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Russian Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public
Russian Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public Details
- naheng : Federation Russia
- City : Moscow
- ke khutsufatso : RANEPA
- thehiloe : 1977
- Liithuti Tsa (approx.) : 25000
- Se ke la lebala ho tšohla Russia Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public
Overview
RANEPA ke univesithi ea etellang pele ka Russia libakeng tse ha leano setjhaba, tsamaiso ea phatlalatsa, le taolo kgwebo.
Today RANEPA ke karolo e selotlolo le litekanyetso thuto e, ho etsa lipatlisiso le tsamaiso koetliso eo bonahatsa filosofi tsa ho ithuta bophelong-e telele. RANEPA fana thuto e le mananeo a thupelo ea ho sebeletsa litlhoko tsa ho ithuta tsa bahlanka ea lehae, bagwebi, batsamaisi, financiers le liakhente.
RANEPA itlammeng ka ke ho:
- ho ithuta bophelong-e telele
- e katamelo individualized ho ithuta
- setshabatshabafatso
- hakana theknoloji e ncha thuto e
- thuto bokgoni tse thehiloeng
- tsoelo-pele ea litsi tsa bokhabane
RANEPA Moscow khamphaseng akarelletsa 12 hloma, likolo le mafapha.
Thuto ea ho indasteri ea phatlalatsa
Ho theosa le lilemo RANEPA e ntshetswa pele manane a ntlafatso a ba bangata ikhethang oa ho koetlisa bahlanka ba lehae e bakeng sa ba boholong 'muso le ba mabatooa a Russia. Melokong ea bahlanka Russia ea lehae amohetse koetliso ea bona ka RANEPA amohela likhato univesithi ea pele 'me hamorao ea fumaneng lengolo le nako e khutsoanyane manane a ntlafatso a. RANEPA e mong oa ya ditheo la pele ho hlahisa MPA (Mong'a Administration Public) Lenaneo la Russia ho ea kopana le litlhoko tsa ba indasteri ea phatlalatsa le be le talente le bokgoni ba basebeletsi.
80% ea babusisi hajwale lebatowa tse RANEPA fuoeng mangolo | 60% ba boholong 'muso mmuso a RANEPA fuoeng mangolo
A palo e kholo ea bahlanka puso Russia li kapa koetlisitsoeng nakong RANEPA.
Serōki entsoeng lenaneo la phethahatso bakeng Tatarstan
RANEPA e ntshetswa pele ka tsela e ikhethang Phethahatso Mong'a Administration Public Lenaneo la 'muso lebatowa ya Tatarstan. Letoto la manane a ntlafatso a phapanyetsano ya moetlo koetliso ea fanoa ka 2010 - 2011 thusitse ho matlafatsa leng bokhoni boo-botlaaseng le ho fana ka tshwaneng ncha pholisi ya sehlopha sa batsamaisi ba konokono 'muso oa Rephabliki.
Education bakeng sa poraefete
RANEPA laola tšimo ea thuto profeshenale bakeng batsamaisi tlhōrōng-ho bophahamo ba likhoebo Russia. RANEPA e ne e le pula-maliboho ka malapeng Mba lenaneo mmarakeng le e ne e le lekhetlo la pele a Russia ho fumana kananelo ea machaba bakeng sa lenaneo yona Mba. RANEPA boetse hlahiswa la pele la dba lenaneo Russia 'me ke be ka pele ho phethahatsa manane a ntlafatso a Phethahatso Mba naheng eo.
RANEPA Mba le EMBA manane a ntlafatso a ba a hlokomela bakeng sa akaretseng bona mekhoa e molemohali le ho boleng ba ho phahameng ea Russia 'marakeng oa thuto kgwebo. RANEPA manane a ntlafatso a thuto kgwebo tse newa tetlelelosemmuso ke mekhatlo ea machaba le naha kananelo, tse kang AACSB International, EFMD le Mokhatlo oa MBAs.
Over 40% ea Russia Mba fuoeng mangolo a fumana likhato bona RANEPA
RANEPA e sebelelitseng le botumo bo matla thutong kgwebo thehiloeng ho itšeha-bohale lipatlisiso 'me a sebetsa nyeoe ea tshekatsheko ya lefapha mokhoa ona o. La boleng le boitlamo oa barupeli ba ho ruta etsa bonnete ba maemo a phahameng phethahatso le lefapha kamano ea fella ka maemo a mang a phahameng tsa seithuti sa khotsofale le employability.
RANEPA manane a ntlafatso a akatemi tsona li sebelisa metsoako mohlomong ea machaba ea hore etsa bonnete ba boleng le etsa hore Mba tlhōlisano oa machaba oa 'marakeng thuto.
RANEPA phatlalatso ea machaba ea beha ka yona ka boemo ba etellang pele tsa Russia. RANEPA kopanelang papaling ea ho a 'maloa a bolekane mosolotogamaano tse fanang ka baithuti le fakalthi le menyetla bakeng sa ho tsamaiswa ea machaba ea, phihlello ea ho fumana thuto ea machaba ea, koetliso ea machaba le ba etsa lipatlisiso. Mmeedi oa tsebelisano ea machaba ea, RANEPA e phethahatsa 'maloa tsa mananeo a kopanetsweng tekanyo le bao e seng tekanyo le merero ea maemong' ohle a univesithi 'me a morago ga kalogo thuto.
likolo / Colleges / mafapha / Courses / ba magoro
- Institute of LITHUTO TSA BUSINESS
- Institute of Taolo ya setjhaba le MANAGEMENT
- THE SCHOOL EA LEANO SETJHABA
- Institute of SETJHABA LE MANAGEMENT poraevete
- HIGH SCHOOL EA Tsamaiso SETJHABA
- Institute of MOLAO le tšireletseho NATIONAL
- Lefapha "kalogo SCHOOL EA MANAGEMENT Corporate"
- Lefapha "PHAHAMENG SCHOOL la Lichelete le MANAGEMENT"
- Lefapha "Institute of MANAGEMENT LE Marketing"
- Lefapheng la moruo le phedisano saense
- Lefapha la FINANCE LE BANKING
- THE lefapheng la lichelete
History
o Russia mopresidente Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public (RANEPA) e thehiloe ka taelo ea mopresidente ka September 20, 2010. motheo ena e akarelletsa kopanngoa ha makala a 'meli tse phahameng tsa thuto tse neng teng: The Academy ea moruo National (Ane), e leng ile ha thehoa 1977, le Serussia Academy ea Administration Public (RAPA), ha thehoa 1991. Le ho kopanngoa ha boetse phuthehela 12 puso ditheo tse dingwe thuto e.
Ngoe ea tse phahameng tsa thuto di ne tsa kopanngwa ne a se a e sebelelitseng botumo joalokaha baeta-pele bafe ba koetlisa Russia phahameng sechabeng theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki. Ho tloha motsotsong ona ea pōpo ea eona 1977, Ane prided e se mabaleng a ho ikatisa basebeletsi nakong e tlang. Le ho oa ha Soviet Union, Ane fetola ea mohlala mawa a ona ho tloha koetlisa litho tsa 'Nomenclatura' ho fana ka boleng bo phahameng kgwebo thuto bakeng sa moloko o mocha oa baeta-pele ba ka ho fetoha e theha mokete oa thuto e phahameng e fanang drive ka bophara menyetla ea setlamo sa thuto tšimong ea taolo ya. Ka tsela e tšoanang, RAPA e ka tloaelo e ne e le moeta-pele oa sechaba ho fana ka koetliso ea taolo ya setjhaba bakeng sa bahlanka ba hona joale le nakong e tlang puso le masepala ea lehae.
ka September 20, 2010 - Le lecha Federal State-tšehetsoa Educational tokisetso ea Phahameng Professional Education Russia mopresidente Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public (RANEPA) e bōpiloe. Ka molao-taelo oa Mopresidente oa Russia Federation ea 20.09.2010 Russia Academy ea Administration Public hammoho le leshome le metso e phahameng tsa thuto tsa lebatowa tsa tšebeletso ea lehae kenela Academy ea moruo wa naha tlas'a 'Muso oa Federation ea Russia ho theha Russia mopresidente Academy ea moruo National le Tsamaiso Public.
ka September 23, 2010 - Vladimir mau fetoha moreketoro ea RANEPA.
2010 - Ka mor'a kopanngoa hona sa Academy fetoha moholo ka ho fetisisa tsa moruo wa le le botho univesithing ea Europe, lumella ho fumana thuto e latelang: mosebetsi oa matsoho thuto ea bobeli, Lengolo la likharata, Lengolo la thuto e phahameng ea masters, thuto banadikerii, lithuto tsa phahameng bongaka, mananeo a ntlafatso ya seporofesenale le setsebi sa papali ea retraining.
2010 - The libuka tsa saense ea machaba ea – e sebetsang ho tšoareloang liboka “Russia le World” amohelang lebitso la “Gaidar mang forum”. E.T. Gaidar Setsi sa Policy Moruo le Egor Gaidar Foundation ba bo-mphato ba Academy a tšoere la pele “Gaidar mang forum”.
2010 - The Academy baka Russia Setsi sa APEC Studies ho hlophisa ho etsa lipatlisiso 'me tlhama molao dikgothaletso e sebetsang litabeng sebetsana le ho nka karolo Russia e APEC le boemedi sa lona ka APEC mang forum a 2012.
2010 - Ka lekhetlo la pele bakeng sa baithuti tsoang Russia, boahelani linaha le ka nģ'ane ho Academy bula tekanyo lenaneo International Master buang Senyesemane li.
2011 - The Academy fetoha sebedisana morulaganyi bakeng go tlhabololwa Strategy Russia oa hore Social le Economic Development ho 2020.
2012 - La pele la Summer thuto e khamphaseng oa mopresidente Academy: «Tšimong ea menyetla ea» etsahala Kazan.
2012 - The Academy le banka World ba balekane ba mosolotogamaano.
2012 - The Academy sebeletsa e le sebedisana morulaganyi bakeng sebokeng sa Nahana Tank-20, sehlopha sa litsi etsa lipatlisiso ea machaba ea, e le karolo ea mopresidente Russia ba G20.
2013 - RANEPA e kenyelelitsoe a Mokhatlo oa liunivesithing Russia itlhommeng pele.
2013 - 100 ba fumaneng mangolo RANEPA kena XIV tekanyetso «TOP-1000 batsamaisi Russia» ho ea ka Serussia batsamaisi Mekhatlo (2013)
2013 - The Academy fetoha setho sa mokgatlo Network ya Schools ea Policy Public, Ditaba le Tsamaiso (NASPAA) e le oa pele ea Serussia setheo se thuto e phahameng.
2014 - The libuka tsa saense ea machaba ea – e sebetsang ho tšoareloang liboka tšimong ea moruo wa “Gaidar mang forum” ea RANEPA e nkoa e le ketsahalo e kgwebo ya 2013 ka la pele ikemetseng «The Moscow Times Awards».
2014 - The Academy qala retraining ea 9000 bahlanka ea lehae tsoang Crimea le Sevastopol ka taelo ea Russia Tona-khōlō Dmitry Medvedev.
2014 - Ka lekhetlo la pele tsa Russia Academy develops le lisebelisoa tsa ka hare boemong tsamaiso ena ea Mba / EMBA le khoebo manane a ntlafatso a likolo.
2014 - Liberal College Arts thehiloeng melao-motheo ea thuto interdisciplinary e buloa Academy.
2014 - The Mong'a Policy Public Global (MGPP) tsebetso e kopane litekanyetso machaba ea manane a ntlafatso a molemo ka ho fetisisa tsa linaha tse ling lefapheng la leano la phatlalatsa e buloa Academy. Ke e 'ngoe-ea-e mosa-lenaneo la Russia.
2015 - An ea machaba ea QS Stars thuto e phahameng boleng boruni fuoa Academy le tharo «linaleli». Kajeno ho e nkoa e le ba sekasekang phahameng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa leha e le efe ea Russia Thuto e Phahameng mokgatlo.
2015 - Ho ea ka Lefapha la Thuto le Science ea Federation ea Russia, RANEPA ke le sebakeng se 1st har'a Moscow Thuto e Phahameng Institutions ho ea ka meputso graduate.
2015 - The Academy mopresidente o ile a fumana dipoloma a dihlopha “High Quality itokisa ea Staff Tsamaiso”, ho latela liphello tsa bone Russia Thuto e Phahameng Institutions tekanyetso ho ea ka Setsebi RA tekanyetso khathalletsa mokhatlong o.
2015 - Ba bang ba manane a ntlafatso a RANEPA Mba ba ka katleho newa tetlelelosemmuso ke Board National kananelo ya Business Education.
2015 - The tumellano tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa RANEPA le Lekala la Culture oa Federation ea Russia e saena.
2015 - The k'holejeng sehlopha sa RANEPA hlōla naha Global Management Bothata (GMC) 'mampoli ba.
2015 - The tumellano bond le tšebelisano-'moho le Federal falla Tšebeletso ea Russia (FMS) e saena.
2015 - Ditumellano tsa tse peli le Gazprombank mabapi le tšebelisano-'moho le ho thehoa ha Scholarships bakeng RANEPA liithuti li saena.
2015 - The lumellana le la Federation. mekga e ba ile ba lumela mabapi bond malebana molao molao rasephethephethe tiriso mokhoa ona o lintlafatso. bobeli mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng, ho etsa lipatlisiso, akatemi, rerisanang, tshehetso setsebi tla fuwa.
1977-2010, Academy ea moruo National
1977 - Ka e le setsi sa Institute ea moruo National Administration teng ho tloha ka 1971 e ntjha thuto ha - the Academy ea moruo National tlas'a Lekhotla la Matona USSR qala mosebetsi oa eona. The Academy e ba targeted nakong ea ntlafatso ya bolaodi ho lokisetsa basebetsi bakeng sa mosebetsi a makala, mafapha a 'mele a mang busang sa moruo wa naha.
1988 - La pele la fakalthi likhoele tsa khoebo “E phahameng sekolong se seng sa khoebo ea machaba e neng” e bōpiloe ka Academy, e ne e le lekhetlo la pele sekolong khoebo USSR.
