuthegile ba ne ba bua jaana ka maemo a bosa a nako eo ya ngwaga: “Eno ke paka ya meokodi ya pula, e bile ga go kgonege go ema kwa ntle.” (Esera 10:9, 13; Jeremia 36:22) Ga go gakgamatse go bo badisa ba ba neng ba nna kwa kgaolong eo ya lefatshe ba ne ba tlhomamisa gore ba bo ba se kwa ntle le matsomane a bone bosigo ka kgwedi ya December!
Le fa go ntse jalo, Baebele e bega gore badisa ba ne ba le kwa nageng ba tlhokometse matsomane mo bosigong jo Jesu a tsetsweng ka jone. Tota e bile, mokwadi wa Baebele e bong Luke o bontsha gore ka nako eo, badisa ba ne “ba nna kwa nageng mme ba ntse ba dira ka ditebelo mo matsomaneng a bone bosigo” gaufi le Bethelehema. (Luke 2:8-12) Ela tlhoko gore tota badisa ba ne ba nna kwa ntle, e ne e se kgang fela ya go tsamayatsamaya kwa ntle motshegare. Ba ne ba ntshetsa matsomane a bone kwa nageng bosigo. A batho ba ne ba ka kgona go nna kwa ntle go le tsididi jalo e bile go na pula kwa Bethelehema ka December? Nnyaa. Ka jalo, go bonala maemo a bosa a nako ya fa Jesu a tsalwa a sa bontshe gore o tsetswe ka December. *
Lefoko la Modimo le re bolelela gore tota Jesu o sule leng, mme ga le re bolelele gore o tsetswe leng. Seno se re gakolola ka mafoko a ga Kgosi Solomone a a reng: “Leina le botoka go feta leokwane le le molemo, le letsatsi la loso go feta letsatsi le motho a tsholwang ka lone.” (Moreri 7:1) Ga go gakgamatse he go bo Baebele e bua thata ka bodiredi jwa ga Jesu le loso lwa gagwe mme e sa bue sepe se se kalo ka nako ya go tsalwa ga gagwe.
^ ser. 1 Go bona tshedimosetso e nngwe gape, bona ditsebe 254-8 tsa Go Fetolana ka Dikwalo, e e gatisitsweng ke Basupi ba ga Jehofa.


text:
Lefatshe la barotse
(Tsebe e e hloka go sekasekwa ka fa e ntseng ka teng. O ka thusa kago e Baakanya .) Lefatatshe la barotse ke kgaolo e mo bophirima jwa lefatshe la zambia, gape ke legae la batho ba morafe wa ba lozi kana Bariotse ba ba neng ba itsewe jaaka Luyi kana Aluyi pele. Pelo ya lefatshe la bone ke Barotse floodplain ko godimo ga noka ya Zambezi, le yone e e tsege jaaka Bulozi kana Lyondo, mme e akaretsa lefelo le fa godimo la thaba, le akaretsa se se itsegeng gompieno jaaka kgaolo ya bophirima ya lefatshe la Zambia. Mo dingwageng tse di fitileng tsa puso ya mmamosadinyana, lefatshe la barotse le ne le akaretsa mafelo a a gautshwane a eleng bokonibophirima, legare le borwa le Caprivi ko bokonebothaba jwa Namibia le bontha bongwe jwa borwa bothaba jwa Angola le go fitlha ko Cuando kgotsa noka ya Mashi.
Puso ysa ntlha ya kgosi ya lefatshe la barotsi e ne ele kgosi Litunga se se raya gore ‘mothokomedi wa lefatshe’, yo one a tsholwa ke Litunga Mulambwa yo o neng busa mo dingwageng tse dikete tse lesome le boferabongwe tse difitileng le ka ngwanangwana wa gagwe, Litunga Lewanika yo mogolo yo o busitseng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1878 go fithelela ngwaga wa 1916, a bo a ikutsa ka nagwaga wa 1884 go fithelela wa 1885, yo o ne a tshosolosa ditso tsa ba Lozi mo itsholelo ya sepolotiki mo nako ya thaselo ya bakololo, dikgaisano tsa mo gare, matshosetsi a kwa ntle jaaka tse di neng tsa dirwa ke matebele le go gasama ga puso ya Europa.
Mo ditsong seemo sa lefatshe la barotse ko tshimologong ya puso ya Europa se sene se sa tshwane le sa mafelo a mangwe a neng a nna lefatshe la Zambia. E ne e le lefelo la ntlha ko bokoni jwa Noka ya Zambezi e e ya nna le tumalano ya ditswa mmung le komponi ya Britain ya aferika borwa YA GA Cecil Rhodes. Moragonyana Lewanika o ne a ya go ngongorega ko lontone le mmamosadi Victoria gore komponi ya BSAC ga ba bua sentle dintlha tsa tumalano, mme ngongorego ya gagwe ga e a ka ya reediwa, ka ngwaga 1900, Britain e ne supa ka semmuso gore lefelo le sireleditswe gape le a le laola jaaka bontlha bongwe jwa Bokoni-bophirima jwa Rhodesia.[1]
Batho ba lefatshe la Barotsi ba tswelela ba batla go tsewa jaaka lefatshe mme ba letelelwa go ikemela ka nosi mo mafatsheng a neng a latelam, Rhodesia wa ko bokoni le Zambia yo o ipusang. Ka nako ya dipuisano tsa boipuso tsa pele, batho ba barotse ba kopa gore mmamosadi Victoria a tswelele a ba sireleditse. Keletso ya go secede e ne e buiwa nako le nako, se sa dira dikgothang le puso kana goromente ya ga Kenneth Kaunda, se se ne sa supwa ke go fetola leina go tswa mo Lefatsheng la barotse go ya ko kgaolong ya Bophirima. Go ya ka dikakgelo tsa barotsi, goromente ya mo lusaka e ne sa letelele gore lefatshe la Barotse le thabologe___ le ne le na le tsela e e siameng e lengwe e e neng e tsena mo legareng, go tswa mo Lusaka go ya ko toropo kggolo ya kgaolo ya Mongu, gape e sena dithabololo tse di leng teng mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Motswedi wa motlakase o ne e se wa maemo a ntlha, o ikaegile ka madrelo a motlakase a ko Karioba. Ditlamorago tsa dilo tse di ntse di a buiwa nako le nako.[1]
Goromente ya lefatshe la Barotsi ke Kuta,m le tlhomilwe ke tona kgolo Ngambela.
