text:
11Lokwalo lwa pele ke lo kwadile, wena Theofilo, ka ga tsotlhe tse Jesu o simolotseng go di dira le go di ruta,
2go fitlha mo letsatsing le a tlhatlositsweng ka lone, a sena go laola baapostolo ka Mowa o o Boitshepo ba a ba itlhaoletseng. 3Ke bone ba morago ga go boga ga gagwe a bileng a ba ipontsha e le yo o phelang ka ditshupo tse dintsi, a bonala mo go bone malatsi a le 40, a ntse a bolela tsa puso ya Modimo. 4E rile ba phuthegile nae, a ba laela gore ba se ka ba tloga mo Jerusalema, mme ba lebelele tsholofetso ya Rara, e o reng: “Lo e utlwile mo go nna.
Luka 24:49
5Gonne fa e le Johane, o ne a kolobetsa ka metsi, mme lona lo tla kolobediwa ka Mowa o o Boitshepo go ise go fete malatsi a mantsi.”
6Jaanong ba ba neng ba phuthegile ba mmotsa ba re: “Morena, a o tla boa o tsosetsa Iseraele bogosi ka sebaka seno?”
7A ba araba a re: “Ga go a lo tshwanela go itse metlha gongwe dinako tse Rara o di beileng ka thata ya gagwe. 8Mme lo tla bona nonofo ya Mowa o o Boitshepo, motlhang o tlang mo go lona; lo tla nna basupi ba me mo Jerusalema le mo Jutea yotlhe le mo Samaria le go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa lefatshe.” 9Ya re a sena go bua dilo tse, a tlhatlosiwa, ba ntse ba lebile; mme leru la mo tlosa mo ponong ya bone.
Luka 24:51
10Ya re ba sa ntse ba leletse kwa legodimong a ntse a tlhatloga, ga ema banna ba le babedi fa go bone, ba apere diaparo tse ditshweu,
11ba re: “Lona banna ba Galelea, lo emetseng lo leletse kwa legodimong? Jesu yole yo o tsholeleditsweng kwa legodimong, a tswa mo go lona, o tla boa a tla fela jaaka lo mmonye a ya kwa legodimong.”
12Ya baa gona ba boelang kwa Jerusalema, ba tswa mo thabeng e e bidiwang ya Diolefa e e gaufi le Jerusalema, e bokgakala jwa yona e leng leeto la Sabata.
13Ya re ba sena go tsena, ba tlhatlogela kwa ntlwaneng e e kwa godimo, kwa ba ne ba nna teng, e bong Petoro le Johane le Jakobo le Andrea le Filipo le Thomase le Baretolomeo le Matheo le Jakobo wa ga Alefeo le Simone-Selote le Juta wa ga Jakobo.
14Botlhe bao ba nnela ruri mo thapelong ka bongwefela jwa pelo, ba na le basadi bangwe le Maria, mma Jesu, le bomonnaa Jesu.
Joh. 7:3
15E rile mo malatsing ao Petoro a ema mo gare ga bakaulengwe ba ba ka nnang 120 ba ba neng ba le mmogo a re: 16“Banna ba ga etsho, Lokwalo lo ne lo tshwanetse go dirafala, lo Mowa o o Boitshepo o buileng pele ka lone ka molomo wa ga Dafita ka ga Jutase yo o neng a nna mogogi wa ba ba tshwereng Jesu;
17gonne o na a baletswe mo go rona, a ba a abelwa tirelo e ya boapostolo.”
18Fa e le ene, o rekile setsha ka tuelo ya tshiamololo, a wa ka tlhogo, a phanyega ka bogare, mateng a gagwe a ba a gorometsega otlhe;
19ga ba ga itsiwe ke botlhe ba ba agileng mo Jerusalema, mo setsha seo se bileng sa bidiwa Akeledama mo puong ya bone, ke go re: Setsha sa madi.
20“Gonne go kwadilwe mo lokwalong lwa Dipesalome ga twe:
“ ‘A boago jwa gagwe
bo fetoge lesope,
a go se nne ope
yo o agang mo go lone!’“Gape ga twe:
“ ‘A o sele a tsee
tirelo ya gagwe!’
109:8
21“Jaanong fa e le banna ba ba sa leng ba tsamaya le rona ka sebaka sotlhe se Morena Jesu o neng a tsena a tswa mo go rona ka sona,
22go simolola ka kolobetso ya ga Johane go fitlha mo letsatsing le o tlhatlositsweng mo go rona ka lone, mongwe wa bone o tshwanetse go nna mosupi le rona wa tsogo ya gagwe.”
23Jaanong ba emisa ba le babedi, e bong Josefa yo o bidiwang Baresaba, a okelediwa leina la Juseto, le Mathia. 24Ba be ba rapela ba re: “Morena, wena moitsi wa dipelo tsa botlhe, supa yo ò mo itlhaoletseng mo go ba babedi ba 25gore a tle a tsee boemo jwa tirelo e jwa boapostolo jo Jutase o oleng mo go jona, gore a ye felong ga gagwe.” 26Jaanong ba ba tlhamela ditengwa, mme tengwa ya supa Mathia; a tlhophiwa jalo go nna mongwe wa baapostolo ba ba 11.


c: text/html

text:
281Ahase o ne a le dinyaga di le 20, fa a nna kgosi, a busa dinyaga di le 16 kwa Jerusalema; fela a se ka a dira tse di siameng mo matlhong a Morena jaaka Dafita rraagwe mogolwagolwane. 2Mme a sepela mo ditseleng tsa dikgosi tsa Iseraele. Le gona a direla boBaale ditshwantsho tse di bopilweng. 3A fisa maswalo ka esi mo mogorogorong wa Morwa-Hinome, a ba a fisa bomorwawe ka molelo jaaka e ne e le maila a a boitshegang a baheitane, ba Morena o neng a ba lelekile fa pele ga Baiseraele.
4A ba a dira ditlhabelo le go tshuba maswalo kwa dithoteng tsa tlhabelo le mo dithabeng le fa tlase ga setlhare sengwe le sengwe se setala.
5Ke fa Morena, Modimo wa gagwe, a mo neela mo diatleng tsa kgosi ya Basiria, ba mo fenya ba thopa ba bantsi ba ga gabo, ba ba isa botshwarong kwa Damaseko. Le gona a neelwa mo diatleng tsa kgosi ya Iseraele, ya mo fenya ya nna polao e kgolo, 6ka Pheka morwa Remalea a ne a bolaya ba le 120 000 ba Juta ka letsatsi le le lengwe, botlhe bao e le bagale; gonne ba ne ba tlogetse Morena, Modimo wa borraabo. 7Sigeri mogale wa Moeferaime a bolaya Maaseya, morwa kgosi, le Aserikame, mookamedi wa ntlo ya yona, le Elekana, seatla sa kgosi. 8Baiseraele ba isa ba le 200 000 ba ga bone mo botshwarong, e le basadi le bomorwa le bomorwadi; le gona ba thopa thopo e kgolo mo go bone, ba e isa kwa Samaria.
9Mme teng go ne go le moporofeti wa Morena, leina la gagwe e le Otete; ene a tswa a kgatlhantsha ba mephato ba ba boelang kwa Samaria, a ba raya a re: “Kana e re ka Morena, Modimo wa borraeno, a galefetse Bajuta, o ba neetse mo diatleng tsa lona, mme lona lo ba bolaile ka letlhoo le le setlhogo, mo go bileng go fitlhile kwa legodimong.
Esera 9:6
10Jaanong lo bile lo re lo gatelela ba Juta le Jerusalema go nna batlhanka le malata a lona. A fa lo iteba, lo iphitlhela lo se na melato fa pele ga Morena, Modimo wa lona? 11Jaanong he, nkutlweng lo buse batshwarwi ba lo ba thopileng kwa go ba ga bone; go seng jalo Morena o tla lo tukela bogale.”
12Ga ema banna ba ditlhogo tsa Baeferaime e bong Asaria morwa Johanane le Beregia morwa Mesilemothe le Jehesekia morwa Sadume le Amasa morwa Hatelai ba emelana le ba ba tswang kwa ntweng, 13ba ba raya ba re: “Se tliseng batshwarwi mono! Gonne lo ka tloga lwa re imetsa molato fa pele ga Morena ka go oketsa maleo a rona le melato ya rona. Kana molato wa rona o mogolo, mme Baiseraele ba ka tukelwa bogale.” 14Ke fa ba ba tlhometseng ba tlogela batshwarwi le thopo fa pele ga dikgosana le phuthego yotlhe. 15Mme banna bao ba ba badilweng ka maina ba ema, ba babalela batshwarwi, ba apesa botlhe ba ba sa ikategang ba bone ka dilo tsa thopo, ba ba naya diaparo le ditlhako le dijo le dino le ditlolo, ba palamisa botlhe ba ba bokoa mo dieseleng, ba ba isa kwa Jerigo motseng wa mekolane kwa go ba ga bone, ba be ba boela kwa Samaria.
16Ka sebaka seo kgosi Ahase a roma batho kwa dikgosing tsa Asiria gore di tle go mo thusa. 17Gape le gona ga tla Baetomo, ba fenya Bajuta, ba isa batho mo botshwarong. 18Bafelesita le bone ba bolola go thukhutha mo metseng ya naga e e kwa tlase le ya naga ya borwa ya Juta; ba thopa Betšhemeše le Ayalone le Geterothe le Sogo le metsana ya teng le Thimena le metsana ya teng le Gimeso le metsana ya teng, ba nna gona. 19Gonne Morena o ne a kokobetsa Bajuta ka ntlha ya ga Ahase kgosi ya Juta, ka a atisa boikepo mo Juta, a leofela Morena ka boikanyologo. 20Ga ba ga tla Thigelathe-Philesere kgosi ya Asiria, a mo tlhasela, a mo pitlaganya, mme a se ka a mo thusa. 21Gonne le fa Ahase a ne a thukhuthile Ntlo ya Morena le matlo a kgosi le dikgosana dilo, a di naya kgosi ya Asiria, ga se ka ga mo thusa sepe.
22Le ka sebaka sa go pitlaganngwa jalo a tswelela pele go leofela Morena ka boikanyologo, ene kgosi Ahase. 23A tlhabela medimo ya Damaseko e e mo fentseng, a ithaya a re: “E re ka medimo ya dikgosi tsa Siria e di thusa, ke tla e direla ditlhabelo gore e nthuse,” mme e ne e le yona e e mo digang le Baiseraele botlhe. 24Ahase a ba a phutha dilo tsa Ntlo ya Modimo a di thubaganya, a tswala ditswalo tsa Ntlo ya Morena, a itirela dialetare mo sekhutlong sengwe le sengwe sa Jerusalema. 25Le gona a dira dithota tsa tlhabelo mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa Juta go tshubela medimo e sele maswalo, a gakaletsa Morena, Modimo wa borraagwe, pele.
26Ditirafalo tse dingwe tsa gagwe le ditiro tsotlhe tsa gagwe tsa pele le tsa morago kana di kwadilwe mo lokwalong lwa dikgosi tsa Juta le Iseraele. 27Mme Ahase a robala le borraagwe, a fitlhwa mo motseng wa Jerusalema; gonne ba se ka ba mo isa kwa mabitleng a dikgosi tsa Juta. Mme Hesekia morwawe a nna kgosi mo boemong jwa gagwe.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Go buna metsi a pula ke go tsamaisa le poloko ya metsi a pula go tswa mo lefatsheng kgotsa kwa marulelong a meago ka dipeipe kgotsa meedi ya marulelo go ya kwa tankeng ya go boloka metsi. Go kgobokanya metsi a pula go tswa marulelong go phepa thata go feta go kgobokanya metsi a a tswago mo lefatsheng.
Mo ntlheng efe kgotsa efe, go phepafatsa le go tlhotlha metsi a pula pele ga tiriso go a atlanegiswa. Ga se fela go phepafatsa metsi a tsa kwa gae kgotsa a tsa temothuo, fela gape e tla tlosa dikhemikhale, mmu le dileswefatsi mme e tla thibela go senyega ga dipompo ka ntlha ya dilo mo metsing.
Go tlhoma thulaganyo e bonolo ya go buna metsi a pula go tlhoka dilo tse tharo; marulelo pipeipe kgotsa melelwane eo e senang sepe, go tsamaisa metsi a pula, le tanka ya go boloka.
Phepafatsa marulelo le meedi ya marulelo. Fa e le gore meedi ya marulelo kgotsa dipeipi di tshwanetse go tlhongwa, tlhopa meedi ya marulelo ya boleng bo bo siameng ba twantsho ya UV ya PVC le dipeipi tsa kwa fatshe. Netefatsa gore dipeipi di kgokagantswe mo takeng ya metsi. Netefatsa gore medi ya marulelo e motheoga gannye go ya kwa tankeng. Se se tla fedisa kgoboketso ga seretse le metsi a a emeng, go nna lefelo la go tswadisa menang.
Makala afe kgotsa afe a a kaletseng kwa godimo ga marulelo a tshwanetse go tlosiwa go thibela matlakala go tsena mo thulaganyong.
Dirisa ditshiro tsa lethale kgotsa ditlhotlhi mme o di phepafatse ka metlha.
Katogela ya dikhemikhale go tswa kgasetsong e ka nna mo marulelong mme go tloga moo ya iswa kwa tankeng ya metsi. O se ke wa gasetsa dijalo ka letsatsi le le nang le phefo.
Fa o penta marulelo, dirisa pente e e bolokegileng jaaka masaledi a pente a ka gapela kwa tankeng mme ya leswafatsa metsi.
Phepafatsa marulelo morago ga melelo efe kgotsa efe ka mo lefelong. Morago ga fa pula e nele, molora le masaledi di ka gapelwa kwa tankeng ya metsi, ka jalo ya thiba dipompo. Gakologelwa, marulelo a a phepa, metsi a a phepa.
Thulaganyo ya go tlhotlha go phepafatsa metsi pele ga tiriso e ka tlhokega mme e ka nna ka sebopego sa:
Setlhotlhi sa Malao a motlhaba
Ditlhotlhi tse di tswelelang
Tanka ya go Tsepamisa
Tanka efe kgotsa efe ya go boloka metsi e ka dirisiwa, fela netefatsa gore ke e phepa mme e na le ya kwa ntle kgotsa pompo. Tlhoma tanka e kgolo mo go lekaneng, fa go kgonega, e bee mo motheong o o maatla le wa tekanyetso, ya go nna godimo sentle go letlelela metomo go tlatswa bonolo go tswa mo pompong ya tanka. Fa e le gore o aga motheo wa konkriti, netefatsa gore o bonyane ba 85mm ka bokhutswane.
