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LORATO LE LENYALO MO MABOKONG A GA S.F. MOTLHAKE. R.B. PHIRI 2007
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LORATO LE LENYALO MO MABOKONG A GA S.F. MOTLHAKE. R.B. PHIRI 2007 i DITEBOGO Ke rata go simolola ka go leboga Modimo, e leng ena motlhodi wa tsotlhe tse di mo lefatsheng, go bo a mphile nonofo, boitekanelo le yone tlhaloganyo gore ke kgone go dira tiro e. Ke rata gape go leboga monna wa me Rre N.J. Phiri yo o neng a tlhobaela a sa robale go netefatsa gore ga ke fetwe ke dithuto tsa patlisiso e kwa Yunibesithing ya Pretoria. Morwedi wa me Kefamang Ramerafe ena ke mo lebogela matsapa a a tsereng go ntlanyetsa tiro e. Ke leboga gape Rre O.M. Ntshabele yo o neng a nthusa go sekaseka maboko a. Ke itumelela kemonokeng ya gago le botho jwa gago. Rre Hamilton Mphidi modiri wa metlobo ya dibuka wa Yunibesithi ya Pretoria, yo ka dinako tsotlhe a neng a ipha sebaka sa go nna fatshe le nna, a nthusa mo go tsotlhe tse ke neng ke di tlhoka. Tiro ya gagwe o e dirile a e tlhaloganya, e bile a e dira ka botswapelo. Lwa bofelo, ke leboga motlhatlheledi wa me Mme R. M. Ramagoshi, ke tla bo ke dira phoso fa nka se ka ka go leboga. O ne wa tsaya matsapa a go buisa le go tlhatlhoba tiro e, gore e fitlhelele seemo se se batlegang. Ke itumetse thata e bile o tlhoka go babaletswa go nna pelotelele le go nneela maele a a mosola thata. O nthotloeditse kwa ntle ga go latlha kgotsa go fetola dikakanyo tsa me mo patlisisong e. ii DITENG TSEBE KGAOLO YA NTLHA: MAITSHETLEGO 1 1.1 MATSENO 1 1.2 MAIKAELELO 3 1.3 TEORI KA GA LORATO LE LENYALO 4 1.4 MOKGWA WA TLHOTLHOMISI 10 1.5 TSAMAISO YA DIKGANG 11 KGAOLO YA BOBEDI: BOKAO JWA POKO 13 2.1 POKO KE ENG? 13 2.2 Poko ya segologolo 15 2.3 Poko ya segompieno 17 2.4 Poko ya magareng 19 KGAOLO YA BORARO:NGWAO LE SETSO 21 3.1 SETSO 21 3.2 MEILA 22 3.2.1 Botsetse 22 3.3 DIKGABA 24 3.4 PATLO YA MOSADI 26 3.4.1 Mekgwa le melao ya Setswana 26 3.4.2 Thupiso 26 3.4.3 Go isa marago kgosing 29 3.4.4 Lenyalo 30 KGAOLO YA BONE: TSHEKATSHEKO YA MABOKO A GA MOTLHAKE 33 4.1 33 MATSENO 4.2 TSHOSOBANYO YA: NOKA YA LERATO 34 4.2.1 TSHEKATSHEKO YA:NOKA YA LERATO 34 iii 4.3 TSHOSOBANYO YA: A O A NTLOGELA 37 4.3.1 TSHEKATSHEKO YA: A O A NTLOGELA 38 4.4 TSHOSOBANYO YA: GORENG KE SA NYALE 43 4.4.1 TSHEKATSHEKO YA: GORENG KE SA NYALE 43 4.5 TSHOSOBANYO YA: LENYALO 50 4.5.1 TSHEKATSHEKO YA: LENYALO 50 KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO: BOKHUTLO 55 5.1 MATSENO 55 5.2 KGAOLO YA NTLHA 55 5.3 KGAOLO YA BOBEDI 56 5.4 KGAOLO YA BORARO 56 5.5 KGAOLO YA BONE 57 6. METSWEDI 61 7 SUMMARY 64 8. OPSOMMING 66 9. MAMETLELELO YA 1 68 10. MAMETLELELO YA 2 70 11. MAMETLELELO YA 3 72 12. MAMETLELELO YA 4 75 LORATO LE LENYALO MO MABOKONG A GA S.F. MOTLHAKE. ka R.B. PHIRI E neetswe go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa dikerii ya MAGISTER ARTIUM mo LEFAPHENG LA PUO LE DIKWALWA LE FILOSOFI MOFATLHOSI: MOH. R.M. RAMAGOSHI YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA 2007 1 1. KGAOLO YA NTLHA 1.1. MATSENO Go tswa mo dingwageng-kgolo tse di fetileng, lenyalo le ne le tlhalosiwa le go sekasekwa ka mokgwa o montle go lebeletswe thata bontle le dikgatlhegelo mme bomaswe jwa lenyalo bo ne bo sa angwe le ka gope mo mabokong a Setswana. Go bapisiwa mo Dipuong le Dikwalong tsa Bophirima, bontle gammogo le bomaswe jwa lenyalo bo tlhomamisitswe e le bonnete jo bo se nang bana ba phefo, mme ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe bo sa itlhalose sentle. Go ikgatholosa dithulaganyo mabapi le go batlelwa molekane mo lenyalong mo mabokong a Setswana, e ka nna diphopholetso tsa setso tse di reng lenyalo le tsalwa ke lerato, go bowe go twe ‘Pelo e ja serati, sebatlelwa ga e se rate’. Mo ditsong dingwe tsa Bophirima, baratani ba itisa pele ga peelano kgotsa lenyalo. Se se dira gore baratani ba itsane pele, pele ba ka nyalana. Seno se ne se sa akaretse thobalano pele ga lenyalo jaaka re bona go dirwa ke baswa ba gompieno. Mo Setswaneng, go ne go sa nna jalo. Batsadi le bomalome ke bona ba ban eng ba batlela lekau mosadi. Go ipatlela molekane gompieno, ekete ke nngwe ya dilo tse di tlholang mathata mo lenyalong. Gape se se bakang mathata mo lenyalong ke gore mathata a a ka rarabololwa jang, go ikaegile ka matshego a setso mo lenyalong, le ka moo ditso tsoopedi di amogelang lerato ka teng. Go neela sekao, mo lenyalong la Batswana, fa mosadi a na le mathata le monna wa gagwe, motho wa ntlha go mo itsise ka ona ke ba bogadi ka gonne ba na le dikgatlhego tsa botlhokwa ka baratani ba. Mosadi o ne a sa tshwanela go sianela go ditsala kgotsa batsadi ba gagwe mabapi le matsapa a a mo lenyalong. Sengwe le sengwe se ne se elwa ke borramosimane, kwa ntle ga mpuru a faretswe. Ka jalo go ne go tla bidiwa batsadi ba mosadi go tla go rarabolola bothata joo. 2 Mathata a a amang lenyalo a ne a bipiwa ka ntlha ya mefuta ya manyalo a a neng a fitlhelwa ka nako tse di fetileng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go ne go na le manyalo a a rulagantsweng pele mo malapeng a ditshika le banyalani (cross-cousin marriages) jaaka go buiwa go twe : “ Ngwana malome nnyale dikgomo di boele sakeng”. Go kaya gore motswalake a a nnyale dikgomo tse di ntshitsweng ke rre fa a nyala mme, di boele gape kwa bogwe. Ka jalo, dikhumo le matlotlo a malomaagwe mosimane a boela go ngwana’kgaitsadie. Bokao jwa lereo ‘boele’ ke gore se se duleng se boele kwa se tswang teng. Manyalo a a rulagantsweng a ne a bonwa mo ditsaleng tsa balosika. Mo manyalong a, mathata le tlhalo di ne di siamisiwa ka dipuisano tsa bagolo ba malapa a mabedi. Ka jalo, manyalo a mofuta o, a bonwa a sireletsegile. Manyalo a mofuta o, a bonwa a sireletsegile, gape a ne a kaega a itsetsepetse e bile a tsepame, ka go ne go na le tumalano le tshegetso go tswa mo malapeng oomabedi. Ka jalo dithulathulano le thubego ya manyalo di ne di sa tlwaelega kgotsa di sa tlhagelele gotlhelele. Fa go ne go sena dithulagano tsa lenyalo, go ne go na le ditlhokego dingwe tse di baakanyediwang makau le makgarebe. Mosimane yo o batlang go nyala, o ne a batlelwa mosadi mo lelapeng le le maitseo, le le bonolo, la dinatla, le le sa loeng, le le se nang malwetse a a tshelanwang le batho ba ba koafetseng, gongwe ba na le thetelobokgoni kgotsa digole mo hisetoring ya lelapa la bona. Kamano le ditso tse dingwe e nnile le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo merafeng ya Batswana. Go ntshana ga baratani (dating) le thubego ya lenyalo ke dingwe tsa dilo tse Batswana ba di tsereng mo ditsong tsa batho ba bangwe. Go ya ka Cardo (1998:15) Acculturation is a process whereby the cultural pattern of minority society changes to those of the dominant society. 3 Kakanyo e e fa godimo, e tlhalosa gore setšhaba se se fekeetswang, se tsaya mekgwa le melao ya setšhaba se se e fekeetsang. Le fa go ntse jalo, bantsho mo Aforika re feta Basweu, fela e kete bona ba re fekeeditse. Batswana ba bantsi ba gogetswe ke ditso tsa Bophirima, jaaka go setse go tlhalositswe fa godimo, mme ba itlhokomolosa mekgwa le ditsela tsa bona tsa go dumalana ga batsadi go batlela bana ba bona balekane. Phoso e e nnile ya gola ya bo ya nna tumelo ya Batswana gore bana ba tshwanetse go ipatlela balekane ba manyalo, le gore ba ka nne ba tlhalana fa kutlwano e se teng mo lenyalong. Ikgatholoso le thubego ya legora fa gare ga ditso tsa Batswana le Bophirima, di setlega seane se se reng “Pelo e ja serati, sebatlelwa ga e se batle”. Seane se se kaya gore mongwe o rata motho yo a mo itlhophetseng ka pelo ya gagwe yotlhe e seng yo a mmatletsweng. Gompieno se e nnile tsela e bašwa ba e setseng morago. Go ikaegilwe ka dintlha tse di kailweng fa godimo, go tlile go lekwa go supa fa baboki ba tshwana le Motlhake ba latlhile dingwao le ditlwaelo tsa setso, mme ba kwala ka matlhoko, matshwenyego, ditlhomphololo le dithulano, segolobogolo mo manyalong. 1.2. MAIKAELELO Maikaelelo a tlhotlhomisi e, ke go sekaseka le go tlhatlhoba mathata, kutlobotlhoko le thubego ya lenyalo jaaka go itshupa mo mabokong a ga Motlhake e leng: 1. Noka ya lerato: Maboko a Setswana (1969) 2. A o a ntlogela: Maboko a Setswana (1969) 3. Goreng ke sa nyale: Kgola ya Borwa (1987) 4. Lenyalo: Kgola ya Borwa (1987) 4 Maboko a a tla sekasekwa go ya ka thulagano ya ona e e bontshang tatelano e e rileng. 1. Go ratana jaaka go itshupa mo lebokong: Noka ya lerato. 2. Kgano jaaka e itshupa mo lebokong : A o a ntlogela? 3. Maboko a bokgope mo go : Goreng ke sa nyale. 4. Dintlha ka ga lenyalo mo lebokong : Lenyalo. 1.3. TEORI KA GA LERATO LE LENYALO Lereo ‘lorato’ lo na le bokao jo bontsi. Gape lo tlhalosa kgotsa lo bonwa le na le mekgwa e e farologaneng go ya ka maitemogelo a batho ka go farologana. Lorato lo supa maikutlo a a boteng, a kgogedi magareng a batho ba babedi, e leng monna le mosadi. De Bruyn (1993:168-170) o tlhalosa fa lerato le kgaogantswe ka mefuta e meraro e leng: Lorato la thobalano (sexual) Lorato la botsalano (filio) le Lorato lo lo tseneletseng, lo lo bokete (agape). Lorato lwa thobalano lo tlhaloswa e le lo lo fa gare ga baratani. De Bruyn (1993) o bona tiro ya lerato le mo lenyalong e le kgolagano ya monna le mosadi , mme e se fela go tshola bana. Le gale, le na le maemo a a kgethegileng le bokao jo bo rileng. De Bruyn o bua gore lerato le le tlisiwa ke thobalano fa gare ga baratani, mme fa gongwe a tlhoka boikanyego, go nna le dithulano, mme morago lenyalo le feletse le thubegile. De Bruyn o tswelela ka go tlhalosa fa lerato la botsalano le le magareng ga malapa a balosika le ditsala, le supa gore batho ba babedi ba golagane, go 5 bopa ditsala tsa mmakgonthe. Ditsala tse pedi tse di ka kopanela sephiri mme ba ntshana seining. Ke ka moo le tlhotlheletswang ke kutlwisisano, boikanyego le go kopanela dikakanyo le maikutlo. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, lerato le le tseneletseng le kaiwa le le le le bokete fa gare ga batho ba babedi. (Baefeso: 5:25) o gatelela kakanyo e fa a re “lona banna ratang basdi ba lona fela jaaka Keresete le ena a ratile phuthego, a ineela mo losong ka ntlha ya lona…” Ka go nna jalo, banna ba solofetswe go bontsha mofuta o wa lerato mo basadig ba bona. Lorato lo lo supa gore morati ga a rate ka ntlha ya gore o bone sengwe, jaaka a ka ratela motho bontle le gore o humile, mme a rata go sa kgathalesege gore mokapelo wa gagwe o boatla kgotsa o humanegile. Morati o rata motho le fa a lwala. Go ya ka De Bruyn (1993:169), boikanyego mo lenyalong bo botlhokwa thata le gona banna le basadi ba tshwanetse go tshegetsa ditsholofetso le go tlotlana. Mofuta o wa lorato lo lo tseneletseng, o nyalana thata le ditso tsa MaAferika, ka gonne motho ga a nyale yo mongwe ka ditebego jaaka go twe: “Mosadi tshwene o jewa mabogo,” le gore “Monna ga a na bokobo.” Se se raya gore o seka wa gana monna gonne a se montle. Selo sa botlhokwa ke gore monna yo a ka go tlamela. Ka jalo, Motsilenyane (1992:2) o tlhalosa lorato e le bontle jo bo bonwang ke baratani dinako tsotlhe tsa botshelo jwa bona. Le fa lerato le na le bokao jo bontsi jo bo farologaneng, ga go ope wa basekaseki yo o tlang ka bokao jo bo totobetseng jwa nnete. Basekaseki jaaka Hornby (1974: 529) o tlhalosa fa lerato e le kopano e e mo molaong ya monna le mosadi ka mokgwa wa lenyalo. Hammerton-New Universal Encyclopaedia : 5302 e tlhalosa lorato jaana 6 Love is passionate to emotional sense of attraction felt by one person towards another and comprises moral and spiritual elements. Go ya ka Hammerton, lorato ga lo a tshwanela go nna go ngokana fela, go ama maitsholo le semowa. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, Walster le Walster (1987:2) ba na le kakanyo e e reng lerato le tsosa maikutlo a go ka tlhakanya motho tlhogo. Basekaseki ba, Walster le Walster, ba farologanya mefuta e mebedi ya lorato e leng: Lorato la nnete, le lorato le e seng la nnete. Ba tlhalosa lorato lwa nnete le na le maikutlo a a gakantshang fa lo e seng lwa nnete lo na le maikutlo a a kwa tlasetlase. Go fa sekao, mo pading le diterameng tse dintsi tsa mo Aferika, lorato lo senolwa e le maikutlo a kgakantshego. Se se tlhaloswa mo go Ntsime (1989:3) mo temaneng e: Dithole : Molekane lerato le ntoile pelo, Ke fenyegile mo maikutlong Gore le fa lerato le ka ntlistsa kotsi, Ke tla e leba ka leitlho le lehibidu Ke e leba jaaka tautona Fa e leba phologotswana bosigo. Le ( tsebe 2) temana e e reng: Dithole … Pelo ya me e loigile E loilwe ke dipheko tsa Setebele, Ke mosetsana yo motshwana wa Letebele, Ka mere o e epile kgakalakgakala, Ka yona a ntshira pelo ka foufala Ke raya mere e mehibidu, molekane, 7 Mere ya lerato le le tukang Le galalelang jaaka legala la motswere. Mo merafeng mengwe, fa batho ba batla go supa fa ba ratana, morafe mongwe le mongwe o solofela gore ba feletse ba nyalane. Kottak le McGraw (1994: 328) fa ba tlhalosa lenyalo ba re: Marriage is a union between a man and a woman such that the children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both parents. Go ya Kottak le McGraw, lenyalo, ke lenyalo fa le segofaditswe ka bana. Baithutedi ba ba dikwalo, Kottak le McGraw, ba tlhalosa gore batho ba tshwanetse go ela tlhoko mefuta e e farologaneng ya manyalo. Yona ke e e latelang: a. Lenyalo la bong bo le bongwe (Homosexual). De Bruyn (1993) o tlhalosa mofuta o e le kopano ya batho ba babedi bo bong bo le bongwe mme ba kopanetse dikobo. Go ya ka molao Aferika Borwa o moswa, mofuta o wa lenyalo ga o dumelesege, e bile ke moila mo Setswaneng. Se se gatelelwa ke (Lefitiko 18: 22) fa a ganetsa lenyalo le a re: “O se ka wa robala le monna jaaka o robala le mosadi”. Le fa mofuta o , o ntse o sa dumelelwe go tlile mo go reng Molaotheo o mošwa wa Aferika Borwa (2006), mmogo le dipuisano tsa ‘CONTRALESA’ di o dumelele ka ntlha ya bontsi ba batho ba ba o tshegetsang, le bona ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go itlhophela se ba se ratang. Le gale ga se dikereke tsotlhe tse di dumelanang le molao o. 8 b. Mosadi o nyala mosadi yo mongwe Le ke mofuta wa lenyalo o o tlhagisang go nyala mosadi yo mongwe kwa ntle ga thobalano. E ke tiragalo e e sa bolong go nna teng mo Aferika Borwa. Fa mosadi a tsofetse, mme a tlhokafaletswe ke monna le bana botlhe, o na le tetla ya go ntshetsa mosadi yo mongwe bogadi. Mosadi yo o tla batlelwa mongwe wa banna ba losika kgotsa tsala e e ikanyegang mme a mo tshodise bana. Monna yoo ka gale a ka bo a nyetse, mme se, ke sengwe sa diphiri tsa malapa a mabedi ao. Ka jalo, bana bao ka molao ga se ba gagwe, ke ba mosadimogolo yo o nyetseng mosadi yo mošwa yo. Bana ba, e tla nna bona bajaboswa ba mosadimogolo yo. c. Go nyala lefufa (Polygyny) Ke mofuta wa lenyalo o o tlhagisang go nyala basadi ba feta bongwe. Go ya ka ngwao ya Setswana le merafe e mengwe ya Bathobantsho, lenyalo le le amogelesegile. Monna yo o humileng kgotsa a na le dikgomo tse dintsi ke ena yo o neng a letlelelwa go nyala basadi ba babedi kgotsa go feta, ka go ne go dumelwa gore o tla kgona go ba tlhokomela. Go lebeletswe mefuta e ya manyalo a a ka fa molaong gompieno, boKottak le McGraw (194: 329) ba tla ka tshweetso ya gore : Marriage is a socially approved relationship between a socially recognized male (the husband) and a socially recognized female (the wife) such that the children born to the wife are accepted as the offspring of both husband and wife. The husband may be the actual genitor (biological father) of the children or only the pater (socially recognized father). 9 Mo ngwaong ya maAferika, lenyalo ga se fela kopano kgotsa go nna mmogo ga batho, mo mabakeng a mangwe le ka nna ka mokgwa wa kagisano, ka go kopanya masika a mabedi a merafe e e farologaneng, e e neng ya amega mo dingangisanong. Go fa sekao, balosika lwa gaabo monyadi le la gaabo monyadiwa ba bopa karolo ya lelapa le lešwa le le katolositsweng mme se se feditse diphapaano tsa bona. Bogadi bo tla rerwa mme bo ntshediwe dikgomo. Ka tlwaelo, malome ke ena a ntshang dikgomo tse pedi. Kgomo e nngwe e isiwa kwa bogwe mme e nngwe e tlhabiwa ka letsatsi la lenyalo. Bomalomaago monna ba romiwa go ya go kopa sego sa metsi. Bangwe ba gapanku e beleseditswe ka bojalwa le ting ya mabele. Go ka nna le peeletso ka go ntsha kgomo kgotsa nku. Mogapi (1991: 149) o bua gore mo mabakeng a mangwe, mosadi ga a nyalwe ke mogatse fela, o nyalwa ke losika lotlhe, ke ka moo, go fa sekao, mo setsong sa Matebele go ntshiwa dimpho tsa malapa a mabedi. Gape go dumelwa gore monna ga a fetse go duela bogadi go ba bogwegadi. Go neela sekao, go tloga ka letsatsi le monna a nyalang ka lona, o sofelwa go rarabolola mathata a ditšhelete kwa gaabo pele, gammogo le a gaabo mosetsana. Ka moo, ke boikarabelo jo bogolo jo bo tlogelwang mo matsogong a mosadi le a monna. Mo ditsong tse dintsi tsa Aferika, banna ba letlelelwa go nyala basadi ba le mmalwa. Mosadi wa ntlha o tshwanetse go tlhophela monna wa gagwe mosadi wa bobedi. Le gona o na le boikarabelo mo ditherisanong tsa bogadi, jaaka go dira Basotho. Go ya ka maNguni, bomogoloa monna ke bona ba dirang dithulagano le ditherisano ka tsa bogadi. Le fa dikgopolo ka lerato di tlhaloswa ka dintlha tsotlhe tsa tikologo, go sa ntse go na le batho ba ba sa tlotleng kgopolo ya go ratiwa le go nyalwa. Dikamano dingwe tsa manyalo di bontsha letlhoo, kutlobotlhoko, go se tshepane le go sa ikanyegeng, mme morago dilo tse di tlhole thubego ya lenyalo. Dielemente tse 10 di sa tshepagaleng tse tsa lerato, di tla tlotliwa di be di sekasekwa mo mabokong a mane a ga Motlhake a a umakilweng. 1.4. MOKGWA WA TLHOTLHOMISI Tlhotlhomisi e ikaegile ka molebo wa “Formalist”. Batshegetsi ba tiro e, ba ne ba tsepamisa ka go sekaseka dikwalwa ba ikaegile ka gore dikwalwa ke tiriso ya puo e e kgethegileng e e kgonang go fitlhelela go itotomatsa ga yona ka go fapoga mo go fetoleng puo ya ka metlha. Ramagoshi : (2005:70). Selden (1985: 8) o nganga gore puo ya tlwaelo e dirisiwa mo tlhaeletsanong e e tlwaelegileng, mme e dira gore re bone dilo ka tsela e e farologaneng. (Study Guide for Poetry – 1992: 200. UNISA). Mokgwa wa tshwanololo o balebapopego ba neng ba o tlhokometse ke bokwalegi (Literariness). Bokwaledi go ya ka balebapopego, ke mokgwa wa go itlhalosa le wa ditsela dingwe tse di dirisiwang mo puong ya ka metlha, mme di tshwanologe ka maikaelelo a go ntšhwafatsa medumo le bokao. Seno se kaya gore popego ya tlhago ya poko e ntšhwafatswa ke diponagalo tsa poko jaaka, tlhatlhagano ya bokao/ mela, kganetso (opposition), metara, moribo, diane le dikopano (Swnepoel 1990: 10). Poko e lemogwa ka modumo le popego ya yona go ikaegilwe ka ditshekelelo tse di rileng tsa popego le mefuta. Popego ya poko e akaretsa molaotheo, moribo, thulaganyo ya diteng le tlhopho ya morero (Study Guide for Poetry – 1992: 22-23. UNISA). 11 Mabapi le tlhopho ya popego, mmoki mongwe le mongwe o na le mokgwa wa gagwe wa go tlhopha popego ya poko ya gagwe. Mmoki a ka nna a dirisa temana e e lokologileng, dipina, dikanelo kgotsa dipopego tsa terama. 1.5. TSAMAISO YA DIKGANG KGAOLO YA NTLHA Mo kgaolong ya ntlha go lebeletswe dintlha tse di latelang: 1. Matseno 2. Maikaelelo 3. Teori ka ga lorato le lenyalo 4. Mokgwa wa tlhotlhomisi 5. Karoganyetso ya dikgaolo Kgaolo e e tlhagisa lemorago la patlisiso e le tshedimosetso ka lorato le lenyalo ka kakaretso, go lebeletswe le phokelelo ya ditso tse dingwe mo Setswaneng. Maikaelelo ke go tlhotlhomisa mathata a mmoki a a lemogileng, a a rakaneng le lorato le lenyalo. Go tla lebelelwa gape teori malebana le lorato le lenyalo le mokgwa wa basekaseki mo mabokong a ga Motlhake. KGAOLO YA BOBEDI Kgaolo ya bobedi e tlile go tlhalosa bokao jwa poko le go lebelela diteng tsa mefuta e meraro ya poko e leng poko ya segologolo, segompieno le poko ya magareng. Go tlile go lebelelwa gape tiori ya setso, patlo ya mosadi le lenyalo. 12 KGAOLO YA BORARO Kgaolo e, e bua ka ngwao le setso sa Setswana tse di amang thata kgodiso, maitsholo le dithuto tse ithutiwang pele mosetsana a ka nyala. Dithuto tse, ke tsona tse di tla laolang maitsholo mo go tsa lerato le lenyalo mo setšhabeng. KGAOLO YA BONE Kgaolo e e tlile go sekaseka le go sosobanya diteng tsa maboko a ga Motlhake e leng Noka ya lerato, A o a ntlogela, Goreng ke sa nyale, le Lenyalo. KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO Mo kgaolong e go tla lebelelwa tiro yotlhe go ya ka dikgaolo ka go latelana. Kwa bofelong go tla kwalwa Metswedi ya dikwalo tse di sekasekiwang le Metswedi ya tshekatsheko. 13 2. KGAOLO YA BOBEDI: BOKAO JWA POKO Mo kgaolong e, re tlile go tlhalosa bokao jwa poko, mme go lebelelwe diteng tsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya maboko. 2.1. POKO KE ENG? Poko e sale e tlholega le batsalwapele ba merafe ya Bantsho. Poko ke mokgwa wa baitseanape le maikutlo a mokwadi a a dirisang go tlhagisa molaetsa mo bathing, mabapi le tsa botshelo. Ga go ise go nne yo o ka tlhalosang bokao jo bo nepagetseng jwa poko, fa e se go lebelela le go ithuta maboko a a setseng a kwadilwe. Baithuti ba Dikwalwa, ba neela bokao jo bo farologaneng jwa poko, mme ba lebeletse popego le thulaganyo fa di bapisiwa le Ditlhangwa tse dingwe jaaka porouse le terama. Popego ya poko gantsi e ikaegile ka tlhopho le thulaganyo ya ditiragalo mo kelellong ya mokwadi. Baithuti ba Ditlhangwa segolo poko, ba e leba ka mekgwa e e farologaneng. Lesele (1989:1) a re gore motho a tlhaloganye gore leboko ke eng, o tshwanetse go le bapisa le puometlha kgotsa porouse. Fa o lebile popego ya leboko, o tla fitlhela le kwadilwe ka mela e e tlhomaganeng mo legareng la buka. Le fa diteng tsa leboko di ka tshwana le tsa porouse, dithulaganyo tsa diteng ga di tshwane. Poetry may share subject-matter with non-poetry, but it has a manner of expressing better than the latter. ( Poetry-Y 1997:5 UNISA). 