Dipadi tse dingweEdit
- Dipadi tse dingwe tse di akaretsang
Tempolete:Coord missing Tempolete:Monarchies


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Ga o a golagana le Inthanete. Go bona Thuso mo inthaneteng, e e go bontshang diteng tsa bošhweng tsa thuso, o tshwanetse go golagana le Inthanete.Tlhola kgolagano ya Inthanete.Fa e le gore o santse o bona molaetsa o, tirelo ya Thuso ya mo inthaneteng e ka nna ya bo e se yo ka nakwana. Leka go golaganya moragonyana.
helppane.exe Thuso le Tshegetso ya Microsoft (32-bit)
Ga o a golaganngwa le Thuso ya mo inthaneteng, koo go nang le diteng tse dintsi tsa bošhweng tsa thuso. Iponele Thuso ya mo inthaneteng jaanong.
Thuso le Tshegetso di tshwanetse go tswala fa Windows Update e tsenya kgotsa e ntsha diteng tsa Thuso. O ka simolola Thuso gape fa ntšwafatso e feditse.
Thuso ya mo Inthaneteng ga e yo ka puo e o e dirisang. Gore o bone diteng tsa bošhweng tsa thuso, o ka bona Thuso ya mo inthaneteng mo go %1.
Ga re kgone go bona segatisi sa gago mo lenaaneng? Tlhomamisa gore se tshubilwe le go gokaganngwa le mafaratlhatlha a Wi-Fi jaaka founo ya gago. Fa o sa ntse o sa kgone go se bone, tlhola gore a segatisi sa gago se tsamaelana le Windows 10 Mobile Windows 10 Mobile.
Fa o fudugela kwa nageng kgotsa kgaolong e sele, fetola seting ya kgaolo ya gago gore o nne o reke kwa Lebentleleng. Ela tlhoko: Dikuno di le dintsi tse di rekilweng mo Lebentleleng la Windows mo kgaolong e nngwe ga di na go bereka mo go e nngwe. Seno se akaretsa Xbox Live Gold le Groove Music Pass, didiriso, metshameko, mmino, dibaesekopo, le dithulaganyo tsa TV.
Microsoft khothalletsa Bing bakeng sa ntlafatsoa batla le phihlelo ea ho Microsoft Edge ka Windows 10. Ho Bing e le a hao a kamehla batla enjene u fa:
Direct khokahano ho ea ho Windows 10 ditiriso tse dingwe, ho o otlolohile ho ya ho hao ditiriso tse dingwe ka potlako ho.
More maleba litlhahiso tse Cortana, hao dijethale mothusi.
Hang-hang thusa ho u thusa hore ka ho fetisisa ho Microsoft Edge le Windows 10.
Thuso le Xbox app e, kena potso ea hao lebokoseng la ho batla ka baratiro. U tla fumana likarabo Cortana kapa Bing.
Leka “Ke’ng e Xbox app e?” Kapa “Ke Eng e le gamertag?” Haeba seo se sa sebetsa, na le look at the Gaming & boithabiso bo leqepheng le Windows websaeteng.
Etela Xbox sechaba diqoqiso
Fumana thuso ho Xbox tshehetso


text: 5 Nako nngwe fa batho ba bantsintsi ba ne ba mo pitlagantse e bile ba reeditse lefoko la Modimo, o ne a eme go bapa le letšha la Genesareta.*+2 Mme o ne a bona mekoro e mebedi e eme fa thoko ga letšha, mme batshwaraditlhapi ba ne ba dule mo go yone ba tlhatswa matloa a bone.+3 O ne a palama mokoro o mongwe, o e neng e le wa ga Simone, a bo a mo kopa gore a o sutise a tsenelele go se kae mo lewatleng. Mme o ne a nna fa fatshe a bo a simolola go ruta batho bao a le mo mokorong.4 Fa a fetsa go bua le batho bao, o ne a raya Simone a re: “Suteletsa mokoro kwa go leng boteng gone, mme lo digele matloa a lona kwa tlase gore lo tshware ditlhapi.”5 Mme Simone o ne a mo raya a re: “Morutisi, re dirile ka natla bosigo jotlhe mme ga re a tshwara sepe,+ le fa go ntse jalo, ke tla digela matloa kwa tlase jaaka o bua.”6 E rile ba dira jalo, ba ne ba tshwara* ditlhapi di le dintsi thata. Tota e bile, matloa a bone a ne a simolola go gagoga.+7 Ka jalo, ba ne ba bitsa batshwaraditlhapi ba bangwe ba ba kwa mokorong o mongwe gore ba tle go ba thusa, mme ba ne ba tla ba bo ba tlatsa mekoro eo ka bobedi, mo e neng ya simolola go nwela.8 Fa Simone Petere a bona seno, o ne a khubama fa pele ga ga Jesu a bo a re: “Tloga fa go nna Morena, ka gonne ke monna yo o nang le boleo.”9 O ne a bua jalo ka gonne ene le ba a neng a na le bone ba ne ba gakgamatse e bile ba tshogile thata ka gonne ba ne ba tshwere ditlhapi di le dintsi,10 bomorwa Sebede e bong Jakobe le Johane,+ ba ba neng ba kopanetse kgwebo le Simone, le bone ba ne ba gakgametse e bile ba tshogile. Mme Jesu o ne a raya Simone a re: “Tlogela go tshoga. Go tloga jaanong go ya pele o tla bo o tshwara batho ba tshela.”+11 Ka jalo, ba ne ba busetsa mekoro kwa lotshitshing, mme ba tlogela sengwe le sengwe ba bo ba mo sala morago.+12 Mo lekgetlong le lengwe fa a ntse a le kwa motseng mongwe, go ne go na le monna mongwe yo o tletseng lepero! Fa monna yono a bona Jesu, o ne a wela fa fatshe ka sefatlhego a bo a mo kopa a re: “Morena, fa e le gore o a batla, o ka mphodisa.”*+13 Ka jalo, o ne a otlolola seatla sa gagwe, a mo tshwara a bo a re: “Ke a batla! Fola.” Ka yone nako eo, lepero le ne la nyelela mo go ene.+14 Go tswa foo, o ne a laela monna yoo gore a se ka a bolelela ope a bo a re: “Mme tsamaya o ye go itshupa kwa moperesiting o bo o isa setlhabelo sa gore o fodisitswe, jaaka Moshe a laetse,+ gore batho ba bone gore tota o fodisitswe.”+15 Mme dikgang ka ga gagwe di ne tsa tswelela di anama, mme batho ba bantsintsi ba ne ba phuthega gore ba tle go mo reetsa le gore a ba fodise.