text:
Ubutayu bwa sahara
Inyandiko y'umwimerere: Sahara
Sahara
Sahara ( /s ə h ɑːr ə /, /s ə h au ə / ; mucyarabu: aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá, bivuga 'Ubutayu bunini cyane ') ni ubutayu buherereye ku mugabane wa Afurika . bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 9,200,000 ( nukuvuga 3,600,000 sq mi), nibwo butayu bunini kandi bushyushye kurusha ubundi kwisi bukaba n'ubutayu bwa gatatu bunini muri rusange, burutwa gusa n'ubutayu bwa Antaragitika na Arikitike . Izina 'Sahara' rikomoka ku ijambo ry'icyarabu rivuga "ubutayu", ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ). [1]
Ubwo butayu bugizwe n' igice kinini cy' Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, usibye akarere karumbuka ko ku nyanja ya Mediterane, imisozi ya Atlas ya Maghreb, n'ikibaya cya Nili mu Misiri na Sudani . Bukora ku nyanja itukura mu burasirazuba no ku nyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru bukagera ku nyanja ya Atalantika mu burengerazuba, aho imiterere igenda ihinduka ahari butayu hagahinduka ibibaya. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na Sahel, umukenke wo mu turere dushyuha dukikije ikibaya cy'uruzi rwa Nijeri n'akarere ka Sudani yo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara . Sahara ishobora kugabanywamo uturere twinshi, harimo Sahara y’iburengerazuba, imisozi ya Ahaggar rwagati, imisozi ya Tibesti, imisozi ya Aïr, ubutayu bwa Ténéré, n’ubutayu bwa Libiya .
Mu imyaka amagana n'ibihumbi byinshi, Sahara yahindukaga ubutayu ubundi ikaba umukenke mu byiciro bingana n'imyaka 20.000 ibyo bikaba byaraterwaga nifatizo ry'isi ihora izenguruka izuba . Aka gacekarimo Sahara biteganijwe ko kazameraho ibyatsi mu myaka igera ku 15.000.
Ubumenyi bwaho iherereye[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sahara ikora ku bice byinshi bya Alijeriya, Tchad, Misiri, Libiya, Mali, Mauritania, Maroc, Niger, Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Sudani na Tuniziya . Ifite ubuso bwa miliyoni 9 za kilometero kare (3.500.000 sq mi), nukuvuga 31% bya Afurika. Turamutse tubariyemo uturere twose dufite imvura igereranije yumwaka iri munsi ya milimetero 250, Sahara yaba kilometero kare miliyoni 11 (4.200.000 sq mi) . Nimwe muntara eshatu zifite Fiziyogarafi nini muri Africa .
Sahara ahanini ni amabuye ya hamada ( amabuye ashashe ); ergs (umusenyi w'inyanja; uduce tunini dutwikiriwe nuwo musenyi ) hakaba igice kinini gifite umusenyi ufite metero zirenga 180 z'ubujyejuru (590 ft). Umuyaga cyangwa imvura y'imbonekarimwe nibyo bikora ibiranga ubutayu nukuvuga umusenyi w'ubutayu, umusenyi wo mu mirima, umusenyi w' inyanja, ikibaya cyamabuye, ibibaya bya kaburimbo ( reg ), ibibaya byumye ( wadi ), ibiyaga byumye ( oued ), hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu ( shati cyangwa chott ).
Imisozi myinshi yaritandukanije cyane, ndetse nibirunga byinshi biboneka mu butayu, harimo nkimisozi ya Aïr, imisozi ya Ahaggar, Atlas ya Sahara, imisozi ya Tibesti, Adrar des Iforas, n’imisozi yo ku nyanja itukura . Impinga ndende muri Sahara yitwa Emi Koussi, akaba ari ikirunga cyaka giherereye mu gace ka Tibesti mu majyaruguru ya Tchad.
Sahara yo hagati irumye cyane , ikagira ibimera bike. Amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo by'ubwo butayu, hamwe n’imisozi miremire, bigizwe nuduce tw’ibyatsi bito n’ibihuru byo mu butayu, bikagira kandi n’ibiti n’ibihuru birebire byo muri wadis, aho ubuhehere bwikusanyiriza. Mu karere ko hagati, kakandi kumye cyane, hari uduce twinshi two mu butayu bunini: Tanezrouft, Ténéré, Ubutayu bwa Libiya, Ubutayu bw'Iburasirazuba, Ubutayu bwa Nubiya n'ibindi. Utu turere twumye cyane dushobora kumara imyaka nimyaka nta mvura ihagwa.
Mu majyaruguru, Sahara yambukiranya inyanja ya Mediterane muri Egiputa ndetse nibice bya Libiya, ariko muri Cyrenaica na Maghreb, Sahara ihana imbibi n’ishyamba rya Mediterane, ishyamba ry’ibiti, hamwe n'akarere k’ibidukikije ko mu majyaruguru ya Afurika kagizwe n'ibihuru, byose bikaba bifite ikirere cya Mediterane kirangwa nimpeshyi ishyushye n'itumba rikonje kandi riragwa nimvura. ugendeye ku mahame yibimera ya Frank White n'impuguke mubumenyi bw'isi Robert Capot-Rey, umupaka wamajyaruguru ya Sahara ugarukira kubiti byimikindo byitwa date palm naho umupaka wamajyepfo ukagarukira ku byatsi bya esparto; ibyatsi biranga ikirere cya Mediterane ku gice cya Maghreb na Iberia . Ku mupaka wo mu majyaruguru hagwa imvura ingana na isoyeti milimetero100 (3.9 in) kumwaka.
Mu majyepfo, Sahara ihana imbibi na Sahel, umukenke wumye ugizwe n'uturere dufite impeshyi irimo imvura ikwira muri Afurika kuva iburasirazuba kugeza iburengerazuba. Ukurikije ikirere, ku mupaka y’amajyepfo ya Sahara hagwa imvura ihwanye na isoyeti milimetero150 (5.9 in) kumwaka (iyi ni impuzandengo yigihe kirekire, kubera ko imvura ihinduka buri mwaka).
Imijyi y'ingenzi iherereye muri Sahara harimo Nouakchott, umurwa mukuru wa Moritaniya; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, na El Oued muri Alijeriya; Timbuktu muri Mali; Agadez muri Nijeri; Ghat muri Libiya; na Faya-Largeau muri Cadi.
Ikirere[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sahara ni ubutayu bunini cyane ku isi. Iherereye mu karere kitwa horse latitude munsi y'agace gashyuha cyane aho ikirere cyisi cyiganjemo ubutumburuke bwa subtropical, numuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga uhagarika imvura n’ibicu, kandi gafite umuyaga uhindagurika uvanze n'umuyaga utuje.
Kubura kwibicu guhoraho bituma haza urumuri rwinshi rudafite ikirubangamiye hamwe nimirasire ishyushye nkumuriro. Kudahindagurika kwikirere cyo hejuru yubutayu bituma ibicu bitabaho, bityo n'imvura ntibeho. Kugabanuka, umuyaga ushyushye hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga wo muri subtropcal bituma imvura itagwa . Ikibaya cya subtropical nicyo kintu cyiganje gituma habaho ikirere gishyushye cyo muri kariya karere kanini. Umuyaga umanuka niwo ukomeye kandi ufite imbaraga mu gice cy’iburasirazuba bw’Ubutayu, mu butayu bwa Libiya: aha ni ahantu h’izuba ryinshi, humye kandi ihataba imvura ku isi, kimwe n'ubutayu bwa Atacama, buherereye muri Chili na Peru .
Kubura kwimvura n'ibicu byiganje cyane mu gice cyiburasirazuba bwa Sahara kurusha muburengerazuba. Umwuka wiganje hejuru ya Sahara ni umuyaga wo ku mugabane ushyushye kandi wumye. Imyuka ishyushye kandi yumye iba cyane cyane hejuru yubutayu bwo mumajyaruguru y' Afrika kandi bukagira ingaruka mubutayu bwose mugihe kinini cyumwaka. Kubera ubu buryo bwo gushyuha bikabije, ubushyuhe buke busanzwe bugaragara hafi yubutaka, kandi bukiyongera mugihe cyimpeshyi.
Ingaruka ziterwa nubutaka bwaho buke cyane ni nkeya kuko nubundi nta mwuka umanuka. Nanone, kugira ngo bwirinde gahunda y’ikirere ibyara imvura n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ikirere ubwacyo, ubutayu buba bwumutse bitewe n’imiterere n’aho buherereye. Mu byukuri, ubushyuhe bukabije bwa Sahara ntibusobanurwa gusa n’umuvuduko ukabije w’umwuka: Umusozi wa Atlas wo muri Alijeriya, Maroc na Tuniziya nawo ufasha kongera ubukana bw’amajyaruguru y’ubutayu. Iyi misozi minini ikora nkinzitizi, igatera igicucu gikomeye cyimvura kugabanuka ikoresheje ubuhehere bukomeye buzanwa n’imivurungano y’ikirere ku nkombe ya polar igira ingaruka ku kirere gikikije Mediterane.
Isoko y'ibanze ituma imvura igwa muri Sahara ni Intertropical convergence Zone, umuvuduko mucye wumuyaga ukomeza kugeza hafi ya koma yisi niwo uzana ibihe by'imvura bigufi kandi bihindagurika muri Sahel no mumajyepfo ya Sahara. Imvura kugirango igwe muri ubu butayu bunini igomba gutsinda inzitizi zifatika z’ikirere zisanzwe zibuza imvura kugwa. Ikirere gikaze cya Sahara kirangwa nimvura nkeya cyane, itizewe, imvura idasanzwe; izuba ryinshi cyane ryigihe kirekire; ubushyuhe bwo hejuru umwaka wose; igipimo ntarengwa cy'ubushyuhe bugereranije ; ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi ; nurwego rwo hejuru cyane mu guhumeka arirwo rwaciye agahigo kwisi yose.
Ubushyuhe[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ubusanzwe ikirere kiragaragara neza hejuru yubutayu, kandi igihe cyizuba ni kinini cyane ahantu hose muri Sahara. Hafi ubutayu bwose bufite amasaha arenga 3,600 yizuba ryinshi kumwaka (hejuru ya 82 kwijana yamasaha yumunsi), kandi ahantu hanini mugice cyiburasirazuba hafite amasaha arenga 4000 yizuba ryinshi kumwaka (hejuru ya 91 kwijana yamasaha yumunsi). Agaciro k'amasaha 4300 (98%) yigihe cy'amanywa aboneka muri Egiputa yo hejuru ( Aswan, Luxor ) no mu butayu bwa Nubian ( Wadi Halfa ). Impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yimirasire y'izuba igera kuri 2.800 kWh / (m 2 mwaka) mubutayu bunini. Sahara ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kubyara ingufu z'izuba.
kuba izuba riherereye kure cyane, n'ubuhehere buri hasi cyane, hamwe no kubura ibimera n'imvura nkeya bituma ubu butayu bunini bufata umwanya wambere mu turere tunini kandi dushyuha cyane kwisi. Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kirenga 38 kugeza kuri 40 ° C cyangwa 100.4 kugeza 104.0 ° F mukwezi gushyushe hafi ya hose mubutayu usibye ahantu hirengeye cyane. Ikigereranyo cyo hejuru cyane ku isi cyashyizwe ahagaragara ubushyuhe buri munsi; byari 47 ° C cyangwa 116.6 ° F mu mujyi wa kure wo mu butayu bwa Alijeriya witwa Bou Bernous, ku butumburuke bwa metero 378 (1,240 ft) hejuru yinyanja, ikibaya kitwa icyurupfu california cyonyine nicyo kijya kigera kuri ubwo bushyuhe . Ahandi hantu hashyushye muri Alijeriya nka Adrar, Timimoun, Muri Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane hafite n'uburebure buri hagati ya metero 200 na 400 hejuru yinyanja, harangwa n'ubushyuhe bungana na 46 ° C cyangwa 114.8 ° F mu mezi ashyushye yumwaka. Salah, izwi cyane muri Alijeriya kubera ubushyuhe bukabije, ifite ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 43.8 ° C cyangwa 110.8 ° F, 46.4 ° C cyangwa 115.5 ° F, 45.5 ° C cyangwa 113.9 ° F na 41.9 ° C cyangwa 107.4 ° F muri Kamena, Nyakanga, Kanama na Nzeri. Hariho utundi turere dushyuha cyane kurushaho duherereye cyane cyane muri Azalai, mu majyaruguru ya Mali. Igice kinini cyubutayu kigira amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu arangwa n' impuzandengo yubushyuhe yo hejuru cyane irenga 40 ° C cyangwa 104 ° F. Ingero ni nka Bilma, Nijeri na Faya-Largeau, Tchad. Ikigereranyo cy'umwaka; ubushyuhe buri munsi burenga 20 ° C cyangwa 68 ° F ahantu hose kandi bushobora kwegera 30 ° C cyangwa 86 ° F mu turere dushyushye umwaka wose. Nyamara, igice kinini cyubutayu gifite ubushyuhe burenze 25 ° C cyangwa 77 ° F.
Ubushyuhe bwumucanga nubwubutaka burenze urugero. Ku manywa, ubushyuhe bwumucanga buba buri hejuru cyane: bushobora kugera kuri 80C cyangwa bukarenga. Ubushyuhe bwumucanga bwa 83.5 ° C (182.3 ° F) bwagaragaye muri Port Sudani . Ubushyuhe bwubutaka bwa 72 ° C cyangwa 161.6 ° F bwagaragaye muri Adrar ya Mauritania naho ubushyuhe bwa 75 ° C (167 ° F) bupimwa i Borkou, mu majyaruguru ya Tchad.