O seke wa dirisa tanka e leng gore e ne e dirisiwa pele go boloka sengwe le sengwe se e leng sa botlhole jaaka mafura a dikoloi, mafura kgotsa dikhemikhale. Fa go kgonega, o seke wa dirisa tanka e e dirilweng ka asbestose. Ditanka tsa metsi di ka dirwa ka polastiki ya polyethylene, konkorite kgotsa lesenke mme e khupetswa ka sethibela ruse. Ditanka tsa ditshipi di swanetse go khupetswa kwa gare ka dikhupetso tsa kgato ya dijo jaaka PVC kgotsa polyethylene. Ditanka tsa metsi tsa polastiki ke tsa theko e e kwa tlase fa ditanka tsa konkrite di ka nna tsa theko e e kwa godimo fela di kgona go boloka metse a le tsiditsana.
Tsaya tsia go tlhomela tanka ya go tshologela go boloka metsi a go feta fa tanka ya ntlha e ftlha mo maemong a rileng. Fa e le gore o dirisa metsi a tanka go nwa, netefatsa gore o a bedisa pele. Gape a tshwanetse go tlhotlhiwa le go alafiwa ka setshweufatsi. Babatlisisi ba Khomišene ya Dipatlisiso tsa Metse ba atlanegisa le senwelo sa ¼ ya setshweufatsi ka 5 000 ya dilitara tsa metsi
Nna le senotlelo mo pompong ya tanka go thibela phitlhelelo ya tanka ya metse. Thibela motho ofe le ofe go namela kwa godimo ga tanka, e ka wela kwa gare ka kotsi le go kgangwa ke metsi.
Translated by Lawrence Ndou


text:
Tlhapi e e gakagamatsang
Motshwaraditlhapi yo o humanegileng le morarraagwe Ba ne ba nna mo ntlwaneng ya bojang gaufi le lewatle. Ka letsatsi lengwe motshwaraditlhapi o ne a tshwara tlhapi e e gakagamatsang, mme ka ponyo ya leitlho a e golola. O ne a bolelela morwarragwe se se diragetseng mme ena o mo laela gore a ye go kopa tlhapi e e gakgamatsang ntlo e kgolwane. Tlhapi e e gakgamatsang ya neelana ka seo motshwaraditlhapi a neng a se eletsa. A morwarragwe o tla kgotsofala kgotsa o tla nna megagau mme a kopa sengwe gape?
We Also Recommend


text:
THUTO 12
Tiro ya Rona ya go Rera ka Bogosi e Rulagantswe Jang?
Pelenyana ga loso lwa gagwe, Jesu o ne a itsise gore: “Dikgang tse di molemo tseno tsa bogosi di tla rerwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe le le nang le banni gore e nne bosupi mo ditšhabeng tsotlhe; mme go tswa foo bokhutlo bo tla tla.” (Mathaio 24:14) Mme gone, tiro eno e e dirwang mo lefatsheng lotlhe e ne e tla fitlhelelwa jang? Ka go latela mokgwa o Jesu a neng a o dirisa fa a le mo lefatsheng.—Luke 8:1.
Re etela batho kwa magaeng a bone. Jesu o ne a thapisa barutwa ba gagwe gore ba rere dikgang tse di molemo ka ntlo le ntlo. (Mathaio 10:11-13; Ditiro 5:42; 20:20) Bareri bao ba lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga ba ne ba abelwa dikarolo tse ba neng ba tshwanetse go rera kwa go tsone. (Mathaio 10:5, 6; 2 Bakorintha 10:13) Ka tsela e e tshwanang, le gompieno tiro ya rona ya go rera e rulagantswe sentle, mme phuthego nngwe le nngwe e abelwa lefelo le e tshwanetseng go rera mo go lone. Seno se re thusa go diragatsa taelo ya ga Jesu ya go “rerela batho le go neela bosupi ka botlalo.”—Ditiro 10:42.
Re leka ka natla go fitlhelela batho gongwe le gongwe kwa ba leng teng. Jesu o ile a re tlhomela sekao ka go rerela batho mo mafelong a botlhe, jaaka kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle kgotsa kwa sedibeng. (Mareko 4:1; Johane 4:5-15) Le rona re leka go bua le batho ka Baebele gongwe le gongwe kwa ba fitlhelwang teng—mo mebileng, kwa mafelong a kgwebo, kwa diphakeng kgotsa ka founo. Gape fa re bulegelwa ke tshono, re rerela baagelani ba rona, badirimmogo, ba re tsenang sekolo le bone le ba masika. Maiteko ano otlhe a re a dirang a thusitse gore batho ba le dimilionemilione lefatshe ka bophara ba utlwe “dikgang tse di molemo tsa poloko.”—Pesalema 96:2.
A go na le mongwe yo o ka ratang go bua le ene ka dikgang tse di molemo tsa Bogosi jwa Modimo le kafa dikgang tseno di amang isagwe ya gagwe ka gone? O se ka wa ipolokela molaetsa ono o o nayang tsholofelo. Bolelela ba bangwe ka one ka bonako jo bo kgonegang!
Ke ‘dikgang dife tse di molemo’ tse di tshwanetseng go bolelwa?
Basupi ba ga Jehofa ba etsa sekao sa ga Jesu jang fa ba rera?


text:
Go Nna le Botho Jwa Modimo
Nka Nna Jang le Mekgwa e Mentle?
Tsela ya go Itumela—Go Kgotsofala le go Abela ba Bangwe
Batho ba le bantsi ba re dithoto tse dintsi le dikhumo di dira gore motho a itumele. A mme madi le dithoto di dira gore motho a nne a itumetse?
Itumelele Masego a go Abela ba Bangwe
Go aba go dira gore wena le batho ba bangwe lo itumele. Go dira gore batho ba dirisane sentle ba bo ba nne ditsala. O ka dira eng go itumelela go aba?
Baebele ya Reng ka go Leboga?
Go leboga go na le melemo e mentsi thata. Go ka go thusa jang e bile o ka go bontsha jang?
Go Nna Bonolo—Sesupo sa Gore Motho o Botlhale
Ga go motlhofo go nna o ritibetse fa o sa tshwarwe sentle, le fa go ntse jalo, Baebele e kgothaletsa Bakeresete gore ba nne bonolo. Ke eng se se ka go thusang gore o nne le nonofo eno?
Tsela ya go Tokafatsa Bopelotelele Jwa Gago
Fenya go nna pelokhutshwane le diphelelo tsa gone tse di bosula ka go dirisa dintlha tseno tse nnè.
Tsela ya go Itumela—Go itshwarela
Fa motho a nna a galefile e bile a sa itshwarele ba bangwe ga a ka ke a itumela.
Melemo ya go Ikanyega
Maitemogelo a bangwe ba nnileng le one a bontsha botlhokwa jwa go ikanyega.
Nka Dirisana Jang le Batho ba Bangwe?
Tlhaolele—Bontsha ba Bangwe Lorato
Fa re rata ba bangwe re ka se ba tlhaole. Bona ditsela tse o ka bontshang ba bangwe lorato ka tsone.
Tsela ya go Itumela—Lorato
Go rata ba bangwe le go ratiwa go dira gore motho a itumele.
Melaometheo e e Thusang Batho Botlhe—Lorato
Gantsi Baebele e bua ka lorato, mme a e bua ka lorato lwa go tseega maikutlo kgotsa lwa thobalano?
Bopelonomi bo Botlhokwa mo Modimong
A o tshwanetse go amega ka go nna pelonomi mo bathing botlhe? Modimo o leba jang nonofo eno?
Tsala e e Molemo Ke e E Ntseng Jang?
Batho ba le bantsi ba dumela gore go botlhokwa go nna le ditsala tse di molemo. O ka nna tsala e e molemo jang mo go ba bangwe? Setlhogo seno se tlotla ka melaometheo e le menè e e ka thusang e e mo Baebeleng.
Kafa o ka Dirang Kagiso ka Gone mo Lelapeng
A botlhale jo bo mo Baebeleng bo ka dira gore go nne le kagiso? Utlwa gore batho ba ba dirisitseng kgakololo ya yone ba reng.
Itshwarele o Gololesegile
Gore re itshwarele ba bangwe, a re tshwanetse go itlhokomolosa kgang ya gore re utlwile botlhoko go le kae?
Go Tila go Phatloga ka Bogale
Go phatloga ka bogale go kotsi mme go itira e kete ga o a galefa le gone go kotsi. O tshwanetse go dirang fa motho yo o nyalaneng le ene a go tena?


text:
Mosadi
Mosadi ke motho yo o monamagadi. Lentswe la mosadi le dirisiwa segolo go mogodi, fa lentswe le mosetsana e le lentswe le ka setlwaedi le beetsweng ngwana kgotsa moadolesente yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi gape le dirisiwa ka gale go supa motho yo o monamagadi go sa lebelelwa mengwaga, jaaka le dirisiwa mo difreising tsa go tshwana le "ditokelo tsa basadi" "women's rights". "Mosadi" gape le ka nne la raya boikayo-bong jwa motho (person's gender identity.[1]). Basadi bao ba nang le bokao ba tlhago gantsi ba kgona go ka tsala/tshola [giving birth] go tloga ka nako ya puberty go fitlha ka menopause. Go ya ka go ikaya-bong, batho ba ba tlolagantshitseng bong [transgender people] bao ka botsalo go lepilweng gore ke ba ba botona [determined to be male] mme ba ikaya e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala/tshola. Bangwe batho [ba-intersex] ba ba ikayang e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala ka ntlha ya gongwe e le fa ba sterilaisitse sterility kgotsa ba gotsitse Y khromosounu [inheriting Y chromosomes] e le nngwe kgotsa go feta. Ka sewelo mo mabakeng a a rileng/a a tswileng thata, batho bao ba nang le Swyer syndrome ba ka tsala/tshola ka thuso ya melemo [medical assistance]. Go phunyeletsa ka ditso kgotsa ka histori basadi ba itseetse kgotsa ba tshwaetswe go tsea dikarolo tsa mehutahuta.
EthimolojiEdit
Go peleta mosadi ka Seisimane go tsweletse thata go ya ka meleniamo e e fetileng go tswa go wīfmann[2] go ya go wīmmann go wumman, mme bofelelong, mopeleto wa segompieno wa mosadi [woman.[3]]. Mo Seisemaneng sa kgale, wīfmann e ne e kaya motho yo monamagadi "female human", e le fa wēr e kaya motho yo motona "male human". Mann kgotsa monn e ne e na le bokao bong jo bo magareng [gender-neutral] jwa motho "human", e tsamaelana le motho 'person' kgotsa mothomongwe 'someone' ka Seisemane sa se gompieno; le fa go le jwalo, botlamoraga ga Norman Conquest, lentswe le monna le simolotswe go dirisiwa thata go kaya motho yo motona "male human", mme bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo-13 la khurumetsa tiriso ya lentswe la kgale wēr.[4] Tumapou f and m mo go wīfmann e hueditswe ka mo sebopegong sa gompieno sa "woman", fa ntlha ya tshimologo e e neng e kaya bonamagadi "female", e tsamaile semantic narrowing go tlisa tlhaloganyong mosadi yo o nyetsweng ("wife"). Ke misconception o o tlwaelegileng wa gore lentswe le "woman" go ya ka ethimoloji le lomagane le "womb", leo le tswang go lefoko le le farologaneng la Seisemane sa kgale, wambe le le kayang "stomach" (sa botona kgotsa bonamagadi; SeJeremanae sa gompieno se itshwareletse ka lentswe le le colloquial "Wampe" le letswang mo go Middle High German le le kayang "potbelly").[5][6] Le fa gontse jalo, boikaketso jo bo jaana jwa tlhago ya lentswe le "woman" e tlhagile le mo dikwalong.[7]
Biological symbolEdit
Letshwao la pholanete ya Venus ke sekai gape sa sesadi [female sex.[8]] se se dirisiwang mo baelojing. Ke mokgwanyana wa seemedi sa seipone sa letsogo [hand-mirror] sa modimogadi Venus kgotsa letshwao la khutswafatso la modimogadi: modiko o o nang le sefapanonyana se se equilateral ka fa tlase. Letshwao la Venus gape le emela senamagadi/bonamagadi [femininity], mme ka alkhemi kgale se ne se emela koporo [copper]. BaBoalkhemi ba agile letshwao le go tswa mo modikong (go emela mowa [spirit]) mo godimo ga sefapano se se equilateral (se emetse matter).
TerminologyEdit
Bosadi ke nako mo bophelong motho yo monamagadi ga a setse a fetile bongwana le boadolosense, ka setwaelo mengwageng ya bo 18.
