text:
Nkhondo Sitiyenera Kutsiriza Pa Zomwe Zina: Gawo III la "Nkhondo Yopanda: Mlandu Wotsutsa" Ndi David Swanson
III. NKHONDO SIDZAKHALA PAMASO PATHU
Ngati nkhondo ikatha payekha, ikanatha chifukwa anthu anali kuichotsa. Mchitidwe umenewo ukhoza kusinthidwa ngati anthu okwanira apeza kuti ntchito yotsutsa nkhondo inali kupambana ndipo inatenga icho ngati chifukwa choletsera kuchita nawo. Koma sitinapambane bwino. Ngati tikufuna kuthetsa nkhondo tiyenera kuyambiranso kuyesetsa kuti tipeze anthu ambiri okhudzidwa. Choyamba, tiyeni tione umboni wakuti nkhondo satha.
Kuwerengera Mabungwe
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi makumi khumi, chiwerengero cha imfa chawonjezeka kwambiri, chimalimbikitsa kwambiri anthu wamba m'malo molimbana ndi asilikali, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu ovulalawo chinavulazidwa, koma madokotala awalola kuti apulumuke. Imfa tsopano ikuyenera makamaka chifukwa cha chiwawa m'malo mwa matenda, omwe poyamba anali opha anthu ambiri mu nkhondo. Nkhani za imfa ndi zovulaza zasintha kwambiri kumbali imodzi pa nkhondo iliyonse, m'malo mogawidwa mofanana pakati pa maphwando awiri.
Kumvetsetsa kuti pali zolephera zambirimbiri poyerekeza ndi nkhondo zolimbana ndi nkhondo, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, ogwira ntchito mosiyana ndi malamulo, ndi zina zotero, apa pali zofananitsa zomwe zimawoneka zothandiza. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zili zitsanzo ndipo sizinakonzedwe mwanjira iliyonse monga kukambirana kwakukulu kwa nkhondo zonse za US kapena padziko lonse.
Mu nkhondo ya US yodziimira, ena 63,000 anamwalira, kuphatikizapo 46,000 Achimereka, 10,000 British, ndi 7,000 Hesse. Mwina 2,000 French inafera kumbali ya America ku North America, ndipo ambiri akumenyana ndi Britain ku Ulaya. Anthu a ku Britain ndi a US anali ndi 6,000 omwe anavulala. Asilamu sanaphedwe m'nkhondo yambiri, monga momwe ziliri pankhondo yamakono. Koma nkhondoyo inayambitsa mliri wa nthomba, umene unatenga miyoyo ya 130,000. Ndizodabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku America anafa kusiyana ndi omwe anali kumbali ina, kuti ambiri anafera kusiyana ndi omwe anavulazidwa ndi kukhala moyo, kuti asilikali ambiri anafa kusiyana ndi anthu, kuti United States inapambana, kuti nkhondo inagonjetsedwa ku United States, ndipo palibe Pulezidenti adakonza (ngakhale kuti chipatachi chinatsegulidwa kwambiri kuti chiwonongeko cha Amwenye Achimereka ndi nkhondo zina zamtsogolo).
Nkhondo ya 1812, asilikali ena a 3,800 a US ndi a British adamenyana, koma matendawa anabweretsa imfa kwa 20,000. Chiwerengero cha ovulala chinali chaching'ono, monga momwe zingakhalire m'nkhondo zambiri pamaso pa penicillin ndi kupita patsogolo kwachipatala komwe kunabwera nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndipo kenako nkhondo. Mpaka apo, asilikali ambiri anafa ndi mabala awo. Nkhondo mu Nkhondo ya 1812 sinaphe anthu ambiri. Ambiri Ambiri anafera kuposa omwe anali kumbali ina. Nkhondo inamenyedwa mkati mwa United States, koma nkhondo inali kulephera. Canada sinagonjetsedwe. M'malo mwake, Washington DC inatenthedwa. Palibe vuto lalikulu lothaŵa kwawo.
Nkhondo za US motsutsana ndi Amwenye Achimerika zinali mbali imodzi ya chiwawa. Malingana ndi US Census Bureau ku 1894, "Nkhondo za Indian zomwe zili pansi pa boma la United States zakhala zoposa 40. Iwo awononga miyoyo ya amuna azungu a 19,000, akazi ndi ana, kuphatikizapo omwe anaphedwa pamenyesero payekha, ndi miyoyo ya aIndia a 30,000. "Izi ndizo nkhondo zomwe zinagonjetsedwa ku United States, zomwe boma la US" linapambana "kuposa iyo inatayika, ndipo mbali inayo inakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la imfa, kuphatikizapo imfa zazikulu zoperekedwa kwa anthu wamba. Vuto la othawa kwawo ndilo lalikulu mwa zotsatira zake. Mu njira zingapo, nkhondo izi ndi chitsanzo cha nkhondo zam'tsogolo za America kuposa nkhondo zina zoyambirira.
Mu nkhondo ya US ku Mexico ya 1846-1848, anthu a ku 1,773 a ku America anaphedwa, ndipo 13,271 anamwalira chifukwa cha matenda, ndipo 4,152 anavulazidwa pa nkhondoyi. Pafupi anthu a ku Mexico a 25,000 anaphedwa kapena anavulala. Apanso, matenda anali wakupha wamkulu. Apanso, ambiri anafa kuposa omwe anavulazidwa ndipo anapulumuka. Anthu ochepa a ku America anamwalira kuposa omwe anali kumbali ina. Asilikali ambiri anafa kusiyana ndi anthu wamba. Ndipo United States inapambana nkhondo.
Pa nkhondo iliyonse yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, chiŵerengero cha anthu ophedwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ambiri panthaŵiyo kusiyana ndi anthu a masiku ano. Kaya ndi momwe zimapangitsa nkhondo kuipiraipira kusiyana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mtheradi kumatanthauza kuti ndizovuta kukangana. Kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu sikofunika kwenikweni monga momwe munthu angaganizire. Anthu a ku America pa nthawi ya nkhondo yake ku Mexico inali yaikulu kwambiri monga anthu a Iraq pa nthawi ya Shock ndi Awe. United States inataya 15,000. Iraq inasowa 1.4 milioni. Kuti adziwe bwino, anthu a ku America anali pafupifupi 22 miliyoni ndi Mexico za 2 miliyoni, omwe 80,000 ena anali m'madera omwe anagwidwa ndi United States. A 80,000 amenewo adasintha mtundu wawo, ngakhale ena adaloledwa kukhalabe ku Mexican. Iraq anawona anthu mamiliyoni osakhala pogona, kuphatikizapo mamiliyoni ambiri omwe anakakamizika kupita kunja kwa Iraq ndi kukhala ngati othaŵa kwawo.
Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ya ku America, imene inachokera ku nkhondo ku Mexico ndi zina, imasiyana. Kawirikawiri chiwerengero cha imfa chimawerengedwa pafupi ndi a 654,965 Iraqi omwe adaphedwa ndi June 2006, monga momwe adafotokozedwera ndi Johns Hopkins. Wofufuza wina amalembetsa anthu ophedwa ndi Civil War monga awa:
Chiwerengero cha asilikali akufa: 618,022, kuphatikizapo 360,022 Northern ndi 258,000 Southern. Kumpoto, 67,058 anamwalira kumenyana, 43,012 ku mabala, 219,734 ku matenda, kuphatikizapo 57,265 ku minofu, ndipo 30,218 anamwalira monga akaidi a nkhondo. Kum'mwera, 94,000 inamenya nkhondo, nambala yosadziwika kuchokera ku mabala, 138,024 ku matenda, ndi 25,976 monga akaidi a nkhondo. Wina 455,175 anavulazidwa, kuphatikizapo 275,175 kuchokera kumpoto ndi 180,000 kuchokera kumwera.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa, pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha anthu, amalingalira kuti US Civil War yafa pa 750,000. Ziwerengero ndi zozizwitsa zakufa zakupha anthu, kuphatikizapo njala, pa 50,000 yowonjezera kapena zina. Chiwerengero cha 31.4 miliyoni ku 1860, choterezedwa ndi 800,000, chimatanthawuza imfa ya 2.5 peresenti, kapena osachepera hafu zomwe Iraq adataya mu OIL (Ntchito ya Iraq Liberation, dzina loyambirira la nkhondo); 1,455,590 yakuphedwa kuchokera ku 27 miliyoni ndikutaya kwa 5.4 peresenti.
Nkhondo za ku America za Nkhondo Yachiŵerengero Chakumalizira zimayambanso kuyandikira imfa ya nkhondo zazikulu zamakono, pamene zidakali zogawidwa mofanana pakati pa mbali ziwirizo. Komanso, chiwerengero chovulazidwa chinayamba kupitirira chiwerengero chakufa. Komabe, kuphedwa kumeneku kuli makamaka kupha asilikali, osati anthu.
Ku US koyamba kugonjetsa boma linalake kunja kwa chiwonongeko cha mafuko Achimereka Achimerika anali ku Hawaii ku 1893. Palibe amene anafa, ndipo wina wa ku Hawaii anavulazidwa. Izi kugonjetsedwa sizikanakhalanso zopanda magazi.
Nkhondo za ku US ku Cuba ndi Philippines kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zimayamba kutisunthira njira yatsopano. Izi zinali ntchito zachiwawa padziko lapansi. Matenda adakhalabe wakupha wamkulu, koma adakhudza mbali imodzi mosiyana, chifukwa nkhondoyo inkachitika kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nkhondo ya ku Spain ndi America inagonjetsedwa ku Cuba, Puerto Rico, ndi Guam, koma osati ku United States. Nkhondo ku Philippines inagonjetsedwa ku Philippines. Mu nkhondo ya Spanish-American, United States inaona 496 ikuphedwa, 202 anafa ndi mabala, 5,509 anamwalira ndi matenda, ndipo 250 anaphedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa United States '(mwangozi) kwa USS Maine nkhondo isanayambe. Anthu a ku Spain anawona 786 akuphedwa, 8,627 anamwalira mabala, ndipo 53,440 anamwalira ndi matenda. Anthu a ku Cuba anawona wina 10,665 wakufa.
Koma ku Philippines kuti chiŵerengero cha imfa, komanso kutalika kwa nkhondo, chimayamba kuwoneka bwino. United States inali ndi 4,000 yakupha, makamaka ndi matenda, kuphatikizapo 64 kuchokera ku Oregon (osati pano ya United States). Dziko la Philippines linali ndi asilikali a 20,000 omwe anaphedwa, kuphatikizapo 200,000 kwa anthu a 1,500,000 omwe adafa ndi chiwawa ndi matenda, kuphatikizapo kolera. Zaka zoposa 15, ndi zina zotero, United States 'ikugonjetsa anthu, pamodzi ndi matenda, anapha anthu oposa 1.5 miliyoni ku Philippines, kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 6 kufika ku 7 milioni. Izi ndizochepera kotala kukula kwa chiwerengero cha Iraq, ndi kupha kofanana komweku, komwe kunayikidwa pafupipafupi kawiri konse. Anthu oposa 7 miliyoni omwe ataya miyandamiyanda ya 1.5 miliyoni akutaya chiwerengero chachikulu cha 21 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu-kupanga nkhondoyi, mwachikhalidwe chimenecho, ngati chiwerengero cha mapeto a imfa ndi cholondola, nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri imene United States yachita, kupatulapo chiwonongeko cha Amwenye Achimereka. Chiwerengero cha imfa ya US ku 4,000 ku Philippines ndi chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha imfa ya ku America ku Iraq. Kuchokera pano kupita kunja, chiwerengero cha imfa cha US chidzakhala chaching'ono kuposa chakumbali inayo, ndipo chiwerengero cha imfa ya asilikali chidzakhala chaching'ono kuposa cha anthu. Kugonjanso kumakhala kokayikitsa kapena kanthawi.
Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inafa ndi asilikali okwana 10 milioni, oposa 6 miliyoni awo ku Russia, France, Britain ndi Allies ena. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa anthu amene anamwalirawa anali chifukwa cha fuluwenza ya ku Spain. Pafupifupi anthu oposa 7 milioni anaphedwa ku Russia, Turkey, Germany ndi kwina kulikonse ndi chiwawa, njala, ndi matenda. Mliriwu wa "Spain" wamagazi makamaka unalengedwa ndi nkhondo, yomwe idachulukitsa kufala ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi; Nkhondo iyenera kuti inachititsanso kuti chiwerengero cha HIV chiwonongeke. Mliriwu unapha 50 kwa anthu 100 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo ndi nkhondo za ku Armenia ku Russia ndi ku Turkey zikuoneka kuti zinachokera ku nkhondoyi, monga momwe nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inachitira. Pamapeto pake, chiwerengero cha imfa chotheka sichingatheke. Koma tingathe kuzindikira kuti nkhondoyi inkaphatikizapo kupha munthu mwachindunji komanso mosapita m'mbali, kuti kupha mwachindunji kunali kofanana pakati pa mbali ziwiri, komanso kuti ovulazidwawo tsopano akuposa omwe anaphedwa.
Uku kunali kupha mwamphamvu, kofulumira kumene kunachitika mu zaka zoposa 4, osati ntchito yochuluka ngati ya Iraq kapena Afghanistan m'zaka za 21st. Koma imfa yeniyeni inafalikira pa mitundu yambirimbiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha imfa ndi mtundu wa 1,773,300 ku Germany, chinatsatiridwa ndi 1,700,000 ku Russia, 1,357,800 ku France, 1,200,000 ku Austria-Hungary, 908,371 ku British Empire (makamaka mitundu yambiri), ndi 650,000 ku Italy, popanda mtundu wina wowonongeka womwe ukukwera pamwambapa 350,000. Anthu okwana 1.7 omwe adaphedwa ku Germany adatengedwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 68 miliyoni. Anthu okwana 1.7 omwe adaphedwa ku Russia adatengedwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 170 miliyoni. Dziko la Iraq linatayika miyoyo yambiri mu "kumasulidwa" kwaposachedwa, koma kuchokera ku 27 miliyoni zokha. Komabe, mwinamwake timaganizira za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ngati zoopsa zopanda pake zenizeni, komanso kumasulidwa kwa Iraq monga kusintha kwa boma komwe sikukuyenda bwino kapena ngakhale kupambana.
WWII ndi chinthu choipa kwambiri chomwe munthu adzichita yekha pa nthawi yochepa. Kuika pambali zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zingatipangitse kuti tisapulumutse (mwina kuposa asilikali a US angachoke ku Germany kapena ku Japan), chiŵerengero chochuluka cha anthu omwe anaphedwa-50 ndi 70 miliyoni-chimangokwera mosavuta. Poyesedwa ngati chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinaphedwa, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse imangokhala ndi zochitika zambiri zedi monga kugwa kwa Roma. Mmene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inakhudzidwira pa mitundu yambiri ya anthu inasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira ku 16 peresenti ya anthu a ku Poland anaphedwa, mpaka kufika ku 0.01 peresenti ya anthu a ku Iraq anaphedwa. Pa mayiko a 12 anasowa oposa 5 peresenti ya anthu awo m'Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Japan inasowa peresenti ya 3 ku 4 peresenti. Dziko la France ndi Italy linasowa peresenti ya 1 iliyonse. A UK anagonjera osachepera 1 peresenti. United States inataya 0.3 peresenti. Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse inasowa miyoyo yoposa mamiliyoni ambiri Ena mwa iwo omwe sanali a France, Italy, UK, ndi US Choncho nkhondo yaposachedwapa ku Iraq inali yoipa kwambiri ku Iraq kusiyana ndi zomwe amitundu ambiri adakumana nazo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Tikhozanso kuthetsa popanda kukayikira kuti kuwonongeka kwa anthu amitundu sikunayambitsa mafilimu a Hollywood omwe amapanga nkhondo imodzi m'malo mwa wina.
Ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse tinaloŵa m'nthaŵi imene anthu omwe amaphedwa ndi usilikali akuposa imfa ya asilikali. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti ku 70 peresenti ya anthu omwe anafera anali aumphawi, chiwerengero chomwe chimaphatikizapo anthu omwe amazunzidwa ndi mabomba ndi nkhanza zina monga kuphana ndi kuyeretsa mafuko, komanso matenda ndi njala. (Mungapeze mauthenga ambiri pa tsamba la Wikipedia pa "Zowonongeka Zachiwiri Zadziko Lonse".) Tinalowanso m'nthaŵi imene kupha kungathe kukhudza mbali imodzi. Zimene Germany anachita ku Soviet Union ndi ku Poland, ndi zomwe Japan anachita ku China chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu akufa. Potero ogonjetsa ogonjetsawo anali ndi gawo lalikulu. Tidalowanso nthawi yomwe ovulalawo akuposa akufa, komanso nthawi imene imfa ya nkhondo imachokera ku chiwawa osati matenda. Ndipo ife tinatsegula chitseko chakukwera kwakukulu ku malo a nkhondo a US ndi ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, chiwerengero chomwe chikuchitikabe.
Nkhondo ya ku Korea, yomwe yatha, muzaka zake zoyambirira ija inapha 1.5 kwa anthu a 2 milioni, kumpoto ndi kumwera, kuphatikizapo asilikali pafupifupi mamiliyoni miliyoni kumbali ya kumpoto ndi china, asilikali okwana milioni akufa kuchokera Kummwera, 36,000 wakufa kuchokera ku United States, ndi nambala zing'onozing'ono kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu ina yambiri. Asilikali anavulaza kwambiri kuposa asilikali omwe anamwalira. Monga Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a anthu omwe anamwalira anali aumphawi, ndipo imfa ya ku America inali yochepa poyerekeza ndi ena. Mosiyana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, panalibe chigonjetso; chimenecho chinali chiyambi cha njira yomwe ikanatha.
Nkhondo ya Vietnam inali Korea, koma zovuta. Panalibe kusowa kofanana komweko ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha a US, koma chiwerengero chofera cha anthu omwe ankakhala ku nkhondo. Ofa a US amatha kuwerengera 1.6 peresenti ya akufa. Izi zikufanizira ndi pafupifupi 0.3 peresenti ku Iraq. Kafukufuku wa 2008 ndi Harvard Medical School ndi Institute of Health Metrics ndi Assessment ku University of Washington anaganiza kuti 3.8 milioni imfa ya nkhondo, nkhondo ndi asilikali, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, pazaka za US ku Vietnam. Kufa kwapadera kunaposa imfa zakufa, kachiwiri pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu mwa anthu onse akufa. Ovulalawo anali ambiri kwambiri, ndipo akuweruza milandu ya chipatala cha South Vietnam, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse azimayi ndi azimayi aliwonse a zaka zapakati pa 13. Ophedwa a US kuphatikizapo 58,000 anaphedwa ndipo 153,303 anavulala, kuphatikizapo 2,489 akusowa. (Kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala kumathandiza kufotokoza chiŵerengero cha ovulala kuti aphedwe; kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala zamakono ndi zida za thupi kungathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake kuphedwa kwa America ku Iraq sikunali kofanana ndi imfa ya US ku Korea kapena Vietnam.) A 3.8 miliyoni mwa anthu 40 miliyoni pafupifupi pafupifupi zana la 10 yakufa, kapena kawiri zomwe OIL anachita ku Iraq. Nkhondo inayambika m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Othawa kwawo anatha. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa imfa, kawirikawiri chifukwa cha Agent Orange, pitirizani mpaka lero.
Chidwi chachikulu
Nkhondo yowonjezereka yatsopano ku Iraq, yomwe imayerekeza mwakufa, imatha kufanana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam, koma zomwe zinaphatikizapo kuphedwa kumene zikufanana kwambiri, monga momwe kuwonetsedwa kwa Nick Turse Kupha Chilichonse Chimene Chimayenda. Ndondomeko zamakono zomwe ziganizo za ndondomeko zomwe zaperekedwa kuchokera pamwamba zatsogoleredwa nthawi zonse, kwa zaka zambiri, ndikupha anthu mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri ku Vietnam. Zambiri zaphedwazo zinkachitika ndi manja kapena mfuti kapena zida, koma gawo la mkango linakhala ngati maulendo a nkhondo a 3.4 miliyoni oyendetsedwa ndi ndege za US ndi South Vietnam pakati pa 1965 ndi 1972.
Kuphedwa kwanga kwa My Lai wotchuka ku Vietnam sikunathere. Nyuzipepala zimapereka chitsanzo cha nkhanza zofala kwambiri kuti munthu akukakamizidwa kuti ayambe kuyang'ana nkhondo yokha ngati nkhanza yaikulu. Mofananamo, nkhanza zopanda malire ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq sizowonongeka ngakhale kuti asilikali a US awatanthauzira ngati zochitika zosawerengeka zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo.
"Kupha chirichonse chimene chimasunthira," chinali dongosolo la asilikali a US ku Vietnam omwe anaphunzitsidwa ndi chidani cha mafuko a Vietnamese. "Moto wa 360 woyendetsa moto" unali lamulo loperekedwa m'misewu ya Iraq kwa asilikali a US omwe amadzimva kuti amadana nawo, ndipo amakhalanso ofooka thupi.
Ana omwe anafa ku Vietnam adawauza kuti, "Ndimawopsa kwambiri, amakula kuti akhale VC." Mmodzi mwa azondi a ku America a ku Iraq omwe anamva za "Wachilendo" kanema amanena za ana akufa, "Ndizolakwa zawo kubweretsa ana awo msilikali wamkulu wa pulezidenti wa Obama, Robert Gibbs, ananena za mwana wazaka za 16 wa ku America yemwe anaphedwa ndi drone ya ku America ku Yemen: "Ndikulangiza kuti ukhale ndi bambo wodalirika kwambiri ngati ali ndi nkhawa yeniyeni mwa ana awo. "" Iwo "angatanthauze alendo kapena Asilamu kapena munthu ameneyu. Kupha mwana wamwamunayo ndiko kunyozetsa ponena za abambo ake. Ku Vietnam munthu aliyense wakufa anali mdani, ndipo nthawi zina zida zikanabzalidwa pa iwo. Mu nkhondo za drone, amuna omwe amwalira ndi amatsenga, ndipo zida za Iraq ndi Afghanistan zakhala zikugwedezeka (Onani IVAW.org/WinterSoldier). Amuna a ku America atapha akazi apakati usiku ku Afghanistan, adakumba zipolopolozo ndi mipeni ndikudzudzula kupha amayi awo. (Onani Zowononga ndi Jeremy Scahill.)
Nkhondo ya ku US pa nkhondo ya Vietnam inasintha kuchoka ku ndende ndikukapha akaidi, monga momwe nkhondo yamasiku ano yamasulidwira kuchoka ku ndende kupha ndi kusintha kwa president wa Bush mpaka Obama. (Onani "Chinsinsi" Kupha Mndandanda "Zimayesa Malemba a Obama ndi Mayankho," New York Times, May 29, 2012.) Ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq, malamulo a chiyanjano adakhululukidwa mpaka malamulo adalola kuwombera pa chirichonse chomwe chinasuntha. Ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq, asilikali a ku United States anafuna kupambana anthu mwa kuwopsya. Ku Vietnam, monga ku Afghanistan, midzi yonse inathetsedwa.
Ku Vietnam, anthu othaŵa kwawo adakumana ndi misasa yowopsya, ndipo ku Afghanistan ana aamuna amatha kufa pamsasa wa anthu othawa kwawo pafupi ndi Kabul. Kuzunzidwa kunali kofala ku Vietnam, kuphatikizapo kukwera madzi. Koma panthawiyo sikunayambe kujambula mu filimu kapena kuwonetsera ku Hollywood ngati chithunzi chabwino. Napalm, mabomba a phosphorous, magulu a masango, ndi zida zina zowonongeka ndi zoletsedwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Vietnam, monga momwe zilili pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Chiwonongeko chachikulu cha chilengedwe chinali mbali ya nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Kugwiriridwa kwagulu kunali mbali ya nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Kudulidwa kwa mitembo kunali kofala mu nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Zizindikiro zowonongetsa midzi ya anthu ku Vietnam, mosiyana ndi zomwe amadzipanga ku America akuchita tsopano ku Palestina.
