text:
ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ
ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱰᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ (en:United Nations) ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱙᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱠᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ League of Nation ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ᱾ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ League of Nation ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱱᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱢᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ(ᱦᱤᱨᱚᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱢᱫᱷᱟᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱴᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱩᱲ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱬᱚ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱬᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱹ ᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱩᱡᱽᱵᱷᱮᱞᱴ ᱛᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ United Nation Organization ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱥᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱴᱠᱚᱣᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱜᱽᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
- United Nations Volunteers
- United Nations Documentation Research Guide
ᱚᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ
- Searchable archive of UN discussions and votes
- United Nations Association of the UK – independent policy authority on the UN
- Website of the Global Policy Forum, an independent think tank on the UN
- UN Watch – NGO monitoring UN activities


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text:
ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ
ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱺ- ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱾
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱴᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱮᱲᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱦᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱝᱠᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱯᱤᱠᱚᱨ, ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ᱾ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱤᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱪᱚ ᱥᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱭᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱹ ᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱺ- ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ, ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱸᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱥᱩᱲ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱢᱠᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱠᱷᱮᱞ, ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Women's History in America
- A History of Women’s Entrance into Medicine in France studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.
- Women and Christianity: representations and practices
- Opinion of Ali Khamenei, leader of Iran, about Women's Issues

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
ᱢᱟᱶᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ
ᱢᱟᱶᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱨᱨᱡᱽ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ (Peak XV) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱢᱩᱞᱟᱝᱢᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱟᱴᱮᱫ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱙ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱘,᱘᱔᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) [᱑] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱩᱰᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱰᱣᱤᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱤᱱ, ᱫᱷᱚᱣᱲᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ, ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾
ᱦᱚᱨ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱨᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱒᱙ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱰᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱨᱤᱱᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱱᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱱᱚᱨᱜᱮ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱞᱥᱨᱤᱝᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱮᱡᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱪᱮᱱᱫᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ[᱒] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- National Geographic site on Mt. Everest
- NOVA site on Mt. Everest
- [᱑]
- North *South
- Interactive climb of Everest from Discovery Channel
- Mount Everest on Summitpost
- Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in pdf format)
- Where is Mount Everest
- Where is Mount Everest located
- Mount Everest fact
- Summits and deaths per year
- The Everest Trek guidebook
- Expeditions tracking on line in the different routes of ascent of Mount Everest
- Mount Everest panorama, Mount Everest interactive panorama (Quicktime format), Virtual panoramasᱹ
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ↑ Based on the 1999 and 2005 surveys of elevation of snow cap, not rock head. For more details, see Surveys.
- ↑ cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1912159/Bachendri-Pal%7Ctitle=Bachendri Pal (Indian mountaineer) – Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=11 January 2014


text:
ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ
ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ
ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠeᱚᱪᱚᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱚᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱺᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ (Father of nation) ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱒ ᱢᱟᱺᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ/ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ (High school/College ) ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟ.ᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱘᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟ.ᱛ (England ) ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱤᱡ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟ.ᱞ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱨᱟ.ᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱭ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱜᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ. ᱥᱩᱭᱟ. ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱮᱬ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱞᱩ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾᱑᱙᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ.ᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ. ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾᱑᱙᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱜᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱢᱽ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱣᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟ. ᱨᱮᱨᱟᱲ/ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ. ᱥᱩᱭᱟ. (Non-violence) ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱦᱡᱚᱜᱽ ( Non-cooperation ) ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾
᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱪᱤᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱲᱩᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱠ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱝᱜᱷᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱨᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱺᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱜᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱚᱞᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱸᱼᱥᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱛᱩᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱵᱟ.ᱜᱤ (Quit India) ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱩ ᱫᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱨᱟ.ᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱷᱟ.ᱴᱭᱟ.ᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱒᱒ ᱢᱟᱺᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱤᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱬᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱺᱦᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ.ᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ.ᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟ.ᱲᱦᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟ.ᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟ. ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟ.ᱞ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱟᱺᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱸᱜᱴᱨᱟ.ᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟ.ᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱦᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, " ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱞᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟ.ᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (Untouchable ) ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟ.ᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱟ.ᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱡᱟ.ᱱᱤ (punctuality)[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱡᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱼᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱴᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
Gandhi's correspondence with the Indian government 1942–1944


text:
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ (/æfˈɡænɪstæn, -ɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ ( listen); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-], Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩ᱾[᱑] ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱩ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱩ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱚᱛᱱᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi)᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱫᱷᱮᱠ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱳᱥᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱤ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱳᱥᱛᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱝᱠᱩ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱙᱙ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱥᱤᱠᱷ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Bibliography of Afghanistan
- Index of Afghanistan-related articles
- Outline of Afghanistan
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Afghanistan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries
- Afghanistan at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Wikimedia Atlas of Afghanistan
- Research Guide to Afghanistan
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ↑ Sites in Perspective, chapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan.


