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Ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔkaɣ tomnaɣ tɛ kazandʋ yɔɔ, lɛɣtʋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ñɩnaa se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ wɛ wonuu taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pamaɣzaa nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.
Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ petisi pɔ-tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se higgs tɛ boson yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nawa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ papɩzɩ panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.


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Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ
Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ kɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Sɩkandiinavɩ tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Ajɛya wena ɖɩnɛ-yɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Sʊyɛdɩ, Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa wɛ 385 199 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 307 860 km2.
Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa kagbanzɩ kɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 2015. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ Isilandɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kilomɛta yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Osɩloo nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ nɔɔrɩveezɩyɛɛ pɩyele liidiya kɔyɔ Nɔɔkɩ.
Keteŋa kpekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpazɩ ɖɩhɩʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu pazɩ pɩɖɛɛ; nɛ ɛsɩndaa kpem. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñɩm pʊnɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩlɩna kaɖazɩm nɛ helimaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa yɔ payaɣ-kɛ se kaazɩ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ temokirasii kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekp ajɛya taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ ajɛya wena acaɣ nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ.
References[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- ↑ Arealstatistics for Norway 2020, Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway Accessdate=2020-03-11
- ↑ Population, january 01 2022, Statistics Norway Accessdate=2022-02-23

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Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, al-jabr) pɩkɛ tʊzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa piliŋa nakayɛ ŋga keyeki se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ akɔnta labʊ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩɩwɛʊ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ siŋ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Descartes labʊ yɔ.
Tɔmpiye ñʊŋ kalʊʊ lɩna takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ nakayɛ cɔlɔ pama-kɛ pɩnzɩ 825 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala (ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ akɔnta tobi tobi matʊ pɩtɩŋna ɖaɣnɩɣ pɩsɩnaʊ nɛ tʊkaɣ ɖʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ), ɖɩlɩna tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ pɛrɩsanɩ tʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Al-Khwarizmi. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa maɣzɩm tɔmpee naayɛ piŋ ana yɔ se patɩlɩ ñɩm peyebinam akɔnta labʊ, tɛtʊ maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tɛyʊʊ, tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɖooo canaʊ Egipiti nɛ Babiloni ɛyaa tɛ lɛ paatɛma wɛnaʊ laɣsɩ nzɩ mbʊ pakpaɣna nɛ pala pa-akɔnta yɔ. Eyaa mba paasɩma kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tɔm. Babiloni ɛyaa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔyɛ labʊ nʊmɔŋ takayasɩ lɛɣtʊ halɩ pʊcɔ Euclid alɩwaatʊ. Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Papirus Rhind (weyi paasɩ-ɩ Museum Londrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1650 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ ɩɩwɛɛ, taa kaawɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ se pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɛyɩ kuluŋuluu kpɔnɔ naa 100 ɛyaa hiu pa-taa kɔyɔ mɛlɛ sayʊ, tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ feŋiyu kʊyʊm, nɛ pa-taa paa weyi mʊwaɣ nabʊlɛ tɛ. Ɛzɩma pɛcɛlɛ kʊyʊm.
Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ wɩlɩɣ se Pise Léonard weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Fibonacci kɔŋna-tʊ nɛ Afrika nɔmɔŋ wobitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Paasɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ Gerbert Aurillac tʊ, kaalaba tɩ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ Cordoue, nɛ ɛtɔ se pakpa Krɩstʊ mba nɛ pacaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tʊ yee ɛpɩsɩ papa pɩnaɣ kudoku tɛ ŋga taa kɔyɔ pʊpʊ alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-ɩ se Sylvestre 2 tʊ. Papa Gerbert Arillac tʊ kaakɔŋna pɩnaɣ 1000 alɩwaatʊ kɛ mayaɣ 0, Ɛndɩ tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaalubina-kɛ Al-Khwarizmi nɛ Abu Kamil, ɛyaa pa nɛ paa-naalɛ papa ñaayeba nɛ patɩlɩ-kɛ ampiiri kpeekpe taa nɛ Cordou tɩŋa taa.


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Adisi-Abeba
Adisi-Abeba kɛŋna Etiyoopii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ 3 385 000. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1963 kɛ Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe nɩna ɖama nɛ asɩɩ a-kɩkpɛndʊ se UA yɔ ɖɩ-kpelaɣ.
Adisi-Abeba tɛtʊ wɛ Etiyɔpi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ- hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-ñʊʊtaa wɛ camɩyɛ landammm yɔ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2300 nɛ 2600 yɔ pɛɩkɩlɩ k-hɛkʊ taa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ Adisi-Abeba kɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ naanza ndɔ.


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Pɩnaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ ñʊʊ takayaɣ
Pɩnaɣ takayaɣ yaa pɩnaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ ñʊʊ takayaɣ, pɩkɛ pɩlɩyɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pañɩnɩɣ yɔ, pɩkɛ takayaɣ kɩkɛdaɣ, ka-taa peeɖe papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa hɩla nɛ nɔmɔŋ wɩlɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Nɔmɔŋ weyi ɛ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sukuli nakʊyʊ yɔɔ tɔm, tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ piliŋa tɔm yaa pɩlʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɔm yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ mba pawɩlɩ pa-tɩ yaa pɛcɛlɩ pa-tɩ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ.
Peyebinam tɩyɩnzɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa tɩnaa kajalaɣ pɩnzɩ takayasɩ tɔm kiɖe, tɩlɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣ Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa. Almanach royal pama takayaɣ ŋga pɩtɩŋna takayasɩ mayʊ Laurent Houry tʊ yɔɔ, pɩlɩna Louis 14 pana ñaʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛnʊ kɛtɩna ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa kpeekpe nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa wɩlɩyaa kpeekpe. Kapɩsɩ tovonum pɩnaɣ takayaɣ sɔsɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sakɩyɛ taa.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1763 lɛ, Gotha Almanach lɩɩ, ka-taa ɖɩnaɣ Erɔpʊ kewiyisi hɔŋ kpeekpe tɔm, kɛlɛ paya-kɛ hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe mbʊ se liɖe kɛdʊʊ takayaɣ, paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ takayaɣ nɛ kɛdɩtʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1944. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ wayi lɛ, Sébastien Bottin susi tadɩyɛ tɛ Almanach nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna takayaɣ tɔm ɛzɩ Bottin gourmand yaa le Bottin mondain.
Pɩnaɣ taa tʊma labʊ ñʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kɩla sɩm yɔ ŋga lɛ kaŋalaafu tɩnaa takayaɣ, ka-taa peeɖe patʊɣʊ tʊma laɖa masɩ ñʊŋ hɔɔlʊʊ (takayɩ hayʊʊ caʊʊ yɔɔ paɖʊ-sɩ) nɛ ɛyaa yem lalaa kɛ takayɩ hayʊʊ kʊlʊmʊʊ yɔɔ, Solocal kɛ sɔnɔ Amerika ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ KKR Fransɩɩ kɩtamsɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa ɖaɣnɩ fezuu.


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Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC
Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pɩsa nɛ tʊkaɣ wɛɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC kʊnɛ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ Etaazuunii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ nɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ Amerika taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔ lɛ, payaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ se Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC egeetiye. Pɩnaɣ 2019 taa pakala kɩgalʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 705 749 yɔ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛlɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 987 yɔ wɛ kilomɛta kpata kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa. Piyele tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋa tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔŋnaa 6,2. Etazuni ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛŋna loɖo ñɩndʊ ɛlɛ nɖʊ tʊtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Husitoni nɛ Miyami.
Ɖenɖe Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩfɛyɩ tɛtʊ cikpetu 50 ndʊ tɩkpɛnda nɛ tilakɩ Etaazuuniiu yɔ. Tɩ-tɛ paɣtʊ yaa politiki lɩɣna ajɛya ana a-ñʊŋ tɩna kedizsi yɔɔ. Pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ huuzuu yaa kandʊ paɣtʊ takayɩsɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɩɩhaɣ ɖɩ-samaɣ nakayɩ waɖɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ yaa ɖɩwɛɛna ɖɩ-ɖɔnɛ paɣtʊ takayɩxsɩ ɖɩtaa ɖiyeke. Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC kɛna loniye sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Amerika nɛ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ tʊma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wɛɛ yɔ. Peeɖe Kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ɖaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Ɖaɣ Kʊhʊlʊmaɣ yɔ, kɛwɛɛ, pitasɩna tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ panaɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ paɖɩcaɣyɛ wɛɛ. Keteŋga kpeekpe liidɩye koozaɣ ŋga payuaɣ Baŋkɩ Mɔndiyalɩ yɔ nɛ ajɛya kpɛndʊ liidiya koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ kaka se FMI yɔ sɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛ piɖeke ɛlɛ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ peeɖe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ kediizasi kpaamɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Peeɖe kɛ pama ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ lona taa caɣya ɖamɩŋ nɛ ɛtala ɛzɩ 176 yɔ. Palɩza Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC se kɩkɛna Etaazuunii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kediizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakakɩyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1790. Pɩɩkɛna kediizaɣ ŋga ka-taa pɩɩwɛɛ se palɩzɩ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ se ndʊ ɛkɛŋna Etaazuunii ajɛya kpeekpe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ peeɖe kewiyaɣ ɖicaɣyɛ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 wiye pɩnaɣ 1791 ɛlɛ pala sɔnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pɩɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se George Washington yɔ. Wasɩŋtɔŋ DC malɩka ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Mauriel Bowser nɛ palɩza-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015.


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Piizi tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ
Piizi tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ wɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ cathédrale Notre-Dame de l’Assomption kɛ Tɔsɩkanɩ tɛtʊ taa. Tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ katediɖalɩ cɔlɔ nɛ pakʊma-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Hama lakasɩ lone. Kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ tambasɩ laɖʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Bonanno. Pisano yɔ, ɛnʊ ɖʊna kɩ-tamaɣ. Pama-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1173 nɛ tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛna mɛtanaa 20 003 000.
Paɖʊ kudʊyʊ sɔsɔʊ kʊnɛ kɛ UNESCO pɩlɩʊ taa se kɩkɛna ɛsɩyɛ egbena nabʊyʊ. Tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ pileɖa cabɩ lɛ, pana se ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩsʊ tɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩsʊ pʊyɔɔ kɛ paɖɩ-ɖɩ ɛyaa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1990. Pʊcɔ nɛ paɖɩkɩ-ɖɩ-nɔnɔsɩ ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ 60 taa ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔnaa 31 yɔ woba peeɖe kɛ ɛsɩ egbena hɔɔlʊ taa. Pɩsa nɛ pakʊsɩ-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩtaaɖa nɛ pɩkɔna kɛgbɛdasɩ yaa ɖɩtaasʊ tɛtʊ ɛlɛ, papaɣza tʊma sɔsɔna labʊ pɩnaɣ 1993.
Papaɣzɩ tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tʊma kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ nakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1173. Papazɩ-ɖɩ maʊ ɛlɛ paatɛma paɣzʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ katediraalɩ kɛ maʊ pɩnzɩ hiu wayɩ. Tilimiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-maʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ 200 yɔ. Patɩnaɣ kuduyuu naatozo ŋgʊ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ ɛlɛ, panaɣ se tilimiye nɖɩ ɖipaɣzɩ kpiluu nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛkpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ pasɩzɩ tʊma pinzɩ 90. Pɩnzɩ 1272 taa kɛ paɖaɣna paɣzʊ tʊma nɛd patɩnɩ ɛsɔdaa kuduyiŋ 4.
Pɛtɛma-ɩ sɔzʊ ɛlɛ tʊma ɖaɣnɩ sɩŋgʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1301 nɛ 1350 taa. Pʊkɔma 1372 ɛlɛ kɛ pɛtɛza kpaagbaa kuduyu kɛ tɩnʊ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1990 kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ, paɖaɣnɩ tilimiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-nɔnɔsɩ ɖɩɩwʊ. Paɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ paɣzʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1990 nɛ 2001 se peteɣ-ɖɩ.


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Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg kɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pɛsɛtaɣ tobi nɛ payaɣ size Gutenberg yɔ. Takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa lɛ, pama-ɖɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩze Gutemberg. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɛ fransɩ taa size Jean. Gutemberg kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.
Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1400 n̄ɩŋga taa. Mayence tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ tegeetiye ndɩ paha-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ size ɖomu caama ampiiri kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire romain germanique) yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ naadozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1468 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ lutozo (66) nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa paalʋla-ɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Ɛkɛ abalʋ tandaʋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Eyeba ɛ-tandaʋ ɛzɩ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa yekiɣ yɔ. Ɖajaa Johannes Gutenberg ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Caama tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛŋna kajalaɣ ɛyʋ weyi eluba wondu ndʋ palakɩna n̄ɩɣlɩm yɔ. Sɩ-taa kɛlɛ hɔzɩŋ nɛ malɩfanaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ masɩ kiciɣdasi.
Ŋgʋ toovenum taa siŋŋ lɛ, e-lubutu nɛ ɛ-lɩzɩtʋ pɛkɛ pʋyʋ keem siŋŋ wɩsɩ ɖaɣnʋʋ naʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. E-lubutu tasɩ sɔsʋʋ ɖoŋ lɛlaa lubutu nɛ pʋtʋlɩ nɔnɔɔ wondu kɩfatʋ lubu lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɖajaa Jean Gutenberg wondu luɖu ɛnɛ, ɛkata tɩlasɩ siŋŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna kʋn̄ɔŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ kpeekpe. Pɩtala alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋʋ lɛ, ɛ-cɔlɔ tʋ kpam, ɖajaa Johann Fust lɛɣ e-nesi tɛɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ndʋ ɛlakaɣna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛtɛza sʋʋ kʋn̄ɔŋ sɔsɔ kpeɖem taa.
Ɛ-kʋn̄ɔŋ ŋgʋ, kɩtana-ɩ ɛ-akpadɩyɩtʋ nɔɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖajaa sɩnɩyʋʋ sɔsɔ Adolphe II de Nassau cɔnaa nɛ ɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-taɣ yɔɔ. Ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ kem size ɛyʋ kɩpanʋʋ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ ɛ-akpadayɩtʋ liidiye nɛ pɩsɩna anasaayɩ wondu luɖu ɛnɛ nɛ, e-wezuu tasɩ wobinaʋ ɛsɩndaa.


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Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ yaa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊ niiye maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa yɔ, pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣlɩ piŋ nɛ ɖɩtɛ ɖɩwalɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyʊ lɛɛlʊ fetenum yɔɔ pɩkɛ-ɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ nɛ ɛ nɛ ɛyaa pɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɖama.
Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ cala yɔɔ nɛ wola yɔɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ pɩcɛlɩna maɣzɩm lɩzɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ndʊ tɩwokina nɛ pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ fezuu caɣʊʊ yɔɔ (ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, alaafɩya, kɔɔ labɩtʊ ɛyaa, tɔm hʊtʊ, tʊma, ahelesa nɛ ŋkpaɣ mbʊ nɖɛ). Pasɩma maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pakandɩɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1985.
Pɩlɩna lona wena a-taa palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ lɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyaa pɩzɩɣ palakɩ lona ndɩ ndɩ taa kɛ tʊma, potukina ɛyaa tɩŋa kpaɣ piyaa, evebupiyaa, ɛyaa sɔsaa, akpadɩyaa, hɔŋ, nesi tɛɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tɩnaa, kʊñɔntɩnaa nɛ ŋkpaɣ mbʊ nɖɛ, potukuna ɛyaa kʊyʊm kʊyʊm yaa pekpeɣliɣ-wɛ com com.


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Irɩlandɩ
Irɩlandɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Irɩlandɩ wɛ Kewiyaɣ Kpɛndɩɣ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo mbʊ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se ɖɩwɛ Sɛlɩtɩ ajɛya taa.
Irɩlandɩ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa kɔyɔ sɛlɩtɩ cɩmʊ mayaɣ nɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ pe-liidiya eeroo mayaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mayaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɛwɛ kacaɣ xɛʊ ɛzɩ maayʊʊ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ ŋga peeɖe rugibii maɖa ɖɔkɩɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩɩleeyuu. Pɩnzɩ 1980 taa mbʊ yɔ paya-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩsɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2007 nɛ 2010 lɛ, ɖɩtɔlɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa Irɩlandɩ tɔsʊʊ tiba ɛzɩ 32,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mba petehiɣ tʊma yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.


