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Ɛsɔ kɛtʊ
Ɛsɔ kɛtʊ, ɛsɔ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi paana-ɩ nɛ ɛsa yɔ, pʊtʊ weyi pañaŋɩ-ɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ. Payaɣ hɩla ana mbʊ lɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ kiɖe tɛɛ pɩyʊ kem, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩkɩla pɩtɩŋa payi yɔ. Platon tɛ faawɩ tɔm tɔbɩŋ lɛzɩtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛsɔ kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛɛzɩkɩ yɔ, eɖeke ɛhɛzɩna, tovonum maatɛŋ, ɛnʊ tɩna kɩbam laɣsɩ. Fransɩɩ tɔmpiye ɛsɔ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa deus, ɖɩtamsɩna tɔmʊʊ dies (evemiye), nɛ diluvium (ɛsɔtaa tʊlʊʊ), ɖɩlɩ sanskrit tɔmʊʊ div nɛ diu (ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ, evemiye nɛ ñalɩmɩyɛ).
Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɩnaa tɛ lɛ ɛsɔ kʊyʊm koŋ wɛna. Kɛlɛ tɔmpiye Ɛsɔ kɛ hɩɖɛ keem, nɛ pama-ɖɩ mayaɣ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɩkɩlʊʊ, eyeke, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ panaɣna ɛsɛ yɔ, kɩlɩm pɩyʊ pɛkɛwa, pɩtɩŋa pɩ-tɛ ɛsɔ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem cæli nɛ terræ, visibilium omnium, nɛ invisibilium.
Pudaa ɛyaa tɛ lɛ, ɛsɔ kɛ ɛyaa mba palaba fezuu caɣʊʊ piŋ, ɖoŋ ñɩŋʊ nɛ kɩmʊna yɔ (ɛzɩ ɛyaa mba pacaɣ kedeŋga yɔɔ pɩɖalɩ yɔ, pala hama laɣsɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, pamʊ niiye hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ). Pɛwɛtʊ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa, kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ pakpazɩ ɖoŋ pa-wazaɣ maɣmaɣ yo nɛ naalɛ ɖeɖe lɛ paakaŋ ñʊʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ wazaɣ pɩyʊ yɔ ɖeɖe.
Sɩm fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɔcɔ ñʊʊ kpem se ɛsɔ fɛyɩ kpem, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Thomas Huxley. Ɛyaa mba papa lakɩ ndɛŋkpɛzaɣ ɛsɔ tɔm taa yɔ Diagoras, le baron d'Holbach, Marx. Mba papa tisa ɛsɔ yɔɔ kɛlɛ paatisuu ɛ-tɛ kɩlaʊ nakʊyʊ yɔ yaa paalakɩ sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsɔ ɛnʊ ɛ yɔɔ.


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Marco Polo
Marco Polo kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ tɛ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1254 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔɔ payaɣ size Venise, ɖɩwɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa efemiye nutozo (8) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe e-egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ size Venise yɔ, ɖɩ-taa peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1324 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ nakʋ (69) mbɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa Marco Polo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛna tadɩyɛ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɖɩkʋyɩ siŋŋ takayaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ : Camɩyɛ samm labʋ takayaɣ. Ɛn̄ɩnʋʋ tɔm pama takayaɣ kanɛ kan̄ʋʋ yɔ.
Takayaɣ kanɛ, ŋga sɩnana n̄ɩnɩyaa nɛ patɩlɩ Azii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔ tʋ taa. Pʋyɔɔ peeɖe wabɩtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kpem. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Niccolò nɛ e-ekpele lɛ Maffeo.
Tovonum taa lɛ, ɛtɛkɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔɔnaɣ pɩɣa ŋga kowoba nɛ katalɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ yɔ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ Christophe Colomb kɛna kajalaɣ tʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa Marco polo tʋma kpaɖa pazɩ kajalaɣ tʋ ɛnɛ nɛ nʋmɔʋ woɖaa lalaa.