text:
ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ
ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱲᱮᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱩ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱚᱛᱱᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- South Africa from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- South Africa from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of South Africa


text:
ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ
ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ (Device) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ (Data) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ CPU (Central Processing Unit), ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), CU (control unit) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ CPU ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ALU ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱱᱯᱩᱴ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱯᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱾
ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ :- ᱦᱟᱰᱣᱮᱨ, ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱣᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱰᱣᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱣᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱪᱩᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱧᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ "ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ" ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ Richard Braithwait ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ The Yong Mans Gleanings ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾


text:
ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ
ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟ~ᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟ.ᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ latin ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. globus ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱞᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤ. ᱢᱟ. ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱵᱳ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ the glob of crates ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ-ᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾
- Terresterial (ᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ )
- Cellestial / Planetary ( ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ / ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ)
ᱚᱛᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱳ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱨᱰᱟᱯᱷᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱨᱟᱡᱜᱟᱲ ,ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ , ᱵᱤᱨ ,ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱢᱩᱰᱩ, ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟ.ᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱚᱠᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟ. ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱡᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱛ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱳ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱛ ᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ppmglobe – generate strips to glue onto a sphere
- 3D VRML globe
- 3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.
- How to orient a globe in homothetic position to the Earth
- Glossary to World Globe Terms
- Behind the scenes at London's globe-making workshop – a photo essay (August 2017), The Guardian


text:
ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱚᱥ, ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱷᱟᱨ
ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ Christopher_Columbus (᱓᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱔᱕᱑ – ᱒᱐ ᱢᱮᱹ ᱑᱕᱐᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ(navigator), ᱥᱮᱥᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡ(explorer) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ colonizer᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱷᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱧᱪᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱳᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ Christopher Columbus ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ Christophorus Columbus ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱛᱳᱯᱷᱳᱨᱩᱥ ᱠᱩᱞᱩᱢᱵᱩᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ᱾ ᱤᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ Cristoforo Colombo ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱛᱳᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡ(ᱧᱮᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱟᱵᱮᱞᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱬᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱮᱱ ᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ Cristóbal Colón ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱛᱳᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ(port)ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱩᱢᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱔᱗᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱔᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥᱨᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
᱑᱔᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Excerpts from the log of Christopher Columbus's first voyage
- The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery
- Columbus Monuments Pages (overview of monuments for Columbus all over the world)
- "But for Columbus There Would Be No America", Tiziano Thomas Dossena, Bridgepugliausa.it, 2012
- Journal article:- Christopher Columbus. An address delivered before the American Catholic Historical Society


text:
ᱤᱣᱩᱨᱳ
ᱤᱣᱨᱳ (symbol ᱫᱚ € ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱫᱚ EUR) ᱫᱚ Europian Union ᱨᱮᱱ member ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ(ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱤᱛᱟᱞᱤ, ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱽ, ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱠᱳ, ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ, ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ) ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ, ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ, ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾UK, ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ EU ᱨᱮᱱ member ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ Note ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟᱱᱟᱝ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱕ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱑᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ, ᱒᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱮ, ᱕᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱑᱐᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ, ᱒᱐᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ–ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ, ᱡᱟᱱᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱯᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ᱾
᱑ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑, ᱒, ᱕, ᱑᱐, ᱒᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ᱾ ᱑᱐ᱹ ᱒᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱟᱱᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ᱾ ᱑, ᱒, ᱟᱨ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱬᱩᱫ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑᱐, ᱒᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜᱽ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾


text:
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ (Italian: [leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] ( listen); ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱔᱕᱒ - ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱕᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱮᱥᱟᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥᱮᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱚᱨᱮ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟ, ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱪᱩᱴ, ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟᱯᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ [1][2][3]
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱕᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱱᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱛᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱸᱲᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱚᱞᱟᱨᱮ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱮᱞᱵᱤᱨᱟ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱴᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱜᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱡᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮ ᱢᱮ᱾ ᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱸᱞ ᱚᱰᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱳᱪᱪᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱪᱪᱤᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱜ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱪᱪᱤᱣ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱪᱤᱫᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱥᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
᱑᱔᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱭᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱑᱔᱗᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔᱘᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱑᱔᱘᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱣ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱤᱸᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱕᱑᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱴᱷᱮᱱᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ 'ᱠᱞᱚᱥ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ' ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱜᱮ ᱑᱕᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱠᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review)
- Leonardo da Vinci-এর সাহিত্যকর্ম ও রচনাবলী - গুটেনবের্গ প্রকল্প
- Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
- Vasari Life of Leonardo: in Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
- Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
- Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
- Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
- The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
- Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
- The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
- Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ↑ harnvb|White|1968|p=466
- ↑ Rumerman, Judy. "Early Helicopter Technology." Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ↑ cite web|title=Leonardo da Vinci's Helical Air Screw|url=http://www.pilotfriend.com/photo_albums/helicopters/Leonardo%20Da%20Vinci's%20Helical%20Air%20Screw.htm%7Cwebsite=Pilotfriend.com