Lefoko le mosadi le ka dirisiwa ka setlwaedi, go raya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi kgotsa fa re nankolla, go raya mogodi mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi fa a bapisiwa le mosetsana. Lefoko le mosetsana tlhagong le raya "motho yo moswa jwa bong bongwe le bongwe" ka Seisimane [English];[9] e ne e le kwa tshimologong ya sentshwuari ya bo16 fa e tla go ray ngwana yo o namagadi [a female child].[10] Lentswe le mosetsana go le gale le dirisiwa colloquially go kaya mosadi yo moswa kgotso yo a sa nyalwang; le fa go le jalo, mo metlheng ya mengwaga ya bo 1970 fa e simolola babosadi challenged tirisi ya mofuta wo ka gonne tiriso ya lefoko le go kaya mosadi yo o godileng e ne e ka tlisa kgopisanyo. Segolobogolo, mantswe a tlwaelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka mosetsana wa ofisi [office girl] ga a tlholwe a diririwa ka bophara. Conversely, mo ditsong dingwe tse di amantshang tlotla [honor] ya losika le bokgarebe [virginity] bonamagading, lefoko le mosetsana le dirisiwa go kaya lefetwa (mosadi yo a sa kakeng a nyalwa) [never-married woman]; ka mokgwa wo le dirisiwa ka tsela e e [roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden]. Go kaya motho yo monamagadi yo a sa nyalwang jaaka mosadi, mo ditsong tseo, go ka akanngwa gore o na le maiphitlhelo a tlhakanelo-dikobo, eo e ka nnang thogako losikeng lwa gagwe. [citation needed]
Go na le mafoko a mefutafuta a dirisiwang go kaya boleng ba go nna mosadi. Lentswe le "bosadi" le raya fela seemo sa boleng sa mosadi, a setse a kgabagantse menarche; "sesadi" "femininity" le dirisiwa go kaya bontlhanngwe jwa boleng jwa bonamagadi jo bo gokaganeng le maikutlo mangwe a diroles tsa bong [gender roles]; sebosadi "womanliness" se tshwana le sesadi "femininity", e fela ka setlwaedi se gokagane le ye e farologaneng ya diroulo tsa bong; bosesadi "femaleness" ke lentswe le le tlwaelegileng, e fela gantsi le dirisiwa ka bokhutshwane go bosesadi ba motho "human femaleness"; "distaff" ke letlhaodi la kgale le le tswang go ditiro tsa basadi tsa tlwaelo tsa mologi spinner, ga jaanong le dirisiwa fela ka maabomo archaism; "muliebrity" ke neologism (le tlhaga go Selatini) go raya [counterpart] ya bonamagadi ya "virility", e fela e dirisiwa ka go repa, ka nako dingwe go raya fela bosadi "womanhood", ka nako dingwe sesadi "femininity" ka nako dingwe gape jaaka lentswe la kakaretso la mosadi. [citation needed]
Menarche, tshimologo ya menstruation, e dirafala go tloga ka ngwaga wa 12-13. Ditso di le dintsi di na le mareo a tlodiso [rites of passag] go tshwaa fa mosetsana a . . . coming of age, jaaka fa a tlhomamisiwa mo makaleng a mangwe a boKresete [Christianity], [citation needed] bat mitzvah ka seJuta [Judaism], kgotsa tlwaelo ya go dira moletlo o o botlhokwa ya matsalo birthday a mangwe (ka kakaretso magareng ga 12 le 21), jaaka Quinceañera ba Latin America.
HistoryEdit
Basadi ba pele bao maina a bone a itseweng archaeology a akaretsa:
- Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), mosadi wa Narmer le kgosigadi wa ntlha wa Egepeta ya kgale [ancient Egypt].[11][12]
- Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent ya Egepeta ya kgale metlheng ysdinasti ya ntlha [first dynasty]. E ka be e ne e le mmusisi wa Egepeta ka bo ena. [13][14]
- Merit-Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), le ena o dutse kwa Egepeta gape ke mosadi wa pele wa go nna ngaka [physician] le wa tsa matlhale [scientist].[15]
- Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), ke ngaka [physician] kwa Ancient Egypt.[16][17]
- Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), kgotsa Shubad – kgosigadi ya kwa Ur yoo lebitla la gagwe le fitlhetsweng le na le diartifacts tsa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo. Dikgosigadi dingwe tsa kwa Ur tse di itseweng tsa pele ga Sargonic (bahumagadi ba segosi) ba akaretsa Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, le Gansamannu.[18]
- Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba"
- Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian kgosigadi, mosadi wa Sargon of Akkad gape e le mmagwe Enheduanna.[19][20]
- Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Dikgosigadi dingwe tse di itseweng tsa pele ga-Sargonic tsa dynasty ya ntlha ya Lagash di akaretsa Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, le Shagshag, mme maina a a mmalwa a dikhumagatsana dingwe le one a a itsege.
- Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),[21][22] moprisitagadi o mogolo [high priestess] wa tempele ya modimo wa Ngwedi [ Moon God] kwa Sumerian motsemogolong wa Ur mme ka gongwe e le mmoki wa ntlha yo a itsegeng ebile e le mokwadi wa ntlha wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[23]
Biology le bongEdit
Fa re leba ka biology, ditho tsa thobalano [sex organs] tsa bosadi di amega mo reproductive system, ntswa secondary sex characteristics di amega mo go otleng bana kgotsa, mo ditsong tse dingwe, go ngoka e tona/molekane. Di ovaries, go tlhakana le tiro ya tsona ya go laola tsweletso/tlhagiso ya dihomounu, di tsweletsa digamete tsa bosadi tse di bidiwang mae [eggs] a o, fa a umisitswe [fertilized] ke digamete [sperm] tsa e tona, a bopa new genetic individuals. Popelo [uterus] ke setho se se nang le tlhono/thisu [tissue] e e sireletsang ebile e godisa le go tsweletsapele kgolo ya fetase[fetus] le mothapo/mosifa o e tlong go e alola ge e belega/tshola. Vagina e dirisiwa mokotong le fa go belegwa, le fa lentswe le 'vagina' le dirisiwa segolo setona colloquially le ka tsele e e sa tshwaneleng mo lelemeng la Seisemane go raya vulva kgotsa bokantle ba setho sa bosadi [external female genitalia], eo e nang le (ge re akaretsa le vagina) labia, lelengwana/nawa [clitoris], le urethra ya bosadi. Letswele [breast] le tlhagelela matuteng a a monate [sweat gland] go tsweletsa masi/lebese, secretion e e dikotla ke thwadi semelong sa diamusi, yona le bophelo le pelego. Mo basading ba ba godileng, letswele le tonogile thata go gaisa diamusi tse dingwe; go tonoga go, e seng fela tsweletsong ya masi, e ka be bonnyane e le ka lebaka la kgetho ya thobalano [sexual selection]. (Ditseleng dingwe tse banna ba farologaneng ka sebopego le basadi, bona monna [[[man]]].) [citation needed]
Seseng ka nako ya fa fetal e bopega, diembryo tsa bong bobeding di tlhagalela di le gender-neutral. Jaaka mo mabakeng ao go senang bong, jaaka mehuta e e tsweletsang asexually [reproduce asexually], tlhago e e gender-neutral e kgaufi le ya bosadi go na le ya botona. Fetus gantsi e golela bonnng/botoneng fa e le exposed to a significant amount of testosterone (segolo thata ka fetus e na le Y chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre). Ga go se jalo, fetus gantsi e golela bosading, segolo thata fa fetus e na le X chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre, kgotsa gape fa ntate a sa abelana ka chromosome X kgotsa ya Y. Morago ka nako ya puberty, estrogen e feminisa lekgarebe, e mo fe semelo sa bong sa bagodi/ go gola. [citation needed]
Go se lekalekane ga go lepalepana ga dihomounu tsa bomme le dikhemikale (kgotsa diretebatsi) di ka fetola popego ya sekondari ya bong ba difetase. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karyotype 46,XX, fela a le mongwe go ba ba sekete o tla ba le 47,XXX, gape a le mongwe go ba ba 2500 o tla baana le 45,X. Se se ganana le karotype ya bonna tota ya 46,XY; ka jalo, di chromosomes X le Y di itsiwe ka bonamagadi le botona, go ya ka tatelano. Ka gonne batho ba gotsa fela mitochondrial DNA go tswa mo ovum ya mme, dithuto tsa genetic tsa bonamagadi ka gale di lepa mitochondrial DNA.Botswana
Le fa ngwana a kaiwa le yo monamagadi se ga se ga ntsi se kaya gore mo nakong e e tlang ngwana yo o tla ikaya jalo (lebelela gender identity). Sekao, intersex individuals, ba seemo le/kgotsa popego ya tlhago tse di tswakaneng, ba ka dirisa bokao bongwe fa ba tlhekisa ikano ya bone. Kwa tsalong, bana ba ka fiwa bong go ikaegilwe mo dithong tsa bona tsa bong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, le fa ngwana a na le dichromosone tsa XX, fa a tsetswe ka ntsutsu, ba godisiwa ka botona.[24] Go na gape le transgender le basadi ba transsexual, bao ba neng ba kailwe ka botona fa ba tsalwa, e fela ba kaiwa jaaka e le basadi; go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa lephedisano, semolao, le boleng tseo di leng mabapi le kgang e. (lebelela trans woman).Botswana
Le fa bonnyane go tsalwa ba ba namagadi go na le ba ba tona (selekanyo se tsamaela go 1:1.05), ka ntlha ya botshelo jo bo eletswang jo be telele go na le banna ba le 81 fela ba ba leng mo mengwageng ya 60 kgotsa go feta mo basading ba le 100 ba mengwage e e tshwanang. Basadi go le gontsi ba tshela sebaka se se telele go gaisa banna. [25] Se setlholwa ke mabaka a a tlhakaneng :genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (jaaka lebaka la gore merafeng ya sešeng ga go a lebelelwa mo gore basadi ba ka tsenela tiro ya bosole [military service]); dikgetho tsa maphelo [health-impacting] (tse jaaka go ipolaya [suicide] kgotsa go goga sekarete, le go nwa bojalwa [alcohol]); go nna teng ga homounu ya bonamagadi estrogen, yeo e nang le cardioprotective effect mo basading ba premenopausal; le di effect tsa high levels of androgens mo banneng. Go tswa go palogotlhe ya batho/setšhaba, go na le banna ba ba 101.3 go 100 lengwe le lengwe la basadi (source: 2001 World Almanac).Botswana
Mebele ya basetsana e tsamaya diphetogo ga nnyane ga ba le mo nakong ya puberty, go tshwana le fa go tlhaologile le maitemogelo a basimane. Puberty ke tsamao ya diphetogo tsa lebopo eo mmele wa ngwana [child's body] o golang go mmele wa mogodi go kgona [sexual reproduction] go kgonisa fertilisation. E tlhotlholetswa ke ditshupetso tsa di homounu [hormonal signals] go tswa mo bokong brain go ya go gonads-e ka nna diovari kgotsa ditestes. Go arabela ditshupetso, di gonads di ntsha dihomounu tseo di sisinyang libido le kgolo, tiro, le phetogo ya boboko, marapo [[[Lerapo|bones]]], mesifa [muscle], madi [blood], letlalo [skin], moriri [hair], matswele [breasts], le ditho tsa thobalano [sexual organs]. Physical growth—boleele le boima- di and weight—accelerates mo karolong ya ntlha ya puberty gape e fela fa ngwana a tlhagisitse mmele wa bogodi. Go fitlhelela kgolo ya bokgoni ba go tswetsa tsalo, pre-pubertal, dipharologano tsa popo magareng ga basimane le basetsana ke di genitalia, ntsutsu [penis] le phene [vagina]. Puberty ke tsamao e go le go ntsi e diragalang magareng ga mengwaga ya bo 10–16, e fela megwaga e e farologane go ya go mosetsana go mosetsana. Tshupokgolo fa mosetsana a le mo puberty ke menarche, tshimologo ya go ya sesading [menstruation], eo e diragalang bonnyane magareng a mengwageng ya bo 12–13.[26][27][28][29]
Basetsana ba le bantsi ba ya through menarche gape ba kgona go ka ima [pregnant] ba tshola bana [bear children].[30] Se ka setlwaedi se tlhoka internal fertilization ya mae a gagwe ka sperm sa monna ka thobalano [sexual intercourse], le fa artificial insemination kgotsa go jalelela ka karo [surgical implantation] ga embryo e e le teng le yone go a kgonagala (lebelela reproductive technology). Thuto ya tsa tlhagisotsalo ya bonamagadi le ditho tsa tlhagiso [reproductive organs] e bitswa gynaecology.Botswana
Tsa bopheloEdit
Pholo ya basadi di kaya dio dingwe tsa maphelo tse di lebaganeng thwi le pholo ya basadi ya ditho-popego tsa bonamagadi. Go malwetsi mangwe a segolo se tonna a tlhomarang basadi, jaaka lupus. Gape, go na le malewetsi mangwe a a tsalanang thata le bong [gender-related illnesses] a a bonong kgafetsa kgafetsa kgots fela mo basading, sekao, kankere ya matswele [breast cancer], cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Basadi le banna ba na le matshwao a a farolaganeng a bolwetsi gape ba ka responta ka go go farologaneng kalafing ka ditlhare. Karolo e ya diphuphutso/dinyakisiso e ithutiwa ke ba gender-based medicine.Botswana
Kgang ya pholo ya basadi e tseetswe godimo ke bontsi ba feminists, segolo thata moo go amanang le reproductive health. Pholo ya basadi e filwe leemo magareng a bophara mmeleng wa kitso e e nopolwang, go ba bangwe, ke World Health Organisation, eo e beyang botlhokwa bonng jaaka e le ekaego ya tsa pholo .[31]
Maternal mortality kgotsa maso a botswetse a tlhaloswa ke ba WHO jaaka e le "leso la mosadi fa e le moimana kgotsa sebakeng sa matsatsi a 42 a phediso/pheletso ya boimana, go sa tlhaole gore ke sebaka se se kae goba lefelo le lefe la boimana, go tloga go mabaka a a ka bong a amana le go kgotsa a ronkgile ke boimana kgotsa tsamao ya bone e seng go tswa kotsing kgotsa mabaka a kotsi."[32] Bo nnyane diperesente di le 99% tsa maso a boimana a diragala mo dinageng tse di santseng di ikaga. Go feta seripa sa ona go diragala kwa sub-Saharan Africa gape bogolo ngwe-tharong kwa South Asia. Mabaka magolo a maso a pelego ke go tsorotla madi (segolo go tswa madi fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana ), tshwaetso (ka tlwaelo fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana), pre-eclampsia le eclampsia, khutliso-boimana e e sa bolokegang, le boimana bjo bo kgweleaneng ka ntlha ya bolwetsi ba letadi [malaria] le HIV/AIDS.[33] dinaga di le dintsi tas Yuropa, Australia, le Japane le Singapore di bolokegile that mabapi le tsa tsholo ya bana, fa dinaga tsa Sub-Saharan di le diphata tota.[34]
Ditokelo le tokologo ya ReproductiveEdit
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:[35]
- (...) ditokelo tsa botho tsa basadi di akaretsa tokelo tsa bone go ka laola godimo ga le go tsea kgato ka tokologo le boikarabelo mo mabakeng a a amanang le bong ba bone, go akaretsa tsa pholo ya bong le itsweletso, kwa ntle ga kgapeletso, kgethololo le kgwetlho. Bolosika bjo bo lekanang magareng ga basadi le banna mo mabakeng a tsa botsalano bonng le itswalong, go akaretsa tlhompho ka botlalo go tlhompha botho ba motho,go tlhoka tlhompho ya pelegano, tumelano le kabelano ya maikarabelo go maithswaro a bong le ditlamorago tsa ona.