14 Seboni le Lekhela (1978: 3) ba tlhalosa fa Basotho ba Lebowa le Batswana ba dirisa mafoko a a rileng go neela bokao jwa leboko jaaka: go thothokisa, go reta, go boka, go bina kgotsa go opela. Ba tlhalosa gape mo tsebeng ya 19 gore poko e rokaganya dilo tsa legodimo le tsa lefatshe, tsa senama le tsa semowa, tsa tlholego le tse di dikanyeditseng batho, maiteko le tswelopele ya bona. Ba re poko e kopanya segologolo le sešwa, mme e thulanya tlhabologo ya bophirima le mekgwa le melao ya banni ba lefatshe, ga mmogo le tiriso ya puo. Ba tswelela ka gore, poko e bontsha maikutlo a mokwadi ka se a batlang gore batho ba se itse. Moloto (1970: 102) fa a tlhalosa se leboko e leng sone a re: Poetry for that matter, any type of literature, is not written in vacuo. It is the living product of a living society, and it must to some extent mirror the characteristics of the society in which it is conceived. Go bontsha Moloto, Seboni le Lekhela ba na le maikutlo a a tshwanang a gore leboko ga le kwalwe mo lefaufaung kwa ntle ga maikaelelo a a rileng a mokwadi. Leboko le tlhamiwa ke batho, ba tlhama ka batho ba merafe e ba tshelang le bona, le mekgwa ya bona ya setho. Rosenheim (1969:126) o tlhalosa leboko jaana: The poem itself will tell us about the motives of its creator, its emotional and intellectual consequences for 15 the reader, proceed in the way which was presumably intended by the poet. O tswelela ka gore: A poem ts what the poet chooses to make it…His choice is conditioned to which is common with at least some other men, he is exposed throughout his life. Mefuta ya maboko a a tla lebelelwang ke a a latelang: (a) Segologolo (b) Segompieno le (c) Magareng 2.2. POKO YA SEGOLOGOLO Poko ya segologolo e ne e sa kwadiwe, fela mmoki o ne a sa lebale se a neng a se boka kwa tshimologong. Re bona ntlha e mo diretong tsa dikgoro jaaka go ka bokiwa morafe o o rileng, jaaka leboko la Kgatleng. Go tla nopolwa temana mo go Poko ya Segarona: Mogapi (1987: 67) Kwa ntsweng la phuthadikobo Se šwa, se a tshologa, sedibelo o mollo Bana ba sefatana sa motse wa Moruleng Se se kileng sa šwa, metse ya falla Metse e kile ya tshaba makgaonyane Ke barwa ntšwa e jele ntšwanyana ya yona Tseo le dithata tsa ga Molefe-a-Masilo Rre Taki a boka le Sebefa ba iketlile Ka ba bokile monna Rramatlakana 16 Mme ba kolopana ka rumo la kanono Taki a re Sebefa boela. Bopedi o jakile Nnaare kgosi tsa Bopedi di bokwa ke mang? Bommankopane ba bokwa ke mang? Mme Sebefa le ena a mo itheela A re monna ga o ka ke wa tlo nkepa Le wena o le mhaladi Kana re bafaladi ka bobedi Ga re a tshwanela go epana Go le gantsi mmoki o ne a sa lebale gore o boka ka ga eng. Ka jalo, diteng tsa maboko a segologolo jaaka Malimabe (1993: 3) a bua, di ne di buiwa ka molomo, ke ka moo maboko a, a neng a le maleele, mme e bile a sa kgaoganngwe ka ditemana jaaka re bona mo sekaong sa leboko la Kgatleng fa godimo. Malimabe (1993: 3), o tlhalosa fa maboko a segologolo a ne a boka magosi, merafe le bagale mme a naya batho maina ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa bona tsa boganka le tse dingwe. Fa go ka elwa tlhoko, go ne go sa bokiwe dilo di tshwana le dithwe tsa mmele wa mosadi jaaka matsele, marago jalojalo. Gape o ne o ka se fitlhele maboko a a ngongoregang ka lenyalo kana tlhalano, ka ntlha ya fa mosadi le monna be ne ba batlelwa balekane. Ka jalo go ne go se na bothata jwa gore motho a ka ganwa e le mosadi ka ntlha ya gore go ne go tla twe: “Mosadi tshwene o jewa mabogo.” Fa mosadi a rata go ngongoregela monna yo a mmatletsweng ka ntlha ya gore ke sekobo, ga a montle, go ne go twe: “Monna ga a na bokobo.” Cope (1986: 24) ena o farologanya poko ya segologolo mo go ya sešwa jaana: 17 It is oral but also essentially the product of communal activity, whereas a work of modern literature is the result ofindividual effort and bears the stamp of the authors. Fa go raya gore mmoki wa bogologolo o ne a laolwa ke setso le dingwao tsa morafe o o rileng. Ke sona se se neng se dira gore go se bokiwe sengwe le sengwe se mmoki a se ratang. Go ne go kaiwa e le moila mo Setswaneng, jaaka fa motho a ka boka “ kgomo ya Phokeng” (Female Sexual Organs). Se ke moila ka gonne go sa kgonege gore mmoki a ka tlhagisa kgoro e leboko le le tswang mo go yona, e bile mo go bona e le sereto. Gape go na le tumelo ya gore o tshwanetse wa rebolelwa ke badimo pele, pele o ka le boka. 2.3. POKO YA SEGOMPIENO Rosenheim (1969: 131) o tlhalosa gore batho ba gompieno ga ba tshwanela go ikaega fea mo kagegong le thulaganong ya batho ba bangwe, mme ba tshwanetse go lebelela mabaka a go tlhama, hisetori, nako le tikologo e motlhami a iphitlhelang mo go yona. Malimabe (1993: 3) ena o tlhalosa fa poko ya segompieno e boka sengwe le sengwe se mmoki a se ratang. O ne a bua ka dilo di tshwana le tlholego, naga, basadi, basetsana, loso le lerato. A re maboko a a ka tlaleya, a laya a bo a ruta. Go fa sekao, go tshwana le fa mmoki a ka bua ka mosadi wa letagwa jaaka mo lebokong la “Mosadi wa letagwa” . Moroke mo go Lesele(1989:75 ). Go tla nopolwa temana ya bobedi e e reng: 18 A latlha bana ba tletse ka ntlo A fara phafana ya bojalwa Ya samela mo hubeng sa gagwe A mo atla jaaka ke moratiwa Dino tsa utswa rato la pelo, Mme a sala phafana morago, A lala le phafana bosigo. Ka ntlha ya fa go bokwa sengwe le sengwe, maboko a a bontsha , a bile ga a kakobe bosutlha jwa ditiro tse basadi ba gompieno ba di dirang, jaaka mo lebokong le la “Mosadi wa letagwa”. Fa mosadi a ineetse mo bojalweng, e bile bo mo tlhokisa nako ya go tlhokomela bana, lorato lwa lelapa la gagwe le lona lo a fela. Diteng tsa maboko a gompieno jaaka a tlhalosiwa ke Malimabe (1993: 3) le Lesele (1989: 45), a arogantswe ka ditemana kana ditematheto, a re kgonang go bona thulaganyo ya ona ka ntlha ya fa a kwadiwa. Schapera (1965: 131) fa a tlhalosa baboki ba poko ya segompieno a re: Many of them are literate, they can therefore write down their efforts… 19 Fa go etswe tlhoko, tlhaloso ya ga Schapera e supa fa bakwadi ba segompieno ba rutegile ka jalo poko mo go bona ga e elele ka tlhago. E tseelwa matsapa a gore e latele melawana ya go kwala poko jaaka morumo o o rulagantsweng. Ntlha e, e farologana le mpho ya go boka ya tlhago e e neng e fitlhelwa mo mabokong a segologolo. Le fa a ne a sa kgaoganngwa ka ditemana jaaka a sešweng, a ne a na le moribo le morethetho. Go lemosega poko ya segompieno e ikaegile/ e latetse merero e e farologaneng jaaka lenyalo, lerato, loso, tlholego, naga jalojalo, mme e tlogetse mekgwa ya segologolo ya dipoeletsomedumo, e tlhokometse morumo le moribo. 2.4. POKO YA MAGARENG Maboko a magareng a akaretsa diponagalo tsa gompieno le tsa segologolo. Madimabe (1993: 3) fa a bua ka maboko a, a re ona a: - Boka sengwe le sengwe. - A tswakantshitse tlotlofoko e e popota ya maboko a bogologolo le - Kgaoganyo ya ditemana jaaka e e fitlhelwang mo mabokong a sešwa. Fa go elwa tlhoko, maboko a magareng a na le ditemana fela mme diteng tsa ona ke tsa maboko a segologolo. Ka ntlha ya fa maboko a a bua ka sengwe le sengwe, re bona Raditladi (1984: 11) a tlhagisa maikutlo a kutlobotlhoko a a tlisiwang ke basadi mo manyalong jaaka lebokong le le latelang: 20 MORATIWA YO O TLHADILWENG Thakadu ga ke ka ke ka feta dialo, Le mesimana ke e okometse yotlhe. Fano serepodi ke bosekamelo Mojako wa ntlo ke thebe ya me yotlhe Ke dule monna wa setlatla se tswala, Setlatla sa mogonono ka tswalela. Kana nna ke tla tloga ke baa ke ikuela. Ke ikuela batho gore ba re rakanye. Ke tla phutha batho go ntekola ke re, Moratiwa wa me, menomasweu, o ile, O tsamaile le phologolo ya nare, Ya mo ralatsa le medupe e thibile, Ya leba ka ene makhujana a a kgakala. Nare, dumedisa makhubu a a kgakala, Gore e re makhubu o santse o a lekola O ko o thulakwe ke segogamoriri! 21 KGAOLO YA BORARO: NGWAO LE SETSO Go botlhokwa go neela tshedimosetso ka ga ngwao le setso mo kgaolong e, go kgontsha mmuisi go tlhaloganya lemorago la tshekatsheko e, malebana le maboko a a tlhophilweng. Ka jalo, re tlile go lebelela ditiori tsa tse di amang: (a) Setso (b) Patlo (c) Lenyalo 3.1. SETSO Morafe mongwe le mongwe o na le ngwao le setso sa ona. Ngwao, jaaka Mogapi (1985: 1) a e tlhalosa, ke segaabo batho, mme se akaretsa mekgwa, ditumelo, maikutlo ka dilo tsa botshelo, tsela e e tlhomameng e e kgethegileng go tsamaisa matshelo a setšhaba, jaaka go godisa bana, go tlamela, go ba kaela le go ba ruta tlotlo le botho. Le fa UNESCO (1982:13) e dumelelana le Mogapi (1985:20) gore setso ke ditumelo tsa merafe, fela ba farologana fa UNESCO e re setso ke maikutlo a semowa a a kgethegileng, a ama tlhaloganyo, meetlo le ditshwanelo tsa botlhokwa tsa motho. 22 Fa Herman (1980:11) ena a dumela gore setso le fa se ama ditumelo le dingwao, fela se a fetoga. Ka jalo setso se ama ditumelo le ditshwanelo tsa batho. Le fa go ntse jalo se ka fetoga, ka ntlha ya ditlhotlheletso tsa tlhabologo tsa boKeresete le Ditso tsa Bophirima dingwe tsa tsona jaaka meila le dikgaba mo Setswaneng. 3.2. MEILA Ka kakaretso Batswana ba na le meila e mentsi e ba dumelang mo go yona, mme ba tsaya gore se ba se dumelang ke nnete tota. Gantsi meila e mengwe ga e na botlhaloso, ga go itsiwe mabaka a yona. Fa e mengwe e tlhaloswa bonolo ke bagologolo. Go na le dipelaelo tsa gore bagologolo ba itse ditlhaloso tsotlhe, mme ga ba rate go di bua, ka ntlha ya fa ba gopola gore ba a tsiediwa segolo jang batho-basweu, ka kgopolo ya gore ba utswa segabona. (Schapera : 171-172). 3.2.1. Botsetse Botsetse ke nngwe ya meila ya Setswana. Go dumelwa gore fa mosadi a le mo botsetseng, monna ga a tshwanela go tsena kwa motsetse a leng gona. Ka jalo go tshwanetse ga beiwa sesupo se se tsibosang gore motsetse o teng. Bangwe ba baya mepakwana e monna a sa tshwanelang go e tlola, mme bangwe bona ba baya kgopane (aloe). Tumelo e e santse e diragadiwa le gompieno, fela ga e ame banna fela, le makgarebe, makau le basadi, segolo fa 23 ngwana a ise a we kalana. Tlhaloso a moila o ke gore ngwana o a tsenelelwa mma a gatiwe. Ka jalo kalana ya ngwana e tsaya sebaka e gana go wa. Go ya ka ditumelo tsa Batswana, monna fa a ka tsenelela motsetse, fa go ilwe ntweng o tla eta a wa fa pele ga dira tsa gagwe mme di mo tshware di mmolaye. Monna ga a tshwanela go bona ngwana a sa le mošwa, o mmona fa setse a gotlhile. Gape go na le tumelo ya gore mosadi yo o moimana ga a tshwanela go tsena mo ntlong ya motsetse ka ntlha ya gore o tla mo gata. Gape molwetse le ena ga a tshwanela go tsenelela motsetse fa e se bagaabo fela. Lesele mo go (Schapera 1948:35-36) a re mo Batswaneng, monna wa mosadi le fa a ka nna sefafalele jang, ga a tshwanela go tsena kwa mosading ka dinako tse a tsenang mo botsetseng ka tsona. Monna ga a tshwanela go kopana le mosadi ope go fitlhela mogatse a belega. Ke gona fa e tla re fa go fetile sebakanyana a ntse a alogile, monna a tsenang mo botsetseng mme a rakana le mosadi ka mokgwa wa tsaano. Morago ga moo, ke gona monna a ka tsamayang le basadi ba bangwe. Batswana ba dumela gore fa mosadi a ka tsenelwa ngwana a ise a aloge, ngwana o tla nna sereelela, ga a nke a kgona go tsamaya kgotsa go bua, mme go twe o tsenwe ke bolwetse ba ‘mopakwana’. Ka mopakwana go kaiwa gore monna o tlodile mopako mme a kopana le mosadi osele. Gape go kaya gore monna ga a lala mo diphateng tse ngwana wa gagwe a tsaletsweng mo go tsona a ise a mo robalele. 24 Chelenyane mo go (Schapera 1948:36-37) fa a bua ka botsetse a re Bangwaketse bona ba na le tumelo ya gore fa mosadi a belega, batsadi ba mosimane ga ba tlogelwe go tsena mo ntlong e motsetse a leng mo go yona, mme ba bolelelwa fela nako e ngwana a belegweng kgotsa a tshotsweng ka yona, ke gona ba tla boelang kwa gae ba itumetse. Go ya ka Cheleyane, Bangwaketse ba lebeletse le dijo tse di fiwang motsetse. Ga se mongwe le mongwe yo o tsenang ka fa motsetseng ka go rata. Dijo tse a di jang ga di jewe ke mongwe le mongwe, e bile le molelo o di apeilweng ka ona ga o a tshwanela go tingwa. Go dumelwa gore fa molelo o ka tima, mongwe yo o sa itsiweng a ka o tsaya. Metsi le ona a ne a sa nowe ke batho fela ba kwa ntle. Go ya ka Bangwaketse, botsetse bo tshwanetse go tsaya dikgwedi di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Gompieno motsetse o tsaya dikgwedi di le nne, go dumelwa gore ngwana fa a sa ntse a le dikgwedi di le tharo, o a bo a ise a gotlhe. Dijo tse di botlhokwa tse di neng di apeelwa motsetse ke nama, bogobe le mašwi. Ka jalo Batswana ba maloba ba ne ba itse dijo tse di agang mmele. 