text:
Mosadi
Mosadi ke motho yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi le dirisiwa segolo go mogodi, fa lentswe le mosetsana e le lentswe le ka setlwaedi le beetsweng ngwana kgotsa moadolesente yo o monamagadi. Lentswe le mosadi gape le dirisiwa ka gale go supa motho yo o monamagadi go sa lebelelwa mengwaga, jaaka le dirisiwa mo difreising tsa go tshwana le "ditokelo tsa basadi" "women's rights". "Mosadi" gape le ka nne la raya boikayo-bong jwa motho (person's gender identity.[1]). Basadi bao ba nang le bokao ba tlhago gantsi ba kgona go ka tsala/tshola [giving birth] go tloga ka nako ya puberty go fitlha ka menopause. Go ya ka go ikaya-bong, batho ba ba tlolagantshitseng bong [transgender people] bao ka botsalo go lepilweng gore ke ba ba botona [determined to be male] mme ba ikaya e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala/tshola. Bangwe batho [ba-intersex] ba ba ikayang e le basadi ga ba kgone go ka tsala ka ntlha ya gongwe e le fa ba sterilaisitse sterility kgotsa ba gotsitse Y khromosounu [inheriting Y chromosomes] e le nngwe kgotsa go feta. Ka sewelo mo mabakeng a a rileng/a a tswileng thata, batho bao ba nang le Swyer syndrome ba ka tsala/tshola ka thuso ya melemo [medical assistance]. Go phunyeletsa ka ditso kgotsa ka histori basadi ba itseetse kgotsa ba tshwaetswe go tsea dikarolo tsa mehutahuta.
Contents
- 1 Ethimoloji
- 2 Terminology
- 3 History
- 4 Biology le bong
- 5 Tsa bophelo
- 6 Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive
- 7 Ditiro ka setso le bong
- 8 Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo
- 9 Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika
- 10 Bodumedi
- 11 Thuto
- 12 Basadi dipolotiking
- 13 Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki
- 14 See also
- 15 References
Ethimoloji[baakanya | edit source]
Go peleta mosadi ka Seisimane go tsweletse thata go ya ka meleniamo e e fetileng go tswa go wīfmann[2] go ya go wīmmann go wumman, mme bofelelong, mopeleto wa segompieno wa mosadi [woman.[3]]. Mo Seisemaneng sa kgale, wīfmann e ne e kaya motho yo monamagadi "female human", e le fa wēr e kaya motho yo motona "male human". Mann kgotsa monn e ne e na le bokao bong jo bo magareng [gender-neutral] jwa motho "human", e tsamaelana le motho 'person' kgotsa mothomongwe 'someone' ka Seisemane sa se gompieno; le fa go le jwalo, botlamoraga ga Norman Conquest, lentswe le monna le simolotswe go dirisiwa thata go kaya motho yo motona "male human", mme bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo-13 la khurumetsa tiriso ya lentswe la kgale wēr.[4] Tumapou f and m mo go wīfmann e hueditswe ka mo sebopegong sa gompieno sa "woman", fa ntlha ya tshimologo e e neng e kaya bonamagadi "female", e tsamaile semantic narrowing go tlisa tlhaloganyong mosadi yo o nyetsweng ("wife"). Ke misconception o o tlwaelegileng wa gore lentswe le "woman" go ya ka ethimoloji le lomagane le "womb", leo le tswang go lefoko le le farologaneng la Seisemane sa kgale, wambe le le kayang "stomach" (sa botona kgotsa bonamagadi; SeJeremanae sa gompieno se itshwareletse ka lentswe le le colloquial "Wampe" le letswang mo go Middle High German le le kayang "potbelly").[5][6] Le fa gontse jalo, boikaketso jo bo jaana jwa tlhago ya lentswe le "woman" e tlhagile le mo dikwalong.[7]
Biological symbol[baakanya | edit source]
Letshwao la pholanete ya Venus ke sekai gape sa sesadi [female sex.[8]] se se dirisiwang mo baelojing. Ke mokgwanyana wa seemedi sa seipone sa letsogo [hand-mirror] sa modimogadi Venus kgotsa letshwao la khutswafatso la modimogadi: modiko o o nang le sefapanonyana se se equilateral ka fa tlase. Letshwao la Venus gape le emela senamagadi/bonamagadi [femininity], mme ka alkhemi kgale se ne se emela koporo [copper]. BaBoalkhemi ba agile letshwao le go tswa mo modikong (go emela mowa [spirit]) mo godimo ga sefapano se se equilateral (se emetse matter).
Terminology[baakanya | edit source]
Bosadi ke nako mo bophelong motho yo monamagadi ga a setse a fetile bongwana le boadolosense, ka setwaelo mengwageng ya bo 18.
Lefoko le mosadi le ka dirisiwa ka setlwaedi, go raya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi kgotsa fa re nankolla, go raya mogodi mongwe le mongwe yo o monamagadi fa a bapisiwa le mosetsana. Lefoko le mosetsana tlhagong le raya "motho yo moswa jwa bong bongwe le bongwe" ka Seisimane [English];[9] e ne e le kwa tshimologong ya sentshwuari ya bo16 fa e tla go ray ngwana yo o namagadi [a female child].[10] Lentswe le mosetsana go le gale le dirisiwa colloquially go kaya mosadi yo moswa kgotso yo a sa nyalwang; le fa go le jalo, mo metlheng ya mengwaga ya bo 1970 fa e simolola babosadi challenged tirisi ya mofuta wo ka gonne tiriso ya lefoko le go kaya mosadi yo o godileng e ne e ka tlisa kgopisanyo. Segolobogolo, mantswe a tlwaelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka mosetsana wa ofisi [office girl] ga a tlholwe a diririwa ka bophara. Conversely, mo ditsong dingwe tse di amantshang tlotla [honor] ya losika le bokgarebe [virginity] bonamagading, lefoko le mosetsana le dirisiwa go kaya lefetwa (mosadi yo a sa kakeng a nyalwa) [never-married woman]; ka mokgwa wo le dirisiwa ka tsela e e [roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden]. Go kaya motho yo monamagadi yo a sa nyalwang jaaka mosadi, mo ditsong tseo, go ka akanngwa gore o na le maiphitlhelo a tlhakanelo-dikobo, eo e ka nnang thogako losikeng lwa gagwe. [citation needed]
Go na le mafoko a mefutafuta a dirisiwang go kaya boleng ba go nna mosadi. Lentswe le "bosadi" le raya fela seemo sa boleng sa mosadi, a setse a kgabagantse menarche; "sesadi" "femininity" le dirisiwa go kaya bontlhanngwe jwa boleng jwa bonamagadi jo bo gokaganeng le maikutlo mangwe a diroles tsa bong [gender roles]; sebosadi "womanliness" se tshwana le sesadi "femininity", e fela ka setlwaedi se gokagane le ye e farologaneng ya diroulo tsa bong; bosesadi "femaleness" ke lentswe le le tlwaelegileng, e fela gantsi le dirisiwa ka bokhutshwane go bosesadi ba motho "human femaleness"; "distaff" ke letlhaodi la kgale le le tswang go ditiro tsa basadi tsa tlwaelo tsa mologi spinner, ga jaanong le dirisiwa fela ka maabomo archaism; "muliebrity" ke neologism (le tlhaga go Selatini) go raya [counterpart] ya bonamagadi ya "virility", e fela e dirisiwa ka go repa, ka nako dingwe go raya fela bosadi "womanhood", ka nako dingwe sesadi "femininity" ka nako dingwe gape jaaka lentswe la kakaretso la mosadi. [citation needed]
Menarche, tshimologo ya menstruation, e dirafala go tloga ka ngwaga wa 12-13. Ditso di le dintsi di na le mareo a tlodiso [rites of passag] go tshwaa fa mosetsana a . . . coming of age, jaaka fa a tlhomamisiwa mo makaleng a mangwe a boKresete [Christianity], [citation needed] bat mitzvah ka seJuta [Judaism], kgotsa tlwaelo ya go dira moletlo o o botlhokwa ya matsalo birthday a mangwe (ka kakaretso magareng ga 12 le 21), jaaka Quinceañera ba Latin America.
History[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba pele bao maina a bone a itseweng archaeology a akaretsa:
- Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), mosadi wa Narmer le kgosigadi wa ntlha wa Egepeta ya kgale [ancient Egypt].[11][12]
- Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent ya Egepeta ya kgale metlheng ysdinasti ya ntlha [first dynasty]. E ka be e ne e le mmusisi wa Egepeta ka bo ena. [13][14]
- Merit-Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), le ena o dutse kwa Egepeta gape ke mosadi wa pele wa go nna ngaka [physician] le wa tsa matlhale [scientist].[15]
- Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), ke ngaka [physician] kwa Ancient Egypt.[16][17]
- Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), kgotsa Shubad – kgosigadi ya kwa Ur yoo lebitla la gagwe le fitlhetsweng le na le diartifacts tsa tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo. Dikgosigadi dingwe tsa kwa Ur tse di itseweng tsa pele ga Sargonic (bahumagadi ba segosi) ba akaretsa Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, le Gansamannu.[18]
- Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba"
- Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian kgosigadi, mosadi wa Sargon of Akkad gape e le mmagwe Enheduanna.[19][20]
- Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Dikgosigadi dingwe tse di itseweng tsa pele ga-Sargonic tsa dynasty ya ntlha ya Lagash di akaretsa Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, le Shagshag, mme maina a a mmalwa a dikhumagatsana dingwe le one a a itsege.
- Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),[21][22] moprisitagadi o mogolo [high priestess] wa tempele ya modimo wa Ngwedi [ Moon God] kwa Sumerian motsemogolong wa Ur mme ka gongwe e le mmoki wa ntlha yo a itsegeng ebile e le mokwadi wa ntlha wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[23]
Biology le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Fa re leba ka biology, ditho tsa thobalano [sex organs] tsa bosadi di amega mo reproductive system, ntswa secondary sex characteristics di amega mo go otleng bana kgotsa, mo ditsong tse dingwe, go ngoka e tona/molekane. Di ovaries, go tlhakana le tiro ya tsona ya go laola tsweletso/tlhagiso ya dihomounu, di tsweletsa digamete tsa bosadi tse di bidiwang mae [eggs] a o, fa a umisitswe [fertilized] ke digamete [sperm] tsa e tona, a bopa new genetic individuals. Popelo [uterus] ke setho se se nang le tlhono/thisu [tissue] e e sireletsang ebile e godisa le go tsweletsapele kgolo ya fetase[fetus] le mothapo/mosifa o e tlong go e alola ge e belega/tshola. Vagina e dirisiwa mokotong le fa go belegwa, le fa lentswe le 'vagina' le dirisiwa segolo setona colloquially le ka tsele e e sa tshwaneleng mo lelemeng la Seisemane go raya vulva kgotsa bokantle ba setho sa bosadi [external female genitalia], eo e nang le (ge re akaretsa le vagina) labia, lelengwana/nawa [clitoris], le urethra ya bosadi. Letswele [breast] le tlhagelela matuteng a a monate [sweat gland] go tsweletsa masi/lebese, secretion e e dikotla ke thwadi semelong sa diamusi, yona le bophelo le pelego. Mo basading ba ba godileng, letswele le tonogile thata go gaisa diamusi tse dingwe; go tonoga go, e seng fela tsweletsong ya masi, e ka be bonnyane e le ka lebaka la kgetho ya thobalano [sexual selection]. (Ditseleng dingwe tse banna ba farologaneng ka sebopego le basadi, bona monna [[[man]]].) [citation needed]
Seseng ka nako ya fa fetal e bopega, diembryo tsa bong bobeding di tlhagalela di le gender-neutral. Jaaka mo mabakeng ao go senang bong, jaaka mehuta e e tsweletsang asexually [reproduce asexually], tlhago e e gender-neutral e kgaufi le ya bosadi go na le ya botona. Fetus gantsi e golela bonnng/botoneng fa e le exposed to a significant amount of testosterone (segolo thata ka fetus e na le Y chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre). Ga go se jalo, fetus gantsi e golela bosading, segolo thata fa fetus e na le X chromosome go tswa go ntate/rre, kgotsa gape fa ntate a sa abelana ka chromosome X kgotsa ya Y. Morago ka nako ya puberty, estrogen e feminisa lekgarebe, e mo fe semelo sa bong sa bagodi/ go gola. [citation needed]
Go se lekalekane ga go lepalepana ga dihomounu tsa bomme le dikhemikale (kgotsa diretebatsi) di ka fetola popego ya sekondari ya bong ba difetase. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karyotype 46,XX, fela a le mongwe go ba ba sekete o tla ba le 47,XXX, gape a le mongwe go ba ba 2500 o tla baana le 45,X. Se se ganana le karotype ya bonna tota ya 46,XY; ka jalo, di chromosomes X le Y di itsiwe ka bonamagadi le botona, go ya ka tatelano. Ka gonne batho ba gotsa fela mitochondrial DNA go tswa mo ovum ya mme, dithuto tsa genetic tsa bonamagadi ka gale di lepa mitochondrial DNA.Botswana
Le fa ngwana a kaiwa le yo monamagadi se ga se ga ntsi se kaya gore mo nakong e e tlang ngwana yo o tla ikaya jalo (lebelela gender identity). Sekao, intersex individuals, ba seemo le/kgotsa popego ya tlhago tse di tswakaneng, ba ka dirisa bokao bongwe fa ba tlhekisa ikano ya bone. Kwa tsalong, bana ba ka fiwa bong go ikaegilwe mo dithong tsa bona tsa bong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, le fa ngwana a na le dichromosone tsa XX, fa a tsetswe ka ntsutsu, ba godisiwa ka botona.[24] Go na gape le transgender le basadi ba transsexual, bao ba neng ba kailwe ka botona fa ba tsalwa, e fela ba kaiwa jaaka e le basadi; go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa lephedisano, semolao, le boleng tseo di leng mabapi le kgang e. (lebelela trans woman).Botswana