+16 Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi o ne a ya kwa mafelong a a se nang batho gore a ye go rapela.17 Letsatsi lengwe fa a ntse a ruta, Bafarasai le barutisi ba Molao ba ba neng ba tswa kwa metsaneng yotlhe ya Galalea le Judea le kwa Jerusalema ba ne ba ntse foo; mme o ne a na le maatla a ga Jehofa* a go fodisa batho.+18 Mme batho bangwe ba ne ba tlisa monna mongwe yo o sa kgoneng go tsamaya, a rapame mo bolaong, mme ba ne ba leka go mo tsenya mo ntlong gore ba mmeye fa pele ga ga Jesu.+19 E re ka ba ne ba sa kgone go mo tsenya mo teng ga ntlo ka gonne batho ba ne ba le bantsi thata, ba ne ba palamela kwa marulelong, mme ba ne ba bula phatlha ba mo folosetsa kwa tlase ka bolao fa gare ga batho ba ba neng ba le fa pele ga ga Jesu.20 E rile a bona tumelo ya bone o ne a raya monna yoo a re: “O itshwaretswe maleo a gago.”+21 Foo bakwadi le Bafarasai ba ne ba simolola go buisana ba re: “Ke mang yono yo o tlhapatsang? Ke mang yo o ka itshwarelang batho maleo fa e se Modimo fela?”+22 E re ka Jesu a ne a lemoga gore ba akanya ka eng, o ne a ba raya a re: “Ke ka ntlha yang fa lo akanya ka tsela eno?23 Ke eng se se motlhofo, a ke go raya motho yono o re, ‘O itshwaretswe maleo a gago,’ kgotsa go mo raya o re, ‘Ema mme o tsamaye’?24 E le gore lo itse gore Morwa motho o na le taolo ya go itshwarela batho maleo mo lefatsheng . . .” O ne a raya monna yoo yo o sa kgoneng go tsamaya a re: “Ema, tsaya bolao jwa gago, mme o ye gae.”+25 Ka yone nako eo, o ne a ema fa pele ga bone, a tsaya bolao jo a neng a robetse mo go jone, mme a ya gae, a galaletsa Modimo.26 Botlhe fela ba ne ba itumela thata, mme ba simolola go galaletsa Modimo, e bile ba ne ba gakgametse tota ba bo ba re: “Re bone dilo tse di gakgamatsang gompieno!”27 Jaanong morago ga seo, o ne a tswa mme a bona monna mongwe wa mokgethisi yo o bidiwang Lefi a ntse fa ofising ya lekgetho, mme o ne a mo raya a re: “Nna molatedi wa me.”+28 O ne a tlogela sengwe le sengwe, a ema a bo a mo sala morago.29 Go tswa foo, Lefi o ne a direla Jesu mokete o mogolo mo ntlong ya gagwe, mme go ne go na le bakgethisi ba le bantsi le batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba ja* le bone.+30 Fa Bafarasai le bakwadi* ba bona seno, ba ne ba ngongorega mo barutweng ba gagwe, ba re: “Ke ka ntlha yang fa lo ja e bile lo nwa le bakgethisi le baleofi?”+31 Jesu o ne a ba raya a re: “Batho ba ba sa lwaleng ga ba tlhoke ngaka, mme ba ba lwalang ba a e tlhoka.+32 Ke tletse go bitsa baleofi gore ba ikwatlhaye, e seng batho ba ba siameng.”+33 Ba ne ba mo raya ba re: “Barutwa ba ga Johane ba itima dijo gangwe le gape e bile ba rapela ka tlhoafalo, mme barutwa ba Bafarasai le bone ba dira jalo, le fa go ntse jalo, ba gago bone ba a ja e bile ba a nwa.”+34 Jesu o ne a ba raya a re: “Ga lo ka ke lwa dira gore ditsala tsa monyadi di itime dijo fa monyadi a sa ntse a na le tsone, gakere?35 Le fa go ntse jalo, eleruri nako e tla tla ya gore monyadi+ a tlosiwe mo go tsone, mme ke gone di tla itimang dijo ka nako eo.”+36 Gape o ne a ba bolelela setshwantsho seno: “Ga go na ope yo o segang letsela le lesha mo seaparong se sesha a bo a le rokelela mo seaparong se segologolo. Fa a ka dira jalo, letsela le lesha le tla gagoga e bile letsela leo la seaparo se sesha le ka se tshwane le seaparo se segologolo.+37 Gape, ga go na ope yo o tshelang beine e ntšha mo medutwaneng* ya beine e megologolo. Fa a ka dira jalo, beine e ntšha e tla phatlola medutwana eo e bo e tshologa.38 Mme beine e ntšha e tshwanetse go tshelwa mo medutwaneng ya beine e mesha.39 Ga go na ope yo e reng fa a sena go nwa beine ya bogologolo a bo a batla e ntšha, ka gonne a re, ‘Ya bogologolo e monate.’”


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October 17-23
1 Dikgosi 21-22
Pina 134 le Thapelo
Matseno (1 mots.)
MATLOTLO A A MO LEFOKONG LA MODIMO
“Etsa Tsela e Jehofa a Dirisang Taolo ya Gagwe ka Yone”: (10 mets.)
Go Ribolola Matlotlo mo Dikwalong: (10 mets.)
1Dk 21:27-29—Re itse jang gore Ahabe o ne a sa ikwatlhaya ka tsela ya mmatota? (w21.10 3 ¶4-6)
Mo mmalong wa Baebele wa beke eno, ke matlotlo afe a o ka ratang go tlotla ka one ka Jehofa, a o ka a dirisang mo tshimong, kgotsa matlotlo a mangwe a o a ithutileng?
-
Mmalo wa Baebele: (4 mets.) 1Dk 22:24-38 (th thuto 2)
TLHAGAFALELA BODIREDI
Loeto Lwa Ntlha: (3 mets.) Simolola ka kgang e go buiwang ka yone mo karolong ya se re ka se buang mo bodireding. Buelela thuto ya Baebele o dirisa boroutšhara jwa Itumelele go Tshelela Ruri! (th thuto 4)
Loeto Lwa go Boela: (4 mets.) Simolola ka kgang e go buiwang ka yone mo karolong ya se re ka se buang mo bodireding. Mo neye boroutšhara jwa Itumelele go Tshelela Ruri! o bo o simolola go ithuta Baebele le ene o dirisa thuto 01. (th thuto 6)
Puo: (5 mets.) w15 3/15 12-13 ¶10-12—Setlhogo: Re Ithuta Eng mo Sekaong sa ga Nabothe sa go Ikanyega? (th thuto 14)
BOTSHELO JWA BOKERESETE
“Lorato lo Pelotelele e Bile lo Pelonomi”: (10 mets.) Motlotlo. Tshameka bidio eno. Go tswa foo, botsa bareetsi dipotso tse di latelang: Alexandru o ne a bontsha jang gore ke monna yo o pelotelele le yo o pelonomi? Ke eng se se dirileng gore Dorina a fetoge? Maitemogolo ano a re ruta eng?