Tlolo ya ditokelo tsa itsweletso di akaretsa boimana ka kgapeletso [forced pregnancy], go imisiwa ga kgapeletso [forced sterilization] le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso [forced abortion].
Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso go ne go dirisiwa nakong seripeng sa ntlha sa sentshuari ya bo 20th bogolo ke dinaga tsa Bophirimatsatsi. Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso di begwa e le mekgwa e sešeng e dirisiwang mo dinageng tse di jaaka Uzbekistan le China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Tlhokego ya melao e e maleba ya tsa kgwetlo ya thobalano e tlhakane le The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack go tlhokega ga phitlhelelo go dithibela-pelego [contraception] le/kgotsa khutliso-boimana [abortion] ke mabaka a kgapeletso ya boimana (lebelela boimana ka peto [pregnancy from rape]).Botswana
Ditiro ka setso le bongEdit
Mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa prehistoric, basadi ba tsere karole e e rileng ya setso. Mo ditšhabeng tsa botsomi-le-bokgobokelo [hunter-gatherer], basadi ka karetso e ne e le bakgoboketsi ba dijo tsa dijalo, diphoofotswana, dijonyana tsa diphoofotswana le ditlhapi, fa banna ba tsoma nama ya diphoofolo tse kgolo. Botswana
Mo setšheng, dikarolo ka bong di fetogile e le tota. Kwa ga lowe, go tloga bonnyaneng, kgatlhegelo ya ditiro e ne segolo e lebisitswe ntlheng e e rileng go ya ka bong.[42] Go ya ka dingwao, basadi ba klase ya magareng [middle class women] ba ne ba amega mo ditirong tsa segae segolo thata tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Basadi ba ba humanegi bone, bogolo ba klase ya go dira [working class], le fa se gantsi e setse e le se se eletswang, maemo a tsa moruo a ba gapeleditse go batla tiro kwa ntle ga legae. Ditiro di le dintsi tse di neng di le teng mo go bone e ne e le tse di duelang madi a a kwa tlase go lekannwga le tseo di leng teng go banna. Botswana
Fa diphetogo mebarakeng ya madirelo di tla di e ba teng, go ba gona ga bothapiwa go fetogile fela go tloga tirong ya 'ditshila', diureng tse ditelele tsa mediro ya kwa difekethering go ya go ditiro tse di "tlhwekileng", tse di tlhomphegang tsa diofisi tseo di neng di tlhoka thuto, botseakarolo ga basadi kwa madirelong a kwa U.S.go tlhatlhogile ka 6% ka 1900 go ya go 23% ka 1923. Go suta go go badiredi go tlisiitse diphetogo mo maikutlo a basadi kwa tirong, gwa dumelela go tla ga menololo ya ditiro eo ditswamorago tsa yone di direlng basadi go nna career and education oriented.Botswana
Ka bo 1970s, diachademiki tsa bomme di le dintsi, go akaretsa ba thutamatlhale, di ne tsa ikatologanya le go tshola bana. E fela, go phunyeletsa di 1980s, diinstitushene di lekile go lekalekanya maemo a banna le basadi tkwa mafelobodirelo. Le fa go le jalo, go se lekalekane fa kwa gae go ragile ditšhono tsa basadi go ka atlega jaaka banna. Basadi ba diprofeshenale ba santsane ba lebagane le mediro ya selegae le tlhokomelo ya bana. Jaaka fa batho ba a tle ba bue, ba na le "mekgweleo 'mebedi" eo e sa ba letleleleng nako le matla a go ka tswelela ka tsa ditiro. Le gone, le fa go ne go na le go oketsega ga tekatekanyo ya go tsea karolo tsa bong ka mo gae bobeding ga banna le basadi, thuto-nyakisiso ya sešeng e bontshitse gore basadi ba itebagantse le tsa morality, fairness, and well-being, fa banna ba itebagantse le social conventions.[43] Go fitlhela ka tshimologong ya sentshuari ya bo 20th, dikholotshe tsa basadi kwa U.S. di ne di required gore ditokololo tsa fakhalti tsa basadi di nne di sa nyalwa, se se itshetlegile mo goreng mosadi a ka se kgone go ka tswelela a tshwere di full-timeprofeshene tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe. Go ya ka Schiebinger, " Go nna wa tsa matlhale o le mosadi ebile o le mme ke mokgweleo mo setšhabeng se se solofelang gore basadi go le gontsi go feta banna ba bea lelwapa pele ga ditiro tsa bone. [Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.]" (pg. 93).[44]
mekgatlho e emelela equality of opportunity bong ka bobedi le equal rights go sa kgathalatsege bong. Ka tswakatswakano ya diphetogo tsa tsa moruo [economic] le maiteko a mokgatlho ya bahumagadi [feminist],Template:Specify mo mengwagasomeng ya jaanong basadi mo merafeng e le mentsi ba na le phitlhelelo ya mediro e e kwa godimo ga ya maloba ya kagolegae [homemaker].
Etswa palo e kgolwane ya basadi e batla thuto e e kwa godimo, dituelelo gantsi di kwa tlase ga tsa banna. dikgang tsa CBS News ka 2005 di tleimile gore mo United States basadi ba ba mengwageng e 30 go ya go 44 gape ba na le dikiri ya unibesithi ba dira diperesente di le 62 ya banna bao ba nang le dithuto tsa go tshwana le tsa bone, kelo e e ka tlasenyana ga dinaga tse di 19 kwa ntle ga tse tharo kwa dipalo di fumanegang. ditšhaba dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi tseo di duelang dituelo tse di sa lekalekaneng ke Jeremane, New Zealand le Switzerland.[45]
Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadiEdit
Kgoeletso ya mo phedisong ya Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le Basadi [UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women] e tlhalosa "kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi [violence against women]" jaaka:[46]
gape e itsise mekga e meraro ya kgwtlho e jalo: eo e diragalang ka mo lelapeng, eo e diragalang ka mo gare ga motse ka le gotlhekgotsa bophara, le eo e tlhotlheletswan kgotsa rotloetswang ke Mmuso. E gape e begang gore"kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke itshupo ya matla a ka histori a sa lekaneng magareng a banna le basadi." [47]
kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke bothata jo bo phatlhaletseng , bo tlhotlholetswa, segolo thata kwa ntle ga Bophirima, ke maemo a setshaba a bong tona, tlhokego ya melao e e maleba , le tlhokego ya tsenyo tirong ya melao e e le teng. Dingwao tsa setšhaba tse di leng teng dikarolong tse ntsi tsa lefatshe di kgoreletsa tswelopele go iseng tshireletsong ya basadi kgatlhanong le kgwetlho. Sekao, go ya ka paloboka tsa UNICEF, palokgolong ya basadi ba ba mo mengwageng ya 15–49 ba ba naganang gore mogatso o loketswe go ka otlhaya kgotsa a otla mosadi mo mabakeng a a rileng e kgolo go ya go 90% kwa Afghanistan le Jordan, 87% kwa Mali, 86% kwa Guinea le Timor-Leste, 81% kwa Laos, le 80% kwa Central African Republic.[48] Paloboka tsa 2010 e e dirilweng ke Pew Research Center e fumane gore kgobotlo ka majwe [stoning] jaka kotlhao ya bootswa [adultery] e ne e thuswa ke 82% ya bafetodi kwa Egepeta [Egypt] le Pakistan, 70% kwa Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% kwa Indonesia.[49]
Mekga e e maleba ya kgwetlho e e amang basadi e akaretsa go sugutla ditho tsa bosadi [female genital mutilation], kgwebo ya thubalano [sex trafficking], kgapeletso ya kgwebo ka mmele [forced prostitution], kgapeletso nyalo [forced marriage], petelelo [rape], tshwenyo ka thobalano [sexual harassment], dipolao tsa go tlhompha [honor killings], go kolopa esiti [acid throwing], le kgwetlho e e amanang le tuelo-bogadi [dowry related violence]. mmebuso e e ka e kgatholosa mo kgwetlhong kgatlhanong le basadi, sekao, ka meetlo ya go tshwana le kgobotlo ka majwe for instance through practices such as [stoning] (jaaka e le kotlhao ya bootswa).
Go ntse go na le mekgwa e mentsi ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi go ya ka histori, e e neng e atile, e e supegang e le go tshubiwa ga baloi [burning of witches], go tlhabela ka baswagadi [widows] (jaaka sati) le pofo maoto [foot binding]. Tshekiso ya basadi bao ba pateletswang ka boloi e na le setso se se telele, sekao, diteko tsa boloi tshimologong ya pako ya sejwale [witch trials in the early modern period] (magareng a disentshuari tsa 15th and 18th) di ne di tlwaelegile kwa Europe gape le kwa dikoloneng tsa ma Yoropa kwa North America. Gompieno, go setse di dikodiko tsa lefatshe (jaaka dikarolo tsa Sub-Saharan Africa, lefelo-magae la North India, le Papua New Guinea) tumelo boloing e tserweng tsia ke batho ba le bantsi, gape basadi ba patelediwang gore ke baloi ba gatelelwang ka kgwetlho e e masisi tota. [50][51][52] Go tlaleletsa, go na le dinaga dingwe tseo di nang le melawana ya borukhutli kgatlhanong le boloi. Kwa Saudi Arabia, boloi ke eme e le borukghutlhi jo kotlo ya bone e leng loso [punishable by death], gape ka 2011 naga e e ile ya kgaola mosadi tlhogo ka ntlha ya boloi [ 'witchcraft and sorcery'].[53][54]
Gape ke molato gore dikgwetlho dingwe kgatlhanong le basadi di bonwa e le ditsa e le ditlolomolao tsa borukhutlhi mo dinakong tsa sešeng, mme ga di ganelelwe ka gotlhegotlhe, ka gonne dinaga di le dintsi di tswetse pele go di letlelela. Se se jalo segolo mo molatong wa petelelo lenyalong [marital rape].[55][56] Kwa Lefatsheng la Bophirimatsatsi, go ne go na le tshoetso ya go netefatsa tekatekano ya bong [gender equality] lenyalong [marriage] le tshekiso ya kgwetlho selegae [domestic violence], e fela dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe basadi ba sa ntsane be tseelwa ditokelo tsa molao tse di botlhokwa fa ba tsena mo lenyalong.[57]
Kgwetlho ya thobalano kgatlhanong le basadi e oketsega thata metlheng ya dintswa [war] le dikgotlhang tsa marumo [armed conflict], metlheng ya futugelo ya sesole [military occupation], kgotsa difutugelo semorafe [ethnic conflicts]; segolo thata ka mokgwa wa petelelo tsa ntwa [war rape] le bokgoba ba tsa thobalano [sexual slavery]. Dikao tsa sešeng tsa kgwetlho ka thobalo metlheng ya ntswa di akaretsa petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Tokologo ya Bangladesh [rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War], petelelo ka Ntwa ya kwa Bosnia [rape in the Bosnian War], petelelo metlheng ya Polaomogofe ya kwa Rwanda [rape during the Rwandan Genocide], le petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Congo [rape during Second Congo War]. Kwa Colombia, kgotlhang ya marumo e feleletse e okeditse kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ya thobalano.[58]
Melao le melawana ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi di atlhologane go ya ka sedikopuso. Kwa European Union, tshwenyo ya thobalano le go kgwebo ka motho di kwa tlase ga ditaelo [directives].[59][60]
Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparoEdit
Basadi mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe ba apara ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, ka ditlhopho tsa bone tsa moaparo di rutloetsa ke dingwao tsa sediko, metheo ya tumelo, semelo sa setšhaba, le metsamae ya moaparo, go mabaka a mangwe. Ditšhaba tse di fapafapaneng di na le dikakanyo tse di farologaneng ka bokgabane [modesty]. E fela, mo di dikopuso di le dintsi, ditlhopho tsa basadi bapabi le moaparo ga di a tlhophologa, ka melao e kganela seo ba ka se aparang kgotsa ba se se apare. Se ke sekai mabapi moaparo wa seIsilamo [Islamic dress]. Lefa di dikopuso dingwe ka se molao di dumeletse moaparo oo ( go ka apara mofapha-tlhogo), dinaga dingwe di ganetsa kgotsa di thiba go ka apara moaparo mongwe wa hijab (jaaka burqa/ go kgurumetsa sefatlhego) mo mafelong a a mo pontsheng (naga e jalo ke France - bona kganetso ya go khurumetsa sefatlhego ya kwa Forantshe [French ban on face covering]). Melao e e ke kgang e e masisi e le tota.[61]
Kumiso le botshelo ba lesikaEdit
Tekanyo ya kumiso e e feleletseng [total fertility rate] (TFR) - palo bogare ya bana ba ba belegweng ke mosadi botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe - e farologane segolo thata magareng a di diko tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. Ka 2013, palo e e kwa godimo e akantsweng ya TFR e ne e le kwa Niger (7.03 ya bana e ne e tsholwa ke mosadi a le mongwe) mme e e kwa tlasenyana e le kwa Singapore (0.79 bana/mosadi).[63] Le fa dinaga di le dintsi mo Sub-Saharan African di na le TFR e kwa godimo, e e tlholang mathata ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya ditsweletsi gape e na le seabe mo go ateng ga batho [overpopulation], dinaga di le dintsi tsa kwa Bophirimatsatsi go le jaana di itemogela sub replacement fertility rate e e ka isang go population ageing le population decline.
Mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, go nnile diphethogo di le dintsi tsa seemo sa lesika dingwagasome tse di fetileng. Sekao, kwa Bophirima , go ne go na le tsamao ya go ikatologanya le dipaakanyetso tse di akaretsang go dula/tshela le leloko-tshika extended family go tseo di nang le nuclear family. Go na gape le tsamao ya go tloga go nyalo e e umisang go ya go eo e sa umiseng. Bana ba ba belegweng kwa ntle ga lenyalo ba ka tswa ba belegwa fo tswa go cohabiting couples kgotsa go single women. Le fa tsalo kwa ntle ga lenyalo e tlwaelegile e bile e amogetswe ka botlalo dikarolong dingwe tsa lefatshe, kwa mafelong mangwe di a sotlakakwa e le ruri, ka bomme ba ba sa nyalwang ba lebane le kgethololo, e e akaretsan kgwetlho e e tswang mo malokong a masika a bone, gape mo mabakeng a a feteletseng tota ba a bolawa ka dipolao tsa tlotlo [honor killings].[64][65] Go tlaleletsa, thobalano kwa ntle ga lenyalo [sex outside marriage] e ntse e se ka mo molaong dinageng tse dintsi (jaaka Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[66] Afghanistan,[67][68] Iran,[68] Kuwait,[69] Maldives,[70] Morocco,[71] Oman,[72] Mauritania,[73] United Arab Emirates,[74][75] Sudan,[76] Yemen,[77]).