Bitewe no kubura ibicu nubuhehere buke cyane, ubutayu ubusanzwe bugira ubushyuhe bwinshi buhindagurika hagati yumunsi nijoro. Ariko, nakamenyero ko amajoro akonja cyane nyuma yiminsi ishyushye cyane muri Sahara. Ugereranyije, ubushyuhe bw'ijoro usanga buri hagati ya 13 na 20 ° C (23-36 ° F) hakonje ugereranyije no kumanywa. ihindagurika rito riboneka mu turere two ku nkombe kubera ubuhehere bwinshi kandi akenshi usanga buri munsi ya 10 ° C cyangwa 18 ° F, mugihe ihindagurika rinini riboneka mubice byo kubutaka byubutayu aho ubuhehere buri hasi cyane, cyane cyane mumajyepfo ya Sahara. Nubwo bimeze bityo, mwitumba ijoro rishobora gukonja, kugeza ku rwego rwo gutitira, cyane cyane ahantu hahanamye. Inshuro amajoro yo muri sahara akonja ziterwa cyane na Oscillation ya ruguru ya Atlantike y'Amajyaruguru (NAO), hamwe nubushyuhe bwo mugihe cyubukonje mugihe cyibihe bibi bya NAO hamwe nimbeho yo mubukonje hamwe mugihe NAO ari nziza. [2] Ibi byose nukubera ko amasaha agenda gahoro hafi yuburasirazuba bwa anticyclone ya subtropical mugihe cyubukonje bwinshi cya NAO, nubwo cyumye cyane kuburyo byakagombye gutanga imvura irenze urugero, bigabanya umuvuduko wumuyaga wumye, n'ukonje uva mumisozi miremire ya Eurasia muri Sahara kuburyo bugaragara. [3]
Imvura[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka itangirira hasi cyane mumajyaruguru namajyepfo yubutayu kugeza hafi yigice cyo hagati nuburasirazuba. Uruhande ruto rwo mu majyaruguru y’ubutayu rwakira ibicu n’imvura nyinshi bitewe n’imiterere y’umuvuduko muke wo hejuru y’inyanja ya Mediterane ku nkombe ya polar, nubwo ihujwe cyane n’igicucu cy’imvura cy’imisozi kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka iba kuva kuri 100 millimetres (4 muri) kugeza kuri 250 millimetres (10 in) . Kurugero, Biskra, Alijeriya, na Ouarzazate, Maroc, tubisanga muri kano karere. Inkombe yo mu majyepfo y’ubutayu ku mupaka na Sahel yakira ibicu n’imvura byo mu mpeshyi bitewe na Intertropical Convergence Zone iturutse mu majyepfo,imvura igwa ugereranije buri mwaka iri hagati ya 100 millimetres (4 in) kugeza kuri 250 millimetres (10 in) . urugero, Timbuktu, Mali na Agadez, Niger tuzisanga muri iyi zone. Intambwe nini yo hagati ya hyper-arid yo mu butayu ntishobora na rimwe kwibasirwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere cyo mu majyaruguru cyangwa mu majyepfo kandi ikomeza guhora iyobowe nikirere cya anticyclonic, kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka ishobora kugabanuka kugera kuri 1 millimetre (0.04 in) . Mubyukuri, igice kinini cya Sahara cyakira munsi ya 20 millimetres (0.8 in) . Muri kilometerokare 9,000,000 (3,500,000 sq mi) zigize ubutaka bwo mu butayu bwa Sahara, ubuso bungana na kilometerokare2,800,000 (1,100,000 sq mi) (hafi 31% yubuso bwose) bwakira buri mwaka impuzandengo yimvura ingana na milimetero 10 (0.4 in) cyangwa munsi yayo, mugihe kilometerokare 1,500,000(580,000 sq in) (hafi 17% yubuso bwose) yakira impuzandengo ya milimetero 5 (0.2in) cyangwa munsi. Impuzandengo ngarukamwaka y'imvura ni zero hafi kilometerokare 1,000,000(390,000 sq in) mu burasirazuba bwa Sahara igizwe n'ubutayu bwa: Libiya, Misiri na Sudani ( Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) aho igihe kirekire bivuze hafi 0.5 millimetres (0.02 muri) ku mwaka. Imvura ntabwo iba yizewe kandi iba ari nkeya muri Sahara kuko igenda guhindagurika cyane uko umwaka utashye. Bitandukanye rwose n’imvura idakunda kuboneka mumwaka, ibipimo byo kuzamuka kumwuka mu mwaka byo ni binini cyane, hafi ya 2,500 millimetres (100 muri) ku mwaka kugeza kuri 6,000 millimetres (240 zirenga 6,000 millimetres (240 in) ku mwaka mu butayu bwose. Nta handi ku isi habonetse umwuka wumye kandi uzamuka nko mu karere ka Sahara. Ariko, urubura rwigeze kugwa inshuro ebyiri muri Sahara, muri Gashyantare 1979 n'Ukuboza 2016, mu mujyi wa Ayini Sefra .
uko ubutayu bwikoze n'ikirere cya mbere y'amateka[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Igitekerezo kimwe cyuko Sahara yikoze ni uko imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru yacitse intege kubera ibibarafu mu gihe cya Quaternary, guhera mu myaka miriyoni ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ishize. Ikindi gitekerezo ni uko imvura yagabanutse igihe inyanja ya Tethys ya kera yumaga mugihe cya Tortoniya mumyaka miriyoni 7.
Ikirere cya Sahara cyagiye gihindagurika kuva ku kirere cyimvura kugera kucyubushyuhe mu myaka ibihumbi namagana ishize, bikekwa ko biterwa n’imihindagurikire irambye yikirere cy' Afurika y'Amajyaruguru iteguza imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru - yerekeza mu majyepfo. iki kiciro giterwa nikiciro cyigihe cyimyaka 41000 aho ihindagurika ryisi rihinduka hagati ya 22 ° na 24.5 °. Kugeza ubu (2000 ACE), turi mugihe cyumye, ariko biteganijwe ko Sahara izongera kuba icyatsi mumyaka 15000 (17000 ACE). Iyo imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru iri mu mvura ikaze ya buri mwaka kandi ibimera byo mu karere ka Sahara bikiyongera, bigatuma habaho icyo bakunze kwita sahara y'icyatsi kibisi ". Ku mvura idasanzwe yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru ifite intege nke, ikinyuranyo kiragaragara, kubera ko imvura igabanuka buri mwaka n’ibimera biba bike bigatuma habaho icyiciro cy’ikirere gishyushye cya Sahara kizwi ku izina rya "ubutayu bwa Sahara".
Igitekerezo cy'uko ihindagurika ryimirasire (ubushyuhe bw'izuba) riterwa n’imihindagurikire irambye mu kuzenguruka kwisi ari ikintu kigenzura ihinduka ry’igihe kirekire mu mbaraga z’imvura ku isi yose ryatanzwe bwa mbere na Rudolf Spitaler mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda., icyo gitekerezo cyaje gutangwa ku mugaragaro no gupimwa numuhanga mu byikirere John Kutzbach mu 1981. Igitekerezo cya Kutzbach kijyanye n'ingaruka z'izuba ku miterere y'imvura ku isi cyemewe muri iki gihe nkifatizo ritera igihe kirekire cyimvura. Kutzbach ntabwo yigeze aha izina igitekerezo cye ku buryo bwemewe niyo mpamvu kiswe " Hypothesis ya Orbital Monsoon " nk'uko Ruddiman yabisabye mu 2001.
Mubihe byanyuma byurubura , Sahara yari nini cyane kuruta iyubu, igera mu majyepfo kurenga imbibi zayo zubu. [4] Iherezo ryigihe cy'urubura ryazanye imvura nyinshi muri Sahara, kuva nko mu 8000 mbere ya Yezu kugeza 6000 mbere ya Yezu, ahari kubera ahantu h’umuvuduko muke byatumye urubura rugwa mu majyaruguru. Urubura rumaze kugenda, Sahara yo mu majyaruguru yarumye. Naho muri Sahara yo majyepfo,kuma byagendaga bisimburana nimvura, akaba ari nabyo bituma amajyepfo agira imvura kurusha amajyaruguru kugeza nanubu. Ahagana mu 4200 mbere ya Yezu, imvura yasubiye mu majyepfo igera aho igeze ubu, [5] biganisha ku butayu bwa Sahara buhoro buhoro. Sahara ubu yumye nkuko byari bimeze mu myaka 13.000 ishize
Ikiyaga cya Tchad ni ibisigisigi byahoze ari inyanja ya paleolake Mega-Tchad, yabayeho mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa Afurika. Mu myaka ya 5000 mbere ya Yesu, ikiyaga cya Mega-Tchad nicyo cyari kinini muri paleolakes enye zo muri Sahara, kandi bivugwa ko cyari gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 350.000.
Igitekerezo cya pompe kuri Sahara gisobanura ibihe bikurikira: Igihe cy'imvura cyangwa " cya Sahara y'icyatsi", Sahara ihinduka ubwatsi bwumukenke kandi ibimera n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye biba byinshi. Hakurikiraho igihe cyo hagati y'imvura n'izuba ndetse nigihe cyubushyuhe aho agace ka Sahara kongera gusubira mu butayu kandi bikaba ngombwa ko ibimera n’ibinyabuzima bisubira mu majyaruguru kugera ku misozi ya Atlas, no mu majyepfo yerekeza muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba, cyangwa mu burasirazuba mu kibaya cya Nili . Ibi bitandukanya abaturage bo mu moko atandukanye mu bice bifite ikirere gitandukanye, bikaba ngombwa ko babimenyera.
Bivugwa kandi ko abantu bihutishije igihe cyo kuma kuva 6.000-25.500 mbere ya Yezu bitewe n'abashumba baharagiraga.
Ibimenyetso by'izunguruka[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Gukura kwa speleothem (risaba amazi y'imvura) kwagaragaye muri Hol-Zakh, Ashalim, Ndetse-Sid, Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar, Ktora Crack, Ubuvumo bwa Nagev Tzavoa, n'ahandi, kwatumye gukurikirana imvura yabanjirije amateka byoroha. Inzira yinyanja itukura yari yumye cyane mbere ibihumbi 140 na nyuma yibihumbi 115 (mumyaka ibihumbi ishize). Ibihe bito bito bigaragara kuri 90-87 kya, ariko byari bikiri kimwe cya cumi gusa imvura igera kuri kya 125. Mu majyepfo y’ubutayu bwa Negev speleothems ntiyakuze hagati ya 185-140 kya ( MIS 6), 110-90 (MIS 5.4-5.2), cyangwa nyuma ya 85 kya cyangwa mugihe kinini cy’ibihugu bitandukanye (MIS 5.1), ibihe by'ikirere na Holocene . Ibi birerekana ko Negev yepfo yari yumye kuri hyper-arid muri ibi bihe.
Mugihe cyanyuma cya Glacial Maximum (LGM) ubutayu bwa Sahara bwari bunini kurenza uko bimeze ubu aho amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yagabanutse cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwagabanije imbaraga za Hadley. Aka ni agace k'ikirere gatera umwuka wubushyuhe wo mukarere ka Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) kuzana imvura muri tropique, mugihe umwuka wamanutse ushyushye, kuri dogere 20 mumajyaruguru, ugasubira muri koma y'isi kandi ukazana umwuka w'ubutayu muri kano karere. Ifitanye isano n’umuvuduko mwinshi w’umukungugu utwarwa n’umuyaga, kandi urwego rwumukungugu ruboneka nkuko biteganijwe mu nyanja zo mu majyaruguru ya Atlantike. Ibihe by'ubutayu bwa Sahara byari byatangiye ahagana mu 12.500 mbere ya Yesu, hamwe no kwagura ITCZ mu mpeshyi mu majyaruguru y’isi, bikazana ibihe by'ikirere gitose hamwe n’ikirere cya savanna muri Sahara (usibye igihe gito cyumye kijyanye na Dryas). mugihe cya Holocene yubushyuhe bwikirere bwabaye 4000 mbere ya Yesu mugihe ubushyuhe bwo hagati buringaniye busa nubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 2 na 3 ugereranije nimyaka yashize. Isesengura ry’umugezi wa Nili washyizwe mu bishanga muri delta naryo ryerekana ko iki gihe cyari gifite umubare munini w’imyanda iva muri Nili yubururu, byatumye habaho imvura nyinsh mu misozi miremire ya Etiyopiya. Ibi byatewe ahanini n’umuvuduko ukabije w’imvura mu turere tw'ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka ku Buhinde, Arabiya na Sahara, ikiyaga cya Victoria vuba aha cyabaye isoko yera ya Nili kandi yumye hafi y'imyaka 15.
Kugenda gutunguranye kwa ITCZ yerekeza mu majyepfo, kurangwa na Heinrich (gukonja gutunguranye gukurikirwa no gushyuha gahoro), bifitanye isano nimpinduka hamwe nibihe bya El Niño-Amajyepfo ya Oscillation, byateye kuma byihuse mu turere twa Sahara na Arabiya bihinduka ubutayu. Ibi bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kugaragara k'ubunini bwa Nili hagati ya 2700 na 2100 mbere ya Yesu. [6]
Uduce tw'ibidukikije[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Sahara igizwe n'uduce dutandukanye. tugiye dutandukanijwe nubushyuhe, imvura, ubutumburuke, nubutaka, utu duce kandi tubamo imiryango itandukanye yibimera ninyamaswa.
Ubutayu bwo ku nyanja ya Atalantika ni agace kagufi ko ku nkombe za Atalantika aho igihu gituruka ku nkombe ya Canary Current ikonje kigatanga ubuhehere buhagije bwo gukomeza ibinyamisogwe bitandukanye, ibinyomoro, n'ibihuru. Bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 39,900 (15,400 sq mi) mu majyepfo ya Maroc na Mauritania.
Ikibaya cya Sahara y'Amajyaruguru n'amashyamba biri hafi y'ubutayu bwo mu majyaruguru, iruhande rw'amashyamba ya Mediterane, amashyamba, hamwe na ecorgion zo mu majyaruguru ya Maghreb na Cyrenaica. Imvura yo mu itumba ikomeza ibihuru n’ibiti byumye bigira inzibacyuho hagati y’ikirere cy’ikirere cya Mediterane mu majyaruguru na Sahara ya hyper-arid ikwiriye mu majyepfo. Ifite 1,675,300 square kilometers (646,840 sq mi) muri Alijeriya, Misiri, Libiya, Mauritania, Maroc, na Tuniziya.
