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autism practical aspects sesotho
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1 autism practical aspects sesotho p.o. box 84209, greenside tel: / 9923 fax: fround floor memorial institute for child health and development cnr empire road and joubert street extension (the tall building behind the bp express garage) braamfontein 2001 brochures available from autism south africa autism practical aspects information for teachers information for doctors thoughts of a sibling information on asperger syndrome dietary intervention 4 books written by michael macgregor, an adult with autism i am growing up a book on sexuality issues. this brochure was made available due to sponsorship from The National Lottery Distribution Trust Fund. 1
2 Ka baka la boemo le diphethoho tsa di-khemikale, kabokong batho ba bohloko bona autism ha ba kgone ho fumana hore na batho ba bang ba nahana jwang. Ka hoo ba fumana ho le boima ho kopa-kopana le bona, ba fumane ho le molemo ha ba le bang. Kgonahalo ya puo le hona ho bua ho ka kgineha kapa ha e ba siyo. 40% ya batho ba tlase tlhalohanyong ka la autism ( Kanner Autism) ba qetella ba sa tsebe ho bua hohang. Ho hloka kutlwisiso puisanong le babang ho tswala lebaka la ho fetola tikoloho mme ho tswala pherekano le tjheseho. Ho itematsa jwalo ka ho itabanya hloho, ho itoma, jwalo-jwalo e kaba tsela / teko enngwe ya ho ikutlwisa bohloko e le ho leka ho thibela lerata, monko, kganya jwalojwalo tseo a di bonang kamehla. Batho ba mofuta wa autism ho ba boima ho bona ho tadima le ho mamela ka nako e le nngwe, mme o tla hlokomela hore mahlo ha a tadime a bona seo a lokelang ho se sheba ha o ntse o buisana le yena.people. Ka le baka la kelello e satsitsang batho ba nang le autism ba ka bontsha ho se battle lesedi, modumo, tatso, monko kapa ho ama. ama. Batho ba nang le ausism ba ka hloka kgahleho ho dintho le ho di a Batho ba nang le autism ba tloha ba tsheha kapa ba lla ntle le lebaka le utlwahalang. 2
3 Ba ka sitwa le ho robala tshwanelo. Thutuso ya boiphihlelo bo ka ameha haholo hoo tswelopele thutong e ka sitiseha haholo, ho se kgone ho arohanya dibapadiswa ka boihinahanelo jwaka ba ka hloleha le ho bapala ka boloko ba pantsi jwale ka ha eka ke koloi. Karolo ya boko kutlwisisong ya se buang e ka ameha mme hoo hwa etsa hore a hloke kutlwisiso ya se neng a se bolellwa. Ho ba maikutlo a polokeho le boitshepi ho ha phethwa dipapadi tse itseng kgafetsa kghahlanong le ho di fapanyetsana. Kgahlapetso ho babang le ho setsotelle letho ha se boitshwaro bo bobe hakaalo, le hoja bo bonala ha motho a tjheseha, qakehile kappa a tshaba. Hopula hore boitshwaro bohle ke karolo ya dipuisano. Ha ho tshabo ya kotsi efe kapa efe mme hoo ho ka nna hwa hlahisa kotsi kapa tahlehelo ya bophelo lefo. Tlhokahalo ya dikwetliso tsa tshidillo ya mmele hoka baka tjehiso ya boiphihlelo le boitsebelo, mme hoo ho kgina kgolo, ho tswale hose itekanele ntlheng tse ding. Boiphihlelo ba ho ama, tatso, pono, kutlo le fofonelo ho ka ba hodimo kapa tlase ho feta tekanyo ya tlhaho. Mokgwa o sa tlwaelehang wa ho kotjoma, ho akga matsoho kapa ho tsoka dintho feela, ke omeng wa mekgwa wa botho ba autism. 3
4 Ba kgotsofalla ho bapala ba nnotshi. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ke ntho e seng lefutso feela e etsang hore boko bo se hole, le ho sebetsa ka tshwanelo. Diteko disantse di tswelapele ho leka ho fumana hore na boemo bona bo bakwa kapa bo qala jwang. Feela ho fihlella ha jwale ha ho karabo e totebetseng. Empa feela se totobetseng ke hore ha se phoso ya motho. Ha ho etswe ke maikutlo a kelello kapa a ho hloka botsitso. Hase phoso ya kgodiso empe ke batswadi, mme bana ba ASD haba iketsise ho seo ba se etsang. Maitshwaro asa lokang a ka bakwa ke tikoloho mme ya eba pontsho yo ho se kgotsofalle mathata ao baleng ho ona. Maemo ana a (ASD) a bonahala a ata lefatshe lohle hoo diphuputso di lekanyang hore ho bana ba 158 a le mong ho bona o nale bothata bona, haholo baneng ba dilemo tse 8. ASD e atile haholo ho bashemanyana ho feta banana tekanyetsong ya bone 4 lefatsheng lohle / kapa bophara. Hopola hore ha ho dihlong tsa letho ho ba le ngwana ya nang le ASD kapa ho se itekanele hofe kapa hofe. Tiisetso ho batswadi: Ha ho phoso eo o e entseng. Ha se molato wa hao hore e be ngwana hao o hlaha a le autistick. NOTE TO PARENTS: Tlhalosetso: Ho na le mefuta e 3 ya ASD 1. ASPERGER SYNDROME ASD ha se kamehla e senyang tlhalefo ya motho / ngwana. Batho ba nang le ASD ba ka nna ba eba bohlale haholo kapa hannyane feela ba be le bokgoni ba puo e feteletseng. Bana he ke bao ho thweng ban a le Asperger Syndrome. Tekanyetso ya 25% ya batho ba ASD ba na le ASD. 2. CLASSIC / KANNER AUTISM Hae be ASD e kopantse le bothata kapa bothata ba ho ithuta / dithuto, bana he bona ba kena lenaneng la Classic kapa Kanner Autism. 75% ya bona ba sitwa ho ruteha kaha ba sa itekanela. 3. SAVANT FORM OF AUTISM: Hangata 5% ya batho ba ASD ba na le Savant ya autism. Bana he ba hlaloswa ka ho qolleha hore ba na le boiphihlelo bo hodimo-dimo hlakoreng le le leng feela, hammoho le ho se iphihlele ho phahameng hlakoreng le leng. Mohlala, motho a ka kgona ho bapala sekotwana sa pina pianong ka mora hore a e utlwe hang feela, mme a sa rutwa ho bapala piano, empa a hloleha ho phetha mosebetsi wa kamehla. KHUTLO-THARO TSA HO SA ITEKANELA Ho sa kgathaletsehe hore na motho o fumaneha a ena le ASD ya mofuta ofe kapa ofe ho e boletswang ka hodimo, hopola hore ha a ile a lemoeha ka nako o tshwaeditswe ke kgutlo tharo tsa ho sa itekaneleng. Hona he ho diehisa kgolo le puo le kgokahano le batho, kamano le ho ithulahanya. 4
5 1. PUO LE KGOKAHANO Ho tseba ho bua le kutlwisiso ya puo e kaba e sa qaqeng, ya ba siyo kapa ya dieha. Ho se utlwisise ha ho buiwa le yena kapa eke ditholo. Ba sa utlwisise modumo wa lentswe, tadimano kapa puo ya sefahleho. ha motho a sena kapa a hlwenya Ho bona ntho tse siyo, ho nka brash kapa ho ntsha lesea ka metsing a le petlenya feela. Ha ba kgong ho qoqa le ho tshwarella moqoqo. Ba ka pheta-pheta mantswe, dipotso kapa polelo kgafetsa. Batho bana ba ASD ba ka nna ba bua hantle empa ba seke ba utlwisisa se buwang ho bona. Ho ka thwe ba manganga, ba rata kgang, ho hlokofala kapa ba rata ho ipelaetsa, ho dumela ntho engwe le e ngwe le ha e se nnete. Baka kgaruma, ba bua hantle ka mokgwa wa tiisetso. Baka bonwa ba sa natse tse buang ho bona. Ba tsejwa ka botshepehi ka baka la ho phatloha feela ha ba bua kapa ba hloka tlhompho. 2. KAMANO LEBATHO Batho banaleng ASD: Ba bonala ba rata ho itshehla thajana ba sa kgathalle batho ba bang. Ho ba boima ho bona se batlwang ke motho e mong kapa ho tseba bohlokwa ba tlhompho. Ho itshwara ka tsela e sa ithlompeng kapa ho se kgothalle letho. A qobe ho tadimana le batho ha a kgathatsehile kapa a le tlasa kgatello ya maikutlo. Ha a battle kamano ya mmele. A rate ho ipapalla kapa a dule a le mong. Ho itshehla thajana ho ka kwahela bo ema notshi le ho se itekanele sedikadikweng sa bo ithabiso. Ba ka itshwara ka tsela e sa amoheleheng ka baka la ho hloka kutlwisiso sedikadikweng sa boithabiso le puo. 3. MAITSHWARO LE MENAHANO Ho bapala ka dibapadiswa ka mokgwa oo e seng ona.ba ka di hlwesetsa hodimo bakeng sa ho bapalla ka tsona. Ha ba natse ditlamorao tsa diketso tsa bona. Diphethoho tsa tikoloho, photoho tseleng e yang mabenkeleng, ho tjhentjha madulo a katlung hoo ka tlisa tetebalo ya maikutlo. Ba behe melao, ba hlokofale haholo ha e fetoe le kgahleho nthong e itseng mme beba ba olwa kapa e rojwa. Ba bang ba be le kgahleho nthong e itseng, mme ba be ba e obamele. Ho be boima ho tadima kapa ho nahana ka pono ya motho e mong kapa tlhihiso. Ba bang ba ba le ditlwaelo tse seng tsona jwale ka ho kotjoma, modikwadikwane, ho twatlatsa menwana, ho ferehla dintho, ho firiletsa, ho suasua masela, kapa ho kolokisa dintho jwalo-jwalo. Ho kakatlela ntho letsatsi lohle, jwalo ka ho tshwara sekotwana sa ulu. Ho lla le ho itabanya hohle di ka etsahala ka lebaka la hore batho ba nang le yena ba se bone le ho utlwisisa. Thahasello ha di etsahala di kaba le moedi, jwalo ka ho rata feela di puzzles. 5
