text:
VECHIDUKU VANOBVUNZA KUTI
Ndingataura Sei Nevabereki Vangu Nezvemitemo Yavanondipa?
Zvaunofanira kuita: Kugona kutaura zvakanaka
Kutaura kunoita kuti
vanhu vakunzwisise.
unzwisise kuti sei vanhu vasiri kubvumirana nezvauri kuda.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana uchida kuti ubatwe semunhu akura, unofanirawo kudzidza kutaura zvakanaka semunhu mukuru. Ungazviita sei?
Dzidza kuzvidzora. Kugona kutaura zvakanaka kunoda kuti uzvidzore. Bhaibheri rinoti: “
Benzi rinobudisa hasha dzaro dzose, asi munhu akachenjera anoramba akadzikama kusvikira pakupedzisira.”
Chii chiri kurehwa? Kana watsamwa usakwidza inzwi uchipopota, usafundumwara, usarovera madhoo, kana kuti kufamba uchitenderera mumba kuratidza kuti watsamwa. Maitiro akadaro anoita kuti mitemo itowedzera, zvorusununguko wotombokanganwa.
Edza kunzwisisa zviri kurehwa nevabereki vako. Somuenzaniso: Ngatitii vabereki vako vakurambidza kuenda kune imwe pati. Panzvimbo pokuita nharo, unogona kuvabvunza kuti:
“Ko ndikaenda nemumwe munhu mukuru?”
Vabereki vako vanogona kuramba. Asi kana ukanzwisisa zvavanotyira, unogona kuziva nzira yaungavakumbira nayo zvingaita kuti vabvume.
Ita zvinoita kuti vabereki vako vawedzere kukuvimba. Ngatitii mumwe murume anotora chikwereti kubhengi. Kana achichidzorera nenguva, bhengi richamuvimba uye ringatozomupa chimwe chikwereti munguva yemberi.
Ndozvazvakaitawo nokumba. Une chikwereti chokuteerera vabereki vako. Saka kana ukaramba uchiodza mwoyo vabereki vako, usashamisike kana vakatanga kukuvimba zvishoma kana kuti kutorega “kukuvimba zvachose.”
Kana ukaratidza kuti wakavimbika


c: text/html

text:
Pimanyika
Contents
Pimanyika[chinja | edit source]
Pimanyika (Geometry in English) chidzidzo chinowongorora mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinotevera:
- Kaumbirwo kakaitwa zviumbwa tichitarisa kupimwa kwemativi nemagonyo;
- Kupa mitemo inotsanangudza, kufananidza, nokusiyanisa chiumbwa chimwe nechimwe;
- Kududza kuti chiumbwa chiri papi zvichifananidzwa nepane chimwe chiumbwa.
- Kukura kwakaita nzvimbo;
- Kududza kuti nzvimbo iri papi zvichifananidzwa nepane imwe nzvimbo;
Chinangwa[chinja | edit source]
Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino kuparura nhaurwa yezvidzidzo zvePimanyika tichitaura neChiShona. Pakutanga mazita achapiwa kune izvo zvatinosangana nazvo pakupima nzvimbo nezviumbwa. Mazita eShona achadudzirwa zvakare pachishandiswa mazwi ariko kuChirungu. Nokuda kwekuti mamwe mazwi haasati aveko kuChiShona pachange pachipiwa mazita matsva, zvichibatsira kuumba mutauro wedu takatarisana neumhizha Pimanyika.
Mashoko Anowanikwa Muzvidzidzo zvePimanyika[chinja | edit source]
Chiyero chekupimisa (Unit of measure)- pakupimwa kunoitwa zvinopimwa pane mwero yakatarwa pamutemo (pasirose) kuti ishandiswe kupima mipimo yakasiyana inodaidzwa nemazita akasiyana. Sokuti kana tichipima nhambwe tinoshandisa chiyero chinonzi mita (metre).
Mutsetse kana kuti mutsara (line) - iri izwi rinotsanangudza mutaro wakanyorwa ungave wakati twasa kana kuti une minyongo.
Chiumbwa (Shape)- chiumbwa chinogona kunge chine nzenda mbiri kana nzenda nhatu. Tsanangudzo yokuti nzenda chii iri kutevera mberi
Hurefu (length) - shoko iri rinoreva kureba kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa
Hwasha (width) - shoko iri rinoreva kupamhama kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa
Hudzamu (depth) - shoko rinoreva kudzika kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa
Hukwidza (altitude, height) - shoko iri rinoreva kukwirira kwakaita nzvimbo.
Mukwava (mugwava) - iri izwi rapiwa rinoreva panosangana mitsetse miviri kana uso huviri (where two surfaces or lines meet to form an angle)
Gonyo (angle) iri izwi rapiwa rinoreva kushama kwakaita mukwava uri pakati pemitsetse miviri kana uso huviri. gonyo kana ichipimwa inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi dhigirii
Sambamba (parallel) - izwi iri rapiwa rinotsangangudza mitsetse miviri yakati twasa yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose kana nhambwe ichipimwa pakati pemitsetse iyi. Apa nhambwe inofanirwa kunge iri kupimwa kuchitevedzwa mitsetse wechitatu unocheka mitsetse miviri yokutanga. Mutsetse wechitatu unofanirwa kunge uchicheka miviri yokutanga pamukwava une gonyo rakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Muenzaniso wemitsetse wakati sambamba isimbi mbiri dzenjanji nokuti dzinofamba dzakayererana asi dzisingapesane.
Twasuka (straight) - izwi rinotsanangudza mutsetse kana kuti uso hwakatichechetere kunge pamusoro pemvura yakagadzikana isina masaisai. Mutsetse uwu unenge usina gonyo kana munyonga.
Munyonga (Curve) - izwi iri rinotsanangudza mutsetse kana uso husina kuti twasa; panenge pane kutsveyama kana kutesva. Iri izwi richange rakakosha kana todzidza chidzidzo Kutara Mutaro (drawing graphs).
Hubumbe (convex) iri izwi rinotsanangudza chiumbwa chine uso hwakabumbira kunze. Mufananidzo ungapiwa kuumbwa kwakaitwa dumbu rakaguta kana kuti dutu revhu rinounganidzwa pakugadzira gandiwa rinoeredza mvura.
Hufombwe (Concave) - iri izwi rinotsanangudza chiumbwa chine uso hwakafovera mukati. Mufananidzo ungapiwa imbiya inopakurirwa usavi kana kuti mugero unocherwa pakugadzira gandiwa rinoeredza mvura.
Mutwi (Perpendicular, vertical) - iri izwi rapiwa kutsangudza uso kana mutsetse wakamira kuti tasa kubva panzvimbo kuenda mudenga kana pasi. Muenzaniso ungapiwa itambo yakasungirwa padavi remuti yakaremedzwa nedombo kuzasi kwainoperera. Tambo iyi inoita mutwi kudzika kubva padavi. Iri shoko rinotoredzera kubva pamutswi unoshandiswa kutswa muduri; pano ndasiyanisa zvishomane, asi pfungwa ichinge iripo yokuti mutswi kana uchitswa muduri unouya umire kuita "vertical" kana pedyo nokuva "vertical".
rurama (Right angled, normal) - mitsetse inosangana pamukwava ne90o ichange ichinzi yakarurama, uku kuri kutaura muchidumbu. Apa kufananidza kutaura kuri kuEnglish kunonzi "the wall is normal to the floor - which means wall forms angle of 90o with the wall.
Sandarara (Horizontal) - izwi rinoreva uso hwakatichechetere kunge pamusoro pemvura yakagadzikana isina masaisai. Mutsetse wakatichechtere semvura unonzi musandarara.
Mutsendo (Plane, flat area) - izwi iri rapiwa richireva uso hwakatichechetere kunge pamusoro pemvura. Mutsendo unogonga kunge wakamiswa wakaita mutwi kana kurara kuti sandarara kana kurereka neipi zvayo gonyo. Izwi iri ririkutorwa kubva pamutsendo chinova chombo chinoshandiswa nevanoveza mapuranga. Mutsendo (plane KuChirungu) unoshandiswa kuveza mapuranga kuti puranga rive neuso hwakati chechetere husina makomba uye husina kumanzika. Mutsendo uso hune nzenda mbiri chete, hwasha nehurefu; mutsendo hauna hudzamu.
Nharaunda (Area) - izwi rinoreva kukura kwakaita nzvimbo kana hwasha huchitsinhaniswa nehurefu hwenzvimbo iyoyo.
Chiso(surface)- iyi inzvimbo ine miganhu unotarwa nehwasha uye hurefu asi pasina hudzamu. Muenzaniso ungapiwa ndeuyo watinoouna takatarisa pamusoro petafura.
Mumhu (Volume) - iri izwi rapiwa kuti rireve kukura kwakaita nzvimbo kana hwasha, hurefu, nehudzamu zvatsinhaniswa. Shoko iri rinoreva kukura kwakaita munhu, mhuka kana chinhu mukutaura kwemazuva ose. Ndiro shoko randaona riri pedyo kutsanangudza volume.
Poyindi (point) - iri rinotsangura kanzvimbo katokotoko, katopoka, kasina hwasha, hurefu, kana hudzamu. Takatsimbidzira penzura papepa tingaedzesera kucherechedza poyindi; asi kana nepo dowo rinoitwa nemurumo wepenzura rine nhambwe - poyindi hachina nhambwe.
Nzenda (dimensions) rinoreva nhamba shomane (minimum) yezviringani inokwana kudoma pane poyindi munzvimbo iri kutaurwa nezvayo. Iri shoko rinotsanangudza inonzi dimensions kuEnglish. Shoko iri rinotoredzera pane rokuti kuenda; saka 3-dimensiional shape unokwanisa kuenda uchitevedza mupimo wehwasha, hurefu, nehudzamu - nzenda nhatu.
- Mutsetse une nzenda imwe (1), hurefu chete.
- Chiumbwa chiri pauso hwakati sandarara (plane) chine nzenda mbiri (2), hwasha nehurefu. Somuenzaniso zviumbwa zvinoterevra zvine 2-nzenda: tsazano; gonyonhatu; kayiti zvichingodaro.
- Chiumbwa chine mumhu chinonzi chine nzenda nhatu (3); hwasha, hurefu, nehudzamu. Somuenzaniso zviumbwa zvinoterevra zvine 3-nzenda: dumba; charaka; zhumwi; chiwarikwa kana kuti chiware.
Zviringani (Coordinates KuChirungu) - zviringani zvinoringanisa (align) nhambwe dzinoverengwa dzichitevedza maakiso anotarwa akarurama kuti tigone kudoma pane poyindi chiri kutsvakwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nhambwe mbiri idzi, dzinokwanisa kunongedza poyindi chimwechete, chiricho choga - ipapo toti zvaringana nokuti hapana kurasika. Tichinge tatara maakiso ane zviringani nenzira iyi tinenge tave neGumbapamwe reZviringani (Coordinates System). Ruzivo urwu rwakaunganidzwa naRené Descartes paakanyora Gumbapamwe reZviringani raDescartes (Cartesian Coordinates System).
Tsazaniso (Equation) - iri izwi rinoreva chinyorwa chinotaridza kuti mativi maviri ezvakanyorwa akaenzana kana kuti anotaura zvakaenzana. Pakati pemativi maviri panonyorwa vara rinoti (=) rinotiudza kuti mativi maviri akaenzana pane zvose. Shoko iri rinotodza kubva pashoko reChiManyika rinoti kutsazana rinoreva kuenzana. Nokuda kwekuti mamwe mashoko haasiri anoshandiswa mazuvaose ndiri kukwereta mashoko iwayo ndichiita kuti ashande muchidzidzo chepimanyika.
Tsaza- (Equi-) - ichi chivakamberi chichange chiri kushandiswa kuratidza kuti zvakadomwa kumashure kwaicho chivakamberi ichi zvakaenzana uye zvakafanana. Tsaza- achange achishandiswa nenzira imwe inoshandiswa prefix equi- inoshandiswa kuEnglish pamwazwi akaita sa: equidistant; equilateral; equiangular. Sarudzo iyi yaitwa pachicherechedzwa kuti kufanana hazvirevi kuenzana; sokuti baba nemwana wavo nyangwe vakafanana, havana kuenzana.
Mutsazanisi (equator) - iri zita rapiwa kutsanangura mutsetse unopangidza panosangana uso hweurungano nemutsendo une goko rehuremu uye wakarurama neakiso yeurungano yacho. Kureva kuti mutsendo uyu wakaita mutwi neaksio uye kuti wakatakuraGoko rehuremu (centre of mass) yeurungano yacho. Iri zita rinoshandiswazve pakutsangudza kuumbwa kweRinopasi, (Earth).
Chidzudzani (Congruency) zvinoreva kuti zvivakwa zviviri zvine chiumbwa (shape) chakafanana uye hukuru (size) hwakaenzana. Izvi zvoreva kuti chiumbwa chokutanga chinokwanisa kushandurwa mamiriro kusvikira chati gedye-gedye kupindirana nechiumbwa chepiri; zvimwechitezvo tichitanga kushanda nechiumbwa chepiri.
Kupimirana (Symmetry)- iri izwi rinotaura kuti chiumbwa chine zvikamu zvakafanana pazvinhu zvose: kukura kwakaita magonyo, uwandu hwemativi, nhambwe dziri pamativi, uye kuringana kwakaita mativi nemagonyo. Zvikamu izvi zvinofananidzwa maringe neAkiso dzichatsanangurwa mberi. Shoko rokuti kupimirana rinobva pakuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita kunge chidhindo chechimwe - takapima chikamu chokutanga zvakafanana nokunge tapima chikamu chepiri. Kumipirana kunotsangudza zvizere chinyorwa chine zita irori.
Mashoko Anomirira Zviumbwa[chinja | edit source]
Pachikamu chiri pamusoro pataurwa mazita anosanganisira gonyo (angle) nemukwava (intersection of lines and surfaces). Tichasimuka apa tichipa mazita tichiumba kubva pamashoko maviri aya.
Gonyozhinji (Polygon): KuChirungu izwi rokuti "polygon" rinoreva chiumbwa chine mativi mazhinji uye gonyo zhinji. Mitsetse inobatana pamukwava inenge iri yakati twasa. Shoko rinoti "poly" rinoreva "many" - kuwanda. Shoko rinoti "gon" rinobva pashoko rekuti "gonia" (Latin) rinoreva "bent" kana kuti "ankle". Isu kuChiShona tichapa zita rokuti gonyozhinji kududzira shoko rokuti "polygon". Zvichinge zvamira nenzira iyoyi hazvichanetsi kupa mazita eShona kuzviumbwa; tinenge toverenga kuti chiumbwa chine gonyo (mikwava) ngani kana kuti mativi mangani.
- Triangle ine mativi matatu inenge yonzi gonyonhatu.
- Quadrilateral ine mativi mana inenge yonzi gonyoina.
- Pentagon ine mativi mashanu inenge yonzi gonyoshanu.
Tinoramba tichienda kusvika decagon ine mativi gumi ichinzi gonyogumi zvichingodaro.
Tichiri ipapo zvakafanira kuti tionesane kuti gonyozhinji rega-rega rakaumbwa riine mativi anoverengwa kuenzana nemikwava (gonyo) iri mukati mechiumbwa ichocho.
Gonyonhatu: Tichataura pamusoro pemarudzi egonyonhatu; aya anotumidzwa mazita zvichienderana nekupimwa kwemativi uye gonyo dziri paari. Kune gonyonhatu tsazakose (equilateral triangle) - iri rine mativi ose akaenza uye gonyo nhatu dzose dzakaenzana. Kune gonyonhatu mutseyekwa (scalene triangle) - iri rine mativi ose ane nhambwe dzakasiyana uye gonyo nhatu dzose dzakasiyana. Hazvinei gonyonhatu mutseyekwa agara nedivi ripi anotaridzika seanorerekera (kana kuwandira) kune rimwe divi nguva dzose. Kune gonyonhatu tsazamaviri (isosceles triangle) - iri rine mativi maviri akaenzana, negonyo mbiri dzakaenzana. Kunoitawo gonyonhatu yemutwi (right-angled triangle) - iyi ine mativi maviri anosvika pamukwava une gonyo re 90o.
Gonyonhatu yemutwi: Mativi matatu egonyonhatu iri anopiwa mazita akasiyana zvichibva pamamiriro akaita gonyonhatu. Kune mativi maviri anosvika pamukwava une gonyo ye 90o; pamativi aya rokutanga rikanzi hwaro(adjacent), repiri richabva ranzi darisanwa (opposite side). Divi guru rine nhambwe yakareba kupfura mamwe rinonzi muzendami (hypotenuse) nokuti rinoita sokunge rakazendamiswa rakatsigirwa kuhwaro nemutwi.
Sarudzo yokuti darisanwa idivi ripi uye hwaro divi ripi inodudzirwa nokuti timire mugonyo ripi. Muzendami ndiye murefu anoramba aine zita rimwechete - uyu haachinje. Divi rakabatana negonyo ratiri kushanda naro ndiro rinova hwaro, repiri rakaita mutwi nehwaro ndiro rinova darisanwa. Zvizhinji zvichatsanangurwa muchikamu chePimagonyonhatu, (trigonometry) chichatevera mberi.
Tsananguro: Iro shoko reChirungu rinoti hypotenuse rinomborevei? Shoko rokuti hypo rinobva pashoko reLatin rinoreva kuti under. Shoko rokuti tenuse rinobva zvakare kuLatin richireva kuti stretched. Vakare vakatanga chidzidzo Kupimanyika vakacherechedza vakaona divi refu regonyonhatu richitaridzika seratatamurwa kana kuti paChirungu riri under tension or stretched. Vakare ava vakaenda mberi kwedu vaipawo mazita maererano nemaonero avaiita panguva yavo - ini ndinoonawo zvakafanira kuti kuChiShona tipe mazita maererano nemaonero edu sekuitawo kwakaita vakare vakaumba chidzidzo ichi kuChirungu. Nekukurawo kweruzivo tinoramba tichivandudza chidzidzo ichi kuti chitsangure zvine hudzamu hunokurawo.
Denderedzwa (circle kuEnglish)
Nhara (Radius)- iri izita remutsetse unobatanidza goko redenderedzwa nemuganhu wedenderedzwa; nhara ndiyo inotara panogumira denderedzwa. Izwi iri rinoshaniswazve kutsanangudza mutsetse unobatanidza goko reurungano, neuso hweurungano - uso hweurungano hune nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose kubva pagoko.
Gurapakati (Diameter) - uyu mutsetse unopfuura nepakati (centre) redenderedzwa uchinobata muganhu panzvimbo mbiri. Mutsetse uyu unotema denderedzwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana.
Guramakonyo (Diagonal muChiRungu) - iri izwi rinoreva mutsetse wakati twasa unobva pagonyo uchidanha nemukati megonyozhinji kuenda pane rimwe gonyo. Guramakonyo rinobatanidza makonyo asina kutevedzana chete. Kana chiumbwa chiri skweya, guramakonyo rinobatanidza goko (centre) negonyo mbiri dzakatarisana. Zviumbwa zvine mativi anodarika mana zvinoita zviguramakonyo zvinodarika maviri.
Pimamuganhu (Perimeter) - iri izita rinopiwa nhambwe yemitsetse inovaka chiumbwa chine nzenda mbiri. KuChiShona tichashandisa zita rimwechete kududza pimamuganhu yezviumbwa zvose kusanganisira denderedzwa.
Zhumwi (Prism) - chiumbwa chine nzenda nhatu (3-dimensional) chinotaridzika kunge chiumbwa chine nzenda mbiri chakatatamurwa zvichitevedza kunoenda mutwi unobva pahwaro. (Appears like a 2-dimensional shape that has been translated along a line perpendicular to the base, so that all parallel cross-sections have the same shape) Somuenzaniso, zhumwi regonyonhatu (triangular prism) rine uso huviri hwakati sambamba; mucheko yose yakati sambamba nemiviri yarehwa pamusoro inenge ine chiumbwa chegonyonhatu zvakare.
Chikunguru (cylinder kuEnglish) zvinoreva chiumbwa chine uso hutatu; huviri hwakati sambamba, hwechitatu hune mucheko wedenderedzwa. Huso hwechitatu hunobatanidza huviri hwakati sambamba. Chikunguru ndiwo muenzaniso wezhumwi redenderedzwa.
Mucheko (Cross-section) - iri shoko rinoreva uso hunoonekwa kana chiumbwa chine mumhu chachekwa. Chiumbwa chinogona chiri kuchekwa zvichitevedza: mutsetse wakati sambamba nehwaro hwachakagara nacho, mutsetse wakarurama pahwaro, kana mutsetse unoita gonyo ripi zvaro pahwaro.
Nharaunda yeMucheko (Cross-sectional area) - izwi iri rinotaura kukura kweuso hunoonekwa kana zhumwi yachekwa. Muzvinyorwa zviri kutevera tichange tichidzidza pamusoro petsazaniso dzekutsvaka kukura kwakaita nharaunda yeMucheko
Gonyoina sambamba (Parallelogram) - ichi chiumbwa chine mativi mana - mativi maviri akati sambamba anenge akaenzana - uye gonyo mbiri dzinobatanidzwa nedanhamakonyo dzinenge dzakaenzana.
Skweya (Square) iri shoko rinoreva chiumbwa chine mativi mana ose akaenzana negonyo ina dzose dzakaenzana. Skweya iri mubandiko wegonyoina.
Gonyoina tsazamativi (Rhombus) - iri izwi rinoreva gonyoina rine mativi akaenzana nhambwe. gonyo dzemukati dzakatarisana dzinenge dzakaenzana zvakare. Chiumbwa ichi chine madanhamakonyo maviri anochekana negonyo re 90o. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina tsazamativi zvakare.
Gonyoina tsazamakonyo (Rectangle) - iri izwi rapiwa kureva chiumbwa chine makonyo mana ose akaenzana; gonyo rimwe nerimwe riine 90o. Mativi maviri akatarisana anenge akaenzana uye akati sambamba. Skweya rinogona kupinda pamupanda wechiumbwa ichi asi kazhinji tinosarudza kuti skweya rimire roga.
Gonyoina sambambiri (Trapezium, trapezoid) - sokutaura kwezita racho, chiumbwa ichi chine mativi mana; zvakare chine mativi maviri akati sambamba.
Urungano (Sphere) - izwi iri rinoreva chiumbwa chakaurungana kuita bhora. Nokumwe kutaura tinogona kupa zita rokuti chimburungwa.
Charaka (Cone) - iri izwi rinoreva chiumbwa chine uso huviri, humwe huri hwaro hwedenderedzwa hwakati sandarara hwepiri huri uso hunopfirira hwaro kusvika pachisuvi (apex). Nguva zhinji chisuvi chinenge chakaita kururama nepakati pedenderedzwa riri pauso hunova hwaro. Shoko reShona iri rinotodzana necharaka chinowanikwa paduwo rinoteyeswa hove rine kuumbwa kwe cone - hove inopinda nekwakapamhama, yave mukati charaka chakamanika zvokuti hove itadze kubuda.
Denderende (Ellipse) - iri zita rinoreva munyonga uri pamutsendo, unoonekwa panochekwa charaka zvichitevedza mutsendo nenzira inopa munyonga wakavharwa kwese (closed curve). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsendo wacho unocheka nenzira yokuti chiumbwa chinosara pachekwa chine munyonga chete pasina mutsetse wakati twasa; mutsendo haucheke hwaro kana chisuvi chiri pacharaka. Muenzaniso wedenderende ndiro boterekwa rinowanikwa Earth iri kupotereta zuva, kamwe pagore.
Dumba (Pyramid)- iri shoko rinotoredzera kubva pachiumbwa chinoonekwa kana tichitema mashanga echigabe nokuamisa kuita matumba. Tiri muchidzidzo Pimanyika kune marudzi ematumba anodanwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nechiumbwa chiri pahwaro hwedumba racho. Sokuti kune: dumba regonyonhanhatu (hexagonal pyramid); kwoita dumba reSkweya (square based pyramid); dumba regonyonhatu (triangular pyramid); dumba regonyoina tsazamakonyo (rectangular pyramid), zvichingodaro.
Akiso (Axis)- uyu mutsetse uri pakati pechiumbwa kana zviumbwa unoshandiswa kufananidza kupimirana kwechiumbwa. Kana chiumbwa chine kupimirana, zvinoreva kuti zviri kumativi maviri emutsetse iwoyu zvinenge zvakaenzanza huremu nekuumbwa.

