text:
Imibereho Y'Abaturage
Kudasinzira Neza Mu Ijoro Bishobora Kukwirukanisha Ku Kazi
Umunabi, guhunyiza, kwibagirwa…biri mu ngaruka zo kudasinzira neza mu ijoro. Ku byerekeye umunabi ho, twavuga ko bishobora no gutuma umukozi yandika email nabi, akandikira mugenzi we cyangwa umukoresha we ubutumwa burimo agasuzuguro bikaba byamukoraho!
Ibi biherutse kwemezwa n’abahanga bo muri Kaminuza ya West Texas A&M University nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bakoreye ku bakozi 131.
Aba bakozi bakorewe igeragezwa mu gihe cy’ibyumweru bibiri, buri munsi hakarebwa uko bitwara hakurikijwe igihe bamaze basinziriye mu ijoro ryacyeye.
Harebwaga imyandikire ya za emails zabo, ubutumwa buzikubiyemo, amasogonda bamaze bazandikira kuri mudasobwa zabo n’ibindi.
Ibi byahaye bariya bahanga ishusho rusange y’uko ubwonko bwa bariya bakozi buba bwaramutse iyo baraye basinziriye amasaha ari munsi ya atandatu cyangwa se ari hejuru yayo.
Hari abantu benshi bibwira ko kuryama amasaha make ari ubutwari kandi ko bishoborwa na bacye!
Ibi si ko bimeze kuko icyo bita ubutwari, ahubwo biba ari ubwiyahuzi kuko ubwonko butaruhutse neza iyo bucyeye, igihe cyo gukora kigeze, ntibukora neza ahubwo bukora burandaga bikaba byageza ibibazo birimo n’impanuka.
Urugero rw’ibi ni impanuka ya coaster yabereye mu Murenge wa Bwishyura mu Karere ka Karongi igahitana abantu bagera kuri 20.
Hari tariki 16, Nyakanga, 2019.
Mu kiganiro Umuvugizi wa Polisi y’u Rwanda Commissioner of Police( CP) John Bosco Kabera yahaye umunyamakuru wa Umuseke.rw nyuma y’iyi mpanuka, yavuze ko umushoferi wiriye coaster yari yaraye mu kabyiniro, bucya yurira imodoka.
Ni imwe mu mpanuka zikomeye ziherutse kuba mu Rwanda yatewe no kudasinzira bihagije.
Iyo ubwonko bukora burandaga bituma abakozi bataruhutse neza iyo bageze mu kazi batangira guhondobera, hagira umukoresha ubacyebura, bikabarakaza, bakamusubizanya umushiha.
Uretse kuba abakozi nk’aba baba bashobora gusubiza nabi umukoresha bikababyarira amazi nk’ibisusa, ku rundi ruhande, aba bakozi bahitamo kuranzika ibintu ngo bazaba babikora ejo…
Mu byo baranzika ntibabikorere ku gihe, harimo no gusubiza za emails baba bandikiwe cyangwa bategetswe kuzandika no kozohereza ba runaka bari i bunaka.
Umuhanga witwa Trevor Watkins avuga ko mu buryo busanzwe kandi bwa kamere, iyo umuntu asinziriye umubiri we uruhuka, ubwonko bukagubwa neza, umuntu akaza kubyuka yumva afite akanyamuneza.
Iyo bitagenze gutya, umuntu abyuka atabishaka kandi akiriranwa umunabi.
Ni ibiki bibuza abantu gusinzira neza?
Ibibuza abantu gusinzira biratandukana bitewe n’imyaka y’ubukure bwabo, aho batuye(mu cyaro cyangwa mu mujyi), uburyo bw’imibereho yabo, irangamimerere yabo( abashatse, ingaragu, abanyeshuri) n’ibindi.
Muri rusange abana bato ntibakunze kubura ibitotsi cyeretse iyo bashonje cyangwa bakarazwa ku nduru n’ababyeyi babo bahora mu ntonganya.
Abashakanye bo bashobora kubura ibitotsi kubera imibanire yabo mibi cyangwa bakabura ibitotsi kubera guhanganyikira imibereho y’urugo cyangwa se umwe muri bo akaba arwaye.
Ibihangayikisha abantu bakuru bikababuza gusinzira ntibigarukira mu ngo zabo, ahubwo hari n’ubwo biba bifite inkomoko mu kazi bakora.
Hari abantu bakuru bakora akazi kenshi k’uburyo n’iyo bari mu ngo zabo bitababuza gukomeza kugakora.
Ikindi ni uko hari ubwo abakoresha babo cyangwa bagenzi babo bakorana nabo baba isoko y’umunabi mu mitima yabo kandi uyu munabi ugakomereza no mu rugo iyo batashye.
Abanyeshuri bo bakunda kubuzwa ibitotsi n’ubwinshi bw’amasomo yabo ndetse n’igitutu bashyirwaho n’ababyeyi babo ngo bige cyane kandi batsinde.
Kurushanwa cyane ngo bahige bagenzi babo, bikunda gutuma abanyeshuri bamwe barara biga bugacya kandi ibi iyo bitinze bishobora gutuma umunyeshuri arwara indwara yo kwiheba ndetse akiyahura.
Ingero zabo bikunda kubaho ni abanyeshuri bo mu bihugu byo muri Aziya nka Singapore, Koreya y’Epfo, u Bushinwa, u Buyapani, Taiwan n’ahandi.
Ikoranabuhanga naryo ryaje ari ikindi cyorezo! Hari abantu benshi biyima nkana ibitotsi bagahitamo kurara bareba filimi.
Abakina n’abayobora uko izi filimi zikinwa, bakora k’uburyo uzirebye ahora yifuza kureba uko ibice bikomeza bikinwe, bityo umuntu warebye iya mbere agahorana agatima ko kuzareba iya kabiri.
Muri rusange imibereho y’abantu muri iki gihe ituma bamwe babuzwa ibitotsi, abandi bakabyibuza kubera inyungu runaka zirimo iz’ubukungu cyangwa izo kwishimisha.
Uko byaba bimeze kose, abantu bagombye kumenya no kuzirikana ko ‘ikintu cyose kigira igihe cyacyo’.


c: text/html

text:
[wptab name=’Isomo: Iyimukamisiri 24′]
Isomo ryo mu gitabo cy’Iyimukamisiri 24,3-8
Musa amanutse ku mu musozi wa Sinayi, amenyesha imbaga amagambo yose y’Uhoraho, hamwe n’amabwiriza ye yose. Nuko imbaga yose isubiza mu ijwi rimwe iti «Amagambo yose Uhoraho yavuze tuzayakurikiza !» Musa yandika amagambo y’Uhoraho yose. Hanyuma azinduka mu gitondo cya kare yubaka urutambiro mu nsi y’umusozi, anahashinga amabuye cumi n’abiri yibutsa Imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya Israheli. Hanyuma yohereza abasore b’Abayisraheli batura Uhoraho ibitambo bitwikwa, maze ibimasa babitambaho ibitambo by’ubuhoro. Musa yenda igice cy’amaraso ayashyira mu nzeso ; asigaye ayatera ku rutambiro. Nuko yenda igitabo cy’Isezerano agisomera imbaga. Baravuga bati « Ibyo Uhoraho avuze byose tuzabikora kandi tuzamwumvira.» Musa yenda amaraso asigaye ayatera imbaga avuga ati «Aya ni amaraso y’Isezerano Uhoraho yagiranye namwe, bishingiye kuri aya magambo yose yavuze.»[/wptab]
[wptab name=’Zaburi ya 49 (50)’]
Zaburi ya 49 (50),1-2, 5.7ac, 14-15
R/ Nimuze duture Imana igitambo cyo kuyishimira.
Imana nya mana ari yo Uhoraho,
ivuze ijambo rikoranya isi yose,
guhera mu burasirazuba kugeza mu burengero bwaryo.
Imana irabagiraniye kuri Siyoni,
yo bwiza buzira inenge.
« Nimunkoranyirize abayoboke banjye,
ba bandi twagiranye igihango kigasozwa n’igitambo !
Tega amatwi muryango wanjye, ngiye kuvuga,
jyewe Imana, nkaba n’Imana yawe !
«Ahubwo jya utura Imana igitambo cyo kuyishimira,
kandi wuzuze amasezerano wagiriye Umusumbabyose ;
hanyuma uzabone ubunyiyambaza igihe cy’amagorwa,
ubwo rero nzagutabara, maze nawe unsingize. »
[/wptab]
[end_wptabset]

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Ivanjili ya Mutagatifu Mariko 2,1-12
Hashize iminsi mike, Yezu asubira i Kafarinawumu; bamenya ko ari imuhira. Abantu benshi barahakoranira, bituma habura umwanya, ndetse n’imbere y’umuryango; nuko arabigisha. Haza abantu bamuzaniye ikirema gihetswe mu ngobyi. Kuko batashoboraga kukimugezaho, bitewe n’ikivunge cy’abantu, basenya igisenge hejuru y’aho yari ari. Bamaze kuhaca icyuho, bururutsa ingobyi ikirema cyari kiryamyemo. Yezu abonye ukwemera kwabo, abwira icyo kirema ati «Mwana wanjye, ibyaha byawe urabikijijwe.» Ubwo hakaba abigishamategeko bamwe, bari bicaye aho, bakibaza bati «Igituma uriya avuga atyo ni iki? Aratuka Imana. Ni nde ushobora gukiza ibyaha, atari Imana yonyine?» Ako kanya Yezu amenya ibitekerezo byabo, ni ko kubabwira ati «Ni iki gituma mutekereza mutyo mu mutima wanyu? Icyoroshye ni ikihe, ari ukubwira ikirema nti ‘Ibyaha byawe urabikijijwe’ cyangwa kuvuga nti ‘Haguruka, ufate ingobyi yawe maze ugende’? None rero, kugira ngo mumenye ko Umwana w’umuntu afite ububasha ku isi bwo gukiza ibyaha . . . », abwira ikirema ati «Ndabikubwiye: haguruka, ufate ingobyi yawe, witahire!» Ako kanya arahaguruka, afata ingobyi ye, asohoka bose bamureba; bagwa mu kantu, basingiza Imana bavuga bati «Nta na rimwe twigeze tubona ibintu nk’ibi ngibi!»