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Mɔsɩkɔvɩyɔm
Flɛrɔvɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Fl) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 114 yɔ. Ɛ nɛ ʊnʊnkandɩyɔm (Uuq) palɩ ɖama mbʊ IUPAC kaaya-wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 114 matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1998 pɩtɩŋna pɩkpɛnda ɛ nɛ 244Pu(48Ca,3n)289Fl kɛ Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Doubna, Moscou ɛjaɖɛ taa. IUPAC ha ɖoŋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kajalaɣ evemiye pɩnaɣ 2011 nɛ paha-ɩ ɛ-kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2012 pɩlɩna FLNR yɔɔ.
Pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ (JINR) Doubna Russi ɛjaɖɛ susi kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1999 se panaza plʊtɔnɩyɔm 244 hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna kalɩsɩyɔm 48 nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yɔɔ nɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ kʊyʊm lɩna ɛlɛ yɔ 289Fl. Tɔm patapɩzɩ pɛlɛɣzɩ-tʊ kɛlɛ pamaɣzɩ se tɩfɛyɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ paapɩzɩ palabɩ-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ paa ɛzɩmta. Ɛyaa kʊyʊma mba paɖaɣnɩ yɔɔdʊʊ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1999 se pɛkɛza plʊtɔnɩyɔm 244 nɛ plʊtɔnɩyɔm 242 se pɩsa nɛ pala agbele naa lalaa.
Nɔɔnɔɔ labɩtʊ ndʊ pana flɛrɔvɩyɔm pee taa yɔ palaba-tʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1999 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖana paazʊʊ plʊtɔnɩyɔm 244 yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Pala flɛvɩyɔm tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa naalɛ, pɩtɩŋna pɔyɔka alɩfa 9,82 Me alɩwaatʊ ŋñɩɩ 2,6 s. Pɛcɛlɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe 288Fl pɩlɩna ndʊ paatɛma labʊ tɩyɔɔ, paɖanɩɣ kam ñʊʊ siŋ peeɖe pɩha waɖɛ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-tʊ 289Fl.


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Mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ wɛʋ
Anjaʋ waa nabɛyɛ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ wɛʋ kɛna lɛɣtʋ ndʋ, tɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size aseɣɖe tɩnaa nabɛyɛ ɛna cɛzɩm taa mbɩ yɔ kɛ ɛyaa mba peciɣdiɣ patɩ nɛ payaɣ wɛ size mɛmvɛyɩ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ waa yɔ. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ɛzɩ anjaʋ waa yɔ.
Mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ samaɣ ŋga, kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ, mba pataɣ wɛɛ tɔlɩm nɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ, anjaʋ waa yɔ. Mba papɩzɩʋ pala mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ, pɛkɛ mba pɛwɛna wezuu, piciɣdiɣ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ powolo nɛ pɔkɔ nɛ papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ, pala kaayɔɔdasɩ laɣsɩ yɔ.
Hʋnʋ hʋnʋ laɣsɩ tɩna panɛ, pɛkɛ yɔɔdɩyaa siŋŋ tɩna nabɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Hʋna hʋna lakasɩ wɛtʋ paɖaɣna lɛɣzɩnaʋ sinimaɣ.
Sinimaɣ kʋnɛ kʋkʋʋ lɛ, kɩɖanɩʋ wɩlɩʋ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ tʋnɛ kɛ, takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ. Samaɣ caɣ kilingli nɛ kɔcɔŋna mbʋ pɩɖɩɩna labʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɣ yɔ.


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Alaa al-Aswany
Weyi payaɣ se Alaa al-Aswany yɔ, palʋla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1957 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa Alaa al-Aswany kɛ takayɩsɩ maʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ kɔ laɖʋ. Ɛlakɩ kela kʋdɔmɩŋ kɔ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa ɛlakɩ kela kʋdɔmɩŋ kɔ ana. Kɛɛrɩ kɛŋna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Takayɩsɩ mayʋ Alaa al-Aswany hɔʋ taa ñɩma kɛ takayɩsɩ sɩnɖaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Abbas al-Aswany. Ɛ-caa kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Takayɩsɩ mayʋ Alaa al-Aswany laba ɛ-hɛkʋ taa sukuli Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlaba kela kʋdɔmɩŋ waʋ sukuli, Illinois sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ, Chicago tɛtʋ taa, Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba papam Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ nɛ ɛza yɔ, paɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se « Kifaya » ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tɔbʋʋ kɔyɔ se « Pɩmaɣ ḿbʋ ». Takayɩsɩ maʋ sɔsɔ Alaa al-Aswany nɛ ɖajaa Sonallah Ibrahim paɖʋna ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ.
Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ se pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kɩfalʋʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlʋkɩ se mulum nabʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔʋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa nɔɔyʋ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛtɔ kañidaa weyi ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ yɔ. Pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi lɛ, ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔ caca ŋ́gʋ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kañɩdaa weyi ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛkɛ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ.
Takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ Alaa al-Aswany takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ, sɩ-taa lɛ, takayaɣ ŋga ɛyaa se « L’Immeuble Yacoubian » yɔ, ka-taa tɔm siɣdi Aarabʋ waa ɛjɛya taa ɛyaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2002 taa ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga kalɩwa. Ka-taa tɔm wɛ yuŋ ɖenɖe yɔ yebina nɛ patɩŋ pɛɖɛzɩ-tʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛɛlɛ (20) taa, halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ.


