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HIV/AIDS mo Botswana
Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a wetsweng ke seru sa bolwetsi jwa leroborobo. Dipalo tsa kanamo ya mogare mo bathong ba dingwaga tse di lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go tse di masome a mane le boferabongwe ke 24.1% e leng ngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo mo Aforika. Tlhakanelo dikobo e diragalang magare ga batho ba bong jo bo sa tshwaneng ke ngwe ya dilo tse di oketsang kanamo ya mogare. Banana ba basetsana ba mo diphatseng tsa go ka tsenwa ke mogare go feta batho botlhe. Young men ages 15 to 24 experience an HIV prevalence rate of 5.7 percent, while young women in the same age group experience prevalence rates of 15.3 percent. Palo ya banana ba basimane ba dingwaga tse di fagare ga lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go tse masome a mabedi le bone ke 5.7%, fa basetsana ba dingwaga tse palo ya bone e le 15.3%. Kanamo ya mogare e farologana go ya ka maranyane a a ka ga lefatshe, kanamo ya mogare e ntsi thata kwa metseng ya dintlhana, mme e nne ko tlase kwa motse o motonatona wa dikago tsa segompieno ga mmogo le kwa dikgaolong. Lophatla lwa United Nations Development Programme lo akanyetsa gore e tlare ka ngwaga wa 2010 bana ba palo e feta 20% e tlaabo e le masiela/ dikhutsana. Lolwapa lo lo katlologaneng le sechaba ba iphele matsapa a go ka tlhokomela masiela a. mogare wa HIV o nnele sekgoreletse mo ditlhabologo tsa lefatshe la Botswana di tshwana le bo itsholelo, tlhomamo ya seplotiki ga mmogo le lobaka lwa dingwaga tse motho a tshwanetse go tshela ka lone mo lefatsheng go simologa ka ngwaga o ne lefatshe le tsaya boipuso.
Ditshenyegelo tsa go tlhokomela botsog jwa ba ba amilweng ke mogare di e le magoletsa mo malwapeng. Tlatlhegelo ya madi go ka itshetsa ka o ne fa motlhokomedi a tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya mogare le yone e kwa godimo. Bontsi jwa batho ba ba berekang mo Botswana ke batho ba bagolwane ba ba setseng ba amilwe ke mogare mo ebileng bangwe ba tlogetse tiro. Go simologa ka ngwaga wa 1999 go ya kwa go 2005 Botswana o latlhegetswe ke batho ba palo e kana ka 17% ba botsogo ka ntlha ya bolwetse jwa leroborobo. Tatlhegelo e ntsi ya barutabana ka ntlha ya leroborobo o fokotsa boleng jwa thuto ga mmogo le nako e bana ba e tsayang go rutiwa. Go solofelwa fa go palo ya bana ba ba tswang mo dikolong e tla ya magoletsa ka go bob ba patikega go thusa ba ba lwalang ko lawapeng ga mmogo le go thusa ka madi. Ka ngwaga wa 2011 Lephatla la thuto la thuto le simolola go ruta ka bolwetsi jwa Segajaja.
Teach Aids le le tlhamilweng ke ba Starnford Uiversity le tla ga neelwa dikolo tsotlhe go ruta batho ba dingwaga tse borataro go ya kwa go tse masome a mabedi le bone. The TeachAIDS prevention software, developed at Stanford University, will be distributed to every primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age nationwide.[1]
o ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
- Seru sa AIDS
- Segajaja mo Aforika
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ "UNICEF funds TeachAIDS work in Botswana". TeachAIDS. 2 June 2010. http://teachaids.org/blog/unicef-funds-teachaids-work-in-botswana/. Retrieved 24 January 2011.


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Study and Master Nkgo Ya Puo Ya Setswana Mophato Wa 4 Buka Ya Morutwana (LB) Caps Mophato Wa 4: Buka Ya Morutwana
Written by Lebogang Petronella Petlele, Lorato Charity Mosiane, Seanokeng Alina Mokoma, Setshego Francinah Moabi
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Study and Master Nkgo Ya Puo Ya Setswana Mophato Wa 4 Buka Ya Morutwana (LB) Caps Mophato Wa 4: Buka Ya Morutwana by Lebogang Petronella Petlele, Lorato Charity Mosiane, Seanokeng Alina Mokoma, Setshego Francinah MoabiStudy & Master Nkgo ya Puo ya Setswana ke metseletsele ya dibuka tse di kwaletsweng barutabana le barutwana ba Setswana mo Sekgamung sa Dithuto tse Dikgolwane (FET). Buka ya Morutwana * E kgaogantswe ka dikgweditharo di le nne tse di akaretsang dibeke, dibeke tse di abelana ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng. * E humile ka ditirwana tse di rotloetsang morutwana go akanya le go tsosolosa kgatlhego ya go itse, go dirisa le go ikgantsha ka puo ya Setswana. * Beke nngwe le nngwe e akaretsa dikgono tsa thuto jaaka go reetsa le go bua, go buisa le go lebelela, go kwala le go tlhagisa le dipopego tsa puo le melawana. * E na le kitsokakaretso e e rulagantsweng ka botswerere go ruta ngwao le setso, go aga botho jo bo feletseng jwa ngwana wa mmala wa sebilo. * E humile thutapuo go tlhokotsa tirisopuo e e lolameng.
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173 pages
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Lebogang Petronella Petlele, Lorato Charity Mosiane, Seanokeng Alina Mokoma, Setshego Francinah Moabi
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Cambridge University Press (South Africa)
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1st January 2012
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9781107693081
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Botswana TV
Botswana TV ke segasa ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego sa Lefatshe la Botswana mo borwa jwa Aferika. Di ofisi tsa segasa ditshwantsho di mo toropokgolo Gaborone, tse di bidiwang gotlwe "Mass Media Complex". Diofisi tse di dira ka bojotlhe gore batho ba bone thuso yotlhe e ba e thokang e amana le go gasa ditshwantsho. E nale mananeo a a rutang batho ka tsa botshelo, bontsi jwa one ke a mo gae mme a mangwe a bo a rekilwe go tsweng kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi le one tota a a kwa kgakala[1].
Contents
Palo ya mananeo ka go farologana[baakanya | edit source]
Sekai sa Dikgang tsa BTV[baakanya | edit source]
Kompone ya motlakase ya Botswana Power Corporation e tshephisa Batswana go tla go lebelela metshameko ya sejana sa "African Cup of Nations" e e tlaa simololang mo bogautshwaneng go sena dikgoreletsi dipe tsa go kgaoga ga motlakase.
Kgang e e tlhomamisitswe ke moanamisa mafoko wa kompone eo Rre Spencer Moreri mo puisanong le lekalana la dikgang la BOPA ka Labotlhano. O buile jalo morago ga gore barati le barotloetsi ba kgwele ya dinao ba tshwenyege ka letlhoko la motlakase le le apereng lefatshe leno ka bophara. Go kgaoga mo ga motlakase ga go jese barati ba kgwele ya dinao diwelang ka ba tshoga gore e ka nna ya re ka nako ya gore ba bogele metshameko e mo thelebisheneng seemo sa kgaoga ya motlakase se bo se ise se tokafale.[2]
Rre Moreri o tlhalositse fa tlhaelo e ya motlakase lefatshe ka bophara e bakilwe ke gore go santse go baakanngwa madirelo a motlakase a Morupule le a Orapa. A re mo nakog eno ba ikaegile ka dikompone tse e leng tsone tse dikgolo tsa motlakase, jaaka ya Eskom ya Aferika Borwa. O boletse fa kompone e e setse e sa kgone go ntsha motlakase o o lekaneng kwa ga yone. E re dikgang di eme jalo, Rre Moreri o ne a ikuela mo setshabeng ka kakaretso go dirisa selekanyo sa motlakase se se leng teng ka tshomarelo ka go tima didirisiwa tsa motlakase tse di sa tlhokafaleng.[3]
A re letlhoko la motlakase le tlaa tswelela le le teng le fa seemo se ka tokafala, ka jalo a gakolola gore go timiwe didirisiwa tsa motlakase nako nngwe le nngwe fa motlakase o kgaogile go di babalela. O tlhalositse fa go tle go nne le kgaogo ya motlakase ka dinako tse go sa solofelwang. A re go bakwa ke mathata a mafaratlhatlha a a anamisang motlakase, mme a kopa setshaba go begela ba ofisi e e gaufi fa go nna le bothata jo. Rre Moreri o weditse ka gore le bone ba tshwenyegile e bile maiteko a tsweletse go busetsa seemo mo taolong. O kopile setshaba segolo bogolo bagwebi go nna le mowa wa go tlhaloganya seru se se wetseng lefatshe leno.[4]


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Motsana wa Tshokwe
Tshokwe ke motse o o mo kgaolong ya legare mo Botswana Motsana o o bonwa mo Borwa-Botlhaba jwa toropoSelibe Phikwe, gaufi le molelwane wa lefatshe la Zimbabwe, gape o nale sekolo se se potlana. Mo palo batho ya ngwaga wa 2001 dipalo tsa motse wa Lepokole di ne dile makgolo a matlhano le botlhano.[1]
Contents
Puso e itebagantse le go tlhabolola matshelo[baakanya | edit source]
Maikaelelo a puso ke go tlhabolola lefatshe leno ka go isa ditlhabololo le mananeo ka nako e e tshwanetseng go nonotsha boleng le seriti sa batho.Mothusa tona wa temo-thuo, Rre Shaw Kgathi, yo e bileng e le mopalamente wa kgaolo ya Bobirwa, o bo letse jalo fa a ne a buisa phuthego ya kgotla kwa motseng oo, a lekodisa batlhophi ba gagwe ka dipuisanyo tsa phuthego ya palamente e e fetileng le go tsaya megopolo go e isa kwa go e e tlang.Rre Kgathi a re puso e kgonne go rotloetsa le go rokotsa banana go nna le seabe mo mananeo a dithuso ka go oketsa madi a a fiwang banana ba ba sa tlholeng ba tsena sekole go tswa kwa go P70 000 go ya kwa go P963 480.A re gape banana ba nnile le seabe mo mananeong a temo ya nosetso, thuo ya dikoko, dihutshane, dikolobe le tse dingwe, lenaneo le a reng le letla gore ba ka le akola ka go ipopa ditlhopha kgotsa ba thusiwa ka bongwe ka bongwe.A re ditlhabololo dingwe ke go gokelwa ga motlakase kwa metseng e e neng e saletse kwa morago e e akaretsang wa Motlhabaneng, Mabolwe, Lepokole le Tshokwe mo a reng go tsweletse.O bile a tlhalosa fa kago ya borogo e tsweletse kwa mokeng ya Motloutse mo nokeng e e kgabaganyang tsela ya Lekkerpoet/ Motlhabaneng le kwa nokeng ya Thune e e kgabaganyang tsela ya Bobonong/Tsetsebye, a re tsela eo e tlaa tshelwa sekontere mo ngwageng ono wa madi le gore dingwe ditsela tsa Bobonong di tlaa tshelwa sekontere.
Ditlhabololo tsa kgaolo ya Bobirwa[baakanya | edit source]
Rre Kgathi o boleletse banni gore ditlhabololo di tshwana ya go nna teng ga banka le marekisetso a Choppies mo kgaolong eno ke kgatelo pele ya go oka bagwebi go tla go bula dekgwebo mono.A re puso e tsere tshwetso ya go atolosa dikokelwana, e le maiteko a go atametsa batho ditlamelo tsa botsogo le go fokotsa mosuke kwa kokelong ya Bobonong.A re maikaelelo a puso ke gore batho ba metse ya Lentswe-le- Moriti, Motlhabaneng, le dipolasi e sobokwe gore ba bone ditlamelo tsa botsogo go balelwa ngaka kwa motseng wa Mathathane go na le go e latela kwa Bobonong.Le fa go ntse jalo, mothusa tona a re dikgwetlho di tshwana le go tlhagoga ga bolwetsi jwa tlhako le molomo, le kanamo ya mogare wa HIV, go thelesegela ga batswakwa mo lefatsheng leno ba se na tetla ke dilo dingwe tse di amang itsholelo le go kgoreletsa ditlhabololo.A re puso e tsere tshwetso ya go direla bagodi le bana-le-bogole dikarata tsa go supa gore ga ba duelele kalafi mo dikokelong tsa puso.O ne a ba itsese fa ditlhwatlhwa tsa phimolo dikeledi ya tshenyo ya diphologolo kwa masimo le kwa merakeng di okeditswe le dikotlhao tsa molao wa tsela di gagamaditswe.