6 O ka qaphela tsena tse latelang dintlha: Ho fokola kapa ho hlokahala ha kopano ya mahlo. Ho se tshabe letho / kotsi. Kamohelo ya dithuto e fokolang kapa ho se amohele tsela tsa ho rutwa. Ho se natse lerata / medumo, kganya, fofonela, monko, ho ikwala ditsebe, mahlo, ho se rate ho thetswa. Ho bokolla kapa ho tsheha ho se letho le qosang hoo. Ho itematsa ka ho ithulanya maboteng, ho ingwapa ho itoma. Ho robalaka feela ka nako tse sa tshwaneng. Hodimo / koketso Sensory Perception Ho kopanya khuhlo tharo ya ho sa itekanela, batho ba nang le ASD ba ka ba le HODIMO kapa BOTLASE BA KUTLO YA MMELE. Mabapi le maikutlo a ho thetsa, tatso, monko, pono le ho utlwa ho ka ba ho ngata kapa ho nnyane ho feta tlwaelo. Hase batho bohle ba nang le ASD bang le maikutlo atshwanang. Motho ka mong o na le kutlo e hodimo-dimo ya monko le ya ho thetsa, hathe motho emong o na maikutlo e hodimo ya ho utlwa le ya pono. Maikutlo a nako motho o nang le autism etsa gore e ba hokare ho na le bohloko ba stimuli bo etsang dipholo di be kare maitswaro a fapa-fapani. Motho a ka farologanya le ho phela bo phelo bahau ko di marakeng kapa di tulong tsa maitiso mo hoo na le modumo o moholo, moo mabone a penya-penyang batho badula baya hodimo le tlasi hape ho na le menko e buhale jwalo. Nthla ena ebohlokwa ho ASD etshwanetsi ho ela hloko ha o batla ho hlalohanya mekgwa le maikutlo. Hopola hore ho I ponahantsa hwa ASD hofapana ha holo ho motho le motho. HLAHOBO YA MOTHO ONANG LE DI PELAETSO TSA AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Ha hona teko ya mmeleng e katlisang hore motho o ASD. E ka bonahala feela ka ho qaphela / lemoha ke sehlopha sa ditsebi ho kenyeletswa Ngaka, kapa ha tekolo e tebileng e lemohuwa ke motho ha feela e le ngaka e tsebisitsweng ka botlalo ka ditemoho tse bonweng ho motho wa ASD. Motho e be o tla hlophisa diteko tse mmalwa. Teko ya mafu a aparetseng lefatshe, tsona ho International classification of deseases 10 th edition. ( ICD 10 world Health Organisation 1992) le Diagnostic le statical Manual, 4 th edition ( DSM 1V, American Psychatric Association, 1992) Maemong a itseng le nakong e lekantsweng, motho o autistic a ke ke a bontshe matswao a autistic ka bo itshwaro. Ha matshwao a hlokolosi a sa bonwe ho ka nna ha etswa phoso temoho diagnosis. Ponahalo ya botshwaro bo sa tlwaelehang ho totobala ha nako e ntse e tsamaya. Temoho e nepahetseng e ka etswa ka ho nka / fumanwa tlhahiso leseding mabapi le boitshwaro kgolong ya hae. Re sisinya hore hang ha o belaela ASD, opotlakele ho ya bonana le ngaka e nang le tsebo e tebileng ka ASD kapa yona dieho kgolong ya kelello. HLAHLOBO YA AUTISM MASEENG (CHAT) (e hatisitswe ke MRC/SBC1995) Hlahlobo ya autism maseengi (CHAT) ke sesebediswa se hlablobang ho bona hore leseya le nale Autism Spectrum Disorders. ka ha ele pontsho ya diteko, CHAT e tla bontsha / fomo ka totobalo e tlare Ee / Chee ka nako e behilweng. ASD ha e tsebahale ha bonolo, ho batleha tekanyo e tebileng. CHAT ya na ya phatlalatswa ka 1992 ke Baron-Cohen, et.al.,. CHAT e nka nakonyana e se kae 5 10 metsotso ho e phetha. Ha ho hlokahale thupello e 6
7 kgethehileng, mme e ka nna ya etswa ke mang le mang. CHAT e loketse ho sebedisetswa maseeng a dikgwedi tse 18. Chat e nale dikarabo Ee / Chee tse 9, dipotso tse arajwang ke motswadi. Dipotso tsena ho tla totobatswa boitshwaro ba ngwana ho kenyeleswa le jo thabela ho bapala, hore ho fopana le bana ba bang, horata ho kgathallwa, ho bokotswa, ho supa ka monwana ha a kopahohong, hapa ho mo kgahla, ho bapala roof, ho itotlonanya, le dipapadi tse satlwaelwang. CHAT e kenyeletsa le temoho tse hlanu mahareng a ngwana le mohlahlobi wa hae, tse tla kgontshang hore ho fumanehe boitshwaro bo hlahellang reporotong ya motswadi. Ho paka 1. Ho bohlokwa ho lemoha bana ba ASD kapele. CHAT ke mokgwa o phahameng wa ho hlahloba bana ba dikgwedi moo ho nang le kgonahalo ya dipontsho tsa Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2. Ha ho sebediswa hlahlobo CHAT ho bonahala hore Autism Spectrum Disorder e a balaetsa, ho hlokahala hore ba fumane diagnosis. 3. Ha ho sebediswa CHAT mme ho fumaneha hore ASD ha e bonahale hantle ho ntse ho hlokahala hore ngwana a hlokomelwe hore na habo se ka fumanehang seo e bang se bakile hore ho be le dipelaelo tsa ASD 4. Ho bohlokwa hore o hopole hore hase bona bohle mana ba nale ASD ba ka lemohowang ha bonolo le teng ka nako. 5. ka baka la hobane kotsi ya matshwayo ana e satshwane a fapane, ho bohlokwa hore hlahlobo e nne e etswe kgafetsa ha ngwana a ntse a thuthuwa mme pelaelo ya ASD e ntse e le teng. CHAT ho sebediswa ke GPs kapa bahlokomedi ba tsa bophelo nako eo ngwana ana leng di kgwedi di leng18 antse aya ho hlahlobiwa. Section A: Dipotso ho motswadi A na ngwana hao o thabela ho akgotswa kappa ho tsokwa? E Che A na ngwana hao o rata bana ba bang E Che A na ngwana hao o rata ho hlwella mo di nthong jwalo ka di dipalamo? E Che A na ngwana hao o rata ho bapala black-ma- patile? E Che Na ngwana ha o ya etse eka o etsa tee a sebedisa dibapadiswa kapa ho etsa hohong feela? E Che 7
8 A na o ye a supe ka ona monwana wa bosupa ha a bontsha kgahleko ya hohong? A na o ye a supe ka monwana wabosupa ha a kopa hohong? Na a ka gona ho bapala ka koloinyane kapa bloko asa thulantshe kapa ho diaka dintho kgafetsa? Na o ye a tlise dinthonyana ho wena (motswadi) tseo a ratang ho o bontsha tsona? E E E E Che Che Che Che Section B:Ngaka kapa Mohlokomedi wa tsa maphelo: Nakong ya teko na ngwana o ne a kgona ho jamelana le wena? E Che Hohela maikutlo a ngwana, e be o supa ntlheng e nngwe ya phaposi setshwanthong se setle ebe ore hao bona! toy ya ne (lebitso la yona) mme o shebisise sefahleho sa hae, a na o tla tadima ho bona seo a se supiswang? you are pointing at? Hohela maikutlo a ngwana, mo nehe sebapadiswa sa kopi le ketlele mme ore ana o ka nketsetsa kopi ya tee? Ana ngwana o tla etsa eka o qhatsa tee le ho enwa? Bontsa ngwana hore na letsatsi le kae kapa a ho ntshupise letsatsi, A na o tla supa ka monwana? A na ngwana a ka aha ka ditene? (ha a kgona,) a ka etsa bloko( tse kae?) (N b f bl k ) E E E E Che Che Che Che DI KOPANO TSA DINYEWE PHOLOSO YA KAELO YA BATSWADI E NGWETSWENG KE BATSWADI! Ha batswadi ba etela dikopano tse fanang ka tlaleho ya tseka hodimo, e kaba taba e boima / ebohloko. Mme ke tsena dintlhanyana tse mmalwa tse ka imollang boima le hore le utlwisisise; 1. I tokisetse Matsatsinyana a mmalwa pele hore o ye kopanong eo eba le pene le pampiri, e le hore o tla o nne o ngole lenane la dipotso tseo o ka ratang ho di botsa. Hangata re tlwaetse ho ipolokela dipotso mme ebe dia baleha ka baka la ho se itshepe le ho tshoha. Boloka direporto, tsa diteko le dilemo tseo tsona tsohle di nnileng tsa etswa, ka tlhahlamano ya matsatsi, mme o ye le tsona. 8
9 Haho kgoneha, batswadi ka bobedi ba tlameha ho ya. Ebeng ha usa kgonehe, kopa, ho tsamaya le mong ka wena kapa motswale ho ya ho tshehetsa. 2. Tsatsing leo Nka bukana moo o tla ngolla teng ha ho ntse ho buuwa. aparra diaparo tse phuthulohileng mmeleng hore o tle o ikutlwe o le matla le sebete. Haeba le tlile ka bobedi ba lona, etsang hore le se dule le bapile. Dulang le shebane e le hore le tle le nne le thusane ka ho tadimana, ho kgothatsana le ho tsheetsana. Leka ka hohle jwale ka motswadi, ho mamela ka hloko se bolelwang ke ditsebi. Se tshabe ho botsa kapa hona ho kopa tlhalosetso ya mantswe a thata a bongaka. Haeba o tlile le lethathama la hao la dipotso, ngola dikarabo tse nepanang le potso eo. Ebang le le babedi kopanong ena, etsang bonnete ba hore le ngola dintlha kaofela ho etsa hore le be le rekorto e nepahetseng ya kopano eo. Haeba o ka haellwa ke nako ya ho botsa dipotso tsa hao kaofela, kopa letsatsi le lengwe ka pele, kapa siya lenane leo ngaka, mosuwe kapa therapist hore ba mpe ba o romelle dikarabo tsa tsona. Ha o tswa ka ngakeng, X-ray kapa kopanong efe kapa efe, nka di reporto mme o diboloke hammoho. Ebang hona ha ho kgonehe, kopa moo bona ba ngwetse teng. Reporto tsena di ka nna tsa batleha hamorao, ebang di sa fumanehe, ngwana a ka nna a foswa ke ntshetsopele ya hlahlobo. Hopola kamehla hore batho bana, dingaka, bathusi, bamona ho thusa wena le ngwana wa hao. Ba lehlakoreng la hao! 3 Ka mora kopano Etsa hore o bale di pampiri tsa hao hantle hang ka mora kopano, ha kelello ya hao e sa le boemeng bo botle, hobane mohlomong ho na le nthla tse ding tseo o sa di ngolang ka phoso. Jwale he, ngola tsohle tseo o di utlwisitseng mme o di romele ho ngaka le bahlahlobi ho netefatsa seo ebang o se utlwisisitse. Hopola hore ha o wa pele. Batswadi ba bangata ba fitileng mono, kapa o boiphihlelong bo itseng. Etsa hore o ikopanye le Setshaba sa batho ba autism South Africa (Autism South Africa) kaha ke bona ba ka o thusang ka tshedimusetso le tshebetso. Hape ka ho kopanya le batswadi ba bang, dikolo, mekgatlo le batho ba boiphihlelo tulong ya heno. Leha ekaba o ka swaba kapa wa ba dihlong, bohlokwa ke hore o buisane le batswadi ba bang ba nang le bana ba autistic.le tla fapanyetsana dithlahiso le maele, la ba la theha setswalle lona esita le bana ba lona. 9
