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Krɩstiyaniism
Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se «Krɩstiyaniizism». Pakama ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ, ɛsɩ nɛ pepimi-i nɛ efe tozo wiye. Pakama-ɩ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛ, Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pese nɛ paɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna kʊyʊʊ. Toovenum lɛ, pesewaɣ sɔɔndʊ Yuuda ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊŋ tɩnaa. Paba n̄etetisi se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ. Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ yɔ palabɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaa pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se Krɩstiyaniizism. Kajalaɣ kpaɖʊʊ taa patʊlɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ tɛ apostolowaa nɛ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa kajalaɣ n̄ɩma paɖʊna kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ krɩstiyaniizism. Paɖʊ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma tɛtʊ taa nɛ Efɛɛzɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa nɛ Antiyɔɔsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Alɛkɩsandɩɖɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa.
Krɩstiyaniizism ŋgbɛyɛ tasɩ kpaʊ ɖoŋ Room kewiyaɣ taa kpaɖʊʊ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpa ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ nɛ Etiyopii pɛ-tɛtʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ Krɩstiyaniizism wɛnɩ pilinzi yʊʊʊ. Halɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋdɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ Room kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɖʊʊ naanaza n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɔcɔlɩ-tʊ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se «Symbole de Nicée» yɔ ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, Room kewiyaɣ taa mba pan̄ɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩna-tʊ ɖeu. Dajaa Arius lɩmaɣzɛ kɔna lɛɣzɩtʊ siŋŋ Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ taa kpaɖʊʊ loɖo n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ɖajaa Arius tɔŋ se Caa wɛ ndɩ nɛ Pɩyalʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Caa kɩlɩ Pɩyalʊ. Payaɣ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa Etiyopii nɛ Egipiti pa-ajɛya taa se «Kɔpɩtɩ waa (coptes). Alɛkɩsandɩrɩ nɛ Etiyopii pa-ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma tɔŋ se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ mpilim. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖajaa Nestorius n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ. Tɔm tʊnɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma n̄ɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Dante Alighieri
Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Durante degli Alighieri. Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ florentin tɛtʋ taa agoza fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, pɩnaɣ 1265 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣkɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1321 n̄ɩŋga taa Ravenne tɛtʋ taa Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeye.
Ɖajaa Dante Durante degli Alighieri kɛ keɣa maɖʋ nɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmawa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : ''Divine Comédie'' nɛ ''Idiome''. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖɔ.
Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ,
Ɖajaa Alighieri yaa Allighieri kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋmɩyɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Alighiero di Bellincione. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Bella degli Abati. E-ɖoo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1278 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri Durante kɛwɛna hiu nɛ naadozo (13) lɛ, ɛ-caa sɩba. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1282 n̄ɩŋga taa.

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Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ
Ajɛyɛ pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ waa naayɛ kpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ payaa a-kewiyaɣ se Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ. Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ ŋga, kapaɣlɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajayɛ pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ waa kewiyaɣ nakɛyɛ tapaɣlɩ nɛ pɩtalɩ moŋgooli ñɩŋga. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naadozo ñɩŋgʊ taa paɖʊ moŋgooli kewiyaɣ. Sʊsɔ Gengis Khan nɛ e-piya nɛ ɛ-sɛyɩnaa nɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa pasɩna kewiyaɣ ŋga. Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa miiliyɔɔwaa niidozo nɛ naadozo.
Kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naadozo ɖɩtɛnɖɛ Gengis Khan kewiyaɣ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, moŋgooli kewiyaɣ walanzɩ kpaɣna Meditɛɛraanee, Pasifiiki lɩŋgamʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ powolo Siiberii tɛtʊ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Ɛndoziini ñɩnɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkpɛndɩna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kɩpɩnɖɛ nɛ Ɛɛndoziini ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ.
Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1260 taa lɛ, moŋgooli kewiyaɣ tɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naanza. Hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «steppes russes» yɔ tɩwɛɛ. Tɩkɛ «Horde d’or» ɛjaɖɛ. Sʊsɔ Djötchi liɖe taa ñɩma ɖiyiɣna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma. Djötchi liɖe taa ñɩma mba, pɛkɛ Gengis Khan kajalaɣ piya. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mba payaɣ se Ilkhans waa yɔ, paba ñɛwɛna. Pɛkɛ Pɛɛrɩsɩ (Perse) ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Pɛkɛ Hülegü liɖe taa ñɩma. Hülegü kɛ Tolui pɩyalʊ. Tolui ñɛkɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ tɩnʊʊ.
Hɛkʊ taa lɛ, sɔzɔ weyi payaɣ se Djaghataï yɔ, e-liɖe taa ñɩma ñɛwɛna. Djaghataï kɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ naalɛ tʊ. Piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ Moŋgooli nɛ Siini pa-ajɛya. Mba payaɣ se Yuan waa yɔ, mba wɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Kubilai Khan yɔ, ɛnʊ tɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ tikiɖe yaa ɛnʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ. Kubilai Khan kɛ Hülegü ɖalʊ. Ɛkɛ weyi payaɣ se Tolui yɔ ɛ-pɩyalʊ. Tolui ñɛkɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ. Kubilai Khan cɔŋnana Marco Polo tɛtʊ yɔɔ.
Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ kɔma kɔyɔkɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ sɔsɔ Kubilai Khan nɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɖeke cɔnaʊ yɔ. Peeye e-koyindinaa paɣzɩ ɖʊ kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ. Moŋgooli kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ ñʊŋ tɩnaa lʊba kpem se paɖaɣnɩ Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ kpɛndʊʊ kpɛm, ɛlɛ pawɩɩ tɔnʊʊ.
Sɔsɔ Gengis Khan tɔɔ kewiyaɣ Moŋgooli ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1187 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1196 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛ nɛ Tayitchi'out ñɩma palaba you nɛ ɛwabɩ-wɛ. Tayitchi'out ñɩma wɛ Bouriatie tɛtʊ taa. Bouriatie tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩna Siberii ɛjaɖɛ lɛlɛɛyɔ. Wiyaʊ Gengis khan laba you ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Tatars ñɩma nɛ ɛwabɩ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ nɛ eɖiyiɣ Moŋgooli ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.


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Rap
Rap kɛ yɔɔdaɣ nɛ payɛ cɩmʊʊ, kɩkɛ kagbanzɩ mʊsɩ taa mʊsɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩna hɩpɔpʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛʊʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɩ pɩnzɩ 1970 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Etaazuunii Yuda ɛyaa tɛ ageeta taa. Pasɩma payɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ yɔɔdaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ nantaŋ ɖʊyʊʊ. Minziiki naa lalaa kaawɛ ɛwayɩ kpaɣ rege, blu, jazz nɛ rɔkɩ mbʊ lɛ, kʊ-nɛ yɔ ɛyaa sɔɔlʊʊ-kʊ sakɩyɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1980 wɛɛ taa.
Tɔmpiye rap lɩna Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se to rap, pɩkɛ lakaɣ nɛ kɔ-tɔbʊʊ se kɔkɔɖɛ yabɩtʊ, ɛyaa yɔɔ caɣʊʊ. Enzo Gonçave ñaɖanɩ lɩzɩɣ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1541 alɩwaatʊ tɔbʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ pɩkɛ kañatʊ yɔɔdɩtʊ yaa tolom tolom yɔɔdɩtʊ. Amerika ɛyaa tɛ tɔm kpou American Slang de Wentworth nɛ Flexner taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yɔɔdɩnaʊʊ nɛ nɔɔyʊ, sɩmtʊ, pawɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ nabʊyʊ yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1931 lɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ kaŋ yɔɔdaɣ yaa keelee yɔɔdʊʊ.
Payaɣa se rap lɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1971 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔɔdasɩ nzɩ paaɖʊ-sɩ Isaac Hayes, Black Moses kɛlɛmɩŋ takayaɣ taa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ñʊŋ ɛ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ Ike's Rap, Ike's Rap II, Ike's Rap III, nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ mbʊ. Pɩɩkɛ keekee taa lɛ yɔɔdaɣ pɩtaakɛ hendu kitetetu, pɔyɔɔdaɣ pɩlɩna nabʊ yʊ yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmakaɣ nɛ ɛpaɣ rap yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Herc, ɖɩcɔnaɣ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ rap lɩna Afrika ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kaapɔza cɩmʊʊ tʊ, keɣa tʊ.


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Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ
Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Luther yɔ cɔlɔ, ɛ-lɩmaɣza taa nɛ ɛ-takayasɩ maʊʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ macɔ kɛ Caama pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʊ nɛ paya-ɩ Martin Luther, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1517. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ maɣzɩm pʊtɔyɩ nɛ pʊñɔzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ cɔɔcɩ naa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Luther ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ pɩsɩ pɩɣyɩyaa kpeekpe tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩyʊ. Paya mbʊ se pɩɣyʊʊ tɛ cɔɔcɩ yɔ pɩkɛ Luther piliŋa nakayɛ kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Krɩstʊ tɩnaa. Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lɛ katoliki cejewiye yɔkɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ. Laɣsɩ nzɩ John Wyclif (pɩnzɩ 1320 ŋtalɩ 1384) nɛ Jan Hus (pɩnzɩ 1369 ŋtalɩ 1415 kaatɛma pʊ-tɔm yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pawɩlɩ mbʊ pɩkaɣ kɛʊʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1517 lɛ Martin Luther, ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ maacɔ weyi Augustin kaakpa cɔjɔtʊ yɔ kʊyɩ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Luther ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ katoliki kɔyɔ pɩtɛkɛ pɩyʊ yɔɔ yem kɛna katoliki cejewiye kɩla yɔɔyʊʊ paɣtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ. Wittenberg hɔɔlʊʊ wɩlɩtʊ nakʊyʊ tɩna pɩɣyɩyaa lɛɛzɩtʊ tɔm ñɔ. Kɛlɛ pʊtʊnaa mba peyeba nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ, lɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ ɛnɩ ɛsɔ tɔm tɔbʊʊ se ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm pɩcɛlɩna e-tisuu yɔɔ yɔ. Kɛlɛ Luther ñɩkɩɣ niiye tɩ-yɔɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɖanɩɣ kalʊʊ Roma mba takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ apostolo Paul ñɩŋa yɔ yɔɔ.
Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1520 lɛ, pekizina-ɩ se paatasɩ-ɩ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ haʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ yɔɔ. Pɔñɔtɩ ɛ-takayasɩ sakɩyɛ miŋ. Awiyaa sɔsaa piyaa sakɩyɛ tisi lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛ Caama nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Pɩlɩna Cujus regio, ejus religio paɣtʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Ampiiri ageeta naayɛ taa ɛyaa pɩsɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɛyaa.


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Kuubaa
Kuubaa ɛjaɖɛ kɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Karayiibi tɛtʊ taa. Kuuba wɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Antiyi yɔ tɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ tɩñɔtɩna Karayibi, Mɛkɩsɩɩki lɩm cɔlɔnɛ Atɩlantiiki lɩm. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, pɩwɛna Etaaasuunii nɛ Bahamasɩ; wɩsɩ dɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mɛkɩsiikɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kpem lɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Tuuriki nɛ Kayiki yɔ piyele hzyʊ kɩŋkpataa lɛ, Kayɩmansɩ nɛ Camayiki.
Karayiibi taa lɛ, Kuubaa wɛna naalɛ ɖeɖe yee pɔcɔŋna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛya kpɛndɩ 11 241 161 nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Haavanɩ. Kʊnʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ pɩsaɣ pe-liidiye kʊtɔɔyɛ lɛ kuuba peeso nɛ kuubaa peeso liidiye kʊyɔkɩyɛ.
Kuubaa tɛtʊ kɑakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ Ɛspaañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacaɣ ɖooo pinzɩ1492 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1898 yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Etaazuuni pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna agoza fenaɣnɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1902. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes kaakɛna weyi ɛkɩla lubu nɛ Kuubaa pɩzɩ nɛ kɩhɛɛna kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.


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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, payaɣ e-cejewiye se, "Madiba". Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1918 taa Mvezo Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kiyakʋ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa Yowanɛɛsɩbuur tɛtʋ taa. Nelson Mandela kɛkɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki laɖʋ nɔɔyʋ. Kajalaɣ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa se palɩzɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ, ki-ɖeɖe lɛ, tɛyɩtʋ taafɛyɩ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Caca ŋgʋʋ pɔtɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩ Nelson Mandela nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋ tʋ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1999 n̄ɩŋa. Ɛkɛ ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩnaa mba palʋba siŋŋ se, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛlʋ. Toovenim lɛ, tokaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ kɛwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ansaayɩnaa takpakaɣa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa nɛ payaa se pʋyʋ. Tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ndʋʋ payaɣ se, apartɛyɩdɩ.
Nelson Mandela sʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Congrès National Africain" (ANC) yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1943 taa. Ɛsʋ ɖɩ-taa se, pɩsa nɛ ɛlʋbɩna tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ. Ŋcɔna Afrɩka nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ansaayɩnaa tɔɖɔɔ patalɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa, ɛlɛ, ḿba ɖʋna tɛyɩtʋ pa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ ponuutuu-wɛ siŋŋ. Ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ tɔmhʋyʋ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ mba palʋkɩ se, ɛyaa ɛtaatɩŋɩɣna heluhelu lakasɩ yɔɔ se, pekisi tɛyɩtʋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖɔm yɔ, pa-taa. Ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ paɣtʋ ńdʋ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Partie nationale" yɔ, ɖi-kewiyaɣ ɖʋna-tʋ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1948 taa. Pekizaa se pataatasɩ ANC ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋkɩ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa yɔ ɖɩ-taŋ nɩʋ pɩnaɣ 1960 taa. Mbʋ labɩna nɛ lʋɖɛ nɖɩ palʋkaɣ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, ɖɩtawazɩ pʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, Mandela ɖaɣnɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1961 taa nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋ tʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma lʋbɩna paɣtʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩndʋ ndʋ komina nɛ sɔɔjanaa paɖʋwa yɔ siŋŋ, halɩ pakʋyʋʋ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩn̄azʋʋ. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ polisinaa kpa-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Ɛlɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "CIA" yɔ, ńɖɩ yebina nɛ pakpa-ɩ. Pahʋ ɛ-tɔm "Rivonia" tɛtʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, paɖʋ-ɩ salaka. Pɩkpaɣnɩ mbʋ yɔ lɛ, Mandela pɩsɩ mba palʋkɩ se, ɛyaa kɩsɛmaa nɛ kʋhʋlʋmaa nɛ kɩkpɛdaa nɛ sʋtʋ lɩm n̄ɩma pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ yɔ, pa-kɩlɛmʋʋ. Peeye kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ sɩna-ɩ ɛ-lʋɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-lʋbʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ kɩlʋʋ yɔɔ.
Ɛcaɣ salaka taa pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ mpilim nɛ ɛtɔɔ kʋn̄ɔŋ siŋŋ. Ɛ-lʋɖɛ nɖɩ ɛlʋkaɣ yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, ekizaa se, ɛɛlɩɣ salaka taa yee, patanɩɩna-ɩ kɔyɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1990 taa patɔla-ɩ nɛ peyebi-i. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wena ɛwɛna ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣlɩ yɔ, a-yɔɔ lɛ, etisi se ɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɩ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ, Ɖajaa Frederik de Klerk tɛ komina pacaɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ nɛ peceyi. Paha ɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ Frederik de Klerk ɛnʋ Laŋhɛyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa samtʋ nima pɩnaɣ 1993 taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ nɛ ɩ panɩnɩ ɖama ɖɛfɛɛ yem nɛ tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ tɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ. Peeye papazɩ sɩʋ loma kaɖasɩm Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfɑɖɛ tikiɖe.
Kewiyaɣ ŋga keɖiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ se pʋcɔ pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ, pʋkɔna-kɛ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Peeye ɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ de Klerk palʋba se, you ɛtaalɩɩ aparɩtɛɛdɩ taa n̄ɩma nɛ ANC nɛ "Inkhata" pa-aŋgba pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Suluu cejewiye taa n̄ɩma wɛna "Inkhata" ŋgbɛyɛ taa sakɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1994 n̄ɩŋa taa pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ Nelson Mandela nɛ ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ weyi ɛkɛ Afríka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ se, ceyuu nɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ pɛwɛɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlʋba se, ɛyaa ɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ tɔzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ patanada kɩ-hayʋʋ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se, siidaa yɔ, ɛtɔcɔna ki-ɖeɖe, ŋgʋ kɩsa miŋ siŋŋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnzɩ nzɩ pʋpɔzʋʋ se, ɛyʋ ɛla Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ lɛ, eyele-kɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ e-nesi politiki tɔm taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛwɛɛ ɛsɩŋna "ANC" ŋgbɛyɛ kaɣlaa nɛ ekiziɣ mbʋ ɖɩlakɩ nɛ pɩɩcɔlʋʋ yɔ.
Ɛkɔma lɛ, ɛsʋʋ aŋgba sakɩyɛ wena alʋkɩna kʋn̄ɔŋdʋtʋ nɛ siidaa kʋdɔŋ yɔ a-taa. Mbʋʋ pɩlaba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm. Ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ weyi kpedeŋa kpeekpe welesiɣna siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kʋhʋlʋmaa nɛ kɩsɛmaa nɛ kɩkpɛdaa nɛ sʋtʋ lɩm n̄ɩma pɛkpɛndaa pacaɣ ɛjaɖɩ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ loma kaɖasɩm lɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pakpaɣ-ɩ se, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-caa. Pɛɖɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ se, " kaɣʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ". Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, cɛyɩtʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩndʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɩ-taa. Mulum wɛ tɔzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛyaa kʋyʋʋ komina yɔɔ nɛ helu helu lakasɩ labʋ.