Rre Kgathi a re puso e setse e sekasekile togamaano ya bolesome ya ditlhabololo, mme ba setse ba bone seemo sa itsholelo.E ne e rile pele modulasetilo wa komiti ya ditlhabololo tsa motse, Rre Mphale Lebotse a lekodisa mopalamente ka matshwenyego a bone, a kopa gore didiba tse di gaufi na bo di katololwe gore ba nose dihutshane tsa bone.Rre Lebotse o kopile gore tsela ya Motlhabaneng/Semolale e gopiwe le go tshelwa lekgarapana gore go dirisiwe yone, ka gore borogo jwa tsela e ba ntseng ba e dirisa bo ntshitswe ntswa jo bo agiwang mo nakong eno bo ise bo fele, a re se se ba baketse mathata ka nako ya dipula.O bile a nankola ditiro tsa ditlhabololo tse ba ikaelelang go di dira ka lenaneo le le thusang batho boemong jwa la namola leuba tse a reng di santse di ile go sekasekwa ke bodiredi jwa kgaolo potlana eno.Mme Lydia Mfolwe a re ba lephata le tlhokomelo matlhoko a leruo ba sale ba ba epetse letangwana le le nosang dihutshane nako kgolo ke eno gale ise le dirisiwe, a bo a kopa gore phimolo dikeledi ya dipodi fa di bolailwe ke dibatana e okediwe go tswa kwa go P25, a re mo nakong eno ditlhwatlhwa tsa dipodi di kwa godimo.Rre Ofentse Moleofe ene a re nako e tsile ya gore meraka le masimo di nne lefelo le le lengwe fela go sireletsa tlhaelo ya lefatshe, a re ba santse ba tlhoka lefatshe la ditsha tsa masimo le meraka.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Dipadi tse dingwe.[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ "Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census". Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071124145541/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist52_53.html. Retrieved 2008-01-08.


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Ditirelo tsa motlobo wa dibuka tsa Botswana
Template:Unreferenced Ditirelo tsa motlobo wa dibuka tsa Botswana ke tleseletso ya go letlelela bakwadi go anamisa dibuka tsa bone mo Botswana. Ditirelo tse di buletswe semmuso ka Phukwi a tlhola boferabobedi,ngwaga wa 1968.
Contents
Tebelopele ya setshaba ka metlobo ya dibuka[baakanya | edit source]
Botswana o iphitlhela mo lobakeng lwa ditiragalo tse mo go tsone dikakanyo tsa batho le dilo tse di tlhokegang di fetogang ka bofefo jo bo gakgamatsang.Batho ba tshwanetse go inaakanya le diphetogo tse di diragalang momafatsheng otlhe mme e re ba dira jalo ba bo ba tlamparetse tse di siameng tsa ngwao ya bone tse di re farologanyang le dichaba tse dingwe. Ka jaanong e le dingwaga di le masome mararo re ntse re ipusa, re tshwanetse go akanya ka ga tse dintle tse di fetileng le gore re dirile go le kae go di kgona. Mme e re go ntse jaana, re akanye re bo re lore tse di tlang tse dintle. Re tla a bo re le sechaba se se ntseng jang ka 2016, ngwaga wa dingwaga tse di masome matlhano re ntse re ipusa? Diphetogo tse re batlang go di dira di tla a tsaya lobaka. Dingwaga tsa diphetogo tse di tla a akaretsa tokafatso ya thuto le botsogo. Jalo he, re tshwanetse go lebela kwa pele thata gore re tsaya ditsela tse di ntseng jang. Gore re ipaakanyetse phetogo ya itsholelo ya mafatshe otlhe le botshelo jwa batho, a re dirise dipaka tse di re tlelang ka botlalo. Dilo tse re batlang go di dira di tla a nna le mathata a re sa kakeng ra a solofela gompieno. Re tshwanetse go nna re fetola dilo re digile dibete re le pelokgale.Re tshwanetse go ineela go fetola dilo mo go tla a solegelang lefatshe la rona molemo. Ga go na yo o ka re di fetolelang. Diphetogo tse di raya gore re dire ka natla, mme tuelo e tlaa nna tswelelo ya rona rotlhe.
Tiriso ya maranyane a enthanete mo metlobong ya dibuka[baakanya | edit source]
Mogolwane wa motlobo wa dibuka kwa Maun Rre Mackenzie Moabi, a re ba mo maikaelelong a go atlega mo letshegong la ntlha la go nna tshaba e e rutegileng, e e nang le kitso.A re setshaba se tshwanetse sa itse gore motlobo wa dibuka o ka ba thusa jang.O kopile setshaba go dirisa sebaka sa go dirisa maranyane a inthanete a mahala, gore e re nako e e tlang ba bone maduo a a botoka. Rre Moabi o buile jalo mo puisanong le lekalana la BOPA bosheng.O tlhalositse fa lenaneo la Sesigo gammogo le ithutuntsho e e neng ya dirwa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe monongwaga e le tsone tse di rotloeditseng batho go tla ka dipalo tse dintsi go amogela le go tlhaloganya tiriso ya inthanete.O boletse fa boranyane jo bo kgatlhegelwa ke bagolo, banana le bana, o ne a re banana gantsi ba e dirisa go intsha bodutu ka go tlhaeletsana le ba bangwe ka go dirisa maranyane a a gokaganyang ditsala le masika.A re bangwe ba badirisi ke ba dikgwebo tse dipotlana ka ba tla ba e dirisa go botsolotsa le go batla maano a go godisa dikgwebo tsa bone le go bona gore ba ka di tiisa jang.O rile dipalo tsa bagolo le banana di godile go tswa mo go sekete go ya kwa diketeng tse pedi go tswa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go fitlha mo nakong ya gompieno.A re ka letsatsi, ba nna le badirisi ba ba ka tshwarang makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano.Rre Moabi o supile fa go na le dikgwetlho, a re nngwe ya tsone ke go kgaoga ga inthanete kgapetsakgapetsa. O rile jaanong se, se dira gore badirisi ba yone ba se ka ba nna le tshepo e e kalo mo go yone.
Lephata la thuto le tlhabolola kitso mo metlobong[baakanya | edit source]
Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo Kitso le na le boikarabelo jwa kgolo ya baithuti ba dingwaga tse di farologanyeng mono Botswana. Molao wa thuto (Education Law) o simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1966 ka nako ya boipuso jwa lefatshe leno. Ka 2001 Lephata le ne la semilodisa lenaneo le lešha la thuto le le akaretsang dingwaga tse supa Poraemari, tse tharo tsa sekontari tse di potlana, le tse pedi tsa sekontari e kgolwane. Lephata la Thuto le ma le boikarabelo bongwe jo bo faphegileng. Boikarabelo jo jwa go tlhabola thuto bo akaretsa:
· Go fa sebaka go tsena sekolo se se lekanang go tlhabolola kitso le thuto.
· Go somarela tlhabololo thuto bodiredi
· Go fa le go rurufatsa thuto le tlhabololo kitso ya maemo a a kwa godimo
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Botswana Botswana Library Association


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Palapye
Palapye ke mongwe wa metse mogolo mo Botswana. E fitlhelwa mo tseleng ya A1, fa gare ga Gaborone le Francistown. Lefelo le e leng mo go lone le fetotse go nna toropo dingwaga tse dintsi tse di fitileng, ka e ne ele marakanelo a di terena tsa le ditsela.
Ditso[baakanya | edit source]
Leina Palapye ke leina le le thamilweng morago ga gore motse oo bone matlhotlha pelo mo ditsong tsa bone. Motse oo o tlholegile ka leina la Phalatswe gonne lefelo la teng le ne le tshabelelwa ke diphala. Lefa gontse jalo leina palapye le thamilwe ke dimmishinari (missionaries) ba e leng gore bane ba bona go le thata go bitsa leina Phalatswe. Bangwato totatota bone ba tlholegile ba ikagetse dikago kwa bokone gaufi le dithaba tse e leng gore mo segompienong di setse di thibeletswe ke batswapong kwa bokone mo motseng wa Malaka. dikago tseo gompieno dibidiwa Old Palapye.
Mangwe a mafelo a neng a kgatlhisa batswakwa ka dingwaga tsa 1800 e ne ele :
- kereke e kgologolo ya Palapye e e fetang dingwaga tse 120 entse e le teng.
- British Cemetry
Morafe[baakanya | edit source]
Go fitlhelwa thata morafe wa bangwato, batswapong le merafe e mengwe mo motseng wa Palapye.
Dikgoge[baakanya | edit source]
Dipholo. K.(2011), Old Palapye, My City Of Ruins, http://www.thevoicebw.com/2011/08/12/old-palapye-my-city-of-ruins/


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Serowe
Serowe ke motse mogolo wa morafe wa Bangwato o kgosi kgolo ya bone e leng Kgosi Seretse Khama Ian Khama. Bangwe ba bagaka ba morafe o ke Rre Ratsie Setlhako, Kgosi Gorewang Kgamane, Rre Seretse khama le ba bangwe fela jalo Botswana.
Serowe o itsege thata fa ele motse mogolo mo Botswana morago ga motse mogolo wa Bakwena ebong Molepolole ebile ke one motse mogolo wa Bamangwato. Serowe o itsege thata ka ele one motse yoo bontsi jwa botautona ba Botswana ba tswang teng.
Contents
Ditso[baakanya | edit source]
Serowe o ntse o gakologelwa Khama III,kgosi ya Bamangwatobatho ba bogologolo ka ngwagakgolo lesome le boferabongwe le masome mabedi.Ka ngwaga wa 1903 o ne a thomiwa fa e le motse mogolo Serowe, Bamangwato.New International Encyclopedia.Gape ke lefelo la matsalo la ga Seretse Khama,motswana wa ntlha President,le setso sa morafe wa letso la Bamangwato.
Sekolo sa Swaneng Hill e ne e le dingwe tsa dikolo tsa ntlha mo Serowe tsa Brigades Movement dikolo di simolotswe ke morutegi Patrick van Rensburg.
Lefelo[baakanya | edit source]
Serowe o bonwa mo lefelong le le siametseng temo thuo, lefelo le le tshwarang metsi mo Botswana Central District gape ke lefelo la kgwebo le thekiso. O bonwa mo bophirima jwa tsela ya Gaborone–Francistown kwa go leng motlhofo teng go ka o bona.Gape le supa tshimologo ya tsela ya Serowe-Orapa ee felelang ko meepong ya teemane ya Orapa.Tshimologo ya tsela e e simologile ka ngwaga wa 1986, mme e ne ya fetswa dingwaganyana morago.
Swaneng hill o kgaogantswe ka dintha di le tharo tse di bidiwang Pa-Swaneng, Ma-Swaneng and Ba-Swaneng:Rre Mme le Ngwana ka go latelana.
Dikago[baakanya | edit source]
E sale ka ngwaga wa 2000, Serowe o nnile le dithabololo di le mmalwa,mme o tswelela ka go gola ka seemo se nametsang ntswa kgolo ya mabapi nae Palapye. Sekolo se se golwane sa Swaneng se se itsegeng ka leina la, Swaneng hill,se ne gape sa thatosiwa maemo ke puso ya Botswana ka kompone ya tsa kago ya batho ba letso la chaina.Gompieno e na le felo la thathobelo ditsompelo tsa segompieno tsa maranyane,le fa go ntse jalo ba thoka ditsompelo tsa kitso ee tseneletseng.Ka jalo ba nnile le kgatlhego mo maranyaneng,mme se se bakile gore ba romele bana ba ba nang le bokgoni ko ntle ga lefatshe.Go maleba go umaka fa ba na le kitso ya lephata la ditso ee kwa godimo ee isang bana go tsaya maeto a go ya difikantsweng go dikologa lefatshe.Dingangisanyo di rotoediwa thata, mme se se baka ditshimega di le mmalwa tsa lefatshe.


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Lefelo la diphologolo la Central Kalahari
Central Kalahari ke lefelo le letona la diphologolo mo sekakeng sa Kalahari mo Botswana. Le simolodisitswe ka ngwaga wa 1961, le botona jwa selekanyo sa dikhilomethara tse 52,800 ( e ka tswa e le gabedi mo selekanyong sa Massachusetts, gape bongwe mo lesomeng le borataro (1/16) jwa selekanyo sa lefatshe la Botswana) se se dira gore lefelo le le nne mo maemong a bobedi a diphologolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[1]
Go na le diphologolo tsa naga jaaka dithutlwa, manyau,nkwe,ntsha tsa naga, mangau,ditau le tse dingwe fela jalo. Bontsi jwa lefashe le bopapetla, gape ka bori le apesitswe ke ditlhatsana le bojang tse di apesitseng ditotoma le mafelo a go nang le ditlhare tse ditona. Bontsi jwa melapo e apesitswe ke letswai la kwa makgadikgadi. Dinoka tse nne tse di bopilweng gotsweng ditlhatsaneng le diphologolo tse di suleng bogologolo di tshokodia ka lefelo la diphologolo go akaretsa bogwerepa jwa molapo oo simolotseng go agega ka dingwaga tse di makgolokgolo a lesome le borataro malobeng[2].
Basarwa ,ba sale ba agile mo lefelong go tsweng makgolokgolong a dingwaga e sale ba ntse mo lefelong e le batsumi ba ba neng ba iphetelang.[3]
Le fa go ntse jalo, e sale ka bogare jwa dingwaga tsa 1990 puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e lekile go fudusa Basarwa go tswa mo lefelong la diphologolo ba lebeletse gore ke lefelo la didirisiwa tse di tlisang madi mo lefatsheng le mororo dipoelo di oketsega ka bojanala go ya lefelong la diphologolo. Ka ngwaga wa 1997, boraro mo saphatlong ba basarwa ba ne ba fudusiwa go tsweng kwa lefelong la diphologolo la Central Kalahari,gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2005 puso ya simolola go fodusa batho ka go ba patika go ya lefelong la bothibelelo kwante ga lefelo la diphologolo go tlogela fela banni ba sennela ruri ba ka tswa makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano[2]. Mme ka ngwaga wa 2006 kgotla tshekelo e ne ya tlhalosa fa go fudusiwa e se ka fa molaong ka go letelela batho go boela kwa lefelong la diphologolo la Central Kalahari.