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Aɖaɖa
Aɖaɖa kɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna hɩila yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊlʊʊ kʊlʊlʊ yɔ, ɖɩɩɖʊʊ yala kʊɖʊ. Aɖaɖa wɛna kpakpakɩŋ naalɛ kinziiye wayɩ nɛ kpakpakiŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛta tɛ mɩnɩʊ hɔɔlaɣ 75 yɔ (75 cm). Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛta 1,85 yɔ (1,85 m) nɛ yee pakpaɣna kɩ-naŋgbanzɩ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna kɩ-kpakpakɩŋ kɔyɔ pɩtalɩɣ mɛtanaa naalɛ. Aɖaɖa pɩzɩɣ kɩkpadayɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 60 yaa 70 mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ seu siŋŋŋ ɛzɩ kɔŋgɔmʊʊ yaa aɖaɖa ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ (dromadaire).
Aɖaɖa pɩzɩɣ kise ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa nɛɛlɛ yɔ kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩsɛ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa hiu kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖɔmʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩɩsɩŋgʊʊ. Aɖaɖanaa mba pɛwɛna kpakpakɩŋ naalɛ yɔ patatalɩ paalɩka kɛ aɖaɖa ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩtatalɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ninvila ɛlɛ kɩkɩla-kʊ hʊndʊ pʊndʊlʊm wɛnaʊ.
Aɖaɖana lɩna Azii keteŋga hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɖooo kacalaɣ mba kaakɛ ñɩtʊ taa kpɩna nɛ paawɛ Kobi kañɩmbusaɣ taa. Azii hɛkʊ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ aɖaɖa labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ Azii hadɛ kiŋ taa nɛ Azii cikpeluu taa lɛ aɖaɖana mba pɛwɛna kpakpakɩŋ kʊɖumʊʊ yɔ, mba palakɩna tʊma. Ɛya maɣzʊʊ se aɖaɖana mba pɔyɔɔdʊ pɔ-tɔm cɩnɛ yɔ, pɛwɛ Afrika taa ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ. Aɖaɖana mba pɛwɛ Afrika taa yɔ, pawɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ.


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Azii yotu lʋbɩyɛ
Azii yotu lʋbɩyɛ kɛ lʋbɩyɛ tɩlɩtʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukuli. Papɩzɩɣ palʋbɩ-ɖɩ nɛ nesi yem. Papɩzɩ palʋbɩ-ɖɩ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ. Ɖooo caanaʋ tɔm taa mbʋ yɔ kɛ, yotu lʋbɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʋ tʋnɛ paatɩlɩ tɩ-taa size, tɩpɔzaɣ lɩmaɣza cukaŋ n̄ɩna nɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ maɣzɩm sɔsɔm. Nɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ. Mbʋ pʋpɔza keekee yɔɔ lɛ size, pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu se ɛyʋ eyele lʋbɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ yee ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɔyɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ azii yotu lʋbɩyɛ yɔ, ɛkpaɣ ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Karatee yɔɔ lɛ, lʋbɩyaa lɩmaɣza mpilim kɔyɔ size, palʋ nɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa lɛ, ɛwɛɛ alaafɩfa.
Tɔm piye Azii you lʋbɩyɛ kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ Aazii tɛtʋ taa. Ajɛya wena a-taa lʋbɩyɛ aleɣya kɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ Erɔpɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ Amerika pɛ-tɛtʋ taa yɔ, a-taa ɖɔɖɔ Sapɔŋ ɛyaa kɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ. Siini mba ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna Fɩyɛtɩnaam mba nɛ Kooree mba wɛ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya ana a-taa.
Patʋla Aazii yotu lʋbɩyɛ sukulinaa ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ wɛ Aazii yotu lʋbɩyɛ lɛɣtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Cɛyɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ Aazii yotu lʋbɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Tɔɔla wondu
Tɔɔla wondu kɛna wondu kuzusutu yaa tomnaɣ yɔ huzuu wondu. Pɩpɩzʋ pɩkɛ tokonaa yaa ɛzɩ pantalaŋ yaa cokodonaa mbɩ yɔ. Tɔɔla wondu ndʋ, tɩkɛna wondu cakɩna waa yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ size wondu kuzusutu.
Wondu tɩsɩʋnana ɛyʋ yaa tomna kifeza tɔnʋʋ. Ɛyʋ suu wondu nɛ ɛlʋbɩna nikaɣ yaa ɛzɩ ehuzi e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛn̄ɛlɩ yaa ewobina lone yaa hɛkʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛsɔɔlaa se ewolo yɔ. Wondu kuzusutu ndʋ nakʋma yaa nantaŋgbala nɛ hulasɩ fɛyɩ na pɩ-taa.
Tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ, sakɩyɛ taa palaba tʋ nɛ pɩzatʋ wondu ɛlɛ, pɩzatʋ wondu ndʋ palakɩna tʋʋ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, tikiɖe yaa tɩɖɩlɩyɛ ɖala siŋŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa pɩzatʋ. Pɩkɛ pɩzatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɖoo lɔnda nimasi yaa nɩlɔŋ waa tɩyɛ yɔ.
Pɩtɛkɛ lɛlɛɛ tɛ kpaɖʋ taa nimasi, nimasi sɩnɛ sɩlɩwa pileɖa. Palɩzɩʋ yaa poluku wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ nɛ pʋmʋʋna paa kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ wena lɛ. Wondu kusutu yaa tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu ndʋ palakaɣ nɛ posuu ɖoo lɔndaa yaa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩɖɛwa yɔ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʋ pɔɖɔɔna suu sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖoo lɔndaa ɛyaa yaa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋwaa paza wondu suu yaa tɔɔla tɔlʋʋ yaa suu pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 83 000 mbɩ yɔ yaa 170 000 kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɖoo caanaʋ taa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋ waa mba payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Homo sapiens".