1989 - The Academy e eteletsoeng pele ke Abele Gezevich Aganbegyan - e leng setho sa Russia Academy of Sciences ea USSR, e mong oa e baeta-pele ba reformatory motsamao oa saense ea bitsoang malapeng a moruo.
1990 - Ka e le karolo ea Academy ea Institute of Policy Economic ileng a leba ka Egor Gaidar e hlophisitsoeng.
1992 - Academy ea moruo National tlas'a Lekhotla la Matona USSR a fumana lebitso le lecha. Hona joale e se o bitsoa Academy ea moruo National tlas'a 'Muso oa Federation ea Russia. The Academy fetoha eseng feela e noto ea bahlanka lehae le batsamaisi ba, empa hape e setheo se thuto sa thuto kgwebo nyehelo mefuta eohle ya ditshebeletso thuto e ka makala, ea moruo, likhoebong le mesebetsing ea molao.
1992 - The Academy ea moruo National nka etella pele mosebetsing oa ho ntlafatso ya Russia litekanyetso tsa Mba.
1995 - The Academy ea moruo National o fuoa boemo le lecha la koetliso eo isang, methodical tsa saense le tsa setsi sa tsamaiso ea retraining le setsebi sa papali ea tsoelo-pele ea Bahlanka ba lehae e bolaoli muso le ba mabatooa. Liprofesa ho tloha USA, Great Britain, Duitsland, France, Netherlands le linaheng tse ling qala ho ruta ka Academy. Liithuti Tsa kantle le ho fumana Russia puso dipoloma ba le monyetla oa ho amohela dipoloma a univesithi se tsoang linaheng tse ling.
1996 - Manane a ntlafatso a thuto e phahameng profeshenale ba buloa Academy.
1997 - Qalong ea ho kenngwa tshebetsong State lenaneo ka barekisi phahameng ho lokisetsa (lenaneo la mopresidente). A sepheo sa mosolotogamaano e qetellang ea lenaneo mopresidente tla e tlisa taolo ya boleng ba likhoebo tse ruuoang ho batalatsa oa machaba oa.
1999 - Qalong ea teko puso ka Mba kenyelletso Russia, qadile ke Academy. Ho tloha joale ho ea ka taelo ea Lekala la Thuto ea Federation ea Russia No. 1008 ea 29.11.1999 Mong'a lenaneo Business Administration (Mba) e qala teng.
2001 - Qalong ea lenaneo la pele dba ea batlang Russia (Ngakeng ea Administration Business) - Lenaneo la a moruo thuto banadikerii hlolang ka nako e tsoang 1 ho 5 lilemo tse etselitsoeng ho amohela tsebo e eketsehileng ea sebelisoa laea a moruo. mangolo ena fa tokelo ea ho tšoara maemo phahameng la tsamaiso.
2002 - Vladimir Aleksandrovich mau - the Doctor ea moruo, eo e leng moprofesa, ea ba hlompha nkita oa Federation ea Russia e ba moreketoro ea Ane.
2004 - E le karolo ea Academy khathalletsa mokhatlong o bakeng sa ntshetsopele ea machaba ea e hlophisitsoeng. sepheo sa eona se seholo ke ho sebetsa le baithuti ba bang le morago ga kalogo ho tloha USA le Europe ho tla bakeng sa manane a ntlafatso a nako e khutsoanyane. The Academy mabotho liithuti tse tsoang Stanford, Harvard, Princeton le liunivesithi tse ling American.
2005 - The Academy qala bōpa System oa ho koetlisa basebetsi le setšehetso sa mebuso ya selehae. Ka morero oa pōpo ena System ke ho etsa bonnete ba mohato o sa khaotseng ho koetlisa le ho ba setsebi sa papali ea tsoelo-pele ea 'mele liprofinse.
2007 - The Academy ea moruo National fetoha mohloli a kgaisano eno ba bakeng sa State Thuto e Phahameng Institutions kenyelletsa manane a ntlafatso a tlhamosea thuto e.
1946-2010, Academy of Sciences Social - Russia Academy ea Management – Russia Academy ea Administration Public
On August 2, 1946 Academy of Sciences Social tlas'a Komiti Central ea All-Union Bokomonisi Party tsa Bolsheviks e thehiloe. Ke setheo se phahameng ka ho fetisisa litabeng tsa lipolotiki., koetlisa basebetsi bakeng sa bohareng le puso ya kgaolo theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki, 'me e boetse e be mesuoe ea ditheo tsa thuto e phahameng le bo-rasaense.
1971 - The lekhotla la akatemi amohela ntshetsopele lenaneo Academy. Kaheho Academy e fetohile haholo, porofaele ya laea libuka tsa saense fetela, mafapha a bacha ba bōptjoa. The sociological banyakisisi tokisetso e libakeng tse fapa-fapaneng tsa naha e fetoha tsela e ncha mosebetsing oa libuka tsa saense tsa Academy.
1978 - Academy of Sciences Social tlas'a Komiti Central ea Mokha oa Makomonisi oa Soviet Union motheong oa setsi sa mekhatlo e tharo phahameng a thuto e bōpiloe: Tse phahameng tsa thuto of Sciences Social, ea Phahameng mokha sekolo le School Ngollano phahameng Party. An koetliso ea e tsoetseng pele bakeng sa batsamaisi ba phahameng tsa specializations fapaneng qala teng ka Academy tse ncha.
1978 - Akatemi khamphaseng kaho Vernadsky Avenue Moscow e qala ho.
1983-1985 - Mehaho khamphaseng la pele la Academy li kenngoa tshebetsong.
On November 5, 1991 - Ka taelo ea Russia Mopresidente Yeltsin Boris Academy of Sciences Social e fetoloa Russia Academy ea Management. Maikemisetso se seholo sa Academy ba: ho lokisetsa banadikerii, retraining le setsebi sa papali ea tsoelo-pele ea batsamaisi ba phahameng; tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e ncha tsamaiso ya setjhaba; phethang litlhahlobo tseo saense e li mananeo puso le merero ea; ho ithuta le bonelang pele litlhoko tsa barekisi phahameng '; Tokisetso ea katisediwa le boitsebiso bo tšehetso ea 'mele ea puso busang.
1994 - Russia Academy ea Management e filoe matla a ho laola litsi basebetsi lebatowa tse neng li ikokobelletsa bolaoli ba lefapha Head tlas'a 'Muso oa Federation ea Russia e neng e le boikarabelo ba ka hore ba koetlisitse tšebeletso ea sechaba.
1994 - Motheong oa Russia Academy ea Management ea Russia Academy ea Administration Public tlas'a Mopresidente wa Federation ea Russia (RAPA) e bōpiloe. Maikemisetso se seholo sa thupelo thuto le lecha e be: koetliso ea, ho lokisetsa, retraining le setsebi sa papali ea tsoelo-pele ea Bahlanka ba lehae e; tshisinyo ntshetsopele ya pholisi puso basebetsi; rala ea dikeletso mabapi reformations tšebeletso ea sechaba le ts'ehetso ea temo ea eona ea molao.
1995 - Kamohelo ya Molao oa Russia Federation "Hoo e ka bang bokatlase ba tšebeletso ea sechaba ea Russia Federation", moo mesebetsi ea RAPA ba rerileng. Ho hlalosoa hore bahlanka ea lehae na le ho ba setsebi sa papali ea thuto, me se na ho tsamaisana le sebakeng sa setsebi ea boemo ba tšoaroa. bahlanka Civil fumana retraining Guaranteed le ntshetsopele profeshenale. bahlanka Civil ba shebiloeng ka sehloohong ea bamameli ba RAPA.
On March 1, 2001 - Lekala la Thuto fa tumello ea ho RAPA fana le tokelo ea ho fana ka litšebeletso tsa thuto 11 specialties oa thuto e phahameng profeshenale le 39 specialties libuka tsa saense, 'me hape le ka thuto ea bobeli profeshenale.
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text:
Inge moelelo wa lebitso le letle: Botsoalle, E fanang ka, Lehlohonolo, E na le bokhoni, E fokolang. Fumana Inge moelelo oa lebitso.
Inge tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele. Short form of Scandinavian and German names beginning with the element ing, which refers to the Germanic god Ing. In Sweden and Norway this is primarily a masculine name, elsewhere it is usually feminine. Fumana Inge tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele.
Phetolelo kapa ho reha lebitso la pele Inge: ING-e (ka Sedanishe, ka Senorway, ka Senyesemane), ING-gə (ka Sejeremane), ING-ə (ka Dutch). How to pronounce Inge.
Mabitso a sa tšoaneng bakeng sa Inge linaheng le lipuo tse sa tšoaneng: Inga, Ingeburg, Ingi, Ingibjörg, Ingigerðr, Ingimárr, Ingólfr, Ingríðr, Inka, Inkeri. Fumana Inge ka lipuo tse ling.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ka lebitso Inge: Kleimola, Botros, Besson, Willfong, Estock. Fumana Lethathamo la mabitso a nang le lebitso Inge.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka lebitso la ho qetela Buseck: Kraig, Fonda, Elias, Vonnie, Amado, Éliás, Elías. Fumana Mabitso a tsamaeang le Buseck.


text:
BATJHA BA A BOTSA
O ka Sebetsana Jwang le Bohloko ba ho Kgaohana le Motho eo o Neng o Ratana le Yena?
Steven o re “Ka mora hore ke kgaohane le kgarebe ya ka, ke ne ke sulafalletswe ekare lefatshe le ka buleha ke kene. Ke ne ke qala ho utlwa bohloko bo bokaalo bophelong ba ka.”
Na le wena o kile wa ba boemong bo tshwanang? Haeba ho jwalo, sehlooho sena se tla o thusa.
Kamoo o ikutlwang kateng
Seo o ka se etsang
Kamoo o ikutlwang kateng
Ho kgaohana ho ka etsa hore batho ba babedi ba neng ba ratana ba utlwe bohloko.
Haeba e le wena ya nkileng qeto ya hore le kgaohane, mohlomong o ikutlwa jwalo ka Jasmine, ya reng, “Ho tseba feela hore ke utlwisitse motho eo ke neng ke mo tsotella bohloko e ne e le morwallo ho nna oo ke sa batleng ho o jara hape bophelong ba ka.”
Haeba e se wena ya nkileng qeto ya hore le kgaohane, o ka utlwisisa hantle hore na ke hobaneng ha ba bang ba kileng ba feta boemong bona ba re boikutlo bo jwalo bo tshwana le ha e ka o shwetswe ke motho eo o mo ratang. Janet o re “Ke ne dula ke utlwile bohloko, ke lla, ke sa batle ho amohela, ke kwatile ebile ke nyahameka mora nako e ka etsang selemo ke ha ke amohela hore re kgaohane.”
Nnete ya taba: Ho kgaohana le motho eo o mo ratang ho ka etsa hore o ikutlwe o nyahame ebile eka ha o na thuso. Jwalo ka ha e mong wa bangodi ba Bibele a buile: “Moya o hlomohileng o omeletsa masapo.”—Liproverbia 17:22.
Seo o ka se etsang
Bua le motho ya hodileng eo o mo tshepang. Bibele e re: “Motswalle wa nnete o lerato ka dinako tsohle, mme ke morabo motho ya tswaletsweng ha ho e na le mahlomola.” (Liproverbia 17:17) Ho bua kamoo o ikutlwang kateng le motswadi wa hao kapa motswalle wa hao ya hodileng ho ka o thusa hore o bone dintho ka tsela e nepahetseng.
“Ke nkile dikgwedi ke sa batle ho kopana le batho ebile ke sa batle ho hlalosetsa mang kapa mang hore na ke ikutlwa jwang. Empa metswalle e ka o thusa hore o kgone ho amohela boemo boo. Ka mora hore ke bue le bona ke ile ka ikutlwa ke le betere.”—Janet.
Ithute ho se o hlahetseng. Maele a mang a Bibele a re: “Fumana bohlale, fumana kutlwisiso.” (Liproverbia 4:5) Maemo a sa thabiseng a re hlahelang a re ruta hore re itsebe hamolemonyana le hore re kgone ho mamella ha dintho di sa re tsamaele hantle.
“Ka mora hore re kgaohane le motho eo ke neng ke ratana le yena, motswalle wa ka o ile a mpotsa, a re ‘O ithutile eng ho see hona o tlo se sebedisa jwang nakong e tlang ha o se o na le motho e mong hape?’”—Steven.
Rapela. Bibele e re: “Lahlela morwalo wa hao ho Jehova, O tla o tshehetsa.” (Pesaleme ya 55:22) Thapelo e tla o thusa hore o sebetsane le boemo ka katleho le hore o be le pono e nepahetseng ka taba ena.
“Dula o ntse o rapela. Jehova o utlwisisa hantle bohloko boo o bo utlwang ho feta kamoo o ka nahang kateng.”—Marcia.
Thusa batho ba bang. Bibele e re: “Le sa hlokomele dithahasello tsa ditaba tsa lona feela, empa hape le hlokomela dithahasello tsa ba bang.” (Bafilipi 2:4) Ha o phathahane ka ho thusa batho ba bang, o tla kgona ho sebetsana le boemo bona kapelenyana.
“Ha o kgaohana le motho eo o neng o ratana le yena, ekare lefatshe le fedile, ha ho bohloko bo fetang boo. Empa ke ile ka fumana hore ho ba betere ha nako e ntse e ya. Ho e so ye kae, dintho di ile tsa kgutlela setlwaeding.”—Evelyn.


text:
Bibele e Inthaneteng | PHETOLELO EA LEFATŠE LE LECHA EA MANGOLO A HALALELANG
Na u ka rata ho bala sehlooho see ka %%?