3.3. DIKGABA Dikgaba ke nngwe ya ditumelo tse di kayang gore motho o a bo a tshwerwe ke mongwe ka pelo. Jaaka go a tle go twe, rakgadi o tshwere ngwana ka dikgaba. Gongwe motho o kgopisitse kgotsa o utlwisitse rakgadiagwe botlhoko ka 25 mokgwa mongwe, mme motho yo a seke a siamelwe ke sepe mo botshelong, jaaka gongwe a sa nyalwe, kgotsa a sa tshole bana, go a tle go twe o tshwerwe ke dikgaba. Lesele mo go (Schapera 1948:175) a re dikgaba ke bolwetse jo tota bo sa itsiweng sebopego le boteng jwa sona, ka o tla utlwa fa go laolwa motho go twe: Molwetse o tsenwe ke dikgaba, go kilwe ga buiwa sennanne, mme puo eo ke yona e tsentseng motho bolwetse. Kwa ntle ga go laola molwetse, ga go ka ke ga itsiwe fa motho a tshwerwe ke dikgaba. Di lemogiwa o le dilthabi tse di tlisiwang ke puo nngwe e e kileng ya buiwa, mme e tsene mo mothong yo o neng a le teng mo puong eo, le fa a ka bo a le ntlheng e nngwe ya naga. Molao wa go alafa dikgaba o setse o tlhalositswe fa godimo gore ngaka e tshwanetse ya bitswa ya laola. Balosika le molwetse ba tla bo ba tlhapisiwa ka setlhare se se tla bong se baakantswe ke ngaka. Mongwe le mongwe yo o tlang go lekola molwetse le ena o tlhapisiwa ka metsi a setlhare seo. K. Chelenyane mo go (Schapera 1948:176) o tlhalosa fa dikgaba e le bolwetse jo bo tsenyang motho kutlobotlhoko ya pelo. Gantsi bolwetse jo bo tsenngwa mo mothong ke wa losika jaaka go tlhalositswe fa godimo. Motho o a bo a ngongoregela sengwe. Ka setso sa Setswana, fa motho a tsenwe ke dikgaba go tshwanetswe ga bidiwa ngaka go tlhapisa molwetse ka melemo. Mme bola bo bolele motho yo o tsentseng dikgaba, gore ke motho wa losika. Go diriwa dipatlisiso ka motho yo 26 o tsentseng dikgaba, ka go nagana gore ke mang yo o neng a ngongorega ka molwetse mme go dumelwe gore ke ena motho wa dikgaba. 3.4. PATLO YA MOSADI 3.4.1. Mekgwa le melao ya Setswana Go ya ka mekgwa le melao ya Setswana, pele mosetsana le mosimane ba ka tsaana, ba tshwanetse ga dirwa kgolagano ya batsadi ka bobedi, go nna le ditumallano tsa tseo. Basimane le basetsana ba tshwanetse go rupisiwa pele, mme ya nna gona go ka rerisanwang ka patlo. Fa tlase go tlilwe go lebelela dintlha ka thupiso, go isa marago kgosing le go atlwa ga mosadi. 3.4.2. Thupiso Thupiso ke mokgwa mongwe wa go ruta bana botshelo. Fa basimane ba tsenela dithuto tsa bogwera, basetsana tsenela tsa bojale. Van Vuuren et al (1999:25 of 76) fa ba tlhalosa gore thupiso ke eng ba re: 27 Communal and individual initiation ritual forms an essential part of the transformation process by which young people in many African communities are formally guided to adulthood. In most indigenous South African communities the initiation process coincides with physical puberty (ejaculation and menstruation). Go umakwa gore fa basimane ba gwerisiwa go tshwanetse ga nna le rrathipana. Rrathipana o tshwanetse go nna le diatla ka ntlha ya fa a tshwanetse go sa dire phoso. Ngaka yona e tla tshasa tshitlho fa mosimane a segilweng teng. Tiragalo e e ne e le sephiri segolo. Fa go ka diragala gore mogwera a tlhokafale, o ne a fitlhwa ka lona letsatsi leo, kwa ntle ga kitso ya batsadi. Go ya ka Sehurutshe mogopo wa moswi o ne o ribegwa fa kgorwaneng ya gaabo ka tsatsi la kalogo. Mo Aferika Borwa gompieno, thupiso ga e tlhole e diriwa sephiri, e bile le nako ya lebololo e fetogile, ka gonne lebololo ga le tswa, batho ba bontshiwa mo dithelebišeneng, go buiwa le mo diyalemoweng. Thupiso e sa ntse e le kwa godimo kwa diporofenseng tsa Kapa Botlhaba. Thupiso e lebega e le kotsi gompieno, ka ntlha ya magwera a a swang ka bontsi, bangwe ba lwala ba sa alafege, e bile ba romelwa kwa maokelong gore dingaka tsa sekgoa di thuse. Gantsi bašwa ba itlhophela sebaka sa go ya bogwera ka ntlha ya fa ba tsena dikolo, le go laolwa ke maemo a ikonomi. Ba rata dipaka tsa selemo e leng Sedimonthole le Ferikgong. Kwa bogwera go ne go sa elwe go segiwa fela, basimane ba ne ba rutiwa melao, dikoma tsa ntwa le tsa phenyo. Mosimane mongwe le mongwe o tshwanetse go itse go ipoka. Nngwe ya dithuto tse e akaretsa tirisanyo e e 28 tshwanetseng le basadi. Magwera a ne a sa tshwanela go kopana le basadi ba le mo mojako, ba ba ithwadisitsweng ke banna basele, kgotsa ba ba sa tswang go senyegelwa ke mpa. Mogapi (1985: 20). Kwa bojale basadi ba ne ba rupisiwa ka mo malapeng a a kgethegileng, a sireleditswe ka magora a a popota gore bafeti-ka-tsela ba seka ba bona se se diragalang-sephiri. Badisa ba bojale ba ne ba bitswa masoko. Basetsana ba bojale ba ne ba farologanngwa le ba ba sa rupang ka go tshasiwa taka e tshweu mo mmeleng otlhe le mo sefatlhegong. Basetsana fela jaaka basimane ba ne ba rupisiwa ka thupa, ke gore ba ne ba tshwanetse go itshokela mathata a botshelo. Masoko a ne a ruta basetsana ditiro di tshwana le tse di latelang: 1. Thuto ka ga basadi 2. Ditiro tsa lelapa le tsa kwa masimong 3. Tirisano ya monna le mosadi 4. Boitshwaro jo bontle mo banning 5. Maitseo a a siameng a setho Fa basetsana ba aloga, ba ne ba itsisiwe gore jaanong ba godile ke basadi. Ka jalo ba tshwanetse go ela tlhoko botshelo jo bo popota, jo bo batlang boitshoko. 29 3.4.3. Go isa marago kgosing Go ya ka Setswana, fa morago ga thupo, basetsana le basimane ba kgobokana kwa kgotleng ya kgosi. Ke teng kwa basetsana ba tla bo ba bina fa pele ga kgosi le ba bangwe ba mophato. Morwa kgosi o tla tlhopha mosetsana yo montle yo o binang bontle go gaisa. Morago go tla tlhopha basimane ba mophato. Mosetsana yo o tlhophilweng o tla bo a beeletswa ka dibaga jalojalo, gore basimane ba bangwe ba tsamaele kgakala le ene. Seno se, se bidiwa go tlhoma letlhokwa. Fa monna a se na go tlhopha mosadi ke gone go tla simololang ka dithulaganyo le ditlhotlhomiso ka ga banyalani go itsane le go bona ditsela. Go tloga foo, boorramosimane ba ntsha barongwa go ya go kopa sego sa metsi. Morafe mongwe le mongwe o na le mekgwa ya one ya go batla mosadi. Fa ke teng o ka fitlhelang mathata a mantsi a dipharologano tsa dingwao. Go fitlhelwa e le gore le fa batho e le Batswana botlhe, dithulaganyo le ditsamaiso tsa lenyalo di a farologana. Go neela sekao, o ka fitlhela Bakwena ba na le mokgwa wa bone wa go batla mosadi. Ka molao wa bona wa Bakwena, fa batsadi ba sena go dira sesupo sa peelano ka go ntsha sengwe, se neelwa batsadi ba mosetsana, mme seo se bidiwa “go tlhoma letlhokwa”. (Lesele mo go Schapera 1985: 2). Mosetsana yo o beeleditsweng ga a direle baabomosimane sepe, fa fela ka dinako dingwe a ba isetsa metsi. 30 Mokgwa o ga o sa tlhole o dirwa gompieno. Basetsana ba gompieno fa ba sena go tswelwa ke magadi, ba ya kwa bogadi, mme bangwe ba ikisa magadi a ise a ntshiwe. Ka letsatsi la patlo, boorramosimane ba romela barongwa. Mosong o ba tlang ka ona, ba fitlhela bagwagadi ba phuthegile mo lekgotleng, mme ba amogelwa ke malomaatsona. Bangwe ba tla bo ba re Dumela Bakwena! Mme bagwagadi ba re : Ee! Bagwe bona ba re : “Metsi ke ao, mme e re moetana o dutla o busediwe beng”. Bagwe ba tla bo ba re: “Pula!” mme patlo e bo e fedile. Schapera (1985: 5) Re bona gompieno tseo le patlo di sa rulaganngwa ke batsadi ba mosimane jaaka go ne go dirwa bogologolo. Lekau le na le go ipuelela le lekgarebe le le tla le tsayang. Fa lekgarebe le dumela, le mo rata, ke gona ba tla tsaanang. Ke gona fa lekau le tla rayang rraagwe le re: “Mpatlele mosadi”. 3.4.4. Lenyalo Go setse go tlhalositswe m kgaolong ya ntlha fa lenyalo e le kgaisano le kopano ya malapa a ditshika tsa baratani. Batsadi ba ne ba batlela bana ba bona mo malapeng a a maitseo, botho, a dinatla, mo go a a se nang boloi le malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka a gompieno a a bidiwang HIV/AIDS. Schapera (1985:35-36 ) le Kalule Sabiti (1992: 56) ba dumelana le Mogapi (1985:101 ) fa ba re lenyalo ke kopano ya ditshika di le pedi. Mosetsana yo o tlhophilweng o ne a ntshetswa dikgomo tsa bogadi, mme bogadi bo bo baya 31 lenyalo mo molaong. Mo setsong sa sešwa, mosetsana yo o tlang go nyalwa o neelwa lesira le bolomo tse di neng di seyo bogologolo. Fa go ka elwa tlhoko bogadi ba maloba, bo ne bo sa wetse dingalo jaak gompieno go ntshiwang madi a a kwa mankalengkaleng, go sa lebelelwa ditlamorago tse di tla diragalang. Go lemosega fa manyalo a gompieno a sa itsetsepela ka ntlha ya madi a mantsintsi a, mme monna a simolola go sotlakaka mosadi a re o mo rekile. Thulaganyo ya lenyalo la setso e bontsha e ne e tlhomame mme e fokotsa dithulathulano, gonne go ne go sa tsenwe mo lelapeng lengwe le lengwe jaaka go dirwa gompieno. Ka jalo go ne go seke go umakiwa ka tlhalanolo jaaka gompieno. Lenyalo la gompieno le thulana le la setso. Fa re lebelela ka fa letlhakoreng la baimana ba maloba le ba gompieno (pre and post democracy women), basadi ba maloba ba ne ba na le ditlhong, ka jalo ba apara diaparo tse dikgolo tse di khurumetsang mpa. Fa re ela tlhoko, ba gompieno basetsana, makgarebe le bona tota basadi ba ba nyetsweng ga ba tlhomphe boimana jwa bona. Basadi ba gompieno ba apara diaparo tsa fešene gore dimpa tsa bone di bonwe sentle ke mongwe le mongwe. Ba dumela le go itumelela boimana jwa bona ba re ke matlhogonolo. Re utlwa Mandy Manas mo go ( Sunday World, 22 October 2006: 3) a bua a re: “The post democracy woman celebrates it for the blessing it is”. 32 Basadi bangwe ba lemogile gore dimpa dikgolo tsa bone di gogela banna. Ba dumela fa basadi ba maloba ba ne ba khurumetsa matheka le dimpa ka ba ne ba sa itshepe. Re utlwa dinaletsana boMandy Manas, Kate Hudson, Khanyi Mthembu le Angelina Jolile (Sunday World, 22 October 2006: 3) ba bua gore : The old maternity dress was meant to hide pregnancy. Dintlha tse di re supetsa gore batsadi ba gompieno ga ba na lefoko le le gagametseng mo baneng ba motsi o. Fa re ela dilo tlhoko, mo ditsong tsa Aferika, ga go na gope fa go kileng ga tlhagisiwa kgotsa ga buiwa ka boimana. Se go tla twe ke botubi mo Setswaneng. Ka jalo basadi le makgarebe ba tshwanetse go tlotla mebele ya bona, ka go apara moaparo o o fitlhang dithwe tsa mmele., le tse di sa tsimpeng. 33 KGAOLO YA BONE: TSHEKATSHEKO YA MABOKO A GA MOTLHAKE 4.1. MATSENO Mo kgaolong e go tlilwe go sekasekwa maboko a mane a ga Motlhake e leng: 1. Noka ya lerato 2. A o a ntlogela 3. Goreng ke sa nyale 4. Lenyalo Go totilwe thata tatelano le kgolo (progression) e e tsepamisitseng dikgato tse di umakilweng mo kgaolong ya ntlha (1.2 tsebe 3) tse di reng: - Go ratana jaaka go itshupa mo lebokong: Noka ya lerato. - Kgano jaaka e itshupa mo lebokong: A o a ntlogela - Mabaka a bokgope mo go : Goreng ke sa nyale - Dintlha ka ga lenyalo mo lebokong: Lenyalo. Tshekatsheko e e tlile go lebelela leboko lengwe le lengwe go lebilwe diteng tsa lona, gore di amana jang le morero wa lorato, setso le phokelelo ya sešweng. Leboko la ntlha le le tlileng go sekasekwa ke : Noka ya lerato. 34 4.2. TSHOSOBANYO YA: NOKA YA LERATO Leboko le le bua ka ga lekau le le ratang lekgarebe ka lorato la o ka swa nka go ja. Lorato lwa bona, bogolosegolo ka fa letlhakoreng la lekau, e ne e le le le feletseng. Le ne le tlhoka go lekanngwa. Lekau le, le tsene pele ka tlhogo le sa ithuta lekgarebe sentle. Fa ba ntse ba ratana jalo, lekau le simolola go lemoga fa mosetsana yo a tshameka ka lona. O leka go gakolola lekgarebe gore ga a le pateletswa ke ope o mo itlhophetse e bile o mo rata thata. Lekgarebe ga le a ka la reetsa go inanatha ga lekau, mme ke fa lorato lwa bona lo fela. 4.2.1. TSHEKATSHEKO YA: NOKA YA LERATO Fela mo moleng wa ntlha wa leboko le, re bona jaaka mmoki a dirisa pheteletso go supa tsela e a ratang mokapelo wa gagwe ka teng. A re: Ya tlala noka ya ba ya tshologa, Bophadiphadi ba phašametsega Noka e e tletseng, ke lorato lo a ratang mokapelo wa gagwe ka lona. Lo no lo le lentsi mo e leng gore ga go ope yo o ka se lo boneng. Ga se lorato lwa tlwaelo, le “bophadiphadi”. Lo tsabakela dilo tse dintle fela mo e bileng lo ama batho ba bangwe ka le “phašametsega” gotlhe. Go phašametsega go supa gape gore lerato le le se nang bothibo, le le itaolang. 