Molelo wa naga oo motona o ne wa tshuba naga mo teng le kwa ntle ga lefelo fa gare ga kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 2008 gape bontlha jo bo masome a borobabobedi bo ne bo tshubilwe. Kwa molelo o tswang tene ga go itsiwe.[4] [5]
Tsela ya go ya Teng
Go nale mafelo a botseno a le mararo ebong Khutswe mo Borwa,bophirima ke Xade mme mo bokone-botlhaba ke Matswere.Botseno jo bo rileng mo bokone jwa lefelo le ke fa o tsena ka lefelo la Central Kalahari Matswere.Botseno mo Matswere bo ka dirwa ka go tsena mo Rakops mo eleng dikhilomethara tse di masome a matlhano le botlhano go tswa bolebelelong jwa Matswere. Rakopso ka tsenega o tswa ntheng ya bokone jwa motse wa Maun (go feta Motopi, Kumaga le Tsoe) kgotsa o tswa borwa jwa motse wa Mahalapye (go feta Serowe, Letlhakane le Mopipi).
Baeng mo lefelong la Central Kalahari
Lefelo la Central Kalahari Game Reserve le etelwa ke baeng ba le bantsi mo letsatsing,baeng ba ngokwa ke diphologolo le ditotoma tse di kgabisitseng tikologo.Basarwa ba bonagala thata mo lefelong ka jalo bajanala ba rata go ithuka ka fa ba tshelang ka teng,ka fa ba dirang dilo ka teng,mme e re morago go tlise kutlwisisanyo ee rileng.
Bokhutlo
Central Kalahari Game Reserve ke lefelo le le kgatlhisang thata ebile bajanala ba rata go le etela.Lefelo le le tletse meamuso ya tlholego ka jalo se se ka godisa itsholelo ya lefatshe.
Dipadi tse dingwe[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ Lefelo la Diphologolo la Central Kalahari-Bojanala mo Botswana
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Go2Africa.com
- ↑ Lefelo la Diphologolo la Central Kalahari - Botswana
- ↑ Tekodiso le ditshwantsho tsa loapi go tswa NASA
- ↑ Michon Scott; Rebecca Lindsey (26 September 2008). "Huge Bushfire in the Kalahari". NASA Earth Observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=35403. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Coordinates: 21°53′22″S 23°45′23″E / 21.8895°S 23.7565°E


text:
Setsokotsane ke lenaneo la tsereganyo la diphetogo tse di boitshegang mme le akaretsa la ga Tonakgolo a dira mmogo le Bakhuduthamaga gammogo le batho ba mo porofenseng go tsibogela dikgwetlho tse tharo tsa lehuma, botlhokatiro mmogo le go tlhoka tekatekano.
Aforikaborwa ka kakaretso le Bokonebophirima jaaka porofense, di lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tsa botlhokatiro, go tlhoka tekatekano mmogo le lehuma. Gangwe le gape, baagi ba ngongorega ka ditsereganyo tse di bonya tsa puso, dikamano tse di bokowa (gareng ga baagi le baemedi ba setšhaba ba ba tlhophilweng) gammogo le tlhokomelo e e bokowa ya diporojeke. Setsokotsane se ikaelela go tsibogela dikgwetlho tseo tse di akaretsang: Metsi, Mesima mo mebileng, Dipone mo mebileng le kwa metseng, Bobodu, Phitlhelelo (ya ditirelo), Maikarabelo, Matlo,Bosenyi.
Setsokotsane se se adimang kitso mo ditheong tse di ntseng di le gona, se ikaelela go susumetsa gore batho ba abe nako ya bona le ditlamelo tse di gona gore go godisiwe porofense ka tsela e e tlaa ngokang boipelo le maikarabelo gareng ga baagi ba yona. Setsokotsane se tlaa semelela ka tsotlhe go fokotsa lehuma ka tlhabololo le maatlafatso ya ba ba mo matshosetsing go gaisa, mme se okamele gape ditlhabololo tse di tlaa anamang go ralala Porofense.
Re tlaa tlhama matsholo a tsiboso le mananeo a thuto a a totileng barutwana, barutabana, baagi gammogo le dikereke go atolosa kitso ya lenaneo la Setsokotsane mmogo le go se tsweletsa jaana letsholo la balwalelatshiamelo le le supang ditlhokego mo baaging mme le tsiboga ka tsela e e maleba.


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Tumelo ya Islam mo Botswana
Template:Islam by country Islam ke tumelo e e tona ya boraro mo Botswana, e latela ya Christianity gape le ditumelo tse dingwe# Islam e tlile mo lefatsheng ka go fuduga ga Ma muslim go tsweng borwa jwa Asia, ba ba agileng mo lefelong ka nako ya puso ya ga Mmamosadinyana# Ma muslim ba akaretsa bongwe mo lekgolong jwa batho# Losika fa gare ga ditlhopa tsa ditumelo tse e tlisa kagiso le botsalano le mororo kgolo ya dikgogakgogano tsa tumelo mo ntlheng e ngwe ya Aferika#
Contents
Ditso[baakanya | edit source]
Tumelo ya Islam mo Botswana go dumelwa fa e simolodisitswe ke Moporofita Muhammad Morongwa wa Modimo Allah. Batho ba tumelo e ba similotse go tla mo lefatsheng la Botswana ka dikgwebo bangwe go etela ba ditsala. Ka se palo ya bone e ne e oketsega mme bangwe ba bone ba felele ba tsere boagedi mono.Ba ne ba aga ntlo ya kobamelo ya bone gore phuthego ya bone e atlege. MaMuslim ke batho ba ba nang le tumelo ee kwa godimo mo go Allah ebile ga go motlhofo go fetola Modumedi go tsena mo tumelong e nngwe.[1]
Kereke ya Ma Muslim[baakanya | edit source]
Ma Muslim ba kopanela fa kereng ya bone matlhatso mngwe le mangwe go ya ditlhapelongKereke ya bone e bapile le mmadikolo wa Botswana.Lefoko“Muslim” le raya gore ene yo o ikanang go sala morago dikeletso tsa modimo ,go sa kgatlhalesege gore ke wa letso la kwa kae,gore ke mokae kgotsa ditso tsa kwa morafe wa gagabo. Go nna bontlha jwa tumelo ya Islam go motlhofo.Mongwe o ka ikana a le nosi kgoa fa pele ga bakaulengwe ba gagwe kwa kerekeng.[2].
Botshelo jwa se Muslim[baakanya | edit source]
Badumedi ba tumelo ya Islam ke batho ba ba tshelang ka nama, merogo le maungo bontsi jwa bone.Ba dumela gore diruiwa ke tsa Modimo Allah ka jalo ga di tlhabiwa di tshwanetse go rapelelwa mme go dirisewe thipa e e bogale gore di seka tsa utlwa botlhoko thata. Tikologo le sengwe le sengwe se mo go yone di botlhokwa mme di tshwanetswe go somarelwa.
Bokhutlo[baakanya | edit source]
Tumelo ya seMuslim ke nngwe ya ditumelo tse d kgatlhegelwang ke batho ka bontsi, ke ka moo e golang thata mo Botswana. Badumedi ba rata go abelana se ba se ithutang ka Modimo Allah le batho ba bangwe.
References[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ allafrica.com/stories/200805270266.html
- ↑ http://www.islamreligion.com
Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
Template:Africa in topic Tumelo mo Botswana]e a ka bontsi ba Botswana ba ba ithutang kwa Asia ba solofetswe go nna bontlha jwa tumelo gape go ka seke go nne kgakgamalo fa Botswana a ne a ka nna puso ya Islamic mo ngwageng wa 3000]Template:Botswana-stub Template:Islam-country-stub


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Mosadi
Mosadi ke motho yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi le dirisiwa segolo go mogodi, fa lentswe le mosetsana e le lentswe le ka setlwaedi le beetsweng ngwana kgotsa moadolesente yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi gape le dirisiwa ka gale go supa motho yo o monamagadi go sa lebelelwa mengwaga, jaaka le dirisiwa mo difreising tsa go tshwana le "ditokelo tsa basadi" "women's rights". "Mosadi" gape le ka nne la raya boikayo-bong jwa motho (person's gender identity.[1]). Basadi bao ba nang le bokao ba tlhago gantsi ba kgona go ka tsala/tshola [giving birth] go tloga ka nako ya puberty go fitlha ka menopause. Go ya ka go ikaya-bong, batho ba ba tlolagantshitseng bong [transgender people] bao ka botsalo go lepilweng gore ke ba ba botona [determined to be male] mme ba ikaya e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala/tshola. Bangwe batho [ba-intersex] ba ba ikayang e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala ka ntlha ya gongwe e le fa ba sterilaisitse sterility kgotsa ba gotsitse Y khromosounu [inheriting Y chromosomes] e le nngwe kgotsa go feta. Ka sewelo mo mabakeng a a rileng/a a tswileng thata, batho bao ba nang le Swyer syndrome ba ka tsala/tshola ka thuso ya melemo [medical assistance]. Go phunyeletsa ka ditso kgotsa ka histori basadi ba itseetse kgotsa ba tshwaetswe go tsea dikarolo tsa mehutahuta.
Contents
- 1 Ethimoloji
- 2 Terminology
- 3 History
- 4 Biology le bong
- 5 Tsa bophelo
- 6 Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive
- 7 Ditiro ka setso le bong
- 8 Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo
- 9 Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika
- 10 Bodumedi
- 11 Thuto
- 12 Basadi dipolotiking
- 13 Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki
- 14 See also
- 15 References
Ethimoloji[baakanya | edit source]
Go peleta mosadi ka Seisimane go tsweletse thata go ya ka meleniamo e e fetileng go tswa go wīfmann[2] go ya go wīmmann go wumman, mme bofelelong, mopeleto wa segompieno wa mosadi [woman.[3]]. Mo Seisemaneng sa kgale, wīfmann e ne e kaya motho yo monamagadi "female human", e le fa wēr e kaya motho yo motona "male human". Mann kgotsa monn e ne e na le bokao bong jo bo magareng [gender-neutral] jwa motho "human", e tsamaelana le motho 'person' kgotsa mothomongwe 'someone' ka Seisemane sa se gompieno; le fa go le jwalo, botlamoraga ga Norman Conquest, lentswe le monna le simolotswe go dirisiwa thata go kaya motho yo motona "male human", mme bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo-13 la khurumetsa tiriso ya lentswe la kgale wēr.[4] Tumapou f and m mo go wīfmann e hueditswe ka mo sebopegong sa gompieno sa "woman", fa ntlha ya tshimologo e e neng e kaya bonamagadi "female", e tsamaile semantic narrowing go tlisa tlhaloganyong mosadi yo o nyetsweng ("wife"). Ke misconception o o tlwaelegileng wa gore lentswe le "woman" go ya ka ethimoloji le lomagane le "womb", leo le tswang go lefoko le le farologaneng la Seisemane sa kgale, wambe le le kayang "stomach" (sa botona kgotsa bonamagadi; SeJeremanae sa gompieno se itshwareletse ka lentswe le le colloquial "Wampe" le letswang mo go Middle High German le le kayang "potbelly").[5][6] Le fa gontse jalo, boikaketso jo bo jaana jwa tlhago ya lentswe le "woman" e tlhagile le mo dikwalong.[7]
Biological symbol[baakanya | edit source]
Letshwao la pholanete ya Venus ke sekai gape sa sesadi [female sex.[8]] se se dirisiwang mo baelojing. Ke mokgwanyana wa seemedi sa seipone sa letsogo [hand-mirror] sa modimogadi Venus kgotsa letshwao la khutswafatso la modimogadi: modiko o o nang le sefapanonyana se se equilateral ka fa tlase. Letshwao la Venus gape le emela senamagadi/bonamagadi [femininity], mme ka alkhemi kgale se ne se emela koporo [copper]. BaBoalkhemi ba agile letshwao le go tswa mo modikong (go emela mowa [spirit]) mo godimo ga sefapano se se equilateral (se emetse matter).
Terminology[baakanya | edit source]
Bosadi ke nako mo bophelong motho yo monamagadi ga a setse a fetile bongwana le boadolosense, ka setwaelo mengwageng ya bo 18.