10 DIKELETSO TSA MAPHELO A LETSATSI Dinnete tsena di fumanwe ko Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Understanding The Diagnosis and Getting Help by Mitzi Waltz, copyright 2002 by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. tumello ya ho hatisa le ho aba ditlhahiso tsena e fumanwe ha feela e kenyeleditswe. Mohlodi ona o hlahiseditswe ho ruta e seng ho sebedisetswa ke ba bophelo (mantswe a mang a fetotswe hannyane hore a nyalane le bophelo ba MO AFRIKA mme ho bile ho ekeditswe ka a mang). Ha o ka lemoha hore na ebe keng e kgentshang ngwana hao ha a kutwa moriri, leka ho ditlosa ditho tseo. Ha o ka etsa sena o tla bona ha bothata bo keke ba eba teng le ho mokuti wa moriri. Mathata le ditharollo di kenyeletsa: Monko omatla ko salon: Batla mokuti moriri wa kgale ya sa sebediseng dinyanyatsi tse nkgang hoholo. Dia fumaneha dihlahiswa tse sa nkgisweng. Di rekwe le ho iswa ke wena ho mokuti, qoba ho etsa nako leletsatsi moo ho tlaba ho se motho ya eleng ho etsa perm kapa daya moriri kaha dihlahiswa tseo dina le monko o bohale. Leka ho buka hore o be wa ho qala kapa wa ho qetela. Kutlo ya ditsebe le le rata le yetswa ke clipper kapa sikere. Batho ba bang ba ka mamella lerata ha babang ba sitwa. O ka bawa nahana ho nka tse theba di tsebe ho thibela lerata le leholo. Mokuti moriri akampa a ba le head phones haeba di ka kgona ho etsa hore ngwana a tsitse. Kapa o ka mpa wa re ngwana a be le moriri o molele haeba ho o hlatswa le ho o koma e se bothata kaha hona ho tla fokotsa ketelo ho mokuti moriri! Maikutlo a mmele ketso kakaretso. Brasha moriri wa ngwana kgafetsa ka borashe bo bonolo e le hore a tlwaele ha o tlatsuwa le ho brashuwa. O ka sika ngwana ha a kutwa. Tharollo e nngwe ke hore o ka batla motho ya tsebang ho kuta ho tlatla mokutela lapeng haeba a sa batle ho nna a eya ko mokuti moriri. Qaphela hore le be le se tlang ho kwahela molala hore moriri o se ke wa ama mmele esita le diaparo kaha hona ho ka nna kwa hlokofatsa ngwana. Maikutlo a ho dimo-dimo. Ha ho na le phoso ka setulo sa mokuti moriri eba hairstyle e ka senyeha. Ke ka baka lena batswadi ba bang ba yang ba kute bana ha ba robetse. Sekere ha se etse lerata le tshwanang le clipper. Brashe le kama di be haufinyane, mme o sebetse butle-butle. Mohlomong e ka boi feela ba ho kutwa, ho se rate o haswa sethonyana sa hao kapa modumo wa clipara, empa bana ba bongata ba ASD ba hloile ho kutwa manala a maoto le menwana. Sebedisa sikuti manala sesiholo kaha di sebetsa hantle ho feta tse nnyane. O na ke mosebetsi o ka o etsa a sa robetse. Ha ngwana ya nang le ASD a sa rate ho tola, etsa makweba ka bubble-bath, sesepa se mebala sa ho hlapa. 10
11 Eba bothata hore o etse hore ngwana kapa motho e moholo wa ASD a itlhatswe hantle kaha ba kgodiswa ke ho bona ditshila ka mahlo. Motho enwa wa ASD a ka hlatswa ho tlosa seretse motsohong le maotong, empa a seke a utlwisisa ho hlatswa lettalo le mahwafi jwalo, ka ha a sa bone ditshila ka mohlong kahoo haho lebaka la ho itlhatswa ka ha a sa bone. Bana ba bang ba tshabang kapa ho se rate bath tub ba ka thabela ho sesa. Kgothaletsa ngwana ho tlwaela metsi ka ho re a ke a mathe jwanong ha ho nwesetswa a tenne marikgwana a makgutswhanyane ho bapala letangwaneng le ho hasana ka metsi ho ka thusa ho fedisa tshabo ya ho ba metsi. Ke tla tseba jwang ha ngwana a se a lokelwa ke kwetliswa ho sebedisa ntlwana? Bana ba ASD baa dieha ho kwetlisetswa tshebediso ya ntlwana. Esita le yena ngwana ya nang le bokgoni a ka fumana bothata ba ikutlwa hore o hloka ho ithusa. Kgolo ya kelello e ka nna ya etsa hore a se be boemong ba ho rutwa ka ntlwana. Tlhahiso tseding di re o emele hore ngwana a be le lemo tse nne a sa ithotele le 4 1/2 ya dijara a sa itshenye. Letshwayo la pele le bontshang hore ngwana jwale a ka retwa ntlwana ke ha a ikutlwa hore o tshwarehile. Sena se bontsha ka ho fetsha boitshwarong, ka ho se tsitse le ho itshwaratshwara. Bana ba bang ba ka ba ba ikutlwa ha ba ba le metsi kapa ba itshentse mme ba bolelle motswadi/mohlokomedi. Hore o tsebe ha ngwana jwale a lokelwa ke ho rutwa ho ya ntlwaneng, o tla bona ka ho dula a omme hora kapa tse pedi pakeng tsa nako ya ho robala, ha ho se jwalo, ngwana ha a eso lokelwe ke ho rutwa ho sebedisa ntlwana kaha ha a na boiphihlelo. Ha o se o nahana ka ntlwana, hlokomela hore ngwana o tseba phapang mahareng a ntlwana le ntlu ya ho hlapela. E re pele o hlophisa tswelopele ena, ha o tjhentjha leleiri e ba ka ntlung ya ho hlapela hona ho tla ruta ngwana hore ka moo ke moo ho itlhwekisetswang ka teng. Ha o batla ho mo ruta pitsana le teng haebe ka ntlung ya ho hlapela. Ho qhaphela hore ngwana o ya nako e fing ko ntlwaneng Qhaphela hore na ngwana matsatsinyana kapa beke o rota kapa o ithoma neng( ka mora nako e kae). Ke ntho e tlwaelehileng hore ngwana a be le pheta pheto e jwalo, haebe o fepuwa ka nako e tsepameng dijo kapa dino. Sena ha se ka tsebahalo, ho ba bonolo ho tseba nako ya ho isa ngwana ntlwaneng kapa pitsaneng. Mme hona e tla ba kgothaletso ho sebediseng ntlwana. Morero wa tshebediso ya ntlwana Ha o rera kwetliso ena, etsa hore o eketse dino le dijo hore ngwana a tle a batle ho ithusa. Hang ha o se o lemohile dinako tseo a ithusang ka tsona ka letsatsi ho qala kwetliso ho tlaba bobebe. Sepheo ke ho isa ngwana ntlwaneng pele ho nako eo ba etlwaetseng jwalo ka haeba o kolobisa leleire ka 9.00am, 11.15am le 1.00pm jwalo-jwalo, mo ise ntlwaneng kapa pitsaneng metsotso e 5 kapa 10 pele. Mo kgothaletse ho dula moo ho fihlella sepheo. Hape ho kaba molemo ho mofa seno metsotso pele o mo isa ntlwaneng, hona he ho tla eketsa ho rota kapa ho ithoma. Ntlu ya ho hlapela/ntlwana e be tulo e kgahlang ho ngwana ya ASD.ha o fa ngwana nthwana e nngwe ha a ntse a dutse 11
12 hodima ntlwana ho ka thusa hore a qaphele seo a se etsang ka bolokolohi, jwalo ka o ka mofa ntho ya ho bapala kapa buka eo a e ratang ho bapala. Ekaba supa nako kapa egg timer di ka thusa ho lemoha hore e se e le nako e telele a dutse moo. Ho putswa ho bohlokwa. Ho ho wena jwaleka motswadi ho tseba hore na ke eng se ka thabisang ngwana wa hao. Ho bana ba bang e kaba pompong, ho babang ekaba ho bapala metsotso e mehlano ka metsi sinking kapa sejaneng. Haeba e kgona ho dula nako e kgotsofatsang, moputso wa sena o tla eketsa boitshepo le tshebedisano-mmoho. Ho ntse ho le bohlokwa ho putsa ngwana ka moraho ithoma kapa ho rota. Hang ha tlwaelo ya ntlwana e se e filhletswe ho molemo le ho putsa ho fokotswe butle butle e seng hang hang kaha hona ho ka tswala kgohlano, hosebedisa ditshwantsho tse bontshang ketsahalo ya ntlwaneng ho ka nna ha eketsa katleho ya tswelopile. Hona ho ka eketsa katleho ya hoya ntlwaneng. Hona ho ka etsuwa le ho bana ba itekanetseng. (Enkilwe ho The National Autistic Society UK O etsang ka ngwana ya hlobolang diaparo ha a fumana monyetla. Pele, leka ho fumana lebaka. Lebaka le tlwaelehileng ke ho ama / thetsa kaha bana ba bang ha ba rate ho amana le ntho tse kang lesela, wool, labels, mameno jwalo-jwalo. Ke phephetso ho bona hore ngwana a dule a ntse a tenne nako e telele. Ho na le boikgethelo jwale ka ho sebedisa malapi a bondo, kgaola di-lable o hlanola seaparo hore lemeeno le se hohle letlalo. Bana basakgoneng ho mamella mabanta ba ka sebedisa marikgwe a makgutswanyane jwalo ka di track suits kapa a nne le lastic mo lethekeng. Ho bana ba aparang maleiri, ka mohlomong lona le leire ke kgathatso. A lekole hore na ha a bake lekgopho. Etsa diteko ka malapi a fapaneng a maleire. Leka a thaole, masela kapa maleire a lahlewang. Kapa o leke a maholwanyane ka ha mohlomong rekere ya thekeng le diropeng di ka baka mathata. Marikgwe a di tracksuit a ka loka ka hodimo ha leleire. Batho ba bangata ba bothata ba ho tswa diso ba rata malapi a bonolo, jwale ka jeresi ya kgareng kapa terrycloth ka tlasa lesela le hwashang jwale ka denim. Ho kaba molemo ha o ka hlatswa seaparo makgethonyana pele ngwana a seapara hobane ho tlabe ho tlohile ho hwasha le monko wabotjha. Ha ngwana a se a hana ho tena diaparo tse itseng, etsa bonnete ba hore o tjhentjha senolofatsi. Ngwana a ka nna a kgesa lephoka le itseng kapa a ba le diso ke sesepa kapa sona sesepa sa ho thapisa diaparo. Tlosa masela a sopetsang ka hara seaparo, ebang ho batleha lebitso, o seke wa di rokella ka hara molala, o mpe o di rokelle lemonong moo letlalo la hae le ke keng la e hohla. Tharollo e nngwe e ka bang ya o bolokela tjhelete ke hore o reke diaparo tsa kgale kaha di tlabe dise di le bonolo, di ka loka ho nale tse ntsha. Hape le tsona di tshwanelwa ho hlatsuwa ho ntsha lephoka lefe kapa lefe le ka nnang la etsa mathata. 12