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Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩlɩna Mon-Khmer pɩlɩŋga taa osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kɛ osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩnɩyaa ɖɔɣ sakɩyɛ nɛ kɩcɛzɩ tam hɩʊ kɛ Khmer ŋgʊ ngʊ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kiyeke yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna nɔɣ tomiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna nɔɣ tiliʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ tam loɖo.
Ɖɩkpaɣ Fɩyɛtɩnaam samaɣ kɔyɔ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛzɩ hiʊ waa lutozo nɛ kɩgbanzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa naalɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kewiyaɣ maɣmaɣ tɩla se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ maʊ kpata lɩna Jésuite Alexandre de Rhode pɩnaɣ 1651 kɛ Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum taa.
Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ wɛ Fiet-muong kʊnʊmɩŋ tɛ agbeela taa mon-khmer pɩlɩŋga taa osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Patɩlɩʊʊ Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ se kɩ-kɛ mon-khmer yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɩnʊwa. Kɔnaɣ tʊ weyi ɛtamsɩ Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ mon-khmer kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, James Richardson Logan pɩnaɣ 1852. Sɔnɔ yɔ tʊma sakɩyɛ wɛ pɩlɩna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa.


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Alizeerii
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Maagrɛɛbʊ yɔ a-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Alizee. Tɩwɛ Alizeerii nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ Mediteranee teŋgu cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna samaɣ wɛnaʊ. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alizeerii tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩwalaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba ɛzɩ 2 381 741 mbʊ yɔ.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sɩna Tuniizii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Liibii ɛjaɖɛ; piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Nizɛɛrɩ nɛ Malii ajɛya. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Alizeerii taa ɛyaa laba kʊñɔŋ siŋŋ. Palʊba lʊbɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ poyoo yoŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ, wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 taa.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se Union africaine yɔ ɖɩ-taa, pɩ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩtɩŋɩɣ nɔɔyʊ wayɩ nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1962 taa yɔ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sʊ Ligue arabe ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1989 taa kɛ Alizeerii nɛ Maagrɛɛbʊ ajɛya palaba nɔɔ nɛ patʊlɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Union du Maghreb arabe (UMA) yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Mediiteranee ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa.
Alizeerii kaŋgalafʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +213 nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe yɔ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se Alizeerii Dinar.


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Pɔlɩɩɩ Fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ
Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, pɩ-kɛna Tɔʋʋ mbʋ pɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa siŋŋ yɔ. Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Tɔʋʋ wɛ Yangzi Jiang kɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ Hubei yɔ. Paɣpaza Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ kɩkɛza huyuu ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ pɩnaɣ 2006 pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ yaa pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 2009. Paamaza size Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ lɛ, tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa makʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ 600 mbɩ yɔ.
Pɩwɛ size ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se, lɩm tɔmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, pɩ-kɩlɩna yaa kɛna sʋsɔtʋ. Ndʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɛ lɩm tɛ nazɩyʋʋ hɛkʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ sʋsɔtʋ yaa maŋgɩlaɣ n̄ɩndʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, kɛwɛ Sandouping. Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tɩ-n̄ɔtɩna Yichang, kɛ Hubei ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Hubei ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-ɖɩ wɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pʋʋ kʋkʋyʋʋ Haut-Yangzi hɔɔlʋʋ tɩnaɣ yɔ. Nɛ kɛɛdɛŋga yaa fɛɛʋ Moyen-Yangzi ŋgʋ kʋ-kʋ wɛna pɔɔ ɖigbene nɛ Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo kʋnɛ kɩyɔ kiŋ. Kɩwɛna yaa ki-posina pɔɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa lɩm ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ nɛ 38 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ Gezhouba Tɔtʋ yɔ. Peeɖe pɔɔ sʋsaɣ wɛna 14300 kɛ mɛtɛ pɩsɔzɩ pʋn̄ʋʋ yɔ naadozo mbɩ yɔ kɛ pazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa. Paabɩza pakpaɣ lɩmaɣza anɛ yɔ siŋŋ size pama Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ nɔɔ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1994 taa kɛ palakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ pɩcɔ lɩmaza anɛ yɔ pabazɩɣ yɛɛ lɛ, sakɩyɛ taatisi, ɛlɛ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kaaɖɔka patɩ kɛnɛ pɩcɔ petisi se pɩla mbʋ se pama Tɔtʋ ndʋ.
Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tʋ-tʋmɩyɛ paza pɩnaɣ 1994 taa kɛnɛ. Nɛ pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ, pɔɔ sʋsaɣ ŋga paya-kɛ size Yangzi Jiang yɔ, paakɛza kɛ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ ɛzɩ 80 mbɩ yɔ kɛ kʋkʋyʋmɩŋ taa. Tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa lɛ, tɩ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ ɛzɩ 2309 yɔ. Tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ 185 yɔ.


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Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1847 kɛ Milaŋ egeetiye taa, Ohiyo tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩba aloma fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1931 kɛ Niwu Jɛrsii tɛtʊ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 84. Palʊla-ɩ lɛ, paya-ɩ se Thomas Alva Edison. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɔyɔ: ñɩnʊʊ, kuduyiŋ bsɔsɔŋ maʊ kpalahusi lʊʊ, akɔnta labʊ, manzʊmalɩɩ, lɩzɩyʊ yaa luɖu, lakasɩ nasɩyɛ lakɩ lakɩ waa tɛlɛnzɩ maʊ nɛ kuduyiŋ maʊ. Ɛkɛ latriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ kacalaɣ tʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna laadriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ mʊndʊsɩ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ yɔ. Ɛya ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ General Electric. Mɩŋ caɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ñɩɩtʊ tʊma labʊ mbʊ pɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Samuel Ogden Edison (1804-1896) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Nancy Elliott (1810-1871). Ɛ-caa kɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛɛlɩna Neyɛrlandi taa. Ɛ-caa kaase Kanada mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛɛwɛ tɛtɛ ceɣsi nzɩ sɩɩkɔna yam yam lakasɩ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1837-1838 taa yɔ. E-ɖoo Elliot kaakɛna Kanada tʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɛlɩna Ekɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛñaakɛna sukuli cikpeluu taa wɩlɩyʊ. Thomas wɛna halaa naalɛ: Mary Stilwell (1871-1884) nɛ Mina Miller (de 1886-1931). Thomas Alva Edison kɛŋna pɩɣa lubɛ ŋga nɛ ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ kɛ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1887 ehiu liidiya ɛzɩ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 40 000 pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlɩza nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛma lɛlʊ kɛ takayaɣ polindaa yɔ. E-liidiye nɖɩ, nɖɩ ɛtʊlɩna ɛ-ñɩɩtʊ pɩsɩʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-ɖɩ se Menlo Park. Ɛnɛ ñɩnɩya ɛzɩ 60 yɔ palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛhɛyaɣ-wɛ. Ɛcɔŋgaɣna tʊma ɛzɩ 40 yɔɔ yɔ ɖama yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ Amerika taa camɩyɛ tʊma labʊ yaa lubu takayɩsɩ ɛzɩ 1 093 yɔ. Thomas Edison wɛ ɛ-ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ nɛ eɖou ñɩɩtʊ 4 ɖeke evemiye taa. Ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛyɔɔda se ɛpɩzʊ ɛwɛɛna ɛsɛ ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ naalɛ yaa paa naatozo, piiheɣ-i natʊyʊ.
Keteŋga kpeekpe you kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɩwa lɛ, ɛnɛ ɛ-tʊmlaɖaa polukaɣna malɩfanaa sɔsa nɛ pɛcɛlʊ yoya. Pɩnaɣ 1930, ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 83 nɛ ɛñɩnʊʊ tɩŋ 17 000 yɔɔ se ɛlɩzɩ pɩ-kɔɖɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ ɛ-kpaagbaɣ lubu takayaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1931, ŋgʊ ɛ-sɛ kaasɛna ɛ-tʊma kɛ Wɛstɩ Oranje lɛ, etisi fezu, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 84.


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Walt Disney
Palʊla Walter Elias Disney kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ 1901 kɛ Chicago nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1966 kɛ Puribanki, Kalifɔɔrɩnii tɛtʊ taa. Pasɩma-ɩ se ɛkɛ weyi eluki wondu nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ tatasɩ nɛ lakɩ lakɩ waa mayʊ. Ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ: lɩzɩyʊ, luɖu, lakɩ lakɩ waa mayʊ, lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ laɖʊ nɛ tɔmnaɣ taa hʊnʊm hayʊ pɩtasɩna se ɛkɛ Amerika taa kɩlɩzɩm kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa tʊ. Ɛtʊla ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-ɖɩ se Walt Disney Company nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɛkɛ mba palɩza filmwaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ.
Walt Disney kɛna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɩza tɔm pii nɖi payaɣ se tɔm pɩlɩʊ. Walt kɛna ɛyʊ weyi ɛɛsɔɔla mʊya mʊyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ ɛpawaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa taa. Waly Disne nɛ ɛtaabalaa poluba hɩla naayɛ nɛ payaa tatsɩ nzɩ palɩzaa yɔ sɩ-taa nɛ keteŋga taa ɛyaa kpekpe sɩma-wɛ. Pɛ-ɛyaa mba pa-taa nɔyʊ kɛ aseɣɖe tɔm heeyiyaa tɔŋ se ɛnʊ lɛ Mickey Mouse kɩlɩʊ kpem.
Mickey House ɛnɛ payawaɣ-ɩ se Mortimer House nɛ pʊcɔ Lillian Disney kɔɔ ɛpayaɣ-ɩ se Mickey House. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ, Mickey House, paɣzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cikpema labʊ nɛ ɛzɩ Walt Disney tɛ filimnaa taa yɔ, pɩwɛ tandamɩɩ tɛɛ yem ɖiu ɖiu. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛyɩnɩɣ nɔɔyʊ se ɛpɛdɩ-ɩ e-filimnaa nɛ ɛɛnaɣ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ ɛna mbʊ se nabʊyʊ kazɩ pazɩ kɛ pa-taa se pɩtɛzɩ wɛʊ ɖeu.
Pɩnaɣ 1927 taa lɛ, Warner Bros ñañaɣ pana nɛ ɛlɩzɩ film nakʊyʊ, Wondu jass teyu, nɛ kɩtatasɩ kɛʊ ndamaa ñɩŋgʊ: kɩ-taa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ. Disney ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛmakɩ kobusi se pasɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɩza kʊɖɔmaa kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa ɛzɩ Mickey ŋgʊ taa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛlɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛnɩɣna-ɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ emaɣzɩ ɛ-ñʊʊtaa nɛ ɛpɛdɩ ɛ-lɔɔɖɩyɛ se ewiu piyee. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, manzʊʊ malɩɩ nɔɔyʊ, Pat Powers, ha-ɩ mbʊ pɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ: mbʊ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ pewelesɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa mba palɩzaa yɔ.


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Ɔganɛsɔŋ
Ɔganɛsɔŋ (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Og) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 118. Ɛ nɛ ʊnʊnɔktɩnɩyɔm (Uuo) pɩlɩna IUCPA paɣtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 118 kɛ matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 2002 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛnda-ɩ nɛ 249Cf(48Ca,3n)294Og kɛ pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ (JINR) taa Doubna tɛtʊ taa Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
IUPAC tɩsɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ ɛ-kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 pɩtɩŋna Iouri Oganessian, ɛlɛ kaakɛ Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ, peeɖe paalaba pʊtʊnaa yuŋ ñɩmba kɩbama sakɩyɛ.
Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1960, paaya ʊnʊnɔkɩtɩyɔm se éka-émanation (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ eka-Em kɛ lɛlɛɛ yɔ lɛɣtʊ matʊ paɣtʊ taa (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlɩna) pɩɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paaya radɔŋ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yaa nabʊyʊ taa éka-radon (eka-Rn), nɛ pʊwayɩ UICPA maɣza pɩnaɣ 1979 se paya-ɩ se kʊyʊm-kʊyʊm-ɔkt-ɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna ñʊŋ masɩ naatozo nzɩ sɩkɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ yɔ.
Pɩcɔ papazɩɣ pɛtɛ taa nɛ paya-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ, ɔganɛsɔŋ ɛnʊ payaɣ-ɩ se eka-radon (radɔŋ tɛɛ) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa kpata taa) pɩtɩŋna pʊtʊnaa mba Dmitri Mendeleïv kaakpɛɣ pɔ-tɔm yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛlɩzɩ-wɛ nɖeke nɛ ɛya-wɛ hɩla. Lɛɣtʊ matʊ paɣtʊ taa, paaya ʊnʊnɔkɩtɩyɔm se pʊtʊ 118. UIPAC ñɩɣ nesi ɛ-natʊ tɔm yɔɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2015.


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Nɔbɛlɩyɔm
Nɔbɛlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 102 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ No. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ poluba-ɩ kulubu nɛ ɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbele nɔɔyɔ. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Nobel tomnasi ɖɔnɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Stockholm nana nɔbɛlɩyɔm nɛ pʊcɔ pʊwayɩ Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, John R. Walton nɛ Glenn Seaborg tasɩ-ɩ naʊ Etaazuunii pɩnaɣ 1958. Paya-ɩ se nɔbɛlɩyɔm se paɖʊna hɩɖɛ Alfred Nobel, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ weyi eluba tɩm nɛ ɛtɩyɩ Nobel kɩhɛyɩɣ liidiye yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1957, Nobel tomnasi ɖɔnɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Stockholm yɔ kɩ-taa ñɩnɩyaa susi se palaba agbele 251102 yaa 253102 pɩtɩŋna kʊrɩyɔm 244 tɛ yoluu yɔɔ nɛ karɩbɔnɩ 13, nɛ paya pʊtʊ 102 ɛnʊ se nɔbɛlɩyɔm.
Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Glenn Seaborg nɛ Albert Ghiorso Lawrence-Berkeley takʊʊ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ se paɖanɩ labʊ mbʊ Stockholm lɩmaɣza kɛwa yɔ nɛ patapɩzɩ. Ɛyaa kʊyʊma mba ɖanɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ se palaba pʊtʊ 254102 pɩtɩŋna kʊrɩyɔm 244 yoluu yɔɔ nɛ karbɔnɩ 12 pɩnaɣ 1958. Ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɛɖɛ, ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Gueorgui Fliorov kɛ Doubna tɛtʊ taa, papʊtʊʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm. Pɛtɛmna se Lawrence- Berkeley kɛ paɖaɣna-ɩ labʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩlɩ peeɖe yɔ kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ Doubna ñɩndʊ.


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Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés kɛ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ tʋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɩŋgɛ kɛlɛ Fernando Cortés de Monroy Pizarro Altamirano. Ɛkɛ Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Oaxaca yɔ, tɩ-tɛ kɛdɛŋga kajalaɣ tʋ weyi, ɛlaba malɩfanaa nɛ tɔŋ you Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa size ɛkpaɣ ɖɩ-taa ajɛɛ naayɛ nɛ ɖoŋ yɔ.
Palʋla-ɩ paa pɩɩla ɛzɩmaɣ yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1485 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Medellín, Estrémadure tɛ haɖaa taa hɛkʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1547 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ size Castilleja de la Cuesta, ɖɩn̄ɔtɩna lone nɖɩ paya size Séville yɔ kpam.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Hernán Cortés ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛlaba Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩm kpaɣʋ nɛ ɖoŋ you yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ n̄ʋʋ leleŋ tʋ, ɛlaba you sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwabayɩ ɖɔɖɔ payɩ. Ɛlaba you nɛ ɛmʋna ɖoŋ kɛ aztèque Ampiiri yaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Charles Quint kaakɛna Castille tɛ tɛtʋ wiyau. Ɛnʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ, wiyau sɔsɔ kɛ ɖoma caama kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdɩyaa tɛ.
Abalʋ ɖoŋ tɛtʋ mʋyʋ yoyu tʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ cɛɣɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɛsɩpan̄ɔlɩ kɩfalʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ. Ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ, ɖɩtaawɛ kedeŋa yɔ. Kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛnɛ kpaɖʋ ŋgʋ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yoyaa n̄aza siŋŋ nɛ pamʋna ɖoŋ Amerika ajɛɛ nɛ pacaɣ a-n̄ʋŋ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʋ ɖoŋ tɛtʋ mʋyʋ yoyu ɛnɛ, ɛlɩna ɛyaa kɩbama nɛ n̄ɩm tɩnaa sɔsɔ cejewiye yaa hɔʋʋ taa kɛnɛ.