text:
Ntabwo ari amashyengo kuko mu mashuri makuru na Kaminuza 54 u Rwanda rwari rufite mu 2017, hasigaye 38.
Hari izagabanutse kuko zahujwe, ariko hari n'izafunzwe kuko zitujuje ibisabwa, zisiga mu giharahiro ibihumbi by'abanyeshuri utibagiwe n'amagana y'abari abakozi bazo.
Havuzwe byinshi ku ifungwa ryazo, bamwe bashinja inzego z'uburezi gukoresha imbaraga z'umurengera mu gihe abandi bagaragazaga ko byari byaratinze.
Prof Callixte Kabera, ni inzobere mu bijyanye n'uburezi dore ko abimazemo imyaka isaga 15. Aherutse kugirwa Umuyobozi Mukuru wa East African University Rwanda, nyuma y'igihe kinini ayoboye University of Tourism, Technology and Business Studies (UTB).
Kuri ubu ni Umuyobozi w'Ihuriro rya Kaminuza zigenga mu Rwanda, akabana Chairman wa East African Inter University Council, ihuriza hamwe amashuri makuru na Kaminuza muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba.
Prof Kabera yaganiriye na IGIHE, ava imuzi imigabo n'imigambi bye muri Kaminuza ayoboye, ibibazo byugarije Kaminuza zigenga mu Rwanda n'ibindi.
Muherutse guhabwa inshingano zo kuyobora East African University, tubitegeho iki?
Iyi Kaminuza imaze iminsi, hari ibyo imaze kugeraho bifatika kuko yatangiye mu 2015. Imaze gutanga impamyabumenyi inshuro eshatu, umubare w'abanyeshuri ntacyo utwaye, bafite porogaramu nziza bigisha ndetse igikuru cyagezweho ni ugufungura campus ya Kigali.
Hari byinshi bikenewe gukorwa, icya mbere dushyizemo imbaraga ni ukuzamura ireme ry'uburezi tubona abarimu beza ndetse na porogaramu zikavugururwa zikajyana n'isoko ry'umurimo, hakaza n'izindi porogaramu nshya zijyanye n'ibikenewe ku isoko ry'umurimo.
Murifuza kuzibukirwa kuki muri iyi Kaminuza�
Ndifuza ko iyi kaminuza yaba muri kaminuza za mbere zigenga muri iki gihugu kandi mu gihe nzaba nkiri hano [..] turashaka kuva kuri iki cyiciro cyo gutanga impamyabumenyi z'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza (bachelor's) tukajya kuri Master's. Bizanatuma umubare w'abanyeshuri wiyongera, bitume twubaka n'ubushobozi.
Hashize igihe Kaminuza zigenga mu Rwanda zifungwa cyane, ikibazo kiri he?
Harimo ibibazo by'ubwoko bubiri. Icya mbere ni ikijyanye n'imiyoborere muri za Kaminuza. Akenshi usanga imiyoborere izamo ibibazo. Ba nyiri gushinga kaminuza bakivanga mu miyoborere ya za Kaminuza umunsi ku wundi, ugasanga ntabwo za Kaminuza zishakisha ubundi bushobozi burenze ubuturuka mu mafaranga yinjizwa n'abanyeshuri.
Ikindi usanga ba nyiri ikigo bakeneye inyungu mu bigo bashoyemo imari kandi igihe wenda kitaragera. Ibyo byose usanga bigira ingaruka ku ireme ry'uburezi, bikagira ingaruka ku banyeshuri.
Abiga muri kaminuza ni abantu bakuru, iyo kaminuza idafite ireme usanga ari ibibazo, barabimenya ugasanga umubare uragenda ugabanyuka.
Leta yagiye itungwa agatoki ko hari aho itumva neza Kaminuza zigenga, hari icyo muzifasha nk'Ihuriro?
Ihuriro burya riba rifite icyo rigamije, ni ukwishyira hamwe abantu bakinenga. Buriya tugira Komisiyo eshatu, hari ijyanye no kwigenzura. Igenzura za kaminuza igatanga raporo ku bashinzwe gukurikirana ireme ry'uburezi.
Tugira indi Komisiyo yo kubaka ubushobozi ireba uko tugenda twubaka ubushobozi bw'abarimu bacu kuko ireme rishingiye ku barimu bashoboye. Tugira indi Komisiyo ishinzwe ubushakashatsi.
Muri ubwo buvugizi hari ibyagezweho. Nko mu gihe cya Covid-19, kiriya kigega nzahurabukungu, ibijyanye n'uburezi byajemo nyuma cyane, byari byaranze.
Twandikiye Minisitiri w'Uburezi baratwakira, baracyumva. Ntabwo byatinze ubu kaminuza hafi ya zose zabonye ariya mafaranga, izayashatse.
Hari ibindi bibazo tuganiraho bijyanye no kuba abanyeshuri biga muri za Kaminuza zigenga nabo bahabwa buruse za Leta. Ntabwo baratangira kuzihabwa, ariko bari babitwemereye ko bazakiganiraho bakaduha igisubizo cya nyacyo, kandi ni ibintu byumvikana.
Kaminuza zigenga zifite porogaramu zigisha zitaba no muri Leta, kandi zifitiye umumaro igihugu. Muzi ko dufite abanyeshuri benshi muri za Kaminuza biga ubukerarugendo n'amahoteli, nta kaminuza ya Leta ibyigisha [â¦]
Nk'ubu ufashe izi porogaramu turi kwigisha zo gutunganya filime, ubugeni, nta Kaminuza ya Leta birimo. Natwe n'iyo bavuga tukumvikana ku mubare wenda bakavuga bati Kaminuza za Leta zihabwe 80%, hanyuma n'abandi batsinze babishaka, baze muri izi kaminuza.
Nta mpungenge mufitiye Kaminuza mpuzamahanga zikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda?
Kuba ayo mashuri aza ni ibintu byiza cyane kuko natwe bituma tubigiraho, tukazamura urwego rw'imyigishirize yacu.
Icya kabiri ayo mashuri afasha gutuma tubona abarimu beza barangije muri ayo mashuri. Ikindi ayo mashuri akenshi aranahenze cyane, ku buryo umunyarwanda usanzwe kugira ngo uyigemo udafite ubufasha bwa Leta, ntabwo byoroshye.
Nta bwoba ateye, ahubwo iyo hari ihiganwa bituma abarimu nabo bagira urwego bazamuraho imyigishirize yabo.
Abikorera bashinja Kaminuza gusohora abantu badafite ubumenyi bukenewe ku isoko, bipfira he?
Buriya nta kivugwa kidafite aho gituruka. Ireme ry'uburezi usanga za Kaminuza zitarivugaho kimwe n'abikorera. Uburyo uburezi buteye ubu, kwigisha ntabwo ari ukuza mu ishuri gusa ahubwo bisaba ko n'abo bavuga ko ireme ry'uburezi ari rike, bagira uruhare mu gutuma turizamura.
Abo bose bari mu nzego zikorera, banyuze muri aya mashuri kandi bo ntabwo bavuga ko badafite ireme ry'uburezi. Ntabwo twavuga ko turi shyashya, ariko nkeka ko bisaba ubufatanye bw'inzego zitandukanye kugira ngo wa mwana usohotse, azasohoke ashoboye kandi asubiza ibibazo biri ku isoko ry'umurimo.
Kaminuza zigenga mu gihe dushyiraho izi porogaramu zo kwigisha, dukwiriye kuba turi kumwe n'abo bikorera kugira ngo turebe ko koko izo porogaramu dukoze zijyanye n'isoko ry'umurimo, wa wundi wikorera atubwire ko ya masomo turi kwigisha ajyanye n'iby'umukozi yifuza.
Baracyabyinubira, ariko twabatumira ngo baze dukore porogaramu ugasanga ntibitabira cyane.
Niba dushaka umuntu mwiza, birasaba ubufatanye bw'abikorera, ubufatanye bwa za kaminuza n'ubufatanye na Leta [â¦] Ishoramari mu burezi riragoye, ubushobozi burakenewe butanyuze gusa muri ba nyirabyo, ahubwo binyuze mu bushakashatsi, gukora imishinga no kumva abafatanyabikorwa mu ireme ry'uburezi.
Kuki Kaminuza zo mu Rwanda tutazibona cyane mu bushakashatsi?
Burya ubushakashatsi burahenda kandi ugiye kubukora akabiha umwanya. Ubona akenshi rero muri za Kaminuza zacu abarimu bakoreshwa mu kwigisha kurusha uko bahabwa umwanya wo gukora ubushakashatsi.
Abarimu bacu biga mu mashuri abo bazungu nabo bigamo, yananirwa ate gukora ubushakashatsi?
Ahubwo icyo akuramo ni iki? Ubu turishimira ko hari ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, cyahawe inshingano zo guteza imbere ubushakashatsi. Buri mwaka gishyiraho ubushakashatsi bukenewe, za Kaminuza zigapiganwa, bimaze imyaka nk'itatu.
Ubushakashatsi nibwo bwakunganira ya mafaranga atangwa n'abanyeshuri. Ni ahantu dukwiriye gushyira imbaraga, kandi Leta yarabitangiye. Iri gushoramo amafaranga, ahubwo ni ukubaka ubushobozi bwa Kaminuza ku buryo zipiganirwa iyo mishinga bikajya no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Ubwo Kaminuza zimwe zafungwaga, byasize mu bibazo abazikoragamo n'abazigagamo, mwabafashije iki?
Ibyo bibazo byari bihari, bimwe byarakemutse ariko ibindi biracyahari. Hari izafunze abarimu bakiri mu nkiko, ibigo bigishakisha uko bibishyura.
Ku bijyanye no gushakira abanyeshuri amashuri, keretse udashaka kwiga ngo arangize, ibyo twabiganiriyeho na HEC bitangwaho umurongo. Uwaba afite ikibazo yakomeza kukivuga tukamufasha.
Hari abakiraga abantu batujuje ibyangombwa, abo bafite ikibazo. Nubwo HEC yatanze uburenganzira bw'uko tubakira, nta kaminuza yakwakira utujuje ibisabwa, aho niho wasanga umwe cyangwa babiri bagishakisha uko buzuza ibyo byangombwa. Agomba kuba yaratsinze nibura amasomo abiri y'ingenzi. Bidahari, nta kindi.
Gufunga Kaminuza yaratangiye gukora mwe mubona ari byo?
Ubundi kugira ngo kaminuza itangire bigira ibyo bikurikiza, ariko amategeko ya HEC ntabwo ahora ari amwe, ajyana n'igihe. Ushobora kwemererwa wujuje ibyangombwa kugira ngo utangire, ariko muri kwa gukora kwawe ukagenda usubira inyuma.
HEC na yo ikwiriye kugira uko ikurikirana ayo makaminuza, ntabwo cyagakwiriye kuza nk'ikibazo gitunguranye, cyagakwiriye kuba ari ikibazo cyagiye kiboneka mu gihe, umuntu atakubahiriza ibisabwa akaba ari bwo bafunga.
Gusa tubona gufunga atari wo muti, umuti ahubwo wakabaye uwo kuganira n'abo bantu bagahabwa igihe ntarengwa, noneho bitakunda uwo muntu akaba ari bwo afungirwa.
Hari ayagiye afungwa ataranahabwa ibyangombwa byuzuye kandi yaremerewe gutangira, na ho ugasanga hagiye habamo udukosa [â¦]
Gufunga byangiza byinshi, noneho n'abagirwaho ingaruka ugasanga si bo bagize uruhare mu gutuma ya kaminuza ifunga. Hakwiriye kurebwa uko haboneka ibisubizo bitagira ingaruka kuri wa muntu utaragize uruhare mu gutuma Kaminuza ifungwa.
Source : http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ahazaza-ha-kaminuza-zigenga-mu-rwanda-mu-mboni-za-prof-kabera-callixte