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Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (Jurisprudence)
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ tɔm lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ wayi wayi lɩmaɣza yaa tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ nɛ awɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pahʊ tɔm yɔ yaa ɛzɩma pɔñɔɔza tɔm yɔ. Tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔjɔmɩŋ tɛ lɩmaɣza wena palaba yɔ ɛlɛ atɩkɩlɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa lɩmaɣza yɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ se pawɩlɩna lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ wena tɔm hʊyʊ laba yɔ yaa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ keeke wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza wena tɔm hʊyʊ kpaɣa pɩlɩna paɣtʊ tɔm pɔzʊʊ natʊyʊ yɔ.
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛŋglɩsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa kɛ Common Law tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ pɑɣtʊ yuŋ ndʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ tɩtamsɩɣ tɔm hʊyaa ɛsɩnda avema taa (kpaɣa canaʊ paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔnɛ). Room ajɛyaa tɛ waɖɛ taa (samaɣ tɛ waɖɛ), lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛñaŋ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ pʊɖɔ siŋ.
Ɖooo canaʊ tɔbʊʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kaakɛ lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ. Pɩtɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖooye ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, ɖenɖe tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ñɔtɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ waɖɛ (ɛzɩ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ nɛ ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm tɛ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ naa).
Common law ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (paɣtʊ nʊmʊʊ, paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ tɩwɛna wazaɣ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tamsʊʊ kʊjɔmɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm lɛɛtʊ naa nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ ɛ-nʊ tamsɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔm hʊtʊ. Pɩtɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdɔɔ cɔlɔ stare decisi (tɔbʊʊ se caɣa lɩmaɣza taa).


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Maɣzɩm (conscience)
Pɔtɔŋʊʊ yaa payaʊ se maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se pɩkɛ we. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se filozofii. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se hɔɔlɩŋ naanza taa ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊʊ yɔ :
Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sikoloziiki yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ nɛ lakɩ ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm taa se pɩtamsɩ ɛ nɛ kedeŋa yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna nɛ ɛlakɩ se ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ patamsɩna ɖama yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se sɩmtʊ (connaissance) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama. Maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hɔyɛ pɩsɩʊ yaa taa leleŋ labʊ yaa ɖɩɣzɩʊ (émotion) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ wɛʊ (existence) nɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ sɩma kpayɩ kpayɩ yaa mbʊ pɩtɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (pensée) patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «moral» yɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ yaa ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna se ɛpɩzɩ ɛhʊʊ lɩmaɣza kɩbana tɔm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ lɛlʊ tɛ lɩmaɣza.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naadozo ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛ mbʊ payaɣna ɛyʊtʊ (humanité) yɔ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naanza ñɩŋgʊ ɖeɖe lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ maɣzɩm se pɩkɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa payɩ.
Ɖajaa André Comte-Sponville tɔ se toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye maɣzɩm caɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩm kʊɖʊmbʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ lakɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Pɩlaba se maɣzɩm lɩzɩɣna tɔmbiye «maɣzɩm» tɔbʊʊ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa mba payaɣ se «bouddhistes» waa yɔ, potuu eduye se « saɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɛsɛtɩ ka-tɩ». Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖajaa Auguste Comte yɔɔdaa se «ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsɩŋ nɛ mundoɖe pɔʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɖɔŋ ɖɔm».


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1901
Pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1901 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛŋna kajalaɣ ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1900 nɛ 1902 hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
1901 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɔnaɣ fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kolaɣ fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Agoza fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Palula Louis Armstrong