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Ɛnduuyisim
Ɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se "sanatadharma". "Maatɛŋ Paɣtʋ." Pɩtɛkɛ nɔɔyʋ lɩzɩna Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖɩfɛyɩna kpaaŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ siŋŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩwɛɛ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ kʋɖʋm wɛ Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Krɩstianism nɛ Iizilaam pɛ-aŋgba wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyʋʋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɩn̄ɔɔ nɛ peeye ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.
Mbʋ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔɔ lɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna nayaa ɖɩfɛyɩna "dogmes waa". Mba pɛwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔm ndʋ pukuli tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ Ɛɛndɩ lɔnsɩŋɖaa yɔ, ti-ɖeke koŋ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛɖɔ. Tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ndʋʋ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se "Veda". Pɔtɔŋ se "Veda" ɖeke koŋ wɛŋna ɖoŋ pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʋ-yɔɔ. Toovenim lɛ, payaɣʋ se Ɛɛnduu n̄ɩma, malɩŋ weyi ɛcalɩ wobuu Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ɛyana mba pɛwɛ Ɛɛdu kajalaŋa taa yɔɔ mbʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛn̄ɩna siŋŋ yɔ ɛnaɣ se mba payaɣ se "Indo-aryens waa yɔ, pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Vedique" yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. "Indo-aryens waa" sʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 1500 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Ɛnduu waa tisuu ɛsɔnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pɔ-cɔzɔnaa tɔm patɩŋɩɣ. Palakɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɩyɩnaa layaa lakʋʋ yɔ.
Halɩ pa-sɩyɩnaa latʋ taɣna ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kadayʋʋ nɛ politiiki nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ polu yaa pama wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ pʋtʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛzɩma mbú ɛyʋ maɣzʋʋ nɛ wezuu caɣʋ mbʋ ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ pʋ-tɔm taa nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʋmɩyɛ taa.


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Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire Romain)
Room Kiɖeɖeu ajɛjɛ pajaɣ mañʊʊ yɔɔ anaa ɖɩyaɣ se Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu, pɩkɛ politiki tɛtʊ kikpelitu Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ hɛkʊ taa kɛ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ Room Wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kaakɛna ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩɖɩma.
Ɖɩgbakaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 10 alɩwaatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɖɩmtʊ pɩlɩna Napoléon yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzɩ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnʊ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɛnɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ampiiri yɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ Room Ampiiri. Yʊsʊʊ tɔmʊʊ Kiɖeɖeʊ paɣzɩna Frédéric Barberousse kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ( petisi tʊyɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1157 taa) se pɩsa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ taa Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ paɣtʊ.
Payawaɣ-kʊ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa se Room tetoniki tɛtʊ Kiɖeɖetu tɛ Ampiiri (nationis Teutonicae), nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ Caama yɔ, yaa kɩɖɩma wayɩ lɛ, canaʊ takayaasɩ taa kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-kʊ se Room nɛ Caama tɛ Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, latin Sacrum Imperium Romanum nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Heiliges Römisches Reich nɛ Itaali taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero nɛ Néerlandais kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero.
Paañɔɔza Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ kamasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ sɔsɔtʊ wɛɛɛ taa Ampiiri ŋgʊ kaatɩna sɔnɔ Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa ŋgʊ nɛ [[Peeyibaa][ nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ nɛ Lukizambuuri nɛ Suwiisi nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ Itaali. Kɩ-caanaʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ kɩ-ɛsakuluye kɛ ñɩm mbʊ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tayʊʊ nɔnɔ yɔ.
Kpaɣna 18 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ taa Ampiiri ɛtasɩɣ pɩzɩɣ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-ɛyaa yɔ pɩlɩna politika lɩmaɣza mbʊ se pɩtaa nɛ pɩwayi ajɛyɛ ɛwalɩ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɩtɔla. Napoléon yoŋ wabɩtʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ labʊ Rhin pɔɔ yɔɔ wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma Ampiiri hɩɣ ɛjandʊ yɔ.
Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu mʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1806 [[kɩyɛna fenaɣ[[ kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ Francois 2 tʊ hɔza e-kewiyitʊ hʊla nɛ ɛsɩ yɔ se ɛtatasɩ kɛʊ [[Otirisi][ wiyaʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩ Ferdinand Lot ñamaʊ, pɩnaɣ 1806 kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye kɩyɛna fenaɣ taa se kɩyaakʊ ŋgʊ Francois 2 kɩza ɛ-maɣmaɣ Room Ampiiri kewiyitʊ, pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ evemiye ndɩ kɛ Room Ampiiri sɩba.


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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan kɛna Amerika taa sɔdʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Ronald Wilson Reagan. Ɛkɛna Etazunii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɔɔyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ Tampiko egeetiye taa, Ilinuwa tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 wiye pɩnaɣ 2004 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 95. Kpaɣna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1981 nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1989 kɛ ɛɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ.
Ronald Reagon paɣlɩ Tiksɔŋ tɛtʊ taa, Ilinuwa taa nɛ peeɖe ɛlabɩ e-sukuli sɔsɔʊ nɛ ɛmʊ takɩyɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se liisansɩ yɔ kɛ akɔnta taa nɛ samaɣ tɩlɩtʊ(sociologie) taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ewolo Iyowa tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ aradiyo nakʊyʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpaɣzɩ maŋzʊmalɩɩ yaa politiki tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1950 taa kɛ ɛsʊ Parti démocrate taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1962 lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nɛ ɛsʊ Parti républicain taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1964, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pacaɣ lɩzʊʊ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ, Barry Goldwater yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɩzʊ ɛkɛ Kalifɔrnii tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1966 nɛ ɖɔɖɔ 1970 ɛlɛ ɛñaɣ pana se paalɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ pɩnzɩ 1968 nɛ 1976 taa ɛwɩɩ. Jimmy Carter alɩwaatʊ tɛma se ɛtatasɩ kɛnaʊ Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ lɛ, Ronald sɩɩ ɛ-takayaɣ se ɛkɛna peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊdʊ.
Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa powoba caca ɖɩ-tɔyɛ yɛ lɛ, Ronald Reagon wa nɛ ɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ 40 ñɩnʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ mbʊ pɩtaaɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛñɔɔzɩ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɖʊwaɣ kʊñɔŋ pɔʊ taa yɔ, ɛlɩzɩ lɩmaɣza naaayɛ nɛ palɩ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-tɛ keyiitu tɛma lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ caca tɔʊ se pɑlɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛyaa tasɩ ɖʊʊ sɔɔlɩm nɛ lidau.


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Alan Paton
Palʊla Stewart Alan Paton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1903 kɛ Natal tɛtʊ taa, ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ taa se Kwazulu-Natal yɔ, nɛ tɩwɛ Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 12 wiye pɩnaɣ 1988 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 85. Ɛ-tɛ sukuli labʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛka keteŋga yɔɔ mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ pɩ-lɛɣtʊ ñɩnʊʊ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Natal yɔ kɩ-taa. Ɛsɔsɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Anglikaanii piyele nɛ politiki ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛlʊkaɣ yɔɔ kʊkʊ lɛ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ.
Ɛ-caanaa lɩna ɖooo ɖooo Aŋgilisi mba mba paawɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe nɛ pakpacayʊ-wɛ yɔ. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ ɛmʊ ɛ-ɖamɩŋ naatozo takayaɣ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pawɩlʊ keteŋga yɔɔ mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ pɩ-lɛɣtʊ ñɩnʊʊ yɔ. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛmʊ sukuli wɩlʊ takayaɣ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli wɩlʊ kɛ hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 1935 nɛ 1948 lɛ ɛpɩsɩ hɛkʊ taa sukuli ñʊʊdʊ kɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɔcɔŋna pɩya nzɩ nsɩ-ñʊndaa kpa ɖoŋ nɛ sɩɩsʊʊ ɖɩsɩ yɔ kɩ-taa. Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kpalɩtʊ yaa paɣtʊ kaawɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ ɛlɛ ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛpasɩ natʊyʊ pazɩ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ se pɔɔ ɖɔnɛ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, kapɩzʊ kasʊlɩmɩ nʊmɔʊ nɛ kala tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩ kamaɣmaɣ kɔsɔɔlaa yɔ, paa peeɖe yaa paa ka-ñɩma tɛɛ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩya yɔɔ cɔnɩya ɛsɩyɛ wɛʊ kɔ-yɔɔ kpam.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ keteŋga kpeekpe kaakʊyʊ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ hɔzɩŋ yaa malɩfanaa kɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, Alan Paton ɖɔɖɔ kpaɣ ɛ-hɔzʊʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ you. Piteleɖi lɛ eyele nɛ ɛtɛzɩ ɖɛʊ ajɛya lɛɛna taa se ɛtazɩ kpɛlɛkʊ camɩyɛ ɛzɩma pamʊ pɩya nzɩ sɩ-ñʊŋ taa wɛ ɖoŋ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ewolo Erɔpʊ nɛ Etaazunii. Nɔrvɛɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛtala nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-kacalaɣ takayaɣ maʊ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se: Wii, ɛjaɖɛ kumʊyɩsɩyɛ (Pleure, ô pays bien-aimé). Pɩsɩŋga nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛtʊlɩ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛwɛɛ kɩ-tɩyɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1968 taa ɖeke lɛ paɖɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Apartheid paazaɣ ñɔʊ yɔ nɛ pɩtaaha haɖɛ kɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩñɔ. Alan Stewart Paton ma takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛla tʊma wena yɔ aɖɔɔ.


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Safiiri
Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se safiiri. Ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se koorindɔɔ tɛ sɛɛmɩ (gemme du corindon) waa yɔ. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ana apɩzɩɣ awɛɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛlɛ, aapɩzɩɣ awɛɛna tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩm. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se rubii] waa yɔ, aɖeke awɛŋna tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩm. Ɖajaa Jacques Louis ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna se safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɛ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ pɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ kʊɖʊma. Ɖajaa Jacques Louis kɛ Bournon tɛtʊ taa tʊ.
Ɖenɖe tɔmpiye safiiri lɩnaa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔmpiye «saphir» lɩna krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ se «sappheiros», pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna yulee tɔlɩm yɔ. Yee tɔmpiye «saphir» ɛtalɩɩna krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye «sappheiros» cɔlɔ yɔ, ɖɩlɩna Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye «sappir» cɔlɔ. Ebre kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye «Sappir» tɔbʊʊ lɛ se wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ.
Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛna kelaɣ tɔlɩm. Ɛpɩzɩ ɛna naɖɩyɛ, ɖɩɖɩ wɛna sʊtʊ tɔlɩm. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna wɛna leemiŋ tɔlɩm nɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛna kɛdaɣ tɔlɩm nɛ lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ, afɛyɩna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ taa lɛ, wena awɛna yulee tɔlɩm yɔ pakɩlɩ tɩlʊʊ. Payaɣ safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna kelaɣ tɔlɩm yɔ se «Padparadja». Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtɔtɔyɩ. Ɛlɛ, nɖɩɩ pakɩlɩɣ ñɩnɩɣ.


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Tɔm ñʋŋ lɛɛŋ
Hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa, ɖɩnaɣ wondu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɔm ñʋŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ weyi paaɖʋ jw.org ɖɩbazɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Labɩnɩ tɔm ñʋŋ ɛnɩ nɛ videowaa mba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ŋcɛyɩsɩ tisuu ŋgʋ ŋwɛnɩ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ Bibl taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
ƖWƐƐ FEŊUU YƆƆ!
Soŋaɣ wɛɛ nɛ kakpaɣ ɖoŋ siŋŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ—Suwe Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ?
Wiɖiyi pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla se ɛyaa ɩɩtasɩɣ pɩzʋʋ nɛ pacaɣ wezuu tɛtʋ yɔɔ?
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Wondu wɛɛ nɛ tɩkpaɣ liidiye siŋŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ—Suwe Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ?
Ɛbɛ yɔɔ tɔsʋʋ sʋ kaɖɛ taa kpem mbʋ? Ɛzɩma Bibl pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ?
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Pɔtɔʋ malɩfanaa ɛyaa sukulinaa taa—Suwe Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ?
Ɛbɛ yɔɔ asɛyɩŋ ɩnɛ ɩlakɩ? Puuyaɣ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩkaɣ sɩʋ tɩnaɣ wiɖiyi?
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Ukrɛɛnɩ you yeba nɛ ñɔɔsɩ tɛzɩ saʋ miŋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ
Bibl kaayɔɔdaa se ñɔɔsɩ kaɣ lɩʋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɩhaɣ-ɖʋ lidaʋ nɛ kɩtasɩɣ-ɖʋ lɔŋ kɩbaŋ weyi ɩpɩzɩɣ ɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩlʋbɩnɩ-sɩ.
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COVID kʋdɔŋ kʋ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa 6—Suwe Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ?
Bibl kaayɔɔdaa se kʋdɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kaɣ lɩʋ, kɩhɛzɩɣ laŋa nɛ kɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩlʋbɩnɩ-ɩ, nɛ kɩwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ mbʋ pɩkaɣ yebu nɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ kpaagbaa sɩʋ yɔ.
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Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ nɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ you—Suwe Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ?
Cooci ñʋndɩnaa mba pɛwɛ ajɛɛ ana a-naalɛ a-taa yɔ, ɛzɩma pɛwɛɛ nɛ palakɩnɩ po-ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, pɩwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ mbʋ Yesu heyi ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa se pataala nɛ mbʋ ɛ-tɔm se pala yɔ.
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Kʋyʋʋ ɖʋyaa—Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa sakɩyɛ se Ukrɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa
Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ mbʋ piyeki nɛ ɛyaa ɖʋʋ kʋyʋʋ yɔ, nɛ mbʋ pɩkaɣ yebu nɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ cee wayɩ yɔ.
Rusii wobi Ukrɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ
Ye ɛɛɛ, ɛzɩ Bibl yɔɔdɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩkaɣ tɛmnʋʋ yɔ?
Ɛzɩ pɩtɩŋa pɩkaɣ pɩsʋʋ pi-ɖeɖe COVID kʋdɔŋ wayɩ? Ɛzɩma Bibl pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ COVID kʋdɔŋ yeba nɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩlɛɣzɩ ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ?
Bibl paɣtʋ kila loɖo pɩzɩɣ nɛ asɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana cee wayɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩlʋbɩnɩ mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩtalɩ-ɖʋ yɔ.
Pɩwɛɛ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ɛgbɛyɛ ɛɖʋ nɔɔ politiki tɔm taa?
Ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ mba payaɣ pa-tɩ se Yesu Krɩstʋ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa yɔ, paɖʋʋ pɔ-nɔsɩ politiki tɔm taa siŋŋ. Pɩmʋnaa se pala mbʋ?
Wiɖiyi Ɛyaa tɩŋa kaɣ wɛnʋʋ liidiye kɩmaŋ na?
Komina nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩcɔnɩ ɛyaa kɩcɛyɩm ɖeɖe ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ tɛtʋ yɔɔ camɩyɛ, ɛɖɩzɩ kʋñɔndʋtʋ caɣ caɣ nɛ kiyele nɛ paa weyi ɛwɛɛnɩ mbʋ pɩpɔzʋʋ-ɩ yɔ.
Wiɖiyi ɛtɛlɛmwaa lakasɩ kaɣ sɩʋ tɩnaɣ na?
Pʋcɔ nɛ sɔɔndʋ nɛ puuyaɣ lakasɩ pasɩɩ tɩnaɣ lɛ, Bibl lɔŋ tasʋʋ naalɛ sɩɣnɩ ɛyaa mba ɛtɛlɛmwaa lakasɩ tukunaa yɔ se pɔɖɔkɩ kpam.
Ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛm ñɔtaa? Ɛbɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛm mbʋ pɩ-tɔm Natʋ takayaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ pɩkɛna?
Paa Bibl ɛyɔɔdʋʋ se tɛtʋ kaɣ wɛʋ tam yɔ, pakaɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɩzʋʋ.
Kandɩyɩ ña-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ pataapeɣzi-ŋ nɛ cɛtɩm tɔm
Tɔm ndʋ tipeɣziɣ ɛyaa yɔ, cɛtɩm tɔm ndʋ ɛyaa yɛlɩɣna yɔ, nɛ tɔm kɩkpɛyɩtʋ wɩlɩtʋ tɔyaa nɛ halɩ tɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩkɔnɩ-ŋ kaɖɛ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɛ-ɛyʋ kʋsɔɔlʋ nɔɔyʋ sɩkɩ yɔ
Na lɔŋ tasʋʋ mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩsɩnɩ-ŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ŋwɛ kʋñɔwiye taa yɔ.
Ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋlʋbɩnɩ nɩɣzɛ wena kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ kɔŋna yɔ
Ye ɖɩtɩñaɣ pana siŋŋ yɔ, sɔɔlɩm mbʋ ɖɩɩwɛna se ɖɩɖɔŋ paɣtʋ ndʋ paɖʋwa se pakandɩyɩ ɖɔ-yɔɔ nɛ COVID ɛtaakpa-ɖʋ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩpasɩ.
Akaɣ tɛtʋ ñʋʋ yabʋ?
Lɔŋsɩnɖaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔdaa se ɛyaa lakasɩ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛɛkɩɣ wondu sakɩyɛ tɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩɖɛwa yɔ tɩ-taa nɛ halɩ piyeba nɛ lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩmʋkɩ.
Ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋlʋbɩnɩ kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛɖɛŋ
Ye kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛɖɛŋ etukuni-ŋ yɔ, ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋkandɩyɩ ñɔ-yɔɔ tomnaɣ yɔɔ, lɩmaɣza taa nɛ fezuu taa?
Ɛzɩma Bibl pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛlʋbɩnɩ nɩɣzɛ
Kaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba palʋkɩnɩ nɩɣzɛ yɔ, pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔɖɔʋ ɖɔʋ yɔɔ. Ye ŋwɛɛ nɛ ŋlʋkɩnɩ nɩɣzɛ yɔ, Bibl pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ-ŋ na?
Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩcaɣ wezuu ye ɖɩwɛ tanɩm taa yɔ?
Ye wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ŋwɛɛ yɔ tɩlɛɣzɩ kpɛlɩ nɛ ŋsʋʋ liidiye kʋñɔŋ taa yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔnɩ-ŋ nɩɣzɛ, ɛlɛ Bibl tasɩɣ-ŋ lɔŋ pɩlɩɩnɩ nɩŋgbanzɩ nzɩ pɩwɛɛ se ŋkpɛzɩ nɛ ŋcaɣ wezuu paa ŋfɛyɩnɩ liidiye sakɩyɛ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋɖɔkɩ ña-tɩ nɛ ŋtaakɩlɩɣ sʋlʋm ñɔʋ?
Nɩŋgbanzɩ kagbanzɩ nzɩ ŋpɩzɩɣ ŋkpɛzɩ nɛ ŋyele sʋlʋm kpaŋʋʋ paa ŋwɛ nɩɣzɛ taa yɔ.
Mba panazɩɣ-wɛ pa-ɖɩsɩ taa yɔ le papɩzɩɣ nɛ pehiɣ sɩnʋʋ?
Tɩlɩ se pɩtɩkɛ ñɔ-cɔlɔ pɩlɩnaa nɛ ŋfɛyɩ ñe-ɖeke.
Ye ŋwɛ ñe-ɖeke yɔ ɛbɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩsɩnɩ-ŋ?
Ye pɩlakɩ-ŋ ɛzɩ ŋwɛ ñe-ɖeke yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩlabɩ-ŋ ɛzɩ ŋŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋwɛɛnɩ lidaʋ, ŋhiɣ koboyaɣ nɛ laŋɩyɛ hɛzʋʋ—yaa we?
Calɩm tɩɖɔɔ kʋdɔŋ—Mbʋ pɩ-cɔlɔ kɩlɩɣna yɔ, kɩ-yʋsasɩ nɛ ɛzɩma pawaɣ-kʋ yɔ
Calɩm tɩɖɔɔ kʋdɔŋ? Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛfɛɛ-kʋ yaa pawaa-kʋ?
Hayɩ, tɔm ndʋ ŋlɩzaa yɔ nɛ ndʋ ŋñɩnɩɣ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ tɩta