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Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri
Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri (HP2) , World War Two kuChirungu (WW2) kana kuti Hondo yaHitler yaiva hondo dandiranyika yakarwiwa nenyika zhinji dzePasirose kuvamba mugore 1939 ichizopera mugore 1945. Hondo iyi yakarwiwa nehuzhinji hwenyika dziri Pasirose, kusanganisira mhitsa dzehondo - super-powers. Pakuguma kwazvo nyika kwakanga kwave nemapoka echirwirangwe muhondo, ari mapoka maviri aipokana nekurwisana. Hakuna hondo Pasirose yambotekeshera matunhu sehondo iyi, yakarwiwa nevarwi vemawuto vanosvika mamirioni zana (100 million) vaibva kunyika dzinodarika makumi matatu (30). Munguva iyi nyika dzakanga dziri muhondo dzakunga simba rose rehupumi, dzidzo yeScience, uye hushangazhi hwadzo kuti hushandire hondo iyi. Musiyano pakanga pasisina pakati pemawuto nevanhuwo zvavoakanga nokuti vose vakanga voita shishi nebamba rose kuti vatsigire nyika dzavo pakukunda hondo iyi.
Vanhu vazhinji vakafa muhondo iyi kusanganisira vazhinji verudzi rwaIsrael vakaurayiwa naAdolf Hitler muhuipi hunodanwa kunzi rutsvamhumburu rwemaJudah - (Holocaust). Vanhu vakafa muhondo iyi vanofungidzirwa kusvika 50-70 miriyoni. Nhamba yevanhu vakafa iyi inoita kuti hondo iyi ive ndiyo hondo yakaipisa parufu rwevanhu munhoroondo yePasirose.
Zvombo zveShomwe[chinja | edit source]
Apo Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri yanga yosvika pakupera kwakashandiswa zvombo zveshomwe zviviri, zvose zvakadonhedzwa nendege dzemawuto eUnited States panyika yeJapan. Musi waAugust 6, 1945 bhomba rakasenga Uranium rakadhurwa kuJapan muguta reHiroshima. Mushure memazuva matatu bhomba rakasenga Plutonium rakadhuurwa kuJapan zvakare muguta reNagasaki. Zvombo zveshomwe zviviri izvi zvakauraya vanhu vanosvika chifo che 200,000 vakanga vakuvadzwa zvakaipisa nekudhuuka kwawo.


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Coloureds
Coloured zvinoreva vanhu vakazvarwa pakasangana vabereki vane ganda rakasiyana. Verudzi urwu vazhinji vanana baba Varungu nana Amai vanhu Vatema. Pakauya Varungu vachitapa Africa vakatora vakadzi vechitema vakazvara vana navo. Nokudaro verudzi rwechiColoured vanodanwa kunzi vazukuru nokuti zvinenge zvichinzi vana vehanzvadzi dzedu.
Zita rokuti Coloured rinoshandiswa nenzira iyi kuno kuchamhembe kweAfrica munyika dzinoti Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa neZambia. Kunyika dzinoti Canada, USA, Britain maColoureds vanoverengwa seVanhu Vatema.
Pari zvino nyika dzakaita vatungamiri vechiColoured dzinosanganisira Botswana (Ian Khama) neGhana (Jerry Rawlings).
Kunoitawo vamwe maColoured vanana baba veChitema asi ava vashoma kana zvichienzaniswa nevanana baba Varungu. Varume Vanhu Vatema vakaroora Varungu vazotanga kuwanda nokuwanda kwevanhu vakanodzidza mhiri kwemakungwa kunyanya kuRussia, Ukraine, Poland neGermany kune madzimai veChirungu vanenge vaigamuchira kuroorwa neVatema pane varungu vakagara vari muZimbabwe.
Mazita emhuri[chinja | edit source]
Mhuri dzemaColoured dzine mazita anoti, Green, DeKock, Klassen, Jacobs, Josephs, Culverwell, Peters, Young, Rahman, DeJaeger nemamwewo mazita eVarungu ana baba vavo. Kunoitawo maColoured akazvarwa nanababa vechiArab, Malay, Indian nemamwewo marudzi akatora vakadzi vechitema.


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Kurima
Kurima (farming) zvinoreva mabasa anoitwa kuchengeta mhuka dzakapfuyiwa uye kudyara nekukohwa mbesa. Kurima kunosanganisira kukama mukaka wemhuka dzakapfuyiwa, kucheka vhudzi remhuka dzakadai sehwayi; kusarura mukono unoberekesa nzvari; kusarura mbeu dzakanaka dzokudyara zvichingodaro.
Munyika zhinji dzeAfrica kurima ndihwo hushangazhi hune vanhu vakanyanya kuwanda vanoshandamo.
MuZimbabwe vanhu vazhinji vari kumaruwa vanoita mabasa ekurima. Vazhinji vanopfuya mhuka dzinosanganisira mombe; mbudzi; hwayi; huku; njiva; hanga; nguruve nedzimwewo. Kuminda vanodyara mbeu dzinosanganisira; chibage; donje; fodya; nzungu; nyimo; mbambaira nezvimwewo.
Madzinde anorimwa muvhu achizokohwewa kuti adyiwe kana kushandiswa nevanhu anonzi mbesa - crop. Panodyarurwa fodya kana muriwo, madzinde acho madiki ari kudyarurwa anonzi mbesanwa kana kuti nhondo.


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Ketamukadzi
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Ketamukadzi (Gynaecology in English) ibazi rehurapi rine chekuita nehutano hwevakadzi zvikurusei kutarisa hutano hwenhengo dzesikarudzi. Munhu akaridzidzira achiita basa rokutarisa hutano hwengo dzesikarudzi dzechikadzi anonzi Chiketamukadzi, hazvineyi murume kana kuti mukadzi ari kubata basa racho.
Shoko rokuti kuketa ishoko reslang yeChiShona rinoreva zvinosanganisira: kuziva, kuona, kuva nenjere, kuyeuka chawakamboona, kupatsanura, kuronga, zvichingodaro. Shoko rokuti kuketa ndiro riri pedyo kuturikira chivakashure chokuti -logy chinoshandiswa kuEnglish mumazwi anenge gynaecology, geology, biology. Saka Ketamukadzi ibazi reruzivo pamusoro pehutano hwevakadzi.


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Gore
Gore ndiyo nguva inotorwa nairo Pasi kuita dendera rimwe ichipoterera zuva iri muboterekwa rayo.
Pakufamba kwegore nyika inopfuura mwaka yakasiyana-siyana inoonekwa: nokushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze; kureba kwenguva iri pakati pakubuda nokuvira kwezuva; chimiro chemiti nebundo; uye michero inowanikwa panzvimbo. Gore rine misi mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu kana riri makore nje. Kana rasvika gore remucharikwa (leap year) rine mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu.
Gore sechikamu chinoshandisiwa kuera nguva[chinja | edit source]
Gore repaCalendar ndiyo nguva iri pakati pemisi miviri ine zita rimwechete paCalendar.
Hafu yegore inokwanisa kutanga January ichipera June kana kutanga July ichipera December.
Gore rinopimwa nedzimwe nzira dzakawanda.
Gore repaCalendar rinoda kuenderana nedendera rePasi parinopoterera zuva. Gore repaCalendar yaGregory (uye Calender yaJulian) rakareba mazuva 365 kana kuti 366 kana riri gore remucharikwa (Leap Year).
Tsika[chinja | edit source]
Shoko rokuti makei rinoshaniswazve kureva gore. Makei anouya zvinoreva gore rinouya. Makei akapera zvinoreva gore rakapera.