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Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ
Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kɛna mbʋ paya size minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ yɔ. Nɛ kɩ-wɛna ɖɩhʋlɩyɛ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size pahʋya pɔʋ nɛ paya peɖe size nɔɔ taa nɛ peɖe pahʋlʋʋna. Minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-hɔʋʋ kɛ paya size kwiviri. Kwiviri kʋnɛ kʋwɛ kelekele pɩŋŋ.
Tom piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ tobiye yem size kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna ɖɩduye yɔ. Ɖɩwaza kɛlɛ se palakɩna-kʋ se potugu telɛskɔpiki ɖeɖe. Ɛlɛ, kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩkaɖʋ yɔ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ.Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kudutuu n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ kʋwɛ kɛdɛɖa siŋŋ yɔ kɛ minziiki wondu kɩhʋlʋtʋ taa.
Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɩhʋlʋ sɩm camɩyɛ ɛ-ɛpɔzʋʋ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm nee labɩnaʋ ɖeke. Pa kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɛ abalʋ tɛ kpaagba nɔɔ kʋyʋ tɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɩtɔŋgʋ size pʋwɛ muduleee yɔ yaa tiluu hɛɛɛ kɔyɔ, ɛ-suye tilitu yaa wilitu wɛ ɖoŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛgandɩyɛ. Ɛ-wɛ lʋʋ, ɛ-ɖala nɛ ɛ-tɛ e-koti ɛzɩ maya S yɔ.
Nɛ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ kpem yɔ mbʋ lɛ size, ɛwɛ ɛzɩ tilimiye yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndu pahʋlɩɩ yɔ lɛ, ɛ-lɩɣ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnɩɣ taa yaa ewelesu taa wɛ leleŋ siŋŋ. Nɛ mbʋ lakɩna nɛ ɛwɛʋ ndɩ nɛ euphoniums yaa saxhorns waa nɛ soo n̄ɩɣyɩŋ lɛɛŋ mba pe-wiluu yaa pe-tiluu ndu tɩkɩlɩ wɛʋ feutré yɔ.
Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kɩhʋlʋʋ kʋnɛ, pahʋlʋʋ-kʋ soo kɩmaba ndɩ ndɩ taa. Naayɛ kɔyɔ: minziiki kɩ-cɔlʋʋ taa kɛ jazz ɖɩmabɩyɛ, nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtɩŋɩna salsa, nɛ ska, nɛ funk yaa minziiki sɔɔjana n̄ɩŋgʋ, nɛ pahʋlʋʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ sɛmfoniki ɖeɖe, nɛ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ arimani ɖeɖe. Pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ aŋganda soo ɖeɖe, nɛ big bands, nɛ brass bands taa ɖɔɖɔ.


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Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm
Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣna ɛsɩyɛ piye taa yɔ. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm taa wɛ ɖɔm tɩyɛ nɛ wezuu ajɔɔla wena awɛ ɛsɛ taa yɔ, ana atɔʊna leleminaŋ ŋga. Wiliu taa kɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩʊ nɛ nakpaazasɩ yɔɔ kɛ pikpeŋ. Pana ɛyʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ewuu. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm ɛɛlɩʊ yem. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ ñaŋ kpakpaya yaa sɔɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ lɛ, pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩlɩɩ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛsɛtɩɣ kaabʊ kɔyɔ kɩ-tɛ helimaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ kɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ ñɩɣtʊ sɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩɩ. Yee pɩkɩla eyʊ wɩzʊʊ, ɛyʊ taa ɛvɛyɩ lɛlɛŋ, yaa nabʊyʊ laba-ɩ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɩɣʊ kɔyɔ, ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm ɛɛlaɣzʊ lɩʊ. Pɩtɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ taa ɛkɩla leleŋ, woŋga ɛkɩla-ɩ yaa nabʊyʊ yem, ɛ-ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm pɩzʊʊ pɩlɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sɔŋzɩ nasɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ nɛ pɩsɩma wiu camɩyɛ nɛ sɩm ɛlaba ɖoɩ kɔyɔ, mba patɩŋ nɛ powolo pewi-i. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm taa nɛ lɩm nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa nɛ klɔɖɩ nɛ sodiyɔm tomnasi. Tomnasɩ sɩnɛ sɩhaɣna ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm kɛ lelemɩnaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ ɖɔm yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ, nʊmnaa, pɩdʊʊ, yaɖɛ taa kʊlʊm nɛ kɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ pisida ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm taa. Pɩnaɣ 1981 ñɩnɩya ñɩna nɛ pana se mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm taa pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna wɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ wiu yɔ. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ taa wɩɣʊ yɔ, pɩ-taa nɛ yaɖɛ taa kʊlʊm pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ pɩlɩʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩkɛna nabɩyʊ labɩna pʊndʊ ɖoli yem ñɩɩɩ yɔ.
Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm wɛ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩhaɣ ɔkɩsɩzɛɛnɩ nɛ pɩñalʊ ɛsɛ hutu nɛ ɛsɛ pee asuluma. Wiliu lʊkɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa yaa ɛ-maɣzɩm taa wɩzasɩ kʊɖomɩŋ weyi ɩpɩzʊ ɩha ɛsɛ ñɩŋgɩyɛ yɔ. Wiliu kɛna ɖɔɖɔ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ tɩŋgʊna nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ndʊ tɩɩsaŋgɩ-ɩ yɔɔdʊ yɔ. Ɛzɩ pɩɣa ɛjam yɔ, akpadayʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩkɩla ɛyʊ ɖɩɩzʊ yaa wɩzʊ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ 45 wayɩ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ kaɖɛ se ewii nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩɩ ɛzɩ pɩdɩɩ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ɛsɛ hutu ajɔɔla hʊwa nɛ aatasʊ tisu kɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm camɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ halʊ tɛ.


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Ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa
Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa pɩlɩʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa yɔ, pɩkɛ paɣlaka wonuu nakʋyʋ. Paɣlaka wonuu ŋgʋ pamaɣzɩna nɛ panaɣ alɩwaatʋ lɛɣzʋʋ lɛɣzʋʋ mbʋ yɔ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kilimuu tɛ mbʋ yɔ kɔyɔ, pañɩnɩɣ nɛ patɩlɩ kilimuu tɛ seɣa. Ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa yekina nɛ ɛyʋ tɩlɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ kɩmabɩnaʋ tɛ seɣa.
Tobit aa lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ se ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa lɩɣna lɛɣzɩtʋ natʋyʋ tɛ maɣzɩtʋ tɛ tɛyɩtʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ nabʋyʋ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nabʋyʋ tɛ yuŋ mbʋ yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wonuu nakʋyʋ tɛ paɣlaka.
Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ ndʋ pɛtɛm-tʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ tɩ-taa.
Tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ pɩlɩʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa yɔ, pɩkɛ paɣlaka nakɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛlɛ, paɣlaka ŋga, kamaɣzɩ alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ, tokaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ weyi pese alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩɖɛwa yɔ.
Pamaɣzɩɣ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa nɛ pana se mɛtɛnaa ɛzɩma ñɩɣyʋʋ taa seɣa seɣ tɛlɛm kɛlɛm kʋɖʋmʋʋ taa. Pamaɣ pɩ-tɛ kumoɖe se m/s.


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Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ
Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ kɛna Oseyanii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Oseyanii ilemiye taa nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yele lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ- tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ Salomɔɔ yɔ tɩwɛna.
Pamaza Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 462 840 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 431 902 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 14 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Elisabeth II nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Bob Dadae.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Ɛŋglisi, Tɔkɩ pisɛɛ, Hiri Motu nɛ ndamaa kʊnʊŋ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kina.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɔɔrɩ Maarɛsbii nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +675 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ nɛ petee wendu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɖɩkpɛndʊʊ ɖɩ-tɛ ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ taa.


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Pɔzɩ se nɔɔyʋ ɛkɔɔ nɛ ɛna-ŋ
Ŋsɔɔlaa se ŋtɩlɩ Bibl yɔɔ tɔm yaa Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa yɔɔ tɔm nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ? Ye mbʋ yɔ tɩŋnɩ aɖakaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pɩ-tɛɛ cɩnɛ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋpɔzɩ se Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛkɔɔ nɛ ɛna-ŋ, nɛ ñe-egeetiye taa Aseɣɖe Tʋ nɔɔyʋ kaɣ-ŋ yaʋ.
Ðɩkaɣ labɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ñɔ-yɔɔ tɔm kɩmɛsɩtʋ ndʋ ŋmawa nɛ ŋtiyina yɔ, nɛ ɖiyele nɛ nɔɔyʋ kɔɔ nɛ ɛna-ŋ ɛzɩ ŋpɔzʋʋ yɔ. Ðɩkaɣ ɖɔm paɣtʋ ndʋ paɖʋwa pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se palabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ tɔm kɩmɛsɩtʋ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ.
Ðɩkaɣ-ŋ yaʋ
Ŋmaɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ tɔm aɖakaɣ kanɛ ka-taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tʋ nɔɔyʋ kaɣ-ŋ yaʋ pʋcɔ nɛ kpɩtaʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yaa kpɩtaŋ naalɛ tɛ.
Kpɛlɩkɩ nɛ ŋtɩlɩ ndʋ Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ
Kpɛlɩkɩ nɛ ŋtɩlɩ ndʋ Bibl wɩlɩɣ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ, yaa pɔzɩ nɛ ŋtɩlɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩɣnɩ ɛyaa Bibl falaa yɔ.
Paa le nɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa
Ña nɛ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɩkatɩ ɖama yaa ɩtɩŋnɩ video yɔɔ nɛ ɩyaa ɖama alɩwaatʋ nɛ lone nɖɩ ŋsɔɔlaa yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
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Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm
Tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ nɛ walʋʋ. Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyaarɩ waa 4,3. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ km2 waa 43 810 582. Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Aazii tɛtʋ kɛ hɔɔlʋʋ 29,4. Yee pɛtɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ tɛtʋ ɖeke nɛ pɩtɛkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ 8,6.
Ɛyaa ɖɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa kɛ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ ɛyaa hiu. Kedeŋa kpeekpe pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa panaɣ pʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ kʋyʋʋ pʋŋ lɛɛŋ nɛ kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ yɔ. Aazii tɛtʋ taa pʋʋ ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se Everɛɛsɩ (Everest) pʋʋ. Pʋʋ ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 8 848.
Kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʋyʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɛ-taa payɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pana kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ kʋyʋ yɔ. Payaɣ kuduyuu kʋkʋyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ se Burj Khalifa. Kɩwɛ Dubaï tɛtʋ taa. Kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 828.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩlɩna lɩm tɛɛ nɛ tɩkpa huuye lɩm kideŋ wayɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa payɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pana ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ posinaʋ lɩm kideŋ yɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Tiposina lɩŋamʋʋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 2648 mbʋ yɔ.


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Tanzani
Tanzani kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɑɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Indɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Keniya nɛ Uganda ajɛya pasɩna ɖa-ma kamaɣ, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Ruwandaa, Burundi nɛ Kɔŋgo ajɛya ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Sambi nɛ Malaawii piyele nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 945 087 km2. Pakala kɩkalʊʊkɛe pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda milyɔɔnaa 43. Tanzaani taa ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Pantuwaa yɔ,mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Todoma nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa piyele tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩpɩndʊ ndʊ payawaɣ se Der es Salam yɔ, tʊtʊ ñaawɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Tanzani taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: Kisiwahilii nɛ Aŋilisi, piyele kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ kɛ Sanzibarɩ nɛ Pɛmba taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Araabii.
Payaɣʊ sɔnɔ se Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, ajɛya naalɛ kpɛndɩna kpɛm a-tɩ yɔɔ wɛu wayɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964: Taŋganiika nɛ Sanzibarɩ. Ajɛya anɛ, ɖooo lɛ aawɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nesi tɛɛ. Tanzani wɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1961 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1961.
Julius Nyerere kɛŋna Tanganika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1962. Sanzibarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Sheikh Abeid Karume ñɛkɛŋna peeɖe ñʊʊtʊ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964 kɛ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ akpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ Julius Nyerere kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ piyele Abeid Karume ñɛkɛna ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ.


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Jazz
Etaazuunii nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa minziiki yaa soo ana ɖɩyaɣ se jazz, papaɣzɩ-yɛ mabʊ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa. Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, nɛ minziiki ŋgʊ pamakɩ-kʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛsɩnda kɛnɛ ɛzɩ kedizasi sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe mbʊ yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa jazz minziiki paɣla halɩ kɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa, nɛ halɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ egeetiye sɔɔlʊʊ se pɩkɛdɩna-ɖɩ yɔ. Kpaɣ sɔnɔ ɖɛ-tɛ avema anɛ a-taa jazz lɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩ nabɛyɛ jazz afro-cubain, jazz West Coast, ska-jazz, avant-garde jazz indo-jazz soul jazz, kuduyuu tɛ jazz, latɛŋ jazz, jazz funk, loft jazz, jazz punk, acid jazz, rap jazz, M-base nɛ nu jazz.
Ɛyaa mba palaba jazz minziiki tʊmɩyɛ yɔ pɛkɛ piyanoo maɖaa pa-taa kɔyɔ Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock nɛ Count Basie, nɛ aŋgada hʊlɩyaa kɔyɔ Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie nɛ Miles Davis, selesiyu kɔyɔ Charles Mingus, fɛtɛyɩŋ tɩnaa kɔyɔ Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Charlie Parker nɛ John Coltrane, cɩmʊʊ ɖeɣa tʊ Sidney Bechet nɛ hendu teyaa kɔyɔ Billie Holiday, Nina Simone nɛ Ella Fitzgerald.
Pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1808 alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩtɩŋna yomtu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛda kaatɛma talʊʊ Etaazuunii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ miiliiyɔɔ kʊyʊmʊʊ mbʊ yɔ palɩna sahara nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Afrika nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Koŋgoo pɔɔ fɛɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa pɔkɔna pɛ-tɛ soo sɔnzɩ lona ana a-taa peeɖe.


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Isitambuli
Isitanbuli kɛna Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɛkuliye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Peeɖe ɖɖoɖɔ kɛ tadɩyɛ labʋ nɛ tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka tʋma kɩlaa. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖʋ kɛ Turiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ Isitanbili tɛtʋ taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliylolonaa 15 yɔ ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖeke lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda pɩnaɣ 2016 taa kɛ 14 804 116. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ.
Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpu nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ɛzɩma tɩɩwɛ Eerɔpu keteŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, pʋyɔɔ kɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Eerɔpu ñɩndʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ papaazɩɣ-tʋ yaʋ se Isitanbuli, pɩtakɩlɩ leeɖɩɣ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1930 taa kɛ papaazɩ-tʋ yaʋ mbʋ. Pɩyele ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ-tʋ se Piizansi (Byzance). Pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 330 taa nɛ pɩɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ kɛ roma wiyau sɔsɔ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Constantin 1er yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ paya tɛtʋ ndʋ se Deuxième Rome, Piizansɩ (Byzance), nɛ Konsitantiinopɩlɩ (Constantinople). Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2004 taa lɛ Isitanuli maaliki yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ kɛ payaɣ se Kadir Topbas (AKP).