13 Ha o ilo reka thepa ya ka tlung e ntjha, qaphela bothata ba tse hlwekiswang ha bonolo. O ka nna wa rata ho sebedisa sticky back velcro kapa prestick ho mamaretsa dikgabiswa di shelfong. Hlokomela ho beha dintho tsa bohlokwa moo di sa fihleheleng. Mealo le dintho tseo ngwana a ka kgonang ho di palama kapa ho thatika ka tsona di ke ke tsa lokela ngwana ya ASD, haholo jwang hobane ha ba tshabe kotsi, hoba maikutlwisiso a fokola. Di shelofu di debediswa jwaleka leri, ka hoo di tlameha ho mamaretswa kathata leboteng kapa di hle di ntshuwe. Bana ba bang ba kgahlwa ke ho sututsa thepa le ho sebedisa dikotwana tsa patsi ho hlwella nthong tseo ba sa tshwanelang ho di atamela. Tharollo ke ho : Ntsha mabidinyana kapa plastiki hore thepa e seke ya theela. Reka thepa ya ka tlung e boima. Ho bloka hore thepa ya ntlung e se sisinyehe ha bonolo, ke ho e parraka ka tlase ha di bloko tsa concrete di patehile ditulo le sofa. Ho mmamaretsa thepa leboteng kapa faatshe e ka nna ya eba tharollo. Ebang o batla ho ba le phaposi e nngwe e kgabane, o ka e notlela kapa wa e lebela ka nako tsohle. Ba kileng ba leka hore ba lebele phaposi e sa notlelwang ba ka hlapanyetsa hore hoo ha ho kgonahale. Batswadi ba bana ba kgasang le masea ba phela ka ho suthisa dintho tse ka bang kotsi, mme he le bona batswadi ba bana ba ASD ba tswella pele jwalo ka dilemo-lemo. Dintho tse ka bang kots di kenyeletsa: Digalase le difestere. Bana ba bang ba kgahlwa ke ho thuwa dikgalase, mona he ho hlokeha hore ho be le sesireletsi tsa difestere, kapa ho le hoja ho le theko e boima. Ho kenya difestere le ditshwantsho ka galase ya plastiki e kaba molemo o moholo. Festere ya blind cords. Hona ho kaba kotsi ha ngwana a ka kenya hloho ka hare lupu. Molemo ke o kgaole hore thapo e be kgutshwanyane, e se fihlellehe. Ako tsamaye le ngwana ka hare ntlo ho bona tseo di ka mokgahlang. Hang ha o di lemoha di suthise hang-hang pele a di elellwa, o tlabe o e ntse hantle. Tse ding ke tsena tseo o lokelang ho di qaphela: Dintho tsa motlakasi tse mopepeneneng. Reka ntho ya ho kobetsa plug o difumana ko mabenkeleng a hardware. Dithapo tse telele tsa motlakasi tse bolehileng. Dithapo tse sa kwahelwang di ka kwahelwa ka insulation tape 13
14 kapa di kwalwe hantle. Di thapo tse telele di ka tlohelwa ho sebediswa ka ho eketsa tsa lebota, ho seng jwalo ha di be leboteng fela. Fen ya motlakasi. Fen ya mabokisi e bolohehile le hoja menwananyana e menyenyane e ka nna ya suhla le di pakeng. Nahana ka ho hong ho seng kotsi. O ka nna wa sebedisa fen tsamarulelong ho ena le tse emeng. Mollo wa sitofo. Di tshepe tsa ho thebala di tlosa kamano le mollo, lelakabe kapa mashala a hlenneng, empa he letsona di lotsi ha o ka di thetsa di sa tjhesa di ka ho tjhesa. Batswadi ba bang ba ye ba tlose di- konopo ditofong e be ba beha sethibeletsi ka pele ho si tofo. Eketsa ka ho hlephisa valve ya gase ka mora setofo kapa ho ntsha plug ha ho sa beswa. Eketsa dinotlolo tsa menyako wa phapusing ya ho pheha mme o di pate. Matches, digatsi, le dintho tse bollo. Di notlelle mme o hlokomele baeti ba bohlaswa ba siyang ntho tsena feela tafoleng. Dihlwekifatsi, pente, solvents, le di chemicals tse ding. Ho tlameha hore ho be le monyako o notleletswing wa raka, hore bana ba sefihlele letho la tsena. Ba bang ba bana ba ASD basenyehile boko ka ho hema ntho tse kang gasoline, glue kapa solvents. Meriane, hokapanya melemo ya setho le di aha mele. Beha hole moriana wa mofuta ofe kapa ofe. Eba le raka tse ding tse notlelwang ka ntlung ya ho hlapela. Le teng ho boloka meriana ka ntlung ya ho hlapela ha ha loka ka baka la mongobo. O mpe o be le raka ka phaposing e nngwe kapa lebokose le notlelwang, nne lena le ka fumanwa moo ho rekwang thepa ya office. Ho bebofatsa maemo o ka boloka moriana wa beke le di aha mele ka lebokoseng la plastiki, e be o e beha bakeng se bolokehileng o se leke wa tlohela meriana e hlafunwang le di aha mele moo di ka fihlellehang. Di kwae/motsoko. Wena o ka hopola hore empe ka honong ha o e hlafuna, empa bana ba bang be eja. Kwae e kotsi ha e jewa. Beha hole le bana motsoko, snuff, cigars, kwae ehlafunwang le sekotlolo sa mashala a motsoko se tletseng. Bojwala. Ho kotsi haholo hotswaka bojwala le moriana o sebediswang ke batho ba ASD. Haeba o le motho ya ratang ho ba le mefuta-futa ya majwala, etsa bonnete ba hore o na le raka e notlelewang, kapa o be le sehatsatsi ka garajing se notlelwang. Dithipa. Thipa tse bohale ke tsona tse sebediswang malapeng, empa di kotsi haholo. Leka hore o mpe o etse matsapa a ho notlella drawera ya tsona. Hlokomela hore ho sebe le dithipa tse bohale le disebediswa tse ding tse bohale ka hara sinki, hodima countara ka paphusing ya ho phehela kapa ka hara motshini wa di kotlolo. Bana ba bang ba ASD ba ba le bokgoni ba ho tswa ka hare phaposi tsa bona, malapeng le diratswaneng. Neo ena le kelellonyana ya ho setshabe kopi e ka qetella e hlahisitse kotsi. Boipaballo boo ba tswadi ba lekileng ho bo etsa, bo fihlelwa ka katleho, ke bona: Ho Kenya di locks kapa doorknobs tse bulelwang ka ntle ho kamore ya horobaba ho ka thusa polokehong ya phaposi bosiu. Feela he ho ya ntlwaneng e tlaba bothata ha ngwana a notleletswe. Mona he ho ka hlokahala buzzer kapa intercom hore lemosa batswadi ka tlhokeho eo ( athehe, le pitsana e ka phetha mosebetsi) o seke wa leka wa siya heater ho se motho ya hlokolosi. Latch-style locks, hook-and-eye hardware, kapa chain-locks di ka kenngwa hodima mamati, di ka etsa hore ho sebe 14
15 bonolo ho fihlela phaposi tse ding, kapa hona ho etsa hore a be ka phaposing eo a leng ho yona. Mme ena e ka hodiswa hangwana le yena a ntse a hola, a eba le matla a ho qobella lemati, kapa ho lemoha hore a eme hodima setulo ho fihlela latch. Monyako wa tshireletso o notlelwang habedi kapa hararo ka thetefatsa takatso ya ho baleha lapeng. Boloka / pata dinotlolo, empa moo ba bang ba lelapa ba tsebang e sere mohlomong hadi batleha o le siyo, e ba bothata. Difestere di ka kokotelwa kaho tlamellwa ka thata empa re ntse re lemoha kotsi e ka bakwang ke mollo. Ho ka nna ha kenngwa di bars difestereng kapa alarm tse tla o tsebisa ebang monyako kapa festere e butswe. Le moo ho tla tswa feela hore ngwana eo o matjato ho leko kae hore o ka mo tshwara a eso mathele seterateng kapa letamo jwalo. Athe le terata e telele, etiileng e ka ba tshireletso e hlokehang. Sepetja ka sefaha di ka etswa, teng hwa ngolwa address fowuni ya motswadi kapa mohlokomedi ea setla rwala ka nako tsohle. Tse kangolwang moo ke tsena: Ke na le Autism Ha ke kgone ho bua He ke utlwisise mantswe Ha ke na tshabo ya kotsi Ka kopo ikopanye le. BATHO BALEFATSE BANALENG MAIKUTLO A IKGETHILENG. enkilwe ho National Autistic Society (UK) Webpage ( ) ba I tlisetsa batho ba SA. Matseno Ho sebetsa le ho nka karolo lefatsheng re tlameha ho sebedisa maikutlo a rona. Tse tla o thusa ho utlwisisa tikoloho ya hao le ho ananela maikutlo, dibapala karolo ya bohlokwa ho nkeng qeto maemong a ikgethileng. Inahanele feela hore ebeng e le nngwe, kapa kaofela ha tsona di le hlwahlwa kapa di le siyo ho hang o be o le jwang. Mme ana maemo a bitswa Sensory Integration Dysfunction mme e fumanwa ho bongata ba batho ba ASD. Ketsahalo ya ka mehla (eo rona ba bang re sa e natseng) ho batho ba ASD e ba bohloko ebile ya kgopisa. Boitshwaro ba motho ya ASD eba tswalo ya ketsahalo ya maikutlo a tlwayelo. hoa utlwahala he hore ke ka baka lang ha ba iketsetsa tsa bona, kapa ba na le mahlahahlaha a kang ho itsututla, thenthetsa, kaha hona ho ba etsa hore ba iphihlele ba le faatsheng la bona ba nnotshi. Maikutlo a na le 6 senses mme di wela mekgeng e mmedi; hyper (high)(hodimo) le hypo (low)(botlase) sensitivity. Bohlokwa ke hore bothata bona bo ka ba ho batho ba bang ba ASD. Maikutlo abothata 1. Balance (vestibular) system Ho batho ba ASD, mathata/diphapang e kaba : Hypo (Low)(botlase) ho lakatsa ho kotjoma, ho dikoloha le ho ikakgotsa. (High)(hodimo) bothata ba ho bapala jwaleka hosebe tsamaiso ya dintho tsa mmele. Hyper Dinthla tse thusang 15