Liketso 16:1-40
16 Kahoo a fihla Derbe le Lystra.+ Bonang! Ho ne ho e-na le morutuoa ea itseng moo lebitso la hae e le Timothea,+ mora oa mosali oa Mojuda ea lumelang empa ntat’ae e le Mogerike,2 ’me o ne a buuoa hantle ke barab’abo rōna Lystra le Ikoniamo.3 Pauluse o ne a batla hore monna enoa a tsamaee le eena, eaba oa mo nka ’me oa mo bolotsa+ ka lebaka la Bajuda ba neng ba le libakeng tseo, kaha kaofela ba ne ba tseba hore ntat’ae ke Mogerike.4 Joale ha ba ntse ba tsamaea ho pholletsa le metse, melao-taelo e neng e etselitsoe qeto ke baapostola le banna ba baholo ba neng ba le Jerusalema+ ba ne ba nehelana ka eona ho ba leng moo hore ba e boloke.5 Ka hona, ka sebele, liphutheho tsa tsoela pele ho tiisoa tumelong+ le ho eketseha ka palo letsatsi le letsatsi.6 Ho feta moo, ba pholletsa le Frigia le naha ea Galatia,+ hobane ba ne ba hanetsoe ke moea o halalelang ho bolela lentsoe seterekeng sa Asia.7 Ho ekelletsa moo, ha ba fihla tlaase Mysia ba etsa boiteko ba ho kena Bithynia,+ empa moea oa Jesu oa se ke oa ba lumella.8 Kahoo ba feta Mysia ’me ba theohela Troase.+9 Bosiu pono ea bonahala+ ho Pauluse: monna ea itseng oa Macedonia o ne a eme ’me a mo kōpa ka tieo a re: “Tšelela Macedonia ’me u re thuse.”10 Joale hang ha a bone pono eo, ra batla ho kena Macedonia,+ ka ho fihlela qeto ea hore Molimo o ne a re bitselitse ho ba bolella litaba tse molemo.11 Ka hona ra tloha ka sekepe Troase ’me ra tla ka tsela e otlolohileng Samothrase, empa letsatsing le latelang ra tla Neapolise,12 ’me ho tloha moo ra tla Filipi,+ kolone, eo e leng motse o ka sehloohong oa setereke sa Macedonia.+ Ra hlola motseng ona, ra qeta matsatsi a itseng.13 Ka letsatsi la sabatha ra tsoela ka ntle ho heke ka thōko ho nōka, moo re neng re nahana hore ho ne ho e-na le sebaka sa thapelo; eaba re lula fatše ’me re qala ho bua le basali ba neng ba bokane.14 Mosali ea itseng ea bitsoang Lydia, morekisi oa lintho tse pherese, oa motse oa Thyatire+ le morapeli oa Molimo, o ne a mametse, ’me Jehova a bula pelo+ ea hae haholo hore a ele hloko lintho tse ntseng li buuoa ke Pauluse.15 Joale ha eena le ba ntlo ea hae ba kolobetsoa,+ a re ka kōpo e tiileng: “Haeba le nahana hore kea tšepahala ho Jehova, kenang ka tlung ea ka ’me le lule.”+ A re phehella hore re tle.+16 Eare ha re ntse re e-ea sebakeng sa thapelo, lekhabunyane le itseng le nang le moea,+ modemona oa bonohe,+ la re khahlanyetsa. Le ne le ruisa+ beng ba lona haholo ka ho sebelisa tsebo ea ho bolela liketsahalo esale pele.17 Ngoanana enoa a ’na a latela Pauluse le rōna le ho hoeletsa+ ka mantsoe ana: “Banna bana ke makhoba a Molimo ea Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa, a phatlalatsang tsela ea poloko ho lōna.”18 Hona a ’na a ho etsa ka matsatsi a mangata. Qetellong Pauluse a khathala ke hoo+ eaba oa reteleha ’me o re ho moea oo: “Ke u laela ka lebitso la Jesu Kreste hore u tsoe ho eena.”+ Oa tsoa ka eona hora eo.+19 Joale, ha beng ba hae ba bona hore ha ba sa na tšepo ea ho rua,+ ba tšoara Pauluse le Silase ’me ba ba hulanyetsa ’marakeng ho babusi,+20 ’me, ha ba ba isa ho bo-mastrata ba sechaba, ba re: “Batho bana ba ferekanya+ motse oa rōna haholo, kaha ke Bajuda,21 ’me ba phatlalatsa litloaelo+ tseo ho sa lumelloeng ke molao hore re li amohele kapa re li sebelise, kaha re Baroma.”22 Bongata ba ba tsohela matla hammoho; ’me bo-mastrata ba sechaba, ka mor’a ho ba tabolela liaparo tsa ka ntle, ba laela hore ba otloe ka melamu.+23 Ka mor’a hore ba ba otle ka likotlo tse ngata,+ ba ba lahlela chankaneng, ba laela molebeli oa teronko hore a ba boloke ka ho sireletsehileng.+24 Kahobane o ile a fumana taelo e joalo, a ba lahlela chankaneng+ e ka hare eaba o tiisa maoto a bona metšoasong.+25 Empa hoo e ka bang har’a bosiu+ Pauluse le Silase ba ne ba rapela ’me ba rorisa Molimo ka pina;+ e, batšoaruoa ba ne ba ba utloa.26 Ka tšohanyetso tšisinyeho e khōlō ea lefatše ea e-ba teng, hoo metheo ea teronko e ileng ea sisinyeha. Ho feta moo, hang-hang menyako eohle ea buleha, ’me litlamo tsa bohle tsa lokoloha.+27 Molebeli oa teronko, ha a tsoha borokong ’me a bona menyako ea chankana e bulehile, a tsomula sabole ea hae ’me o ne a le haufi le ho ipolaea,+ a nahana hore batšoaruoa ba ne ba phonyohile.+28 Empa Pauluse a hoeletsa ka lentsoe le phahameng, a re: “U se ke ua intša kotsi,+ etsoe kaofela re teng mona!”29 Kahoo a kōpa mabone eaba o tlōlela ka hare ’me, a ntse a thothomela, a itihela fatše+ ka pel’a Pauluse le Silase.30 A ba tlisa ka ntle ’me a re: “Bahlomphehi, ke etse’ng+ hore ke pholohe?”31 Ba re: “Lumela ho Morena Jesu ’me u tla pholoha,+ uena le ba ntlo ea hao.”+32 Ba mo bolella lentsoe la Jehova hammoho le bohle ba ka tlung ea hae.+33 A ba nka ka hora eo ea bosiu eaba o ba hlatsoa metopa; ’me, kaofela, eena le ba ntlo ea hae ba kolobetsoa+ ntle ho tieho.34 A ba kenya ka tlung ea hae ’me a beha tafole ka pel’a bona, ’me a thaba haholo le bohle ba ntlo ea hae kaha joale o ne a lumetse Molimo.35 Ha e e-ba motšehare, bo-mastrata ba sechaba+ ba roma makosetabole hore a re: “Lokollang batho bao.”36 Kahoo molebeli oa teronko a tlalehela Pauluse mantsoe a bona: “Bo-mastrata ba sechaba ba romile banna e le hore lōna ba babeli le ka lokolloa. Ka hona, joale, tsoang ’me le tsamaee ka khotso.”37 Empa Pauluse a re ho bona: “Ba re shapile phatlalatsa re sa ahloloa, banna bao e leng Baroma,+ ’me ba re lahlela chankaneng; ’me na joale ba re ntša ka sephiri? Che, ka sebele! empa ba ke ba itlise ’me ba re ntše.”38 Kahoo makosetabole a tlalehela bo-mastrata ba sechaba lipolelo tsena. Ba tšoha ha ba utloa hore banna bao ke Baroma.+39 Ka lebaka leo ba tla ’me ba ba kōpa ’me, ka mor’a ho ba ntša, ba ba kōpa hore ba tlohe motseng oo.40 Empa ba tsoa chankaneng eaba ba ea lapeng la Lydia, ’me ha ba bona barab’abo rōna ba ba khothatsa+ eaba baa tloha.


text:
Blogmytop.org – Ke eng?
Blogmytop.org ka ho nkuwa jwalo ka e tshwaetso seshebisi redirect eo e sebelisoa ke moenjiniere lona ho bokella phaello mekhoeng basebelisi '. Ka nako e ngata ho lutla ha palo e khōlō ea lipapatso ho atamela ho tobetsa libaka shebiloeng kapa ho thowuni bang Freeware le sepheo hore e ka fumana taelo e tsoang ho khanna lithuto tsa hao. E le lipapatso ka ho Blogmytop.org ke fapaneng ka dibopeho, ho akarelletsa le lipapatso banner banner banner, itlhahela-up lipapatso, a-mongolo lipapatso, lipapatso tsa video, lipapatso utloahalla, jj, basebelisi ba ke ke ka tsela e atlehang e utloahalang ea hore na ke lipapatso ho tloha kopo belaella.
joang Blogmytop.org ka ho etsa joalo lipapatso nahanela ho leka ho oele lerabeng lona? Ke haholo-holo hobane e entsoe ka le ntho eo e shebella ho tloha tsa boitlhakiso hao Inthaneteng. Ka tsela ena, u tla tšepa lipapatso tsena seng matsapa. empa, hamorao, u tla fumana lintho tse ngata belaella ya hao PC tseo li ka senya PC hao hammoho. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, dintlha tsa hao le boitsebiso ba boetseng le kotsi.
Blogmytop.org kena hao PC ke mokhoa oa libaka porno, imeile spam, Freeware kenyang le fake mananeo ntjhafatswa maqhama. Ha o lokela ho sebedisa hao PC ho hokahanya letlooa, lintho tsena e ke ke dodged. Mohlala, ha o etela libaka belaella, u ka 'na ua makala le palo e khōlō joalo ea lipapatso ka tsena ho web' me u tla koala fensetere. Leha ho le joalo, ha o tobetsa ya "haufi" tšoasa, ho oona o kopanela ho fumana adware kapa kokoana-hloko.
How to tlose?
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Ke sesebelisoa bo phethahetseng bakeng lapeng 'me tšebeliso khato tse kopanetsoeng. Ntshetswa pele ka ho toba bakeng tloswa jarolla ka ho iketsa ea likokoana-hloko, Bots, spyware, keyloggers, trojans, shareware le rootkits ntle ho hlokahala hore ka bowena fetola difaele sistimi kapa ho ngolisoang, GridinSoft Anti-Malware Ho phaella moo litharollo tsa tsamaiso diphetolo le hore ba ne ba hlahiswa ke malware le tseo, ikoahlaea, ba atisa ho hlokomolohuoa ke ba bang mechine e ratoang antiviru. Also, GridinSoft Anti-Malware ke ho le bonolo haholo ho kenya le ho sebelisa ka lebaka la ho segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo ea eona tlhago. Re ka matla ho kgothaletsa u qale ho sireletsa k'homphieutha ea hao le sesebelisoa sena antimalware. Lilemong tse likete tse basebedisi ba se a ntse lekoa GridinSoft Anti-Malware hodima likhomphutha bona, e leng ho bolelang hore o na letho ho tšoenyeha ka. Ho feta moo, lenaneo ka 'na Reset Settings sebadi FREE. O ka thowuni e ka ho tobetsa kgokahanyo mona ka tlase.
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Mahlohonolo!


text:
Nelly moelelo wa lebitso le letle: Botsoalle, E fokolang, Mehleng ea kajeno, E na le bokhoni, Bohale. Fumana Nelly moelelo oa lebitso.
Elizabeth lebitso la motumo o motle ka ho fetisisa: Bōpo, Bohale, E tebileng, Mehleng ea kajeno, E fokolang. Fumana Elizabeth se boleloang ke lebitso.
Nelly tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele. Diminutive of Nell. Fumana Nelly tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele.
Lebitso la ho qetela Elizabeth le tloaelehileng haholo Seychelles. Fumana Elizabeth lebitso la lebitso le fetisetsang.
Phetolelo kapa ho reha lebitso la pele Nelly: NEL-ee. How to pronounce Nelly.
Mabitso a sa tšoaneng bakeng sa Nelly linaheng le lipuo tse sa tšoaneng: Alena, Alenka, Aliénor, Eilidh, Eilionoir, Elaine, Eléonore, Elen, Elena, Elene, Eleni, Eleonóra, Eleonoora, Eleonor, Eleonora, Eleonore, Eli, Elīna, Eliina, Elin, Elina, Ella, Ellen, Elli, Ellinor, Hélène, Helēna, Heléna, Heleen, Heleena, Heleentje, Helen, Helena, Helene, Heli, Ileana, Ilinca, Jelena, Jeļena, Léan, Leena, Lena, Lene, Leni, Lenka, Lenuța, Leonor, Leonora, Leonore, Lora, Lore, Lorita, Nóra, Noora, Noor, Noortje, Nora, Norina, Olena, Shelena, Yelena. Fumana Nelly ka lipuo tse ling.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ka lebitso Nelly: Burtwell, Hennard, Meeuwis, Venturino, Ballato. Fumana Lethathamo la mabitso a nang le lebitso Nelly.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka lebitso la ho qetela Elizabeth: Chippy, Nisha, Bency, Gil, Gabrielle, Gabriëlle. Fumana Mabitso a tsamaeang le Elizabeth.
Ho lumellana ha Nelly le Elizabeth ke 82%. Fumana Tšebelisano ea Nelly le Elizabeth.


text:
Yuka moelelo wa lebitso le letle: E tebileng, Bohale, Lehlohonolo, Botsoalle, E fanang ka. Fumana Yuka moelelo oa lebitso.
Takahashi lebitso la motumo o motle ka ho fetisisa: Lehlohonolo, E na le bokhoni, E sebetsang, E thabileng, E tebileng. Fumana Takahashi se boleloang ke lebitso.
Takahashi qalong. From Japanese 高 (taka) meaning "tall, high" and 橋 (hashi) meaning "bridge". Fumana Takahashi qalong.
Lebitso la ho qetela Takahashi le tloaelehileng haholo Japane. Fumana Takahashi lebitso la lebitso le fetisetsang.
Phetolelo ea mantsoe kapa mokhoa oa ho bitsa lebitso la thobalano Takahashi: tah-kah-hah-shee. How to pronounce Takahashi.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ka lebitso Yuka: Takahashi. Fumana Lethathamo la mabitso a nang le lebitso Yuka.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka lebitso la ho qetela Takahashi: Aya, Sheridan, Akemi, Christina, Vivien. Fumana Mabitso a tsamaeang le Takahashi.
Ho lumellana ha Yuka le Takahashi ke 75%. Fumana Tšebelisano ea Yuka le Takahashi.