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Ɛndɩyɔm
Ɛndɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 49 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ In. Ɛ-pɩlʊʊ kɔyɔ 13 nɛ e-lone kɔyɔ 5. Ɛndɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ caʊʊ nɛ ɛñɩɣlɩsɩɣ yɔ, Ɛsaɣ miŋ piŋ pʊcɔ eyoli, pɩɩtalɩɣ 156°C ɛtama yoluu, ɛɛpʊkɩ helim taa yem.
Pɩnaɣ 1940 alɩwaatʊ, ɛzɩma pataɣ ɛndɩyɔm wondu nɛ ɛlʊkɩna ɖɔɖɔ pʊɣʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖaa sɔɔjanaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Bruce Mahan kɛdɩɣ-ɖʊ se kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1970 wɛɛ taa mbʊ yɔ patalakɩ tʊmɩyɛ siŋ nɛ ɛndɩyɔm. Pʊkɔma pɩnzɩ 1980 lɛ, Encyclopedia Universalis kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa tisi se pana ɛndɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pasɩm-wɛ (papɩzɩɣ pala-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ). Wayi wayi ɛ-tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊnaʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa añɩɣnɩŋ sɔsɔŋ LCD, yeba nɛ ɛndɩyɔm kpa liidiye.
Ɛndɩyɔm, paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-sɛmɩŋ wɛ yuulecɛzʊʊ (latɛŋ cɔlɩɩ taa lɛ, indǐcum nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa lɛ, indium) miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ pamaɣzɩna, sɛmɩŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩwwɩlɩɣ tovonum se cɛŋga yuulee kpiɖi kpiɖi nɛ cɛŋga yuulee nakɛyɛ ŋñɩɩ kɛ ɛ-tɛ kɔtɩɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu taa, Ferdinand Reich nɛ Hieronimus Theodor Richter ñɩnɩna nɛ pana tɔm ndʊ pɩnaɣ 1863, ŋgʊ paaɖɩna takɩɣ zɩŋkɩ nɛ kwivri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna Freiberg tɛ sʊfɩrɩ pʊtʊ yɔɔ nɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ Robert Wilhelm Bunsen luba yɔɔ.
Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa, ɔrɩdɩnatɛrɩ naa, GPS tɩnaa, nesi taa kaŋgalafu naa, kɛlɛmɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ naa ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi ɛwɛna añɩnɩŋ LCD waa yɔ patɩŋga payɩ palɩ tɔɖɩɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 2000 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se ɖenɖe ɛnɩyɔm kaakpɩnda keeke keeke yɔ nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ pɩcaɣ kpɛɖɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ liidiye nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ paɖɩnɩ pɩsɩnaʊ kɔyɔ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ cɛyɩɣ pa-tɩ se papɩzɩ pañɩnɩ nɔmɔʊ weyi palɛzɩna yɔ.


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Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ, Pɛrɩsanɩ taa lɛ, فارسی yaa پارسی kɛ Iraŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ peeɖe (Pɛrɩsɩ) nɛ Afganistani (Afghanistan) nɛ Tajiikisitaŋ ajɛyɛ taa ɖende kɩ-kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Bahrein nɛ Azerbaijaŋ nɛ Iraŋ (Pɛrɩsɩ mba cɩkpema) nɛ Ruusii nɛ Uuzɩbékɩsɩtaŋ (Tajiiki mba cɩkpema). Kɩlɩna Indɩ-Iraŋ agbela taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ lɛ Indɩ Eerɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa.
Kʊnʊŋ kɩ-tɛ yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ laɖʊ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊɣ nɛ lakaɣ. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, pamaɣ Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Arabɩ nɛ Pɛrɩsanɩ tɛ masɩ, Arabɩ masɩ lɛɛzɩŋ ŋgʊ sɩ nɛ zɩ payaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ nɛ sɩ-wɛna tʊkaɣ nɛ ɖama kpaɣ tɔm cɔlʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ salasɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Kpaɣ Tajiikisitaŋ nɛ Ruusii nɛ Azerbaijaŋ nɛ pɩtalɩ Uzbɛkɩsɩtaŋ ɖenɖe papɩsɩ-kʊ Sɩlavɩ mba kʊnʊŋ, pamaɣ Tajiikɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Sɩlavɩ mba tɛ masɩ.
Payaɣ-kʊ se fārsi (فارسی) Iraŋ nɛ Afɩgaanɩsɩtaŋ ajɛyɛ taa mbʊ kɛnɛ Arabɩ wɛtʊ taa yatʊ Parɩsɩ taa. Arabɩ masɩ taa fɛyɩ abalɩ mayaɣ P, Parɩsɩ yatʊ kɛ egeetiye taa yatʊ kɩbɩndʊ ɛlɛ, kɩnɩyaa nabɛya ɖɩna-kʊ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Hazara nɛ Tajiiki (kɩ-kɛ Azii Hɛkʊ taa yɔɔdɔɣ nakɛyɛ) yaa Dari (Afgaanɩsɩtaŋ egeetiye taa yatʊ). Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ payaɣ se Pɛrɩsanofonɩ waa.
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊn kɛ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ Indɩ-Iraŋ liɖe taa Indɩ Eerɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ɖanɩ maʊ piliŋga ŋga kɛ-tɛ huuu nɛ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnɛʊ yɔ. Pɛrɩsanɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ (avestique nɛ achéménide pɛrɩsɩ) hɛkʊ pɛrɩsanɩ (pehlevi, parthe nɛ sassanide pɛrɩsɩ), nɔnɔ pɛrɩsanɩ (dari…).
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔɔzʊʊ masɩ naanza Arabɩ masɩ yɔ. Masɩ nzɩ sɩ-tɛ lɩna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ se nɔɔsɩ naanza nasɩyɛ lɩʊ Pɛrɩsanɩ yɔɔdɔɣ taa ɛlɛ, sɩ-fɛyɩ Arabɩ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛlɩnɛ cejewaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Payaɣ masɩ nzɩ se Pɛrso-Arabɩ masɩ.


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Lantanɩ
Lantanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 57 nɛ yʊssaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ La. Ɛha ɛ-hɩɖɛ lantanɩdɩ waa cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se lanthanein nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mɛlʊʊ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ lantanɩ kaamɛla sɛrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ yem ŋnɔɔ taa lɛ, lantanɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ. Lɩm yaa helim ɛɖɛna ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ.
Palɩ lantanɩ yɔɔ kɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ tɛtʊ taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ Johan Gadolin nɛ Andrers Gustaf Ekeberg pɩtɩŋna gadolinite nɛ euxénite pɔ-yɔɔ. Lantanɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩyʊ yɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɩcaʊ pɩnaɣ 1839 ɛlɛ Carl Gustf Mosander labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Palɩzɩɣ lantanɩ kɛ monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y) PO4) nɛ bastnäsite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)(CO3)F). Mbʊ papɩzɩɣ nɛ patʊʊ ɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lɛlaa yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ.
Ɛbɛɛ palakɩna-ɩ, lantanɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kaaʊ maakɩka ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, poluki-i pɩlɩna mischmétal yɔɔ, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ pesida yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ sɛrɩyɔm pɩtalɩ 55%, lantanɩ kɔyɔ 20%, nɛyɔdɩyɔm 15%, prasɛyɔdɩyɔm 5%, samarɩyɔm 1% ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɩnda pɩ-taa peeɖe.
Ɛkɛ seɣtiyu ñamasɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi paɖʊʊ ɛ-taa karasɩm yɔ, nɛ ɛfɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ pɩlatɩnɩ nɛ paladɩyɔm mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩma ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩtaa tɔlɩ ɛ-tɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ taa, mbʊ peheyuu-ɖʊ se ɖɩtaa feziɣ pɩ-tɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ fefekiŋ.


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Krowasii
Krowasii kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzɩʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe. Ajɛya wena acɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Silovenii, Sɛrɩbii, Pɔsɩnii-Hɛɛɖɩzigoovini nɛ Montenogroo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sagɛbi nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ taa ɖooo hasɩ yaɖɛ fɩyaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2013.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ krowati nɛ latɛŋ. Ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ, krowati. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 56 594 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ ɖɩnɛ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ 31 067 km2 yɔ.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛtʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 ŋga taa ɛlɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1992 ŋga taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ɖɔkʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lwayɩ nɛ wayɩ kʊnɛ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 225 316. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Kuna. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ ɛmaɣ +385 nɛ pʊcɔ ɛma weyi ɛcaɣ yaʊ yɔ ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafʊ mayaɣ. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović nɛ kewiyaɣ ñɩnʊ lɛ Andrej Plenković.


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Temokraasii
Tɔmbiye Temokraasii lɩna Krɛkɩ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa se dēmokratía, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se samaɣ tɩna kewiyaɣ. Tɔmbe naalɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ apɩsɩ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ. Kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ "dêmos", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "samaɣ". Naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ "krátos", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ɖoŋ" yaa kewiyaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ se "kratein", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ñazʋʋ".
Temokraasii kɛna politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔŋ se samaɣ tɩna kewiyaɣ, se pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖeke pʋwɛɛ se ɖɩɖɔkɩ kewiyaɣ. Toovenum lɛ, payaʋ yem se ɛyʋtʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ samaɣ mmi pahaɣ ɛyʋtʋ ndʋ.
Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ hiu nɛ loɖo dʋ, Ɖajaa Abraham Lincoln, tɔŋ se, "Temokraasii kɛ samaɣ tɩtɩŋɛ lɩzʋʋ ko-komina ka-tɩ yɔ. Etats Unis ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛnʋ, ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1860 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1865 ñɩŋga taa. Mbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ kewiyaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga tɔma se tɔmbiye Temokraasii kɛnaa. Pɩnaɣ 1958 ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ lɩzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa Fransɩ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɔtɔma mbʋ. Toovenum lɛ, tɔmpiye "Temokraasii" tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ.
Paa mbʋ yɔ, Temokraasii wɛnɩ tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɛna ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣza. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ keɣlee se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ tɔŋ ka-tɩ se, Temokraasii lɩmaɣzɛ yɔɔ kɔɖɔŋ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, tɔmbiye "Temokraasii" wɛɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkɛna se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ'lɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋnɩʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mayʋ Jean-Jacques Rousseau yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩnɩɣzɩna kewiyaɣ, pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ piciɣdi-kɛ. Ɛtɔŋ se Temokraasii kɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa sɔɔlɩm nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩkɛna ɛyaa tɩŋa sɔɔlɩm.
Mbʋ pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛɖɔkɩ yɔ kɛlɛ se, Temokraasii lɩmaɣzɛ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "monaaɖɩsii" yɔ. Monaaɖɩsii lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɔyɔ se, pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm ɖɔkʋna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se e-liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛɖɔkɩna-kɛ. Temokraasii wɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ politiiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɔŋ se pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyaa tikaɣ nakɛyɛ ɖeke ɛɖɔkɩna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ, se nɔɔfɛyɩ se esokuu pa-taa. Paa mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔ ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se Temokraasii wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ politiiki lɩmaɣzɛ lɛɛna ana, mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔdaa moonaaɖɩsi wɛna paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa. Weyi payaɣ se Karl Popper yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se Temokraasii kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "dictature" yaa "tyranie" yɔ po-koyindu. Mbʋ yɔ, Temokraasii yeki se samaɣ ɛcɔna mbʋ kewiyaɣ taa n̄ɩma lakɩ yɔ. Yee kewiyaɣ taa n̄ɩma ɛlakɩ nabʋyʋ nɛ pʋtɔcɔlɩ yɔ, Temokraasii haɣ waɖɛ samaɣ se kɔyɔɔdɩ nɛ pʋn̄ɔɔzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyaa ɛla heluhelu lakasɩ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ.
Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɖɔkʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖeke pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Temokraasii tɔm. Yee ɛyaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛsɔɔlaa se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla mbʋ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ, payaɣ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Temokraasii. Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ weyi payaɣ se Alexis de Tocqueville ɛn̄ɩɣ nesi kpem pɩkɩlɩna sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Paa agbeɣla ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa yaa paa tʋma cikpena yaa sɔsɔna wena a-taa yaa paa komina tʋma yaa tʋma wena ɛyaa tʋlɩ-yɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ a-taa, Temokraasii pɩzɩɣ kɩwɛɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋwɛɛ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa. Mulum nabʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʋ ɛna natʋyʋ nɛ tɩtɔcɔlɩ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa ɛyaa kʋɖʋmaa ɛwɛɛna nɔsɩ yɔɔ mbʋ paa ɖooye. Temokraasii sɔɔlaa se ɛyaa ɛcakɩ kewiya kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pakazɩɣ ɖama. Pʋwɛɛ se pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa yaa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ ɖɔkɩyaa yaa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa kɩfama.


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Wisikii
Wisikii pɩkɛ ɖama hɛkʊʊ taa hɩɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ. Pɩkɛ wezuu sʊlʊm mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ malɩtɩ tɩŋ pee wena pajata yɔ yaa wena a-taa fɛyɩ malɩtɩ yɔ. Wisikii ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ tɔmʊʊ kʊhɔmʊʊ kɛ Ekɔɔsɩ ɛyaa nɛ Irɩlandɩ ɛyaa pɛhɛkʊ taa. Paaweyi ɛlɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna canaʊ yɔ.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ, patana wisikii ŋgʊ nɛ ajɛyaa kɩfana taa kiŋ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Etaazuunii nɛ Kanadaa ajɛyɛ taa). Ɖooo kpaɖʊ 19 tɛ pazɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ tɔyɩ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ wayi wayi ajɛyaa kɩfanaa lɛɛna taa.
Wisikii kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ tɔmpiye ɖɩlɩna Keltiki kʊnʊŋ taa ndɩ uisge Ekɔɔsɩ kʊnʊŋ, uisce kɛ Irɩlandɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Tɔmpiye ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛʊ kɛlɛ se lɩm kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛ-taa, uisge beatha kɛ Ekɔɔsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ uisce beatha kɛ Irɩlandɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ se wezuu lɩm nɛ wisikii kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Payaɣ se wisikii lɛ, pɩkɛ Ekɔɔsɩ nɛ Kanadaa nɛ nippone pɛtɛ wonduu nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ndɩ kɛ Irɩlandɩ nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa.
Pɩlʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ nakʊyʊ lɩwa payaɣ-kʊ se blend wisikii kʊkʊ kɛ lɩm nɛ malɩtɩ pɛtɛ siduu se pɩwɛ leleŋ. Paɖʊʊ pee tɛ ŋgʊ lɛ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pee tɛ wisikii kɩlɩɣ nɛ tɔyʊʊ mbɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩtakɩlɩɣ liidiye. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔɔ wisikii pee tɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ yuŋ yɔɔ kɩsɔzʊʊ leleŋ ɛzɩ malɩtɩ yɔ. Wisikii ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ ñɔʊ ajɛyɛ taa.
Wisikii pee tɛ ŋgʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ mʊlʊm pee naayɛ (pile nɗ samɩɖɛ nɛ afʊwanɩ nɛ seigle) nɛ nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ malɩtɩ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ. Kʊyʊmbʊ pajatʊʊ-kʊ kɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊ nakʊyʊ taa. Wisikii ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ keeke nɛ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke kɛ blend waa ɖɩhɔkɩyɛ taa.
Sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yeke koŋ pɩzɩna ɖɩpɛdɩ pɩtɛ wonduu ndʊ pʊɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Wisikii k ;ke pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ nɛ kɩwɛna leleŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, tʊma sɔsɔna lɛɛna lakɩ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ tɛ wisikii.