Agace k'ibidukikije mu butayu bwa Sahara gakubiyemo igice kinini cyo hagati ya Sahara aho imvura iba nkeya kandi ikagwa rimwe na rimwe. Ibimera ntibikunze kubonekayo, kandi aka gace kagizwe ahanini numusenyi ( erg, chech, raoui ), ikibaya cyamabuye ( hamadas ), ibibaya bya kaburimbo ( reg ), ibibaya byumye ( wadis ), hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu. gafie kilometero kare 4,639,900 z'ubuso(1,791,500 sq mi) kagakora kuri Alijeriya, Tchad, Misiri, Libiya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, na Sudani.
Igice cy'ikibaya cya Sahara y'Amajyepfo hamwe n’ibiti byo mu ishyamba ni itsinda rito rigana iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba hagati ya Sahara ya hyper-arid na Sahelnasi ya Sahel mu majyepfo. Kwimuka kwa Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bizana imvura yo mu cyi muri Nyakanga na Kanama ugereranije 100 to 200 mm (4 kugeza 8 muri) ariko biratandukanye cyane uko umwaka utashye. Iyi mvura ikomeza urwuri rwicyatsi nicyatsi, hamwe nishyamba ryumye hamwe nigiti kibisi kumugezi wigihe. Iyi ecoregion 1,101,700 square kilometres (425,400 sq mi) muri Alijeriya, Tchad, Mali, Mauritania, na Sudani.
Mu mashyamba y’iburengerazuba ya Sahara montane xeric, imisozi miremire y’ibirunga itanga ikirere gikonje, gituma habaho ishyamba rya Sahara-Mediterane. iki gice kingana na kilometero kare258,100 (99,650 sq mi), giherereye muri Tassili n'Ajjer yo muri Alijeriya, kigakora gato huri Aïr ya Nigeri, Dhar Adrar ya Mauritania, na Adrar des Iforas ya Mali na Alijeriya.
Igice cya Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric ishyamba ryibiti kigizwe nimisozi ya Tibesti na Jebel Uweinat . Imvura nyinshi kandi igwira igihe hamwe nubushyuhe buringaniye bituma haba amashyamba nibiti by'imikindo, acacia, myrtle, oleander, tamarix, hamwe nibiti byinshi bidasanzwe. Iki gice kingana na kilometero kare82,200 (31,700 sq mi) giherereye muri Tibesti ya Tchad na Libiya, na Jebel Uweinat ku mupaka wa Misiri, Libiya, na Sudani.
Halofitike yo muri Sahara ni agace karangwa nibihe by’umwuzure w'umuvu w'umunyu kagizwe n’ibiti by’ibihingwa bya halofitike (byatewe n’umunyu). iki gice kifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 54,000 (21,000 sq mi) ubariyemo: umwuzure wa Qattara na Siwa uva mu majyaruguru ya Egiputa, ibiyaga by'umunyu byo muri Tuniziya yo hagati, Chott Melghir muri Alijeriya, n'uduce duto twa Alijeriya, Mauritania, no mu majyepfo ya Maroc.
Tanezrouft ni kamwe mu turere dukarishye ku isi kakaba na kamwe bice bishyushye kandi byumye bya Sahara, nta bimera bihaba . kari ku mbibi za Alijeriya, Nigeriya, na Mali, mu burengerazuba bw'imisozi ya Hoggar .
Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ibimera bya Sahara bigiye bitandukanye cyane bishingiye kuri bio-geography iranga ubu butayu bunini. dukurikije ibimera, Sahara ifite zone eshatu zishingiye ku mvura iba yahaguye arizo; Amajyaruguru (Mediterane), Hagati n'Amajyepfo. Hari nuturere tubiri twimberabyombi - imberabyombi ya Mediterane na Sahara n'imberabyombi ya Sahel.
Ibimera byo muri Sahara bigizwe n’amoko agera kuri 2800 y’ibimera . Hafi ya kimwe cya kane cyabyo ntahandi wabibona . Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyubwoko busanzwe bwibimera byo biboneka no mubundi butayu bwabarabu.
Bivugwa ko Sahara yo hagati irimo amoko magana atanu y'ibimera, akaba ari make cyane urebye ubunini bwayo. Ibimera nkibiti bya acacia, imikindo, ibinyomoro, ibihuru, n’ibyatsi; byamenyereye ubushyuhe kandi bikura biba bigufi kugira ngo byirinde gutakaza amazi kubera umuyaga mwinshi, bikabika amazi mu biti byabyo kugira ngo bizayakoreshe mu gihe cyiki, bikagira imizi miremire igenda itambitse ishakisha ahantu hari amazi n'ubuhehere, bigira kandi amababi mato mato cyangwa inshinge kugirango byirinde gutakaza amazi mugihe bihumeka . Amababi yabyo ashobora kuma rwose hanyuma akazashibuka.
Muri Sahara habayo ubwoko bwinshi bwimbwebwe twavuga nka: ingunzu , imbwebwe yera nimbwebwe ya Rüppell . Imparage nini yumweru ya Addax, ishobora kugenda hafi umwaka mubutayu itanywa amazi. imparage ya Dorcas yo mumajyaruguru ya Afrika nayo ishobora kugenda igihe kirekire idafite amazi. Izindi mparage zizwi zirimo rhim na dama.
Ingwe zo muri Sahara ( ingwe zo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Afurika ) ziba muri Alijeriya, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, na Burkina Faso . Haracyariho ingwe zitageze kuri 250 zikuze, ziritonda cyane, zihunga abantu bose. Ingwe zirinda izuba kuva muri Mata kugeza Ukwakira, zishakisha aho zikinga mibihuru nka balanite na acacia Ubundi bwoko bw'ingwe ( zo mu amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Afurika ) butuye muri Tchad, Sudani no mu burasirazuba bwa Niger. Ariko, kuri ubu zarazimye mu misozi ya Misiri na Libiya. Hasigaye ubwoko bugera kuri 2000 bwingwe zikuze.
Izindi nyamaswa zirimo ibinyaruvu, imbeba, inzoka z'umucanga, hamwe n'imisega yo muri Afurika, (mu bihugu 14 gusa) na ostrich ifite ijosi ritukura . Izindi nyamaswa ziba muri Sahara (inyoni byumwihariko) twavuga nka silverbill nyafrica hamwe ninyombya yumukara, nibindi. Habayo kandi ingona nto zo mu butayu ahagana muri Mauritania no mu kibaya cya Ennedi cya Tchad. [7]
Sikorupiyo y'urupfu ishobora kureshya na sentimetero 10(3.9 in). Ubumara bwayo burimo agitoxine na scyllatoxine nyinshi kandi mbi cyane kubuzima; ariko,kurumwa niyi sikorupiyo ntibipfa kwica umuntu mukuru ufite ubuzima bwiza. Ikimonyo gisa na feza cyo muri Sahara kirihariye kubera ubushyuhe bukabije bw’aho, hamwe n’inyamanswa zihora zigihiga, ibimonyo bisohoka mubuvumo bwabyo iminota icumi gusa kumunsi.
ingamiya n' ihene ni inyamaswa ni amatungo aboneka cyane muri Sahara. Kubera imiterere yayo yo kutananirwa no kwihuta, ingamiya ninyamaswa ikunzwe,ikoreshwa nabakerarugendo .
Ibikorwa byabantu bibangamira cyane agace gakunda kubamo amazi (oase) cyangwa aho amazi yegereye hejuru. Umubare munini w’inyamabere zari zisigaye waragabanutse bitewe nuko abantu bazihiga ngo bazirye. Mu myaka yashize, imishinga yiterambere yatangiriye mu butayu bwa Alijeriya na Tuniziya hakoreshejwe amazi yuhira yavomwe mu mazi yo mu kuzimu. Izi gahunda akenshi ziganisha ku kwangirika no gusharira kubutaka .
Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Hacettepe (Yücekutlu, N. et al., 2011) batangaje ko ubutaka bwa Sahara bushobora kuba bufite ubutare nyabuzima ndetse na bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byibiriwa bikenerwa gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire mu guhinga ingano.
Amateka[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Abantu babaga ku nkombe yubutayu hashize imyaka ibihumbi, [8] kuva igihe kirekire cyurubura kirangiye . Icyo gihe Sahara yari ahantu heza cyane kuruta uko bimeze muri iki gihe. Izirenga petroglyphs 30.000 zinyamaswa zo mumazi nk 'ingona [9] zakomeje kubaho,kimwe cya kabiri cyazo kiboneka mu Tassili n'Ajjer mu majyepfo ya Algeria. dinozore zasigaye, harimo Afrovenator, Jobaria na Ouranosaurus, nazo ziba muri Arijeriya. Sahara yubu nta bimera byinshi ifite, usibye mu kibaya cya Nili,no mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru, aho usanga ibimera bya Mediterane nk'igiti cy'umwelayo. Abantu benshi bemezaga ko ako karere ariko kari kameze kuva kera nko mu mwaka wa 1600 mbere ya Yezu, nyuma y’imihindagurikire y’isi ubushyuhe bwariyongereye ndetse n’imvura iragabanuka, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ubutayu butunguranye muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru mumyaka 5.400 ishize. [5]
AbaKiffian[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Umuco wa Kiffian nuwo mugihe cyabanjirije amateka, wabayeho hagati yimyaka 10,000 na 8000 ishize muri Sahara, mugihe cya Neolithic Subpluvial . Ibisigazwa by'abantu bo muri uyu muco byabonetse mu 2000 ku kibanza kizwi ku izina rya Gobero, giherereye muri Niger mu butayu bwa Ténéré . Iki kibanza kizwi nkimva nini yamabuye kandi ya mbere yabantu mu butayu bwa Sahara. Abakiffians bari abahigi babahanga. Amagufa yinyamaswa nini zo mu mukenke zavumbuwe muri ako gace zerekana ko babaga ku nkombe yikiyaga cyari gihari mugihe cya Holocene Wet Phase, igihe Sahara yari yuzuye kandi itose. Abakiffian bari barebare, basumba centimetero 185. Isesengura rya Craniometric ryerekana ko aba baturage ba Holocene bo hambere bari bafitanye isano rya bugufi na Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians hamwe naba Holocene ba mbere ba Maghreb, ndetse nitsinda rya Holocene Mechta rwagati . Ibimenyetso byumuco wa Kiffian ntibikibaho kuva mumyaka 8000 ishize, kuko Sahara yanyuze mugihe cyumye mumyaka igihumbi ishize. Nyuma yiki gihe, umuco wa Teneriya wigaruriye ako karere.
Abanya Teneri[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Gobero yavumbuwe mu 2000 mu rugendo rw’ubucukuzi rwari ruyobowe na Paul Sereno, washakaga ibisigazwa bya dinozore . Imico ibiri itandukanye yabayeho mbere yamateka yavumbuwe aho hantu: umuco wa mbere wa Holocene Kiffian, n'umuco wo hagati wa Holocene Tenerian . Kiffians bari abantu babanjirije amateka babanjirije abanya Teneriya baza kuzimira hashize imyaka 8000, ubwo ubutayu bwashyuhaga cyane. Kuzimira byarakomeje kugeza mu 4600 mbere ya Yesu, ubwo ibihangano bya mbere bifitanye isano na Teneriya byandikwaga. I Gobero havumbuwe ibigazwa byabantu bagera kuri 200. Abanya Teneriya bari bagufi cyane kandi ntambaraga ugereranyije nabaKiffian. Isesengura rya Craniometric ryerekana kandi ko bari batandukanye. Imva zerekana ko Abanya Teneriya bubahirije imigenzo yo mu mwuka, kuko bashyinguwe hamwe n'ibikoresho nk'imitako ikozwe mu mitsi yimvubu n'amasafuriya y'ibumba. Ikintu gitangaje cyane ni ugushyingurwa kwabantu batatu bahoberana mumva imwe, byabaye mu myaka 5300 ishize, byumugore ukuze n’abana babiri, bagereranijwe ko bari bafite imyaka itanu n umunani. Ibisigazwa byabo byerekana ko batwikiwe ku buriri bwindabyo. Bose uko ari batatu bavugwa ko bapfuye mu masaha 24 buri wese, ariko kubera ko ibisigazwa byabo bidafite ihahamuka rigaragara (ntabwo bashinyaguriwe bikabije) kandi bashyinguwe ku buryo bwiza icyabateye gupfa kiracyari amayobera.
Tashwinat Mummy[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Uan Muhuggiag bigaragara ko hatigeze haturwa kuva byibuze mu kinyagihumbi cya 6 kugeza mu 2700 mbere ya Yezu, nubwo wenda hanyuzagano hagaturwa. ikintu cy'agaciro dusanga muri UAN Muhuggiag ni umubyeyi wabitse neza umwana w'umuhungu uri mukigero cy'imyaka 2 nigice. Umwana yari aryamye nkuko uruhinja ruba rumeze munda, ari mumufuka wakozwe muruhu rwimparage, uriho n'amababi. Bimwe mu bice byumubiri we byavanyweho, nkuko bigaragazwa ninkovu zo mu nda no mugatuza, hanyuma hashyirwaho imiti igabanya ubukana kugira ngo umubiri we utangirika. Urunigi rw'amagi ya ostrich narwo rwabonetse mu ijosi rye. Radiocarubone yagaragaje ko uwo mugore yari afite hafi imyaka 5600, ibyo bigatuma irusha imyaka 1000 umugore wari warabayeho imyaka myinshi muri Egiputa ya kera. Mu 1958–59, ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe byuwo mwana mu matongo buyobowe na Antonio Ascenzi bwakoze isesengura rya antropropologique, radiologue, amateka n'ubutabire kuri mummy Uan Muhuggiag bwemeje ko yari umwana w'amezi 30 nigitsina kitazwi, yari afite imiterere ya Negroid . Ibipimo byafashwe ku inda ye byerekanaga kandi ko umubiri we wabanje gutwarwa na evisceration hanyuma nyuma ugahinduka umwanda. Undi muntu mukuru, basanze kuri Uan Muhuggiag, yari yarahambwe yunamye. Ariko, umubiri ntiwerekanye ibimenyetso bya evisceration cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kuwubungabunga. Umurambo bagereranije ko ushobora kuba aruwo muri 7500 BP.