text:
- Home
- liunivesithi
- University of Konstanz
University of Konstanz
University of Konstanz Details
- naheng : Duitsland
- City : Konstanz
- ke khutsufatso : UK
- thehiloe : 1966
- Liithuti Tsa (approx.) : 10000
- Se ke la lebala ho buisana University of Konstanz
Overview
Univesithi ea Konstanz ke lipatlisiso tsa kajeno li sekametseng univesithi teng e 'ngoe ea libaka Jeremane khahle fetisisa. Recognised le e mong oa tlhōrōng liunivesithi leshome le motso naheng eo, univesithi rona maemo internationality e le ntho e tlang pele tlhōrōng. 'Nete ea hore tse fetang 40 % ea liithuti tsa rōna tsa mohlomong thuto linaheng tse ling ofising e 'ngoe ea 300 liunivesithi ea machaba ea molekane kapa ba tlhopha bakeng internship e naheng e 'ngoe ke bopaki ntle tseo Univesithi ea Konstanz fetang nakong internationality. Bakeng sa boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ea Na le Experience Linaheng Tse Ling.
internationality rōna e boetse hlalosoa ke 1,200 liithuti tse ea machaba ea Univesithing ea Konstanz. Hore na ba ithuta mona pholletsa e lenaneo le phapanyetsano kapa rera ho tlatsa tekanyo e, univesithi rona leka ka matla ho etsa bonnete ba hore internationals bohle ba nka hore ba na le amohela le ho tšehetsoa. Our Office International o thabisoa ke ho ba le amohetse netefatso le ditshwaelo be tse khothatsang mabapi le tšehetso ea rona le tataiso bakeng sa baithuti tsa rōna tsa machaba ka tsela ya International Student barometer. Bakeng sa boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ea ho Liithuti Tsa Machaba.
Internationality o boetse o totobatsa mosebetsing oa rona oa mong'a le manane a ntlafatso a bongaka. Univesithi ea Konstanz fana e mengata e fapaneng tsa mananeo a mong'a 'me tekanyo imene habeli leo ka lona liithuti tse ntshetsa pele ho kena litsebi nkeloa holimo tšoanelehang le ba khothalletsoa ho hlahloba ba itlhommeng pele litabeng tsa patlisiso ea machaba ea.
Guest libui tseo le litsebi etela tsoang linaheng tse ling ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa internationality oa Univesithi ea Konstanz. Ho etsa bonnete ba maemo homolog bakeng sa ho ruta, ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho phela univesithing 'me motse, re thehile Welcome Center hore e fana ka ts'ehetso ea motho ka mong le tataiso mabapi le litaba bohle bao e seng akatemi pele, nakong eo le ka mor'a hore ho lula a le Konstanz.
bolekane lefatšeng ka bophara le khokahano ka etsa lipatlisiso le ho ruta eseng feela ho kgothaletsa sa phapanyetsano bokopanong tsa baithuti le tsa litsebi, empa ba boetse ntshetsa pele leseli le lecha tseo saense e li pholletsa ditirisanommogo interdisciplinary, tshwaneng, 'me e fetisetsa oa tsebo le phihlelo. Re loanela ho maqiti kopanela le hokahanya boiteko ba rōna le University Phethahatso, magoro, hammoho le Litsebi tse ka bomong e le hore a ka tsoela pele ho theha, hlahisa, le bolekane tshehetso Univesithing ea Konstanz. Re mona bakeng sa lōna!
ince motheo ea eona 1966, Univesithi ea Konstanz e khetholloa ka boeona pholletsa tlhōrōng leveleng etsa lipatlisiso tsa sona, boitseanape ka mo ruta le lithuto, internationality le tshebedisano interdisciplinary. Esita le mehaho e totobatsa rona ena ponong thehoeng molao-motheo: ea sebaka se khutšoanyane mo khamphaseng univesithi rona tšehetsa tikoloho e nolofalletsang buisana le, kopanyang laea libuka tsa saense ka tsela e tlhaho, le melemo setso sa tshebedisano ho bōpa.
sebaka se Short le mamati bulehetse
Univesithi ea Konstanz e comprised tsa mafapha leshome le metso e meraro tse arotsoe ka magorong tharo: ea Faculty of Sciences, ea Faculty ea le botho le Faculty oa Lipolotiki – molao – moruo. Ho latela motheo eona qalong jwalo ka yunivesithi e etsoe liphetoho tsamaisong, Univesithi ea Konstanz ha a na hloma kapa litulo.
Molao-motheo o ho etsoe liphetoho tsamaisong o boetse o bonahala ka tsamaiso le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa Univesithi ea Konstanz: ditshebetso tse botle bo ikhethang e leng litšebeletso tse, litekanyetso tsa, 'me a li finyeletseng libakeng tse monyetla lekanang bakeng sa basali le banna hammoho le tšehetso ea ba lelapa: tsa univesithing eo ka boeena Kinderhaus (setsi sa childcare) ho Code of Itloaetseng mabapi le Tekano Bong, leo ka lona univesithi etsa boeona ho tekano bong le lelapa-botsoalle mabapi le sebakeng sa bohle le maemo a mang a.
Bafuputsi le basebetsi-na phihlelo ya ditshebeletso e mengata ea tshehetso, joaloka har'a basebetsi yuniti Communications le Marketing, e leng boikarabelo ba ho buisana le ya kahare le kantle univesithing. Kapa Puisano rona, Information, Centre Media (KIM), e akarelletsang laebrari ea rōna ea hore e bulehetse 24 lihora tse ka letsatsi le 7 matsatsi ka beke.
Boemong oa machaba oa, Univesithi ea Konstanz e bua haholo ka bolekane kgetha tsitsitseng mme bakeng sa tshebedisano libuka tsa saense le phapanyetsano ea liithuti le holim ' 70 liunivesithi etsa lipatlisiso-tsepamisa maikutlo.
likolo / Colleges / mafapha / Courses / ba magoro
Lefapheng la Saense
- Thuto ea lipalo le ho Statistics
- K'homphieutha le Information Saense
- fisiks
- k'hemistri
- baeloji
- Psychology
Lefapheng la le botho
- filosofi
- History le thuto ea kahisano (le Sciences Educational, Bonahetseng Educational Research le Sports Saense)
- Lingoliloeng le Art- le Studies Media
- e dipuo
Lefapheng la Lipolotiki, Molao le moruo
- molao
- moruo
- Lipolotiking le Administration Phatlalatsa
History
ka 1965 ho Mothehi komiti ya univesithi ntshetswa pele khopolo ea univesithing liphetoho mefuta e ncha ea ho ithuta le ho ruta, le tsamaiso e bohareng le mehaho ea bohareng bakeng sa thekenoloji, lik'homphieutha le thupelo puo. liforomo o mocha oa ho intša tsamaiso nkeloa sebaka dibopeho tsa moetlo tsa univesithi. ka 1966 univesithi o ile a qala mosebetsi oa lona ka lepheo la kajeno Inselhotel, eo pele e neng e le baitlami Dominican. Moprofesa David Daube, Regius Moprofesa oa Molao Civil ka University of Oxford, o ile a fa lipuo kgakolwa.
tšimolohong o ne a nakoana – ka bohareng ba Sonnenbühl ka bohale ba toropong kotara Petershausen ka lehlakoreng le letona tsa Rhine, le feela e tletseng letsoho e liprofesa le liithuti tse seng kae dozen. Ho qala ka 1967, mo khamphasen kajeno ile ntshetswa pele ka mesebetsing ea kaho motho leralleng tsejoa e le Gießberg. ho fihlela kajeno, univesithi e tsoela pele ho structurally fetoloa le ho atolosoa. ka 2007 Univesithi ikopanya tlhōlisano Jeremane liunivesithing bokhabane Bohato ba Pele le ho atleha ho ba Jeremane e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa 'me ho fela University ea bokhabane. Univesithi e tlamahantsoeng le dithuso tsa ditjhelete bakeng sa leqheka lona setheong, “Ikutloeleng e Culture tsa Creativity”, sekolo graduate “lik'hemik'hale baeloji” hammoho le lesihleng tsa bokhabane “Metheo setso tsa ikopanya”. Sephetho sena se ile reconfirmed ha yunivesithi a atleha ho ea lenaneo mohato bobeli (2012-2017) le diporojeke tse di tsohle le ekelletsa moo o ne a file “Kalogo School of Sciences Qeto”
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Karolong ena e reretsoe ho sebelisoa e le ya referense eo e neng e e-na le ho bala e le phetoang.
Na le lipotso mabapi causality a etsa lipatlisiso tsa phedisano hangata rarahaneng le rarahaneng. Bakeng sa katamelo moboko ho causality thehiloeng dikerafo e bakang, sheba Pearl (2009) , le bakeng sa katamelo moboko thehiloeng diphetho le bokhoni bo bona Imbens and Rubin (2015) (le sehlomathiso botekgeniki khaolong ena). Etsoe papiso e pakeng tsa tsena tse peli tse le atamela, sheba Morgan and Winship (2014) . Bakeng sa katamelo e hlophisitsweng ya ho ho hlalosang e confounder, sheba VanderWeele and Shpitser (2013) .
Khaolong eo, ke bōpile seo bonahala joaloka mola khanyang pakeng tsa bokhoni ba rōna ba ho etsa likhakanyo tsa e bakang ho tloha ya data etsa liteko le bao e seng teko. Ha e le hantle, ke nahana hore phapang ke blurrier. Ka mohlala, mong le e mong o amohela hore ho tsuba ho etsa hore tsoaroa ke kankere le hoja re e-s'o entse ea lotho laoloa teko eo qobelle batho ho tsuba. Etsoe o babatsehang liphekolo buka bolelele ho etsa likhakanyo tsa e bakang ho tloha ya data bao e seng liteko bona Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) , le Dunning (2012) .
Khaolo ea 1 le ea 2 ea Freedman, Pisani, and Purves (2007) fana ka kenyelletso e hlakileng ho kena phapang pakeng tsa liteko, liteko laoloa,' me ea lotho liteko laoloa.
Manzi (2012) e fana ka tsela e hlollang le le balwang qala ho sebelisoa underpinnings tsa filosofi le dipalopalo tsa ea lotho liteko laoloa. E boetse e fana ka mehlala ea sebele e thahasellisang-lefatše oa matla a tekeletso likhoebong tsa bona.
Casella (2008) , Box, Hunter, and Hunter (2005) , Athey and Imbens (2016b) fana tumeliso molemo likarolong dipalopalo boqapi etsa liteko le ho hlahloba. Ho ekelletsa moo, ho na le liphekolo tse babatsehang oa tšebeliso ea liteko masimong a mangata a fapaneng: moruo (Bardsley et al. 2009) , Kahisano (Willer and Walker 2007; Jackson and Cox 2013) , kelello (Aronson et al. 1989) , Saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Morton and Williams 2010) , 'me leano la' muso tsoang sechabeng (Glennerster and Takavarasha 2013) .
Bohlokoa ba morupeluoa ho thaotha (mohlala, mehlala) Hangata tlas'a-ananela a etsa lipatlisiso liteko. Leha ho le joalo, haeba phello ea phekolo eo ke heterogeneous le baahi ba bangata, ka nako eo mohlala o mahlonoko. Longford (1999) le etsa ntlha ena ka ho hlaka ha a Babuelli bakeng bafuputsi nahana ho liteko tsa joalokaha phuputso e entsoeng le baahi ba nang le mohlala haphazard.
The dichotomy hore ke hlahisa pakeng tsa laboratori le tšimo liteko ke a batla tsela e bonolo. Ha e le hantle, bafuputsi ba bang ba sisintsweng typologies qaqileng haholoanyane, e ba itseng hore a arole ba mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liteko tšimo (Harrison and List 2004; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2013) . Ho ekelletsa moo, ho na le mefuta e meng e 'meli ea liteko e etsoang ke bo-rasaense ba tsoang sechabeng hore u se ke ua lumellane ka makhethe tsa limakasine ha nehelanoa ka eena laboratori le tšimo dichotomy:. Liteko phuputso e entsoeng le ho liteko tsa phedisano Survey liteko tse liteko tsa ho sebelisa tsa motheo tsa liphuputso jwale le ba bapisa likarabo ho liphetolelo mefuta e meng ea lipotso tse tšoanang (ba bang ba liteko phuputso e entsoeng tse hlahisoang Khaolong ea 3); etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le liteko tsa phuputso e entsoeng bona Mutz (2011) . liteko Social ke liteko moo kalafo e ba bang ba leano la tsa phedisano hore ka feela ho sebediswa ke puso ea. Liteko Social ba amanang haufi le Lenaneo la lekolane. Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le liteko tsa leano la, sheba Orr (1998) , Glennerster and Takavarasha (2013) , le Heckman and Smith (1995) .
Maloa ba lipampiri tse di bapisoa laboratori le tšimo liteko bo inahaneloang (Falk and Heckman 2009; Cialdini 2009) le ho latela diphetho tsa liteko tse tobileng tseo tsa saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Coppock and Green 2015) , moruo (Levitt and List 2007a; Levitt and List 2007b; Camerer 2011; Al-Ubaydli and List 2013) le kelello (Mitchell 2012) . Jerit, Barabas, and Clifford (2013) e fana ka e ntle etsa lipatlisiso moetso bapisa tlisoang ke ho laboratori le tšimo liteko.
Dingongoreho mabapi barupeluoa ho fetola boitšoaro ba bona hobane ba tseba hore ba ntseng ba haufi-ufi hlokomela ka linako tse ling bitsoa tlhokeho liphello, 'me ba' nile ba ithuta a kelello (Orne 1962) le moruo (Zizzo 2009) . Le hoja boholo ba amahanngoa le liteko laboratoring ba, litaba tsena tšoanang ka baka mathata bakeng sa liteko tšimo hammoho. Ha e le hantle, ya tlhokeho liphello ba boetse ba ka linako tse ling bitsoa litla-Hawthorne, nako e derives ho tswa teko tšimo, ka ho khetheha e tummeng liteko khanya eo o ile a qala ka 1924 nakong ea Hawthorne Mesebetsi ea Bophirimela Electric Company (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) . Ka bobeli liphello tlhokeho le liphello Hawthorn ba haufi-ufi amanang le khopolo ea ho lekanya arabelang tšohloa Khaolong ea 2 (bona le Webb et al. (1966) ).