Tseokarolo ya mme [mother] setšhabeng e farologane magareng ga ditso. Dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, basadi bao ba nang le bana ba ba ikaegileng mo go bone go lebeletswe gore ba dule gae ba neele matla a bone otlhe kgodisong ya bana, fa kwa mafelong mangwe (segolo thata dinageng tsa Bophirimatsatsi) bomme go le gontsi ba boela morago ditirong tsa tuelo mothers most often return to paid work (lebelela mme yo o dirang [working mother] le mme yo o dulang gae [stay at home mother]).
BodumediEdit
Ditumelo tse di rileng di na le dintlha tse itseng tse di amanang le kabelano tiro ka bong [gender roles], tirisanommogo ya social le ya go ithuna magareng a bong, go apara diaparo go go siameng ga basadi, le dilo tse difapaneng tse di amang basadi le boemo jwa bone setšhabeng. Kwa dinageng di le dintsi, dithuto tsa ditumelo tse di tshusumetsa molao wa borukhutlhi [ criminal law], kgotsa molao wa losika [family law ] di dikopusong tseo. (Lebelela sekao molao wa Sharia law). Dithulaganyo tsa ditšhabatšhaba di buisane thata mabapi le botsalano magareng a bodumedi, molao le tekatekano ya bong.[78]
ThutoEdit
Thuto ya bahumagadi [Female education] e akaretsa makgetlho a tekatekano ya bong le phitlhelelo ya thuto, le ka moo e kopaneng le go phokotso ya bohuma. Gape dilo dingwe tse di amegang ke dithuto tsa bong-bongwe [single-sex education] le thuto bodumedi ka ntlha ya gore karologanyo ya thuto go ya ka bong gape le ka dithutiso tsa bodumedi go tloga kgale e le tsone di tsepameng mme di santsane di le botlhokwa segolo thata mo dikgannyeng tsa setšheng go ruteng bahumagadi jaaka e le kgang e e etsweng tlhoko ka bophara.
Le fa mokgatlho wa tsa bohumagadi o tlhatlositse botlhokwa jwa dilo tseo di amanang le thuto ya bahumagadi, dikgannye tse di namile ka bophara ebile ga di tlholoswe ka bokhutshwane. Di ka akaretsa, sekao, thuto ka AIDS.[1] Thuto ka gotlhe, se se kaya gore thuto e puso e e abelang phoraemari le sekonthari ikemetse kwa ntle ga bong [independent of gender] ga e ise e nne setlwaelo ka bophara [global norm], le fa go itshengwa jalo dinageng di le dintsi tse ditsweletsengpele. kwa dingang dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi, basadi ba gaisitse banna maemomg a mantsi a thuto. Sekao, kwa United States ka 2005/2006, basadi ba duetswe 62% ya associate degrees, 58% ya bachelor's degrees, 60% ya master's degrees, le 50% ya doctorates.[2]
LiteracyEdit
World literacy e kwa tlase mo bahumagading go na le mo go ba botona. CIA World Factbook e bega di tekanyetso tsa go tloga 2010 tseo di bontshang gore 80% ya basadi e kgona go buisa le go kwala, go lekanngwa le 88.6% ya banna (ba mengwageng ya 15 le go feta). Ditekanyetso tsa go kgona go buisa le go kwala di kwa tlasetlase kwa Borwa le Bophirima ba Asia, le kwa dikarolong tsa Sub-Saharan Africa.[79]
Dinaga tsa OECDEdit
ThutoEdit
Gender gap ya tsa thuto kwa dinageng tsa Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) e fokoditswe go tsweng mengwageng 30 e e fetileng. Basadi ba batšha gompieno jaana go na le kgonego ya gore ba ka fetsa dithuto tsa bona tsa theishari: kwa dinageng tse 19 tsa tse 30 tsa OECD, bogolo go feta gabedi basadi ba le bantsi ba mo mengwageng ya bo 25 go ya go 34 ba feditse dithuto tsa bone tsa theishari go na le basasdi ba ba mo mengwageng ya bo 55 go ya go 64. Kwa dinageng di le 21 tsa tse di 27 tsa OECD go ya ka data e e ka lekelekanngwang, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng go tswa go manaena a maemo a yunibesithi e lekana kgotsa e feta ya banna. Basetsana ba mengwaga e le15 ka gale ba bontsha ditsholofetso tsa kwa godimo tsa tsa thuto tsa bone go na le basimane ba mengwaga e e tshwanang le ya bone.[80] Le fa basadi ka palo ba feta seipagare sa dialogane tsa yunibesithi kwa dinageng tse mmalwa tsa OECD, ba amogela fela 30% ya degree tsa theishari tse di fiwang bao ba leng ka mo mafapheng a tsa matlhale le tsa boenginere, mme basadi ka palo ke ba ba 25% go ya go 35% fela mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa OECD ba e leng ba dipatlisiso.[81]
Go santse go na le dikgopolelo tse di fapologileng tsa tlwaelo tsa gore basadi ga ba ise ba phunyeletse go fitlhelela di digree tsa bo akhademiki. Go ya ka Margaret Rossiter, mo historian wa tsa matlhale, basadi jaanong jaan ba amogela diperesente tse 54 tsa di digree tsa bachelor tsotlhe kwa United States. Le fa go le jalo, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi bao ba nang le di digree tsa bachelor go gaisa banna, fa maemo a thuto a tlhatlhoga, banna ka bontshi ba aga ba fitlhelela tsa dipalopaloTemplate:Clarify go na le basadi. Kwa maemomg dikalogo [graduate level], basadi ba tlatsa diperesente di le 40 tsa di digree tsa doctorate (persente tse 31 tsa bone e le ba boengenere).[82]
Le fa basadi go fitlha jaanong ba ithuta kwa diyunibesithing tsa maemo a kwa godimo go ya ka tekano go tshwana le banna, Template:Clarify ga ba fiwe tšhono ya go ka tsena mo fakhalting. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman o itemogetse gore bogolo fa institute e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo, ke ka moo go ileng go ba bothata le go go ja nako, gore basadi ba fumane leemo ka mo fakhalthing moo. Ka 1989, Harvard University e ntshitse mosadi wa bone wa ntlha go chemistry, Cynthia Friend, gape ka 1992 mosadi wa ntlha go physics, Melissa Franklin. Le ene o itemogetse gore basadi go le gontsi ba ka itsholela maemo a bona a professional lekga la ntlha jaaka batlhapetsi le batlhatlheledi fa banna go le gontsi ba ka dira la ntlha mameong tenure. Go ya ka Smith le Tang, go tloga ka 1989, banna ba persente ya 65 le basadi ba peresente e le 40 percent ba tshwere maemo a leng tenured fa peresente tse 29 fela ya tsa ba matlhale le boenginere di thapilwe jaaka bathusi ba diphrofesera kwa dikholetsheng le diyunibesithi tsa four-year e le basadi. [83]
MediroEdit
Ka 1992, basadi ba ne ba duelwa diperesente tse di 9 tsa di Ph.D. tse di abilweng mo engineering fela peresente e le nngwe ya basadi bao e nnile mophrofesara. Ka 1995, diperesente di le11tsa diphrofesara tsa tsa matlhale le boenjinere e ne e le basadi. Ka tekanyo, e fela di dean tse 311 tsa dikolo tsa boinjinere e ne e le basadi, eo e tlhaelang ka peresente e le 1 ya palotlalo. Le mogo psychology, degree eo basadi ka bontsi ba fumanang diPh.D., ba tshwere ka bontsi maemo a mmalwa a a tenured, bonneteng diperesente tse 19 ka 1994.[84]
Basadi dipolotikingEdit
Basadi ba emetswe-tlase mebusong ya dinaga di le di ntsi. Ka 2013 Diphalane, tekanyo bogareng ka sediko ya basadi ba ba leng makgotlheng a setšhaba ke 22%.[86] Suffrage ke tokelo ya botho ya go kgetha [vote]. Women's suffrage in the United States e ne ya wediwa ka bonya, sa ntlha boemong ba state le selegae, go simolola ka bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo19 le tshimologong ya senthwuari ya bo 20, mme ka 1920 basadi kwa US kgetho ya legotlhe, ge go fetiswa Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dinaga dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi di ne tsa iketla go ka dumelela basadi go kgetha; segolo Switzerland, moo basadi ba unneng ditokelo tsa go ka kgetha mo dikgethong tsa feterale tsa 1971, mme mo canton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden basadi ba ne ba fiwa tokelo ya go ka kgetha dintlheng tsa selegae fela ka 1991, fa canton e ne e e gapeletswa ke Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;[87][88] le Liechtenstein, ka 1984, e le ka ntlha ya Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984.
Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botakiEdit
Basadi ba, go ya ka histori, dirile ditshwaelo go tsa matlhale, dikwalwa [literature] lebotaki [art]. Karolo e le esi eo basadi go ya ka histori, ba neng ba dumeletswe go e fitlhelela thata ke ya obstetrics le gynecology (pele ga senthwuari ya bo 18, tlhokonelo ya basadi ba baimana kwa Yuropa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga basadi; go tlogeng bogareng ba senthwuari ya bo18 kelotlhokomelo ya tsa phodiso ya basadi ba baimana e ne ya simolola go tlhoka thuto ya tlhamalalo, eo basadi ka gale ba neng ba sa e fitlhelele, ka jalo tiro e e ne ya neeletswa banna).[89][90]
Go kwala go ne ka tlwaelo go tswewa go dumeletswe basadi ba leemo la kwa godimo, le fa go fitlhelela kgono jaaka o le mokwadi wa mohumagadi mo lefatsheng le le bontsing e leng la botona go ka nna bothata tota; ka lebaka le basadi ba le bantsi ba ile ba itsalla maina a senna (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).Botswana
Basadi e ntse e le batlhami, bakwalammino, batshameka diletswa, baopedi, batlhatlhi, baithuta mmino, baruta mmino, batlhatlhobi/bakgadi ba mmino/bakwaledi ba mmino le diphorofeshene dingwe tsa mmino. Go na le tsamao ya mmino, ditiragalo le genres tse di amanang le basadi, women's issues le feminism. Ka bo 2010s, le fa basadi ba dira bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa diopedi tsa mmino o o tlwaelegileng popular music le mmino wa klasiki classical music , le bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa bakwalammino (bontsi ba bona e le baopedi-bakwalammino), go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng record producers, rock critics le rock instrumentalists. Le fa go na le palo e kgolo ya basadi ba e leng batlhami women composers mminomg wa klasiki, go tloga ka nako Medieval period go fitlha go na jaanong, kemelo ya batlhami ba basadi e kwa tlase-tlase mo commonly performed classical music repertoire, historing ya dikwalo mmino le mo diencyclopedia tsa mmino; go fa sekao, ka mo Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann ke ene motlhami wa mohumagadi a le esi yoo a umakiwang.
Basadi ba dira bontlhanngwe jo bogolwane ya diopelanosi tsa diletswa mminong wa klasiki gape diperesente tsa basadi mo orchestras e a oketsega. Sekwalwa sa 2015 sa diopelanosi concerto kwa diCanadian orchestras tse kgolo, le mororo, se bontshitse gore 84% ya diopelanosi le Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal e ne e le banna. Ka 2012, basadi ba santse ba dirile 6% fela ya diorchestra tsa maemo a kwa godimo a Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Basadi ga ba tlwaelega mo batshameking ba diletswa mminong wa tlwaelo jaaka rock le heavy metal, etswane go na le bahumagadi ba ditshamekadiletswa ba itsegeng le all-female bands. Basadi segolobogolo ba emetswe tlase mo extreme metal genres.[91] Basadi gape ba emetswe tlase botlhatlhing ba orchestral , go kgala tsa mmino/bokwaledi ba mmino, tlhagiso/tsweletso ya mmino music producing, le sound engineering. le fa ka sentshwuari ya bo 19 basadi ba ne ba sa rotloetswe go ka tlhama, ebile go na le basadi ba ba mmalwa ba e leng di musicologists, basadi ba ile ba itshunya thutong ya mmino music education "... ka tsela eo ba ileng ba tlhagella ka megetla [mo lefapheng le] bofelelong ba bogare ba karolo ya sentshwuari ya bo 19th go fitlhelela sentshwuari ya bo 20."[92]
Go ya ka Jessica Duchen, mokwadi wa mmino wa London's The Independent, diopedi tsa basadi tsa mmino wa klasiki ba ["...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent"] atlholwa go le gontsi go ya ka ponagalo, go na le ka bokgoni ba bone" gape ba lebagane le kgatelelo ["... to look sexy onstage and in photos"] ya go lebega ba le sexy mo steijing le mo ditshwantshong."[93] Duchen o umaka gore le fa go "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."] na le diopedi tsa basadi ba ba ganang go tshameka ka dipopego tsa bone, bao ba dirang jalo ba a atlega [93]
Go ya ka mokwaledi wa Seyalemoya 3 sa UK , Edwina Wolstencroft, madirelo a mmino wa klasiki kgale a buletswe go ka nna le basadi mo dikarolong tsa ditshamekong kgotsa ditlhaletso, e fela ga se gantsi basadi ba nna mo maemong a taolo, jaaka a go nna moetaledipele wa orchestra [leader of an orchestra].[94] Mo mminong o o tlwaelegileng, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi ba diopedi bao ba gatisang dipina, go na basadi ba se ba kae kwa morago ga audio console boa ba dirang jaaka batlhagisi ba mmino [music producers], mothotsoko yoo a eteletseng pele ebile a tsamaisa lenaane la dikgatiso.[95]
See alsoEdit
- Sex assignment
- Lists of women
Medical:
- Feminine psychology
- Gender differences
Dynamics:
- Femininity
- Feminization (sociology)
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Mitochondrial Eve
- Sexism
- Women as theological figures
- Women in science
Political:
- Gender studies
- Womyn
Exploration:
- List of female explorers and travelers
- Women in space
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as [man] or [woman], or some combination thereof."