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Peetiraa
Peetiraa kɛna naabateeyiiyɛ waa tɛtʋ nɛ pɩcɔ hooo hooo nɛ malɩŋ tɔm talɩɣ. Peetiraa kʋnɛ, kɩwɛna sɔnɔ Jɔrdanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Ɖooo kɩbɩnjazɩ wɛɛ taa kɛ paɣlɩza Peetiraa kʋnɛ kɛ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖʋ luutozo alɩwaatʋ taa.
Palɩza Peetiraa ŋgʋ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ krɩstʋ yaa pɩcɔYesu Krɩstʋ kɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Edomiiti waa lɩzana Peetiraa ŋgʋ. Nɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo n̄ɩŋgʋ taa lɛ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yaa Yeesu Krɩstʋ yaa pɩcɔ nɛ ɛkɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ lɛ, kɛ Naabateeyiiyɛ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋndɩna mʋʋ Peetiraa ŋgʋ.
Naabateeyiiyɛ waa mba palabɩna nɛ Peetiraa ŋgʋ kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛɣ nɛ patɩlɩ-ɖɩ nɛ samtʋ. Peetiraa hɩɖɛ sɛɣʋ nɛ kɩ-samtʋ tɩlɩtʋ ndʋ, tɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛnʋʋzɩ, wondu pɛdɩyaa cakaɣ habɛɛ yɔ kɛɖɛɖɛ cɛŋga tɩyɛ yɔ. Pɛpɛdaɣ tulaaliwaa, nɛ sɔzɩŋ kuzoku wondu, nɛ wondu lɛɣtʋ sakɩyɛ.
Ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Egipiti, nɛ Siirii, nɛ Arabi hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ŋgʋ, nɛ pɩtasɩna tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa ɛwadɩyɛ egeetiye, a-pɛdaɣ ɖɔɖɔ a-hɛkʋ taa wondu lɛɣtʋ sakɩyɛ. Peetiraa tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩkpaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ luutozo taa mbɩyɔ lɛ, papaza lɛɣzʋ kɩyɛkɩŋ habɛɛ.
Nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛzɩma ɛnʋ ɛzɩ tɛtʋ selaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩlakɩnɛ Peetiraa egeetiye yaa tɛtʋ taa samaɣ wɛɛ nɛ pakʋyʋ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ peseɣu tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔ. Pʋtɔbʋ size tɛtʋ seluu ɖɔɔnana samaɣ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Samaɣ ŋga kaawɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ yaa tɩ-kamasɩ yɔɔ yɔ, kaakpɛnda kudokiŋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ.
Sɔnɔ ɛsɛ kuliye alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɔsɔ Peetiraa tɛtʋ yɔ. Paɖaɣna tʋ n̄ɩnʋ nɛ pana-tʋ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ ɖajaa Jean Louis Burckhardt kɛ pɩnaɣe 1812 taa. Ɖajaa ɛnʋ, ɛkɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa losuyu wobuyu.


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Kɔɔrɩ
Kɔɔrɩ, pɩkɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩlakɩ nɛ hʋlʋtʋ kpɛndʋ ɖama taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ nɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋ taa. Kɔɔrɩ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna nɔɔ nɔ kɩfam cɛlʋʋ. Palɩza kʋ kpaɖʋ 19 taa kɛ kɔɔɖɩ mɔdɔya yɔ. Ɛ-wɛɖʋ taa keeke kɛlɛ ɛ-nɔɔ lakasɩ ɖeɖe. Ɛ-taa pɔʋ ŋgʋ pohuyu size pahosi heɣlim cɛlʋna wilitu kɩbandʋ leleŋ n̄ɩndʋ.
Nɛ tilitu yaa wilitu ndu tɩwɛ n̄ɩm ɖɔɖɔ siŋ camɩyɛ kɛ naŋgbaŋgʋ welesuu taa. Ɛ-tɛ kpekeduu ɖaala, nɛ pɩkɛna nɔsɩ yɔ cɛlʋʋ kpɛm. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩsɩna hʋlʋyʋ size ɛn̄ɔɔzɩ wiluu ŋgʋ ɛhʋʋlʋ nɛ kɩlɩɣʋ yɔ camɩyɛ. Peeɖe wonuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩtʋʋzʋ kʋhʋlʋʋ lɩʋ taa. Minziiki wonuu kʋnɛyɔ, kʋhʋlʋyʋ paya size nɔndɔʋ yayʋ yaa hʋlʋyʋ.
Paakpɛndʋ ɛna wendu teyu hɔʋ. Pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Teu nɛ hʋlʋʋ pifɛyɩ kɩmaŋ. Kɔɔrɩ kɩfalʋʋ yaa kɔɔrɩ kɩkpɛndʋ hʋlʋtʋ taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ sɛnfoniiki (symphoniques) taa, nɛ minziiki kɩkpɛndɩŋ yaa kpeekpe kikpeliŋ nʋmɩŋ tɛɛ kɩhʋlɩŋ taa. Nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ mʋsɩ tɩna loniye kɩpanɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋ camɩyɛ hʋlʋʋ size nɩʋ ɛwɛ leleŋ.
Nabʋyʋ taa nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pɔpɔzʋ kɔɔrɩ hʋlʋyʋ ɛnɛ ɛyɔ kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa minziiki waa ɖeɖe ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ, kɛlɛm kɛlɛm mɛndɛkɛ ɛyʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ nɔɔ maɣzʋʋ ɖeɖe. paakɩlɩɩ labɩnaʋ kɛ jazz ɖeɖe. Kɔɔɖɩ kʋnɛ,kʋ-nɔɔ taa ɖeɖe wɛ n̄ɩʋ nɛ pɩɖalɩ pɩsɩna kɩmaɣmaɣ kɩɖalakɩŋ.


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Kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ
Kpeziwɩlaɣ kɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ yɔ. Kɩlɩna ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ tɛ nɛ kɛɖɛʊ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ ɛyaa yɔ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩm ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ yɔ (OMS) tɛ wayɩ wayɩ pɩnaɣ tɛ tɔm lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩlɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ndʊ tɩlɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa yɔ, yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 1,5 sɩba nɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa. Pɩlɩna kedeŋga tɛlɛŋga yɔ lɛ, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tɛyɩtʊ wɩlʊʊ-ɖʊ se ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ taa wɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiŋ nakʊ (90 %).
Paa pawaɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm kpaɖa kʊñɔŋ ajɛyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ. Kɛdɛdaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ kinaŋ tɛ ɖama cɔlɔ caɣyɛ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩtalʊʊ nɛ matʊ kɩɩsɩŋgɩlɩtʊ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔnaa matʊ tɔɖɔɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩna VIH tɛ wɛʊ. Kʊ-tɔm kpaɖʊ yoŋ nɛ ñɔsɩ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se mbʊ pewiliɣ nɛ patakɩ nɛ pana nɛ pehiɣ kʊ-kɔyɛ hayʊʊ yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ yɔ.
Kɩ-kɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖalʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kɩkpaɣ ɛyaa nɛ kpɩnaa. Kpeziwɩlaɣ kɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩpɩnʊʊ ɛlɛ, kʊdɔmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ cɔlɔ lɛ, kpaɣɖʊ 19 palaba pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ kaawɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa natozo. Kɩ-kiɖe lɩna Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kiŋ nɛ pamazɩ se kɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe ɖɩlʊlɩyɛ. Pɩwɩlʊʊ se kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kpadɩyaa pɩkɩlɩ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-tɛ walʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tamsɩna kɩ-maɣmaɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1882 tɛzʊʊ taa, pɩlɩna Louis Pasteur tʊma labʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Robert Koch wɩlɩ keele kpeziwɩlaɣ tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ tɛ heŋ yɔ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1882 taa, pʊcɔ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩna nɛ takayaɣ Pɛrɩlɛɛ taa ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgbɛɛ kɛ ŋna pañɩnɩ nɛ patɩlɩ kpeziwɩlaɣ tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ haɖaʊ. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 esuusi Berliner klinische Wochenschrift taa kɛ tɔm taa tazʊʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɛkɔŋna ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ nakayɛ pana-kɛ ɛyʊ tɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ heŋ nɛ ndatʊ taa.
Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, Johann Lukas Schonlein kaalɛna labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye kpeziwɩlaɣ pɩnaɣ 1839. Kɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ heŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ hɩɖɛ taa kɛnɛ ndɩ yɔ toote (tubercule). Palabɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo kpaɣdʊ 17 taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ latɛŋ taa kɛ tuber tɔbʊʊ se canaʊ paɣlaka. Paasɩma kpeziwɩlaɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ se kɩzɩkʊʊ kʊlʊmʊ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kɩzɩkʊʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ nɛ kʊkʊwaɣ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.


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Iizilaam
Kutokoli n̄ɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ payaɣ se, Izilaam. Se, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ lɛ. Pɛ-Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ". Tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahome yɔ pama ka-taa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Mahomee kɛŋna lɔɔyaɣ tʋ weyi Ɛsɔ tiyi wayɩ nɛ wayɩ yɔ. Etiyi-i Aarabi tɛtʋ taa kpaɖʋʋ lʋbɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa. Payaɣ weyi ɛwɛ Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ se, kutokoli tʋ. Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ wɛna. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se, "tawhid". Eɖeke koŋ ɛ-tɛɛ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ eluŋ.
Kutokoli n̄ɩma sɔɔlaa se, pɛsɛɛ Ɛsɔ na Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋʋ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa Aɖam nɛ Nowee pɛsɛɣa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma n̄ɔtɔŋ se, Yeesu nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ lɔɔyasɩ tɩnaa taa nɔɔyʋ. Pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham sɛɣa. Payaɣ Abraham nɛ aarabɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se, Ibrahim. Pɔyɔɔdɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ, "Kooraɣ" taa hɔɔlasɩ 4 nɛ 5 nɛ 6 n̄ɩnzɩ taa se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ kɛŋna Ibrahim nʋmɔʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "Allah" sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ ɖeke koŋ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ ɛla. Ɖɩnaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ hɔɔlasɩ 7 nɛ 8 nɛ 9 pa-taa.
Pama hɔɔlaɣ 10 n̄ɩŋga taa se, Ɛsɔ yɔɔdɩna nɛ pama aŋgba Yuudaayism nɛ Krɩstiyaniism pa-takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi tɩŋa payɩ. Pɔyɔɔdɩ hɔɔlaɣ 11 taa se, pɛlɛɣsɩ kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔdaa nɛ pacalɩ maʋ yɔ. Ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "Suhuf-i-Ibrahim" ( pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tɔm ndʋ ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi ɛ-lɩmɖʋyʋ Abraham nɛ pama-tʋ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Takayasɩ nzɩ nzɩɩ yɔ, "Tawrat" ( Pentateuque yaa torah payaɣ ḿbʋ), "Zabnur", takayasɩ nzɩ Daaviidi nɛ Salomon pamawa yɔ. Sɩwɛ ɛzɩ Keɣsi takayasɩ yɔ. Payaɣ takayaɣ lɛɛka se, "Injil" (Laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔm).
Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ ŋga payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ" yɔ, ka-wayɩ lɛ, pama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahomee yɔɔdaa yɔ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa. Takayasɩ nzɩɩ payaɣ se, "hadiths". Ɛlɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ pilinzi lɛɛsɩ takpaɣ takayasɩ ńzɩ nɛ sɩyaa pʋyʋ. "Kooraɣ" nɛ "hadiths" takayasɩ yebina nɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Takayasɩ ńzɩ sɩ-taa paɣtʋ yɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma ɖɔŋ. Paɣtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "charia". Tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, paɣtʋ naalɛ lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ. Tʋtʋ lɛ, "ijma" nɛ "qiyas".
Pɩnaɣ 2010 n̄ɩŋga taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Pew Research Center" yɔ, ɖɩn̄ɩnaa nɛ ɖɩna se, ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa 1,6 wɛna Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 23,4 wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba wena an̄ɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ, Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ, ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism n̄ɩnɖɛ tɩŋ. Yuudaayism ŋgbɛyɛ cɩlɩna n̄ɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Krɩstiyaniism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔn̄ɔ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔɔ. Nabʋyʋ tamsa aŋgba ana a-naadozo, mbʋʋ lɛ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm deke koŋ tɔm ayɔɔdʋʋ, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham tɛ Ɛsɔ.
Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ wɛnɩ pilinz ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖi-piliŋa sɔsɔɔ payaɣ se, "Sunnism". Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ mba pɛwɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 80 yaa 85 wɛ "Sunnism" piliŋa taa. Piliŋa lɛɛka n̄ɛwɛɛ, kaka lɛ, "chiisme". Irakɩ nɛ Iranɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa piliŋa kanɛ kakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.


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Lɩm wadʊʊ
Lɩm wadʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lɩm sʊʊ ɛyaa yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Lɩm wadʊtʊ ndʊ, pɔyɔɔdʊ tɩ-tɔm lɛ pacaɣ se pawɩlɩ wɩlɩyʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ:
- Pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa lɩm wadʊ nɛ pɩsʊʊ ɛyaa yɔɔ yɔ.
- Lemeɣsi lɩm kpem kpeŋgʊ kpolo kpolo yɔ. Pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ nd,u pahayɩ tɩ-yɔ yaa ɖenɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩɩñɔʊ lɩm camɩyɛ yɔ.
- Pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lɩm wadʊ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ weyi ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ hʊyaa yɔ yaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ azuuma wɛʊ nɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ ɛɛtalʊ yɔ, pɩɖɩkɩ lɩm nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩkɛna mbʊ payaɣ se lɩm wadʊ yɔ. Pɩdɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩzʊ pɩlɩɩna kolonzi nzɩ pamaɣ se pɩɖɔkɩ lɩm yɔ sɩɖabɩna yaa lɔɔŋ weyi palazɩ-ɩ se mɛlɛna ɩɖɔŋ yɔ, ɩkɩlɩna sʊʊ nɛ ɩ-taa lɩm wadʊʊ.
- Lɩm wadʊ pɩzʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛna lɩɩna lɩm kañaɖaɣ.
- Teŋguna taa lɩm pizʊ pɩwadɩ nɛ pʊzʊ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ pɩcɔlɔ kpɛɛ yɔ.
- Lɩm wadʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ taa wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ŋtʊ tɩpɩzʊ tɩkɔna azɛʊ kɛ ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Kɩkɛna azɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlʊ kɔnaʊ kɛkpɛdasɩ yɔ. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1996 nɛ 2005 yɔ, kɛkpedasɩ nzɩ sɩlaba keteŋga kpeekp taa yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, nɛɛlɛ fɛyɩ mɩnɩʊ kɛŋna lɩm wadʊ kɛkpɛdasɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1973 nɛ 1997 taa lɩm wadʊ kɛkpɛdasɩ kɔna azɛŋ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔna ɛzɩ 66 yɔ. Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩna lɛ, pana se lɩm wadʊ kɛkpɛdasɩ pɩzʊ pʊkɔna ɛyaa nɛ pɛwɛɛkɩ ɛzɩ miliyariwaa ɛzɩ kutiku yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2010 nɛ 2050 yɔ.