text:
Nyuma y’imyaka irenga cumi n’itanu ribaye, itsembabwoko ryibasiye Abanyarwanda b’Abatutsi riracyizimba mu ndanguruzi z’amashusho n’ubumenyi zerekeye ako gahugu gato ko muri Afurika yo hagati kabarurwamo abaturage bakabakaba miliyoni icumi. Na none, ubuhahamuke bwatewe n’amahano yo muri 1994 bukomeje kuranga ubuzima n’imyitwarire y’abaturage b’U Rwanda, kimwe n’amahanga yanze kugira icyo akora ngo ahagarike ubwicanyi kirimbuzi.
Muri kino gihe ikigaragara nyamara ni icyuho cy’urujijo kirangwa ku ruhande rumwe n’ukuntu ibikorwa byo gusana igihugu mu maguru mashya n’ishoramari ritubutse byahinduye ku buryo budasubirwaho imisusire – cyane cyane y’imigi –, nyamara ku rundi ruhande imiyoborere ya politiki ikarangwa n’igitugu gikabije. Ingaruka y’icyo cyuho ni uko “amarangamutima” akomeza kugira Abanyarwanda ingwate aho guhoshwa n’amahindura akomeye mu rwego rw’ubukungu na politiki yimakajwe n’ingoma nshya yiganjemo Abatutsi. Icyo cyuho kiratangaje kubera ko abo bayobozi bashya intero yabo ari ugutsimbataza bidasubirwaho politiki bivugwa ko ari iy’“ukuri, ubutabera n’ubwiyunge” bakoresheje urusobe rutangaje rw’amabwiriza atagira ingano yo gushimangira “ubumwe bw’igihugu” mu nzira zikomatanya amareshyamugeni n’iterabwoba.
Icyuka giterwa n’amarangamutima gikomeje kwiganza gishobora gusobanurwa n’impamvu zitandukanye zizasuzumwa uko imitwe y’igitabo izagenda ikurikirana. Muri izo mpamvu zose ariko, iyo twatsindagira hano n’iy’uko kuva muri 1994 hakomeje kuba impaka zikarishye mu gusobanura ibyabaye. No kuri iyi ngingo kandi, n’ubwo habayeho anketi nyinshi na za komisiyo mpuzamahanga ndetse n’izo mu rwego rw’igihugu zigamije gutahura neza impamvu zateye itsembabwoko n’abarigizemo uruhare, byinshi mu byerekeye intambara yadutse mu Kwakira 1990 ntibirajya ahagaragara, nta n’ubwo yewe birasuzumwa ngo dushobore gusobanukirwa neza n’uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa byakuruye amarorerwa.
Bityo, kubera ko abafata ibyemezo mu rwego mpuzamahanga bagize akagambane kadasobanutse ko kwanga ko umurimo wo gucukumbura ukuri ugera ku mwanzuro nyakuri mu gihe ubutegetsi bushya bwo buhihibikanira kurandura ikintu cyose ndetse no guca intege abatangabuhamya bashobora kugira icyo banyuranyaho n’ibitekerano byo “kubohora igihugu” ubutegetsi bukwirakwiza, intambara ikomereza mu rwego rwa poropagande. Ubutegetsi buri i Kigali bukura ishingiro ryabwo ku nsinzi y’intambara bwarwanye n’abo bwita “abajenosideri” [abakoze itsembabwoko]. Buhoza kandi ku nkeke abantu bose barebereye itsembabwoko ntibariburizemo. Hagati aho, abagitsimbaraye ku gihande cy’abagize uruhare mu itsembabwoko nabo ni ko bamagana imyitwarire ya mpatsibihugu y’igihande cyatsinze intambara, haba imbere mu gihugu cg se mu rwego rw’akarere. Mu gusibanganya cg se kubonera inyoroshyo cg insobanuro amabi bakoze, bibanda mu gukoresha ukuri gucagase iyo bashyira hanze ibintu byazinzikiranywe cg se byahakanywe.
Kugira ngo umuntu yumve neza imvo n’imvano y’umwihariko udasanzwe w’ibibera mu Rwanda, ni ngombwa kwibutsa ko ishyamirana ririho rifitanye isano n’inzira za politiki igihugu cyanyuzemo kimwe n’amakosa yagiye akorwa mu kuzisesengura. Umurimo usumba iyindi rero muri iki gihe ni ukugaragaza ingingo z’“ukuri” zidashidikanywaho cg izikigibwaho impaka uko imyaka itashye n’uko ubushakashatsi bugenda butera intambwe. Izo ngingo zimaze kuba nyinshi bihagije kandi zirasobanutse ku buryo zishobora kurema imbata yo gukora isesengura rigiye umujyo umwe. Mbere yo kwadukira uwo murimo, reka tubanze twibutse amwe mu mateka y’imyaka ya nyuma ya Repubulika ya Kabiri, dore ko ari bwo ibintu byabirindutse.
Ku itariki ya mbere Nyakanga 1987, imihango yo kwizihiza isabukuru y’imyaka 25 y’ubwigenge bw’U Rwanda yitabiriwe n’abashyitsi basaga ijana bahagarariye ibihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga, bose mu nzego zinyuranye barimo bahurizaga ku gushimagiza ibikorwa ako gahugu kangana urwara kagezeho mu guteza imbere ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Mu buryo bwaguye kandi butagononwa, bishimiraga uko ingoma ya Habyarimana ishyira mu ngiro inshoza nshyashya y’“imiyoborere” yari ishyizwe imbere n’imiryango y’ubutwerane mpuzamahanga yashakishaga abanyeshuri b’indatwa bo kubera isi yose urugero mu by’amajyambere.
Ku buryo bw’igereranya, uretse imigenzo ya nyirarureshwa yo kwiyerekana no kubeshyana isanzwe iranga ububanyi mpuzamahanga, ibirori byabereye i Bujumbura kuri uwo munsi byo kwibuka isabukuru y’imyaka cumi ya Repubulika ya Kabiri mu Burundi ntiyari ishamaje na busa. Ubutegetsi bwa koloneli Jean Baptiste Bagaza bwari mu marembera (bwaje guhirikwa n’abasirikari ku itariki ya 3 Nzeri uwo mwaka) kandi ikinyuranyo cyari kinini : Mu gihe i Burundi inzego zishinzwe umutekano zari zimaze kuba ruvumwa kubera kurunda abantu mu magereza, mu Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana yari amaze gusinya iteka rya perezida ritanga imbabazi, arekura imfungwa zigera ku bihumbi bine. Ku buryo budashidikanywaho, niba Habyarimana atari we wari ku ibere ry’amahanga, byibura ni we amahanga yabonaga ari “Misekigoroye” mu banyagitugu batatu bari batezweho kubumbatira umutekano mu karere (Bagaza, Habyarimana na Mobutu muri Zayire).
Ishingwa rya Repubulika ya Mbere mu Rwanda iyobowe na perezida Grégoire Kayibanda ryadutse mu ruhando rw’intambara zo guharanira ubwigenge, nyuma y’ihirima ry’ingoma ntutsi ya cyami yari yaratsimbatajwe n’igikoloni cy’Ababiligi. Muri Nyakanga 1973, koloneli Juvénal Habyarimana yakoze kudeta avanaho iyo Repubulika ya Mbere.
Mu gushyira imbere imigambi y’amajyambere, ingoma ya Habyarimana yongerewe ingufu n’inkunga igaragara y’ibihugu byose by’i Burayi, uhereye ku Bubiligi n’Ubufaransa, ukongeraho Ubusuwisi na Kanada ndetse n’inzego z’ubutwererane bw’ “iterambere” zo mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru y’Uburayi.
Nanone kandi hariho inkunga itubutse y’ibigega mpuzamahanga (kuva ku Muryango w’ubumwe bw’Uburayi kugeza kuri Banki y’isi yose), n’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta ivuye imihanda yose – yari yashyize U Rwanda ku mwanya wa kabiri wo kuba “paradizo ya Afurika” nyuma ya Burukinafaso – tutibagiwe cyane cyane na Kiliziya gatorika yari yarafatanije n’inzego za leta kuyobora igihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge.
Nyamara ariko, ku buryo bushinze imizi, kwikundwakaza ku baturage ku buryo bw’igitsure kibakangurira kugira uruhare mu bikorwa, guhatira inshingano abafite uruhare mu bikorwa by’amajyambere, no kwiyegereza mu cyayenge rubanda rwo mu cyaro, ibyo byose byareshyaga abaterankunga bashyiraga imbere kutivanga mu bya politiki no kwizimba ku mikorere yihariye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere. Iyo mikorere ni yo yari ipfundo ry’ibitekerezo by’amashyaka aharanira demokarasi ya gikirisitu. Nguko uko U Rwanda rwabaye ikirangirire rwegukana izina ryo kwitwa “igihugu cy’abaterankunga ibihumbi”.
Nyamara rero, ibyo birori byo kwizihiza itariki ya 1 Nyakanga muri 1987 ni byo byashoje imyaka y’umudamararo ya Repubulika ya Kabiri mu Rwanda yagengwaga n’ishyaka-leta rya MRND (Muvoma revolisiyoneri iharanira amajyambere y’igihugu) na perezida fondateri waryo, Juvénal Habyarimana. Imyaka yakurikiyeho yabaye iy’ingorane zirimo kwizirika umukanda cyane mu by’ubukungu, kuvuka kw’ingaga z’abaturage [societe civile], gutera hejuru kw’ “impirimbanyi za demokarasi”, akaminuramuhini kaba igitero cyo ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 cya FPR, umuryango ukomatanya politiki n’igisirikari washinzwe n’Abatutsi bari barahungiye i Buganda mu gihe cy’imyivumbagatanyo yabimburiye ubwigenge. Hakurikiyeho intambara ndende yaje koreka igihugu mu mahano yakurikiye iyicwa rya perezida Habyarimana ku itariki ya 6 Mata 1994 ryakurikiwe n’amezi atatu y’imirwano ikaze ikiguzi cyayo kiba itsembabwoko.
Ikirari rukomatanyo n’ibirindurasesengura
Nyuma yo gutangaza ibyagezweho n’ubushakashatsi bwinshi nakoze ku makimbirane ya politiki yo mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari by’Afurika, ku ntambara no ku itsembabwoko byo mu Rwanda – ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ukuntu ari ngombwa kwihutira gukusanya ubuhamya bw’abacitse ku icumu n’abagabo bahagaze kuri ibyo bintu no kugaragaza ku buryo mbonera kandi budashogosha ubuhonyozi bwajyanye na byo —, uyu murimo uje wuzuriza ubwo bushakashatsi ariko kandi ufite byinshi biwutandukanya na bwo.
Mu rwego rwuzuzanya n’imirimo y’isesengura nakoze vuba aha ku makimbirane yo mu karere no mu Rwanda[1] kuri “politiki z’itsembabwoko” zakoreshejwe mu nzego za komini na perefegitura, mu bigo bigengwa na leta na za minisiteri[2], uyu murimo urasuzuma ukuntu intambara yo mu Rwanda yagenze mu rwego rusumba izindi : urwego rw’abayobozi n’abafata ibyemezo.
Ikirari kizibanda ku mikorere ya leta, urusobekerane rw’ubutegetsi rwadukanywe n’amashyaka menshi, imigendekere y’intambara mu rwego rwa politiki no mu rwa gisirikari (kurema amatsinda abogamiye ku ruhande rumwe, amacenga ya politiki, imishyikirano, ivugururwa ry’ inzego za leta, ubwicanyi bugambiriwe, gutega ibico, itsembatsemba, nb.). Igice kinini cy’iki gitabo birumvikana ko cyibanda ku ishyaka ryahoze ari rukumbi, nyuma y’icyeragati kigufi cy’amashyaka menshi yemewe ku ya 10 Kamena 1991 hakurikijwe itegekonshinga rishya ryari rimaze kujyaho. Nyuma y’ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma y’agateganyo ku itariki ya 9 Mata 1994, iryo shyaka [MRND] ryasubiranye ubutegetsi nyakuri hafi ya bwose. Ryihariye kandi ububasha bwo kuvugira “imbaga y’Abahutu” ryishingikirije ibyo gutabara igihugu cyari mu ntambara. Ikirari kizashingira ahanini ku myitwarire y’abanyapolitiki bamwe bakomokaga mu ishyaka rya MRND, bakaba kandi bari baragiye bakora imirimo ihanitse mu gihe cyose cya Repubulika ya Kabiri.
Kimwe n’ibindi bitabo byawubanjirije, uyu murimo urihatira cyane cyane kwerekana neza ibyabaye no gutahura ingamba zakoreshejwe. Uragereranya ubuhamya bwinshi cyane bwatanzwe n’abasivili n’abasirikari bagize uruhare mu byabaye. Uragenera umwanya mugari isesengura rya za “ajenda”, mu nyito zombi z’iryo jambo (amakaye yandikwamo ibikorwa, na gahunda y’imirimo ya ba nyirayo), n’isuzuma ry’imyitwarire y’abanyapolitiki n’abasirikari mu gihe cy’intambara n’itsembabwoko nyuma y’ihanurwa ry’indege ya perezida ryaciye umutwe inzego za leta.
Abazasoma iki gitabo bazagenda bibonera ibyiciro n’ibikorwa byari bitarasobanuka kugeza magingo aya cg byari bizwi nabi. Bazasobanukirwa cyane cyane ibijyanye no gusesengura imyitwarire y’abari ku isonga, imigambi bwite cg rusange kuri buri wese, n’uko buri wese mu bagize uruhare ku buryo bwa hafi mu byabaye yumvaga icyo intambara yari igamije. Ntitwasoza tutavuze ko ubu bushakashatsi bugamije guhuriza hamwe imbonerahamwe z’ingeri zitabarika z’ibyari byihishe inyuma y’iyo ntambara simusiga. Muri urwo rwego iki gitabo kirugurura amarembo mashya.
Irembo rya mbere rijyanye n’isesengura ry’urwego rw’abari bafite ubutegetsi mu gihugu n’urw’amashyaka yari ahanganye na bwo yaje kugabagabana — nubwo bitamaze kabiri — zimwe mu nzego za leta, igihe ubutegetsi bushingiye ku mashyaka menshi bwari bumaze kwemerwa muri 1991. Kuri iyi ngingo, ni ngombwa kwitabaza ikirari rukomatanyo kuko ishyaka rukumbi n’abayobozi baryo bagenzuraga kugeza icyo gihe impande zose z’ubuzima rusange, n’igice kinini cy’ubuzima bwite bw’abaturage b’U Rwanda. Ubwo bwiganze bwarakomeje no mu gihe cy’amashyaka menshi. Mu gihe cy’ubwiganze bw’amashyaka menshi – n’intambara – (1991-1994), ikibazo cyahoraga kigaruka mu mpaka zose cyari icy’uko abayobozi n’abayoboke b’iryo shyaka [MRND] bari barikubiye urujya n’uruza rw’ubutegetsi n’ubukungu, bityo bakanagira ubushobozi bwo gukuraho cg kugabanya ubwo bwikubire.
“Abo ku ruhande rwa perezida”[3] bakomeje kwiganza mu butegetsi bw’igihugu, kandi n’amashyaka atavuga rumwe n’ingoma iganje yagenaga amatwara yayo abanje kureba uko bahagaze. Uretse abari ku isonga ry’ ubutegetsi, ahandi hose abaturage binjiye mu rujya n’uruza rw’agatereranzamba k’inkubiri yapfubye yo gushimangira imikorere ya demokarasi mu ngeri zose z’imibanire y’abaturage. Iyo nkubiri yagendaga ikaza cg itakaza umurego hakurikijwe uko intambara [hagati y’ingabo za leta n’Inkotanyi] yagendaga ndetse n’igipimo cy’ingufu z’impande ebyiri z’ingenzi zari zishyamiranye : ubutegetsi bwa perezida (bwamaganwaga i Kigali), n’inyeshyamba z’Abatutsi. Izo mpande zombi ntizemeraga na gato ko habaho ubwisanzure bw’amashyaka zitashoboraga kugenzura n’igabana nyakuri ry’ubutegetsi. Kubera ingingo z’isesengura zibonetse vuba aha[4] z’uburyo FPR yayoboye intambara, ubu noneho dushobora kumenya ku buryo buhamye uko ibintu byari byifashe muri icyo gihe. Nzagira n’icyo mvuga ku banyamahanga, abo mu karere n’abo mu mahanga ya kure, ari abikorera ku giti cyabo n’abakorera leta, bagize uruhare rusa n’urutaziguye mu byabaye. Nubwo ntagamije gucukumbura iby’izo mpande zose, nzerekana aho zagiye zigonganira ku buryo budashidikanywaho.
Ku buryo bufatika, nzihatira gusesengurira hamwe amakimbirane y’abamaraniraga ubutegetsi imbere mu gihugu n’intambara kirimbuzi hagati ya leta n’Inkotanyi ; uko amezi yahitaga andi agataha, uruhande rwa mbere rwibumbiye ku basirikari bakuru b’intagondwa bo mu majyaruguru bakamiwe na Repubulika ya Kabiri, naho urwa kabiri rwari rugizwe n’ingabo za FPR. Byumvikane ko kuva mu Kwakira 1990 intego nyamukuru yo kugumana cg gufata ubutegetsi ari yo yashyamiranyije inyeshyamba z’Abatutsi b’impunzi zari zishinze ibirindiro i Buganda, amashyaka n’imiryango itavuga rumwe n’ingoma iganje byari byarashinzwe nyuma y’iyemerwa ry’amashyaka menshi muri 1991, n’ingufu z’ingeri zitandukanye zari zibumbiye hamwe mu cyitwa “uruhande rwa perezida”.
Irembo rya kabiri rijyanye n’ibirindurasesengura. Mbivuze mu magambo yoroshye, kugeza ubu nari nashyize imbere ikirari cy’ibifatika, cyatangiriraga ku bikorwa kikaronda ba nyirabyo, kikagaragaza imyanya yabo, amasano n’uruhare rwabo mu byabaye. Ku bwanjye, mbona iki kirari cyari kiboneye mu kumvikanisha ukuntu imyitwarire y’abantu bo mu nzego zisumbana – muri rusange iziciye bugufi -, imirimo bashinzwe, urubibi rw’ ububasha bwabo, byashoboraga gusobanuka no gutandukanywa ku buryo butaziguye.
Ariko ibyo bitandukanye n’iby’abantu bari mu myanya ikomeye ifata ibyemezo mu butegetsi cg itanga amategeko ya gisirikari.
Icyari kibashishikaje ni ibikorwa byabo byakomatanyaga buri gihe intego yo kongerera ingufu umwanya wabo bwite mu rusobe rw’ubutegetsi no gukora ku buryo ubwo butegetsi bukomeza kuganza. Mu buryo rusange no ku rwego rwa buri wese, inyungu bwite z’umuntu ku giti cye n’ “inyungu zihanitse z’igihugu” zari uruvange. Urwo ruvange ndetse rwarushijeho gukomera cyane cyane ko abayobozi b’ingenzi badushishikaje hano bari bafite imyanya ikomeye cyane mu nzego ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ya Kabiri bwari bushingiyeho ari na zo zashyiragaho amabwiriza yo kubungabunga imigendekere myiza y’ubuzima bw’igihugu. Bityo, abo bayobozi bahoraga bibwira ko bashobora gushyika ku myanya yo ku isonga, ndetse bakagira n’ “ubwamamare mu gihugu hose”.
Intambwe ya mbere aha ni ukumva neza iby’amacenga y’urusobe rw’ubuhake mu gihe cy’amarembera ya Rebubulika ya Kabiri n’uburyo bwihariye bwakoreshwaga mu guha imyanya no gutoranya abajya mu nzego za leta no mu mfuruka z’ubutegetsi aho buri wese yahataniraga inyungu ze. Intambwe ya kabiri ni ukumenya uburyo hashyirwagaho ingamba zo guhatanira imyanya mu ruhererekane rw’ubutegetsi no gufata ndetse no kugira ingufu mu butegetsi (kugira ijambo mu ishyaka no mu nzego za leta), mu by’imari n’ubukungu (imigabane inyuranye ku musaruro n’ikwirakwizwa ry’amafaranga, kugena ibikoresho no gusaranganya umutungo), mu gisirikari (gutunganya urunana rw’imikoranire, kugira ibitwaro bya hambavu), mu bubanyi n’amahanga (inkunga ya za ambasade z’ibihugu bikomeye n’iyabaterankunga) n’uko izo ngamba zahinduraga ayo macenga ndetse zigahindagura gahunda z’ibigamijwe.
Perezida Habyarimana yari we zingiro ry’urusobe rukomeye yari yarubakanye ubwitonzi ; nanone ariko na we ubwe yagengwaga n’urwo rusobe dore ko buri wese mu bagize urwo rusobe yabaga ari urubariro rw’ingoma iganje ariko nanone akaba yashobora kuba ipfundo ry’amashagaga yo kuyirwanya. Mu bihe by’amahoro, byari byoroshye gucunga amashagaga ya buri wese. Icya ngombwa cyari ugusaranganya ubukungu n’imyanya byafunguraga amayira yo kubigeraho no kubitubura,byombi bikagengwa n’ingufu z’amasano buri wese afitanye n’abagize ipfundo ry’urusobe rw’ubuhake. Bene ayo masano Juvénal Habyarimana yashoboraga kuyacikiza cg kuyagura uko abishatse.
Mu bihe by’inkubiri y’amashyaka menshi n’intambara, ingufu n’imicungire by’urwo rubuga byagiye bihindagurika uko iminsi ihita indi igataha. Bityo rero, uko ubutegetsi bwagendaga bujegera, kugenzura urwo rusobekerane byabaye ingorabahizi. Ku buryo bwihariye, intera z’ingufu za politiki buri wese mu bari bahanganye mu ntambara yashoboraga kuronka zari ziyongereye ku buryo bugaragara. Muri izo ntera z’ingufu, umuntu ashatse kuzitandukanya yavugamo uburyo “bwemewe n’amategeko”, imikorere y’irengayobora cg se isanzwe ibujijwe nk’ibikorwa “bya ruharwa”.
Kurema amatsinda y’insoresore mu mashyaka n’ubukana byakoranywe byerekana ku buryo bw’intangarugero uko ibintu byagendaga bifata intera ikabije : mu ikubitiro abayoboke b’amashyaka bashishikazwaga binyuze mu bikorwa by’imbonezamubano, uburezi cg imikino ngororamubiri; mu ntera yisumbuyeho abayoboke bashingwaga ibyo kubahiriza umutekano no gufasha mu bikorwa by’ikangurambaga ryamamaza ishyaka, kurema imitwe no gukora imyitozo ya gisirikari ; naho ku ntera ya gatatu, hadutse ibyo guhemba imitwe yitwaje intwaro n’inzego zikora “ku giti cyazo” no kwiyongera kw’udutsiko turangwa n’ibikorwa by’ubujura butihishira.
Nyamara rero, abahanganye bagize ubugizi bwa nabi intwaro yo kugera ku ntego zabo, icyari kuba “kwica amategeko” gihinduka igikorwa cy’intambara. Icyo gihe, “kwica amategeko” – gukwirakwiza no gukongeza urwango hagati y’amoko, guhungabanya imitungo n’abantu, gusahura, guhotora, kurema ibico, gutsembatsemba bikagera aho kurimbura abantu bo mu bwoko runaka ubita abanzi -, bifatwa nk’aho ari ngombwa mu mikorere yabo dore ko biba bishingiye ku byemezo by’ingamba zo kwirwanaho.
Kurundarunda ibyo bigufu n’ibikoresho byose byari byihariwe gusa n’abantu bari bafite ububasha kandi bashoboraga kurenga imiziro mboneramuco n’imigenzo y’igihugu kigendera ku mategeko. Ni muri ubwo buryo abategetsi cg abayobozi ba gisirikari bakoze ku bitwaro by’intambara by’amoko yose bateganya kandi bategeka kurimbura umuntu wese cg itsinda ry’abantu babonwagaho kubangamira imigambi ya politiki yari ishyizwe imbere.
Twibutse kandi ko urugomo n’ubutagondwa byabaye nk’umukino muri ako karere k’amajyepfo y’Afurika kashegeshwe n’uruhererekane rw’imidugararo ya politiki n’intambara z’imyiryane. Iyo midugararo irangwa n’intego zihora zihinduka yatangiranye n’inzibacyuho ziganisha ku bwigenge zapfubye, kenshi zagiye zijyana n’urugomo rurenze kamere rwahitanye abantu n’ibintu bitabarika (i Buganda, Santarafurika, Kongo-Zayire, mu Burundi no mu Rwanda, nh.). Iyo midugararo yagiye isembura kandi igakongeza indi yiyanditse mu gihe no mu nzibutso by’abanyagihugu, kuva ku isonga kugera mu nzego zose z’abaturage, buri wese ayifata nk’ibintu bisanzwe cg se bitagira gitangira.
Uko ibintu byari byifashe nyuma y’urupfu rwa perezida Habyarimana ku itariki ya 6 Mata 1994 byatumye abateye igihugu bahanika imihigo yabo, bityo bagomorora ingufu z’Ahahutu b’intagondwa bari bambariye guhangana imbonankubone na FPR n’Abatutsi guhera mu gihembwe cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 1993. Mu masaha yakurikiye ihanurwa ry’indege, bariye karungu maze bakindagura abari ku isonga y’abanyapolitiki bacisha make batavugaga rumwe na perezida kugira ngo bafate ubutegetsi. Nyuma ubwo byari bimaze kugaragara ko amahanga (Minuar – Misiyo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yo gufasha U Rwanda[5]) yanze nkana ndetse ku buryo bw’akagambane kugira icyo akora, icyizere cy’imishyikirano yo guhagarika intambara ku bwumvikane cyahise kiyoyoka maze intambara ifata isura ya rurangiza : impande zombi zivugiraga ko ari “iya nyuma”. Nta rubibi na rumwe rwari rukibuza abashyamiranye guhitamo ibikoresho no kugira aho bagarukiriza ibikorwa byo kubageza ku ntsinzi.
Bityo rero, iki kirari gishingiye ku ngamba n’intego z’abari bashyamiranye kugira ngo kitwumvishe neza uburyo n’intera byakoreshwaga mu kugwiza ingufu uko ibyiciro by’intambara byagiye bikurikirana, kiranyura mu nzira itandukanye n’izisanzwe zikoreshwa mu gusuzuma ibikunze kwitwa mu mategeko “gucura umugambi” w’ubugizi bwa nabi cg “ubwumvikane” bwaba bwarabanjirije uwo mugambi. Dushingiye ku kwibukiranya neza ibyabaye, turerekana ku buryo budahinyuka ukuntu imigendekere y’intambara n’ibijyana na yo, iyubura ry’imirwano mu ijoro ryo ku ya 6 rishyira iya 7 Mata n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ itsembabwoko, bidashobora gusuzumwa intatane. Ibi bizadufasha cyane cyane gushobora kumenya ku buryo budahusha igihe itsembabwoko nyirizina ryatangiriye n’abatumye rishoboka.
Ubuhamya n’inyandiko : ingingo z’uburyo mbonera
Ubushakashatsi nk’ubu busaba kwigerera ku makuru y’ umwimerere no ku buhamya nyagaciro bw’abahagaze ku byabaye. Kurusha uko byagenze ku bitabo byabanje, nahawe umusanzu ukomeye n’abatangabuhamya benshi n’abagize uruhare rutaziguye mu byabaye. Ibi byaranyoroheye kuko nari nsanzwe ubwanye nzi benshi muri bo kuva mbere ya 1994.
Kuva muri 1979, mu murimo wanjye w’ubushakashatsi nari naragiye ngereranya ibyaro byo muri Afurika yo hagati, nkajya no mu butumwa kenshi cyane nk’inzobere y’imiryango mpuzamahanga cg se nyagihugu y’ubutwererane n’amajyambere (BIT, Banki y’Isi, PNUD, ubutwererane bw’u Busuwisi, nd.). Guhera mu myaka ya 1984-1986, imirimo yo gukurikiranira hafi gahunda z’amajyambere y’ubuhinzi mu Burundi no mu Rwanda yatumye mpamara igihe kirekire nyoboye anketi n’ubushakashatsi bunyuranye. Ibyo byose byatumye menya neza amakomini hafi ya yose yo muri ibyo bihugu. Muri ako karere 90 % by’abaturage batunzwe n’ubuhinzi ndetse n’abatagikozwa isuka bakomeza kwizirika ku butaka bwabo kavukire; kumara igihe muri ako karere byatumye ngirana umubano ukomeye kandi urambye n’imiryango myinshi ku mpande zombi z’umupaka, ndetse no ku buryo bwaguye, mu ntara zo hakurya mu burasirazuba bw’icyahoze cyitwa Zayire. Mu gihe amakimbirane yubuye muri 1987 bigatuma abimukira birukanwa igihiriri bagasubizwa mu bihugu byabo, nasabwe kwiga ku buryo bwimbitse ingingo nyinshi z’ayo makimbirane yabuzaga isinywa ry’Amasezerano yo kwishyira ukizana kw’ibintu n’abantu mu Muryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu byo mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari (CEPGL, ihuriwemo na Burundi, Rwanda na Zayire). Kubera ibyo, nashishikariye ikibazo cy’abimukira (ba kera n’aba vuba) bimwaga uburenganzira bwo gutura n’ubwenegihugu. Nitaye cyane cyane ku ngaruka z’amakimbirane y’ukuntu impunzi amagana z’urunyuranyurane muri ibyo bihugu zari zitegereje, zimwe guhera muri za 1950, ko hafatwa umwanzuro ku kibazo cyabo bakamenya icyo bagenewe. Uretse inzego za leta, nashoboye kandi kubonana n’abantu benshi mu myaka ya 1990 babaga bitabiriye imishyikirano ibahuza n’abategetsi mu izina ry’amatsinda ya politiki atavuga rumwe na leta cg se ry’imitwe yitwaje intwaro yari ifite igice kinini cy’abayobozi n’abarwanashyaka bayo mu mahanga. Uruhare nagize mu mishyikirano n’inama zinyuranye muri 1991 na 1992, kimwe no gukurikirana gahunda z’imfashanyo zihutirwa, byampaye umwanya wo gukurikiranaga ibyabaga ku buryo bwimbitse, kabone no mu bihe cg imidugararo yabuzaga abanyamahanga kwidegembya mu karere. Ni muri ubwo buryo nari ndi i Kigali muri Werurwe – Mata 1994. Icyo gihe nari mu Rwanda mu butumwa butari buke bwerekeye ubushakashatsi n’inkunga mbonezabikorwa nakoreraga ubuyobozi bw’ubutwererane n’amajyambere (DDC) bwo muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’amahanga yo mu Busuwisi, nkaba naragombaga kuhamara ibyumweru bitatu. Icyari kigamijwe rwari ugusuzuma gahunda z’amajyambere z’ubwo butwererane mu Rwanda, no gutunganya iby’ihererekanyabubasha ry’abaminisitiri bashya bashinzwe kubukurikirana.
Mu buryo bwinshi, kuba nari ndi mu Rwanda icyo gihe byasize ikimenyetso kidasibangana mu buzima bwanjye. Ibyo ahanini bigaragarira mbere na mbere mu ruhare bwite nagize icyo gihe no mu byumweru byakurikiyeho, ndetse na nyuma y’aho mu mezi menshi nagiye mara muri ako karere kuva ubwo kugeza vuba aha. Uretse ubutumwa bw’imishyikirano n’ubutwererane, ubutumire bukomeye kurusha ubundi bwaturutse mu Rukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho U Rwanda n’Inama ishinzwe amahoro ku isi y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu Gushyingo 1994, kimwe no mu nkiko z’ibihugu byinshi zari zashinzwe guca imanza z’ibyaha byakozwe muri iyo myaka y’intambara. Kugeza uyu munsi, natanze ubuhamya mu miburanishirize y’imanza mirongo itatu z’abaregwa itsembabwoko, nk’“umugabo uvuga ibyo yagazeho” kandi nk’ “umutangabuhamya w’inzobere”. Uretse kandi imyifatire mboneramuco y’uko abashakashatsi bazobereye muri aka karere bategekwa gutanga ubuhamya ku byo bazi ku miterere y’ahantu n’abagize uruhare mu byabaye (ndetse no ku baregwa), ubwo bwitange bukomeye buturuka ku nshingano yo mu rwego rw’amategeko ihabwa abagabo bahagaze ku byabaye dore ko nanjye nari mu butumwa i Kigali muri Werurwe – Mata 1994.
Muri urwo rwego, misiyo zibarirwa mu macumi n’amezi menshi namaze nkora ubushakashatsi aho hantu, isesengura ry’ishyinguramurage rinini cyane n’uburenganzira budasanzwe bwo kugera ku isoko y’amakuru afite uwo ahariwe cg atarigeze agira icyo amazwa, ibyo byose byamfashije gukora ubushakashatsi ku mateka y’ubuzima bw’abantu mu rwego rw’akarere cg se rw’insanganyamatsiko, ubwo bushakashatsi bukaba bwarabaye ishingiro ry’ubuhamya natanze n’ibitabo natangaje.
Umubano ukomeye mfitanye n’abantu bo muri ako karere kuva mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize watumye ngirana ibiganiro n’abantu benshi cyane nkanababaza ku ngingo ubundi zifatwa nk’imiziro. Nyuma y’imyaka cumi n’itanu ibintu bibaye, benshi muri bo bifuzaga noneho gufata ijambo, kugira ngo nibura bashyire ahagaragara igice cy’amakuru n’inyibutsamateka bafite.
Ibyo ahanini nabibonye ku bayobozi benshi b’abasirikari n’abasivili bafite amakuru menshi bagize umuhate wo kuyibuka no kuyasesengura, bikaba byaratumye gukora ubushakashatsi no gukusanya gihamya byaronyoroheye. Ubwo bushake bushya bw’abari batarigeze bifuza kugira icyo batangaza kugeza ubu bukwiriye kwitabwaho. Ubwo bushake ahanini buterwa n’uko ababufite basanga igihe cyegereje amaherezo “ukuri” ku ngingo z’intambara zikiri mu gihu kukajya ahagaragara ndetse kugasobanuka; nanone ubwo bwitange bashobora kuburyozwa cyane cyane ko gutahura bene abo bantu byoroheye cyane bagenzi babo[6].
N’ubwo byumvikana ko ndashobora kurondora bene abo bantu bose, sinabura kuvuga ukuntu umusanzu wa buri wese wabaye ingirakamaro :baba abo twakomeje guhererekanya amakuru kuva mu myaka ya 1990 kandi bakaba barambereye indahemuka mu bushakashatsi bwanjye bunyuranye, rimwe na rimwe harimo n’ubusaba kwigengesera bikomeye, baba n’abasabwe amakuru igihe gito bakemera gusubiza ibibazo bimwe bigufi ariko bikemura impaka. Abo bantu bose bazi uburyo nzirikana kandi mbashimira icyizere bangiriye.
Ndabashimira ndetse kubera yuko ibirari nagereranyije byatumye nkoresha neza amakuru n’ubusesenguzi nari nararundanyije mu myaka icumi ishize, mbifashijwemo n’abantu banyuranye. Ayo makuru n’ubusesenguzi akenshi nabyumvaga nabi kuko kuri njye byari urusobe ruhishe byinshi. Gusobanukirwa n’urubuga rwa politiki bisaba kumenya ku buryo bunononsoye imiterere y’abantu n’urushamikirane rw’inzego barimo zirangwa n’amacenga yo kuvuga uziga, gukorera mu gihu no guhishahisha. Ikindi kandi, ubwo nakoraga ubushakashatsi ku ntambara n’itsembabwoko mu rwego rwa za perefegitura na komini, nashingiraga ku bunararibonye buhagije nkesha ibyo nari narakoze kuva kera mu bushakashatsi bwanjye bujyanye n’ubumenyi nyamubano n’ubukungu mu cyaro. Kandi nashoboraga gusubira aho nakoze kera nkongera nkabonana n’abantu barokotse, cg se nkamara iminsi nshatse ku magereza nganira n’abari mu maboko y’ubucamanza, ari abazira ibyo bakoze ari n’abarengana. Muri icyo gihe, byarashobokaga gutazura vuba impamvu zo mu rwego nyamubano, kumenya aho abantu babaye, ibi bikaba ari ingingo z’ingirakamaro zituma umuntu arushaho gusobanukirwa.
Nyamara imikorere nk’iyo ntiyari igishoboka ubwo natunganyaga iki gitabo kubera ko ibyo abantu bari bashinzwe byari byinshi kandi bidasobanutse neza, kubera ingeri zitabarika z’imirimo bari bafitemo uruhare, no kubera ko urushamikirane rw’inzego zitandukanye z’ibikorwa byabo rutari rusobanutse. Aha rero akaba ariho amambu yo kuba umushakashatsi w’umunyamahanga abera akamaramaza. Ku ruhande rumwe, muri rusange ashobora kurundanya amakuru atabarika abenshi mu banyagihugu badashobora gukusanya kubera kubura amikoro ndetse no kubera imyanya yabo bwite n’aho bahagaze (mu rwego rw’imiryango, uturere, imirimo n’imibanire, amadini, ingengabitekerezo na politiki). Ku rundi ruhande, ibyo abantu bafite mu mitima yabo atumva neza kandi “atabonesha amaso” biba bimuri kure nk’ukwezi. Uko kuba kure nk’ukwezi bisobanurwa neza n’uyu mugani wa kinyarwanda ugira uti : “Agahinda k’inkoko kamenywa n’inkike yatoyemo” [umwimerere mu gitabo].
Uyu mugani uratsindagira cyane ingorane zo kumva neza ukuri kw’iriya ntambara, n’ibishuko bikabije bitera indorerezi gusimbuza ibura ry’amakuru afite gihamya n’isesengura ridafatika, amahame y’imvugo za rubanda. Nyamara imyifatire y’umushakashatsi w’umunyamahanga ishobora kugira akarusho karenze kure ibyo gukusanya amakuru, kumenya ibyabaye n’abagizemo uruhare, kuko imuha kwitarura ururandagatane rw’amabwire n’ibisobanuro rukomatanyo kimwe n’ibitekerano ndetse n’ingamba zo kwizibukira imitego bikunze kwitirirwa abantu nkana ku buryo budakuka. N’ubwo haciye imyaka, inkuru nshya ibonetse cg itahurwa ry’ibintu bitari bizwi igusha ku cyiyumviro ko hakiri byinshi bitarajya ahagaragara kandi ko ubushakashatsi butuzuye. Bene icyo cyiyumviro ariko nanone umuntu ashobora kucyitaza yishingikirije icyo Hannah Arendt yita “expériences de vérité [indanguruzi z’ukuri]” ziranga aho ibikenewe biherereye ari nako zifasha gutandukanya ibikwiye guhabwa agaciro n’ibidafite umutwe n’ikibuno, ibyo bigatanga umucyaho wo gutekereza no kumva umushike w’amasinde agikeneye gucukumburwa.
Hariho ariko ingorane ebyiri cg imbibi ntarengwa zakomeje kubera ubu bushakashatsi imbogamizi. Iya mbere, kandi iremereye, iterwa n’uko bamwe mu bagize uruhare bu byabaye badashobora cg badashaka kugira icyo batangaza, kubera imirimo n’inshingano bari bafite icyo gihe cg ubungubu. Amananiza yo mu rwego rw’ubucamanza abibuza ku buryo bugaragara abakurikiranwe n’inkiko cg abafunzwe, ndetse n’abashobora kubigirirwa. Ariko, mu buryo rusange, iterabwoba n’ibikangisho bikoreshwa ku buryo busesuye n’inzego za politiki n’iz’ubucamanza, bikaba byarabaye intwaro abategetsi bashya bitabaza bacecekesha abatangabuhamya bashobora kugira icyo bavuga ku byabaye, bibatera kwifata cyane. Icyerekezo rusange cy’uko ubutegetsi bushaka kwandika amateka y’itsembabwoko n’ibyaribanjirije uko bwishakiye noneho cyaremejwe kugira ngo gihamye ishingiro ry’inshoza y’intambara n’iyo gufata ubutegetsi ukabwikubira, kugira ngo gisobanure impamvu abanyagihugu bagengwa n’igitugu kandi bagapakirwamo inyigisho z’ibitekerano. Abo bayobozi bashyizeho urwungikane rw’amategeko ahana abateshuka ku murongo wa politiki n’ingenabitekerezo, ibyo bikabafasha kugamburuza ku buryo budasubirwaho uwagerageza kwipakurura amateka yemejwe. Ku by’umwihariko, bashobora kubangamira isesenguramateka ryose ryakwiyemeza gushyira itsembabwoko ryo muri 1994 mu murongo w’intambara yashojwe na FPR, no gusuzuma imyifatire ya FPR muri iyo ntambara. Bene iryo zinzika nanone riboneka ku rundi ruhande mu bari bagize akazu ka perezida no mu byegera bya Nyakwigendera Juvénal Habyarimana, bashoboye kubambira neza neza abagira ibishuko byo “kwigobotora” bakavuga ukuri. Iryo hishira urisanga no mu biyemeje kurishyigikira bari muri za ambasade z’impande zose zari zifite inyungu mu ntambara, badashaka gushyirwa cg gusubizwa mu ruhando rw’iteranamagambo rihora rihemberwa n’amarangamutima y’Abanyarwanda ahora aryenyegeza.
Imbogamizi ya kabiri ishingiye ku mubare muto cyane w’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku ntambara ubwayo, cyane cyane ubwo twaba dukesha abanditsi b’Abanyarwanda bazi neza ibyabaye; ibiri amambu, ibitabo usangamo ibimenyetso ntangamugabo kandi bifatika bishimangira ibyanditsemo ni mbarwa. Iki gitabo kiragerageza gukosora izo nenge gikusanya inyandiko z’icyo gihe n’ubuhamya butaratangazwa cyane cg butagerwaho ku buryo bworoshye. Na none, uko imyaka igenda ihita ni na ko abatangabuhamya bakunze kwitarura amakuru batanze ku byabaye, bakongeramo ibivugwa cg ibyo babwiwe, ibyo bemera cg bashaka kwemeza. Gusobanura uruvange rw’inzibuko z’ukuri n’izidafite ishingiro bishobora kuruhanya, ariko bitagombye gutuma duhakana ko uwihatira kwibuka avuga yeruye irimuri ku mutima cg ko akwiriye kwemerwa. Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ibyavuzwe ari amanyakuri kirushaho gukomera iyo nyir’ukuvuga, ku buryo ubu n’ubu, aba azwiho kuba yarahohotewe kandi na we akaba ari ko yiyumva. Ubwo rero haba hasigaye gutahura ikiri “ukuri” no kugitandukanya n’uburyo abahohotewe basesekaza ubuhungabane bwabo, uko batoranya ibyo bavuga n’ibyo baziga mu buhamya bwabo ndetse n’uko bagirwa ingwate n’ibitekerano byemerwa hose nk’ukuri kimomo. Ariko icya ngombwa kurushaho ni ugutahura ubutitsa igipande cyibagiranye cy’ibintu byabaye ntibihabwe agaciro, cy’ibyazinzitswe, cy’ibyahakanwe, cy’amabanga abitswe kubera inyungu zigambiriwe cg se ko ari ngombwa, kuko birashoboka kumenya amavu n’amavuko y’ikintu iki n’iki cyabaye ndeste no kubona abandi batangabuhamya bacyemeza cg bagihakana. Nk’uko tuzabibona nyuma, igice kinini cyahariwe gutahura no guhambura amapfundo n’amacenga by’ubutiriganya bwa politiki bugenda burushaho kuba urusobekerane. Urujya n’uruza rwa bene ubwo butiriganya bwakunze gushobera benshi mu ndorerezi n’abahagarariye ibihugu byabo biboneraga gusa ibiri ku karubanda.
Nyamara nubwo ibisobanuro byinshi bigenda bitangwa ndetse n’isesengura rikaba ryarateye intambwe igaragara, Abanyarwanda bagize uruhare mu byabaye (cg ababigiriwe) buri munsi ntibazabura gusigarana ipfunwe ritihishira. Kuri iyi ngingo, simvuga abazarakazwa n’uko isesengura rivuguruza amateka y’amahimbano, ahubwo ndavuga icyuho kizakomeza kuba byanze bikunze hagati y’ibyabaye n’ibishobora kumenyekana. Koko rero, n’ubwo magingo aya bigaragara ko ibikorwa n’ibyemezo by’impande zose tumaze gutahura biri mu nyurabwenge iboneye, yewe ndetse n’ubwo [tugaragaza ko] ibyaje kuba byinshi byanyuze mu nzira bene byo babaga barateganije, icyo nzibandaho ni ukuntu uko ibihe biha ibindi ibyo abantu babaga bagamije n’ibyo bifuzaga byagiye bihinduka ndetse akenshi ibyo bikagira n’icyo bihindura ku migendekere y’ibyabaye.
Kuri iyi ngingo, sinabura kwibutsa ibyo bamwe mu bo twagiye tuganira kimwe n’abasomye inyandiko zanjye bambwiye kenshi ko hari ibyemezo bimwe byagize ingaruka zikomeye “batari bagambiriye” cg “batari biteze” ndetse bakicuza ko hari igihe barenze kirazira ku buryo butagira igaruriro. Akenshi ibyo babimpereye intangamugabo n’izindi gihamya zidakemangwa. Iyo witegereje neza amahano mburabuntu yabaye n’uruhare bwite cg rusange abantu bayagizemo, usanga ari ngomba guha agaciro bene iyi mvugo nziganyo mu gutsimbataza isesengura rironda umujyo w’ibyabaye uko byagenze aho kwimakaza imigirire imenyerewe yo guhimba injyana nyurabwenge yo gusobanura by’imburagihe isano iri hagati y’ikintu runaka cyabaye n’ingamba zitwa ko zashyiriweho kukigeraho. N’ubwo atari umurimo woroshye, gutahura urujijo ruri – ndetse rudashobora kubura – mu ruhererekane rw’ibyabye ni ngombwa kubanza kumva neza ababigizemo uruhare no gutahura “ukuri nyakuri”.
Koko rero, nk’uko ubwinshi bw’ubuhamya bubigaragaza, abanyapolitiki bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bashyamiranaga kubera impamvu nyinshi zirimo ibyo bakoraga ku buryo bugambiriwe, imyanya bari bafite cg se kuri “kamere” ya buri wese.
Kujya inama, gufatanya cg se guhangana byashoboraga kuburizwamo n’ijambo rihubukiwe, umujinya, uruhurirane rutunguranye rw’ibikorwa cg se bigatizwa umurindi n’“amagambo asize umunyu”, imvugo y’igikatu cg ubworoherane. Aha umuntu yatanga ingero z’ibyemezo byinshi byagiye bigerwaho nyamara binyuranye n’“inyungu nyakuri” za benshi mubabishyigikiye, kenshi biturutse ku manjwe yo guhatanira imyanya y’icyubahiro cg se kurungurirwa. Bene ibi bintu kenshi ntibihabwa agaciro, cg se bikirengagizwa mu makuru rusange akusanywa, nyamara usanga biba byaragize uruhare rukomeye mu gihe byabaga. Ikindi kandi, abantu benshi twaganiriye bifuje ko nakwibutsa icyuho gikabije cyari mu ruhando rwa politiki ari mu kumenya amakuru ari no mu kumenyera impaka zinyuze mu mucyo wa “demokarasi”. Amakimbirane yakuruwe n’intambara yagize ingaruka nyinshi ku bantu, ndetse yadukira amashyaka yari agihuzagurika, ari mu byo gupiganwa hagati yayo, ari no mu byo gushyiraho amabwiriza n’inshingano bigenga buri shyaka n’imikoranire yaryo n’abandi. Abari basanzwe ari abayoboke b’ishyaka rukumbi [MRND], nubwo bamwe bayobotse amashyaka ayirwanya cg ayishyigikiye muri za 1991 na 1992, bakomeje kugirana umubano wa hafi hagati yabo, umubano wari ushingiye ku karere, ku miryango, ku madini, ku bucuti bw’abiganye mu mashuri n’ubw’abahuje ishyaka. Baragenderanaga, bagaturana, bagashyamirana, buri wese akamenya (mu nyito nyirizina n’iziguye) uwo basangiye isano n’ubucuti kimwe n’abakeba n’abo bashyiditse. Urwo rubuga rudasesuye ntirwigeze ruvaho, abantu barahuraga bagasabana basangira mu mpera z’icyumweru cyane cyane mu tubari cg se mu minsi mikuru n’indi mihango, ariko baba basubiye mu kazi ku wa mbere bagakomeza impaka zubaka cg za ngo turwane ku byo batumvikanaho muri politiki.
Mu gusesengura iby’abayobozi bakuru n’intumwa za FPR, ikirari cy’isesengura kiranyurana gato kubera ko, kabone n’aho hari abo twagiranye umubano wihariye wa bugufi, hariho umuco wa politiki wihariye uranga uwo mutwe w’inyeshyamba. Icyo cyuho kidasibangana hagati y’abayobozi b’imbere mu Rwanda [n’aba FPR Inkotanyi] gishingiye ku bice bibiri : icya mbere kigizwe n’“abasivili”, kabone n’iyo babaga bambaye gisirikari; icya kabiri kirangwa n’imikorere ya gisirikari ifite amategeko n’ibihano bikurikizwa kimwe ku buryo budashogosha ku basivili bose binjiye mu gisirikari. Kubera ibyo, gusesengura ingamba abantu bakurikije n’imigambi bari bashyize imbere biroroha cyane kuko bivanaho ku buryo bugaragara ingorane ziterwa n’igihu cy’urujijo rw’ibidateganyijwe kandi bigakoma imbere ubwiganze bw’ibikorwa by’abantu ku giti cyabo. Koko rero, nubwo mu gusuzuma ibiriho no gutangiza igikorwa iki n’iki hashoboraga kubaho kwibeshya cg gukorwa ku buryo bukwanjitse cg bw’imbusane, iyo imigambi yabaga yemejwe n’ibikorwa bigeze hagati, nta kabuza habonekaga gahunda rusange, hakaba ubushake bwa benshi ndetse n’ihururu ryo kuyitabira kuberako “abataye umurongo” bahigikwaga.
Ingingo ngira ngo nsozerezeho ni iy’ubwinshi bw’inyandiko n’ubuhamya biri mu gitabo. Ntabwo ari iby’umurimbo, ahubwo ni intangamugabo n’ibyuzuzo bya ngombwa bisobanura ibyanditswe bitaretse no kugira akandi karusho. Muri izo nyandiko harimo ibintu byihariye – akenshi bitaratangazwa – ariko bikenewe cyane mu kumvikanisha neza ibyabaye. Kubera inyungu n’akamaro kazo, niyemeje guha izo nyandiko umwanya mu gitabo (mu gihe umwanya udahagije, nzigira imigereka iri ku rubuga rwa murandasi rujyana n’igitabo), kugira ngo abasomyi bisuzumire ubwabo ukuri zibumbatiye.
Ibi bituma imyandikire n’igitabo ubwacyo biba koko umwimerere. Koko rero, kugira ngo ushobore gufindura ibintu bimwe bitagaragara neza, cg se ngo werekane urujya n’uruza umuntu atakeka, tugaragaza henshi mu gitabo ibisobanuro byinshi byerekeye ubuzima bwite bw’abantu, imikurikiranire y’ibihe, nb., bituma intego itandukana rwose n’iy’ibitekerezo abasomyi basanzwe bamenyereye. Gushyiraho urubuga rwa murandasi dushishikariza abasomyi kujyaho kenshi dore ko hakusanyirijwe imigereka irenga ijana y’iki gitabo, bifite umugambi umwe. Ku bwanjye nabonaga ari ngombwa ko abazasoma iki gitabo bashobora kwibonera ubwabo intangamugabo “z’umwimerere” zikubiyemo (urugero : inyandiko ziri mu kinyarwanda – cyane cyane za ajenda – ziherekejwe n’isemura mu gifaransa). Ni yo mpamvu na none, iyo ubuhamya bwinshi bwo mu gitabo bubara inkuru y’ibikorwa bimwe, ndabubangikanya kugira ngo ngaragaze aho butandukanira, aho buhuriza n’aho buvuguruzanya.Ibyo kandi bifasha abantu kumenya ibisigaye gukorwa kugira ngo ubuhamya bwose bucukumburwe ku buryo bwuzuye.
Nk’uko umusomyi azabyibonera, isesengura n’igereranya by’amakuru byakozwe ku buryo budakebakeba, nyamara ariko n’ubwo hakozwe ibishoboka byose ari mu gushakira amakuru ahantu hizewe, ari mu kubonera gihamya amakuru twakusanije, ari mu kugenzura no gukosora inyandiko ya nyuma y’iki gitabo, sinshidikanya ko hariho byanze bikunze amakosa yansobye kimwe n’ibintu bivuzwe ku buryo bugenekereje. Mbaye nsabye abasomyi kubimbabarira.