text:
ᱜᱨᱤᱠ
ᱜᱨᱤᱥ (Greek: Eλλάδa), officially the Hellenic Republic (Eλλnvιkή Anuokpatίa), ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ᱾ Minoan ᱟᱨ Mycenean civilization ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ civilization ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱛᱮ ᱮᱛ ᱮᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱜ leadership ᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱔᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱜᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱚᱛᱱᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
The land boundary of Greece is 1,160 km (721 mi).
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱜᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
Government[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- President of the Hellenic Republic
- Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic
- Hellenic Parliament
- Greek National Tourism Organisation
- Greek News Agenda Newsletter
General information[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- .
- .
- .
- Greece at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- .
- .
- .
- – Everything about Greece.
- History of Greece: Primary Documents
- The London Protocol of 3 February 1830
- The Greek Heritage
- Wikimedia Atlas of Greece
- Geographic data related to Greece at OpenStreetMap
Trade


text:
ᱛᱚᱣᱟ
ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱩᱱᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱫᱟᱜ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱱᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ শাল ᱛᱚᱭᱟᱠᱳ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱮᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱨᱮ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ᱾
ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭᱠᱳ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ natural ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ᱾
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱱᱩᱭᱟᱠᱩ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱠᱳ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱩᱱᱩᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱛᱚᱭᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱠᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱳ ᱧᱩᱭᱼᱟ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱤᱛᱠᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜᱮ ᱧᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥᱠᱳ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱠᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ
- উন্মুক্ত নির্দেশিকা প্রকল্পে Bengali wiki- দুধ


text:
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱨᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱭᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱛᱮᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱡᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ, ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ, ᱥᱚᱵᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱜᱩᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱴ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱮᱞᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ, ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟᱠᱩ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱲᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱡᱛᱮ ᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱰᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱰᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱠᱩ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱩ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱑᱕-᱒᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮᱪ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾


text:
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱾[᱑] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱰ (Food) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ [᱒] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ (nutrition) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ (protein), ᱯᱷᱮᱴ (fat), ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ (carbohydrate), ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ (vitamin) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ (mineral) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨᱤᱸᱠᱥ (Drinks) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ (vegiterian) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱱᱟᱴ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱩ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱨᱵᱩᱲ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱡᱚᱢ (starvation) ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱠᱟᱞ (famine) ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱭᱤᱡᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Food Timeline
- Wikibooks Cookbook
- Food, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rebecca Spang, Ivan Day and Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (In Our Time, Dec. 27, 2001)


text:
ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ: lingua latīna;) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱭᱚᱢ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢ' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱪᱮᱛ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱴᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱶᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱱᱥᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱴᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱯᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Post-Classical Latin (including Medieval and Neo-Latin)
- Beginners' Latin on http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
- Glossarium Anglico-Latinum having many modern words
- Latin language Citizendium


text:
ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ
ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱮᱢ (ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱶᱞ ᱟᱞᱮᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾.[1] ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ, ᱮᱡᱽ (Edge), MSN ᱟᱨ Xbox ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱩᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ᱢᱟᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱ-ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱥᱠᱴᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱯᱴᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱵᱽᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱦ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱩᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢᱥ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱨᱥᱮᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨᱯᱚᱭᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱢᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱞᱩᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱶ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱞᱚᱨᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾
- ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱵᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾
- MS-DOS ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- Minecraft ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱚᱴᱻᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫᱻᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱟᱰᱚᱭᱟᱨ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱰᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱳ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱥ (mice), ᱠᱤᱵᱚᱰᱥ (keyboards), ᱟᱨ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱠᱮᱢᱥ (webcams) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞ, ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ (Xbox) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱶ ᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ cd ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱶᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ (generations) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱓᱖᱐ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱑ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱓᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱠᱨᱚᱥᱯᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ (Xbox Live) ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ↑ cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5085630.stm%7Ctitle=Bill Gates: A timeline|work=news.bbc.co.uk|publisher=en:BBC News|date=2006-06-15|accessdate=2008-08-18