Lefoko le mosadi le ka dirisiwa ka setlwaedi, go raya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi kgotsa fa re nankolla, go raya mogodi mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi fa a bapisiwa le mosetsana. Lefoko le mosetsana tlhagong le raya "motho yo moswa jwa bong bongwe le bongwe" ka Seisimane [English];[9] e ne e le kwa tshimologong ya sentshwuari ya bo16 fa e tla go ray ngwana yo o namagadi [a female child].[10] Lentswe le mosetsana go le gale le dirisiwa colloquially go kaya mosadi yo moswa kgotso yo a sa nyalwang; le fa go le jalo, mo metlheng ya mengwaga ya bo 1970 fa e simolola babosadi challenged tirisi ya mofuta wo ka gonne tiriso ya lefoko le go kaya mosadi yo o godileng e ne e ka tlisa kgopisanyo. Segolobogolo, mantswe a tlwaelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka mosetsana wa ofisi [office girl] ga a tlholwe a diririwa ka bophara. Conversely, mo ditsong dingwe tse di amantshang tlotla [honor] ya losika le bokgarebe [virginity] bonamagading, lefoko le mosetsana le dirisiwa go kaya lefetwa (mosadi yo a sa kakeng a nyalwa) [never-married woman]; ka mokgwa wo le dirisiwa ka tsela e e [roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden]. Go kaya motho yo monamagadi yo a sa nyalwang jaaka mosadi, mo ditsong tseo, go ka akanngwa gore o na le maiphitlhelo a tlhakanelo-dikobo, eo e ka nnang thogako losikeng lwa gagwe. [citation needed]
Go na le mafoko a mefutafuta a dirisiwang go kaya boleng ba go nna mosadi. Lentswe le "bosadi" le raya fela seemo sa boleng sa mosadi, a setse a kgabagantse menarche; "sesadi" "femininity" le dirisiwa go kaya bontlhanngwe jwa boleng jwa bonamagadi jo bo gokaganeng le maikutlo mangwe a diroles tsa bong [gender roles]; sebosadi "womanliness" se tshwana le sesadi "femininity", e fela ka setlwaedi se gokagane le ye e farologaneng ya diroulo tsa bong; bosesadi "femaleness" ke lentswe le le tlwaelegileng, e fela gantsi le dirisiwa ka bokhutshwane go bosesadi ba motho "human femaleness"; "distaff" ke letlhaodi la kgale le le tswang go ditiro tsa basadi tsa tlwaelo tsa mologi spinner, ga jaanong le dirisiwa fela ka maabomo archaism; "muliebrity" ke neologism (le tlhaga go Selatini) go raya [counterpart] ya bonamagadi ya "virility", e fela e dirisiwa ka go repa, ka nako dingwe go raya fela bosadi "womanhood", ka nako dingwe sesadi "femininity" ka nako dingwe gape jaaka lentswe la kakaretso la mosadi. [citation needed]
Menarche, tshimologo ya menstruation, e dirafala go tloga ka ngwaga wa 12-13. Ditso di le dintsi di na le mareo a tlodiso [rites of passag] go tshwaa fa mosetsana a . . . coming of age, jaaka fa a tlhomamisiwa mo makaleng a mangwe a boKresete [Christianity], [citation needed] bat mitzvah ka seJuta [Judaism], kgotsa tlwaelo ya go dira moletlo o o botlhokwa ya matsalo birthday a mangwe (ka kakaretso magareng ga 12 le 21), jaaka Quinceañera ba Latin America.
History[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba pele bao maina a bone a itseweng archaeology a akaretsa:
- Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), mosadi wa Narmer le kgosigadi wa ntlha wa Egepeta ya kgale [ancient Egypt].[11][12]
- Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent ya Egepeta ya kgale metlheng ysdinasti ya ntlha [first dynasty]. E ka be e ne e le mmusisi wa Egepeta ka bo ena. [13][14]
- Merit-Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), le ena o dutse kwa Egepeta gape ke mosadi wa pele wa go nna ngaka [physician] le wa tsa matlhale [scientist].[15]
- Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), ke ngaka [physician] kwa Ancient Egypt.[16][17]
- Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), kgotsa Shubad – kgosigadi ya kwa Ur yoo lebitla la gagwe le fitlhetsweng le na le diartifacts tsa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo. Dikgosigadi dingwe tsa kwa Ur tse di itseweng tsa pele ga Sargonic (bahumagadi ba segosi) ba akaretsa Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, le Gansamannu.[18]
- Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba"
- Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian kgosigadi, mosadi wa Sargon of Akkad gape e le mmagwe Enheduanna.[19][20]
- Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Dikgosigadi dingwe tse di itseweng tsa pele ga-Sargonic tsa dynasty ya ntlha ya Lagash di akaretsa Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, le Shagshag, mme maina a a mmalwa a dikhumagatsana dingwe le one a a itsege.
- Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),[21][22] moprisitagadi o mogolo [high priestess] wa tempele ya modimo wa Ngwedi [ Moon God] kwa Sumerian motsemogolong wa Ur mme ka gongwe e le mmoki wa ntlha yo a itsegeng ebile e le mokwadi wa ntlha wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[23]
Biology le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Fa re leba ka biology, ditho tsa thobalano [sex organs] tsa bosadi di amega mo reproductive system, ntswa secondary sex characteristics di amega mo go otleng bana kgotsa, mo ditsong tse dingwe, go ngoka e tona/molekane. Di ovaries, go tlhakana le tiro ya tsona ya go laola tsweletso/tlhagiso ya dihomounu, di tsweletsa digamete tsa bosadi tse di bidiwang mae [eggs] a o, fa a umisitswe [fertilized] ke digamete [sperm] tsa e tona, a bopa new genetic individuals. Popelo [uterus] ke setho se se nang le tlhono/thisu [tissue] e e sireletsang ebile e godisa le go tsweletsapele kgolo ya fetase[fetus] le mothapo/mosifa o e tlong go e alola ge e belega/tshola. Vagina e dirisiwa mokotong le fa go belegwa, le fa lentswe le 'vagina' le dirisiwa segolo setona colloquially le ka tsele e e sa tshwaneleng mo lelemeng la Seisemane go raya vulva kgotsa bokantle ba setho sa bosadi [external female genitalia], eo e nang le (ge re akaretsa le vagina) labia, lelengwana/nawa [clitoris], le urethra ya bosadi. Letswele [breast] le tlhagelela matuteng a a monate [sweat gland] go tsweletsa masi/lebese, secretion e e dikotla ke thwadi semelong sa diamusi, yona le bophelo le pelego. Mo basading ba ba godileng, letswele le tonogile thata go gaisa diamusi tse dingwe; go tonoga go, e seng fela tsweletsong ya masi, e ka be bonnyane e le ka lebaka la kgetho ya thobalano [sexual selection]. (Ditseleng dingwe tse banna ba farologaneng ka sebopego le basadi, bona monna [[[man]]].) [citation needed]
Seseng ka nako ya fa fetal e bopega, diembryo tsa bong bobeding di tlhagalela di le gender-neutral. Jaaka mo mabakeng ao go senang bong, jaaka mehuta e e tsweletsang asexually [reproduce asexually], tlhago e e gender-neutral e kgaufi le ya bosadi go na le ya botona. Fetus gantsi e golela bonnng/botoneng fa e le exposed to a significant amount of testosterone (segolo thata ka fetus e na le Y chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre). Ga go se jalo, fetus gantsi e golela bosading, segolo thata fa fetus e na le X chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre, kgotsa gape fa ntate a sa abelana ka chromosome X kgotsa ya Y. Morago ka nako ya puberty, estrogen e feminisa lekgarebe, e mo fe semelo sa bong sa bagodi/ go gola. [citation needed]
Go se lekalekane ga go lepalepana ga dihomounu tsa bomme le dikhemikale (kgotsa diretebatsi) di ka fetola popego ya sekondari ya bong ba difetase. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karyotype 46,XX, fela a le mongwe go ba ba sekete o tla ba le 47,XXX, gape a le mongwe go ba ba 2500 o tla baana le 45,X. Se se ganana le karotype ya bonna tota ya 46,XY; ka jalo, di chromosomes X le Y di itsiwe ka bonamagadi le botona, go ya ka tatelano. Ka gonne batho ba gotsa fela mitochondrial DNA go tswa mo ovum ya mme, dithuto tsa genetic tsa bonamagadi ka gale di lepa mitochondrial DNA.Botswana
Le fa ngwana a kaiwa le yo monamagadi se ga se ga ntsi se kaya gore mo nakong e e tlang ngwana yo o tla ikaya jalo (lebelela gender identity). Sekao, intersex individuals, ba seemo le/kgotsa popego ya tlhago tse di tswakaneng, ba ka dirisa bokao bongwe fa ba tlhekisa ikano ya bone. Kwa tsalong, bana ba ka fiwa bong go ikaegilwe mo dithong tsa bona tsa bong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, le fa ngwana a na le dichromosone tsa XX, fa a tsetswe ka ntsutsu, ba godisiwa ka botona.[24] Go na gape le transgender le basadi ba transsexual, bao ba neng ba kailwe ka botona fa ba tsalwa, e fela ba kaiwa jaaka e le basadi; go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa lephedisano, semolao, le boleng tseo di leng mabapi le kgang e. (lebelela trans woman).Botswana
Le fa bonnyane go tsalwa ba ba namagadi go na le ba ba tona (selekanyo se tsamaela go 1:1.05), ka ntlha ya botshelo jo bo eletswang jo be telele go na le banna ba le 81 fela ba ba leng mo mengwageng ya 60 kgotsa go feta mo basading ba le 100 ba mengwage e e tshwanang. Basadi go le gontsi ba tshela sebaka se se telele go gaisa banna. [25] Se setlholwa ke mabaka a a tlhakaneng :genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (jaaka lebaka la gore merafeng ya sešeng ga go a lebelelwa mo gore basadi ba ka tsenela tiro ya bosole [military service]); dikgetho tsa maphelo [health-impacting] (tse jaaka go ipolaya [suicide] kgotsa go goga sekarete, le go nwa bojalwa [alcohol]); go nna teng ga homounu ya bonamagadi estrogen, yeo e nang le cardioprotective effect mo basading ba premenopausal; le di effect tsa high levels of androgens mo banneng. Go tswa go palogotlhe ya batho/setšhaba, go na le banna ba ba 101.3 go 100 lengwe le lengwe la basadi (source: 2001 World Almanac).Botswana
Mebele ya basetsana e tsamaya diphetogo ga nnyane ga ba le mo nakong ya puberty, go tshwana le fa go tlhaologile le maitemogelo a basimane. Puberty ke tsamao ya diphetogo tsa lebopo eo mmele wa ngwana [child's body] o golang go mmele wa mogodi go kgona [sexual reproduction] go kgonisa fertilisation. E tlhotlholetswa ke ditshupetso tsa di homounu [hormonal signals] go tswa mo bokong brain go ya go gonads-e ka nna diovari kgotsa ditestes. Go arabela ditshupetso, di gonads di ntsha dihomounu tseo di sisinyang libido le kgolo, tiro, le phetogo ya boboko, marapo [[[Lerapo|bones]]], mesifa [muscle], madi [blood], letlalo [skin], moriri [hair], matswele [breasts], le ditho tsa thobalano [sexual organs]. Physical growth—boleele le boima- di and weight—accelerates mo karolong ya ntlha ya puberty gape e fela fa ngwana a tlhagisitse mmele wa bogodi. Go fitlhelela kgolo ya bokgoni ba go tswetsa tsalo, pre-pubertal, dipharologano tsa popo magareng ga basimane le basetsana ke di genitalia, ntsutsu [penis] le phene [vagina]. Puberty ke tsamao e go le go ntsi e diragalang magareng ga mengwaga ya bo 10–16, e fela megwaga e e farologane go ya go mosetsana go mosetsana. Tshupokgolo fa mosetsana a le mo puberty ke menarche, tshimologo ya go ya sesading [menstruation], eo e diragalang bonnyane magareng a mengwageng ya bo 12–13.[26][27][28][29]
Basetsana ba le bantsi ba ya through menarche gape ba kgona go ka ima [pregnant] ba tshola bana [bear children].[30] Se ka setlwaedi se tlhoka internal fertilization ya mae a gagwe ka sperm sa monna ka thobalano [sexual intercourse], le fa artificial insemination kgotsa go jalelela ka karo [surgical implantation] ga embryo e e le teng le yone go a kgonagala (lebelela reproductive technology). Thuto ya tsa tlhagisotsalo ya bonamagadi le ditho tsa tlhagiso [reproductive organs] e bitswa gynaecology.Botswana
Tsa bophelo[baakanya | edit source]
Pholo ya basadi di kaya dio dingwe tsa maphelo tse di lebaganeng thwi le pholo ya basadi ya ditho-popego tsa bonamagadi. Go malwetsi mangwe a segolo se tonna a tlhomarang basadi, jaaka lupus. Gape, go na le malewetsi mangwe a a tsalanang thata le bong [gender-related illnesses] a a bonong kgafetsa kgafetsa kgots fela mo basading, sekao, kankere ya matswele [breast cancer], cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Basadi le banna ba na le matshwao a a farolaganeng a bolwetsi gape ba ka responta ka go go farologaneng kalafing ka ditlhare. Karolo e ya diphuphutso/dinyakisiso e ithutiwa ke ba gender-based medicine.Botswana
Kgang ya pholo ya basadi e tseetswe godimo ke bontsi ba feminists, segolo thata moo go amanang le reproductive health. Pholo ya basadi e filwe leemo magareng a bophara mmeleng wa kitso e e nopolwang, go ba bangwe, ke World Health Organisation, eo e beyang botlhokwa bonng jaaka e le ekaego ya tsa pholo .[31]
Maternal mortality kgotsa maso a botswetse a tlhaloswa ke ba WHO jaaka e le "leso la mosadi fa e le moimana kgotsa sebakeng sa matsatsi a 42 a phediso/pheletso ya boimana, go sa tlhaole gore ke sebaka se se kae goba lefelo le lefe la boimana, go tloga go mabaka a a ka bong a amana le go kgotsa a ronkgile ke boimana kgotsa tsamao ya bone e seng go tswa kotsing kgotsa mabaka a kotsi."[32] Bo nnyane diperesente di le 99% tsa maso a boimana a diragala mo dinageng tse di santseng di ikaga. Go feta seripa sa ona go diragala kwa sub-Saharan Africa gape bogolo ngwe-tharong kwa South Asia. Mabaka magolo a maso a pelego ke go tsorotla madi (segolo go tswa madi fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana ), tshwaetso (ka tlwaelo fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana), pre-eclampsia le eclampsia, khutliso-boimana e e sa bolokegang, le boimana bjo bo kgweleaneng ka ntlha ya bolwetsi ba letadi [malaria] le HIV/AIDS.[33] dinaga di le dintsi tas Yuropa, Australia, le Japane le Singapore di bolokegile that mabapi le tsa tsholo ya bana, fa dinaga tsa Sub-Saharan di le diphata tota.[34]
Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive[baakanya | edit source]
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:[35]
- (...) ditokelo tsa botho tsa basadi di akaretsa tokelo tsa bone go ka laola godimo ga le go tsea kgato ka tokologo le boikarabelo mo mabakeng a a amanang le bong ba bone, go akaretsa tsa pholo ya bong le itsweletso, kwa ntle ga kgapeletso, kgethololo le kgwetlho. Bolosika bjo bo lekanang magareng ga basadi le banna mo mabakeng a tsa botsalano bonng le itswalong, go akaretsa tlhompho ka botlalo go tlhompha botho ba motho,go tlhoka tlhompho ya pelegano, tumelano le kabelano ya maikarabelo go maithswaro a bong le ditlamorago tsa ona.