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Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (féminisme)
Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pɩkɛ lʊbɩyɛ tɔm nɛ politiki lɩmaɣza, ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɔm, patɩŋa mbʊ yɔ pa-maɣzɩm kɛ kʊɖʊm. Tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ, lɩmaɣza labʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɖatɩŋa ɖɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ politiki nɔmɔʊ taa, tɔsʊʊ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa, ɛzakuliye ñɩɣnɩɣ tɔm taa, tɩ yɔɔ tɔm, samaɣ taa nɛ tɔm hʊʊ tɛ kɛ abalaa nɛ halaa hɛkɩŋ taa. Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ maɣzɩm kɛlɛ se palʊ nɛ paɖɩzɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ abalaa nɛ halaa hɛkɩŋ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patakpaɣ halʊ nɛ paya nabʊyʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa kpoyi nɛ palʊ nɛ palɩzɩ halʊ waɖɛ paɣtʊ takayasɩ ɛyaa taa nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ fezuu labʊ taa.
Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1792, Fransɩɩ sʊ you taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ youna ɖama kamasɩ yɔɔ, ŋgʊ mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1793 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, halɩtʊ canɖaʊ nakʊyʊ ñapalaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, ɛlɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa halaa kaatɩna tʊ pʊñɔtɩna cokodo fɛyɩ tɩnaa tɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ lɛɣzɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1793, pɩtɩŋna Claire Lacombe nɛ Pauline Léon, taa halaa nasɩlɛ, mba ɖɩyaɣ sindiɖiki yaa piyuu pɩsaŋ lʊya caɣ kʊjɔŋ kpeɣa tendemee tɩŋa yɔɔ nɛ pahʊtʊʊ tɔm paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa. Claire Lacombe ñɔtɔŋ se pɛcɛlɩ malɩfanaa halaa.
Nasɩɩ lɛ, you ŋgʊ sakɩyɛ taa wɛna-kʊ nɛ leleŋ kpem alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, abalaa etisiɣ halaa kewiyitu tɔm pɛ hɛkʊ taa. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tisuu lɩmaɣza wena awɛ Emile yaa Rousseau wɩlɩtʊ taa yɔ, se halʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ mbʊ paya-ɩ se ɖoo nɛ ɛlʊlɩ piyaa, pazɩɩ yem ɛzɩ Condorcet yeke ñɩŋɩɣna se pɔtɔ caca halʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kedeŋga wɛtʊ ɛsɩnda ɖatɩŋa ɖɩkɛ ɛyaa, pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ kʊɖʊma ana a-taa peeɖe maɣzɩm lɛɛbʊ lɩɩ nɛ pʊlʊkɩna kañatʊ kewiyitu tɔm nɛ yomtʊ tɔm.
Paa-ñɩŋa alɩwaatʊ wayi lɛ, halaa naɣ se papazɩ-wɛ haʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ, patʊlɩ-wɛ nesi tɛɛ kɩlabɩm tʊma, ɛlɛ pɩtala lɔŋ, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10. Pehiɣ paɖɩŋ kajalaɣ ɛyʊtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa ɖɩlɩzɩyɛ tɔm ɖeɖe Luxemboug, nɛ pamazɩɣ lɛɣzɩtʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pa-tʊma labʊ cɔlɔ, patʊlɩ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩtɔyɛ faalɛ.
Patɩlɩ lɔŋ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa tɩ-yɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, peeɖe halaa mba pamazɩ se pɛkɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔ kaakɩlɩna ɖɔʊ halaa ñɩma mba palʊkaɣ halʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, palakaɣ kʊñɔŋ pazɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pada kpasɩ camɩyɛ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɔɖɔna-wɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Queen’s College for Women nɛ Bedford College Elizabeth Jesser Reid ñɩnba, patʊlɩ-wɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 tɛmtʊ taa se pɩsa nɛ halaa wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛna tɩlɩtʊ sɔsɔtʊ piŋ.
Takayasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nee mʊya kɩfama mʊ nimiye nɛ peseɣtu halʊ sukuli tɔm yɔɔ. North London Collegiate School (pɩnaɣ 1850) nɛ Cheltenham Ladies' College (pɩnaɣ 1853), Bedford sukuli piya kɩbɩma naalɛ kaawɛna pɔ-nɔsɩ yɔɔ, mba yɔ Frances Buss nɛ Dorothy Beale.
Halaa mba palʊkɩ halʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ pekitina patɩ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ yɔɔ kiŋ. Emily Davies ɖɛna nɔɔ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se halʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo santaɖaʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, ñɩŋʊʊ se patʊlɩ halɩbiya santaɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ se pɛtɛma hɛkʊ taa sukuli (The Cambridge and Oxford Local Examination), pataka nɛ pana pɩnaɣ 1863 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ha-wɛ waɖɛ takayaɣ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ kɩtɩŋʊʊ kaakɛ ɛzɩma patʊlɩ halɩbiya santaɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ waɖɛ halʊ nɛ ɛsʊʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ (Matriculation Examinations). Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa tɔm hʊyaa kiziɣ mbʊ lɛ, Davies tɔlɩ, paa ɛtaafɛyɩna wondu tɩŋa kɔyɔ, halaa sukuli nakʊyʊ, pama-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Hitchin abalɩbiya kɔlɛzɩ Hertfordshire tɛtʊ taa yɔ (pɩnaɣ 1869), nɛ pʊcɔ ɛñɔtɩ ɛtɩ Cambridge nɛ ɛcaɣ Girton tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ kɩtɩŋaɣ taa. Tʊmɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ caŋ ɖɩlɩɩ kpaagbaa ɖɩnɛ yɔ ɖɩ wayi Cambridge peeɖe ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ, patʊlɩ Newnham kɔlɛzɩ pɩtɩŋna yɔɔ huuziyaa pa nɛ yɔ pɔyɔɔ Henry Sidgwick nɛ Anne Clough.


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Ositraalii
Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraalii kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Ɛɛndɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Ɛyaa paaziɣ Ositraalii tɛtʊ taa caɣʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 50 000 kɔyɔ nɛ mba pakɩlɩɣ wobo peede ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: kpakpasɩ kpaya nɛ Néerlandi lɩm yaya. Dooo pɩnzɩ XVII taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ yɛlɩya nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa katɛma nɑʊ se Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ 1770 taa kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ñɩma nɛ pɩkɩlɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1788 kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Nouvelle-Galles kaɣ ñɔʊ camɩyɛ kaɣlaa. Efemiye nɖɩ kɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔkɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ kazandʊ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ efemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛ ajɛya cikpena looɖo nayɛ ñɔñɔ peeɖe nɛ akpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Commonwealth d'Australie.
Ositraalii taa mba ñyɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm nɛ pe-lidiya kɔyɔ Ositraalii dollar. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sosɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Kambeera nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Ositraalii hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, peeɖe samɣ wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23 yɔ nɛ ɛyaa panɛ pɔɖɔ kpem kɛ Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth nɛ Adelaide hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Ositraalii kɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ tʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ PIB talɩ ɛzɩ milliard waa 1542 mbʊ yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊʊ nɖɩ payaɣ se PNUD yɔ, ɖɩsɩ Ositraalii ɛzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋʊ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobʊ nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ.


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Kpakpayaɣ
Kpakpasɩ kɛ lɩm-daɣ kpɩnaa wena avezuna 'branchies' yɔ, kɔyɔ nɛ mbu payana anasaayɩ ta se nagɛrɛ waa yɔ nɛ po-tomnaɣsɩ yɔ lɛ pɔɔɖɛ huzɩnɩ payɩ. Kpakpasɩ tɔya yem lɩm cikpem nɛ teŋgunaa taa: sɩlɩnaa pʊŋ weyi lɩm lɩʊna ɛtaa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa. Kpakpasɩ wɛ hɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ yem, nɛ cabɩ wɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa ɖeŋɖe paalakɩ pɩyʊ nɔʊ yɔ. Sɩwɛna waza pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ sɩŋŋ kɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɩkɛʊ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, paɣ ɛjaɖɛ ŋɖɩ lɛ ɖɩtaa lɛ; pʊwɛ se kpakpasɩ nzɩ pɔɖɔɔ sɩ yaa pakpaazɩ lɩmdaa nɛ pɔɔ cɔlʊʊ.
Kpakpaysɩ nzɩ sɩwɛna waza sɩŋŋ, haɖaʊ taa, ɛsɔ nɩmaʊ taa, mʊya hɔlʊʋ taa, pɩtasɩna takayɩsɩ maʊ ɖeɖe nɛ filim naa labʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ .


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Kulukulu kuduyuu (Tour)
Kulukulu kuduyuu kɛ sakɩyɛ n̄aɖaɣna yaʋ yaa ha hɩɖɛ size tilimiye yaa tɔlʋʋ kuduyuu. Tilimiye yaa kulukulu kuduyuu kɛna kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋyɩ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɩkɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩɖaɣla siŋŋ yɔ. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamaɣzɩ-kʋ yaa pɛkɛdɩ-kʋ nɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ payaɣna-kʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "échauguette" yɔ.
Tilimiye kuduyuu yaa kulukulu kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩɖaɣla pɩkɩlɩ kɩwalanzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size pama-kʋ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ kɩtatii walʋʋ kpoyii. Tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ ɛnɛ papaza ɛmatʋʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yaa ɖoo ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkɛ kuduyuŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ nɛ pɔcɔ canaɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ tɔm talɩʋʋ.
Ɖɩcɔnaɣ yaa ɖɩmaɣzʋʋ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size, kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔ kɩbɩŋ weyi halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɔɖɔnɩ-ɩ maʋ yɔ, sakɩyɛ taɣ wɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size, "brochs" waa yɔ. Pɩtɛ kuduyuŋ matʋ ndʋ, pama-tʋ n̄ɩɣtʋ pɩnaɣ yaa wɛɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ taŋga (25 000) n̄ɩŋga nɛ kudokiŋ naadozo (3 000) n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔʋ kɩpɩŋ ɛnɛ, pana-ɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Écosse nɛ ɖi-hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ ajɛɛ cikpena wena paya alɛ size Orcades yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖoo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ yaa canaʋ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, ajɛɛ anɛɛ yɔ Azii ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ pɩtasɩna Phéniciens ɛjaɖɛ mba nɛ Étrusques ɛjaɖɛ taa mba, mawaa kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ pɔsɔzɩ yaa patasɩ ɖoŋ kɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ (villes) taa kolonzɩ yaa kamanaŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ.
Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ wondu lona kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, ɖɩnaɣyɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size "Mogador" yɔ tɩ-taa. Wondu ndʋ tɩ-pɩnzɩ ɖɔɔ siŋŋ yaa leɖa siŋŋ, mbʋ yɔ tɩkɛ kɔɔnaɣ yaa kajalaɣ kpaɖʋ taa nɛ ɖɛŋgʋ kʋnɛ kɩtalʋʋ. Wondu ndʋ, tɩɖɩlɩyɛ kiɖe yaa loniye kɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size phénicienne yaa carthaginoise ɖɩ-taa. Ɖomuu yaa Roma mba maa tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ nɛ ɛwɛʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaʋ size kʋlɔmɩŋ lutoozo tʋ tɩyɛ yɔ (octogonales). Pɩtɛ kuduyuŋ kɛ wɛɛ awiyaa ɖɩsɩ yɔ. Pama sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ pɛtɛ nɛ paya-kʋ size Dioclétien tɛ ɖaɣ.


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Pakisitaanɩ
Pakisitaanɩ kɛna Ɛndɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ malɩŋ ɖɩwɛ malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya wena acɔ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana lɛ: Iranɩ, Afganistani, Siini, Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Arabii teŋgu.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-tikiɖe paɣza pkɩyɛna fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ ɖɩnɛ Ɛɛndɩ panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Kazemiiri yɔ tɩ-tɛyɩtʊ taa. Ɛlɛ ajɛya ana aatɛma you pɩnzɩ naatozo mbilim. Ɖɩnɛ Afganistani paaniɣna-ɖama kamaɣ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Etaazuni nɛ Siini ajɛya panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Pakisitaanɩ yɔ palɩna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya taa. Pɩkɩlna Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa nɛ Iranɩ taa ɛyaa. Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 80 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ lalaa le pamaɣna 20 kɛ mɩʊ yɔɔ.
Peeɖe pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa 188; pʊtɔbʊʊ se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛndonezi wayi lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ tɩŋgʊʊna malɩŋ ɖɔʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Urduu nɛ Englɩsɩɩ. Ɛlɛ mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ hiu kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ: Pɛnjabi, Pasitoo, Sɛndi nɛ Serayiki.


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Theresa May
Theresa May kɛna Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa kɩpaɣlʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛwɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tɛ pɩlɩʊ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997. Palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1956 kɛ Istburni, Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Hubert Brasier (1917-1981) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ de Zaidee Mary (1928-1982). Ɛ-ñɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, eɖeke palʊlaa. Ɛ-caa kɛ layʊ sɔsɔ kɛ Aŋgilkani cɔɔcɩ kpaamɩŋ taa Aŋgilitɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. E-ɖoo kaakɛ weyi ɛma nʊkɔyʊ kpam kɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣzɛ tiŋga payɩ yɔ. Theresa May wɛna pɩnzɩ 25 lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma sɩ: lɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-caa hiuna kɛkpɛdɛsaɣ nɛ pʊtɔcɔ piyele e-ɖoo yɔ, kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ ɛsɩbɩnaa. Pɩlabayɩ nɛ e-hola ɛɛtasʊʊ ɖɔm camɩyɛ.
Paawona-ɩ Heytrɔpi sukuli cikpelu taa kɛ Oxford tɛtʊ taa pʊcɔ powokɩna-ɩ halipiya sukuli taa kɛ Juliana sukuli taa. Sukuli kʊnɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ tʊlɩna-kʊ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 13 lɛ, ɛsʊ sukuli kɛtɛzʊ taa Hɔltoni. Pawayɩ lɛ, ɛmʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ takayaɣ nɛ ɛsʊʊ sukuli piya sɔsa kpɛlɛkʊ sukuli taa kɛ Oxford. Peeɖe ɛpaɣzɩ ɛwɛɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɛkpɛlɛkʊ tɛtʊ wɛtʊ taa tʊʊzʊʊ yɔ. Peeɖe pɩtɩŋna taabalʊ nɔɔyʊ yɔ, Benazir Bhutto, nɛ ɛnɛ Philip May pɔɖɔŋ ɛgbaadɩyɛ nɛ pɔkɔɔ pɛwɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ. Pɛfɛyɩna pʊɣa.
Ɛzɩ e-ɖoo yɔ, Theresa May kɛ weyi ɛma nʊkɔyʊ kpam kɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣzɛ tiŋga payɩ yɔ. Palaba caca se palɩzɩ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayaɣ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Paɖa-ɩ lɩzʊ agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997. Pɩnzɩ 4 wayɩ ɖɔɖɔ, mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 2001 patasɩ-ɩ lɩzʊ. Ɛsʊʊ komina taa yɔ, ɛtalɩda. Pɔtɔʊ cacanaa nɛ palɩzʊ-ɩ lɩzʊ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ yɔ: agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 2005, agoza fenaɣ 6 wiye pɩnaɣ 2010, agoza fenaɣ 7 pɩnaɣ 215, mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 8 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2017 nɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 2019.
Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ kpaɣ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 2016 pɩsɩɩna hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 24 wiye pɩnaɣ 2019. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛlaba pɩnzɩ 3 nɛ fenasɩ 11. David Cameron alɩwaatʊ tɛmna nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Theresa May ñɩndʊ tɛma lɛ, Boris Johnson kɛ palɩzaa yɔ. Agoza fenaɣ 12 wiye pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paalɩza-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkɛna ministri weyi ɛcɔŋna halʊ nɛ ɛ-waɖɛ pa-kandayʊ yɔɔ yɔ.


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Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ
Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ pɩkɛ sacrɩmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ-kʊ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛdaɣnɩ pazʊʊ fezuu caɣʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔ, Krɩstʊ tɩŋʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Paa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛɛ peeɖe, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paa Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ ŋga pɔyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm ka-taa nɛ pañɩɣ niiye tʊ-tyɔɔ piŋ. Lɩm mbʊ papɩyɩɣ-pʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɛ mbʊ hɩzɩnana kajalaɣ kʊwɛkɩm nɛ pɩɖanɩɣ ɛyʊ kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam taa kɛ wezuu kɩfalʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa nɛ matɛŋ matɛŋ taa.
Krɩstʊ mba kpeekpe sɩma ɖama nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ Yeesuu maɣmaɣ mʊ yɔrdaŋ pɔɔ taa Yohanɛsɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, pama-tʊ Mateu kiɖeɖeu takayaɣ. Ɛsɔ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ndʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ. Lɩm mɩɩsʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ ŋtiki lɩm taa pɩkpa pɩsɩna ñɛ-nɛmbɛla yaa pʊtɔma pelimsuu ña-tɩŋa mbilim. Lalaa payadʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩyadʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ papɩyʊʊ-pʊ ñe-kiɖe yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩcɛlɩna cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Katoliki taa lɛ papa pɩyɩɣ lɩm ɛyʊ kiɖe taa kɛlɛ limsuu tɔm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ. Cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ tɔŋ kɩ-tɩ se siɣsiɣ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ pe-limsuu ñatɩŋa mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ. Piyele pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛ papa ñalakɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ. Evangeliki mba tɛ lɛ limsuu paɣtʊ palakɩ. Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ kɛ sacrɛmɩdʊʊ lʊbɛ ndʊ tɩwɛ katoliki cejewiye taa yɔ tɛ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Lɩm sɔʊ mbʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛna yomiye naɖɩyɛ taa lɩɣ kɛ ɛyʊ, pɩkɛ eleuu ñɩŋkpasɩ taa lɩɣ, kʊwɛkɩm hɩzɩɣ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩsɩ Ɛsɔ pɩɣa.
Pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm lɛ ŋpɩsa Ɛsɔ cejewiye taa pɩɣa nɛ ŋpazɩɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm tʊmɩyɛ labʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ŋpazɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm suzuu. Mayaɣ ŋga Kacaɣʊʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɩm sɔʊ wiye yɔ pɩɩtasɩɣ-kɛ hɩzɩɣ wiiɖi kaʊ. Katoliki cejewiye taa ɛyaa tɔzʊʊ pɛ-tɛ lɩm sɔʊ yɔɔ paa paska alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa, nɛ yee cɛyɩtʊ kɩkpaɖɩtʊ natʊyʊ ɛtala tuda kɔyɔ pɩha waɖɛ paa anɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla pɩ-tɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛ cɛyɩtʊ taa.


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Piresiili
Amerika nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ ajɛya taa lɛ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ɖɩ-samaɣ kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔʋ. Ɖɩwalaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtakakɩnaa 8 515 767 mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɛkɛ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 201 yɔ pɩnaɣ 2013 n̄ɩŋa taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ taa lɛ, Piresiili kɛnɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʋʋ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 n̄ɩŋa taa lɛ, Piresiili kɛkɛnɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩŋɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʋʋ huwaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Ɖɩ-ɛsɩndaa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ. Preziili kɛwɛna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa dɔɔlaarɩ waa ɛgbaŋ 2 243. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ tɛtʋ tɔm naalɛ yɔ, Piresiili kpaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mpilim. Ɛ nɛ Siilii nɛ Ekowatɛɛrɩ pa-ajɛɛ ɖeke tasɩɩna nɛ ɖama kamasɩ. Piyele ɛ nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɛna kpeekpe pasɩna ɖama kamasɩ.
Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ kɛwɛ yomiye taa waasɩ sakɩyɛ Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba nesi tɛɛ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, ɖi-ɖeke ɖɩkɛnɩna Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba n̄ɩm Amerika tɛtʋ taa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba kʋnʋŋ Preziili ɛjaɖɛ tʋma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdʋʋ. Piresiili wɛ ajɛɛ wena ayɔɔdʋʋ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋnʋŋ yɔ, a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛɛ taa lɛ, Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ, pʋwayɩ lɛ, Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ. Paakɩlɩɣ-kʋ yɔɔdʋʋ Amerika Laatiini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Piresiili nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ lɛɛna pɛwɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ : ŋgbɛyɛ Katolika taa n̄ɩma kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ, ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖama n̄ɩɣdʋʋ tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ taa, sakɩyɛ wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, 84 wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa (84 %).
Kominawaa ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ ɛyʋ tɩyɔɔwɛʋ. Pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖamanɩnaʋ wɛɛ ndɩ yɔ. Laʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ huuzi Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ yɔɔ, ɛyaa fɛyɩ laʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ : "Sao Paulo" nɛ "Rio de Janeiro" nɛ ageta sɔsɔna taa naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔ "Belo Horizonte" tɛtʋ nɛ ɖɩta yɔ. Tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛɛ wena a-taa mulum kɩla wɛʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ a-taa. Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ a-taa. Ajɛɛ ana, anaa yɔ : Siini, Ɛɛndɩ, Afrɩka hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Ruusii.