Le fa bonnyane go tsalwa ba ba namagadi go na le ba ba tona (selekanyo se tsamaela go 1:1.05), ka ntlha ya botshelo jo bo eletswang jo be telele go na le banna ba le 81 fela ba ba leng mo mengwageng ya 60 kgotsa go feta mo basading ba le 100 ba mengwage e e tshwanang. Basadi go le gontsi ba tshela sebaka se se telele go gaisa banna. [25] Se setlholwa ke mabaka a a tlhakaneng :genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (jaaka lebaka la gore merafeng ya sešeng ga go a lebelelwa mo gore basadi ba ka tsenela tiro ya bosole [military service]); dikgetho tsa maphelo [health-impacting] (tse jaaka go ipolaya [suicide] kgotsa go goga sekarete, le go nwa bojalwa [alcohol]); go nna teng ga homounu ya bonamagadi estrogen, yeo e nang le cardioprotective effect mo basading ba premenopausal; le di effect tsa high levels of androgens mo banneng. Go tswa go palogotlhe ya batho/setšhaba, go na le banna ba ba 101.3 go 100 lengwe le lengwe la basadi (source: 2001 World Almanac).Botswana
Mebele ya basetsana e tsamaya diphetogo ga nnyane ga ba le mo nakong ya puberty, go tshwana le fa go tlhaologile le maitemogelo a basimane. Puberty ke tsamao ya diphetogo tsa lebopo eo mmele wa ngwana [child's body] o golang go mmele wa mogodi go kgona [sexual reproduction] go kgonisa fertilisation. E tlhotlholetswa ke ditshupetso tsa di homounu [hormonal signals] go tswa mo bokong brain go ya go gonads-e ka nna diovari kgotsa ditestes. Go arabela ditshupetso, di gonads di ntsha dihomounu tseo di sisinyang libido le kgolo, tiro, le phetogo ya boboko, marapo [[[Lerapo|bones]]], mesifa [muscle], madi [blood], letlalo [skin], moriri [hair], matswele [breasts], le ditho tsa thobalano [sexual organs]. Physical growth—boleele le boima- di and weight—accelerates mo karolong ya ntlha ya puberty gape e fela fa ngwana a tlhagisitse mmele wa bogodi. Go fitlhelela kgolo ya bokgoni ba go tswetsa tsalo, pre-pubertal, dipharologano tsa popo magareng ga basimane le basetsana ke di genitalia, ntsutsu [penis] le phene [vagina]. Puberty ke tsamao e go le go ntsi e diragalang magareng ga mengwaga ya bo 10–16, e fela megwaga e e farologane go ya go mosetsana go mosetsana. Tshupokgolo fa mosetsana a le mo puberty ke menarche, tshimologo ya go ya sesading [menstruation], eo e diragalang bonnyane magareng a mengwageng ya bo 12–13.[26][27][28][29]
Basetsana ba le bantsi ba ya through menarche gape ba kgona go ka ima [pregnant] ba tshola bana [bear children].[30] Se ka setlwaedi se tlhoka internal fertilization ya mae a gagwe ka sperm sa monna ka thobalano [sexual intercourse], le fa artificial insemination kgotsa go jalelela ka karo [surgical implantation] ga embryo e e le teng le yone go a kgonagala (lebelela reproductive technology). Thuto ya tsa tlhagisotsalo ya bonamagadi le ditho tsa tlhagiso [reproductive organs] e bitswa gynaecology.Botswana
Tsa bophelo[baakanya | edit source]
Pholo ya basadi di kaya dio dingwe tsa maphelo tse di lebaganeng thwi le pholo ya basadi ya ditho-popego tsa bonamagadi. Go malwetsi mangwe a segolo se tonna a tlhomarang basadi, jaaka lupus. Gape, go na le malewetsi mangwe a a tsalanang thata le bong [gender-related illnesses] a a bonong kgafetsa kgafetsa kgots fela mo basading, sekao, kankere ya matswele [breast cancer], cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Basadi le banna ba na le matshwao a a farolaganeng a bolwetsi gape ba ka responta ka go go farologaneng kalafing ka ditlhare. Karolo e ya diphuphutso/dinyakisiso e ithutiwa ke ba gender-based medicine.Botswana
Kgang ya pholo ya basadi e tseetswe godimo ke bontsi ba feminists, segolo thata moo go amanang le reproductive health. Pholo ya basadi e filwe leemo magareng a bophara mmeleng wa kitso e e nopolwang, go ba bangwe, ke World Health Organisation, eo e beyang botlhokwa bonng jaaka e le ekaego ya tsa pholo .[31]
Maternal mortality kgotsa maso a botswetse a tlhaloswa ke ba WHO jaaka e le "leso la mosadi fa e le moimana kgotsa sebakeng sa matsatsi a 42 a phediso/pheletso ya boimana, go sa tlhaole gore ke sebaka se se kae goba lefelo le lefe la boimana, go tloga go mabaka a a ka bong a amana le go kgotsa a ronkgile ke boimana kgotsa tsamao ya bone e seng go tswa kotsing kgotsa mabaka a kotsi."[32] Bo nnyane diperesente di le 99% tsa maso a boimana a diragala mo dinageng tse di santseng di ikaga. Go feta seripa sa ona go diragala kwa sub-Saharan Africa gape bogolo ngwe-tharong kwa South Asia. Mabaka magolo a maso a pelego ke go tsorotla madi (segolo go tswa madi fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana ), tshwaetso (ka tlwaelo fa morago ga tsholo ya ngwana), pre-eclampsia le eclampsia, khutliso-boimana e e sa bolokegang, le boimana bjo bo kgweleaneng ka ntlha ya bolwetsi ba letadi [malaria] le HIV/AIDS.[33] dinaga di le dintsi tas Yuropa, Australia, le Japane le Singapore di bolokegile that mabapi le tsa tsholo ya bana, fa dinaga tsa Sub-Saharan di le diphata tota.[34]
Ditokelo le tokologo ya Reproductive[baakanya | edit source]
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:[35]
- (...) ditokelo tsa botho tsa basadi di akaretsa tokelo tsa bone go ka laola godimo ga le go tsea kgato ka tokologo le boikarabelo mo mabakeng a a amanang le bong ba bone, go akaretsa tsa pholo ya bong le itsweletso, kwa ntle ga kgapeletso, kgethololo le kgwetlho. Bolosika bjo bo lekanang magareng ga basadi le banna mo mabakeng a tsa botsalano bonng le itswalong, go akaretsa tlhompho ka botlalo go tlhompha botho ba motho,go tlhoka tlhompho ya pelegano, tumelano le kabelano ya maikarabelo go maithswaro a bong le ditlamorago tsa ona.
Tlolo ya ditokelo tsa itsweletso di akaretsa boimana ka kgapeletso [forced pregnancy], go imisiwa ga kgapeletso [forced sterilization] le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso [forced abortion].
Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso go ne go dirisiwa nakong seripeng sa ntlha sa sentshuari ya bo 20th bogolo ke dinaga tsa Bophirimatsatsi. Go emisiwa ka kgapeletso le khutliso-boimana ka kgapeletso di begwa e le mekgwa e sešeng e dirisiwang mo dinageng tse di jaaka Uzbekistan le China.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Tlhokego ya melao e e maleba ya tsa kgwetlo ya thobalano e tlhakane le The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack go tlhokega ga phitlhelelo go dithibela-pelego [contraception] le/kgotsa khutliso-boimana [abortion] ke mabaka a kgapeletso ya boimana (lebelela boimana ka peto [pregnancy from rape]).Botswana
Ditiro ka setso le bong[baakanya | edit source]
Mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa prehistoric, basadi ba tsere karole e e rileng ya setso. Mo ditšhabeng tsa botsomi-le-bokgobokelo [hunter-gatherer], basadi ka karetso e ne e le bakgoboketsi ba dijo tsa dijalo, diphoofotswana, dijonyana tsa diphoofotswana le ditlhapi, fa banna ba tsoma nama ya diphoofolo tse kgolo. Botswana
Mo setšheng, dikarolo ka bong di fetogile e le tota. Kwa ga lowe, go tloga bonnyaneng, kgatlhegelo ya ditiro e ne segolo e lebisitswe ntlheng e e rileng go ya ka bong.[42] Go ya ka dingwao, basadi ba klase ya magareng [middle class women] ba ne ba amega mo ditirong tsa segae segolo thata tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Basadi ba ba humanegi bone, bogolo ba klase ya go dira [working class], le fa se gantsi e setse e le se se eletswang, maemo a tsa moruo a ba gapeleditse go batla tiro kwa ntle ga legae. Ditiro di le dintsi tse di neng di le teng mo go bone e ne e le tse di duelang madi a a kwa tlase go lekannwga le tseo di leng teng go banna. Botswana
Fa diphetogo mebarakeng ya madirelo di tla di e ba teng, go ba gona ga bothapiwa go fetogile fela go tloga tirong ya 'ditshila', diureng tse ditelele tsa mediro ya kwa difekethering go ya go ditiro tse di "tlhwekileng", tse di tlhomphegang tsa diofisi tseo di neng di tlhoka thuto, botseakarolo ga basadi kwa madirelong a kwa U.S.go tlhatlhogile ka 6% ka 1900 go ya go 23% ka 1923. Go suta go go badiredi go tlisiitse diphetogo mo maikutlo a basadi kwa tirong, gwa dumelela go tla ga menololo ya ditiro eo ditswamorago tsa yone di direlng basadi go nna career and education oriented.Botswana
Ka bo 1970s, diachademiki tsa bomme di le dintsi, go akaretsa ba thutamatlhale, di ne tsa ikatologanya le go tshola bana. E fela, go phunyeletsa di 1980s, diinstitushene di lekile go lekalekanya maemo a banna le basadi tkwa mafelobodirelo. Le fa go le jalo, go se lekalekane fa kwa gae go ragile ditšhono tsa basadi go ka atlega jaaka banna. Basadi ba diprofeshenale ba santsane ba lebagane le mediro ya selegae le tlhokomelo ya bana. Jaaka fa batho ba a tle ba bue, ba na le "mekgweleo 'mebedi" eo e sa ba letleleleng nako le matla a go ka tswelela ka tsa ditiro. Le gone, le fa go ne go na le go oketsega ga tekatekanyo ya go tsea karolo tsa bong ka mo gae bobeding ga banna le basadi, thuto-nyakisiso ya sešeng e bontshitse gore basadi ba itebagantse le tsa morality, fairness, and well-being, fa banna ba itebagantse le social conventions.[43] Go fitlhela ka tshimologong ya sentshuari ya bo 20th, dikholotshe tsa basadi kwa U.S. di ne di required gore ditokololo tsa fakhalti tsa basadi di nne di sa nyalwa, se se itshetlegile mo goreng mosadi a ka se kgone go ka tswelela a tshwere di full-timeprofeshene tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe. Go ya ka Schiebinger, " Go nna wa tsa matlhale o le mosadi ebile o le mme ke mokgweleo mo setšhabeng se se solofelang gore basadi go le gontsi go feta banna ba bea lelwapa pele ga ditiro tsa bone. [Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.]" (pg. 93).[44]
mekgatlho e emelela equality of opportunity bong ka bobedi le equal rights go sa kgathalatsege bong. Ka tswakatswakano ya diphetogo tsa tsa moruo [economic] le maiteko a mokgatlho ya bahumagadi [feminist],Template:Specify mo mengwagasomeng ya jaanong basadi mo merafeng e le mentsi ba na le phitlhelelo ya mediro e e kwa godimo ga ya maloba ya kagolegae [homemaker].
Etswa palo e kgolwane ya basadi e batla thuto e e kwa godimo, dituelelo gantsi di kwa tlase ga tsa banna. dikgang tsa CBS News ka 2005 di tleimile gore mo United States basadi ba ba mengwageng e 30 go ya go 44 gape ba na le dikiri ya unibesithi ba dira diperesente di le 62 ya banna bao ba nang le dithuto tsa go tshwana le tsa bone, kelo e e ka tlasenyana ga dinaga tse di 19 kwa ntle ga tse tharo kwa dipalo di fumanegang. ditšhaba dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi tseo di duelang dituelo tse di sa lekalekaneng ke Jeremane, New Zealand le Switzerland.[45]
Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi[baakanya | edit source]
Kgoeletso ya mo phedisong ya Kgwetlho kgatlhanong le Basadi [UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women] e tlhalosa "kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi [violence against women]" jaaka:[46]
gape e itsise mekga e meraro ya kgwtlho e jalo: eo e diragalang ka mo lelapeng, eo e diragalang ka mo gare ga motse ka le gotlhekgotsa bophara, le eo e tlhotlheletswan kgotsa rotloetswang ke Mmuso. E gape e begang gore"kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke itshupo ya matla a ka histori a sa lekaneng magareng a banna le basadi." [47]
kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ke bothata jo bo phatlhaletseng , bo tlhotlholetswa, segolo thata kwa ntle ga Bophirima, ke maemo a setshaba a bong tona, tlhokego ya melao e e maleba , le tlhokego ya tsenyo tirong ya melao e e le teng. Dingwao tsa setšhaba tse di leng teng dikarolong tse ntsi tsa lefatshe di kgoreletsa tswelopele go iseng tshireletsong ya basadi kgatlhanong le kgwetlho. Sekao, go ya ka paloboka tsa UNICEF, palokgolong ya basadi ba ba mo mengwageng ya 15–49 ba ba naganang gore mogatso o loketswe go ka otlhaya kgotsa a otla mosadi mo mabakeng a a rileng e kgolo go ya go 90% kwa Afghanistan le Jordan, 87% kwa Mali, 86% kwa Guinea le Timor-Leste, 81% kwa Laos, le 80% kwa Central African Republic.[48] Paloboka tsa 2010 e e dirilweng ke Pew Research Center e fumane gore kgobotlo ka majwe [stoning] jaka kotlhao ya bootswa [adultery] e ne e thuswa ke 82% ya bafetodi kwa Egepeta [Egypt] le Pakistan, 70% kwa Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% kwa Indonesia.[49]
Mekga e e maleba ya kgwetlho e e amang basadi e akaretsa go sugutla ditho tsa bosadi [female genital mutilation], kgwebo ya thubalano [sex trafficking], kgapeletso ya kgwebo ka mmele [forced prostitution], kgapeletso nyalo [forced marriage], petelelo [rape], tshwenyo ka thobalano [sexual harassment], dipolao tsa go tlhompha [honor killings], go kolopa esiti [acid throwing], le kgwetlho e e amanang le tuelo-bogadi [dowry related violence]. mmebuso e e ka e kgatholosa mo kgwetlhong kgatlhanong le basadi, sekao, ka meetlo ya go tshwana le kgobotlo ka majwe for instance through practices such as [stoning] (jaaka e le kotlhao ya bootswa).
