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Chigawo lakonzedwa kuti ntchito buku, osati muwerenge ngati mafotokozedwe.
Mafunso okhudza causality kafukufuku chikhalidwe ndi ovuta ndi zosamvetsetseka. Pakuti njira maziko kwa causality zochokera chintchito causal, onani Pearl (2009) , ndi njira maziko zochokera zakambidwa osiyanasiyana, onani Imbens and Rubin (2015) (ndi zakumapeto luso mu chaputala ichi). Yerekezerani pakati pa njira ziwiri izi, onani Morgan and Winship (2014) . Pakuti njira ofunda kuti liwulo ndi confounder, onani VanderWeele and Shpitser (2013) .
Mu mutu, ine analenga tinangoti mzere kuwala pakati pa luso lathu kuti anene causal pazimene experimental ndipo sanali kuyesera. Kunena zoona, ine ndikuganiza kuti kusiyana ndi blurrier. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense amavomereza kuti kusuta kumayambitsa khansa ngakhale ife sanachite osapanganika ankalamulira kuyesera kuti amakakamiza anthu fodya. Pakuti chabwino mankhwala Buku kutalika kupanga ziwerengero causal pazimene sanali experimental kuona Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) , ndipo Dunning (2012) .
Chaputala 1 ndi 2 of Freedman, Pisani, and Purves (2007) kupereka mawu omveka bwino mu kusiyana zatsopano, zinthu zatsopano, ndi osapanganika zatsopano.
Manzi (2012) imapereka chidwi ndi munthu angathe kuwaŵerenga oyamba mu underpinnings ndi akatswiri zowerengera wa osapanganika zatsopano. Komanso chidwi zochitika zenizeni dziko la mphamvu ya kuyesera malonda.
Casella (2008) , Box, Hunter, and Hunter (2005) , Athey and Imbens (2016b) kupereka oyamba bwino zinthu zowerengera ya kapangidwe experimental ndi kusanthula. Komanso pali mankhwala abwino kwambiri a ntchito zatsopano m'minda zosiyanasiyana: zachuma (Bardsley et al. 2009) , Sociology (Willer and Walker 2007; Jackson and Cox 2013) , kuwerenga maganizo (Aronson et al. 1989) , Sayansi ndale (Morton and Williams 2010) , ndi ndondomeko chikhalidwe (Glennerster and Takavarasha 2013) .
Kufunika kwa ophunzira asilikali (mwachitsanzo, zosankhidwazi) ndi zambiri pansi-akukonda kafukufuku experimental. Komabe, ngati zotsatira za mankhwala ndi sakanikira mu anthu, ndiye zosankhidwazi ndi yovuta. Longford (1999) an'kanena izi momveka pamene imalimbikitsa kuti ofufuza kuganiza zatsopano monga kafukufuku anthu ndi zosankhidwazi kochitika mwachisawawa.
The dichotomy kuti ine anapereka pakati pa labu ndi munda zatsopano ndi pang'ono m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Ndipotu, akatswiri ena akhala akuganizira typologies zambiri, anthu imeneyo nadzawasankhula zosiyanasiyana zatsopano munda (Harrison and List 2004; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2013) . Komanso pali zina ziwiri zatsopano anachita asayansi zosangalatsa zomwe sizikugwirizana bwino mu labu ndi munda dichotomy. Zatsopano kafukufuku ndi zatsopano chikhalidwe Survey zatsopano ndi zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga za kafukufuku amene analipo ndiponso yerekezerani mayankho kwa Mabaibulo njira ya mafunso (ena zatsopano kafukufuku pokambirana Chapter 3); zambiri pa zatsopano kafukufuku kuona Mutz (2011) . zatsopano Social ndi zatsopano kumene mankhwala ena mfundo zosangalatsa zomwe zitha zagwiridwa ndi boma. Zimene Social zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi pulogalamu kuwunika. Zambiri pa zatsopano policy, onani Orr (1998) , Glennerster and Takavarasha (2013) , ndipo Heckman and Smith (1995) .
Angapo mapepala kuti poyerekeza labu ndi munda zatsopano chabe (Falk and Heckman 2009; Cialdini 2009) ndi mawu a zakambidwa pa zatsopano apadera sayansi ndale (Coppock and Green 2015) , zachuma (Levitt and List 2007a; Levitt and List 2007b; Camerer 2011; Al-Ubaydli and List 2013) komanso sayansi (Mitchell 2012) . Jerit, Barabas, and Clifford (2013) amapereka zabwino kafukufuku pulani kuyerekeza zotsatira labu ndi munda zatsopano.
Nkhawa ophunzira kusintha makhalidwe awo chifukwa amadziwa iwo akumva kwambiri anati amatchedwa kufunika zotsatira, ndipo iwo anaphunzira kuwerenga maganizo (Orne 1962) ndi zachuma (Zizzo 2009) . Ngakhale makamaka kugwirizana ndi zatsopano labu, nkhani zimenezi zingachititse mavuto zatsopano kumunda ndiponso. Ndipotu ankafuna zotsatira Komanso limatchedwa zotsatira Hawthorne, mawu amene zichokela ku kuyesera m'munda, makamaka wotchuka zatsopano chiwalitsiro zimene zinayamba mu 1924 pa Hawthorne Works a Western Zamagetsi Company (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) . Onse obwera kufunika ndi zotsatira Hawthorn ndi zogwirizana ndi maganizo a muyeso zotakasika m'Mutu 2 (onaninso Webb et al. (1966) ).
Mbiri ya zatsopano munda wakhala anafotokoza mu zachuma (Levitt and List 2009) , sayansi ndale (Green and Gerber 2003; Druckman et al. 2006; Druckman and Lupia 2012) , kuwerenga maganizo (Shadish 2002) , ndi ndondomeko poyera (Shadish and Cook 2009) . M'dera lina la sayansi chikhalidwe kumene zatsopano munda mwamsanga anatchuka ndi chitukuko mayiko. Kwa review zabwino kuti ntchito mwa zachuma kuona Banerjee and Duflo (2009) , ndi kwa ziyenera ovuta kuona Deaton (2010) . Kwa review ntchito mu sayansi ndale kuona Humphreys and Weinstein (2009) . Pomaliza, mavuto zikuyenela nawo ndi zatsopano munda akhala kufukulidwa sayansi ndale (Humphreys 2015; Desposato 2016b) ndi zachuma chitukuko (Baele 2013) .
Mu mutu, ine anandiuza kuti chisanadze mankhwala mudziwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzanso mwandondomeko wa zotsatira Akuti mankhwala, koma pali ena kutsutsana za njira imeneyi: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , ndipo Berk et al. (2013) ; onani Bloniarz et al. (2016) kuti mumve zambiri.
Ine ndinakusankhani kuganizira mfundo zitatu: n'loonadi, heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala, ndi njira. mfundo zimenezi ndi mayina osiyanasiyana m'minda yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri amakonda kusuntha yoposa zatsopano yosavuta ndi moganizira owayimira ndi oyang'anira (Baron and Kenny 1986) . Lingaliro la nkhoswe akagwidwa zimene Ine kuitana njira, ndi lingaliro la oyang'anira akagwidwa zimene Ine kuitana kunja n'loonadi (mwachitsanzo, kodi zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi kukhala osiyana ngati anali kuthamanga pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana) ndi heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala ( mwachitsanzo, ndi zotsatira zazikulu kwa anthu ena kuposa anthu ena).
Kuyesa kwa Schultz et al. (2007) chimasonyeza bwanji mfundo chikhalidwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga njira zothandiza. Kwa mfundo zambiri ambiri za ntchito ya chiphunzitso sanakonze njira zothandiza, onani Walton (2014) .
Malingaliro a n'loonadi mkati ndi kunja anali koyamba mu Campbell (1957) . Onani Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) kwa mbiri zambiri ndi elaboration mosamala zowerengera mapeto n'loonadi, n'loonadi mkati, kumanga unali woyenerera, ndipo unali woyenerera kunja.
Kuti mwachidule zokhudza zowerengera mapeto n'loonadi mu zatsopano kuona Gerber and Green (2012) (kwa maganizo sayansi chikhalidwe) ndi Imbens and Rubin (2015) (kwa maganizo zowerengera). Ena nkhani ya zowerengera mapeto unali woyenerera kuti uka makamaka pa Intaneti zatsopano m'munda monga nkhani monga njira computationally imayenera polenga intervals chidaliro deta yozungulira (Bakshy and Eckles 2013) .
Internal n'loonadi kungakhale kovuta kuonetsetsa mu zatsopano zovuta kumunda. Mwachitsanzo, Gerber and Green (2000) , Imai (2005) , ndipo Gerber and Green (2005) kutsutsana za kukhazikitsa zovuta munda kuyesera za kukavota. Kohavi et al. (2012) ndi Kohavi et al. (2013) kupereka oyamba mu mavuto a imeneyi n'loonadi mu Intaneti zatsopano kumunda.
nkhawa yaikulu ndi n'loonadi mkati ndi mavuto ndi randomization. Njira imodzi zingakhale kudziwa mavuto ndi randomization ndi kuyerekeza magulu mankhwala ndi ulamuliro pa makhalidwe kuziona. Mtundu uwu chitsanzo amatchedwa bwino cheke. Onani Hansen and Bowers (2008) kuti njira zowerengera moyenera macheke, ndi kuwona Mutz and Pemantle (2015) kwa nkhawa macheke bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito bwino cheke Allcott (2011) anapeza kuti pali umboni wosonyeza kuti randomization sanali akuyendera molondola zitatu za zatsopano ena a zatsopano OPower (onani Table 2; malo 2, 6, ndi 8). Pakuti njira zina, kuona Imbens and Rubin (2015) , Chapter 21.
za zinthu zina zazikulu zokhudza n'loonadi mkati ndi: 1) mmodzi kumbali sanali kugwilizana, kunalibe aliyense mu gulu mankhwala makamaka analandira chithandizo, 2) ziwiri kumbali sanali kugwilizana, kunalibe aliyense mu gulu chithandizo akulandira mankhwala ndi zina anthu mu gulu ulamuliro kulandira mankhwala, 3) attrition, kumene zakambidwa si anayeza ena ophunzira, ndi 4) kulowelera, kumene mankhwala amatayika pa anthu mu chikhalidwe chithandizo kwa anthu mu chikhalidwe kulamulira. Onani Gerber and Green (2012) Chaputala 5, 6, 7, ndi 8 zambiri pa aliyense za izi.
Zambiri pa kumanga n'loonadi, onani Westen and Rosenthal (2003) , ndi zambiri pa kumanga n'loonadi magwero aakulu deta, Lazer (2015) ndi Chapter 2 m'buku ili.
Mbali ina unali woyenerera kunja ndi pamalo phukusi ndi mayesero. Allcott (2015) imapereka kusamala ongolankhula ndi wazotsatira mankhwala malo kusankha kukondera. M'magazini ino ikufotokozedwanso mu Deaton (2010) . Kuwonjezera chitidwe mu malo ambiri, phukusi Home Energy Report wakhalanso paokha kuphunzira ndi magulu angapo kafukufuku (mwachitsanzo, Ayres, Raseman, and Shih (2013) ).
Pakuti mwachidule kwambiri a heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala zatsopano kumunda, onani Chapter 12 Gerber and Green (2012) . Pakuti oyamba kuti heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala m'mayesero mankhwala, onani Kent and Hayward (2007) , Longford (1999) , ndipo Kravitz, Duan, and Braslow (2004) . Heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala ambiri kuganizira zosiyana zochokera makhalidwe chisanadze mankhwala. Ngati mukufuna heterogeneity zochokera zakambidwa pambuyo mankhwala, ndiye approachs zovuta zambiri zofunika monga yaikulu stratification (Frangakis and Rubin 2002) ; onani Page et al. (2015) kuti ndemanga.
Akatswiri ambiri amati ndi heterogeneity za kuipa mankhwala ntchito liniya mgwirizano, koma njira atsopano kudalira kuphunzira makina Mwachitsanzo Green and Kern (2012) , Imai and Ratkovic (2013) , Taddy et al. (2016) , ndipo Athey and Imbens (2016a) .
Pali ena sankakhulupirira za anapeza heterogeneity za kuipa chifukwa cha mavuto angapo poyerekezera ndi "nsomba." Pali zosiyanasiyana njira zowerengera zimene zingathandize adiresi nkhawa poyerekeza angapo (Fink, McConnell, and Vollmer 2014; List, Shaikh, and Xu 2016) . Njira imodzi nkhawa "usodzi" ndi chisanadze kalembera, amene ayamba wamba mu kuwerenga maganizo (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , sayansi ndale (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) ndipo zachuma (Olken 2015) .
Mu kuphunzira Costa and Kahn (2013) pafupifupi theka lokha la mabanja a mu kuyesera zamanga zogwirizana ndi mfundo zaziwerengero. Owerenga chidwi tsatanetsatane ndi mavuto ndi kusanthula ayenera amanena za pepala original.
Njira ndi amazipanga zofunika, koma zinapezeka kuti zovuta kuphunzira. Research za njira yogwirizana kwambiri kuphunzira owayimira mu kuwerenga maganizo (koma wonaninso VanderWeele (2009) kwa fanizo yeniyeni pakati pa malingaliro awiri). Likuyandikira Statistical zifukwa kupeza, monga njira yapangidwa Baron and Kenny (1986) , ndi zachilendo. Mwatsoka, likukhalira kuti ndondomeko amene amadalira ena mfundo wamphamvu (Bullock, Green, and Ha 2010) ndi kuvutika ngati pali njira zambiri, monga mmodzi angayembekezere zinthu zambiri (Imai and Yamamoto 2013; VanderWeele and Vansteelandt 2014) . Imai et al. (2011) ndi Imai and Yamamoto (2013) kupereka bwino njira zowerengera. Komanso, VanderWeele (2015) amapereka buku kutalika mankhwala ndi zotsatira zake zofunika, kuphatikizapo njira bwino kugawa tilinazo.
A njira zosiyana tikunena nkhaniyi amafuna kupezerera limagwirira mwachindunji (mwachitsanzo, popereka oyendetsa vitamini C). Mwatsoka, pamalo osiyanasiyana sayansi chikhalidwe pali zambiri njira angapo ndipo n'kovuta kupanga mankhwala kuti kusintha wina popanda kusintha ena. Ena njira kuti experimentally njira bongo amafotokozedwa Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto (2013) , Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan (2011) , ndipo Pirlott and MacKinnon (2016) .
Pomaliza, njira Komanso kale mu nzeru za sayansi anafotokozedwa ndi Hedström and Ylikoski (2010) .
Kwambiri pa ntchito ya maphunziro makalata ndi maphunziro kafukufuku kuyeza tsankho kuona Pager (2007) .
Ambiri njira yosankha ophunzira kuti nkhaniyi mumanga ndi Amazon Mawotchi Turk (MTurk). Chifukwa MTurk otsanzira mbali ya zatsopano za malipiro chikhalidwe labu anthu kumaliza ntchito kuti iwo sakanati achite kwa akatswiri mfulu zambiri kale ntchito Turkers (antchito pa MTurk) pamene ophunzira mu nkhani anthu zatsopano chifukwa mu mofulumira ndi kusonkhanitsa mtengo deta kuposa miyambo pa sukulu zatsopano zasayansi (Paolacci, Chandler, and Ipeirotis 2010; Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012; Rand 2012; Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) .
Mphamvu lalikulu la choti ophunzira alemba ntchito ku MTurk ndi panali: amalola ofufuza yosankha ophunzira mwamsanga ndipo akamavutika. Pamene zatsopano labu akhoza kutenga masabata kuthamanga ndi zatsopano munda angathe kutenga miyezi kukhazikitsa mmwamba, zatsopano ndi ophunzira alemba ntchito ku MTurk akhoza kuthamanga mu masiku. Mwachitsanzo, Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz (2012) anatha kum'tenga nkhani 400 tsiku limodzi nawo ndi kuyesera 8 yokha. Komanso, ophunzira amenewa alemba ntchito kwa cholinga chilichonse (kuphatikizapo Kafukufuku ndi mgwirizano misa, monga tinafotokozera m'Mutu 3 ndi 5). omasuka lino la asilikali zikutanthauza kuti akatswiri mukhoza kuthamanga mbali ya zatsopano athu mothamanga.
Pamaso kupeza ophunzira kuchokera MTurk kwa zatsopano anu, pali zinthu zinayi zofunika kudziwa. Choyamba, akatswiri ambiri sankakhulupirira si yeniyeni zatsopano zokhudza Turkers. Chifukwa kukayikira zimenezi si yeniyeni, n'zovuta kutsutsa umboni. Koma patatha zaka zingapo maphunziro ntchito Turkers, tikhoza tsopano kunena kuti sankakhulupirira zimenezi si zofunika kwambiri. Pakhala maphunziro ambiri kuyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha Turkers kuti anthu ena ndi maphunziro ambiri kuyerekeza zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo ndi Turkers zotsatira kuchokera anthu ena. Popeza ntchito zonsezi, ine ndikuganiza kuti njira yabwino muganize kuti Turkers ndi wololera mayiko chitsanzo, mofanana ophunzira koma pang'ono more osiyanasiyana (Berinsky, Huber, and Lenz 2012) . Choncho, monga momwe ophunzira ndi anthu zomveka kuti ena koma zonse kafukufuku experimental, Turkers ndi anthu zomveka kuti ena koma zonse kafukufuku. Ngati inu muti ntchito ndi Turkers, ndiye ndi bwino kuwerenga zambiri za maphunziro amenewa poyerekeza ndi kumvetsa mfundo zina zabwino zawo.
Chachiwiri, akatswiri apanga kwambiri makhalidwe awonjezere n'loonadi mkati mwa Turk zatsopano, ndipo inu kuphunzira Baibulo ndiponso kutsatira izi bwino makhalidwe (Horton, Rand, and Zeckhauser 2011; Mason and Suri 2012) . Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ntchito Turkers akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito screeners kuchotsa ophunzira sasamala (Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2014; Berinsky, Margolis, and Sances 2016) (koma wonaninso DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015b) ndi DJ Hauser and Schwarz (2015a) ). Ngati mulibe kuchotsa ophunzira sasamala, ndiye mphamvu iliyonse ya mankhwala akhoza kutsukidwa ndi phokoso anayambitsa kuchokera kwa ophunzira sasamala, ndi kuchita chiwerengero cha ophunzira sasamala angakhale wodalirika. Mu kuyesa kwa Huber ndi anzake (2012) 30% ya ophunzira analephera chidwi screeners zofunika. Vuto lina wamba ndi Turkers ndi sanali wosachangamuka ophunzira (Chandler et al. 2015) .
Chachitatu, wachibale kwa mitundu ina ya zatsopano digito, MTurk zatsopano sangathe onga; Stewart et al. (2015) pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse pali pafupifupi 7,000 anthu MTurk.
Pomaliza, muyenera kudziwa kuti MTurk ndi dera ndi malamulo ake ndi malamulo (Mason and Suri 2012) . Mu njira yomweyo imene mukufuna kuyesa kupeza zokhudza chikhalidwe cha dziko limene inu mumapita kuthamanga zatsopano anu, inu ayesetse kupeza zambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi malamulo a Turkers (Salehi et al. 2015) . Ndipo, inu mukudziwa kuti Turkers adzakhala akulankhula za kafukufuku anu ngati inu kuchita chinachake zosayenera kapena kuba (Gray et al. 2016) .
MTurk ndi njira amazipanga yabwino yosankha ophunzira zatsopano anu, kaya labu ngati, monga Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , kapena zambiri kumunda ngati, monga Mason and Watts (2009) , Goldstein, McAfee, and Suri (2013) , Goldstein et al. (2014) , Horton and Zeckhauser (2016) , ndipo Mao et al. (2016) .
Ngati mukuganiza kuyesera kulenga mankhwala anu, ine amalangiza kuti mukuwerenga malangizo anapereka ndi MovieLens gulu Harper and Konstan (2015) . A kumvetsa chinsinsi chitsanzo chawo ndicho ntchito iliyonse bwino alipo ambiri, zolephera zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, MovieLens gulu anapezerapo mankhwala ena monga GopherAnswers kuti anali wangwiro zolephera (Harper and Konstan 2015) . Chitsanzo china katswiriyu kulephera akuyesa kumanga mankhwala ndi kuyesa Edward Castronova ndi kumanga masewera Intaneti wotchedwa Arden. Ngakhale $ 250,000 mu ndalama ntchitoyi anali kulephera (Baker 2008) . Ntchito ngati GopherAnswers ndi Arden, mwatsoka kwambiri yodziwika kwambiri kuposa ntchito ngati MovieLens. Potsiriza, pamene ine ndinanena izo sindinadziwe ofufuza ina iliyonse imene kupambana anamanga mankhwala kuyesera mobwerezabwereza apa ndi muyezo wanga: 1) ophunzira ntchito mankhwala chifukwa cha zimene limatipatsa iwo (mwachitsanzo, iwo salipidwa ndipo sachita ongodzipereka kuthandiza sayansi) ndipo 2) mankhwala akugwiritsa ntchito kuyesera oposa osiyana (mwachitsanzo, osati kuyesa chomwecho maulendo angapo ndi maiwe osiyana ophunzira). Ngati inu mukudziwa zitsanzo zina, chonde ndidziwitseni.
Ndamva maganizo nusu Pasteur ndi kukambirana pafupipafupi ku makampani zina zamakono, ndipo kumathandiza bungwe khama kafukufuku pa Google (Spector, Norvig, and Petrov 2012) .
Mgwirizano ndi phunziro anzake ' (2012) komanso akufuna kudziwa zotsatira za mankhwala awa pa mabwenzi a anthu amene anawalandira. Chifukwa cha kamangidwe ka kuyesera kuti, spillovers izi zili zovuta kudziwa mopanda; owerenga chidwi ayenera kuona Bond et al. (2012) kuti mumve tsatanetsatane. Kuyesera ndi mbali ya mwambo yaitali zatsopano sayansi ndale khama kulimbikitsa Kuvota (Green and Gerber 2015) . Izi zatsopano kumva kuchokera-ndi-voti ndi anthu am'dera chifukwa iwo ali Pasteur ndi nusu. Kuti, pali anthu ambiri amene olimbikitsa kuonjezera kukavota ndi kuponya mavoti kungakhale khalidwe chidwi choyesa mfundo zambiri ambiri kusintha khalidwe ndi mphamvu ya maubwenzi.
Akatswiri ena malangizo za kuthamanga zatsopano kumunda ndi mabungwe mnzake monga ndale, NGOs, ndi mabizinesi (Loewen, Rubenson, and Wantchekon 2010; List 2011; Gueron 2002) . Ena anapereka malangizo okhudza mmene mabungwe ndi magulu akhoza zimakhudzira mapangidwe kafukufuku (Green, Calfano, and Aronow 2014; King et al. 2007) . Partnership amathanso kukhala mafunso zikuyenela (Humphreys 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) .
Ngati mukupita kulenga kukonzekeratu kusanthulidwe pamaso kuthamanga kuyesera wanu, ndiganiza kuti kuyamba kuwerenga malangizo malipoti. The kugwirizana (Consolidated Standard Kusimba za Mayesero) malangizo amenewa anayamba mankhwala (Schulz et al. 2010) ndi kusinthidwa kufufuza chikhalidwe (Mayo-Wilson et al. 2013) . Zogwiritsira zokhudza malangizo wakhala akupangidwa ndi akonzi a Journal of Experimental Science Political (Gerber et al. 2014) (onaninso Mutz and Pemantle (2015) ndi Gerber et al. (2015) ). Pomaliza, malipoti malangizo yapangidwa mu kuwerenga maganizo (Group 2008) , ndipo onaninso Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn (2011) .
Ngati inu kulenga kukonzekeratu kusanthulidwe muyenera kuganizira chisanadze kukalembetsa m'kaundula chifukwa chisanadze kalembera kwambiri ndi chidaliro kuti ena mwa zotsatira. Komanso, ngati mukuchita kumupatsa izo kuchepetsa mphamvu okondedwa wanu kusintha kuwunika ataona zotsatira. Pre-kulembetsa ndi ayamba wamba mu kuwerenga maganizo (Nosek and Lakens 2014) , sayansi ndale (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013; Monogan 2013; Anderson 2013; Gelman 2013; Laitin 2013) , ndi zachuma (Olken 2015) .
Pamene kulenga chisanafike kusanthula dongosolo wanu ayenera kudziwa kuti ena ofufuza ntchito mgwirizano ndi njira okhudzana kusintha mwandondomeko zokwana pafupifupi zotsatira mankhwala, ndipo pali mtsutso za njira imeneyi: Freedman (2008) , Lin (2013) , ndi Berk et al. (2013) ; onani Bloniarz et al. (2016) kuti mumve zambiri.
Design malangizo mwachindunji Intaneti zatsopano wakumunda anaperekanso mu Konstan and Chen (2007) ndi Chen and Konstan (2015) .
Zambiri pa zatsopano MusicLab, onani Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , Salganik and Watts (2008) , Salganik and Watts (2009b) , Salganik and Watts (2009a) , ndipo Salganik (2007) . Zambiri pa wopambana-kutenga onse misika, onani Frank and Cook (1996) . Zambiri mwayi untangling ndi luso zambiri zambiri, werengani Mauboussin (2012) , Watts (2012) , ndipo Frank (2016) .
Pali njira ina kuchotsa ndalama ophunzira kuti akatswiri tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala: usilikali. Ambiri Intaneti zatsopano munda ophunzira kwenikweni usilikali mu kafukufuku komanso konse kulipidwa. Zitsanzo za njira imeneyi monga Restivo ndi van de Rijt a (2012) kuyesera pa phindu mu Wikipedia ndi Mgwirizano ndi mnzake ndi (2012) kuyesera pa kulimbikitsa anthu kuvota. zatsopano izi kwenikweni ndi zero mtengo variable, ali zero variable mtengo ofufuza. Ngakhale ndalama zambiri zatsopano izi ndi yaing'ono kwambiri kwa ophunzira aliyense, ndalama yaing'ono woyikidwa ndi nambala yaikulu kwambiri ophunzira kuwonjezera mwamsanga. Akatswiri kuthamanga chachikulu Intaneti zatsopano zambiri kulungamitsa kufunika yaing'ono zotsatira pafupifupi mankhwala ponena kuti izi zotsatira ang'onoang'ono angathe kukhala zofunika pamene ntchito kwa anthu ambiri. Enieni maganizo N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ndalama zimene ofufuza kukakamiza ophunzira. Ngati zatsopano wanu amachititsa anthu miliyoni kuwononga miniti imodzi, kuyesera si zoipa kwa munthu aliyense makamaka, koma akaphatikiza izo wakhala adadzonga pafupifupi zaka za nthawi.
Njira ina kulenga zero variable mtengo malipiro kwa ophunzira ndi ntchito mpikisano, ndi njira iyenso ntchito kafukufuku kafukufuku (Halpern et al. 2011) . Pomaliza, zambiri za angagwiritse yosangalatsa wosuta-zokumana kuona Toomim et al. (2011) .
Apa ndi matanthauzo oyamba atatu R, kuchokera Russell and Burch (1959) :
"M'malo zikutanthauza M'MALO amazindikira wamoyo nyama apamwamba a chuma insentient. Kuchepetsa amatanthauza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyama ntchito kuti mudziwe za kuchuluka anapatsidwa ndi cholondola. Kuyengedwa zikutanthauza kuchepa mu zochitika kapena zovuta njira wodyerana ntchito nyama zimene adakali ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. "
The kuti Ine akamufunsirire musati kunyalanyaza mfundo zikuyenela anafotokoza mu Chapter 6. R atatu M'malo mwake, iwo ndi more analongosola Baibulo mmodzi wa anthu mfundo beneficence-mwachindunji kulowa zatsopano anthu.
Mukamakambirana Maganizo kufalikira, pali atatu nkhani si koyenela kukumbukira pamene kutanthauzira kuyesera. Choyamba, si bwino mmene mfundo zenizeni za kafukufuku ndi kugwirizana kuti zonena za ongolankhula; mwa kulankhula kwina, pali mafunso okhudza kumanga unali woyenerera. Si bwino kuti zabwino ndi zoipa mawu udindo kwenikweni chizindikiro wabwino wa boma maganizo a ophunzira chifukwa 1) si bwino kuti mawu amene anthu aika amene amasonyeza bwino maganizo awo komanso 2) si bwino kuti makamaka mawu kusanthula njira zimene ofufuza za ntchito amatha molondola amachitsimikizira mtima (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . M'mawu ena, pakhoza kukhala zoipa muyeso wa mbendera okondera. Chachiwiri, kapangidwe ndi kusanthula kuyesera watiuza kanthu za amene mwapeza kwambiri (ie, palibe kusanthula heterogeneity wa zotsatira chithandizo) ndi njira akhoza kukhala. Pankhaniyi ofufuza anali zambiri zokhudza ophunzira, koma iwo anali kwenikweni ankachita monga zida pomalizira. Chachitatu, mmene kukula mu kuyesera anali ochepa; kusiyana pakati mankhwala ndi kulamulira zinthu ndi 1 mawu 1,000. Mu pepala awo, Kramer ndi anzake apange choncho ndi zotsatira za kukula zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa mamiliyoni mazanamazana anthu kulumikiza News awo Dyetsa tsiku lililonse. M'mawu ena, iwo amati ngakhale mavuto amene ang'ono munthu aliyense ali wamkulu mu akaphatikiza. Ngakhale kuvomereza mfundo imeneyi, komabe si bwino ngati zotsatira za kukula zimenezi n'kofunika pankhani funso more ambiri sayansi za kufalikira maganizo. Zambiri zochitika kumene zotsatira yaing'ono ndi zofunika kuona Prentice and Miller (1992) .
Kumbali ya R choyamba (M'malo), kuyerekezera Maganizo kufalikira kuyesera (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) ndi maganizo kufalikira zachilengedwe kuyesera (Coviello et al. 2014) amapereka maphunziro ena onse za malonda-offs nawo ndi amayenda zimene ku mayesero achilengedwe (ndi njira zina monga zofanana chiwembucho kuyandikira zatsopano mu deta si experimental, onani Chapter 2). Kuwonjezera ubwino zachinyengo, kusintha experimental maphunziro sanali experimental imathandizanso ofufuza kuphunzira mankhwala kuti ndi logistically sangathe atumiza. Izi phindu zabwino ndiponso panali wolira ndalama, Komabe. Ndi zatsopano zachilengedwe ofufuza zochepa kulamulira zinthu ngati asilikali a ophunzira, randomization, ndi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, malire mmodzi wa mvula monga mankhwala ndi kuti onse kumawonjezera positivity ndi amachepetsa negativity. Mowerengera experimental Koma Kramer ndi anzake anatha kusintha positivity ndi negativity paokha.
Njira makamaka ntchito Coviello et al. (2014) Enanso analongosola mu Coviello, Fowler, and Franceschetti (2014) . Pakuti chiyambi zosintha zoimbidwa kuona Angrist and Pischke (2009) (zochepa ofunda) kapena Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin (1996) (more ofunda). Kwa maganizo kukayikira zosintha zoimbidwa kuona Deaton (2010) , ndi chiyambi zosintha zoimbidwa ndi zida ofooka (mvula ndi chida ofooka), onani Murray (2006) .
More zambiri, mawu zabwino zatsopano zachilengedwe ndi Dunning (2012) , ndipo Rosenbaum (2002) , Rosenbaum (2009) , ndipo Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) amapereka malingaliro wabwino kuyerekeza zotsatira causal popanda zatsopano.
Kumbali ya R wachiwiri (KUYERETSEDWA), pali sayansi ndi panali malonda-offs tikaonetsetsa kusintha kamangidwe ka kufalikira mumtima kutsekereza posts kuti kunachititsa posts. Mwachitsanzo, mwina sizingakhale kuti kukhazikitsa luso la News Amadyetsa amapanga ndi zayamba zosavuta kuchita kafukufuku ndi kutsekereza posts osati kuyesera ndi kunachititsa posts (onani kuti kuyesera ndi kutsekereza posts akhoza akuyendera ngati wosanjikiza pa pamwamba pa dongosolo News Amadyetsa popanda kufunika limasinthira a dongosolo lenileni). Mwasayansi Komabe, chiphunzitso kulankhula kuyesera sanali bwino amati kapangidwe mmodzi pamwamba pa wina.
Mwatsoka, ine sindiri kudziwa kafukufuku wodalirika isanafike za nyota wachibale kutchinga ndi kunachititsa zili mu News Amadyetsa. Komanso, sindinaonepo kufufuza zambiri za akuyenga mankhwala kuti wochepa zoipa; chapadera ndi Jones and Feamster (2015) , amene amaona nkhani ya muyeso wa Internet kufufuza (a mutu ine kukambirana mu Chapter 6 Mogwirizana ndi phunziro Encore (Burnett and Feamster 2015; Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) ).
Kumbali ya R wachitatu (Kuchepetsa), mawu abwino kugawa zopangira mphamvu ndi Cohen (1988) . covariates Pre-mankhwala akhoza m'gulu siteji kapangidwe ndi gawo kusanthula kuyesa; Chapter 4 Gerber and Green (2012) imapereka oyamba bwino njira onse, ndi Casella (2008) amapereka zambiri mozama mankhwala. Njira kuti ntchito mfundo chisanadze mankhwala randomization ndi ambiri wotchedwa mwina oletsedwa machenjerero experimental kapena stratified machenjerero experimental (terminology si ntchito zonse kudutsa m'madera); njira zimenezi kwambiri zokhudzana ndi njira stratified zosankhidwazi m'Mutu 3. Onani Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon (2016) kwambiri pa ntchito machenjerero awa zatsopano chachikulu. Covariates Pre-mankhwala akhoza kukhala mbali ya gawo kusanthula. McKenzie (2012) ikufotokoza njira kusiyana mu kusiyana kwa kusanthula zatsopano munda mwatsatanetsatane. Onani Carneiro, Lee, and Wilhelm (2016) kwambiri pa malonda-offs pakati mosiyana kuonjezera mogometsa mu akuti zotsatira mankhwala. Potsiriza, pamene kusankha kuyesa monga covariates chisanadze mankhwala pa siteji kamangidwe kapena kusanthula (kapena onse), pali zinthu zingapo zoti tikambirane. Pa pamene ofufuza kusonyeza kuti iwo sali "usodzi" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , ntchito chisanadze mankhwala covariates mu gawo kapangidwe zingakhale zothandiza (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) . Mu zochitika ophunzira kufika sequentially, makamaka pa Intaneti zatsopano kumunda, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo chisanadze mankhwala mu gawo kapangidwe kungakhale kovuta logistically, onani Mwachitsanzo Xie and Aurisset (2016) .
M'pofunikanso kuwonjezera pang'ono yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale za chifukwa kusiyana-mu-zosiyana kwambiri kwambiri kuposa kusiyana mu njira. Intaneti zakambidwa ambiri kwambiri kusiyana (onani mwachitsanzo, Lewis and Rao (2015) ndi Lamb et al. (2015) ) ndipo kokhazikika pa nthawi. Pankhaniyi, kusintha mphambu adzakhala zayamba ang'onoang'ono masiyanidwe, kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mayeso zowerengera. Chifukwa chimodzi akufika si ntchito kawirikawiri kuti isanafike zaka digito sizinali zachilendo ndi zakambidwa chisanadze mankhwala. A njira yowona kuganizila ndi kulingalira kuyesera kuyeza ngati zolimbitsa thupi enieni amawondetsa. Ngati mukuchita kusiyana mu njira yofikira, kafukufuku wako adzakhala ndi masiyanidwe chochokera masiyanidwe mu miyeso mu anthu. Ngati mukuchita kusiyana-mu-kusiyana njira Komabe, mwachibadwa zikuchitika akusinthasintha zolemera kuchotsedwa ndi inu mosavuta kudziwa kusiyana chifukwa cha mankhwala.
Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu kafukufuku wako ndi kuchititsa kusanthula mphamvu Kramer ndi anzake akanachita zochokera zazikulu mmene anati kwa kuyesera zachilengedwe Coviello et al. (2014) kapena kale kafukufuku sanali experimental ndi Kramer (2012) (Ndipotu zimenezi ndi ntchito kumapeto kwa chaputala ichi). Taonani kuti ntchito imeneyi ya kusanthula mphamvu pang'ono wosiyana kuposa mmene. Mu m'badwo analogi, akatswiri ambiri anachita kusanthula mphamvu kuonetsetsa kuti kuphunzira sanali chochepa (ie, pansi pa mphamvu zoyendera). Panopa, akatswiri ayenera kuchita kusanthula mphamvu kuonetsetsa kuti kuphunzira ndi aakulu kwambiri (ie, pa mphamvu zoyendera).
Potsiriza, ndinali kuwonjezera wachinayi R: Repurpose. Kuti, ngati akatswiri amapezeka deta kwambiri experimental muyezo kuthetsa kafukufuku funso original, iwo ayenera repurpose deta kufunsa mafunso latsopano. Tiyerekeze kuti Kramer ndi anzake anagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana-mu-kusiyana estimator ndipo anapezeka ndi deta kuposa anafunika kuthana awo funso kafukufuku. M'malo kugwiritsa ntchito deta mokwanira, iwo akanakhoza anaphunzira kukula mmene monga ntchito Pre-mankhwala akuti maganizo. Monga Schultz et al. (2007) anapeza kuti zotsatira za mankhwala zinali zosiyana kuwala ndi katundu owerenga, mwina zotsatira za News Amadyetsa anali osiyana anthu amene kale ankakonda nsanamira mauthenga wosangalala (kapena wachisoni). Repurposing zingachititse kuti "usodzi" (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) ndi "tsa-kuwakhadzula" (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) , koma izi makamaka addressable ndi osakaniza malipoti moona (Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn 2011) chisanafike m'kaundula (Humphreys, Sierra, and Windt 2013) , ndi njira makina kuphunzira kupewa kuchita pa-koyenera.