Dilo Tse Phuthego e Tlhokang go di Ela Tlhoko: (5 mets.)
Thuto ya Baebele ya Phuthego: (30 mets.) lff thuto 23
Dintlha Tse di Konelang (3 mets.)
Pina 50 le Thapelo


text:
Molepolole
Molepolole ke motsemogolo wa Bakwena. Toropo o sekgala sa 52 km bodikela ya toropo kgolo Gaborone.
Molepolole ke boagedi jwa batho ba ka tshwara (go sa tlhomamisega) dikete tse masome a supa (70 000).
Fa motse o o leng gone go ne go bidiwa Dithubaruba fa Bakwena ba tla go aga teng. Ka nako tseo ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Kgosi Sechele o o neng a ba falotsa mo Maburu (the Boers, the white Afrikaner farmers of South Africa) le mo go Mzilikazi wa Batebele.
Kgosi Sebele wa Bakwena ke mongwe wa dikgosi tse tharo tsa Batswana ba ba ileng ba ya ko ga Mmamosadinyana (England) go ya go kopa tshireletso mo Maburung ba ba neng ba ikgagapelela lefatshe.
Kgosi kgolo ya motse ka nako eno (2006) ke Kgari Sechele. O tsere bogosi jwa gagwe mo go motshwarelela bogosi e bong Rre Kgosikwena Sebele, le fa go ntse jalo Rre Kgosikwema e rile go mo bo rolela ya seka ya nna kgetsi e potlana ka go bo a ne a re bogosi ga bo a lebana Kgari Sechele. Go ya ka tshekatsheko ya ditso tsa bakwena, go le bega ha bogosi bo ne bo lebagane Mokgalagadi Sechele, kgotsa mongwe wa bo monnawe. Le mororo go ntse jalo, Kgosi Kgari Sechele ke ene kgosi ya Bakwena mo bogompienong.
- Molepolole College of Education
- Molepolole Innstitude of Health Sciences (IHS)
- Kgari Sechele Museum
- Scottish Livingstone Memorial Hostpital


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Modimo wa bo ntata rona by sello malete on apple music. Jun 17, 2010 atif aslam new song promo, from an upcoming bollywood movie, has just been out. Modimo wa bo ntata rona sello malete topic, 28012017. Jan 06, 2012 guys i appreciate that you are helping people with lifela but still your uploading is still not the way the hymns are written especially lifela tsa sione tseo ke hotseng ke li bala le hona ho li bina example ho sefela sa sefapanong ke boha ka o fela is written as a one word, no spaces in between kaofela, again mmololoki ke mmoloki, get rid of the other lo and it has to start with a capital. Jwaloka ha bophelo ba hao bo tswelapele ka tataiso ya moya o halalelang ho kreste, o butswa haholwanyane, o ba motle haholwanyane. Provided to youtube by ingrooves modimo wa bo ntate rona keke bongani mahlaole duvha throne room worship. Modimo wa bo ntata rona by holy st johns brass band. Modimo wabo abrahama holy brothers ft seun mahlangu by jowewujnxb. Modimo wabo ntata rona jerusalema encha gospel choir go roriswe. Ycee x bella x dapo tuburna x damilare and share your thoughts below. Lokollela matla a hao ho fodisa ba kulang, ho be ho fele kokwana ena ya aids, mme ho be ho lokolohe ba aparetsweng ke meya e ditshila, ho tshedisehe ba shweletsweng, mme ho lokolohe ba kgatellong.
Gospel teboho latest album modimo wa boikanyo music. Tsotlhe creator lyrics by redeemed african gospel lyrics. Jan 27, 2017 provided to youtube by africori modimo wa bo ntata rona sello malete sello malete rr rr modimo wa bo ntata rona. This page was last edited on 15 january 2020, at 15. Playing via spotify playing via youtube playback options. Ka mora lemo tseo, ke hlokometse hore 70% ya mantsoe a mang ke a sile. Modimo ha a fane ka dikarabo bakeng sa ho kula kapa ho hlonama. Among the basotho people will always say o bolotse, meaning that he has been. Tinny entertainment is already emerging as a real game changer in the nigerian entertainment industry and has also used this new song to cement its place as a major contender. Listen free to holy st johns brass band katlehong siyacela baba siyacela baba, tlo moya o halalelang and more. Generations teasers april 20 generations teasers tvsa. Jehofa morena rona jerusalema e ncha topic, 14042016.
Madi a konyana blood of the lamb lyrics by solly ft keke. Game, app, apk, cheats, download, tips, guide unofficial, hse guides. Modimo wa boikanyo, re ikanya mo go wena, o gogile boraetsho mo dinageng tsa lenyora mme re lopa ka tlhoafalo matshego a ba a bonyeng, o nne modimo wa rona, mothusi mo tshikatshikeng mo ditseleng tsa botshelo goga dikgato tsa. Melao ya bona ha e teng ho senya thabo ya rona, empa e teng molemong wa rona. Check out modimo wa bo ntata rona by sello malete on amazon music. Ba bolele gore ke a barata joyce meyer ministries tswana. Provided to youtube by believe sas jehova morena rona judith sephuma my worship live at m1 music studio johannesburg. Wa tshepahala 2016 modisa waka 2014 lesedi laka 2011 you may also like see all. Modimo wa bo ntata rona sello malete to stream in hifi, or to download in true cd quality on. Nedy music dozee mp3 download new song joh venture. Nov 05, 20 sung in sotho modimo re boka wena mighty god we thank you tsotlhe di entswe ke wena for youre the creator of all things repeat tsotle, tsotle, tsotlhe di entswe ke wena creator, creator, youre the creator of all things repeat pula tsa mahloonolo, ha dina ka medupe when showers fall, shower me as well hohle. Go sekaseka nonofo eno e e rategang go ka re thusa go atamalana thata le jehofa. Jwaloka ditrata tse potileng malapa a bo rona di re tshireletsa bohlokong, melao e teng ho re tshireletsa dinthong tse mpe.