Go ntse go na le mekgwa e mentsi ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi go ya ka histori, e e neng e atile, e e supegang e le go tshubiwa ga baloi [burning of witches], go tlhabela ka baswagadi [widows] (jaaka sati) le pofo maoto [foot binding]. Tshekiso ya basadi bao ba pateletswang ka boloi e na le setso se se telele, sekao, diteko tsa boloi tshimologong ya pako ya sejwale [witch trials in the early modern period] (magareng a disentshuari tsa 15th and 18th) di ne di tlwaelegile kwa Europe gape le kwa dikoloneng tsa ma Yoropa kwa North America. Gompieno, go setse di dikodiko tsa lefatshe (jaaka dikarolo tsa Sub-Saharan Africa, lefelo-magae la North India, le Papua New Guinea) tumelo boloing e tserweng tsia ke batho ba le bantsi, gape basadi ba patelediwang gore ke baloi ba gatelelwang ka kgwetlho e e masisi tota. [50][51][52] Go tlaleletsa, go na le dinaga dingwe tseo di nang le melawana ya borukhutli kgatlhanong le boloi. Kwa Saudi Arabia, boloi ke eme e le borukghutlhi jo kotlo ya bone e leng loso [punishable by death], gape ka 2011 naga e e ile ya kgaola mosadi tlhogo ka ntlha ya boloi [ 'witchcraft and sorcery'].[53][54]
Gape ke molato gore dikgwetlho dingwe kgatlhanong le basadi di bonwa e le ditsa e le ditlolomolao tsa borukhutlhi mo dinakong tsa sešeng, mme ga di ganelelwe ka gotlhegotlhe, ka gonne dinaga di le dintsi di tswetse pele go di letlelela. Se se jalo segolo mo molatong wa petelelo lenyalong [marital rape].[55][56] Kwa Lefatsheng la Bophirimatsatsi, go ne go na le tshoetso ya go netefatsa tekatekano ya bong [gender equality] lenyalong [marriage] le tshekiso ya kgwetlho selegae [domestic violence], e fela dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe basadi ba sa ntsane be tseelwa ditokelo tsa molao tse di botlhokwa fa ba tsena mo lenyalong.[57]
Kgwetlho ya thobalano kgatlhanong le basadi e oketsega thata metlheng ya dintswa [war] le dikgotlhang tsa marumo [armed conflict], metlheng ya futugelo ya sesole [military occupation], kgotsa difutugelo semorafe [ethnic conflicts]; segolo thata ka mokgwa wa petelelo tsa ntwa [war rape] le bokgoba ba tsa thobalano [sexual slavery]. Dikao tsa sešeng tsa kgwetlho ka thobalo metlheng ya ntswa di akaretsa petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Tokologo ya Bangladesh [rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War], petelelo ka Ntwa ya kwa Bosnia [rape in the Bosnian War], petelelo metlheng ya Polaomogofe ya kwa Rwanda [rape during the Rwandan Genocide], le petelelo metlheng ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Congo [rape during Second Congo War]. Kwa Colombia, kgotlhang ya marumo e feleletse e okeditse kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi ya thobalano.[58]
Melao le melawana ya kgwetlho kgatlhanong le basadi di atlhologane go ya ka sedikopuso. Kwa European Union, tshwenyo ya thobalano le go kgwebo ka motho di kwa tlase ga ditaelo [directives].[59][60]
Moaparo, kaparo le direo tsa diaparo[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe ba apara ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, ka ditlhopho tsa bone tsa moaparo di rutloetsa ke dingwao tsa sediko, metheo ya tumelo, semelo sa setšhaba, le metsamae ya moaparo, go mabaka a mangwe. Ditšhaba tse di fapafapaneng di na le dikakanyo tse di farologaneng ka bokgabane [modesty]. E fela, mo di dikopuso di le dintsi, ditlhopho tsa basadi bapabi le moaparo ga di a tlhophologa, ka melao e kganela seo ba ka se aparang kgotsa ba se se apare. Se ke sekai mabapi moaparo wa seIsilamo [Islamic dress]. Lefa di dikopuso dingwe ka se molao di dumeletse moaparo oo ( go ka apara mofapha-tlhogo), dinaga dingwe di ganetsa kgotsa di thiba go ka apara moaparo mongwe wa hijab (jaaka burqa/ go kgurumetsa sefatlhego) mo mafelong a a mo pontsheng (naga e jalo ke France - bona kganetso ya go khurumetsa sefatlhego ya kwa Forantshe [French ban on face covering]). Melao e e ke kgang e e masisi e le tota.[61]
Kumiso le botshelo ba lesika[baakanya | edit source]
Tekanyo ya kumiso e e feleletseng [total fertility rate] (TFR) - palo bogare ya bana ba ba belegweng ke mosadi botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe - e farologane segolo thata magareng a di diko tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. Ka 2013, palo e e kwa godimo e akantsweng ya TFR e ne e le kwa Niger (7.03 ya bana e ne e tsholwa ke mosadi a le mongwe) mme e e kwa tlasenyana e le kwa Singapore (0.79 bana/mosadi).[63] Le fa dinaga di le dintsi mo Sub-Saharan African di na le TFR e kwa godimo, e e tlholang mathata ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya ditsweletsi gape e na le seabe mo go ateng ga batho [overpopulation], dinaga di le dintsi tsa kwa Bophirimatsatsi go le jaana di itemogela sub replacement fertility rate e e ka isang go population ageing le population decline.
Mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, go nnile diphethogo di le dintsi tsa seemo sa lesika dingwagasome tse di fetileng. Sekao, kwa Bophirima , go ne go na le tsamao ya go ikatologanya le dipaakanyetso tse di akaretsang go dula/tshela le leloko-tshika extended family go tseo di nang le nuclear family. Go na gape le tsamao ya go tloga go nyalo e e umisang go ya go eo e sa umiseng. Bana ba ba belegweng kwa ntle ga lenyalo ba ka tswa ba belegwa fo tswa go cohabiting couples kgotsa go single women. Le fa tsalo kwa ntle ga lenyalo e tlwaelegile e bile e amogetswe ka botlalo dikarolong dingwe tsa lefatshe, kwa mafelong mangwe di a sotlakakwa e le ruri, ka bomme ba ba sa nyalwang ba lebane le kgethololo, e e akaretsan kgwetlho e e tswang mo malokong a masika a bone, gape mo mabakeng a a feteletseng tota ba a bolawa ka dipolao tsa tlotlo [honor killings].[64][65] Go tlaleletsa, thobalano kwa ntle ga lenyalo [sex outside marriage] e ntse e se ka mo molaong dinageng tse dintsi (jaaka Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[66] Afghanistan,[67][68] Iran,[68] Kuwait,[69] Maldives,[70] Morocco,[71] Oman,[72] Mauritania,[73] United Arab Emirates,[74][75] Sudan,[76] Yemen,[77]).
Tseokarolo ya mme [mother] setšhabeng e farologane magareng ga ditso. Dikarolong di le dintsi tsa lefatshe, basadi bao ba nang le bana ba ba ikaegileng mo go bone go lebeletswe gore ba dule gae ba neele matla a bone otlhe kgodisong ya bana, fa kwa mafelong mangwe (segolo thata dinageng tsa Bophirimatsatsi) bomme go le gontsi ba boela morago ditirong tsa tuelo mothers most often return to paid work (lebelela mme yo o dirang [working mother] le mme yo o dulang gae [stay at home mother]).
Bodumedi[baakanya | edit source]
Ditumelo tse di rileng di na le dintlha tse itseng tse di amanang le kabelano tiro ka bong [gender roles], tirisanommogo ya social le ya go ithuna magareng a bong, go apara diaparo go go siameng ga basadi, le dilo tse difapaneng tse di amang basadi le boemo jwa bone setšhabeng. Kwa dinageng di le dintsi, dithuto tsa ditumelo tse di tshusumetsa molao wa borukhutlhi [ criminal law], kgotsa molao wa losika [family law ] di dikopusong tseo. (Lebelela sekao molao wa Sharia law). Dithulaganyo tsa ditšhabatšhaba di buisane thata mabapi le botsalano magareng a bodumedi, molao le tekatekano ya bong.[78]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto ya bahumagadi [Female education] e akaretsa makgetlho a tekatekano ya bong le phitlhelelo ya thuto, le ka moo e kopaneng le go phokotso ya bohuma. Gape dilo dingwe tse di amegang ke dithuto tsa bong-bongwe [single-sex education] le thuto bodumedi ka ntlha ya gore karologanyo ya thuto go ya ka bong gape le ka dithutiso tsa bodumedi go tloga kgale e le tsone di tsepameng mme di santsane di le botlhokwa segolo thata mo dikgannyeng tsa setšheng go ruteng bahumagadi jaaka e le kgang e e etsweng tlhoko ka bophara.
Le fa mokgatlho wa tsa bohumagadi o tlhatlositse botlhokwa jwa dilo tseo di amanang le thuto ya bahumagadi, dikgannye tse di namile ka bophara ebile ga di tlholoswe ka bokhutshwane. Di ka akaretsa, sekao, thuto ka AIDS.[1] Thuto ka gotlhe, se se kaya gore thuto e puso e e abelang phoraemari le sekonthari ikemetse kwa ntle ga bong [independent of gender] ga e ise e nne setlwaelo ka bophara [global norm], le fa go itshengwa jalo dinageng di le dintsi tse ditsweletsengpele. kwa dingang dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi, basadi ba gaisitse banna maemomg a mantsi a thuto. Sekao, kwa United States ka 2005/2006, basadi ba duetswe 62% ya associate degrees, 58% ya bachelor's degrees, 60% ya master's degrees, le 50% ya doctorates.[2]
Literacy[baakanya | edit source]
World literacy e kwa tlase mo bahumagading go na le mo go ba botona. CIA World Factbook e bega di tekanyetso tsa go tloga 2010 tseo di bontshang gore 80% ya basadi e kgona go buisa le go kwala, go lekanngwa le 88.6% ya banna (ba mengwageng ya 15 le go feta). Ditekanyetso tsa go kgona go buisa le go kwala di kwa tlasetlase kwa Borwa le Bophirima ba Asia, le kwa dikarolong tsa Sub-Saharan Africa.[79]
Dinaga tsa OECD[baakanya | edit source]
Thuto[baakanya | edit source]
Gender gap ya tsa thuto kwa dinageng tsa Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) e fokoditswe go tsweng mengwageng 30 e e fetileng. Basadi ba batšha gompieno jaana go na le kgonego ya gore ba ka fetsa dithuto tsa bona tsa theishari: kwa dinageng tse 19 tsa tse 30 tsa OECD, bogolo go feta gabedi basadi ba le bantsi ba mo mengwageng ya bo 25 go ya go 34 ba feditse dithuto tsa bone tsa theishari go na le basasdi ba ba mo mengwageng ya bo 55 go ya go 64. Kwa dinageng di le 21 tsa tse di 27 tsa OECD go ya ka data e e ka lekelekanngwang, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng go tswa go manaena a maemo a yunibesithi e lekana kgotsa e feta ya banna. Basetsana ba mengwaga e le15 ka gale ba bontsha ditsholofetso tsa kwa godimo tsa tsa thuto tsa bone go na le basimane ba mengwaga e e tshwanang le ya bone.[80] Le fa basadi ka palo ba feta seipagare sa dialogane tsa yunibesithi kwa dinageng tse mmalwa tsa OECD, ba amogela fela 30% ya degree tsa theishari tse di fiwang bao ba leng ka mo mafapheng a tsa matlhale le tsa boenginere, mme basadi ka palo ke ba ba 25% go ya go 35% fela mo dinageng di le dintsi tsa OECD ba e leng ba dipatlisiso.[81]
Go santse go na le dikgopolelo tse di fapologileng tsa tlwaelo tsa gore basadi ga ba ise ba phunyeletse go fitlhelela di digree tsa bo akhademiki. Go ya ka Margaret Rossiter, mo historian wa tsa matlhale, basadi jaanong jaan ba amogela diperesente tse 54 tsa di digree tsa bachelor tsotlhe kwa United States. Le fa go le jalo, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi bao ba nang le di digree tsa bachelor go gaisa banna, fa maemo a thuto a tlhatlhoga, banna ka bontshi ba aga ba fitlhelela tsa dipalopaloTemplate:Clarify go na le basadi. Kwa maemomg dikalogo [graduate level], basadi ba tlatsa diperesente di le 40 tsa di digree tsa doctorate (persente tse 31 tsa bone e le ba boengenere).[82]
Le fa basadi go fitlha jaanong ba ithuta kwa diyunibesithing tsa maemo a kwa godimo go ya ka tekano go tshwana le banna, Template:Clarify ga ba fiwe tšhono ya go ka tsena mo fakhalting. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman o itemogetse gore bogolo fa institute e le ya maemo a a kwa godimo, ke ka moo go ileng go ba bothata le go go ja nako, gore basadi ba fumane leemo ka mo fakhalthing moo. Ka 1989, Harvard University e ntshitse mosadi wa bone wa ntlha go chemistry, Cynthia Friend, gape ka 1992 mosadi wa ntlha go physics, Melissa Franklin. Le ene o itemogetse gore basadi go le gontsi ba ka itsholela maemo a bona a professional lekga la ntlha jaaka batlhapetsi le batlhatlheledi fa banna go le gontsi ba ka dira la ntlha mameong tenure. Go ya ka Smith le Tang, go tloga ka 1989, banna ba persente ya 65 le basadi ba peresente e le 40 percent ba tshwere maemo a leng tenured fa peresente tse 29 fela ya tsa ba matlhale le boenginere di thapilwe jaaka bathusi ba diphrofesera kwa dikholetsheng le diyunibesithi tsa four-year e le basadi. [83]
Mediro[baakanya | edit source]
Ka 1992, basadi ba ne ba duelwa diperesente tse di 9 tsa di Ph.D. tse di abilweng mo engineering fela peresente e le nngwe ya basadi bao e nnile mophrofesara. Ka 1995, diperesente di le11tsa diphrofesara tsa tsa matlhale le boenjinere e ne e le basadi. Ka tekanyo, e fela di dean tse 311 tsa dikolo tsa boinjinere e ne e le basadi, eo e tlhaelang ka peresente e le 1 ya palotlalo. Le mogo psychology, degree eo basadi ka bontsi ba fumanang diPh.D., ba tshwere ka bontsi maemo a mmalwa a a tenured, bonneteng diperesente tse 19 ka 1994.[84]
Basadi dipolotiking[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba emetswe-tlase mebusong ya dinaga di le di ntsi. Ka 2013 Diphalane, tekanyo bogareng ka sediko ya basadi ba ba leng makgotlheng a setšhaba ke 22%.[86] Suffrage ke tokelo ya botho ya go kgetha [vote]. Women's suffrage in the United States e ne ya wediwa ka bonya, sa ntlha boemong ba state le selegae, go simolola ka bofelong jwa sentshwuari ya bo19 le tshimologong ya senthwuari ya bo 20, mme ka 1920 basadi kwa US kgetho ya legotlhe, ge go fetiswa Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dinaga dingwe tsa Bophirimatsatsi di ne tsa iketla go ka dumelela basadi go kgetha; segolo Switzerland, moo basadi ba unneng ditokelo tsa go ka kgetha mo dikgethong tsa feterale tsa 1971, mme mo canton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden basadi ba ne ba fiwa tokelo ya go ka kgetha dintlheng tsa selegae fela ka 1991, fa canton e ne e e gapeletswa ke Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;[87][88] le Liechtenstein, ka 1984, e le ka ntlha ya Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum, 1984.