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Olima munda samakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya munda. Komabe, nthawi zambiri iwowo ndi omwe amachititsa kuti asakhale ndi zotsatira zoyenera, chifukwa iwo amasamalidwa bwino ndi strawberries. Koma mitundu yonse imafuna njira yake yokhayo komanso zina zotsekera m'ndende. Ndipo sitiroberi "mbuye" ndi zosiyana ndi malamulo awa.
Makhalidwe a sitiroberi mitundu "Ambuye"
Izi sitiroberi zosiyanasiyana ndi otchuka chifukwa zamatsenga kukoma ndi zokolola zambiri. Komabe, kuti musasocheretsedwe mukuyembekezera, muyenera kulingalira zina mwa maonekedwe omwe mukulima. Strawberry "Ambuye" anabadwira ku UK ndi obereketsa. Zimatchulidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yamapeto, popeza nyengo ya zipatso imakula (kumapeto kwa June - kumapeto kwa July) ndipo imangowonjezera nthawi. Madzu a zinyalalazi ndi okwera kwambiri - 60 masentimita ndipo amaimirira. Peduncles amphamvu, koma ndi zokolola zochuluka amafunika garter, chifukwa pansi pa kulemera kwa chipatso kugwa pansi. Zipatso zofiira kwambiri ndi zazikulu (80-100 g), zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osamveka bwino ndipo zimakhala ndi zonunkhira komanso zowawa.
Strawberry "Ambuye" ndi yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha zokolola zake, komanso pofotokozera zosiyanasiyana (malinga ndi malamulo a zaulimi zamakono) amalonjezera zipatso zisanu ndi imodzi pa inflorescence imodzi. Ndipotu, kwa nthawi imodzi, 2-3 makilogalamu a strawberries akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku chitsamba chimodzi. "Ambuye" ali ndi moyo wautali - posamalira bwino, izi zosiyanasiyana zimapereka mbewu kwa zaka khumi. Komanso chomerachi chikhoza kukula pokhapokha pazinthu zaumwini, komanso pa mafakitale.
Kuwonjezera pa chisanu kukana kwa strawberries "Ambuye", ubwino wake ndi awa:
- Pamwamba kukana kuvunda ndi sitiroberi mite;
- Kuyenda bwino;
- Zokolola zazikulu;
- Kukhalapo kwa nambala zambirimbiri za kubereka;
- Long fruiting nthawi.
Zina mwa zolakwika ziyenera kudziwika kukula kwa tchire ndi zovuta zoyenera kuthirira.
Mukudziwa? Ambiri molakwika aitanitse munda strawberries strawberries. Komabe, sitiroberi amasiyana ndi sitiroberi imodzi-unit - akazi ndi amuna maluwa ali pa chitsamba chimodzi, iye ndi wokhazikika. Choncho, strawberries ali lalikulu zipatso ndi apamwamba zokolola.
Kusankha malo obzala strawberries "Ambuye"
Ngati mutasankha malo oti mubzalitse strawberries "Ambuye", pewani malo osungunuka. Pa iwo, chomeracho sichingalandire kuwala kokwanira, kuchititsa kuti zokololazo zichepetse, ndipo zipatso zimatayika katundu wawo - sizidzakhala zokoma ndi zazikulu. Chiwembu chodzala chiyenera kukhala chosalala, ngakhale kuti ena amati strawberries amakula bwino pa uncool kum'mwera chakumadzulo.
Ndikofunikira! Kumadera otsika kukula strawberries sikugwira ntchito - sikulekerera otsika kutentha, mphepo ndi mkulu chinyezi. Ngakhalenso strawberries pa chiwembucho ndi kubereka, zidzakhala zosayenera, ndi zipatso - zazing'ono.
Ntchito yokonzekera musanafike
Kuti sitiroberi ikhale yosangalatsidwa ndi zokolola zake, nthaka yomwe ikukonzekera ikuyenera kukhala mchenga kapena loamy ndi 5.5-6.5 pH. Pa nthaka ya mchenga ndi dothi, zipatsozo zidzakhala zazing'ono - sizikhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira. Zokolola zochepa za strawberries "Ambuye" zidzakhala pa miyala yamchere, nthaka ya saline komanso ndi acidity.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati pali madzi apansi kumbuyo, mabedi amayenera kukwera..
Dothi lachonde kwambiri la strawberries limatengedwa kukhala humus ndi lolemera mu zinthu zakuthengo. Dothi lotero lingapangidwe palokha: mu kugwa, masamba omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi manyowa amadzipangidwira komanso amathiridwa m'magawo angapo a dziko lapansi, odzazidwa ndi madzi ndipo amatha kuyenda mpaka masika.
Mu teknoloji yaulimi ya kukula kwa strawberries "Ambuye" amagwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zowonjezera za nthaka, zosiyana ndi kusankha zigawo zina:
- sawdust;
- humus;
- peat;
- mchenga
Pofuna kupewa kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthaka imatsuka ndi kuthiridwa ndi madzi ammonia musanadzalemo, komanso kuti mukhale ndi njira yothetsera udzu. Mabedi a "Ambuye" ndi othandiza kupanga sabata musanadzalemo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'lifupi mwake ayenera kukhala masentimita 80, ndipo mtunda uli pakati pa tchire - 80-100 cm.
Malamulo odzala strawberries mitundu "Ambuye"
Kuti mabedi ndi strawberries asatembenuzidwe kukhala m'nkhalango yakuda, pamene kubzala baka ayenera kuikidwa mozungulira, osati mu mzere umodzi. Kenaka chomeracho chidzakhala ndi malo okwanira okula, ndipo chipatso - mpweya wochuluka wokwanira ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Strawberry mbande "Ambuye" pamalo omasuka omwe anabzala mu August. Pamaso pa chisanu, chomeracho chidzakhala ndi nthawi yomanga mizu ndikuzika mizu. Amaluwa ambiri amaganiza kuti nthawi yabwino yobzala strawberries ndikumayambiriro kwa masika. Panthawiyi, sizingasungunuke, ndipo m'nyengo ya chilimwe idzakhala ndi nthawi yakukula ndi kupeza mphamvu. Komabe, pa kasupe kubzala kwa mbande, mapesi a maluwa ayenera kuchotsedwa pamtundu woyenera kuti strawberries asawononge mphamvu zawo pa iwo. Musanabzala, dothi sayenera kuthiridwa ndi madzi - liyenera kukhala lochepetsedwa pang'ono.
Mabowo kwa mbande ayenera kukhala 30 cm chakuya. Iwo ali ndi humus ndi supuni ya superphosphate, theka la galasi la phulusa ndi supuni ya supuni ya potaziyamu sulphate. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa, ndipo pokhapokha timabzala timabzala. Kubwera bwino kumachitika pa "pansi pa filimuyi." Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuyala pabedi ndi pulasitiki (makamaka chakuda) ndikupanga mabowo mmenemo kutsogolo kwa mabowo. Mizu akubisala pansi pa filimuyi, ndipo zotsitsimula zimakhalabe pamwamba. Mukamadzala strawberries, yesetsani kupeza mizu pansi.
Ngati mbande zili ndi masamba ambiri, zimachotsedwa, ndipo zimangokhala 3-4 zomwe zili pakatikati. Mizu yayitali imachepetsedwa mpaka masentimita asanu ndipo musanadzalemo choviikidwa mu oyankhula pogwiritsa ntchito dothi, kenaka anaikidwa mu dzenje, akuwongolera bwinobwino mizu, ndi kuwaza dziko lapansi. Pakati pa mbande pangani kanyumba kakang'ono koti madzi asafalikire pakamwetsa madzi. Ngati webusaiti yanu nthawizonse imakhala yonyowa nthaka ndipo simungapeze malo a strawberries, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yobzala zitsamba. Kuti muchite izi, yesani kukula kwa masentimita 100, pambali pake yomwe imayikidwa pamadzi owonjezera.
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu yambiri ya sitiroberi yabwino imabzalidwa, kotero kuti iyo isasunthidwe.
Chisamaliro choyenera ndicho chinsinsi chokolola chabwino.
Strawberry "Ambuye" ali ndi matenda abwino ndipo samakhala ndi tizirombo. Ngakhale ngati chomera chikudwala, icho chikhoza kupulumutsidwa. Pofuna kupewa matenda, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse musamalire strawberries, chotsani masamba owuma, mulch pakati pa mizere, mungu ndi potaziyamu phosphate feteleza.
Kuthirira, kupalira ndi kusula mabedi
"Ambuye" akusowa madzi ambiri. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri panthawi yopanga masamba ndi maluwa. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumadalira kukula kwa dothi. Pafupipafupi, pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse muyenera kuthira madzi okwanira lita imodzi. Panthawi yomweyi, kuchepa kwa chinyezi komanso chinyezi kumakhudza kwambiri kukoma kwa strawberries "Ambuye" ndi kulemera kwa zipatso. Njira yoyenera - kuthirira kwa microdrop. Pafupi nyengo yonse ya zomera zamasamba imatulutsa mphukira yapadera - zinyama. Iwo amazika mizu, ndipo chitsamba chaching'ono chikuwonekera. Mvula yamvula, zimalimbikitsa kubisa strawberries ndi zojambulazo.
Mukudziwa? Garlic, radishes, kaloti, anyezi, katsabola, beets ndi nyemba ndizomwe zimapangidwira mabulosi a sitiroberi, koma pambuyo pa kabichi, raspberries, nkhaka ndi solanaceae simungabzale strawberries ndi strawberries - mbeuyo idzakhala yosafunikira.
Kupeta ndi kumasula kumapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuti chinyezi chilowe muzu. Mukamaliza ntchitoyi mugwiritsire ntchito zipangizo zamaluwa.
Feteleza
Strawberry "Ambuye" ndi ovuta kwambiri ku feteleza ndipo muyenera kudyetsa kasanu pachaka pa nyengo.
Ndikofunikira! Dyetsani "Ambuye" akufunikira zokhazokha zokhazokha, chifukwa Mizu yake ili pafupi kwambiri ndipo pali ngozi yotentha.
Mulching pakati pa mizere
Kuphimba mulching kumawathandiza kwambiri kusamalira strawberries - m'nyengo yozizira imateteza ku chisanu, m'chilimwe chimateteza zipatso ku chiwonongeko, imakhalabe ndi chinyezi ndipo zimamasula nthawi zambiri. Mphepo imatha kuwononga strawberries, kotero muyenera kuyendayenda. Pochita izi, mungagwiritse ntchito singano zapaini: masentimita 10 masentimita amatha kuteteza chomera chosasunthika kuzizira. Masingano a mulch amalimbikitsidwanso kuti azitsata udzu. Pamene chiopsezo cha chisanu chadutsa, masamba akale amachotsedwa ku tchire la sitiroberi, ndipo atangooneka masamba atsopano, mabedi amakhala ndi masentimita asanu a masentimita auma owuma.
Kukolola strawberries
Popeza zipatso za "strawberries" "Ambuye" zimawonongeka, ndiye kuti kukolola ndi kusungirako kuyenera kuyandikira moyenera. Ngati mukufuna kusunga zokolola kwa kanthawi, ndiye kuti muzisankha zipatso ziwiri kuti zikhwime, pomwe zipatso zidali zobiriwira. Mu mawonekedwe awa, mukhoza kusunga strawberries m'firiji masiku 2-3. Zipatso zoyendetsedwa ziyenera kuchotsedwa ku chitsamba pamodzi ndi sepals, kusiya mchira wawung'ono. Nthawi yokolola - mame amalira mmawa kapena dzuwa litalowa madzulo.
Ndikofunikira! Popeza "Ambuye" ndi zosiyana zomwe zimabala chipatso nthawi yonseyi, zipatso zake ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa nthawi zonse.
Kololani bwino kuikidwa m'mabasi kapena mapulasitiki (matabwa), okhala ndi nsalu ya thonje kapena mapepala a porous. Kuti strawberries sanalole madzi, ayenera kuikidwa limodzi wosanjikiza. Sungani mufiriji. Pamaso musanagone, kusamba ndi kusankha zipatso sizinayamikiridwe. Kuti muzisangalala ndi kukoma kokoma kwa zipatso m'nyengo yozizira, mungagwiritse ntchito kuzizira koopsa. Kuti muchite izi, zipatso zabwino zimayikidwa pamtunda umodzi ndikuyika mufiriji. Pambuyo pozizizira, timadontho ta strawberries timayikidwa mu chidebe kapena thumba ndikuyika mufiriji.
Mukudziwa? Froberberries ndi malo osungirako zakudya zamagetsi ndi mavitamini. Ali ndi vitamini C wambiri (mu zipatso zisanu ndi chimodzi - monga mwalanje imodzi) ndi folic acid (kuposa ma raspberries ndi mphesa). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kugwiritsa ntchito strawberries kudzathandiza kuonetsetsa ntchito ya m'matumbo, kulimbitsa makoma a mitsempha ya magazi, kuchepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Aliyense amadziwa choonadi chosavuta: kukolola bwino kumadalira momwe mtengo umakhalira bwino. Kusamala kwa strawberries "Ambuye" amalola zoposa chaka chimodzi kuti amasangalale ndi mabulosi awa okoma.