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Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy kɛna keɣsi maɖʊ yaa cɩmɩŋ maɖʊ nɛ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʊ. Palʊla Thomas Hardy kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1840 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1928. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ.
Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛtɔŋgaɣ ɛ-tɩ se keɣsi mabʊ nɛ si-lubu kɛŋna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ ɛlɛ paa ɛmaɣ takayɩsɩ kɔyɔ pɩɩkɛ se ehiɣu efemiye tɔɔnaɣ. Thomas Hardy caa pɛɛ luɖu nɛ e-ɖoo ñalabɩna sukuli pazɩ nɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ pʊcɔ powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ litoozo taa. Pɩnzɩ 16 taa kɛ ɛlɩ sukuli nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ kɛ John Hicks cɔlɔ. Pʊwayɩ kɛ ɛɖaɣna pɩsɩɣ King's College kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa sukuli taa nɛpeeɖe paha-ɩ samtʊ nima naayɛ.


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Asiyee
Ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fɛɛrɩ (fer) yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ kʊkʊ se karɩbɔɔnɩ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ. Asiyee yuŋ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ lɔɔlʊʊ 0,02 yaa hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Paa mbʊ yɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ yuŋ yebina nɛ payaɣ se asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ taa wɛ fɛɛrɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ, paayaɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ se asiyee. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se fɔntɩ (fontes) nɛ fɛɛro-aliyaazɩ (ferroalliages) waa mbʊ yɔ.
Mbʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ taa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ caɣ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Poluba asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ se palabɩna mbʊ payaɣ se mekaniiki (mécanique) yaa siimii yɔ pa-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ. Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛkpɛndɩ mekani iki nɛ siimii pa-tʊma nɛ palabɩna asiyee ñɩɣtʊ.
Pʊcɔ nɛ papɩzɩ pakpaɣ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ palabɩna-kʊ nɛ siimii tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pʊpɔzʊʊ se siimii wondu ɛwɛɛ asiyee taa nɛ pɩtasɩna karɩbɔɔnɩ. Wondu ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ se wondu kɩtasɩtʊ. Wondu ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : maŋganɛɛzɩ (Mn) nɛ kurom (Cr) nɛ niikɛɛlɩ (Ni) nɛ molibidɛɛnɩ (molybdène, Mo).
Wondu ndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ taa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ pɔcɔlɩ-tʊ pɩlɩŋ naadozo taa :
Wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ asuluma yɔ. Wondu ndʊ, ndʊʊ yɔ : suufrɩ (soufre, S) nɛ fɔsɩfɔɔrɩ (P). Fɔsɩfɔɔrɩ wɛ kɔkɩ (coke) nɛ plɔɔbɩ pa-taa. Wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ asuluma nɛ tɩwɛ asiyee taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛɛtʊ yɔ : pʋlɔŋ (Pb) nɛ etɛŋ (Sn).
Wondu ndʊ tɩsɩŋna yɔ. Wondu ndʊ tɩsɩŋna yɔ tɩlakɩna nɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ luɖu ɖaŋ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ asiyee ñɩɣtʊ miŋ ɛtaañaɣ-ɩ. Wondu ndʊ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ : aliminiyɔm nɛ silisiyɔɔm nɛ kalɩsiyɔɔm.


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CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Lɛɣtʋ ndʋ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ tɔm susuu kediɣzisi taa nɛ sɩwazɩ-ɖʋ camɩyɛ yɔ
Ɛzɩ kediɣzisi lɛɛsɩ yɔ, tɔm susuu kediɣzisi kɛnɩ nʋmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ Yehowa tɩŋɩɣna se ɛsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ ɖama nɛ ɖɩla tʋma kɩbana yɔ. (Ebr. 10:24, 25) Pɩwɛɛ se pakpaɣ cɛcɛsɩ 5 nɛ puwolo 7 mbʋ yɔ nɛ palabɩnɩ kediɣzaɣ ŋga. Koobiya tayʋʋ, kooka ŋga ka-taa pɩwɛɛ se pala tʋmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ adɩma wɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. (Ye kediɣzaɣ nakɛyɛ wayɩ palakɩ tɔm susuu kediɣzaɣ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se kɛwɛɛ tobi nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ.) Pɩpɔzʋʋ se kediɣzaɣ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ ɛñɔɔzɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩsɩɣnɩ mba pɔkɔm tɔm susuu, evemiye nɖɩ yɔ. Ðɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Mazaɣ wiye mbʋ yɔ, ye tɔm susuyaa mba pɔkɔm kediɣzaɣ taa yɔ, patisusi tɔm kpɩtaʋ hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pɩtɩla pɩwɛɣ ɖeu se kediɣzaɣ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ ɛtɔzɩ koobiya tɔm ndʋ papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ tɔm susuu taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndʋ taa papɩzɩɣ patazɩ nɛ pɩwazɩ koobiya?
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Ðe-wezuu caɣʋ nɛ ɖɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ—Kpɛlɩkʋʋ takayaɣ Kɛdɛsɩ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ
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Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ mbʋ pɩlabɩ fam nɛ fam ɖe-egeetiye taa yaa tɔm susuu takayɩsɩ taa tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ ɖɩpaɣzɩnɩ kɛdaɣ yɔ
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Ɛzɩma ɖicosi tɔm ndʋ ɛyaa yɔɔdʋʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ se pakaɖɩnɩ-ɖʋ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
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Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdɩnɩ weyi eetisiɣ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ, weyi etisiɣ évolution wɩlɩtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, weyi ɛɛyɔɔdʋʋ ɖa-kʋnʋŋ yɔ, yaa weyi ɛwɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩ ɖo-kooka taa yɔ tɩ-taa yɔ
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Ɛzɩma ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛ-tɛ intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone jw.org, application JW Library®, yaa Bibl yɔ
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Ɛzɩma ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ Tɔm wɩlʋʋ wondu taa wonuu nakʋyʋ yɔ
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Ɛzɩma ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ tɔm susuu nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ téléphone yɔɔ aseɣɖe lɩzʋʋ, takayɩsɩ maʋ, samaɣ taa tɔm susuu, pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ waa labʋ yaa Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ mbʋ yɔ.
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Lɔŋ tasʋʋ mbʋ pɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛtaatalɩ-ɖʋ tɔm susuu taa yɔ, ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se ɖitisiɣ nɛ ɖɩlakɩ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɛlɛʋ yɔ, wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ wɛnʋʋ, lɩmaɣza kɩbana wɛnʋʋ, yaa tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tɩnɩɣzɩnɩ tʋnɛ yɔ
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Ka ñʋʋ nɛ tɔm kalʋʋ nɛ tɔm wɩlʋʋ takayaɣ taa tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ natʋyʋ yaa kɛ-tɛ video nakʋyʋ
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Ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se ɖa nɛ weyi ɖisusuu tɔm yɔ ɖɩkpazɩ ɖama ɖoŋ nɛ ɖɩsɩnɩ ɖama yɔ
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Mayaɣ ŋga kɔyɔɔdʋʋ tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ tɔm yɔ, yaa mbʋ pɩlabɩ tɔm susuu taa nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ se pɩkpazɩ lalaa ɖoŋ yɔ


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Ruwandaa
Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ wɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ aŋgba sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa (ONU). Ɖɩtɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrɩka ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa (UA). Pɩnaɣ 2007 ñɩŋga taa ɖɩsʊ Afrɩka ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ taa (CAE). Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena ayɔɔdʊʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa (OIF). Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se «Commonwealth of Nations » yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1962 ñɩŋga taa Ruwandaa lɩ ɖi-yomiye taa.
Kinyarwanda kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa wɛ piyisi hɛkɩŋ taa. Pakʊ Tuuji samaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kigiluu tɔm ndʊ tɩkɛŋna Ruwandaa tɔm ndʊ paasɔʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kaʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1994 taa, kpaɣ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kigiluu ŋgʊ kɩlaba.
Ruwandaa caanaʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pʊcɔ anasaayɩ talʊʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ.
Pʊcɔ anasaayɩ fɛyʊʊ naŋgbaŋaɣ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, cejewe nɛɛlɛ (20) kekpeɣlini ɖama nɛ awɛ kpɛm. A-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Tuuji cejewiye. Tuuji cejewiye taa ñɩma lakaɣ ɖɔɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Payaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ se Huutu. Huutu cejewiye taa ñɩma ñɛkɛ haɖaa. Payaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ se Tuwa. Tuwa cejewiye taa ñɩma ñɛkɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊma laɖaa. Tuwa cejewiye taa ɛyaa liɖe kɛ kaapʊwasɩ liɖe.
Pɔ-cɔzɔnaa calɩna wɛʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kaapʊwasɩ kɛ ɛyaa mba pataɖaɣlɩ yɔ, pɛwɛ kundulum kundulum. Tuwa cejewiya pasɩŋaɣna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Paa cejewiye nɖɩ nɛ ɖi-wiyaʊ. Cejewiye wiyaʊ payaɣ se Mwami. Pɩwɛɛ se wiyaʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-caa liɖe ɛkɛ Huutu yaa Tuuji liɖe taa tʊ. Tuuji cejewiye ñazaɣna pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ cejewa lɛɛna. Halɩ pakpaɣ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖi-wiyaʊ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ Wiyaʊ. Samaɣ yɔɔdaɣ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Pa-kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ kinyarwanda.
Cejewe kpeekpe taa ɛyaa tɩŋaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ nʊmɔʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa abalʊ pɩsaɣ se ɛkpaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa halʊ. Halʊ ñapɩzɩɣ ɛkʊyɩ e-cejewiye taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛwalɩ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa ɖɔŋa ɖama hɔm Ruwandaa cejewa yɔɔ. Ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se paapɩzɩɣ patɩlɩ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ nɛ lɛɛɖɛ pa-taa ɛyaa. Mbʊ yɔ, yɔɔdaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wɛna.
Patɩŋa pɛkpɛndɩɣ patɩɣyɩ ɖɔɖɛ nɛ tɛtʊ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ ñɛwɛɛ. Sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊdʊ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Pɩnzɩ hiu
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ. Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa.
Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ lɛ, paapaasʊʊ waasɩ kalʊʊ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ pɩlaba waasɩ naalɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩsa nɛ pakɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ tobi tobi ɛyʊ pɩnzɩ kɛ waasɩ taa lɛ, pakalʊʊ se akele wɛna waazɩ hiu yɔ yee ɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔ kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ papaa-ɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɛgbadayaa yaa ɛlaba sɔsɔ.


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Augustin Hippon tʋ
Augustin d'Hippone kɛ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu. Palʋla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 354 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Souk Ahras yɔ tɩ-taa Alizerii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 430 n̄ɩŋga taa. Hippone tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Tɛtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Annaba tɛtʋ. Tɩwɛ Alɩzerii ɛjaɖɛ taa
Augustin kiɖeɖeu kɛ ɛyʋ tɩlɩtʋ yɔɔ maɣzɩm laɖʋ sɔsɔ. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se Filozɔɔfʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Katolika Ɛsɔ Cejewiye yɔɔ maɣzɩm laɖɔ sɔsɔ. Augustin kiɖeɖeu nɛ ɖajaanaa panɛ : Ambroise de Milan nɛ Jérôme de Stridon nɛ pɩtasɩna Grégoire Sɔsɔ palabɩna lɩmaɣza patʋlɩ Ɛsɔ Cejewa ndɩ ndɩ anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya taa. Ɖajaanaa naanza panɛ, patɩŋa paakɛ fadanaa. Palaba Ɛsɔ tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ pe-wezuu caɣʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paakpaɣ pa-tɩ mpilim nɛ pɛcɛlɩ Ɛsɔ tʋmɩyɛ.
Sukuli ŋgʊ ɛlaba Kartaazɩ yɔ, pɩɩkɛna Roma mba sukuli, paa nɛ ɛ-tɔm taa ɛlɩʊ Iipɔnɩ tɔm kɔyɔ. Ɛwɩlaɣ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-esa kuliye ɛlɛ ɛtanɩɩ siŋŋŋ kɛ Krɛkɩ tɔm, mbʊ yebina nɛ tuuɖe taa ɛsɔ tɔm wɛɛ ndɩ pazɩ nɛ ndʊ pama-tʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛt aa hɔɔlɩɣ yɔ.
Eɖoo kaakɛ halʊ weyi ɛɛsɔɔla ɛsɔ-tɔm siŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ Augustin kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ ɛlɛ ñaasɔɔlɩ filozofi kɛnɛ. Ndʊ ɛɛsɔɔla ɛ-tɛɛ filozofii taa yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtasɩnɛ kɩbam yaa kɩtɛkɩdim, camɩyɛ yaa kɩwɛɛkɩtʊ. Mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ, mbʊ ɛlɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛla. Ɛwɛɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ nɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 386 taa ɛkatɩ Ambroise de Milan lɛ,elɛ yɔɔdɩna-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ nɛ ɛmʊ krɩstʊ tɔm. Ɛma takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tɩ-yɔɔ kuluu (Lɛs Confessions), Esɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ (La Cité de Dieu) nɛ Nɛ Trinita (De la Trinité).
Ukulinaa mba ɛlaba yaa ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɔyɔ: Platɔŋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ krɩstʊ yɔ nɛ Augustin lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Yee pakalɩɣ ɛ-tɔm yaa lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna wena ɛmaɣzaa kɔhyɔ, panaɣ se ɛyɔɔda filozofii tɔm, mɛŋfɛyɩ ɖukunau kpɛlɛkɩtʊ (métaphysique), camɩyɛ yɔɔdaɣ, Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ (Théologie), ñʊʊtaa tɔm klpɛlɛkʊ (éthique), politiki tɔm, Ɛsɔ takayaɣ taa tɔm tɔbɩŋ lɩzɩʊ (exégèse biblique).
Augustin kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna wena ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ yɔ alɛ yɔ se, ɛyɔɔda pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ pɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛwɛɛ yɔ, mbʊy pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛyʊ wɛu yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ɖɛʊ lɛ, ɛɛptzɩʊ ɛtasɩ pɩtɩŋga ɖɔkʊʊ yaa ɛla. Ɛyɔɔda ɖooo kiɖedɛɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm mba Adam nɛ ɛ-tɛ asɛyʊ Eva palaba yɔ pʊ-tɔm nɛ ɛmaɣzɩna Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisim. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ ɖeke, ɛyɔɔda ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa ɛhʊyɛ nɛ mʊndʊsʊʊ kpasʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ pɔ-tɔm. Tɔm tʊnɛ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ Augustin kiɖeɖeu yɔɔda ɖoɖɔ Trinita lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ pɔ-tɔm.


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Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm
Ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ, akpalasɩɣ tɩŋ piye (pada kɛlɛ Vitis vinifera). Ɛrɔpʊ ajɛya taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ keeke kɛlɛ se ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pɩdʊʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ, akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ lɛɛŋ yaa ɖɔfɩ ŋgʊ. Paalakɩ ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm lɛ, anasaayɩ yaɣ se vinification. Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ anasaayɩ ya se œnologie.
Mbʊ piyeba ŋvɛɛ waa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se hayɩm naa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛ tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtɛ labʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ yaa pɩlɩna ɖɔɖɛ cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pala ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ yaa kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ŋvɛɛ naa taa wɛ leleŋ ndɩ ndɩ (nakʊyʊ wɛ ñaŋ, nakʊyʊ taa wɛ leleŋ), nakʊyʊ wasɩɣ nakʊyʊ ɛɛwasɩɣ. Akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ haɖaʊ mʊ hayɩm siŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ hayʊʊ-kʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ pee tɛ lɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pudukuna tomnaɣ. Walaaa tɛ ɖɔnɛ taa lɛ, akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palakɩna ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ ɛlɛ, ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm kɩsɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ sampañɩ ɖenɖe akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palabɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ŋvɛɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛnɛ. Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ŋvɛɛ kɩkpɛdʊʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye sʊlʊm ŋgʊ payaɣ se akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ. Kɩlɩna Vitis vinifera tɩŋ pee tɛ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ kɩ-hayɩŋ ɖɔ pɩŋ. Tɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛkɛ Vitis (Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris ou Vitis berlandieri) ñasɩna nɛ patamsʊʊ ɛ-pilinzi. Akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ tɔbʊʊ maɣmaɣ wɛ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩsaɣ piliŋga ŋga patamsa yɔ kɔhɔ. Ŋvɛɛ
ŋgʊ patatamsɩɣ kɩ-pilinzɩ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ kɩkɛtɩna ɛyʊ.