Misa yopha anthu wamba ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, inkayendetsedwa ndi chilakolako chobwezera. (Onani Kupha Chilichonse Chimene Chimayenda ndi Nick Turse.) Zida zatsopano zinaloleza asilikali a US ku Vietnam kuti aponye mtunda wautali, zomwe zimapangitsa chizoloŵezi chowombera poyamba ndi kufufuza patapita nthawi, chizoloŵezi chomwe tsopano chimayamba chifukwa cha drone. Magulu odziika okha pansi ndi ma helikopita anapita "kusaka" kwa amwenye kuti akaphe ku Vietnam monga ku Afghanistan. Ndipo ndithudi, atsogoleri a ku Vietnam anafunsidwa kuti aphedwe.
Ozunzidwa ku Vietnam omwe adawona okondedwa awo akuzunzidwa, kuphedwa, ndi kuvulala-nthawi zina-adakwiya kwambiri ndi zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Sizovuta kuwerengera kutalika kwa ukali umene udzakhalapo kwa amitundu tsopano pokhala "womasulidwa."
Nkhondo Zatsopano
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndikuphatikizana ndi nkhondo zazikulu zomwe ndakhala ndikuzifotokoza, a US achita nkhondo zing'onozing'ono zambiri. Nkhondo izi zinapitilira pakati pa US kuchoka ku Vietnam ndi ku United States kunkhondo ku Iraq. Chitsanzo ndi nkhondo ya 1983 ya Grenada. Grenada anataya moyo wa 45 ndipo Cuba 25, United States 19, ndi 119 US anavulala. Chitsanzo china ndi nkhondo ya ku United States ya Panama ku 1989. Panama inawonongeka pakati pa 500 ndi 3,000, pamene a US adataya 23 miyoyo.
United States inathandiza Iraq ku nkhondo yake pa Iran pa 1980s. Mbali iliyonse inasowa miyoyo ya zikwi mazana, ndi Iran akuvutika mwina mwina magawo awiri mwa atatu a imfa.
Operation Desert Storm, 17 January 1991 - 28 February 1991, anapha ena a 103,000 Iraqis, kuphatikizapo anthu a 83,000. Iwo anapha anthu a 258 Achimereka (akuwapanga 0.25 peresenti ya anthu akufa), ngakhale kuti matenda ndi kuvulazidwa kwawonetsedwa m'zaka zotsatira. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo 0.1 peresenti ya asilikali a ku United States omwe ankagwira nawo ntchito amaonedwa kuti anaphedwa kapena kuvulala, koma ndi 2002, a 27.7 peresenti ya asilikali akale analembedwa ngati akufa kapena ovulala, ambiri omwe ali ndi Gulf War Syndrome.
Kuyambira mwezi wa September 2013, nkhondo ya ku America ku Afghanistan inali kupitilira, ndipo US anagonjetsa. Monga momwe ziliri ndi Iraq, ili ndi mbiri yokhudza imfa ndi chiwonongeko kuyambira zaka zambiri-mu nkhaniyi ngakhale zomwe Zbigniew Brzezinski adavomereza kuti ndi mayiko a US kuyambitsa nkhondo ya Soviet ku 1979. Ophedwa ku US ku Afghanistan kuyambira 2001 ali pafupi ndi 2,000, kuphatikizapo 10,000 anavulala. Kuphatikizanso apo pali ziwerengero zambiri za asilikali omwe ali ndi kuvulala kwa ubongo ndi vuto lopweteka kwambiri la matenda (PTSD). Kwa zaka zina, kudzipha kumapangitsa kuti imfa ikhale yopambana. Koma, monga momwe zilili m'nkhondo zina zamakono, dzikoli lakhala likuvulazidwa kwambiri ndi imfa, kuphatikizapo asilikali a chitetezo cha Afghanistani a 10,000, asilikali a 200 Northern Alliance anaphedwa, ndipo makumi kapena zikwi za anthu wamba anapha mwachiwawa, kuphatikizapo mazana ambiri a zikwi kapena mamiliyoni anafa chifukwa cha zotsatira za nkhondo zomwe zikuphatikizapo kuzizira, njala, ndi matenda. Mavuto a anthu othaŵa kwawo ku Afghanistan akhala akuwonjezeka ndi mamiliyoni ambiri panthaŵi yomwe akugwira ntchitoyi, pamene nkhondo ya ku United States ikugwera mandala kumpoto kwa Pakistani wapanga othawa kwawo ena a 2.5.
Zolemba pazomwezi zili pamwambazi zikhoza kupezeka pa WarIsCrime.org/Iraq pamodzi ndi kufufuza kwa maphunziro osowa ku Iraq omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku imfa ya 1,455,590. Izi ndi imfa kuposa chiwerengero cha imfa chapamwamba chomwe chinalipo mu 2003, potsata chilango choipitsitsa komanso pulogalamu yayikulu kwambiri ya mabomba m'mbiri.
Mavuto a ku America ku Pakistan, Yemen, ndi Somalia akupha anthu ambiri, pafupifupi onse a mbali imodzi. Ziwerengero izi zimachokera ku TheBureauInvestigates.com:
Pakistan
Dia Drone Inagwidwa ku Pakistan 2004-2013
Chiwerengero cha US chikumenyana: 372
Ambiri anaphedwa: 2,566-3,570
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 411-890
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 167-197
Ambiri anavulala: 1,182-1,485
Yemen
Ntchito Yopanga Covert ku United States 2002-2013
Mgwirizano wotsimikizika wa US: 46-56
Ambiri anaphedwa: 240-349
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 14-49
Ana anaphedwa: 2
Adavulala: 62-144
Mvula yowonjezera ya US yowonjezera: 80-99
Ambiri anaphedwa: 283-456
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 23-48
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 6-9
Adavulala: 81-106
Ntchito zina zonse za US: 12-77
Ambiri anaphedwa: 148-377
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 60-88
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 25-26
Adavulala: 22-111
SOMALIA
Ntchito Yopanga Covert ku Somalia 2007-2013
Zotsatira za drone za US: 3-9
Ambiri anaphedwa: 7-27
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 0-15
Ana anaphedwa: 0
Adavulala: 2-24
Ntchito zina zonse za US: 7-14
Ambiri anaphedwa: 47-143
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 7-42
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 1-3
Adavulala: 12-20
Mapeto ake a 4,922 onsewa, pafupi kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha 4,700 kuti Senema Lindsey Graham adalengeza poyera-popanda, ngakhale kufotokoza kumene anapeza. Ziwerengerozi zikufaniziranso bwino ndi Opération Iraqi Ufulu (kutanthauza kuti ndizochepa), koma kupanga kufanana kwake kungakhale koopsa. Boma la US silinalowe m'malo mwa nkhondo yapadziko lapansi kapena ndondomeko yachibomba ya mabomba ndi nkhondo ya drone m'mayiko apamwamba. Icho chinapanga nkhondo za drone kumene sizikanatheka kuti pakhale nkhondo iliyonse, popanda drones. Izi zinapanga nkhondo za drone pamene zikukwera ntchito yaikulu ku Afghanistan komwe drone ipha inali chinthu chimodzi chokha.
Poyang'ana nkhondo za dziko lapansi lotsogolera nkhondo, loyesa ndi imfa, nkhondo sizikuwoneka kuti zili panjira yopita kumapeto. Ngati kungomenyera nkhondo kumamenyedwa m'tsogolomu, izi zikutanthauza kuchepetsa imfa. Koma sizikutanthawuza kutha kwa nkhondo, choncho zingakhale zovuta kutsimikizira kuti nkhondo idzakhala yoperewera m'njira iliyonse-nkhondo ziri zovuta kwambiri zinyama kuti zithetse nthawi yomweyo.
Tchati chapafupi chikuwonetsera chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa mu nkhondo zazikulu za US pa zaka, kuyambira chakale kumanzere kupita kumayiko atsopano kumene. Ndaphatikizapo nkhondo zazikulu ndikusiya ambiri ambiri ang'onoang'ono, oyambirira komanso atsopano. Sindinaphatikize nkhondo zotsutsana ndi Amwenye Achimereka, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anafalitsidwa pa nthawi yayitali. Sindinaphatikizepo zoletsedwa zomwe zinabwera pakati pa nkhondo ya Gulf ndi nkhondo ya Iraq, ngakhale kuti anapha anthu ambiri kuposa nkhondo ya Gulf. Ndakhala ndikuphatikizapo kupha kwafupipafupi komwe timatcha nkhondo. Ndipo ndaphatikizapo imfa kumbali zonse, kuphatikizapo omwe anafa ndi nthendayi panthawi ya nkhondo, koma osati mliri wam'mbuyo wa nkhondo, osati kuvulala. Ovulala omwe anapulumuka anali ochepa mu nkhondo kumanzere. Ovulalawa anali oposa anthu amene anamwalira pankhondo.
Tchati chapafupi chili chimodzimodzi ndi chithunzi chapamwamba, koma nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse zichotsedwa. Nkhondo ziwirizi zinachitika mu mitundu yosiyana siyana ndipo zinaphedwa kwambiri, kuti ndi zosavuta kuyerekezera nkhondo zina ngati sizilipo. Mafotokozedwe ovomerezeka pa Nkhondo Yachigwirizano monga nkhondo yakupha kwambiri ku United States imawonekera mwachidwi pamene akuyang'ana pa tchati ichi; Ndichifukwa chakuti zosiyana ndi za US News Media-zikuphatikizapo imfa kumbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo zakunja. Sindinayesere kuswa chigawo chilichonse kumenyana ndi anthu wamba, ntchito yovuta komanso yodetsa nkhaŵa yovuta, koma imodzi yomwe ikanawonetsa kuti anthu amwalira mwachisawawa pokhapokha kumanja kwa tchati. Sindinadzilekanitse dziko la US ndi imfa za akunja. Kuchita zimenezi kungachititse kuti nkhondo zisanu zifike kumanzere zili zofiira zonse kapena zobiriwira zomwe zikuimira imfa za ku America, ndipo nkhondo zisanuzi zimayang'ana kulungama la mtundu wonse woimira imfa zakunja, ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kakuwonetsa imfa za US monga gawo la chiwerengero.
Tchati chachitatu, patsamba lotsatira, sichiwonetsa nambala ya imfa, koma chiwerengero cha anthu anaphedwa. Wina ayenera kuti ankaganiza kuti nkhondo yapitayi idafa pang'ono chifukwa amitundu omwe anali nawo anali ochepa. Komabe, tikasintha anthu, tchati sikusintha kwambiri. Nkhondo zam'mbuyomu zikuwonekabe zowawa kwambiri kuposa nkhondo yatha. Anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paziwerengerozi ndi anthu a m'mayiko omwe nkhondo zinagonjetsedwa: United States chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nkhondo ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, United States ndi Canada ku nkhondo ya 1812, United States ndi Mexico ku Mexico ndi America nkhondo, Cuba ndi Puerto Rico ndi Guam chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Spain ndi America, Philippines kapena Korea kapena Vietnam chifukwa cha nkhondo zomwe mayina a mayiko awo, ndi Iraq ku nkhondo ziwiri zapitazo.
Kuwerengera Ndalama
Pamene Achimereka akamva "mtengo wa nkhondo" nthawi zambiri amalingalira zinthu ziwiri: miyoyo ya asilikali ndi madola a US. Pa GWOT (padziko lonse nkhondo pa terror / terra) Achimereka sanafunsidwe kupereka, kuchepetsa, kubweza misonkho, kapena kuwathandiza. Ndipotu, iwo ali ndi misonkho yochepetsedwa, makamaka ngati ali ndi ndalama zambiri kapena ali pakati pa anthu a "anthu ogwirizana." (Chuma chachuma ndizo zotsatira za nkhondo, ndipo nkhondozi sizinali zosiyana). adalembedwera ku nkhondo kapena ntchito zina, kupatula kupyolera mu umphawi wothandizira ndi chinyengo cha olemba usilikali. Koma kuperewera kwapadera uku sikunatanthauzire ndalama. Pansi pali menyu ya nkhondo zamakedzana ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali mu madola a 2011. Zikuwonekera kuti zikuyenda molakwika.