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Chifukwa anaitana kudzikonda kugwirizanitsa njinga yamoto yovundikira monga "Hoverboard" ndi kuti ngakhale atakwera, izo zikuwoneka ngati muli zikuuluka angapo mainchesi pamwamba pansi. Kumbukirani kuti zira pansi. Izi ndi zabwino ziwiri gudumu kudzikonda kugwirizanitsa njinga yamoto yovundikira magetsiamene ndi wokonzeka kupereka njira chochitika wolimba chifukwa cha zosankha zake. Ambiri scooters awa mlandu moyenera kunja kwa bokosi, zimene zingathe kupereka mtundu wokwera watsopano pafupifupi hafu ya ola kuwagwiritsa ntchito atakwera kale kuposa ziyenera mlandu kwathunthu. Komitiyi ali mkulu liwiro 12km paola ndi zikhoza akudutsa mapiri ndi otsetsereka kuti matabwa sangathe kukwanitsa. Osasiya izo plugged mu ndalama usiku ndi kusunga mwakuya maso pa kutentha kwa gulu lanu pamene izo adamulamulira. Amadandaula lalikulu linali za mavuto ndi ndondomeko nawuza
Izi anzeru kudzikonda kugwirizanitsa njinga yamoto yovundikira , munthu wamkulu transporter akubwera ndi Bluetooth (ngati ankafuna wanu), ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti nyimbo ndi zotiyesa pa izo. Ndi Komanso ali Motors 500W, wamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa kukonzekera ndiponso anthu wamba kugwiritsa ntchito. Komanso inu mukhoza kuonetsetsa kuti njinga yamoto yovundikira wanu kusankha ali yaikulu mphamvu batire. Pakuti ameneyu, muyenera kusankha pakati pa zigawo zosiyana monga chitetezo, amene ali unquestionable pomwe pano, mayendedwe, zimene ife tsopano kale yonenedwa, ndi kulemera pazipita kuti azitha mwa zinthu zosiyana. Ndi yofunika kwambiri ngakhale ngati portability si nkhani wautali kwambiri kwa inu chifukwa cha izo ziri zonse zimene mungachite. Izo mungachite zana limodzi% wapadera wodziwa mmene anatanthauza kupereka inu wokondeka kukwera ukatswiri. Iwo akhoza kukhala wamkulu yosangalatsa kwa zaka zambiri ndi kupereka m'njira yapadera kuti ozungulira.
Tsopano tiyeni ndikuyigwetsa nazo, wolawako m'maganizo kuwomba izi udzu. Komanso, izo ambike chabe ngakhale ndi tsiku ndi ntchito tsiku. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti aliyense ali nthawi zonse ntchito maziko monga njira ina ya chidole ankasewera a wachuma. Kuphunzira kuphunzira mmene ulendo hoverboard akhale osangalatsa owonjezera pambuyo mukuphunzira njira ntchito chipangizo ndi njira zikuluzikulu kucheza ndi mzake. Nthawi iliyonse Sitima zinthu izi skater mabasi ulendo. Okwera anali mayeso bwino mbali tayala kawirikawiri. Kulamulira hoverboard chili ndi ang'onoang'ono gudumu liri lofewa, iwo amakhala ndi mtima wofuna anayankha mwamsanga Koma mawilo zikuluzikulu zimatenga nthawi kuti akapereke angwiro machenjerero wanu. Ngati ife ponena akatswiri ndi kuipa kwa aliyense hoverboard mu nkhani imeneyi, ofanana tingachite ndi PowerBoard hoverboard. Koma palinso zina zambiri zofunika kuti tione. Monga ndi 2017, anthu ndithu tione inu ndi nako kumverera kwa chozizwitsa ndi chisakanizo cha nsanje. Ndi kusankha chabwino chifukwa ife KOOWHEEL ndi hoverboards abwino kuchokera opanga wapamwamba kapena kuchita malonda ndi makampani Wam'mwambamwamba hoverboard mbali popanga ndi phindu ndi chenicheni, mtengo angagulidwe.
Post nthawi: Sep-19-2017