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Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ
Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ caanaʊ tɔm kɛna Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ kpaɖʊ naakʊ nɛ ntalɩ kpaɖʊ naanza pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Chrɩstʊ.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, yɔɔdasɩɩ kɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, nɛ pekpeelɩ-sɩ lona naanza. Arcadochypriote nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa (Occidental) nɛ éolien nɛ ionien-attikii waa. Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdaɣ fɛyɩna tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pacaɣ se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ lɛ pɩkɩtɩ nɛ wɛ ageeda taa kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ yɔɔ. Tɔm kɛdʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ lɩzɩʊ Attikii, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ionien-attikii mba yɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ, kɩkɛ Atɛnɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ kʊŋʊŋ.
Kɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pamana sakɩyɛ krɛsɩ yɔɔlɩɩ masɩ. Helllénistikii alʊwaatʊ taa nɛ Hellénofɔnɩ ɛyaa tɛ ɖama siduu yele nɛ koinè pɩsɩ ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Koinɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna yɔɔdasɩ sakɩyɛ taa, ionien-attikii agbela taa nɛ kɩcaɣ nɛ kʊkʊʊ woɖe yɔ woɖe yɔ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩbɩsɩ canaʊ lingua franca, nɛ kɩnɛ Latɛnɩ pe-heluu ɖama.
Koinè pɩsɩ pʊwayi kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ Romanɩ awiyaa caa kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʊcɔ kɩ-huu nɛ kɩyele se Krɛsɩ sɔnɔ ŋgʊ ɛwɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ, Krɛsɩ tɔmpe pɩsɩʊ kʊya ɛsɔtaa.


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Sisiŋ tʋ
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se siziŋ tʋ (acide). Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wonuu, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ ajɔɔɖɛ tɛ (organique).
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe taa naɖɩyɛ. Yee paɖʋza nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se idroniyɔɔm yɔ lɩm taa nɛ ɛyɔlɩ yɔ, pana siziŋ tʋ. Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ sidiɣna kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu sidii sidii nɛ siziŋ wondu lɩɣ.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu ńdʋ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ, ho nɛ kɩbɩm tɛ amoniyakɩ tɛ lɩm. Amoniyakɩ lɩm pʋnɛ pʋwɛŋna ɖoŋ se pɩpɩzɩ pɩhɔlɩ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se « hydroxyle » yɔ lɩm taa.
Siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, siziŋ tɩnaa mba pɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ. Yee siziŋ tɩnaa ɛɖɔ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, piyeki nɛ siziŋ tɩnaa ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Brønsted-Lewis tɔŋ se yee yɔlɩyʋ eheba nɛ siziŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔlɩ lɩm taa kɔyɔ, ɛ-tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « pH » yɔ, pɩ-tɛ ɖoŋ ɛɛtalɩɣ lʋbɛ.
Pasɩma siziŋ tɩnaa ɖooo lɔŋ. Pasɩm-wɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖoŋ weyi pɛwɛna nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔlʋʋ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ yɔ.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ laɖʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Robert Boyle ñɩnaa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɛlɛɣzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « tournesol » yɔ tɔlɩm. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se siziŋ tɩnaa yeki nɛ « tournesol » tɔlɩm kɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ. Ɖajaa Robert Boyle kɛ Iŋglisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.


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Uzibekistanɩ
Uzibekistanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊt taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Kazakistanɩ, Kirgizitanɩ, Tajikistanɩ, Afganistanɩ nɛ Turkimenistanɩ.
Pamaza Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 447 400 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmakʊɣna ɛzɩ 4,9 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 31 025 500 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 31 wiye pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kazandʊ. Payaɣ Uzibekistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Chavkat Mirziyoyev nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Abdulba Oripov.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Uzbɛk nɛ ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taskɛntɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2,7 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +998 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se sum.


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Ɛndɩ caanaʋ tɔm
Ɛɛndɩ caanaʋ tɔm wɛ yuŋ. Pɛtɛyɩ-tʋ kpaɖɩŋ naadozo taa:
- Kewiyaɣ ŋga paya-kɛ se Empire Moghol yɔ ka-alɩwaatʋ taa ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna waaɣ XVIII n̄ɩŋga hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. (Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ Malɩŋ nɩɩyɛ lɩna Pɛɛrɩsɩ nɛ Afganistani pɛ-ɛjaya taa nɛ powolo Ɛɛndɩ.
- Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ingilisi n̄ɩma paɣzɩ kpacɛyʋʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1750 taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ kɛkɛ Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩndʋ.
- Ɛɛndɩ tɔm tɛzɩna kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ.
Kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ sɔnɔ you ɛɛtɛŋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pakʋyʋʋna ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ tɛm. Yoŋ naadozo mpilim tɛmɩna lɩʋ ajɛya naalɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa. You kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ laba pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1949 n̄ɩŋga taa. You kɩlɛlʋʋ n̄ala pɩnaɣ 1965 taa nɛ tozo n̄ɩŋgʋ n̄ala pɩnaɣ 1971 n̄ɩŋga taa. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣna anasaayɩ taa se "Parti du Congrès" yɔ ɖiyouna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ weyi payaɣ se Gandhi yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, sʋsɔ weyi payaɣ se Nehru yɔ, ɛnʋ lɩzɩna-ɖɩ. Nehru kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kajalaɣ tʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖi-kewiyaɣ nɔɔyɔɔ tʋ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba you ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɛwɛ Malɩŋ nɛ Ɛɛnduu waa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1992 taa you ŋ́gʋ kɩlɩ aŋgba ana a-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2002 n̄ɩŋga taa you ŋ́gʋ kɩtasɩ lɩʋ ɖɔɖɔ a-hɛkʋ taa.


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Igor Stravinsky
Palʊla Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky kɛ mɩssɩ kʊm fenaɣ kiyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1882 kɛ Oraniyanbom kɛ Rusii ɛjaɖ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1971 kɛ Niu Yɔrki tɛtʊ taa, Etazunii taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 88.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Feodor Stravinski nɛ ɛlɛ ñaakɛ tanaʊ laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kɛ Marinskɩ pɩlɩʊ taa. Igor Stravinsky kɛna pɩɣa naatozo ŋga pɩiya naanza taa nɛ paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kaawɛ mʊzʊŋ nɛ wɛ piyena nɛ Igor Stravinsky ma se: « Ɛwɩlaɣ-m ɛ-sɔɔlɩm nɛ e-leleŋ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwɩɣ-m yɔ tiɖeke».
Ɛkɛ wendu luɖu, mʊsɩtɩnaa ñʊʊtʊ, piyano maɖʊ yaa hʊlʊyʊ. Ɛpɩsa ɛ-tɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1934 nɛ Amerika tʊ pɩnaɣ 1945. E-wendu teu taa lɛ eeeteu kɩpɩndʊ ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛ taa wendu etu. Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky wɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa mba poluki wendu nɛ ɛya mba pakɩla ɖoŋ yaa keveŋga wɛnaʊ yɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXe taa yɔ.
Ɛ-weendu ndu eluba yɔ, ɛ-tatasɩ nɛ ɛ-payɛ wandɩ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe nɛ waɣsɩ nɛ waɣsɩ waɣsɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛlakasɩ e-wendu teu taa ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-payɛ wɛna ndɩ kpem. Pɩnzɩ 1920 taa ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛlakasɩ nɛ e-wendu teu wɛtʊ nɛ tiyele tɩnɩɣzɩna kɩpam lɩmaɣza kɩfaɖɛ nɛ esidiɣna sɔsɔ sɔnzɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1950 taa ɛlɛ Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky ɖaɣna lɛɣzɩ e-wendu teu wɛtʊ ɩñɩnʊ nɔmɔŋ weyi ɛtɩŋna nɛ e-wendu pɩzɩ nɛ tɩtɩŋ ɖama camɩyɛ lɔɔɔ yɔ.


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Wonuu paɣlaka
Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pilɩʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se wonuu paɣlɩka yɔ, pɩkɛ paɣlaka wena pamaɣzɩɣna se pana wonuu nakʋyʋ tɛ walnzɩ yɔ.
Tʋʋzʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ ta ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, wonuu paɣlaka pamaɣzɩna wonuu yaa loniye naɖɩyɛ tɛ walanzɩ.
Tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, wonuu nakʋyʋ tɛ wonuu paɣlaka pakpakɩɣ nɛ pamaɣzɩna tomnaɣ tɛ lonuye tɛ walanzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pamaɣzɩɣ tomnaɣ tɛ loniye hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo tɛ walanzɩ kpaagbaa.
Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ pakpakɩɣ wonuu nakʋyʋ tɛ ɛsɩndaa tɛ pɔlɔkʋ nɛ pamaɣzɩna kɩ-walanzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ taa kpaagbaa.
Tʋʋzʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa lɛ, ɖeyi ɖeyi lɩzʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ loniye hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ tɛ wonuu paɣlaka kɛna kɩ-kɩmaɣzʋʋ. Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Henri-Léon Lebesgue tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛlɛ.


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Katoliki Cejewiye
Katoliki Cejewiye, yaa apostolaa yaa ɖɔɖɔ Roma mba Cejewiye, pɩkɛ cejewiye kɩkɩlɩyɛ kɛ Krɩstʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, ɖɩnaɣ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔyaa pɩtaɩ miiliyaarɩ waa kʊyʊm mbʊ yɔ. Kikpeɣluu Krɩstʊ cejewiye kpeekpe nɛ Papa nɛ episikopu waa tɩŋa. Cejewiye ɖɩkɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɛɛ ñɔʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ Krɩstʊ hɔɔlʊʊ. Ɖɩlaba tʊmɩyɛ piŋ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa kpem. Payʊsa Katoliki cejewiye nɛ Nicée mayaɣ nɛ pasɩ-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ sakrɩmɩndʊ lʊbɛ nɛ tɩ-taa ndʊ tʊ-tɔm kɩlɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ ŋga pala kɛ-tɛ kɩlaʊ paa mɩsa ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩtɛyɩ nabʊlɛ taa, hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ lɛ ŋgʊ ɖɩnaɣ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa pa nɛ pɛ-ɛsɛ nɛ patɩŋɩɣ Krɩstʊ wayi yɔ, pɛwɛɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩna yɔ, nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ paanaɣ yɔ kʊkʊ lɛ ŋgʊ kʊwɛ ɛsɔdaa kɩwabʊ nɛ kʊñɔŋ taa ñɩŋʊ, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kalɩzasɩ ñɩŋʊ ɛsɔdaa koboyaɣ taa nɛ miŋ cikpeŋ taa.
Katoliki cejewiye tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩna wɛ ɛzɩ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se cejewa kpeɣluu ɖama, paa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ pɛwɛɛna pa-ñʊʊ yɔɔ Episikopu. Pɛkɛʊ katoliki cejewiye keekee yee pa nɛ papa pɛkpɛndʊʊ pɛtɛyɩɣ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ kɔyɔ, ɛlɛ weyi ɛkɛ Roma ñmba tɛ Episikopu yɔ, ɛnʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ Petro kiɖeɖeu lone taa caɣyʊ tataa cɩna, nɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊ pɛtɛyʊʊ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ pa-taa pe-ɖeke.
Tɔmpiye cɔɔcɩ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa ecclesia, ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ taa lɛ ekklesia (ἐkkλnσίa), ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩkpɛndʊʊ yaa kpeɣluu. Kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ mba nɔsɩ taa lɩwaɣ tɔmpiye cɔɔcɩ lɛ, pamazina Yuda mba tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ, kɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Israël yaa Ɛsɔ samaɣ. Krɛkɩ cɔɔlɩɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ payaɣ cɔɔcɩ hɩɖɛ pɔ-cɔlɔ pɩkɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɖeke tɔm pɩtɛ kpɛndɩna akɔma. Ŋgʊ Krɩstʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe kpendʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, tʊkaɣ fɛyɩ yaa ɛkɔm fɛyɩ. Kɩkɛ mbʊ pikpeɣluu ajɛyɛ kpeekpe, ɛyaa kpeekpe, kʊnʊmɩŋ tɩŋa.


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Pɛliziki
Pɛliziki kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Fransɩ, Peeyii-Baa, Caama, Lugizamburi nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ teŋgu. Politiki hɔɔlɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ajɛya cikpena nayɛ kpɛndaa nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ kpɛm yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya looɖo wena acalɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ se aɖʊ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Pɛlɩzɩkɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa, Burukisɛɛlɩ, kɛ ketiizasi sɔsɔsɩ ɛzɩ Erɔpɩ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya ketiizaɣ, Erɔpɩ lɔntasɩya ketiizaɣ nɛ Erɔpɩ taa tɔm heyiyaa akpeɣla palakɩ-sɩ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ OTAN ketiizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ tɩɩtɩŋɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ walanzɩ kilomɛta akpaba naalɛ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 30 528 yɔ nɛ ɖi-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaahiu nɛ kʊɖʊm yɔ.
Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Erɔpɩ hɔɔlɩɣ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ caama tɔm yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɛwɛ Romani yɔ ɛ-hɛkʊ taa; pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ wɛɛ kpayɩ: mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ neyeeɖɛrilanɖi yɔ nɛ fransɩ mba. Kacalaɣ taa mbaw wɛ ɛzɩ 57 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ fransɩ mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ 43 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ caama yɔ pɔdɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ komina sima mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo caanaʊ taa lɛ, Pɛlɩzɩkɩ, Peeyii-Baa tɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ Lugizamburi ajɛya anɛ aawɛ kpɛ̂ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Peeyii-Ba nɛ pɩɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ Penelukisi yɔ zalanzɩ.
Pɛlizk nɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ kpeelina nɛ alɩzɩ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ Benelux kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kagbanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1944, pɩtasɩna Erɔpɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna charbon nɛ acier yɔ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ litoozo pɩnaɣ 1951 nɛ Roma ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kɛ lakɩŋ fena 25 pɩnaɣ 1957.
Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ awiya ɖiyuna nɛ ɖi-wiyau kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩzɩkɩ Philippe; ɛkɛna wiyau lʊbɛ ñɩnʊ ɖooo hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 2013. Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ɖɔɔ ɛlɛ katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyɩɣ, pʊwayɩ lɛ, malɩŋ, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kaɖɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ Yuɖa mba ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, krɩstʊ mba ŋgbɛyɛ, Puudaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ Yehova aseɣɖe ñɩindɛ.


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Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ
Neeyerɩlandɛ (Needɛrɩlandɩ, nɛ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ se [ˈneː.dəɾ.ˌlɑnts]) kɛ Gɛrɩmanikii hɔʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keeke Peyibaa nɛ kɩ-tɛ outre mèr tɛtʊ nɛ Pɛliziki (Flamande nɛ Bruxelloise agetaa taa) nɛ tɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ cɩkpelʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ (Westhoek) nɛ Suriname ajɛyɛ taa.
Ajɛyɛ hɛɛkʊʊ kpɩyɩɖʊʊ ŋgbɛ, Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋgbɛ tɩna se ɖɩ-ɖʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-paɣtʊ. Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nabʊyʊ taa payaɣ-kʊ se Holandɛ yaa Flamandɩ.
Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Gɛrimanikii agnela Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Pɩkɛna Fransiki hadɛ kiŋ yɔɔdaɣ, yaa siiduu siiduu kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɩhayɩ waɖɛ se kɩ-kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ.
Samaɣ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa saŋ Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pama-kʊ nɛ yɔɔdaasɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ pɛgɛdɩna yɔ nɛ politiki ɖoŋ yɔ lɛ, kɩ-pɩsɩ wazaɣ pʊyʊʊ pɩŋ tɔm matʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Tɔmpiye Neeyerɩlandɛ lɩna Nedɛrɩlandɩ tɔm taa, Peeyibaa matʊ taa. Nedɛrɩlandɩ wɩlɩʊ Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa lɩzʊʊ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ egetiye ŋɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Nɛ ŋsɔɔla wɩlɩʊ Neeyerɩlandɛ abalʊ kɔyɔ ndɔŋ se Nedɛrɩlandɛrɩ nɛ halʊ lɛ, Nedɛrɩlandsɛ.


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Salto Anjɛɛlɩ lɩmfalɩyɛ
Salto Anjɛɛlɩ Lɩmfalɩyɛ kɛŋna keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmfaɖɛ nɖɩ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ nɛ kʊ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 979 yɔ. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Kran Sabana nɛ pɩtʊʊzɩna Fenezuyela tɛtʊ taa. Payaɣ Salto Anjɛlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se Tiiyu maʊ (ɛlɛ pɩtamʊna camɩyɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ) mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kacalaɣ-tʊ weyi ɛcala lɩmfalɩyɛ nɖɩ naʊ yɔ, payaɣ -ɩ se Jimmy Angel.
Salto Anjɛɛlɩ kɛna pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Riyo keerɛrp yɔ ka-taa. Pɩkɛna pɔɔ cikpelaɣ nakɑyɩ nɛ kapaɣzɩna Ooyaŋ Tepu pʊʊ taa. Ooyaŋ Tepu (Auyan Tepuy) tɔbʊʊ nɛ arekum kʊnʊŋ taa se aleewaa pʊʊ. Pʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ pɔŋ weyi ɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ nɛ pakɩlɩɩ sɩm yɔ ɩ-taa nɛ kɩwɛ tuuɖe taa nɛ Kanayima tɛtɛ wendu kaɖaɣ kɔclɔ. Kaɖaɣ kanɛ UNESCO ɖʊ-kɛ kɩ-pɩlɩŋ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1994.
Ɖooo pʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa kɛ Riyo Kerɛp lɩm kpɛzʊna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 807 yɔ nɛ kɩpɩɩ kɛcɛlɛŋga sɔsɔɣa nakayɩ, lɩm tɔyɩ pɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 15 yɔ pɔcɔ pɩtalɩ ɖooo pʊʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩtalʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 979 yɔ. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa pɩzʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtana 107 yɔ. Piyele nɛ pɩ-tɛkʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛwɛna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 2 058 yɔ. Lɩm pʊnɛ pɩkpɛzʊ, pɩfalʊʊ nɛ pɩpɩyʊ ñebina nɛ Salto Anjɛɛlɩ kɛna keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmfalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ.