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Lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Lɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyaa cakɩ nɛ powoki ɖoli yɔ. Paɖʋʋ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɩkpakɩɣ nɛ ɖiwokina ɖenɖe ɛyʋ sɔɔlʋʋ se ewona-tʋ yɔ. Lɔɔɖɩyɛ wɛna pɔpɔla nɛ a-yɔɔ ɖɩɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩna nɛ pɔpɔla ana acɔʋ nɛ pɩlakɩ se lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "mootɛɛɖɩ".
Lɔɔɖa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndɩ: cikpena wɛɛ, kɩmaɣna n̄ɛwɛɛ, nɛ sɔsɔna n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kan̄ɩŋa lɔɔɖa n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ wena alɛ kɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ kpem yɔ, alɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Alɛɣ payaɣ se "tiitaɣ waa". Lɔɔɖa cikpena kpakɩɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩmaɣna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʋ yɔ nɛ sɔsɔna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ. Tiitaɣ waa n̄akpakɩɣna wondu ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ yuŋ kpem yɔ, alɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ ɛyaa. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu nɛ sɔsɔtʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "foolaɣ" nɛ ŋgʋʋ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ cɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se "fɩɖɛɛ waa". Papa yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sɩŋɩ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se "baateeɖii" nɛ ŋgʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ pɩzɩ ɛn̄ɩɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋhʋlɩ se "pɩpɩɩɩ" nɛ ɛyʋ wɛsɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ n̄eneɣ tɩyɛ nɛ kɩ-taa paɖʋʋ sanzɩ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ n̄ɔʋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖiseɣ. Sanzɩ ɛtɛma lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa yɔ, ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩɖɔ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ lɛɛkʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "fitɛɛsɩ". Kʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa niɣdi yaa pusoŋi. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ ɛtʋlɩ raadiyoo ŋgʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ ɛnɩɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ yaa miziiki ŋgʋ ɛsɔla welesuu yɔ. Lɔɔɖa naayɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ, alɛ taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se televisiyɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩma pulubi lɔɔɖɩyɛ?[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1769 taa ɖajaa Joseph Cugnot luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Fardier de Cugnot. Ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɛwa nɛ pʋcɔ polu lɔɔɖa wena ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ ɛzʋnɔɔ yɔ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu ɛkpa ɖoŋ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ polu anasaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩfatʋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Machine à vapeur" yɔ pɔcɔnaa nɛ polu lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Fefeku lakɩna nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋcɔʋ. Ɛlɛ, cɛyɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ siŋŋ.
Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa, Aoste kajalaŋa taa pacalɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ saʋ se pana. Pasa-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1864 n̄ɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Innocent Manzetti calɩna cɔʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ fefeku lakɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɔŋ yɔ Aoste tɛtʋ taa habɛ yɔɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1869 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1870 pama tɔm ndʋʋ Aoste nɛ Turin pa-aseɣɖe tɔm heyuu takayɩsɩ taa. Piteleɖi nɛ patɩŋ polu lɔɔɖa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ aɖɔŋ habɛ yɔɔ. Lɔɔɖa 350 ɖɔŋaɣ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1890 n̄ɩŋa taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 75 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 80 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pataapɩzɩ se payaa mba polukaɣ lɔɔɖa ana yɔ se lɔɔɖa luɖaa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, atɛkɛ lɔɔɖa siŋŋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ panʋkaɣ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ palakɩ nɛ pʋɖɔŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋa taa ɖajaa Henry Bauchel luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ papɩzɩɣ payaa se lɔɔɖɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ. Payaɣaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ se "Delco". Nɖɩ kɩlaɣna seu pɩnaɣ 1901 taa.Pɩnaɣ 1873 taa papazɩ lɔɔɖa pɛdʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 taa ɖajaanaa panɛ: Edouard Delamare Debouteville, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ nɛ Gottlied Daimler, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, poluba mootɛɛɖɩ waa kɩfama mba palakɩ nɛ lɔɔɖa seɣ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖa yɔ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tasɩ lɩʋ nɛ polu lɔɔɖa wena akɩlɩ kajalaɣ n̄ɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ɖeu yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ ndʋ tiyebina nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Lɔɔɖa kɩfana wena poluba yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1899 taa lɛ, apɩzaɣ se ase kilomɛta waa mɩnʋʋ (100) n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ.
Lɔɔɖa lubu nʋmɔʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm taapɩzɩɣ se elu lɔɔɖɩyɛ e-ɖeke. Pɔpɔla luɖu wɛɛ, mootɛɛɖɩ luɖu n̄ɛwɛɛ. Paa lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ku-luɖu. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖa lubu pɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʋmlaɖaa ndɩ ndɩ.Habɛ hɛʋ nɛ a-n̄ɔɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖa n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mba pɔ-lɔɔɖa masɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ, mbaa yɔ: Lancia, pɩnaɣ 1922; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "La lamdaa" nɛ Chrysler, pɩnaɣ 1934; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "Airflow" nɛ Citröen, pɩnaɣ 1934.