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Yuudaayism
Yuuda n̄ɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se Yuudayism. Patɩlɩ Ɛsɔ tɩlʋʋ mbʋ nɛ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ pɔɖɔŋ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ palakɩ yɔ, pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɩkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Yuudayism. Yuuda samaɣ kɛ Izirɛɛlɩ piya liɖe taa n̄ɩma. Yuuda n̄ɩma mba pɛkɛ "orthodoxe" taa ɛyaa yɔ, ɛzɩ weyi payaɣ se Daaniyɛɛlɩ Boyarin mbʋ yɔ, ɛtɔŋ se Yuudayism tɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lidaʋ wɛnaʋ nabʋyʋ, ɛlɛ, pɩkɛ Izirɛɛlɩ n̄ɩma tɛ sɔnzɩ nɛ pa-lakasɩ lɛɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna piɖeke, Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ paɣtʋ taa natʋyʋ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɔ kaɖʋ Nɔɔ Haʋ ɛ nɛ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Nɔɔ Haʋ mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Izirɛɛlɛ cɔzɔnaa nɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma mba pɛkɛ pe-liɖe taa n̄ɩma yɔ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ kɛlɛ. Pɛwɛna paɣtʋ takayɩsɩ, nzɩɩ payaɣ se Tooraa nɛ Nevi'im nɛ Ketouvim. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ sɩkpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Taanaakɩ yaa Migra yaa Hebra n̄ɩma Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa yaa pɛ-tɛ Biibili. Ka-taa pama pa-paɣtʋ tɩŋɛ nɛ pe-lidaʋ ŋgʋ pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ kʋ-tɔm. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ ɖʋ Nɔɔ Haʋ mbʋ ɛ nɛ Mooyiizi pɛ-hɛkʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Yee mbʋ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ Yuuda n̄ɩma tɩŋnaa nɛ palɩzɩ Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɛsɔ cɛlɩ Mooyiizi paɣtʋ ndʋ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ pɔɖɔŋ.
Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ sɩma Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ Abrɩham tɛ Ɛsɔ, Iizaakɩ tɛ Ɛsɔ, Yaakɔɔbʋ tɛ Ɛsɔ. Paaleɣyi nɛ Ɛsɔ ɛnʋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yem. Ɛkɛ Maatɛŋ Ɛsɔ payaɣ-ɩ se "Yaave" (YHWH). Ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ Ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ tʋ, payaɣ-ɩ se "Elohim". Ɛnʋ kɩlɩna pɩtɩŋɛ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ kɩpaɣlaa taa KƖPAƔLƲ, payaɣ-ɩ se "Adonaï". Ɛkɛ kʋɖʋm koŋ, eɖeke ɛwɛna. Ɛkɛ Ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ tʋ. Ɛsɩma pɩtɩŋɛ. Natʋyʋ fɛyɩ-ɩ mɛsaɣ tɛɛ. Ɛwɛ siɣsiɣ nɛ ɛkɛ pʋdɔdɩyɛ nayʋ.
Pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖisusuu se ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ kpeɣli "Eloohim" cɔlɔ. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋɛ. Ɛnʋʋ lɛ kiɖeɖeu. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna Izirɛɛlɩ piya Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa.Yerusaalɛm Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ cɔjɔnaa lizaɣ Ɛsɔ kelizasɩ. Cɔjɔnaa mbaa payawaɣ se "Kohanim waa". Ɛlɛ, Yuuda n̄ɩma nabɛyɛ, Esseeni liɖe taa n̄ɩma kʋyaɣ cɔjɔnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɔhɔkɩ Ɛsɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ, ɛlɛ paɖaɣnɩ-kʋ kʋsʋʋ. Nabʋlɛ n̄ɔkʋʋ ɖeɖe Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma mɩzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe. Mbʋ yebina nɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe.
Izirɛɛlɩ samaɣ taa n̄ʋndɩnaa payaɣ se "rabbanim waa". Mba kpeɣlina nɛ pama pa-paɣtʋ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ. Ŋgaa payaɣ se "Talmud". Ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se "Karayisme" ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma n̄ekizi paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔm. Mba payaɣ paba se "Beta Izirɛɛlɩ waa" nɛ pɛwɛ Etiopii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, paba n̄aasɩŋ paɣtʋ takayaɣ ŋga.
Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ aŋgba wena alɛyɩ n̄ɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna yɔ a-taa. Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩma. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ. Yuuda n̄ɩma sɔnzɩ nɛ pɔ-tɔm yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Krɩstianism nɛ Iizilaam pɛ-aŋgbɛ n̄ɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Akɛ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɛ aŋgba. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ "Samaritanism" nɛ Zoroastrism" aŋgba n̄ɔn̄ɔ. "Zoroastrism" n̄ɛkɛ "Mazdéism" ŋgbɛyɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ.


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Bob Marley
Bob Marley (palʊla-ɩ Robert Nesta Marley cejewiye taa), palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 Nine Miles (Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa), nɛ ɛsɩbɩna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ Miami (Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa), ɛɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʊ, hendu lɩzɩyʊ, tɔm ɖɛzɩyʊ, hendu teɣyu nɛ ɛkɛ minziiki maɖʊ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkʊyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ ɛwaba siŋ, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe sɩma-ɩ nɛ pasaŋ-ɩ sakɩyɛ regee minziiki mabʊ taa. Ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ kasɛtɩ tatasɩ naa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe pɩtalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 200 mʊ yɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩyɔɔ. Ɖɩtɛma yɔɔdʊʊ se palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 ɛ-caa ɖɩɣa taa Bob Marley Rhoden Hall tʊ, pɩñɔtɩna Nine Miles kɛ Anne Kiɖeɖeu Krɩstʊ cɔjɔ kpaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa.
Bob Marley ɖooo kɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛɖʊʊ ɛ-tɛ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ-wala lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 18 yeke, ɛnʊ payaɣ Cedella Booker, ɛ-walʊ kɔyɔ Marley Booker (pɩnzɩ 1926 ŋtalɩ 2008), ɛ-caa kaakɛ anasaayɩ Ɛŋglɩsɩ tʊ kɛlɛ palʊ-ɩ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛnʊ payaɣ Norval Sinclair Marley (pɩnzɩ 1885 ŋtalɩ 1955) ɛlɛ lʊkaɣ se ɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja kɛ Royal Navy, kɛlɛ eyele ɛpɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma tɩnaa nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ hayɩm naa taa. Ɛtatɩlɩ ɛ-caa pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ wokaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ ɛcɔŋnaɣ ɛ-halʊ yɔɔ ɖeu nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa.
Ɛkʊyɩ e-evebiɖe kpa lɛ, Bob Marley tɩ yebu ɛ-haŋa ɛgeetiye nɛ ɛsʊʊ nɩnʊʊ taa Yudaa ɛyaa egeetiye naɖɩyɛ taa Trenchtown kɛ Kingston. Eyeba sukuli lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 yeke, kɛlɛ ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-ɛgbaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ Kingstone Neville Livingston ɛlɛ pɛɖɛyaɣ se Bunny Wailer, ɛɛsɩma-ɩ ɖooo pɩcatʊ ɛnɛ-ɩ peteɣana keɣsi hendu ndʊ naa pewelesaɣa raadiyoo naa taa yɔ Miami. Hendu tɣu Joe Higgs kpɛlɛkʊʊ-wɛ hendu teɣuu. Bob Marley yeɣ ɛ-kajalaɣ tataɣ Judge Not Ɛkpaɣ halʊ Rita Anderson lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1966 wayi lɛ, Bob Marley ɖoo pɔzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñaɖanɩ walʊ Jamayiki tʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ payaɣ Booker ɛɛwɛ Wilmington Delaware ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛlɛ ɛɖɛɛ ewolo e-ɖoo cɔlɔ peeɖe Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ.
Ɛtalaa lɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ Dupont akɔma ɖɩɣa taa, kɛlɛ eteyele e-hendu teuu tʊmɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ maʊʊ yɔɔ. Constantine Dream Walker ɛɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ. Pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1966. Eyele ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa tʊma mba ɖɩyaɣ-wɛ se rasɩta tɩnaa yɔ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ taa, papa ñakʊyɩ kpaka Jamaiyiki ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1930, kɛlɛ palɩzɩ pa nɛ Peter Tosh nɛ Bunny Livingston tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tɔm kɩbandʊʊ Wail'n Soul'm.
Ɛkpaɣʊʊ ɛ-halaa nɛ ɛlʊlɩ e-piyaa yɔ piyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa 11 nɛ sakɩyɛ tɩŋɩ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ. Piyaa nzɩ sɩ-hɩla yɔ kajalaɣ tʊ Sh, Sharon Marley palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1964 Rita lʊlɩna-ɩ, naalɛ tʊ Cedella Marley kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1967 Rita ɖɔɖɔ lʊlɩna-ɩ, David aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1968 Rita ñɩnʊ, Stephane ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1972 rita ñɩnʊ, Robert agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1972, Rohan agoza fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1972, palʊlɩ Rohan nɛ Janet Hunt agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1972, Karen pɩnaɣ 1973, Stephanie kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1974, Julian mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1975 ,e nɛ Lucy Pounder, Ky-Mani lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1976 ɛ nɛ Anita Belnavis, Damian palʊla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1978 ɛ nɛ Cindy Breakspeare.


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Kilimanjaroo pʋʋ wɛ Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Mbʋ payaɣ se "Fɔlɩkanɩ" yɔ pɩlabɩ peeye hɔɔlʋʋ taa tam naadozo nɛ pɩla pʋʋ ŋ́gʋ. Kɔɔnaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ laba wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ pɩkʋyɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 3 962 yɔ. Payaɣ-kʋ se "Sira". Kɩlɛlʋʋ n̄ala wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ kʋkʋ kʋyɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 5 149 yɔ. Payaɣ-kʋ se "Mawɛnzii".
Tʋŋ Kilimanjaroo pʋʋ ɛsɩntaa
Tozo n̄ɩŋgʋ n̄ala naalɛ mba paba tɛmɩ labʋ yɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Tozo n̄ɩgʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɩlɩna kʋyʋʋ. Kʋkʋyɩ ɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 5 891 yɔ. Payaɣ-kʋ se "kiboo". Ŋgʋ kɩlɩna kʋyʋʋ Afrɩka tɛtʋ kpeekpe taa. Ɖooo lɛ, tɛʋ nɩwaɣ nɛ ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna pʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ, lɛɛlɛɛyɔ tɩŋ keɖuu yem yem yeba nɛ tɛʋ ɛɛtazɩɣ kɩlʋʋ nɩʋ pʋʋ peeye. Wɩsɩ n̄akɩlɩɣ n̄aɣʋ nɛ tɛtʋ tɛzɩɣ miŋ saɣʋ. Piyebina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɛʋ ɛɛtasɩɣ nɩʋ nɛ ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna pʋɖɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1973 taa pɔcɔza laʋ nakʋyʋ peeye nɛ paatazɩɣ kɩ-taa tɩŋ keɖuu. Pɩwazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ awayɩ kpɩna cakɩ kɩ-taa kaalɛyɩtʋ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʋ yɔ, tɛʋ ɛɛtazɩɣ nɩʋ nɛ ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ yɔ.
Ɖenɖe tɔmpiye «kilimanjaaroo» lɩnaa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ̃nɩnɩɣ nɛ tɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʊ tɛtɛɛ lɩm wɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma mbʊ ki-soŋaɣ kɛwɛ ɖoo lɔŋ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩlɛɣzɩɣ lɛɛzʊʊ mbʊ evemiye taa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ki-soŋaɣ lɛɣzɩɣ lɛɛzʊ mbʊ lʊŋʊyɛ nɛ yolim yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ payaɣ se alɩpʊ (alpe) yɔ pɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa hukuu huuu mbʊ nɛ pɩɖɛʊna ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ yɔɔ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma palɩ kɩ-yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ̃nɩnʊʊ se ɖɩwaa kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ nɛ ndʊ pɔyɔɔdɩ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖooo caanaʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa tisuu yɔ nɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ palakɩ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kuduyiŋ weyi pasʊʊ ɛ-tɛɛ nɛ caanaʊ haɖaʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɔɖɔŋʊʊ nʊmɔʊ kɩɖaɣlʊʊ nɛ powoki pakpaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ ɖenɖe panaɣ-tʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Malebo
Malebo kɛna lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Koŋgo Pɔɔ kɛ-tɛ nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ kiŋ. Yee pakpaɣ ɛzɩ kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ kɔyɔ, Malebo lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kitibiŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 35 yɔ nɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ weyi ɛlɛ kaɣa yɔ ɛlɛ wɛ kilomɛtanaa 23; walanzɩ landammm taa lɛ, pɩkɩla ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 400.
Kɔŋgoo ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-natʊlɛ (Kɔŋgo Kinsasa nɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili) wɛ Malebo lɩngamʊʊ cemeŋje. Ɖooo lɛ payaɣa lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ se Nkundaa. Kɔŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ talɩ Kiisaŋganii nɛ kpɩyʊʊ lɛ, ɛpɩzʊ ɛtɩŋna Mbandaka nɛ Makanza. Lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Pamʊʊ. Malebo tɔbʊʊ se pɔʊ sɔsɔʊ. Peeɖe pɔŋ sɔsɔŋ kaawɛ nɛ ɩcɔɔ pɔsɩ nzɩ nɛ pɩta.


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Didier Drogba
Palʋla pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se, Didier Drogba yɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (11) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1978 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Abijan tɛtʋ taa. Didier Drogba makɩ pombo kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛkɛ pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se ɛwɛɛ ɖi-pombo maɖaa taa.
Didier Drogba paɣzɩ pombo mabʋ tʋmɩyɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Mans Union Club 72 » yɔ, ka-taa maɖaa taa Didier Drogba paɣzɩ e-pombo mabʋ.
Paɖʋ Didier Drogba pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Chelsea FC » yɔ ka-taa maɖaa taa pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa maɖaa mankpaɖaa waa taa nɔɔyʋ.
Didier Drogba mʋ pombo mabʋ nimiye kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2011 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 2012 ñɩŋa taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, Didier Drogba makaɣ pombo kɛ Ɛŋglisi ɛjaɖɛ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛɖɛɛ lɛ, mba peseɣtiɣ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa yɔ, pakpaɣ-ɩ se, ɛnʋ kɛŋna pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa tɩŋa taa. Pakpaɣ pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ Didier Drogba se ɛkɛ Afrɩka ajɛya tɩŋa payɩ taa pombo maɖaa kɩkpaɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Didier Drogba wɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2002 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2014. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, mba pɔcɔŋna nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ nɛ palɩzɩɣ pombo maɖaa yɔ, pakpaɣ Didier Drogba se ɛkɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ pombo maɖaa ñʋʋdʋ. Toovenum lɛ, Didier Drogba kɩlaɣna kpaɣla ɖʋzʋʋ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa tɩŋa payɩ taa


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Big Bang
Big Bang kɛna keteŋa paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊtʊɖɛ ndʊ lɔnsɩnɖɛ ñɩnɩya kpaɣ nɛ pañɩnɩna tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩnaa yɔ. Cacalaɣ taa lɛ Pɛlɩzɩ katolika-tʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Georges Lemaître yɔ ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna-tʊ maɣzɩɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1927. Ɛcalɩna yɔɔdɩɣ se tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kpeekpe naʊ mbʊ yɔ, pɩɩkɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pamɩzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ Amerika tɩnzɩ tɩlɩtʊ ñɩnɩyʊ weyi pa yaɣ-ɩ se Edwin Hubble ɛñɩɣʊ-tʊ yɔɔ nesi pɩnaɣ 1929 se ɛɛɛ mbʊ pɩlaba. Payaɣʊ se Big Bang yɔ kacalaɣ poombo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛna ɛzɩ woŋga pʊyʊ yɔ; nɛ aradiyo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se BBC yɔ, kɩ-taa kɛ pacala-tʊ nɩʊ pɩnaɣ 1950. Piritaaniiki-tʊ weyi pyayaɣ-ɩ se Fred Hoyle yɔ ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna-tʊ yɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe.
Ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ lɛ, Big Bang lɛ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm kɛ ñɩnɩɣ kpeekpe mbʊ pɩyɔɔdɩɣ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ wondu nɛ ɛyaa wɛtʊ yɔ. Nɛ pɛkɛtɩɣ kedeŋa ñɔʊ ɛzɩ pɩkɛna mbʊ pɩɩwɛ kʊŋgʊlʊm nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩyaɣ kpa nɛ pɩmɩzɩʊ kpɛdɛŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩlabʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miliyaaɖɩnaa 13,8 yɔ.
Payaɣ se Big Bang kpem nɛ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ yɔn pɩlɩna Ruusii ñɩnɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexandre Friedmann yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩ ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-nɔɔtaa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1922, pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ fayɩɩɩ pʊcɔ nɛ Georges Lemaître yɔɔdɩɣ-tʊ. Papaɣzɩ-tʊ ñɔɔdɩɣ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1965. Albert Einstein kɛ pɩɩwɛ se ɛtasɩ nesiñɩɣʊ pʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛ kpɛm se keteŋa wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kaɣlɛɣzɩɣʊ yem.


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Malɛɛzii
Malɛɛzii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Prueyi, Indoneezii nɛ Tayilandɩ. Pamaza Malɛɛzii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 329 750 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 30 417 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 86 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1957 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Malɛɛzii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Faris Petra nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Najib Razak.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ maalɛɛziyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kuwalaa Lumpuuri nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ komina tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Putrazaava. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +60 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rinziiti.