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Hwembwa (bonde)
Hwembwa mumwe wemisambo paBonde unoitwa murume nemukadzi vakatarira divi rimwe.
- Kuita hwemba zvinoreva musambo wekunge mudzimai akagwadama nemabvi nemagokora besu rake riri mudenga, dundundu nechiso zviri pasi.
- Kana zvadai nhengo yesikarudzi yemudzimai inenge ichiwonekwa nepakati pezvidya kumashure.
- Murume anouya nekumashure kwemukadzi wake, iye murume ari pamabvi ake. Zvadai vaviri vanokwanisa kuvamba mutambo nhengo dzichiita gedhi-gedhi.
Pakadai murume anenge achiona muvuri wemudzimai wake kubvira magaro, musana nemutsipa. Mawoko ake murume anokwanisa kubata nhengo dzemudzimai wake kana zvichisanganisira mazamu. Musambo uyu ungaita kunge wemusikanzwa asika mumba mevaviri vakaroorana vakafanira kuti vafadzane. Hapana musikanzwa chaiwo uripo asi mafaro anotenderwa zvitsvenetsvene.


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Hugari hwevanhu
Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika, hugari hwevanhu (population) ishoko rinoreva huhwandu hwevanhu vanogara munzvimbo iri kutaurwa nezvayo. Someunzaniso, guta reHarare rine hugari hwevanhu mamiriyoni 2,8 zvichitevedza manhamba akaburitswa mugore ra2006.
MuZimbabwe vanhu vanosiverengwa mushure memakore gumi (10). Saka nhoroondo yokuverengwa kwevanhu inoti izvi zvakaitwa mukakore 1982, 1992, 2002. Kuverengwa kwevanhu kunotevera kuri kutarisirwa mugore ra 2012. Chirongwa ichi chinotungamirwa neCentral Statistics Office.
Kurerutsa Mutauro[chinja | edit source]
Dekenye zvinoreva huwandu hwevanhu vazhinjisa.


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Sango
Sango (forest in English) inzvimbo isna misha yakavakwa ine miti nehuswa. Zvakakosha kuchengeta masango tisingapise nokuti miti irimo inogadzira oxygen yatinofema uye unobata mhepo kuti isasvika kumisha nesimba rakanyanya. Miti inochengetedzawo tupuka tunobatsra mbesa dzedu panguva idzo mbesa dzinenge dzotumbuka; tupuka utwu tunobatsira sikarudzi mumbesa dzinorimwa. Tupuka twakafanana nenyuchi tunobatsira kutakura chikono chembesa kuendesa kuchikadzi mumaruva.
Binga isango rine miti yakawanda sezviya zvinoonekwa kumapinga ekuCongo kana ekuBrazil muBinga reAmazon.
Denhere (thicket) zvinoreva sango rine makwenzi kana miti isina kunyanya kureba.


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Chikwatamabwe
Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika chikwatamabwe (Volcano) inzvimbo inotubuka mabwe achikwata kubva pasi pevhu. Mabwe aya anobuda achipisa samare achiyerera pasi nokudaukira mudenga paanenge okwata. Chikwatamabwe chinokanda madota mudenga nokupwititsa chiutsi chakawanda chinosimuka kusvika pahukwidza hunobhururuka ndege.
Mugore ra 2010 chikwatamabawe chiri kuIceland chakapwititsa chiutsi chakavharisa nhandare dzendege kuEurope vachityira njodzi kundege kana dzobhururuka mudenga. Madota akakandwa nechikwatamabwe ichi akaonekwa kuziwumbe reEurope achibva kuchitsuwa chinonzi Iceland. Mugore ra2011 vana mazvikokota vane chifundidziro chokuti chikwatamabwe chichatubukazve chichikanda dota mudenga, nekuyeredza mabota emabwe anopisa.
Nekumwe kutaura chiitiko ichi chinodanwa kunzi tyakamabwe; izwi rokuti tyaka rinoshandiswa kuChiKaranga richireva kukwata. Kuno kuAfrica kune chikwatamabwe kuDRC pagomo rinonzi Nyamuragira.
Nhoroondo[chinja | edit source]
Shoko reEnglish rokuti "Volcano" rakatanga kutaurwa neVaRoma kuItaly pakaitika chikwatamabwe paGomo reEtna. VaRoma panguva iyi vaitenda kuna mwari wemoto aidanwa kunzi Vulcan. Saka pakaita chikwatamabwe paGomo reEtna vakafunga kuti ndiye Vulcan ari kutaridza hasha dzake. Zita raVulcan rakabva ratumidza kuchiitiko ichi vachitaura neLatin kuti "Vulcanus". Kuzoti "volcano" kwave kusandurudza kuenda kuEnglish - zita iri rakabva rabata nazvino ndiro rinoshandiswa kunyangwe zvazvo ruzivo rwawedzera vanhu vave kuziva kuti chikwatamambwe hachineyi naVulcan.
Vakare vakatumidza maererano nemaonero nemafungiro avo panguva iyoyo. Isu nhasi tinowona chitiko ichi kuri kukwata kwemambwe saka pano panzi chikwatamabwe. Chikwatamabwe chinonzi ikirunga mururimi rweKirundu rwunotaurwa kuBurundi; zvingadaro kuti shoko rokuti chirunga reShona rinoreva icho chikwatamabwe nokuti kune mazwi eChiSHona mazhinji akafanana neKirundu.
Kundengenyeka kwenyika[chinja | edit source]
Ichi chiitiko chekuti nyika inondengenyeka ichizunguzika pasi pachifamba.
Nyika yatigere yakawumbwa nehwendefa dzemabwe dzakawarikwa dzichivhara matunhu Pasirose. Hwendefa idzi dzine mitswe nehwangwadza pakati padzo. Hwendefa idzi dzigere pamusoro pemabwe anokwata nekupisa. Hujoto hunosiyana munzvimbo dziri pamatunhu akasiyana; nokudaro hwendefa idzi dzinotambanuka kana hujoto hwakwira nokudzoka kana hwaderera. Mukufamba uku imwe nguva dzinokwesherana dzichitsvedza zviri nyore; imwe nguva dzinokochekerana dzoita mangange poshaya hwendefa inofamba.
Zvadai fosi inosunda hwendefa idzi inoramba ichikwira padzinenge dzakarumana kudaro. Panozosvikwa nguva yekuti nzvimbo dzakabatana hadzichagona dzakurirwa nefosi iri kusunda. Ipapo hwendefa dzinopfutunuka dzotsukunyuka dzichibandana, kupetana nokukonzera kundengenyeka kwenyika. Panguva imwe cheteyo mabwe akanyauka ari pasi pehwendefa idzi anokwanisa kusimuka achiwana mukana wazaruka pamitswe inenge yawedzera kushama. Mabota emabwe aya anozotubuka panyika achive chikwatamabwe.


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Bamba (kushandira)
Shoko rokuti bamba (mental or physical effort or exertion) rinoreva kushandira kana kushingaira kwose kunoit wa nevanhu kana masangano kungava kuri kushanda vachibata nemaoko kana kushandisa pfungwa. Munhu anoshanda ari muhofisi anoita bamba, uy snoshanda rokuchera mugodhi anoitawo bamba. Kana pari pakambani munhu wose kubvira kune mukokeri mukuru kusvika kune uyo ari kubika tiyi vose vari kuita bamba.
Kurerutsa Mutauro[chinja | edit source]
- Muchero ibamba - apa kureva hope of reward is a driving for.
- Ngwena haidyi chebamba chayo chinoza neronga:


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Africa ndiro ziwumbe riri panzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwenharaunda uye Africa ndiyo yechipiri pakuwanda kwehugari hwavanhu ichitevera Asia. Nharaunda yeAfrica yakakura kusvika 30.2 million km², izvi zvichisanganisira zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nayo. Chikamu chinosvika 6% yenharaunda yeEarth chinotorwa ne ziwumbe reAfrica uye chikamu chinosvika 20.4% chevhu chiri muAfrica.
Africa yakapoteredzwa ne: gungwa reMediteranean kuMaodzanyemba; gungwa reIndian Ocean kuMabvazuva nekuChamhembe; negungwa reAtlantic kuMadokero nekuChamhembe. Madagascar ndiyo chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengwa kuva mudunhu reAfrica. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seychelles; Mauritius; Cape Verde; Equitorial Guinea; Robben Island; Zanzibar nezvimwewo zvidiki.
Africa ine vanhu vanosvika 1.0 billion vazhinji vacho vanhu vatema.
Vanhu vekuEurope vakapamba Africa mumwaka wechizana 19 (19th century); pakazopera mwaka wechizana 20 Africa yose yanga yawana rusununguko. Ghana ndiyo yakatanga kuwana rusununguko mugore ra1957 , Namibia ndiyo yakapedzisira mugore ra1990.
TaranyikaEdit
Africa inopatsanurana neEurope pagungwa reMediterranean ichinobatana neAsia paSuez panova panocheka napo muronga Suez Canal. Dunhu reSinai riri mhiri kwemuronga Suez Canal munyika yeEgypt rinoverengwa kunzi riri muAfrica.
Nzvimbo iri kwakanyanya kuenda kuMaodzanyemba inonzi Ras ben Sakka, Tunisia (37°21' N) ; iri kwakanyanya kuenda kuChamhembe inonzi Cape Agulhas muSouth Africa (34°51'15" S). Pakati penzvimbo idzi pane nhambwe inokwana 8000km. Kwakanyanya kuenda kuMabvazuva kune Ras Hafun iri muSomalia (51°27'52" E); kwakanyanya kuenda kuMadokero kune Cape Verde (17°33'22" W). Kubva paRas Hafun kusvika kuCape Verde pane nhambwe inosvika 7,400km. Muganhu wemahombekombe eAfrica negungwa wakareba 26,000km.
Nyika hombesa muAfrica inonzi Algeria, nyika dukusa inonzi Seychelles inova chaunga chezvitsuwa zviri kuMabvazuva kweAfrica. Nyika dukusa paziwumbe rakabatana inonzi Gambia.
Vanhu vemuAfricaEdit
Huwandu hwevagari veAfrica hwakakwira zvakanyanya pamakore makumi mana (40) apfuura, nokudaro Africa ine vanhu vazhinji vechidiki. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica chikamu chinodarika 50% yevanhu vari pasi pamakore 25 ekuberekwa. Huwandu hwevanhu muAfrica hwakakwira kubva pa 221 million muna 1950 kusvika pa 1.0 billion muna 2009.
Marudzi evanhu vanotaura mitauro yechiBantu ndivo vakawanda mudunhu rinobva pakati peAfrica zvichienda kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mudunhu iri muno wanikwawo marudzi vatematema vechiNile vanowanikwa kuSouthern Sudan nekuMabvazuva kweAfrica, pamwe nemaSwahili uye maKhoikhoi vanowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Marudzi emaKhoikhoi ndiwo anonzi akatanaga kusvika kuchamhembe kweAfrica kuchizotevera vatauri vendimi dzechiBantu. MaKhoikhoi ndivo vane rudzi runonzi San kana kuti rwainzi Bushmen kare.
KuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica kune mapoka maviri: Berber neArab kumadokero; vaEgypt nevaLibya kumavirira. Verudzi rwechiArab vakasvika mudunhu iri mwaka wechizana 7, vakaunza mutauro weArabic nechinamato cheIslam kunzvimno idzi. Vanhu veMarudzi aShem vakauyawo mudunhu iri vachisanganisira: vaPhoenician nevaHysko - maGreek nemaRoman vakagarawo munzvimbo iyi. Verudzi Berber ndivo ruzhinji munyika yeMorroco uye muAlgeria mune maBerber vane chitsama chakati kuti. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rune vanhu vanogara mugwenga reSahara kunyanya.
Munyika dzeEritrea neEthiopia mune vaAmhara neTigryans vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aShem iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic. Mudunhu rimwechetero mune vaOromo nevaSomali vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aCush iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic.
Mumwaka wakanga Africa ichiri pasi peVarungu kwakanga kuine varungu munyika zhinji asi iye zvino vasara vane chitsama munyika shoma. Mumakore akawana nyika dzeAfrica kuzvitonga varungu vakatama kubva munyika dzinoti: Algeria, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique neAngola. Zvinofungirwa kuti maPortuguese vanokwana 1.0 millin vakabuda muAfrica mumwaka 1960-1979. Parizvino varungu vanowanikwa vashoma munyika dzinoti: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia neRéunion. Nyika ine varungu vakawanda ndiyo South Africa uye nyika iyi ndiyo ine verudzi rwechiJudah zvakanyanya muAfrica - zvinonzi South Africa ine 71,000 verudzi rwemaJudah. Marudzi ane madzitateguru vekuEurope anosanganisira, Afrikaner, Anglo-Africans (vakabva Britain) uye Coloureds.
Kuuya kweVarungu vakauya nechitsama chevanhu vakabva kuAsia zvikurusei marudzi eIndia. Misha inogara marudzi echiIndia inowanikwa muSouth Africa uye muKenya neTanzania. Zvitsuwa zviri mugungwa Indian Ocean zvakagarwa vevanhu vakabva kuAsia - imwe nguva vairoorana neVanhu vemuAfrica pamwe neveEurope. Vanhu vari muMadagascar ndeverudzi rweAustronesian asi vanosangana nemarudzi anoti Bantu, Arab, Indian and European. Mumwaka wachizana 20 kumahombekombe eAfrica kumabvazuva nekumadokero kwakasvikavo vane chitsama vemarudzi eku Lebanon neChina.
MitauroEdit
Pakuverengwa kwemitauro yemuAfrica , kunonzi ziwumbe iri rine mitauro inosvika zviuru zviviri, (2000). Mitauro iyi mizhinji ndeye muAfrica asi kune imwewo yakauya kubva kuEurope neAsia. Kunonzi Africa ndiyo nzvimbo ine vanhu vanotaura mitauro mizhinji pane dzimwe dzose.
Nzizi dzeAfricaEdit
Rwizi NileEdit
Rwizi Nile ndirwo rwakanyanya kureba Pasirose ruchiyerera nhambwe inoita 6,650km. Nile inopinda munyika dzinoti: Burundi; Rwanda; Democratic Republic of Congo; Tanzania; Kenya; Uganda; Ethiopia neEgypt.
Rwizi ZambeziEdit
KuChamhembe kweAfrica, Rwizi Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba 3,540km. parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma anonzi Victoria Falls ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia neBotswana. Mamwe mapopoma ari parwizi Zamabezi anosanganisira: Chavuma Falls iri pamuganhu weAngola neZambia; Ngonye Falls neSioma Falls kuMadokero kweZambia.
Njodzi muAfricaEdit
- Mugore ra2011 mumwedzi waMarch nyika yeJapan yakaita kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasumudza mvura kubva mugungwa ikaita mafashama padunhu. Chiitiko ichi chakaparadza zvivakwa zvizhinji nehupenyu hwevanhu.
- KuChamhembe kweAfrica kundengenyeka kwenyika kushoma; mugore ra2001 South Africa, Botswana neZimbabwe dzakanzwawo kundengenyeka kwenyika asi hapana zvivakwa zvakaparadzwa. Padambudziko iri musiki wakati ropafadza mudunhu reAfrica.
- MuAfrica mune zvikwatamabwe zvinozikanwa zvinoti: Kilimanjaro; Nyiragongo; Nyamuragira nezvimwewo kuNigeria neSouth Africa. Zvimwechetezvo nekudengenyeka kwenyika, chiitiko chinonzi chikwatamabwe kashoma kuitika muziwumbe reAfrica.