Tlolo ya ditokelo tsa itsweletso di akaretsa boimana ka kgapeletso [forced pregnancy], go imisiwa ga kgapeletso [forced sterilization] le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso [forced abortion].
Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso go ne go dirisiwa nakong seripeng sa ntlha sa sentshuari ya bo 20th bogolo ke dinaga tsa Bophirimatsatsi. Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso di begwa e le mekgwa e sešeng e dirisiwang mo dinageng tse di jaaka Uzbekistan le China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Tlhokego ya melao e e maleba ya tsa kgwetlo ya thobalano e tlhakane le The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack go tlhokega ga phitlhelelo go dithibela-pelego [contraception] le/kgotsa khutliso-boimana [abortion] ke mabaka a kgapeletso ya boimana (lebelela boimana ka peto [pregnancy from rape]).Botswana
Ditiro ka setso le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa prehistoric, basadi ba tsere karole e e rileng ya setso. Mo ditšhabeng tsa botsomi-le-bokgobokelo [hunter-gatherer], basadi ka karetso e ne e le bakgoboketsi ba dijo tsa dijalo, diphoofotswana, dijonyana tsa diphoofotswana le ditlhapi, fa banna ba tsoma nama ya diphoofolo tse kgolo. Botswana
Mo setšheng, dikarolo ka bong di fetogile e le tota. Kwa ga lowe, go tloga bonnyaneng, kgatlhegelo ya ditiro e ne segolo e lebisitswe ntlheng e e rileng go ya ka bong.[42] Go ya ka dingwao, basadi ba klase ya magareng [middle class women] ba ne ba amega mo ditirong tsa segae segolo thata tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Basadi ba ba humanegi bone, bogolo ba klase ya go dira [working class], le fa se gantsi e setse e le se se eletswang, maemo a tsa moruo a ba gapeleditse go batla tiro kwa ntle ga legae. Ditiro di le dintsi tse di neng di le teng mo go bone e ne e le tse di duelang madi a a kwa tlase go lekannwga le tseo di leng teng go banna. Botswana
Fa diphetogo mebarakeng ya madirelo di tla di e ba teng, go ba gona ga bothapiwa go fetogile fela go tloga tirong ya 'ditshila', diureng tse ditelele tsa mediro ya kwa difekethering go ya go ditiro tse di "tlhwekileng", tse di tlhomphegang tsa diofisi tseo di neng di tlhoka thuto, botseakarolo ga basadi kwa madirelong a kwa U.S.go tlhatlhogile ka 6% ka 1900 go ya go 23% ka 1923. Go suta go go badiredi go tlisiitse diphetogo mo maikutlo a basadi kwa tirong, gwa dumelela go tla ga menololo ya ditiro eo ditswamorago tsa yone di direlng basadi go nna career and education oriented.Botswana
Ka bo 1970s, diachademiki tsa bomme di le dintsi, go akaretsa ba thutamatlhale, di ne tsa ikatologanya le go tshola bana. E fela, go phunyeletsa di 1980s, diinstitushene di lekile go lekalekanya maemo a banna le basadi tkwa mafelobodirelo. Le fa go le jalo, go se lekalekane fa kwa gae go ragile ditšhono tsa basadi go ka atlega jaaka banna. Basadi ba diprofeshenale ba santsane ba lebagane le mediro ya selegae le tlhokomelo ya bana. Jaaka fa batho ba a tle ba bue, ba na le "mekgweleo 'mebedi" eo e sa ba letleleleng nako le matla a go ka tswelela ka tsa ditiro. Le gone, le fa go ne go na le go oketsega ga tekatekanyo ya go tsea karolo tsa bong ka mo gae bobeding ga banna le basadi, thuto-nyakisiso ya sešeng e bontshitse gore basadi ba itebagantse le tsa morality, fairness, and well-being, fa banna ba itebagantse le social conventions.[43] Go fitlhela ka tshimologong ya sentshuari ya bo 20th, dikholotshe tsa basadi kwa U.S. di ne di required gore ditokololo tsa fakhalti tsa basadi di nne di sa nyalwa, se se itshetlegile mo goreng mosadi a ka se kgone go ka tswelela a tshwere di full-timeprofeshene tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe. Go ya ka Schiebinger, " Go nna wa tsa matlhale o le mosadi ebile o le mme ke mokgweleo mo setšhabeng se se solofelang gore basadi go le gontsi go feta banna ba bea lelwapa pele ga ditiro tsa bone. [Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.]" (pg. 93).[44]
mekgatlho e emelela equality of opportunity bong ka bobedi le equal rights go sa kgathalatsege bong. Ka tswakatswakano ya diphetogo tsa tsa moruo [economic] le maiteko a mokgatlho ya bahumagadi [feminist],Template:Specify mo mengwagasomeng ya jaanong basadi mo merafeng e le mentsi ba na le phitlhelelo ya mediro e e kwa godimo ga ya maloba ya kagolegae [homemaker].
Etswa palo e kgolwane ya basadi e batla thuto e e kwa godimo, dituelelo gantsi di kwa tlase ga tsa banna. dikgang tsa CBS News ka 2005 di tleimile gore mo United States basadi ba ba mengwageng e 30 go ya go 44 gape ba na le dikiri ya unibesithi ba dira diperesente di le 62 ya banna bao ba nang le dithuto tsa go tshwana le tsa bone, kelo e e ka tlasenyana ga dinaga tse di 19 kwa ntle ga tse tharo kwa dipalo di fumanegang. ditšhaba dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi tseo di duelang dituelo tse di sa lekalekaneng ke Jeremane, New Zealand le Switzerland.[45]
Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi[baakanya | edit source]
Kgoeletso ya mo phedisong ya Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le Basadi [UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women] e tlhalosa "kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi [violence against women]" jaaka:[46]
gape e itsise mekga e meraro ya kgwtlho e jalo: eo e diragalang ka mo lelapeng, eo e diragalang ka mo gare ga motse ka le gotlhekgotsa bophara, le eo e tlhotlheletswan kgotsa rotloetswang ke Mmuso. E gape e begang gore"kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke itshupo ya matla a ka histori a sa lekaneng magareng a banna le basadi." [47]
kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke bothata jo bo phatlhaletseng , bo tlhotlholetswa, segolo thata kwa ntle ga Bophirima, ke maemo a setshaba a bong tona, tlhokego ya melao e e maleba , le tlhokego ya tsenyo tirong ya melao e e le teng. Dingwao tsa setšhaba tse di leng teng dikarolong tse ntsi tsa lefatshe di kgoreletsa tswelopele go iseng tshireletsong ya basadi kgatlhanong le kgwetlho. Sekao, go ya ka paloboka tsa UNICEF, palokgolong ya basadi ba ba mo mengwageng ya 15–49 ba ba naganang gore mogatso o loketswe go ka otlhaya kgotsa a otla mosadi mo mabakeng a a rileng e kgolo go ya go 90% kwa Afghanistan le Jordan, 87% kwa Mali, 86% kwa Guinea le Timor-Leste, 81% kwa Laos, le 80% kwa Central African Republic.[48] Paloboka tsa 2010 e e dirilweng ke Pew Research Center e fumane gore kgobotlo ka majwe [stoning] jaka kotlhao ya bootswa [adultery] e ne e thuswa ke 82% ya bafetodi kwa Egepeta [Egypt] le Pakistan, 70% kwa Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% kwa Indonesia.[49]
Mekga e e maleba ya kgwetlho e e amang basadi e akaretsa go sugutla ditho tsa bosadi [female genital mutilation], kgwebo ya thubalano [sex trafficking], kgapeletso ya kgwebo ka mmele [forced prostitution], kgapeletso nyalo [forced marriage], petelelo [rape], tshwenyo ka thobalano [sexual harassment], dipolao tsa go tlhompha [honor killings], go kolopa esiti [acid throwing], le kgwetlho e e amanang le tuelo-bogadi [dowry related violence]. mmebuso e e ka e kgatholosa mo kgwetlhong kgatlhanong le basadi, sekao, ka meetlo ya go tshwana le kgobotlo ka majwe for instance through practices such as [stoning] (jaaka e le kotlhao ya bootswa).
Go ntse go na le mekgwa e mentsi ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi go ya ka histori, e e neng e atile, e e supegang e le go tshubiwa ga baloi [burning of witches], go tlhabela ka baswagadi [widows] (jaaka sati) le pofo maoto [foot binding]. Tshekiso ya basadi bao ba pateletswang ka boloi e na le setso se se telele, sekao, diteko tsa boloi tshimologong ya pako ya sejwale [witch trials in the early modern period] (magareng a disentshuari tsa 15th and 18th) di ne di tlwaelegile kwa Europe gape le kwa dikoloneng tsa ma Yoropa kwa North America. Gompieno, go setse di dikodiko tsa lefatshe (jaaka dikarolo tsa Sub-Saharan Africa, lefelo-magae la North India, le Papua New Guinea) tumelo boloing e tserweng tsia ke batho ba le bantsi, gape basadi ba patelediwang gore ke baloi ba gatelelwang ka kgwetlho e e masisi tota. [50][51][52] Go tlaleletsa, go na le dinaga dingwe tseo di nang le melawana ya borukhutli kgatlhanong le boloi. Kwa Saudi Arabia, boloi ke eme e le borukghutlhi jo kotlo ya bone e leng loso [punishable by death], gape ka 2011 naga e e ile ya kgaola mosadi tlhogo ka ntlha ya boloi [ 'witchcraft and sorcery'].[53][54]
Gape ke molato gore dikgwetlho dingwe kgatlhanong le basadi di bonwa e le ditsa e le ditlolomolao tsa borukhutlhi mo dinakong tsa sešeng, mme ga di ganelelwe ka gotlhegotlhe, ka gonne dinaga di le dintsi di tswetse pele go di letlelela. Se se jalo segolo mo molatong wa petelelo lenyalong [marital rape].[55][56] Kwa Lefatsheng la Bophirimatsatsi, go ne go na le tshoetso ya go netefatsa tekatekano ya bong [gender equality] lenyalong [marriage] le tshekiso ya kgwetlho selegae [domestic violence], e fela dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe basadi ba sa ntsane be tseelwa ditokelo tsa molao tse di botlhokwa fa ba tsena mo lenyalong.[57]
Kgwetlho ya thobalano kgatlhanong le basadi e oketsega thata metlheng ya dintswa [war] le dikgotlhang tsa marumo [armed conflict], metlheng ya futugelo ya sesole [military occupation], kgotsa difutugelo semorafe [ethnic conflicts]; segolo thata ka mokgwa wa petelelo tsa ntwa [war rape] le bokgoba ba tsa thobalano [sexual slavery]. Dikao tsa sešeng tsa kgwetlho ka thobalo metlheng ya ntswa di akaretsa petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Tokologo ya Bangladesh [rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War], petelelo ka Ntwa ya kwa Bosnia [rape in the Bosnian War], petelelo metlheng ya Polaomogofe ya kwa Rwanda [rape during the Rwandan Genocide], le petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Congo [rape during Second Congo War]. Kwa Colombia, kgotlhang ya marumo e feleletse e okeditse kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ya thobalano.[58]
Melao le melawana ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi di atlhologane go ya ka sedikopuso. Kwa European Union, tshwenyo ya thobalano le go kgwebo ka motho di kwa tlase ga ditaelo [directives].[59][60]
Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe ba apara ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, ka ditlhopho tsa bone tsa moaparo di rutloetsa ke dingwao tsa sediko, metheo ya tumelo, semelo sa setšhaba, le metsamae ya moaparo, go mabaka a mangwe. Ditšhaba tse di fapafapaneng di na le dikakanyo tse di farologaneng ka bokgabane [modesty]. E fela, mo di dikopuso di le dintsi, ditlhopho tsa basadi bapabi le moaparo ga di a tlhophologa, ka melao e kganela seo ba ka se aparang kgotsa ba se se apare. Se ke sekai mabapi moaparo wa seIsilamo [Islamic dress]. Lefa di dikopuso dingwe ka se molao di dumeletse moaparo oo ( go ka apara mofapha-tlhogo), dinaga dingwe di ganetsa kgotsa di thiba go ka apara moaparo mongwe wa hijab (jaaka burqa/ go kgurumetsa sefatlhego) mo mafelong a a mo pontsheng (naga e jalo ke France - bona kganetso ya go khurumetsa sefatlhego ya kwa Forantshe [French ban on face covering]). Melao e e ke kgang e e masisi e le tota.[61]
Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika[baakanya | edit source]
Tekanyo ya kumiso e e feleletseng [total fertility rate] (TFR) - palo bogare ya bana ba ba belegweng ke mosadi botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe - e farologane segolo thata magareng a di diko tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. Ka 2013, palo e e kwa godimo e akantsweng ya TFR e ne e le kwa Niger (7.03 ya bana e ne e tsholwa ke mosadi a le mongwe) mme e e kwa tlasenyana e le kwa Singapore (0.79 bana/mosadi).[63] Le fa dinaga di le dintsi mo Sub-Saharan African di na le TFR e kwa godimo, e e tlholang mathata ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya ditsweletsi gape e na le seabe mo go ateng ga batho [overpopulation], dinaga di le dintsi tsa kwa Bophirimatsatsi go le jaana di itemogela sub replacement fertility rate e e ka isang go population ageing le population decline.
Mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, go nnile diphethogo di le dintsi tsa seemo sa lesika dingwagasome tse di fetileng. Sekao, kwa Bophirima , go ne go na le tsamao ya go ikatologanya le dipaakanyetso tse di akaretsang go dula/tshela le leloko-tshika extended family go tseo di nang le nuclear family. Go na gape le tsamao ya go tloga go nyalo e e umisang go ya go eo e sa umiseng. Bana ba ba belegweng kwa ntle ga lenyalo ba ka tswa ba belegwa fo tswa go cohabiting couples kgotsa go single women. Le fa tsalo kwa ntle ga lenyalo e tlwaelegile e bile e amogetswe ka botlalo dikarolong dingwe tsa lefatshe, kwa mafelong mangwe di a sotlakakwa e le ruri, ka bomme ba ba sa nyalwang ba lebane le kgethololo, e e akaretsan kgwetlho e e tswang mo malokong a masika a bone, gape mo mabakeng a a feteletseng tota ba a bolawa ka dipolao tsa tlotlo [honor killings].[64][65] Go tlaleletsa, thobalano kwa ntle ga lenyalo [sex outside marriage] e ntse e se ka mo molaong dinageng tse dintsi (jaaka Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[66] Afghanistan,[67][68] Iran,[68] Kuwait,[69] Maldives,[70] Morocco,[71] Oman,[72] Mauritania,[73] United Arab Emirates,[74][75] Sudan,[76] Yemen,[77]).
Tseokarolo ya mme [mother] setšhabeng e farologane magareng ga ditso. Dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, basadi bao ba nang le bana ba ba ikaegileng mo go bone go lebeletswe gore ba dule gae ba neele matla a bone otlhe kgodisong ya bana, fa kwa mafelong mangwe (segolo thata dinageng tsa Bophirimatsatsi) bomme go le gontsi ba boela morago ditirong tsa tuelo mothers most often return to paid work (lebelela mme yo o dirang [working mother] le mme yo o dulang gae [stay at home mother]).
Bodumedi[baakanya | edit source]
Ditumelo tse di rileng di na le dintlha tse itseng tse di amanang le kabelano tiro ka bong [gender roles], tirisanommogo ya social le ya go ithuna magareng a bong, go apara diaparo go go siameng ga basadi, le dilo tse difapaneng tse di amang basadi le boemo jwa bone setšhabeng. Kwa dinageng di le dintsi, dithuto tsa ditumelo tse di tshusumetsa molao wa borukhutlhi [ criminal law], kgotsa molao wa losika [family law ] di dikopusong tseo. (Lebelela sekao molao wa Sharia law). Dithulaganyo tsa ditšhabatšhaba di buisane thata mabapi le botsalano magareng a bodumedi, molao le tekatekano ya bong.[78]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto ya bahumagadi [Female education] e akaretsa makgetlho a tekatekano ya bong le phitlhelelo ya thuto, le ka moo e kopaneng le go phokotso ya bohuma. Gape dilo dingwe tse di amegang ke dithuto tsa bong-bongwe [single-sex education] le thuto bodumedi ka ntlha ya gore karologanyo ya thuto go ya ka bong gape le ka dithutiso tsa bodumedi go tloga kgale e le tsone di tsepameng mme di santsane di le botlhokwa segolo thata mo dikgannyeng tsa setšheng go ruteng bahumagadi jaaka e le kgang e e etsweng tlhoko ka bophara.
Le fa mokgatlho wa tsa bohumagadi o tlhatlositse botlhokwa jwa dilo tseo di amanang le thuto ya bahumagadi, dikgannye tse di namile ka bophara ebile ga di tlholoswe ka bokhutshwane. Di ka akaretsa, sekao, thuto ka AIDS.[1] Thuto ka gotlhe, se se kaya gore thuto e puso e e abelang phoraemari le sekonthari ikemetse kwa ntle ga bong [independent of gender] ga e ise e nne setlwaelo ka bophara [global norm], le fa go itshengwa jalo dinageng di le dintsi tse ditsweletsengpele. kwa dingang dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi, basadi ba gaisitse banna maemomg a mantsi a thuto. Sekao, kwa United States ka 2005/2006, basadi ba duetswe 62% ya associate degrees, 58% ya bachelor's degrees, 60% ya master's degrees, le 50% ya doctorates.[2]
Literacy[baakanya | edit source]
World literacy e kwa tlase mo bahumagading go na le mo go ba botona. CIA World Factbook e bega di tekanyetso tsa go tloga 2010 tseo di bontshang gore 80% ya basadi e kgona go buisa le go kwala, go lekanngwa le 88.6% ya banna (ba mengwageng ya 15 le go feta). Ditekanyetso tsa go kgona go buisa le go kwala di kwa tlasetlase kwa Borwa le Bophirima ba Asia, le kwa dikarolong tsa Sub-Saharan Africa.[79]
Dinaga tsa OECD[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Gender gap ya tsa thuto kwa dinageng tsa Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) e fokoditswe go tsweng mengwageng 30 e e fetileng. Basadi ba batšha gompieno jaana go na le kgonego ya gore ba ka fetsa dithuto tsa bona tsa theishari: kwa dinageng tse 19 tsa tse 30 tsa OECD, bogolo go feta gabedi basadi ba le bantsi ba mo mengwageng ya bo 25 go ya go 34 ba feditse dithuto tsa bone tsa theishari go na le basasdi ba ba mo mengwageng ya bo 55 go ya go 64. Kwa dinageng di le 21 tsa tse di 27 tsa OECD go ya ka data e e ka lekelekanngwang, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng go tswa go manaena a maemo a yunibesithi e lekana kgotsa e feta ya banna. Basetsana ba mengwaga e le15 ka gale ba bontsha ditsholofetso tsa kwa godimo tsa tsa thuto tsa bone go na le basimane ba mengwaga e e tshwanang le ya bone.[80] Le fa basadi ka palo ba feta seipagare sa dialogane tsa yunibesithi kwa dinageng tse mmalwa tsa OECD, ba amogela fela 30% ya degree tsa theishari tse di fiwang bao ba leng ka mo mafapheng a tsa matlhale le tsa boenginere, mme basadi ka palo ke ba ba 25% go ya go 35% fela mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa OECD ba e leng ba dipatlisiso.[81]
Go santse go na le dikgopolelo tse di fapologileng tsa tlwaelo tsa gore basadi ga ba ise ba phunyeletse go fitlhelela di digree tsa bo akhademiki. Go ya ka Margaret Rossiter, mo historian wa tsa matlhale, basadi jaanong jaan ba amogela diperesente tse 54 tsa di digree tsa bachelor tsotlhe kwa United States. Le fa go le jalo, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi bao ba nang le di digree tsa bachelor go gaisa banna, fa maemo a thuto a tlhatlhoga, banna ka bontshi ba aga ba fitlhelela tsa dipalopaloTemplate:Clarify go na le basadi. Kwa maemomg dikalogo [graduate level], basadi ba tlatsa diperesente di le 40 tsa di digree tsa doctorate (persente tse 31 tsa bone e le ba boengenere).[82]
Le fa basadi go fitlha jaanong ba ithuta kwa diyunibesithing tsa maemo a kwa godimo go ya ka tekano go tshwana le banna, Template:Clarify ga ba fiwe tšhono ya go ka tsena mo fakhalting. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman o itemogetse gore bogolo fa institute e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo, ke ka moo go ileng go ba bothata le go go ja nako, gore basadi ba fumane leemo ka mo fakhalthing moo. Ka 1989, Harvard University e ntshitse mosadi wa bone wa ntlha go chemistry, Cynthia Friend, gape ka 1992 mosadi wa ntlha go physics, Melissa Franklin. Le ene o itemogetse gore basadi go le gontsi ba ka itsholela maemo a bona a professional lekga la ntlha jaaka batlhapetsi le batlhatlheledi fa banna go le gontsi ba ka dira la ntlha mameong tenure. Go ya ka Smith le Tang, go tloga ka 1989, banna ba persente ya 65 le basadi ba peresente e le 40 percent ba tshwere maemo a leng tenured fa peresente tse 29 fela ya tsa ba matlhale le boenginere di thapilwe jaaka bathusi ba diphrofesera kwa dikholetsheng le diyunibesithi tsa four-year e le basadi. [83]
Mediro[baakanya | edit source]
Ka 1992, basadi ba ne ba duelwa diperesente tse di 9 tsa di Ph.D. tse di abilweng mo engineering fela peresente e le nngwe ya basadi bao e nnile mophrofesara. Ka 1995, diperesente di le11tsa diphrofesara tsa tsa matlhale le boenjinere e ne e le basadi. Ka tekanyo, e fela di dean tse 311 tsa dikolo tsa boinjinere e ne e le basadi, eo e tlhaelang ka peresente e le 1 ya palotlalo. Le mogo psychology, degree eo basadi ka bontsi ba fumanang diPh.D., ba tshwere ka bontsi maemo a mmalwa a a tenured, bonneteng diperesente tse 19 ka 1994.[84]
Basadi dipolotiking[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba emetswe-tlase mebusong ya dinaga di le di ntsi. Ka 2013 Diphalane, tekanyo bogareng ka sediko ya basadi ba ba leng makgotlheng a setšhaba ke 22%.[86] Suffrage ke tokelo ya botho ya go kgetha [vote]. Women's suffrage in the United States e ne ya wediwa ka bonya, sa ntlha boemong ba state le selegae, go simolola ka bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo19 le tshimologong ya senthwuari ya bo 20, mme ka 1920 basadi kwa US kgetho ya legotlhe, ge go fetiswa Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dinaga dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi di ne tsa iketla go ka dumelela basadi go kgetha; segolo Switzerland, moo basadi ba unneng ditokelo tsa go ka kgetha mo dikgethong tsa feterale tsa 1971, mme mo canton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden basadi ba ne ba fiwa tokelo ya go ka kgetha dintlheng tsa selegae fela ka 1991, fa canton e ne e e gapeletswa ke Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;[87][88] le Liechtenstein, ka 1984, e le ka ntlha ya Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984.
Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba, go ya ka histori, dirile ditshwaelo go tsa matlhale, dikwalwa [literature] lebotaki [art]. Karolo e le esi eo basadi go ya ka histori, ba neng ba dumeletswe go e fitlhelela thata ke ya obstetrics le gynecology (pele ga senthwuari ya bo 18, tlhokonelo ya basadi ba baimana kwa Yuropa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga basadi; go tlogeng bogareng ba senthwuari ya bo18 kelotlhokomelo ya tsa phodiso ya basadi ba baimana e ne ya simolola go tlhoka thuto ya tlhamalalo, eo basadi ka gale ba neng ba sa e fitlhelele, ka jalo tiro e e ne ya neeletswa banna).[89][90]
Go kwala go ne ka tlwaelo go tswewa go dumeletswe basadi ba leemo la kwa godimo, le fa go fitlhelela kgono jaaka o le mokwadi wa mohumagadi mo lefatsheng le le bontsing e leng la botona go ka nna bothata tota; ka lebaka le basadi ba le bantsi ba ile ba itsalla maina a senna (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).Botswana
Basadi e ntse e le batlhami, bakwalammino, batshameka diletswa, baopedi, batlhatlhi, baithuta mmino, baruta mmino, batlhatlhobi/bakgadi ba mmino/bakwaledi ba mmino le diphorofeshene dingwe tsa mmino. Go na le tsamao ya mmino, ditiragalo le genres tse di amanang le basadi, women's issues le feminism. Ka bo 2010s, le fa basadi ba dira bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa diopedi tsa mmino o o tlwaelegileng popular music le mmino wa klasiki classical music , le bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa bakwalammino (bontsi ba bona e le baopedi-bakwalammino), go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng record producers, rock critics le rock instrumentalists. Le fa go na le palo e kgolo ya basadi ba e leng batlhami women composers mminomg wa klasiki, go tloga ka nako Medieval period go fitlha go na jaanong, kemelo ya batlhami ba basadi e kwa tlase-tlase mo commonly performed classical music repertoire, historing ya dikwalo mmino le mo diencyclopedia tsa mmino; go fa sekao, ka mo Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann ke ene motlhami wa mohumagadi a le esi yoo a umakiwang.
Basadi ba dira bontlhanngwe jo bogolwane ya diopelanosi tsa diletswa mminong wa klasiki gape diperesente tsa basadi mo orchestras e a oketsega. Sekwalwa sa 2015 sa diopelanosi concerto kwa diCanadian orchestras tse kgolo, le mororo, se bontshitse gore 84% ya diopelanosi le Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal e ne e le banna. Ka 2012, basadi ba santse ba dirile 6% fela ya diorchestra tsa maemo a kwa godimo a Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Basadi ga ba tlwaelega mo batshameking ba diletswa mminong wa tlwaelo jaaka rock le heavy metal, etswane go na le bahumagadi ba ditshamekadiletswa ba itsegeng le all-female bands. Basadi segolobogolo ba emetswe tlase mo extreme metal genres.[91] Basadi gape ba emetswe tlase botlhatlhing ba orchestral , go kgala tsa mmino/bokwaledi ba mmino, tlhagiso/tsweletso ya mmino music producing, le sound engineering. le fa ka sentshwuari ya bo 19 basadi ba ne ba sa rotloetswe go ka tlhama, ebile go na le basadi ba ba mmalwa ba e leng di musicologists, basadi ba ile ba itshunya thutong ya mmino music education "... ka tsela eo ba ileng ba tlhagella ka megetla [mo lefapheng le] bofelelong ba bogare ba karolo ya sentshwuari ya bo 19th go fitlhelela sentshwuari ya bo 20."[92]
Go ya ka Jessica Duchen, mokwadi wa mmino wa London's The Independent, diopedi tsa basadi tsa mmino wa klasiki ba ["...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent"] atlholwa go le gontsi go ya ka ponagalo, go na le ka bokgoni ba bone" gape ba lebagane le kgatelelo ["... to look sexy onstage and in photos"] ya go lebega ba le sexy mo steijing le mo ditshwantshong."[93] Duchen o umaka gore le fa go "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."] na le diopedi tsa basadi ba ba ganang go tshameka ka dipopego tsa bone, bao ba dirang jalo ba a atlega [93]
Go ya ka mokwaledi wa Seyalemoya 3 sa UK , Edwina Wolstencroft, madirelo a mmino wa klasiki kgale a buletswe go ka nna le basadi mo dikarolong tsa ditshamekong kgotsa ditlhaletso, e fela ga se gantsi basadi ba nna mo maemong a taolo, jaaka a go nna moetaledipele wa orchestra [leader of an orchestra].[94] Mo mminong o o tlwaelegileng, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi ba diopedi bao ba gatisang dipina, go na basadi ba se ba kae kwa morago ga audio console boa ba dirang jaaka batlhagisi ba mmino [music producers], mothotsoko yoo a eteletseng pele ebile a tsamaisa lenaane la dikgatiso.[95]
See also[baakanya | edit source]
- Sex assignment
- Lists of women
Medical:
- Feminine psychology
- Gender differences
Dynamics:
- Femininity
- Feminization (sociology)
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Mitochondrial Eve
- Sexism
- Women as theological figures
- Women in science
Political:
- Gender studies
- Womyn
Exploration:
- List of female explorers and travelers
- Women in space
References[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as [man] or [woman], or some combination thereof."
- ↑ "wīfmann": Bosworth & Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898-1921) p. 1219.
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, entry for "woman".
- ↑ man - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ Germanic Etymology
- ↑ dict.cc, DT-EN, entry: Wampe
- ↑ e.g.
- ↑ Jose A. Fadul.
- ↑ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'.
- ↑ By late 14th century a distinction was arising between female children, often called 'gay girls' – and male, or 'knave girls' -: a1375 William of Palerne (1867) l. 816 ' Whan þe gaye gerles were in-to þe gardin come, Faire floures þei founde.'
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001).
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ Merit-Ptah at the University of Alabama.
- ↑ Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, Horatius Press 1996, p. 334.
- ↑ Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, Marcel Dekker 1992, p. 28.
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Michael Roaf (1992).
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky.
- ↑ Jennifer Bergman (19 July 2001).
- ↑ J. M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Jake Page (2007).
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?"
- ↑ (Tanner, 1990).
- ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003).
- ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
- ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana.
- ↑ Menarche and menstruation are absent in many of the intersex and transgender conditions mentioned above and also in primary amenorrhea.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/social_determinants
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)".
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ "Resolution on Reproductive and Sexual Health | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics".
- ↑ "Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women".
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan".
- ↑ "China 'one-child' policy: Mother of 2 dies after forced sterilization".
- ↑ "Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "China forced abortion photo sparks outrage".
- ↑ http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf
- ↑ Sharpe, S. (1976).
- ↑ Gere, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2012).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "U.S. Education Slips In Rankings".
- ↑ "A/RES/48/104.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly.
- ↑ "Statistics by Area - Attitudes towards wife-beating - Statistical table".
- ↑ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project".
- ↑ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=djcil#H2N1
- ↑ http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/witchhunts.pdf
- ↑ "Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea".
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Beheading for 'sorcery' shocking | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' - CNN.com".
- ↑ In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women found that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States.
- ↑ In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991.
- ↑ For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[1]
- ↑ "Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women | Amnesty International".
- ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [2]
- ↑ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF
- ↑ "Women's right to choose their dress, free of coercion".
- ↑ "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013343/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=91cf943a-3fa6-4fce-afec-4ab2c2a356fd
- ↑ "Turkey condemns 'honour killings'".
- ↑ "Human Rights Voices – Pakistan, August 21, 2008".
- ↑ "Home".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran".
- ↑ "United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait".
- ↑ "Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social".
- ↑ Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012).
- ↑ "Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Oman" (PDF).
- ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania".
- ↑ Dubai FAQs.
- ↑ Judd, Terri (10 July 2008).
- ↑ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims".
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ↑ "United Nations News Centre - Harmful practices against women and girls can never be justified by religion – UN expert".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ Education Levels Rising in OECD Countries but Low Attainment Still Hampers Some, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publication Date: 14 September 2004.
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006.
- ↑ Eisenhart, A. Margaret; Finkel, Elizabeth (2001).
- ↑ Brainard, Susanne G.; Carlin, Linda (2001).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "Angela Merkel".
- ↑ "Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages".
- ↑ "The Long Way to Women's Right to Vote in Switzerland: a Chronology".
- ↑ "Experts In Women'S Anti-Discrimination Committee Raise Questions Concerning Reports Of Switzerland On Compliance With Convention".
- ↑ Gelis, Jacues.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds.
- ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers.
- ↑ "Women Composers In American Popular Song, Page 1".
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap
- ↑ Jessica Duchen.
- ↑ Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).


text:
The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)
Setswana (Tswana)
- Jaanong lefatshe lotlhe la tswelela le na le puo e le nngwe fela le mafoko a le mangwe fela.
- Mme ga diragala gore fa ba tsere loeto ba ela ntlheng ya botlhaba kgabagare ba bona lebala la mokgatšha mo lefatsheng la Shinare, mme ba nna mo go lone.
- Mme ba simolola go raana ba re: "Tlang! A re direng ditena mme re di beseng ka go di fisa." Ka jalo setena e ne e le leje la bone, mme bitumena e ne e le seretse sa bone.
- Jaanong ba re: "Tlang! A re ikageleng motse le tora e bogodimo jwa yone bo fitlhang kwa magodimong, mme a re itireleng leina le le tumileng, e se re kgotsa ra gasama mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe."
- Mme Jehofa a fologa go ya go bona motse le tora e bomorwa batho ba neng ba e agile.
- Morago ga moo Jehofa a re: "Bona! Ke setšhaba se le sengwe fela e bile botlhe ba na le puo e le nngwe fela, mme seno ke se ba simololang go se dira. Aitsane, jaanong ga go na sepe se ba ka tswang ba gopotse go se dira se ba ka se kang ba se fitlhelela.
- Tlang jaanong! A re fologeng mme re tlhaktlhakanyeng puo ya bone gore yo mongwe a se ka a reetsa puo ya yo mongwe."
- Ka jalo go tswa koo Jehofa a ba gasamisetsa mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe, mme kgabagare ba tlogela go aga motse.
- Ke gone ka moo leina la one le neng la bidiwa Babele, ka gonne Jehofa o ne a tlhakatlhakantse puo ya lefatshe lotlhe gone, e bile go tswa koo Jehofa o ne a ba gasamiseditse mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe.
From: Thanolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha ya Dikwalo Tse di Boitshepo
Tower of Babel in Bantu languages
Bemba,
Beti,
Bulu,
Chichewa,
Dawida,
Kamba,
Kikuyu,
Kinyarwanda,
Kirundi,
Koti,
Kwanyama,
Lamba,
Lingala,
Lozi,
Luba-Katanga,
Luganda,
Luragooli,
Mbunda,
Mpongwe,
Ndebele,
Ndonga,
Nkore,
Northern Sotho,
Nyakyusa,
Sango,
Sena,
Shona,
Soga,
Southern Sotho,
Sukuma,
Swahili,
Swati,
Tetela,
Tonga,
Tsonga,
Tswana,
Tumbuka,
Venda,
Xhosa,
Yao,
Zulu
Other Tower of Babel translations
By language |
By language family


text:
Botshabelo Postal Codes South Africa
Postal Codes! Search for FS postcodes with Qpzm. Business, Commercial, Education and Personal use.
Browse for Botshabelo Postal Codes by suburb
- Free State Postal Codes
- Motheo Postal Codes
- Botshabelo Postal Codes
- Botjhaba Tsatsi, Botjhaba-tsatsi, Botshabelo East, Botshabelo Section A, Botshabelo Section B, Botshabelo Section E, Botshabelo Section F, Botshabelo Section G, Botshabelo Section H, Botshabelo Section H2, Botshabelo Section J, Botshabelo Section K, Botshabelo Section L, Botshabelo Section M, Botshabelo Section N, Botshabelo Section T, Botshabelo Section U, Botshabelo Section W, Botshabelo Seksie A, Botshabelo Seksie B, Botshabelo Seksie E, Botshabelo Seksie F, Botshabelo Seksie G, Botshabelo Seksie H, Botshabelo Seksie H2, Botshabelo Seksie J, Botshabelo Seksie K, Botshabelo Seksie L, Botshabelo Seksie M, Botshabelo Seksie N, Botshabelo Seksie T, Botshabelo Seksie U, Botshabelo Seksie W, Botshabelo-oos, Dikhothatso, Fadimehang, Ramahutsi, Ratau Ext, Ratau Uit, Section H3
-
- Postal codes South Africa


text:
Motsana wa Mosetse
Mosetse ke motse o o mo kgaolong ya legare mo Botswana. Motsana o o iphaphathile fa thoko ga tsela e e tswang Francistown e fetela Nata. Mo palo batho ya ngwaga wa 2001 dipalo tsa batho di ne di le lekgolokgolo,makgolo a borataro,masome a borataro le motso. Mosetse o ikaegile fa lotshitshing la noka ya Mosetse,e e kgwelang kwa Sua Pan,e eleng bontlha bongwe jwa Makgadigadi Pan.[1]-
Kgosi ya ntlha e ne e le Rre mongwe a bidiwa Nfila, yo tlileng mo motsaneng e le molemisi. mme kgosi ya gompieno ke Kebailele Polokakgolo. palo ya batho e solofelwa go bo e oketsegile ka ntateng ya ponagalo gape le go bulwa ga moepo wa Kopore mo motsaneng. ka seo, motse yo o ntseng o sa tlhabololwa, o tla simolola go tlelwa ke ditlhabololo jaaka sekolo sa bobedi se se potana le kokelwana.
Banni ba Mosetse motsana o o nale batho ba letso la Sekalaka gape le Basarwa. Mmusi ike mongwe wa banni ba mosetse yo o tsenang kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana.Batho ka bontsi ba ikaegile ka temo thuo go itshetsa ka dijoba bangwe ba akaretsa ba lelwapa la bo Kehitile ba ba tlileng ba tswa kwa motseng wa Tutume ba eteletswe pele ke Kehitile Madubeko. Lesley Tibabo kehitile ke mongwe wa baalogani ba kwa motsaneng wa Mosetse.