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Ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛna wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkʊyʋʋ ɛsɔdaa heelim taa yɔ. Mootɛɛɖɩ nakʊyʊ hɔŋna-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɛɣ ɛsɔdaa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ miŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna mbʊ pɩɖɔŋ yɔ: kɩkʊyʊʋ, kɩɖɛɣ yaa kɩɩsɩŋgɩɣ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ wɛ “voilure tournante” taa. Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna mbʊ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩna-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ ɖitii ɖɩcɑɣ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ piiliki-ɖɩ yɔ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se “hydravion”. Ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ a-taa nɛ pɩɖɛna-ɩ ɛsɔdaa tɩɩɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ etii ɖɔɖɔ tataa ɖɔɖɔ. Alɛ'lɛ, awɛna pɔbɔla ɛzɩ “skis” naa ñɩna yɔ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se “Parapentes” waa. Weyi ɛsaɣ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se “pilote” yaa “aviateur”; pɩkɛ halʊ kɔyɔ, payaɣ ɛlɛ se “aviatrice”.
Latin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ payaʋ se “aviation” yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʋʋ se “sɩmaɣ lakaɣ”. Pɩnaɣ 1863 kɛ Gabriel de La Landelle calɩ tɔmbiye nɖɩ lɩzʋʋ. Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se “Aviation ou navigation sans ballon” yɔ ka-taa. Ka-taa lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Jean-Marie Le Bris tɛ ɛsɔdaa kʊyʊʊ tɔm. Ɛkɛcaɣ anasayɩ ñɩɣyʋʋ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ kɩkakɩla heelim kɛ yʊŋ nɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa tɩɩɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1875 kɛ Clément Ader lɩza tɔmbiye nɖɩ payaɣ se “Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ” yɔ se ɛkɛdɩna wonuu ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa yɔ. Kpaabgaa mbʊ lɛ, elu ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890 kɛ aloma fenaɣ 9 ñɩŋgʊ wiye nɛ ɛyaa-kʊ se “Eole” nɛ ɛkʊyɩna-kʊ ɛzɩ mɛta naa nɩɩnɩwa ɛsɔdaa nɛ pɩcɔ etii. Ɛ-hama lakasɩ nzɩ, sɩmaɣna e-ɖeke, eteyele se nɔɔyʊ ɛtɩlɩ-sɩ; mbʊ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩkɛna mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ tɔm ndʊ tihuuzaɣ peeɖe tɛ sɔɔjanaa yɔɔ yɔ.
Clément Ader ñaɣ pana nɛ ɛtasɩ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ lubu' aloma fenaɣ 14 ŋgʋ wiye' pɩnaɣ 1903. Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ ñapɩzɩɣ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa ɛzɩ mɛta naa mɩnzɩ nasɩdozo (300) yɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Otto Lilienthal luba ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ɖɩndɩ kpem: kpatala kɛ ɛlɛ kpaaɣ nɛ ɛhɔkɩ kpootu ɛzɩ' acaɣ ñɛyɩtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛɖʋ mootɛɛɖɩ kɛ pɩ-taa. Lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɖɩ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se pɩkɛna piyaɣ ŋga kakʊyaa ɛzɩ mɛta naa nɛɛlɛ yɔ. Ɖɩpɩzaa nɛ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta naa 400 yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ, Général Roques, weyi ɛtʊla sɔɔjanaa ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖitiɖe yɔ, ɛkpaɣ lɩmazɩyɛ se mbʊ mbʊ pʊkʊyʋʋ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pitiki pɩcakɩ yɔ, payaɣ-pʊ se ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖa. Pɩɩtʋʋzɩna efemiye nɖɩ paɖʊwaɣ Clément Ader kɛ hɩɖɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ tɔzʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, keteŋa kpeekpe you kacalaɣ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ tɔmbe: ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖaɖidiɖe yaa ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖakadaɣ pɔtɔyaa.


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Wɩsɩ siɣʊʊ
Wɩsɩ siɣʊʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakɩɣ evemiye tɛʊ feŋguu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa nɛ wɩsɩ siki lɛ pɩlaba evemiye tɛyɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ. Ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊ kpaɣʊ se wɩsɩ siɣuu yɔ, ndʊ lɛ kpaɣ ñɩɩtʊ 12 nɛ pɩsɩɩna ñɩɩtʊ 14 yɔɔ.
Ɛzɩma kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna afema kʊɖʊma nɛ pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone taa nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, wɩsɩ eesiki paa le lɛ ñɩɩtʊ 12 yɔɔ. Kabɩyɛ-tʊ paaɣza wɩsɩ siɣuu kɛ yaʊ se miidii.