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Hwiriro
Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, hwiriro (Frequency) - iri izwi rinotaura huwandu hwechiitiko chinodzokorora, kuti chiri kuitika kangani kuchiverengwa pachiyero chenguva. Hwiriro hunopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Hertz unove mupimo unoreva kuti chiitiko chiri kuitika kamwe pa sekondi imwe. Chititiko chinoverengwa chichitangira nokuperera panvzimbo imwe kureva kuti kana chapera kuitika panenge pave nokudzokera panzvimbo pavambwa kuverengwa.
Kurerutsa Mutauro[chinja | edit source]
- Magetsi emuZimbabwe ane hwiriro hwe 60 hertz.
- Ruwoko rwunotaridza masekondi pachiringazuva rwune hwiriro hwe 60 pamineti hour imwe.
- Injini yemotokari ine hwiriro hwunodarika 2000 dendera pamineti.
Tsika[chinja | edit source]
- Anohwiriro raura maakambobata hove - apa kureva kudzokorora kuraura maakambobata hove.


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Bere
Bere (Hyena in English) imhuka yemusango ine makamba matema nebrown inokura kusvika pamhumhu wembwa. Iyi mhuka inowanikwa muziwumbe zveAfrica neAsia. Bere imhuka inozivikanwa nokufamba usiku uye nemusana waro wakaita muteremuko unobva kumakumbo emberi uchidzika kuenda kumakumbo eshuru.
Bere rakasiyana nekatsi dzemusango pakuti rinobata dzimwe mhuka richishandisa mazino kwete makumbo ane nzwara sezvinoita mbada. Danga remapere rinesimba rokudzinga shumba kubva padzinenge dzavhima dzikabata mhuka yesango. Mapere anovhima nyati achikwanisa kuiwuraya; izvi zvinogoneka kana riri danga remapere.
Tsumo - Chinono chinengwe bere rakadya richifamba.
Mazita emhuri[chinja | edit source]
Kune mazita emhuri ane chekuita nebere. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Bere, Mapere, Chipere, Beremauro.


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Reunion.com > Ebelin Rivera - Vanette Roberts > Hussain Rizvi - Sundal Rizvi
Classmates from Hussain Rizvi to Sundal Rizvi
Hussain Rizvi Iffat Rizvi Iftikhar Rizvi Ijaz Rizvi Iktidar Rizvi Imran Rizvi Inam Rizvi Iqbal Rizvi Iram Rizvi Irfan Rizvi Irtiza Rizvi Ishaq Rizvi Ishrat Rizvi Ismat Rizvi Jafar Rizvi Jafer Rizvi Jaffer Rizvi Jamal Rizvi Javed Rizvi Jawad Rizvi Jeffrey Rizvi Jehangir Rizvi Jim Rizvi Joanne Rizvi John Rizvi Kaiser Rizvi Kamal Rizvi Kamran Rizvi Kaneez Rizvi Kaniz Rizvi Karen Rizvi Karla Rizvi Kashan Rizvi Kashif Rizvi Kazi Rizvi Kazim Rizvi Khalid Rizvi Khalil Rizvi Khawar Rizvi Khurram Rizvi Khursheed Rizvi Kim Rizvi Kiran Rizvi Kishwar Rizvi Kulsoom Rizvi Laila Rizvi Lilly Rizvi Lori Rizvi Lubna Rizvi Madiha Rizvi Maha Rizvi Maheen Rizvi Mahjabeen Rizvi Mahnaz Rizvi Majid Rizvi Maliha Rizvi Mansoor Rizvi Manzar Rizvi Mariam Rizvi Mary Rizvi Maryam Rizvi Mashall Rizvi Masood Rizvi Masooma Rizvi Mazhar Rizvi Mehdi Rizvi Mehwish Rizvi Melissa Rizvi Mohamed Rizvi Mohammad Rizvi Mohammed Rizvi Mohsin Rizvi Mona Rizvi Moniba Rizvi Muhammad Rizvi Muhammed Rizvi Mujahid Rizvi Mumtaz Rizvi Munawar Rizvi Munazza Rizvi Munir Rizvi Muntazir Rizvi Murtaza Rizvi Murtuza Rizvi Musarrat Rizvi Mussarat Rizvi Mustafa Rizvi Mutahir Rizvi Nabeel Rizvi Nadeem Rizvi Nadia Rizvi Naeem Rizvi Naheed Rizvi Nahid Rizvi Naila Rizvi Najma Rizvi Nargis Rizvi Narjis Rizvi Naseem Rizvi Naseer Rizvi Nasir Rizvi Nasreen Rizvi Naureen Rizvi Naveed Rizvi Navin Rizvi Naz Rizvi Nazar Rizvi Nazia Rizvi Nazish Rizvi Nick Rizvi Nida Rizvi Nigar Rizvi Nighat Rizvi Nisa Rizvi Nishat Rizvi Noman Rizvi Noor Rizvi Noreen Rizvi Novaira Rizvi Nudrat Rizvi Nuzhat Rizvi Omar Rizvi Omm-e-amon Rizvi Patricia Rizvi Qaiser Rizvi Qamar Rizvi Qasim Rizvi Qudsia Rizvi Rabab Rizvi Rabia Rizvi Rabiya Rizvi Rahat Rizvi Rais Rizvi Ramsha Rizvi Rana Rizvi Rashid Rizvi Raza Rizvi Razia Rizvi Rebecca Rizvi Rehan Rizvi Rehana Rizvi Reshma Rizvi Riaz Rizvi Rida Rizvi Rifat Rizvi Riffat Rizvi Rizwan Rizvi Roopa Rizvi Rubab Rizvi Rubina Rizvi Ruby Rizvi Rukaya Rizvi Rukhsana Rizvi Rukshinda Rizvi Ruqia Rizvi Saad Rizvi Saadia Rizvi Saba Rizvi Sabiha Rizvi Sabika Rizvi Sabra Rizvi Sadaf Rizvi Sadia Rizvi Sadiq Rizvi Saeed Rizvi Safia Rizvi Sahar Rizvi Saher Rizvi Saif Rizvi Saima Rizvi Saira Rizvi Saiyed Rizvi Saiyid Rizvi Saj Rizvi Sajjad Rizvi Sakina Rizvi Sal Rizvi Saleem Rizvi Saleha Rizvi Salim Rizvi Salina Rizvi Salma Rizvi Salman Rizvi Salme Rizvi Sam Rizvi Samana Rizvi Samed Rizvi Sameena Rizvi Sameera Rizvi Sami Rizvi Samina Rizvi Sana Rizvi Sanam Rizvi Sara Rizvi Sarah Rizvi Sardar Rizvi Sarmad Rizvi Sarwat Rizvi Sayed Rizvi Sayeda Rizvi Seema Rizvi Sehrish Rizvi Shaan Rizvi Shabana Rizvi Shabbir Rizvi Shabih Rizvi Shabista Rizvi Shafqat Rizvi Shah Rizvi Shahana Rizvi Shaheda Rizvi Shaheen Rizvi Shahid Rizvi Shahida Rizvi Shahina Rizvi Shahnaz Rizvi Shahryar Rizvi Shahzad Rizvi Shaista Rizvi Shakeel Rizvi Shakir Rizvi Shama Rizvi Shamim Rizvi Shams Rizvi Shan Rizvi Shannon Rizvi Sharaf Rizvi Shareen Rizvi Shariq Rizvi Sharjeel Rizvi Sharmeen Rizvi Shaukat Rizvi Shayan Rizvi Shazia Rizvi Sheba Rizvi Sheeza Rizvi Shehla Rizvi Shiraz Rizvi Shumaila Rizvi Sibtain Rizvi Sikander Rizvi Siraj Rizvi Sohail Rizvi Sophia Rizvi Sukaina Rizvi Sultana Rizvi Sumaira Rizvi Sumera Rizvi Sumira Rizvi Sundal Rizvi


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Gonyonhatu tsazakose
Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyonhatu tsazakose (equilateral triangle) igonyonhatu rine mativi ose akaenza uye gonyo nhatu dzose dzakaenzana. Makonya ari mukati megonyonahatu tsazakose ane chidzudzani, imwe neimwe ine 60o. Chivakamberi chokuti tsaza- chinobva pazwi rechiManyika rokuti tsazana rinoreva kuenzana kana kuti equal kuEnglish.
Zvifaniro zvegonyonhatu tsazakose[chinja | edit source]
Kana mativi egonyonhatu tsazakose akareba nhambwe a, tinokwanisa kunyora tsazaniso dzinotevera kutsanangudza zvifaniro (properties) zvechiumbwa ichi:
Ruvanze, A = (3)(1/2).a2/2
Pimamuganhu, P = 3a
Hudzamu, h = (3)(1/2).a


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Zvinodzidziswa neBhaibheri
Bhaibheri rinopa mazano akanakisisa nezvemibvunzo yakaoma zvikuru muupenyu. Kubvira kare-kare kusvika iye zvino kushanda kunoita Bhaibheri kuri kuoneka. Muchikamu chino, uchanyatsoona kuti mazano ari muBhaibheri anoshanda zvechokwadi.
Nyaya Itsva
Bhaibheri Rinoti Chii nezveIsita?
Ona kwakatangira zvinhu zvishanu zvine chokuita nemhemberero yeisita.
Rufu rwaJesu Runotibatsira Sei?
Chivi chemunhu wokutanga, Adhamu, chinobatana nerufu rwaJesu. Sei?
Zvinorevei Kuti Vakafa Vachamutswa?
Uchashamiswa pauchaziva kuti ndivanaani vachamutswa.
Mazano Okubatsira Mhuri
VARI KUYARUKA
Ndingaita Sei Kana Pane Zvandakanganisa?
Munhu wose anokanganisa, asi havasi vose vanodzidza kubva pakukanganisa kwavo.
VANA
Rwiyo Rwokukunda (Rwiyo 132)
Tevedzera Mosesi nevaIsraeri nokuimba rwiyo urwu rwokurumbidza Jehovha.


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Chidenhi
Muchidzidzo chezvipenyu, chidenhi (hormone in English) zvinoreva "compound" dzinoshandiswa kuvamba kana kukuchidzira kushanda kwenhengo dzemuviri. Chidenhi pachinenge chagachirwa munhengo idzi, pane mabasa anobva atanga kuitika munhengo iyi. Zvidenhi zvinotsatidzwa kubva patsatsadzi dziri mumuviri dzine basa rokugadzira chidenhi ichocho. Kune chidenhi chinokuchidza kukura kwendebvu muvarume. Chidenhi chinonzi "testosterone" chinoshanda kukuchidza kuyaruka kwemukomana kuti ave nechimiro chemurume. Chidenhi ichi chinodzivisa kubuda kwemazamu muvarume.
Kunoitawo chidenhi chinoita kuti kubuda kwemazamu kutange muvakadzi. Chidenhi chinonzi "estrogen" chinoshanda kukuchidza kuyaruka kwemusikana kuti ave nechimiro chemukadzi achitanga kumera mazamu.
Shoko rokuti chidenhi rinotaura kuti zviro izvi zvinodenha nhengo kuti dzivambe kuita mabasa adzinobata mumuviri uye zvinonenha kuyaruka kwedzimwe nhengo mumuviri.
Shoko reEnglish rokuti "hormone" rinoreva "that which sets in motion, excites or stimulates a process". Ndiko kudenha kuri kurehwa nezita reShona rapihwa.
Mukutaura kwedu kwamazuva ose unonzwa toti:
- Andidenha saka ndamurova. Apa zvichireva kuti ndiye anditanga.
- Nyaya yamadenha iyi nhasi tinonzwa nekuzuwirwa. Apa zvichireva kuti matanga nyaya inofadza nokupa manyawi kumutauri kuti atange nokuramba ari kuitaura.
- Denha huni iyo moto ubvire zvakanaka. Apa kureva kukuchidzira moto wanga wabatidzwa zvawo kare.
Kutaura kuri muzvirevo izvi kunodudza kushanda kunoita chidenhi kana kuti "hormone": kuvamba; kukuchitsidzira; kukurudzira.


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Zvinyanye
Muchidzidzo cheMasvomhu, zvinyanye (extrema) izwi rinodudzira panogumira hukuru uye huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti mvura inowanikwa pakati pezvinyanye zve 0-100o Celsius. Zvinyanye izita rapiwa richitora pakutaura kwemazuva ose patinoti "zvanyanya, zvanyanyisa kana kuti zvakanyanya - kuChirungu vachiti extreme or extremely". Kana totarisa humwe hweZvinyanye tinoti chinyanye (extremum, singular)
Nharire (Maximum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira hukuru hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti muZimbabwe motokari dzinotenderwa nharire yemuchacha we 120 km/hr pamigwagwa mikuru. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose nharire inzvimbo yakakwirira, paive nemunhu airinda nyika yaShe achitarira kuti kune vavengi vanouya here.
Nhika (Minimum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti hurumende inoronga kutara mari inotambiriswa vashandi ive panhika ye$150 pamwedzi. Pakutaura kwemazuva ose nhika inzvimbo iri pakadzika tichifananidza nenhraunda yenzvimbo iyoyo.


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Eritrea
Eritrea inyika iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva mudunhu rinonzi Runyanga rweAfrica. Gutaguru renyika iyi rinonzi Asmara; iyo Eriteria yakaganhurana nenyika dzinoti: Sudan kumadokero; Ethiopia kuchamhembe; neDjibouti iri kumabvazuva. Matunhu ari kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEriteria ane miganhu wakatambarara uri paGungwa Dzvuku, kwakatarisana nenyika dzinoti Saudi Arabia neYemen. Nyika iyi ine nharaunda inoda yakakura kusvika skweya ekiromita 117,600 tichisanganisira Zvitsuwa zveHanish neZvitsuwa zveDahlak.
Nyika yeEritrea ine marudzi mazhinji evanhu, kune marudzi mapfumbamwe ane anozivikanwa ane makonzwa. Nyika iyi ine hugari hwevanhu mamirioni matanhatu. Vagari vemo vazhinji vanotaura misaku yemitauro yeAsia neAfrica iri mitauro yezvizvarwa zveMhuri dzaShem neMhuri dzaCush. Marudzi eVaTigrinya ane zvizvarwa zvinokwana kusvika 55% yehugari hwevanhu, ayawo marudzi eVaTigre achibata chikamu chinosvika 33% yevagari muEritrea. Kunoitawo marudzi ezvidza zveNile vane mitauro yenharaunda yeNile-Sahara. Vagari vazhnji veEritrea vanotecedza zvitendero zvechiKristu nechiIslam.


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Dziva rokushambira
Dziva rokushambira zvinoreva dziva rakavakwa nevanhu kuitira kuti vashambire munzvimbo ine mvura yakachena inosukwa tsvina dzichiraswa. Nokumwe kutaura rinonzi duhwino. Duhwino rinodirwa mishonga inouraya hutachiona uye mvura yacho inomiminiwa kubvisa tsvina yakaita magodo.
Maduhwino ane mitemo yawo inosanganisira:
- Vanhu vanofanira kugeza vasati vapinda muduhwino zvisinei kuti vabva kumba vakageza.
- Kune mhando dzembatya dzinotenderwa muduhwino, mbatya dzinopfekwa kumba kana munzira hadzitenderwi kanamunhu ave mumvura. Mbatya dzomunduhwino dzakagadzirwa kuti dzisareme kana dzatota uye dzinosonwa nejira risingatakure hutachiowana kunyanya.
Kune vasina kuzvijaira mbatya dzinopfekwa kuduhwino dzinoita kunge munhu asina kusimira zvakakwana, asi kune vazvijaira vanongoti ndizvo zveko.