16 Hypo (Low)( botlase) kgothaletso di bapading tse kang ho itsetsepela, ho kotjomisa pere, ho itsukutla le ho bapala see-saws, ho potapota. Hyper (High)(hodimo) fokotsa dipapadi hore di be bohato bo bokgutshwane, sebedisa meedi e kang ho fihla kapele palong ya tlholo ka bontsha bokgoni. 2. Boitikanelo ba mebele (proprioception) system Ho motho ka mong ho kgahlana le mathata/diphapano tse: Hypo (Low)(botlase) Ha a eme pela motho e mong mme a ipetetsa ho yena ho ba a sa utlwisise hore ho be le sebaka pakeng tsa bona nne a qetelle a thesetse motho ntle le maikemisetso. Hyper (High) (hodimo) bothata ba hosebedisa matsoho, jwalo ka ho henahena dinthwana tse ding, dikonopo, ho tlama dieta kapa ho reteletsa mmele ohle ho tadimo ho hong. Dinthla tse thusang Hypo (Low)(botlase) ho tjhentjha maemo a thepa ka tlung ho etsa hore ho tsamayehe ha bonolo le ho manamisa tape flurung ho bontsha meedi. Hyper (High)(hodimo) kgothaletsa ho tlama le ho hlahlela kgareng lesobaneng. Monko (olfactory) system Hypo (Low)(botlase)batho ba bang ha bana maikutlo a monkgo kapa hofofonela mme ba sitwa ho utlwa le monko o bohale kapa ba ka ba nyeka ntho hore ba e utlwe kaha ha kgone ho utlwa monko. Hyper (High)(hodimo) monko o kaba bohale, ya eba lephoka le bohale le kang la matlwana kapa ho se rate menko ya di nolofatse tse kgang monate, shampoo jwalo jwalo. Dinthla tse thusang Hypo (Low)(botlase)sebedisa dihlahiswa tse nkgang hamonate e le ho kgelosa ngwana ho menkgo e bohale e mebe e kang ya mantle. Hyper (High)(hodimo) sebedisa ditlolo tse senang monkgo kapa shampoo, se sebedise perfume. Etsa hore tikoloho e hloke lephoka. Hobona (visual) system Hypo (Low)(botlase) A ka bona dintho hantle, a timellwa ke mela. Ho ba bang baka itshetleha ponong ya bona peripheral vision hobane e le hore central vision e le rootho, mme ho sa bonahale hantle. Ho kaba le bothata ba ho akgela kapa ho kaba le bothotonyana. Hyper (High) (hodimo) Pono e ka sitiseha mme yaka dintho le lesedi dia tlola-tlola. Mehopolo e farasang ka baka la mehlodi e mengata ya diketsahalo. Tadimana le nthwana tse kang ( lehlojane) ho a kgahleha ha a tadima. 16
17 Dinthla tse thusang Hypo (Low)(botlase) Sebedisa tshupetso ho hlahisa polelo. Hyper (High) (hodimo) fokotsa kganya ya fluorescent ka ho kenya di globe tsa me bala hape omofe diborele tsa letsatsi, etsa pleke ya go sebetsa ka hara phaposi: sebedisa desk kapa di garadeni ho a hlola maharing ho tlo gonega ho bloka dintho tse bonahalang tse tla mositisa ho bona. Ho utlwa (auditory) system Hypo (Low)(botlase) Modumo o ka utlwala ka tsebe e lenngwe, tsebe enngwe e ka utlwa ha nnyane kapa e se ke ya utlwa hang-hang. Motho a ka se utlwi modumo o e tseng e mpa a thabele tulo tse tletseng lerata, le phaposi ya ho phehela le ho batana ha menyako le dintho tse kgohlanang. Hyper (High)(hodimo) Boholo ba modumo le lerata le kopaneng, e bile le sa utlwaleng hantle. Le ka mokgoreletsa le hona ho motena, le bake kgautso e itseng ya modumo. Bothata ba tsotello, kapa ho otlelwa tlase eo e etsang hore baserati auditory stimuli, jwale ka ho utlwa poisano pakeng sa se baka se se telle kapa se se sekhutswane. Ho utlwa ho sa lekaneng ho kaba le di tlokotsi ho poisano hape le ho sa leka-lekani ha o ema. Dinthla tse thusang Hypo (Low)( botlase) sebedisa dintho tse bonahalang ho thusa tsedimosetsong. Hyper (High)(hodimo) kwala menyako le di festere ho fokotsa modumo o kontle. Molokesetse hoya tulong tse le rata kapa tulo tse kopa-kopaneng o mofe di theba di tsebe kapa walkman. Kutlo (tactile) system Hypo (Low) (botlase) hokakatlela motho ka matla, ho utlwa lehlaba bakeng sa mohote/lehlaba. A ka itematsa le ho thabela ho ipelesa ka ntho tse boima. Hyper (High) (hodimo) Ho angwa ho ka mo utlwisa bohloko le ho mokulunela mme baqetelle ba ikgutse ho amana le batho ho ka nnang ha amana le setswalle le batho ba bang. Ho se batle letho matsohong kapa maotong, bothata ha a hameha ho brasha le ho hletswa moriri, mme a be le mohlobo o itseng oo a o ratang wa diaparo ka texture. Dinthla tse thusang Hypo (Low)(botlase) dikobo e betse boima / dikgetse tsa go robala. Hyper (High)(hodimo) Hlokomedisa motho haele hore o tla mo ama, mo hlahe ka pele. Hopola hore ho mo haka ho ka mo utlwisa bohloko, bakeng sa ho mothusa hlahisa mefuta ya textures butle-butle, eba le lebokose la masela. Tlohela motho enwa hore aphethe seo a neng a se etsa, mo lese hore a iketsetse ka boena, se kang ho hlatswa le ho brasha moriri. Tatso (gustatory) system Hypo (Low) ( botlase) O rata dijo tse tshetsweng dinoko, oja tho enngwe le enngwe, ekaba mobu, jwang, malapi. 17
18 Hyper (High) ( hodimo) dijo tse nokuweng di ba bohale ho yena mme di ho hlole ho dija, le mofuta o mong wa malapi ho mo tshwara hampe, bana ba bang ba ka ja dijo tse boreledi feela tse kang ditapole tse kgotlilweng kapa ice cream. Tswelopele - kutlwisiso e batsi ya motho ka mong e tla ofa monyetla wa ho bathusa hore bathuthuwe ka boiketlo. ditlhahiso tse latelang le maemo di ka o thusa ho theha tikoloho e lokelang motho ka mong ho qoba taba ya ho maikutlo a hae. Temoha - Ho lemoha hore ho hloka boitshepo ke hona ho tswalang mathata, lekola tikoloho hantle. Itukisetsa ka mehla lemosa motho hore maemo ao le yang ho ona a jwang, jwalo ka ho tshedediso ya vacuum cleaners, dintho tsa motlakase, tulo etleseng e modumo o phahemeng haholo. Sekao sa mathata, e latelwa ke ma baka a maikultlo a itseng le di kakanyo :- Ho kgetha dijo Ho se rate ho latswa dijo, mohlomong e le hore ha ho bonolo ho utlwa dijo ka molomong wa hae, jwalo ka flannel brashi ba meno, dijo, hlahisa karolwana fetola boleng ba dijo, kgothaletsa dipapadi tse amanang le molemo jwaleka ho letsa molodi, bubble wands, ho penta ka straw. Ho hlafuna ntho enngwe le enngwe, ho kenyeletsa le diaparo le dintho o fumana e le ketso e thapohang mmele, o natefela ke ho hlohla dintho latex free tubes, mahlakane jwalo-jwaho neta - a ka kgahlwa ke boleng boo a bo tshwereng kapa a sisimoloha ha a utlwa lephoka leka ho hlahisa ho batlang ho tshwana le hona e leng jelly, cornflour le metsi.ay Ho hana ho apara mofuta o itseng wa diaparo- ho rata boleng bo itseng kapa kgohlano letlalong, fetolela diaparo e le hore ho sebe le lemeno leka mohohlang. Hasa tags le di labels, ha ba tlohelwe hore ba tene diaparo tseo ba le kgotso ka tsona. Bothata ba ho kgaleha - ke ho sitwa ho kwala mailutlo a kutlo kapa a pono sebedisa dikgaretene tse lejifi tlohela ngwana ho mamela mmino, mme ho tlosa lerata, sebedisa kobo tse boima. Bothata ba ho mamela ka phapuseng ho ba lentho tse ngata tse hapang maikutlo. Lerata ( hobua, tshepe, ditulo di kgotolwa feela faatshe) ntho tse ngata le phephetsang kutlwisiso ( batho, ditshwantsho leboteng) a iphumana a kakatletse pensele ka letsoho. Ha di be thoko le monyako le festere, sebedisa furniture ho etsa sebaka se sena ho hlotjhwa, kapa he, kekgutlwana sa ho sebeletsa, leha ho etsa hore pensele e tshwarehe ha monate. HO HLALOHANYA HO RATA HO FITELETSING, MOKGWA WA TSELA LE PHETA-PHETO YA MAITSHWARO Enkilwe ho National Autistic Society (UK) Webpage ( ho tswakanye hanyane ho kopanya ma SA. Ho rata haholo, boitshwaro bo iphetaphetang le tlwaelo ke matshwao Autism Spectrum Disorders. Mme matswao ana a fapana ho ya ka motho ho motho. Ho hlalohanya ho rata ho fiteletsing, mokgwa wa tsela le pheta-pheto ya maitswaro Tsena di kenyeletsa ho opa diatla ho twatlatsa menwana, ho kotjoma, ho tlolaka ho itsoka ho thulanya le dintho le ho tsamaisa mmele ka tsela e sa nepahalang. Ba ka kenyeletsa le ho ranthanya dintho jwaleka ho ( sothaka mabidi a koloyi ya ho bapala) ho sebedisa sebapadiswa se le seng kgafetsa, jwaleka ho thunya ka rekere kapa ho sothaka kgwele, kapa ho pheta-pheta papadi e le nngwe (ho nkga, ho thetsa le ho mamela medumo e fapa fapaneng). (Howlin, 1998). 18
19 Mokgwa le mosebetsi wa boitshwaro bona ba pheta-pheta e fapana ho ya ka batho mme mabaka a mang ke ana a sisintsweng: Ho rata ho feteletsing Ho iponakatsa jwaleka ( ho itsukutla e ka ba tsela ya ho leka ho ikgodisa hore a kaba le matla a ho tsoka diatla / diphaka, ho llisa menwana e le ho imatlafatsa). Tikoloho ho mamela modumo o phahameng ho ka kgutlisa boitshepo le ho ikutlwisisa. Mogwa wa ho phe-pheta ketsahalo ke tsela ya ho kwala le ho thiba ho se itshepe. Sesosa sa boithabiso le ho iteka matla. Ho rata ho fetisetsa ho ka bonahala nthong tse ngata ha hontse ho buuwa ka tsona tse kang di phofoolo jwalo ka di dinosaurs, computers,di tereni, ditaba tsa boholo-holo, dinomoro tsa makoloi, nako ya bese kapa terene, nomore ya code tsa poso, mabone a tsela, dinomoro, shapes, kapa ditho tsa mmele tse kang maoto kapa setswe. Ba bang ba ka rata ho itseng bophelo bohle ba bona; ha ba bang a ka rata ho hong ka mora nako e itseng. Ho rata ho feteletsing e kaba le kgahlamelo ya hore hobe le seo o sa serateng dipapading e be o sitwa ho nka karolo. Omong mokgwa / tlwaelo ya ASD ke wa ho ikamana haholo nthong enngwe. Tsena ekaba di palo kapa di koloi tsa se jwale-jwale, ditshwantho tse bopilweng tsa maiketsetso kapa ntho tse sa tlwaelehang ho bapadisa ka tsona e le sekwaelo sa botlolo ya le bese,majwe, dieta kapa sikwaelo sa bate jwalo. Ho ka nna ha ebe le mabaka a mangata a susumetsang motho wa ASD ho ba le lerato le tebileng. Ana ke amang a ona : Thuto kapa ntho e itseng e ka nna ya fana ka tsela kapa maikutlo a itseng a bonwang ke motho wa autistic spectrum disorder feela, mme hoo mohothuse ho emelana le diphetoho le dikgametso tsa letsatsi