We appreciate your visit and hope that you enjoy the download. A botsalano jwa morena, modimo wa rona, bo re okame. Kgontsha kereke hore e fetohele setshwanong sa jeso kreste. Desi group sex 3 boys fucking a desi girl with audio full video download.
I say, ke a leboga ta ta, bomma to thank the cooks in setswana and get in my little toyota avanza a tiny minivan. Listen free to amadodana ase wesile modimo wa boikanyo modimo wa boikanyo. Jul 21, 2017 lyrics for modimo wa bo ntata rona by sello malete. Provided to youtube by ingrooves wa tshepahala sello malete wa tshepahala.
Aug 30, 2015 provided to youtube by universal music group ke lorile mmabaledi makgarebe a bochabela sathane ntlogele. Read about modimo re boka wena by soweto gospel choir and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Molim oa bontata rona, mehleng ea boholo, tsepo lilemo tse tlang, lefika le tiileng. Below is a song list from kopelo ya difela tsa sione. Ke hopola morabo rona ya tlotsitsweng eo e neng e le morekisi wa dibuka dilemong tsa bo. Modimo re boka wena in english with contextual examples. Bo bice, bo bruce, bo burnham, bo diddley, kaichou wa maidsama. Ke ka lebaka le le utlwalang go bo sekarea, rraagwe johane mokolobetsi, a ile a bolelela pele gore thulaganyo eno e ne e tla tlotlomatsa bopelotlhomogi jo bo pelonomi jwa modimo wa rona. Modimo bo ntata rona mehleng ya boholo tshepong ya dilemong tse tlang lefika le tiileng ts. Ehlile e teng hobane ho e boloka ho tla re boloka re thabile ebile re tshireletsehile. Content is available under creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike. Wa tsamaya le rona, oh wa tsamaya le rona oh wa tsamaya le rona, re a boka x2 leha nka tsamaya kgohlong ya moriti wa lefu jesu hobane o na le nna watsama yande runa, re a boka riya wakabatata wabafuma jehova hobane o na le nna oh watsama yande runa, re a boka re a boka jesu, re a boka tlatlamathjolo, re a boka jesu, re ya boka x2. Mmuso o etsa thato ya modimo lefatsheng laebrari e inthaneteng.
We killing the one man who stood up for us tata madiba, i mean im sure he. Modimo o batla lelwapa, e bile o batla go nna rraarona. Sourcewatch is a project of the center for media and democracy cmd. Lyrics to ke a leboha jeso live by pastor lungi ndala. Listen to hlomanini izikhali bazalwane, dumisane ngo mangaliso and more from holy st johns brass band katlehong. Apr 27, 2011 modimo wa boikanyo, re ikanya mo go wena, o gogile boraetsho mo dinageng tsa lenyora mme re lopa ka tlhoafalo matshego a ba a bonyeng, o nne modimo wa rona, mothusi mo tshikatshikeng mo ditseleng tsa botshelo goga dikgato tsa rona, re tle re fitlhe kwa o teng legaeng je re le batlang re femele. Feb 06, 2017 think of new things to add, or expand your tool by adding or services. Kaha re paka ka jehova ebile re bua ka yena le ka mmuso wa hae, re bitswa dipaki tsa jehova. A a re bokeng mora motho alleluya ho jehova a re phokoleng sefela atamelang ho jehova alleluya ho jehova b bokang jehova bokang mopi le moloki balopollwa ba morena ba bitseng le ba qophelle bonang. Melao ya modimo e ya re boloka christian literature fund. Chitja 1 2 ho tsoa ho mongodi ho nkukile dilemo tse mashome a mabedi ho bokeletsa mantsoe a sesotho a ngotsoeng bukeng ena 1985 ho isa 2006. A bontlentle jwa ga jehofa, modimo wa rona, bo nne mo go rona. Streaming and by permanent download to your computer andor device. Madi a konyana blood of the lamb lyrics by solly ft keke march 29, 20 rain easter, sotho, south africa keke, madi a konyana, mahlangu, phoofolo, solly 6 comments.
Provided to youtube by africori modimo wa bo ntata rona sello malete sello malete rr rr modimo wa bo ntata rona. The teachings of my father have made me a better person in life. Free tehillah africa vol 3 molimo oa bo ntata rona mp3. The track is a punjabi number called rona chadita and its the ost of rabba mel karade movie. Free modimo wa re sheba joyous celebration 20 tour icc arena durban mp3 play. This is a sound player and map display software for the bo mod series. Being that the sotho people believe in is most commonly referred to as modimo. Ka gone, a re sekaseke gore bopelotlhomogi ke eng le kafa modimo wa rona a bo bontshang ka teng. Modimo wabo engenas video download 3gp, mp4, hd mp4, and watch modimo wabo engenas video wapwon.
Listen to modimo wa boikanyo by amadodana ase wesile on simfy africa. Iseshi 2 au 7 tron 1 evergreen 3 youtube 3 chains 1 lesuka 1 dugunduguoo. Tsweletsa tiro ya diatla tsa rona, ee, tiro ya diatla tsa rona o e tsweletse. Download maxit download madko for pc free download maxit download madko for pcmacwindows 7,8,10, nokia, blackberry, xiaomi, huawei, oppo free download maxit download madko android app, install android apk app for pc, download free android apk files at. Feb 23, 2008 go to the game interface, click on help, then click on buildings, then click on each building. O batla go nna le botsalano jo bo tiileng le mongwe le mongwe wa rona. All albums by sello malete available to download and stream in high quality.
O mohao wamodimo ke kwetsa ekakang ekaba ofe molomo okanobolelang hae sale omphihlela kemaketse fela hae sale omphihlela kemaketse fela. Tshebeletso ya ho thusa nakong ya dikoduwa mmuso wa modimo. Aug 11, 2017 audio beka flavour sikinai mp3 download. O re, etlong ho nna, lona bohle ba kgathetseng le ba imetsweng, mme ke tla le fa phomolo mat 11. Discover more music, concerts, videos, and pictures with the largest catalogue online at. Find jerusalema e ncha song information on allmusic. Kena dikarolong tse sa tshwaneng tsa websaete ya rona. I say, ke a leboga ta ta, bomma to thank the cooks in setswana and get in. Pele lithaba li ba teng, le lona lefatse, u hlolehile ka mehla le ka ho sa feleng. Since i started worshiping there on the 6th august 2012, my way of looking at this life has changed. Matshediso le kgothatso ho tswa bibeleng bakeng sa batho.