35 Jaaka re setse re tlhalositse mo kgaolong ya ntlha, mosimane kgotsa mosetsana o ne a sa ratane mo pepeneneng mo a tla bonwang ke batho botlhe, tota le bona baloi. Mosimane kgotsa batsadi fa ba ne ba na le kgatlhego mo mosetsaneng, ba ne ba tsibosa mosimane gore a latlhele matlho kwa kae. Fa a ratile fa ba mo kaelang, go ne go kopiwa malomego ya go batla sego sa metsi. Metlha le fa e ne e fetoga, mosimane o ne a sa ntse a ka bolelela malome gore o kgatlhilwe kae. Fa batho ba lemoga gore ba a ratana, bogadi bo bo bo setse bo dule. Ngaka ya lelapa e bidiwe le go tla go thaya letsatsi la lenyalo gore banyalani ba seka ba welwa ke bomadimabe. Fa re leba leboko le, temana ya bobedi e supa gape fa moratani yo, a ratana ka maatla le ka thata ya gagwe. O tshwerwe ke lerato le le tseneletseng la (agape), le mo tlhokisa go akanya. Loato lo lo mo tsene fa e bileng a tlholwa ke go dira tiro ya gagwe ya letsatsi. O loegile pelo. Fano go setse go itshupa gore o tlile go welwa ke mathata ka gonne ga go na le motsadi a le mongwe kgotsa malome yo a mo sebetseng. Bagolo fa ba ne ba lemoga boemo le maikutlo a a leng mo go ona, ba ne ba tlile go belaela fa mosetsana yo a sa tlhomama mme ka gongwe a mo tsheletse meratiso. Ka jalo, ba ne ba tla ya kwa ngakeng go tlhola fa mosetsana yo a siame kgotsa bagaabo ba sa loe. Ba ne ba tlhola gape fa e le mosado wa mmatota yo o ka se sieng fa mathata a tlhaga ka fa lapeng. Ka tota go itshupa fa lorato lo lo sa tsepama. Re lemoga gape ka mafoko a mmoki gore tota o itlhaganetse thata fa a re: Lethabo la etelela selelo. 36 E kete le ena o ne a le setsibosi se se reng “go itumela ga ngwana, go tla le go lela”. Go ne go le setsibosi se se reng, lorato lo, lo itlhaganeletswe thata. Ngwana yo o tshamekang thata, a tabogela kwa le kwa, o na le go lebala fa a ka wa a utlwa botlhoko. O fitlhela le fa a itumetse, batsadi ba ntse ba ema ka ditsetsekwane. Ka tota go ise go ya kae, o utlwe ‘nngwee’. Le ene mmoki tota, o ne a itshotse jaaka ngwana yo o sa reetseng fa a kgalwa. Mmoki fa, o tota a atlegile go gatelela maikutlo a boitaolo, a go rata go itirela a sa rerisa batsadi ka go dirisa thekeniki ya poeletso, ka go boeletsa lefoko “ikgethela” le “kgetha”. A re mosetsana o mo phuagantse fela kwa ntle ga lebaka mme a lebetse fa ena a “mo ikgethela” a re: Motho ke se na go mo ikgethela; Ka tota ka mo kgetha ka lorato”. A re ka lorato lo lo phepa fela. Mmoki ka tota o dira gore le rona re le babuisi, re seka ra mo utlwela botlhoko. Akanya ka noka e e neng “ ya tlala noka ya ba ya tshologa”. E ka thibiwa ke mang? Mmoki o a gakgamala fa mosetsana a mo tlogela. O lebetse fa a ne a mo kgorogela a mo tlhokisa go hema ka lorato lo lo “phašametsegang”. Mosetsana gongwe o ne a bona e le dilo tsa mantlwane fela ka gonne batsadi ba sa umakiwa ka gope. Lorato lwa mokapelo lo ne lo le lontsi thata mo le neng la hupetsa mosetsana mowa. 37 Le fa a leka go rapela mosetsana, ga se ka ga thusa sepe. Mo go mosetsana, dilo tsa nna tsa apara tshiamo ka a ne a sa bone phoso mo go se a neng a se dira ka a ne a se tlwaetse. Temana ya bofelo e supa bothata jo bo dirileng gore baratani ba kgaogane ka bonako. Go itshupa sentle, gore le fa mosetsana yo e ne e le montlenyane, o ne a na le mekgwa e e maswe. Diphiri tse a neng a sa di bona tse di maswe ka ga mosetsana yo, ke gona a di bonang. Fa batsadi ba ka bo ba ne ba begelwa fa a sena go kgatlhiwa, ba ka bo ba mo tsibositse ba batlisisa ka ga maitshwaro a balelapa le. Fa ba se na go kgotsofala kgotsa go na le sengwe se se ba fatlhang, ba ka bo ba ganne a tswelela pele ka go ratana le mosetsana yo. Go itshupa sentle gore mmoki o ne a itlhopetse mosadi yo o sa siamang. Ka jalo, go a itshupa gore malatsing a gompieno re laolwa ke pelo e ja serati, sebatlelwa ga e se rate. Bana ba gompieno ba ratana le basetsana kgotsa basimane ba ba sa itseng le kwa dikgogo tsaabo bona di lelelang teng. Malapa a mangwe ga a tsenwe, wa a tsena, o wela ka lengope. 4.3. TSHOSOBANYO YA: A O A NTLOGELA Mmoki o boela gape o ratana le mosetsana go twe Mpidi. Fa a rakana le Mpidi, e kete o fatlhilwe fela ke bontle jwa ga Mpidi a boela a se ke a ithuta mekgwa le maitseo a gagwe pele. Mmoki o bua ka fa a ithatetseng Mpidi ka pelo ya gagwe yotlhe. Go ise go ye kae go nna le kgotlhang fag are ga baratani mo e bileng lekgarebe le tlhapatsa lekau. Ke gone a bonang gore o ne a itlhaganela. A lemoga fa bontle jwa gagwe bo se ka fa teng bo le ka fa ntle fela. 38 4.3.1. TSHEKATSHEKO YA : A O A NTLOGELA? Mo maikaelelong a patlisiso e, re kaile fa re ile go supa tatelano le kgolo ya ditiragalo tsa lorato le lenyalo mo mabokong. Gape re leka go gatelela ntlha ya gore, fa o sa sale setso le ngwao ya gago morago, go le gantsi ga o robalelwe ke ditlhokwa. Mo lebokong la “ Noka ya lorato”, re bone jaaka go itlhaganela go ipala mabala a kgaka mo mosetsaneng go ne ga tlhola manyaapelo mo mosimaneng. Ka jalo, mo lebokong le, re rata go bona gore a naa mosimane yo o latlhile naa, kgotsa o santse a tla tswelela pele ka go ratana a sa rerisanya le batsadi, kgotsa o tla itirela boithatelo. Fa mmuisi a buisa leboko le, go lebega e kete o leka go salasala ena mokapelo yole wa ntlha morago. Fa go sa nna jalo, go raya gore o boeletsa phoso ya mothale ole gape fa a ratana le Mpidi. Mo temeng ya ntlha, re bona jaaka mmoki a dirisa mothofatso go buisana le botshelo. O botsa botshelo gore ke eng bo le setlhogo jaana mo bo mo kgaogantshang le motho yo o tsetsweng le ena gore a mo tlhanogele. Ka Setswana, o ne a sa tshwanela go botsa dipotso tse o ikarabang tsona. O ne a tshwanetse go ya kwa go malomaagwe kgotsa kwa batsading ba gagwe mme a ba bolelela ka ga sese mo diragaletseng. Gongwe ba ne ba tla bua fa a na le sefifi mme go batle gore a tlhapisiwe gore e re fa a ipala mabala a kgaka mo mosetsaneng, o tshegatshege fela. Mmoki mo temaneng ya bobedi o sa ntse a gatelela jaaka ena a ne a laolwa ke pelo ya gagwe go ratana le Mpidi. Fela re bona gape a wela mo mathateng a a tshwanang le a a leng mo lebokong la “ Noka ya lorato”. A re : 39 Mpidi, pelo ya me e mo ratile; Ya me pelo Mpidi a e gapile, Lwa me lorato lwa pelo lwa loa”. Go itshupa sentle go tswa mo nopolong e e fa godimo gore mmoki o ne gape a ratana ka lorato lwa (agape) le le dirang gore motho a tlhakane tlhogo, a laolwa ke maikutlo. Maikutlo a a lorato, a mo laola fa e keteng o jesitswe meratiso, ke sone se a reng: “ lorato lwa pelo lo a loa”. Ka jalo re le babuisi, re lemoga gape fa lorato lo, le lona le sena bothijo. Le a itaola e bile le tshameka ka maikutlo a gagwe. Mo temeng e ya bobedi, re bona gape ka fa mokwadi a atlegileng ka teng go dirisa thekeniki ya poeletso go gatelela fa a sa batlelwa mpidi ke batsadi ba gagwe. A re: Mpidi pelo ya me e mo ratile; Le pelo ya me e tuka molelo Ya me pelo Mpidi a e gapile. Poeletso ya “ pelo ya me “ e gatelela mafega le go itshepa ka pelo ya gagwe. E kete o supa fa go se ope yo o ka mo eletsang le fa a diira phoso ka go ratana le Mpidi ka ena a dira se se laolwang ke pelo ya gagwe. Ka tota mmoki o gatelela seane se se reng : Pelo e ja serati sebatlelwa ga e se je. 40 Mmoki ga a ne a itshema fa a ka se ke a nna le mathata fa a ratana le Mpidi ka e le mosetsana wa Motswana le ena. O akanya gore ditso di a tshwana, ga go kitla go nna le kgotlhang magareng ga gagwe le Mpidi. Se mmoki a se lebalang ke gore ga a rerisana le batsadi ka go ratana le Mpidi. Ga a itse fa kwa gaabo ba loa kgotsa ba le botswa, kgotsa ba na le malwetse a a tshelanwang. Dipatlisiso tsa dilo tsotlhe tse, di ka bo di dirilwe ke batsadi ba gagwe gore ba netefatse gore ga ba kitla ba lwa kgotsa ba sa dumele mo ditumelong tse di tshwanang le fa e le Batswana ka bobedi. Fela ntlha ya gore ke Motswana, ga e mo sireletse mo tumelong ya seane se se reng : “Bontlenyane bo seng nosi, bo sa loeng bo a rota.” Ka tota re bona jaaka Mpidi a fetoga a tseatseega ke dipuo tsa batho a dira boithatelo. Mmoki ena o dumela fa a farafarilwe ke baloi ba ba tsheletseng mere ya gore ba lwe le Mpidi ka ba ba fufegela. Ka Setswana mosadi o ne a laiwa gore fa batho ba bua ka ga mokapelo wa gagwe ba mmua bobe, o ne a sa tshwanela go ba reetsa bogolosetona fa e le mogatse. Ena o tshwanetse a bo a kile a inetefaletsa ka ga dilo tse ba buang ka tsona. E seng jalo, fa a reetsa batho kwa mebileng, go itshupa sentle gore o ikisitse bogadi, ga a kopiwa mme ga a ntshediwa bogadi, gape go itshupa fa a sa laiwa. Mmoki o atlegile ka go supa go tlhoka molao ga Mpidi ka go dirisa thekeniki ya poeletso, gape go supa maikutlo a a neng a se na taolo a lenyatso lwa ga Mpidi. A re: Mpidi a tsokotsega le ditsuatsue! Ditsuatsue tsa re susuanya susuesue! 41 Lefoko “tsokotsega” le supa motho yo o sa tshwaregeng yo o ikonopang, yo o tlhogo e thata, e bile a itirile phikoko. Go tsewa ke setsuatsue go supa fa a sa laolwe ke ope, le fa e ka nna mokapelo kgotsa monna wa gagwe, kgotsa batsadi ba gagwe. Ke letlakala fela le le bofefo le le isiwang kwa le kwa ke diphefo dingwe le dingwe tse di fokang. Tota re na le maitemogelo a se se diragalang fa ditsuatsue di foka. Fa di kukile sengwe, se tla se dikolosa gore se latlhegelwe ke tlhaloganyo mme se se latlhele kwa sone se ratang. Ga se rerisane le ope. Ka jalo re bona jaaka mmoki a supa go se laolege ga Mpidi ka go mmapisa le setsuatsue se se neng sa sugasuga lorato lwa mmoki mme sa ba sa tlhatlhamolola le sentlhagana sa bona. Jaaka re kaile fa godimo, ngwetsi e e duleng ka molao wa Setswana e ka se ke a dira dilo tse di neng di dirwa ke Mpidi. O ne a setse a lebetse gore ke mmalelapa. O dira dilo tsa bonyana o sasanka le ditsala tse di sa solofetswang sepe kgotsa tse di sa nyalwang. O ne ka tota e le setsuatsue a tsena a tswa ka nako e a e ratang a lebetse maikano a gagwe. Mpidi o ne a ithatela menate ya lefatshe mo e bileng a ne a sema mmoki lesilo tota ka a ne a sema mmoki lesilo tota ka a ne a mo “tshameka konkodi” metshamekwane ya basetsana. Fano re lemoga fa mmoki jaanong a sa tlhaloganye fa a sa robalelwe ke ditlhokwa mme a bona fa badimo bagaabo ba mo furaletse. A gone a ka rerisa le mang ka ga lenyalo la gagwe? Banyalani fa ba nyalana, go a tlhabisiwa ka letsatsi le magadi a feleletswang. Go dumelwa gore fa bakgwenyana ba tlhabisiwa, go tshololwa madi. E ne e le go kopanya badimo ba malapa a mabedi a, gore e nne selo se le sengwe. Ka jalo, fa mosadi a sa batliwa ka go latela setso, ga go gakgamatse go bona Mpidi a itshwere jaaka a dira. Mmoki o supa kutlobotlhoko e e feteletseng ka go dirisa thekeniki ya tlogelo, e e supang fa a sa lela dikeledi. “Keledi” e le nngwe fela o ne a leletse diphororo a tlhakantshitse le mamina a le “dikgapha”. Ga se ka gale o bona monna a rothisa keledi, fa a dira jalo o itse gore o utlwile botlhoko jo bo rothang madi mo pelong. 42 Ntlha e nngwe e e supang fa lenyalo le, kgotsa go ratana ga bakapelo ba, go ne go se fa molaong wa Setswana, re bona mo temaneng ya bofelo ya leboko le. Ka Setswana, malome fa a ne a ya go kopa sego sa metsi, o ne a sa tsamae le mongwe, o ne a kopa bangwe ba ditsala kgotsa maloko a mangwe a lelapa go mo felegetsa. Batho ba, ba bidiwa bommaditsela. Fa go nna le kgotlhang fa gare ga baratani, motho wa ntlha yo o bidiwang go tla go leka go rarabolola bothata jo, ke malome, kgotsa ngwetsi e ka begelammatsale ka a mo tsaya jaaka motsadi wa gagwe. Fa balelapa ba tlholwa, go ne go bidiwa bommaditsela go tla go leka go ba utlwisa le go rarabolola bothata jo baratani kgosa banyalani na nang le jona. Mo temaneng ya bofelo ya leboko le, re bona gape tsela e mmoki a latlhang setso ka teng. Go na le gore a ye go bolelela bomalome le batsadi, o bitsa “ditsala”. Ga a bitse bagolo ba ba nang le metse ba ba ka ba agisang ba mo tlhaba botlhale, ka ba na le maitemogelo. “makgarebe”. Ba itse eng ka ga lenyalo? Re bona a bitsa “makau” le Ga go gakgamatse fa re bona setsuatsue (Mpidi) a sa reetse ope. Ke bankane ba gagwe ba ba reetswang. Ke bona ka gale a yang le bona menateng. Ka a ne a setse a tlwaetse go itaola, re bona jaaka mosi o o tswag ka sekhurumelo o, e le go ntsha semelo sa gagwe sentle. Gongwe makau le makgarebe a a tlileng go leka go mo agisa, a itse diphiri tsa bona tsotlhe tse di maswe. Re ka a ruma ka gore, mmoki ke thuntsebe. Kana ga twe: “ Bodiba ba go ka ja ngwana wa ga mmaago, e re ka moso o tla ka bona, o bo sikologe.” Le fa seane se, se itlhalosa gore fa o kile wa bona mathata a a rileng lwa ntlha kgotsa o itse motho yo o kileng a nna le ona, ga o dire phoso ya go ithwadisa 43 mathata a a tshwanang le ona. E bile fa o kile wa tlhadiwa, o leka thata go ikilela mo basetsaneng ba ba sa godiwang sentle. 