ka leng. Motho ya thulanang le mathata ho itswakanya le babang a ka mpa a kgutlela kgutlwaneng sa hae a bue ka seo a se ratang hore feela a fumane botsitso kelellong. Ho rata ho feteletsing ho ka thusa motho ho phuthuloha. E mong a ka thaba a kgostsofalla ho ithuta ka thuto e nngwe e itseng kapa a bokelle dibapadiswa/dintho tse hlokolosi ho yena. Mokgwa wa tsela le kganetso ya di phetoho Batho ba bangata, ba baholo le bana ba ASD le ba boemo bohle ba ba le tsela e tshwanang ya ho kgetholla dintho. E mong a ka rata mokgwa o itseng wa nako ya dijo kapa nakong ya ho robala, mme a kgene haholo ha tsela eo e ka thunthetswa. Mokgwa oo wa hae o tlameha ho latelwa ntle le ho ba le kgahlano. Ho ka ba le tlhokeho ya hore mokgwa ona e ke tsetlamo nthong tsohle, ntle ho moo e ba ho se ho kgupisitswe motho: mme seo a neng a se etsa ha se sa phehahatswa. Ba bang ba ka ba le mokgwa o makatsang wa o be sale a hatlela kapa a lekola dinotlolo, ba bang ba ka dula ba tebisitse maikutlo ba nahana ka lefu ho kula kapa ebesale a etsa diphoso (Howlin, 1998). Moetlo o ka nna wa bolelwa ka molomo, mme yaba motho o duletse ho botsa potso e le nngwe kgafetsa mme a batla karabo e totobetseng. Emong a ka lemoha pheteho tikolohong ya habo (ho tjhentjha mabeo a thepa ka tlung) kapa ho e na le batho ba batjha kapa ba bang bao a ba tlwaetseng be le siyo, mme o dubeha maikutlo. Esita le tlwaelo ya ho ya matsatsing a phomolo kapa matsastsi a tswalo a thabelwang ke ba bang, ho yena eba qaka ho motho wa autistic spectrum disorder. Ka nako tseding le phetohonyana e nnyane e mahareng a diketsahalo tse pedi di ka hlopha kaho ho ba bang ba sitwa ho amohela diphoho tse hlahang lesumatha. Ba bang ba ka ba le kgopolo etebileng ya ho ikgethela 19
20 haholo ha ho tluwa dijong (ho rata ho ja dijo tse nang le mmala o itseng), diaparo tseo ba di ratang ebe tse entsweng ka lesela le itseng, kapa disebediswa tse itsengthe (mofuta wa sesepa kapa boleng ba pampiri ya ko ntlwaneng). Motho a ka tlwaela tsela e itseng mme yare ha nako e ntse e tsamaya ya diphetoho, ho tetebela maikutlo kapa ho kula a ba a iphumana e se e le lekgoba la mokgwa oo(attwood, 1998). Attwood (1998) e hlahisa hape hore ha motho a itshetleha ka mokgwa ona, ho ka boela ha hlaha ha a ntse a hola, haholo bothong, mmeleng le tikolohong e ntseng e fetoha ea a iphihlelang a le ho yona. Tlwaelo e kaba le tshusumetso maphelong a batho ka ho fapana, lapeng le mesebetsing. Di ka kgina le boiphihlelo le me nyetla ka baka la ho sithabela ha maikutlo. Feela he, ha rehopoleng ho ditlwaelo tsena di sebetsa mosebetsi wa bohlokwa mothong ka mong ho itlhopha hantle, ho rala le ho thusa motho ho kgona ditakatso tsa hae bophelong. Ho arabela le ho rata hofeteletsing, mokgwa wa tsela le ho pheta-pheto maitshwaro Pele re ka arabela ho tsena tse ka hodimo, re lokelaho ipotsa dipotso tsena : A na motho o banahala a sithabetswe ha a etsa tlwaelo ya hae, kapa o bontsha eka o kgahlamong le ketso eo? (jwalo ka motho a ka a kgotsa matsoho a leka ho a dula ho qoba le tlwaelo ya hae). Na a kgona ho kgaotsa mokgwa/boitshwaro ka boena? Na mokgwa/tlwaelo ee e kaba le kgahlamelo dithutong? Ana boitshwaro boo bokaba le kgoreletso boithabisong ba motho? Ana boitshwaro boo bo ka kgorelets batho bao o phelang le bona maikemisetsong a bona? Ho bohlokwa hore re hopolele motho ka mong hore na ho hlokahala hore a behelwe meedi e itseng, ditlwaelong tsa hae. Ebang dikarabo ke E dipotsong tsena tse kahodimo, teng ho bohlokwa hore motho enwa a fumantshwe thuso ho fokotsa ho rata ho fiteletsing le ho pheta-pheta maitshwaro. Ho fokotsa tlwaelo ena ea ho pheta-pheta ntho e le nngwe ho ka fihlelwa ka ho hata butle ho etsa diphetoho. Sepheo e be ho aha maikutlo a bokgoni ba ho kgona ho ikemela mathateng a ho tobana le tikoloho eo aleng ho yona. Ho pheta-pheta maitshwaro, ho rata ho feteletsing le di tlwaelo ka kakaretso ho ba boima ho di fedisa ha di nkile nako e telele, ka baka ho bohlokwa hore o qaphele ditlwaelo tsena ho tloha sethatheng, ha ngwana a sa le monnyane. Boitshwaro bo ka amoheleha ha ngwana wa lemo tse 2 kapa tse3. Bo keke ba amoheleha ha a se a le moholo, mme ka nako ho tlaba boima ho bo fetola. Kaho ya tikoloho Ho eketsa boemo ba bophelo le tikoloho di ka thusa motho ho ikutlwa a ena le bokgoni mme yaba letswalo le a fela. Ho fedisa tshabo ho tla fokotsa ho nna motho a dula a sa itshepe le hona ho fedisa ditlwaelo tse hlokisang botsitso kelellong. Ho eketsa meamo a tikoloho ho fokotsa bodutu mme nako ya tlwaelo ya pheta-pheta maitshwaro. Dintho tse bonahalang tse kang difoto, symbols kapa lethathama le ngotsweng di ka thusa ho fokotsa letswalo la hore na ekaba ho tla etsahala eng ha morao, mme ho ka kgothaletsa motho hore a be sebete. Tlhahiso-leseding e fumanwa malebana le di ponahatso di kafumaneha ho Do 2 Learn website, e bileng e nang le ditshwantsho tse ka fetiswang mahala ho : Ho fokotsa kgahlamelo ya maikutlo jwaleka lerata, (tshepe ya sikolo.) kapa monko (perfume kapa sesepa) ho ka etsa hore motho a kgone ho emelana le tikoloho yeo a leng ho yona. Diphetoho di tlameha ho ba teng mme ke karolo ya bohlokwa bophelong tse ka nnang tsa ba boima ho motho wa ASD. Le hoja ho keke ha kgoneha ka nako tse ding ho hlophisetsa diphethoho ho 20
21 ditlwaelo, empa ho hlokolosi ho elellisa motho hore a tle a itukisetse boemo boo ha bo fihla. Hannyane hlahisa dintho tse ntjha, dibaka, motho kapa mabaka ho yena, ntho e nnyane e ka thusa hore motho a kgahlametse phetoho. Ho hlwekisa meedi ya maitshwaro Ho beha meedi ditlwaelong tsena ho pheta-pheto maitswaro, mokgwa wa tsela le ho rata hoo feteletsing ke tlwaelong tsena o tlamehang ho qaphela. E bontsha ho pheta-pheto maitshwaro, ho rata hoo feteletsing kapa mokgwa wa tsela (jwalo ka mehla Peter o rata ho qoqa ka engene ya terene nakong eo ho sebetswang ka yona, Peter o se a boetse a bua ka terene hape ka mora metsotswana e se mekae). Nahana ka lebaka le ka fihlellehang ho fokotsa boitshwaro bona haele mona Peter a tlohelwa hore a nne a bue ka terene ka mora metsotswana e 20 ha moqoqo o ne o behetswe metsotso e mehlano feela. Ho tswa hore Peter o tla tshwarella jwang ha nako e ntse e kgutsufatswa mme ho behwa hore na o tla dumellwa ho bua ha kae ka terene le hore o tla be a bua le mang. Qetello Peter a ka iphumana a qoqa le balelapa hae ka motsotso o le mong ha be bedi ka letsatsi. Moedi o ka nna wa bewa empa ho latelwa boitswaro ba motho ka mong:- A ka kenya mahakwe a mahlano feela pokothong ka kgathe le le leng; A ka shebella Thomas the Tank engine video metsotso 20 kanako habedi ka letsatsi; Ho dikoloha ho etswe ka tlung. Ho bohlokwa hore katamelo ha ho fokotswa phehelo a akaretse le tikoloho ho tla thusa ho ithuleng. Meedi e tlameha ho hlahiswa ha e behwa, mme melao e bolelang hore ke, hokae, neng, le mang kapa e be nako e kae boitshwaro boo bo etsahala. Hlalosa ntlha ena hantle, (ka tjhadimo ya hore na boitshwaro bona bo tla etsahala ne, kapa hore mohlomong ha ho na ho etsahala letho). E le ho fihlella kutlwisiso ya motho hore a kgone ho emelana le maemo a ka motshwarellang memong ao. Ho rata hoo feteletsing ho ka nna ya susumeletsa ho eketsa boiphihlelo, boitshepo le ho atolosa setswalle ho batho ba bang. Ho rata ha holo computer ho ka etsa hore a be a sebetsane le tsona. Motho ya ratang history a ka ikopanya le makgotlana a nang le kgahleho eo. Motho o nang le tsebo ka dipapadi le mmeno a ka iphihlela a le mokguping wa quiz team. Ha a rata modumo o itseng a ka qetella atseba diletsa tsa mmino. Tlwaelo ya ho kgabelaka dipampiri ho ka kgannela motho ho etsa recycle ya di pampiri. Lerato la ho hlophisa kapa ho kolodisa dintho ho ka bontsha bokgoni ba ho hlokomela lelapa. Ho rata hoo feteletsing ho ka nna ha sebedisetswa ho kgothaletsa le ho putsa ha ho latelwa mesebetsi (mosebetsi wa sikolo ko hae) nako eo aka nne a sebedisetsa computer. MELAO YA KELELLO ESA BONENG Kgopola-taba kelellong ya motho e ka hlalosa ha a kgona ho utwisisa maikutlo a batho ba bang, le mehopolo mme hona ho bapala karolo ea bohlokwa kgahlamelong ya batho. Kelello esa boneng Mothong wa ASD ena ke qaka ka baka la maikutlo a sa itekanelang mme ho tswala tsena:- Ho ba boima haholo ho noha botshwaro ba babana ho ka kganelang motho ya ASD hore a se itshepe, a se tshepe mang kapa mang hoo a qetellang ha nena batho. 21
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c: text/html

text:
Sebelisa lithulusi tsohle tseo NS6 e u fang tsona joaloka Media Owner
Ka NS6 o tla khona ho laola bao e ka bang bareki ba hau, o sebelisane le bona mme o tsebe ho ba abela libaka tsa hau tsa papatso kapele le ka nepo. Ke sesebelisoa se shebileng 'marakeng ona feela.