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Minesootaa
Minesootaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Wiskɔnsɛɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Takota nɛ hayu kiŋ nɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Iyowa yɔ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Minesoota nɛ Ontaariyo.
Pamaza Minesootaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 225 365 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ206 375 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 18 990 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se St Paul nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1858. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 303 925 yɔ.
Payaɣ Minesootaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Mark Dayton (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Amy Klobuchar (D) nɛ Tina Smith (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ ñaɖaɣna yaʋ size, n̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ yaa ñɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna lɛɣtʋ yaa lɔŋ kpɛm weyi ɛwazʋʋ yaa ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pʋlʋlɩ coo yaa kuu yɔ. Pɩkɛna taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size ɖɩla nɛ pɩyʋ huu yɔ. N̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ yekina nɛ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ samtʋ mʋna tʋ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖʋʋna hɩɖɛ yaa samtʋ kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩmayʋ.
Pamaa tɔm nɛ posusi tʋʋ lɛ, tɩhɩɖɛ kʋyʋʋ nɛ pasamtʋ poliŋ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔm mayaa ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivains" waa kɔyɔɔ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ size tɩlɩɩ nɛ tɩtɔyɩ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋʋ lɛ, pama tʋ takayaɣsɩ taa nɛ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ takayaɣsɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalɩna paa tɔm kalɩyʋ weyi lɛ.
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, pɩcɔ nɛ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ size ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu yaa kɩlabɩnaʋ fevere n̄ɩŋgʋ lɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ payɩ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔŋ tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size ɖɔnɛ yaa lɛɛzʋ mayaɣ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paya size "chaîne graphique". Pɩcɔ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔza size pama tɔm nɛ pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ takayɩ hatʋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Pama tɔm kɩkalɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ lakasɩ sɩnɛɛyɔ kɛ takayaɣ taa : takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ hɔkʋʋ (reliure) tɩyɛ. Tɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ tɩwɛ takayaɣsɩ kɩkalasɩ hatʋ kpiyuu (pliure) tɩyɛ. Matʋ natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke (brochure) tɩyɛ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp tɛ naalɛ you sɔsɔʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ, pɛlɛɛza hɩɖɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ
(imprimerie) nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size «industries graphiques».


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Jean Renoir
Jean Renoir kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa laɖʊ nɛ amʊʊza laɖʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, palʊla-ɩ Paarii salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1894 nɛ ɛsɩ Beverly Hills tɛtʊ taa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1979. Tɔlɩm tayʊ Auguste Renoir pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga lɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa kɔna lɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1930 ŋtalɩ 1950, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛɖaɣnɩ tʊlʊʊ nɔnɔ kɩfalaɣ lɛɛka tindimiye lɛɛɖɛ taa Fransɩɩ sɩnɩma hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Palʊla Jean Renoir pɩnaɣ 1894 kɛ Montmartre kooka taa, pɩkɛ pɩlʊʊ taa kuduyuu 6 ŋgʊ kɛ Girardon habɩyɛ yɔɔ mɩndʊ ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ ɛsɩnda. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Aline Charigot, ɛ-caa lɛzʊʊ, weyi Auguste Renoir kpaɣ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɔsɔ Ɛsɔ lɩm Jean Renoir pɩnaɣ 1896 kɛ Montmartre Pierre kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa.
Ɛ-halɩ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɔyɔ Jeanne Baudot nɛ abalɩ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɔyɔ Georges Durand-Ruel. E-sukuli taaɖɔmna-ɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-tɩ sʊzʊʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1912 wɛɛ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛpɩsɩ sɔɔjaa tɔyʊʊ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1914 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you paɣzʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔjanaa canɖaʊ naatozo ŋgʊ taa tɔyɩŋ tindimiye kajalaɣ ŋgʊ taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ you ñʊʊ tʊ yɔ Louis Bossut, you ñʊʊ tʊ Boëldieu lɛzʊʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1915 ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, ɛtɩŋna Alpe naa agbama hɛkʊ taa, Renoir ɛnʊ e-yuye mɔyɛ pɛlɩ pɩtɩŋna malɩfa pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paalɩ ɖoo taa yɛlɩ yɔ kɛ Orbey nɛ Alsace hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ kɩjɩkpʊʊ yaa naŋgbaŋa pɛlɩɣ mbʊ pɩtɩyɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ taɖɩyɛ tʊ e-fezuu caɣʊ kɩyakɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Ekizi se pata sɛtɩ ɛ-naŋgbaŋa ŋga ŋgʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ Laroyenne Lyon ñɩnʊ kaakɔma nɛ ɛpɩzaɣ se ɛlabɩ-kɛ tʊmɩyɛ, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔjana tɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɛ ɛtawɩɩna ɛ-tɛ kizitu ndʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1915 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, paasɩ-ɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɛ Besançon, ɛnɩɩ e-ɖoo sɩm kɛ Nice ɖɔkɔtɔ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtɩ kʊyɩ nɛ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɛ-caa cɔlɔ, Jean paɣzɩ sɩnɩma naa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, nɛ halɩ ɛlakɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩtalɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ kpɩtaʊ taa.
Pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ lone taa caɣʊ lɔŋ tasɩɣ yɔɔ lɛ, agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1940, ɛkʊyɩ tuda ɛ-tɛ cɔʊ taa (mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩza ɛla hɔɔlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊ yeke kɛnɛ, mbʊ pɩkaza ɛ-tabalʊ tanaʊ laɖʊ lɛlʊ Carl Koch) nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, pɩlɩna Robert Flaherty tʊma labʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Renoir takayaɣ ŋga pañɩɣ kɔyɔ niye nɛ kaha-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛla tʊmɩyɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛwɛ mɛlɛ taa lɛ, ɛna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ Antoine Saint-Exupéry tʊ weyi ɛnɛ-ɩ palaba tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ ŋga yɔɔ yɔ ŋga yɔ Ɛyaa tɛtʊ, ŋga pawɩ kɔ-tɔm yɔ.


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Fenezuyeelaa
Fenezuyeelaa kɛna Amerika nɛ ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ. Payaʊ se Fenezuyelaa yɔ, hɩɖɛ kɛ paɖʊ sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Simón Bolívar yɔ, nɛ pɩlɩna ɛtʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ lɛ, Antiiyi tɛ teŋgu wɛna nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kuyeenaa ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Pireezili yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele nɛ Kolɔmbii ñɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Karakasɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se karazim yɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pamaɣzɩ-pʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ paariiliwaa 297 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ Fenezuyeelaa kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ karazɩm yɔ.
Fenezuyeelaa wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖi payaɣ se ALBA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 2004 taa.


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Zeenɛɛvɩ
Zeenɛɛvɩ kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lemanɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ c ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ.Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Zuuriisi yɔ tɩ-waytɩ lɛ, ndʊ tɩŋgʊʊna. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ-tʊ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ lɛ:Karuuzi, kolɔñii, Lansii, Preñii, Femiyenɛ Feyiriye.
Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa kigalʊʊ ŋgʊ paakalaa yɔ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 202 132 yɔ, ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena payaɣ-yɛ se Foodi nɛ Ɛŋ yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa wɛʊ ɛzɩ kpaɣ 605 000 nɛ 946 000 yɔ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pʊkɔma lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2017 taa patasa ɛyaa kalɩʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ maalika taa ɖeke lɛ,ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 201 813.
Zeenɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 1 593 yaa 15,93 km2.
Zeenɛɛvɩ nɛ Niuyɔrɩkɩ pɛkŋna keteŋga kpeekpe yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ ɖeu yaa kɛtɛɖaɣ yɔ nɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ taa kpem kɛ pakɩla kediiasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ kpeyʊ pɛwɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ Zeenɛɛvɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Guillaume Barazzone.


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OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ
Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ naayɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se OTAN. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Atlantiki (Atlantique) pʋʋ nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Payaɣ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se « Atlantiki Nɔɔ haʋ ».
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa kɔyɔ se ɖɩkandɩ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya ana, a-taa sɔɔjanaa laba nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ palʋkɩ siŋŋ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa.
Pajala ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ lɛ, pasɩɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 taa nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa.
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ payaɣ se SHAPE. Pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ kajalɩ wɛʋ Rocquencout tɛtʋ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ, pɛkɛza kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Mons tɛtʋ taa. Mons tɛtʋ wɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya naayɛ calɩna ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ pâla kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ajɛya wena anɩna ɖama nɛ ala kedizaɣ ŋ́ga yɔ, anaa yɔ : Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Lukisambuuri ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya ana, alakaɣ a-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga lɛ, ayaa ajɛya naayɛ se alɛ iwolo pe-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ anɩɩ ndʋ pɔcɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ajɛya wena payaa yɔ, alɛ yɔ : Kanadaa nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Isɩlandɩ nɛ Nɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, anasaayɩnaa tɛtʋ taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ lɛɛna sʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ tɔsɔɔlɩ se aɖʋ a-nɔsɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa, pʋ-yɔɔ akezaa nɛ atɔsʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Otrisi, nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Irilandɩ nɛ Suyɛɛdɩ nɛ Suwiisi.


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Laɖɩyɛ
Laɖɩyɛ kɛ wonuu ŋgʋ palakɩna kʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ fɛlɛfɛlɛ hɔɔlaɣ yɔ. Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ n̄ɩɣɖɛ tɩyɛ. Ŋna laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ tɩyɛ. Kpoŋgbolo ɖaʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ patama laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size, nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, nɖɩ pafakɩna ɖasɩ nɛ pɛcɛsʋʋna kpaɣkpa ɖɔɖɔ. Palakɩna laɖɩyɛ nɛ you ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Powokina lakʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ laɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwazʋʋ ɛyʋ mbʋ kpem kɛ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ size pɔyɔɔdɩ.
Laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ miŋ ɖiziyaa kpaɣkʋʋ nɛ patʋlʋʋna kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ miŋ asɛɣyʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩ ɖolii lɛ yɔ.


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Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm
Afrɩka kɛ tɛtʋ wandamm. Ajɛya nɩɩnʋwa nɛ kagbaanzɩ wɛna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa.
Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ loɖo. Ɛlɛ, yee pɩkpɛndɩna hɔɔlɩŋ weyi lɩm wɛ ɛ-taa payɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa hɔɔlɩ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ (20). Yee pɩkpɛndɩna Afrɩka tɛ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kontiko nɛ pɩta yɔ, Afrɩka walanzɩ kɛ 30 415 873 km2.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm waa naalɛ ɖeke kɩlɩna walʋʋ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm. Afrɩka ɛyaa ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyaarɩ waa 1,2 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa ɖɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋna ɛyaa ɖɔʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 16,4 wɛ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa.
Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Meditɛɛranee teŋu nɛ Suwɛɛzɩ hɛŋa. Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ teŋu kɩsɛmʋʋ. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩna Ɛɛdɩ lɩŋamʋʋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩna Atɩlantiki teŋgu.
Mbʋ payaɣ se ekuwatɛɛrɩ yɔ, pɩtɩŋna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm hɛkʋ taa. Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa wɛ niikaɣ fɩnɩnɩ, hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ niikaɣ maɣna. Hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, soŋaɣ wɛɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, soŋaɣ maɣna.
Tɛʋ ɛɛnɩɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Afrɩka hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, tɛʋ nɩɣ pɩnaɣ mpilim taa fenasɩ loɖo ɖeke. Hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ, tɛʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩnɩɩ pɩtalɩ fanasɩ lutozo yaa hiu mbʋ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa.
Yee pɛtɛyɩ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ hiu (60) tɛtʋ fɛyɩ mʋzʋŋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛwɛ wɩlɩŋ. Tɔɔnasɩ ɛɛlakɩ camɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-taa. Paa mbʋ yɔ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wɛ mʋzʋŋ sakɩyɛ.
Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm wɛna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Mbʋ yebina Anasaayɩ naa huyuu-tʋ ɛzɩ hasɩ huyuu nandʋ yɔ. Halɩ pakʋma Afrɩka tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ se « Koboyaɣ tɛtʋ ». Laŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɛlɛ, tɩŋ tim nɛ tɩŋ kɩɩsɔʋ yeba nɛ laŋ paɣzɩ pasʋʋ pazɩ pazɩ Afrɩka tɛtʋ taa.
Ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyʋ calɩ wɛʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛyaa kɔɔ pɔtɔyɩ nɛ posu kedeŋa kpeekpe. Pɔtɔma se, ɛyʋ calɩʋ wɛʋ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ mbʋ yɔ.


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Hɩɖɛ (Sein)
Hɩɖɛ kɛna mbʊ pɩwɛ halʊ laŋgɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ hɩla wɛ naalɛ, nɛ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ taa kɛ añɔʊ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ hɩla wɛ naalɛ, nɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ ñɩna lɛ, aɖɛ naalɛ yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ taa kɛ hɩlɩm wɛɛ, nɛ hɩlɩm mbʊ, mbʊ halʊ calʊna ɛ-pɩɣa cɩɩɩ nɛ kɔkɔɔ kapɩɩ. Abalʊ laŋgɩyɛ taa hɩla wɛ naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ atapaɣlɩ ɛzɩ halʊ tɛ yɔ. Ɛyaa tɛ lɛ, paa halʊ yaa abalʊʊ yɔ, hɩɖɛ taa nɛ hɩlɩmɩnaɣ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩcatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ e-evebitu yaa ɛ-pɛlɛtʊ. Ɛlɛ halɩbʊwa ɖeke tɛ kɛ hɩla ana alɩ camɩyɛ.
Pɩlɩna ɖenɖe ɛpaɣzɩ ɛsɔtʊ naʊ yaa ɛpaɣzɩ fenaɣ lɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛnʊ ɛzɩ ɛcalʊ pɩɣa hɩlɩm yɔ. Halʊ hɩɖɛ nɔɔ taa pɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ fɩɩɩ fɩɩɩ nɛ peeɖe hɩlɩm lɩɣna nɛ pɩɣa mʊzʊʊ. Hɩɖɛ wɛm mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɛɛzʊʊ yem yem: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ halʊ naɣ fenaɣ yɔ lɛ yaa ɛpaɣzɩ ɛsɔtʊ naʊ lɛ, nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, soŋgaɣ yaa nɩkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ kpaagbaa taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩkʊyʊna-ɩ yɔ yaa ɛ-hɔɔ taa. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɩŋa tɩ-taa hɩla paɣlʊ nɛ ahɛɛ ɖoŋ pazɩ. Pɩɩsɩɣna se hɩɖɛ wazaɣ kɛlɛ se pɩɣa ɛmʊzɩ nɛ kapaɣlɩ nɛ kɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kpekpka.
Hɩla wɛna wazaɣ lɛɛka ɖɔɖɔ: hɩɖɛ kɛna mbʊ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩhɔ abalɩpɩɣa kɛ halɩbɩɣa cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ nabʊyʊ taa, paa halɩbɩɣa ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩma, ehikʊ walʊ nɛ ɛwalɩ. Kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ kɩɩlanɩ hɩlaa ɖeu: ŋgʊ payaɣ se pɩcɛɛɣɖɛ kʊdɔŋ yɔ.


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Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ kajalaɣ (1) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1926 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Los Angeles. Ɖoɖoo Marilyn Monroe ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba Los Angeles egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Marilyn Monroe kɛ lakɩyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Amerika nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Eteu ɖɔɖɔ wendu pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ naʋ.
Amerika ɛjaɖɛ halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, eteu wendu ɛzɩ ɔgɔlɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛ-nɔɔ taa wɛ leleŋ pɩfɛyɩ pɔyɔɔdɩ. Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛsɔɔla aleɣya pɩtatɩfɛyɩ naʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɛkɩlaa lʋbʋʋ kpeɖem ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa..


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Ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔŋ (maladie cardio-vasculaire)
Ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ kɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛkpaɣ hɔyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye kɛlɛʊ kɛlɛ se ñamɩyɛ calʊʊ calɩm hoka kʊdɔŋ, ŋgʊ tɩna laŋgɩyɛ taa wɩzasɩ kʊdɔŋ yaa ɖɔɖɔ kaɖɩtʊ kʊɖɔmɩŋ.
Kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛkɩlɩɣ kpaʊ ɛyaa panɛyɔ, nesi tɛ tʊmaɣ laɖaa nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ lonaa taa ɛyaa mba paafezɩɣ heelim kɩbam yɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba pakɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ yɔ. Pɛ-tɛ tɩlasɩ kɩkpaɖasɩ pɩnaɣ taa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ (ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʊ yɔ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20 tɛmtʊ taa kɛ Nord-pas-de-Calais nɛ Alsace hɔɔlɩŋ taa, ageetaa naalɛ kɩkɩlɩɣ kpaʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋga taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩcɛɣdɛ kʊdɔŋ. Kʊdɔŋ kɩwɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛhaɣ ɛyʊ alɩwaatʊ se ɛ-kɩyakɩŋ ɛɖalɩɣ yɔ ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna se halɩpiyaa sakɩyɛ ɛpɩsɩɣ kɩmɛlɩmɩŋ.
Kʊdɔŋ kɩ-taɣnɛ Fransii ɛjaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊkʊ ɛyaa kpanɖaŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ naalɛ ŋgʊ kɛ pɩcɛɣɖɛ wayɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɩlɩɣ kʊʊ abalaa yɔ nɛ kajalaɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋngʊ kɩ-kɩlɩɣ kʊʊ halaa yɔ (pɩnaɣ 2008 wɩlɩɣ taa lɛ). Eerɔpʊ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yɔ (ɖɩkpaɣ akpadɩyaa pɩnzɩ 75 tɩna kɔyɔ, ɛyaa naatozo yɔ lɛ, kʊyʊm sɩkɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ).
Kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya ñɩnʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ ndɩ payaɣ se OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tɛ akɔnta labʊ taa yɔ ɖɩtɔŋ se ɛyaa 1/3 tɛ sɩm lɩnɛ ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ cɔlɔ pɩlɩna. Pʊtʊnaa mba peyekaɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ ɛyaa yɔ tɛ pasʊʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa ɖoŋ sɩnaa nɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩpasɩ nɛ pɩɖaŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩm Etaazuuni ajɛyɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1980 nɛ 2000 taa. Ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa 1/3 tɛ sɩm lɩna ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hoka kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ. Ɛyaa 1/5 tɛ sɩm lɩna ñamɩyɛ calʊʊ calɩm hoka cɔlɔ. Ɛyaa 1/8 tɛ sɩm lɩna laŋgɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ (pɩnaɣ 2005 wɩlɩyɛ).
Yee sɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ kaawɛ nɛ pasɩna ɛyaa kajalaɣ wɩzasɩ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩmazaɣ se ɛyaa taakɩlɩɣ sɩbʊʊ pʊɖɔɔ. Mbʊ piyeki nɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ sɩbʊʊ nɛ ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊɖɔŋ yɔ mbʊ yɔ, hosaɣ lɩm kɩ-kɩlɩm ɖɔʊ nɛ calɩm kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa nɛ sikiri hɩm kʊdɔŋ nɛ yuŋ kɩkɩlɩm nɛ taba kʊyɔɔ paa kakʊʊ yaa kaakʊʊ.
Ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm kʊdɔmɩŋ lɩna wɛtʊ naa mba ɖɩtɛm pɔtɔm yɔɔdʊʊ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔŋna tɩlasɩ siŋ lʊlʊʊ taa ɖɛzɩtʊ nɛ tomnaɣ kiɖe num tʊmɩyɛ tɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Piyeki nɛ pɩkpazɩɣ ɖoŋ sakɩyɛ calɩm hoka kɩmabaɣ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se paɖanɩ ciiduu nɛ pɔcɔlɩ calɩm hosi kɩfasɩ.