Stream and listen paul k modimo wabo ntata rona feat. Modimo wa bo ntata rona by sello malete on amazon music. Ka tlasa paballo ea hao, le poloko ea hao, re tla lula hamonate, tsireletsong ea hao. May 22, 2007 thobela bakone ke kwele gore modi wa bakone ba tswa zim,bare re batho ba tshela noka re farile seseka,bare re bantshi dikgolo ka gore babe ba sa bone mahlo a rena,le gona re batho bago ba le dihlong e fela re tse ba taba tsa rena. Dipuisano tsa rona ka boitshwaro yuniting ena di tla o. Lyrics for modimo wa bo ntata rona by sello malete. Contextual translation of modimo re boka wena into english. Tsweetswee rome pampitshana e kwa go rona go re itsise gore morago ga o sena go e bala, o tshotse tshwetso ya go ikanya jesu keresete jaaka moloki wa gago. Modimo wa boikanyo by amadodana ase wesile simfy africa. Modimo wabo ntata rona by sello malete superpolska. Bollywoodtarane is a unique script which allows you to search for songs, find information about them, listen and download them. Di thusang dipelaelo le ona masisapelo na moabi wa bophelo ha bo dise ka lerato. Apr 27, 2011 posts about modimo wa boikhanyo written by admin.
Jul 14, 2008 modimo wa bo ntata rona sello malete gospel 2008. Get all makgarebe a bochabela on deezer, spotify, amazon, itunes and many more digital music platforms if you cant find our. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le boikutlo jo bo nonofileng thata le jo bo nnelang ruri go feta jonobopelotlhomogi jo bo pelonomi jwa modimo wa rona, jehofa. E mong le e mong wa rona o qeta nako e itseng a ruta batho bibele le ka mmuso wa modimo. Modimo bo ntata rona mehleng ya boholo tshepong ya dilemong tse tlang lefika le tiileng tshepong ya dilemong tse tlang lefika le tiileng. Bana ba bo rona by oleseng shuping lyrics damnlyrics. Difela tsa sione difela tsa sione is a sotho hymnal used in sotho, tswana, and sepedi speaking protestant churches in southern africa.1095 254 1391 259 162 1275 880 163 291 841 1259 744 1089 533 1012 209 358 535 515 1572 1394 837 1433 116 510 1548 438 198 1257 560 1150 422 832 407 661 1426 981 133 454 252


text:
Bolepamagodimo ba Hartebeesthoek
Lefelo
Bolepamagodimo ba Hartebeesthoek (HartRAO) ke ba mofuta wa bona bo le nosi
mo Afrika ka bophara. Bo agilwe mo mokgatsheng, mo gare ga dithaba tsa ga
Mogale, dikilometara di le 50 bophirima ba Gauteng (Johannesburg).
HartRAO e tswa kae?
Bolepamagodimo bo bo simolotse e le seteisene sa tsa magodimo-teng se bidiwa
"Deep Space Station 51", mme se agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1961 ke ba NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration) ya ko Amerika. Diyalefaufaung (space
probes) di le mmalwa tsa Amerika di ile tsa tlhokomelwa go tswa fano, tsona
di akaretsa
"Ranger", "Surveyor" le "Lunar Orbiter" e e ileng
ya kgona go fitlha kwa Ngweding e bo e tsaya Ngwedi ditshwantsho go tswa mo
moweng. Di-mmishene tse dingwe tsa "Mariner" tsona di ile tsa
tlhatlhoba dipolanete tse go tweng Venus le Mars, fa tsa
"Pioneers" tsona di ile tsa lekanya diphefo tse di tswang
Letsatsing.
Seteishene se ile sa neelwa ba lekgotla la CSIR (Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research) ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme sa fetolelwa go Bolepamagodimo ka
radio. Ka ngwaga 1988 sa neelwa mmuso, ka fa taolong ya FRD (Foundation for
Research Development), e e rileng ka ngwaga wa 1999 ya fetolelwa go NRF
(National Research Foundation).
Selepamagodimo ka Radio
Bophara ba sekotlele sa telesekoupo (e e tshwantshitsweng fa tlase fa) ke
dimitara di le 26. Boima ba sona bona ke ditone di le 260. E amogela
makhubu a radio ka di
"radio receiver", go tloga ka boleele ba disentimitara di le 18, go
ya go 13, 6, 4.5, 3.5 go fitlha ka 2.5. Di " radio receiver" tse di
tsidifatswa go fitlhela go ditemperetshara tse 16° godimo ga
"absolute zero"(-257° Celsius) go dira gore
ditlhatlhobo tsa makhubu di nepagale thatathata. Dipatlisiso tsotlhe di
laolwa ka komputara.
Asteronomi
Mo dithutong tsa radio asteronomi go diriswa mekgwa ya dipatlisiso e le
mene, e bong: radiometeri, spekteroskopi, go tsaya nako ka diphalesa le
interferometeri. Tlhaloso ya dipatlisiso tse e a latela.
Radiometeri
Makhubu a radio a tswa mo dilong tsa mefuta e mentsi mo galakesing ya rona
ya Molalatladi (Milky Way) le mo digalakesing tse dingwe tse di kgakala
thata. Dingwe tsa dilo tse di ithutiwang, di batlisiswa mo Hartebeesthoek
ke tse di latelng:
Go lekola gase e e fisang mo galakesing ya rona ya Molalatladi (Milky
Way), makhubu a radio a a tswang mo Loaping lwa Borwa ba
Lefatshe lotlhe a
tshwantshitswe ka telesekoupo ke baithuti go tswa univesiting ya Rhodes.
Bontlhabongwe ba mmepe o bo a latela.
Digase tse di molelo go tswa kgakalakgakala di bitswa digalakesi tsa
radio (radio galaxies), dibeleisa (blazars), le dikhweisa (quasars). Digase
tse di thunyang tse di tswa mo dilong tse di boitshegang, mme di
phutlhametseng
mo teng ga botsona, mme di bitswa di "black hole". Digase tse di
thunyetsang ntlheng ya rona di lebega di fofa ka lobelo lo lo fetang lwa
matlhasedi a Letsatsi go tla Lefatsheng, e bile di ka bonala di phatshima go
feta lesedi la naledi ga kete tse sekete tse sekete (1 billion times).
Galakesi e e gaufi le rona e bong ("Centaurus A, NGC5128") e
bonala mo bogare-mojeng wa setshwantsho se se mo godimo.