Nkhondo ya 1812 - $ 1.6 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yachilengedwe - $ 2.4 biliyoni
Nkhondo ya Mexican - $ 2.4 biliyoni
Nkhondo ya Spanish-America - $ 9 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe - $ 79.7 biliyoni
Persian Gulf - $ 102 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yadziko I - $ 334 biliyoni
Korea - $ 341 biliyoni
Afghanistan - $ 600 biliyoni
Vietnam - $ 738 biliyoni
Iraq - $ 810 biliyoni
Chiwerengero cha 9 / 11 - $ 1.4 trilioni
Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko - $ 4.1 trilioni
Joseph Stiglitz ndi Linda Bilmes ku 2008 anawerengetsera mtengo weniweni wa mafuta OIL (nkhondo ya Iraq) ngati zitatu kapena zisanu trillion (kuposa tsopano kuti nkhondo inapitilira kwa zaka zambiri kuposa momwe ankayembekezera). Chiwerengero chimenecho chimaphatikizapo zotsatira za mitengo ya mafuta, chisamaliro chamtsogolo cha ankhondo akale, komanso-mwayi wotaya mwayi.
Project Yunivesite ya Brown Brown inapanga chidwi mu 2013 ponena kuti ndalama za US ku nkhondo ku Iraq zidzakhala $ 2.2 trilioni. Ochepa amatsitsa pa webusaiti yawo wina akupeza izi: "Ndalama zonse za US zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nkhondo ya Iraq zakhala $ 1.7 trillion kudzera mu FY2013. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndalama zamtsogolo zamalonda ndi kulemala kwa okalamba zidzakwana $ 590 biliyoni ndipo chidwi cholipira nkhondo chidzawonjezera $ 3.9 triliyoni. "$ 1.7 trilioni kuphatikizapo $ 0.59 trilioni ndi $ 2.2 triliyoni omwe akuyikidwa pamutu za lipoti. Zowonjezera $ 3.9 trilioni mwa chidwi zatsala. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti Brown akutenga deta yake kuchokera pa mapepala ndi Linda Bilmes, imachokera kuzinthu zambiri zomwe zinaphatikizidwa m'buku la Bilmes 'ndi Stiglitz' The Three Trillion Dollar War, kuphatikizapo makamaka momwe nkhondoyo ikukhudzira mtengo wa mafuta ndi zotsatira zake za mwayi wotayika. Kuwonjezera pa ndalama za $ 6.19 triliyoni zolembedwa pano zikhoza kupanga $ 3 ku $ 5 trilioni mu bukhu la Bilmes 'ndi Stiglitz' ngati "wodzisunga" monga iwo ananenera.
Kuyesedwa mu madola, monga momwe anafera, nkhondo za mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhondo pakali pano siziwonetsa kuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kuti ziwonongeke. M'malo mwake, nkhondo zikuwonekera kukhalapo nthawi zonse, kosatha, ndi kukula.
Kodi Nkhondo Imati Chiyani?
Steven Pinker, m'buku lake, The Better Angels of Our Nature, akuti: "Chifukwa Chiyani Chiwawa Chimalepheretsa?" Koma ndi mkangano umene ungapezeke mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu ntchito ya akatswiri ambiri a azungu.
Nkhondo, monga taonera pamwamba, sikuti imachoka. Njira imodzi yosonyezera kuti ikuphatikizapo nkhondo ndi mitundu ina ya chiwawa. Chilango cha imfa chimawoneka chikuchoka. Kuwomba ndi kukwapula ana kumawoneka kuti akuchoka m'madera ena. Ndi zina zotero. Izi ndizochitika zomwe ziyenera kuthandiza kuwatsimikizira anthu a mlandu umene ndawapanga ku Gawo I pamwambapa: Nkhondo ikhoza kutha. Koma zochitika izi sizimanena kanthu za nkhondo kwenikweni zatha.
Nkhani yowonongeka ya nkhondo yomwe ikupita ikuyendetsa chitukuko cha Western ndi capitalism monga mphamvu za mtendere. Izi zachitika, makamaka, pochita nkhondo za Kumadzulo kwa mayiko osauka monga mayiko osaukawo. Nkhondo ya ku America ku Vietnam inali vuto la anthu a ku Vietnam omwe sanadziwitsidwe kuti adzipereke monga momwe ayenera kukhalira. Nkhondo ya ku America ku Iraq inathera ndi chigamulo cha Bush ku "mission adamaliza!" Pambuyo pake nkhondoyo inali "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" ndi kulakwitsa kwa Iraqis kumbuyo kwawo ndi kusowa kwawo kwachuma. Ndi zina zotero.
Kuperewera ndi nkhaniyi ndi kukakamizika kwa nkhondo zambiri ku US, Israel, ndi maboma ena. Makampani opanga ma TV a US akukambirana nthawi zonse "nkhondo yotsatira" ngati kuti payenera kukhala imodzi. Kutaya ndiko kukula kwa NATO ku mphamvu yadziko lonse. Kutaya ndiko ngozi yomwe idapangidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zipangizo zamakono. Chosowa ndi zomwe zimachititsa kuti ziphuphu zikuluzikulu za chisankho ndi maulamuliro, komanso kukulirakulira-osati kuchepetsa phindu la zankhondo zamakampani. Kusowa ndiko kufalikira kwa mabungwe a US ndi asilikali ku mitundu yambiri; kuphatikizapo dziko la United States lomwe likukakamiza dziko la China, North Korea, Russia, ndi Iran; kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za China ndi mitundu yambiri; ndi malingaliro olakwika za nkhondo zammbuyomu kuphatikizapo nkhondo yatsopano ku Libya ndi zokambirana za nkhondo yowonjezereka ku Syria.
Nkhondo, powonekera Pinker ndi ena okhulupilira pankhondo, zimachokera ku mayiko osawuka ndi amisilamu. Pinker sichidziwitso kuti mayiko olemera amalipira ndalama ndi olamulira ankhanza m'mayiko osauka, kapena kuti nthawi zina "amalowerera" mwa kusiya chithandizo ndi kusiya mabomba nawo. N'kutheka kuti mayiko omwe akumenya nkhondo ndi omwe ali ndi malingaliro, Pinker akutiuza. (Monga aliyense akudziŵa, United States ilibe malingaliro.) "Nkhondo zitatu zowonongeka pambuyo pa nkhondo," a Pinker akulemba, "zinayambitsidwa ndi maboma achikominisi a Chichina, Korea, ndi Vietnamese omwe adadzipereka kwambiri kwa otsutsa awo." Pinker akupitiriza kuimbidwa mlandu wa imfa yapamwamba ku Vietnam chifukwa cha chidole cha Vietnamese kufa m'malo mwa kudzipereka, monga momwe akuganizira kuti ayenera kukhala nawo.
Nkhondo ya ku America ku Iraq inatha, pakuwona kwa Pinker, pamene Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza kuti "ntchito yatha," chifukwa chakuti inali nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndipo chifukwa chake zifukwa za nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni zikhoza kuganiziridwa pa zolakwa za Iraq anthu.
"Ndine wovuta kwambiri," Pinker akudandaula, "kuti apange demokarase ya ufulu kwa mayiko akumayiko omwe akutukuka omwe sanatuluke miyambo yawo, zida zankhondo, ndi mafuko amantha." Inde, zikhoza kukhala, koma umboni uli kuti Boma la United States wakhala likuyesera izo? Kapena umboni wakuti United States ili ndi demokarasi yowokha? Kapena kuti United States ili ndi ufulu wokakamiza mtundu wina kukhala ndi zikhumbo zake?
Kumayambiriro kwa bukuli, Pinker ili ndi timapepala tomwe timasonyeza kuti, mofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu, nkhondo zakhala zikupha anthu ambiri omwe asanakhalepo kale komanso osaka-anthu osakondera kuposa anthu amasiku ano. Palibe mafuko akale omwe adatchulidwa kale kumbuyoko kusiyana ndi 14,000 BCE, kutanthauza kuti kukhalapo kwaumunthu kulibe. Ndipo malemba awa akulemba mndandanda wa mafuko ndi mayiko, osati awiriwa kapena magulu a iwo amene adamenya nkhondo. Kulibe nkhondo kupyolera m'mbiri ya anthu sikunatulukidwe, kutchulidwa kosawerengeka komwe kumatchulidwa pa nkhondo yapitayi, ziŵerengerozo zikufanizidwa ndi anthu padziko lonse osati anthu a mafuko omwe akuphatikizidwa, ndipo -momwe-imfayi ikuwerengedwa kuchokera posachedwapa Nkhondo za US ndizofa ku US kokha. Ndipo amayesedwa motsutsana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a ku United States, osati mtundu umenewo unaukira. Nthaŵi zina, Pinker imayesa nkhondo yolimbana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, chiyeso chimene sichikutiuza kanthu kali konse ka momwe kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo kumayendera. Amasiyanso mwatsatanetsatane kapena kuchepetsa imfa. Choncho asilikali a ku America omwe anaphedwa ku Vietnam amawerengedwa, koma omwe anaphedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi Agent Orange kapena PTSD samawerengedwa. N'zoona kuti nthungo ndi mivi yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhondo zakale sizinafanane ndi zotsatira monga Agent Orange. Asilikali a US akuphedwa ku Afghanistan akuwerengedwa ndi Pinker, koma ochulukirapo omwe amamwalira pambuyo povulala kapena kudzipha samatero.
Pinker amavomereza ngozi ya kuchuluka kwa nyukiliya kokha mwa njira yambiri ya galasi:
Ngati wina akanatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chiwonongeko chimene mayiko akhala akuchita monga kuchuluka kwa momwe angapangire, atapatsidwa mphamvu zowonongeka, pambuyo pa nkhondo [kutanthauza pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse] zaka zambiri zidzakhala malamulo ambiri wamtendere kuposa nthawi iliyonse m'mbiri.
Kotero, ndife amtendere kwambiri chifukwa takhala ndi zida zambiri zakupha!
Ndipo chitukuko chikupita bwino chifukwa chikukula.
Ndipo komabe, pambuyo pa zochitika zonse zapamwamba zowononga njira yathu kupita ku mtendere, timayang'ana mmwamba ndikuwona nkhondo zamagazi kusiyana ndi kale lonse, ndi makina omwe angapereke ndalama zambiri-makina omwe amavomereza kuti ndi osatsutsika kapena osadziwika kwenikweni.
Nkhondo Zathu Sizoipa Monga Nkhondo Zanu
Pinker siyekha. Bukhu laposachedwapa la Jared Diamond, World Until Lero: Zimene Tingaphunzire ku Mabungwe Achikhalidwe, zikusonyeza kuti anthu amitundu amakhala ndi nkhondo nthawi zonse. Masamu ake ndi ovuta monga Pinker's. Diamondi amawerengera anthu omwe anamwalira kuchokera ku nkhondo ku Okinawa ku 1945, osati kuchuluka kwa anthu a ku Okinawans, koma ndi chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse ya asilikali, kuphatikizapo anthu a ku United States, kumene nkhondoyo sinamenyedwe konse. Chifukwa cha chiwerengerochi, Diamond akudziteteza kuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inali yopweteka kwambiri kusiyana ndi chiwawa mufuko "losakhazikika".
Daniel Yona Goldhagen Ali Woipitsitsa Kuposa Nkhondo: Kuphedwa, Kuchotsa Uliri, ndi Kuwonongeka Kwaumunthu Kowonjezereka kumanena kuti chiwonongeko chosiyana ndi nkhondo ndi choipa kuposa nkhondo. Mwa njira iyi, amawombola mbali zina za nkhondo, monga kuwombera moto ku Japan kapena kuphedwa kwa Nazi, osati nkhondo. Zigawo za nkhondo zomwe zatsala m'gulu la nkhondo ndizolondola. Kwa Goldhagen, nkhondo ya ku Iraq sinali yopha anthu ambiri chifukwa inali yolungama. Zolinga za 9 / 11 zinali zachiwawa, ngakhale kuti zinali zochepa, chifukwa chosalungama. Pamene Saddam Hussein anapha Iraqi chinali kupha anthu ambiri, koma pamene United States inapha Iraqi zinali zoyenera. (Goldhagen sanena za thandizo la US ku Hussein popha Iraq.)