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Tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ (Tribunal)
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ kɛ lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa pahʊʊ tɔm yɔ. Peeɖe ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna tɔm nɛ ɖama yɔ pahʊʊ nɛ pololi-wɛ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mba pañaŋ paɣtʊ yɔ pahʊʊna-wɛ. Pɩkɩlɩ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ tɛkɛ koŋ kewiyaɣ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ tɔm yasʊʊ tɛ kpaŋ tɔm.
Tɔm hʊʊ ɖɔŋ yaa waɖɛ kpaŋ taa lɩʊna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ walɩtʊ tɛ pɩzɩtʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ waɖɛ tɔm keeke. Québécois waɖɛ tɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm hʊʊ pɩzɩtʊʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ cɛlɩtʊ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakɩ takayasɩ nzɩ kpaŋ sɩma yɔ.
Tɔm piye hʊtʊ waɖɛ keem ɛzɩma kpaŋ wɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛʊ ɖɔŋ pɩlɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɛ wɛtʊ nɛ waɖɛ pɩzɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩŋgʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wɛtʊ yɔ, ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa tɔm yɔkʊʊ tɛ kpaŋ wɛna lɩmaɣza kpam tɛ kpɛndʊ tɛ hʊtʊ yeke ɖoŋ mbʊ lɛ, kɩfɛyɩna tɔm hʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, kedizaɣ kpaŋ taa lɛ, kɩwɛna tɔm hʊʊ pilim tɛ wɛtʊ.
Kɩwɛna ɖoŋ kpeekpe mbʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ yɔ pɩ-taa pɩlɩnɛ paɣtʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgbaa kʊtʊʊza wɛna a-maɣmaɣ a-tɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpamɩŋ. Kpamɩŋ ɛ-nʊyɔɔ rabbiniki kpaŋ nɛ charia kpaŋ nɛ kɩɖɩzɩtʊ ŋgbɛɛ samaɣ kpaŋ.


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Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 道教, pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ dàojiào, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɔmɔʊ wɩlʊʊ, pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naatozo taa paɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ tɩ nɛ Confucius nɛ Pudaa, patɩŋa keŋkeŋ pɔɖɔŋ Tao lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Tɔmpiye Tao maɣzɩm kpeɣluu takayasɩ sakɩyɛ, tɑkayasɩ mayaa, ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisitu nɩ ndɩ nɛ laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ halɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ ndʊ tɩha ɖama nɛ ɛsɛ lɛlʊ nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ, pɛkɛdʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2500 mbʊ yɔ. Tao waa liɖe lɩna Han waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ (pɩnzɩ -206 ŋtalɩ 220).
Sima Qian (pɩnzɩ -145 ŋtalɩ -86) ɛkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kɛtɩtʊ caa. Ɛñɩnaɣ ɛɖanɩ maʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɔm pɩcɛlɩna ɛyaa mba pama pɔ-yɔɔ kpeuu yaa cɛtɩm tɔm yaa tovonum tɔm ɖooo wɛɛ kɩbɩna taa nɛ, pa-taa kɛlɛ ɖooo awiyaa sɔsɔna tɔm, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kɛ nɔmɔʊ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kiɖeɖema (Zhuangzi, Laozi).
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1934 lɛ Marcel Granet ma se ɛna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ Siini maɣzɩm, pana aseɣɖe tɔm kɩbandʊ, kɛlɛ patapɩzɩɣ se pama tɔm kɩkɛtɩtʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm yɔɔ ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pamaʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ ɛzɩ Siini yɔ.


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Nimiye
Nimiye patasaɣ payaɣ yaa pɛcɛla hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ size mɩnʋʋ. Mɩnʋʋ yaa nimiye kɛna tomnaɣ yaa wonuu kɩɖaɣlʋʋ nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kɩwɛtʋ taa wɛ kulukulu yɔ. Nimiye nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛ pɩzatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ mɩlɩtʋ lʋtʋ yɔ.
Mɩnʋʋ yaa nimiye nɖɩ, ɖɩlɩtʋ tɩŋgɛ payɛ kɛ pɛgbɛnda nɛ payaɣ size "toron". Ɛwadɩyɛ yɔɔ nʋmɔʋ woɖa tɛ mɛlɛ tɛ nima paya size "filin" nɛ "cordage". Nima yaa mɩnɩŋ ɛnɛ, akɛna n̄ɩɣlɩm nima sɔsɔna nayɛ.
Mɩnʋʋ yaa nima ana, palʋ n̄ɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu, nɛ palakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ woɖa tɛ mɛlɛ taa kɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ nima ana payaɣ size "câble" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Nima lʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "corderie". Weyi ɛlɛ lʋʋ nima yɔɔ payaɣ size "cordier".
Nima wondu kʋlʋtʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔyɔ : puuyu pɩzatʋ (coton), nɛ pɩtasɩna taŋgbaka (sisal), nɛ pɩtasɩna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "chanvre commun" nɛ "chanvre de Man" ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.


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Tɛtʋ
Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ payɩ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, Tɛtʋ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna pʋyʋ naadozo tʋ weyi ɛmaɣzɩ Wɩsɩ nzɩɩ n̄ɔtɩnaʋ yɔ. Paɣlaka nɛ huŋ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɛ wonuu naanza n̄ɩŋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ nɛ yuŋ yɔ. Lona sɔsɔna payɩ wena awɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ acɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ ata yɔ, a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ lona wena payaɣ se, "Mercure" nɛ "Vénus" nɛ "Mars" yɔ. Lona ana a-tɩŋa payɩ a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ wezuu.
Tɛtʋ wɛʋ yɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba agbaba 4,54 yɔ . Nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩlakaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba kʋɖʋm lɛ, wezuu wɛɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Ɛyaa nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ pacaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Lona wena ɛyaa caɣ a-taa yɔ, ayeba nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩlɛɣzɩ kpem. Nɛ wɛtʋ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tiiyeki se pʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcaɣ wezuu nɛ tiyeki nɛ mbʋ pʋn̄ɔʋ heelim yɔ, pʋtɔyʋʋ nɛ mbʋ puhuzuu ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ pʋwɛɣ. Pɩ nɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩkandɩɣ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pʋn̄ɔʋna Wɩsɩ mʋntʋsʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ piyeki se nabʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-tʋ sɩm mbʋ yɔ nɛ pama-tʋ maʋ mbʋ yɔ piyebina nɛ nabʋyʋ pɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ pɩɩwɛɛ se Tɛtʋ ɛpɩzɩ tɩɖɔkɩ wezuu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ 500 yɔɔ́.
Pɛtɛyɩ Tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɩŋa ɛwɛ ɖoŋ cɩŋcɩŋ. Payaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ se plaques tectoniques waa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkpakɩɣ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ nɛ ɛcɔʋ. Teŋunaa huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɛzɩ 71% mbʋ yɔ. Teŋunaa ḿba, pa-lɩm taa wɛ ɖɔm. Ḿba kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se hydrosphère. Lɩŋkamɩŋ lɛɛŋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛzɩ lacs waa yaa nappes phréatiques waa yɔ. Ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ yɔɔ. Payaɣ-yɛ se, inlandsis de l'Antarctique waa yaa de banquises waa. Nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ sɔsɔʋ tɩyɛ yɔ, n̄ohuuzi Tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa. Pɛ sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye yɔ, ɛlɛ puyolaa nɛ lɛɛbʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ, pʋbʋ n̄ɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yɔ, pɩtɩŋɛ mbʋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pʋwɛɛ pɩsaʋ tɩyɛ nɛ puhuuzi Tɛtʋ yɔɔ.
Tɛtʋ nɛ Wɩsɩ nɛ Fenaɣ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ peciidiɣ. Kɩyakɩŋ 365,26 yaa pɩnaɣ kɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋna Wɩsɩ. Pɩlɩɣna mbʋ payaɣ se, plan de l'écliptique pikpili kpiluu mbʋ pʋ-cɔlɔ nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ nɛ tɩwɛlɩ tɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ 23,44°6 yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ yolim alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ n̄ɩndʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Fenaɣ ɖeke pasɩma se, kɔcɔʋ Tɛtʋ. Pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 4,5 yɔ, kapaɣzʋʋ cɔʋ Tɛtʋ yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ lɩm hola kpaɣ nɛ atiki nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ ḿbʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ ti-ɖeɖe ɖiɣɖiɣ. Pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 3,8 yɔ, pɩɩn̄amsɩ Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ nabʋyʋ nɛ halɩ pɩlɛɣzɩ tɩ-wɛtʋ.
Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke tɛtɛ kpɩna nɛ ɛyaa papɩzɩɣ pacaɣ wezuu. Ɛyʋ tɩŋna ɛ-sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛsɔnaa nɛ eluŋuu pɛ-tɛɛ. Etisaa se, Tɛtʋ walaa nɛ tɩwɛɛ kedeŋa hɛkʋ taa. Se, Tɛtʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛ se, pɔcɔna ɖɩ-n̄ɩm ɛzɩ pʋmʋnaʋ yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ nɛ kanaɣ mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, payaɣ-kɛ se, géologie. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ wezuu wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa hukuu yɔ, ŋ́ga sɩŋnana lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se, géologie ka-n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.


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Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ
Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpaagbaa yɔ. Ɖɩ-tɛ politika tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ kɛ payaɣ se Piretoriya. Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ pɩsɩna Namibii, Pɔcɩwaanaa nɛ Simbaabuwee ajɛya; ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki nɛ Suwaziilandɩ ñina. Lesoto kɛna ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖo yɔ.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlkɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɩ ndɩ, ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pinde pɩnaɣ taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda millionaa 54 nɛ pa-taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kpɛndɩ ɛzɩ 80,2 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa kɩsɩdaa ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,8 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kʊʊlʊmaa wɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,4 yɔ nɛ piyele Aasɩɩ mba ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 2,5. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ; Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ naʊ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ; ɛzɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda, kʊlʊmaa kɩsɩdaa nɛ Ɛɛndɩ mba kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ layʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Archevêque Desmond Tutu yɔ, ɛkʊma Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ, yaa kaaɣyʊʊ mbʊ pʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa sidaa nɛ pɛwɛ peeɖe. Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɛɣzɩna mbʊ payawaɣ se pɩnzɩ 1948 nɛ nzɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1991 taa yɔ.
Paa nɛ Apartheid hɩɖɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ yaʊ kaʊ kɔyɔ, tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩɩtɩɩwɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlʊmaa nɛ kɩkpɛɛdaa pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ, tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ tam. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ huu kɩlɩna ɖɛwʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ laatriki mɩŋ, habɛɛ yaa mbʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ taa payɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa kɛ peeɖe.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna naalɛ ñɩndɛ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa Afrika kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Nɖɩ tɩŋgʊna Naajeeriya ñɩnɖɛ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm wɛɛ sakɩyɛ; ɛzɩ: oorɩ, tiyaamaŋ nɛ saarbɔɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ tuuɖe taa ajɛya ñɔɔna-ɖɩ kpam pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋtɛŋga tɛɛ you kalakaɣ kpem lɛ yɔ. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ kɩlɩlna wɛʊ ɖoŋ kɛ paa politika yaa sɔɔjɛɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔ yɔ.
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Fefeku[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
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Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa kujomiŋ
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ kɛna kujomiŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛhɛ Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɛpɩlɩ ɖama pɩlaɣɣ nɛ pɩtalɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kujomiŋ ɛnɛ ɛkpaɣna ɛzɩ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa kejeɣa 5° hayʊ kiŋ yɔ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 15° hadɛ kiŋ yɔ.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kujomiŋ taa sɔsɔŋ kɔyɔ: Fikitoriya Kujomuu, kujomuu kʊnɛ, ŋgʊ lɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɩŋgamɩŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ walanzɩ yɔ; Tanganika kujomuu, kʊkʊ lɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ kujomiŋ weyi ɛlɛ kɩlɩ liŋguu yɔ. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kujomiŋ ɛnɛ ɛfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Fikitoriya Kujomuu, Albert nɛ Edouard kujomiŋ ɖeke kpeŋna nɛ ɛfalɩɣ Niili Pɔɔ kʊlʊmaɣ taa. Pɛtɛkpɛndɩna Rukwa kujomuu nɛ Moero ñɩŋ.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ ɛ-tɛ kilomɛtanaa nabʊlɛ taa kɔ yɔ:
- Fikitoriya Kujomuu (68 100 km², 82 m)
- Tanganyika Kujomuu (32 900 km², 1 433 m)
- Malawi Kujomuu (30 900 km², 706 m)
- Turkana Kujomuu (6 405 km², 109 m)
- Rucha Kujomuu (5 760 km²)
- Albert Kujomuu (5 270 km², 51 m)
- Moero Kujomuu(5 120 km², 27 m)
- Kivu Kujomuu(2 700 km², 485 m)
- Édouard Kujomuu (2 150 km², 117 m)
- Kyoga Kujomuu (1 720 km², 5,7 m)


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Bɔrɩyɔm
Bɔrɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Bh) ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 107. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1981 pɩtɩŋna pamabɩna-ɩ nɛ 209Bi(54Cr,n)262Bh Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) kɛ Darmstadt taa, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɛlɛza pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ GSI pɩnaɣ 1989, kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ pɩcaŋ pala 261Bh nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdaa pee hilimiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ tɛ. Transfɔrmɩyɔm Working Group (TWG) UICPA ɖanɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ pʊtʊ 107 natʊ tɔm pɩtɩŋna GSI pɩnaɣ 1992, nɛ UICPA kpaɣ hɩɖɛ se bɔrɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1994.
Kɔkɔɖɛ naɖɩyɛ la piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩɩwɛ sɔndʊ ɖɩkɔŋ ɖiyidina Ɛnglɛsɩ ñɩnɖɛ boron pɩkɛna bɔrɩ, kɛlɛ GSI kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ hɩɖɛ nɩlɩbɔrɩyɔm, nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1997 se bɔrɩyɔm, pɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛkɛ Tanɩmarɩkɩ tʊ Niels Bohr.


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David Ricardo
Richard David, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1772 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1823 alɩwaatʊ taa Gatcombe Park tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛmaɣzaɣ lalaa yɔɔ yɔ yaa ɛwɛna lalaa yɔɔ sɔlɩm yɔ kɛ cɔlɩɩ sukuli alɩwaatʊ pɩkɩlɩ Adam Smith nɛ Thomas Malthus.
David Ricardo kɛ pɩɣa natozo ŋga kɛ piyaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ cejewiye weewe ñɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. Cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ Yuda mba (ɖɩlɩna Pɔrtigaali ɛjaɖɛ taa), ɖɩ-tɛ Peyibaa ŋɖɛʊna Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ kiŋ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ. Ɛtalɩ pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ Lɔndrɩ ɖenɖe ɛpazɩɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛzɩma liidiye tɔm kɛna yɔ.
Ricardo lɔ Yuda ɛyaa tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ e-liɖe taa nɛ ese nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛ-nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ halɩpɩɣa nakɛyɛ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 21, halɩpɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Priscilla Anne Wilkinson, ŋga ɛkpaɣ halʊ ɖɔɖɔ pitileɖi. E-ɖoo taa wɛ akoza pana mbʊ lɛ, ekizi ɛtasɩ-ɩ yɔɔdɩnaʊ. Wɛɛ ana a-taa Ricardo pɩsɩ kʊyʊm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ.
Ɛzɩma ekiza e-cejewiye yɔ pɩsɩ-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ kɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɛ-kajalaɣ takayasɩ nzɩ ɛma pɩlɩna cenjinaa tɔm yɔ Napoléon yoŋ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, wɛ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ posusa sɩ-tɔm Morning Chronicle taa yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1809 nɛ 1810 hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ.
Ɛ-tɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩsɩ- ñɩm tʊ sɔsɔ pʊcɔ ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ hɛzʊʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1814 taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 42. Ɛpɩsɩ Gatcombe Park taa nɛ ɛtayɩ e-fezuu caɣʊ politiki taa nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɛsʊʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1819 taa nɛ ɛcaɣ peeɖe pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1823, pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩba. Ɛkɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ lɛ, ɛkandɩ paale tadɩyɛ labʊ yɔ nɛ ɛdʊ kaʊ Corn Laws (pʊtɔbʊʊ se pilee paɣtʊ yɔ) ndʊ palɩzɩ pɩnaɣ 1815 taa yɔ.