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Total zolakwa kafukufuku zolakwa = chifaniziro + muyeso zolakwa.
Chiwerengero chomwe chimabwera kuchokera ku kafukufuku kafukufuku nthawi zambiri ndi opanda ungwiro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kawirikawiri pali kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi kafukufuku wachitsanzo (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa msinkhu wa ophunzira kusukulu) ndi mtengo weniweni mwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa msinkhu wa ophunzira kusukulu). Nthawi zina zolakwa zimenezi ndizochepa kwambiri moti sizothandiza, koma nthawi zina, mwatsoka, zimakhala zazikulu komanso zopindulitsa. Poyesera kumvetsetsa, kuyeza, ndi kuchepetsa zolakwa, ofufuza pang'onopang'ono adakhazikitsa chimodzi, chokhazikitsira cholingalira cha zolakwika zomwe zingabwere mufukufuku wafukufuku : chiwerengero chonse chofufuza zolakwika (Groves and Lyberg 2010) . Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha mazikowa chinayamba m'zaka za m'ma 1940, ndikuganiza kuti zimatipatsa mfundo ziwiri zothandiza pakufufuza kafukufuku m'zaka zapitazo.
Choyamba, chiwerengero cha zolakwika zofufuzira chikufotokozera kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya zolakwika: chisankho ndi kusiyana . Zambiri, chisokonezo ndi zolakwika ndi zosiyana ndi zolakwika mosavuta. M'mawu ena, talingalirani zokhudzana ndi zikwi 1,000 za kafukufuku womwewo ndiyeno ndikuyang'ana kugawidwa kwa chiwerengero cha mayankho okwana 1,000. Zosangalatsa ndi kusiyana pakati pa tanthauzo la zowerengera izi ndi mtengo weniweni. Kusiyanasiyana ndiko kusiyana kwa chiwerengero ichi. Zonse zili zofanana, tikufuna ndondomeko yopanda chisankho ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Mwamwayi, pamabvuto ambiri, osayanjanitsika, osagwirizana-siyana, omwe amachititsa ochita kafukufuku kukhala ovuta kuti asankhe momwe angagwirizanitse mavuto omwe amachitidwa ndi kusiyana ndi kusiyana. Mwachibadwa, ofufuza ena amasankha njira zopanda tsankho, koma maganizo amodzi omwe angakhale okhudzidwa nawo angakhale olakwitsa. Ngati cholinga chake ndikupanga chiwerengero chomwe chili pafupi kwambiri ndi choonadi (mwachitsanzo, ndi cholakwika chochepa kwambiri), ndiye kuti mungakhale bwino ndi ndondomeko yomwe ili ndi chiyanjano chochepa ndi kusiyana pang'ono kusiyana ndi osasamala koma ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu (chithunzi 3.1). M'mawu ena, chiwerengero zolakwa kafukufuku chimango zikuwonetsa kuti pamene mumayesto njira kafukufuku kafukufuku, muyenera kuganizira onse kukondera ndi masiyanidwe.
Chidziwitso chachiwiri chachiwongosoledwe cha zolakwika zonse, zomwe zidzakonzekera chaputala chino, ndikuti pali magwero awiri a zolakwika: mavuto okhudzana ndi omwe mumayankhula ( maimidwe ) ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zomwe mumaphunzira kuchokera kuzokambirana ( kuyeza) ). Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kukhala ndi chidwi poyesa malingaliro okhudza ubisala pa intaneti pakati pa anthu akuluakulu aku France. Kupanga kulingalira uku kumafuna mitundu iwiri yosiyana. Choyamba, kuchokera ku mayankho omwe ofunsidwa amapereka, muyenera kutsanzira malingaliro awo payekha payekha (zomwe ziri vuto la kuyeza). Chachiwiri, kuchokera m'malingaliro osayenerera pakati pa anthu omwe akufunsidwa, muyenera kulepheretsa malingaliro pakati pa anthu onse (omwe ndi vuto la chiwonetsero). Zitsanzo zabwino ndi mafunso osanthula bwino zidzabweretsa zowerengera zoipa, monga momwe zingakhalire zovuta ndi mafunso abwino. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyerekezera bwino kumafuna njira zoyenera zowunikira ndi kuyimilira. Kuchokera kumbuyoko, ine ndiwonanso m'mene akatswiri ofufuza aganizira za kuyimira ndi kuyeza mmbuyomo. Kenaka, ndikuwonetsani momwe malingaliro ndi kuyeza angathandizire kafukufuku wa zaka za digito.