Historing ea liteko tšimo e se e hlalosoa ka moruo (Levitt and List 2009) , saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Green and Gerber 2003; Druckman et al. 2006; Druckman and Lupia 2012) , kelello (Shadish 2002) , 'me leano la' muso setjhaba (Shadish and Cook 2009) . sebakeng sa e mong oa saense ea bitsoang tsoang sechabeng moo liteko tšimo ka potlako ea e-ba motho ea hlahelletseng ke tsoelo-pele ea machaba. Bakeng sa ho lekolwa botjha matle ka hore mosebetsi matsatsing a moruo bona Banerjee and Duflo (2009) , le bakeng sa thuto tekolo tse mahlonoko tseo ho bona Deaton (2010) . Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mosebetsi ona haholo saenseng theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki bona Humphreys and Weinstein (2009) . Qetellong, diphepetso boitshwaro amehang le liteko tšimo 'nile tsa utolola tsa saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Humphreys 2015; Desposato 2016b) le moruo ntshetsopele (Baele 2013) .
Khaolong eo, ke etsa tlhahiso ea hore pele ho kalafo u fumane boitsebiso bo ka sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng ea liphello hakanngoa kalafo, empa ho na le ba bang ba khang ka mokhoa ona: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , le Berk et al. (2013) ; sheba Bloniarz et al. (2016) bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng.
Ke khethile ho tsepamisa kelello bopa dikgopolo tse tharo: tumello, heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo, le likeletso. bopa dikgopolo bana ba mabitso a fapaneng masimong a fapaneng. Ka mohlala, litsebi tsa kelello le tšekamelo ea ho fallela ka nģ'ane ho liteko tsa le bonolo hakana ke ho lebisa tlhokomelo mediators le baokameli (Baron and Kenny 1986) . Khopolo ea mediators e haptjoa ke seo ke bitsa mekgwa, 'me khopolo ea baokameli e haptjoa ke seo ke bitsa Link tumello (mohlala, na liphello tsa teko ea ho fapaneng haeba e ne e mathela maemo a fapaneng) le heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo ( mohlala, ke liphello tse khōloanyane bakeng sa batho ba bang ba ho feta batho ba bang).
The teko ea Schultz et al. (2007) e bontša ka moo likhopolo tse tsoang sechabeng e ka sebediswa ho meralo tsereletsi atlehang. Bakeng sa ho pheha khang eketsehileng kakaretso ka seabe sa khopolo a qapa tsereletsi atlehang, bona Walton (2014) .
Dikgopolo tsa tumello ya kahare le kantle li ne li ea pele hlahiswa Campbell (1957) . Sheba Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) bakeng sa histori ea qaqileng haholoanyane' me e le elaboration hloko dipalopalo buang sephethong tumello, bonnete hare, hahe tumello, 'me tumello kantle.
Etsoe kakaretso ea litaba tse amanang le dipalopalo buang sephethong tumello a Liteko bona Gerber and Green (2012) (etsoe ka tsela e saense ea bitsoang tsoang sechabeng) le Imbens and Rubin (2015) (etsoe ka tsela e dipalopalo). Limakasine tsa dipalopalo buang sephethong tumello tse hlahang ka ho toba a Inthaneteng liteko tšimo kenyeletsa litaba tse kang mekhoa e computationally sebetsang hantle bōpa dikgao kholiseho ea ka tlhahisoleseding e itšetlehileng ka (Bakshy and Eckles 2013) .
Hare tumello ho ka ba thata ho etsa bonnete ba a liteko tse rarahaneng tšimo. Sheba mohlala, Gerber and Green (2000) , Imai (2005) , le Gerber and Green (2005) bakeng sa khang ka ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha e rarahaneng ea tšimo teko mabapi vouta. Kohavi et al. (2012) le ho Kohavi et al. (2013) fana ka kenyelletso ho kena mathata a karohano tumello a Inthaneteng liteko tšimo.
kameho ea seng se seholo le tumello hare ke mathata le randomization. Tsela e 'ngoe ho nang le monyetla lemoha mathata a amanang le randomization ke ho bapisa lihlopha tse kalafo le taolo mabapi le mekhoa e bonoang. Mofuta ona oa ho bapisa e bitsoa ho leka-lekana kokobetse. Sheba Hansen and Bowers (2008) bakeng sa katamelo dipalopalo ho leka-lekanya batlana, 'me le bone Mutz and Pemantle (2015) bakeng sa dingongoreho mabapi batlana ho leka-lekana. Ka mohlala, ho sebelisa teka-tekano e hlahloba Allcott (2011) fumane hore ho na le ba bang ba ka bopaki ba hore randomization o ne a sa kenngwa tshebetsong ka nepo a tharo tsa liteko tse ling tsa liteko OPower (sheba Lethathamo 2; liwebsaete 2, 6 'me tse 8). Etsoe le atamela tse ling, sheba Imbens and Rubin (2015) , Khaolong ea 21.
dingongoreho tse ling tse kholo tse amanang le bonnete hare ke: 1) mong-ka lehlakoreng bao e seng ho latelwa, moo hase batho bohle ba leng sehlopheng kalafo ha e le hantle a fumana phekolo eo, 2) tse pedi lehlakoreng bao e seng ho latelwa, moo hase batho bohle ba leng sehlopheng kalafo fumaneng phekolo ea mofuta 'me ba bang batho ba sehlopha se laola liketso fumana kalafo, 3) attrition, moo diphetho tse sa lekanyetsoa ho ba bang barupeluoa, 'me 4) kgokahano, moo kalafo ea spills holim' ho batho ba boemong bo sa ho phekoloa le batho ka boemo ba laoloa ke eena. Sheba Gerber and Green (2012) Khaolo ea 5, 6, 7 'me tse 8 ho nts'etsa pele ka' ngoe ea litaba tsena.
Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le ho betla tsela tumello, sheba Westen and Rosenthal (2003) , le bakeng sa eketsehileng mabapi le ho betla tsela tumello a mehloling khōlō ya data, Lazer (2015) le Khaolo ea 2 ea buka ena.
Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea amoheleha kapa Link ke bophirima moo ho kenella e e lekoa. Allcott (2015) e fana ka hlokolosi mogopolofela le bonahetseng kalafo ea setsheng sa kgetho leeme. Makasineng ena e boetse e tšohloa Deaton (2010) . Ho phaella ho ntse replicated a liwebsaete tse ngata, ho kenella ha Home Energy Report e boetse e le nosi ithuta ka lihlopha tsa multiple etsa lipatlisiso (mohlala, Ayres, Raseman, and Shih (2013) ).
Etsoe thutohohle babatsehang oa heterogeneity oa liphello phekolong ea liteko tšimo, sheba Khaolo ea 12 of Gerber and Green (2012) . Etsoe tumeliso ho heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo litekong tsa bongaka, sheba Kent and Hayward (2007) , Longford (1999) , le Kravitz, Duan, and Braslow (2004) . Heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo ka kakaretso ho ameha ka ho se tšoane thehiloeng litsobotsi pele ho kalafo. Haeba u thahasella ho heterogeneity thehiloeng diphetho poso e mpe, joale approachs rarahaneng haholoanyane ho hlokahala kang sehloohong stratification (Frangakis and Rubin 2002) ; sheba Page et al. (2015) bakeng sa tekolo botjha e.
Bafuputsi ba bangata ba hakanya ea heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo sebelisa guttate bofokoli, empa mekhoa e ncha itšetleha ka ithuta mochini, ho etsa mohlala Green and Kern (2012) , Imai and Ratkovic (2013) , Taddy et al. (2016) , le Athey and Imbens (2016a) .
Ho na le ke ba bang ba belaella mabapi fumanoeng ke tsa heterogeneity oa liphello lebaka la mathata a multiple papiso le "ho tšoasa litlhapi." Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ya le atamela dipalopalo e ka re thusang aterese dingongoreho mabapi papiso multiple (Fink, McConnell, and Vollmer 2014; List, Shaikh, and Xu 2016) . Katamelo e mong ho dingongoreho mabapi "ho tšoasa litlhapi" ke pele ho re ngolisa ka molao, e leng se tšoanelang ka ho eketsehileng tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng a kelello (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) , 'me moruo (Olken 2015) .
Ho ithuta Costa and Kahn (2013) feela ka bang halofo ea malapa ka teko ba ne ba ka khona ho amahanngoa le ho fumana boitsebiso bo sa babapatsi. Babali ba thahasella ka makolopetso le mathata khoneha ho Analysis sena ho lokela ho bua ka pampiri pele.
Mekgwa ke Hoa makatsa hore ebe ea bohlokoa, empa ba retelehela ho ba thata haholo ho ithuta. Research mabapi mekgwa amana haufi le ho ithuta mediators a kelello (empa sheba le VanderWeele (2009) bakeng sa papiso e tobileng pakeng tsa mehopolo eo e 'meli). Le atamela dipalopalo ho hlahisa mekgwa e fumanang, e kang atamela ntshetswa pele a Baron and Kenny (1986) , ke lintho tse tloaelehileng haholo. Ka bomalimabe, ho fellang kateng le hore mekgwatshebetso ya tseo itšetleha ka ba bang likhopolong matla (Bullock, Green, and Ha 2010) le utloa bohloko ha ho na mekgwa multiple, joalokaha motho a ka lebella maemo a mangata a (Imai and Yamamoto 2013; VanderWeele and Vansteelandt 2014) . Imai et al. (2011) le ho Imai and Yamamoto (2013) fana ba bang ba e ntlafalitsoeng mekgwa dipalopalo. Ho ekelletsa moo, VanderWeele (2015) e fana ka buka-bolelele kalafi ka maloa ea liphetho tsa bohlokoa haholo, ho akarelletsa le katamelo e akaretsang ho Analysis nahanela.
A katamelo arohaneng e bua haholo ka liteko tseo leka ho laola mochine ea ho toba (mohlala, ho fana basesisi vithamine C). Ka bomalimabe, a di-setting tse ngata tsa saense ea bitsoang tsoang sechabeng ho na le hangata multiple mekgwa 'me e ke ho le thata ho meralo ea phekolo e le hore fetoha ea se nang fetola ba bang. Ba bang ba mekgwa ya go experimentally mekgwa fetolang li hlalositsoe ka Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto (2013) , Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan (2011) , le Pirlott and MacKinnon (2016) .
Qetellong, mekgwa le bona ba na le histori e telele ka ho akha filosofi oa saense joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Hedström and Ylikoski (2010) .
Bakeng sa tabeng ea ho sebelisa lithuto tsa lefapheng la ngollano le lithuto tsa boruni ho lekanya kgethollo bona Pager (2007) .
Tsela e tloaelehileng ho e tsoma badiri barupeluoa ho liteko tseo u hahe ke Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Hobane MTurk mimics likarolo tse ling tsa liteko lefang tsa moetlo laboratori batho ho tlatsa mesebetsi eo ba ne ba sa etsetsa bafuputsi mahala-ba bangata ba se a ntse a qalile ho sebelisa Turkers (basebetsi mabapi le MTurk) joalokaha barupeluoa a bafo botho liteko fella ka lebelo le pokello theko e tlaase ya data ho feta tsa moetlo on-khamphaseng liteko tsa laboratori (Paolacci, Chandler, and Ipeirotis 2010; Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012; Rand 2012; Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) .
Le matla kholo ka ho fetisisa ea liteko tsa le barupeluoa le thaotha tsoang MTurk ke logistical: ba lumella bafuputsi ho e tsoma badiri barupeluoa ka potlako le ka ha ho hlokahala. Athe liteko laboratoring ba ka nka dibeke tse ho matha le liteko tšimo ka nka likhoeli hore beha-up liteko le barupeluoa le thaotha tsoang MTurk ka matha ka matsatsi. Ka mohlala, Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz (2012) ba ile ba khona ho e tsoma badiri bafo 400 ka letsatsi le le leng lesoha o re ho ba le seabo sa teko 8 motsotso. Ho ekelletsa moo, barupeluoa tsena ka le thaotha ka morero leha e le efe (ho akarelletsa le liphuputso le tshebedisano boima, joalokaha re ithutile Khaolong ea 3 le ea 5). khatholoha, ena ea ho thaotha bolela hore bafuputsi ka matha tatellanong ea liteko tse amanang ka ho hlahlamana ka potlako.
Pele thaothang barupeluoa ho tloha MTurk bakeng liteko tsa hao, ho na le lintho tse 'nè tse bohlokoa ho tseba. Taba ea pele, bafuputsi ba bangata ba na le lipelaelo tse bao e seng itseng tsa liteko tse amang Turkers. Hobane lipelaelo sena hase tobileng, ho thata ho loantša le bopaki. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa tsa lithuto tsa sebelisa Turkers, re ka fihlela qeto ea hore hona joale lipelaelo ena ha ho hlokahale haholo-holo. Ho 'nile ha lithuto tse ngata bapisa dipalopalo tsa Turkers ho baahi ba bang le lithuto tse ngata bapisa liphello tsa liteko le Turkers ho liphello e tsoang baahi ba bang. Fuoa mosebetsi ona tsohle, ke nahana hore tsela e molemohali bakeng sa uena ho nahana ka eona ke hore Turkers ke sebelisa kahlolo e molemo bebofalletsa sampole, ho tšoana liithuti tse empa hanyenyane ho feta tse sa tšoaneng (Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) . Kahoo, feela joalokaha liithuti tse ke baahi le kahlolo e molemo ho ba bang empa eseng kaofela etsa lipatlisiso liteko, Turkers ke baahi le kahlolo e molemo ho ba bang empa eseng kaofela lipatlisiso. Haeba u eang ho sebetsa le Turkers, joale e utloahala ho bala tse ngata tsa lithuto tsa tsena bapisang le ho utloisisa makolopetso a bona.
Ea bobeli, bafuputsi ba ntshetswa pele ho fetisisa litloaelo bakeng eketseha tumello hare tsa Turk liteko, 'me u lokela ho ithuta ka le ho latela tsena fetisisa litloaelo (Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012) . Ka mohlala, bafuputsi ba sebelisa Turkers ba khothalletsoa hore ba sebelise screeners ho tlosa barupeluoa inattentive (Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2014; Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2016) (empa sheba le DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015b) le DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015a) ). Haeba u sa tlosa barupeluoa inattentive, joale le phello leha e le efe ea ho phekoloa ka ho hlatsuoa ka ho lerata hlahiswa ho tloha barupeluoa inattentive, 'me ka mokhoa ona o palo ea barupeluoa inattentive ka bonahalang. Ka teko ea Huber le basebetsi-'moho (2012) ka bang 30% ea barupeluoa hlōleha fuoe tlhokomelo screeners motheo. Bothata bo bong tšoana le Turkers ke bao e seng khongoana holimo barupeluoa (Chandler et al. 2015) .