Spekteroskopi
Tlhago e itiretse spekteroskopi sa go lekola lesedi la letsatsi le re le
bonang, e leng marothodi a pula. Marothodi a pula a aroganya mme a
phatlalatse marang a Letsatsi, a a bitswang lesedi le lesweu (white light),
go re marang a a dire mola-wa-godimo (rainbow). Mola-wa-godimo o re bontsha
mebalabala e e kopantseng ke tlhago go bopa lesedi la Letsatsi. Ka mokgwa o
o tshwanang le o, re ka dirisa botaki ba "electronics" go aroganya
marang a makhubu a radio go tswa mo dilong tse di mo lofaufaung.
Diathomo le dimolekhule (atoms and molecules) mo lofaufaung di ka
ntshetsa ntle makhubu a radio a disentimetara tsa boleng bo bo rileng. Di
ithutwa ka tiriso ya sepeketerometara (spectrometer).
Sekai se bonwa mo
ditlhatlhobong tsa dimeisa, e leng marang a a bogale, a atswang mo
dimolekhuleng tsa go tshwana le "hydroxyl (OH)" le "methanol
(CH3OH)". Di bonwa mo loroleng lo lo dikanyeditseng dinaledi tse di sa
tswang go tsalwa.
Dinaledi tse di gaufi le bukhutlo ba botshelo ba tsona di kgona go dira
dimeisa. Naledi ya go nna jaana e a buduloga, e fetoga naledi e khibidu ya
dimo, e go tweng "red giant star". Go tloga fa dimo-naledi e
e tlaa iphophota dipota tsa kwa ntle (outer layers) ka maatla, e golele pele,
e ngotlege, e boe e gole, fela jalo. Se se tlhola leru le le boitshegang la
gase le lorole lo lo kitlaneng thata, lo foka go tswa mo naledi-dimong e.
Dimeisa tsa "hydroxyl" di ka nna mo lerung la mothale o. Go tswa
mo ditemogong tsa dimeisa, go ka bonwa selekanyo sa leru le, ga mmogo le
bokgakala ba naledi ya teng. Setshwantsho se se fa tlase se bontsha go
fapaana ka lekete (intensity) ga dimeisa tsa
"hydroxyl"
go dikologa naledi e e tsofetseng. Mo setshwantshong se go dirisitswe mmala
o mohibidu, o botala ba lee le botala ba bojang go supa go fapaana ga maatla
a meisa fa e ntse e gola, e ngotlega, e gola.
Go tsaya nako ya diphalesa "pulsars"
Dinaledi tsa boima bo bo fetang ba Letsatsi ga lesome fa di swa di ntsha
makhubu a radio a mofuta o mongwe, jaaka go thunya go go boitshegang
(supernova). Fa boima ba naledi e bo letla, ka dinako tse dingwe naledi e e
ka wela mo botenngeng ba boyona, ka ntlha ya maatla a kgogelo ya boimakete
ba naledi e (gravity). Go tswa fa naledi e e ya ipotoka, e itire kgolokwe
kapa bolo ya dinuterone (neutrons), ya baphara ba dikilometara di ka nna
someamabedi. Dinaledi tse tsa dinuterone (neutron stars) di dikologa ka bonako
thata mme di na le maatla a kgogedi (magnetic fields) a a bokete thata. Ka
jalo di kgona go ntsha marang a makhubu a radio fa di ntse di dikologa.
Selepamagodimo sa radio se bona go uba ga marang a fa a tswela ntlheng ya
sona, jaaka lebone la koloi ya setimamolelo le dikologa. Ditshekatsheko le
dipatlisiso tsa diphapaano tsa marang a di re ruta go tlhaloganya botennye
ba dilo tse di gakgamatsang tse.
Tiriso ya Selepamagodimo sa selekanyo sa Lefatshe
HartRAO e na le tirisanommogo le mafapha a mangwe jaaka EVN, e leng
(European VLBI Network), e bi le gape e dirisana le ba AT-LBA
(Australia Telescope Long Baseline Array, ba APT (Asia Pacific
Telescope, US VLBA (United States Very Long Baseline Array), Global Array
ga mmogo le Halca /
VSOP e leng selepamagodimo sa radio se se dikologang Lefatshe.
Tiriso VLBI e re letla go bona dilo tse dinnye thata tse, tse di sa
bonweng bonolo le ka dibonelakgakala tsa leitlho (optical telescopes) tsa
makgonte tota. Sekai sa tiriso ya VLBI ke mo tshedimosong ya di meisa
(masers) le dikhweisa (quasars) tse di betsegang gare ga dinaledi tse di
ikadileng le Molalatladi (Milky Way).
Go ithuta Popego ya Lefatshe ka tiriso ya Asteronomi le
tsaMagodimo
Mo lenaneong le mo HartRAO go diriswa
mefuta e meraro ya dipatlisiso, e bong: VLBI (Very Long Baseline
Interferometry), SLR (Satellite Laser Ranger)
ga mmogo le GPS (Global Positioning System).
(Space Geodesy)
Go ithuta Lefatshe ka tiriso ya VLBI
Dikhweisa (quasars) di kgakalakgakala, mo e bi leng di bonala e kete di
tlhometswe mo lofaufaung. Fa re di lekola ka tiriso ya kgokagano ya VLBI,
re kgona go lekanya bokgakala magareng ga dilepamagodimo tsa radio mo
mafatsheng a mangwe, ka nepagalo ya go fitlha disentimetara. Se se re
kgontsha gape go lekanya go suta ka iketlo ga dikontinente mo godimo ga
Lefatshe, le go roroma ga Lefatshe fa le ntse le dikologa. Ke ka ntlha ya
tiriso e selepamagodimo sa HartRAO se fetogileng ntlha-kgolo mo lenaneong la
bosetshaba la dipatlisiso (National Survey System). Lenaneo le le bitswa "Hartebeesthoek
94 Datum". HartRAO ke karolo ya tirisanommogo ya IVS (International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry).
Tiriso ya Leisa ya Satelaete (Satellite Laser Ranger)
Satelaete ke selo se se dikologang Lefatshe, mme e ka dirisetswa dipatlisiso
tse dintsi. Leisa ya Satelaete (SLR) ke e dira mo tlase ga lenaneo la
tirisanommogo le ba-NASA. E dirisetswa go tlhatlhoba le go re sedimosa ka
nepagalo motlhala oo disatelaete di le mmalwa di dikologang Lefatshe ka ona.