text:
ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ
ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ (Internet) / ᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱯᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱢᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ / ᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱩ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ (Data) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱨᱩᱜ (unique) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱣᱮᱵᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱠᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- The Internet Society
- Berkman Center for Internet and Society
- European Commission Information Society
- Living Internet, Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet


text:
ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ
ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ(ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱢᱟ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ -ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ
ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ--
("Edit" ᱚᱛᱟᱭᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱮ)
ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ(edit) --- ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ(edit) ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ(page) ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱞᱮ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ! ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱢᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱮ ᱾
--ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ , ᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱣ, ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱬᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ, ᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱾
ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ -- ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱢ ᱤᱬᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ, ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ/ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ_ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱾
ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ?
- ᱑- ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱚᱛᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾
- ᱒- ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ, ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱾
- ᱓- ᱚᱛᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ Show preview ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ Save pages ᱚᱛᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾


text:
ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ
ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱴ ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ(᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱖᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ – ᱑᱙ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱣᱥ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱜᱟᱣᱥ ᱤᱣᱞᱤᱣᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱᱩᱥ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ autocracy ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛ᱔ᱮ ᱯᱨᱤᱝᱠᱤᱯᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱤᱝᱠᱮᱯᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ᱾
ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱺᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱩᱢᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱮᱪᱮᱡ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱮᱢᱴᱚᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱫᱩᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔᱓ ᱡᱩᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱔᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱨᱩᱴᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱣᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱓᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱫᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱞᱤᱣᱚᱯᱮᱴᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱹ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱓᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱓ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱷᱤᱭᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱣᱥ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱫᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Cassius Dio's Roman History: Books 45–56, English translation
- Gallery of the Ancient Art: August
- Humor of Augustus
- Life of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus, English translation
- Suetonius' biography of Augustus, Latin text with English translation
- The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of Augustus, his own account: complete Latin and Greek texts with facing English translation)
- The Via Iulia Augusta: road built by the Romans; constructed on the orders of Augustus between the 13–12 B.C.
- Augustan Legionaries—Augustus' legions and legionaries
- Augustus—short biography at the BBC
- Brown, F. The Achievements of Augustus Caesar, Clio History Journal, 2009.
- "Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"—essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy
- "De Imperatoribus Romanis"—article about Augustus at Garrett G. Fagan's online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
- Octavian / Augustus—pages by Yong-Ling Ow
- Augustus Why he is important—his place in world history


text:
ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ
ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ
ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱱᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ. ᱞᱟ.ᱴᱩ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟ.ᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱰᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟ.ᱨᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱥᱨᱟ. ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱡᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱨᱤᱦᱤᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐-᱑᱔ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟ.ᱭᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱷᱟ.ᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱠᱩᱞ, ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱺᱰᱭᱟ. ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ.ᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ.ᱱᱢᱤ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ.ᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟ.ᱭ-ᱵᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱴ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟ.ᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟ.ᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱺᱰᱭᱟ. ᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱴᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱵᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ.ᱣᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟ.ᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱪᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾


text:
ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (German: Deutsch or (die) deutsche Sprache) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱚᱨᱞᱟᱸᱰ, ᱞᱮᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥᱮᱱ, ᱞᱚᱠᱠᱥᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱮᱫᱚᱨᱞᱟᱸᱰ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱪᱤᱠᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ (CAPS) ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾
ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ :-
- ᱜᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ -- ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ , ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [1]
- ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱥᱯᱨᱮᱪ -- ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱰᱚᱪ ᱣᱮᱞᱤ -- ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾
ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- Online German Language Course An online German language course that includes lessons covering pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
- German phrasebook at Wikivoyage
- Learn to Speak German Student Resource
- Free German Language Course
- German Thesaurus


text:
ᱤᱨᱟᱱ
ᱤᱨᱟᱱ (Persian: ایران Irān [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen)),[1] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱥᱥᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱱᱫ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱜᱮᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱᱮᱨ Mannaean civilization ᱠᱷᱚᱡ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱡᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱥᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱚᱛᱱᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)᱾[2] ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱛᱩᱨᱚᱥᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱨᱟ ᱙᱓ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ, ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱞᱟᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱟᱱᱜ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱲᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱨᱚᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱩ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- The e-office of the Supreme Leader of Iran
- The President of Iran
- Iran.ir
- Iran web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries
- Iran at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Wikimedia Atlas of Iran
- Videos
- Iran—Weekly program that explores Iran's past, present and future with exclusive reports. (PressTV)
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
- ↑ Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān [d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn]
- ↑ CIA World Factbook. "Iran". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.