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Lakaɣ
Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, lakaɣ kɛŋna tɔm loyaɣ ñʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔm loyaɣ taa tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Lakaɣ yekina nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ tɔm loyaɣ tɔbʋʋ.
Kabɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, tɔm loyaɣ yaa tɔm caŋga ŋga kɛwɛ tobi yɔ, kɛwɛna tʊkasɩ naadozo.
Ɖɩcɔnɩ tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna:
Abalʋ /tɔkɩ/ mʋtʋ.
Abalʊ =laɖʊ
tɔkɩ =lakaɣ
mʊtʊ =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʊ
Yee pɔɔyɔdɩ yem se « Abalʋ, mʋtʋ. » Tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ kataawɛɛnɩ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se kɛwɛɛnɩ « lakaɣ ».
Ɖɩtasɩ cɔnaʋ tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna
Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pamakɩ pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa.
Mon-ɖoo sɔkɩ kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa.
Pɔyɔɔdɩ yem se « Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa », ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛnɩɩ ndʋ pacaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paatɔma yem se « Mon-ɖoo kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa », pɩɩwɛɣ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ.
Yee mbʋ, lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔmpiye keem paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
Paɣtʊ
Laɖʊ nɛ lakaɣ paakpɩtɩɣna ɖama, pɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke.


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Vladimir Poutine
Vladimir Vladimirovitch Poutine kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ruusii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ kɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɛwɛ n̄amtʋ ɛ-tabalaa cɔlɔ nɛ ɛ-caanaa nɛ ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa mba cɔlɔ tɩna ɛsɩndaa payɩ. Ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna maɣzɩm siŋŋ yɔ.
Palʋla Vladimir Poutine kɛ Aloma fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1952 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Léningrad egeetiye. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimir Poutine ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ. Abalʋ weyi ɛkɛ politiki tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ kpim kpim nɔɔyʋ yɔ.
Vladimir Poutine kɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Samaɣ yaa sakɩyɛ sɩmaŋ mbʋ size pɩtasɩɩna-ɩ politiki labʋ nɛ cɔʋʋ yem, ɛlɛ ɛlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ taa Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ mʋndʋsʋʋ wobinaʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Ɖajaa Vladimir Poutine kɛ, Ruusii kewiyaɣ n̄ʋʋ tʋ yaa kewiyaɣ ninɖiu sɔsɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 n̄ɩŋga pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2000 n̄ɩŋga.
Ɛɖɔka kewiyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ camɩyɛ nɛ taaleleŋ. Pɩyɔɔ yɔɔ patasa-ɩ lɩzʋʋ kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-n̄ʋʋ tʋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ajɛɛ kpɛndʋ yaa yozuu n̄ʋʋ tʋ kɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ paaɖɔŋga n̄ɔzʋʋ size palɩzɩ ɖɔkʋyʋʋ kɩfalʋʋ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛnʋ kaacana se pɩcɔ, palɩzɩ kɩfalʋ.
Pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 n̄ɩŋga nɛ pɩɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2000 n̄ɩŋga taa. Kewiyaɣ taa mba caɣ yaa laba kedizaɣ lɛ, palɩzɩ size ɛkɛ ajɛɛ kpɛndʋ yaa yozuu n̄ʋʋ tʋ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 2000 n̄ɩŋga pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2008 n̄ɩŋga nɛ e-kewiitu sɩna-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimirovitch Poutine kɛ ŋgbɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size K.G.B yɔ ɖɩ-taa tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ lɔŋ tʋ nɛ politiki tʋ Vladimir Poutine ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa payaɣ size Spiridonovitch Poutine (1911-1999). Vladimir Poutine ɖoo payaɣ size Maria Ivanovna Poutina (1911-1998).


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Mikhaïl Gorbatchev
Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchev (Ruusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Mиxaил CepreeBич ГopбaчëB, Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchiov, [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕɵf], nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Gorby, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1931 Privolnoïe (ru) nɔɔnɔɔ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ Sofiyetiki nɛ Ruusii ajɛyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi eɖiyi URSS pɩnzɩ 1985 nɛ 1991 taa yɔ.
Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caucase nɛ Hayi kiŋ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa naa Kolkhozien waa patamsa pa-tɩ nɛ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʊɖaa, palʊla-ɩ lɛ, e-kiɖe taa kaawɛ kalɩmʊlaɣ kɩbaŋa nakɛyɛ ŋnɔɔ. Ɛkɛ Sergueï Andreïevitch Gorbatchev pɩɣa (pɩnzɩ 1909 ŋtalɩ 1976), ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɩbɩnʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ taa, nɛ ɛsaɣa haɖaʊ lɔɔɖa Privolnoïe haɖaa taa nɛ Maria Panteleïevna née Gopkalo (pɩnzɩ 1911 ŋtalɩ 1993).
Pakpa ɛ-cɔzɔ pɩnaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔtɔ-ɩ salaka. Papazɩ ponutu-ɩ yaa pɔtɔyɩtɩ-ɩ kakaa fenasɩ hiu nɛ nanza, nɛ pʊcɔ paɖɩyɩ-ɩ se ɛtasɩɣ liɣ wiɖi kaŋalaŋ. Paɖanɩɣ wɩlɩɣ ɛ-takayasɩ taa lɛ, tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ lɩzɩ se ɛtala wiɖi kaʊ ɛyaa kʊʊ yaa ɛsatʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kaʊ, mbʊ lɛ, pɩtamʊna se caɣ tam salaka. Patʊlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1938, nɛ ɛɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ Kolkhoze ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1939. Tɔm ndʊ tɩcaɣ piŋ Mikhaïl yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se maŋpɩcatʊ taa mankanaɣ tuluu ndʊ mansɩma yɔ, pakpa mɔn-cɔzɔ nɛ paɖɩɣ. Powona-ɩ nɛ ɖoo hɛkʊ.
Ɛtɛma e-sukuli hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ haɖaʊ lɔɖaa sayʊ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pasayɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɛ, paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye nɛ pawɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka kɩsɛmaɣ nɛ powona-ɩ Moscou se sukuli sɔsɔʊ. Peeɖe ɛlaba waɖɛ sukuli sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa Lomonossov tɛtʊ taa, peeɖe ɛkata Raïssa Titarenko weyi ɛka-ɩ labʊ halʊ yɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnzɩ 1964 nɛ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Stavropol haɖaʊ sukuli taa nɛ ɛɖʊ ɛtɩ haɖaʊ cɛyɩtʊ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa.


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Erɔpɩyɔm
Erɔpɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 63 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Eu. Ɛɛladɩɣ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdag ŋga mbʊ lɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa naatozo, Eu + 3 O2 → 2 Eu2O3. Ɛ-laɣsɩ nɛ lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ nɛ kalɩsɩyɔm yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa laala yɔ (ɛlɛ lantanɩ fɛyɩ pɩtaa) erɔpɩyɔm mʊʊ miŋ helim taa halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ 150 pɩtalɩ 180 °C. Erɔpɩyɔm wɛ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ plɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ manɩɩ. Pʊcɔ eniɣdi yaa ekpekeli lɛ pɩtalɩɣ −271,35 °C.
Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ lɩna erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛsɩma ɛlaba, ɛtɛyɩ kɩmaŋ samarɩyɔm nɛ kadɔlɩnɩyɔm nɛ ɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛnzɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ sɩtɛkɛ samarɩyɔm yaa kadɔlɩnɩyɔm pa-taa nɔyɔ ñɩnzɩ. Paa ɖoye lɛ natʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ liidiye wɛʊ yɔ pɛhɛyaɣ-ɖɩ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay, weyi ekpeɣa pɩnaɣ 1896 alɩwaatʊ taa se samarɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ kɩfasɩ nzɩ palɩ sɩ-yɔɔ yɔ pʊtʊnaa laala kaaɖɛ-sɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛñɛ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ erɔpɩyɔm kɩ yeke pɩnaɣ 1901.


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Hɩlaɣ
Hɩlaɣ nɛ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, hɩsɩ. Hɩsɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nasɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛlɛ sɩ-nɔsɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ndoma yɔ nɛ patʊlɩ-sɩ pɔŋ naatozo; naalɛ wɛ cemeŋje nɛ lɛɛkʊ hɛkʊ taa; nasɩyɛ wɛ lʊʊʊ nɛ cemeŋje pɔŋ wayɩ lɛ, ɖooo tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ kɛ patʊla leɛkʊ. Hɩsɩ nasɩyɛ ɛlɛ, sɩwɛ ɛzɩ loyuu yɔ yaa sɩwɛ kulukulu, lɛɛsɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛ koonim yɔ, nzɩ sɩwɛ ɛzɩ nɔndɔŋ yɔ sɩwɛɛ, pasakɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɛɛ kɛ hɩsɩ. Nɔndɔŋ, saŋgʊnaa nɛ aŋganda wɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɩsɩ pɩlɩŋ taa.
Hɩlaɣ hʊlɩyʊ cʊnʊʊ ɛ-tɔm pe yaa e-wendu nɛ tɩwɛɛ leleŋ kɔŋŋgɔ nɛ tɔm pe wena alɩʊ nɛ ɛ-hlaɣ taa yɔ, atɩŋgʊ ɖama ɛzɩ nandʊ nʊm kpeŋgʊʊ tɩ-ɖaʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Hɩlaɣ hʊlʊ ɛɛpɔzʊʊ paa ɛsɩmtaa se pocuuzi cɩmʊ nakʊyʊ pʊcɔ pɩwɛɛ leleŋ. Pahʊlʊ hɩsɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ sɩwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Haɖaa, ninɖiyaa, agbama, kpagbasɩ kpayaa, cʊŋ mayaa yaa yoŋ laɖaa hʊlʊʊ hɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pa-tʊma yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛyʊʊ ɖama yaa pa-tɩ. Ɖooo ɛlɛ, pa-hɩsɩ hʊlʊʊ taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, patamakɩ cɩmɩŋ.
Ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa cɩmɩŋ paɣzɩ lɩʊ yɔ, pahɩlʊʊ hɩsɩ yɔ papɩzʊ nɛ pesidi-cɩmʊ nɛ sɩtasɩ wɛʊ leleŋ kɔŋgɔ. Cɩmɩŋ wondu ndɩ ndɩ taa papɩzʊ pahʊlɩ hɩsɩ nɛ pɩsaɣ na ɖama. Hɩsɩ hʊlʊ wɛna pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ: ɛsɔ samtʊ hɩsɩ hʊlʊ wɛna sɩ-ndɩ nɛ agɔlɔma taa ñɩnzɩ ɛzɩ habɩyɛ hɩsɩ wɛɣna nɛ sɩ-soo sɩwɛʊna sɩ-ndɩ nɛ kamɩŋ hɩsɩ nɛ sɩ-kamʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ hɩsɩ nɛ si-soo pɛwɛʊna ndɩ nɛ kasandʊ natʊyʊ yem yɔ.
Tɔm biye hɩlaɣ kɛna cɩmʊ wonuu ŋgʋ kʋpɔzɩɣ siŋŋ size kɩ-hʋlʋyʋ ɛwɛna feziŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pa-hʋlʋʋ kɛ lɛ, ke-wilitu lɩɣʋna heelim mbʋ hʋlʋyʋ hosu yɔ pɩ-taa. Heelim mbʋ piyekina nɛ, hɩlaɣ pazɩɣ wiliu. Heelim mbʋ pɩlɩɣna hʋlʋyʋ ndomee yɔɔ. Hɩsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, pasaɣ-sɩ nɛ tɩŋ, nɛ nasɩyɛ ɛlɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ palabana-sɩ yaa hʊɖʊbanaa kɛ palakɩna paba. Poluki hɩsɩ nasiyɛ nɛ mɔɔ nɛ patʊlɩ-sɩ pɔŋ sakɩyɛ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa.


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Sakɩsofonɩ
Sakɩsofonɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩ-hʋlʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa Adolphe Sax lɩsaɣna-kʋ, ɛkɛ Pɛliziki tʋ. Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa ndʋ paya-tʋ size Paarii yɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ yaa ɛmʋ sɩmtʋ takayaɣ kɛ evemiye 21 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamazɩnayɩ yaa pamazɩ size ɛwɛzɩɩ saxhorn yɔ.
Mbʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ wɛ mba palakɩ wɛ nɛ kuwiviɖi yɔ pɔ-hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa kʋɖʋm weyi ɖɩtɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩlɩɣ size Adolphe Sax yɔ ɛlɩza kʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ( laiton) kɛnɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩɖeke koŋ palakɩna-kʋ. Pabɩzɩɣ pala-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kuwiviɖi, yaa liidiye, yaa wonuu ŋgʋ pabɩzɩɣ pɛmɛɛdɩ yɔ, yaa sika liidiye pɔɔyaɣ.
Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, kʋ-tɔnʋʋ yaa kɩ-labɩnaʋ wonuu wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo. Sakɩsofonɩ ŋgʋ, ɖɩtɛma tɩlɩɣ size palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton). Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo ɛnʋ, patʋlayɩ pɔŋ yaa pataaɖɩɩ kɩtaaɖɩŋ kɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton) kʋnɛ kʋ-yɔ.
Kɩ-yɔ kɩlabɩm naadozo mbʋ yɔ: kɔɔrɩ koniki (conique), nɛ kɩ-kpekeduu, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɩ-suluu ŋgʋ kʋ-ɖʋkʋʋ yaa kɩ-kpɩtɩna lɛɛba mba panaalɛ yɔ. Soo nimaɣ lakɩna nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ka-n̄amsʋʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.


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Pɩyaʊ
Pɩyaʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ ɖɔ ɖɩɣa yɔ. Kɩwɛna naŋgbazɩ naanza nɛ nandʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ. Pɩyaʊ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pɩyaŋ wɛ hʊwa ntɩ ntɩ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ hʊwa hiŋ kakpaanzɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɖɩɣa wondu taa lɛ, pɩyaʊ nɛ haɣ pakɩlɩɣna nandu tɔɔʊ. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena amaɣna pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sumasɩ aya kpakpasɩ.
Pɩyaʊ wɛna wiliŋ ntɩ ntɩ, nɛ paa wiliɣ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩnɛ kɩ-tɔbʊʊ. Pañɩna pɩnaɣ 2006-2007 nɛ pana se ɖɩɣa pɩyaʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩlɩna Afrika taa. Afrika taa kɛ awayɩ pɩyaʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se celeɣ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛʊ-kɛ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 130.000. Kacalaɣ pɩyaŋ weyi papazɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɖooo “Néolitique” tɛ alɩwatʊ taa; pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 8.000 yaa 10.000 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ alɩwatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ hayɑɣ nɛ ɛɖʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ kpou taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ naa se celesi kɔŋ ɛ-tɛ nɛ sɩkpaɣ holaa nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛɛkaɣ ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ lɛ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛkpa-kɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ.
Egypti mba eeleeyu nɛ pɩyaʊ: kɩkɛ-wɛ sɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ, nɛ poluŋguu kɩ-tɛɛ. Ɖooo Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa mba ñapɩsɩ-kʊ kpaɣʊ ɛsɩ sɩʊ yɔ. Pɩyaʊ tɔm fɛyɩ se pɔyɔɔdɩ: Aazii taa lɛ, piyaʊ kɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ fezuu kɩfalʊʊ nɛ ñʊʊ leleŋ yɔ yaa ñɩm sakɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛyʊ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ. Nabɛyɛ tɛ lɛ, kɩkɛ sɩʊ yaa ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɛɛ pʊwɛɛ se poluŋ nɛ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ tam yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɔcɔna pɩyaʊ yɔɔ camɩyɛ. Pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛɛ se paɖaa pɩyaʊ nɛ kɩ-kʊdɔŋ ɛtaaɖɛ ɛyʊ.


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Ŋgbam
Ngbam wɛ sʊnzʊma tiiye taa nɛ payaɣ-pʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kɛɛmasɩ kʊlʊmsɩ. Ɛyaa kaatɛma maɣzɩɣ ɖooo lɔŋ taa se ngbam wɛ izɔptɛɛrɩ pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ pɩlɩɣ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa kekelikelasɩ tiiɣwa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 281 yɔ nɛ sɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ pɩzɩɣ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 2 600 yɔ.
Ŋgbam nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛna keŋ nɛ payaɣ-se aceendan, lɛɛbʊ payaɣ se tiye, hʊʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ngbam kɛna kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩɖɔŋ com com yɔ nɛ sɩɖɔnɛ taa lɛ sɩɩɖɔŋ yem yem, siisidiɣ ɖama, sɩɖɔŋ ɖɔndɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ŋgbam kɛna kekelikelaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩɣ caɣʊ hʊla yɔɔ nɛ nemeɣsi tɛɛ yɔ. Pʊsɔɔla ñɩtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ fʊʊyɛɛɛ yɔ. Ngbam sɔɔlɩ wɛʊ ajɛya wena a-taa soŋgaɣ wɛɛ yɔ. Kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɛ mɔsɔŋwaa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɩmaɣ tɛtʊ pempempem nɛ sɩwɛɛ tɩ-taa. Sɩ-kʊdʊyʊʊ ɛnʊ payaɣ-ɩ se kpanɛ yaa ɖɩkpɛnɖɛ.
Ŋgbam ɛɛhaɣ alɩwaatʊ kɛ kuduyiŋ weyi pamana kpongbolonaa yaa tɩŋ yɔ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ pɩtaa nɛ nɛ pɩwɛɛ tɔɔʊ yɔɔ nɛ fenasɩ cabɩ taa mbʊ yɔ kuduyuu ɖaba.