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Ɖɔm
Tabɩlɩ yɔɔ ɖɔm, ɖɔm kɩtɔɔm yaa tɩzʊʊ tɛ ɖɔm, pɩ-taa wɛ sodiyɔm tɛ kʋlɔɔɖɩ. Ɖɔm mbʊ pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. lɛɛbʊ paɣlaa nɛ lɛɛbʊ wɛ ɖululu nɛ lɛɛbʊ wɛ hɛtʊ ɖɔm tɛ. Ɖooo pʊcɔ caanaʊ tɔm lɛ, paasɩma-ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo canaʊ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Solnitsata tɛ tɔɔnasɩ wɛtʊ nɛ sɩ-tɛ lɛɛzʊʊ. Palɩzaɣ-pʊ tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye taa (ñɩɣlɩm kaŋŋ taa) yaa kɛlɛʊ taa lɛ, teŋgunaa ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖenɖe ɖɔm wɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖɔm nɔmɔŋ pɩsɩ ɖooo canaʊ tɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kɩlɛzʊʊ nɔmɔŋ nɛ pɛyɛlɩnɛ ɖɔm mbʊ kpaɣ ɖooo ɖenɖe palɩzʊʊ-pʊ yɔ pɩtalɩ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pɩtaa fɛyɩ yɔ. Palɩzʊʊ-pʊ nɛ pɩtɛ kpata lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ ɖuluulu nɛ pɩtaa wɛ tɛtɛ ñɩm tɩŋga. Tɛtɛ ɖɔm mbʊ palɩzʊʊ-pʊ lɛ pɩwɛnɛ ndalikaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ pɩwɛtʊ kpaɣ tɛtɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ pɩtaa yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ hɛtʊ tɛ ɖɔm yaa teŋgʊʊ taa ɖɔm mbʊ palɩzʊʊ-pʊ nɛ neesi yɔ wɛnɛ leeleŋ kʊyʊmʊm nɛ pɩlɛzʊʊ egeetiye nɛ lɛɛɖɛ.
Hɛtʊ tɛ ɖɔm yaa teŋgunaa tɛ ɖɔm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖuluulu yɔ sʊ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Teŋgu tɛ taa wɛ mañɛzɩyɔm siŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʊ. Pɩda peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɩyɔɔdɩ pʊɖɔɔ se pɩɖaŋ kʊɖɔmɩŋ ɛzɩ hɔkʊʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa lɛ, paɖʊʊ ɖɔm tɔnasɩ taa. Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛyaa sɔɔlɩ ɖɔm pee sɔsɔnaa nɛ pasanɛ mʊtʊ. Pɛlɛzɩkɩ taa mba ñɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔm ɖululu mbʊ pɔhɔkaɣ kabasɩ taa yɔ. Ɖɔm yeki se pasɩɩ tɔnasɩ nɛ pileɖuu nɛ pɩpasɩɣ lɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɛ ɖoŋ.
Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ Hɛkʊ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ pasɩwaɣnaɣ nandʊ nɛ kpakpasɩ, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ Afrika hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pɛfɛyɩnɛ anasaayɩ ŋgbaŋ yɔ, ɖɔm pasɩnɛ nandʊ nɛ kpakpasɩ ɖɔɖɔ paa ajɛyɛ wewee tɛ mbʊ yɔ taɖɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ɖeeɖe wondʊ ndʊ pɛ-pɛɖʊʊ yɔ tɩ-taa nɛ ɖɔm. Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɛtɛɛ ɖɔm nɛ pamɩzɩɣ ɖɔmpɛɛ haba yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛdʊʊ yɔ, ɖɔm tɛkɛ mbʊ pɩkpazʊʊ leleŋ ɖoŋ yɔ ɛlɛ, pɩlɛzʊʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ nɩʊ leleŋ mbʊ yebina nɛ palakɩ-pʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ siŋ ɖɩtɩsɩyɛ taa.
Wondʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩkɩlɩɣ katʊʊ ɖɔm yɔ ndʊ yɔ nandʊ ndʊ pakʊʊ yɔ nɛ waagaasɩ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ kɩtɩzasɩ nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tɔɔnasɩ taa. Nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛkɩlɩɣ ɖɔm tɔɔʊ kɔyɔ pʊkɔŋna-ɩ tɩlasɩ nasɩyɛ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa, ɛ-calɩm kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩkɛdɩɣ lɛ, ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ sɩba yaa nɔɔyʊ lɛ ɛkɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ nɛ pʊkɔŋna sɩm sakɩyɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga. Ɖɔm lɛɛbʊ wɛɛ payaɣ-pʊ se pɔtasiyɔm tɛ kuloriiri. Pʋbʋ ñɛwɛ ɖɔm ɖɔfɩ taa nɛ pʊkʊʊ mba pɛwɛnɛ laŋgɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ mɔɔndɛɛ calɩm kpem kʊdɔŋ. Ɛlɛ, pʊdɔtɔyɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩwɛ liidiye. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔ, ɖɔm wɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ tɛtɛ kpɩna cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pamɩzɩɣ ɖɔm kɛ ñɩtʊʊ yɔ lɛ wondu tɔkɩ camɩyɛ mɛlɛ mɛlɛ nɛ halɩ tineziɣ kaaŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ wɛ ɖɔm yɔ, ɩ-yɔɔ.
Eduuye naɖɩyɛ tɔŋ se "ɖɔm kiyekim ɛɛnɩɣ ɖozi taa". Eduyee lɛɛɖɛ se :Yee ɖɔm ɛɖɛ ɖozi taa, paatɔzʋʋ"