4.4. TSHOSOBANYO YA : GORENG KE SA NYALE? Fano mmoki o bua ka tsela e basetsana ba gompieno ba sa rutwang molao ka gone ke bomme ba bona mo e leng gore le bona e le makau, ba ithuta go tshela jaaka manweenwee. Fa motho wa gone a re o ntsha bogadi, go namelwa thaba go batlwe madi a mantsi. Fa a itlhagela kwa a itlhagelang gone, o botswa dipotso di gana go fela. O bone e kete le kgomo ga e ke e disiwa jaaka ena a disiwa. Fa a re o a bua, o a tlhapaolwa. Ditsala fa di re di a eletsa, di pegwa molato. Basetsana ba teng go setse fela fa ba ka ntshetsa banna magadi. 4.4.1. TSHEKATSHEKO YA : GORENG KE SA NYALE? Mo lebokong la ‘A o a ntlogela’ re bona jaaka go itirela boithatelo, le go itlhaganela go ratana le go nyala go ne go tlhola matlhotlhapelo. Ka jalo mo lebokong le, “Goreng ke sa nyale,” re rata go bona gore naa mosimane ga a nyale ka ntlha ya mabaka a go itaola, kgotsa go ipagololela mogodu, ka a sa rerisana le batsadi le bommaditsela ka gonne a latlhile setso. Mo temaneng ya ntlha re utlwa jaaka mmoki a tlhalosa ka botshelo jo a bo tshelang, a re: 44 Botshelo re tshela ba ditsotsi, Matlho a mendwa, re ikidibatse. Mmoki re bona a dirisa puo ya setsotsi go bontsha tota gore botshelo ga bo monate e bile ga se ba setho. Ga bo na setso le ngwao. Ka puo e ya e ya setsotsi, go supa go itaola le go buswa ke melao ya sekgoweng. Mongwe le mongwe fano ke kgosi, o a ipusa. Le puo ga e na mong, ke ya dinokwane. Botsotsi kana maikaelelo a bona ke go tlhokofatsa batho. Ke batho ba ba rumolanang. Mmoki o dirisa lefoko go “mendwa” go kaya gore fa motho a batla go rumolana o tla bo a menolaka matlho, a itira yo o idibetseng mme go sa nna jalo. Kana tota motho yo o idibetseng o tshwanetse go thusiwa, fela yo, o ikidibatsa gore a tle a tshware motho poo bonolo. Ka jalo baratani kgotsa banyalani fa botshelo bo fetoga jaana ga ba kgone go itshoka ka gonne ba sa laiwa ke bagolo gore botshelo bo a itshokelwa. Re utlwa mmoki a gatelela ntlha e fa a re: Tshwene tshimong e ntshiwa ke senya. Mo temeng ya bobedi mokwadi o re bolelela ka se se ntshang tshwene m tshimong – ke gore se se kobang motho le go fetola dikgolagano tsa lenyalo fa a re: Mosadi wa diketekete, sephaphathela Morwalela, ga o tshetse! 45 Go ya ka melao le mekgwa ya Setswana, mosimane le mosetsana ga ba tshwanela go ipatlela balekane. Go tshwanetse ga ntshiwa barongwa, bommaditsela go ya go batla sego sa metsi. Go ntshiwa bogadi jwa dikgomo di le pedi go ya ka ditumelano tsa malapa a mabedi. Mosadi o ne a sa ntshetswe bogadi jo bo kwa godimodimo, mme go dumelwa gore mosadi ga a rekisiwe, mme lenyalo ke go bofaganya malapa a mabedi a. Mmoki o bua gore mosadi wa ‘diketekete’ le ‘sephaphathela’. O dirisa thekeniki ya tshwantshanyo. Sephaphathela ke pula ya tshoganyetso, e metsi a yona a iphetelang fela a sa kolobetse lefatshe. Ka jalo, mmoki ga a nyale ka ntlha ya fa basetsana ba gompieno ba se na mosola, mme ba nyala ba bo ba tlhanama le fa ba dueletswe magadi a a kwa mankalankaleng. Gape o tshwantsha mmoki a dirisa leadingwa “dithemporari”, le ba gopotsa ka basimane ba ba tsayang makgarebe mme ba nna le bone kwa ntle ga tetla ya batsadi. Ga se manyalo a mmatota ka batsadi ba sa rerisiwa e bile ka SeAforikanse go twe ke “ Vat en sit”. Se se kaya fa o itseela o “gogola” mongwe le mongwe mo mmileng o bo o re ke molekane. Mo temaneng ya boraro mmoki o tswelela ka go gatelela mathata a a tlholwang ke bogadi bo bo kwa mankalenkaleng. A re fa motho a nyala mosetsana wa mofuta o, motho a bo a latlhile kgololosego, motho o tlhoka boitumelo mme a tsena mo pogisegong. Gongwe le fa a ya ntlwanaboithusetsong, o tshwanetse go bega. Ke ka jaaka fa mmoki a bua a re: Mo tsee o latlhe kgololosego, Monna o sitwe ke go seema; Kgomo o disitswe motlhana! 46 Gape mo temaneng e, go supa gore mmoki o lapisitswe ke go tlhola a disitswe e kete ke kgomo. Ka tota go ntse jalo, basadi bangwe ga ba batle monna a tswa ka kgoro gongwe a ya go iphokisa phefo, fa a boa o feta a di arabela. Basadi ba, ba lebala gore Batswana ba re : “Monna ke selepe o a adimisanwa”. Mo temaneng e ya bone, mmoki o gatelela ntlha e e tlhagisitsweng mo temeng ya boraro ya gore basadi ga ba phedisi banna sentle. Ke gore malapa phelela mo dintweng, dikomanong le ditlhapa. Se se supa tota gore basetsana le basimane ba gompieno ga ba a laiwa, mme ba tletse boitaolo le boithatelo. Fa ba ka bo ba lailwe, e bile ba rupisitswe, ba ne ba tla itse gore “monna ga a botswe kwa a tswang, e bile monna ga a ediwe.” Go a itshupa gore gongwe fa mmoki a re: Phokophoko ya tshololelwa molora, Motho a balakanya motho dithwe. Ka jalo mokwadi ga a nyale, o tshaba matlhapa le dintwa tse di bakiwang ke basadi ba ba sa laiwang. Mmoki o tlhalosa gore fa motho a tlelwa ke mathata, o “gata kusene” ke gore o a itsamaela kgotsa o a kobiwa ka gonne mosadi a itirile poo ka fa lapeng mme go itsiwe gore lesaka”. “Dipoo ga di ke di tlhakanela Gape fa baratani ba ba na le kgotlhang, ga go ope yo o ka ba lamolang, mme fa motho a ka di tsena o a bo a itsentse madi a kgofa. Jaaka fa mmoki a bua a re: Ka gata kusene ka tlhabela pele 47 Felo e se bonno, boetelo Batho ba neeletsana ka matlhapa Ditsalapa maragana teng. Lesang go itshela ka madi a kgofa. Jaaka go tlhalositswe mo lebokong “A o a ntlogela”, go bontsha gore gongwe mosetsana o tswa mo lelapeng le le sa thaegang, la modumo le dintwa, ke ka moo a tlhapaolang monna. Go itshupa ka tota gore mmoki o tlhokile dikgakololo tsa bomalomaagwe le batsadi ba gagwe, ka gonne fa a ka bo a rerisane le bona a kabo a sa tsena mo mathateng, ba ka bo ba itsitse pele maitsholo le makoa lelapa la gaabo mosetsana. Ka jalo fa mathata a tlela motho o nagana go a tlogela mme a itsamaele, ka ntlha ya fa a se na yo a ka mmolelelang mathata a gagwe. Gape go gata kusene go kaya gore motho o itaotse ke ka moo a kopaneng le mathata. Go na le tumelo ya gore “Lebitla la mosadi ke bogadi”. Seane se ga se laye basadi fela, se laya le banna go ba rotloetsa go kgotlelela manyalo a bona ka ba ikanne fa pele ga batho le Modimo. Mmoki o bua mo temaneng ya borataro gore fa dilo di tlogelwa go se na kgalemo, setso se gatakiwa ka maoto go a senyega, mme batho ba lebala seane se se reng “Lore lo ojwa lo sa le metsi.” Ke gore ngwana o rutiwa molao a sa ntse a le monnye ka gonne fa a godile o ka se tlhole o mo kgona. Ke ka moo mokwadi a bonang gore a se ka a nyala. Gape a re: Mmangwana o re fagisa dibese, Re sugetse kobo le leswe. 48 Mmoki o pege bommaagongwana molato, ka go tlogela barwadi ba bona ba sa ba kgalema, mme ba mpampetsa, ba ikgatholosa go ruta bana ba bona molao wa Setswana. Ka Setswana ngwana wa mosetsana o tshwanetse go rutiwa ditiro tsa lelapa, tirisano mmogo le monna wa gagwe, boitshwaro jo bontle mo monneng le maitseo. Ke ka moo mmangwana a bonwang molato, ka go dirisa mosetsana diphoso. Mokwadi a re le fa go ntse jalo, tsotlhe di sugetswe le leswe mme dilo tsa gola mmogo. Kwa bofelong go a itshupa gore malapa a mantsi a a kgaogana, batho ba a tlhalana, mme lelapa gantsi le sale le mme fela le bana, kgotsa rre fela ka bana. Go le gantsi malapa a mofuta o, a tletse boitaolo, go tshamekelwa mo go ona. Jaaka fa mosadi a ka tla le monna yo mongwe mo lapeng kgotsa monna a tlisa mosadi yo mongwe, bana ba a etsaetsega, mme go nne dikgaogano ka ntlha ya fa mosadi kgotsa bana ba sa amogelane. Mmoki o bua a re: Motse o tlhoka borre o a falala Lapeng go tshamekelwa konkodi. Kwa bofelong, bommatsale le bona ba tshwaragane le bothata ka ntlha ya barwa ba ba sa utlweng. Mmoki a re ba tlola ka dijokwe, ga ba kgalemelege. Gape mmoki o ngongorega ka maitsholo a betsi kgotsa barweetsana gore ke bona ba gompieno ba nyalang banna e bile ba ba ntshetsa bogadi. Gape mmoki o ngongoregela boitaolo jwa barweetsana le barwa a re ba a tlalatlala, ba fofa ka dijokwe. O ba tshwantsha le dikgomo tsa mothapiswane. Ga ba tshwenyegele magadi a a kwa godimo a ba a ntsheditsweng kgotsa a ba a 49 ntshitseng. Mongwe le mongwe o kgaogana le batsadi mme a ngaparele lekau kgotsa lekgarebe kwa ntle ga tumelelano. Ke nnete basadi ba gompieno ba thusa banna go ba ntshetsa bogadi. Se se dirwa ke gore basadi ba kajeno ba amogela madi a mantsi a ka dinako dingwe ba fetang banna ka mogolo, mme ba iphitlhela ba le mo mathateng a a go sa nyalwe. Ka jalo ba bona go le botoka go thusa banna fela gore ba tle ba fetole difane. E kete mmoki ke gone a lemogileng diphoso tsa gagwe kgotsa tsa banyalani le baratani. Re utlwa a bua a re: E re lo tlhopha lo tlhokomele. Mmoki o lebega a laya basimane le basetsana gore e re fa motho a ikaelela go nyala, o tshwanetse go tlhokomela e se re gongwe a wela jaaka ene a kile a wela. Mmoki o gakolola basetsana le basimane gore “bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana’mmaago e re o feta ka bona o bo sikologe.” O lemosa babuisi gore fa tshimo e jetswe mabele gantsi a mela le mofero. Ka tota go ntse jalo, malapa a a siameng a kopana le a a sa siamang, jaaka digole, batho ba ba sa itekanelang le balwetse ba phela mmogo. Mmoki o bua a re: Maiye a farafere mabele Ntšhwe e tlile go gaka segolo. 50 Fa, mmoki o tshwantsha motho le mabele a a farafarilweng ke maiye. Maiye ke dikhukhwanyana tse di farafarang mabele le ntšhwe, mme di koafatse botshelo jwa dimela tse. Ka jalo, go botlhokwa go reetsa dikgakololo tsa bagolo. 4.5. TSHOSOBANYO YA: LENYALO E kete mo lebokong le , mmoki o tlhalosa bontle le tshiamo ya go nyala ka tsela le molao o o tlhomameng. O bontsha boitumelo jo bo nnang teng fa magadi a tshwanetse a ntshiwe, bogolosegolo jang fa a ntshiwa ka dikgomo tse di tshelang. O tlhagisa tlhanaselo le boitumelo jo bo nnang teng mo motseng le mo malapeng a go ntshiwang bogadi mo go ona. 4.5.1. TSHEKATSHEKO YA : LENYALO Go tswa mo tshekatshekong ya maboko a a fa godimo, go itshupile fa mmoki a nnile le maitemogelo a go itaola le go ikgatholosa setso seno se mmaketse manyaapelo mo leratong le mo lenyalong. Mo lebokong le, “Lenyalo”, re utlwa mmoki a bua ka mokgwa o lenyalo le tshwanetseng go nna ka teng. O inyalana le ditlhaloso tsa lenyalo tse di umakilweng mo kgaolong ya ntlha, tse di reng, lenyalo ke kgolagano ya batho ba le babedi ga mmogo le ba masika oomabedi. Ka tota go tshwanetse ga nna jalo, go nna le maikutlo a a tsepameng le botshepegi mo leratong. Fa motho a nyalwa go ntshiwa kgomo ya bogadi, mme ba felegediwe ka boitumelo bo bo bontshiwang ka dipina, meduduetso, majalwa le dijo. Mmoki o tlhalosa 51 boitumelo le ipaakanyetso ya lenyalo mo temaneng ya bobedi fa a re, go nna le dikgaisano. A re basimane ba “peela”, a raya gore ba ntshitse ga tshwene ka go bina. Mmoki a re makgarebe one a thukhuthela, ba dira ka natal, jaaka fa go kgapiwa le go ya go ga metsi. Go bontsha mmoki a ithutile botlhokwa jwa go sala setso morago, se a se tlhokileng go se lemoga pele, ka a ne a “ikgethela” molekane, a ipatlela, jaaka re utlwile mo lebokong, ‘Noka ya lerato’, mme morago moratiwa yo, a mo tlhompholola ka go mo phuaganya. Go bontsha e le ruri gore mmoki o itemogetse bontle jwa lenyalo la setso. Re mo utlwa a tlhalosa a tlhalosa mokgwa o dikgomo tsa bogadi di tshwanetseng go tsholwa ka teng. O bua a re: Basimane ke bale ba di potapota, Thamaga tsa sope le