Tsa Matlhale, dikwalwa le botaki[baakanya | edit source]
Basadi ba, go ya ka histori, dirile ditshwaelo go tsa matlhale, dikwalwa [literature] lebotaki [art]. Karolo e le esi eo basadi go ya ka histori, ba neng ba dumeletswe go e fitlhelela thata ke ya obstetrics le gynecology (pele ga senthwuari ya bo 18, tlhokonelo ya basadi ba baimana kwa Yuropa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga basadi; go tlogeng bogareng ba senthwuari ya bo18 kelotlhokomelo ya tsa phodiso ya basadi ba baimana e ne ya simolola go tlhoka thuto ya tlhamalalo, eo basadi ka gale ba neng ba sa e fitlhelele, ka jalo tiro e e ne ya neeletswa banna).[89][90]
Go kwala go ne ka tlwaelo go tswewa go dumeletswe basadi ba leemo la kwa godimo, le fa go fitlhelela kgono jaaka o le mokwadi wa mohumagadi mo lefatsheng le le bontsing e leng la botona go ka nna bothata tota; ka lebaka le basadi ba le bantsi ba ile ba itsalla maina a senna (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).Botswana
Basadi e ntse e le batlhami, bakwalammino, batshameka diletswa, baopedi, batlhatlhi, baithuta mmino, baruta mmino, batlhatlhobi/bakgadi ba mmino/bakwaledi ba mmino le diphorofeshene dingwe tsa mmino. Go na le tsamao ya mmino, ditiragalo le genres tse di amanang le basadi, women's issues le feminism. Ka bo 2010s, le fa basadi ba dira bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa diopedi tsa mmino o o tlwaelegileng popular music le mmino wa klasiki classical music , le bontlhangwe jo bogolwane jwa bakwalammino (bontsi ba bona e le baopedi-bakwalammino), go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng record producers, rock critics le rock instrumentalists. Le fa go na le palo e kgolo ya basadi ba e leng batlhami women composers mminomg wa klasiki, go tloga ka nako Medieval period go fitlha go na jaanong, kemelo ya batlhami ba basadi e kwa tlase-tlase mo commonly performed classical music repertoire, historing ya dikwalo mmino le mo diencyclopedia tsa mmino; go fa sekao, ka mo Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann ke ene motlhami wa mohumagadi a le esi yoo a umakiwang.
Basadi ba dira bontlhanngwe jo bogolwane ya diopelanosi tsa diletswa mminong wa klasiki gape diperesente tsa basadi mo orchestras e a oketsega. Sekwalwa sa 2015 sa diopelanosi concerto kwa diCanadian orchestras tse kgolo, le mororo, se bontshitse gore 84% ya diopelanosi le Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal e ne e le banna. Ka 2012, basadi ba santse ba dirile 6% fela ya diorchestra tsa maemo a kwa godimo a Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Basadi ga ba tlwaelega mo batshameking ba diletswa mminong wa tlwaelo jaaka rock le heavy metal, etswane go na le bahumagadi ba ditshamekadiletswa ba itsegeng le all-female bands. Basadi segolobogolo ba emetswe tlase mo extreme metal genres.[91] Basadi gape ba emetswe tlase botlhatlhing ba orchestral , go kgala tsa mmino/bokwaledi ba mmino, tlhagiso/tsweletso ya mmino music producing, le sound engineering. le fa ka sentshwuari ya bo 19 basadi ba ne ba sa rotloetswe go ka tlhama, ebile go na le basadi ba ba mmalwa ba e leng di musicologists, basadi ba ile ba itshunya thutong ya mmino music education "... ka tsela eo ba ileng ba tlhagella ka megetla [mo lefapheng le] bofelelong ba bogare ba karolo ya sentshwuari ya bo 19th go fitlhelela sentshwuari ya bo 20."[92]
Go ya ka Jessica Duchen, mokwadi wa mmino wa London's The Independent, diopedi tsa basadi tsa mmino wa klasiki ba ["...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent"] atlholwa go le gontsi go ya ka ponagalo, go na le ka bokgoni ba bone" gape ba lebagane le kgatelelo ["... to look sexy onstage and in photos"] ya go lebega ba le sexy mo steijing le mo ditshwantshong."[93] Duchen o umaka gore le fa go "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."] na le diopedi tsa basadi ba ba ganang go tshameka ka dipopego tsa bone, bao ba dirang jalo ba a atlega [93]
Go ya ka mokwaledi wa Seyalemoya 3 sa UK , Edwina Wolstencroft, madirelo a mmino wa klasiki kgale a buletswe go ka nna le basadi mo dikarolong tsa ditshamekong kgotsa ditlhaletso, e fela ga se gantsi basadi ba nna mo maemong a taolo, jaaka a go nna moetaledipele wa orchestra [leader of an orchestra].[94] Mo mminong o o tlwaelegileng, le fa go na le basadi ba le bantsi ba diopedi bao ba gatisang dipina, go na basadi ba se ba kae kwa morago ga audio console boa ba dirang jaaka batlhagisi ba mmino [music producers], mothotsoko yoo a eteletseng pele ebile a tsamaisa lenaane la dikgatiso.[95]
See also[baakanya | edit source]
- Sex assignment
- Lists of women
Medical:
- Feminine psychology
- Gender differences
Dynamics:
- Femininity
- Feminization (sociology)
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Mitochondrial Eve
- Sexism
- Women as theological figures
- Women in science
Political:
- Gender studies
- Womyn
Exploration:
- List of female explorers and travelers
- Women in space
References[baakanya | edit source]
- ↑ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as [man] or [woman], or some combination thereof."
- ↑ "wīfmann": Bosworth & Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898-1921) p. 1219.
- ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, entry for "woman".
- ↑ man - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ Germanic Etymology
- ↑ dict.cc, DT-EN, entry: Wampe
- ↑ e.g.
- ↑ Jose A. Fadul.
- ↑ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'.
- ↑ By late 14th century a distinction was arising between female children, often called 'gay girls' – and male, or 'knave girls' -: a1375 William of Palerne (1867) l. 816 ' Whan þe gaye gerles were in-to þe gardin come, Faire floures þei founde.'
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001).
- ↑ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton (2004).
- ↑ Merit-Ptah at the University of Alabama.
- ↑ Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine, Horatius Press 1996, p. 334.
- ↑ Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, Marcel Dekker 1992, p. 28.
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Elisabeth Meier Tetlow (2004).
- ↑ Michael Roaf (1992).
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky.
- ↑ Jennifer Bergman (19 July 2001).
- ↑ J. M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Jake Page (2007).
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?"
- ↑ (Tanner, 1990).
- ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003).
- ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
- ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana.
- ↑ Menarche and menstruation are absent in many of the intersex and transgender conditions mentioned above and also in primary amenorrhea.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/social_determinants
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)".
- ↑ "WHO | Maternal mortality".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ "Resolution on Reproductive and Sexual Health | International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics".
- ↑ "Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women".
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan".
- ↑ "China 'one-child' policy: Mother of 2 dies after forced sterilization".
- ↑ "Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "China forced abortion photo sparks outrage".
- ↑ http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf
- ↑ Sharpe, S. (1976).
- ↑ Gere, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2012).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "U.S. Education Slips In Rankings".
- ↑ "A/RES/48/104.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly.
- ↑ "Statistics by Area - Attitudes towards wife-beating - Statistical table".
- ↑ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project".
- ↑ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=djcil#H2N1
- ↑ http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/witchhunts.pdf
- ↑ "Woman burned alive for 'sorcery' in Papua New Guinea".
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Beheading for 'sorcery' shocking | Amnesty International".
- ↑ "Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' - CNN.com".
- ↑ In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women found that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States.
- ↑ In England and Wales, marital rape was made illegal in 1991.
- ↑ For example, in Yemen, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[1]
- ↑ "Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women | Amnesty International".
- ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [2]
- ↑ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF
- ↑ "Women's right to choose their dress, free of coercion".
- ↑ "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013343/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=91cf943a-3fa6-4fce-afec-4ab2c2a356fd
- ↑ "Turkey condemns 'honour killings'".
- ↑ "Human Rights Voices – Pakistan, August 21, 2008".
- ↑ "Home".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran".
- ↑ "United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait".
- ↑ "Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social".
- ↑ Fakim, Nora (9 August 2012).
- ↑ "Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Oman" (PDF).
- ↑ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania".
- ↑ Dubai FAQs.
- ↑ Judd, Terri (10 July 2008).
- ↑ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims".
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ↑ "United Nations News Centre - Harmful practices against women and girls can never be justified by religion – UN expert".
- ↑ "The World Factbook".
- ↑ Education Levels Rising in OECD Countries but Low Attainment Still Hampers Some, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publication Date: 14 September 2004.
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006.
- ↑ Eisenhart, A. Margaret; Finkel, Elizabeth (2001).
- ↑ Brainard, Susanne G.; Carlin, Linda (2001).
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
- ↑ "Angela Merkel".
- ↑ "Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages".
- ↑ "The Long Way to Women's Right to Vote in Switzerland: a Chronology".
- ↑ "Experts In Women'S Anti-Discrimination Committee Raise Questions Concerning Reports Of Switzerland On Compliance With Convention".
- ↑ Gelis, Jacues.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F., & Porter, Roy, eds.
- ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers.
- ↑ "Women Composers In American Popular Song, Page 1".
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap
- ↑ Jessica Duchen.
- ↑ Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).


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text:
“Ke leboga tiro pele ga nako” #SupraMahumapelo
Lekoko la African National Congress le itsisitse gompieno fa Supra Mahumapelo a neelane semmuso ka lekwalo la go leboga tiro.
Lemorago
Mahumapelo fa a sale a kgaogane le tsamaiso ya Puso mo Porofenseng ya Bokone Bophirima morago ga gore a itsise fa a leboga tiro jaaka Tonakgolo ka 8 Motsheganong 2018.
Mahumapelo fa a sale a le ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo gore a leboge tiro fa morago ga gore mokgatlho wa bosechaba wa badiri ba thuto, kalafi le ba bangwe bao ba kopaneng (NEHAWU) o ngale tiro mo Porofenseng o ngongorega ka manyofonyofo mo lefapheng la Pholo le gore tlhogo ya lefapha e lebogisiwe tiro.
Lekoko la African National Congress mo Porofenseng le ne ka nako eo la rebola pegelo eo mo go yona le neng le amogela go leboga tiro ga ga Mahumapelo le go mo lebogela gore a tsere dikgatlhegelo tsa Porofense mme a di beile kwa godimo ga tsa gagwe.