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Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner kɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlaba ɛyʊ fitenum sukuli yɔ ɛkɛ mazɩyʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ivan Pavlove tʊma kaañaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ piŋ ɛ nɛ John Watson. Palʊla Sinner pɩnaɣ 1904 Pennsylvani kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛmʊ sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ yɔ lɛ kɛ Hamilton College taa Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1926 lɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛtɛzʊʊ ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ sukuli kɛ Harvard sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, peeɖe ɛmʊ ɛyʊ fetenum kpɛlɛkʊʊ takayaɣ sɔsɔ pɩnaɣ 1931. Peeɖe ɛcaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ ŋga 1936 ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɛwɩlɩ sukuli Minnesota sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, ɛpɩsɩ peeɖe sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa takʊʊ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ kɛ Indiana sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1945.
Ɛpɩsɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1948, nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ ɛyʊ fitenum tɔm camɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ halɩ ɛkɔɔ ewolo hɛzʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛsɩpɩna calɩm pɩcɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1990. Pepimi-ɩ Mount Auburn pɩlaŋ yɔɔ. Burrhus Frederic Skinner kɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlaba ɛyʊ fitenum sukuli yɔ ɛkɛ mazɩyʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ivan Pavlove tʊma kaañaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ piŋ ɛ nɛ John Watson.


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Kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ
Kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ. Kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ tpίYwvoς / trígonos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ tɛ, nɛ uέtpov / métron, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ mazɩtʊ) pɩkɛ tʊʊzʊʊ piliŋa nakayɛ ŋga kalakɩ kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ tɛ ɖalakɩŋ nɛ nɛ kɔlɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ tɛ pilinzi mazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ mɔɔyɛ kujomuu, kɔsɩnɩsɩ nɛ kɔlɔmʊʊ tɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm tukunayʊ. Kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ lɩ ɖooo Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ ɛyaa cɔlɔ, Mesopotami nɛ Indus fɛɛʊ taa, pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 4000 mbʊ yɔ.
Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Babilione ɛyaa sɩ kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ ñʊŋ kɩkalɩŋ tɩyɛ kɛlɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɛna kiɖe. Lagadha (ca -1350 ; ca -1200) kaakɛna kajalaɣ tʊʊzʊʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛpaɣza siŋ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe nɛ panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm kɩmamatʊ natʊyʊ, kɔyɔ sakɩyɛ taa ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ se ɛ-tʊma taa lɛɛna leba, kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ Vedanga Jyotisha ɖaɣnɩ-ɖʊ pɩsʊʊ.
Tɩyɩnzɩ nɛ tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Hipparque Nicée tʊ ɛkɛ krɛkɩ tʊ (pɩnzɩ -190 ; -120) labɩna kajalaɣ kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ kpata nɛ pɩcaɣ ɛzɩ taabɩlɩ nɩma yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, Hipparque taabɩlɩ naa tatalɩ ɖɔ-cɔlɔ mbʊ lɛ krɛkɩ ɛyaa yeke sɩmna Ptolemee waa tɔm kɛlɛ mba susina tɩ-tɔm kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 150 cɔlɔ, pɩ nɛ pɩmatʊ laɣsɩ kɛ Almageste taa.
Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ tɔm paza kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 14 ŋgʊ hɛkʊ taa, papazɩna palɩzɩɣ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ Ptolemee tɔm yɔ. Kajalaɣ ñɩmba yɔ Georg von Purbach nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ e-sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ Regiomontanus. Pʊwayi yɔ kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 16 pazɩyɛ wɛɛ taa Oronce Finé, Pedro Nunes nɛ Joachim Rheticus. Silisi tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Bartholomäus Pitiscus susa kɔlɔmɩŋ naadozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ pɩnaɣ 1595 nɛ takayaɣ ka-ñʊʊ kiɖe tɔm kɔyɔ se Trigonometria.


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Bashō Matsuo
Matsuo Bashō kɛ Sapɔŋ tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Matsuo Bashō ɛnʋ pɩnaɣ 1644 n̄ɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa Matsuo Bashō ɛnʋ yɔ, payaɣ size Iga-Ueno.
Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Matsuo Bashō sɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Sapɔŋ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Ōsaka. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ size Bashō yɔ. Hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ, nɖɩ-ɩ pakɩla-ɩ yaʋ ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tʋbʋʋ kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size "ɛyabɩyɛ tɩʋ".
Ɖajaa sʋsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ tɛtʋ taa.
Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa koosi maɖaa naanaza sɔsaɣ hɩla kɔ yɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Bashō, nɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Buson, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Issa, nɛ pɩtɛmna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Shiki. Koosi maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛna-ɩ palʋkaɣna ɖama yɔ, ɛlɛ hɩɖɛ lɛ Akira Kisaï.


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Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ
Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ kɛna Afrika hɛkʊ n ɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ: lɛɛkʊ kɛ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ nɛ lɛɛkʊ lɛ lɩm cʊ-kʊ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊ wɛ Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ñɛwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Piyoka nɛ Anoobonɩ yɔ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa.
Nabayɛ maɣ Kiinee-Ekuwatooriyalɩ ne paahɛʊ cɩŋga hɩla naalɛ ana ahɛkʊ taa. pamaɣ yerm se: Kiinee ekuwatooriyalɩ. Nabʊlɛ lɛ paamaɣna mayaɣ sɔsɔwa se pɩwɩlɩ se se pɩkɛna Hiɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ. Fransɩ cɔnaɣ nɛ ɛna mbʊ lɛ ɛtɔ se pɩfɛyɩ ɖɛu kɛ mbʊ nɛ ɛtɔ se pataama se: Kiinee ekʊwatooriyalɩ yem mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se paña ŋe pama nɛ pɛhɛɛ cɩŋga hɩla ana ahɛkʊ taa nɛ pamana ɖɔɖɔ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa mbʊ see: Kiinee-Ekʊwatoriyalɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtaatɩɩ wɛtaa ɖɩt-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ Kiinee ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ.
Yee pɩwɛɛ se pɔyɔɔdɩ Kiinee-Ekʊwatoriyalɩ caanaʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kɔyɔ, kɩhɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm kpem kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ: kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛ Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ ŋgʊ lɩm cɔ-kʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ. Pɔcɔnaa lɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 8000 pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yesu lɛ lɩm cɔ Kiinee tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩɩtama nɛ ɖama nɛ pɩcɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɩm wadɩ-tʊ nɛ pɩtɛyɩ ɖama.Pañɩnaa nɛ pana se ɛyaa kɑwɛ Musumuu taa kɛ pɩnzɩ 30000 taa pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yesu. Pɩtasɩ lɛ pana kpankuɖum waa naŋgbansɩ kɛ Paataa nɛ Riyoo Muuni kɛ pɩnzɩ 3000 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pana nama yaa pɛ wena pasaɣ yɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa.
Piyoko tɔm ñɛwɛna ndɩ kpem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa kaɣ peeɖe tɔm lɛɣzɩɣ pazɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa pañɩna nɛ pana se peeɖe tɛtɛɛ ñɩm yaa kaaŋ wɛ naputozo taa nɛ weyi ɛna mbʊ yɔ ɛkɛ Ɛsipañɔɔlɩ eɨaɖɛ taa tʊ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Piyokoo taa pʊʊ-taa ñɩmba nabɛyɛ kaacaɣ pɩnzɩ 3500 taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yesu ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ ɛwɩlʊ se tovonim yaa pɛcɛtɩɣ tɔm ndʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa mba pekpeela Timbaabe yɔ pawayɩ lɛ; nabayɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ; pa-taa kɔyɔ: Karbonera, Polawʊpi, Puyela nɛ Palombe. Ɛlɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ tɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ taa tɔm natʊyʊ.
Kiinee-Ekuwatoriyalɩ hɔɔlʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa tatɩɩñɩnɩta nɛ pana nabʊyʊ ɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ se paapɩɩla wee yɔ peeɖe nɛ Kamerunɩ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Liibeɖevili pɔ-tɔm lɩɣ ɖama.


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Tiibaa
Tiibaa kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ size kɩwɛɛ hɔʋʋ yaa kɩhɔʋʋ kɛlɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ. Ɛsɩma ɛnʋzɩ ɛ-saɣʋʋ wɛ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛ-kɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ cikpeluu tʋ. Tom piye tiibaa ɖɩnɛ, ɖikiɖe keɣke lɩna Laatɩnɩ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Wɛɛ wɛɛ ɖoomuu n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɛ, tiibaa kaɣkɛ ŋgandɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ siŋŋ.
Ŋna-ɖɩ ndɔ, ŋna size ɖɩ-kotaa. Nɛ palakɩna-ɖɩ kpem yaa pa-hʋlʋʋ ɖɩ-kpem kɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlʋʋ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ hɩla ɖɩmayɛ ɖɩɖʋyɛ tɛ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, «tiibaa» wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, ki-kpeluu kɩ-taa kɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ soo wonduu ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɛlɛ tɩ-wɛna tʋkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩɣna tʋ camɩyɛ, yaa papazɩɣ pasɩŋ-tʋ lɔŋ tɩ-mabʋʋ taa yaa tɩ-tɛyɩtʋ taa. Yʋsaɣ keɣleee naʋʋ kɩjaʋ yɔɔ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ kpɩtɩna labʋtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taatɩ caɣʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ. Tiibaa lubutu lɩna yekuyu nɔɔyʋʋ cɔlɔ. Wɛtʋ lɛɛɣzɩtʋ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, wonuu kʋnɛ kɩ-hɔʋʋ kwivri kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpaɖʋ 19 kʋnɛ taa.
Pɩ-kpaʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1835 taa lɛ, ɖa-caa Wieprecht, weyi ɛ-kɛkɛ minziiki wondu tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ cɔnayʋ sʋsɔ kɛ Prussie ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛpɔzaɣ tamaɣ lɩzʋyʋ caama tʋ ɖa-caa sʋsɔ Johann Gottfried Moritz size ɛlabɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩ.
Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ size ɛcɔlɩ minziiki wondu ndʋ palaba kuwiviɖi yɔ camɩyɛ pa ndʋ lɛ ti-wilitu yaa ti-tilitu taa. Nɛ paɣ pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, paɣbɩzɩ pɛwɛna tʋkaɣ kɩpaŋga nakayɩ kɛ wilitu yaa tilitu taa. Nɛ tɩ-tɛ tɩ-wɛna ɖɔɖɔ matʋ kʋyʋmtʋ tɩ-kɛnayʋ taa.
Hɔlʋʋ lɛɣkʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ se sʋsɔ ɖa-caa W. Schuster ɛ-cɔlɩ pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ 1835 mbɩyɔ kɛ tiibaa ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɔŋgɔŋ cikpeŋ naadozo yɔ. Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size soo wondu luɖu wɛna wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-pɩzɩɣ tɩsɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lubutu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.


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Sʊyɛdɩ
Suyɛdɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ nɛ haayʊ kiŋ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Sikandinavi yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sitɔkɩholom nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Sʊyɛdiwaa.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩzɩ kamaɣ nɛ Fɛlandɩ piyele nɛ wɩszɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Nɔrɩvɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ, pɩzaaʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ Tanimarikɩ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Laponiwaa yɔ mba wɛna peeɖe. Samwaa kɛŋna Sikandinavi taa mba pacalɩ caaʊ yɔ.
Sʊyɛdɩ wɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ paya se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1995. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ kagbaanznɩ nɖɩ wena akɩla walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaaagbaba 449 964. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walanzɩ Erɔpɩ taa yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Rusi, pɩwayɩ lɛ Ukirɛnɩ, Fransɩ, Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Sʊyɛdɩ tɩŋ awayɩ.
Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Urban Ahlin nɛ komina ñɩnʊ yɔ Stefan Löfven. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ kamɩŋ fena 30 pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ miloyɔɔnaa 9 845 155.


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Njamena
Njamena kɛna Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna sɩŋŋŋ wɛɛ. Pɛeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tʊsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩla wɛʊ.
Tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ pɩkɩlɩna kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2009. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ you hɛ Caadɩ tɛtʊ taa. Paa ɛzɩ you ɛɛhɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ pɩɩhaɣ-ɖɩ waɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ se ɖɩla mbʊ ɖɩsɔɔlaa yɔ, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ajɛya wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ ata yɔ a-taa ɖieu ɖiu caaɣʊ fɛyɩ.
Ɛyaa nabɛyɩ wɛɛ nɛ pesidɩɣ ɛyaa ñʊŋ taa nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se Pokoo Haram. Pɩtaakɛ mbʊ yɔ Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ kaapɩzaa se kɩpɛdɩ camɩyɛ kɩ-kpɩna pɩkɩlɩna Niizeriya mba yaa kɩla tʊma wena Caadɩ lɩm fɛɛʊ haɣ-wɛ yɔ: haɖaʊ, ɖɔɖɛ nɛ karazɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ peeɖe yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Njamena tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyʊ hɛzʊʊ yɔ yaa ɖɩhɛzɩyɛ lone.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1911 lɛ, ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 4 000. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 1 092 066. Njamena tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ kʊñɔmɩŋ nɩyɛ cabɩ: laatiriki miŋ wɛ kaɖɛ pazɩ, ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ hʊʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, efebiya nɛ pɛlaa peseeɣ pʊŋ taa yaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ powoki pacakɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Ɛyaa mba powoba peeɖe mbʊ yɔ, pa-taa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩnaa tʊma nɛ haba nɔsɩ pahɩnɩʊ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyaa tosu yem, papaaza tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩlɩɣ ɖɩ-kɩma wena ɖɩɩwɛna yɔ a-taa.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Njamena tɛtʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Tuuluuzi (Fransɩɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1988) Marisɛɛyɩ (Fransɩɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1989).
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɔm wɛna ndɩ kpem nɛ lɛɛna: ɖɩɖʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣna maalikanaa nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa, ɛnʊ lɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ zeneralɩ Hachim Haroun Deby (2016). Payaɣ njamena maalika nɔɔ yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Ali Haroun (2013- ).


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John Ford
John Ford, weyi palʊla-ɩ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ lʊlʊʊ takayaɣ lɛ paya-ɩ se John Martin Feeney. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ hendʊ teu tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ tɩ-lɩzɩyʊ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1894 Cape Elizabeth pɩcɔtɩna Portland (Maine tɛtʊ taa) nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1973 Palm Desert (Califormie). Ɛmʊ niye laɖa ta mbʊ lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩ-tɛ kɩhɛyʊʊ tam nabʊnza.
Pasɩma kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlakɩ kʊñʊŋ piŋ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa sakɩyɛ leba yaa natozo yɔɔ lɛ, kʊyʊm mbilim fɛyɩ. Pada lɛɛkʊ Upstream (pɩnaɣ 1927) paamaza se kileba ɛlɛ kitele, pʊwayi lɛ, pɔkɔɔ pana-kʊ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2010.
John Feeney, weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ John Ford yɔ palʊla-ɩ Irlandi caɣyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa tɛ kaakɛ nɛ An Spidéal kiŋ Galway ajɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo tɛ Aran lɩm cɔ ajɛyɛ wena nɛ pɩta yɔ ataa kiŋ. John kɛ tɩnʊʊ kɛ piya hiu nɛ kʊyʊm hɛkʊ taa ɛlɛ pada natozo sɩba cɩɩɩ cɩɩɩ, nɛ naalɛ ñasɩ lɛ pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pazɩ pazɩ yem nɛ piya kʊdɔmɩŋ. Ɛ-caa kaatɛma kɛʊ kpagbasɩ kpayʊ nɛ lakʊ taa ɛyʊ wayi lɛ, ɛkʊyɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ Amerika tʊ pɩnaɣ 1878 yaa 1880. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlɩ Portland speakeasy pɩnaɣ 1897 ɖenɖe Irlandi ɛyaa samaɣ kpeɣluu peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1914, John Martin ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Maine sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ wiɖii etowolo kɩ-taa kpa nɛ ɛna. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊʊ Francis kaawɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊna-ɩ Hollywood tɔm. John Martin kpaɣ maɣzɩm mbʊ se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa. Pʊkɔma hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa lɛ, ewolo Hollywood nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ. Pʊwaza kɛlɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ sɩnɩma tʊma wena ɛ-ɖalʊʊ lakaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba ɛ-ɖalʊʊ teɣa nɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ.
Ɛkatɩ pɛlɔ Mary McBryde Smith tʊ ɛ-tɛ Ilandi Ecossais kiŋ, weyi ɛkɔma ɛkpaɣ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1920. Thomas More pɩɣa kɛlɛ ɛlɛ kɛ politiki ɛyʊ. Ɛ-nɛ ɛ-walʊ paya ɖama nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, hɔʊ kʊkɔɔ kɩɖanɩɣ ɖɔkʊʊ nisi cɔɔcɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1941, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ sɩba yɔ. Pɛwɛna piya naalɛ, Patrick Michael palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1921 nɛ Barbara palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1922.