- ↑ "wīfmann": Bosworth & Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898-1921) p. 1219.
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, entry for "woman".
- ↑ man - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ Germanic Etymology
- ↑ dict.cc, DT-EN, entry: Wampe
- ↑ e.g.
- ↑ Jose A. Fadul.
- ↑ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'.
- ↑ By late 14th century a distinction was arising between female children, often called 'gay girls' – and male, or 'knave girls' -: a1375 William of Palerne (1867) l. 816 ' Whan þe gaye gerles were in-to þe gardin come, Faire floures þei founde.'
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001).
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ Merit-Ptah at the University of Alabama.
- ↑ Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, Horatius Press 1996, p. 334.
- ↑ Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, Marcel Dekker 1992, p. 28.
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Michael Roaf (1992).
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky.
- ↑ Jennifer Bergman (19 July 2001).
- ↑ J. M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Jake Page (2007).
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?"
- ↑ (Tanner, 1990).
- ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003).
- ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
- ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana.
- ↑ Menarche and menstruation are absent in many of the intersex and transgender conditions mentioned above and also in primary amenorrhea.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/social_determinants
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)".
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ "Resolution on Reproductive and Sexual Health | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics".
- ↑ "Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women".
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan".
- ↑ "China 'one-child' policy: Mother of 2 dies after forced sterilization".
- ↑ "Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "China forced abortion photo sparks outrage".
- ↑ http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf
- ↑ Sharpe, S. (1976).
- ↑ Gere, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2012).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "U.S. Education Slips In Rankings".
- ↑ "A/RES/48/104.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly.
- ↑ "Statistics by Area - Attitudes towards wife-beating - Statistical table".
- ↑ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project".
- ↑ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=djcil#H2N1
- ↑ http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/witchhunts.pdf
- ↑ "Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea".
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Beheading for 'sorcery' shocking | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' - CNN.com".
- ↑ In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women found that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States.
- ↑ In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991.
- ↑ For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[1]
- ↑ "Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women | Amnesty International".
- ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [2]
- ↑ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF
- ↑ "Women's right to choose their dress, free of coercion".
- ↑ "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013343/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=91cf943a-3fa6-4fce-afec-4ab2c2a356fd
- ↑ "Turkey condemns 'honour killings'".
- ↑ "Human Rights Voices – Pakistan, August 21, 2008".
- ↑ "Home".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran".
- ↑ "United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait".
- ↑ "Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social".
- ↑ Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012).
- ↑ "Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Oman" (PDF).
- ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania".
- ↑ Dubai FAQs.
- ↑ Judd, Terri (10 July 2008).
- ↑ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims".
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ↑ "United Nations News Centre - Harmful practices against women and girls can never be justified by religion – UN expert".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ Education Levels Rising in OECD Countries but Low Attainment Still Hampers Some, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publication Date: 14 September 2004.
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006.
- ↑ Eisenhart, A. Margaret; Finkel, Elizabeth (2001).
- ↑ Brainard, Susanne G.; Carlin, Linda (2001).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "Angela Merkel".
- ↑ "Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages".
- ↑ "The Long Way to Women's Right to Vote in Switzerland: a Chronology".
- ↑ "Experts In Women'S Anti-Discrimination Committee Raise Questions Concerning Reports Of Switzerland On Compliance With Convention".
- ↑ Gelis, Jacues.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds.
- ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers.
- ↑ "Women Composers In American Popular Song, Page 1".
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap
- ↑ Jessica Duchen.
- ↑ Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).


text:
Mmidi/Mmopo
Mmidi/Mmopo ke Setlhatshana se se simolotseng go lemiwa ke beng gae ba ko lefatsheng la Mexico dingwaga di le 10 000 tse di fitileng. Setlhotlha sa mmidi se ntsha bana mo ditsejwaneng tsa one mo eleng maungo a a felelang a nna le dipeo tsa mmidi tse ka sekgoa di bidiwang kernels.
Mmidi/mmopo le o na ke kuno e e botlhokwa jaaka mabele. Dilo tse dintsi tse o di dirang ka mabele o ka di dira ka mmidi. Le fa e le gore bakwadi ba maloba ba bua fa mmidi o tlile ka Bapotokisi mo Aforika Borwa, le o na o botlhokwa thata mo temothuong ya Batswana. Jaaka mabele, o ka dira momela ka mmidi mme wa apaya bojalwa. Go mefuta e le mebedi e e tlwaelegile ya mmidi, ke o mošhibidu o gantsi o jewang ka go o besa le go o apaya ka metsi o sa photliwa mo seakong, le go apaya kabu, dikgobe le mohubiswane, ga mmogo le go fepa dikgogo. Fa o bona mmidi o mošhibidu o direle bopi o itse gore leuba le tlhasetse. Mmidi o mosweu o dira bopi/phaleshe thata mme fela ka bobedi e dira sengwe le sengwe se se tshwanang.
Mmidi/Mmopo o fetogile dijo tsa mo gae tsa lefatshe mo mafatshe fatsheng ka dipalo tse di ntsi tse di fetang tsa wheat kana raese. Mmidi kgotsa mmopo o kgona go se jewe fela o ntse jalo, mmidi e mengwe e ka dirisiwa go apaya bojalwa, dijo tsa diphologolo , le tse dingwe tse di diriwang ka mmidi.Go na le mefuta ya mmidi kgotsa mmopo e le thataro e e akaretsang dent corn,flint corn,pod corn,pop corn,flour corn, and sweet corn.
Dikgang ka mmidi/mmopoEdit
Bontsi jwa batho ba dumela gore mmidi kgotsa mmopo o ne o tlholega kwa Tehuacan Valley ya Mexico. Ditlhatlhobo tsa se gompieno di supa gore o tlholega thata kwa Balsas River kwa legareng la lefatshe la Mexico.
Bokete jwa temo bo na le seabe mo mmiding. Mefuta ya go lema mo mafatsheng a itsholelo e e kotlase a ineetse mo go lemeng ka botona mo go feletsang go ntsha tsebe ele ngwe ka setlhotlha.[3]
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Linda Campbell Franklin, "Corn," in Andrew F. Smith (ed.
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Common Corn Questions and Answers, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Agronomy Extension, 2011


text:
Trekboers ba Richtersveld
Trekboers e ne ele Bomang?
Mme Trekboers e ne ele bomang? Kwa tshimologong, balemirui botlhe ba baYuropa ba ne ba pateletshega go dula mo sekgaleng se se khutshwane gotswa kwa Fort kwa Cape Town, gore Setlamo se se leng gotlhe se ba beye leitlho. Fela, go sale gale ka dingwaga tsa bo-1700, lefelo-bodulo le ne le feta batlamedi ba lona mme mafatshe a tlaleletso a ne a tlhokagala go samagana le tlhokego ya dijo le nama. Balemirui ba basweu ka jalo ba ne ba letlelelwa go bolola le go gapa mafatshe a mantšhwa go pota dithaba ka kwa.
Seno e ne ya nna tshimologo ya Trekboers (e e kayang balemirui ba ba bololang) mme baYuropa ba ba boitshoko bano ba ne ba tswelela go thankgolola karolo tsa mafatshe go ralala Kapa. Morago, thopo-lefatshe eno e ne ya dirwa ya semmuso ka thulaganyo ya dipolase tse di adimisanwang, e e letleletseng balemirui go gapa dikarolo tse kgolo tsa mafatshe mme ba duele rente e e kwa tlase ya ngwaga le ngwaga go Setlamo. Ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe tsa batho ba selegae di ne tsa se iswe tlhogong. Le boBastaards tota ba ba neng ba tlotlega go se nene ba ne ba pateletswa go ineela ka ga mafatshe a bona fa ba ne ba thologelwa ke molemirui wa mosweu yo o thopang lefatshe.
Katologo ya Basweu
Ka jalo, trekboers ba ne ba simolola go phatlhalala, lantlha kwa Overberg e e ungwileng kwa botlhaba mme morago kwa lefatsheng la Waveren kwa bokone-botlhaba. Le fa Namaqualand, ka bosa jwa yona jo bo komelelô, e ne kwa tshimologong e sa angwa ke katologo eno ya basweu, ditlhopha di le di ntsi tsa Khoikhoi le Bastaard di ne tsa kgarametswa gotswa mo mafatsheng a tsona ke trekboers mme di ne tsaya kwa bokone. Seno se ne sa baya kgatelelô e nngwe gape mo lefatsheng la Namaqua le bonneteng jwa lona.
Moragonyana, bookamedi jwa trekboers le ba-Dutch kwa Kapa bo ne jwa nna le seabe mo tshupong le tlhomong ya dikgosi tsa Khoikhoi, mme gape ba ne ba ba putsa ka lore lwa tlhogo ya koporo gore ba tle ba dire mmogo le go ba tshegetsa mo kgwebisanong. Seno se ne sa nyatsa ditatelano-maêmô tsa setso tsa Khoikhoi goya pele. Mme, ka dingwaga tsa bo-1750, trekboers ba ntlha ba ne ba simolola go tsena kwa Namaqualand kwa ba neng ba thopa mokoa wa dipolase.
Kgaisanelo Lefatshe
Ka ditiro, balemirui bano ba baYuropa ba ne ba sa farologane thata le balemirui ba selegae ba batlhotlhomi ba ba kileng ba lema lefatshe. Mo kgaolong e e omeletseng ya Namaqualand, ka sekai, bontsi jwa bona ba tsere tiriso ya atjieshuise tsa setso jaaka matlo a bona a boitlhophelo. Ba ne gape ba huduga le diphologolo tsa bona, ba tsamaya le ditlha go fitlhelela mafatshe a a siametseng phulô. Jaaka go bonala, seno se ne sa ba baya mo kgaisanong ka tlhamalalô le badisa ba Namaqua ka ga didiriswa tse di sewelo tsa tlhagô. Fela, balemirui ba baYuropa ba ne ba na le Modimo le puso mo letlhakoreng la bona mme, ka kakanyô ya bona ya kwa bophirima ya thuofatshe ya motho ka bongwe mo tirisong, ba ne ba thopa naga. Ka tshwanelo, mo dingwageng di le 100 tse di latetseng, trekboers ba ne ba kgapela thoko batho-selegae ba Namaqua gotswa mo mafulong a bona a bogologolo.
Batshabi ba baNamaqua, Bushmen le baKhoikhoi ga mmogo le Bastaards ba ne kwa bofelong ba kgarameletswa pele go tsenelela kwa bokone, kwa ba iphitlhetseng ba gaisana ka bo bona. Khudugo goya ka setlha e e kileng ya bo ele botshelo jwa bona e ne ga jaana e lekanyeditswe, mme mekgwa ya dikhudugo tsa setso ya bona e ne e tlhatlhamolotswe. Bangwe ba ne ba ineela mme ya nna malata a trekboers, kgotsa ba bona tiro jaaka badiri mo dipolaseng tsa bona.
Mafelo a Batho-Selegae
Ba bangwe ba boetse kwa pabaletshegong ya mathibelelo kgotsa go tsenelela ka mafelo a a kgakala a botshabelo a a neng morago a itsagale jaaka ‘mafelo a batho-selegae’, a a itsegeng thata ke a a gaufi le bothibelelo jwa Leliefontein kwa Kamiesberg le a a kwa Richtersveld (e, go fitlha ka 1847, e neng ele kwa ntle ga melelwane ya semmuso ya Cape Colony). Gompieno, dikgaolo tseno tsa merafe di bopa 25% ya Namaqualand mme di tshotse 40% ya baagi ba yona.
Ditlhopha dingwe ebile di fetogile go nna ditlhokotsebe mme tsa simolola go tlhasela masaka le metse ya baagisani ba bona. Ka nnete, kgaolo yotlhe ya Noka ya Orange e ntse sengwe sa ‘bophirima jo bo tlhaga’ ka paka eno, ka mokoa wa digongwana tsa bakgothosi tse di bopilweng ke merafe ka go farologana di nyeuma mo kgaolong, di baka tsebetsebe.
Nngwe ya ditiragalo tse di bosula e e santseng ele mo mogopolong wa Namaqualand yotlhe e diragetse mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1800, fa leuba le le golo lene le padimola kgaolo. Ka ntlha ya seo, batho ba ba kwa bothibelelong jwa Steinkopf ba ne ba hudusetsa malapa le metlhape ya bona kwa motsweding o monnye kwa sekgaleng se se ka nnang 15km. Mme, ka Latshipi mongwe fa bagolo ba le kwa kerekeng, setlhopha sa baBushmen ba ba sasankang se ne sa tlhasela kampa, sa bolaya bana ba baNama ba le 32. Lefelo leo le tshwailwe ka sefikantswe mme le itsagale bonolo jaaka Kinderlê (fa bana ba robetseng teng).
Translated by Nchema Rapoo


text:
101Ka ngwaga wa boraro wa ga Korese, kgosi ya Peresia, Daniele yo o bidiwang ka leina la Beletšhatsare, a senolelwa lefoko, e le lefoko la nnete le le bolelang pitlagano e kgolo. A ela lefoko leo tlhoko, a tlhaloganya pono.
1:7
2Ka malatsi ao nna Daniele ka nna ke hutsafetse beke di le tharo tse di tletseng: 3Ka bo ke sa je dijo tse di monate, nama le weine di sa tsene mo leganong la me; le go tlôla ke sa tlole go fitlhelela go fete beke di le tharo tse di tletseng.
4Ya re ka letsatsi le 24 la kgwedi ya ntlha ke le fa losing lwa noka e kgolo ya Hitekele, 5ka tsholetsa matlho, ka leba, ka bona monna yo o apereng lesela la letseta, a itlamile letheka ka gouta ya kwa Ufase. 6Mmele wa gagwe wa bo o tshwana le taemane ya kerisolite; sefatlhego sa gagwe se phatsima jaaka legadima; matlho a gagwe a tshwana le kgabo ya lobone; mabogo a gagwe le maoto a gagwe tsa bo di tsabakela jaaka kgotlho e e gotlhilweng; mafoko a gagwe a utlwala jaaka modumo wa bontsi jwa batho.