E ne ya re letsatsi leo le latelang ka 9 Motsheganong 2018 khuduthamaga ya lekoko mo Porofenseng ya tlhalosa mo kopanong gore:
- Ga go na lefapha lepe la mokgatlho leo le laetseng Tonakgolo go leboga tiro
- Ka jalo, go ne go se na dipuisano tse di maleba magareng ga khuduthamaga jaaka e le yona e romileng Mahumapelo go nna Tonakgolo, tebang le go leboga tiro ga ga Mahumapelo. Khuduthamaga e ne ya laela Mahumapelo go gogela morago go leboga tiro ga gagwe go fitlhelela go nna le dipuisano tse di maleba ka ga morero yono.
Khuduthamaga e ne ya gogela morago go amogela ga yona go leboga tiro ga ga Mahumapelo mme ya swetsa ka gore a tseye malatsi a boikhutso mme a tlhope Tonakgolo ya namaotshwere fa lekoko le santse le samagane le go rarabolola marara a Porofense.
Dikhuduego mo Porofenseng
Go ngala tiro ga badiri ba NEHAWU go ne ga lebisa kwa go tlhaeleng ga melemo mo bontsing jwa ditheo tsa Pholo mo Porofenseng mme seno sa lebisa kwa dikhuduegong tseo di neng tsa runya kwa Mahikeng fa morago ga gore batho ba le babedi ba tlhokafale ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya baoki kwa ditheong tsa Pholo. Baagi ba ne ba simolola go ikuela gore Mahumapelo a role tiro mme dikhuduego di ne tsa aparela didika di le tharo tsa Porofense e leng Ngaka Modiri Molema, Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati gammogo le Dr Kenneth Kaunda.
Setlhopa Sa Borongwa sa Ditona tsa Mafapha ao a Farologaneng le go beewa ga Mafapha le Porofense ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya Puso ya Bosechaba
Go runya ga dikhuduego go ne ga lebisa kwa goreng Mookamedi wa naga, Cyril Ramaphosa le lekoko leo le busang la African National Congress ba tlhope Setlhopa sa borongwa sa Ditona seo se eteletsweng kwa pele ke Tona Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, go tla go batlisisa thitokgang ya dikhuduego mo Porofenseng.
Fa morago ga metseletsele ya dikopano le dipuisano le banna-le-seabe mo Porofenseng, Puso ya Bosechaba e ne ya swetsa go tsaya taolo ya Mafapha a Pholo le Matlotlo mo Porofenseng mme morago ya swetsa go baya taolo yotlhe ya Porofense ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Bosechaba.
Kitsiso ya Sesheng ya go leboga tiro ga ga Mahumapelo
Go leboga tiro ga ga Mahumapelo go itsisitswe semmuso ke Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa lekoko la African National Congress, Ace Magashule kwa dikantorokgolo tsa lekoko kwa Luthuli House.
Cde Supra Mahumapelo o sa tswa go leboga tiro jaaka Tonakgolo ya Bokone Bophirima. Re itumelela gore o tsere tshwetso eno ebile re dumelana le go leboga tiro ga ga Cde Supra Mahumapelo.
Mahumapelo o tlhalositse gore o rola marapo pele ga nako ka tshepo ya gore jaaka lekoko ba tla gakatsa ntwa ya bona kgatlhanong le megagaru, bosenyi le manyofonyofo.
Ke tsere tshwetso go rola marapo pele ga nako gonna ke sa batle go bonwa jaaka ekare ke dirisa kantoro ya Puso go itshireletsa. Ke batla go letlelela ditsamaiso tsotlhe go tswelela ntle le kgoreletsego.
Go ya pele Mahumapelo o tlhalositse gore ba tlile go kopanya lekoko le semphato sa lona go ipaakanyetsa ditlhopo tsa Bosechaba tsa 2019. O lebogile mokgatlho go mo roma jaaka Tonakgolo le go amogela go rola marapo ga gagwe pele ga nako mme a tlhalosa gore ga a solofela go atswiwa ka sengwe ke lekoko.

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Tona ya matlotlo, Malusi Gigaba o isa pegelo ya Mosireletsi wa Sechaba tshekatshekong ya semolao.
Lefapha la tsa matlotlo mo Aforika Borwa le tlhalositse mo pegelong fa tona ya matlotlo, Malusi Gigaba, a laetse bagakolodi ba tsa melao “go simolola ditsamaiso tebang le tshekatsheko mmogo le go beela thoko diphitlhelelo le pegelo yotlhe ya mosireletsi wa sechaba e e bidiwang ‘Pelaelo ka go palelwa ke go busa madi a a dirisitsweng botlhaswa.‘
Lefapha le tlhalositse fa pegelo e isiwa tshekatshekong ka ntlha ya fa diphitlhelelo tsa yona di “sa tsamaisane le mokgwa wa molao ebile dintlha tsa yona di sa amane mo go kgotsofatsang le bopaki jo bo neng bo le fa pele ga mosireletsi wa sechaba.”
Go ya ka lefapha, go ne go se bonolo mo go tona Gigaba go tsaya tshwetso ya go isa pegelo tshekatshekong, mme pele a tsaya tshwetso eno, tona o kopane le mosireletsi wa sechaba gore a tlhaloganye mo go tseneletseng dintlha le bopaki, tseo di lebisitseng kwa diphitlhelelong kgatlhanong le puso. Lefapha le tlhalositse fa se, se ne se le botlhokwa kantlha ya fa dipatlisiso di ntse teng pele ga fa tona a tsaya marapo kwa lefapheng la tsa matlotlo.
“Tona o tsere tshwetso go sireletsa tsamaiso ya Sefalana sa polokelo ya matlotlo sa Aforika Borwa, seo se nnileng teng go latela karolo ya 224(1) ya molaotheo ‘go sireletsa boleng jwa matlotlo mo dikgatlhegelong tsa tsepamo le tsweletsopele ya kgolo ya moruo mo nageng.’“
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text:
Setshwantso: Lala Hirayama: Facebook
Lalla Hirayama o rotloetsa go bua phatlhalatsa ka malwetse a tlhaloganyo
Lala Hirayama yo o itsegeng jaaka mogasi mo seyalemoweng le mo paloponong, ebile akile a dira jaaka moatlhodi mo lenaneong la South Africa’s Got Talent, o rotloeditse balatedi ba gagwe le MaAforika Borwa gore ba se ikobonye le go itlhabelwa ke kgala fa ba itemogela mathata a a jaaka kgatelelo ya tlhaloganyo le go etsaetsega.
Lala o kaile mo mafaratlhatlheng a Twitter gore “go tseela gore boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo ga se ntlhakgolo mo Aforika Borwa, go tshwanetswe ga siamisiwa mme go se itekanele mo tlhaloganyong go tseiwe fela jaaka bolwetse bongwe le bongwe.” O ne gape a tswelela ka go rotloetsa gore batho ba bone thuso fa ba na le kgatelelo ya tlhaloganyo, ba ikutlwa ekare ba ka ipolaya kgotsa ba na le ketsaetsego.
Lala o tlhalositse fa a sa tlhabiwe ke kgala go bua gore ‘o itemogela go etsaetsega ebile kgatelelo ya tlhaloganyo e nine karolo e tona ya botshelo jwa gagwe. O kaile le fa go le jalo, “mme go siame.”
Lala o tlhalositse fa mo matshwenyegong a gagwe a ne a letsetsa ba Setlhopha Sa Aforika Borwa Sa Kgatelelo ya Tlhaloganyo le Ketsaetsego (South African Depression and Anxiety Group, SADAG), bao ba mo thusitseng thata go samagana le matshwenyego a gagwe mo makgetlong a le mantsi.
Ba SADAG ba fitlhelwa mo dinomorong tsa 0800 567 567 diura di le 24.
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text:
KANYE - Lekgotla la dikereke la borwa le tsibogetse dipego tsa bosheng tsa bogodu jwa matlapa kwa mabitleng, mme ba kaya fa go tshwanetse ga dirwa diphetogo ka tsamaiso ya mabitla seemo se ise se etesegele.
Bosheng Btv e ne ya supa pego e mo go yone go utswilweng matlapa mo mabitleng kwa Mmadinare mo kgaolong ya Bobirwa.
Mo puisanyong le lekgotla leo mabapi le seemo se, modulasetilo Moruti Kemmapatse Tlhojane o boletse fa go tsile seemo sa gore mabitla a rolelwe dikhansele e a laole. Moruti a re fa mabitla a le mo dikhanseleng, di tlaa a agelela le go a kata mme e re fa go na le ba ba swetsweng kana ba ba batlang go tlhola mabitla a ba ga bone, ba bo ba ka tsaya tetla mo go ba khansele.
A re gompieno mabitla a latlheletswe mo metseng ka go farologana, a re go baka gore batho ba felele ba dira ditiro tsa bobaba mo go one ka go bo go se na ope yo o reng sepe ka one.
O ne a fa sekai ka mabitla a Mpuutsane le a Mmalekwa kwa Kanye, a re sekgwa se se mo go one ga se jese di welang.
Moruti o kgadile a sa kgwe mathe batho ba ba rekang matlapa mo magotswanyaneng a re ba rotloetsa borukutlhi. Mo go tse dingwe, Moruti Tlhojane o ne a supa matshwenyego ka mekubukubu e e agang e tsoga magareng ga dikereke le batsadi ba moswi ka nako tsa dintsho.
A re o etse tlhoko seemo se se golelang pele se sa gore baswelwa ba gogagogane le kereke ya moswi ka gore phitlho e tsamaisiwe jang.
Go ya ka moruti, gantsi ,batsadi ba moswi ba dumela gore ba tshwanetse ba fitlhe ngwana wa bone ka fa ngwaong ya bone, fa mo letlhakoreng le lengwe bakaulengwe ba moswi bone ba dumela gore ba tshwanetse ba fitlhe monkabone ka fa tumelong ya kereke ya bone.
Moruti Tlhojane o kopile batho gore ba nne ba dira thulaganyo ya go itsese ba malwapa a bone tsamaiso ya dikereke tsa bone ba santse ba le mo botshelong. BOPA


text:
Activity Feed
Wall Comment: #764
hi....
Goitseone Mothakaja
ok..hw is malasia?
Dimpho Kgosi
Booooooooring, jst wanna come home
Dimpho Kgosi
hwz Bots? le mariga ga ise a simolole?
boikanyo histo bathai
@dimpho hellow mr hw is malasia mr re bolawa ke mogote...
Dimpho Kgosi
Haha, same here Boikanyo, Malaysia is hot all year round, but its better cos ga go dry like bots
boikanyo histo bathai
a mfe2 o tshela sentle waitse goo kwano goa tena..
Dimpho Kgosi
Last year ke tlile bots serame se fela, eish, ke fa ke sitwa, this is my 4th year ke sa itse mariga, ka go nna le mathata ke tsena daa
boikanyo histo bathai
ijaa!! o tsile go bolawa ke serame mr mariga a kwano maswe thata
boikanyo histo bathai
o santse o tsile go senka adaptation pele
Dimpho Kgosi
eish kare malast ke fitlhetse gotwe se fedile ga ke utlwe sepe, nna ke roroma


text:
Basarwa
Basarwa ke batho ba Botswana. Basarwa ke bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo Botswana. Batswana ba ne be goroga mo Botswana dingwaga tse di ntsi tse di fetileng. Ba ne ba tseela Basarwa lefatshe, ba bo ba dira gore Basarwa ba tshabele ko sekakeng. Ke ka moo gompieno Basarwa ba nnang ko sekakeng le ko merakeng.
[baakanya] Ditso tsa pele
Tshekatsheko ya ditso e supa fa bangwe ba letso la basarwa ba sale ba nnile mo sekakeng sa kgaolo ya kgalagadi.Mme bontsi ja letso la Basarwa mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika ba ne ba patelediwa go nna mo kgaolong eo. Basarwa ba kalahari ba nnile mo lehumeng fa bahumi ba ba nnang go bapa le bone ba ba rontshitse ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lehatshe.Morago ga nako ee sa fedising pelo Botswana ga mmogo le Namibia, ba ne ba fithela bonno jwa bone bo fokoditswe mo go fiteletseng.[1]
[baakanya] Basarwa ba Kalahari
Basarwa ke batho ba thata e itsiweng ele batsomi. Go nneng ga matlong a a sa akaegeng, Basarwa ba tshedile ka go tsoma diphologolo le go bapala diphologolo tsa naga.Bontsi jwa batho mo borwa jwa Afreka ba ne ba itsesiwe ngwao ya Basarwa ga mmogo le teme ya bone go dirisa setshwantsho sa motshikenyego.[2]
[baakanya] Kgotla kgolo ya ditsheko
Ka kgwedi ya ferikgong a thola masome a mabedi le bosupa ngogola ,Basarwa ba ne ba fenya tsheko kgathanong le puso mo Botswana ko kgotla kgolo ya ditshekelo morago ga go kganelwa go amana le metsi a a nowang mo di dibeng tse di kwa ba nnang teng.Barrister Gordon Bennett e ne e le moemedi wa basarwa ko tshekong jaaka fa baathodi ba supa fa puso ya Botswana e le molato go fa thuso ee sa nametseng.Gangwe le gape, puso ya Botswana e ne bolelelwa gore e duele dituelo tsa go tsenelela tsheko ga Basarwa.
[baakanya] Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle
- ↑ The modern day Bushmen / San. Art of Africa. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
- ↑ http://goafrica.about.com/library/bl.san.htm


text:
27 August 2010 Jaane Pehchane Se Ajnabi Watch Online
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text:
Molelo
Template:Pp-semi-protected Template:Pp-move-indef
Molemo ke thakathakanyo e e diragalang ka bonako ya di gase mo tsamaisong ya combustion, e e ntshang mogote, lesedi le tse dingwe tse di farologaneng.[1] Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.