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Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ wandamm
Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm tɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ. Amerika nɛ hayi wɛɛ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ ñɛwɛɛ.
Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʋʋ cɩnɛ. Lɩŋamɩŋ cɔ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ pɩta. Ɖɩnaɣ Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Amerika nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Piyele nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩ-hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩna Arɩtiki teŋgu. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Atlantique teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Amerika hɛkʋ tɛ tɛtʋ tɔnaɣ yaa tɛtʋ pɩlɩŋaɣ natʋyʋ tamasɩna Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ.
Ageeta wena payaɣ se Karayiibɩ waa (Caraïbes) yɔ, awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ taa.
Ajɛya wena awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ : Groenland nɛ Kanada nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Bermudes nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki nɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ : Vancouver nɛ Reine-Charlotte nɛ Prince-Édouard nɛ Terre-Neuve nɛ Cap-Breton nɛ Ellesmere nɛ Baffin nɛ Victoria nɛ Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon nɛ Aléoutiennes nɛ Alaska.
Amerika hɛkʋ taa ajɛya wena awɛɛ yɔ, alɛɛ yɔ : Kuwatemala nɛ Belize nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador nɛ Nicaragua nɛ Costa Rica nɛ Panama nɛ Kuubaa nɛ Jamaïque nɛ République Dominicaine …


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Itaalii
Itaalii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ ɛna se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ mediiteranee. Pʊŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alɩpɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛtamasɩna Itaalii nɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya wena aɖa lɩzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ se Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ awɛɛ kpam yɔ a-taa. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena atɔkɩ eeroo yɔ a-taa nɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Room. Itaalii walanzɩ taa makʊɣna 301 340km2 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna hiu waa looɖo nɛ taŋga nɛ nasitozo nɛ nɩɩnɩwa nɛ kagbanzɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Sergio Mattarella.
Keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you paɣzaɣ lɛ, Itaalii kaawɛ ɛjɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Aliyansɩ yɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ yem kpo. Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɖiyele nɛ ɖɩsʊʊ Tiriipili-Antantɩ taa. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1915 wiye lɛ ɖɩtuli you kɛ OOtirisi-Hɔŋgirii. Pɩnaɣ 1917 talaa lɛ, Caama sɔɔjanaa tɛyɩ ɖama nɛ powolo se pasɩna Otirisi-Hɔŋgirii kɛ you. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pawa Itaalii ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩcɛcɛyʊʊ nɛ aloma fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 1918 wiye lɛ, Itaalii pazɩ kɩtɔyɩtɩ ki-koyindinaa nɛ paba ñɩʊ nesi se peyele you mbʊ.
Benito Mussolini kpaɣ kewiyaɣ lɛ, ɛtɔ se you fɛyɩ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kiiwokina ajɛya tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kʊñɔndɩna lʊkɩna se pɛwɛɛ ñɩm. Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ1940 wiye lɛ, Mussolini kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ etuli you kɛ Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ nɛ Fransɩ. Ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1939 taa lɛ; ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩnɛ Caama ñɩnɖɛ paañɩʊ nesɩ nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ kaɣlaa se se ɖɩɩtasɩɣ tuluu you nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nanza yɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ se ɖɩfɛyɩna malɩfanaa camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛbɛlaba nɛ kutuli you ŋgʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Caama sɔɔjana kɩlaɣ yoŋ wabʊ. Kpaagba ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, patiwabʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ puwayɩ lɛ Itaalii se Afrika taa nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛyɩ ɖama Itaalii tɛtʊ kɛ Afrika taa.


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Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance)
Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ wɛɛ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda matʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ canaʊ taa lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ hɩɣ pɩtɩ pɩtɩŋna nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa tʊma yɔɔ, mba papɩzaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛyaa po-wonduu tɔm yɔ.
Pʊcɔ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ lɩɩ Itaalii tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 13 ŋtalɩ 14 alɩwaatʊ (Duecento nɛ Trecento) pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Itaali hɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ taa nɛ ERɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ nɩɩyɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛzɩ mbʊ ɛyʊ yaɣ se kajalaɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ (Quattrocento) nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa (Cinquecento).
Pɩtɩŋna Jean Delumeau weyi ɛkɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɛ tɩlɩyʊ niye mʊyʊ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnɩɣ se lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔmpiye lɩna Itaali nɛ nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɖaa cɔlɔ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa (Itaalɩ ɛyaa tɔŋ se sɔnɔ se Rinascimento). Tɔmpiyen lʊlʊʊ kɩfam walɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ.
Tɔmpiye lʊlʊʊ kɩfam ndɩ ɖɩkɛ wɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ se matʊ nɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu lɛɛzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Jean-Jacques Ampère pɩnaɣ 1840 taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkɛdaɣ Fransɩɩ canaʊ matʊ tɔm pʊcɔ kpaɖʊ 12 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛ Jules Michelet pɩnaɣ 1855 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ mbilim kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm pɩlɩna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɔmpiye ndɩ Suwiisi nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma canaʊ tɔm kɛɖɩyʊ ɖaɣnɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kpaɣʊ pɩnaɣ 1860 ɛyʊ ɛnʊ lɛ, Jacob Burckhardt (pɩnzɩ 1818 ŋtalɩ 1897) kɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ kɔlɛzɩ ɖaŋ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1942-1943 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Lucien Febvre wɩlɩɣ se Jules Michelet labɩna tɔmpiye ndɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmazaɣ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ Jules Michelet lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɩyaʊ Louis 14 yɔɔ kɛnɛ ŋgʊ pɩwɛyɩ pɔdɔdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊʊ tɛ sɩm.


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Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm
Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ ɛsɔ tɔm, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ Papa (Room) nɛ episkɔpʊ waa pɛkpɛndʊʊ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma yɔ. Yee yʊsʊyʊ tɔmʊʊ Katoliki ɛwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ cejewiye keem nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɔɔcɩ naa kpeekpe kɛ Nicée lɩmaɣza taa kɔyɔ, palakɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ ɛsɔ tɔm pɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa tɔm nɛ pɩkɛ tʊkaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɩ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ naa.
Ɛyaa mba pa nɛ ɖacaa papa pɛkpɛndʊʊ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma mba ɖɩyaɣ se Katoliki cejewiye nɛ pɛwɛna sakrɩmɩndʊ ndʊ yɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊʊ paɣtʊ, ɖoŋ kpazʊʊ, Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ, ɖama kpɩtɩnaʊ yaa kpeɣuu tɔm, nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ, kʊdɔntɩnaa num, nɛ fada naa tɛɛ tɩnaa kpaʊʊ, fada naa kpaʊʊ nɛ episkɔpʊ waa, cɔjɔtʊ tɔm. Katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ pɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛ pʊtɔma latɛŋ ñɩnɖɛ yaa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Katoliki aŋgba, kɛlɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ latɛŋ ñɩmba.
Katoliki cejewiye paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ŋpɩsa katoliki tʊ, cɔjɔ tɛ pɩlʊʊ takayaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pɔsɔ-wɛ lɩm katoliki cejewiye taa yɔ pɛkpɛnda miiliyaari waa 1,254 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛlɛ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyaa mba pɔsɔza pataalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa 26 yee ɖɩkpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 kɔyɔ.
Yʊsɩyʊ tɔmʊʊ katoliki lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kaθoλιkός (katholikos), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe yaa ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛ. Kpaɣ nɛ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ kajalaɣ kpaɣɖɩŋ taa lɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsɩ pɩsʊʊ nabʊyʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ nɛ paa anɩ lɛ lɩzɩɣ kʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛzɩ ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ naa paɣzɩ lɩɣ yɔ. Peeɖe Antioche Ignace lɩzɩ tɛyɩtʊ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɖenɖe episkɔpʊ wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe cejewiye nɛ ɖenɖe Krɩstʊ wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛɛ (katholikê ekklêsia).


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Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ
Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kɛna teŋgʊ kɩwɛ ilema naalɛ hɛkʊ taa yɔ: Afrika teŋgu nɛ Azii ñɩŋgʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Mba pɔcɔŋna keteŋa nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ ñɩm yɔɔ yɔ, laŋ, lɩm nɛ tɛtɛ wondu yɔɔ yɔ, pamaza teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kʊnɛ lɛ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 450 000 km² yɔ. Kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 1 1914 km yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se toboyuu taa ñamaɣna 300 km. Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛ liŋguu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 500 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe pɩkɩla cukaŋ yɔ, peeɖe pɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 3 040 yɔ.
Ajɛya wena acɔ Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊ kʊnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Egipiti, Suudaŋ, Eriitree, Cibutii, Arabii Sauditii nɛ Yemenii. Teŋg̀u kʊnɛ kʊ-yɔɔ kɛ tadaa laɖaa nɛ keteŋga yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa mba palɩɣna Mediteranee teŋgʊ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ yaa mba palɩɣna Ɛndɩ Kujomuu taa yɔ se pɩtaaɖʊ-wɛɛ kʊñɔŋ se pɔcɔɔ Afrika ilemiye.
Ebeya mba cɔlɔ lɛ, Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kʊnɛ payaɣa-kʊ Edom teŋgu, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩsɛwa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Turk mba cɔnaa ɖɔɖɔ. Teŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ lɩna Latɛŋ takayasɩ mayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Quinte-Curce yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Ɛyɔɔdʊʊ camɩyɛ se wiyao sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Erythrus yɔ, ɛnʊ yana-kʊ mbʊ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ebreya taa lɛ eriitrɔsɩ tɔbʊʊ se kɩsɛɛmɩm; pɩfɛyɩ se nabayɩ ɛmaɣzɩ se teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɩm sɛwa.


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Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach kɛ caama tʋ. Ɛkɛ soo maɖʋ nɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wendu teu ñɔɔzɩyʋ soo mabʋ nʋnɔʋ taa.
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye (31), pɩnaɣ 1685 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Eisenach egeetiye taa ɖeyi ɖeyi palʋla-ɩ. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1750 n̄ɩŋga taa. Bach hɔʋ taa lɛ, Johann Sebastian Bach kɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛ-ɛsa kɩlɩ cɛbʋ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-hɔʋ taa ñɩma lɛlaa.
Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɛ-hɔʋ kɛna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, caanaʋ tɛ soo nɛ minziiki tʋma laɖaa kɩla wɛʋ yɔ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛcaɣa nɛ ɛla ɛ-mʋsɩ tʋma kpeekpe nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtɛ.
Tovonum taa lɛ, ɖajaa Denkmal Johann Sebastian Bach Leipzig n̄ʋʋ taa ɖɔŋaɣ siŋŋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩmwaa nabɛyɩ sakɩyɛ kaatɩla e-ɖoŋ kamaɣ ɖeu, nɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi. Pa-taa nɔɔyʋ hɩɖɛ yɔ : Sɔsɔ Frédéric.
Ɖajaa Johann Sebastian Bach caa nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ pɛhɛyɩna ɛ-tʋma kpeekpe kpɛlɩkɩtʋ liidiye. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Johann Ambrosius Bach, nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ ɛlɛ lɛ, Johann Christoph Bach. Ɛcɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩma yɔ yebina nɛ pʋɖʋ-wɛ hʋnʋŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi paa ɛzɩm taa.
Ɖajaa Bach lakɩ minziikinaa mba yɔ, mbaa yɔ fiyoolɔɣ nɛ alto, nɛ pɩkɩlɩna klavɛsɛɛ, nɛ pɩtɛzɩna Orɩgɩ.


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Suwiisi
Suwiisi kɛna Erɔpi nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ cantɔŋnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ looɖo kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ. Suwiisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Bɛɛrɩnɩ nɛ nabɛyɛ yaɣ-ɖɩ se Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖ,i-ɩhadɛ kiŋ lɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ; hayi kɩŋ ñɛwɛna peeɖe.
Teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ Suuwiisi cɔlɔ kpam ɛlɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Rɛŋ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖihiku teŋu lɩm. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩxalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 41 285 km2 mbʊ yɔ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɛ miliyɔɔnaa kitoozo nɛ pʊŋ taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ Suurisɩ nɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ. Tɛtʊ natʊlɛ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɩntaa wobu nɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ ketŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɩkɛ tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem ɖɔɖɔ.
Suwiisi taa ajɛya cikpena naayɛ kaawɛ cabɩ cabɩ nɛ atɩŋa anɩɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ awɛɛ kewiyaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ tɛɛ. Kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖooo kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ pɩnaɣ 1291 nɛ paa kɩyɛna fenaɣ ŋga lɛ, pɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kasandʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ paafɛyɩna politiki yaa sɔɔjɛtʊ tɔm nɛ pɩnaɣ 2002 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsʊʊ keteŋga kpeekpe ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Krʊwaa-Ruuzi ñɔɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Suwiisi yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ: Caama, Fransɩ, Itaalii nɛ Romansɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ niitozo kɛna weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se Roomansɩ ɖeke fɛyɩna pɩ-taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ kpadɩyʊʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ labʊ. Keɖeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Suuriisi nɛ Senɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ keɖewa yɔ tɩ-taa.


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Maarɩ
Maarɩ Maaɖɩ kɛna Juda tʊ. ƐkɛYeesuu Nazaɖɛtɩtʋɖo. Katolika kɩɖɩsɩtʋ samaɣ ŋgbɛ cɛlʋʋ samtʋ siŋŋ kɛ pɛlɔ Maaɖɩ yeesu ɖo. Pʋyɔɔ paya-ɩ hɩlandɩndɩ size Maaɖɩ nazaɖɛtɩ tʋ, Maaɖɩ kelekele tʋ, Kɩpaɣlʋ ɖo.
Ɛzɩɩ ɛ-pɩyalʋ yeesuu yɔ, paapɩzʋʋ pama keeke kɛ pɛwɛtʋ nɛ pewezuu caʋʋ.Takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ sɩ-tɛ taɣma yɔ sɩ-taa pama pɛlɔ Maarɩyanɛ ɛ-pɩyalʋ pɔ-tɔm natʋyʋ natʋyʋ kɛ ɖooo caanaʋ taa.
Ɖo-ɖoo pɛlɔ Maaɖɩ yeesuu ɖo kɛna katolika kɩɖɩsɩtʋ mba ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ pa-kɩlaʋ laʋ tɛ pɩyʋ keem. Ɛsɔtɔm tɛ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ paakpakʋ pɛlɔ Maaɖɩ yeesu ɖo size ɛkɛ pɩyʋʋ. Paaɖʋʋyɩ lɩm ɛzɩ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ mba yɔ. Pɩtɛ kɩɖɩsɩtʋ mba yɔ evangelika mba, nɛ asamblee mba, nɛ lɛɛba ndɩ ndɩ.


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Rʊwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm
Rɔwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 111 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rg. Ɛlɩ ʊnʊnʊnɩyɔm (Uuu) pɩlɩna IUPAC yatʊ yɔɔ, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 111 ñɩnʊ kɛ matʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1994 alɩwaatʊ taa palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ labʊ pɩtɩŋna pɛkpɛnda ɛ nɛ 209Bi(64Ni,n)272Rg Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛlɛ IUPAC tisi ɛ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003. Paha-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa nɖɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩlɩna Wilhelm Röntgen hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛlɩza X cɛnzɩ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ siŋ yɔ, a-agbele ɖiɣɖiɣ ñɩnʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ yɔ lɛ 282Rg, nɛ ɛ-tɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ caɣyɛ tatalɩ cɛjɛsɩ 2,1. Ɛwɛ ɔrɩ tɛɛ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa, kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ pilimiye d nɖɛ tɛ nɛ ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ.
Rɔwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm (ɖooo lɛ payaɣ-ɩ se ʊnʊnʊnɩyɔm), palaba-ɩ nɛ pasɩmɩ-ɩ lɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1994 wɛɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Peter Armbruster nɛ Gottfried Münzenberg kɛlɛ Sigurd Hofmann kaa ɖɛna-wɛ nɔɔ kɛ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI sukuli taa Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.