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Kodi ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?
Ngati mukufuna ndalama, muyenera kubwereka ku banki. Tsopano ndi choncho, kuti munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi nthawi zonse. Kale pasadakhale muyenera kufotokoza zomwe ndalama zikufunika. Ngati mukufuna kugula khitchini yatsopano kapena galimoto yatsopano, ndiye ntchito ndalama zofunikira. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti zonse zomwe ndalamazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kulembedwa. Lero, pali zifukwa zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito chuma. Zikhoza kukhala kuti wina akufuna kukhala wodzigwira ntchito.
Ndiye angagwiritse ntchito Ndalama ena omwe si mphotho. Koma ichi ndi ngati inu ntchito ndalama molondola. Gwiritsani ntchito ndalama izo zifika, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kukhazikitsa cholinga cholunjika ndi kuchita izi. ntchito Izi asonyezedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti simungathe amathera pa zinthu zina ndalama. Pa mapeto a nthawi zina nthawi ndiye iwe uyenera mwachindunji mmene ndalama wakhala ntchito. Wosuta wa ngongole kapena ngongole subsidy tiyenera nthawi zonse samalani ndi ntchito ndalama. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama nthaŵi zina za nthawi wamangidwa. Choncho muyenera kuganiza kawiri patsogolo ntchito ngati mungathe kutsimikizira zonse bwino mtsogolo. Mwina kuti amathera pa zinthu zina ndi zinthu ndi owerengeka ndalama. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama si mophweka chiyani ambiri. Aliyense amene wodziimira mu ofesi, ali kuti ndilembe ndalama zoyambira bizinesi. Kodi ndani amagula nyumba imafunikira ngongole ndipo ngakhale amene akufuna kumanganso nyumba, amafuna ngongole. mfundo ndi yakuti banki mukhoza kuitanitsa ndalama izi ku inu ngati wobwereka ndi inu mafunso ngati muli ndalama osati ntchito zimene anafuna. Muyeneranso kulenga chikwatu ndi kasungidwe zonse bwino ndi wotetezeka. Kotero inu kutsindikiza mosavuta mtima, komanso kutsimikizira njira. Muli nacho chirichonse mu dzanja limodzi ndi angakapeze mwamsanga. Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito Never kuchotsa shoebox mfundo.
Chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa izi zikutanthauza chisokonezo. Mtundu onse ngongole zofunika ndipo kenako mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi bwino pamodzi. Makamaka mkumano pa gombe anavomera. Woyang'anira banki nawonso kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Muyenera ndithudi kukumbukira ndiyeno inu mukhoza kenako mu chikumbumtima chabwino kubwerera ku banki ndipo yang'anani pa ntchito ya ndalama, pamodzi ndi mlangizi. Izi ndikuuzani ngati zonse zili bwino ndipo ngati inu kutsimikizira kwambiri. Lero, bzentse n'bzakukwanisika. Mudzaona kuti n'zosavuta kwambiri kusiya mwamsanga amavomereza ngongole. Koma ndalama basi anamva iwo. Choncho muyenera Musaiwale kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ngati mukufuna ngongole. Inu sayenera kunyozera chakuti zikutanthauza ena ndondomeko zakayendetsedwe ka kudziteteza bwino. Lero, ngakhale ambiri bwino mosavuta ndipo mofulumira kuposa zaka zingapo zapitazo, koma muyeneranso nawo. Simuyenera kusunga zinsinsi ku ogwirizira a ndalama. Chifukwa angathe kuyambitsa inu mavuto. Nthawi zonse moona mtima ndiponso kusonkhanitsa ngongole zonse ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ngongole ndiyeno inu mukhoza kupanga chilichonse bwino. Iwe udzaona ntchito anatsimikiza ndi Ngongole yabwino.