Ea boraro, amanang le ho tse ling mefuta e meng ea liteko tsa digital, MTurk liteko ke keng hloa; Stewart et al. (2015) o hakanya hore nakong leha e le efe ho na le feela ka 7,000 batho MTurk.
Qetellong, u lokela ho tseba hore MTurk ke kopano le melawana a eona 'me Litloaelo (Mason and Suri 2012) . Ka tsela e tšoanang le eo o tla leka ho fumana hore ka setso sa naheng eo u ba il'o matha liteko hao, u lokela ho leka ho fumana hore lintlha tse eketsehileng ka setso sa eona le ditlwaelo tsa Turkers (Salehi et al. 2015) . 'Me, u lokela ho tseba hore Turkers tla bua ka teko ya hao haeba u ka etsa ntho e' ngoe e sa lokelang kapa e fosahetseng (Gray et al. 2016) .
MTurk ke tsela e Hoa makatsa hore ebe e bonolo ea ho e tsoma badiri barupeluoa ho liteko tsa hao, hore na ba laboratori-joaloka, tse kang Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , kapa ho feta tšimo-joaloka, tse kang Mason and Watts (2009) , Goldstein, McAfee, and Suri (2013) , Goldstein et al. (2014) , Horton and Zeckhauser (2016) , le Mao et al. (2016) .
Haeba u nahana ho leka ho bōpa sehlahiswa sa hao, ke ho kgothaletsa e le hore u bala keletso e filwe ke MovieLens sehlopha ho Harper and Konstan (2015) . A temohisiso senotlolo ho tsoa phihlelong ea bona ke hore kaha projeke e mong le e atlehileng na le ba bangata, ho hloleha ha ba bangata. Ka mohlala, MovieLens sehlopha se qala lihlahisoa tse ling tse kang GopherAnswers ba neng ba e feletseng ho hloleha ha (Harper and Konstan 2015) . Mohlala o mong oa mofuputsi e hlōleha ha a ntse a leka ho haha sehlahiswa ke wa leka Edward Castronova ho haha papali e Inthaneteng e bitsoang Arden. Ho sa tsotellehe $ 250.000 a dithuso tsa ditjhelete, morero e ne e le flop (Baker 2008) . Projects joaloka GopherAnswers le Arden ke bomalimabe ho hongata ho feta tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng diporojeke joaloka MovieLens. Qetellong, ha ke re hore ke ne ke sa tsebe sa bafuputsi leha e le efe e neng e ka katleho hahiloeng dihlahiswa bakeng tekeletso pheta mona dihlahlobo tse ka: 1) barupeluoa sebelisa sehlahiswa ka lebaka la seo e fana tsona (mohlala, ha ba lefuoang 'me ha ba baithaopi ba thusa saense ea bitsoang) le 2) sehlahiswa 'nile la sebelisoa bakeng sa teko ho feta e' ngoe ikhethang (khr, eseng teko e tšoanang ka makhetlo a multiple le matamo a fapaneng morupeluoa). Haeba u tseba mehlala e meng, ka kōpo ntsebisa.
Ke utloa khopolo ea Quadrant Pasteur oa tšohloa khafetsa nakong lik'hamphani tse theknoloji, 'me e re thusa hore hlophisa boiteko ba ho etsa lipatlisiso Google (Spector, Norvig, and Petrov 2012) .
Bond le ho ithuta basebetsi-'moho le ' (2012) boetse a leka ho lemoha phello ea mekhoa ea phekolo tsena metsoalle ea ba ileng ba amohela tsona. Ka lebaka la a entseng teko eo, spillovers tsena ke ho le thata ho lemoha cleanly; babali nang le thahasello ba lokela ho bona Bond et al. (2012) bakeng sa puisano eketsehileng ka ho phethahetseng. Teko ena ke karolo ea neano e telele ea liteko tsa saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. boitekong ho khothatsa kgetha (Green and Gerber 2015) . Tsena liteko kolo-tsoa-the-voute tloaelehileng karolo hobane ba a Pasteur oa Quadrant. Ke hore, ho na le batho ba bangata ba susumelletseha hore ba re eketsa vouta le ho vouta ka ba laola boitshwaro thahasellisang hore a leke likhopolo tse eketsehileng kakaretso phetoho boitshwaro le tšusumetso sechabeng.
Bafuputsi ba bang ba fane ka keletso ka matha liteko tšimo le mekhatlo molekane kang mekga e lipolotiki, mekhatlo e ikemetseng, le likhoebo (Loewen, Rubenson, and Wantchekon 2010; List 2011; Gueron 2002) . Ba bang ba e filwe ho kopa keletso mabapi le kamoo boikopanyo le mekhatlo e ka ama boqapi boo etsa lipatlisiso (Green, Calfano, and Aronow 2014; King et al. 2007) . Partnership boetse ho ka etsa hore lipotso tse boitshwaro (Humphreys 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) .
Haeba u eang ho theha rera leano la Analysis pele ho matha teko ya hao, ke fana ka maikutlo a hore u qale ka ho bala melao e tataisang tlalehang. The mofumahali (matlafaditswe Standard tlaleha oa Liteko) melao e tataisang ba ne ba ntshetswa pele lekaleng la bongaka (Schulz et al. 2010) le fetotsoeng bakeng sa phuputso tsa phedisano (Mayo-Wilson et al. 2013) . A sete tse amanang ea melao e tataisang e se e ntshetswa pele ke bahlophisi ba Journal of liteko Science Lipolotiki (Gerber et al. 2014) (Bona le Mutz and Pemantle (2015) le ho Gerber et al. (2015) ). Qetellong, ho tlaleha melao e tataisang ba 'nile ba ntshetswa pele a kelello (Group 2008) ,' me le bone e boetse e Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn (2011) .
Haeba u theha rera leano la Analysis u lokela ho nahana ka pele ho ngodisa hobane pele ho re ngolisa ka molao tla eketsa kholiseho eo ba bang ba na a diphetho tsa hao. Ho ekelletsa moo, haeba u ba sebetsa le mekhatlo ea selekane e, e tla fokotsa bokhoni ba molekane oa hao hore a fetole Analysis ka mor'a bona liphello. Pele ho re ngolisa ka molao se tšoanelang ka ho eketsehileng tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng a kelello (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , saense litabeng tsa lipolotiki. (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) ,' me moruo (Olken 2015) .
Ha a ntse a bōpa pele ho Analysis moralo oa hao o lokela ho hlokomela hore bafuputsi ba bang ba boetse ba sebelisa bofokoli le atamela mathata a amanang le ho ntlafatsa sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng ba hakanyetsoang ho le phello kalafo, 'me ho ke ba bang ba khang ka mokhoa ona: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , le Berk et al. (2013) ; sheba Bloniarz et al. (2016) bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng.
Design kopa keletso ho toba bakeng sa Inthaneteng liteko tšimo e boetse e fanoa ka Konstan and Chen (2007) le ho Chen and Konstan (2015) .
Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le liteko tsa ea MusicLab, sheba Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , Salganik and Watts (2008) , Salganik and Watts (2009b) , Salganik and Watts (2009a) ,' me Salganik (2007) . Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le mohloli-nka-bao kaofela limmaraka, sheba Frank and Cook (1996) . Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le mahlohonolo untangling le tsebo ka kakaretso bo eketsehileng, sheba Mauboussin (2012) , Watts (2012) , le Frank (2016) .
Ho na le katamelo e mong hore a felisa ditefello tse morupeluoa eo bafuputsi ba lokela ho sebelisa ka masene: conscription. Liphetolelong tse ngata tsa Inthaneteng liteko tšimo barupeluoa ba ha e le hantle bitsetsoa ho kena liteko le ka mohla lefisa. Mehlala ea mokhoa ona kenyeletsa Restivo le van de Rijt a (2012) teko mabapi le meputso ea Wikipedia 'me Bond le mosebetsi-'moho oa (2012) teko pele ho kgothaletsa batho ho vouta. Liteko tsena ha ba hlile ha ba na zero litšenyehelo polygonal, ba na le zero polygonal litšenyehelo moholo ho bafuputsi. Le hoja litsenyehelo tsa ho tse ngata tsa liteko tsena ke tse nyenyane haholo e mong ho e morupeluoa, ditjeho tse nyenyane behilweng palo e khōlōhali ea barupeluoa ka eketsang fihlang ka potlako. Bafuputsi matha setonanahali Inthaneteng liteko hangata lokafatsa bohlokoa ba tse nyenyane liphello hakanngoa kalafo ka ho bolela hore liphello tsena tse nyenyane e ka ba ea bohlokoa ha sebelisoa ho batho ba bangata. E tobileng monahano oa tšoanang e sebetsa ho ditjeo eo bafuputsi ba tlama barupeluoa. Haeba liteko tsa ea hao e etsa hore batho ba milione ho senya motsotso 'ngoe, teko e seng kotsi haholo ho motho leha e le ofe o itseng, empa ha e aggregate e sentse hoo e ka bang lilemo tse peli ea nako.
Katamelo e mong a bōpa zero polygonal litšenyehelo tefo ho barupeluoa ke ho sebelisa lothari, e leng mokhoa oo o boetse o 'nile oa sebelisoa ka etsa lipatlisiso phuputso e entsoeng (Halpern et al. 2011) . Qetellong, bakeng sa boitsebiso bo eketsehileng mabapi qapa e be e thabisang ke mosebedisi liphihlelo bona Toomim et al. (2011) .
Mona ke litlhaloso tsa pele tsa lintho tse tharo tseo R, ho tloha Russell and Burch (1959) :
"Phetolo bolela tloswa bakeng elang hloko phelang liphoofolo phahameng oa lintho tse bonahalang insentient. Phokotso bolela phokotso e palo ea liphoofolo sebelisoa ho fumana tlhahisoleseding ya tjhelete e fuoa le sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng. Ntlafatso ho bolela fokotseha leha e le lefe incidence kapa teba ha mekgwatshebetso ya hlokang botho sebelisoa ho liphoofolo tseo e leng ntse ba lokela ho sebelisoa. "
Eo ke sisinya u se ke ua hatelle melao-motheo boitshwaro hlalosoa Khaolong ea 6. R tharo li na le hoo, ba ile ba ba ka haholoanyane qaqisa phetolelo e 'ngoe ea melao-motheo eo-beneficence-ho toba bakeng sa kemiso ea liteko tsa batho.
Ha le tšohla Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang, ho na le tse tharo tse litokollo non-boitshwaro ho boloka ka kelellong ha o toloka teko ena. Taba ea pele, ho ke ke ha hlakileng kamoo makolopetso a sebele oa teko ea amahanya ho na lipolelo ya kgopolo; ka mantsoe a mang, ho na le lipotso mabapi le ho betla tsela bonnete. Ho ke ke ha hlakileng ba hore ntho e molemo 'me a fosahetseng lentsoe lokisa mathata ao ha e le hantle e pontshi molemo tsa puso maikutlong barupeluoa hobane 1) ho ke ke ha hlakileng ba hore mantsoe ao batho ngolang ke pontshi molemo tsa maikutlo a bona le 2) ho ke ke ha hlakileng ba hore itseng ea maikutlo Analysis mokhoa hore bafuputsi sebelisoa ke khona ho tshepahala ka fihlela qeto ea maikutlo (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ka 'na e mpe tekanyong ea pontšo leeme. Ea bobeli, rala le ho tshekatsheko ya teko ea re bolella letho ka ea neng a mbano ya mabe na fetisisa (khr, ha ho na tshekatsheko ya heterogeneity oa liphello kalafo) 'me seo mochine a ka ba teng. Tabeng ena, bafuputsi ba ile ba tlameha lotho ea tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le barupeluoa, empa ba ne ba hantle tšoaroa joaloka diwidget a Analysis eo. Ea boraro, phello saese teko ena e ne e le nyenyane haholo; phapang pakeng tsa ho phekola le ho laola maemo a ke about 1 mantsoeng 1,000. Ka pampiri ea bona, Kramer le basebetsi-'moho etsa tabeng eo le phello ea boholo ena ke ea bohlokoa hobane ba limilione tse makholo batho fihlella News bona Fepa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore esita le liphello tse nyenyane motho ka mong li khōlō aggregate. Esita le haeba u ne u ka amohela ho pheha khang ena, e ntse e hlakile haeba phello ea boholo ena ke ea bohlokoa mabapi le potso e akaretsang libuka tsa saense mabapi le boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang maikutlong. Etsoe eketsehileng mabapi le maemo moo ho liphello tse nyenyane ke tsa bohlokoa ho bona Prentice and Miller (1992) .
Ka ho ya ka R pele (Phetolo), bapisa Emotional boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang teko (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) le maikutlong boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang tlhaho teko (Coviello et al. 2014) e fana ka ba bang ba lithuto life kakaretso mabapi le lintho tse khoebo-offs amehang le ho fallela ho tloha liteko ho liteko tsa tlhaho (le le atamela tse ling joaloka matching le lekang ho batlang li atametse ho liteko tsa ka ya data bao e seng liteko, sheba Khaolo ea 2). Ho phaella ho melemo boitshwaro, ho switjha ho tloha etsa liteko ho lithuto tsa bao e seng liteko boetse nolofalletsa bafuputsi ho ithuta mekhoa ea phekolo le hore ba ba logistically khone ho romela. Melemo ena boitshwaro le thuso tle le liphello tse bohloko, leha. Le liteko tsa tlhaho bafuputsi ba le ka tlaase ho moo laola lintho tse joaloka ho thaotha oa barupeluoa, randomization, le mofuta wa kalafo eo. Ka mohlala, ho meedi e mong oa pula li ka phekoloa ke hore e ka bobeli eketsa positivity le decreases negativity. Thutong etsa liteko le joalo, Kramer le basebetsi-'moho ba ile ba khona ho tloaela positivity le negativity nosi.