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DAMBUDZIKO rekutora zvinodhaka riri kuratidza kuramba richirura pasi rose sezvo ongororo yakaitwa nerimwe bazi resangano reUnited Nations richiratidza kuti vanhu vanodarika 210 miriyoni vari kutora zvinodhaka izvo zviri kukanganisa budiriro munyaya dzeupfumi.
Mashoko aya akataurwa negurukota rezveutano nekurerwa kwakanaka kwevana, Dr Henry Madzorera, pamusangano wekucherechedza zuva guru rekurwisana nenyaya dzekutorwa kwezvinodhaka nekupinzwa kwazvo munyika zvisiri pamutemo iro rakaitirwa kuChitungwiza Central Hospital, nguva pfupi yadarika.
Dr Madzorera vakati vanhu vanosvika 200 000 vanofa pasi rose pagore nekuda kwekutora zvinodhaka.
"Kutora zvinodhaka kunokanganisa mashandiro akanaka emuviri zvikuru sei uropi. Munhu anopedzisira apinda muzvinhu zvine njodzi zvakadai sekuita bonde risina dziviriro kana kupinda mutsaona.
"Vamwe vanopedzisira vave kubatira zvirwere zvakaita seutachiona hweHIV, hepatitis, rurindi, kuzvara vana vasina kusvika, kuzvisungirira zvikuru kune vaye vanotora zvinodhaka izvi nenzira yekuzvibaya majikiseni," vakadaro Dr Madzorera.
"Ongororo yakaitwa nesangano reUnited Nations on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) inoratidza kuti vanhu vanodarika 210 miriyoni pasi rose vari kushandisa zvinodhaka apo 25 miriyoni vachirarama nekuda kwezvinodhaka izvi uye 200 000 vachifa pagore," vakadaro.
Dr Madzorera vakati zvinodhaka izvi zvinosanganisira mbanje, cocaine, heroine, doro nezvimwe zvinokanganisa pfungwa.
Vakavedzera vakati izvi zviri kukanganisa kusimukira kweupfumi apo tsaona dzinowanda uye zvipatara zvinodhurirwa nemishonga inenge ichidiwa kurapisa avo vane dambudziko iri.
"MuZimbabwe zvinodhaka zviri kunyanya kutorwa imbanje nedoro uye kutora zvinodhaka uku kunokonzera gomarara repahuro, kurasika njere, kutaurisa, kushaya mbereko, kubva pamuviri, nhetemwa kana kushaya hunhu," vakadaro.
Chamangwiza weChitungwiza Central Hospital, Dr Obadiah Moyo, vakati kune vamwe vabereki vari kubika makeke anenge akasangana nezvinodhaka vachitengesa muzvikoro izvo zviri kukanganisa vana vechikoro.
"Vamwe vabereki vanobika makeke anenge ane muto wembanje vachitengesera vana vechikoro izvo zvinoita kuti vakanganisike mudzidzo. Vana vanopedzisira vave nehavi yekuda makeke iwayo nguva nenguva vanhu ivavo vachiita mari asi zvichikanganisa budiriro yenyika apo vamwe vana vanorovha chikoro kana kurwisana nevarairidzi kana kuti ivo pachavo," vakadaro Dr Moyo.
Chief Superintendent Luckson Mukazhi vanove zvekare Officer Commanding CID Drugs vakati nyaya dzekutorwa kwezvinodhaka dzakanyanya kutekeshera kubvira pakatanga kushanda mari yekunze kwenyika muno.
"Kubvira pakatanga kushanda mari yemuno yakabatana neyekunze, kupinzwa nekutorwa kwezvinodhaka kwakabva kwavedzera nekuti vagari vekunze vakabvawo vatora mukana wekuita mari vachipinza zvinodhaka izvi zvisiri pamutemo.
"Zvinodhaka izvi zviri kunyanyoshandiswa nemazera achiri kuenda kuchikoro uye chikamu che75 percent chezvinodhaka chiri kupinzwa zvisiri pamutemo munyika muno kubva kunyika dziri kumaodzanyemba," vakadaro Chief Sup Mukazhi.
Vakayambira veruzhinji kuti vamhan'are nyaya idzi kumapurisa kuitira kuti dzinge dzichiderera.
- zimpapers


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Gambamutengo
Gambamutengo (subsidy) zvinoreva chikamu chemutengo wenhumbi chinobhadharwa nehurumende ichibhadhara kambani dziri kutengesa nhumbi. Gambamutengo rinoripwa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zviviri zvinoti: chekuti mutengo wenhumbi unge wakaderera kusvika pokuti vatengi vanokwanisa kutenga nyore; uye kuti kambani dzikwanise kuramba dzichigadzira nhumbi dzisingarasikirwe nemari. Saka gambamutengo rinoderedza mutengo kuvatengi asi risingaderedze mari inogamuchirwa nemwene wekambani.
Kurerutsa Mutauro[chinja | edit source]
- Hurumende iri kuripa gambamutengo rinoita $0.25 parita repeturu. Apa kureva – the Government is subsiding petrol at $0.25 per litre.


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Rufuvha (magetsi)
Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, rufuvha (current) zvinoreva kuyerera kwechaji yemagetsi muhwendedzo inopereka magetsi.
Mumaseketi emagetsi, chaji iyi inositakurwa nemaerekitironi muwaya. Inogonawo kutakurwa nemaayoni mumupfutukanegetsi (electrolyte) kana kuti nezvose maerekitironi nemaayoni mupurasima.
Chiyero cherufuvha mumaSI chinoyera reti yekuyerera kwechaji paumwe hwechiyero chenguva chinonzi ambee (A) (muChirungu, ampere). Ambee imwe chete inoyera chaji yecoulomb imwe chete inoyerera munguva yesekondi imwe chete. Rufuvha rwemagetsi runopimwa nemuchina unonzi amita.
Mhando dzerufuvha[chinja | edit source]
Rufuvha runonyanya kuwonekwa ruchifamba nenzira mbiri dzinoti: rufuvha rwetsinhamativi (alternating current) uye rufuvha rwemutondakumwe (direct current).


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Rwizi Zambezi
Zambezi river rwizi runoyerera kubva kuZambia, rwopinda muAngola, rwuchizotevedza muganhu weNamibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe neBotswana, pedzezvo rwopinda kuMozambique uko rinonodira mugungwa reIndian Ocean.
Kuno kuChamhembe kweAfrica, Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba 3,540km. parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma anonzi Victoria Falls ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia neBotswana. Mamwe mapopoma ari parwizi Zamabezi anosanganisira: Chavuma Falls iri pamuganhu weAngola neZambia; Ngonye Falls neSioma Falls kuMadokero kweZambia.
Zambezi rine magwenya makuru emagetsi maviri ari paKariba Dam neCabora Bassa Dam. Pane rimwe gwenya diki paVictoria falls.
Rwizi Zambezi rune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine machiti - rapids.
Chisuvi cheMvura[chinja | edit source]
Chisuvi cheMvura zvinoreva nzvimbo yakakwirira yokuti kumativi ayo nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kwakasiyana.
Somuenzaniso muZimbabwe chisuvi chemvura chinotevedza nzvimbo dzakakwirira pakavakirwa maguta anoti: Harare; Chegutu; Kadoma; Kwekwe; Gweru neBulawayo.
Kune rimwe divi nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kuMaodzanyemba kunodira kuna rwizi Zambezi. Nzizi dzinoti: rwizi Mazowe; rwizi Munyati; rwizi Manyame dzinoyerera dzichinodira muna Zambezi.
Nekune rimwe divi dzinoyerera dzichienda mabvazuva dzichinodira muna Rwizi Runde naRwizi Save. Divi iri rine nzizi dzinoti: rwizi Tokwe; rwizi Chiredzi; rwizi Mutirikwe dzine mvura inonopinda kuMozambique ichinodira kugungwa reIndian Ocean.


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Nhamba Yokuti 666 Inorevei?
Mhinduro yeBhaibheri
Bhuku rokupedzisira muBhaibheri rinotiudza kuti nhamba yokuti 666 izita rechikara chine misoro 7 nenyanga 10 chinobuda mugungwa. (Zvakazarurwa 13:1, 17, 18) Chikara ichi chinomirira masangano ose ematongerwo enyika anotonga “madzinza ose nevanhu nendimi norudzi.” (Zvakazarurwa 13:7) Kuna Mwari nhamba yokuti 666 inoratidza kuti masangano aya ematongerwo enyika akundikana zvakanyanya kutonga. Sei tichidaro?
Zita racho rine zvarinoreva. Mazita anopiwa naMwari anenge aine zvaanoreva. Somuenzaniso, Mwari akapa Abramu (Baba Vanokudzwa) zita rokuti Abrahamu iro rinoreva kuti “Baba Vemarudzi (Akawanda),” paakamuvimbisa kuti aizova “baba vemarudzi mazhinji.” (Genesisi 17:5) Saka Mwari akapa chikara zita rokuti 666 sechiratidzo chine zvachinomiririra.
Nhamba yokuti 6 inoratidza kusakwana. Bhaibheri rinowanzoshandisa nhamba kumiririra zvimwe zvinhu. Nhamba yokuti 7 inomiririra kuzara kana kuti kukwana. Uye 6 inomiririra kusazara kana kuti kukundikana pamberi paMwari uye inoshandisirwa kuvavengi vaMwari.
Kudzokorora katatu kunoratidza kusimbisa. Pane dzimwe nguva Bhaibheri kana richida kusimbisa chimwe chinhu rinochidzokorora katatu. (Zvakazarurwa 4:8; 8:13) Saka nhamba yokuti 666 inoratidza zvakasimba kuti Mwari anoona masangano ose ematongerwo enyika kuti akundikana zvakanyanya. Masangano aya atadza kuita kuti panyika pave norugare norunyararo izvo zvichagonekwa noUmambo hwaMwari chete.
Chiratidzo chechikara
Bhaibheri rinoti vanhu vanogamuchira “chiratidzo chechikara” nokuti vanochitevera ‘vachichiyemura’ zvokuita senge vachachinamata. (Zvakazarurwa 13:3, 4; 16:2) Kunamata kwavanochiita kunooneka norukudzo rwavanopa kunyika yavo, kumauto enyika yavo nezvimwewo. Bhuku rinonzi The Encyclopedia of Religion rinoti: “Kutsigira nyika chatova chitendero chinoitwa nevanhu mazuva ano.” *
Chiratidzo chechikara chinoiswa paruoko rwemunhu rwokurudyi uye pahuma sei? (Zvakazarurwa 13:16) Pamirayiro yaakapa rudzi rwevaIsraeri Mwari akati: ‘Muisungire sechiratidzo pamaoko enyu, uye inofanira kuva sechiyeuchidzo pahuma yenyu.’ (Dheuteronomio 11:18) Izvi zvakanga zvisingarevi kuti vaIsraeri vaifanira kuisa chiratidzo pamaoko avo nepahuma dzavo, asi chairehwa ndechokuti vaifanira kutungamirirwa nomutemo waMwari pazvose zvavaifunga kana kuita muupenyu. Saka ndizvowo zvinorehwa nenhamba yokuti 666, hazvirevi kuti munhu anotonyorwa nhamba iyi asi kuti zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanobvumira kuti masangano ematongerwo enyika atonge upenyu hwavo. Vanhu vane chiratidzo chechikara vanozviita vavengi vaMwari.
^ ndima 8 Onawo bhuku rinonzi Nationalism in a Global Era, peji 134; uye Nationalism and the Mind: Essays on Modern Culture, peji 94.


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Ropa
Ropa (blood) ndiwo mutuvi mutsvuku unowanikwa uchiyerera mumitswe iri munyama dzemhuka dzose. Mitswe inofamba neropa inonzi tsinga. Ropa rinofambisa chikafu negasi re"oxygen" kusvitsa kunhengo dzemuviri uye rinotakura tsvina kubva kunhengo dzemuviri.
Mitswe inofamba neropa[chinja | edit source]
Mitswe inofamba neropa ndiwo aya machubhu anonzi blood vessels kuEnglish. Pachinyorwa chino pachasiyaniswa mhando yemitswe iyi kuti tiyedze kuturikira zvinonzi veins, arteries and capillaries kuEnglish. Uku kupatsanura kwakakosha zvikuru nokuti mitswe inofamba neropa ine mabasa akasiyana.
Tsinga[chinja | edit source]
Artery ichanzi tsinga nokuti idzi ihuru uye dzinonatsa kuonekwa nechekunze paganda. Tsinga dzinotakura ropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.
Mushwaira[chinja | edit source]
Mushwaira(Capillary blood vessel) zvinoreva mhando yetsinga ndikisa dzinobatsira mukutsinhana kana kugachidzana kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa mumuviri zvinoti: oxygen, carbon dioxide, mvura, chikafu, nemishonga inoraswa pakati peropa nenhengo dzemuviri. Mishwaira inobatanidza tsinga hombe dzinotakura ropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kunhengo dzomuviri netsingana ndiki chinodzosera ropa kumoyo. Shoko rokuti mushwaira rinoreva kanzira kadiki kasina kunatsa kupfumbira; aka kanenge kari kanzira kanonetsa kuona pakari chaipo. Apa ndipo pabva paturikirwa kuti shoko rinoti mushwaira rive ndiro rinoreva zvimwe nereEnglish rokuti capillary. Iri zita rinoduza zvakanakisa kuti capillary tutsinga tudokosa zvichifanidzwa nedzimwe tsinga dzinoonekwa pamuviri wemhuka kana munhu. Pakuwanda mushwaira inodanwa kunzi mishwaira
Mamwe mazwi[chinja | edit source]
- Ropa ragwamba (blood clot) rinonzi govo kana kuti goo.


text:
Rheshiyo
Muzvidzidzo zvinotevera: masvomhu, fundoyetsimba, rheshiyo (ratio) izwi rinoreva hukama huripo pakati penhamba mbiri dzine nzenda (dimensions) dzakafanana. Rheshiyo inonyorwa seizvi (a:b), izvi zvichitiudza kuti nhamba yechipiri inopinda kangani mune yokutanga.
Muenzaniso ungapiwa ingati:
- Zvikwata zviviri zvenhabvu Guruve United neMhangura United zvanga zviine zvibodzwa 3:2 papera mutambo; apa rheshiyo yacho inenge iri 1.5.
- Mumwe muenzaniso: pavakapedza kudiridza Sarudzai naChipo vakanga vane 30:15 migomo yemvura yavakatakura - apa rheshiyo yacho inenge iri 2. Tinoona kuti pamienzaniso yapiwa zvinhu zviri kufananidzwa zvine nzenda kana chiyero chakafanana.