7Nna Daniele ke bonye pono eo ke le nosi; banna ba ba neng ba na le nna ga ba a ka ba e bona. Fela letshogo le legolo la ba wela, ba tshaba, ba iphitlha. 8Ka sala ke le nosi, ka bona pono e kgolo eo, ka felelwa ke thata; bontle jwa sefatlhego sa me jwa fetoga, sa nna maswe, ke sa tlhole ke na le thata. 9Ka utlwa modumo wa mafoko a gagwe; ya re ke utlwa modumo wa mafoko a gagwe, ka idibala, ka wela fa fatshe ka sefatlhego.
10Ka utlwa seatla se nkama; sa nthusa ka tsamaya ka mangole le diatla ke theekela.
11A nthaya a re: “Daniele, wena monna yo o ratiwang, ela mafoko tlhoko a ke tla a buang nao, o eme ka dinao, gonne ke romilwe kwa go wena.” Ya re a bua lefoko leo le nna, ka ema ke roroma.
12A ba a nthaya a re: “Se boife, Daniele, gonne mafoko a gago a utlwilwe go tloga ka letsatsi la ntlha le o ineetseng ka lone go ela tlhoko le go ikokobetsa fa pele ga Modimo wa gago, mme ke tlile ka ntlha ya mafoko a gago.
13Mme molaodi wa bogosi jwa Peresia a emelana le nna malatsi a le 21; ke fa Migaele, mongwe wa balaodi ba bagolo, a tla go nthusa; ka mo tlogela teng le molaodi wa bogosi jwa Peresia. 14Mme ke tlile go go lemosa se se tla dirafalelang morafe wa ga eno mo malatsing a bofelo. Gonne pono eo le yona e lebile malatsi a bofelo.”
15Ya re a bua mafoko a a ntseng jalo le nna, ka lebisa sefatlhego fa fatshe, ka fetoga semumu. 16Ka ba ka bona sengwe, e kete ke motho, a ama molomo wa me; ka ba ka itse go bula molomo wa me, ka bua, ka raya yo o emeng fa pele ga me ka re: “Morena wa me, dipitlagano tsa me di boetse gape mo go nna ka pono; ga ke tlhole ke na le thata.
Jer. 1:9
17Motlhanka wa Morena wa me yo o kanyana ka nna, a ka kgona jang go bua le Morena wa me yo o kana ka wena! Gonne ga go tlhole go na le thata epe mo go nna; ga go a sadisiwa mowa ope mo go nna.”
18Ke fa sele se e keteng ke motho se nkama gape, se ntiisa 19se re: “Se boife, wena monna yo o ratiwang! A kagiso e nne nao! Gomotsega o tie!” Ya re se bua jalo le nna, ka tia ka re: “A morena wa me a bue, gonne o ntiisitse.”
20A ba a mpotsa a re: “A o itse gore ke tletseng kwano go wena? Jaanong ke tla boa go ya go lwa le molaodi wa Peresia. Mme e tla re ke sena go fetsa nae, go tle molaodi wa Gerika. 21Fela ke tla go itsise se se kwadilweng mo lokwalong lwa boammaaruri. Ga go na ope yo o itshupang a tiile, a goga le nna go tlhabana le bale fa e se Migaele, molaodi wa lona.


text:
Dafide o ja senkgwe se se bewang fa pele ga Modimo kwa Nobe (1-9)
Dafide o itshwara jaaka setsenwa kwa Gathe (10-15)
21 Moragonyana Dafide o ne a goroga kwa Nobe+ kwa go moperesiti Ahimeleke. Ahimeleke o ne a simolola go roroma fa a kopana le Dafide mme a mo raya a re: “Ke ka ntlha yang fa o le nosi, o sa tla le ope?”+2 Dafide o ne a araba moperesiti Ahimeleke a re: “Kgosi e ntaetse gore ke dire sengwe, mme e ne ya nthaya ya re, ‘O se ka wa bolelela ope ka se ke go romileng sone le ka ditaelo tse ke go neileng tsone.’ Ke ne ka rulaganya le makawana a me gore re kopane kwa lefelong lengwe.3 Jaanong fa go na le dinkgwe di le tlhano, di nneye, kgotsa sepe fela se se leng teng.”4 Mme moperesiti o ne a araba Dafide a re: “Ga go na senkgwe se se tlwaelegileng, mme gone go na le senkgwe se se boitshepo,+ lo ka di newa fela fa e le gore makawana a ntse a nnetse kgakala le basadi.”*+5 Dafide o ne a araba moperesiti jaana: “Tota ga re bolo go kgaogana le basadi fela jaaka mo makgetlong a a fetileng fa ke ne ke tswa ke ya letsholong.+ Fa e le gore mebele ya makawana e boitshepo tota le fa thomo ya rona e le e e tlwaelegileng, ruri e tshwanetse ya bo e le boitshepo le go feta gompieno!”6 Ka jalo, moperesiti o ne a mo naya senkgwe se se boitshepo,+ ka gonne go ne go se na senkgwe sepe foo fa e se senkgwe se se bewang fa pele ga Modimo, se se neng se tlositswe fa pele ga ga Jehofa gore se emisediwe ka senkgwe se sesha mo letsatsing la fa se ne se tlosiwa.7 Jaanong mongwe wa batlhanka ba ga Saulo o ne a le teng koo ka letsatsi leo. O ne a patelesega go nna fa pele ga ga Jehofa. Leina la gagwe e ne e le Doege+ wa Moedoma,+ molaodi wa badisa ba ga Saulo.8 Go tswa foo, Dafide o ne a raya Ahimeleke a re: “A ga go na lerumo kgotsa tšhaka fano? Ga ke a ka ka tsaya tšhaka ya me kgotsa dibetsa tsa me ka gonne thomo ya kgosi e ne e potlakile.”9 Foo moperesiti o ne a re: “Tšhaka ya ga Goliathe+ wa Mofilisitia, yo o neng wa mmolaya kwa Mokgatšheng* wa Ela+ ke eno, e phuthetswe ka letsela ka fa morago ga khiba.+ Fa e le gore o batla go e itseela, e tseye, ka gonne ke yone fela fano.” Dafide o ne a re: “Ga go na epe e e tshwanang le yone. E nneye.”10 Mo letsatsing leo, Dafide o ne a tswelela a tshaba+ Saulo, mme la bofelo o ne a goroga kwa go Kgosi Akishe wa Gathe.+11 Batlhanka ba ga Akishe ba ne ba mo raya ba re: “A yono ga se Dafide, kgosi ya lefatshe? A ga se ene yo ba neng ba opela ka ene fa ba ne ba bina, ba re,‘Saulo o bolaile dikete,Mme Dafide ene o bolaile dikete di le masome’?”+12 Dafide o ne a akanya ka se ba neng ba se bua, mme a simolola go boifa+ Kgosi Akishe wa Gathe fela thata.13 Ka jalo, o ne a itira motho yo o sa itekanelang sentle mo tlhaloganyong+ fa pele ga bone mme a itshwara jaaka setsenwa.* O ne a dira matshwao mo ditswalong tsa kgoro e bile o ne a tlogela mathe a gagwe a elela mo ditedung.14 La bofelo Akishe o ne a raya batlhanka ba gagwe a re: “Lo a bona gore monna yo o a tsenwa! Goreng lo mo tlisa mo go nna?15 A ke tlhoka batho ba ba tsenwang mo nka batlang gore yono a tle go tsenelwa fa pele ga me? A monna yono a ka tsena mo ntlong ya me?”


text:
Go ne go le Labobedi mme go ne go se na sekolo. Bana botlhe ba ne ba kopana kwa laeborari ba kopanela letsatsi le le kgethegileng. E ne e le Letsatsi la Kitso ya go buisa le go kwala mme batho go tswa mo lefatsheng lotlhe ba ne ba tlile go buisa le go kwala le go reetsa mainane ka lone letsatsi le.
Neo o ne a itumetse tota. Mokwadi wa gagwe yo a mo ratang, Joan Rankin, o ne a tlile go tla mo laeborari go buisa go tswa mo dibukeng tse a neng a di kwadile, mme rragwe o ne a mo solofeditse go mo isa gore a mmone. Neo o ne a kwadile buka e e kgethegileng ka ene, mme o ne a gakaletse go mo fa yone.
Mme fa Neo a tsoga mo mosong wa Labobedi, go ne go utlwala modumo o o sa tlwaelegang go tswa mo kitšhining. O ne a ya go leba. Motšhini o o tlhatswang o ne o dira modumo o o tudukanang mo go boitshegang, e kete motho a gotlhola e bile e kare o tlile go thunya.
Rragwe Neo o ne a tla go bona. “Ao nnyaa!” o ne a rialo. “Pompo e tshwanetse ya bo e robegile. Go tlile go ja madi a mantsi thata go e baakanya. Re ka nna ra tshwanela go reka motšhini o o feletseng o montšhwa.”
“Re ka se kgone go reka motšhini o o tlhatswang o montšhwa,” mmagwe Neo o ne a rialo. “A o ka se kgone go o baakanya, tsweetswee? Ke tshwanetse go ya tirong, mme go na le diaparo tse dintsi tse di leswe.”
Ntate o ne a sa rate go bona mmagwe Neo a hutsafetse jalo mme o ne a re, “Ke tla o baakanya. Neo o tla nthusa. Ke tla batla webosaete e e mpontshang go baakanya metšhini e e tlhatswang e e robegileng.”
“Mme fela Ntate, o ntsholofeditse go nkisa kwa laeborari,” ga rialo Neo.
“Iketle pele ka seo, Neo. Motšhini o o tlhatswang o botlhokwa thata. Ka gongwe Koko a ka go isa kwa teng,” Ntate o ne a rialo.
“Go na le kwa ke yang teng gompieno,” Koko o ne a rialo, a tshikinya tlhogo ya gagwe. “Ke maswabi, Neo. O tla tshwanela go ya koo mo bekeng e tlang.”
Neo o ne a utlwile botlhoko tota. “Mme fela Ntate, o ntsholofeditse gore o tlile go nkisa kwa laeborari,” o ne a rialo. “Re tshwanetse go tsamaya ka bonako.”
Ntate o ne a ya go tsaya lebokoso la gagwe la didiriswa mme o ne a batla tshedimosetso ka google, “Tsela ya go baakanya pompo ya motšhini o o tlhatswang” mo selefounung ya gagwe.
“O a bona!,” o ne a raya Neo, a mmotsha tsebe. “Se ga se bontshe se le boima.” Mme jalo, o ne a goga motšhini a o ntsha fa o nnang teng le go o retolola gore a kgone go ntsha karolo ya ona e e ka fa morago.
Mme go baakanya motšhini go ne go le boima thata go feta ka moo go neng go bonala ka teng.
“Go na le setshwantsho fa,” Ntate o ne a ngongorega, a lebile mo founung ya gagwe. “Mme e nnye thata, ga ke kgone go bona gore eng se tsena fa kae.”
Ke fa Ntate a digela sekurufu sengwe mo fatshe mme se ne sa kgokologela mo tlase ga setsidifatsi, jalo o ne a tshwanetse go goga setsidifatsi gore a ntshe sekurufu. Neo o ne a leba nako. E ne e le metsotso e le someamararo morago ga ura ya borobonngwe. Go ne go setse metsotso e le someamararo fela gore Joan Rankin a goroge kwa laeborari.
“Tsweetswee, Ntate,” o a ne a rialo, a ntse a tlolatlola. “Tsweetswee, dira ka pele gore re kgone go ya kwa laeborari. Re tshwanetse go tsamaya jaanong.”
“Ke tshwaragane le tiro fa mme ga o thuse, Neo!” Ntate o ne a lebega a tenegile.
Neo o ne a hutsafetse. Rragwe o ne a mo solofeditse go mo isa, mme jaanong sengwe le sengwe se ne se sa tsamaye sentle.
“NNYAA, NNYAA, NNYAA,” Ntate o ne a goa. “Ga ke dumele se!”
“Ke eng?” Neo o ne a botsa ka lentswe le lennye.
“Jaanong beteri ya founu ya me e kwa tlase!” Ntate o ne a goa. “Tsweetswee ntlele tšhajara.”
Mme ka nako eo motlakase o ne wa tima:
“Ao nnyaa,” ga rialo Neo. “Jaanong motlakase o timile.”
Ntate o ne a bonala a tenegile. “O ke Labobedi o o maswe go feta. Ke ne ke le gaufi le go fetsa go baakanya motšhini mme jaanong ga ke kgone go buisa ka ga se se latelang se ke tshwanetseng go se dira.”
Neo o ne a oba tlhogo. “Ee, ke Labobedi o o maswe thata. Ga o kgone go baakanya motšhini, mme ke tlhaela go bona Joan Rankin,” mme o ne a se ke a bua sepe gape gonne o ne a kgona go bona gore Ntate o ne a hutsafetse thata. Neo o ne a itatlhela mo fatshe fa tafoleng ya kitšhini mme o ne a fitlha tlhogo ya gagwe mo gare ga matsogo a gagwe.
Ntate o ne a phutha le go baya didiriswa tsa gagwe. “Ga go sepe se se kalo se re ka se dirang jaanong,” o ne a rialo.
Neo o ne a tsholetsa tlhogo ya gagwe go se kae. Tshupanako e ne re ke metsotso e le lesome pele ga ura ya lesome. Ba ne ba santse ba ka ya kwa laeborari – ba ne ba tla nna thari, mme o ne a santse a ka kgona go bona Joan Rankin e bile o ne a santse a ka kgona go mo naya mpho ya gagwe. O ne a phetlha ditsebe tsa buka e nnye e o neng a e dirile. O ne a kwadile leinane le go thala ditshwantsho, mme Koko o ne a mo thusitse go e kopanya le go mo direla tsebe ya kwa ntle. Ntate o ne a kgwa mowa. O ne a sela buka ya ga Neo. O ne a botsa “Ke eng se, Neo?”
“Buka ya me,” go ne ga rialo Neo ka lentswe le lennye. “Ke ne ke tlile go e neela mokwadi wa me yo ke mo ratang kwa …” Ga a ka a fetsa polelo.
“Tla re tsamaye,” ga bitsa Ntate, a phamola dinotlolo tsa koloi ya gagwe. “Re tshwanetse go tsamaya JAANONG! Re santse re ka fitlha kwa laeborari ka nako fa re ka itlhaganela.”
Joan Rankin o ne a simolotse go buisetsa bana leinane la gagwe fa Neo le Ntate ba itlhaganela go tsena mo laeborari. Neo o ne a bona setilo kwa morago mme o ne a nna mo fatshe go reetsa. Leinane la gagwe le ne le le monate, mme le ditshwantsho tsa gagwe di ne di le dintle. Neo o ne a solofela le go eletsa gore o tla kgona go thala jalo ka letsatsi lengwe.