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Ikani zachokera kubisa, zikalata digito ndi anasaina digito (lolingana anasaina pa kugula zonse khadi).
Ikani kumafuna ena mapulogalamu kuikidwa makompyuta a. Pamene wogula wodzazidwa awo kugula dengu digito ndi kusankha "malipiro ndi makhadi" amatenga mauthenga osiyanasiyana. Zikalata wotumidwa mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, ndi wapawiri digito malamulo malipiro analengedwa ndi kupatsidwa ulamuliro wa banki wapangidwa. Pakuti mafungulo kubisa zimene zimachitika golosale kotero pali otchedwa muzu kwambiri kwa onse ogwiritsa ndipo anamanga mu mapulogalamu.
Ikani ndi ntchito ndi muyezo lonse kulipira mwabata ndi makhadi pa Intaneti. Zimagwiritsa za malonda a pakompyuta ndi malipiro a ngongole. ntchitoyi inayamba mu 90s. The acronym amayimira Wabwino Intaneti ndikupeleka imene Swedish ndi otetezeka pakompyuta ndikupeleka. Polenga muyezo anali makampani akuluakulu monga Visa, MasterCard, IBM, Microsoft ndi Netscape. Pamene inali ntchito woyendetsa nawo ku Sweden ena mabanki lalikulu ndi Keyala Giro.
Ikani zachokera kubisa, zikalata digito ndi anasaina digito (lolingana anasaina pa kugula zonse khadi). Luso Data analenga otchedwa pafupifupi ( "yokumba") makadi kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito Kalata digito ndipo ndi encrypted ngongole chiwerengero watumidwa. Ndi mabanki ndi olimba Yosunga amene kulamulira ndi zikalata nkhani kuti owerenga onse khadi ndi mabizinesi. Yosunga ndi subcontractor kusonyeza. Malonda zikalata osiyana angayerekezedwe ndi sitampu malipiro izo kale ntchito pamene kupanga deduction kugula ngongole.
Ikani kumafuna ena mapulogalamu kuikidwa makompyuta a. Pamene wogula wodzazidwa awo kugula dengu digito ndi kusankha "malipiro ndi makhadi" amatenga mauthenga osiyanasiyana. Zikalata wotumidwa mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, ndi wapawiri digito malamulo malipiro analengedwa ndi kupatsidwa ulamuliro wa banki wapangidwa. Pakuti mafungulo kubisa zimene zimachitika golosale kotero pali otchedwa muzu kwambiri kwa onse ogwiritsa ndipo anamanga mu mapulogalamu.
Cyber Cash wathandiza kukhala Ikani komanso ali dongosolo ofanana otchedwa SIPS. Ikani ndi CyberCash amagwiritsa ntchito yofanana kubisa. Verifone ndi makampani wina wapafupi ntchito mfundo, ndi kuti inali pamene anayesedwa. Ndi Ikani ndi ofanana kachitidwe, simungathe amatenga ndalama pakati pa anthu, monga mayiko adzayesa kulepheretsa ndalama mwachinyengo ndi monga. Monga ndi zambiri china cashless ndiye ntchito Ikani kuti ndalama zochuluka chifukwa cha ndalama mkulu kasamalidwe.
Izo zinali mu '50s ngati mabanki pang'onopang'ono anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndi luso kutumiza mauthenga ku likulu lawo. Ena maganizo ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo dongosolo cashless yafalikira kudutsa United States kuti kuti zigwirizane ndi abwino. Iwo anayitana zotheka dongosolo tsogolo la EFTS (Intaneti Ndalama Choka System). Koma anali pa '60s monga zokhudza makompyuta anayamba bwino. Zinali gombe pakati Ngopambana vurmade kwambiri computerization mu gawo ili kale. Mmodzi anali John Reed pa Citibank (pambuyo wapampando wa gulu kumeneko) amene nthambi lonselo linakhala makina.
Izi changu computerization mwa Ngopambana pakati sanali kokha mu United States. Ngakhale Spain, ntchito iwo mu chinachake wotchedwa COAS (Commission Ntchito ndi zochita zokha). Chimodzi mwa ziyeso oyambirira kwambiri mu United States wa ndalama yomweyo zogwirizana ngati Chiphaso anapangidwa mu 1967 mu Wilmington kutsogoleredwa ndi Bank of Delaware. Zinali IBM poyamba anatulukira magnetremsetekniken ndi kulankhula amamutchula kuti ndi "mphatso yochokera kwa IT dziko kuti dziko la kubanki."
Mu Sweden ndalama patsogolo kutsogolera munthu Sven G Svensson oyambirira mulandu wa computerization za mabanki ndalama. Chaka cha 50 tili m'nthawi unachitikira misonkhano pachaka Saltsjöbaden zokhudzana banki computerization. 90s anali khumi pamene Internet kwafika malonda. Companies zambiri anayamba ndi zina koma kwenikweni kukhala lalikulu kampani kompyuta. Awa ndiye zambiri ophatikizidwa mu zimphona yaikulu amapeza.
Burroughs inali yaikulu kompyuta kampani, motsindika dziko kubanki. Burroughs anamanga kuphatikizapo OFULUMIRA. Ili ndi dongosolo lonse kulankhulana pakati pa magombe. A yapita lalikulu makampani palokha anali Sperry. Burroughs wotsogolera Michael Blumenthal, anapambana pa 1986 ndi kuphatikiza Burroughs ndi Sperry kuti Unisys. Blumenthal anali kale ndi nduna Finance.
Wina makampani wofunika m'mbiri m'nkhani imeneyi, Remington Rand. Unisys malondawa inkakhala Inter zina zotere mu kupitiriza ntchito pa OFULUMIRA ndi kusamalira dongosolo yaikulu muli RFID-tagged chifukwa m'malo asilikali a. RFID ndi sayansi kuti transmits wochepa mudziwe ntchito mphepo. Monga tionere, ndi zina zonse za bukhu ndi kuti mawu a RFID kugwirizana ambiri kwa anthu cashless. Microsoft dongosolo ikugwira ntchito ATMs kale otchulidwa. The Linux opaleshoni dongosolo wakhalanso ntchito izi, ambiri a maseva Internet ndi machitidwe zikuluzikulu kompyuta kuti yopanga.
kampani ina Mwachitsanzo, mu Finland ndi Sweden yogwira IT kampani Tieto mwa zina syssIar ndi ngongole issuance pa magombe angapo. Facebook wapita ku makampani malipiro kwambiri. kampaniyo anapezerapo pafupifupi (chenicheni ngakhale yokumba) ndalama mu 2011 ndi makampani masewera kompyuta
anapachikidwa pomwepo. Facebook komanso anakonza kuti owerenga 500 miliyoni akhoza kulipira ndi ngongole kudzera Mtumiki chatappen. Ntchito macheza mapulogalamu kumatanthauza kuti "nkhani lemba." Izo akutumiza ziganizo pakati pawo pang'onopang'ono (onani nkhani telefoni), mosiyana imelo ndi makalata zonse.
Facebook wakhala chida cha fraudsters, monga kukhazikitsa Ica -like mbali mwa zomwe zina mundilanda anthu a zikwi kurono zaloŵedwa ndi phindu ananena mu mpikisano. Izi zikhoza kuchitika ndi deta pa mabokosi banki. Company Apple wapanga Nawonso achichepere yaikulu deta ngongole kwa makasitomala amene ali yochepa. The makampani kompyuta ndikufuna cashless chitukuko mwina chifukwa chikondi chosonyezana mankhwala awo. The cashless kwambiri kompyuta kwambiri.
Monga wowerenga mwina anaganiza chifukwa cha chinenero, palibe 20 wazaka amene analemba bukhu ili. Chatheka ndi makompyuta mu njira imodzi kapena wina kwa zaka zingapo ndithu. Kodi akale Ndine, sindifuna Komabe, munene chifukwa cha zifukwa za chinsisi. A mowiriza zotengera malingaliridwe iaktagelse. Zingatengere moyo, ndi kulemba pafupifupi theka bukuli patsogolo ine ndimabwera kudutsa limodzi zoipa zimachitika cha cashless anthu ku mbali makampani kompyuta a. Koma ndi chinachake chimene chinachitika zaka pafupifupi 50 zapitazo. kompyuta masiku ano sizikuwoneka anatenga kulakwa kwawo ndi aona mmene zoipa ndi cashless anthu.
Kupatulapo ndi za munthu wotchedwa Paulo Armer ku RAND Corporation, ndi kale mu nkhani mochedwa 60 ncthito pankhani malipiro cashless. Iye anayankhula za izi mu Senate US. Tidzafunika zambiri amuna ndi akazi mu dziko kompyuta lero. Pali kumene yovuta anthu akale banki. Nanga kutsutsa kwa dziko kompyuta? Armer ankanena ngakhale kuti kuchotsa dzina kuchokera m'mabukhu amachita zimenezo kuti kumlingo akhoza kudziwa anthu.
Ntchito zake zofunika Armer pa nthawi, deta malipiro makampani kompyuta. Izi sizinali kuti iye anapanga malonda pa makadi nkhonya kwa deta sitolo zimene poyamba ankaganiza njira anonymous. deta munali basi malipiro, maphunziro ndi malo osiyanasiyana aakulu kugawanika m'madera atatu. Pamene Paulo Armer ndiye zosankhidwa zinthu mu dongosolo, iye mwamsanga (umene sinafike kuyambira pachiyambi) kuwona yemwe iye anali za amene anali malipilo apamwamba. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kudzipereka kwake kukambirana zachinsinsi molimbana ndi kukhulupirika tsogolo la kuchepekedwa monga zonse cashless malipiro.
Mwina kugwirizana kwambiri zofunika pakati kontantlöshet ndi makompyuta ndi kuti ali cashless otchedwa e-ndalama, kupatula amene amasunga makadi yolipiriratu nawonso amasunga maseva kompyuta mu mawonekedwe a otchedwa zopezera ndalama. Ngati mukuphunzira makompyuta mmene osatetezeka, kotero mwina m'malo adzakhala otetezeka kuletsa makope khola hamster.
Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ena makompyuta, Ndikupangira osati kugula kompyuta. Musati kugula kompyuta basi chifukwa tingachite bwino ndi zina. Mukhoza kukhala popanda. Ndi mfundo kuti kugula galimoto kuti waima pafupi basi garaja lapansi. Chifukwa makampani kompyuta amalimbikira koposa ndi kuyesera foist pa ife kontantlöshet ndi Big M'bale choncho sanagulitse monga makompyuta mmene mukufunira. Ndi zothandiza kwambiri ndi kusangalala chinthu chochita ndi kompyuta. Chifukwa chachikulu chifukwa ine amaonabe pa kompyuta ndi kulemba mabuku awa. kompyuta kwambiri malaibulale, makina olembera ndi oyera chidole.
Koma ine ndikhala woonamtima, chidwi changa pa kompyuta anafa pang'ono lililonse ndi nthawi iliyonse ine olembedwa m'buku ili. Chinthu chimodzi chili. Ngati okwana cashless anthu uli pa ife, pali chinthu chimodzi chokha choti amalangiza. Total ndipo ambiri luso kunyanyala. Si mtundu wa chinthu chimene chiyenera hushållsabetet kuchita koma china chirichonse kuti ali ndi ntchito kulankhula ndi nkhani. Ndi malangizo osapita ku wolemba amene amakukondani luso. Akuti mokwanira lalikulu tsankho luso Kunyanyala kupha kontantlösheten. Iwo sangakhoze popanda luso. Cash akhoza kusamalira popanda magetsi ndi luso (kupatula chokhudza zotsimikizira). Iwo achita zimenezi kwa zaka zambiri.
Ngakhale Ndikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta choncho sizikutanthauza kuti kangapo Ine zogonana lingaliro chabe kukathera ndi makompyuta. Ndinkadabwa mmene zinthu zidzakhalire ndi kanthu. The oyang'anira dera ndi amazilamulira nzika zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Zikuoneka kuti sizidzatha masautso. Kotero mulimonse, inu mukhoza kupeza pang'ono kutipanikiza kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse kuganizira zimene mukuchita pa kompyuta.
Pamene cashless anthu kwathunthu kusonyeza nkhope yake yonyansa, mwinamwake ine ndikanati nawo mpira mu dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri malo ndi makompyuta monga mmodzi wa zofuna zanga. Mwina kukhala mtundu wa nkhondo womenyera ufulu pamalo adaswa oyambirira makompyuta kunyumba ndi ma PC ndi chitoliro chitsulo. Nopanama panja madera mainframe kompyuta ndi zikwangwani kuti "Imfa kuti kompyuta!". Koma ndiye Komano, mwina si buku ichi chinasanduka.
Pakhoza kukhala anthu amene kundiona ngati reactionaries ndi luso. Izo siziri choncho konse. Kodi Ndikufuna kwambiri ngati munthu amapita adzakhala kudumpha matope cashless dzenje. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ayenera kaye zinthu zingapo m'mbuyo. Popeza luso akhoza kwathunthu ntchito zinthu zabwino kachiwiri. Pomaliza, mosavuta kuganiza kuti popanda kuyambitsa kompyuta Sichoncho cashless chitukuko mu masiku ano mawonekedwe ake oyenera.
Kodi anati wachiwiri Bwanamkubwa Lars Nyberg kwenikweni pa nkhani pa nchito Financial Union Congress mu Balsta mu 2008.
"Zimakhala zosavuta kuganizira poyamba kukhulupirira kuti pali malonda ndi mabanki amene mokoma malipiro malipiro. Koma si zophweka. Malonda kufunika kuti ndalama zawo utaphimbidwa, mwinamwake iwo sangakhoze kuchita malonda awo. Ndipo Yemweyo amapita mabanki. Choncho, kumatuluka mtengo wa ndalama zonse m'kupita kwa chizindikiro pa katundu ife kugula. mkaka ndi masamba mwina pang'ono zodula mu sitolo ndi gawo mitengo pang'ono kuchepetsa mu banki kuposa sakanavomereza choncho. motero ogula ndi makasitomala banki mu pamapeto pake kulipira mtengo wa ndalama zonse Koma ife sakuwaona Choncho, ife kukhulupirira kuti iwo ali -... kapena kuti wina akamamvera "
Choncho anati, munthu mu Riksbank, kamodzi, wamaliseche choonadi. Pali makasitomala ndi ogula amene kulipira malipiro. Tiyeni tsopano kupewa akuvutika za mmene malipiro ndalama zambiri adawalamulira kuti malonda ndi mabanki. Mabanki amene ankakwana pafupifupi kupeza madola mazana angapo mu phindu koyera pa chaka Swedish. Komabe, mukhoza kulankhula za "malonda osauka" pamene tingathe sasunga takings wawo ku banki. Bank National akufuna anthu kugwiritsa ntchito makadi kwambiri ngongole kuti ngati olakwa kudzinenera kwambiri "chuma mulingo woyenera". Nyberg ankafuna anazindikira ichi koma anathana kwathunthu ndi zoona.
Pa nkhani m'ma 90 pamene Stefan Ingves ndi mawu kazembe kazembe, iye motere.
"Pakuti mabanki, komanso malo ogulitsira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, wolunjika wa zolemba ndi ndalama chifukwa cha småvärdestransaktioner yokwera mtengo kwambiri."
"M'lingaliro timapangira, ndi zofunika kuti wotuluka zambiri imachitika pakompyuta kuyambira potero mtengo pepala ofotokoza processing masiku ano zina yafupika."
Ingves chiganizo choyamba Choncho onyenga kwathunthu. Ndi ogula osati banki, ndi malonda zoti akutenga ndalama za malipiro. Mawu chachiwiri likutsutsana Riksbank a otchedwa "chosalowerera". Ndiko kuti, anthu akumufuna anthu a ndalama omwe amalamulira anthu ambiri. Iwo likulimbikitsa Riksbank lotseguka kontantlösheten.
Nzowona kuti panobe yokha mukhoza kusankha makadi ntchito ndalama kapena ngongole. Koma pamene anthu mowirikiza Mboni akundisokoneza maganizo ndi mabanki, TV, mabungwe a boma ndi ena kusankha cashless njira monga ali m'njira maganizo, kuchotsedwa mbali yaikulu ya chisankho. Mwatsoka, anthu ambiri kupewa akuvutika kapena pamene inu amanyengedwa ndi ubwino onyenga zokolola. Kwa ambiri a ife ndi m'malo kuwalimbikitsa kuti kukana. Mtengo wa makhadi ali mseri kwa ochuluka zedi mabanki ndi makampani ngongole. Komanso, magombe yekha ndi makampani ngongole ndi diso pa zimene kwenikweni zikuchitika pa kontantlösbrott.
mbali yaikulu ya ndalama makampani wolunjika zambiri ali kanjedza palibe konkire kusonyeza koma "kudziwa" koma kuti kasamalidwe ndi "zodula kwambiri". mabungwe osiyana ndi anthu amadandaula kuwawa kuti "ndalama akuchitira ndalama limanena kwambiri." Monga mwa mawu a ndalama lenileni ndi ife, ogula amene pamapeto pake komanso kulipira kasamalidwe ndalama. Business mwini amatenga ndalama kuchokera chikwama wake, mwachitsanzo, malipiro posamalira ndalama, Loomis. Poyamba, magombe kupanga ambiri chindapusa cha ndalama malonda koma mapeto ndi ogula amene amalipira. Tsopano ife anakhazikitsa amene pamapeto pake kulipira malipiro ndi kasamalidwe ndalama. Choncho nthawi kusiya adzangokumvera kukhazikitsidwa.
M'nkhani zina zambiri inalembedwa kuti malipiro ndalama bizinesi ndalama. Zilibe kusiyanitsa pakati pa ndalama weniweni chikhalidwe, ndalama malonda ndi ndalama wa munthu. Ndi umasinthasintha kulankhula za aliyense wa ndalama atatu osiyanasiyana malingana ndi zomwe amakonda mabodza. Chinthu kuti ayenera nthawi zonse ntchito ndi amene pamapeto pake amalipira. Mu ichi ogula choncho.
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text:
INDONESIA
Mpainiya Wopanda Mantha
André Elias
CHAKA CHOBADWA 1915
CHAKA CHOBATIZIDWA 1940
MBIRI YAKE Mpainiya amene anakhalabe wolimba mtima pa nthawi imene ankafunsidwa mafunso komanso kuwopsezedwa ndi apolisi.
PA NTHAWI ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, M’bale Elias limodzi ndi mkazi wake Josephine, anakaonekera pamaso pa akuluakulu a boma mumzinda wa Sukabumi ku West Java. Gulu la apolisi a ku Japan lotchedwa Kempeitai lomwe linali loopsa kwambiri ndi limene linawaitana kuti likawafunse mafunso. Apolosiwa anayamba kuphaphalitsa M’bale Elias ndi mafunso komanso kumuwopseza. Anamufunsa mafunso monga akuti, ‘Kodi a Mboni za Yehova ndi ndani?’ ‘Kodi n’zoona kuti mumalimbana ndi boma la Japan?’ komanso lakuti, ‘Kodi ndiwe kazitape?’
M’bale Elias anawayankha kuti, “Ndife atumiki a Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse ndipo sitinalakwe chilichonse.” Atanena zimenezi, mkulu wa apolisiyo anatenga chimpeni chomwe chinali pakhoma n’kuchinyamula m’mwamba.
Kenako mkuluyo ananena mwaukali kuti: “Inetu ndikhoza kukupha.” Atamva zimenezi, M’bale Elias anaweramira patebulo n’kuyamba kupemphera chamumtima. Anthu onse anangokhala chete ndipo patadutsa kanthawi, mkulu wa apolisi uja anaseka n’kunena kuti: “Ndiwe munthu wolimba mtima.” Kenako anaitananso Mlongo Elias kuti amufunse mafunso ndipo zomwe anayankha zitagwirizana ndi zimene M’bale Elias ananena, wapolisiyo anati: “Basi zipitani, ndadziwa kuti siinu akazitape.”
Patatha miyezi ingapo, ‘abale achinyengo’ ananena zinthu zabodza kwa akuluakulu a boma zokhudza M’bale Elias. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti m’baleyu amangidwe. (2 Akor. 11:26) M’bale Elias anaikidwa m’ndende ina ndipo oyang’anira ndendeyo sankamupatsa chakudya. Ndiye kuti asafe ndi njala, m’baleyu ankachita kutoleza zakudya m’ngalande. Koma iye anakhalabe wokhulupirika. Tsiku lina mkazi wake atabwera kudzamuona kundendeko, M’bale Elias anamunong’oneza kuti: “Usade nkhawa. Kaya andipha kapena ayi, sindisiya kukhala wokhulupirika kwa Yehova. Ndilolera kuti andiphe kusiyana n’kuti ndichite zinthu mosakhulupirika.”
Atakhala m’ndende kwa miyezi 6, m’baleyu anakaonekera kukhoti lalikulu la ku Jakarta komwe anakawina mlandu wake ndipo anamasulidwa.
Patadutsa zaka 30, boma la Indonesia linaletsanso ntchito ya Mboni za Yehova. Zitatero, mkulu woona za malamulo mumzinda wa Manado ku North Sulawesi, anaitanitsanso M’bale Elias kuti akamufunse mafunso. Anamufunsa kuti: “Kodi ukudziwa kuti a Mboni za Yehova ndi oletsedwa m’dziko lino?”
M’baleyu anamuyankha kuti, “Ee, ndikudziwa.”
Kenako anamufunsanso kuti: “Ndiye kodi panopa wakonzeka kusiya chipembedzo chakochi?”
M’bale Elias anaweramira kutsogolo n’kudziguguda pachifuwa kenako analankhula mwamphamvu kuti: “Mukhoza kundipha, koma simungandisiyitse chipembedzo changa.”
Atayankhula mawu amenewa, mkuluyo anamuuza kuti azipita ndipo sanamuvutitsenso.
M’bale André Elias anamwalira m’chaka cha 2000 ali ndi zaka 85 ndipo anali atachita upainiya kwa zaka pafupifupi 60.