text:
Nhevedzwa dzeMvura
Nhevedzwa dzemvura chidzidzo chinotsanangudza mafambiro emvura pavhu, pasi pevhu uye mudenga munoumbwa makore. Mvura inosanduka kubva pakuva godo, mutuvi uye mupfunga panhambo dzakasiyana dzenhevedzwa dzemvura. Mvura inofamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzainoungana dzinoti: gungwa, nyanza, nzizi, mhepo. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nezviitiko zvinoti: kunaya, kuyerera pavhu; kumimina nemuvhu; kusasauka ichienda mumhepo; kubundira mumakore; kuverereka kupinda mumhepo ichibva pamazinga echando; zvichingodaro.
Contents
Rondedzero[chinja | edit source]
Mvura iri mugungwa, nyanza, nenzizi inosasauka kupinda mumhepo kuburukidza nekupisa kwezuva. Kunyika dzinotonhora, mupfunga wemvura unoverereka (sublimation) kubva pasinowo , nemagodo (ice) chichipinda mumhepo. Michero inosaukaziya, izvi zvichireva mvura inobuda kubva pamuchero ichipinda mumhepo. Kusumuka kwemweya unopisa kubva padunhu kunosimudzawo mupfunga wemvura kuenda kumakore kunova kunotonhorera. Kutonhora kuri mudenga kunokonzera kuti chapfunga chemvura chibundire kuita madonhwe emvura anoumba makore. Mhepo iri mudenga inotakura mvura iya yabundira zvichiita kuti madonhwe akawanda emvura asangane nekuumbana kuita makore. Imwe mvura iri mumakore inoturuka kuburikidza nekunaya kwesinowo kana chivhuramahwe; iyi mvura inokwanisa kuchengetwa kwemakore iri sinowo kana magodo munzvimbo dzinotonhora. Imwe sinowo inonyauka mumwaka wekupisa. Mvura zhinji inoturuka, inonaya pamusoro pegungwa. Mvura inonaya padunhu inoyerera ichienda munzizi, nyanza, negungwa mainochengetedzwa. Kune chikamu chemvura inonaya padunhu chinopinda muvhu mainochenetedzwa tichizoinwa kubva mumatsime nezvibhorani. Imwe yemvura yepasi iyi inomimina nemuvhu ichinopinda pakaungana mvura munzizi, nyanza, negungwa; imwe mvura inotubuka ichibuda muvhu sechisipiti.
Tsananguro yemashoko[chinja | edit source]
Kusasauka (Evaporation)- uku kushanduka kwemvura kubva pakuva mutuvi (liquid) ichisasauka kuita mupfunga wemvura (vapour,gas). Mvura inosasauka kubva munzvimbo dzayakaungana senzizi, nyanza, negungwa. Mvura inosasauka kuburikidza nekupisa kwezuva. Vamwe vatauri vanoti kukwaika kwemvura.
Kubundira (Condensation)- uku kushanduka kwemupfunga wemvura (water vapour) uchiva madonhwe emvura anoungana kuita makore nemhute. Zvakakosha kuti tinonesane kuti mupfunga wemvura unobundirawo zvakare kuita magodo pasina kuita mutuvi; izvi zvinoitika kunyika dzinotonhora panguva imwe chete inoverereka magodo echando kuita mupfunga wemvura. Naizvozvo misandu miviri inoti mutuvi negodo inonzi misandu yakabundira - condensed phases.
Kuverereka (Sublimation) - iri izwi rinoreva kushanduka kubva pakuva magodo echando kuenda pakuva mupfunga wemvura.
Kusaukaziya (Evapotranspiration)- iri izwi rashandiswa kududzira kutaika kwemvura ichibva pamichero kuenda pakuva mupfunga wemvura.
Mvura Inoyerera Pavhu (Run-off) - iyi imvura inoyerera pamusoro pevhu uye magoronga nenzizi. Imwe mvura inenge yayerera pavhu: inopinda muvhu, imwe yosasauka kupinda mumhepo, zhinji ichizopedzesera yachengetedzwa munyanza, nzizi negungwa.
Mvura Yemuvhu (Groundwater)- iyi imvura inosinina kupinda muvhu imwe ichigara muzvipakwa zvemvura (aquifers) zvinowanikwa pakati pehwendefa dzemabwe asingatendere mvura kupfuura. Imwe yemvura inoyerera nemuvhu inotubuka sezvisipiti imwe ichipedzesera yasinina nemuvhu kusvika kugungwa. Mvura inoyerera pamusoro nepasi pevhu inokonzerwa kudaro negunganidzo (gravity), uye nemutsindo (pressure) unosunda mvura kuti igadzikane iri muvhu .
Gungwa (Sea, Ocean) - iri izwi rinoreva nzvimbo dzakakurusa dzinochengeta mvura yakawanda ine munyu. Magungwa makuru anosanganisira Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, neAtlantic Ocean.
Nyanza (Lakes) - iri zita rapiwa kureva madziva akanyanya kukura anowanikwa padunhu anenge Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika. Nyanza inenge iri mvura yakaungana pasina kuvakirwa dhamu; izvi zvinosiyana neKariba Dam rakavakwa nevanhu. Zita iri rasiyanisa nekutaura kwemazuva ose kunoti nyanza negungwa zvimwechete. Zita iri riri kutoredzera pamutauro weChewa unoti Lake Malawi inonzi Nyanja - pano pavandudzwa kuti zviende kuChiShona. Nyanza yakakura zvakanyanya kudarika dziva
Kupeperutsa mupfunga wemvura (Advection) - zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti dai pasina mhepo inosunda mvura inosasauka kubva mugungwa, mvura iyoyi ingadai isinganaye padunhu asi yainaya kugungwa kwakare. Nokuda kwemhepo, mvura zhinji inosasauka kugungwa inopeperutswa ichizonaya padunhu. Iyi inovawo nzira yekuchenesa mvura iri mugungwa kuti inaye padunhu isisina kusvipiswa nemunyu wegungwa. Chiitiko ichi chinotaurwa muBhaibheri bhuku raAmos 9:6 apo panonzi Jehovha unodana mvura yegungwa achiinaisa panyika.
Jezi (run-off in English) zvinoreva mvura inoyerera pamusoro pevhu mushure mokunge kwanaya.
Mhando dzekuturuka kwemvura[chinja | edit source]
Mvura inenge yabundira iri mudenga inoturuka kubva mudenga nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mudunhu reAfrica kuturuka kuzhinji kwemvura tinokuona kuburikidza nekunaya kwemadonhwe emvura. Kuturuka kwemvura kunoitikawo nenzira dzinoti sinowo, mhute, chivhuramabwe nedzimwe mhando dzinoonekwa kunyika dzinotonhora.
Kunaya kwemvura - uku ndiko kunaya kwemadonhwe emvura inonaya padunhu zvose nepagungwa; chikamu chizhinji chemvura chinonaya padunhu. Iyi ndiyo mhando yekuturuka kwemvura kwatinoona kazhinji muAfrica.
Sinowo (Snow)- sinowo inoturuka munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya. Kazhinji sinowo inoturuka kana kuri kutonhora zviri pa 0o celsius zvichidzika, panova ndipo panogwamba mvura kuita magodo echando. Sinowo zhinji inonaya kunyika dzinotonhora dziri kuEurope, Asia, neNorth America. Mazaya echando anowanikwawo munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakanyanya segomo reKilimanjaro kuKenya nekumakomo makuru ari kuChile kuSouth America.
Chivhuramabwe (Hailstorm) - iyi imvura inoturuka ichidonhedza tumagodo twemvura yakabundira nechando. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chivhuramabwe chinoparadza zvirimwa chichiparura mashizha ezvirimwa.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemvura muZimbabwe[chinja | edit source]
Munyika yeZimbabwe bazi reZINWA ndiro rakapiwa hudaviri nehugabe pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemvura iri munzizi, madhamu, uye iri muvhu. Vanochera zvimborani vanotora mvura imwecheteyo inosininina kupinda munzizi nemumadhamu; nokudaro ZINWA ine chinangwa chokuchengetedza mvura dzose nokuti pakupedzisira kwazvo imvura imweyo.
Nhevedzwa dzeMvura muBhaibheri[chinja | edit source]
Bhaibheri rine ndima dzinotaura pamusoro peNhevedzwa dzeMvura dzinotionesa kuti vanyori veBhaibheri vakanga vane ruzivo pamusoro pechiitiko ichi.
- Ndima iri muBhuku raAmos 9:6 inotaura kuti Jehovha unodana mvura yegungwa achiidira pavhu.
- Ecclesiastes 1:7 inotaura sezvizvi: "Nzizi dzose dzinodira mugungwa asi gungwa harizari; panzvimbo padzinobva nzizi ipapo mvura inodzokerazve".


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Nhengo dzesikarudzi
Muchidzidzo Chezvipenyu (Biology) nhengo dzesikarudzi (reproductive organs) inhengo dzevanhu varume nevakadzi dzine chokuita nekuzvarwa kwevana. Nhengo idzi dzinosanganisira dzinoonekwa nokunze neidzo dzisingaonekwe nokunze.
Nhengo yechikadzi inoonekwa nekunze inonzi mbutu. Mukati mune nhengo dzinosanganisira: chibereko; makandiro; mukana; nemachubhu anofamba nemazai emukadzi.
Nhengo dzemurume dzesikarudzi dzinosanganisira mboro nemachende - rimwe richinzi jende. Mukati mune machubhu anofamba neuronyo hunova hunotakura mbeu yemurume.


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Rudzi rwaIsrael
Rudzi rwemaJudah (Jews in English) rudzi rwevanhu vane madzitateguru akabva kunyika yeIsrael vari vanhu vakazvarwa nevanakomana gumi nevaviri vaJacob . Nhoroondo yerudzi urwu inotevedza madzibaba avo ane mazita akanyorwa muBhaibheri vanoti: Abraham; Isaac; naJacob. Urwu ndirwo rudzi rwakatungamirwa naMoses kubuda muEgypt rwudzi urwu rwakapiwa Mitemo gumi yaMwari iyo yaidzidziswa naMoses apo akabva kunosangana naMwari pagomo reSinai.
Hugari hwemaJudah[chinja | edit source]
Kune maJudah achiriko anogara munyika yeIsrael inova nzvimbo yavanokoshesa senyika yechipikirwa chakaitwa pakati paMwari namadzibaba avo. MaJudah akawanda vakapararira Pasirose vaine hugari hwakawanda munyika dzinoti: USA; France; United Kingdom; Russia Argentina; Brazil nedzimwewo nyika.
Kuno kuAfrica maJudah vane hugari hwakawanda kunyanya muSouth Africa; hugari hwavo hunoda kusvika 71,100 munyika iyi. MuSouth Africa maJudah vakauya panguva yekupambwa kwenyika iyi, vamwe vachizouya munguva yohutongi hwevachena. Kune maJudah ari muSouth Africa akabva kuRussia uye kunyika dziri kumavirira kweRussia. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira Lithuania; Poland; Estonia neLativia.
MaJudah muZimbabwe[chinja | edit source]
MaJudah akauya muZimbabwe panguva yakauya Varungu ndokuumba Chita chavo chemaJudah mugore ra 1895. Ichi chita chaitungamirwa naJoe van Praagh akava Mayor wechiJudah wekutanga muguta reHarare. Milton Park muHarare ine mugwagwa wakapiwa zita raJoe van Praagh. MuGuta reKadoma kwakambova naMayor wechiJudah akagadzwa mugore ra1956; murume uyu ainzi Robert Sternberg.
Hugari hwemaJudah munyika yeZimbabwe hwaderera kubva pahwaive panguva yeRusununguko. Vamwe vavo vakatamira kuSouth Africa, vamwe vachienda kuIsrael, USA nekuEurope. MaJudah anozivikanwa munhoroondo yeZimbabwe anosanganisira: Alfred Beit; Dr Michael Gelfand; Professor Laurence Levy; Joe van Praagh; B.S Leon; Sam Levy; Gary Thompson nevamweyo.
Nobel Prize[chinja | edit source]
Mubayiro weNobel Prize wakavambwa mugore ra1901 nemururme ainzi Alfred Nobel akazvarwa kunyika yeSweden. Mibayiro yezvikamu zvinoti: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace yakatanga kupiwa mugore ra1901. Peace Prize inopiwa kuOslo, Norway, mimwe mibayiro inopiwa kuStockholm, Sweden. Kunonzi chikamu gumi nemanomwe kubva muzana (18%) chemibayiro yeNobel Prize chakatorwa nemaJudah kubva pakavambwa mibayiro iyi.
Rutsvamhumburu[chinja | edit source]
Rutsvamhumburu kana kuti Holocaust kuChirungu raiva jambwa rokuurayiwa kukuru kwemaJudah munguva yakarwiwa Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri. Urwu rushambwa rwakatungamirwa naAdolf Hitler neBato reNazi avo vakakonzera kuurayiwa kwemaJudah vaigara muGermany nevamwe vaigara kune mamwe matunhu akanga akapambwa neGermany munguva iyi kuEurope. Nyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzine fungidziro yokuti maJudah vakaurayiwa nejambwa iri vakasvika mamiriyoni matanhatu (6m). Shoko rekuti Holocaust rinoreva burnt whole, saka kwedu kuChiShona kwanzi rutsvamhumburu kureva kuti muviri wemunhu waipiswa uri mhumburu kuita dota pasina chaisara.


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Dimbu
Muchidzidzo Masvomhu, shoko rokuti dimbu (fraction in English) rinoreva chikamu kubva pane chinhu chizere chose. Dimbu kana richinyorwa rinotaura kuti pane zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana, sokuti zvitatu-kubva-pazvina (3/4), chimwe-kubva-pazviviri (1/2), zvina-kubva-pazvisere (4/7). Pakunyora muchidimbu tichati 4/7 inonyorwa ichingonzi zvikamu zvina-pazvisere.
Dimbu njee rakafanana nekuti 1/2, 8/5, 4/7 rakaumbwa rine nhamba izere pamusoro nenhamba izere pasi. Nhamba yepamusoro inonzi mberengi, iyi nhamba ndiyo inotaura kuti pane zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana. Nhamba yepasi inonzi dumazita, iyi nhamba inotaura kuti chinhu chizere (mhumburu) chakaumbwa nezvikamu zvakaenzana zvingani - zvimwe zvezvikamu ndizvo zvaverengwa pamberengi.
Kupiwa kwemazita[chinja | edit source]
- Shoko reEnglish rokuti denominator rinoreva that which gives a name - saka kuChishona kwapiwa zita rokuti dumazita kana kuti mutumidzazita. Paya panonzi four-tenths kuEnglish kureva kuti zita rezvikamu zviri pachiro mhumburu rinonzi tenths. Apa panenge pari kutaurwa kuti chizere chose chakadimburwa kuita zvikamu gumi zvakaenzana - nokumwe kutaura toti chizere chose chakaumbwa nezvikamu gumi zvakaenzana.
- Saka nhamba yepasi pedimbu ndiyo inosenga kana kutakura zita rinotiudza kuti chiro mhumburu yakadimburwa kuita zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana.
- Shoko reEnglish rokuti numerator rinoreva that which is counted or the counter - saka kuChishona kwapiwa zita rokuti mberengi. Paya panonzi four-sevenths" kuEnglish kureva kuti patorwa zvikamu zvina kubva pazvinomwe zvakaenzana zvinova ndizvo zviri kutaurwa nezvazvo.
- Saka nhamba yepamusoro pedimbu ndiyo inoverenga kuti tiri kutaura pamusoro pezvikamu zvingani kubva pane zvose zviri mune chizere chose.
- Shoko rokuti dimbu njee rinofanana nerekuti common fraction kuEnglish. Shoko rokuti njee rinoreva common kuEnglish.
Mhando dzedimbu[chinja | edit source]
Dimbu njee nemhando dzaro
Dimbu njee idumbu rakanyorwa sezvinoti a/b. Apa a na b dzinenge dziri nhamba izere; a anonzi mberengi, b anonzi dumazita. Mberengi inotaura kuti pane zvikamu zvakaenzanz zvingani. Dumazita rinotiudza kuti pane zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana zvinoumba chizere chose uye hachifanirwe kuva zero. Pamuenzaniso 7/3 uye 5/9, mutsetse uri pakati penhamba mbiri unonzi mutsetse wedimbu - fractional line.
Dimbu njee ine mapoka maviri anoti dimbu chikuru-pasi uye dimbu chikuru-musoro.
- Mberengi nedumazita zvichinge zvakakura kudarika zero, dimbu rinonzi dimbu chikuru-pasi kana chiverengi chiri chidiki pane dumazita. Nokumwe kutaura dimbu chikuru-pasi rinofanirwa kuva nehuhombe huri pasi pana 1 (imwe), kureva kuti dimbu iri rine huhombe huri pakati pa 1 na -1.
- Dimbu chikuru-pasi ndiro rinonzi proper fraction kuEnglish.
- Dimbu rinonzi dimbu chikuru-musoro kana mberengi iriyo yakakura pane dumazita.
- Dimbu chikuru-musoro ndiro rinonzi improper fraction kuEnglish.
Dimbu rakavhengana
Dimbu rakavhengana inowanikwa panowedzaniswa nhamba izere nedimbu chikuru-pasi; apa nhamba izere inenge isiri zero. Somuenzaniso kana kuchitaurwa makeke maviri pamwe nehafu yekeke inonyorwa ichinzi .
- Dimbu rakavhengana ndiro rinonzi mixed fraction kuEnglish
Dimbu chikuru-musoro imwe nzira yokunyora nhamba mhumburu ichiwedzaniswa nedimbu. Dimbu rakavhengana rinokwanisa kushandurwa kuva dimbu chikuru-musoro nenzira inotevera.
- Nyora dimbu rakavhengana iri sesvomhu .
- Shandura nhamba izere ive dimbu chikuru-musoro rine dumazita chakafanana nechikamu chine dimbu njee, .
- Wedzanisa madimbu maviri iwaya. Svomho inowanikwa ipapa inenge iri dimbu chikuru-musoro. Pamuenzaniso wapiwa, .
Zvinogonanwo kuti dimbu chikuru-musoro rishandurwe kuva dimbu rakavhengana nenzira inotevera:
- Chikangani (pasina musarirwa) ndicho chinova chikamu chine nhamba izere padimbu rakavhengana. Musarirwa ndiye anova mberengi pachikamu chine dimbu njee. Pamuenzaniso , 2 ndiye nhamba izere, 3 ndiye chiverengi pachikamu chine dimbu.
- Dumazita idzva rakaenzana nedumazita redimbu chikuru-musoro. Pamuenzaniso dumazita ndi 4. Saka .
Dimbu rakavhenga rinogona kuva nhamba pfocho (negative number in English), sezvizvi , zvichibva zvaenzana sezvizvi .
Zvokucherechedza
- Chirikunzi musarirwa pano ndicho chinonzi remainder kuEnglish.
- Chiri kunzi Chikangani pano ndicho chinonzi quotient kuEnglish. Shoko rokuti quotient rinoreva how many times.
Dimbu paMuravanegumi[chinja | edit source]
Shoko rokuti dimbu reMuravanegumi (decimal fraction) rinoreva dimbu rine dumazita rakanyorwa ari gumi ari kuradanurwa nedanho rakakodzera. Dimbu reMuravanegumi rinopangidzwa kuchinyorwa koma kuruboshwe kwemberengi; kana zvadai dumazita rinenge risisanyorwe. Ana zero vanotsvetwa pakati pekoma nemberengi kana zvakakodzera kuti nhamba dzemberengi dzigonyorwa panzvimbo inodoma hukuru hwevara racho sezvakakodzera.
Ngatitarisei somuenzaniso zvidimbu zvinotevera: 8/10, 83/100, 83/1000, and 8/10000; kana zvoshandurwa kupinda paMuravanegumi zvinonyorwa sezvizvi: 0.8, 0.83, 0.083, and 0.0008.