Ngolisa libaka tse ncha tsa papatso, ntlafatsa lintlha tsa hau kapa u li hlakole. Ho NS6 ts'ebetso ena e potlakile ebile e sebetsa hantle; kenya linepe kapa tlama libaka tsa hau tsa papatso ho bareki ba hau.
Boloka tlhahisoleseling ea hau e hlophisehile ebile e sireletsehile ka har'a leru; e lumella sehlopha sa hau kaofela ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling e ntlafalitsoeng ka nako ea nnete, e loketseng likhoebo tse nang le libaka tsa papatso libakeng tse fapaneng.
Libaka tsa hau tsa papatso li tla hlaha hohle marang-rang a NS6 Media Buyers, tse u lumellang ho fihlella bareki libakeng tse ling le ho koala litšebelisano habonolo. Iteanye le uena ka ho toba ka NS6, ntle le babuelli.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Lipalangoang tse tloaelehileng
Ponahalo ya ho itshepa. Ponahalo e na le li-avant-garde tsa Europe tse raliloeng ka kutloano e phethahetseng le botle bo botle ba bochabela. E matla ebile e feshene, 'me mohlala oa eona o tiileng o hlakileng ebile o leka-lekane o bona mokoetlisi a tlisa boits'epo tseleng.
Enjene ea Cummins ISB,
Tekanyetso ea tlhahiso ea Euro VI,
ho potlakisa ho tloha ho zero ho isa ho 90 mph ka metsotsoana e 28.
Sistimi e pholileng e bohlale
Ho hlomelloa ka mokhoa oa mantlha oa patente - sistimi e futhumatsang ea taolo ea mocheso e nang le libapali tsa elektroniki tse 7
Bokhabane bo botle
Palo e kahodimodimo gradability fihla 30 likhato.
Ts'ebetso e ikhethang tseleng e patisaneng
Bonyane ba radius e fetolang e fihla ho 9.8m.
Kamore ea enjene e na le alamo ea mocheso bakeng sa ho lekola nako ea 'nete le sesebelisoa sa ho iphelisa ho fihlela tlhahlobo ea nako ea nnete; Lisebelisoa tse sa keneleng lelakabe le lisebelisoa tse sa keneleng mollo tse A-grade tse nang le ts'ireletso e betere li sebelisoa ho potoloha mohloli oa mocheso.
Theknoloji ea sejoale-joale ea motlakase e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea anti-corrosion le botle bo tšoarellang ba libese.
Tšepe ea alloy e nang le matla a phahameng e sebelisoa ka matla a phahameng a lihlahisoa e eketsehile ka 50% ho feta ea tšepe e tloaelehileng. Ka boemo ba leholimo bo botle ba leholimo bo hanyetsang mocheso le sebopeho se tiileng, e netefatsa polokeho ea ho khanna.
Mofuta oa 'mele oa Truss oa mofuta oa monocoque le moralo o koetsoeng, o matlafalitsoeng ke 50%, o fa mokhanni le bapalami boiphihlelo bo botle ba ho khanna le ho sireletseha le ho palama.
Kamore ea enjene e na le alamo ea mocheso bakeng sa ho lekola nako ea 'nete le sesebelisoa sa ho iphelisa ho fihlela tlhahlobo ea nako ea nnete; Lisebelisoa tse sa keneleng lelakabe le lisebelisoa tse sa keneleng mollo tse A-grade tse nang le ts'ireletso e betere li sebelisoa ho potoloha mohloli oa mocheso.
Theknoloji ea sejoale-joale ea motlakase e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea anti-corrosion le botle bo tšoarellang ba libese.
Tšepe ea alloy e nang le matla a phahameng e sebelisoa ka matla a phahameng a lihlahisoa e eketsehile ka 50% ho feta ea tšepe e tloaelehileng. Ka boemo ba leholimo bo botle ba leholimo bo hanyetsang mocheso le sebopeho se tiileng, e netefatsa polokeho ea ho khanna.
Mofuta oa 'mele oa Truss oa mofuta oa monocoque le moralo o koetsoeng, o matlafalitsoeng ke 50%, o fa mokhanni le bapalami boiphihlelo bo botle ba ho khanna le ho sireletseha le ho palama.
Foton e na le mela ea boemo bo tloaelehileng ea naha ea digitization, lebelo la liteko tsa lebelo, bethe ea teko ea mahlakore a mabeli, mojaro oa li-axle, bethe ea liteko tsa ABS, sistimi ea tlhahlobo ea liteko tsa brake le tse ling, Ho fumana setifikeiti le tumello ho laboratori ea naha ea Jeremane TUV Rheinland le CNAS
Lihlahisoa tsa Foton li feta tekong e thata ea phumano ea koloi le rollover ho feta li-kilometara tse likete tse 100 maemong a mefuta ea litsela le tlasa maemo a leholimo a thata ho feta mocheso o phahameng, mocheso o tlase le khatello e tlase.
iTink, mofani oa pele oa IOV, o theha sistimi e bohlale ea taolo e kopanyang ts'ebetso, taolo le ts'ebeletso ho etsa hore tsamaiso ea likepe e be bonolo. lebelo, matsapa, tataiso, pina e mathang


text:
Filter mokotla
Product Qaqileng
Lihlahisoa tsa Product
Filter mokotla o le mong oa bohlokoahali mokotleng oa mokelli oa lerōle, O entsoe ka masela a sa lohiloeng le a lohiloeng.Ka ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea liindasteri tse ngata tsa indasteri, joalo ka phepelo ea motlakase, tšepe le tšepe, samente le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale, lerōle le lengata 'me mosi o tla hlahisoa, o tla baka tšilafalo e tebileng sepakapakeng le' meleng oa motho, Ka hona, mmuso o hlophisitse litlhoko tse thata bakeng sa moea o tsoang moeeng oa likhoebo tse joalo, le hobane maano a ho tsoa ha mekhatlo ea taolo ha a kenngoe tšebetsong mme likhoebo tse ngata E le hore u boloke litšenyehelo, u se ke ua latela melao ea mmuso ka botlalo ho nka sebaka sa mokotla oa leru ka nako kapa esita le sistimi ea ho tlosa lerole la khase ea khase, Ho lijalo tsa motlakase tse ntšitsoeng ka mashala. . Lerōle mokotla tlosa (lerole mokotla filtara) o bitsoa pelo ea mokotla le lerole mokelli, e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ka phello lerole tlosa.
PE - Polyester
Maq - Polypropylene
Acrylic
PPS - polyphenylene
Aramid-NOMEX
FG-khalase ea fiberglass
FMS
P84- polyimide
PTFE - teflon
Lisebelisoa tsa filtara li ka phekoloa ka metsi le oli e thibelang oli, anti-static, ptfe emulsion impregnation le ptfe barbotage ho latela maemo a ikhethileng a mosebelisi, ho fihlela tlhoko ea nnete ea maemo a fapaneng a ts'ebetso le ho fihlela bophelo bo botle ba ts'ebeletso mokotla oa lerōle.
Bakeng sa khoebo e hlahisang lihlahisoa tsa mecha ea phatlalatso e phahameng, k'hamphani ea rona e tsetetse chelete e ngata ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea maemo a holimo, lienjineri tse nang le botsebi bo boholo, ts'ebetsong ea sehlopha se phahameng sa thekiso, lilemong tse 'maloa feela, E hohetse batho ba bangata ba tummeng ba machabeng. likhoebo ho etela le ho sebelisana.


text:
U ka fumana setšabelo joang Libya? Haeba u batla setšabelo Libya u ka batla thuso ho UNHCR kapa IRC. Tsena tse peli ke tse ling tsa mekhatlo e meholo e sebetsang Libya e tšehetsang baphaphathehi kapa ba batlang setšabelo ka kotloloho. A re boneng hore na joangBala haholoanyane
U ka fumana visa ea Jordane joang ho tsoa USA?
Ho kena Jordane, baahi ba US ba tlameha ho ba le visa ea Jordanian e sebetsang. Kapa tumello e khethehileng ea ho kena ho tsoa Lefapheng la tsa kahare la Jordan. Jordane e tsejoa e le "Switzerland ea Middle East". Kaha e boloka tikoloho e khutsitseng le e tsitsitseng ea lipolotiki.Bala haholoanyane
Ke naha efe e nang le menyetla e mengata ea mesebetsi bakeng sa Maindia?
Ke naha efe e nang le menyetla e mengata ea mesebetsi bakeng sa Maindia? Linaha tse kang United States, United Kingdom, Japane, New Zealand, Canada, le hanyane, Portugal ke tse ling tsa libaka tse tsebahalang haholo tseo Maindia a ka lulang le ho sebetsa ho tsona. USABala haholoanyane
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Ka bobeli khomphuteng le mohaleng oa rona oa thekeng ho na le litšoantšo tse ngata tseo re li bonang, re li jarollang kapa re li romellang letsatsi le leng le le leng ho ...
Shein ke e 'ngoe ea mabenkele a marang-rang a liaparo tsa inthanete hajoale, sebaka seo re ka fumanang liaparo ho sona ...
Haeba u utloile ka Plex le ntho e ngoe le e ngoe eo e ka e fang basebelisi ba eona, ka sebele e tsohile ...
Twitch e fetohile e 'ngoe ea liforomo tse tsebahalang haholo ho potoloha le lefatše hara libapali tsa papali ...
Ho bua ka Lavasoft, hore na ke eng le hore na re tlo e sebelisetsa eng, re tlameha ho qala ho hlakisa hore re na le ...
FaceTime ke ts'ebeliso eo ka sebele e utloang e tsebahala ho ba bangata ba lona. Ke kopo ea ho letsetsa video e ...
Hore Avast Secure Broser e qala e le mong hoa tena ho boiphihlelo ba hau ba mosebelisi ho ...
Ha theknoloji e fumanoang kahare ho li-smartphone e fetohile, sesebelisoa sena se se se ...
Re leboha li-emulators, re ka hopola linako tse ling maphelong a rona, ha feela re se na tsona ...
Batho ba bangata ba nang le batho ba bonang ka mahlo a matle ba inehela ho seo ba se ratang haholo le / kapa ba rata ho arolelana ...