Mme se se gaisang mo go tsone tsotlhe? Fa a sena go fetsa mme Neo a mmotsha buka ya gagwe, o ne a nagana gore e ntle.
“A o kwadile leinane le lotlhe ka bowena?” o ne a mmotsa.
“Ee,” ga rialo Neo. “E bile ke thadile le ditshwantsho. Ke mpho ya gago, Mma.”
Ke fa Joan Rankin a bula kgetse ya gagwe mme a ntsha nngwe ya dibuka tsa gagwe. O ne a kwala mo teng, “Ke ya ga Neo, yo o dirang dibuka tse dintle “, mme o ne a saena leina la gagwe ka ditlhaka tse dikgolo le go mo fa yone.
Neo o ne a itumetse tota. O ne a tlamparela buka mme a sa batle go e tlogela.
Ka yone nako eo Ntate o ne a tla fa go ene. “Ga o kitla o dumela, ” o ne a rialo. “Ke bone buka e e ka ga tsela ya go baakanya metšhini e e tlhatswang, mme bona – ditshwantsho di dikgolo e bile di bonala sentle. Goreng o ne o sa mpolelele gore laeborari e na le dibuka tse di jaana, Neo?”
Ntate o ne a tlamparela Neo. “Dibuka di a kgatlhisa. Dibeteri tsa tsone ga di nke di fela, mme o ka kgona go di buisa le fa motlakase o tima.”
Neo o ne a nyenya ka boitumelo le go tsenya tlhogo. E ne e le nnete. O ka buisa buka gongwe le gongwe ka nako nngwe le nngwe.


text:
A BO TLHAMILWE?
Bokgoni Jwa go Bona Tsela Jwa Khukhwane ya Boloko
KHUKHWANE ya boloko e dirisa boloko ka ditsela tse dintsi. E a bo ja e bile e beela mae mo go jone. Dingwe tse ditonanyana di bo naya tse di namagadi, di batla go di kgatlha ka jone. Fa dikhukhwane tseno di wela boloko jo bosha godimo e nna “se mphete ke go fete.” Nako nngwe babatlisisi ba ne ba bona dikhukhwane di ka nna 16 000 di tlhasela mokoa wa boloko jwa tlou, wa ba wa fela mo diureng di le pedi fela.
Dikhukhwane tsa mofuta mongwe fa di batla go tswa mo setlhopheng se se kokoanetseng boloko, di a bo potoka, di bo dira kgolokwe di bo di bo pitikela kgakala le mokoa o mogolo wa boloko mme di bo epele mo mmung o o bongola. Khukhwane eno e pitika boloko joo e sa tsamaye ka matsoketsane mme e tsamaya e tlhamalatse ka gonne seno se e thusa gore e kgone go tshaba ka bonako mme e se ka ya nna mo kotsing ya go utswelwa boloko ke dikhukhwane tse dingwe.
Mme khukhwane ya boloko e dira jang gore e se ka ya dikologa felo go le gongwe, bogolo jang fa go le bosigo?
Ela tlhoko: Dipatlisiso tsa mo nakong e e fetileng di bontshitse gore dikhukhwane tsa boloko di ka bona tsela ka lesedi la letsatsi kgotsa la ngwedi, mme di kgona go tsamaya di tlhamaletse, tota le mo masigong a fa go se na ngwedi. Babatlisisi bangwe ba Afrika Borwa ba lemogile gore dikhukhwane ga di dire seno ka go leba dinaledi tse di rileng, mme di dirisa mola wa lesedi le le tlhagisiwang ke losagaripa lwa Molala wa Tladi. Go ya ka lokwalopaka lwa Current Biology, leno ke “lekgetlo la ntlha go kwalwa ka setshedi sa naga se dirisa losagaripa lwa Molala wa Tladi go bona tsela.”
Mmatlisisi mongwe e bong Marcus Byrne a re dikhukhwane tsa boloko di na le “mokgwa o o atlegileng wa go bona tsela o o dirang le fa go na le lesedi le le letobo fela la dinaledi, mme di sa dirise tlhaloganyo go le kalo.” Gape a re: “Ka jalo di ka ruta batho gore ba ka rarabolola jang dikgang tse di raraaneng tse di amanang le mathata a go bona.” Ka sekai, roboto e ka dirwa gore e kgone go phuruphutsha ntlo e e gosomaneng e etsa mokgwa wa khukhwane ya boloko wa go bona tsela.
O akanyang? A bokgoni jwa go bona tsela jwa khukhwane ya boloko bo nnile gone ka bogone fela? A kgotsa bo tlhamilwe?
A o ne o itse?
Dikhukhwane tsa boloko di petolola mmu e bile di o tsenya menontsha, di phatlalatsa peo e bile di thusa gore dintshi di se ka tsa ata.


text:
Gompieno Batswana ba ka aroganngwa ka magosi ale mantsi a selegae a a ipusang (le fa a obamela melao ya Botswana kgotsa Afrika Borwa), a bogolo jwa yona e farologaneng gotswa go dikete di le mmalwa goya go diketekete di le makgolo, bogosi jo bo golo bo akaretsa merafe ele robedi e megolo ya kwa Botswana.
Mongwe le mongwe o laola merero ya ona ka fa tlase ga kgosi, fela go na le dipharologano tse kgolo magareng ga merafe ya kwa Botswana le ya Afrika Borwa. Batswana mo Afrika Borwa ba ne mo malobeng ba wela ka fa tlase ga bolaodi jwa naga-selegae ya Bophuthatswana.
Morafe mongwe le mongwe o na le lefatshe le leina tse eleng tsa ona, leina gantsi le tswa mo leineng la kgosi ya bogologolo kgotsa mothei wa tatelano-puso, nako dingwe gotswa mo seanông sa lelapa la segosi, lefelo la motse-mošate wa maloba kgotsa tiragalo ya histori.
Morafe mongwe le mongwe o na le ditlhokegô tse di kopakopaneng, mme seno se kaya gore maloko a morafe ole esi a ka farologana ka meetlo le teme. Seno se bonagala thata fa batho ba ba tsentsweng mo morafeng ba itlhophela go dula ba itshupile, mme ba dirise dipharologano jaaka sesupo.
Merafe ya Batswana ga ea tswalega, mme ga ise eke e tswalege, ka maloko a a sa fetogeng. Ke mekgatlho e batho ba nnang maloko ka tsalo, go gopega, go thopiwa kgotsa ka go inyalana le yona ka bowena. Maloko gape a ka lelekwa ke kgosi, kgotsa ba itswela ka bobona go inyalana le morafe o mongwe.
Gompieno, Batswana ba le ba ntsi kwa ditoropokgolong tse di jaaka Johannesburg ga ba itsalanye semmuso le morafe o o rileng, le fa botlhe ba amogela kamanô le seano mme ka jalo ba amogela tsalano ya bokokomane le ba bangwe ba ba aroganang seano seo.
Tsamaiso e e tshwanang le eo ya boakaretsi e mo go yona merafe e neng e tlhangwa, fela ka seêlô se se golo, e tlhamile se gompieno eleng Botswana. Ditlhopha tsa yona di kgobakantswe go dira sele sengwe ka ntata ya tsereganyo ya bokoloniale, e e tlhamileng naga-taolô ya Bechuanaland e morago e iponetseng boipuso jaaka Botswana.
Maiteko a kgobakanyo ya Batswana mo Afrika Borwa e tlhagisitse tsamaiso e e matswakabele go feta e e neng e amana le go tlhamiwa ga naga-selegae ya Bophuthatswana ke puso ya tlhaolele, setheo se se phutlhamisitsweng ka fa tlase ga mmuso wa morago ga tlhaolele.
Dikgosi tsa Batswana tse di neng di amogelwa ke mmuso wa tlhaolele di tsweletse go tshola maemo ao le tshwanelo ya go busa batho ba tsona.
Boano, eleng tlotlomatso ya phologolo, semela kgotsa sediro, ke kgale ele ntlha e e botlhokwa mo setšhabeng sa Batswana. Motho mongwe le mongwe o ikamanya le seano, mme botlhe ba ba amanang le seano seo go begwa fa ba tsalana ka tshika ya borraabona, gantsi ba tsaya seano sa borraabona, le sa borraago borraabona. Batho ba seano se se tshwanang ba bua fa ba ka latela motlhala wa tsalano ya bona ya bokokomane. Kamanô ya boano ke bogologolo e kgabagantse boleloko jwa morafe.
Maloko a morafe ole mongwe gaise nke ba amane le seano sele sengwe, mme bao ba amanang le seano sele sengwe ga se gore ke maloko a morafe ole mongwe. Sekai, Bangwaketse ba amantswe le diano di le 22 tse di farologaneng le fa maloko a tshika ya bogosi ba arogana seano sele sengwe.
Dikinane di le di ntsi di mataretse metlotlo ya Batswana, mme di tlhalosa ka fao seano sengwe le sengwe se tserweng ka teng. Melawana ya maitshwaro e tlhamilwe ka ga dikanane tseno, mme thetelelo ya go e obamela e tlhoka gore moerobi a tsenele modiro wa phepafatso go thibela bolwetse kgotsa madimabe mangwe.
Translated by Nchema Rapoo


text:
Matshwao a a mo Sekanông sa Setšhaba sa Afrika Borwa
Sekanô sa Setšhaba sa Afrika Borwa se se ntšhwa se bopilwe ka dikgolokwe di le pedi, tse di bitswang popegô-lee ya motheo le popegô-lee ya tlhatlhogo, fa tlase ke ditlhaloso tsa matshwao a a tlhophilweng a a thusang go bega kgang ya Afrika Borwa le tlhabô ya temokerasi go batho botlhe ba yona.
Popegô-lee ya MotheoMoano
- O kwadilwe ka puo ya Sesarwa ya batho ba /Xam, !ke e: /xarra //ke, e raya gore ‘Batho ba Mefutafuta ba Kopana’.
Mo bonosing, o supa kopano magareng ga dikakanyô tsa mongwe le ditiro tsa gagwe. Mo bommogong, o supa gore jaaka setšhaba re tshwanetse go kopana mmogo ka maikutlo a go nna le seabe le go ikgantsha ka setšhaba sa rona.Dinaka tsa Tlou
- Ditlou di itsagale ka go nna botlhale le maatla. Mo sekanông sa setšhaba, di supa gape tekanyetso le bosakhutleng.Ditsebe tsa Korong
- Korong e supa kungô. Mediso le kgolô ya korong di supa kgolô le tlhabololo ya setšhaba sa rona go fitlhelela bokgoni jo bo senang selekano. Gape e tsalana le phepô ya batho mme e supa letlôtlô la temôthuo gotswa mo mmung.Thebe
- E na le ditiro di le pedi mo sekanông sa setšhaba, e supa tshireletso ya semowa ya setšhaba sa rona mme gape e tshola dipopegô tsa batho ba ba emeletseng boitshupo jwa rona.Dipopegô tsa Batho
- Dipopegô tseno di tsewa gotswa mo ditshwantshong tsa botaki jwa mo majweng jwa Afrika Borwa jo bo tumileng go ralala lefatshe, tse di fitlhelwang mo letlapeng la Linton, le ga jaana le beilweng kwa Museum wa Afrika Borwa kwa Cape Town. Jaaka badudi ba lefatshe la rona ba kgale go gaisa ba ba itsagaleng, Basarwa, ke bopaki jwa botho le ngwao tsa rona jaaka MaAfrika-Borwa tse di tshwanang. Dipopegô tse di mo setshwantshong di bontshiwa ka tsela ya tumedisano, seno ke go supa kopano. Di supa gape tsela ya mongwe le mongwe go fetogela mo maikutlong a a kwa godimo a go nna karolo ya setšhaba mme ka katoloso, botho jo bo kopanetsweng.Lerumo le Molamu
- Tseno di supa matshwao a tshireletso le bolaodi, gape di supa maoto a a maatla a nonyane ya ramolongwana. Jaaka lerumo le molamu di rapame, di supa kagiso.
Popegô-lee ya TlhatlhogoProtea
- E bontshwa jaaka sekanô go supa bontle jwa lefatshe la rona, mme sethunya se supa bokgoni jwa rona jaaka setšhaba mo go fitlheleleng Tsosoloso ya Afrika. E supa gape kgolo gotswa mo mmung le tlhokomelo gotswa kwa godimo, go supa kgokagano e e feletseng ya maatla. Mebala e e tumileng thata ya Afrika e reboletswe protea; botala, bogauta, bohibidu le bontsho.Nonyane ya Ramolongwana
- Mo Sekanông sa Setšhaba ramolongwana o bontshwa ole mo phofong, go supa kgolô le lobelo. Nonyane e e maatla, e maoto a yona, a a emeletsweng ke molamu le lerumo, a thusang mo tsomong ya yona ya dinoga, mme seno se supa tshireletso ya setšhaba kgatlhanong le manaba.
Nonyane ke motsamaisa-molaetsa wa legodimo, go supa fano motlotlegi wa selegodimo. Diphuka tse di kukilweng ke sekanô sa tlhatlhogo ya setšhaba sa rona, mme gape di fana ka tshireletso. Ramolongwana e tshwantshisitswe ka bogauta, go supa kamanô ya ona le letsatsi le Ramasedi.Letsatsi le le Tlhabang
- Letsatsi ke sekanô sa kgalalelo, magasigasi le maatla. Le supa kitso, boatlhodi jo bo siameng, bokgoni jwa go diragatsa, go kgona go šebisisa le tsholofetso ya tsalôseša. Ke motswedi wa matshelo otlhe, wa lesedi, mme le supa go nna seoposengwe ka gotlhelele ga batho.
Maphata otlhe a Sekanô sa Setšhaba a kopana go bopa popegô-lee ya fa tlase le ya fa godimo go bopa sesupo sa bosenabokhutlo. Go tloga ka dinaka goya go letsatsi le le tlhabang, popego e e bopilweng ke ya lee la cosmic le gotswang ramolongwana mo go lona. Ka bokao, seno se kaya tsalôseša ya mowa wa setshaba sa rona se se gaisang sa boganka sa Afrika Borwa.
Translated by Nchema Rapoo