Contents
Khansele potlana e rutuntsha komiti[baakanya | edit source]
Khansele potlana ya Tutume e ne e tshwere thuto-puisano ya dikomiti tsa ditlhabololo tsa metse kwa Marapong bosheng. Thuto-puisano e e ne e tsaya malatsi a le mabedi, maikaelelo e le go tlhatlhelela maloko a dikomoti tsa ditlhabololo tsa metse, a a tlhophilweng bosheng ka kitso yotlhe e e tlhokegang go bereka ka ditlhabololo tsa metse ya bone. Metsana e e neng e tseneletse thuto-puisano e ke Lepashe, Kutlamogoreng, Marobela, Semitwe, Matsitama le Mosetse. Motse mongwe le mongwe o ne o na le maloko a komiti ya ditlhabololo a le matlhano mme ba tladitswe ke kgosi ya motse le mokhanselara wa bone.Barutuntshi e ne e le bo mmaboipelego, bagolwane ba tsa ditlhabololo tsa metse, bakwaledi bagolo ba khansele ya Tutume gammogo le badupi ba dibuka tsa madi. Fa bokopano jo bo dirwa mo Marapong jaana, bo ne bo sa tswa go tshwarwa ga kwa dikgaolong tsa boGweta le Maitengwe mo dibekeng tse di fetileng.
Maikaelelo le maikemisetso a bokopano jo ya bo e le go rutuntsha maloko a masha a, le go ba fa dithuto tse di tlaa ba thusang go tsamaisa ditlhabololo le go tokafatsa matshelo mo metseng ya bone. E rile a buisa bontsi jo bo tsileng, mothusa mokwaledi mogolo wa khansele ya Tutume Mme Kene Mololwane a tlhalosa fa thuto-puisano e e tshwaretswe go tlhabolola matshelo mo metseng ka go rutuntsha bagolwane ba motse ka ditsela tse di maleba tsa go tlhabolola metse ya bone. Mme Mololwane o tlhalositse gore mmuso wa Botswana o ikaeletse thata e bile o ikemiseditse go tlhatlhelela ba e leng baeteledipele gore ditlhabololo tsa metse di nne bofefo. Dikomiti tsa ditlhabololo tsa metse, ke tsone tse di ka tlhabololang metse. Maloko ao ka e le beng ba metse ba itse botoka metse ya bone le tseo ba di tlhokang, ga bua Mme Mololwane yo a tsweletseng ka go tlhalosa fa maloko ao a tlhokana le go rutwa go etelela le go fefosa ditlhabololo. Mme Mololwane o buile fa maloko a dikomiti tseo a tsile go rutwa ka go tsamaisa dikomiti, go ba ruta ka ditsela tsa go tlhokomela madi, go a dirisa sentle le gone go a godisa. O tlhalositse fa maikaelelo e le go lemotsha badulasetilo, bakwaledi le batshwaramadi ba dikomiti tseo tsamaiso yotlhe e e ba lebaneng.
Mongwe wa dibui tsa tlotla Rre Imi Phili, yo e leng modulasetilo wa lephata la ditlhabololo tsa metse le tsa boipelego (Community Development and Social Services), gape e le mokhanselara wa Tutume, o buile fa bontsi jwa dikomiti tsa ditlhabololo di tlhaelelwa ke kitso e e maleba. Dikomiti tse dingwe di retelelwa ke go tlhabolola metse ka gobo maloko a se na boitseanape jwa go tlhabolola, go tshwara madi le gone go dirisana sentle le banni ka maikaelelo a mangwe a go tokafatsa matshelo a setho, ga bua Rre Phili.Rre Phili o kopile jalo maloko a dikomiti tseo go nna ba tsaya dithuto tsa go nna jalo ka tlhoafalo ka e le maiteko a mmuso go tokafatsa bodiredi, le go tsisa maduo mo setshabeng.
Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle[baakanya | edit source]
O ka tsibogela[baakanya | edit source]
- Nwetwe Pan
Dipadi tse dingwe.[baakanya | edit source]
Coordinates: 20°38′22″S 26°38′23″E / 20.63944°S 26.63972°E


text:
Tsebe ya Ditlhogo/Tsebe ya Bagatisi
Botshelo—A ke Tiro ya Mmopi?
E gatisitswe ka 2010
Kgatiso eno ga e rekisiwe. Ke karolo ya thulaganyo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya go ruta Baebele, thulaganyo e e tshegediwang ka meneelo e e ntshiwang ka go rata.
Ditemana tse di mo kgatisong eno di tswa mo Baebeleng ya Thanolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha ya Dikwalo Tse di Boitshepo, kwantle ga fa go supilwe ka tsela nngwe. Koo NW e latelang morago ga nopolo nngwe gone, go supa gore temana eno e ranotswe go tswa go New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References ya puo ya Seesemane


text:
ANC e Latlhile Seaparwelwa Khemo Sa Sone! Ba Bolaile Babereki!
Bathapi le boradipolitiki ba molato! Ba tshwanetse go emisa mapodisi go dira dilo tse di sa siamang.
Molaotheo o tshepisitse ditokelo tsa dipolotiki le tekatekano. Go a bonagala gore boradipolotiki le bathapi ba dira ka mo ba ratang ka teng. Ba tshameka ka batho. Seo se bonagetse ka nako eo mapodisi a bolaileng badiri bao ba neng ba dirile ditshupetso kwa moepong wa Lonmin Marikana.
ANC E LATLHILE SEAPARWELWA KHEMO SA SONE! BA BOLAILE BABEREKI!
Bathapi le boradipolitiki ba molato! Ba tshwanetse go emisa mapodisi go dira dilo tse di sa siamang.>
Ga gona molao, ga gona Kigali. Ga go na Zuma, ga go na Malema, ga go na LONMIN!
Molaotheo o tshepisitse ditokelo tsa dipolotiki le tekatekano. Go a bonagala gore boradipolotiki le bathapi ba dira ka mo ba ratang ka teng. Ba tshameka ka batho. Seo se bonagetse ka nako eo mapodisi a bolaileng badiri bao ba neng ba dirile ditshupetso kwa moepong wa Lonmin Marikana.
DITOKELO TSA GA MANG?
Batho re tshwanetse go bona bonnete: mokgatlo wa ANC le bathapi ba laola:
Thulaganyo ena, e thusa batho ba ba humileng le ba bonatla go nna bonatla thata : batho ba ba berekang le ba bahumanege ba boga. Garena tshireletso, o a bereka mme ga o tshele sentle , ditlhwatlhwa tsa dijo di ya godimo.Motlakase wa ga Eskom o a tura! Re tshwaneste go duela? Ka eng? Mme ga re kena ntwa e kgolo, re a thuntsiwa.
ANC/MMUSO+BATHAPI/DIGOLAGANYE
Mmuso o dirisa mapodisi go betsa batho ba gwanta bantsha ditletlebo tsa bona. Ke ditokela tsa rona re tshela motshotlegong jaanong relwa kgathanong le mmuso le borakgwebo (Lonmin).
Re a didimantswa ka marumo.
Ntlha re sa dumalane kontle ga pelaelo le ditiro tsa babereki ko Marikana, re nna fela re eme nokeng batlhoki le babereki ba ba kobo dikhutswane kgatlhanong le mmuso.
ANCYL = ANC = POLAO YA MARIKANA
ANC ba re batla fetola dilo tse di diragalang. Ka gore go ne go na le dingongorego ka di puso tsa National Party (NP). NP e ne e bolaile babereki. Jannong, ANC le bone ba bolaile ba bereki. ANCYL ba ne ba sa tshwanela go sekisa mapodisi go bolaya batho (bona statement 17August 2012).
Malema le babereki ba ba lelekweling ko ANCYL ba batla go dirisa dintlha tse, go boela ko ANC-go huma le go bua maka. Mme, diatla tsa ANC di na le madi.
Gompieno le ga nako e setse e fetile, babereki ba ANCYL ba batla tjhelete mme ga ba batle batho ba ne le kgololosego.
BOJANOSI? GARE BO BATLE
“Capitalism” ke mokgwa o gatellang le go dirisa botlhaswa mo bathong ba bantsho, “Coloureds” le “Indians” ba ba dirang, ba gatelelwa ka lefa la mmuso wa kgatelelo (apartheid) ke mapodisa le bathapi malatsi otlhe.
(Makgowa ba ba dirang le bona ba gatelelwa).
PUSO YA BABEREKI E SENG YA MMUSO
ANCYL e dirisa dipolao tsa kwa Marikana go ANC e dire puso e mo tlase ga mmuso. Mme Marikana e bontsha bonnete ba mmuso, ga gore sepe gore ke lekoko lefe: mapodisa a bloya go thusa batho ba ba humileng.
Taola ya babereki ga e reye gore go buse bathapi le bo rapolitiki e raya gore go buse batho.
MAPODISE GA BA KA KE BA FETOGA
Tiro ya mapodisi ke go gatelela le go didimalatsa babereki le bahumanege. Bothata bo ka se lokisiwe ke (dikomisinare) jaaka batho ba akanya.
Botsa losika la ga Andries Tatane. Ditlhopo di kase fetole sepe. Gopola: Sharpeville 1960, Soweto 1976, Uitenhage 1985, Michael Makabane ka 2000, babereki ba SAMWU ka2009, Andries Tatane ka 2011… Marikana ka mgwaga wa 2012. Batho ba le masomepedi tlhano ba bolailwe ka ngwana wa 2000 pele ga Marikana.
MATLA A BATHO ESENG DITLHOPO LE MEKGATLO YA DIPOLOTIKI
Lebelela kwa Marikana. Ditlhopo ga di fetole sepe.
Go tsena mmuso le dipolitiki ga se go fetola dilo. Go tlhopa motho o mongwe mo boemong ba ga Jacob Zuma gase phetogo.
Go tlhopa mokgatlo o montŝha wa dipolitiki - le wa “molema” le wa “babereki” ga go thuse.
LEKGOTLA LA BABEREKI: TSOGANG
Makgotla a Marikana le NUM le AMCU di wetse mo lerabeng la borapolitiki le bathapi. Ba ne ba lwana mme ba ne ba tshwanetse go lwa le sera. Kopano ke matla: ga go a tshwanela go kgaogana re laolwa. Babereki ba mo lefatsheng kopanang!Dinaga le merafe kopanang!
Emisa kgolagano! COSATU ga e tshwanetse go dira le ANC.
ANARCHISM = GO IPUSA GA BATHO = COUNTERPOWER
Ke nako ya gore re fetole tsamaiso ya bathapi/mmuso ka puso ya batho. Se, seraya gore re batla babereki/baagi ba buse gotswa kwa tlase go ya kwa godimo. Re batla tokologo ya ba bereki ba ba ipusang le baagi. Ga re se batla puso e e re thunsta jaaka dintja re batla go ipusa.
THARABOLLO: KGOLOLOSEGO YA BATHO!
RE YA LETLHOKA: SE VONTENG KOPANANG A RE TSHWARAGANENG!
Fa o dumelana le dikakanyo kgotsa o batla go itse ka anarchism: nomoro ya mogala ke: 072 399 0912 kgotsa zacf@riseup.net
Ethagiswa ke: Tokologo Anarchist Collective, Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front le Inkululeko Wits Anarchist Collective.
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text:
Mmamalome Detail
Motlhokaina 2
KEMO BOTLHOKONG
Mmamalome,
Ke mme wa dingwaga tsedi masome a mabedi le bone. Ke tshwentswe ke kgang ya gore ke sale ke tlhokafalelwa ke motsadi wame ka ngwaga wa 2002, mme botlhoko gabo tswe mogo nna. Ke nna ka pelo ee botlhoko ka gore gake kgone go lebala motsadi wame. Ke nna kemo gopotse ka nako tsotlhe. Selo se se ama botshelo jwa me fela thata ka gore gake na boitumelo mo pelong yame. Jaanong ke botsa go wena mmamalome gore ke dire jang gore ke kgone go tswelela le botshelo. Gore botlhoko jo bo tswe mogo nna, ke dire jang ka gore se se ama dithuto tsame le kafa ke tshelang ka teng le batho ba bangwe.
Setlogolo
Mathata a gago kea utlwa ebile kea tlhaloganya setlogolo. Go swelwa ke motsadi ke selo sese botlhoko thata. Kutlobothoko ee tlang morago ga leso ke selo sese tlwaelesegileng. O tshwanetse go supa kutlobotlhoko gore o kgone go tswelela le botshelo mme bo tshwanetse go fokotsega fa nakop e ntse e tsamaya. Bua le ba masika oba itsise ka seemo sa gago. Le wena ka bonosi jwa gago o ipolele gore oka kgona go tswelela le botshelo lefa motsadi wa gago a seyo. Fagosa tlokafale oka kopa thuso mo bathong ba tshwana le bommaboipelego le barutabana kana batho ba bangwe baba rutetsweng go sidila maikutlo.
Polling
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccination against cervical cancer starts on February 23-27. Vaccination will be given to girls in standard 5,6 and 7 and out of school girls aged 9-13. Are you worried about how this could affect?
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