Ka lebaka la coronavirus, lik'hamphani le litsi tsa thuto tse ngata li qobelletsoe ho fetola tsela ea ...


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Xuzhou Jiamei Glass Products Co., Ltd.
Xuzhou Jiamei Glass Products Co., Ltd.ke khoebo ea tlhahiso e sebetsanang le ho paka thepa ea litlolo ka tlung le kantle ho naha, le ea oli ea bohlokoa le litlolo tse tlamang lapeng le kantle ho naha. Haholo-holo e rekisa le ho rekisa libotlolo tsa litlolo, libotlolo tsa bohlokoa tsa oli, libotlolo tsa aromatherapy, libotlolo tsa litlolo tsa tranelate, jj. Likhoebo tse ngolisitsoeng tse ngolisitsoeng ka molao ke mafapha a amehang a mmuso.
Lihlahisoa tsa mantlha ke: libotlolo tsa oli tse sootho tse sootho, libotlolo tsa oli tse putsoa, botlolo ea oli e tala, libotlolo tsa oli tse hlakileng tse hlakileng, libotlolo tsa oli tse tšoeu, libotlolo tsa Xilin le lihlahisoa tse ling.
Tlhahiso e tšoanang ea botlolo ea polasetiki ea botlolo ea oli + polaka ea kahare, botlolo ea bohlokoa ea oli ea anodized aluminium, cap ea bohlokoa ea oli anodized aluminium e thibelang bosholu, botlolo ea bohlokoa ea oli ea polasetiki ea hlooho ea khalase, botlolo ea bohlokoa ea oli, cap, ea bakelite, jj.
Likepisi tsa bohlokoa tsa botlolo ea oli tse etselitsoeng mesebetsi e mengata li ka netefatsa ho tiisa haholo le ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, ho netefatsa hore 100% ea oli ea bohlokoa ha e tsoe, 'me e ke ke ea koala le ho phatloha.
Likepisi tsa bohlokoa tsa botlolo ea oli tse etselitsoeng mesebetsi e mengata li ka netefatsa ho tiisa haholo le ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, ho netefatsa hore 100% ea oli ea bohlokoa ha e tsoe, 'me e ke ke ea koala le ho phatloha.
Kepisi le plug e rothelang e ka fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lebelo le fapaneng la ho rotha ho fihlela ho rotha ha oli e fapaneng e metenya ea bohlokoa.
Lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa botlolo ea oli li hlahisoa ka ho hlahisa mochini o tsoetseng pele oa khalase o iketsang. Boleng ba sehlahisoa bo tsitsitse, kheloho ea bokhoni e nyane, bohloeki bo phahame, botenya ba lebota la botlolo le mmala ke junifomo, 'me matla a tšusumetso a phahame.
Mela e boreleli ebile e tloaelehile, 'me matla a khatello ea kahare a phahame. Sehlahisoa se sebelisetsoa ho paka lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tse kang ho tlatsoa ha oli, lisebelisoa tsa lijo, li-intermedicate tsa meriana le li-reagents tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Botšepehi, matla le boleng ba sehlahisoa sa Xuzhou Jiamei Packaging Products Co, Ltd. li amohetsoe ke indasteri. Metsoalle ea maemo ohle e amohelehile ho etela, ho tataisa le ho buisana ka khoebo.


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Ama Mazama, moahi oa Afro-Caribbean oa Guadeloupe, o ile a fumana lengolo la hae la borutehi ka lithuto tsa lipuo tsa naha ka 1987 Univesithing ea Sorbonne Nouvelle. O tsejoa e le motšehetsi ea chesehang oa ...
Amanishakheto e ngotsoe ka litlhaku tsa khauta moetlong o molelele oa mohlabani oa Nubia (Sudan). Sechaba sena se tsoetseng Egepeta ea Bofarao mme sa e pholosa ho tlhaselo ea kantle ho naha nakong ea ...
Mafumahali a Bahlabani ba Egepeta Mafumahali a bahlabani ba Baegepeta e ne e le Ahotep, le Arsinoe II & III, le bohle bao e neng e le litloholo tsa Royal House ea Kush. Ba ne ba busa Egepeta mme ba laela mabotho a bona le likepe tsa metsing nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea Roma. Ho sena ...
Swaady Martin-Leke, motsamaisi oa mehleng oa General Electric ka boroa ho Sahara, o hlahisa sehlahisoa sa hae sa tee se monate, Yswara. Sebaka sa pele sa lipalesa se buloa ka la 6 Phato Johannesburg. Feela ...
Kamora selemo kamora ho qaleha ha ts'ebetso ea ho kenella ha bahlanka, mongoli le ralipolotiki Aminata Traoré ba arabile ka "Metsotso e 20" ho kenella ha Fora ho la Mali le Rephabliki ea Afrika Bohareng. Aminata Traoré, mosebeletsi oa mehleng ...
Mofumahali Zingha (Jingha) oa Angola o tšoaile nalane ea tokollo ea basali ba Maafrika pele ho nako ea bona, pele ho fihla bo-ralikoloni ba Mapotoketsi Afrika e ntšo. Anna Zingha e bile mofumahali oa hoqetela ...
Ha a botsoa ke Madame Figaro, Lupita Nyong'o o hopola a maketse ha a ne a khethoa e le mosali ea motle ka ho fetisisa lefats'eng ke makasine ea People selemong se fetileng. Lintjana tsa Lupita Nyong'o ...


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E LE u na le bonnete ba hore baahisani le lelapa la hau ke sera sa nnete? Mark Mallett le Christine Watkins ba bula makasine ka likarolo tse peli tse tala selemong se fetileng le halofo - maikutlo, ho hlonama, litaba tse ncha le likotsi tse haufi tse tobaneng le lefats'e tse arohantsoeng ke tšabo…Continue ho bala
Thetso e Matla
Ho na le psychosis ea bongata.
E ts'oana le se etsahetseng sechabeng sa Jeremane
pele le nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše moo
batho ba tloaelehileng, ba hlomphehang ba ile ba fetoloa bathusi
le mofuta oa monahano oa "ho latela litaelo"
hoo ho lebisitse polaong ea morabe.
Ke bona hona joale paradigm eona eo e etsahalang.
-Dr. Vladimir Zelenko, MD, la 14 Phato, 2021;
35: 53, Pontšo ea Stew Peters
Ke a tshitiso.
Mohlomong ke lefu la methapo ea sehlopha.
Ke ntho e tlileng holima likelello
ea batho lefats'e ka bophara.
Eng kapa eng e etsahalang e ntse e tsoela pele ka
sehlekehleke se senyane ho fetisisa Philippines le Indonesia,
motsana o monyane ka ho fetisisa Afrika le Amerika Boroa.
Ho a tshwana - ho tletse lefatshe lohle.
—Dr. Peter McCullough, MD, MPH, la 14 Phato, 2021;
40: 44, Maikutlo ka Lefu la Seoa, Episode 19
Ha ke tloaetse ho sebelisa lipoleloana tse kang tsena,
empa ke nahana hore re eme lihekeng tsa Lihele.
—Dr. Mike Yeadon, Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa mehleng le Rasaense e Moholo
ea Phefumoloho le Allergies ho Pfizer;
1:01:54,. Na U Latela Saense?
E phatlalalitsoe la pele ka la 10 Pulungoana, 2020:
MONO Ho etsahala lintho tse sa tloaelehang letsatsi le letsatsi joale, joalo ka ha Morena oa rona a itse li tla etsahala: ha re atamela haufi le Leihlo la sefefo, "meea ea phetoho" e tla ba kapele ... liketsahalo tse kholo tse potlakileng li tla oela lefatše borabeleng. Hopola mantsoe a seboni sa Leamerika, Jennifer, eo Jesu a itseng ho eena:Continue ho bala
Litšōmo tse leshome tse holimo tsa lefu la seoa
Mark Mallett ke moqolotsi oa litaba oa mehleng ea hapileng likhau le CTV News Edmonton (CFRN TV) mme o lula Canada.
KE selemo ho fapana le tse ling lefatšeng. Ba bangata ba tseba botebong ba pelo hore ho na le ho hong hampe haholo e etsahalang. Ha ho sa na motho ea lumelloang ho ba le maikutlo hape, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ke li-PhD tse kae ka mor'a lebitso la bona. Ha ho na motho ea nang le bolokolohi ba ho ikhethela khetho ea bongaka ("'Mele oa ka, khetho ea ka" ha e sa sebetsa). Ha ho motho ea lumelloang ho bua lintlha phatlalatsa ntle le ho hlahlojoa kapa hona ho lelekoa mesebetsing ea hae. Empa, re kene nakong e hopotsang mashano a matla mme matšolo a ho tšosa seo hang-hang se etelletse pele bompoli bo hatellang ka ho fetisisa (le lipolao tsa morabe) tsa lekholo le fetileng la lilemo. Volksgesundheit - bakeng sa "Bophelo bo Botle ba Sechaba" - e ne e le ntho ea mantlha morerong oa Hitler. Continue ho bala
Jesu ke “Tšōmo”
ke Yongsung Kim
A letšoao moahong oa State Capitol o Illinois, USA, o hlahelletseng ka pele ho pontšo ea Keresemese, bala:
Nakong ea nako ea mariha ea mariha, tlohela mabaka a be teng. Haho medimo, haho madimona, haho mangeloi, haho lehodimo kapa dihele. Ho na le lefatše la tlhaho feela. Bolumeli ke tšōmo feela le tumela-khoela e thatafatsang lipelo le ho etsa likelello tsa makhoba. -khloehloela.comLa 23 Tšitoe, 2009
Batho ba bang ba tsoelang pele ba ka re re lumele hore pale ea Keresemese ke pale feela. Hore lefu le tsoho ea Jesu Kreste, ho nyolohela ha hae leholimong, le ho tla ha hae la bobeli qetellong ke tšōmo feela. Hore Kereke ke setheo sa batho se hahiloeng ke banna ho etsa makhoba a likelello tsa banna ba fokolang, le ho qobella tsamaiso ea litumelo tse laolang le ho amoha batho tokoloho ea 'nete.
E-re, molemong oa ngangisano, hore mongoli oa lets'oao lena o nepile. Hore Kreste ke leshano, Bok'hatholike ke tšōmo, 'me tšepo ea Bokreste ke pale. E re ke bolele sena…
Sera se ka Metsing
MONO ke se etsahetseng ho Lord of the Rings ea Tolkien moo Helms Deep e hlaseloang. E ne e lokela ho ba qhobosheane e sa keneng, e pota-potiloeng ke Lerako le Leholo la Deeping. Empa ho fumanoa sebaka se tlokotsing, seo matla a lefifi a se sebelisang ka ho baka mefuta eohle ea litšitiso ebe o lema le ho hotetsa seqhomane. Nakoana pele semathi sa toche se fihla leboteng ho bonesa bomo, o bonoa ke e mong oa bahale, Aragorn. O hoeletsa motsomi e leng Legolas hore a mo theole… empa e se e le morao haholo. Lerako lea phatloha 'me le robehile. Sera se se se le ka har'a liheke. Continue ho bala