Atamela. itseng sebelisoa ke Coviello et al. (2014) o ne a ka ho eketsehileng ile a qaqisa a Coviello, Fowler, and Franceschetti (2014) . Bakeng sa selelekela divariabole karaoke bona Angrist and Pischke (2009) (ka tlase bo hlomamisitsoeng) kapa Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin (1996) (eketsehileng bo hlomamisitsoeng). Bakeng sa appraisal lekhonono ya dipharologano karaoke bona Deaton (2010) , le bakeng sa selelekela divariabole karaoke ka liletsa fokolang (pula e seletsa fokola), sheba Murray (2006) .
More ka kakaretso, e leng selelekela molemo ho liteko tsa tlhaho Dunning (2012) , le Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , le Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) fana mehopolo molemo tse mabapi le ka go fopholetsa liphello e bakang ntle liteko.
Ka ho ya ka R bobedi (ntlafatso), ho na le libuka tsa saense le thuso khoebo-offs ha re nahana ho fetola moralo oa boloetse bo tsoaetsanoang Emotional tsoang thibela posts by ho boosting posts by. Ka mohlala, ho ka 'na e-ba joalo hore ho kenngwa tshebetsong botekgeniki tsa News Feed etsa hore ho ke haholo bonolo ho etsa teko e le thibela lintho tse ngotsoeng moo ho e-na teko e le boosting posts by (ela hloko hore e teko le thibela lintho tse ngotsoeng moo ka ho sebediswa e le lera ka la tlhōrōng ea tsamaiso News Feed ntle ho hlokahale leha e le efe bakeng sa alterations ea tsamaiso bothata bo itseng '). Tsa saense tsa Leha ho le joalo, khopolo lebisitsoe ke teko eo ha aa ka ho hlaka a bontša boqapi ba bona le 'ngoe holim' a mang.
Ka bomalimabe, ha ke tseba ka taba ho etsa lipatlisiso mohlomong pele mabapi le lintho tse lokelang mong ka thibela le boosting a khotsofetse ha News Feed. Hape, ke e-s'o bone ho etsa lipatlisiso ho hongata ka hloekisa liphekolo ho etsa hore ba ka tlaasenyana ho moo kotsi; mokhelo 'ngoe e Jones and Feamster (2015) , e leng se nahana ka taba ea tekanyo ea Internet li thibela (a sehlooho ke buisana Khaolong ea 6 kamanong ho ithuta Encore (Burnett and Feamster 2015; Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) ).
Ka ho ya ka R boraro (Phokotso), e ngotsoeng selelekeleng molemo ho Analysis tsa moetlo matla ke Cohen (1988) . covariates pele ho kalafo ka akarelletsoang sethaleng sa ho qaptjoa le ho ba sethaleng tshekatsheko ya liteko; Khaolo ea 4 ea Gerber and Green (2012) e fana ka selelekela molemo ho e atamela mathata bobeli, 'me Casella (2008) e fana ka ho feta ka botebo kalafo. Mekhoa eo sebedisa tlhahisoleseding ena pele ho kalafo ea randomization ba ka tloaelo ho bitsoa mohlomong koetsoe boqapi boo etsa liteko kapa stratified boqapi boo liteko (lenanentswe e sa sebelisoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ka mose baahi ba metse); mekhoa ena li ka ho teba amanang le mekhoa stratified mohlala tšohloa Khaolong ea 3. See Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon (2016) bakeng sa tse eketsehileng mabapi le ho sebelisa boqapi boo tsena liteko maholohali. Covariates pele ho kalafo ka boela akarelletsa ho ba sethaleng hlahlojoe. McKenzie (2012) hlahloba atamela. phapang-in-ho se tšoane ho hlahloba liteko tšimo ka ho qaqileng e khōloanyane. Sheba Carneiro, Lee, and Wilhelm (2016) bakeng sa ho eketsehileng ka khoebo-offs pakeng tsa le atamela fapaneng ho eketsa nepahetseng a likhakanyo tsa liphello kalafo. Qetellong, ha a etsa qeto ea hore na ba leke ho kenyeletsa covariates pele ho kalafo nakong ea sethala tsa boqapi kapa Analysis (kapa ka bobeli), ho na le mabaka a 'maloa hore ba nahane ka. Ka bophirima moo bafuputsi batla ho bontša hore ha ba "tšoasa litlhapi" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , a sebelisa pele ho kalafo covariates a sethala moralo ka thusa (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) . Maemong moo barupeluoa fihla sequentially, haholo-holo Inthaneteng liteko ea tšimo, ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo pele ho kalafo ea sethaleng moralo ka ba thata logistically, sheba Ka mohlala Xie and Aurisset (2016) .
Ke habohlokoa ho phaella a batla a ea intuition na ke hobane'ng ha phapang-in-ho se tšoane ka etsa ho hongata hakana molemo ho feta ho phapang-in-bolela'ng. Inthaneteng diphetho ba bangata ba na phahameng haholo lumellane ha (sheba mohlala, Lewis and Rao (2015) le ho Lamb et al. (2015) ) mme ba batlang e tsitsitse ha nako e ntse. Tabeng ena, ho etsoa phetoho lintlha tla ba le haholo nyenyane tse lumellane ha eketsa matla a mamella teko dipalopalo. Lebaka le leng sena atamela e sa sebelisoa khafetsa ke hore pele ho a le lilemo dijethale e ne e se ho tloaelehile hore ho be le diphetho pele ho kalafo. Tsela e eketsehileng e hahiloeng ka konkreite ho nahana ka eona ke ho nahana teko ea ho lekanya hore na e ikoetlisa kamehla e be tse tobileng bakang boima ba 'mele. Haeba u etsa phapang e-in-le bolela atamela, khakanyo ea hao e tla ba dipharologano fa e tlisoang ke ho dipharologano fa ka litekanyo tse ka baahi. Haeba u etsa phapang e-in-phapang katamelo Leha ho le joalo, e le hore ka tlhaho etsahalang feto-litekanyo gets bukkake tlosoa 'me u ka habonolo lemoha phapang bakoang ke phekolo eo.
Tsela e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ho fokotsa palo ea barupeluoa a teko ya hao ke ho khanna Analysis matla, e leng Kramer le basebetsi-'moho ba ka be ba entse thehiloeng boholo bo phello hlokomela ho tloha teko tlhaho ke Coviello et al. (2014) kapa pejana ho etsa lipatlisiso bao e seng etsa liteko ka Kramer (2012) (ha e le hantle tsena ke lintho qetellong ea khaolo ena). Hlokomela hore u sebelise sena wa manollo matla ke a batla fapaneng ho feta tloaelehileng. A le lilemo li analoge, bafuputsi ka kakaretso ile a etsa Analysis matla a ho etsa bonnete ba hore thuto ea bona e ne e se e le nyenyane haholo (khr, tlas'a-haheletsoe). Hona joale, ha ho le jwalo, bafuputsi lokelang ho se etsa Analysis matla a ho etsa bonnete ba hore thuto ea bona e ke ke seholo haholo (khr, holimo-haheletsoe).
Qetellong, ke nka hore phaella ka ho re bone R: Repurpose. Ke hore, haeba bafuputsi ba iphumana ba le ya data eketsehileng etsa liteko ho feta eo ba e hlokang ho rarolla etsa lipatlisiso potso ea bona ea pele, ba lokela ho repurpose ya data ho botsa lipotso tse ncha. Ka mohlala, nahana hore Kramer le basebetsi-'moho o ne a sebelisitse phapang-in-ho se tšoane estimator 'me ba fumana ba le ka ya data tse fetang tse hlokahalang ho rarolla potso ea bona lipatlisiso. Ho e-na hase ho sebelisa ya data kahohle kamoo nka, ba ne ba ithutile boholo ba le phello e le mosebetsi ho pele ho kalafo poleloana e reng maikutlong. Feela joalokaha Schultz et al. (2007) fumane hore phello ea phekolo eo e ne e fapane sebakeng sa khanya le boima basebedisi, mohlomong liphello tsa News Feed ne li fapane bakeng sa batho ba seng ba ntse sekamela ho ngolang melaetsa thabileng (kapa ka utloa bohloko.) Repurposing ka lebisang "ho tšoasa litlhapi" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) le se reng "E leq-Hacking" (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) , empa tsena li haholo-holo addressable le motswako wa tlalehelang tšepahala (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) , pele ho re ngolisa ka molao (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , le mekhoa mochine ithuta hore leka ho qoba holimo-loketseng.


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Hōlela Liverpool bolela hore ke ne ke hantle tloaetse le 'chavs’ leketlileng ho pota-pota ka la likhutlong seterateng rekisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, kahoo ha ke ile ka fallela London ke ne ke se hantle tšosoa ke 'roadman’ setso sa bo ne bo atile. Ha ke batla ho bapisa hore ba 'chavs’ joalokaha eo e se e ntse e nyenyefatsa kotareng le ke nang letho haese ho hlolloa le tlhompho bakeng sa roadmen ea London. Li 'nete libertarian bagwebi, hlokomoloha la hajwale la 'muso molao oa tsamaiso potolohileng rekisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong. Ho na le ho tla lula ho ntse ba batla ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho le leng lithoto ho nahana hore motho e mong tla be a le sieo ho ba fa moruo yona feela tsa motheo.
Batho rata ho khese 'roadmen’ qosa ka hore ba etellang tsela e bonolo ea ho tsoa ka ho rekisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong. Leha ho le joalo batho feela hore ba nahana ho rekisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ho bonolo ha batho ba e-ho mohla rekisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ka ho fetisisa bophelong ba bona, ba feela khona ho utloisisa ntoa ea sa. Ba u se ke ua bona hore na mosebetsi o mongata o se hlokahalang ho kenya ho etsa bonnete ba hore o na le molemo sedirelwa botlaaseng, u se ke ua hantle feela feela mamella pontšo le emela hore bareki ho tlile ho uena. Dihoreng tsa tsamaea ho potoloha estates tse fapa-fapaneng e hlokahalang feela hore le palo hao ho na le, e roadman ntle ho fonong a sebetsang a ke mpa feela e le motho feela tjee.
Ba boetse ho na le ba bang ba batho ba bangata kholisehile Ke ile ka kopana le bophelong ba ka, ho se bonolo ho tsamaea feela ho fihlela ho tlatsa le basele le botsa hore na ba batla ho reka lithethefatsi tse, leha ho le joalo ba ho etsa seng matsapa letsatsi lohle. Ba boetse ho na le ka holimo-limo morekisi, s'o ka bophelong ba ka ba le Ke ile ka utloa motho e mong a ka khona ho khōlō fihlang semela etsa ho hongata hakana, ba u tlohela ho nahana o na le e 'ngoe ea mofuta ofe lehola tsoang Malawi kapa kae-kae, ha e le hantle u lokela har'a mokotla leafy oa 'lemone'.
Mohlomong maikutlo a ka oa roadmen e fosahetseng ke kamano e ntle ke ne ke le roadmen selehae a Bethnal Green. Ke ne ke thusoa mong oa bona ka mor'a hore ba 'nile ba hlabeha 3 ka makhetlo a ho qetela Eid 'me ho tloha leha e le neng joale ba kamehla e ile ea nthusa hore na leha e le neng hlokahala. Ho ba hlokang leeme le hoja e mong oa bona o ile a sokela ho thunya 'na haufinyane mor'a moo empa e' ohle ba ile ba sebetsa ka ntle qetellong.
Knife tlōlo ea molao e sa tsotellehe tšeha 'me e lokela ho tla sheba jwalo ka ha ho pholile ho phetha thipa Leha ho le joalo u ka beha molato bona. Ba le tlas'a tšokelo ea kamehla ea ho amohuoa ke barekisi qothisana lehlokoa le lokela ho tseba ho itšireletsa joaloka bophelong ba bona ka itšetleha ka eona. Ho se hantle joaloka mapolesa a gonna go ba teng ho u thusa hore, ba feela ho fuputsa tlolo ea molao eo be ho etsahetse'ng, ba ka seoelo haholo teng ha mora eo tlōlo ea molao e ikemiseditse.
Re boetse re lokela ho sheba lintlha tse moruong hore li bapala mona hammoho, London ke e 'ngoe ea litoropo tse bitsang chelete e ngata ka ho fetisisa ea ho phela lefatšeng kaofela leha ho le joalo' muso sitoa le ho etsa bonnete ba le moputso o phelang bakeng sa boholo ba basebetsi ba motse-moholo. Ha batho ba se ke fumana chelete e lekaneng hore ba pholohe ntan'o ehlile ba gonna go rekisa e nyenyane hanyenyane ea lehola ka lehlakoreng, U ka hlile molato bona? Batho ba boemong ba ho moan mabapi le ho se a ntse a lefa moputso phelang li ba swathika joalokaha thuto ea morao tjena e bontšitse hore palo ea bacha ba tsoang limelong tse morabe o monyenyane ba 'nileng ba ba sa sebetseng bakeng sa nako e fetang selemo e tsohile ke hoo e ka bang 50% ho tloha ka selekane sena se tla ho matla, ho ea ka lipalo-palo tsena ha lokolloa ke Mesebetsi mokha.
Hona joale ho na 41,000 16- ho 24 ba lilemo li tsoang batsho, Asia le fokolang ka palo ea merabe [BAME] baahi ba metse ba nako e telele ba sa sebetseng - e 49% tsohe 2010, ho ea ka e tshekatsheko ya lipalo tsa semmuso ke Ntlo ea Commons Library. Batho ba lokela ho pholoha, haeba ba sa sebetsa ba tla etsa chelete tsela e itseng.


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FAQs
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1. Tsela ea ho rarolla "fatiloeng ka tlaase nepahetseng"?
Lebaka 1: The a tsitsinkela phetoho nepahalang. Tharollo: Re-fetola e bua haholo, a bua haholo ka bonyane bakeng sa molemo ka ho fetisisa. Lebaka 2: backlash The e sa lokisoe. Tharollo: Reference ho Software bueloang pukwanana "backlash phetoho" ho fetola. Lebaka 3: The qeto paterone ke khumo e tlaase haholo. Tharollo: Fetola qeto. Lebaka 4: Text le Grafiken tse fosahetseng. Tharollo: Fetola lenaneo la phekolo. Lebaka 5: Mohato fatiloeng entsprechen fosahetseng. Tharollo: Fetola.