Nubians[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Mu gihe cya Neolithic, mbere yuko ubutayu butangira ahagana mu 9500 mbere ya Yesu, Sudani yo hagati yari ifite ibidukikije byinshi byafashaga baturage benshi ariko ubu hose hahindutse ubutayu. Mu kinyagihumbi cya 5 mbere ya Yezu, abantu bari batuye ahahoze hitwa Nubia, nibo bakoze "impinduramatwara mu buhinzi", bari babanye neza n'ibimera n'amatungo yo mu rugo. Ubugeni bw’inka n’abashumba bo muri sahara isobanura imihango nimizizririzo y' inka dusanga muri iki gihe muri Sudani ndetse n’indi miryango y’aborozi muri Afurika. Megaliths iboneka muri Nabta Playa ifatwa nkurugero rwerekana ibikoresho bya mbere bizwi ku isi bya kera, byahanuye Stonehenge imyaka igera ku 2000. [10] Ibi biragoye kubyumva, nkuko byagaragaye kuri Nabta Playa, kandi nkuko byagaragajwe n'inzego zinyuranye z'ubuyobozi muri sosiyete yaho, birashoboka ko ari byo byashingiweho ku miterere y'umuryango wa Neolithic i Nabta ndetse n'Ubwami bwa kera bwa Misiri. [11]
Abanyamisiri[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ahagana mu 6000 mbere ya Yezu, Abanyamisiri bo mumajyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Egiputa baragiraga inka kandi bakubaka inyubako nini. Imiturire iri kumurongo kandi idahindagurika yo mu Misiri ahagana mbere yikinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yesu yibandaga ahanini kubuhinzi bwibinyampeke nubworozi bw'amatungo: inka, ihene, ingurube nintama. Ibintu bikozwe mubyuma byasimbuye ibyari byarakozwe mamabuye. Muri icyo gihe gutunganya impu zinyamaswa, ububumbyi no kuboha nabyo byarakorwaga cyane. Ibimenyetso byerekana akazi ka Al Fayyum mugihe kirekire cyangwa gusa byigihe gito mumwaka wa 6 mbere ya Yezu, hamwe nibikorwa byibiribwa byibanda kuburobyi, guhiga no gukusanya ibiryo. Imyambi yamabuye, ibyuma nibisakuzo kuva mubihe bikunze kuboneka. [12] Mubikozwe mwibumba bakoraga inkono, imitako,ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi nibyo guhiga, batekaga n’ibiribwa bitandukanye birimo inyama zumishijwe n'imbuto. Gushyingura mubutayu byongera imihango y'Abanyamisiri, kandi abapfuye bashyingurwaga bareba iburengerazuba. [13]
Kugeza mu 3400 mbere ya Yezu, Sahara yari yumye nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe, kubera kugabanuka kw'imvura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi biturutse ku guhinduka kw'izenguruka isi. [5] Uko kuma byabereye abantu imbogamizi yo kujya kuhatura. Ubucuruzi buciriritse cyangwa ubucuruzi bizwi ko byanyuze imbere mu bihe byakurikiyeho, ikintu cyonyine kidasanzwe ni ikibaya cya Nili. Nili ariko, ntiyashoboraga kunyura muri cataracte nyinshi, bigatuma ubucuruzi no guhura nubwato bigorana.
Abanyafenisiya[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Abaturage ba Fenisiya, bateye imbere kuva mu 1200-800 mbere ya Yesu, bashinze ihuriro ry'ubwami muri Sahara yose kugera mu Misiri. Muri rusange bari batuye ku nkombe za Mediterane, ndetse na Sahara, mu baturage ba Libiya ya kera, bakaba ari abasekuruza b'abantu bavuga indimi za Berber muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Sahara muri iki gihe, harimo na Tuareg yo muri Sahara rwagati.
Inyuguti z'Abanyafoyinike zisa n'izakiriwe n'Abanyalibiya ba kera bo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, kandi Tifinagh iracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe n'abashumba b'ingamiya ba Tuareg bavuga ururimi rwa Berber bo muri Sahara rwagati.
Igihe kimwe hagati ya 633 na 530 mbere ya Yezu, Hanno Navigator yashinze cyangwa ashimangira ubukoloni bwa Fenisiya mu burengerazuba bwa Sahara, ariko ibisigazwa bya kera byose byarazimanganye nta kimenyetso na kimwe gisigaye.
Abagereki[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Mu 500 mbere ya Yezu, Abagereki nibwo bageze mu butayu. Abacuruzi b'Abagereki bakwirakwiriye ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba bw'ubutayu, bashyiraho ubukoloni bw'ubucuruzi ku nyanja Itukura . abanyakariteje bakwirakwiye ku nkombe za Atalantika yo mu butayu, ariko imivumba yamazi no kubura amasoko byatumye batagera mu majyepfo nko Maroc ya none. Ibihugu bikomatanyije bizengurutse ubutayu mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba; byarakomeje birigenga. Igitero cyagabwe nabaturage b'abimukira bo mu butayu cyahoraga gihangayikishije abatuye ku nkombe z'ubutayu.
Iterambere mumijyi[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Iterambere mu mujyi, Garamantes, ryatangiye ahagana mu mwaka wa 500 mnere ya Yezu muri Sahara rwagati, mu kibaya cyitwa Wadi al-Ajal i Fezzan, muri Libiya. Garamantes yageze kuri iryo terambere mu gucukura imiringoti kure cyane yimisozi ihanamye kugirango ikure amazi mu kibaya hanyuma uyizane mumirima yabo. Garamantes yarakuze cyane kandi irakomera, yigarurira abaturanyi bayo kandi ifata abacakara besnhi (bashyizwe mubikorwa byo kwagura imiyoboro). Abagereki ba kera n'Abaroma bari bazi abanyagaramantes kandi bakabafata nk'abimukira badafite umuco. Icyakora, bakoranaga ubucuruzi nabo, kandi mu murwa mukuru wa Garamantes wa Garama habonetse ubwogero bw'Abaroma. Abacukumbuzi b'ibya kera basanze imijyi umunani minini hamwe n'indi midugudu myinshi ikomeye mu karere ka Garamantes. Iterambere rya Garamantes ryaje gusenyuka nyuma yo gutakaza amazi aboneka muri aquifers ntibaba bagishoboye gukomeza kwagura iyo miyoboro kugera ku misozi.
Hagati y'ikinyejana cya mbere mbere ya Yesu n'ikinyejana cya kane nyuma ya Yesu, ingendo nyinshi z'Abaroma muri Sahara zakozwe n'itsinda ry'imitwe ya gisirikare n'ubucuruzi y'Abaroma .
Berber[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Abaturage ba Berber bigaruriye igice kinini cya Sahara. Garamantes Berbers yubatse ingoma ikize rwagati mu butayu. [14] Aborozi babaTuareg bakomeje gutura no kwambukiranya ubuso bunini bwa Sahara kugeza nubu.
Kwaguka kwa isilamu nicyarabu[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ingoma ya Byzantine yategekaga inkombe zo mu majyaruguru ya Sahara kuva mu kinyejana cya 5 kugeza mu cya 7. Nyuma yuko abayisilamu bigaruriye Arabiya, cyane cyane mu gice cy’Abarabu, banigaruriye Afurika y’Amajyaruguru kuva hagati mu kinyejana cya 7 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 8 kandi imbaraga za kisilamu zagutse vuba muri Sahara. Mu mpera za 641 Misiri yose yari mu maboko y’abayisilamu. Ubucuruzi bwambukiranya ubutayu bwarushijeho kwiyongera, kandi nubucuruzi bukomeye bwabacakara bwanyuraga mubutayu. Byagereranijwe ko kuva mu kinyejana cya 10 kugeza mu cya 19 abacakara bagera ku 6.000 kugeza ku 7.000 batwarwaga mu majyaruguru buri mwaka.
Igihe cya Turukiya[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Mu kinyejana cya 16, mu majyaruguru ya Sahara,muturere two ku nkombe muri Alijeriya na Tuniziya y'ubu, ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya Libiya y'ubu, hamwe n'ubwami bwigenga bwa Misiri, bwigaruriwe n'ubwami bwa Ottoman. . Kuva mu 1517 Misiri yari igice cy’u Bwami bwa Ottoman, ibyo byatumaga Ottomani igenzura ikibaya cya Nili, uburasirazuba bwa Mediterane na Afurika y'Amajyaruguru. Inyungu y'Ubwami bwa Ottoman nuko abaturage bakoraga bambukaga imipaka biboroheye kandi bagakora n'ubucuruzi hagati yabo. Abacuruzi bifashishije inzira y'ubutaka bwa Ottoman kugira ngo bagemure ibirungo, zahabu na silike biva mu burasirazuba,hamwe n'ibicuruzwa biva mu Burayi, ariko hanakorerwaga nicuruzwa ritemewe ryabacakara na zahabu biva muri Afurika. Icyarabu cyarakomeje maze ururimi n'umuco wa kisilamu birashimangirwa cyane. Uturere twa Sahel n’amajyepfo ya Sahara twarimo ibihugu byinshi byigenga hamwe n'imiryango ya Tuareg.
Ubukoloni bw'i Burayi[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ubukoloni bw’i Burayi muri Sahara bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 19. Ubufaransa bwigaruriye ubutegetsi bwa Alijeriya kuva muri Ottomani mu 1830, maze ubutegetsi bw’Abafaransa bukwira mu majyepfo kuva muri Alijeriya bwerekeza iburasirazuba muri Senegali kugera muri Nijeri , Tchad, Mali, Sudani y'Abafaransa yari igizwe na Timbuktu (1893), Mauritania, Maroc (1912), Nigeriya, na Tuniziya (1881). Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ubucuruzi bwambukiranya Sahara bwari bwaragabanutse kubera ko ubucuruzi bwakorwaga binyuze mu buryo bugezweho kandi bunoze, nk'indege, aho kwambuka ubutayu. [15]
Abafaransa bifashishije urwango rumaze igihe hagati yabarabu ba Chaamba nabaTuareg. Mu 1902, Abafaransa binjiye mu misozi ya Hoggar batsinda abaTuareg mu ntambara ya Tit .
Ingoma y'Abakoloni b'Abafaransa niyo yari yiganje muri Sahara. yashyizeho imiyoboro isanzwe iva i Toulouse yerekeza, i Oran no hejuru ya Hoggar kugera Timbuktu no mu Burengerazuba i Bamako na Dakar, ndetse na bisi zitwara abagenzi zambukiranya Sahara ziyobowe na companyi Transsaharienne (est. 1927). Filime idasanzwe yakozwe na Kapiteni René Wauthier uzwi cyane mu gutwara indege yerekana imodoka nini y’ikamyo yambutse sahara bwa mbere iva muri Algiers yerekeza Tchad.
Igihugu cya Misiri, kiyobowe na Muhammad Ali n'abamusimbuye, bigaruriye Nubiya mu 1820-22, bashinga Khartoum mu 1823, bigarurira Darfur mu 1874. Igihugu cya Egiputa, harimo na Sudani, cyakolonijwe n'ubwongereza mu 1882. Misiri n'Ubwongereza byatakaje Sudani kuva 1882 kugeza 1898 biturutse ku ntambara ya Mahdist . Nyuma yo gufatwa n’ingabo z’Abongereza mu 1898, Sudani yabaye agakingirizo k’Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri.
Espagne yigaruriye Sahara y’iburengerazuba nyuma ya 1874, nubwo Rio del Oro yayobowe na Sahrawi . Mu 1912, Ubutaliyani bwafashe ibice by'icyagombaga kwitwa Libiya muri Ottomani. Muguteza imbere idini Gatolika y’Abaroma mu butayu, Papa Piyo wa IX yohereje intumwa muri Sahara na Sudani mu 1868; nyuma mu kinyejana cya 19 ububasha bwe bwongeye guhindurwa muri Vicariate Apostolique ya Sahara .
Gusenyuka kwingoma na nyuma yaho[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Igihugu cya Misiri cyabonye ubwigenge ku Bwongereza mu 1936, nubwo amasezerano y'Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri yo mu 1936 yemereye u Bwongereza kugumisha ingabo muri Egiputa no muri Sudani. Ingabo z’Ubwongereza zavanyweho mu 1954.
Byinshi mu bihugu bya Sahara byabonye ubwigenge nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose : Libiya mu 1951; Maroc, Sudani, na Tuniziya mu 1956; Cadi, Mali, Moritaniya, na Nijeri mu 1960; na Alijeriya mu 1962. Espagne yavuye mu burengerazuba bwa Sahara mu 1975, maze sahara igabanywa Moritaniya na Maroc. Moritaniya yavuyemo mu 1979; Maroc niyo ikomeje kwigarurira ako karere.
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ibirombe byinshi hamwe n’abaturage byateye imbere kugira ngo bikoreshe umutungo kamere w’ubutayu. Harimo amafaranga yinjira avuye kuri peteroli na gazi muri Algeria na Libya, nava kuri phosphates muri Maroc na Sahara yiburengerazuba.
Hashyizwe mu mushinga w'ibyigwa imihanda minini yambukiranya Africa inyuze muri Sahara , harimo umuhanda wa Cairo - Dakar ukikije inkombe ya Atalantika, Umuhanda Trans-Sahara uva Algiers ku nyanja ya Mediterane ugana i Kano muri Nijeriya, Umuhanda wa Tripoli - Cape Town uva Tripoli muri Libiya werekeza i N'Djamena muri Tchad, n'umuhanda wa Cairo - Cape Town ugenda ukurikira Nili. Buri imwe muri iyi nzira nyabagendwa yaruzuye , hamwe ni ibyuho n'ibice bitarimo kaburimbo.
Abantu, umuco, n'indimi[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
Abaturage ba Sahara bafite inkomoko zitandukanye. Twavuga nka amazigh igizwe n'abaTuareg, abarabu ba Amazigh, AbaSahrawis bavuga icyesipanyoro bafite abaturage barimo Znaga, umuryango ufite izina rikomoka ku rurimi rwa Zenaga rwa mbere yamateka . Andi matsinda akomeye yabantu arimo: Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Beja, na Fula / Fulani.