text:
Gumbeze
Gumbeze ijira rakakora rinofungwa kana vanhu vorara kuti vadziyirwe.
KuVaShona kune tsika yokuti kana munhu atanga kushanda anotengera vana ambuya vakabereka baba naamai vake gumbeze.
Tsika[chinja | edit source]
- Munhu uya haabvaruri magumbeze - apa kureva kuti munhu wacho haarari nokuti anenge achiroya.
- Zviri kwauri gumbeze kufuka kana kuwarira.
- Shoko rokuti gumbeze rinobva kushoko reAfrikaans rekuti kombers kureva gumbeze.
Makarekare vakanga vachiruka magumbeze nemakavi avaiti magudza.


text:
Mushonga
Mushonga (chemical in English) ungava mushonga wokurapisa kana unoshandiswa mune mamwe mabasa pamusha kana muhushangazhi. Muchidzidzo chemishonga kana nemvura nemweya watinofema unopindawo pamupanda wemishonga.
Kutsauranisa Mashoko[chinja | edit source]
- Shoko rokuti muchetura rinonyanya kushandiswa kutaura mushonga unouraya, kukora kana kukuvadza uchinge waiswa pachikafu chokudya.
- Shoko rokuti chefu rinotaura mishonga inokuvadza kusanganisira: muchetura; nemiwme mishonga yokufemba kana kufema.
- Kupinga zvinotaura mushonga unoshandiswa kudzivirira chirwere chisati chatanga - immunization inganzi imhando yokupinga.


text:
South America
South America ziwumbe riri kuChamhembe kweNorth America uye chikamu cheziendanakuenda redunhu rinonzi America. KuMadokero kwaro kune gungwa rePacific, kuMaodzanyemba nekuMabvazuva kune gungwa reAtlantic. North America neCaribbean Sea dziri kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero. Ziwumbe iri rine nyika gumi nembiri dzinozvitonga dzinosanganisira —Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, neVenezuela— kunoitawo French Guiana, inotongwa neFrance.
South America ine nharaunda yakakura 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi) nehugari hwevanhu vanosvika 371,090,000 zvichitevedza kuverengwa mugore 2005. Pakukura kwenharaunda South America ndiyo yechina ichitevedza Asia, Africa, neNorth America, uye ndiwo yechishanu pakuwanda kwevanhu ichitevera Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.
Zita rekuti America rakapiwa nevarume vanoti Martin Waldseemüller naMatthias Ringmann, vachitora zita remurume ainzi Amerigo Vespucci anova ndiye akatanga kutaura kuvanhu vaibva kuEurope kuti nzvimbo iyi haisi India asi raitova rimwe dunhu ravaisaziva.


text:
Mombe
Mombe (cattle in English) imhuka inopfuyiwa pamusha. Mombe dzinochengeterwa nyama, kurima, kutakura mutoro, mukaka, dehwe nzvimwewo. MuZimbabwe mombe ndihwo hupfumi hunokosheswa zvakanyanya zvikurusei kumaruwa. Mombe dzinoshandiswa pakuripa roora uye pamabiko nezvirango zvakasiyana-siyana.
MuZimbabwe mune mhando dzemombe dzinoti: Mashona; Ntuli; Afrikander; Jersey; Friesland; Hereford nedzimwewo.
Mombe ine nyanga dzinozunguzika inonzi ngwere. Mombe isina nyanga inonzi njuma kana kuti nzuma.
Tsumo[chinja | edit source]
- Chinokura usipo imombe munda unokura nokuvandurirwa.
- Mombe yestsiru manhenda waikama.
- Kana mombe dzakaungana dzakawanda zvakanyanya boka remombe iri rinonzi gumbi. Vamwe vatauri vanoti fanzwa.
Chitsamatore izita remhuri rinopiwa uyo anopingudza mombe dzava matore dzachembera. Pano kutsa (breaking, taming) zvinoreva kupingudza kuti mombe ikwanise kushandika nayo isinga pengereke.


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Muyeranhambo
Muzvidzidzo zvinotevera: Jekanyika; Taranyika nepimanyika, Muyeranhambo (Longitude) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paPrime (Greenwich) zvichienda kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero ePrime Meridian.
Longitude inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelongitude inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180o. Nhamba yelongitude inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti longitude +20o iri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; longitude -30o iri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian.
Rondedzero[chinja | edit source]
Muyeranhambo inoverengwa iri 0-180oE tichienda kuMabvazuva uye 0-180oW tichienda kuMadokero. Zvinoreva kuti gonyo relongitude rinohwerengedzwa kusvika pa360o. Taona zvakare kuti nyika inoziririka kutenderera kamwe pamahawa 24h - mahawa 24h anoenderana ne 360o. Panofambwa 15o yoga-yoga nguva inochinja nehawa imwe (1h).
Nyika yeZimbabwe iri murumana rwemuyeranhambo (longitude) +30oE. Pose panochinja muyeranhamo ne 15o, nguva inochinja neawa rimwe (1h). Nokudaro Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (maawa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva yeZimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva yeZimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.
Zvizhinji zvinotsangura kushanda kweMuyeranhambo zvinowanikwa pachinyorwa Mwaka yepaNyika


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Nguva dzezuva
Chinyorwa chino chinotaura pamusoro penguva dzezuva nematauriwo adzinoitwa muZimbabwe.
Contents
Mangwanani[chinja | edit source]
Nguva yemangwanani ndiyo nguva yokutanga kwezuva kubva pakuyedza kwezuva vanhu vachimuka. Nguva iyi inotaurwawo nenzira dzimwe dzakasiyana. Kubata jongwe muromo kunotaura kuti munhu amuka rungwanani machongwe asati akukuridza. Mashambanzou inguva yerungwanani zvakare apo panoonekwa nzou dzichienda kudziva kunonwa mvura nokugeza miviri yadzo. Mambakwedza kana kuti mavambakuyedza zvinoreva rungwanani pakutangisa kwawo.
Masikati[chinja | edit source]
Iyi inguva yokunge zuva rakwira zvichibva pana 12 masikati. Panguva iyi vanhu vanenge vokwazisana Masikati asi kwete maswera sei?. Rudziyakamwe inguva apo zuva rinopisa zvakanyanya; panguva iyi zuva rinenge riri pakati pedenga richirova nhongonya. Nokumwe kutaura nguva iyi inonzi yechikumura mabhachi.
Manheru[chinja | edit source]
Nguva yemanheru inotaurwa kana zuva rarereka paye parinenge ronodoka. Apa vanhu vanenge vokwazisana manheru, maswera sei?. Nguva iyi inotaurwa nenzira dzimwe dzakasiyana. Rubvunza vaeni inguva dzekunge zuva ronodoka vanhu vabva kumabasa kana kumunda apo paisvika vanhu mumisha kwobvunzwa kuti ko ndiani mueni asvika pamusha uyo. Nokumwe kutaura nguva iyi inokwanisa kunzi madeko.
Husiku[chinja | edit source]
Shoko rokuti husiku rinotaura nguva iyo zuva rinenge radoka kwasviba, kusisina vazhnji vanobata basa kana kufamba. Nguva iyi inobatanidza apo vanhu vanenge varara ichinopinda murungwanani.


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Clement Doke
Clement Martyn Doke (1893 - 1980) vaive mazvikokota wezvemitauro yenyika dzevatema dzemuAfrica vari mugari wenyika yeku Chamhembe kwe Afurika, nyika yeJoni. VaDoke vaive munyori mukuru wezvinyogwa zvakawanda zvinosanganisira ma Duramahwi emarudzi akawanda evatema ne Nhoroondo dzechinyakare dzemitauro yavatema vemuAfrica. Vainyora zvinyorwa zvavo zvese izvi vari mushandi weUniversity of Witwatersrand kubva mugore ra1923 kusvikira mugore ra1953. VaDoke vakava mazvikokota wemitauro yemuAfrica wokutanga kukanda pasi mavonero nenzira dzemaongororo emitauro anoenderana nemafungiro evarungu vokuEurope.


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Muenzanisi
Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, muenzanisi (equator) mutsetse unopangidza panosangana uso hweurungano nemutsendo une goko rehuremu uye wakarurama neakiso yeurungano yacho. Kureva kuti mutsendo uyu wakaita mutwi neaksio uye kuti wakatakuraGokwe rehuremu (centre of mass) yeurungano yacho. Iri zita rinoshandiswazve pakutsangudza kuumbwa kweRinopasi, (Earth).
Takatarisana neRinopasi, muenzanisi mutsetse wekufungidzira une nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuNorth Pole kusvika keSouth Pole panzvimbo dzose. Mutsetse uyu unocheka urungano yeRinopasi kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana.
Contents
Magonga eRinopasi[chinja | edit source]
Gonga rekuMaodzanyemba, (North pole) ndipo papoyindi panosangana uso neakiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi (Earth), kuri kuMaodzanyemba kweRinopasi, riri divi rakapesana neSouth pole .
Gonga rekuChamhembe, (South pole) ndipo papoyindi panosangana chiso neakiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi (Earth), kuri kuChamhembe kweRinopasi.
Muchinyorwa chino mativimana erudzivo (direction) achange achinyorwa achitanga nevara guru kuti zvive pachena kuti parikutaurwa rudzivo, kwete chimwewo chinhu.
Nyika dzinochekwa neMuenzanisi[chinja | edit source]
Mutsazanisi unopfuura nemunyika 11 dzinoti:
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Gabon
- Republic of the Congo
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Uganda
- Kenya
- Somalia
- Indonesia
- Ecuador
- Columbia
- Brazil
Kuronda nzvimbo panyika[chinja | edit source]
Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika (Geography), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba nemuenzanisi inonzi latitude; kune mitsetse inotenderera nyika ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yelattitude dzinoveregwa dzichibva pamuenzanisi dzichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Nhamba dzemitsetse yelongitude dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian zvichienda kuMavirira nekuMabvazuva. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo neRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, kuUnited Kingdom. Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kupa rudzivo (direction) rwenzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.
Chirongwa chekutarwa kwenyika nenzira yatsananguwa iyi chinodanwa kunzi Geographic Coordinate System - kuChiShona tochiti Gumbapamwe reZviringani ZveTaranyika. Zita reChiShona iri rakaumbwa nenzira inotevera:
- Gumbapamwe (System) rinoreva kubatanidzwa pamwe munzvimbo imwe kwezvinhu zvine ukama huri kutarirwa. Gumbapamwe rine zvinhu zvinobatirana, nekurarama, nekudyidzana pamwe munzvimbo yakatarwa. Kuti titsanangure Gumbapamwe tinogona kusanganisira: nhengo dzirimo; zvinotaura mashandirwo emabasa; mitemo inotonga nhengo dzirimo; uye zvinyorwa zvinotaura ukama huripo pakati penhengo (elements, stakeholders) idzi; nekutara miganhu yerumana rweGumbapamwe, uye miganhu yezvinotenderwa kana kusatenderwa kuitika kana kuti kuva nhengo. Gumbapamwe rine ukama hunosimbiswa netsazaniso pakati pezvinopimwa (equations & relationships), maitirwo ezvirongwa (procedures & protocols), zvinyanye (extrema), zvichingodaro. Gumbapamwe - co-existing or working combined together.
- Zviringani (Coordinates) zvinoreva nhamba dzakarongeka dzinotevera mitaro yakatarwa dzinobatsira kuronda pane nzvimbo iri kutsvakwa.
- Taranyika (Geography) - iri izwi riri kubva kumazwi ari kuEnglish anoti: geo rinoreva nyika (earth), uye graph rinoreva mutaro.
Latitude inopima nhambwe yegonyo riri pakati pemutsendo weMutsazanisi nemutsetse unobata pagoko reEarth kuenda panzvimbo ipi zvayo iri pauso hweEarth. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMutsazanisi une nhamba 0o; nhamba iyi inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+). Nhamba yelatitude inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-). Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi; latitude -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.
Mitsetse yelatitude inodanwa kunzi tsambamba (parallels) nokuti inenge yakati sambamba, uye yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Kana 1o yelatitude yapimwa tsambamba dzinenge dzakataramukana 111km (kana 69maira). gonyo rapimirwa latitude ndiro zita rinopiwa tsambamba yacho ine nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva paMutsazanisi. Somuenzaniso 45o latitude ndiyo nhambwe yegonyo iri pakati peMutsazanisi ne tsambamba 45, (45th parallel). Saka 45th parallel inenge uri mutsetse wokuti nzvimbo dzese dziri pauri dzine latitude 45o.
Mitsetse yeLatitude yekurangarira
- Muenzanisi uri pa 0o latitude. Latitude iyi yakakosha nokuti ndiyo inotara pakati-nepakati penyika; uri nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Muenzanisi unosvikwa nemurazvo wezuva wakarurama (direct rays) panguva mbiri dzetsazahusiku (equinoxes). Mazuva etsazahusiku anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21 apo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana usiku hwakareba 12 maawa. Tsanangudzo izere inopiwa kuchikamu cheMwaka yepaNyika
- Tropic of Cancer iri pa +23.5o; inopfuura munyika dzinoti Mexico, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India neChina. Tropic of Capricon iri pa -23.5oS; inopfuura munyika dzinoti Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Australia.
- Tropic of Cancer inowana murazvo wezuva wakarurama pamazuva June 20-21; Tropic of Capricon inowana murazvo wezuva wakarurama pamazuva December 20-21. Nguva mbiri idzi dzinonzi solstice kuEnglish. Solstice izwi rinobva kuLatin rinoreva kumira kwezuva - zvisingarevi kuti zuva rinombofamba aiwa, asi kuti rinotora nguva refu kubva pakuyedza kusvika pakudoka zvoita sokunge rir kumbomira mudenga - kunyanya panguva ya 12 masikati parinenga riri kurova nhongonyo. KuChiShona toti solstice yochinzi zuvaragodza, kureva kuti ratora nguva yakareba zvikuru riri mudenga zvikurusei kunzvimbo dziri pamwaka wekupisa - summer.
- Arctic Circle neAntarctica Circle dziri palatitude +66.5o ne -66.5o zvakaringana kudaro. Mitsetse miviri iyi inotara panotangira nzvimbo dzinowana 24 maawa erima nezuva - idzi nzvimbo dzakakomberedza North pole ne South pole.
Latitude yakakosherei?[chinja | edit source]
- Latitude inobatsira vatyairi vendege nezvikepe kuronda nzira dzekufamba nadzo.
- Latitude inobatsira vanotsvakurudza kunzwisisa hugaro hwezvinhu zviri panyika. Somuenzaniso nzvimbo dzine nhamba yelatitude yakakwirira dzinonyanya kutonhora uye dzine mhepo isina mupfunga wemvura wakawanda. Nzvimbo dzine nhamba yelatitude yakaderera dzinopisa uye dzine mhepo ine mwando wemvura wakakwirira.
- Nzvimbo dzinenhamba yelatitude yakakwirira dzine musiyano wakanyanya wemwaka izvi zvichikonzerwa nokushaya zuva rakarurama mumwaka wechando nokuzowana zuva rakawanda mumwaka wekupisa. Musiyano yemwaka iyi inokonzera kusiyana kwemhuka nemumera unokwanisa kurarama munzvimbo idzodzi.
- Imwe pfungwa inoti paChiShona mitsetse yelatitude ngaidanwe kunzi mitsetse yemuyeramwaka, nokuti mwaka yepanyika ine chekuita nokuti mirazvo yezuva iri kurova zvakanyanya palatitude ipi. Tsanangudzo iri muchidimbu yapiwa muchikamu chakanzi Mitsetse yelatitude yekurangarira. Chinyorwa cheMwaka yepaNyika chinowedzera kutsanangura kudyidzana kwemwaka nenzvimbo yelatitude iri kuwana mirazvo yezuva yakarurama - direct rays of the sun.