Goldhagen akutsutsa kuti nkhondo yomalizirayo ikhale yofunika kwambiri kuposa kutha kwa kupha anthu ambiri. Koma popanda omvera ake a Kumadzulo, nkhondo ikuwoneka ngati mtundu wopha anthu ambiri. Nkhondo kwenikweni ndiyo njira yovomerezeka, yolemekezeka, komanso yofalikira kwambiri yowononga anthu ambiri. Kupanga nkhondo sikuvomerezeka kungakhale njira yaikulu yopangira kupha konse. Kulimbana ndi nkhondo monga chida "chovomerezeka" chakunja kumatsimikizira kuti kuphedwa kwakukulu kudzapitirirabe. Ndipo kubwezeretsanso nkhondo zambiri monga nkhondo yopanda malire imalephera kwambiri pakupanga mlanduwu kuti nkhondo ikutha.
"Pali Zoipa Padzikoli"
Yankho lachidziwikire pa zokangana za kuthetsa nkhondo ndi. "Ayi. Ayi. Mukuyenera kumvetsa kuti pali zoipa padziko lapansi. Dziko ndi malo owopsa. Pali anthu oipa mu dziko. "Ndi zina zotero. Chiwonetsero cha chidziwitso chodziwika ichi chikusonyeza kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ngati njira yokhayo yomwe ingayankhire dziko lovuta, ndi kukhutira kwathunthu kuti nkhondo siyomwe yoipa. Otsutsa nkhondo samakhulupirira kuti palibe choipa padziko lapansi. Iwo amangoyika nkhondo mu gulu limenelo, ngati osati pamwamba pake.
Kuvomereza kusaganizira za nkhondo kumapitiriza nkhondo. Pogwira pulezidenti, Hillary Clinton adanena kuti ngati dziko la Iran lidzayambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya polimbana ndi Israeli, "adzathetsa" Iran. Anatanthawuza mantha awa ngati kusokoneza, adatero. (Onani kanema pa WarIsCrime.org/Hillary.) Pa nthawiyi, boma la Iran linanena, ndipo mabungwe a intelligence a US anati, Iran analibe zida za nyukiliya ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya. Iran inali nayo mphamvu ya nyukiliya, inakankhira pa United States zaka zambiri kale. Zoonadi, kuwonongedwa kwa Israeli kwachabechabe kudzakhala koipa ngati kuwonongedwa kwa dziko la Iran. Koma dziko la United States liri ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zida za nyukiliya ku Iran ndipo zakhala zikuopseza kuti zichitike, ndi Bush ndi Obama White Houses zomwe zimakonda kwambiri mawu akuti "Zosankha zonse ziri patebulo." Iwo sayenera khalani. Zopseza zoterezi zisamapangidwe. Nkhani yowononga mafuko iyenera kutisiyidwa kumbuyo kwathu. Kulankhulana kotere kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga mtendere, kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mtundu wina, kusuntha kugwirizana kutsogolo kumene palibe mtundu wina ukuganiza kuti wina adzakonza chida choopsa ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito.
MIC
Olemba omwe amawona nkhondo ngati kutha, ndipo monga chochitika chachitatu, akusowa zina mwa zifukwa zazikulu zankhondo, kuphatikizapo zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi mawu akuti "mafakitale ogwira ntchito zamagulu." Zinthu izi zikuphatikizapo luso lofalitsa anthu, ziphuphu zotseguka ndi chiphuphu cha ndale zathu, ndi kupotoza ndi kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro athu ndi zosangalatsa ndi machitidwe omwe anthu akugwira nawo ntchito omwe amachititsa anthu ambiri ku United States kuthandizira ndi ena ochuluka kuti alekerere nkhondo yamuyaya kufunafuna adani ndi phindu ngakhale ziri makumi -kuwonetseratu kuti nkhondoyi imatipangitsa kukhala otetezeka, imataya chuma chathu, imachotsa ufulu wathu, imawononga malo athu, imapereka ndalama zathu, imatsutsana ndi makhalidwe athu, ndipo imapatsa mtundu wolemerera kwambiri padziko lapansi kukhala wochepa kwambiri , ufulu, ndi kuthetsa chimwemwe.
Palibe chimodzi mwazifukwazi zomwe sitingathe kuzigonjetsa, koma sitidzawagonjetsa ngati tikuganiza kuti njira yabwino yothetsera mtendere ndiyopangitsa kuti anthu apadziko lapansi apitirize kugwiritsira ntchito mabomba a cluster ndi napalm kuti tipewe nkhanza zapachiyambi.
Zida zamakampani zamagulu ndi injini yopanga nkhondo. Ikhoza kuthetsedwa kapena kusandulika, koma sizidzasiya kuchititsa nkhondo palokha popanda kukankhira kwakukulu. Ndipo sizingaleke chifukwa chakuti tikufika podziwa kuti tikhaladidi, tikufuna kuti asiye. Ntchito idzafunika.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, National Public Radio inakambirana ndi mkulu wa zida. Afunsidwa zomwe angachite ngati ntchito yapamwamba ya Afghanistan ikutha, adayankha kuti akuyembekeza kuti padzakhala ntchito ya Libya. Anali kuseka. Ndipo iye sanapeze chokhumba chake-komabe. Koma nthabwala sizichokera kwina kulikonse. Ngati sakanena za kuchitira ana nkhanza kapena kusagwirizana ndi tsankho, sakanatha kufotokozera mfundo zake. Kusewera za nkhondo yatsopano ikuvomerezeka mu chikhalidwe chathu ngati nthabwala yoyenera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kunyoza nkhondo monga mmbuyomo ndipo zosayenera sizingatheke, ndipo zingaoneke ngati zosamvetsetseka, osaneneka. Tili ndi njira yayitali yopita.


c: text/html

text:
Kufotokozera
Alonda amakonzedwe a mabulosi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakampani ndi zamalonda kuti athe kulimbana ndi ziphuphu. Mabotolo awa amodzi otetezera amapereka chitetezo chokwanira mu malo osungiramo magalimoto, malo osungirako ndi kumanganso makola.
Alonda a ngodya angapangidwe pang'onopang'ono kapena pamtunda pamakona a matabwa kapena makoma kuti asawonongeke. Alonda a zitsulo zamalonda ndi alonda a ngodya amapangidwa ndi makampani olemera omwe amawathandiza kuti asamawononge magalimoto ndi zipangizo.
Mawonekedwe
1. Kutentha kwakukulu.
2. Mafuta otsutsa.
3. Kukaniza kutentha.
4. Kukaniza kwa ozone.
5. Kukalamba.
6. Malo ogulitsa mankhwala.
7. Osakhala ndi poizoni.
8. Oteteza komanso zachilengedwe.
Ubwino
1. Mphira wolimba kwambiri umapereka zotsatira zabwino zotsutsa zogwira ntchito komanso kugunda kwa mlonda wa ngodya.
2. Mng'oma ya mphira imatulutsidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa.
3. Mlonda wokhala ndi zitsulo zamalubulu ndi wolimba komanso wokhalitsa mvula yamkuntho.
4. Zapangidwa kuchokera ku rabala zonse zachilengedwe zomwe sizikuvulaza chilengedwe ndi zipangizo.
5. Alonda athu apakona a raba amakonda kusinthasintha, ndikutsutsana ndi ukalamba, mafuta, otsika komanso kutentha.
6. Kukula kwakukulu kwazitsulo zamakona a raba kumapezeka kukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna.
7. Malamulo a OEM ndi ODM amavomereza.
Malemba: Bumpers yoboola ngati
| Mipira Yopangira Mipira
| Alonda a Mzere ndi Oyimba
| Bumpers Zosakanikirana Zambiri

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
29 Oct iPad kazitape App Pezani (v4.9)
iPad wathu kazitape App; iPadKeylogger ndi kusinthidwa kuti v4.9 ndi atsopano app Baibulo zogwiriziza. Werengani mfundo za iPad kazitape App Pezani (v4.9) m'munsimu
Baibulo limeneli la iPad kazitape App kumaphatikizapo kusintha zambiri. Mutha kusintha Baibulo panopa kuti iPad kazitape App v9.4 pogwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wanu Intaneti gulu! Ndi bwino kuti inu zosinthika ndi kazitape App kuthandiza atsopano iOS Mabaibulo app. Chonde werengani m'munsimu mwatsatanetsatane za iPad kazitape App Pezani (v4.9)
Chatsopano ndi chiyani?
- Support IMENE VoIP Kuitana Kujambula
- Support Tinder kwa Baibulo 5.4.0
- Support Instagram (Direct Message) mpaka Baibulo 9.1
- Support kanema wogonjetsa pa BBM kwa Baibulo 300.0.2.34
Kodi zinasintha?
- –
Kodi amodzi?
- Low buku la VoIP Kuitana Kujambula kumbali chandamale lokhazikika
- Bwino magwiridwe a Skype VoIP Kuitana Kujambula
- Bwino magwiridwe a WhatsApp VoIP Kuitana Kujambula
- Bwino magwiridwe a Viber VoIP Kuitana Kujambula
- Si analanda imelo ukubwera kuchokera Hotmail ena chipangizo lokhazikika
- Si analanda kanema pa Skype Baibulo 6.17.1 yogwira
- Si analanda mtengo pa Intaneti maganizo Snapchat Baibulo 9.33.1.0 yogwira
- Si analanda Facebook Mtumiki Baibulo 76.0 ndi 77.0 yogwira
- Sangathe kusonyeza anagwira kanema ukubwera kuchokera WhatsApp Baibulo 2.16.6 lakutsogolo lokhazikika
- Sangathe kusonyeza anagwira kanema ukubwera kuchokera Viber Baibulo 6.0.2 lakutsogolo lokhazikika
- Si analanda achinsinsi pa Twitter Baibulo 6.56 yogwira
- Si analanda achinsinsi pa LinkedIn Baibulo 9.0.23 yogwira
- Si analanda achinsinsi pa Pinterest Baibulo 6.4.1 yogwira
- Si analanda mtengo kucheza pa Snapchat Baibulo 9.34.1.0 yogwira
- Si analanda Audio kucheza pa Facebook Mtumiki Baibulo 78.0 yogwira
- Si analanda Lolowera ndi Achinsinsi pamene wosuta zipika mu nkhani yatsopano pa Instagram Baibulo 9.1 yogwira
- Sangathe kusonyeza ukubwera ndi ochezeka kanema ku Skype Baibulo 6.22 pa galasi lakutsogolo lokhazikika
- Sangathe kugwila ena picture kucheza pa Snapchat Baibulo 9.38.0.0 yogwira
- Si analanda kucheza kanema mu view macheza pa Snapchat Baibulo 9.38.0.0 yogwira
- Si analanda malo kucheza nawo pa BBM Baibulo 300.0.2.34 yogwira
- Sangathe kugwila ena ubwenzi umene ukubwera pa BBM Baibulo 300.0.2.34 yogwira
- Si analanda malo nawo ndi kutuluka kupita VoIP Kuitana Log pa mzere Baibulo 6.6.0 yogwira
sitingathe:
- –
Zina cholemba:
Kodi kusintha iPad Keylogger kuti Baibulo v4.9?
Chonde fufuzani anu nkhani ndi kuona pamwamba pomwe kupeza kuphethira LIPOTI chithunzi. A zenera adzakhala tumphuka kamodzi inu alemba chizindikiro ichi. Chonde werengani mfundo ndi kumadula “INDE” batani kusintha chosonyeza.
Kodi kugula iPad kazitape App?
N'zosavuta! Dinani apa kusankha dongosolo ndi kugula chilolezo kuyamba kazitape pa Android zipangizo pomwepo!
Money Back Wotsimikizira
Tikupereka inu 10-day ndalama mmbuyo chitsimikizo! Popanda chifukwa chilichonse mungathe kutiuza kuti obwezeredwa mu 10 tsiku!
werengani policy obwezeredwa.