Imvugo zicyarabu ni indimi zivugwa cyane muri Sahara. Icyarabu, Berber nizindi indimi zizishamikiyeho zose zahurijwe hamwe ku ijambo Amazigh (rikubiyemo ururimi rwa Guanche ruvugwa n’abaturage ba mbere ba Berber batuye mu birwa bya Canary),indimi za Beja nazo ziri mu muryango wa Afro-Aziya cyangwa Hamito-Semitike . Mu bihugu bya Afurika y'uburengerazuba niyo hagati ubariyemo na Sahara, bakoreshaga ururimi rw'igifaransa mu biganiro bwite no ubucuruzi bwo mu karere, abantu baho bari barafashe uwo muco wa kinyapolitike ndetse niyo bavuganaga na Tuareg na Berber. Umurage w'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abafaransa ugaragarira cyane cyane mu ivugurura ry'ubutaka ryashyizweho na repubulika ya gatatu n'iya kane, ryateje amacakubiri ya politiki mu buryo bw'ubukorikori mu karere kitaruye kandi kegeranye. Diplomacy hamwe nabakiriya kavukire yakorwaga cyane cyane mucyarabu, akaba arirwo rurimi gakondo rwakoreshwaga no munzego z'ubuyobozi. Gukemura amakimbirane no gutumanaho hagati y’ibigo byakorwaga n’abasemuzi bagiranye amasezerano na guverinoma y’Ubufaransa, nk'uko Keenan akomeza abivuga, mu nyandiko yise "ahantu h’umuhuza w’imico itandukanye," ibi byagize uruhare runini mu kubungabunga indangamuntu gakondo z’akarere.
Ibindi wareba[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Arid Lands Amakuru Yumuyoboro
- Urutonde rw'ubutayu
- Urutonde rwubutayu ukurikije uturere
- Neolithic Subpluvial
- Ikigega cyo kubungabunga Sahara
- Inyanja ya Sahara
- Abashakashatsi bo muri Sahara
Aho byakuwe[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
- ↑ "Sahara." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
- ↑ See Visbeck, Martin H.; Hurrell, James W.; Polvani, Lorenzo and Cullen, Heidi M.; ‘The North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, Present, and Future’; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 23 (2001); pp. 12876-12877
- ↑ Hurrell, James W.; Kushnir, Yochanan; Ottersen, Geir and Visbeck, Martin; An Overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation, pp. 17–19. Geophysical Monograph 134; published 2003 by the American Geophysical Union
- ↑ Christopher Ehret. The Civilizations of Africa. University Press of Virginia, 2002.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks.
- ↑ Burroughs, William J. (2007) "Climate Change in Prehistory: the end of the reign of chaos" (Cambridge University Press)
- ↑ "Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa", National Geographic News, 18 June 2002
- ↑ Discover Magazine, 2006-Oct.
- ↑ National Geographic News, 17 June 2006.
- ↑ The History of Astronomy. PlanetQuest
- ↑ Wendorf, Fred (1998) Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa.
- ↑ Fayum, Qarunian (Fayum B, about 6000–5000 BCE?), Digital Egypt.
- ↑ Predynastic (5,500–3,100 BCE), Tour Egypt.
- ↑ Mattingly et al. (2003). Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 1
- ↑ Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, Ch. 6, Ralph Austin
Ibitabo Byifashishijwe[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Brett, Michael; Prentess, Elizabeth (1996). The Berbers. Blackwell Publishers.
- Bulliet, Richard W. (1975). The Camel and the Wheel. Harvard University Press. Republished with a new preface Columbia University Press, 1990.
- Gearon, Eamonn (2011). The Sahara: A Cultural History. Signal Books (UK), Oxford University Press (US).
- Julien, Charles-Andre (1970). History of North Africa: From the Arab Conquest to 1830. Praeger.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Longman.
- Laroui, Abdallah Laroui (1977). The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton.
- Scott, Chris (2005). Sahara Overland. Trailblazer Guides.
- Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and Satellites Spot Lost Civilizations in Unlikely Places". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaa7864.
Imiyoboro[eindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Kubijyanye na Sahara munsi yubutaka hydrology no guteganya gukoresha amazi


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Eric Dusingizimana, umugabo w’imyaka 29 abaye umunyarwanda wa mbere winjiye mu gitabo Guiness World Records nyuma yo kumara amasaha 51 atera agapira ka Cricket ataruhutse. .
Eric, Eric, Eric!!! Ngiyo inyikirizo yaririmbwaga n’abantu benshi kuri sitade ntoya y’I Remera ahagana saa tanu n’iminota icumi, ubwo umunyarwanda Eric Dusingizimana yerekezaga ku guca agahigo ku rwego rw’isi amara amasaha 51 atera agapira ka Cricket ataruhutse. Byari ibyishimo bikaze ku bafana bake b’uwo mukino n’abanyarwanda benshi bari baje muri sitade bamwe batazi n’uko uwo mukino ukinwa. Yves Karenzi ati” Sinkina uyu mukino. Ariko naje kureba uko amateka yandikwa n’umunyarwanda. Naje kumushyigikira. Kuko nubwo ari izina rye ryandikwa muri kiriya gitabo ariko u Rwanda nk’igihugu kirahamenyekanira, kikahazamukira”. Marie Ange Gatesi, umukobwa wo mu kigero cy’imyaka makumyabiri nawe ati” Naje mva Nyamirambo, ngo nze muhe morali, kuko umuhigo yihaye nta wundi musanzu nari kumuha utari uwo kumufana”. Uko amasaha 51 yegerezaga kuzura, ni nako abantu bagendaga baza ari benshi batangarira uwo musore wagaragaraga ko agifite ingufu ku buryo bamwe batatinyaga kuvuga ko n’iminsi itanu yayimara. Nyamara burya ngo ribara uwariraye.
indirimbo z’ubutwari”Burya umugabo ni usohoza ubutumwa, Intsinzi bana b’u Rwanda” zasimburanwaga ziha morali Eric. Gusa DJ yananyuzagamo agashyiramo “Ndagutegereje cyane”, ikumvikana cyane mu gitero cyayo aho ivuga ngo “ndumva amasaha atagenda…”. Haburaga nk’amasaha abiri. Nyuma yo kuzuza ayo masaha ibintu byabaye ibindi, abafotora, abashaka kumuhobera n’abandi bashaka kumukoraho kuburyo byabaye ngombwa ko hashyirwaho protocole ibuza abantu kumutera icyugazi mu kazu yakiniragamo ariko ibyo ntibyabujije ko byarangiye abantu bamwuzuyeho.
Muri murimo usaba kwitanga , yabaweho hafi n’umugore we, Eric Dusingizimana yaje guterwa imbaraga n’umubyeyi we umubyara ndetse na mushiki we. Umugore we, utwite wagaragaraga nk’unaniwe ntiyahwemye kumuba hafi kuko ari nawe wamugeneraga ifunguro afata, afatanije n’ikipe nini y’abakina cricket hano mu Rwanda yari imuri hafi. Yari afite kamera zimucunga amanywa n’ijoro, kugira ngo atagira aho aza kuruhuka igihe kirenze iminota itanu agenewe yo kuruhuka ntace agahigo. Nyamara hari igihe ymaraga amasaha atandatu iyo minota atayifashe.
Abaye umunyarwanda wa mbere uciye agahigo ku rwego rw’isi, mu nzego zitandukanye. Ministiri Uwacu Julienne yatangarije itangazamakuru ko minisiteri ayoboye izamugenera agahimbazamusyi nk’undi mukinnyi wese uhesheje ishema igihugu. Dusingizimana Eric ni umugabo wubatse akaba afite umugore ubu utwite. Ni umukinnyi wa Cricket usanzwe akina mu ikipe ya Right Guards CC mu Rwanda
Niyonagize Fulgence

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Isomo rya 1: Izayi 50,4-9a
Nyagasani Uhoraho yampaye ururimi, ambwira icyo mvuga kugira ngo menye kuramira uwarushye. Buri gitondo arankangura, akanyigisha gutega amatwi nk’abigishwa. Nyagasani Uhoraho yanzibuye amatwi, nanjye sinabyangira, ndetse sinatezuka. Nategeye umugongo abankubitaga, imisaya yanjye nyitegeza abamfuraga ubwanwa; uruhanga rwanjye sinaruhisha abantukaga, bancira mu maso. Cyakora Nyagasani Uhoraho arantabara, agatuma ibitutsi bitanca intege. Uruhanga rwanjye ndarukomeza nk’ibuye, kandi nzi ko ntazakorwa n’ikimwaro. None se ko undenganura ari hafi, ni nde watinyuka kumburanya? Naze tujyane imbere y’umucamanza! Ni nde uzanshinja mu rubanza? Ngaho niyigaragaze, maze anyegere! Ni byo rwose, Nyagasani Uhoraho arantabara; ni nde rero wanshinja icyaha?
Zaburi ya 68 (69), 8-10, 21-22, 31.33-34
R/ Mana yanjye, wowe Nyir’ubuntu budashira, undengere kuko ari wowe nkesha agakiza.
Niyumanganya ibitutsi ku mpamvu yawe,
nkemera gukozwa isoni n’ikimwaro;
nahindutse umunyamahanga mu bavandimwe,
mba n’intamenyekana muri bene mama.
Ni koko, ishyaka mfitiye Ingoro yawe riramparanya,
n’ibyo bagutuka ni jye bishengura.
Ibitutsi byambihije umutima bimviramo no kurwara,
ntegereza uwangoboka ndaheba,
nshaka uwampoza, sinamubona!
Ibiryo byanjye babiroshyemo uburozi,
inyota inyishe banyuhira indurwe.
Ubwo nzaririmba izina ryawe,
kandi ndyamamaze mu bisingizo.
Abiyoroshya nibabibona, bazishima bati
«Mwebwe abashakashaka Imana, murakagwira!»
Kuko Uhoraho yumva abatishoboye,
ntatererane abe bari ku ngoyi.
Ivanjili ya Mutagatifu Matayo 26,14-25
Nuko umwe muri ba Cumi na babiri witwaga Yuda Isikariyoti, asanga abatware b’abaherezabitambo, arababwira ati «Murampa iki, nanjye nkamubagabiza?» Bamubarira ibiceri mirongo itatu bya feza. Kuva icyo gihe atangira gushaka uburyo buboneye bwo kumutanga. Umunsi wa mbere wo kurya Imigati idasembuye, abigishwa baza kubaza Yezu, bati «Aho ushaka ko tugutegurira ibyo kurya Pasika ni he?» Ati «Nimujye mu murwa kwa kanaka, mumubwire muti ‘Umwigisha agutumyeho ngo: Igihe cyanjye kiregereje, ndashaka kurira Pasika iwawe ndi kumwe n’abigishwa banjye.’» Abigishwa babigenza uko Yezu yabategetse, maze bategura ibya Pasika. Bugorobye, Yezu ajya ku meza hamwe na ba Cumi na babiri. Nuko rero igihe bafungura, aravuga ati «Ndababwira ukuri: umwe muri mwe agiye kungambanira.» Birabababaza cyane, batangira kumubaza umwe umwe, bati «Mbese yaba ari jye, Nyagasani?» Arabasubiza ati «Uwo duhurije intoki ku mbehe, ni we ugiye kungambanira! Koko Umwana w’umuntu aragiye nk’uko Ibyanditswe bimuvuga! Ariko rero hagowe uwo muntu wemeye kugambanira Umwana w’umuntu; icyari kuba cyiza ni uko uwo muntu aba ataravutse!» Yuda umugambanyi na we aramubaza, ati «Aho ntiyaba jye, Mwigisha?» Yezu ati «Urabyivugiye!»


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Abafite amashuri yigisha amategeko y’umuhanda basabwe kwibanda ku makosa y’abashoferi
Polisi y’u Rwanda irasaba abafite amashuri yigisha amategeko y’umuhanda, kwibanda ku masomo yiganjemo amakosa akorwa n’abashoferi, mu rwego rwo gukumira impanuka ziterwa n’amakosa aturuka ku batwara ibinyabiziga.
Ni nyuma y’amahugurwa yahawe abayobozi b’ibigo by’amasuri byigisha ibijyanye n’amategeko y’umuhanda, no gutwara ibinyabiziga yo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, bahawe n’urwego rwa Polisi ishami rishinzwe amategeko y’umuhanda, ku wa Kane tariki 27 Ukwakira 2022, mu rwego rwo kubereka amakosa akorwa n’abatwara ibinyabiziga, kugira ngo bazayibandeho mu nteganyanyigisho irimo gutegurwa, ndetse no kuyigisha cyane abashaka gukorera impushya zo gutwara ibinyabiziga.
Ni ubukangurambaga bwatangiriye i Gahanga mu Karere Kicukiro, mu muhanda uva Sonatubes werekeza mu Karere ka Bugesera, bukomereza mu wa Sonatubes werekeza i Remera.
Amwe mu makosa bagaragarijwe arimo, guhindura icyerekezo (U-turn) ahari icyapa kibibuza, kunyuranaho bitemewe, amakosa ateza umuvundo, kwirengagiza gutanga uburenganzira bwo gutambuka mbere ndetse no kutubahiriza inzira z’abanyamaguru.
Umuvugizi wa Polisi y’u Rwanda, CP John Bosco Kabera, avuga ko ubu bukangurambaga bwateguwe hagamijwe kwigisha abakoresha umuhanda kubahiriza amategeko yawo.
Ati “Ubu bukangurambaga bugamije kugeza ubutumwa ku bigisha amategeko y’umuhanda n’abawukoresha, uburyo bakwiye kuwugendamo, mu rwego rwo kwirinda umuvundo, impanuka ndetse no kwangiza ibikorwa remezo byo ku muhanda”.
Akomeza agira ati “Nk’uko mwabibonye bamwe mu batwara ibinyabiziga, iyo barimo guhindura icyerekezo ntibubahiriza amategeko y’umuhanda. Urugero ni aho ahantu hari imihanda ibiri, ushaka kuva muri umwe ujya mu wundi, buri gihe ugomba ku winjiramo wibanze mu ruhande cyangwa mu kuboko kw’iburyo, ukabona ku winjiramo, kandi ugatwarira iburyo, ariko biraboneka ko bamwe batabyubahiriza.”