Motuka ke bontha bongwe jo bo bonalang jwa molemo gape o na le ditlhase. Fa digase tse di fisa thata, dikgona go nna ionized go dira plasma.[2] Mmala wa motuka le bogale jwa molemo bo ya ka dilo tse dishang le dilo tse di tshelwang mo teng
Ditlamorago tsa molemo ke conflagration, se se na le bokgoni jwa go senyaka mmele ka go o fisa. Molemo ke selo sa bothokwa se se amang matshelo a batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ditlamorago tse di siameng tsa molelo ke go rotloetsa kgolo le go babalela tikologo. Molemo o sa le o dirisiw ake batho go apaya, go dira mogote, sesupo le ditiro tsa propulsion. Ditlamorago tse di bosula tsa molelo di akaretsa, go leswafatsa metsi, go senya mmu, go leswafatsa loapi le kotsi mo matshelo a batho.[3]
[baakanya] Ditebego
[baakanya] Maranyane
Molelo o simolola fa selo se se thothetsang molelo, se kopane le selekanyo se se siameng sa gase ya oxygen kana sengwe se se na le oxygen, se le gaufi le motswedi wa mogote kana mogote o le kwa godimo ga flash point gore leokwane le ka kopangwa, gape gore e kgona go tshegetsa, selekanyo sa bonako jwa oxidation, e ntshang a tlhakatlhakanyo. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
Fa o simolola go tuka, thathakanyo ya di gase e tshwanetse go diragala, mo eleng gore molelo o kgona go tshegetsa mogote wa one, ka go ntsha nonofo ya mogote mo tiragalong ya combustion le go propagate, fela fa go nale neelano ya gase le leokwane.
Molelo o ka timiwa ka go ntsha ditsetlana dingwe tse di bakang molelo. Sekaseka gase ya tholego jaaka go tswa mo letshegong la boapeelo. Molelo o ka timiwa ka tse di latelang:
- • fa o tima motswedi wa gase, mo go ntsha motswedi wa leokwane.
- Fa o kgorumetsa motuka gotlhelele, mo go fokotsa bogale jwa motuka, ka gonne combustion e dirisa gase ya oygen e e mo phefong le go e ntsha, lefelong le le gaufi le motuka o o nale CO2.
- Go tshela metsi mo molelo go fokotsa mogote o o mo teng ka bonako go na le o molelo o ka o dirang( fa o budulela mowa mo molelong go ka fokotsa mogote, wa digase tse di shang go tswa mo leokwaneng go tshwana le ntlha e e fa godimo) kana
- Go tshela sedirisiwa se se timang molelo jaaka Halon mo motukeng, se se kganelang thakathakanyo ya di gase, go fithelela selekanyo sa combation se nna bonya go babalela mola wa thakathakanyo.
Molelo o ka okediwa ka go oketsaselekanyo sa combustion Mekgwa ya go dira se ke go lekalekanyo leokwane le di gase tse thokegang tsa selekanyo se se rileng, go oketsa leokwane le gase mo bokopanyong jwa selekanyo se, go oketsa mogote, gore mogote wa molelo o kgone go tshegetsa go tuka ga molelo kana go tsenya sethothetsi; sethothedi se se dirisiwang gore leokwane le digase di thakathakane ka pela.
[baakanya] Motuka
Motuka ke tlhakatlhakano ya digase le dilo tse di tswang mo teng, infrared, nako tse dingwe lesedi le le bonako, selekanyo sa lefelo le le ikaegileng ka ditebego tsa dilo tse dishang le tsibogo e e bonako. Mo nako tse dintsi, jaaka go sha ga dilo tsa tholego jaaka, dikgong, kana go sha mo go sa felelang ga gase, incadescent solid particles tse di bidiwang soot di ntsha o o tshwanang motuka o o phatsimang o o lephutshi. Lesedi le na le lefelo le le tsweletseng. Go sha mo go feletseng ga gase, go na le motuka wa mmala o motala, ka lobaka la go ntshiwa ga radiation ya bophara bo le bongwe go tswa mo phudugong ya electron mo di molecule tse di dirilweng ke motuka. Nako tse dinsi, go dirisiwa gase ya oxygen, mme Hydrogen e e tukang mo chloride le yone e ntsha motuka, mo go dirang gase ya Hydrogen Chloride(HCl). Thakanyo e engwe e e kgonang go ntsha motuka, mo go tse dintsi ke Fluorine le hydrogen le hydrazine le nitrogen tetroxide.
Go phatsima ga motuka go thakathakane. Mogote wa mmele wa radiation o ntshiwa mo gaseng ya soot, le dikarolo tsa leokwane, le fa go ntse jaalo dikarolo tsa soot di le dinnye thata go itshola jaaka mmele e mentsho e e siameng. Gape go ntshiwa photon, e ntshiwa ke di atoms le molecules tse di seng mathagathaga mo di gaseng Bontsi jwa mogote wa radiation o ntshiwa mo dilong tse bonalan. Mmala o ikaegile mo mogoteng wa mmele o montsho wa radiation, le kago ya boranyane gore go ntshiwa go kgonagale Mmala o tlwaelesegile mo motukeng o fetoga le mogote. Sekai se se siameng ke setshwantsho sa molelo wa naga. Fa go tuka mo gontsi go diragalang teng mo lefatshe, molelo o mosweu, mmala wa fa gole mogote thata wa dilo tsa tholego ke lephutshi. Fa godimo ga lefelo le lephutshi, mmala o fetogelosa mo bosetheng, se se raya gore ga go mogote thata, morago ga mmala o ke bohibidu, fa go seng mogote. Fa godimo ga mmala o mohibidu, go tuka ga go sa thole go diragala, gape dikarolo tse di sa tukang kgotsa di sa sha, ka tebego di dintsho.
Komponi ya NASA ya ko Amerika e lemogile gore gravity e tsaya karolo mo tiragalong ya motuka. Fa go nonofo ev e gogelang kwa godimo e fetolwa, se se ka baka mefuta e e farologaneng ya metuka[4] Kabakanyo ya metuka ka fa tlase ga diemo tsa gravity, di ikaegile ka go sutla ga dikarolwana mo metsing, jaaka soot e nna e gola go feta motuka o o tlwaelesegileng., jaaka mo kereseng mo diemong tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa go tsholetsega ga mmele, di dira gore o nne lephutshi. Fa go senang gravity, jaaka mo mafelong ka tikologong tse di mo lefaufaung, convection ca e sa thole e diragala, le mothuka o thuka ka go dikologa, le go rata go nna motala le bokgoni( lefa o ka kgona go tima fa o sa tshwarwe sentle, le gore CO2 go tswana mo go tukeng, ga e kabakangwe sentle fa go senang gravity, mme se se ka tima motuka). Go na le dithaloso tse di ntsi tsa di pharologanyo tse, mo e leng gore go ka kgonagaa gore mogote o kabakangwe ka go lekalekana, gore soot e seka ya dirwa le go tuka mo go feletseng go dirgala.[5] Diteko tse di dirilweng ke NASA di supa gore metuka e e thakanang fa go senang gravity, e letelela gore soot e le ntsi e thakane le digase morago e bo e dira thakanyo ya metuka mo lefatsheng, ka ntateng ya maitsholo a farologaneng a ditshidi fa go senang grafity, fa go tshwanthsangwa le fa go na le diemo tsa gravity e e tlwaelesegileng.[6] Ditemogo tse di ne tsa dirisiwa mo boranyane, le mo madirelong thatathata tiriso ya leokwane.
Mo diegeneng tse di tukang, go na le dikgatlo tse dintsi tse di tsewang go tima motuka. Mekgwa e e ikaegile mefuta ya leokwane, jaaka mafura, dikgong, leokwane le le nale nonofo e ntsi jaaka leokwane la difofane.
[baakanya] Mogote
Molelo o ntsha mogote, kana ke mokgwa wa go fudusa nonofo go tswa mo mmeleng mongwe ka lobaka la go amana le taolo ya mogote.
[baakanya] Megote e e etsegeng ya molelo le metuka
- Motuka wa gase e e hemiwang le gase ya nonofo.
- Motuka wa sedirisiwa sa madirelo a maranyane.
- • Motuka wa sedirisiwa se se tsenyang kgatelelo e potlana[7]
- Motuka wa kerese
- Go goga motsoko
- o Mogote o o sa tshwantshiwing: lethakore le le tshubilweng Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- Mogote wa go tshwantshiwa: bogare jwa fa go tshubuilweng: Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- Go nna go le mogote thata fagare.
[baakanya] Mogote wa metuka ka ditebego.
Mogote wa metuka e e na le dikarolo tsa carbon di ntsha lesedi, di ka lemogwa ka mmala wa tsone.[8]
- Bohibidu
- -O bonala Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- o sa bonale: Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- mmala o o sa bonaleng wa leungo: Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- mmala o o bonalang sentle wa leungo: Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- mmala wa leungo o o bonala sentle: Template:Convert/°CTemplate:Convert/test/Aon
- mmala wa namune
- Bosweu
[baakanya] Boitsaanape jwa molelo
Naga e ngwe le ngwe ya tholego e na le molelo wa yone, gape ditshidi mo nageng ya teng di ikaegile ka one molelo o. Molelo o dira mafelo a bodulo,lengwe le lengwe e le fa seemong se se rileng.[9] Mefuta ya dithare, diphologolo le ditshidinyana di na le bokgoni jwa go dirisang seemo sengwe, gape fa o ntse o dira o ne mafelo a, molelo o letelela mefuta e mentsi go nna mo lefelong leo.
[baakanya] Mekwalo e e beilweng ya ditswa mmung
[baakanya] Taolo ya batho
Go laola molelo e ne e le phetogo e e neng e diragala mo matshelo a batho ba bogologolo. Go gotsa molelo, go dira mogote le lesedi, mo go ne go dira gore batho ba kgone go apaya dijo, go oketsa mefuta le go nna teng ga dikotla. Mogote o o neng o dirwa o ne o thuthafatsa batho ka mariga, o dira gore ba kgone go tshela mo fa go le tshididi. Molelo gape o ne o kgoba dibatlana. Bosupi jwa dijo tse di apeilweng, di ne tsa bonwa go tswa mo dingwageng tse didikadike tse di fetileng, le fa molelo o ne o sa dirisiwe ka mokgwa o o rileng go fithelela ka dingwaga tse 400,00 tse di fitileng. [10] Bosupi bo bo ne jwa anama ka dingwaga tse masome mathano go ya ko lekgolo tse di fitileng, go supa gore tiriso e ntsi nako le nako; mo go kgathisang, ka nako e lengwefela go leswafatsa phefo le gone ga simolola go anama, ka dipalo tse dintsi.[10] Tiriso ya molelo e ne ya simolola go nna mafathatha, o ne wa dirisiwa go dira magala le go laola ditshidi tsa naga dingwaga tse makgole a lesome a a fetileng.[10]
Molelo gape o ne dirisiwa mo dingwageng tse difitileng go bogisa le go athola, e le go fisa motho a tshela le didirisiwa tsa pogiso jaaka sethako sa tshipi, se se neng se tlatswa ka metsi, mafura kana se fisiwa ka molelo gore motho a bogisege.
ka nako ya diphetogo go tswa mo tsomeng go ya ko jwaleng dijalo, batho fatshe ka bophara ba ne ba dirisa molelo jaaka sedirisiwa sa go babalela lefatshe. melelo e ne laolwa ka go fisamlelo e e tsididi fa go tshwantshangwa le melelo e bogale e e senyang mmu. Melelo e e bogale e senyaka dijwalo le diphologolo gape e tsenya batho mo kotsing. Se ke mathata a matona mo nageng tsa gompieno fa go fisa melelo ya setso is thibelwa go rotloetsa kgolo ya dithare tse di dirang dilo tsa kago. Melelo e e seng bogale e diriwa thata ka paka ya dithobologo le thobo. go supa fa go tshubiwa ka nonofo ya ditshidi tse di suleng e sa gole sentle, se seka simolodisa melelo e e bogale. go na le mefuta e mentsi ya tikologo, e rotloetsang entsifalo ya diphologolo le ditlhare. Batho bo ne ba dira gore dinaga tse dikgothaganeng di atloge.
Go na le dipalo tse di ntsi tsa tiriso ya molelo. Fa o ka akanya sentle molelo o dirisiwa ke mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka tsela e e laolesegang. Badirisi ba dipalamo tse di dirisa molelo, ba ditisa molelo nako le nako ba kgweetsa. Madirelo a nonofo ya motlakase e kabakanya palo e ntsi ya motlakane mo bathong.
Tiriso ya molelo mo dintlweng e sale e nna ditso. Molelo o ne o dirisiwa mo didirisiwa tsa ntwa. Hormer o ne a bua ka tiriso ya molelo ga baeteledipele ba ba gerika ba ba neng ba iphithile mo pitseng ya dikgong go fisa Troy ka na ya dintwa tsa trojan. Moragonya ba Byzantine ba ne ba dirisa molelo wa bagerika go thasela dikepe le banna, Ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe, batho ba ntlha ba ba ne ba tika melelo e ne e le dithopha tsa ntwa, gape go dikoloi tsa ntwa dine di agegile sentle. mo dintweng tse di neng tsa tla morago, dibetsa tsa ganyaolo di ne di dirisiwa ke Axis le Allies go tshwana, thatathata ko Tokyo, Rotterdam,lontone, Hamburg le Dresden, mo tiragalong tse pedi tse, ntwa ya melelo e ne simolodisiwa ka bomo e mo one molelo o ne o dikologa toropo, o ne wa gogelwa mo teng . Masole a difofane a Amerika le one a dirisa dibetsa tse kgathanong le Japane ka nako ya bone ya ntwa, mme se sa senyaka matlo a ne a agilwe ka dikgong le di pampiri. Tiriso ya leokwane e ne ya simolola ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 1944, ko bofelo jwa ntwa ya bobedi, ntswa tiriso ya lone ga e a ka kgathegelwa ke sechba go fithelela ntwa ya Vietnam. Sebetsa sa kganyaqolo se se dirilweng ka leokwane le yone e ne e dirisiwa.