text:
1Yehova anayankhula ndi Zefaniya mwana wa Kusi, mwana wa Gedaliya, mwana wa Amariya, mwana wa Hezekiya pa nthawi ya Yosiya, mwana wa Amoni, mfumu ya Yuda.
Yehova Adzaweruza Dziko Lapansi
2 “Ndidzawononga kotheratu zinthu zonse
pa dziko lapansi,”
akutero Yehova.
3 “Ndidzawononga anthu pamodzi ndi nyama zomwe;
ndidzawononga mbalame zamlengalenga
ndi nsomba za mʼnyanja.
Ndidzawononga anthu oyipa,
ndipo ndidzafafaniza mtundu wa anthu pa dziko lonse lapansi,”
akutero Yehova.
Chenjezo kwa Yuda
4 Ndidzatambasula dzanja langa pa Yuda
ndi onse okhala mu Yerusalemu.
Ndidzawononga pamalo pano otsalira opembedza Baala,
mayina a anthu osapembedza pamodzi ndi ansembe a mafano:
5 amene amagwada pa madenga a nyumba zawo
kupembedza zolengedwa zamumlengalenga,
amene amagwada ndi kulumbira mʼdzina la Yehova,
komanso mʼdzina la Moleki,
6 amene abwerera mʼmbuyo osatsata Yehova,
osafunafuna kapena kupempha nzeru kwa Yehova.
7 Khalani chete pamaso pa Ambuye Yehova,
chifukwa tsiku la Yehova layandikira.
Yehova wakonzekera kupereka nsembe;
wapatula iwo amene wawayitana.
8 Pa tsiku la nsembe ya Yehova
ndidzalanga akalonga
ndi ana aamuna a mfumu
ndi onse amene amavala
zovala zachilendo.
9 Pa tsiku limenelo ndidzalanga
onse amene safuna kuponda pa chiwundo,
amene amadzaza nyumba ya ambuye awo
ndi chiwawa ndi chinyengo.
10 “Pa tsiku limenelo,” akutero Yehova,
“Kufuwula kwakukulu kudzamveka pa Chipata cha Nsomba,
kulira kwa chisoni kuchokera mʼChigawo Chatsopano,
ndi phokoso la kugumuka kochokera ku mapiri.
11 Lirani mwachisoni, inu amene mumakhala kumene kuli msika;
a malonda anu onse adzapululidwa,
ndiponso onse amene ali ndi siliva adzawonongedwa.
12 Pa nthawi imeneyo ndidzafufuzafufuza mu Yerusalemu ndi nyale
ndi kulanga onse amene sakulabadira,
amene ali ngati vinyo wosakhutchumulidwa,
amene amaganiza kuti, ‘Yehova sadzachita chilichonse,
chabwino kaya choyipa.’
13 Chuma chawo chidzafunkhidwa,
nyumba zawo zidzagwetsedwa.
Adzamanga nyumba,
koma osakhalamo;
adzadzala minda ya mpesa
koma sadzamwako vinyo wake.”
Tsiku Lalikulu la Yehova
14 Tsiku lalikulu la Yehova layandikira,
layandikira ndipo lifika msanga.
Tamverani! Kulira kwa pa tsiku la Yehova kudzakhala kowawa,
ngakhale munthu wolimba mtima adzalira kwambiri.
15 Tsiku limenelo lidzakhala la ukali,
tsiku losautsa ndi lomvetsa chisoni,
tsiku la mavuto ndi la chiwonongeko,
tsiku la mdima ndi lachisoni,
tsiku la mitambo ndi la mdima wandiweyani.
16 Tsiku loliza lipenga ndi la mfuwu wankhondo,
tsiku la kugwa kwa mizinda yotetezedwa
ndi nsanja za pa ngodya.
17 Ndidzabweretsa msautso pa anthu
ndipo adzayenda ngati anthu osaona,
chifukwa achimwira Yehova,
magazi awo adzamwazika ngati fumbi
ndi mnofu wawo ngati ndowe.
18 Ngakhale siliva wawo kapena golide wawo
sadzatha kuwapulumutsa
pa tsiku la ukali wa Yehova.
Dziko lonse lapansi lidzanyeka
mʼmoto wa nsanje yake
chifukwa adzakantha modzidzimutsa
onse okhala pa dziko lapansi.


text:
Otentha Chakudya Kupanga katundu (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. Good quality, Reaonable Mitengo, Yabwino Mawu
Kukhazikika mu Jan 2003, ili mu Ningbo, China.
zaka zoposa 13 mu processing mankhwala zamzitini nsomba. Mankhwala zimagulitsidwa ku USA, South America, South Africa, Middle East, Russia, mayiko Pacific Island zigawo etc.
fakitale yathu mwangwiro kufupi ndi odziwika Ningbo Mayiko Port ndi kukula mofulumira dongosolo zoyendera ndi kulankhulana ntchito ukonde mu mzinda. Izi kudzawathandiza kampani yathu kuonetsetsa zipangizo zonse yaiwisi analandira ali mu chikhalidwe atsopano kuti mankhwala onse akhoza msangamsanga kwa m'banja ndi pa dziko lonse lapansi.


text:
LLDPE BUNDLING Tambasula filimu 200mm × 15mic × 150m
mankhwala Mwatsatanetsatane
Tags mankhwala
Banding filimu (bundling filimu) ndi mwamsanga ndi zophweka kuti akwanire otumiza anu ang'onoang'ono asanapite kunja kwa makasitomala anu. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito mmalo yosavuta kapena molumikizana ndi muyezo stretchfilm.In Nthawi zambiri banding filimu kungakhale zina tepi. Ndi unwind ake zosavuta ndi anamanga-yaitali pakati chogwirira, aliyense ntchito kutumiza adzakhala yachidule ndi yosavuta.
Standard Masayizi:
200mm x 17mic x 150m
3″ x 1,000′ 80G – 18 rolls per case
5″ x 1,000′ 80G – 12 rolls per case
We can produce various color which based on clients’ request. Transparent, black, blue, red, pink, organge and green etc.
Machine KULIMA
Wazolongedza & Kutumiza
1.Packing njira: 24rolls / 40rolls / 60rolls ndipo akhoza malinga ndi lamulo lanu.
2.Delivery nthawi: 15 masiku.
Terms 3.Payment: malamulo kuonetsetsa kulipira 30% gawo, muyezo 70% pamaso yobereka.
Only katoni phukusi Onse katoni ndi mphasa phukusi Only mphasa phukusi
Trade Terms:
Exhibitons:


text:
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Mndandanda wa Atsogoleri a Zambia
Pulezidenti wa Zambia ndi mtsogoleri wa boma komanso mtsogoleri wa boma la Zambia. Ofesiyi inayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Kenneth Kaunda pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1964. Kuchokera mu 1991, pamene Kaunda adachokera ku Presidency, ofesiyo yakhala ndi ena asanu: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, ndi Purezidenti wamakono Edgar Lungu. Kuwonjezera apo, Pulezidenti Guy Scott wothandizira adagwira ntchito panthawi yomwe Pulezidenti Michael Sata anamwalira. Kuchokera pa 31 August 1991 Purezidenti nayenso ali mtsogoleri wa boma, popeza udindo wa Pulezidenti unathetsedwa m'miyezi yapitayi ya Kaunda. Purezidenti amasankhidwa kwa zaka zisanu. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1991, wogwira ntchitoyo wakhala wotsatizana ndi ziwiri.
Atsogoleri[edit | sintha gwero]
Key
- Political parties
- Patriotic Front (PF)
- Symbols


text:
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
MMAD (Demethyldolastatin 10) kanema
MMAD (Demethyldolastatin 10) ofunika kwambiri
MMAD (Demethyldolastatin 10) (203849-91-6) ntchito mu steroid cycle
Mayina
Mafanowo: Demethyldolastatin 10 (203849-91-6); Monomethylauristatin D; Monomethyl Dolastatin 10
Chemical Name: (S)-N-((3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(((S)-2-phenyl-1-(thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)amino)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-N,3-dimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)butanamide
Chenjezo pa MMAD (Demethyldolastatin 10)
Zamtengo wapangidwe sizinatsimikizidwe kwathunthu pa ntchito zamankhwala. Kufufuza kumagwiritsa ntchito kokha
Kuti mupeze kutentha kwapadera, chonde muziwotcha chubu pa 37 ℃ ndikugwedezani mu akusamba kwa kanthawi. Njira yothetsera imatha kusungidwa pansipa -20 ℃ kwa miyezi ingapo.
Maumboni ena
In Vitro: MMAD (Demethyldolastatin 10) (203849-91-6) imagwirizanitsidwa kudzera mu njira yokhazikika ya oxime kuti iwonetsetse ma antijeni (ADCs) omwe ali pafupi ndi omwe amadziwika bwino ndi omwe amamwa mankhwalawa ndi 2.0. Zotsatira zake zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala abwino kwambiri, omwe amachititsa kuti vitro cytotoxic isakane ndi maselo a khansa ya HER2 +. Poyerekeza ndi ADCs yokonzedwanso ndi cysteine alkylation motsatira njira zochepetsera za disulfide kuchepetsa, zizindikiro zapadera za amino-acid-based ADCs zikuwonetsedwa kuti zawonjezeka mu vitro cytotoxicity
Mu Vivi: Zotsatira za anti-drug conjugates (ADCs) zimasonyeza kuti thupi lonse limakhala ndi makoswe. Amakhalanso ndi mbiri yabwino ya poizoni m'ma rats.
Momwe mungagulire MMAD; Gwiritsani Demethyldolastatin 10 ku AASraw
1.Kutiwuza ife ndi imelo yathu kafukufuku, kapena skype pa intanetiwoimira makasitomala (CSR).
2.Zotipatseni ife afunsidwa zambiri ndi adiresi yanu.
3.Our CSR idzakupatsani inu ndondomeko, nthawi yobwezera, nambala yotsatira, njira yobweretsera ndi tsiku lofika kufika (ETA).
4.Payment yachitidwa ndipo katunduyo adzatumizidwa mu maola a 12 (Kukonzekera mkati mwa 10kg).
5.Goods inalandira ndi kupereka ndemanga.


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1Ndine Paulo, mtumiki wa Mulungu, ndi mtumwi wa Yesu Khristu. Ndinatumidwa kuti nditsogolere amene Mulungu anawasankha ku chikhulupiriro ndi ku chidziwitso cha choonadi chimene chimawafikitsa ku moyo wolemekeza Mulungu 2 ndi kuwapatsa chiyembekezo cha moyo wosatha, umene Mulungu amene sanama, analonjeza nthawi isanayambe. 3 Pa nthawi yake Mulungu, Mpulumutsi wathu anawulula poyera mawu ake ndipo analamula kuti ndipatsidwe udindo wolalikira uthengawu.
4 Kwa Tito, mwana wanga weniweni mʼchikhulupiriro cha ife tonse:
Chisomo ndi mtendere zochokera kwa Mulungu Atate ndi Khristu Yesu Mpulumutsi wathu.
Ntchito ya Tito ku Krete
5 Ndinakusiya ku Krete kuti ulongosole zonse zimene ndinazisiya zisanathe ndiponso usankhe akulu ampingo mʼmizinda yonse, monga momwe ndinakulamulira. 6 Mkulu wampingo akhale munthu wopanda cholakwa, akhale wa mkazi mmodzi yekha, munthu amene ana ake ndi okhulupirira, osati amakhalidwe oyipa ndi osamvera. 7 Popeza mkulu wa mpingo amayendetsa ntchito za banja la Mulungu, ayenera kukhala wopanda cholakwa, asakhale womva zayekha, kapena wopsa mtima msanga, kapena womwa zoledzeretsa, kapena wandewu, kapena wopeza phindu mwachinyengo. 8 Koma akhale wosamala bwino alendo, wokonda zabwino, wodziretsa, wolungama, woyera mtima ndi wosunga mwambo. 9 Iye ayenera kugwiritsa mawu okhulupirika monga tinaphunzitsira, kuti athe kulimbikitsa ena ndi chiphunzitso choona ndiponso kugonjetsa amene atsutsana nacho.
Kudzudzula Olephera Kuchita Bwino
10 Paja pali anthu ambiri osaweruzika, makamaka mʼgulu la anthu a mdulidwe, oyankhula nkhani zopanda pake ndi kusocheretsa anzawo. 11 Ayenera kuletsedwa kuyankhula chifukwa akusokoneza mabanja athunthu pophunzitsa zinthu zomwe sayenera kuwaphunzitsa. Iwo amachita izi kuti apeze ndalama mwachinyengo. 12 Mneneri wina, mmodzi wa iwo omwewo anati, “Akrete nthawi zonse ndi amabodza, akhalidwe loyipitsitsa ndiponso alesi adyera.” 13 Mawu amenewa ndi woona. Nʼchifukwa chake, uwadzudzule mwamphamvu, kuti akhale ndi chikhulupiriro choona, 14 kuti asasamalenso nthano za Chiyuda, ndi malamulo a anthu amene akukana choonadi. 15 Kwa oyera mtima, zinthu zonse ndi zoyera, koma kwa amene ndi odetsedwa ndi osakhulupirira, palibe kanthu koyera. Kunena zoona, mitima yawo ndi chikumbumtima chawo, zonse nʼzodetsedwa. 16 Iwo amati amadziwa Mulungu, pamene ndi zochita zawo amamukana. Ndi anthu onyansa ndi osamvera, ndi osayenera kuchita kalikonse kabwino.


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Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia inali chitetezo kumwera kwa pakati pa Africa, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1911 mwa kugwirizanitsa chitetezo choyambirira cha Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ndi North-Eastern Rhodesia. Anayambitsidwa poyamba, monga anali otetezera awiri oyambirira, ndi Bungwe la British South Africa (BSAC), kampani yovomerezeka m'malo mwa British Government. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1924, boma la Britain linayendetsedwa ndi chitetezo cha pansi pa zifukwa zofanana ndi mabungwe ena oteteza ku Britain, ndipo zofunikira zomwe zinkafunika panthawi yomwe zinkaperekedwa ndi BSAC zinathetsedwa.


text:
A Modern Chewa language dictionary for young children: 0 to 9 years old. Look up simple Chewa language words and translate between Chewa - English, today.
- Support the addition of Kunenania to the Modern Chewa Dictionary: help@kasahorow.org.
- Register free with your email to receive a Word of the Day in Chewa, or Chewa
Chewa Word of the Day: Register free
Greetings in Chewa: ayi muli bwanji ndapita pepani zikomo .
Latest: 29 31 Japan Spanish TSIRIZA USA Yesu abwino accra achichepere adyera african ake aliyense aliyense ndi- amayi opeza amuna ankhondo anzako apongozi akazi atatu ayi bambo wopeza biliyoni bisa boma chaka chabwino chatsopano chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi chakudya chepetsa chete chidebe chikhure chilichonse chilombo chingwe chinyengo chipika chisangalalo chisoni chithunzi chitsulo chiwalo chiwonetsero chizungulire cholinga chomera chonse chonyansa chopereka dera dimi dongosolo dvd dziko dzinja evegbe gule haidrojeni hockey holmium injini kalasi kanjedza kanyumba kaponyedwe kasitomala katani khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu khumudwitsa khungu khungwa khushoni malimwe malo masewera mdera mpando mtengwa mvula mzikiti oyera postpartum roketi sitolo zambiri .