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Shandisai chero mitowo iyi ku wana yamuro ya munoda.
· Runhare — fonerai 703-594-2168. Imi mucha nzwa kumhoresa kwaka pambwa mu Ngezi; imi pambai shoko renyu mushure. Muturikiri acha yamura isu mu kudavira.
· Mbune — shanyirai chikoro che mwana wenyu. Zvino tairisirwa kuti mutauri we mutauro wenyu anenge asipo. Zvisinei mushandi acha shandisa posita ne mibvunzo ku unganidza mashoko ku yamura imi.
Mu mamiriro ese, imi mucha kumbirwa kupa zvino tevera:
o Zita renyu ne zita re mwana wenyu;
o Chikoro che mwana wenyu, giredhi, ne zita re mudzidzisi;
o Munhu (zita kana basa) imi wa munoda ku taura yane, ne nhauro ye hurukuro; ne
o nhamba ye runhare, ne nguva iri nane imi yamuno kwanisa
kubatwa.


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Govaniso
Muchidzidzo masvomhu, govaniso (division in English) chiitiko chinoshandiswa kutsvaga kuti nhamba inokwana kangani (kana kupinda kangani) mune imwe nhamba. Somuenzaniso kana kuchitsvakwa kuti 3 anopinda kangani muna 6, kunonyorwa sezvizvi:
- 6 ÷ 3 = 2
Kuunga kune hukama negovaniso; zviitiko izvi zvine simba rinoita zvakapesana sezvizvi:
- 6 = 3 * 2
Kujekesa[chinja | edit source]
Maonero maviri
Ngatitarisei muenzaniso
- a ÷ b = c
- Govaniso tinogona kuiona sokutora boka rine nhengo a, nokupatsanura nhengo idzi kuchigadzirwa mapoka b akaenzana pahuwandu hwenhengo dzawo. Huwandu hwenhengo c hunodanwa kunzi chikangani - quotient in English
- Govaniso inokwanisa kutsanangurwa sokutora boka rine nhengo a, nokuwumba mapoka rimwe nerimwe rine nhengo b. Huwandu hwemapoka aya, c, ndicho chikangani cha a na b.
Kurerutsa Mutauro[chinja | edit source]
Zvakakosha kuti pawanikwe kuturikira kwemashoko anozivikanwa kare kuEnglish, uye kujekesa kuti huwandu huri kugovewa ndeupi:
- Dividing inenge ichinzi kugovanisa.
- 10 divided by 2, :10 ÷ 2 = 5 inenge ichinzi Gumi (10) kugova pana mbiri (2); kana kuti gova gumi pana mbiri. Apa tinoda kuti zvijeke kuti zvinhu 10 ndizvo viri kugovewa
- How many times does go 2 into 10 kunonzi 2 anopinda kangani muna 10.


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Mhute
Mhute chiitiko chinoonekwa kana tumadonhwe twemvura tuchiyangarara mumhepo. Mhute inoitika ichikonzerwa nemamirio ekunze kana kuti pakutubuka kwechikwatamabwe. Inonyanaya kuonekwa apo pane mhepo inotonhora iri pamusoro pemvura inodziya. Kumwe kuitika kwemhute kunoonekwa pakufema pamusi wekuti kunze kune chando. Kupfungaira kunoonekwa kuchibuda pamuromo nemhuno inotova mhute.
MuZimbabwe mhute inoonekwa pedyo nemadhamu munguva yechando; chiitiko ichi chinoonekwa rungwanani padhamu reMazowe. Mhute inokonzera kuti zviri kure zvisanatse kuonekwa, zvokuti vatyairi vemuchovha vanonetseka kuona kwavari kuenda.
Mhute kana yakanyanya imwe nguva zviri panhambwe inokwana 200m hazvioneke; mhute ichinge yawanda zvokuti zviri panhambwe iyi hazvichaonekwa inonzi bvungapfunga - kuEnglish yonzi "fog". Musiyano uripo pakati pemhute nebvungapfunga kuwanda kudzivira kuwona kunenge kuripo kuburikidza nokukora kwacho kana kuti huduma hwemhute yacho.


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Mwari
Mwari izita rinoshandiswa kutaura uyo akasika nyika nezvose zviri mairi uye chadenga nezvose zviri muchadenga. Iye Mwari ndiye akasika zvose zvinoonekwa pamwe nezvisingaonekwe. Vanhu vazhinji vane rudaviro rwekuti kuna Mwari. Hakuna munhu akamboona Mwari saka hakuna anoziva kuti chimiro chake chakaita sei. Marongerwo nemaitirwo akafanirwa kuita hukama pakati paMwari nevanhu zvinotsanangurwa zvakanakisa pamitemo gumi yaMwari.
Kuna Mwari mumwechete, musiki wezvese zvakasikwa, wakarurama zvisina magumo, ane hupenyu husingaperi, achizviratidza muhutatu; Mwari Baba, Mwari Mwanakomana, neMweya Mutsvene.
Zvinotendwa nemaKristu[chinja | edit source]
- Mwari mweya hakuna munhu akamboona chimiro chaMwari.
- Mwari haana mavambo, Mwari haana magumo.
- Jesu akazvarwa nemhandara yainzi Maria, uye Jesu mwana waMwari akazvarwa nesimba raMwari kwete remunhurume nemukadzi.
- Jesu akafa akamuka nezuva retatu.
- Jesu akakwira kudenga uko agere kurudyi kwechigaro choushe chaMwari.
- Mwari vakatumira Mweya Mutsvene wavo kune vanotenda, kuti Mweya wavo udzidzise vanotenda Shoko ravo, nokuvarangaridza shoko ravo.
Mazita aMwari[chinja | edit source]
Mwari vane mazita anosanganisira:
- Musiki weDenga naPasi;
- Mwari Samasimba;
- Mwari weHondo;
- Mwari Vanopa;
- Mwari Vanorapa;
- Wokutanga neWekupedzesera.


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Vanhu vemuAfrica
Vanhu vemuAfrica
Huwandu hwevagari veAfrica hwakakwira zvakanyanya pamakore makumi mana (40) apfuura, nokudaro Africa ine vanhu vazhinji vechidiki. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica chikamu chidarika 50% yevanhu vari pasi pamakore 25 ekuberekwa. Huwandu hwevanhu muAfrica hwakakwira kubva pa 221 million muna 1950 kusvika pa 1.0 billion muna 2009.
Marudzi evanhu vanotaura mitauro yechiBantu ndivo vakawanda kubva pakati peAfrica zvichienda kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mudunhu iri munowanikwawo marudzi eNile vanowanikwa kuSouth Sudan nekuMabvazuva kweAfrica, pamwe nemaSwahili nemaKhoikhoi vanowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Marudzi emaKhoikhoi ndiwo anonzi akatanaga kusvika kuchamhembe kweAfrica kuchizotevera vatauri vendimi dzechiBantu. MaKhoikhoi ndivo vane rudzi runonzi San kana kuti rwainzi Bushmen kare.
KuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica kune mapoka maviri: Berber neArab kumadokero; vaEgypt nevaLibya kumavirira. Verudzi rwechiArab vakasvika mudunhu iri mwaka wechizana 7, vakaunza mutauro weArabic nechinamato cheIslam kunzvimno idzi. Vanhu veMarudzi aShem vakauyawo mudunhu iri vachisanganisira: vaPhoenician nevaHysko - maGreek nemaRoman vakagara munzvimbo iyi. Verudzi Berber ndivo vanova ruzhinji munyika yeMorroco uye muAlgeria mune vane chitsama chakati kuti. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rune vanhu vanogara mugwenga reSahara kunyanya.
Munyika dzeEritrea neEthiopia mune vaAmhara neTigryans vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aShem iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic. Mudunhu rimwechetero mune vaOromo nevaSomali vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aCush iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic.
Mumwaka wakanga Africa ichiri pasi peVarungu kwakanga kuine varungu munyika zhinji asi iye zvino vasara vane chitsama munyika shoma. Mumakore akawana nyika dzeAfrica kuzvitonga varungu vakatama kubva munyika dzinoti: Algeria, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique neAngola. Zvinofungirwa kuti maPortuguese vanokwana 1.0 millin vakabuda muAfrica mumwaka 1960-1979. Parizvino varungu vanowanikwa vashoma munyika dzinoti: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. Nyika ine varungu vakawanda ndiyo South Africa uye nyika iyi ndiyo ine verudzi rwechiJudah zvakanyanya muAfrica. Marudzi ane madzitateguru vekuEurope anosanganisira, Afrikaner, Anglo-Africans (vakabva Britain) uye Coloureds.
Kuuya kweVarungu vakauya nechitsama chevanhu vakabva kuAsia zvikurusei marudzi eIndia. Misha inogara marudzi echiIndia inowanikwa muSouth Africa uye muKenya neTanzania. Zvitsuwa zviri mugungwa Indian Ocean zvakagarwa vevanhu vakabva kuAsia imwe nguva vairoorana neVanhu VeAfrica pamwe neveEurope. Vanhu vari muMadagasca ndeverudzi rweAustronesian asi vanosangana nemarudzi anoti Bantu, Arab, Indian and European. Mumwaka wechizana 20 kumahombekombe eAfrica kumabvazuva nekumadokero kwakasvikavo vane chitsama vemarudzi eku Lebanon neChina.


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Dombo
Dombo (rock in English) imhando yegodo rinowanikwa Pasirose. Matombo ane marudzi akasiyana ose akagadzirwa nokuwumbana kwezvinhu zvinosanganisira muchegwa, madzinde akafa, Ivhu rakakukurwa rikazowumbana, manyau echikwatamabwe nezvimwewo.
Matombo akakosha pakuti anoshandiswa: kuvaka dzimba, kuveza mifananidzo, uye kukorora simbi kubva maari.
Marudzi ematombo[chinja | edit source]
Matombo echikwatamabwe[chinja | edit source]
Igneous rocks
Matombo emadzamba[chinja | edit source]
Sedimentary rocks
Matombo eruvandudzo[chinja | edit source]
Metamorphic rocks


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Reunion.com > Susan Mullane - Norman Murchison > Steven Munyon - Olena Munz
Classmates from Steven Munyon to Olena Munz
Steven Munyon Sue Munyon Sunday Munyon Susan Munyon Tamara Munyon Tammy Munyon Teresa Munyon Terry Munyon Theresa Munyon Thomas Munyon Tim Munyon Timothy Munyon Tina Munyon Tod Munyon Todd Munyon Tracy Munyon Trisha Munyon Vera Munyon Victoria Munyon Vincent Munyon Virginia Munyon Walter Munyon Wayde Munyon Wayne Munyon Wendy Munyon Will Munyon William Munyon Wilma Munyon Wendy Munyon-tasca Tongai Munyoro William Munyoro Anne Munyua George Munyua John Munyua Philip Munyua Wilson Munyua Tatenda Munyukwi Vanny Munyumbwe Mwendwa Munywoki Aaron Munz Adrianne Munz Alice Munz Allen Munz Amanda Munz Amy Munz Andrew Munz Ann Munz Anna Munz Anne Munz Anthony Munz Arthur Munz Ashley Munz Audrey Munz Aurora Munz Barbara Munz Barry Munz Bernard Munz Betty Munz Beverly Munz Bill Munz Birgit Munz Bob Munz Bonnie Munz Brandon Munz Brian Munz Brittany Munz Carissa Munz Carl Munz Carmine Munz Carol Munz Carola Munz Caroline Munz Carolyn Munz Carrie Munz Casey Munz Cat Munz Catherine Munz Chad Munz Charles Munz Cheryl Munz Chris Munz Christian Munz Christina Munz Christine Munz Christopher Munz Clifford Munz Colleen Munz Connie Munz Corey Munz Courtney Munz Craig Munz Crystal Munz Cynthia Munz Dale Munz Dana Munz Daniel Munz Dave Munz David Munz Deanna Munz Debbie Munz Deborah Munz Debra Munz Denise Munz Dennis Munz Deon Munz Derek Munz Diana Munz Diane Munz Dieter Munz Don Munz Donald Munz Doni Munz Donna Munz Doris Munz Dorothy Munz Douglas Munz Duane Munz Edie Munz Edith Munz Edward Munz Eileen Munz Elaine Munz Elizabeth Munz Emily Munz Eric Munz Erika Munz Erin Munz Ethel Munz Evette Munz Florence Munz Francis Munz Frank Munz Fred Munz Frederick Munz Gabriel Munz Gail Munz Gary Munz George Munz Gerald Munz Gilbert Munz Gina Munz Gloria Munz Greg Munz Gregory Munz Gwen Munz Hans Munz Harold Munz Harry Munz Heather Munz Heidi Munz Helen Munz Henry Munz Irene Munz Jack Munz Jacob Munz James Munz Jamie Munz Janet Munz Jason Munz Jay Munz Jeanne Munz Jeff Munz Jeffrey Munz Jennifer Munz Jeremy Munz Jerry Munz Jessica Munz Jessie Munz Jillian Munz Joan Munz Joe Munz John Munz Jolene Munz Jon Munz Jonathan Munz Jordan Munz Joseph Munz Joshua Munz Joyce Munz Judith Munz Judy Munz Julie Munz Justin Munz Kaitlin Munz Karen Munz Karl Munz Katherine Munz Kathleen Munz Kathryn Munz Kathy Munz Keith Munz Kellie Munz Kelly Munz Kenneth Munz Kevin Munz Kim Munz Kimberly Munz Kristin Munz Kristina Munz Krystal Munz Kyle Munz Lacey Munz Lambert Munz Larry Munz Laura Munz Laurence Munz Laurie Munz Lawrence Munz Lee Munz Leonard Munz Leslie Munz Linda Munz Lisa Munz Lois Munz Loretta Munz Lori Munz Lorine Munz Louis Munz Lucas Munz Lucy Munz Lynn Munz Maggie Munz Marc Munz Marcia Munz Margaret Munz Maria Munz Marian Munz Marianne Munz Marion Munz Mark Munz Mary Munz Matt Munz Matthew Munz Maureen Munz Megan Munz Melinda Munz Melissa Munz Mia Munz Michael Munz Michelle Munz Mike Munz Mindi Munz Nancy Munz Natalie Munz Nathan Munz Nicholas Munz Nick Munz Nicole Munz Norma Munz Olena Munz