Lumikizanani nafe
Ndi funso lililonse? Chonde Dinani apa kuti alankhule nafe nthawi iliyonse inu mukufuna!
Sitata
- $1493 Miyezi
-
- 7 / 24 Support
- Konza aliyense 3 miyezi
- Landirani atangotha kugula
- Aliyense Jailbroken iPad
Standard
- $1896 Miyezi
-
- 7 / 24 Support
- Konza aliyense 6 miyezi
- Landirani atangotha kugula
- Aliyense Jailbroken iPad
Zapamwamba
- $24912 Miyezi
-
- 7 / 24 Support
- Konza aliyense 12 miyezi
- Landirani atangotha kugula
- Aliyense Jailbroken iPad
Mudzalandira wanu chilolezo mfundo ndi malowedwe mfundo basi pambuyo wanu malipiro Kwatha.


text:
Yotch Mechanical yadzipereka ku tebulo komanso kupanga utoto wazitsulo wazitsulo kwa zaka zambiri. Pakalipano, takhala tikupereka ma heatsinks a zitsulo kwa makina 30 padziko lonse lapansi, monga USA, Germany, Canada, Japan ndi zina zotero.
Zida zowonongeka za LED zitha kupangidwira njira zamakono zopangira, monga kuponyera kufa, kupopera, extrusion, ndi zina zotero.
Chogulitsidwa chathu No. 006 chapangidwa ndi kufa ndikupanga njira zojambula zovuta komanso mankhwala opangidwa kuti akwaniritse ntchito yotentha. Zolemera izi kuposa3kgs. Ndi mapepala ambiri opangira jekeseni, mankhwalawa ndi osavuta kuchotsedwa mu nkhungu.
Zojambula ziwirizi ndi zazing'ono zowonetsera kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi zolemera zamtundu kuzungulira 150g. Kuwala kolemera ndi kochepa mu kapangidwe ka makethem kuli kosavuta kuyatsa magetsi a LED.
Njira Yopangira Mankhwala
1. Chithandizo Chokonzeka Chabwino cha Mitundu Yonse Yotentha Kutentha
2. Wophunzitsidwa bwino kuti asamalire zolinga zako
3. Gulu labwino la QC kuti muyang'anire zinthu musanapereke m'manja mwanu


text:
Mankhwalawa Pakuti kuyimitsidwa Oral
Short Description:
mankhwala Mwatsatanetsatane
Tags mankhwala
Info Basic
Chitsanzo No .: kuyimitsidwa
Mtundu: Mankwala Mankhwala
Mankhwala Technology: Mankhwala kaphatikizidwe
60ml: USP
zina Info
Wopindula 20000boxes / sabata
Brand: G-House
Mayendedwe: Ocean, Land, Air
Malo Origin: China
Wonjezerani Luso: 20000boxes / sabata
Certificate: ISO9001, GMP
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mankhwalawa Pakuti kuyimitsidwa Oral ndi a ntchito antibacterial kwa mitundu yonse yamabakiteriya anaerobic kupatulabacteroides fragilis ndi fusiformis. Mankhwalawa ufa Oral kuyimitsidwa ndi aMacrolides Maantibayotiki, chifukwa staphylococcus, streptococcus ndi mabakiteriya galamu HIV ndi a ntchito antimicrobial. Neisseria, Haemophilus influenzae etc kumakhala tcheru mankhwala. Erythromycin Medication ndi bacteriostatic wothandizira, koma mu ndende kwambiri mabakiteriya ena ali ndi zotsatira za zotsatira yolera yotseketsa.
Dzina mankhwala
dzina angaperekedwe. Mankhwalawa Stearate kwa kuyimitsidwa Oral
English dzina. Mankhwalawa Stearate kwa kuyimitsidwa Oral
Mankhwalawa Stearate kwa kuyimitsidwa Oralzikuonetsa
1. Legionella matenda.
2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
3. mauka chibayo.
4. Other chlamydia, mycoplasma patsogolo kwa mkodzo ndi maliseche system infection.
5. Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis.
6. Gonococcal infection.
7. Oral infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.
8. campylobacter jejuni enteritis.
9. Pertussis.
Mankhwalawa Stearate kwa kuyimitsidwa Oral Mankhwala Photos
Mankhwalawa Stearate kwa Oral kuyimitsidwa Mtengatenga ndi Terms Malipiro
mfundo
250 mg / 5 ml
Quality Standard
USP
Kenaka
1 botolo / bokosi, mabotolo 10 / cellophane
Kukonzekera
manyuchi, kuyimitsidwa
Kuyang'ana abwino Mankhwalawa Pakuti kuyimitsidwa Oral Manufacturer & supplier We has a wide selection at great prices to help you get creative. All the Erythromycin Medicine are quality guaranteed. We are China Origin Factory of Erythromycin Medication. If you have any question, please feel free to contact us.


text:
Fleshlight mphamvu Training Unit Male Masturbator
Izi mphamvu Training Unit Fleshlight anayamba kupanga kuti patsogolo luso kugonana
kudzera maphunziro a luso kwa kulamulira umuna liwiro. Izi Unit mphamvu Training abwera
ndi ngalande awiri kuti ndi 12 kuti 15 mamilimita chotero zimakhalanso kuwala. padziko mkati ali
aphimbidwa ndi tokhala ikuluikulu-kakulidwe yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda kwambiri mu ngalande. tokhala awa ndi
akhala pabwino ndithu pafupi wina ndi mnzake potero kupanga kwambiri wandiweyani kapangidwe amene amayendetsa
mu ngalande. Wamphamvu Training Unit Ikani lidzakhala lilipo yekha osakaniza
Fleshjack Kupirira Jack bulu Fleshlight Pinki Lady orifices.
kugundana ake kwambiri wandiweyani kapangidwe adzagwiritsa ntchito kukondoweza kwambiri modziwika pa mbolo. Komanso,
tokhala ntchito ngati mosavuta angapo pang'ono kulimbanira, massaging, ndi kusamalira kutsinde,
felemu, ndipo mutu wa mbolo mbali zonse za potero kulenga yosatheka kukondoweza kumverera.
Mofananamo, mbolo yanu kwambiri anamugwira ndi tokhala kuleza unayambika moti kwenikweni
amafuna kumenyana njira zake zonse kudutsa m'nkhalango zowirira za tokhala. Zonse izi aposa ndi
limodzi mmene amphamvu suctioning kuti mfundo imeneyo kukondoweza wosangalatsa.
Oterewa tiziwaponya kukondoweza kwambiri adzatsogolera owerenga kayendedwe mosalekeza mkati ngalande awo
wamphamvu pamalungo mkati mphindi. Pakuti akuchedwa pamalungo, limodzi zivute zitani Pamafunika kutenga lalifupi
yopuma kapena kusintha stroking liwiro. Izi kwenikweni luso limene munthu amatha kukulitsa ndi ochita
wamphamvu Training Unit monga kulamulira kukondoweza munthu mwini ndi kugonana
chilakolako chogonana pakhomo ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa utithandize mphamvu zawo za kugonana. Pamene ntchito nthawi zonse, munthu
kuti yomweyo zindikirani zotsatira ndipo muphunzira mmene thupi lawo amachitira komanso kuchuluka
kukondoweza akhoza umboni pa nthawi yakutiyakuti. Amene angathe kuseweretsa maliseche ntchito
wamphamvu kuphunzitsa wagawo kwa nthawi yaitali adzakhala kwambiri kukondoweza kulamulira munthu awo
umuna nthawi. Iwo sadzakhala kusankha zochita pa nkhani iliyonse ndi umuna msanga pa nthawi ya
kugonana yeniyeni iwo akhoza kukwaniritsa pafupifupi mkazi.
Kukonza tokhala kuli pabwino adzakhala penapake nthawi yambiri ngati umuna ndi lube
zotsalira akhoza kusonkhanitsa pakati pawo. Pakuti mokwanira yoyeretsa ya ngalande mkati ayenera kutembenuzira
anaikapo mbali kunja pa zoyeretsa. kuyanika ake nthawi adzakhala otalikirapo kuposa pafupifupi koma
izi zikhoza anafupikitsa pamene inu misozi ngalande mkati ntchito matawulo pepala.
Kutsiliza:
Mu zonse, kuphunzitsidwa mphamvu Unit amapereka chimodzi mwa zinthu itakula zolimbikitsa zotsatira
pakati Fleshlights onse choncho ndi chipangizo abwino maphunziro kugonana luso. pamene ntchito
nthawi zonse, orgasms msanga Idzakhala chinthu zapitazi. Izi fleshlight mphamvu Training ali
akhala akulimbikitsidwa ngakhale amuna odulidwa amene ali mutu saganizira mbolo monga
poyerekeza kuti amuna uncut chifukwa kuonetsa kukhudzika.


text:
Olemba angapo (Bonjour, Rapin et al., 1992; Delmi, Rapin et al., 1990) adanena kuti kusowa zakudya m'thupi mwa okalamba kungapangitse chiopsezo cha zophulika pakagwa. Ena, pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha thupi ndi ma laboratory, adapeza kuti anthu ambiri ali ndi vuto la kusowa zakudya (Vellas, Conceicao et al., 1990). Pa kafukufuku wakuchitidwa ku Geneva (Rapin, Bruyère et al., 1985), adapezeka kuti pa chipatala, "(odwala) kupweteka kwa chifuwa chakumapeto kwa chifuwa chakumayambiriro kwa matendawa kunali pafupifupi 80% pa milandu, Kutaya (miyezi 8 kale) ". Kusadya zakudya mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse sarcopenia * ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira za ntchito, kugwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, zomwe zingapangitse kuti asagwe (Evans, 1995; Vellas, Baumgartner et al., 1992; Baumgartner, Koehler et al., 1998; Baumgartner, Madzi ndi al., 1999; Bertière, 2002). Kuwonjezera apo, minofu yokwanira ndi yofunika chifukwa imakhala ngati chitetezo chotetezera, kuchepetsa zotsatira zomwe mafupa amatha kugwa (Dutta ndi Hadley, 1995; Bertière, 2002). Kulemera kwakukulu kapena kupweteka kwambiri pamene munthu wamkulu angapereke chitetezo pa nthawi ya kugwa, pakati pa akazi ndi amuna (Gordon ndi Huang, 1995). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kugwa kungayambitse kusowa chakudya chokwanira chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwawo kochepa, kuchepa kwa chilakolako komanso chiopsezo chosowa chithandizo cha kudya.
Kufooka kwa micronutrient kudzawonekera pamene kudya kwa caloric kuli kochepa kuposa 1,500 kcal tsiku. Zowonongeka makamaka mu zinc (zofunikira kuti zidziwitse kukoma), calcium, selenium (antioxidant) ndi mavitamini (Ferry, Alix et al., 2002). Matenda ndi khungu lalikulu la calcium ndipo pakufunika kusunga mitsempha ya mafupa malinga ndi momwe mungathere. Maselo a calcium amasungidwa kudzera mu dongosolo la malamulo lomwe vitamini D imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu (Cormier, 2002). Ngati muli ndi vuto la calcium kapena vitamini, thupi limakhala ndi calcemia pogwiritsa ntchito minofu ya mafupa. Mphuno imatha kukhala yofooka, kuonjezera chiopsezo cha ziphuphu (Cormier, 2002). Komanso, kufooka kwa vitamini D kumayenderana ndi kufooka kwa minofu (Janssen, Samson ndi Verhaar, 2002; Pfeifer, Begerow ndi Minne, 2002). Ngakhale kuti maphunziro sali ochepa, kugwa kukuoneka kuti kumagwirizananso ndi zofooka za vitamini B12 chifukwa cha zotsatira za proprioception * ndi B9 chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso.