text:
1. Ibikoresho byiza cyane byaguzwe hamwe na cheque nziza.
2. Buri gicuruzwa cyagenzuwe neza mbere yo gupakira.
3. Turi abahanga babigize umwuga imyaka irenga 25.
4. Icyemezo cyiburanisha cyangwa ibyemezo bivanze biremewe.
5. Ibicuruzwa bya OEM biremewe.
6. Gutanga vuba.
7) Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa casters hamwe niziga birashobora gutegurwa.
Twakoresheje tekinoroji igezweho, ibikoresho nibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge kugirango tumenye neza ibicuruzwa byacu, byoroshye kandi biramba.Mubihe bitandukanye, ibicuruzwa byacu byambaye, kugongana, kwangirika kwimiti, kurwanya ubushyuhe buke / hejuru, kutagira inzira, kurinda hasi nibiranga urusaku ruke.
Kwipimisha
Amahugurwa
1. Uhereye ku isura yikigero cyingoboka ya caster yo hagati, ikariso yibyuma yibyuma bifata ikarito ya caster iringaniye ifite ubuso bwiza, nta burrs, kandi ubunini bugomba kuba buhuje, hanyuma ubwiza bwumutwaro ni ngombwa;
2. Ikariso ishushe ishushe kubikoresho biciriritse murwego rwo gukumira ruswa, ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya hot-dip ikoreshwa muri rusange.Baza ibyerekeranye na hot-dip ya galvanised yingoboka ya santimetero ntoya igomba kuba imwe kandi irabagirana;
3. Gusudira amashanyarazi yo gusudira amashanyarazi murwego ruciriritse rwa caster yingoboka hamwe no gusudira amashanyarazi icyuma kibyibushye bigomba kuba byoroshye, kandi ntihakenewe gusudira, kumeneka, nibindi.;
4. Ibipimo byinziga zisanzwe ziciriritse;
5. Baza hejuru yubuso bwa santimetero ntoya kugirango ube mwiza, udafite ibishushanyo, ufite ibara ryagereranijwe neza, kandi ntamabara afite;
6. Baza ingaruka rusange yibikorwa rusange.Iyo icyapa gishyizwe mu mwanya kizunguruka, buri mupira ukomeye ugomba kuba ushobora gukora ku buso bwahinduye icyapa kibyibushye.Ubushobozi bwo gutwara bugomba kugereranywa neza, kandi kuzenguruka bigomba kuba byoroshye nta nkomyi ikomeye;
7. Baza ibijyanye no gukoresha imashini ziciriritse.Kuzunguruka bifite ireme.Urwego ruciriritse ntirukeneye kugira ihindagurika rikomeye iyo ruzengurutse.