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khalidwe
Malangizo Othandiza
Pangani zinthu zamtengo wapatali, mubweretse zabwino kwambiri.
Ndi malamulo oyambirira a AASraw Biochemical Technology Co,
Ltd. Pansi pa lamulo ili, ife timatsimikizira aliyense makasitomala:
1.Zonse katundu kuchokera kwa ife ndi chiyeretso osachepera 98%.
2.Pakati pa moyo wathu wamtengo wapatali, ufa wonse wofiira umatsimikiziridwa kuti uli wogwira mtima.
3. Kupititsa patsogolo luso lamakono nthawi zonse kuti likhale labwino komanso losadetsedwa.
4.Maphunziro ambiri pa khalidwe labwino.
zipangizo zamakono
Quality Chitsimikizo
AASraw ili ndi dongosolo lathunthu lolamulira la SOP (Njira Yoyendetsera Ntchito). Ntchito zonse zalembedwa, zowonongeka, pamodzi ndi ndemanga / ndemanga za makasitomala ndi ndondomeko ya kukumbukira. Otsogolera pa kuyesedwa, Kusintha, Kusintha ndi kuika chiopsezo ndi chilengedwe chonse cha kupanga ufa wofiira. Kwa zaka zambiri, katundu wathu ali ndi 100% khalidwe labwino, lomwe limatithandiza kukhala ndi mbiri yolemekezeka mu malonda awa.
Kuphatikiza pa malamulo okhwima okhudza kayendetsedwe ka SOP, zipangizo zofananazi zidzathandiza wothandizira njira, kuyesa pa zinthu, monga HPLC (makina opangira madzi), makina opanga magetsi, LC / MS. Komanso, timu yathu ya R & D imagwira ntchito mwakhama poyesera zamakono ndi kuwonetsetsa, kuphatikizapo kupatukana, kufufuza, kufufuza, ndi zina.
zipangizo kupanga
Kutentha Kwambiri
Pokhala ndi teknolojia ya Low Temerature, AASraw ali ndi chidziwitso chakudziwika bwino ndi zochitika zothandiza. Izi zimathandiza AASraw kukhala ndi zisankho zambiri pa teknoloji pansi pa kutentha kwenikweni. Ndi zosankhazi, makasitomala athu akhoza kupeza malonda abwino ndi mtengo wabwino.
Kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopanga (magulu onse ndi kupanga serial), AASraw ili ndi mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo (Glassware ndi Hastelloy Alloy) ndi zochitika zina.
- -80 ° C, 10 Liter Vessel Research (R & D)
- -80 ° C, 500Liter Chombo cha kupanga kilo ndi Tech Kukulitsa
- -80 ° C, 2000Liter Kulinganiza kwa bulk
High Voltage
Pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana amapanga, pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi kapena Corrosion ndi Chitetezo (Chitsulo chosapanga kanthu, magalasi omwe alipo ndi Hastelloy Alloy).
- Bwalo la 100, 100mL ~ 1L Zotengera Zogwiritsa Ntchito (R & D)
- Chipinda cha 100, 20L ~ 50L Chilo chotengera Chojambula ndi Chitukuko chinasintha
- Bwalo la 100, 1000L ~ 5000L Kupanga makina opanga nsomba
- Zipangizo zamakono zapamwamba zamagetsi zowonjezera komanso zopanga zazikulu


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Ubwino wathu
Ningbo Nide Mawotchi Zida Co., Ltd Kukhazikika mu 2007, Nide ndi kampani zoyenera m'munda wa Motors magetsi kupanga, kupereka chimodzi amasiya kutumikira kwa ogula. Nide ali m'magulu atatu ntchito yaikulu. The gulu loyamba ndi kupereka zosiyanasiyana makina galimoto kupanga, kuphatikizapo kuima pamodzi makina, kwathunthu-galimoto wathunthu mzere armature ndi stator kupanga ndi galimoto msonkhano mzere. Gulu lachiwiri ndi kupereka uthunthu wonse wa zigawo galimoto monga commutator, mpira akatundu, burashi mpweya, pepala kutchinjiriza, kutsinde, maginito, fani, galimoto chivundikiro, etc. Kudulidwa lachitatu ndi kupereka luso thandizo ndi kufunsira, kuthandiza ntchito ndi kutembenukira modziletsa ntchito zina kupanga galimoto.


text:
Yotch mechanical ingakupatseni malo odzaza amitundu osiyana siyana pamtunda wazitseko kumene nyali imayikidwa. Zowonjezereka kwambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa ndizitali masentimita 4, 5 ndi 6. Malo ochepetsetsa (2 ndi 3 inchi) amapangidwanso kukhala okhutira ntchito zamakono kwa makasitomala. Zolumikizidwe zathu zowonjezera zowonjezera zingatheke kukhala & quot; Air Tight & quot ;, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizilola mpweya kuthawira padenga kapena kumtunda, motero kuchepetsa kutentha ndi kutentha.
Ubwino:
1. Kutetezedwa kwapadera kwazinthu zina zotetezera.
2.Magwirizane ndi dothi lopanda khoma kuti likhale losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
4. Kuwonjezera moyo wa magetsi a LED.
5.Konjezerani kutentha kwa kutentha.


text:
Yuda Abwerera kwa Yehova
1Mwezi wachisanu ndi chitatu, mʼchaka chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wa Dariyo, Yehova anayankhula ndi mneneri Zekariya mwana wa Berekiya, mwana wa Ido, kuti:
2 “Yehova anakwiya kwambiri ndi makolo anu. 3 Choncho awuze anthuwa kuti, ‘Yehova Wamphamvuzonse akuti, ‘Bwererani kwa Ine,’ akutero Yehova Wamphamvuzonse. ‘Ndipo Ine ndidzabwerera kwa inu,’ akutero Yehova Wamphamvuzonse. 4 Musakhale ngati makolo anu, amene aneneri akale anawalalikira kuti: Yehova Wamphamvuzonse akuti, ‘Tsopano lekani njira zanu zoyipa ndi machitidwe anu oyipawo.’ Koma iwo sanamvere kapena kulabadira za Ine, akutero Yehova. 5 Kodi makolo anuwo ali kuti tsopano? Nanga aneneri, kodi amakhalapo mpaka muyaya? 6 Kodi mawu anga ndi malangizo anga, amene ndinawawuza atumiki anga aneneri, suja anawachitira makolo anu?
“Tsono iwo analapa ndi kunena kuti, ‘Yehova Wamphamvuzonse watichitira zomwe zikuyenera njira zathu ndi machitidwe athu, monga anatsimikiza kuti adzachita.’ ”
Munthu Pakati pa Mitengo ya Mchisu
7 Tsiku la 24 la mwezi wa 11, mwezi wa Sebati, chaka chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wa Dariyo, Yehova anayankhula ndi Zekariya mwana wa Berekiya, mwana wa Ido.
8 Nthawi ya usiku ndinaona masomphenya. Ndinaona munthu atakwera pa kavalo wofiira. Iye anayima pakati pa mitengo ya mchisu mʼchigwa. Kumbuyo kwake kunali akavalo ofiira, akhofi ndi oyera.
9 Ine ndinafunsa kuti, “Mbuye wanga, kodi zimenezi ndi chiyani?”
Mngelo amene amayankhula nane anayankha kuti, “Ndidzakuonetsa kuti zimenezi ndi chiyani.”
10 Pamenepo munthu amene anayima pakati pa mitengo ya mchisu anafotokoza kuti, “Amenewa ndiwo amene Yehova wawatuma kuti ayendere dziko lonse lapansi.”
11 Ndipo okwera pa akavalo enawo anafotokoza kwa mngelo wa Yehova, amene anayima pakati pa mitengo ya mchisu kuti, “Ife tayendera dziko lonse lapansi ndipo tapeza kuti dziko lonselo lili pa bata ndi mtendere.”
12 Tsono mngelo wa Yehova anati, “Yehova Wamphamvuzonse, kodi mpaka liti mudzakhala osaonetsa chifundo chanu kwa Yerusalemu ndi mizinda ya Yuda, amene mwawakwiyira kwa zaka izi 70?” 13 Choncho Yehova anayankhula mawu abwino ndi achitonthozo kwa mngelo amene ankayankhula nane.
14 Pamenepo mngelo amene ankayankhula nane anati, “Lengeza mawu awa: Yehova Wamphamvuzonse akuti, ‘Ine ndikuchitira nsanje Yerusalemu ndi Ziyoni, 15 koma ndakwiya kwambiri ndi anthu a mitundu ina amene akuganiza kuti ali pa mtendere. Ndinakwiyira anthu anga pangʼono pokha, koma iwo anawonjeza kuzunza anthu angawo.’
16 “Choncho, Yehova akuti, ‘Ndidzabwerera ku Yerusalemu ndi mtima wachifundo, nyumba yanga adzayimanganso kumeneko. Ndipo adzatenganso chingwe choyezera kuti amange Yerusalemu,’ akutero Yehova Wamphamvuzonse.
17 “Lengezanso kuti, Yehova Wamphamvuzonse akuti, ‘Mizinda yanga idzakhalanso ndi zokoma zosefukira ndipo Yehova adzatonthoza Ziyoni ndi kusankhanso Yerusalemu.’ ”
Nyanga Zinayi ndi Amisiri Azitsulo Anayi
18 Kenaka ndinayangʼananso, ndipo patsogolo panga panali nyanga zinayi. 19 Ndinamufunsa mngelo amene amayankhula nane kuti, “Kodi zimenezi ndi chiyani?”
Iye anandiyankha kuti, “Izi ndi nyanga zimene zinabalalitsa Yuda, Israeli ndi Yerusalemu.”
20 Kenaka Yehova anandionetsa amisiri azitsulo anayi. 21 Ndinafunsa kuti, “Amisiri a zitsulowa akudzachita chiyani?”
Iye anayankha kuti, “Izi ndi nyanga zimene zinabalalitsa Yuda kotero kuti panalibe wina amene akanalimbana nazo, koma amisiri a zitsulowa abwera kudzaziopseza ndi kugwetsa nyanga zimenezi za mitundu ya anthu amene analimbana ndi dziko la Yuda ndi kubalalitsa anthu ake.”


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Kuphwanya ndi kusalemekeza malamulo kwayala nthenje m’dziko muno. Anthu akungopha ngati akupha nkhuku, kugwiririra, kuononga ngakhalenso kuyatsa katundu.
Sabata yatha, anthu awiri adakhapidwa ndi kuphedwa ku Neno powaganizira kuti ndi mfiti ndipo sipanathe nthawi pomwe anthu enanso adaphedwa kwa Chitukula ku Lilongwe pamkangano wa malo.
Izi zili apo, Akhristu ndi Asilamu adalikitana ku Balaka pomwe sukulu ya mpingo wa Anglican ya M’manga idaletsa atsikana kuvala mipango yotchinga kumutu potsatira chipembedzo cha Chisilamu.
Ndipo izi zili mkamwamkamwa, msilikali wina adapha asilikali anzake awiri ku Ntcheu ndipo naye adaomberedwanso ndi apolisi a kuusilikali. Ndipo si kale pomwe nyumba 21 zidaotchedwa ku Nkhata Bay ndipo anthu 4 adaphedwa pa zipolowe.
Si kale pomwe anthu otsatira chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) adagenda ndi kuvulaza mmodzi mwa omenyera ufulu wa anthu Billy Mayaya pa zionetsero zimene bungwe la Human Rights Defenders Coalition (HRDC) limachita pofuna kukakamiza mkulu wa bungwe la Malawi E;ectoral Commission (MEC) Jane Ansah atule pansi udindo. Ndipo wapolisi wina adaphedwa ku Nsundwe m’boma la Lilongwe pomwenso apolisi ena akuwaganizira kuti adagwirira ndi kulanga amayi ndi asungwana ena.
Nako ku Karonga, pofuna kusatsalira pa mpungwepungwe wabukawu, kudali anthu ena kuvula amayi ndi atsikana ngati avala mathalauza ndi siketi zazifupi m’bomalo.
Izi zikuchitika ngakhale lamulo loyendetsera dziko lino limati kuli ufulu wa kavalidwe. Ndipo amabungwe oteteza ufulu wa anthu monga Foundation for Community Support Services (Focus) adzudzula mchitidwewu ndipo apempha apolisi kuti atsekere m’chitokosi wachinyamata aliyense amene akuvula amayi.
Pakadalipano mkulu wa apolisi m’bomalo Sam Nkhwazi wati sadamangeko munthu pokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi.
Malinga ndi Mfumu Malema 2 ya m’boma la Karonga, iwo adakhazikitsa malamulo woti ana a sukulu (anyamata ndi atsikana) asamapezeke kunyanja chifukwa zinthu zidafika poipa ndipo anawa amachita zolaula kunyanjako.
Iye adati atakhala pansi adakhazikitsa gulu lomakayendera kunyanjako ndi kumagwira tiana tomwe amatipeza komanso adapeza galimoto yomwe idalengezetsa Lachisanu lapitalo kuti anawa asapezeke kunyanja ndipo akangopezeka agwidwa.
“Tidachita izi chifukwa anawa adaonjeza kuthawa kusukulu n’kumabwera kunyanja kukamwa mowa ndi kugona ndi amuna. Chidatikhudza kwambiri ndi choti mwana wina wa zaka 13 adamwetsedwa mowa patsiku la anakubala ndi kugonedwa ndi anyamata ambiri. Anawa amakhala oti athawa m’sukulu,” adatero Malema.
Koma iye adakanitsitsa kuti adakhazikitsa malamulo oti amayi asamavale mathalauza ndi siketi zazifupi m’bomalo.
“Izo akupanga ndi akabaza kumsika ndipo ife sizikutikhudza,” adatero iye.
Pomwe mayi wina yemwe adaona mnzake akuvulidwa, Christobel Shaba, adati zikuchitika m’bomalo ndi zoopsa ndipo amayi akukhala ndi mantha akulu.
Polankhulapo pa chipwirikiti chomwe chikuchitikachi, mphunzitsi wa ufulu wa anthu pasukulu ya ukachenjede ya University of Livingstonia George Phiri adati zonsezi zikungosonyeza kuti utsogoleri wa dziko lino walephera.
Phiri adatinso n’zokhumudwitsa kuti mtsogoleri wa dziko lino Peter Mutharika sakuonetsa chidwi chofuna kuthetsa mavuto m’dziko muno ndipo wangoti duuu!
“Tangoganizani, wamkulu wa apolisi adabwera poyera n’kunena kuti apolisi alibe kuthekera kopereka chitetezo m’dziko muno, kodi mtsogoleri wa dziko lino adachitapo chiyani izi zitanenedwa? Kodi mtsogoleriyu akuona zikuchitikazi? Nanga bwanji wangoti duuu! ndipo palibe chomwe akuchitapo?” adatero Phiri.
Koma nduna ya zofalitsa nkhani Mark Botomani idatsutsa kwa mtu wa galu kuti utsogoleri wa dziko lino walephera. Botomani adati ngakhale akugwirizana ndi zoti zikuchitika m’dziko muno ndipotsa mantha komanso zoziziritsa thupi chifukwa anthu akungotengera malamulo m’manja mwawo, koma mtsogoleri wa dziko lino Peter Mutharika akuyesetsa kukonza zinthu kuti zibwelere m’chimake.
“Ifeyo ku boma kuno tikuona kuti abweretsa chimzimu choipachi m’dziko muno ndi a mabungwe omwe amakonza zionetsero zoti mtsogoleri wa bungwe la Malawi Electoral Commission [MEC] Jane Ansah achoke chitangochitika chisankho cha pa 21 May,” adatero Botomani. n