[baakanya] Tiriso jaaka leokwane
Leokwane fa le tshubiwa le ntshang nonofo e e bothokwa Dikgong ke kgale di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, le gompieno di a dirisiwa. Tiriso ya leokwane le tswang mo mmung jaaka petroleum, gase ya tholego le magala, mo madirelong a maokwane a kabakanya bontsi jwa motlakase lefatshe ka bophara mo bo gompienong; sethopa sa nonofo ya mafatshe e buile gore selekanyo se se masome a boferabobedi a motlakase a tswa mo metsweding e. [12] molelo mo madirelong a motlakase o dirisiwa go thuthafatsa metsi, go dira mosi o o dirisiwang ke mafetho. Mafetho a a tlaabo a dikolosa generatara ya motlakase go dira motlakase. Molelo o dirisiwa gape go dira ditiro, mo di engineng.
Dilo tse di salang morago ga go sha di bidiwa masalela kana molora, fa go lora go yone go le kwa tlase ga mogote wa motuka, go e kopane le go omelela jaaka e tshidifala, lefa go lora ga molora go le fa godimo ga mogote wa motuka.
[baakanya] Tshireletso le Thibelo
Mananeo a thibelo ya melelo ya naga lefatshe ka bophara, e ka dira gore go dirisiwe di tsela tsa go thibela jaakago dirisa lefelo la tholego le melelo e e laolesegang. [13][14][15] Go dirisa lefelo la naga la molelo go tewa molelo mongwe le mongwe o o bakilweng ke dilo tsa tholego, tse dilaqolesegang mmele di letelelwa go sha. Melelo e e laolwang ke meloelo e simolotsweng ke makalana a goromente, ko tlase ga diemo tsa loapi tse di seng kotsi.[16]
Makalana a a lwantshang melelo a teng mo mafelo a a tthabologileng go tioma le laola melelo e e sa laolesegeng Batima melelo ba ba ithuthuntshitsweng ba dirisa di dirisiwa tsa go tima molelo, dirisiwa tsa metsi jaaka polokelo ya metsi le dilo tse di timang molelo kana ba ka dirisa dilo dingwe ba lebeletse gore molelo o bakilwe ke enng.
Thibelo ya molelo e diretswe go fokotsa metswedi e e thothetsang molelo. Thibelo ya melelo e akaretsa go ruta batho gore ba ka emisa go simolola molelo jaang.[17] Mo dikago tse ditona thata dikole, thuthuntsho ya melelo e a diriwa go ruta botho gore ba ka itsaya jaang mo di kagong tse dishang. Go simolola molelo kana bomo ke molato ka fa tlase ga melawana mengwe.
Dikago tsa maemo a ntlha di thoka di dirisiwa tsa thibelo ya molelo le thibelo e e mathagathaga go fokotsa tsenyo e e ka bakwang ke molelo. Mofuta mongwe wa thebelo ya molelo ke mafelo a gasa metsi. Go oketsa thibelo ya melelo mo dikagong, di dirisiwa tsa kago le dilwana tsa ntlo mo mafatsheng aa thabologileng di a sekwasekwa go bona gore a ga di tshabelelwe ke molelo. kago ya didirisiwa tsa ntlo, go betla le dipolaseteke tse di dirisiwang mo dipalamong le mo ditirong tse dingwe di lekilwe.
Fa thibelo le tshireletso ya molelo e padiler, makalana a madi a tsa melelo ba ka thusa ka madi.
[baakanya] Paakanyo
Go na le mefuta le ditsela tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang , go ya mefuta wa molelo kaq na tshenyo ya molelo. Tsenyo ya molelo e ka dirwa ke dithopha tsa taolo ya dilwana, batho ba ba babalelang dikago, kana beng ba metse ka bo bone; mme fela go bitsa maitsaanape wa paakanyo ya tshenyo ya melelo, go thophilewe e le tsela e e siameng gape e babalesegile go baakanya dilwana tse sentsweng ke molelo. Bontsi jwa bone ba balwa kwa tlase ga paakanyo ya tshenyo ya metsi le molelo, gape ba ka kgona go thusa go paakanya ka bonako, ba baakanyetsa beng ba motse kana makalana a matona.[18]
Dikomponi tse di baakanyang ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo di laolwa ke maphata a baji ba reki. Ko Calafonia, dipaakanyo tsotlhe tsa meklelo le metsi di kwadisitswe kwa tlase ga lekalana la ditumalano tsa go dira ka go bereka. [19] Mo bogompienong, lekalana le ga lena dithopha tsa paakanyo ya ditshenyo tsa metsi kana molelo. Mme ntswa lekalana le le batla setlankana e le sesupo gore ba letelelwe go paakanya ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo.[20]
[baakanya] O ka tsibogela
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- Áed (leina le le leilweng)
- molelo o o na le mmala
- Go sha
- Go tshuba moswi
- Go tuka mo go rotloetswang ke mogote wa letsatsi
- Molelo (Tsetlana ya maemo)
- Tshekatsheko ya molelo
- kelothoko ya molelo
- Molete wa molelo
- molelo wa phefo
- kobamelo ya molelo
- Teko ya motuka
- Tsela ya botshelo e es sireletsegileng
- Maina a melelo a ditso
- maina a motswedi wa lesedi
- Boitsaanape jwa go tshuba
- Sedirisiwa se sesupa motuka wa melelo e metona e e laolesegang
- lefoko la segerika le le rayang molelo
- Go bola ga dilo tse suleng ka mogote mongwe o o rileng.
- Mokgwa o sa laolesegeng wa go simolola molelo
- Mosi
- Letunya mosi
[baakanya] ditshwantsho tsa tlaleletso
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Setshwantsho:tshimololo ya motuka e e bonya.
[baakanya] Tse di latelang ke tse di dirisitsweng go batla kitso e e kwadilweng fa
- ↑ Template:Cite document
- ↑ Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?". About.com. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/firechemistry.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-21
- ↑ Lentile, et al. , 319
- ↑ Spiral flames in microgravity, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.
- ↑ CFM-1 experiment resultsTemplate:Dead link, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
- ↑ LSP-1 experiment resultsTemplate:Dead link, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
- ↑ "Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons" (PDF). http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf.
- ↑ "A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905
- ↑ Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities , Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Template:Cite doi
- ↑ [56]
- ↑ ""Share of Total Primary Energy Supply", 2002; International Energy Agency". http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm.Template:Dead link
- ↑ Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan , 4.
- ↑ Template:Vancite web
- ↑ Template:Vancite journal
- ↑ Template:Vancite web
- ↑ Fire & Life Safety EducationTemplate:Dead link, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
[baakanya] tshekatsheko ya bakwadi
- Template:Cite document Template:Dead link
- Haung, Kai. 2009. Palo ya batho le dikago tsa dintlha tsa amang palo ya melelo ya bonno jwa batho mo ditoropong tse ditona tsa Amerika. Tshekatsheko e e dirilwe . ko mmadikole wa Texas TXstate.edu
- Template:Vancite journal
- Kosman, Admiel: Molelo o rileng. In: Thu, Ferikgong 13, 2011.
==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle ==
- Molelo o bereka jang at Dilo di bereka jang
- Molelo ke eng? go tswa ka thamalalo
- {0mo molelong,Adobe Flash-go tswa mo ithuthuntshong ya maranyane koNOVA (TV series)
- melelo ya batho ba ntlha BBC mekwalo ka bo itemogelo jwa baitsaanape.
- Motuka mo lefaufaungTemplate:Dead link
- Melelo e rileng mo lefaufaung
- moebuildingcontrol.co.uk - UK ditaelo tsa tshireletso ya melelo le botekiniki jwa molelo.
- mokgwatho wa thibelo ya molelo ya Smokey Bear
- tiriso ya molelo go ijesa monateka sedirisiwa sa motuka


text:
Mosadi
(This page's format needs to be reviewed. You can help by editing it.)Template:Redirect Template:Pp-semi
Mosadi (Template:IPAc-en), pl: Mosadi (Template:IPAc-en)ke Template:IPAc-en wa Template:IPAc-en Tlefoko mosad i le dirisiwa thata mogolo, fa lefoko mosetsana le dirisiwa thata go raya ngwana kana monana. Mme, lefoko mosadi nako dingwe le dirisiwa mo mothong wa mme, go sa kgathalesege gore o dingwaga tse kae, jaaka {1)ditshwanelo tsa bomme .
[baakanya] Ethemologi
lefoko la bogologolo la sekgowa(0/} la mosadi le raya "motho wa mme" fa la monna' le raya "motho wa rre". Bong jwa'Monna bo nale thaloso e e fagare ya "setho" go tshwana le lefoko la seyei la "bongwefela" kgotsa "mongwe". Mme fela ka dingwaga tse dikgolo tse di fitileng lefoko "monna" la simolola go dirisiwa go raya motho wa rre, le bofelo jwa dingwaga tse dimakgokgolo le bobedi lefoko la rre le ne le dirisiwa bogologolo la simolola go nyelela.[1] Bathami ba ne simolola go tlhama lefoko "mosadi": tsetlana ya ntlha e e raya "mme", mme la tswelela fela jaalo go fithela e nna "mme yo o nyetsweng"
Tshimologo ya mosadi go ya ka batho ba Uropa, *gwen -, ke ko lefoko laseyei sa mmadichaba (le simologile cwēn go tewa mosadi , a tsholetswe kana a sa tsholelwa mo letlepung; kgang e e santse e le teng ko Danish ka piletso ya bone ya kvinde , le ko Swedish kvinna ), le dingaka tsa botsogo jwa bomme (go tswa mo segerikeng ke Yuvή gynē ), banshee mosadi wa masalamose (go tswa Irish ke mosadi wadinawa , mme wa masalamose) le zenana (go tswa ko Persian زن zan ). mo se latineng ke fēmina , go raya mme , le simologile mo lefokong la fellāre (go annyaa), go raya go amosa ka lebele.[2][3]
Se supo sa lefelo la Venus ke sesupo se se dirisiwang mo ithuthuntshong ya ditshidi go emela bong jwa mme. ke se supo sa seipone sa letsogo la modingwana wa venus kana letshwao la modingwana le nang le sefapano fa tlase: (Unicode: ♀). Stshwantsho sa venus le sone se emetsemosadi, mme mo ditso tsa bogologolo go ne go tewakopore. Badiri le tsa maranyane ba agile setshwantsho se se dikologang og supa mowa[[]] kwa godimo le go kgabaganya sefapaano( se supa [[senngwe[[]]]]
[baakanya] Mafoko
Template:See Go aloga ga motho wa mme ke lobaka la botshelo jwa ga mme fa sena go aloga mo bonaneng go nna mogolo, thatathata mo dingwageng tse di lesome le boferabobedi. Kgolo e simolola fa dinwageng tse lesome, go bo go latelwa ke bonana mo dingwageng tse di lesome le bobedi go fithela lesome le boraro. Dingwao dile dintsi di nale kaloso go supa gore mosetsana o mo dingwageng tse dirileng,jaaka thomamiso ya makalana a sekeresete, kalogo ya basetsana ka se dumedisa sa Judaism, kana go ipelela malatsi a botsalo (thatathata magare ga dingwaga tse di lesome le bobedi le masome mabedi le bongwe). lefoko mosadi le ka dirisiwa go raya motho wa mme kana mme yo o godile go farologanya mosetsana . lefoko mosetsana le simologile le raya "monana go sa kgathalesege bong jwa bone" ka puo ya seyei; kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga tse dikete tsa makgolo a le lesome le borataro, le ne la simolola go raya ngwana wa mme . lefoko mosetsana nako nngwe le raya mme yo o sa nyalwang kgotsa yo monnye, Mme fela kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 1970, balwela ditshwanelo tsa bomme ba ne ba nna kgathanong le go dirisa lefoko le go raya mme yo o godileng ka go nne go ka nna ga ba kgopisa. Mafoko a mangwe jaaka mosetsana yo o bereka mo ofising ga a sa thole a dirisiwa .
Mo dingwaong tse dingwe tse go gokagangwang le seriti sa lelwapa le mosetsana yo a ise a tlhakanele dikobo, lefoko mosetsana le santse le dirisiwa go raya mosadi a ise a nyalwe gotlhelele; Fa o bitsa mme yo o sa nyalang ore mosadi , mo dingwaong tse dingwe go raya gore o thalefile, mo thakanelo dikobo, se a ka se tsaya jaaka mathapa.
Go na le mafoko a a farologanyeng go supa boleng jwa go nna mosadi. lefoko la "womanhood" le raya seemo sa go nna mosadi, a fetile seemo sa boonana; "femininity" le dirisiwa go raya qualities tsa mosadi tse di tsamaelanang le maitsholo kgathanong le maikarabelo a bong; "womanliness" e tshwana le "femininity", mme e dirisiwa thata fa go buiwa ka maikarabelo a bong; "femaleness" ke lefoko le le dirisiwang thata go raya , "human femaleness"; "distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliberate archaism; "muliebrity" is a neologism (go tswa mo se latineng) meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility", mme le dirisiwa thata go raya "womanhood", nako ngwee "femininity" tse dingwe lefoko fela le le rayang mosadi.
[baakanya] Ditso
Basadi ba ntlha maina a bone e ne ele:
- Enheduanna,E ne le moruti wa tempeleya Moon God ko toropong ya Sumerian y a Ur and le kgonagalo ya mmoki wa ntlha le mokwadi wa bong bongwe le bongwe.[4]
- Tashlultum,Mosadi wa ga Sargon wa ko Akkad, mmaagwe Enheduannafl. late 24th-early 23rd centuries BCE
- Peseshet, Template:C., Ene e le physician wa ditso tsa ko Egepeto[24]
- Merit-Ptah, O ne a nna ko Egepeto o ne a itsege jaaka physician le modira le maranyane.Template:C.