text:
Uburyo bwo gusaba
Iew Reba urutonde rwibyangombwa uzakenera gukusanya mbere yo kuzuza ibyifuzo byawe. Urutonde rwinyandiko
Hitamo ururimi ukunda hanyuma usabe kumurongo ukoresheje amahuza hepfo.
LeMusabe neza ko amakuru mutanga ari ayukuri kandi yuzuye.
Kubibazo hamagara 833-377-GUKodesha (7368)
FterNyuma yo gutanga, tuzabonana nawe vuba bishoboka.
Saba Kumurongo | Icyongereza Saba Kumurongo | Icyesipanyoli
FNiba udashoboye kubona porogaramu yo kumurongo, urashobora gukuramo, kuzuza no guta impapuro zisaba ibiro byacu. Subiza ibyifuzo byuzuye mubukode bwubufasha bukodeshwa: 2999 Payne Ave, Suite 134, Cleveland, OH 44114
Kuramo porogaramu hano: Gukuramo .pdf | Icyongereza
Bikora gute?
.CHN niho hinjira kugirango ubone ubufasha bwubukode. Ukurikije imiterere yubukungu bwawe, urashobora koherezwa muri EDEN kugirango ubone ubufasha bwigihe kirekire, icyo gihe ushobora gusabwa amakuru yinyongera hamwe ninyandiko.
.Niba wujuje ibisabwa, nyirinzu ashobora kubona amezi atatu yubukode.
.CHN izerekana abasaba izindi gahunda zifasha zishobora kugufasha gukora amashanyarazi, gaze n’amazi / imyanda itwara amafaranga menshi.
Ninde wujuje ibisabwa?
EsAbatuye Umujyi wa Cleveland na Cuyahoga bafite ikibazo cyo kwishyura ubukode kubera ingaruka z’ubukungu bw’icyorezo kandi bujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa.
FNiba wemerewe ubufasha bwubukode, urashobora gusabwa kwitabira inama zimbitse zamafaranga, zitangwa na CHN, kugirango ubashe kwishyura ubufasha bwubukode.
RiIcyubahiro gitangwa hashingiwe ku bipimo nko kwimurwa, amakuru nyayo hamwe ninyandiko zuzuye.