butswang; Mosadimogolo a di fatlha ka khiba Go ithuta badisa metilo. Mmoki a re basimane bona ka letsatsi leo, ba gapa dikgomo tsa magadi tse di gapelwang kwa bogwe, mme basadi ba duduetsa, ba bina fa pele ga dikgomo tse, ke sone se go tweng ba fatlha dikgomo tse ka dikhiba. ka dikhiba. Go dira jaana ke go supa boitumelo jwa lenyalo le le tsamaileng go ya ka ngwao le setso sa Setswana. Badisa le bona ba tshwere ka thata go netefatsa gore ba gorosa dikgomo tse tsa magadi tsotlhe di feleletse. Ka nako nngwe dikgomo tse di ka tshaba ka ntlha ya modumo kgotsa ka ntlha ya go tshaba basadi di sa ba itse. Kana Setswana sa re mosadi ga a ke a tsena mo lesakeng, gongwe e 52 le ka ntlha ya gore o na le sefifi ka ntlha ya fa gongwe a tlhokafaletswe ke monna kgotsa a ile kgweding. Go le gantsi, kgolagano ya lenyalo e a tle e fetoge, e le ka mabaka a a rileng. Mongwe wa baratani a ka tswa a fetolwa ke go sotliwa, dintwa, dikomano, bomatlhomantsi kgotsa boloi. Gantsi fa mathata a a ntseng jaana a fitlha, motho o a bo a setse a itlamile, a sa ipaakanya, kgotsa a sa akanya sentle, ka o a bo a sirilwe ke ditiro tsaabo e-ja-serati. Re utlwa mmoki a tlhalosa lerato a re ke selo se se senang matlho, mo temaneng ya bone fa a re: Lerato selo, ga le na matlho Ntsi ya lefela, le a tlalatlala; Le tle le tlame motho le mmabudu… A fetse a nole dikgatlhamping, Dithotela tsa metsi a dipata Tiro tsa bo-e- ja-serati. Mo temaneng e, mmoki o tlhalosa fa lerato (agape) e le selo fela se se sa boneng. O le tshwantsha l ntsi ya lefetla e e kotamang gongwe le gongwe, e sa tlhaole. Jaaka ntsi, motho o itatlhela fela mo go lone a sa ikakanya mme a iphitlhela a itlamile le letlakala la motho. Fa go nna le diphoso mo loratong motho ga a bone ka gonne o a bo a itatlhetse fela ka a gabile lenyalo. Fela ga se Setswana gore motho a itatlhele fela mo mothong o sa itse mekgwa ya gagwe. O fitlhela motho a ipofile ka dikgole tsa lenyalo, batsadi ba sa itse, fa 53 mathata a mo tlela, ga a itse gore a lebe kwa kae. O nna jalo a tlhabiwa ke mmitlwa mme mathata a tshwane le makhubu a lewatle a mo kgame. Mo temaneng ya borataro, mmoki o bua gore lenyalo la maloba le ne le tlhomame, e bile go se na basenyeletsi. Tota go ntse jalo, ka gonne lenyalo le ne le reriwa pele ke batsadi ba baratani. Le ne le se na basenyeletsi ka ntlha ya fa le ne le sa rewe ke ditsala. Gompieno e kete le banna fa ba nyala, ba ya ditlhola fela, ga ba na bonnete jwa gore lenyalo le tla nna la leruri. Ka jalo lenyalo la bogologolo le ne le sa thubege bonolo. Gape lenyalo le ne le sa fele, ka gonne batho ba ne ba ratana, mme fa go le ntwa kgotsa dikgogakgogano, lerato le ne le di fekeetsa, le bagolo ba ne ba leka ka bojotlhe gore banyalani ba age motse mme go nne boitumelo gape. Kwa bofelong re santse re utlwa ka boitaolo jo mmoki a bo umakileng mo lebokong, “Goreng ke sa nyale” fa go ntshiwa bogadi jwa diketekete. Mokwadi a re: Dikgomo di tswa go jewa mhago Mmoki o supa fa batho ba gompieno ba bitsa bogadi jo bo kwa godimo, ka ntlha ya fa ba batla go iphidisa le go namola leuba, kgotsa go koba tlala. Ka jalo basadi kgotsa betsi ga ba tshwarelele kwa bogadi ka ntlha ya bomatlhomantsi. Mokwadi a re ke dirurubele di nna di gadimile kwa morago. Basimane le basetsana ga ba tlhophe balekane ka tshwanelo, mme ba lebala madi a mantsintsi a ba a ntshitseng a magadi. Ka tota batho ba ipakela mathata ka ntlha ya ‘pelo e ja serati’. Fa batho ba kabo ba sa itaole, ba sa itirele boithatelo, batsadi ba kabo ba rarabolotse mathata a ise a etegele. Motho a tsene mo 54 lenyalong a gadimile kwa morago, mme a fetoge nkgate-ke-tlhaname. Motho o simolola go ngongorega, a lebetse fa a rile, o ikgethe, le gore , “Pelo e ja serati sebatlelwa ga e se je.” Gantsi baratani le banyalani ba gompieno ba senyeletswa ke go nwa bojalwa mo go feteletseng, go tsaya dikgakololo tsa ditsala, dintwa le ditlhapa. Mmoki a re tsotlhe tse di tliswa ke tlhabologo. Fela kwa bokhutlong, mmoki o ne a ithutile gore mosadi o a batlwa – o tshwanetse go roma bomalome le borakgadi mme a robalelwe ke ditlhokwa. 55 KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO : BOKHUTLO 5.1. MATSENO Kgaolo ya bone e lebeletse dikgaolo tsotlhe tse tharo tsa tlhotlhomisi e. Maikaelelo a yona ke go tlhagisa le go tlhatlhoba dintlha tsotlhe tse di botlhokwa tsa kgaolo nngwe le nngwe. 5.2. KGAOLO YA NTLHA Kgaolo e ya ntlha e re tlhagiseditse tshedimosetso ka ga lorato le lenyalo. Go tlhalositswe fa lenyalo le ne le tlhalosiwa le go sekasekiwa go lebeletswe bontle le dikgatlhegelo tsa lona mo mabokong a Setswana. Go tlhalositswe fa kamano ya ditso tsa Bophirima di nnile le seabe se segolo mo manyalong a Batswana mono Aferika Borwa, mme Batswana le merafe e mengwe ya BathoBantsho ba inyalana le: ‘Pelo e ja serati, sebatlelwa ga e se je.’ Mo maikaelelong go boletswe gore go tla sekasekiwa le go tlhatlhojwa ga mathata, kutlootlhoko le thubego ya manyalo, go lebeletswe maboko a ga Motlhake go ya ka thulagano le tatelano ya ona. Mo tlhalosong ya dikwalo go tlhalositswe bokao jwa lerato go ya ka mefuta ya ona, le seabe sa batiori, De Bryun, Motsilenyane, Hornby, Hammerton le ba bangwe mo go tlhaloseng lereo, lerato. 56 Go ne gape ga lebelelwa le go ama mefuta e e farologaneng ya manyalo. Go tswelela pele, go tlhomamisitswe mokgwa wa tshekatsheko o o maleba le tlhotlhomisi e e leng Molebopopego (Formalist), mme go lemogilwe fa batshegetsi ba mokgwa o ba ikaegile ka Bokwalegi (Literariness) jwa sekwalwa. 5.3. KGAOLO YA BOBEDI Fano go ne ga tlhalosiwa bokao jwa lereo ‘poko’ mme go lebeletswe le diteng tsa mefuta e meraro ya maboko e leng: Poko ya segologolo, ya segompieno le poko ya magareng. Go lebeletswe fa baboki ba bogologolo ba ne ba sa kwale maboko a bona, fela ba ne ba sa lebale se ba neng ba se boka kwa tshimologong. Go umakilwe batiori ba ba farologaneng go tlhalosa diponagalo tsa mefuta e ya maboko. 5.4. KGAOLO YA BORARO Go ne gape go tlhatlhojwa le go sekaseka ditiori tse dilatelang tsa setso, Patlo ya mosadi le Lenyalo. Go tlhalositswe fa morafe mongwe le mongwe o na le setso sa ona mabapi le lenyalo, mme setso sa fetoga ka ntlha ya tlhabologo ya Bokeresete le Ditso tsa Bophirima. 57 Fa go sekasekiwa Patlo ya mosadi, go etswe tlhoko mekgwa le melao ya Setswana mme ga tlhalosiwa: - Thupiso - Go isa marago kgosing. Go tsweleditswe ka tlhaloso ya lenyalo le ditlhokego tsa lona. Go bonwe fa lenyalo e le kagisano le kopano ya baratani mmogo le balosika ba malapa a banyalani. Go bontshitswe fa lenyalo le etelelwa pele ke bogadi. Go lemogiwa fa bogadi jwa bogologolo bo ne bo sa wetse dingalo jaaka jwa gompieno. Go ya pele, go bontshitswe ka mo o manyalo a gompieno a sa tsepamang ka teng. 5.5. KGAOLO YA BONE Mo kgaolong e, go sekasekilwe diteng mo mabokong a le mane a a tswang mo dingataneng tse pedi tsa ga Motlhake e leng: - Maboko a Setswana (1969) - Kgola ya Borwa (1987) Mo mabokong a go totilwe thata tatelano le kgolo (Progression) e e tsepamisitseng dikgato tse di umakilweng mo kgaolong ya ntlha e leng: 58 - Go ratana - Kgano - Mabaka a bokgope - Dintlha ka ga lenyalo Mo kgaolong e, go sekasekilwe diteng tsa maboko a a umakilweng mo kgaolong ya ntlha e leng: - Noka ya lerato - A o a ntlogela - Goreng ke sa nyale - Lenyalo Mo go ona maboko a go ne ga lejwa diteng tsa leboko lengwe le lengwe le gore le amana jang le morero wa lerato, setso le phokelelo ya sešweng. Go bontshitswe mo lebokong la ntlha- Noka ya lerato, mmoki a nnile le mathata a go itlhaganelela lerato ka pelo le mowa otlhe, a isse a ithulaganye, mme lerato le, le nttshwantshiwa le mofuta wa lerato le e leng: Lorato lo lo tseneletseng (agape). Go lemogilwe fa lerato le le sa ipaakanyetswang le tlhola mathata mme go nne le dithulano le dikgotlhang mo lenyalong. 59 Mo lebokong le “A o a ntlogela”, go lemogilwe fa mmoki a tsene mo mathateng ka ntlha ya go rata ka pelo le mowa mo e rileng kwa bofelong moratiwa a mo latlhaganya. Go lemogilwe gore mmoki o ipolaile ka go sala morago: Pelo e ja serati, mme a lebala setso, fa se re: Mosadi ga a atliwe mo malapeng a a senang maitseo, a boloi, le malwetse a a tshelanwang. Fa go ne go tlhatlhobiwa leboko la boraro “Goreng ke sa nyale”, go lemogilwe gore Motlhake o bolailwe ke go ipatlela molekane, a ganana le mekgwa le melao ya Setswana e e reng ngwana wa mosimane o batlelwa ke batsadi mosadi fa a setse a godile, fela jalo le ngwana wa mosetsana, ka ntlha ya fa batsadi ba na le maitemogelo e bile ba rata bana ba bona, ba ka se ba latlhe. Go lemogilwe fa mmoki a nnile le mathata a botshelo jwa gompieno jwa batho ba ba itaolang mme ba phela bophelo jwa makeišene. Go supilwe fa Setswana se ganana le mokgwa o wa botshelo mme se re: monna ga a ediwe, e bile ga a botswe kwa a tswang teng.. Mo lebokong le, go tsweletswe ka go tlhotlhomisa puo le setaele se mmoki a se dirisitseng go gatelela le go tlaleletsa boitaolo le mathata a baswa ba iphitlhelang mo go ona mo manyalong. Go lemogilwe fa mmoki a dirisitse puo e e supang Phokelelo ya Ditso ka go dirisa Maadingwa jaaka: - Matlho go mendwa - Lenyalo la dithemporari - Go gata kusene 60 Mo tshosobanyong ya leboko “Lenyalo”, go tlhalositswe ka kgolagano ya banyalani le masika oomabedi. Go tlhalositswe gore fa go se na botshepegi mo lenyalong, lenyalo le a fetoga mme le thubege. Gape go tlhalositswe fa batho ba gompieno e le bone ba ipakelang mathata mo lenyalong ka ntlha ya gore ba latlhile setso sa bona se se reng mosimane o batlelwa ke batsadi mosadi, mme bona ba ganana le sona, ba re pelo e ja serati. Go supilwe fa kwa bofelong , mmoki a dumelanang le mekgwa le melao ya Setswana ya go batlelwa molekane. O supile gape fa lenyalo le le tsamayang ka molao, le segofaditswe. 61 METSWEDI A. DIKWALWA TSE DI SEKASEKILWENG. 1. Magoleng B.D. LE Motlhake, S.F. 1969. Maboko a Setswana : J.L Van Schaik Ltd. Pretoria. 2. Magoleng, B.D. le Motlhake, S.F. 1987. Kgola ya Borwa. J.L. Van Schaik. Ltd. 1064 Acadia Street Hatfield. Pretoria. B. METSWEDI YA TSHEKATSHEKO 1. Beibele, 1971: Mokgatlho wa Beibele wa Aferika Borwa. 2nd Impression. Cape town. 2. Cardo, 1980 (quoted from : Ramagoshi R.M. 2005) : The influence of Afrikaans on Setswana Poetry. Karthala: Paris Editions. 3. Cope, T. 1968. Izibongo: Zulu Praise Poems. Oxford. Claredon Press 4. De Bryun, P.J. 1993: The Ten Commandments. Midrand:.Varia Publishers. 5. Hammerton, Sir John. The New Universal Encyclopaedia. Volume Ten. The Caxton Publishing Company Limited. London: Toronto-Wellington. 6. Harman, F.J.N. 1980. 1st Edition. Pula Tswana Grammar. Groenkloof: F.J.N. Harman Publishers. 62 7. Hornby, A.S. 1989: Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. London: University Press. 8. Kalule, Sabiti. 1992: Marriages and family life in South Africa. Research Priorities. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. 1987. 9. Kottak, C.P le McGraw-Hill. 1994. Anthology-The Explanation of Human Diversity. Sixth Edition. New York: Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Public Data. 10. Lesele, F.N. 1989: Tsaya o ithute. Johannesburg: Educum. 11. Malimabe, R.M. 1993: Self-Help Study Guide. Setswana Std 10. Pretoria: Bard Publishers. 12. Mogapi, K. 1985: Ngwao ya Setswana. Gaborone: Gaborone Printing Works (Pty) Ltd. Gaborone. 13. Mogapi, K. 1987: Poko ya Segarona. Gaborone: Gaborone Printed by Craft Press. Babelegi. 14. Moloto, E.S. 1970: The Growth and Tendencies of Tswana Poetry. Pretoria: University of South Africa.. 15. Motsilenyane, V.K. 1992: Lorato jaaka Tlhotlheletso mo diterameng tsa ga J.M. Ntsime tsa go fitlha 1990. Dissertation. B.A (Hons). Potchefstroom: Potchefstroom University. 