- Merneith, Ene e le mosadi le regent wa letso la Egepeto ka nako tsa ntlha tsa go busa. O ne a itsaya jaaka mmusi wa Egepeto ka boene..[5][5]
- Neithhotep, Template:C., Ene e le mosadi wa ga Narmer le mmamosadi wa letso la Egepeto[33]
[baakanya] Ithuthuntsho ya ditshidi le bong
Ka mafoko a ithuthuntsho ya ditshidi, dikarolo tsa jwa bong jwa ga mme di inaakantse le reproductive system, fa maemo a bobedi a ditsetlana tsa bong tsone di inaakantse le go godisa bana, mme ha dingwao tse di nngwe e le go kgatlha mate. Mae a bomme mo godimo ga tsamaisa function producing hormones, a diretswe go dira gametes tse bidiwang mae, a ereng a kopana le a borre, a dire motho. Popelo ke karolo e nang le tissue e tlhokomelang le go godisa kgolo ya fetus le muscle go ntsha ka nako ya pelegi. Bosadi bo dirisetswa thobalano le pelegi.(le fa lefoko la bosadi le sa dirisiwe sentle nako tse dintsi ko raya kgoro ya bosadi jwa mme, mo go akaretsang dikarolo tsotlhe tsa bosadi) . lebele le fetoga go tswa ko sweat gland go ntsha mashi, dikotla secretion tse di haphegileng mo bathing, gammogo le go belega. Bo bomme ba bagolwane,lebele le bothokwa thata go na le mo ditshiding tse dinngwe: bothokwa jo ga se ja go ntsha masi fela, ke ka lobaka la thopho ya bong. (ke kafa banna ba farologanang ka teng le bo mme).
Go sa lekaneng ga ditsetlana tsa mmele, go ka fetola, maemo a bobedi a bong mo bana ba ba imilweng. Basadi ba le bantsi ba na le karatype 46,XX, mme bongwe mo lekgolo ba na le 47,XXX le bongwe mo 2500 ba na le 45,X. Se se farologana le mo banneng ka ba na le karotype ya 46,XY; mme segotso sa X le Y di itsege jaaka mmele le rre ka go latelelana. Ka gonne batho gotsa mitochondrial DNA go tswa fela mo maeng a ga mme, ithuthuntsho tsa segotso tsa bomme di itebagantse le mitochondrial DNA.
Ditsetlana tsa ithuthuntsho ya ditshidi ga dithalose sentle gore o ka itse jang gore ke mosadi kana ba bangwe ba mmona e le mosadi. Batho ba ba kopantseng bong, ba dirisa ditsela tse dingwe go lemoga seo. Go na le bo mmme ba ba fetolang bong jwa bone, ba ba neng ba tshotswe e le borre, mmele ba lemoga fa ele mme: go na le dithaloso tse di farologaneng tsa sechaba, melao tsa batho fa go buiwa ka kgang e. (Bona gape Basadi ba nneleng bomme ka go fetola bong.)
Fa banna ba le bantsi ba tsholwa go na le bomme, fa go lebeletse lobaka la botshelo, go na le bomme ba dingwaga tse di le masome a marataro, go na le borre ba dingwaga tse di tshwanang. Basadi ba tshela lobaka go na le banna.[6] Fa banna ba le bantsi ba tsholwa go na le bomme, fa go lebeletse lobaka la botshelo, go na le bomme ba dingwaga tse di le masome a marataro, go na le borre ba dingwaga tse di tshwanang. Basadi ba tshela lobaka go na le banna. Se se dirwa ke kopakopano tsa mabaka: segotso( dintha tsa segotso tse difithelwang mo basading); sechaba(jaaka basadi ba sa letelelwe go nna masole mo maatsheng a mangwe); ditshwetso tse di amang botsogo( jaaka go ipolaya kana go goga motsoko le go nwa nno tagi); le go fithelwa ga hormone ya basadi ostrogen, e e na le ditamorago mo basadi ba ba sa tholeng ba tshola; le seemo se se ko godimo sa androgens mo banneng. Mo dipalong tsotlhe tsa batho, go nale banna ba le lekgolo le bongwe mo basading ba le lekgolo(motswedi: 2001 World Almanac).
Basadi ba le bantsi ba diragalelwa ke menarche, mme fela ba bo ba kgona go ima ba bo ba tshola bana. Se gore go diragela, lee la mosadi le tshwanetse go kopangwa le la monna ka thobalano, kgotsa ka tiriso ithwadisa mosadi ka maranyane Ithuthuntso ya bong jwa mosadi le dirwe tse di dirisiwang go tshola go bidiwa gynaecology.
Go na le malwetsi a amang basadi fela, jaaka lupus Gape go na le malwetsi a bong a fithelwang thata mo basading jaaka kankere ya lebele, kankerere ya molomo wa popelo, le kankere ya popelo. Basadi le banna ba kgona go nna le dikai tse di farologaneng tsa bolwetsi, gape ba ka amogela ka lafiwa ka mokgwa o o farologaneng. Karolo e ya tshekatsheko ya melemo e ithuthuntshwa ke ba ithuti ba melemo ya bong.
Mo malatsi a ntlha a boimana, ga o ka ke wa lemoga gore bong jwa ngwana ke eng; go ntshiwa ga di hormone ke gone go fetolang tebego ya mme kgotsa rre. Mo ditshidi tse dirang bana ba ba senang bong, bong jwa tsone bo tshwantshangwa thata le jwa mosadi go na jwa ga rre.
[baakanya] Ngwao le Ditiro tsa bong
Mo dingwao tse difitileng, basadi b na le ditiro tsa bone ba le nosi ka fa ngwaong. Mo chabeng e batho ba tshelang ka go tsoma, basadi ba neng kgobokanya dijo tsa ditlhare, diphologolo tse dinnye, ditlhapi le go ithuta go dira dijo tsa masi, fa banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse ditona. Moitsaanape wa matshelo a batho, o ne a bolela fa basadi ba simolotse go tshela botshelo jo morago ga ba bona fa ba ka nna teng, se se ne sa dira ditiro tse tsa bong go nna tlhabologo go na le diphetogo Botswana
Mo ditso sesha, ditiro tsa basadi di fetogile thata. Traditionally, middle-class women were typically involved in domestic tasks emphasizing child care. For poorer women, especially working class women, although this often remained an ideal,Template:Specify economic necessity compelled them to seek employment outside the home. The occupations that were available to them were, however, lower in pay than those available to men.
Jaaka diphetogo mo ditiro tsa bomme di simolola, mmereko e e neng e le teng, ya basadi e ne ya fetoga go tswa mo lesweng go ya ko ditiro tse go berekwa nako e telele ya go kolomaka, go ya ko ditirong tsa maemo tsa ofising, tse di neng di thoka dithutego e efa godimo, palo ya basadi ba ba neng ba bereka mo bosoleng, e ne ya oketsega ka borataro ka ngwaga ya 1900 go ya ko masome mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1923. Diphetogo tse tsa ditiro mo tshiriletso, e dirile gore go nne le diphetogo mo boitsholong jwa basadi mo mmerekong, mo go neng ga letelela diphetogo mo basading go nna ditiro le go itebaganya le thuto.
Batho ba emeng ka dinao go boelela ba tekatekanyo ya bong jotlhe le go lekalekana ga ditshwanelo go sa kgathalesege gore ke ba bong bo fe. Ka dikopano tsa diphetogo tsa itsholelo, le maiteko ya ba boeledi ba basadi, mo dingageng tse di lesome tse di fitileng basadi mo metseng e mengwe ba letelelwa go nna le ditiro e seng tsa go bereka mo malwapeng fela.
Although a greater number of women are seeking higher education, salaries often continue to be less than those of men. In the United States women who are ages 30 to 44 and hold a university degree make only 62 percent of what similarly qualified men do, a lower rate than in all but three of the 19 countries for which numbers are available. The nations with greater inequity in pay are Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland.[7]
[baakanya] Thuto
[baakanya] Mafatshe a OECD
[baakanya] Thuto
Dithuto tsa pharologanyo mo bong mo mafetsheng a dikomponing tsa itsholelo le thabololo(OECD)di fokotsegilwe mo dingwageng tse masome mararo. Basadi ba banye bontsi jwa bone ba feditse sekolo sa bo ne se segolwane, mo mafatsheng a a lesome a boferabobedi le masome mararo, mo go ntsi gabedi go na le basadi ba dingwaga tse di masome mabedi le bo masome mararo le bone ba feditse dikole tse di golwane go na basadi ba dingwaga tse masome mathano le masome a borataro le bone. Mo mafatsheng OECD a masome mabedi a masome mabedi le bosupa ba ban a le kitso e e kalo, palo ya basadi ba ba alogileng ko mmadikole go lekana kana go feta banna. Basetsana ba dingwaga tse lesome le bothano, ba solofetsa go nna le botshelo jo bo botoka go na le basimane ba ba lekanang le bone.
Le fa basadi ba le bantsi ba ba alogiwang mo mmadikole mo mafatsheng a OECD, ba amogela selekanyo se se masome mararo a dithuto tsa maranyane le bo engineering, le basadi ba ba mo tshekatshekong tse palo tse di masome ma bedi le bothano and masome mararo le bothano mo mafatsheng a OECD.[8]
[baakanya] O ka tsibogela
- Botsogo
- Ditiro tsa bong
- Mosadi yo fetotseng bong
- Botsogo:
Medical:
- Go tshola ngwaga
- dikakanyo tsa bomme
- dipharologanyo tsa bong
- Obstetrics
Dynamics:
- Go nna mosadi
- ka fa batsadi ba tsewang ka teng mo sechabeng
- Matriarchy
- Misogyny
- Efa wa mo baebeleng
- bong
- Basadi mo boranyane
- Basadi mo sedumeding
Political:
- go buelela basadi
- ithuthuntsho ya bong
- Go nna mosadi
[baakanya] kitso ee kwadilweng go tsweng:
- ↑ monna - definition Dictionary.reference.com
- ↑ mmamosadi - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Bartleby.com
- ↑ mmamosadi - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Bartleby.com
- ↑ Samuel Kurinsky. "Jewish Women Through The Ages - The Proto-Jewess En Hedu'Anna, Priestess, Poet, Scientist". Hebrew History Federation. http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp036_women.htm.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (2001). Early dynastic Egypt (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-0415260114. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC&pg=PA74&dq=merneith+wife+daughter&cd=1#v=onepage&q=merneith%20wife%20daughter&f=false.
- ↑ "Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?". Scientific American. 2004-08-30. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-is-life-expectancy-lo. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ISBN 92-64-02537-5, Publication Date: 20 November 2006. Retrieved December 2006.
[baakanya] Tswelela o bala tse di latelang
- Chafe, William H., "The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, And Political Roles, 1920–1970", Oxford University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-19-501785-4
- Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus , (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 3rd edition) ISBN 0-618-25414-5
- McWhorter, John. 'The Uses of Ugliness', The New Republic Online , January 31, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2005 ["bitch" as an affectionate term]
- McWhorter, John. Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority (New York: Gotham, 2003) ISBN 1-59240-001-9 [casual use of "bitch" in ebonics]
- Routledge international encyclopedia of women , 4 vls., ed. by Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender, Routledge 2000
- Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia , 17 vls., ed. by Anne Commire, Waterford, Conn. [etc.] : Yorkin Publ. [etc.], 1999–2002
[baakanya] Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle
Template:Wiktionary Template:Wiktionary Template:Commons category
- Ditso
- Ditso tsa basadi mo Amerika
- Ditso tsa go tsena ga basadi mo botsogo ko Fora; dithuthuntso le mekwalo ya BIUM() bona le motoba wa yone
- Bodumedi


text:
The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)
Setswana (Tswana)
- Jaanong lefatshe lotlhe la tswelela le na le puo e le nngwe fela le mafoko a le mangwe fela.
- Mme ga diragala gore fa ba tsere loeto ba ela ntlheng ya botlhaba kgabagare ba bona lebala la mokgatšha mo lefatsheng la Shinare, mme ba nna mo go lone.
- Mme ba simolola go raana ba re: "Tlang! A re direng ditena mme re di beseng ka go di fisa." Ka jalo setena e ne e le leje la bone, mme bitumena e ne e le seretse sa bone.
- Jaanong ba re: "Tlang! A re ikageleng motse le tora e bogodimo jwa yone bo fitlhang kwa magodimong, mme a re itireleng leina le le tumileng, e se re kgotsa ra gasama mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe."
- Mme Jehofa a fologa go ya go bona motse le tora e bomorwa batho ba neng ba e agile.
- Morago ga moo Jehofa a re: "Bona! Ke setšhaba se le sengwe fela e bile botlhe ba na le puo e le nngwe fela, mme seno ke se ba simololang go se dira. Aitsane, jaanong ga go na sepe se ba ka tswang ba gopotse go se dira se ba ka se kang ba se fitlhelela.
- Tlang jaanong! A re fologeng mme re tlhaktlhakanyeng puo ya bone gore yo mongwe a se ka a reetsa puo ya yo mongwe."
- Ka jalo go tswa koo Jehofa a ba gasamisetsa mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe, mme kgabagare ba tlogela go aga motse.
- Ke gone ka moo leina la one le neng la bidiwa Babele, ka gonne Jehofa o ne a tlhakatlhakantse puo ya lefatshe lotlhe gone, e bile go tswa koo Jehofa o ne a ba gasamiseditse mo godimo ga lefatshe lotlhe.
From: Thanolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha ya Dikwalo Tse di Boitshepo
Tower of Babel in Niger-Congo languages
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Tower of Babel in other languages
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