text:
Inyigisho yo ku wa gatandatu w’icyumweru cya 4 C, gisanzwe, ku ya 06 Gashyantare 2016
AMASOMO: -1 Bami 3, 4-13 -Zab: 118,9-14 -Mk 6, 30-34
Amasengesho yacu menshi arangwa no gusaba. Birumvikana, “Udashinga ntabyina”, ni yo mpamvu mu isengesho ibikunze kutuba hafi ari amagambo yuzuyemo ukwinginga no gusaba. Birashoboka ko na mbere yo gusaba haba habanje ukwifuza gushobora no gukabya. Ni byo koko, tubona vuba ibyo dushaka kandi rimwe na rimwe dukeneye cyane. Ariko se tuzirikanye ubuhanga bwa Salomoni, twasaba iki Imana muri ibi bihe turimo?
Icyo twigira cyane kuri Salomoni, ni uko atirebye ngo yisabire ibimufitiye akamaro ku giti cye nk’umuntu kandi w’igihangange. Ni we wari ufite uruhare rukomeye mu migendekere myiza y’abaturage be. Abantu b’icyo gihe bagize amahirwe kuko umutegetsi wabo yabatekerezaga aho kwireba ubwe.
Nawe rero kimwe mu byakubwira ko isengesho ryawe riyunguruye, ni uko ugusaba kwawe kudashingiye ku nyungu zawe gusa. Niwitegereza ukazirikana neza mu mutima wawe, uzabona ko na mbere y’uko wowe umererwa neza ari ngombwa ko mu isi utuyemo habamo ibyangombwa byose bituma abantu bagubwa neza. Urugero naguha, ni uko udashobora gutekana ngo ugire inyungu zawe kandi isi utuyemo irimo intambara n’intagunda. Ibyo bibi kandi bibangamira abantu bose cyane cyane abatishoboye. Ubwo rero, nusenga mu murongo wa Salomoni, uzareba hirya hino ubanze uzirikane ibintu byose biteza izo ntagunda. Hari ubwo uzasanga biterwa n’akarengane no guhunga ukuri. Icya mbere uzakora, ni ukwirwanyamo ayo mabi ugafata neza abo ushinzwe kandi ukagirira buri wese Urukundo ruzima. Igihe cyose wakumva imibabaro y’abandi ntacyo ikubwiye, igihe cyose uzabona ko mu isi harangwa ikinyoma, akarengane n’andi matwara mabi ukumva ntacyo bikubwiye, uzamenye ko isengesho ryawe ari igicagate cyangwa ryuzuye ukwikunda.
Twese dukwiye gusenga nka Salomoni tuti: “Ha umugaragu wawe umutima ushishoza kugira ngo ategeke umuryango wawe, asobanure ikibi n’icyiza”. Ngicyo icya mbere dukwiye gusaba: ubushishozi no kumenya ikibi n’icyiza. Icyiza kirashyigikirwa na ho ikibi kikamaganwa, kikarwanywa rwose. Isi ntihindanywa gusa n’inkozi z´ibibi ahubwo ivangirwa n’abeza batarwanya ikibi. Ubushishozi Nyagasani atanga ni bwo butuma dutandukanya icyiza n’ikibi. Iyo ubushishozi buva ku Mana bubuze, habaho kwitiranya ibintu, ikibi kigashimwa kikimikwa nyamara icyiza kigasigwa icyasha.
Turangamire Yezu Kirisitu aduhe ubwitange nk’ubwo yagaragaje hamwe n’intumwa ze. Ntidutangazwe cyane n’uko Yezu n’abigishwa be bagiraga akazi kenshi ko kwigisha no kwita ku barwayi n’abahanzweho na roho mbi bigatuma bamara n’igihe batarya…Ubwo bwitange ni bwo dusabira abo Kirisitu yatoye ngo bamumenyekanishe mu mahanga yose.
Nahabwe ikuzo n’ibisingizo. Umubyeyi Bikira Mariya aduhakirwe. Abatagatifu duhimbaza none ari bo Pawulo Miki, Amandi, Aviti, Doroteya,Vedasiti na Mateo Koreya (Correa), badusabire ku Mana Data Ushoborabyose.
Padiri Cyprien BIZIMANA


text:
Mugihe ushishikajwe nikintu icyo aricyo cyose gikurikira ureba urutonde rwibicuruzwa, nyamuneka wumve neza kugirango utubaze.Uzashobora kutwoherereza imeri hanyuma utumenyeshe kugirango tujye inama kandi tuzagusubiza mugihe tubishoboye.Niba ari byiza, ushobora kumenya aderesi yacu kurubuga rwacu hanyuma ukaza mubigo byacu.cyangwa amakuru yinyongera yibintu byacu wenyine.Muri rusange twiteguye kubaka umubano muremure kandi uhamye wubufatanye nabaguzi bose bashoboka mubice bifitanye isano.
Umugozi wumugozi wibikoresho ni ugusoza burundu kugeza kumpera yumugozi winsinga nkibice bya sisitemu.
Nibyingenzi aho ariho hose umugozi winsinga zikoreshwa mugushigikira cyangwa kugenda nkikiraro gihagarikwa, igisenge, hamwe nubwubatsi bwamavuta akenera imigozi ikurura imigozi, imigozi ya ankeri, ninsinga.
Imigozi myinshi yumugozi winjira muburyo bufunguye cyangwa bufunze.
Gufungura socket bifite pin cyangwa bolt kugirango byemererwe gufunga cyangwa ubundi bwoko bukwiye.
Socket ifunze ikora umwobo wagenewe kwakira pin cyangwa bolt.
Umugozi winsinga hamwe nugusoza socket nikintu cyingenzi cyubwubatsi na sisitemu ya mashini isaba impagarara cyangwa inkunga.
Igihe cyose bihujwe neza nubunini nibikoresho byumugozi winsinga kandi byashizwemo ubuhanga, bigize igice cyuburyo bukomeye bwo guterura, gutwara, no gushyigikira imitwaro iremereye.


text:
Urubyiruko rwo mu murenge wa Cyabakamyi mu karere ka Nyanza, ruravuga ko kuba nta bibuga bafite by’imikino bituma bibera mu bwigunge kuko rutabasha bgukina imikino itandukanye, ibyo baheraho bifuza ko iki kibazo cyabo gishakirwa igisubizo mu rwego rwo kubafasha kubona aho rwidagadurira na cyane ko hari abo bigiraho ingaruka zo kwishora mu biyobyabwenge.
Urubyiruko rwo mu akagari karama n’utundu dutandukanye two mu murenge wa Cyabakamyi mu karere ka Nyanza, rurimo n’urukiri mu mashuri, ruragaragaza ko kutagira ibibuga byo gukiniraho yaba umukino w’amaguru n’indi mikino itandukanye, biri gukomeza kurugiraho ingaruka zoguhera mu bwigunge burimo kutabona aho rugaragariza impano zarwo ku bwibyo rukaba rwifuza gukemurirwa iki kibazo.
Icyakora kuri iki Cyifuzo uru rubyiruko ruri kugaragza cy’uko rukeneye ibibuga ruzajya rwifashisha mu buryo bw’imyidagaduro irimo cyane cyane imikino ngorora mubiri, Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’agateganyo w’umurenge wa Cyabakamyi, Ngirinama Davide, aravuga ko hakomeje gushakisha uburyo iki cyifuzo rufite cyabonerwa igisubizo kirambye.
Muri rusange uretse kuba Ikibazo cyo kutagira ibibuga mu murenge wa Cyabakamyi urubyiruko rwaho rugaragaza ko ibyo bituma urufite Impano mu mikino itandukanye ngo birangira zirupfiriye ubusa kubera kubura aho ruzigaragariza, n’abantu bo muri uyu murenge barengeje imyaka yokuba mu kiciro cy’urubyiruko, bemeza ko uko kutagira ibibuga abana babo bidagaduriraho, muguhora bihugiyeho bituma hari abisanga bishoye mungesombi zibangiririra ubuzima zirimo kujya mu busambayi no gukorera Ibiyobyabwenge.
Inkuru mushobora kuyumva hano
J.Bosco MBONYUMUGENZI Mu karere ka Nyanza.


text:
Ikigo cya MTN Mobile Money Ltd, cyashyizeho uburyo umuntu ashobora kwigarurira amafaranga yari ayobereje kuri konti y’undi muntu bitamusabye guhamagara cyangwa kujya ku cyicaro cy’iki kigo.
Bikunze kubaho ku bantu benshi ashaka kohereza amafaranga umuntu binyuze mu buryo bwa MOMO, akaba yakwibeshya kuri nimero ku buryo ajya k’uwo atashakaga kuyaha.
Iki kibazo cyari kibangamiye imbaga kuko kugira ngo umuntu abe yayasubizwa kenshi hiyambagazwaga ubuyobozi bwa MTN Mobile Money, bukaba bwamufasha kongera kubona ya mafaranga .
Iki kigo cyabyoroheje kuko ubu hari code ya *182*7*3# aho uzajya uyikanda ushaka kwisubiza amafaranga wohereje ahandi, ugende ukurikiza amabwira ubundi uwo amafaranga yagiyeho abone ubusabe bwawe.
Icyo azajya akora ni ugishyiramo umubare w’ibanga ya mafaranga akagaruka kuri konti yawe.
Kuba umuntu azajya abanza kwemeza bitanga icyizere ku bakoresha ubu buryo. Muri iyi minsi benshi mu kwishyura serivisi zitandukanye bakoresha MOMO byari gushoboka ko umuntu yakwishyura nka moto cyangwa indi serivisi yagera imbere akayisubiza ariko kuko bisaba uwakiriye kwemeza ntibizakundira abashaka gukora ibi.
Kuva mu 2010 MTN Mobile Money yatangira kugeza ubu ifite abakiliya barenga miliyoni enye bakoresha serivisi zo guhererekanya amafaranga kuri telefoni mu buryo buhoraho.


text:
Ubushinwa Bwuzuye Amatungo PP
Ibicuruzwa birambuye
Ibicuruzwa
Ibikurubikuru
★ Antibacterial, yorohereza gukaraba no kwanduza ubuso bworoshye;
Gukomera kandi gushikamye, ariko byoroheje muburemere, gushyigikira gusenya no gukoresha, kugabanya ibiciro;
Kubungabunga ubushyuhe no kubika ubushyuhe.Ikibaho cya PP cyinzu yingurube gifite ibiranga flame retardant, idafite amazi, aside & alkali irwanya, kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya ingaruka;
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imbere gishyigikira kugena ibintu bitandukanye (gusudira no gufunga).


text:
Rusizi: Umuyobozi w’Akarere Yatangaje ko ubwegure bwe butareberwa mu ndorerwamo y’ibibazo
Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Rusizi, Harerimana Frédéric, yeguye ku mirimo ye ku mpamvu ze bwite.
Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Rusizi, Harerimana Frédéric, yabwiye umunyamakuru ko yahagaritse imirimo ye.
Harelimana yavuze ko ibaruwa ikubiyemo ubwegure bwe yayishyikirije Perezida wa Njyanama muri iki gitondo.
Avuga ko yeguye ku mpamvu ze bwite. Ati “Impamvu bwite ziba ari ngari ariko nta kindi kibazo kiri mu karere kacu.”
Ngo ntiyavuga ko hari inshingano z’imirimo yari ashinzwe yaba atarubahirije ku buryo byaba biri mu byatumye yegura.
Ati “Burya kubahiriza inshingano ntabwo ari wowe wisuzuma, bikorwa n’abandi ariko ubwegure bwanjye bushingiye ku mpamvu bwite ntashobora gusobanura.”
Yatangaje ko ubwegure bwe butareberwa mu ndorerwamo y’ibibazo kuko muri kariya karere harangwa ituze n’amahoro mu baturage ndetse ko imikoranire y’inzego ari nta makemwa.
Uyu mugabo mu gihe gishize yijunditswe cyane n’itangazamakuru ubwo yasabaga abaturage kutazajya barisanga bavuga ibibazo byabo, avuga ko ntacyo rikemura uretse kubagaragaza uko bari.
Iyegura rya Meya wa Rusizi rije rikurikira kwegura k’ Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Nyabihu, Uwanzwenuwe Théoneste na Visi Meya ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage muri aka karere, Mukansanga Clarisse, beguye ku mirimo yabo ku mpamvu bise ‘bwite’.
Mukansanga Clarisse nyuma y’ amasaha make yeguye kumwanya w’ Umuyobozi w’ akarere ka Nyabihu wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’ Abaturage yahise atabwa muri yombi akurikiranyweho ibyaha bifitanye isano n’ ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.
Mu gitondo cyo kuwa 10 Gicurasi 2018 nibwo Uwanzwenuwe Theoneste wari Umuyobozi w’ akarere ka Nyabihu na Mukansanga Clarisse wari Visi Meya ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’ abaturage bandikiye njyanama y’ akarere bavuga ko beguye ku mpamvu zabo bwite.
Tariki 12 Mata 2018 Mukansanga yashyizwe mu majwi ashinjwa kwanga kwakira buji yo gucana urumuri rw’icyizere mu muhango wo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu karere ka Nyabihu, ndetse ngo yaranavuze ngo buji bazihe abafite ababo bibuka.
Perezida w’ Inama Njyanama y’ Akarere ka Nyabihu, GASARABWE Jean Damascène yatangaje ko saa mbili za mugitondo aribwo yakiriye amabaruwa y’ ubwegure bw’ aba bayobozi.
Nyuma y’ amasaha make Mukansanga yahise atabwa muri yombi nk’ uko Umuvugizi w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe ubugenzacyaha, Mbabazi Modeste yabitangaje .
Yagize ati “Hari dosiye yari yarakozwe. Ngira ngo mwakurikiye amakuru yavugaga ko yakoze ibyaha bigendanye no gupfobya Jenoside, ibyaha by’ingengabitekerezo n’ibindi bifitanye isano nayo. Dosiye yarakozwe , uyu munsi yafashwe arafungwa azashyikirizwa urukiko ku wa Mbere.”
Richard Ruhumuriza