Disatelaete tse di akaretsa tsa GPS (Global Positioning System), e leng tse
di dirisetswang go lekanya diphetogo mo bogodimong ba lewatle (sea surface
height). Le go lekanya kgogedi ya boimakete (gravity field) ya Lefatshe.
HartRAO ke karolo ya Leise ya Satelaete ya Boditshabatshaba, e e bitswang "International Laser
Ranging Service" (ILRS).
Kgolagano ya di-GPS (Global Positioning System)
Kgolagano ya diteisene tsa GPS e diriswa go anama le Afrika
Borwa ka bophara, mo dipatlisisong tse di nepagetseng tsa Bonetetshi
le go re naya ntlha-kgolo (reference point) ya dipatlisiso tsa Bosetshaba
(National Survey Systems). HartRAO ke lefelo mo Afrika le e
leng lekunutu la kitso ka tsa GPS Lefatshe ka bophara (Regional Data
Center of the International GPS Service, IGS).
Dithuto le Phasalatso ya Bonetetshi kakaretso
Baithuti le badiri go tswa diyunibesiting ba ka tla go dira
diteko le dipatlisiso tsa Bonetetshi mo Hartebeesthoek.
(Science
Awareness)
Phasalatso ya kitso-kakaretso ya Astronomi, Botaki le Bonetetshi e dirwa
ka go ruta bana ba dikolo, ditlhopa le bathosetshabeng fa ba etetse
Bolepamagodimo ba Hartebeesthoek.
Katiso ya Barutisi (Educator workshops) e tshwarwa mo diporofenseng
tsotlhe tse di mo Bokone ba Afrika Borwa. Tsona di rulaganyeditswe go thusa
Barutisi go tlhaloganya, mme ba kgone go ka tlhalosetsa baithuti karolo ya
Astronomi mo dithutong tsa sekolo tsa gompieno, mo lenaneong la thuto la OBE
(Outcomes Based Education).
Lebisa Dipatlisiso go:
e-mail:
info@hartrao.ac.za
mogala: +27 12 301-3100
fax: +27 12 301-3300
post: HartRAO, PO Box 443, Krugersdorp 1740, South
Africa.
World Wide Web:
http://www.hartrao.ac.za
E
lekotswe ka 2002/02/27 ke
Mike Gaylard.
E ranoletswe Setswaneng ka 2003/04/08 ke Pulane Moroeng.


text:
161Jaanong ka utlwa lentswe le legolo le tswa mo Tempeleng le raya baengele ba supa le re: “Yaang lo tshololele megotšwana e e supang ya bogale jwa Modimo mo lefatsheng.”
2Wa ntlha a bolola, a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo lefatsheng; mme ga tswa ditlhagala tse di maswe, tse di botlhoko mo bathong ba ba neng ba na le letshwao la sebata, ba ba obamelang setshwantsho sa sona.
3Wa bobedi a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo lewatleng; la fetoga madi e kete a moswi, mme diphedi tsotlhe tse di mo lewatleng tsa swa.
4Wa boraro a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo dinokeng le mo metsweding ya metsi, tsa fetoga madi.
5Jaanong ka utlwa moengele wa metsi a re:
“O siame,
wena Moitshepi
yo o leng teng,
yo o neng o le teng,
ka o atlhotse jalo.
6Gonne ba tsholotse madi
a baitshepi le a baporofeti,
jaanong o ba nositse madi;
gonne go ba tshwanetse.”
7Ka utlwa lentswe le le tswang kwa aletareng le re:
“Ee, Morena, Modimo,
Mothatayotlhe,
dikatlholo tsa gago
ke tsa boammaaruri,
di siame.”
19:2
8Wa bone a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo letsatsing; ke fa le newa thata go fisa batho ka molelo. 9Batho ba fisiwa ke mogote o mogolo; mme ba kgala leina la Modimo o o nang le thata mo dipetsong tseo, ba se ka ba tlhabologa go o obegela.
19:20-21
10Wa botlhano a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo sedulong sa sebata; jaanong lefatshe la puso ya sona la fifala, ba itlhafuna diteme ka ntlha ya botlhoko.
Jes. 8:21,22
11Ba kgala Modimo wa legodimo ka ntlha ya matlhoko a bone le ka ntlha ya ditlhagala tsa bone, mme ba se ka ba bakela ditiro tsa bone.
12Wa borataro a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo nokeng e kgolo ya Euferate; metsi a yona a kgala gore tsela ya dikgosi tse di tswang kwa botlhabatsatsi e baakanngwe.
13Jaanong ka bona mewa e le meraro e e maswe e e tshwanang le digwagwa, e tswa mo molomong wa kgwanyape le mo molomong wa sebata le mo molomong wa moporofeti wa maaka;
13:1,11
Ekes. 8:3
1 Dikg. 22:21-23
14gonne ke mewa ya medemone e e dirang ditshupo, e ya kwa dikgosing tsa lefatshe lotlhe go di phuthela tlhabanong ya letsatsi le legolo la Modimo wa thata yotlhe.
19:19
15“Reetsa, ke tla tla jaaka legodu. Go sego yo o itisitseng, a apere diaparo gore a se tsamae a sa apara, batho ba bona bosaikatega jwa gagwe!”
Tshen. 3:18
16Mewa eo ya phuthela dikgosi felong fa go bidiwang Haremagetone ka Sehebere.
2 Dikg. 9:27
23:29
Sag. 12:11
17Wa bosupa a tshololela mogotšwana wa gagwe mo leaping; jaanong ga tswa lentswe le legolo mo tempeleng, le tswa kwa sedulong sa bogosi le re: “Go dirafetse.” 18Ga ba ga nna dikgadima le mantswe le ditumo tsa maru, le thoromo e kgolo ya lefatshe, jaaka go ise go ke go nne thoromo ya lefatshe e e kalokalo, fa e sa le motho a nna mo lefatsheng.
8:5
11:19
19Motse o mogolo wa kgaogana dikarolo di le tharo, metse ya merafe ya wa, Babilone yo mogolo a gopolwa fa pele ga Modimo gore a nosiwe senwelo sa bojalwa jwa kgakalo ya bogale jwa ona.
14:10
20Ditlhakatlhake tsotlhe tsa nyelela, le dithaba tsa se ka tsa tlhola di bonwa.
20:11
21Sefako se segolo sa bokete jwa diponto di le lekgolo sa wela mo bathong, se tswa kwa legodimong; mme batho ba kgala Modimo ka ntlha ya petso ya sefako, ka petso ya sona e le e kgolo thata.
Tshen. 16:9