Umuyobozi w’Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite amashuri yigisha amategeko y’umuhanda no gutwara ibinyabiziga mu Rwanda (ANPAER), Jean Paul Habumugisha, avuga ko bagiye gushyira imbaraga mu gukosora amwe mu makosa akorwa n’abatwara ibinyabiziga.
Ati “Turi hano tureba abakora amakosa menshi mu muhanda kandi nibyo koko, abashoferi baba batanzwe natwe dufite amashuri yigisha gutwara ibinyabaiziga, haba habayeho kudohoka, ariko siko tuba twabibigishije. Kubera ko twabonye ko harimo ikibazo, turaza gushyiramo imbaraga mu kubikosora”.
Akomeza agira ati “Dufite integanyanyigisho turimo gutegura dufatanyije na Polisi, bitarenze mu kwezi k’Ukuboza iraba yasohotse. Twigishaga amategeko gusa, ariko ubu hazaba harimo na kirazira, indangagaciro umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ufite uburere n’imyitwaririe ikwiye agomba kuba yujuje.”
Abayobozi b’amashuri yigisha amategeko y’umuhanda no gutwara ibinyabiziga bagera kuri 70 bo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, nib o bateganyirijwe ayo mahugurwa.
MENYA UMWANDITSI
Umunyamakuru wa Kigali Today/KT Radio
@ lvRaheema


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Mu gihe bamwe mu batishoboye bahoze bafata inkunga y’ingoboka bo mu Murenge wa Musambira mu Karere ka Kamonyi, basaba ubuyobozi kubakurikiranira imitungo yabo yavuye mu mafaranga bakatwaga buri kwezi, babwirwa ko ari ayo gukora ibikorwa bizabateza imbere, bakaba batarigeze bayahabwa bamwe bagapfa batayabonye.
Mukagatare Yozefa umukecuru w’imyaka 85 ni umwe muri aba baturage, avuga ko amafaranga y’inkunga y’ingoboka bagenerwaga mu mwaka wa 2012, ntacyo yigeze abamarira kuko ibikorwa yashowemo batamenye aho byarengeye aho kubateza imbere, ikibazo asangiye n’abandi bafataga aya mafaranga.
Aba baturage bakomeza bavuga ko bari banashingiwe koperative Kayemu(koperative y’abahinzi ba Musambira) kugeza ubu, ngo bibaza imirima baguze ndetse n’inzu zirimo n’iz’ubucuruzi uwo zanditseho, dore ko bagerageje kubaza bagasanga na koperative yabo itazwi kuko nta buzima gatozi ifite.
Bati“ twari twarabwiwe ko tuzajya dukatwa amafaranga hanyuma ayo mafaranga yamara kugwira tukazagurirwa inzu, si inzu gusa kuko twari twaranasezeranyijwe ko tuzagurirwa n’imirima, gusa ibyo byose n’ubwo byaguzwe ntabwo twigeze tubigiraho uruhare, yewe ni yo mirima yaje kugurishwa tutabizi, ni ukuvuga ibyo twari twaraguriwe byose byaburiwe irengero, ni yo tubajije batubwira ko ni yo koperative nta hantu izwi, ko izo nzu zitatwanditseho, yewe ni yo mirima ngo ntabwo ari iyacu”.
Ku ruhande rwa Habumugisha Yohani umuyobozi w’iyo koperative bavuga ko itigeze ibaho, ndetse akaba no mu batungwa agatoki ko kwigwiza ho imitungo yaba banyamuryango, we avuga ko amafaranga yabo ngo bayashoye mu bikorwa hanyuma nyuma biza guhomba, n’ubwo icyo kibazo ngo baje ku kigeza ku ubuyobozi bw’akarere.
Ku ruhande rw’Uwamahoro Prisca umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu Karere ka Kamonyi, we avuga ko ibibazo by’abo baturage bizakemurwa bahereye ku byifuzo byabo, na cyane ko atari umwihariko w’ako karere, gusa ari ikibazo basangiye n’utundi turere.
Iyo koperative Kayemu yari igizwe n’abanyamuryango 344, usibye amafaranga bakaswe yashowe mu bikorwa bitandukanye, abo baturage bavuga ko banakatwaga ibihumbi 200 yo kuzashyingura umunyamuryango uzajya apfa nyamara ngo abapfuye bose ntayo bigeze bahabwa kandi barayakaswe.
Ubuyobozi bw’ako karere buvuga ko icyo kibazo bukizi ariko hategerejwe umurongo kizahabwa, kuko kiri no mu tundi turere atari umwihariko w’ako karere gusa.
Eric Habimana


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Ubumenyi Rusange
Ingaruka Zo ‘Guhana Intera’
Guhana intera byabaye bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwafashije abantu benshi kutandura cyangwa ngo banduzanye icyorezo COVID-19. Ku rundi ruhande ariko, ubwonko bw’abantu muri rusange byarangiritse k’uburyo abahanga bavuga ko kuzongera gusabana hagati y’abo biri kure.
Icyorezo COVID-19 kimaze hafi imyaka ibiri cyanduza kandi kikica abantu, abagikize kikabasigira ibisigisigi birimo no kwangirika ibihaha.
Mu rwego rwo kugikumira, abaganga bagiriye inama abanyapolitiki ko bafata icyemezo cy’uko hagati y’umuturage n’undi hajyamo byibura metero imwe.
Iyi metero isabwa hagati y’umuntu n’undi yahise iba ikibazo mu bantu.
Nta kindi cyabiteye uretse kuba abantu muri kamere yabo bakunda gusabana, bakegerana bakabyina, bagasomana, mbese bagahuza urugwiro.
Kubabwira ko nta n’umwe wemerewe kwegera undi byababereye icyigeragezo ariko kubera kubaha amabwiriza(kuruta kwirinda COVID-19) abenshi barabyemeye.
Hari ibihugu bimwe na bimwe abantu bamaze kumva ko kuba bonyine, kutegerana n’abandi byabakukiyemo nyuma yo kubishishikarizwa naza Leta zabo, utabikoze akabihanirwa.
Bitewe n’umuco wari usanzwe mu gihugu runaka, hari aho abaturage bavuga ko kuzongera gusabana na bagenzi babo bitazoroha.
Urugero ni muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika.
Muri iki gihugu hari abaturage benshi bavuze ko n’ubwo Abanyamerika bose baba barakingiwe, bitazaborohera kongera gusabana na bagenzi babo nk’uko byahoze.
Bigenda bite ngo ubwonko buzinukwe?
Ubwonko bw’umuntu ni inyama ifite ubushobozi bwo gufasha nyirayo kwihuza n’imimerere runaka igezweho.
N’ubwo ntawakwihandagaza ngo yemeze mu buryo budasubirwaho ko azi neza ingaruka guhana intera byagize ku bwonko, ariko abahanga mu mikorere yabwo hari izo babonye.
Kubana kwa muntu agashyikirana na mugenzi we biri muri kamere ye kandi ni ingenzi kuri we kugira ngo abeho.
Abanyarwanda baca umugani ngo ‘Nta mugabo umwe’.
Abize ibinyabuzima bazi neza ko umuntu atari we wenyine ukunda kubaho no kubana n’ibindi binyabuzima( we abana n’abantu ariko akanorora inyamanswa) kuko n’inguge, inigwahabiri(insects) nk’isazi, inzuki, inyamabere nk’imbogo, impala n’izindi nazo zikunda kubana n’izazo.
Hari aho byagaragaye ko inka yapfushije indi biyigiraho ingaruka ikabura amahoro.
Kubana no gusabana hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibindi binyabuzima ni uburinzi kuko ababyeyi barinda abana babo, abana bagafasha ababyeyi bageze mu zabukuru, ababyeyi bakagira inama abana, gutyo gutyo.
Abahanga mu mibanire y’abantu hari cyo bita ‘social homeostasis’ ni ukuvuga umunzani uba ugomba kuba hagati y’ubwinshi cyangwa ubuke bw’ibinyabuzima bibana no kureba ingaruka ibi byombi bibigiraho.
Iyo ibinyabuzima bibana ari bike( aha harimo n’abantu) biteza ikibazo cy’uko akamaro bimarirana kaba gato.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibinyabuzima bibana ari byinshi biteza ikibazo cy’ishyari no guhangana hagamijwe kwikubira bike bihari.
Kwikubira bike bihari bivuze kwikubira ibiribwa, abagore cyangwa abagabo.
Ku byerekeye abantu, ubwonko bwabo bwiremeye uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibi bibazo byombi.
Ni uburyo buba mu gice cyabwo cyo hagati abahanga bise mesocorticolimbic circuit.
Iyo umuntu abonye ari wenyine, yishakamo ibindi bintu byamuhuza, bigasa n’aho bigiye mu mwanya w’abantu adafite hafi ye.
Iyo abantu babaye benshi umuntu asigarana uburyo bwo guhitamo.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse gutangazwa mu kinyamakuru The Conversation buvuga ko ubwonko bw’umuntu wigunze bugira agahinda kuko niyo bwakwishakamo ibituma buhuga, ariko nta gisimbura umuntu nyamuntu iruhande rwa mugenzi we.
Abahanga bavuga ko ubwonko bukumbura umuntu nk’uko iyo umuntu ashonje igifu cye gikumbura amafunguro.
Ubwonko busonzeye kubona umuntu burakubitika.
Dore uko bigenda:
Kubera ko abahanga badashobora gufata abantu ngo babahurize mu kigo kimwe babatandukanye n’abandi nyuma barebe uko ubwonko bwabo bukubitika, bahisemo kubikorera ku nyamanswa.
Nk’uko twabyanditse haruguru, inyamaswa nazo zikunda kandi zigomba kubana mu miryango, inyamaswa nkuru muri zo zikita ku zikiri ntoya.
Igerageza ryakorewe kuri zimwe muri zo, zigatandukanywa na zigenzi zazo ryerekanye ko inyamaswa imaze igihe idahura n’indi ngo bibe biri kumwe, bihige biri kumwe, nibyica bisangire inyama…yicwa n’irungu, ikiheba.
Ku muntu nawe ni uko. Niba warigeze gukumbura umuntu ukabura ibitotsi ndetse ukwiyemeza kuzajya kumusura n’amaguru kandi ukajyayo, urumva neza uburemere bw’urukumbuzi watewe n’irungu ryo kutamubona.
Inyamaswa cyangwa umuntu uba wenyine agera aho akumva ko gupfa kwe no gukira kwe biri mu maboko ye, akiremamo ubwihebe, akumva ko ikizaza cyose azahangana nacyo.
Ibi nibyo biba ku basore n’inkumi bibana.
Basinzira gake kuko baba bumva ko basinziriye bigatinda, icyabatera batacyumva.
Bamara amasaha menshi bareba televiziyo cyangwa filimi kugira ngo zibahuze.
Hari n’abo birenga bagahitamo kujya basinzira bamaze kunywa inzoga cyangwa ikindi kiyobyabwenge kugira ngo basinzire neza.
Imbogo bita ko zigize ‘ingunge mu ishyamba’ ni imbogo zishaje zirukanwa na ngenzi zazo zikajya kwibana mu ishyamba.
Abazi ibyazo bavuga ko ziba zifite umujinya mwinshi, ahari uterwa n’uko zigeze nyamwigendaho kubera gutereranwa.
Ingaruka zo ‘guhana intera’ zipimirwa mu kindi gice cy’ubwonko bw’umuntu bita hippocampus.
Ni igice gishinzwe kwiga ibintu bishya no kubyibuka.
Muri iki gice niho abana babika amakuru y’ibyo babwiwe n’abakuru, birimo indangagaciro nko kutikunda ngo bakabye, kumva ibyifuzo bya bagenzi babo no gushyira mu gaciro.
Niho habitswe amakuru umuntu azi kuri mugenzi we, yaba mabi cyangwa meza.
Iyo abantu bamaze iminsi batabonana, cya gice cy’ubwonko bwabo gishinzwe kwibuka gitangira kwibagirwa ibyabahuzaga, byatinda bakibagirwa n’amasura y’abahoze ari inshuti zabo.
Kongera guhuza abantu bizafasha mu kongera gutuma bagirirana akamaro, ariko bizafata igihe.
Hari n’abatizegera na rimwe biyumvamo abandi, ahubwo bahitemo guhora ari ba nyamwigendaho.
Icyorezo COVID-19 kizagira ingaruka ku bice hafi ya byose bizaranga ubuzima bw’abantu mu gihe kinini kiri imbere.


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Isi nshya yimibumbe myinshi
Isi ya Anglo-Saxon ntabwo yonyine. Kugabanuka imbaraga zishaje. Inzira nshya. Ahantu hashya. Impinduka zitunguranye. Indimi nshya n'inyuguti. Imiryango mishya. Imiryango ikomeye. Ahantu h'umuco. Mosaic y'amabara,
Ugomba kuba hose. Umuntu agomba kuba yiteguye amahirwe mashya. Turaguha indimi 108. Inyuguti zitandukanye nuburyo bwo kwandika.
Umwaka mushya muhire. Uyu ni uwuhe mwaka? Ese 2024 cyangwa 1446? Ahari 5784? Ntaho bihuriye rwose. Ibyiza byose!
Imijyi ikize yo mu majyaruguru ya pasifika. Ibikoresho bibisi paradizo. Kwihutisha kurwanya ifaranga. Urugamba rwo kurokoka undi munsi. Icyangombwa kandi kidafite akamaro. Turaho.
Umukobwa wo mumujyi. Umuhungu wumusizi. Ishusho ntabwo ari ngombwa. Uzatsinda inzira zombi. Uzagwa. Inshuro eshanu cyangwa zirindwi. Uzaba udafite amafaranga. Uzabura inshuti zawe. Uzasigara gusa numuyoboro utagira iherezo. Kandi uzatsinda. Cyangwa uzagenda kure bigoye. Tuzahorana nawe. Umwaka mushya wa interineti utoroshye!
ruanda-rundi


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Mu karere ka Huye umugore yishe umugabo we akkoresheje isuka bapfa amafaranga, soma wiyumvire uko byagenze.