Nthawi zina, kusoŵa zakudya m'thupi kumagwirizanitsa ndi zifukwa zina ndipo kumabweretsa ngozi yowonongeka, makamaka: - Matenda odwala (onani "Matenda okhudzana ndi Zakale", p. 45): Nthawi zambiri kugwa kwakula kwambiri kwa anthu matenda alionse omwe amatha chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya zomwe amapanga (Gostynski, 1991). - Matenda osokoneza bongo: kuchepa kwa zakudya ndi kuchepa kwafupipafupi ndi odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chifuwa kumawonjezeka pamene kuwonjezeka kwa matenda (Rivière, Lauque et al., 1998). - Kuchepetsa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi chifukwa cha matenda zimakhala zovuta mwachindunji kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya minofu ndi kuwonongeka kwa kugwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mowa mopitirira muyeso kumawonjezera pangozi ya kuchepa kwa vitamini B12 ndi B9, zomwe zimawonjezera ngozi
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa zakudya m'thupi mwa okalamba. Pambuyo pa zotsatira za ukalamba chifukwa cha kulawa ndi zakudya zakuthupi, pali zinthu zamagulu ndi zamaganizo zomwe siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutaya zakudya, kudandaula, mavuto azachuma, mavuto ogula, kudzipatula, ndi zina zotero. Matendawa amachititsa kuti chilakolako chikhudze pamene akuwonjezera zosowa za zakudya ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri kuti asadye zakudya zoperewera. Ngati munthu wodwalayo akudwala matenda oopsa kwambiri, amakhala ovutika kwambiri chifukwa cha matenda oopsa kuposa momwe wodwalayo angathenso Kupezanso kulemera kwake kumakhala kovuta pa nthawi yochepa pakati pa matenda a matenda, matenda, matenda, matenda osoŵa zakudya, zomwe zimachititsa kuti minofu iwonongeke, mwinamwake kumatsogolera ku kusowa kokwanira m'thupi.
Kumwa kwambiri mowa, kutanthauza kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, kawirikawiri kumasiyanitsa ndi kumwa moyenera, kumatanthauza kuchitidwa nkhanza kwa nthawi yaitali. Kawirikawiri, monga mowa umawonjezeka, momwemonso pangozi ya zotsatira zovulaza pa thanzi labwino ndi thanzi la munthu. Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumapereka ngozi yodzidzimutsa komanso yachiwiri, posakhalitsa posakhalitsa. Kupha ndi kupha kumawonjezeka pamene mowa umakhala waukulu padziko lonse kuposa ma 21 servings pa sabata kwa amuna (3 servings patsiku kwa oledzera tsiku lililonse) kapena ma 14 operekedwa kwa akazi (2 servings tsiku). Kugwiritsa ntchito pamwamba pa maguluwa ndizozoloŵezi zimakhala zosayenera. Komabe kwa iwo omwe ali ndi 65 ndi kupitirira, zigawozi zatsika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zaka zoledzera. Kwa gulu ili, zoopsa za umoyo zimakula pamene kumwa mowa kumaposa ma service a 7 pa sabata. Kuvomerezana kulipo pakati pa akatswiri a zachipatala ndi a chitetezo cha pamsewu pa thanzi ndi ngozi omwe amatha kumwa mowa, kuphatikizapo okalamba (WHO, 2002). Komabe, ngakhale chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha maphunziro pa phunziroli, zotsatira za kumwa mowa pa okalamba tsopano sizimveka bwino.


text:
Chitani chiwerengero cha 171 / 2005 pakutchova njuga kuchokera ku 2005 ndipo kusintha kwake kwa mtsogolo kunapanga njuga zamtundu uliwonse ndi makasitomala okhala pamtunda ku Slovakia. Thupi lovomerezeka kuyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo ili, Ministry of Finance. Komanso ndilo woyang'anira boma lachitetezo padziko lonse komanso pa intaneti ku Slovakia.
Kuyambira mu January 2017 ku Slovakia amagwiritsa ntchito makasitomala a 8 omwe amwazikana m'dziko lonselo, malotti ena ndi olemba mabuku ambiri. Anthu otchuka kwambiri ku Slovakia ndi otchova njuga. Olemba mabuku ambirimbiri ogwira ntchito m'mizinda yosiyana ya dzikoli.
Kutchova njuga ku Slovakia
Mwamwayi, zomwe zikuchitika pa intaneti ndikutchova njuga zimasiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito za makasitomala. Ngakhale kuti malo otchova njuga ku Slovakia ndi ovomerezeka, boma silinapereke malayisensi opangira ntchito zawo. Pa chifukwa ichi, malo otetezeka a pa Intaneti, masewera a masewera, masewera a pa Intaneti kapena malo a pa bingo ku Slovakia sali. M'malo mwake, anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafano amitundu ina, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri ku Slovakia.
Mndandanda wa malo otchuka kwambiri a 10 Slovakia ku Casino
Top 10 Best Europe Online juga 2018:
Kutchova njuga ku Slovakia
Slovakia - dziko laling'ono komanso losangalatsa la ku Central Europe, lomwe silikusangalatsa kwambiri. Koma apa pali akasupe abwino otentha ndi nambala yambiri yazitali zazitali zosiyana siyana. Kutchova njuga anthu akudziwa bwino kuti ku Slovakia amatha kukhala olemekezeka kwambiri komanso osangalatsa pamsinema. Kuti mudziwe dziko ndi dziko la juga, CasinoTopLists anatumizidwa ku Bratislava.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi:
- Slovakia - kumene palinso mbiri yakale;
- Ma casino am'mudzi muno panthawiyi:
- malamulo;
- 19% msonkho ku boma.
- Casino yotchuka kwambiri;
- Chiwonetsero;
- Malo;
- Casino Msonkhano Danube Hotel Bratislava;
- Komiti ya Concord Card.
- Kutchova njuga pa intaneti:
- Ufulu wa ogwira ntchito;
- Ogwira ntchito m'mayiko onse akuyenera kupatsidwa chilolezo ndi boma, kapena atsekezedwa.
- Zithunzi zisanu zokongola kwambiri ku Slovakia Bratislava;
- Zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi dziko ndi anthu okhalamo.
Malo a Slovakia ndi mbiri yakale ya mbiri
Slovakia ndi dziko laling'ono la Central Europe ndi anthu a 5.4 miliyoni. Mzindawu ndi Bratislava, chinenero chovomerezeka - Slovakia.
Slovakia yamakono inayamba kukhazikika mu zaka za V kupyolera mu Great Migration. Malo amodzi nthawi zosiyana anali mbali ya mphamvu yokha, Mtsogoleri wa Nitra, Great Moravia, Wolamulira wa Hungary, Austria-Hungary, Slovak Soviet Republic ndi Czechoslovakia.
Zina mwa 1993 chifukwa cha "Velvet Divorce" inabadwa masiku ano a Republic of Slovakia - a parliament. Mu 2004, Slovakia inalowa mu EU. Kupititsa patsogolo boma kuli ndi ziphuphu komanso malire, zomwe sizingatheke koma zimakhudza makampani osangalatsa. Kutchova juga ndi makasitomala ku Slovakia amaloledwa, koma akuyendetsedwa bwino ndi boma.
Casino ndi njuga ku Slovakia
Slovakia yanyalanyaza kwambiri kutchova njuga. Popeza anthu akufuna kusewera, adakonzeratu phindu lopindulitsa. Slovak model of juga amatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zopambana kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Boma linatha kuthetsa kuchoka kwa casino, kubetcherana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njuga ya mthunzi. Mwachibadwa, eni malonda amakhomedwa msonkho. Kuwonedwanso. Koma amagwiritsa ntchito boma kutchova juga.
Ku Slovakia, palibe amene amafuna kuyendetsa njuga. Zokwanira ndipo eni ake amapereka 19% ya phindu, komanso pagawo lirilonse likhopetsedwa pa mlingo wa $ 2,000.
Kasino yotchuka kwambiri ku Slovakia
Casino ku Slovakia si yaikulu kwambiri, koma ili mumzinda wonse waukulu. Ku Bratislava, pali makina atatu akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ake ndi ubwino wake.
Cafe Reduta Casino - casino yakale kwambiri ku Slovakia, malo okhala ndi mbiri yapadera ndi chisangalalo. Ngakhale malo omwe njuga ilipo, zachilendo - ndizo "Reduta". Likupezeka mumzinda wapaderadera wa likulu, ndipo kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri. Kufika kuno, musayembekezere kukongola ndi kupambanitsa, chifukwa ku Slovakia mmalo mwake mumayamikira kuletsa ndi kukongola. Masewu a "Reduta" a casino omwe amayendetsedwa ndi 6 matebulo American roleti, limodzi ndi French, tebulo limodzi la poker ndi matebulo awiri blackjack. Palinso zosangalatsa, koma osati okonda malonda.
Yaikulu ndi yambiri yamakono ndiyo ya Casino ya Olimpiki . Komabe, zitatha zonsezi - mbali ya Olympic Entertainment Group, yomwe ili ndi nyumba za njuga ku Belarus, ku Baltic States, Italy ndi Poland. Malo awa ali pa Hviezdoslavovo Square mu hotelo yapamwamba Radisson SAS Carlton. Kutsegula kwakukulu kunachitika mu 2008. Akukonzekera tebulo 11 ndikuyika makina a 61.
Casino Hotel Forum ku Bratislava - malo otchuka kwambiri a casino, koma ndi makhalidwe ake enieni. Ili ndi tebulo la phunzilo, lomwe silipezeka m'ma kaseti ena. Koma mwachiwonekere eni ake ali ndi chotsutsana ndi makina opangira chifukwa palibe.
Makasitoma ambiri ndi malo okhala ndi dziko la polumuzeynye omwe amakhala osangalatsa komanso osangalatsa. Makamaka amalipidwa poker, chifukwa boma likugwira ntchito Sport Poker Federation. Kawirikawiri, casino yamakono inali ndi masewera a masewera a mayiko apadziko lonse.
Komiti ya Concord Card mobwerezabwereza anatenga European Poker Tour. Pali matepi a 15 a masewera ndipo amapanga zinthu zabwino kuti apumule.
Pafupifupi onse ogwira ntchito ku Slovakia amamasuliridwa bwino mu Chingerezi. Alendo olankhula Chirasha angadalire kumvetsetsa, komanso Slovakia amamvetsetsa anthu achibale.
Masewera a pa Intaneti ku Slovakia
Slovakia, mofanana ndi maiko ambiri a EU, lamulo limayendetsa ntchito za makasitomala a pa Intaneti. Kuti muyambe malo ndi malo otsekemera komanso masewera, muyenera kupeza chilolezo. Kwa nzika za dzikoli pankhaniyi, palibe chopinga.
Koma mayiko ena akukumana ndi mavuto chifukwa dongosolo lotsogolera lingathe kutsegula malo osayenera. Chilolezo cha makampani akunja ndi njira yovuta komanso yovuta.
Bratislava
- Nyumba ya Bratislava. Adilesi: Zámocká, 811 01 Bratislava-Staré Mesto. Ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya panorama ya likulu, nyumba yokongola komanso yofunika kwambiri.
- Chipata cha St. Michael's. Adilesi: Michalská, 811 03 Bratislava-Staré Mesto. Gulu lokhalo lakale la Bratislava, lomwe linamangidwa mu 1300.
- Devin. Adilesi: Muránská, 841 10 Bratislava-Devín. Mabwinja a nyumba ya Devin anakhala imodzi mwa zizindikiro za dziko. Mzinda wa Devin pa malo a confluence a Morava ndi Danube.
- Sewero la Slovak National. Adilesi: Pribinova 17, 811 09 Bratislava. Malo owonetserako ali mu nyumba ya mbiri yakale ku Hviezdoslav Square. Ndilo masewera akale kwambiri ku Slovakia.
- Nyumba ya Abishopu. Adilesi: Primaciálne námestie 1, 811 01 Bratislava-Staré Mesto. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nyumba zokongola kwambiri mumzindawu. Nyumba zitatu zowonongeka za m'zaka za zana la XVI ndi khonde lokongola lomwe linamangidwa mu Baroque.
Zosangalatsa zokhudza Slovakia Slovakia
- Bratislava ali ndi dzina lake lenileni pokha mu 1919. Zisanayambe, anasintha mayina ambiri: Pozsony, Pressburg, Preshporok, Istropolis.
- Slovakia - Akhristu, koma ali a Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika.