text:
UMUSOMYI WA BIBILIYA, ni igitabo gitegurwa n’UMURYANGO W’ABASOMA BIBILIYA MU RWANDA (Ligue Pour la Lecture de la Bible), kigamije gufasha abantu guhura n’Imana buri munsi mu ijambo ryayo. Kuri uyu wa gatanu, tariki ya 3 Gicurasi 2019, turasoma muri yeremiya 4:1-18
1.Uwiteka aravuga ati “Isirayeli we, nugaruka abe ari jye ugarukira, nukuraho ibizira byawe bikamva mu maso ntuzongera kujarajara, kandi uzarahira uti
2.‘Ndahiye Uwiteka uhoraho w’ukuri, utabera kandi ukiranuka’, maze amahanga azihesha umugisha muri we, kandi muri we ni mo bazishimira.”
3. Ibyo ni byo Uwiteka abwira abantu b’u Buyuda n’ab’i Yerusalemu ati “Nimurime imishike yanyu, kandi ntimukabibe mu mahwa.
4.Mwikebere Uwiteka kandi mukebeho ibikoba bitwikiriye imitima yanyu, mwa bagabo mwe b’u Buyuda n’abaturage b’i Yerusalemu, uburakari bwanjye butaza bumeze nk’umuriro bugatwika kandi nta wabasha kubuzimya, bitewe n’ububi bw’ingeso zanyu.
5.“Mumenyeshe u Buyuda kandi mwamamaze n’i Yerusalemu muti ‘Nimuvuze impanda mu gihugu, murangurure muvuge muti: Nimuteranire hamwe tujye mu midugudu igoswe n’inkike.’
6.Mushinge ibendera aherekera i Siyoni, mwiyarure ntimurushye muzuyaza, kuko ngiye kuzana icyago kizaturuka ikasikazi no kurimbuka gukomeye.”
7.Intare yasohotse mu kibira cyayo, kandi umurimbuzi w’amahanga yarahagurutse ava iwe, azanywe no guhindura igihugu cyawe umwirare, n’imidugudu yawe ikaba imisaka igasigara itagira uyituyemo.
8.Nuko nimukenyere ibigunira mucure umuborogo murire, kuko uburakari bukaze bw’Uwiteka butatuvuyeho.
9.Uwiteka aravuga ati “Uwo munsi umutima w’umwami uziheba, n’imitima y’ibikomangoma na yo, kandi abatambyi bazumirwa n’abahanuzi bazashoberwa.”
10.Maze ndavuga nti “Ayii, Mwami Uwiteka, ni ukuri washutse aba bantu n’ab’i Yerusalemu ubwo wavugaga uti ‘Muzagira amahoro’, none inkota ikaba yabageze no ku mutima.”
11.Icyo gihe ubu bwoko n’ab’i Yerusalemu bazabwirwa ngo “Nimurebe umuyaga utwitse uturutse mu misozi yo mu butayu utera umukobwa wanjye, ari bo bantu b’ubwoko bwanjye, si uwo kugosora cyangwa gutunganya,
12.Ahubwo ni umuyaga usumbye ibyo, ni wo uzangeraho. Noneho ngiye kubacira imanza.”
13.Dore azaza ameze nk’ibicu, n’amagare ye y’intambara azaba ameze nka serwakira, amafarashi ye azarusha ibisiga imbaraga. Tubonye ishyano kuko tugiye kunyagwa!
14.Yewe Yerusalemu we, uhagira umutima wawe ho ibyaha kugira ngo urokoke. Uzahorana imigambi yawe mibi uzageze ryari?
15.Kuko ijwi rivuga riturutse i Dani rikavuga inkuru z’ibyago, riturutse no mu misozi ya Efurayimu.
16.“Mubitekerereze amahanga, dore muburire i Yerusalemu muti ‘Abaje kuhakuba baraza baturuka mu gihugu cya kure, kandi bahuruza ingoma yo gutera imidugudu y’u Buyuda.
17.Barahakubye bameze nk’abarinzi b’umurima kuko hangomeye.’ ” Ni ko Uwiteka avuga.
18“Inzira yawe n’imirimo yawe ni byo biguteje ibyo bitero, icyo ni icyaha cyawe. Ni ukuri biragusharirira kuko bikugeze mu mutima.” Imana iririra Abayuda banze kwihana
Ibibazo bidufasha gusobanukirwa umusomyi
1.Ibyo nsomye birambwira ibya nde, kandi biranyigisha iki?
2.Ibyo nsomye biranyigisha iki
ku Mana data wa twese?
kuri Yesu kristo?
ku mwuka wera?
Ubusobanuro bw’umusomyi
Isirayeli we, nugaruka abe ari jye ugarukira (1): Imana isezeranya Abisirayeli nAbayuda kubaha umugisha nibihana .by’ukuri, bakareka ibigirwamana byabo kandi ntibongere kujarajara. Nk’uko imbuto iterwa mu butaka bwiza ni ko n’imitima ikeneye kurimwa ngo imishike y’ibibi biyivemo maze imbuto zibone kubibwa (Mar.4.3-8). Imana yanga uburyarya, koko niba umuntu yiyemeje kwihana aba akwiriye guhindukira akazibukira ibyaha. ...Mukebeho ibikoba bitwikiriye imitima yanvu... (4): Uwiteka araburira ubwoko bwe, kandi nibadakora ibyo abasaba, inkurikizi zirasobanutse: Ingabo z’abanyamahanga bo mu majyaruguru zizatera zimeze nk’intare zizituwe (7); zizaba zimeze nk’umuyaga utwika; cyangwa nka serwakira. Abantu bazahamagarirwa guhungira i Yerusalemu no kujya mu cyunamo. Abayobozi bo mu nzego zose bazakuka imitima (9). Hari abahanuzi b’ibinyoma bahoraga bahanurira abantu iby’amahoro gusa, none ababizeye bazatekereza ko Imana yababeshye. N ubwo Imana yakomeje kubagira inama y’icyakorwa ngo barokoke (14), bakomeje kwinangira. Tube maso tutaba nkabo, kuko duhora tuburirwa ariko abantu benshi ntibabyiteho. Indir.431 Gushimisha.
[email protected]


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Ingo nyinshi zisenyuka kubera impamvu zitandukanye, zaba izituruka ku mugabo cyangwa se ku mugore. Ni byiza kumenya uko abashakanye bakwiriye kubana, kugira ngo umunezeroukomeze mu rugo rwabo nk’uko bajya gushakana babyifuzaga:
1. Kutaba nyamwigendaho
Umugore n’umugabo wese ntakwiriye kuba nyamwigendaho mu rugo, kandi afite uwo bashakanye babana kandi bafatanije inshingano z’urugo. Iyo umugore yitwaye gutyo bituma umugabo we atiyumvamo umumaro n’agaciro amufitiye, bityo ugasanga babanye nk’abataziranye, umunezero w’urugo ntugende uko bikwiye. Ibi kandi bituma habaho kutuzuzanya ku bijyanye no gukemura ibibazo by’urugo.
2. Kwiga koroherana
Guca bugufi haba ku mugabo cyangwa ku mugore bikura impungenge mu muryango, n’iyo ikibazo cyaba gikomeye kiracyemuka. N’iyo mugenzi wawe yagukosereza, wowe wamwereka ikosa mu buryo butarimo intonganya cyangwa amarira, kandi ukamubabarira utabanje kumurushya no kwereka abantu ibyabaye mu rugo rwawe. Igihe nawe wamukoshereje wihutire kumusaba imbabazi kandi aho kuvuga byinshi wisobanura, wicishe bugufi wemere ikosa.
3. Kutaba mwinshi mu rugo
Iyi mvugo isa n’idasobanutse, ariko isobanuye kutajya mu bintu byose bikorwa mu rugo witwaje ko uri nyirarwo. Hari nk’igihe usanga umugore cyangwa umugabo akora inshingano ze agakora n’izundi. Twavuga nk’umugabo ukora
inshingano ze ariko agakora n’iz’umugore, iz’abana, akareba ibyo guteka, akareba imyenda y’abana, akareba aho kubaka inzu bigeze, ugasanga ntaha mugenzi we umwanya ngo nawe akore inshingano ze. Umugore ni mutima
w’urugo, ariko biba byiza nawe akoze inshingano ze n’abandi bagakora izabo.
4. Kuvuga icyakubabaje neza (ufite umutima mwiza)
Si byiza ko uvugana agahinda, intimba cyangwa ubukana igihe ufite ikibazo, n’iyo waba wagitewe n’umugabo cyangwa umugore wawe. Ugomba kumenya ubwenge muri byose, ntabwo kandi ari byiza guhagarika zimwe mu nshingano zawe nko gupfumbata umugabo ku bagore, cyangwa kureka guhaha ku bagabo kubera ikibazo cyabaye. N’ubwo ubabaye ariko ihangane ugaragaze umutima ukomeye, mubwirane ikibazo neza kandi niba bishoboka musabane imbabazi kandi mufatanye gushaka igisubizo
.
5. Kugira amahoro mu rugo n’iyo umugabo wawe cyangwa umugore wawe adashobotse
Si byiza kwereka umugabo wawe cyangwa umugore wawe ko ubana n’umuntu udashobotse, mu
buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi . Hari abagabo cyangwa abagore bapfusha amafaranga ubusa,
bagatanga impano zitumvikanyweho no kutuzuza zimwe mu nshingano z’urugo. Ariko ntiwahorana amahane cyangwa urusaku cyangwa ngo uhore utora abantu, ahubwo ukora inshingano zawe neza kandi ugaragaze gucya ku maso ubundi nawe iyo umuhaye amahoro agenda ahinduka buhoro buhoro. Iyo nta ntonganya zihoraho abana bagira umutuzo, kandi ntawe umenya imiterere y’uwo mwashakanye keretse wowe.
src:Inyarwanda


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Musanze: Hari ababyeyi bahangayikishijwe n’iterabwoba bashyirwaho n’abana babaka umunani
Bamwe mu babyeyi bo mu Karere ka Musanze badafite imitungo ihagije, baremeza ko bahorana ubwoba bwo kugirirwa nabi n’abana babo, mu gihe batabahaye umunani.
Ni ikibazo bagaragarije mu nteko y’abaturage yateguwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’ako karere, ku bufatanye n’umuryango Never Again Rwanda, ibera mu Kagari ka Nyabigoma mu Murenge wa Kinigi, ku wa Kabiri tariki 27 Nzeri 2022.
Ni mu nteko yakorewemo ubukangurambaga bugamije kurwanya amakimbirane mu miryango, himakazwa ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ku bashakanye, aho abaturage baganirijwe ku burenganzira bungana ku mutungo hagati y’abashakanye, banasobanurirwa Itegeko n°27/2016 ryo ku wa 08/07/2016 ryerekeranye n’impano, irage n’izungura.
Ubwo abaturage bahabwaga umwanya ngo bagaragaze ibibazo bibugarije mu miryango, abenshi bagiye bagaruka ku kibazo cy’izungura hagati y’abashakanye, ariko banagaragaza ikibazo kibabangamiye, cy’abana bahoza ababyeyi ku nkeke basaba umunani, batanga n’ingero ku mwana uherutse kwica umubyeyi we muri ako gace amuziza kubura umunani.
Ni nyuma y’uko basobanuriwe itegeko rikuraho umunani ku bana, bitandukanye n’uko byahoze aho umubyeyi yagiraga agasambu akakagabana n’abana be, nk’uko byasobanuwe mu kiganiro ku itegeko rigenga imicumbire y’abashyingiranwe impano n’uzungura, cyatanzwe na Jeannette Salah Uwingabire, uhagarariye Umuryango urwanya ruswa n’akarengane (TIR) mu Karere ka Musanze.
Yagize ati “Umutungo ni uw’ababyeyi ntabwo umutungo ari uw’umwana, ababyeyi bakagira inshingano zo kwita ku bana, ntabwo gutanga umunani ari inshingano keretse ari ubushake buturutse ku mubyeyi. Icyo umubyeyi afiteho inshingano ni ukukurera akakurihira amashuri ukiga, ntabwo afite inshingano zo kuguha umunani, nkaba mbona ari uburenganzira ababyeyi bagize kuko kera abana bicaga ababyeyi babaziza umunani”.
Ni ubutumwa ababyeyi basamiye hejuru, bagaragaza imbogamizi bari bafite, uwitwa Ndabateze Felicien ati “Iri tegeko turarishimye, hari igihe uba ufite nk’agatabo (akarima) kamwe, umwana akakubwira ngo kamuheho wakamwima akakwica, nk’ubu hari umuvandimwe wacu uherutse kwicwa n’umwana we bapfa akabanza”.
Arongera ati “Navuga nti abantu badafite uko bahagaze abana be kujya babaka amasambu, umwana aranga kujya gushaka amafaranga ngo yitunge ngo ategereje umurima ku mubyeyi we. Ababyeyi bahorana ubwoba bw’uko abana bazabica, ariko njye naragikemuye abana banjye nabashakiye isambu bose bari mu mashuri, nta bwoba mfite bw’uko abana banjye banyica”.
Mugenzi we witwa Mukanoheli Venantie ati “Amakimbirane mu ngo arimo hagati y’abashakanye, hakwiyongeraho aterwa n’abana basaba imitungo bikaba bibi cyane ndetse bamwe bakicana. Umwana arareba agasanga yataye ishuri yamara gukura, ati data wamariye iki ko utanyigishije, amakimbirana akarota no gupfa bikazamo, umwana araharanira kwica umubyeyi ngo atware ka gasambu”.
Ni inama yitabiriwe n’Ubuyobozi bwa Never Again Rwanda ku rwego rw’igihugu, Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Musanze ushinzwe Imibereho myiza y’abaturage, Kamanzi Axelle, aho muri ubwo bukangurambaga abaturage bigishijwe, bumva n’ibibazo byabo bihabwa ibisubizo n’umurongo w’uko byakemurwa.
Visi Meya Kamanzi, asaba kandi abaturage guharanira ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, abasaba kubana bubahana mu kwirinda amakimbirane, asaba n’abana kumva neza itegeko rikuraho umunani, baharanira kwiga no gukora bashaka ibyababeshaho no guteganyiriza ejo habo hazaza.
MENYA UMWANDITSI
Umunyamakuru wa Kigali Today/KT Radio
@ mutuyiserv
Ibitekerezo ( 1 )
turabashimiye kwiryo tegeko abana bgomba gukora bakishakira ibyabo