16. Mulaudzi, P.A et al. 1982. Modern Poetry. Only Study Guide for Poetry. Department of African Languages. Pretoria: University of South Africa.. 17. Ntsime, J.M.1989: Pelo e ja serati. 4th Impression. Cape Town: Via Afrika Publishers. 18. Raditladi, L.D. 1984: Sefalana sa Menate. 2nd Impression. King Williams Town: Educum Publishers. 63 19. Ramagoshi, R.M. 2005: The Influence of Afrikaans on Tswana Poetry. Department of African Languages. Pretora: University of Pretoria. 20. Ramagoshi, R.M. 2005: AFT 151. Ubuntu/Botho. Pretoria. Content Solution. 21. Rosenheim, E.W.J. 1969: On differences and similarities between drama and other genres-poetry (Lyric-praise poems) 7th Impression. 22. Schapera, I. 1965: Praise poems of Tswana Chiefs. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. 23. Schapera, I. 1948. Mekgwa le Melao ya Batswana. Cambridge: Lovedale Press. 24. Seboni, M.O.M et al:1978. Boka Sentle. Fifth Impression Bloemfonttein: Via Afrika Limited. 25. Setshedi, J.E et al. 1988. Setswana Terminology and Orthography No 4. Department of Education and Training. Pretoria .Government Printers.. 26. Sunday World, 22 October 2006. (There;s no more hiding it, the bulge is the new hot property. 27. Swanepoel, C.F. 1990. African Literature Approaches and Application. Pretoria. De Jager-Haum. 28. UNESCO, 1982. World Conference on Cultural Policies. Final Report. Mexico City. 29. Van Vuuren, Chris J de Jongh, Michael 1999. Rituals of manhood in South Africa Journal of Ethnology. 1999. Vol 22 Issue 4, p142,15p. 4bw. 64 SUMMARY This mini-dissertatationis aimed at critically analysing the importance of Setswana culture in relation to problems experienced today due to adaptation to Western culture. The mini-dissertation is discussed within the framework of the formalist approach. The proponents of this theory focus on treating literature as a special use of language that achieves its distinctiveness by deviating from distorting practical language. The concept of western culture and its influences on Setswana culture pertaining to love and marriage is strongly emphasised because it is the crux of this research study. Concepts such as acculturation, culture and influence as well as types of poems, also receive attention. Throughout the centuries, in Setswana poetry, love and marriage have been defined, analysed and portrayed in a positive manner. While in Western literature, the positive and the negaive sides of love and marriage have been dealt with interchangeably on an ongoing basis. It is in this context that this research attempts to show how authors like Motlhake broke the cultural taboos, and wrote about the pains, miseries,disappointsments and conflict in love and marriage in particular. The investigation critically analyses the impact Western civilization has on the characters portrayed in motlhake’s poems which dwell much on the sorrows, bitterness and eventually divorce that are caused by marriage as portrayed in four of his poems. The content of these poems are analysed in the following chronological order that shows progression of: 1. Falling in love as portrayed in the poem : Noka ya lerato. 2. Rejection asportrayed in the poem: A o a ntlogela. 3. Reasons for celibacy: Goreng ke sanyale? 65 4. Aspects of marriage in the poem:Lenyalo. The discussion of the style of the poems deals with the mood and intention of the poet. In this discussion, diction as style markers and stylistic techniques, are examined. It is clear that the poet Motlhake has used quiet a number of techniques, the most frequently used being repetition, elision, opposition, rhythm, figures of speech and imagery. These techniques have been used to highlight the bitterness, the anger as well as the themes of the poems which are: frustration in love and marriage and to go back to cultural practices in Setswana to avoid divorce. Key Concepts 1. Love 2. Marriage 3. Culture 4. Acculturation 5. Theme 6. Technique 7. Modern poetry 8. Traditional poetry 9. Contemporary poetry. 66 OPSOMMING Die doel van hierdie miniverhandeling die kritise van die belangrikheid van Setswana kultuur met betrekking tot probleme wat vandag ondervind word as gevolg van aanpassing by die westerse kultuur. Die formele benadering word gevolg wat die skrywe van die miniverhandeling betref – die implikasie daarvan is dat daar gefokus word op die benadering van literatuur as die soesiale gebruik van taal wat sy uniekheid deua af te wyk van die verdraaiing van praktiese taalgebruik. Die konsep van westerse kultuur en die invloede daarvan op Setswana kultuur betreffende liefde en die huwelik word sterk beklemtoon omdat dit die kern van hierdie navorsingstudie vorm. Konsepte soos akkulturasie, kultuur en invloed sowel as tipes gedigte verkry ook aandag. Liefde en die huwelik in Tswana Poesie is oor die dekades op ‘n positiewe wyse gedefinieer, ge-analiseer en uitgebeeld. In die weterse letterkunde, aan die ander kant, is positiewe en nagtiewe kante van liefde en die huwelik ‘interchangeably’ en op deurgaande basis besprreek. Dit is binne hierdie konteks wat hierdie navorsing poog om te bewys hoe outeurs soos Motlhake kulturele taboes gebreek het, en geskryf het oor die pyn, teleurstellings en konflik wat ondervind word in sspesifik liefde en die huwelik. Hierdie ondersoek is ‘n kritiese analise van die impak wat die Westerse beskawing het op die seer , bitterheid en uiteidelik egskeiding soos verwoord in sy gedigte. Die inhoud van hierdie gedigte word geanaliseer in die volgende volgorde wat die ontplooiing van die volgende aspekte aandui. 1. Verlief raak: Noka ya lorato 2. Verwerping: A o a ntlogela. 3. Redes vir selibaatskap: Goreng ke sa nyale? 4. Aspekte van die huwelik: Lenyalo. 67 Die bespreking van die gedigte handel oor die gemoedstemming en bedoeling van die digter. In hierdie bespreking word styl en diksie (woordkeuse) as stylmerkers en poetise/ stilistiese tegnieke ondersoek. Dit is duidelik dat die digter Motlhake ‘n taamlike verskeideheid tegnieke gebruik het, waarvan die mees gebruikte tegnieke repetisie,elisie,kontras,ritme,wyse van spraak en beeldspraak is. Hierdie tegnieke is gebruik om bitterheid en angs sowel as die volgende temas uit te lig: frustrasie in liefde en die huwelik en om terug te gaan na kulturele praktyke in Setswana pm egskeiding te vermy. Sleutelkosepte 1. Liefde 2. Die huwelik 3. Kultuur 4. Akkulturasie 5. Tema 6. Tegniek 7. Moderne poesie 8. Tradisionele poesie 9. Hedendaagse poesie 68 MAMETLELELO YA 1 A O A NTLOGELA? Botshelo ga o boutlwelobotlhoko; Ntlhang ga o na le motho a tsetswe nao, ‘Tsala tsa ‘go o di tlogelela ‘ke ao’; Kotlo o di otle di le botlhoko; Ba sale tota ba gamaregile, Le moko o tota o kgobegile. Mpidi, pelo ya me e mo ratile; Ka mo rata rure go se na thaelo, Le pelo ya me e tuka molelo; Ya me pelo Mpidi o e gapile, Lwa me lorato lwa pelo lwa loa. Ra bo re le Batswana fela rotlhe, Ba re ralala rotlhe bommampipi; Matlhaku ga bo go swele mabapi, Le tshela-mmapa e re tlhoile rotlhe. Mpidi a tsokotsega le ditsuatsue! Ditsuatsue tsa re susuanya susuesue! Ditlhokwa tsa gana go nthobalela; Mpidi a binaka monyakaladi, Mpidi a ntshamekisa konkolodi. Badimo betsho nna ba nkhuralela; Mokapelo a bo boela bothepha; 69 Ka ela ‘keledi di le dikgapha. Ditsala tsa kgobokanngwa ka bontsi; Ga phuthega makau le barweetsana; Kgetsana ya tsie ba e pataganna; Wa gannwa ka sekhurumelo mosi. Lebu la bo le jelwe le utlwilwe, Tsebe ga utlwa ya ga Morakile. 70 MAMETLELELO YA 2 NOKA YA LERATO Ya tlala noka ya ba ya tshologa, Bophadiphadi ba phašametsega; Ya ntlatsa ka thabo le le legolo; Lethabo mmogo le yona nyakalalo. Lethabo la etelela selelo, Thulagane, mariga seselemo; Selemo sa ntlhokisa ipaakanyo; Ka tlhoka le yona tota kakanyo. Ka lora le ditoro tsa masigo, Tsa leka go nkopakopanya tlhogo; Ya ikganna ya letsatsi mereo, Ya tshwana le wa masimo mofero. Ya intatola ya sehuba tsala. Motho ke se na go mo ikgethela; Ka tota ka mo kgetha ka lorato, Ka lorato lo sa tlhoke seipato. Thatano ya akofisa kgaogano, Itshoko ya gotetsa diphapaano, Ga itshalela ba pelo botlhoko, Ntho ya se alafiwe ka mafoko. 71 Fatshe la apeswa bontle selemo, Ditlhare tsa apesa bomolemo, Tsa potla mowa o monatšana, Tsa bo re poteletsa bolotsana. Bontlenyana ba gana go nna nosi; Wa tswa le ka sekhurumelo mosi; Ya ntshiwa ke senya mo tshimong photi, Ya se go latele go tswa ka madi. 72 MAMETLELELO YA 3 LENYALO Nna ke re tsebe di mphang Leratlalegolo la tsatsing? Bomme ba e tshwerwe ka bogale, Marole a iteilwe lepetle. Batho morerong ba iphaga dibese Motho a šwa ntshu ntle go lebaka. Basimane ke bale ba di potapota, Thamaga tsa sope le butswang; Mosadimogolo a di fatlha ka khiba Go ithuta badisa metilo; Tsa tla tsa gana go futswetswe dithamaga, Tsa ya go ya go ye ga lethatswana. Dipoeng go otlisanwa boratha, Mathaka a tila a peela. Makgarebe a kgapha sethitho Motho o kgola setlhako motwane; Mmakgaswana o tlhabeletsa sefela, Segou se katswa ke tsebe e se gaufi. Lerato, selo ga le na matlhoNtsi ya lefetla, le a tlalatlala: Le tle le tlame motho le mmabudu… A fetse a nole dikgatlamping, Dithotela tsa metsi a dipata, 73 Tiro tsa bo-e-ja-serati! Nna kana ke rata nka di lesa, Ka di lesa fela go gola mmogo… Ka di lesa fela, motho a tlhotlhomisa: A tsoga a iponela a sa apola. Moyakgosing ga a romeletswe, A leka ka wena o ikganne. Lenyalo le kile la dira, La dira le dira go se basenyeletsi. Ditšhaba di fetsa go letlana Marumo a bewa fatshe. Lerato le e baya modiga, Dikgole tsa lerato di bina tshole. A fedile maloba makgarebe, Maloba pula di san a matsorotsoro: Go setse dirurubele tsa gwetla, Dilo tseo di maalomabe. Morwa , dilo tse, mmošwaoboa, Nkgate-ke-tlhaname’a gabo seterepikoko. Lenyalo le fedile maloba a tlhola, Kgomo di tsewa go jewa mhalo. Betsi bogadi bay a go gadimilwe, Motho ledira, o ya botlhodi… Mongwe o re, ke tsere o gaisa ke otlile, Motho ga a bapalwe e se kgomo. Segogotlo go a dumaduma, Borre ba rotse dihutshe. 74 Phatsha e tlhaba go tlhajwa nthere, Mogodung e lelemela lemong. Re tlile go betwa ke motenantšwa Mabeso a medile maoto. Thakana e simolotse go ratharatha, Magang a tsewa a tlopetswe. Matlhwana a ntse dipumpung, Mathe a tsaraganyega senoga: Motho maoto a thankgolega O ka re kgomo ya letleme. 75 MAMETLELELO YA 4 GORENG KE SA NYALE? Rona re tla ikakabatsa Botshelo re leka ba ditsotsi, Motho a lwala a re, go lokile! Matlho a mendwa, re ikidibatsa, Tshwene tshimong e ntshiwa ke senya. Mosadi wa diketekete, sephaphathela, Morwalela, ga o tshetshe! Ke lefatshe la go gatswa legodimo Letlase le setse le beng: Lenyalo le ile go setse dithemporari. Mo tsee o latlhe kgololosego, Monna o sitwe ke go ya seema; Kgomo o disitswe motlhana! Mosadinyana, o senya sebaka, Dikgomo ga go diswe maradu. Ke tlabilwe ke batho malob’a tlhola, Kana motse re feta wa balala… E rile ke is eke fodise matshego, Phokophoko ya tsholelwa molora, Motho a balakanya motho dithwe. A gata kusene ka tlhabela pele, Felo se bonno, boetelo: 76 Batho ba neeletsana matlhapa, Ditsala maraganateng Lesang go itshela madi a kgofa. Le setse diso lo di ngwaa, Lore ga lo ojwe lo omile. Mmangwana o re fagisa dibese, Re sugetse kobo le leswe, Go fetsa re tshaba matlho a batho. Motse o tlhoka borre o a falala, Lapeng go tshamekelwa konkodi Tsosang ditlhogo gare ga mesonyo: Mmatlaphofu ya gabo g’a tshabe go swa lentswe: Sa mosima se jewa ke ba ba jalo. E re lo tlhopha lo tlhokomele, Pula re bone ya maebana; Mabele go tswa a mela le digole, Maiye a farafere mabele; Ntšhwe e tlile go gaka segolo. Mmamosimane o a ratharatha, Barwa ba fofa ka dijokwe; Motho o tla tsoga a kgokgoile. Betsi ba motsi b’a nyala, Banna re tloga re ntshetswa magadi.