Aya ni amakuru yageze hanze kuri uyu wa mbere taliki ya 27 kamena 2022 avuga umugore ukomoka mu karere ka Huye wihekuye akoresheje isuka yajyaga ahingisha.
Ubwo uyu mugore yahaga umugabo we amafaranga yo kugura amategura mashya bari babonye muburyo butoroshye nkuko umugore yabitangaje ngo umugabo yafashe ya mafaranga yose aragenda arayanywera ndetse anasengerera inshuti ze kugeza ubwo bayamaze, yaje kugaruka murugo yasinze yabaye ibyatsi maze umugore nawe n’umujinya mwinshi yahise amutura hasi amukubita isuka mumutwe kugeza ashizemo umwuka.
Amakuru dukesha umuturanyi w’uyu muryango utashatse kwivuga izina yavuze ko aba bombi bari babanye amahoro gusa ngo bajyaga batongana iyo umugabo yabaga yasomye agatama.
ITANGAZO
1.Ku bufatanye na Ngwino.com turamenyesha abantu bajya bakenera amakuru ajyanye n’akazi ko babana natwe ku rubuga rwa Whats’up banyuze hano (Whats’up)
2.Ubaye wifuza kwamamaza, ufite ikibazo, igitekerezo cyangwa se inyunganizi ku makuru tukugezaho watwandikira cyangwa ukaduhamagara unyuze kuri numero: 0736206687


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ABACAMANZA
Abacamanza bategetse mu gihe cyo hagati y’urupfu rwa Yosuwa no gukora kw’umuhanuzi Samweli. N’ikigisho gikomeza cy’umuryango utagira ubuyobozi buturutse ku Mana, Abacamanza Imana yabahaye s’abajyanama gusa ahubwo bari bafite ibikorwa byo kubatura aba Isiraeli kuva mu bubata bw’abanzi babo, kandi bakanategeka. Iki gitabo gikomeza kivuga ukuntu Isiraeli yataye Imana igakomeza kwimika ibigirwa mana, bituma Imana yemera ko abanyakanani babagira iminyago babatoteza maze bagatakambira Imana, nayo ikabaha abacamanza babatabaye, ubuzima bwakomeje kugenda neza kugeza igihe abacamanza bapfaga, umuzenguko ukongera ukisubiramo.
Igitangaje hano n’ubuntu bw’Imana, igihe cyo Isiraeli yatakambiraga Imana yajyaga ibatabara ititaye kubibi bakoze, kandi mu kubikora igakoresha abantu basanzwe. Hari Ehudi waciye igihanga umwami wabanzi babo (3:15-23) Yoweli wigometse kubitekerezo by’ubugiraneza (14:17-22) na Samusoni wabayeho mu buzima bwo gusambana nuwo yashakaga kuzashakana nawe. Ntaho tubona Bibiliya ibashyiraho ibyaha bakoze. Ahubwo Imana yabakoreshaga kubera ukwizera kwabo (Abahebulayo 11:32-34) ititaye kungeso zabo mbi. Ubwo buntu n’ubushake bwayo biduha natwe ibyiringiro uyu munsi.
Ibice by’ingenzi.
1) Umucamanza witwa Deborah (4:4-5:31) niwe wenyine mu bagore bo muri Isiraeli wafashije Baraki gutabara Isiraeli.
2) Gidiyoni (6:1-8:32) Imana yakoresheje umuntu ufite ukwizera guke (6:36-40) kuyobora abantu 300 kurugamba rwo gutsinda ababisha babo babaruta ubwinshi (7:12) bigaragaza ko ubutsinzi bukeshwa imbaraga z’Imana atari izaba Isiraeli.
3) Samusoni (13:1-16:31) Imana yari yarateguye Samusoni mbere yuko avuka imuha imbaraga zihambaye kugirango azakize abaisiraeli mu maboko y’abafilisitiya. (13:5) mur’iyo minsi nta mwami wari muri Isiraeli, buri muntu wese yakoraga ibumutunganiye.


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– Bruce Melody, umuhanzi ubifatanya n’ubworozi
– Yabanje kuba Producer igihe kinini
– ‘Sinarangije amashuri ariko nabonye diplome’
– Yabaye umukozi wa Ama G barashwana arirukanwa
– Muri 2012 akiza mu muziki nyina yahise apfa asigara ahetse umuryango
– ‘Nterwa ubwoba n’ahazaza h’umwana wanjye’
Bruce Melody ubusanzwe witwa Itahiwacu Bruce, ni umuririmbyi w’umunyempano, afite ubuhanga bwihariye mu guhanga no kwerekana ko ibyo akora biri mu maraso. Muri iyi minsi ari mu bahanzi ba mbere bakunzwe cyane mu ndirimbo z’urukundo mu Rwanda.
Melody yinjiye mu mwaka wa 2012. Muri 2017 yazamutse indi ngazi imuganisha ku ntsinzi mu buhanzi bwe. Yabanje gutumirwa nk’umuhanzi uhagarariye u Rwanda muri Coke Studio Africa, yahise anashyira hanze indirimbo yitwa ‘Ikinya’ ubu isa n’iyoboye izindi mu kwigarurira imitima ya benshi mu gihugu.
Yatangiye umuziki mu mwaka wa 2012, icyo gihe yafashwaga na Producer Fazzo, yibandaga cyane ku ndirimbo zo mu njyana ituje nyuma agenda avangamo na Afrobeat ndetse hari nyinshi yakoze muri ubu buryo zakunzwe nka ‘Ndumiwe’ ndetse na ‘Ikinya’ [ubu imaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga 433 044 mu mezi abiri] iyoboye izo yahimbye zose.
Itahiwacu…
Itahiwacu Bruce uzwi nka Bruce Melody ni mwene Ntibihangana Gervais na Verène Muteteri. Yavutse muri 1992. Ni ubuheta mu muryango w’abana bane barimo abahungu 2 n’abakobwa 2. Avuka mu Kagali ka Kamashahi, Umurenge wa Nyarugunga, Akarere ka Kicukiro ari naho kugeza ubu abana n’umugore n’umwana babyaranye.
Iyo muganira umubaza ibyerekeye amashuri akubwira ko ‘yize bimugoye atari uko ari umuswa’ ahubwo ari ibibazo by’umuryango n’ubushobozi buke bwamwitambitse, gusa yarahanyanyaje nyuma yo gucikiriza amashuri akora ikizamini cy’abakandida bigenga[ candidat libre] aza kubona impamyabumenyi.
Amashuri abanza yayize ku bigo bibiri harimo Ecole Primaire Busanza na Groupe Scolaire Camp Kanombe. Amashuri yisumbuye yayatangiriye i Kanombe kuri EFOTEC ayarangiriza kuri Lycée Islamique de Rwamagana.
IGIHE: Bruce Melody ni muntu ki mu magambo avunaguye?
Bruce Melody: Ndi umuntu usanzwe, ukunda gucukumbura no gushaka kumenya iby’abandi bantu, uko nteye muri kamere yanjye, ikintu abandi bantu batatinzeho nicyo njyewe ntindaho nkagicukumbura.
IGIHE: Izina Bruce Melody risobanuye iki? Ryaje rite?
Bruce Melody: Bruce ni izina niswe n’ababyeyi, wasanga Papa yararinyise wenda icyo gihe Bruce-Lee akunzwe. Melody ryo naryiswe na musaza wa Teta Diana witwa Bad Man, kera nkiri producer najyaga muri studio zitandukanye gutangayo melodie z’indirimbo. Icyo gihe abahanzi bankeneraga baravugaga ngo ‘reka duhamagare wa mwana wa melodie aze’, abantu bose batangira kunyita gutyo rigera igihe rirafata.
IGIHE: Iby’umuziki wabyinjiyemo gute? Ese byakujemo ryari?
Bruce Melody: Nabanje kuba Producer igihe kinini, nabyigiye muri studio ya Ama G yitwaga Black Gang Studio. Icyo gihe yari ikuriwe na Producer Piano, na we twamwise piano kubera ko yari umuhanga cyane mu gucuranga, hari n’undi witwaga Jimmy. Ni twebwe ba producers bari bahari, ariko njyewe nari uwa nyuma. Ni Junior watwigishaga, ariko ab’ingenzi bigishwaga ni babiri, njyewe ahanini baransohoraga bagiye kwiga.
Igihe cyarageze Jimmy ajya kwiga na Piano arahava ajya gukorera muri Future Records, nsigara njyenyine. Narakoze ariko igihe kigeze Ama G aranyirukana njya gukorera mu gasitidiyo gato i Masaka, naho harananira njya gukorera i Rwamagana muri Emeza Studio.
IGIHE: Ubwo ibyo kuba Producer wabyinjiyemo gute ko wabaga mu rusengero cyane?
Bruce Melody: Nabyinjiyemo mu 2008 nshakisha ubuzima. Mu rugo ntabwo twari twifashije, Papa amaze gupfa byabaye bibi, ntabwo twamerewe neza. Nari umwana wa kabiri ariko mpita mfata umwanzuro wo guhahira umuryango, barumuna banjye umwe yarigaga kandi yabaga akeneye amafaranga y’ishuri, njye nari mfite umushinga unyishyurira. Muri Emeza Studio naho baje kunyirukana.
IGIHE: Ko waciye agahigo mu kwirukanwa, ntabwo ushobotse se?
Bruce Melody: Si ukudashoboka, icyo naziraga ni uko nakundaga kuba ncecetse, bambazaga ibisobanuro nkabura icyo mvuga. Nari umunyabibazo ku buryo nahoraga njunjamye, nirindaga icyatuma ngira ikindi kibazo cyiyongera ku by’umuryango.
IGIHE: Kuririmba se byaje gute?
Bruce Melody: Nagarutse i Kanombe nsanga studio Ama G yarayigurishije, uwo yayigurishije yahise ampa akazi. Mu mpera za 2011 nahuye na Fazzo, kuko yakoranaga na Lick Lick numvaga hari ibyo azi gucuranga cyane, ndamwegera ngo anyigishe. Yambwiye ko agomba kunyigisha ari uko dukoze indirimbo tukayigiraho, yarambwiye ati ‘bambwiye ko uzi kuririmba nta mpamvu yo gushaka undi muhanzi’. Twahise dukora iyitwa ‘Ngiye kubivuga’, maze kuririmba ahita ambwira ngo mbe umuhanzi mve mu byo kwiga gukora indirimbo ariko ndabyanga, njyewe sinifuzaga kuririmba, numvaga nta mafaranga azavamo nk’ayo nabonaga ndi Producer.
Yarakomeje arabimbwira arimo no kunyigisha gukora amajwi, nyuma muri 2012 twahise dukora ‘Tubivemo’ numva iracuranzwe bikomeye kuri radio zose, mpita nkora ‘Telefone’ nayo iramenyekana, nkora ‘Uzandabure’ yo ikundwa bikomeye, ninjira mu muziki gutyo.
IGIHE: Ndumva kuva watangira umuziki waribereye mu munyenga kugeza ubu?
Bruce Melody: Oya, nigeze gucika intege bikomeye ahubwo. Ku itariki ya 4 Nzeri 2012 twarimo dukora amashusho ya ‘Uzandabure’ barampamagara ndataha, ngeze mu rugo mama nsanga ararembye mujyana kwa muganga agezeyo aba arapfuye. Ibintu byahise bitangira kuzamba, byaragoranye cyane, nacitse intege ku buryo bukomeye ibintu birazamba.
IGIHE: Mama yatabarutse ucyishakisha mu muziki, ubwo wabyitwayemo gute kugira ngo udacika intege burundu?
Bruce Melody: Agipfa abantu bari bamfitiye impuhwe cyane ngakeka ko ariko bizahora ariko hashize icyumweru mbona birahindutse nsigaye njyenyine. Nyuma nibwo nemeye kujya muri Super Level, nubwo nahembwaga bidashimishije ariko bafataga inshingano zanjye nk’umunyamuziki bakishyura ibindeba nk’umunyamuziki duke bampemba tukamfasha mu bibazo. Naje kuvamo njya gukora ku giti cyanjye mbona birakunze, kugeza ubu ndumva mpagaze neza.
IGIHE: Kuki utajya wemera kuganira ku rugendo rwawe mu mashuri?
Bruce Melody: [mu mvugo irimo ikiniga] Ntabwo nabonye umugisha wo kwiga nk’abandi bana, numva nzafata umwanya nkicara nkabivugaho neza. Ni inkuru ndende, ni inkuru nzababwira irambuye, ntabwo byanyoroheye.
IGIHE: Noneho nta mpamyabumenyi y’amashuri yisumbuye ugira?
Bruce Melody: Ntabwo nize neza ariko mfite diplome nubwo ntarangije amashuri yisumbuye. Mfite diplome mu Ishami ry’Indimi n’Ubuvanganzo, nayibonye nkoze ibyo bitaga candidat libre, byarangoye ariko byarashobotse.
IGIHE: Mu ishami wize, ni irihe somo wakundaga?
Bruce Melody: [Akubite igitwenge] Njyewe buriya nzi Ikinyarwanda ku buryo binshobokera kukivuga ntavanzemo urundi rurimi.
IGIHE: Noneho mu ndirimbo zawe nta mwanditsi wundi witabaza?
Bruce Melody: Oya! Bajya banyandikira, iby’umuziki ni ibindi, abantu baranyandikira, nka Danny Vumbi ajya amfasha kwandika ubundi nanjye nkamufasha. No mu Ikinya Ama G yampaye umurongo uvuga ngo ‘Nta mugabo ugwa mu cyobo kabiri’.
IGIHE: Indirimbo ‘Ikinya’ isobanuye iki ku muziki wawe?
Bruce Melody: Ikinya ni nka kwakundi umwana aba yujuje imyaka 18 hamwe aba ashobora gufungwa kandi akaba yemerewe kwifatira ibyemezo. Ubu nanjye ndi mukuru mu muziki, Ikinya yazirushije intege ku buryo bukomeye, nahoze nshaka kuzakora indirimbo bose bakayibonamo uhereye mu bana, abapadiri, abasore, abakuze, bose bakayibonamo. Biratangaje kuba ari indirimbo ivuga inzoga ariko ukumva n’akana gato kari kuyiririmba.
IGIHE: Iyi ndirimbo wayanditse uri mu kinya koko?