- Slovakia ndi dzina lakutchulidwa "kambuku zachuma", chifukwa cha msonkho wotsika mtengo umakopa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za kunja.
- Parachute anapanga ndi Slovakia Slovak Stefan Banic mu 1913.
- Slovakia - malo obadwiramo anthu ambiri otchuka. Wojambula Andy Warhol anabadwira mu mics. Martina Hingis, yemwe anali osewera masewera a tennis padziko lapansi, ndipo adokotala Adriana Karembeu "Miss Wonderbra" adawonjezerekanso ku Slovakia.
- Nkhumba ("Nkhumba" ku Slovak) - nyama yamtundu wa dzikolo.
- Hockey - imodzi mwa masewera otchuka kwambiri. Slovakia ili ndi osewera amphamvu kwambiri.
Slovakia pamapu a ku Ulaya
Zamkatimu
- 1 Top 10 Best Europe Online juga 2018:
- 2 Top 10 Best USA Online juga 2018:
- 3 Kutchova njuga ku Slovakia


text:
SUV (Sport-Kagwiritsidwe wagalimoto)
SUV amayimira Sport-Kagwiritsidwe wagalimoto. Malinga Merriam Webster, 'Wolimba magalimoto galimoto ofanana siteshoni ngolo koma anamanga pa kuwala galimoto galimotoyo - otchedwa komanso masewera-zofunikira galimoto'.
SUV amatchedwanso ndi mawu ena angapo monga 4×4, zinayi gudumu pagalimoto ndipo ambiri. Wikipedia otchulidwa: "Mawu akuti si ntchito m'mayiko onse, ndi kunja North America mawu 'kuchokera msewu galimoto', Pagalimoto otha 'kapena' anayi ndi mphambu zinai ' (chidule kuti '4WD' kapena '4×4') kapena kungoti ntchito dzina mtundu kufotokoza galimoto ngati 'Jeep' kapena 'Land kuyendayenda' ndipo ambiri ".
SUV ali osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo: Mwanaalirenji yapakatikati SUV, Mwanaalirenji Large SUV, yaying'ono SUV, Subcompact SUV ndi Midsized SUV. Zonsezi ndi wosiyana pang'ono kwa wina ndi mnzake. Pa mwanaalirenji yapakatikati SUV, ndi ogula Report analemba: "Ambiri nawo nsanja ndi ofanana midsized sedani, SUVs awa amakhala zapamwamba, chete, omasuka, ndi luso othodwa. Kukhala midsized ukulimbikitsira wokwanira akuluakulu osachepera asanu, pamodzi ndi katundu malo abwino ndi wodzichepetsa chingwe chabwazi mphamvu ".
Aliyense akufuna kugula SUV galimoto chifukwa ntchito yake yapamwamba, Mkati abwino chitonthozo ndi ulendo kwambiri. Pamaziko a kafukufuku zathu, tili pamwamba 10 SUVs yabwino kwa inu amene ndithudi kupita kukuthandizani kukatenga yabwino:
-
Ford Kudera
Ford Kudera Pafupifupi pamwamba pa yapakatikati SUV galimoto. Mtengo wa galimoto ndi $28,950-$40,900. Ford Kudera ali okwanira kanyumba chipinda, powertrains angapo, zambiri mkulu chitetezo, wokongola makongoletsedwe ndi ntchito yaikulu ndi injini. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri za galimoto izi kuti muli ndi mwayi waukulu zitsanzo chifukwa powertrains angapo. Ndipo inu mukhoza kutenga munthu amene amathetsa zosowa zanu.
-
Lexus rx Zophatikiza
Mu mndandanda wa Top Khumi Best SUVs – 2018 SUV, Lexus rx pachikhalidwe pa no.9. Galimoto yabwino ya kampani ndi Lexus rx Zophatikiza 2018 ndi wabwino koposa mkati ndi dzuwa mu ntchito yake. Anthu ambiri kusokoneza pakati Lexus rx Zophatikiza ndi Lexus rx 450h, koma n'zodabwitsa onse a iwo ali yemweyo. Chabwino, Lexus rx Zophatikiza imatchedwanso Lexus rx 450h. Lexus rx ndi zabwino SUV amene ali pa udindo pamwamba wachitatu kusanja wamataya yapakatikati magalimoto SUV. Lexus rx Zophatikiza 2018 ali ndi mpweya mtunda bwino ndi mathamangitsidwe mwamsanga.
-
BMW X5
BMW X5 2018 ndi apamwamba yapakatikati SUV lomwe lili pa nambala pa #3 mu mndandanda. Ndi galimoto changwiro dalaivala iliyonse, monga injini amapereka mphamvu pazipita. komanso, kaulendoko ndi yosalala m'misewu m'goli kwambiri. Anathetsera BMW imeneyi ndi yabwino kwambiri ndi chidwi. Mkati mwa galimoto ndi wosiyana ndi zina zazikulu infotainment. BMW X5 2018 ndi lalikulu kwambiri pankhani mizere iwiri yoyamba.
-
Toyota ng'ombe
Toyota ng'ombe 2018 ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo pamwamba Toyota pankhani yapakatikati SUVs. Iwo lili pa nambala pa #1 mu yapakatikati SUVs ndi #3 mu SUVs ndi 3 mizere. Mkati mwa galimoto ili ndi kukongola kwa ichi chimene kumakupatsani kaso kanyumba. Mbali inayi, injini V6 ndi njira zamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa galimoto ili ndi chifukwa iyi Toyota ng'ombe chimathandiza pa ntchito komanso. mipando ndi lalikulu kwambiri, koma ngati ndi lachitatu mzere galimoto, kotero ochuluka lachitatu mzere ndi vuto galimoto ili basi magalimoto 3 mzere. Koma ulendo ndi zabwino kwambiri pa mitundu yonse ya malo komanso chete kwambiri zomwe ndi mbali yaikulu ya Toyota ng'ombe.
-
Tesla Model X
Tesla Model X ali kusanja wokwera pakati SUVs Mwanaalirenji yapakatikati. ambiri izo 9.1 kuchokera 10 ndi udindo #1 amadyerera yapakatikati SUVs. Uthengawu zachokera 14 malo kafukufuku. Sikuti zimenezi Tesla anali mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa ngati Tesla ndi #1 amadyerera yapakatikati SUVs, #1 mu Zophatikiza ndi Zamagetsi SUVs, #2 mu SUVs Mwanaalirenji ndi 3 mizere #2 amadyerera kusinthanitsidwa SUVs. maudindo awa kupanga Tesla woyamba kusankha kwa ogula. Tesla Model X anasiya mpikisano mu mpikisano wa okonzeka SUVs mkulu luso chifukwa akuchitira ake agile, lalitali magetsi galimoto osiyanasiyana, ndi luso bwino.
-
Honda Kr-V
Honda Kr–V 2018 pachikhalidwe pa #2 mu SUVs Yaying'ono, mu SUVs ndi 2 M'mizere ndi SUVs kusinthanitsidwa. 2018 Honda Kr-V ndi galimoto yomwe chimathandiza pa ntchito yake komanso yagoletsa apamwamba chitetezo mlingo. Mkati mwa Honda Kr-V ndi wosiyana ndi katundu malo ochuluka. galimoto imeneyi ili ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana chitetezo ndi infotainment mbali. Cacikulu, Honda Kr-V pachikhalidwe pa no.5 mu mndandanda wa Top Khumi Best SUVs – 2018 SUV.
-
Audi Q5
Audi Q5 pachikhalidwe pa no.1 pankhani mwanaalirenji SUVs yaying'ono. Ndi chachiwiri bwino mu kusanja Mwanaalirenji SUVs ndi 2 mizere. Lachitsanzo wakale Audi Q5 ali zina zovuta zimene chidani latsopanoli 2018 Audi Q5. lonse ili redesigned Audi bwino kwambiri kuposa kale. Kuyambira mkati zake zochititsa, chirichonse kusinthidwa ndi ntchito efficiently. Ndipo chifukwa cha zifukwa izi zoonekeratu, Audi Q5 pachikhalidwe pamwamba pa SUVs yaying'ono. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa SUVs abwino yaying'ono wa Audi pankhani injini ndi infotainment ake mbali. komanso, izi mwanaalirenji yaying'ono SUV kumakupatsani ulendo wosangalatsa umene uli njira bwino kwambiri ndi kumverera sporty.
-
Mercedes-Benz GLC-Maphunziro
Mercedes-Benz GLC-Maphunziro 2018 pachikhalidwe pa no.3 mu mndandanda wa Mwanaalirenji Yaying'ono SUV ndi no.4 amadyerera SUVs ndi Ziwiri Row. Mkati mwa ichi GLC-Maphunziro SUV njira zambiri zochititsa chidwi. Ndipo ichi chiri chinthu bwino za galimoto ya Mercedes-Benz G-Maphunziro ngati iwo sali yapadera kuchokera kunja awo, komanso mkati awo. Izi Mercedes-Benz GLC-Maphunziro sakhala nako mkati wokongola, komanso wabwino Mercedes SUV amene ali waluso mu ntchito yake. Izi Mercedes-Benz ali yaikulu kwambiri ndi omasuka mkati ndi zina zazikulu ndi zapamwamba.
-
Nyamazi F-Kuyendera
Nyamazi F-Kuyendera 2018 pachikhalidwe pa no.6 mu mndandanda wa Mwanaalirenji Yaying'ono SUVs. galimoto Zimenezi zingapezeke mu trims zisanu ndi chimodzi monga: umafunika, kutchuka, Base, S, R-Sport ndi chachuma. Palinso mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya injini mu nyamazi limene amapanga ndi ndiyamphamvu mogwirizana. Nyamazi Automotives otchuka galimoto zawo sporty ndipo zimenezi umaonekanso mu nyamazi F-Kuyendera. Komanso, galimoto komanso kwambiri injini zake zomwe pamapeto pake kuvumbitsira bwino ntchito. Izi SUVs mwanaalirenji ali mkati abwino amene ali mipando otakasuka ndi wotakasuka katundu buku. Koma adalosera kudalirika mlingo wa nyamazi F-Kuyendera ndi chinachake chimene kukokera izi pansi.
-
Kia Sorento
Kia Sorento ndi asanu pansi galimoto mu mtengo angakwanitse kwambiri. Kwambiri diso kugwira mbali ya galimoto ili ndi injini zake zamphamvu zomwe zimathandiza kuchita bwino pa msewu. Izi si zapaderazi yekha izi galimoto ya Kia, koma zina ngati, chitsimikizo, ulendo yosalala, wapamwamba mkati ndi chitetezo chalakwika chinachake amenenso chidwi tagwira. Kudalilika mphambu galimoto imeneyi ndi pamwamba amakhala lopatsidwa mwa J.D. mphamvu. Dongosolo infotainment wa SUV ili ndi chidwi kwambiri. Malinga ndi US News, "Kia Sorento ndi chimodzi mwa Best Cars Achinyamata ndi dzina monga kugunda 3-Row SUV kwa Ndalama.
Gawani SUV mumaikonda nafe mu ndemanga gawo ili m'munsiyi.


text:
machesi atathana
24-11-2018
(LOWERUKA)
machesi: -:-
machesi: -:-
More Info: fixed.soccer.football@gmail.com
WhatsApp:+38978509736
uthengawo :+38978509736
Lumikizanani nafe, kupanga zinthu ndi wothandizila wathu,
kupanga amamvera ndi kupeza yachidule ndi yosavuta .
CHOFUNIKA
Ena mwa mumayesa wochenjera kwambiri ndi kutiuza kuti kulipira machesi atathana pambuyo apambane.
Izi ndi zinthu zimene sitingathe kuchita.
Choyamba pamene tinayamba bizinesi, tinayesetsa izi option.Can inu mungalingalire chomwe iwo anachita? Iwo analenga nkhani latsopano imelo ndipo anadziwitsa ife kachiwiri kuti machesi china atathana kuti muyike malipiro izo.
Onse amene kutumiza imelo chifukwa FREE WAKHAZIKIKA machesi e-makalata awo adzakhala yoletsedwa yomweyo.