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2. o fatiloeng lejoeng botebo ha hoa lekana kapa fatiloeng ka se sebetse?
Lebaka 1: The bolelele tsepamiso e fosahetseng. Tharollo: Re-a fetola. Lebaka 2: The matla ka laser e sa lokisoe ho palo e kahodimodimo ea. Tharollo: Fetola matla a ho leka-lekaneng. Lebaka 3: Metsi mocheso ke phahameng haholo. Tharollo: nka sebaka sa metsi e potoloha. Lebaka 4: Laser tube, ho bola. Tharollo: nka sebaka sa tham mong bang laser tube,. Lebaka 5: Optical tseleng kheloha. Workaround: lokisa. Lebaka 6: The lense ke le litšila. Tharollo: Hloekisa lense.
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3. Ke hobane'ng ha ngotsoe holim'a bo tukang ketsahalo?
Lebaka 1: The qeto e phahameng haholo, kapa mola le sebaka dipakeng e le nyenyane haholo. Tharollo: Reset qeto Lebaka 2: Laser matla e phahameng haholo tharollo: tlaase eona. Lebaka 3: Blower, ho qeta monono Fans ha bulehileng. Tharollo: Phetla ba ka
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4. "Dislocation" mokhoa oa ho rarolla?
Lebaka 1: fatiloeng qeto e phahameng haholo. Tharollo: Fetola. Lebaka 2: The drive jwale ke le nyenyane haholo. Tharollo: Latela ditaelo tse ho fetola jwale ya drive ya. Lebaka 3: Y-selekane dilenaneo lebanta le synchronous lebili hlephileng. Tharollo: Fetola lebanta kapa tighten. Lebaka 4: Ho na le dislocation le hlaha ka Grafiken tlhahiso ea Tharollo: Re-etsa Grafiken. Lebaka 5: Data phetiso e sa tloaelehang tshebetso. Tharollo: U se ke ua a etsa tshebetso tse ling ha fetisetsa ya data.
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5. Laser fatiloeng, ka linako tse ling le matla 'me ka linako tse ling ba fokolang kapa ho hang ha mong bang laser ntša kapa mong bang laser ntša lintlha tse ngata?
Lebaka 1: nahana ka lense otlile. Tharollo: nka sebaka sa lense nahana ka. Lebaka 2: A le B beetsweng ka kutlo metsi rusted kapa che amana hantle. Tharollo: Hlahloba mabapi le tiisetsa metsi phallang ka thelelo ho tloha ntlha e ho B. Lebaka 3: tseleng Optical fetola. Tharollo: Re-fetola tsela Optical. Lebaka 4: Setup ka Control Panel. Workaround: Reset. Lebaka 5: Long sebetsa, metsi le mocheso ka tanka e phahameng haholo. Tharollo: nka sebaka metsi a Cooling.
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6. Ha ho tiisoa ha ho ha seha Grafiken koetsoeng?
Lebaka 1: tiisoa lepelela kapa bonyane matla paramethara bophirima e le nyenyane haholo. Tharollo: Reset. Lebaka 2: Three synchronous lebanta tightness tsamaelanng, synchronous woman stage lebili hlephileng. Tharollo: ho batalatsa, tighten. Lebaka 3: Mafutsana tshimololang boemo ba Grafiken. Tharollo: Reset.
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7. kuta ha perpendicular ha seha tse bonahalang teteaneng?
Lebaka 1: Mosebetsi sethaleng hase perpendicular ho ea fihla hloohong tham mong bang laser. Tharollo: Fetola sethaleng ho sebetsa ho etsa hore ho perpendicular ho ea fihla hloohong tham mong bang laser. Lebaka 2: Ameha fosahetseng. Tharollo: Re-a fetola. Lebaka 3: Ameha Lens kgetho e fosahetseng. Tharollo: nkeloa sebaka ke nepahetse a tsitsinkela lense.
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8. "Four tataiso ea hlooho tham mong bang laser ke ke falla," mokhoa oa ho troubleshoot?
Mokhoa 1: Hlahloba lebanta tightness. Mokhoa 2: Restart mochine tham mong bang laser le k'homphieutha, e le ho qoba tsamaiso e khopo emisoa. Mokhoa 3: Ebang boto mokhanni e hlomamisa. Mokhoa 4: Hlahloba dilenaneo drive maemo leseli. Mokhoa 5: Hlahloba DC phepelo matla pontshi.
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9. Laser mohlapo e tsoa taolong. E ntse e emitting esita le ha ho na kopo thulaganyou e hlokahala?
Mokhoa 1: lemoha khomphuta ya hao ho hlahloba hore na e ea ameha le kokoana-hloko. Mokhoa 2: Optical mela pontšo felisoa, nka sebaka mabapi le nepahetse.


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Phenibut ke ya kgwebo lebitso bakeng sa beta-phenyl-a gamma-aminobutyric acid e. Ho tsoa GABA kapa a gamma-aminobutyric acid e. Hobane phenyl sehlopha e se e ekeletsoa GABA ho ke ke habonolo khona ho phunyeletse mali boko mokoallo. Sena se nolofalletsa phenibut ho ba le matla le ho feta le seabe se boko e le hore ho ntlafatsa go dirisa tlhaloganyo mesebetsi, theola ho tsoenyeha le ho ntlafatsa robala, e le e se e tlaleha. Sebelisa k'hemik'hale e tshebetso Phenibut ka synthesized sebelisa GABA. Se sibolotsoeng pele etsahetse ka seo e ne e pele e neng e Soviet Union. Click here ho reka Phenibut Inthaneteng.
Se Phenibut?
Phenibut o na le ikhethang histori. Hang ha e ile ha fumanoa Phenibut e ne e sebelisoa ho pholletsa le USSR. E ne e esita le hlokehang ho ho ba ka Kits sebelisoa ke Soviet Cosmonauts, kapa astronauts ha re ntse re ba bitsa.
Topics
Tloaelehileng a sebelisa ea Phenibut
Atileng ka ho fetisisa sebedisa bakeng sa phenibut lilemong tsa morao tjena ke e le anxiolytic, ho imolla ho tsoenyeha le ho thusa robetse. Ho na le ke mohlomong ditokumente tse di ho nka phenibut tla ntlafatsa boleng hammoho le nako ya ho ba robala. Ke'ng e haholo-holo molemo ke hore e o na le ho khutsisa e le hantle ntle le le ditlamorao ka hore ho na le sedative ne ba tla ba.
The ba ntlafala a robale mme o ho khutsisa e le hantle tsoa etellang tlatsetsa phenibut ka 'na fana ka molemo ofe bakeng sa bodybuilders hobane kgolo, hormone e feela secreted ka nako ya boemo ba robetse boroko bo tebileng. Ho feta moo ka kakaretso ho ba ka khona ho phomola le ho robala khothalletsa batho e ntle hlaphoheloa ho tloha sehla ka thata Workouts.
Dithuto tsa pele ka litoeba ba bontšitse hore ba neng ba ho nka phenibut ne kaonafatso e kgolo itšoara joang linako tse ling ha arabela e ntho e susumetsang. Holim'a moo, liphoofolo tšoaroa ka phenibut ile a etsa molemo ka le liteko tse ling bakeng sa kelello tshebetso. Bala User Reviews of Phenibut mona.
Phenibut bakeng sa ha Moruo
Dopamine ke neurotransmitter e bokong ke hore maikarabelo a go kutloisiso ea thabo le hantle-e ka ba. Sena ke haholo-holo 'nete ka mor'a finyella pakane. Phenibut o tsejoa ho ba le le matla a ho susumelletsa dopamine receptors e ka tlisa e tsoanang ikutloe a phetse hantle-e ka ba le khotsofalo. Dithuto tsa pele ka le mebutlanyana o ile a bontša e le hore ba sebetsane molemo tlas'a maikutlong qosoa mpe maemo a ha ba ba ne ba nkile Phenibut.This bolela hore tlatsetsa phenibut ka 'na ba ho ruisa molemo ho maikutlo ha batho ba ba sebetsana le imetsoe kelellong.
The Downside ea Phenibut & Ho khoneha Side Liphello
Go dira patlisiso ka ena tlatsetsa se entsoe haholo-holo Russia e etsang ho le thata ho lekola botjha a utloahalang a lithuto tsa, etsoa ka batho ba, tlaleha ka Senyesemane. Ka tsepo nakong e tlang ho na le tla ba se fumaneng ho hlahloba. Phenibut 'nile ea sebelisoa haholo ka ho pholletsa le Russia ka lilemo tse mashome le e ntle rekoto ya polokeho, haholo-holo ha 'NILE bapisoa le benzodiazepines, e ratoang mefuta e meng.
Empa ho na le ba 'nile ba Maemong ka lilemong tsa morao tjena ho bontša batho ba ba e hahoa e mamello ho phenibut etsa hore ba lokela a godimo a lethal dose ho fumana eo oe batlang e le hantle. Sena se ka feela lebisa matsoao a a khaotsa ho tsuba ha seha khutlela. Matsoao a ba hlalosoa e le tsoanang le tloha ho tloha benzodiazepines 'me bana ba ne e tla ba maikutlo a ho tsoenyeha, nang hallucinations le ho ba a sa khone ho robala. Karabo ke hore batho ba lokela ho eketsa ba bona ba lethal dose a fetang se buelloa. Check out rōna feletseng kaelo ya tsela e molemohali ea ho nka Phenibut.
Kgothaletswa Dosage bakeng sa Phenibut
The lethal dose ka ho fetisisa kgothaletswa ke 250mg, nkile ha ho hlokahala (Makarov et al a, 1997). Haeba motho e mong e ho nka e ea ho robala dikgothaletso ke ho phenibut ka lihora tse peli pele a il'o robala. E le hore ho qoba ho haha e mamello, ho molemo hore le ho e ka lipotoloho tse.
Phenibut e marketed le motho ka mong tlatsetsa bakeng sa tšoara hloka boroko, ho tsoenyeha le ho tse ling tse kelello le 'mele mafu a. Hape tlase hangata a sebelisa e le a phaella ka motsoako o a itseng a kgolo, hormone a tlatsana le. Lebaka leo ka lona sena ke hore e ka sebetsa a konsarete le-amino acid e motsoako e leng e reretsoe ho eketsa ka ho lokolloa ha kgolo, hormone ha a robetse. E maximizes ho lokolloa.
Phenibut Stacks bakeng sa Tšoenyeha le Sleep
Phenibut can safely be stacked with other supplements if they’re meant to be taken before sleeping. Tsena e ka ba micellar casein le kgolo, hormone a tlatsana le. Leha ho le joalo u lokela ho stack kapa ho sebelisa phenibut ha ho nka tse ling tse a tlatsana le kapa sedatives etselitsoe ho ntlafatsa robale ntle le u se u ka ho toba a eletsa ke le ngaka ya hao.


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E tsoetseng pele mokgwa wa ho dikgetho le lisebelisoa
Sebelisa Microsoft Keletso ho mokhoa mohlophisi (IME) hore a ngole a oa Asia Bochabela lipuo tse u se u hlomamisa ka hao PC.
Nepahetseng-tobetsa ea mokgwa wa ho gage ho switjha input mekhoa, bula IME sebaka, kapa bula ho feta IME di-setting. Bakeng sa lipuo tse ling, u tla ba dikgetho tse ding, tse kang szótár thulusi ea ho Japanese.
Add a lentswe ho Japanese szótár
Hao IME ka fumana bonkgetheng ba ha u bulela leru tlhahiso, e leng o sebelisa Bing ho thusa bolela esale pele seo u se ho ngola. Ho ka e ho ea pele, le letona tobetsa ea mokgwa wa ho gage le khetha Properties. Ka nako eo khetha Advanced le bula Predictive Keletso ho tab ya. Khetha checkbox latelang ho Sebelisa leru tlhahiso ya lentswe.
Ho ka bowena eketsa lentswe ho bukantswe, u ee Settings le khetha Time & Language. Ho tloha mona, u ee Region & Language le khetha e leng puo e – Ka mohlala, Japanese (日本語). Khetha Options. Hona joale eketsa e ncha lentsoe la le tlhaloso ea eona, kapa fetola e teng lentsoe la ho sebedisa User Dictionary Tool.


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Ans moelelo wa lebitso le letle: E tebileng, E thabileng, Ela hloko, Mehleng ea kajeno, Bōpo. Fumana Ans moelelo oa lebitso.
Delany lebitso la motumo o motle ka ho fetisisa: Ela hloko, E fokolang, Bohale, Lehlohonolo, E thabileng. Fumana Delany se boleloang ke lebitso.
Ans tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele. Dutch diminutive of Anna. Fumana Ans tšimoloho ea lebitso la pele.
Delany qalong. Variant of DELANEY (2). Fumana Delany qalong.
Phetolelo kapa ho reha lebitso la pele Ans: AHNS. How to pronounce Ans.
Mabitso a sa tšoaneng bakeng sa Ans linaheng le lipuo tse sa tšoaneng: Aina, Ana, Anabel, Anabela, Anaïs, Anca, Ane, Ane, Aneta, Anett, Ani, Ania, Anica, Anika, Anikó, Anina, Anissa, Anita, Anka, Anke, Ann, Anna, Annabella, Annag, Anne, Anneka, Anneli, Annett, Annetta, Annette, Anni, Annick, Annie, Anniina, Annika, Anniken, Annikki, Annukka, Annushka, Annuska, Anouk, Antje, Anu, Anya, Chanah, Channah, Hana, Hania, Hanna, Hannah, Hanne, Hannele, Hena, Henda, Hene, Henye, Jana, Keanna, Nainsí, Nan, Nancy, Nandag, Nanette, Nannie, Nanny, Nensi, Nettie, Niina, Ninon, Nita, Ona, Panna, Panni, Quanna. Fumana Ans ka lipuo tse ling.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ka lebitso Ans: Raj, Ans. Fumana Lethathamo la mabitso a nang le lebitso Ans.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng ka lebitso la ho qetela Delany: Raina, Joan, Lucienne, Malik, Adam, Ádám. Fumana Mabitso a tsamaeang le Delany.
Ho lumellana ha Ans le Delany ke 68%. Fumana Tšebelisano ea Ans le Delany.