text:
Mu karere ka Musanze mu murenge wa Musanze, haravugwa urupfu rw’umusore w’imyaka 32 witwa Kaneza Innocent, ukomoka mu Murenge wa Nyange mu karere ka Musanze aho basanze umurambo we ufite uruguma mu mutwe.
Iyi nkuru ducyesha Kigalitoday ivuga ko Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Musanze aho uwo musore yapfiriye,Niyibizi Aloys,yavuze ko abaturage bahuruje ubuyobozi mu gitondo cyo kuwa mbere tariki 29 Nyakanga 2019, nyuma yo gusanga umurambo w’uwo musore hagati y’inka ze.
Agira ati “Umurambo wabonetse mu gitondo saa moya ubonywe na murumuna we ubwo yari aje ku mureba mu gitondo aho yarindaga inka ze. Ni ukuvuga ngo yari afite ahantu mu gashyamba yararaga arinze inka ze, yasanze nyine yapfuye biza kugaragara ko yakubiswe nk’inyundo mu mutwe”.
Nyuma yo kugeza uwo murambo mu bitaro bya Ruhengeri ngo ukorerwe isuzuma, abaganga bategetse ko uhita ushyingurwa nyuma y’uko babonaga wangiritse bikabije.
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Musanze Niyibizi, avuga ko bikomeye kumenya impamvu yo kwicwa k’uwo musore usanzwe afite imyitwarire myiza mu baturage, avuga ko hari abari gukurikiranwa bakekwaho urupfu rw’uwo musore.
Agira ati “Aho mu murenge wa Musanze, ni ahantu yari yagishishije (yagiye kuragira inka). Yari afite inka ze zirindwi nta nicyo bazikozeho… urumva ko ari we bari bagambiriye guhitana, kandi abantu bose bamutangiraga ubuhamya ko ari umuntu witonda rwose. Ntabwo ari wa muntu ujya konesha imyaka y’abaturage ngo wenda nicyo bamuziza, oya, yari abanye neza n’abandi. Hari abakekwa bigeze no kumutangira, umwe yafashwe inzego z’iperereza zirimo kugira ngo zirebe ko hari aho yaba ahuriye n’urwo rupfu”.
Uwo Muyobozi, arasaba abaturage kuba ijisho rya mugenzi w’undi, batangira amakuru ku gihe, kandi bakaza amarondo banayitabira mu kurushaho kwirindira umutekano, kandi bakoroherana abafitanye ibibazo bakabigeza mu buyobozi kugira ngo bikemurwe mu mahoro.
MUHABURA.RW


text:
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By Kathreen Harrison
Iminsi cumi nitandatu ishobora guhindura byinshi mu gihe gito. Tariki 10 Werurwe, mbere gato y’uko Maine itangaza umurwayi wa COVID-19, Xavier Botana, umuyobozi w’amashuri ya Leta mu karere ka Portland yatangarije inama nkuru y’amashuri muri Portland ingengo y’imari ya 2021. Muri iyi ngengo y’imari Botana akaba yariyemeje kugabanya icyuho hagati y’abanyeshuri bifite n’abatishoboye muri Maine.
“Iyo tugereranije imibare y’abana bakomoka mu miryango yifashije n’abava muyibayeho nabi dusangamo ikinyuranyo” Uku niko Xavier Botana yasobanuriye inama nkuru y’amashuri ku mugoroba w’iriya tariki. Abishyizeho umutima, guhangana n’icyuho hagati y’abanyeshuri babayeho neza n’ababayeho nabi, Botana yatangaje uburyo bwo kubigeraho.
Tariki 26 Werurwe, nyuma y’iminsi 11 Guverineri Mills asabye ko amashuri afunga, iminsi 16 nyuma y’aho Botana atangarije ingengo y’Imari, ikigo cy’urusobe rw’indimi n’imico cya Portland ndetse na Portland Empowered byatumije inama yarimo n’abahagarariye imiryango y’abimukira hamwe n’ababatera ingabo mu bitugu. Muri iyi nama Botana n’abandi bagaragaje impungenge batewe n’ifungwa ry’amashuri bivuye kuri COVID-19 bishobora kurushaho kongera icyuho cy’ubusumbane hagati y’abanyeshuri bifashije n’abatifashije.
Botana agira ati: “iri fungwa ry’amashuri rizazamura icyuho hagati y’abanyeshuri. Abifashije bazagira uburyo buhagije bwo kwiga bari mu rugo naho abatifashije ntabwo bazabona.” Aya magambo ye yahuriranye n’ibisa nkibyo yari yarahanuye.
Muri Maine ndetse no mu gihugu hose abarimu bahuye n’ingorane zo gufasha abana bataha mu miryango idafite ikoranabuhanga rihagije, abanyeshuri bigaga icyongereza, abana bafite ababyeyi batavuga icyongereza cg abataragiye ku ishuri ndetse n’abatarigiye hano muri Amerika bituma batamenyera uko amashuri yiga hano.Habaye ingorane kandi kugera ku bana batagira aho baba, aba babarwa nk’abanyengorane kurusha abandi mu turere twose kabone niyo ibihe bimeze neza. Hagati aho abana bafite imiryango imeze neza bakomeje kwiga bifashishije ibyo amashuri abaha ndetse n’ibyo ababyeyi babo bongeramo.
“Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyaje kwenyegeza ibyari ubusumbane hagati y’abana bishoboye n’abatishoboye bwagaragaraga mu burezi muri Maine” ibi ni ibitangazwa na Dr . Abdullahi Ahmed, umuyobozi w’ishuri ryisumbuye rya Deering High School muri Portland. Agira ati: “Tekereza kuba mu rugo n’abana bose ku mwimukira utavuga icyongereza abana bafite ubwoba-Iki cyorezo kirerekana neza imibereho y’abatishoboye. Abari mu kiciro cyo hagati cy’ubukungu bafite ubufasha bwabagenewe.Urugero bana bose ntibafite interineti mu rugo bikaba byaragaragariye abarimu muri iki gihe cy’icyorezo. Nta kiza cyavuye muri iki cyorezo kirenze kuba byaragaragaye ko abana bakennye batitaweho uko bikwiriye na gahunda y’uburezi .”
Todd Finn, umuyobozi w’amashuri ya Leta muri Lewiston aganira n’ikinyamakuru tariki 16 Mata ku murongo wa telephone, yagize icyo avuga ku banyeshuri biga icyongereza ndetse anavuga ku busumbane bugaragara mu burezi: “Nk’akarere ka kabiri mu bunini muri Maine, dufite abanyeshuri bagera ku bihumbi bitandatu banditse kwiga icyongereza, igihumbi muri bo bakenera ubufasha bwihariye, abarenga icyane biga icyongereza ndetse hakabamo abana bavuga indimi zigera kuri 52 zitandukanye. Abarenga 64% bahagaze nabi mu bukungu.”
Finn yasobanye intambwe enye bahanganamo n’iki cyorezo nk’abarezi. Babanza kugeza ibiribwa ku bana babikeneye, bakabaha mudasobwa ndetse na interineti. Ufatiye tariki 16 Mata , ukwezi kumwe nyuma y’ifungwa ry’amashuri, Fin avuga ko nibura ikiciro cyambere cyo gutanga mudasobwa cyarangiye hifashishijwe izo bahawe nk’impano nizo baguze. Atekereza ko bahagaze neza kuba abana kuva mu kiburamwaka kugeza mu mwaka wa 12 nibura bafite mudasobwa mu mashuri ya Lewiston.
Nyamara nubwo abana bafite ibikoresho, abatishoboye benshi ntibabashije kujya kuri murandasi ngo babashe kwiga kandi aribwo buryo basigaranye bwo kwiga muri Maine. Finn agira ati: “Hari ababa bafite mudasobwa ariko ntibagire interineti, twakoze amagenzura ngo turebe ibyo abana bafite nibyo badafite kugirango babashe gukurikira amasomo, turi kureba uduce tutageramo intrineti nutuyifite-ni akazi gakomeje utavuga ko kanoze neza.” Mu yandi magambo, tariki 16 Mata, bisa naho hari haciye ukwezi kumwe abana batiga, kandi si Lewiston gusa kuko ababyeyi n’abarezi mu gihugu hose bakomeje kuvuga abana batabasha kwiga kuri murandasi.
Kugera kuri Interineti ni ikibazo kiri mu gihugu hose nkuko bitangazwa na Kelli A. Deveaux, umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho muri deparitoma y’uburezi ya Maine. Tariki 27 Mata yanditse ubutumwa murandasi agira ati: “ Dutekereza ko hari abanyeshuri bagera kuri 25,000 badafite mudasobwa cg se interineti ngo babashe gukurikira amasomo y’iyakure. Turi kubikoraho duhereye mu duce twasigaye inyuma nka Piscataquis aho tumaze gufasha abana bagera ku 500 tubaha mudasobwa ndeste nuburyo bagera kuri interineti. Turakomeza kandi gutegura ubufasha buzatuma abanyeshuri bose bagera kuri interineti bakabasha kwiga muri Maine”
Imiryango y’abimukira ikomeza kuvuga ko abana babo batari kubasha kwiga iyakure bitewe n’ikibazo cy’ururimi ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa. “ Ikoreshwa rya zoom ntirikoreshwa mu ngo zimwe na zimwe-uku ni ko umubyeyi umwe yadutangarije.Hari ikinyuranyo mubyo abarimu basaba ndetse nibibera mu ngo.”
Undi mubyeyi utazi gusoma icyongereza yavuze ko ishuri ry’abana be rimwoherereza amasomo y’abana ariko ko ntacyo abamariye: “Ibyo bohereje biri aho ariko ntituzi icyo tugomba kubimarisha.”
Ababyeyi batangaza ko abana bari mu ngo nibura zirimo abiga mu mashuri yisumbuyeho gato bafite amahirwe kuko babafasha. Gusa abana benshi bari mu ngo zitarimo abandi bana bakuru bafite ingorane zo kutagira icyo bakora yaba kuri interineti cg se ibyoherezwa mu ngo.
Mu nkuru Kevin Mahnken yanditse mu kinyamakuru The 74 tariki 5 Gicurasi yagize ati : “Intera mu mibereho, amoko n’uturere yavuye ahabona yimukira kuri murandasi yari yarakozwe ngo ibe ihuriro ringana kuri bose. Abana bakeneye gukoresha interineti cyane nibo basigaye inyuma mu kuyigeraho.”
N’abo bana babasha kugera kuri interineti hari ingorane kugira ngo babashe guhura n’abarezi kuko byorohera kwiga abana imbonankubone, ibikorwa by’umubiri ndetse n’ahigishirizwa n’ibihazengurutse. Iyo wigisha abana kuri telephone, cg kuri interineti abanyeshuri n’abana basabwa cyane guhanga udushya twinshi ngo ibyigwa bisobanuke nkuko byatangajwe na Devreaux.
Imitandukanire mu misusire y’uduce twa Maine kandi nayo ifite uruhare mu mitandukanire y’ifashwa ry’abana b’abimukira. Urugero umugi wa Portland uteye ku buryo wari waramaze kwitegura gufasha abana b’abimukira kuko bahatuye ari benshi. Ikigo nka Portland Empowered na santeri y’urusobe rw’indimi n’umuco kiyobowe na Grace Valenzuela biri ku isonga mu gufasha muri iki gihe. Nta kandi karere k’amashuri ka Maine gafite ikigo nkacyo.
Nyamara nubwo bimeze bityo, nta karere k’amashuri ko muri Miane kakwigamba ko kageze 100% ku gufasha abana bigamo muri aya mezi abiri ashize nkuko Botana abitangaza: “Muri Portland twabashije gufasha 90% byabana, tuzi uko bameze, tuzi nibyo bakeneye-dufite n’ishusho y’uko 10% basigaye bamerewe kandi kubageza ku rugero rw’abandi nicyo abarimu, abakozi batandukanye bahugiyeho.”
Nkuko bitangazwa nimibare ya deparitoma y’uburezi muri Maine, uyu mwaka abanyeshuri bagera ku 5,655 3% biga icyongereza mu mashuri abanza n’ayibumbuye. Indimi eshanu nkuru zivugwa n’aba banyeshuri ni igisomali, icyarabu, igiporutigali, igisipanishi n’igifaransa mu gihe muri Maine yose abanyeshuri bari kwiga icyongereza bavuga mu ndimi zigera ku 109. Zirindwi ku icumi muri zo ni indimi zivugwa muri Afurika harimo igiswahili, Lingala, n’Ikinyarwanda.
Aha bivuze ko mu gihe abarimu bahangayikishijwe no gusoza umwaka w’amashuri barimo no guteganyiriza umwaka utaha wa 2020-2021. Barasuzumira hamwe ingamba zitandukanye mu gihe ntawuzi igihe amashuri azafungurira.
“Ubusanzwe twiga uburyo bubiri cg butatu –ubu noneho turi ku buryo hafi umunani twazifashisha mu gihe kiri imbere” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Sonja Santelises, umuyobozi w’amashuri mu mujyi wa Baltimore avugira mu nama y’iyakure yaciye kuri Televiziyo ingamba bafashe zo guhangana na COVID-19. Bumwe muburyo yavuze harimo nko gukaza intera hagati y’abana umunsi ukaba muremure, guhinduranya iminsi yo kwigaho, kwiga igice cy’umunsi, gutaha kare watangiye kare mu gihe ibicurane bizaba byiyongereye, abarimu bafata abanyeshuri bakabakurikirana igihe kirekire ndetse no gukorera ku ya kure nkuko biri kugenda.
Muri iyi nama kandi yiswe “Getting Ready for the New (Ab)normal,” Perezida Stephen Pruitt w’akarere k’amashuri k’amajepfo yavuze ko azi neza ko hazabaho ingorane mu duce twose ndetse ko ntawe bitazagiraho ingaruka.” Avuga ko uburyo bw’isuzumabumenyi nabwo buzahinduka. Abarezi bamwe bafite impungenge ko abanyeshuri izi ngorane bazazijyana mu mizamukire mu burezi bikagira ingaruka ku batishoboye.. Pruitt we ntabikozwa aho avuga ko abana bazakurikiranwa aho bari hose bagafashwa. Kuri we ngo hazitabwaho ubuzima nimibereho myiza yabo ari nako bazamurwa mu myigire bityo ingorane ziveho.
Mu nama yatumijwe na Portland Empowered tariki ya 1 Gicurasi, yarimo abayobozi b’abimukira Botana yongeye gushimangira arangaje imbere iringanira mu mashuri ayoboye nkuko yari yabitangaje tariki 10 Werurwe. Yavuze ku gufasha abiga icyongereza, kugabanya icyuho mu mahirwe ndetse no kuringaniza ibitaringaniye. Ikipe y’abarimu iyobowe n’uwungirije Botana, Aaron Townsend yatangiye guhura no kuganira ku mwaka utaha. Ese tuzasubira mu mashuri nk’ibisanzwe? Wenda duhane intera-Botana abyibazaho byinshi.
Muri Maine uburezi buyoborerwa cyane cyane ku rwego rw’inama nkuru z’ibigo ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’uburezi-bishatse kuvuga ko ingorane abimukira bahura nazo zigenda zitandukana ugendeye ku karere. Uburyo bwo kuzikemura nabwo kandi ni uko-aho uturere tumwe twabashize kugera kuri abo banyeshuri ku buryo bugaragara. Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyashyize uburezi mu isi yose ahababaza. Nyamara umwaka wa 2020-2021 usigaje amezi atatu ngo utangire, aho uturere twose dufite amahirwe angana yo kureba niba abana batishoboye nk’ababimukira bafite ibyangombwa nkenerwa kugira ngo bazabashe kugira umwaka w’uburezi mwiza kandi utanga umusaruro.