Bruce Melody: Nayitekereje ndi muri studio, nabwiye Producer David nti ‘mbabarira nubwo unaniwe dukore akantu gato abantu bazajya bumva bakavuza induru’, yarabyemeye turayitangira. Naririmbye ‘Ikinya’ nka hangover[igihe umuntu abyuka arimo ava mu isindwe] ariko abantu bayifashe nka kumwe umuntu aba yasinze ataragera mu kinya.
IGIHE: Mu muryango nta muntu wakomoyeho iyi mpano?
Bruce Melody: Papa yahimbaga indirimbo za Korali, mama yaririmbaga muri korali. Abana b’iwacu usanga aribo bayoboye amakorali, ni impano iri mu muryango wose urebye.
IGIHE: Abo mu muryango wanyu bose ndumva ari abanyamasengesho, wowe bite?
Bruce Melody: Nanjye mbarizwa muri ADEPR ariko ntabwo njya gusenga ntakubeshye, gusa iyo mbyutse niragiza Imana bisanzwe.
IGIHE: Ubwo iyo wumvise muri ADEPR byadogereye wiyumva ute nk’umuyoboke?
Bruce Melody: Iyo numvise muri ADEPR bafite ibibazo mba numva bari bushake uburyo bakajya kubikemura.
IGIHE: Ni iki wishimira kurusha ibindi mu myaka itanu umaze uririmba?
Bruce Melody: Nishimira abafana mfite, ubu ni benshi kandi mu ngeri zose. Ikinya ubwayo yanyonyereye abandi bafana ntagiraga, buri munsi bagenda biyongera.
IGIHE: Ibanga wakoresheje ngo ugumane igikundiro ni irihe?
Bruce Melody: Ndaruha cyane nubwo abantu batabizi. Gukora indirimbo y’amajwi birangora cyane, ntabwo njya nyurwa, ngora abankorera indirimbo mwanababaza.
IGIHE: Ni ibihe bikoresho ubasha gucuranga neza?
Bruce Melody: Nacuranga gitari, nacuranga na piano, ariko ingoma nazo nazivuza ariko turi mu myitozo atari igitaramo kuko byo simbizi neza.
IGIHE: Ni hehe wifuza kwibona mu myaka itanu iri imbere?
Bruce Melody: Ubundi nari nzi ko nimara nk’imyaka itanu mu muziki nzaba ndi umuhanzi uhagaze neza muri Afurika y’Uburasirazuba, ubu rero intego sinayigezeho. Mu myaka itanu iri imbere ubu icyo nifuza ni ukugera kuri ya ntego yanjye.
IGIHE: Uretse umuziki, ikindi kintu kigutwara umwanya ni ikihe?
Bruce Melody: Ndeba amafilime menshi, ikindi nkunda umuryango wanjye ku buryo mara amasaha menshi ndi kumwe n’umukobwa wanjye.
IGIHE: Uhuza gute inshingano z’urugo no kwita ku muziki?
Bruce Melody: Ntabwo ari ibintu byoroshye kuvanga umuryango n’ubuhanzi. Nk’ejo [ku Cyumweru gishize] twari dufite ubukwe mu rugo, nari muri service ariko nagera ku muntu ati ‘reka mfate selfie’ kandi hirya hari abantu bakeneye fanta, biba bigoye. Ikindi ni uko hari abantu bantumira mu miryango bisanzwe bafite nk’ibirori, ubwo nagiyeyo nk’abandi banyamuryango, ariko ukumva barampamagaye ngo Bruce tunyurizeho akaririmbo kamwe.
IGIHE: Ikintu kigutera ubwoba kurusha ibindi byose?
Bruce Melody: Ngira ubwoba iyo ntekereje nk’igihe umwana wanjye azagira ku ishuri. Njye narezwe n’ababyeyi batajenjetse, muri iki gihe rero biragoye, urabizi gukubita umwana ntibyemewe ubu, bisaba kumwereka ikosa biciye mu biganiro kandi akazaba uwo ushaka. Ubu mba nibaza ukuntu azajya ahagarara mu bandi kwa kundi utwana tuba dukina akavuga ati ‘ko njyewe papa ari Bruce Melody wowe uwawe ni nde?’
IGIHE: Uretse umuziki, nta bundi bucuruzi ufite ku ruhande bubyara inyungu?
Bruce Melody: Mfite ibindi bintu mba nkora ariko ndumva ntabivugaho ubu, nzafata umwanya mbivugeho.
IGIHE: Uuh um, ubwo ibyo ni ibiki uhisha abafana?
Bruce Melody: Mfite ibintu by’ubworozi mbamo, mfite ibintu by’imbaho mbyaza umusaruro…
IGIHE: Ubwo Worora ayahe matungo ko binteye amatsiko?
Bruce Melody: Ibyo ni byo nirinze ko muhita mumenya. Nkora ubworozi, nzabubabwira neza nyuma […] Imbaho zo ni umusaruro nzibyaza, mfata urubaho nkarukora rugahinduka ikindi kintu, nzafata umwanya mbivuge neza.
IGIHE: Urakoze cyane Bruce Melody
Bruce Melody: Urakoze cyane!
IKINYA, indirimbo imaze kwigarurira imitima ya benshi


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Abaturage baravuga ko kuba imitungo yabo igiye kubarurwa bizatuma amakimbirane ayishingiyeho agabanuka kandi hakamenyekana ukuri ku mitungo ikwiye gusora n’isonerwa.
Ni mu gihe Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro cyatangije igikorwa cyo kwandika imitungo itimukanwa kizamara amezi 2.
Hashize umwaka hagiyeho itegeko rigena inkomoko y’imari n’umutungo weguriwe inzego z’ibanze. Kugira ngo aya mafranga aboneke itegeko riteganya ko umutungo utimukanwa ugomba gusoreshwa aho ubutaka busora kuva kuri 0 kugeza ku mafranga 300 kuri metero kare bitewe n’icyemezo cy’inama njyanama y’akarere buherereyemo.
Komiseri Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro, Bizimana Ruganintwari Pascal avuga ko kwandika imitungo itimukanwa bifite intego yo kuzamura ingano y’amafaranga inzego z’ibanze zikenera.
Yagize ati “Intego navuga ni uko inzego z’ibanze zigomba kwihaza kugira ngo bigerweho ni ibi byose turimo hano kugirango turusheho kongera abasora icyo bita ‘assiette fiscal’. Uko systeme zijyaho, uko amategeko ahinduka akagena uburyo bwo gusoresha bushya, izi nzego zikihaza mu mishinga yazo amafaranga akabifinansa 100%. Nibura abantu bose bandikwe, tumenye abagomba gusora bitworohere.”
Mu mwaka wa 2014 ni bwo Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro cyahawe inshingano zo gukusanya imisoro yeguriwe inzego z’ibanze ariko bigakorwa gusa ku masezerano iki kigo cyagiranaga n’uturere.
Komiseri Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro, Bizimana Ruganintwari Pascal
Imibare igaragaza ko mu mwaka w’ingengo y’imari wa 2016/2017 hinjijwe miliyari 49 z’amanyarwanda mu gihe umwaka ushize wa 2018/2019 hinjiye miliyari 60, uyu mwaka intego akaba ari ukwinjiza miliyari 67.3.
Abaturage basanga iki gikorwa cyo kwandika imitungo itimukanwa kizabafasha kunoza uburyo bayisoreraga bigaca n’amakimbirane.
Mukansigaye Alphonsine, umuturage mu Mujyi wa Kigali yagize ati “Umuntu agomba kumenya umutungo we uko ungana akamenya uko asora, biradushimishije, ni byiza kuko nta kibazo tuzagirana n’abaturanyi. Hari abantu badashaka kubigaragaza banga gusora akaguma aho kandi gusora ni byiza, hari igihe bajya kuhagura ya mafaranga yari yaranze gusora mbere bakayakuriraho rimwe ugasanga asigariye aho.”
Na ho Nkurunziza Eugene na we wo mu Mujyi wa Kigali yagize ati “Naje kwandikisha ibi byangombwa by’ubutaka, biradufasha kuko turasobanikwa ibijyanye n’ubutaka kuko abenshi ntibasobanukiwe, ubutaka muri iy’iminsi abantu babwiyumvamo cyane.”
Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage muri Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Dr Alvera Mukabaramba asobanura ko abaturage bari mu cyiciro cya 1 cy’ubudehe badatanga uyu musoro bitewe n’ingano y’ubutaka bwabo.
Ubutaka bwagenewe ubuhinzi n’ubworozi butarengeje ubuso bungana na hegitari 2 ntibuzasoreshwa, kimwe n’inzu ya mbere yo guturamo isonewe umusoro n’itegeko. Izindi nzu mu mwaka wa mbere zisora 0.25% by’agaciro kazo ku isoko, umwaka wa 2 hatangwe 0.50%, uwa gatatu hatangwe 0.75% bigere kuri 1% mu mwaka wa kane. Ku nzu z’ubucuruzi zisora 0.5%, mu byiciro bya 0.20 umwaka wa 1, na 0.30% mu mwaka wa 2; 0.40 muwa 3. Inganda zisora 0.1% buri mwaka.Biteganyijwe ko umusoro w’uyu mwaka uzatangwa bitarenze tariki 31/12.
Umunyamabanga wa Leta muri MINALOC, Dr Mukabaramba Alvera n’abandi bayobozi


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Minisitiri w’Intebe yagiriye inama urubyiruko rwa Kiliziya Gatolika
Minisitiri w’Intebe, Dr Eduard Ngirente yabwiye urubyiruko rwa Kiliziya Gatolika ko ruzarushaho kugira ubuzima bwiza nirwirinda kwiyandarika no kurarikira ibintu.
Yabitangaje ubwo yasozaga ihuriro ry’urubyiruko rwa Kilizaya Gatolika ryaberaga mu Karere ka Rubavu, kuri iki cyumweru tariki ya 10 Ukuboza 2017.
Abitabiriye iryo huriro bigishijwe iyobokamana, kwishyira hamwe bagamije kwiteza imbere, kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge, kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu, guteza imbere ihame ry’uburinganire no guharanira kuba Abanyarwanda beza bagamije kubaka igihugu.
Minisitiri w’Intebe yashimiye Kiliziya Gatolika yateguye iryo huriro ahamagarira n’andi matorero n’amadini gukora amahuriro nka yo.
Akomeza ahamagarira urubyiruko kwirinda ibibashuka kuko aribo bafite imbaraga zo guteza imbere igihugu.
Agira ati “Leta kugira urubyiruko nkamwe ni ibintu byiza, ndabazaba gushyira mu bikorwa inama mwahawe, muzigeze ku bandi, mwirinde ingeso zatuma mwangiza ahazaza hanyu n’ah’igihugu.”
Akomeza agira ati “Mwirinde kwiyandarika, mwirinde ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ubugwari, ibiyobyabwenge, ubunebwe n’irari ry’ibintu ryabashora mu bikorwa bibi.”
Akomeza abahamagarira kandi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, kwizigamira, kubyaza umusaruro amahirwe Leta ibaha no kuba umwe nk’uko Yezu abibasaba.
Umushumba wa Diyoseze ya Byumba, Musenyeri Nzakamwita Seriviliyani, ushinzwe iyogezabutumwa mu rubyiruko, avuga ko hari indangagaciro urubyiruko rugomba guharanira kugira ngo zibafashe kuba abagore n’abagabo bakwiye.
Agira ati “ Kumva no kumvira, kubaha no kwiyubaha, isuku ku mutima, ku mubiri n’ahantu hose, kubaho mu kuri, kubana mu butabera n’amahoro, urukundo rwihanganira bose, kugira ubusugi n’ubumanzi kugira ngo bizabafashe kubaka ingo nziza no gukorera Imana.”
Akomeza agira “Mwirinde abashukanyi, mugendere kure ruswa y’igitsina, gufata ku ngufu mubyamaganire kure, n’ufashwe ku ngufu yegere ubuyobozi arenganurwe.”
Akomeza avuga ko ku mugabane wa Afurika urubyiriko rugize umubare munini akaba ari narwo bukungu bukomeye u Rwanda rufite, rukaba rugomba kurindwa no gusigasirwa.
Musenyeri Nzakamwita kandi ahamagarira ababyeyi n’abayobozi guha urubyiruko uburere bwiza no kubarinda inzitizi n’ibyonnyi by’imyaka barimo, kubarinda amadini y’inzaduka, ibiyobyabwenge, amashusho y’urukozasoni n’ibindi bigamije konona ubuzima bwabo.
Ati “Dufite inshingano yo kubaha uburere bwiza n’amizero banyotewe no kubabera urumuri. Tubatege amatwi nabo bafite ukuri.”
Ndindiriyimana Augustin, umwe mu bitabiriye iryo huriro avuga ko bashimira Leta y’u Rwanda ifasha urubyiruko kwiteza imbere.
Akomeza avuga ko iryo huriro ryabagiriye akamaro gakomeye kuko ngo barishoje biyemeje kuba abo Yezu yifuza barebera ku mubyeyi Bikira Mariya no kwibumbira mu matsinda na Koperative bagamije kwiteza imbere no kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire.
Ihuriro ry’urubyiurko ryasojwe ni irya 16. Ni irya kabiri ryitabiriwe n’urubyiurko rwinshi nyuma y’iryabereye mu mujyi wa Kigali ryitabiriwe n’urubyiruko ibihumbi 13.
Yanditswe na chief editor


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Home > Amatangazo > UWASE Aline: itangazo ryo guhinduza amazina asanganywe mu irangamimerere.
Turamenyesha ko uwitwa UWASE Aline mwene Rwabuyonza J Bosco na Kayitesi Chantal, utuye mu Mudugudu wa Binunga, Akagari ka Murama, Umurenge wa Kinyinya, Akarere ka Gasabo, mu Mujyi wa Kigali wanditse asaba uburenganzira bwo guhinduza amazina asanganywe ariyo UWASE Aline, akitwa NIBIGIRA Aline mu gitabo cy’irangamimerere.
Impamvu atanga yo guhinduza izina ni Guhuza umwirondoro nuwanditse muyindi passport mfite.