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Steve Biko
Steve Biko kɛna Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ Palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se King William's Town yɔ. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30 yeke pɩnaɣ 1977. Pɩɩkɛnasalaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 wiye. Pretooriyaa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛsɩba, Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ se payawaɣ-ɩ se Stephen Bantu Biko. Ɛzɩ Nelson Mandela yɔ, Steve Biko kɛna weyi ɛlʊba camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se lɛɛzʊ mbʊ pɩɩwɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe nɛ ɛyaa kʊhʊlʊma nɛ kɩkpɛɛdaa paakaɣ mɩsɣ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ mɩzaɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ ñanaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1963, ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 23 kɛ pakpa ɛ-ɖalʊ nɛ paɖʊ-ɩ salaka mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛlʊkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se anasayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pataacɩ ɖama. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɩlɔʊ ɛ-lʊɖɛ nɖɩ.
Ɛmʊ e-sukuli kɩtɛzʊ takayaɣ lɛ, ɛsʊʊ sukuli pɩya sɔsaɣa ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ nɛ ɛla ɖakʊtanaa sukuli kɛ natalɩ tɛtʊ taa. Sukuli ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Natalɩ tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe lɔŋsɩnɖaa laba kediizaɣ nakayɩ nɛ palɩzɩ-se ɛkɛna pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SUSUS yɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ sukuli piya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊ. Ɛzɩma ɛkɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊ lɛ, NUSAS lɩmaɣza lɛ, ɛlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnaɣ 1968. Ɛlɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛtʊlʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa ɖeke wɛna ɖɩ-taa ɛlɛ pataɖaŋga kʊhʊlʊm nɔɔyʊ se ɛtaasʊ, SASO. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɩlakɩ yamyam lakasɩ ɛlɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1972 taa pekizina ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ peyeki paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ mba pɔtɔyɩtʊ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1973 ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sukulinaa sakɩyɛ tɛma Steve Biko ŋgbɛyɛ tɔbʊʊ. Pɩkpaɣna mbʊ nɛ pɔcɔŋna ɛ-ŋgbɛyɩ nɖɩ ɛzɩ yamyam ñɩnɖɛ yɔ. Paɖaŋgɩ-ɩ se pɩtatasɩ pɩh-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛyɔɔdɩ natʊyʊ samaɣ hɛkʊ ya ɛyɔɔdɩna pɩɖɛɛ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yɔɔ kpɛndɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1976, mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa, pɩkɛɛda lɛ yamayam lakasɩ paɣzɩ labʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ sukulinaa taa paawɩlʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ. Ɛyaa kʊhʊlɩmaa tɛ wɛna hɔɔlʊ nɛ kɩkpɛdaa. Ciidu mbʊ pɩ-taa kɛ Soweto hiu sɩm. Biko ñɛwɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɖama kpɛndʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Ɛkpaɣ kɩyakɩŋ 101 nɛ ɛcɔʊ Kap-Oriyantalɩ. Ɛcɔʊ taa kɛ ɛɖʊ tabalɩyɛ nɛ aseɣɖe tɔm heyiyu Donald Woods, ɛlɛ kaɣna ɛ-tɔm maʊ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1977 sɔɔjanaa kpa Biko powona-ɩ Port Elizabeth pawɩlɩ-ɩ ñaŋ pʊcɔ patana-ɩ Pretoriya kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1977. Tɛʊ fema lɛ, Biko tisa fesuu. Eyeba ɛ-wayɩ kɛ lelu, Ntsiki Mashalaba nɛ piya 5: Nkosinathi Biko, Samora Biko, Lerato Biko, Motlatsi Biko, Hlumelo Biko.


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Lɩŋgamʋʋ (Océan)
Lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ nakɛyɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, lɩm wandamm waa kadasɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ teŋgu nɛ kujomuu. Sɩ-naadozo sɩ-taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm kadaɣ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ taa lɩm wɛ salala.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ lɩŋgamɩŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo kɔyɔ, pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mpilim. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 166 241 km2. Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa naadozo hɛkʋ taa. Tɩwɛ Azii nɛ Amerika nɛ Oseyanii pɛ-tɛtʋ wandamm waa hɛkʋ taa.
Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 300. Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɩm cukaŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 11 100 yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa.
Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ walanzɩ kɛ 106 000 000 km2. Kɩ-taa lɩm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 200. Piyele kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ nakʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 9187.
Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛya ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna wɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.
Ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 3 960. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 7 000. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Ɔsɩtralii lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩɣna. Arikitiki lɩŋgamʋʋ pɩtɔyɩna lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛ walanzɩ nɛ po-cukaŋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 14 090 000 km2. Piyele ku-cukaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa 1 380. Ɛlɛ, kʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 5 440.


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Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ
Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ kɛna lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla walɩɣ lɛɛŋ payɩ keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa makʊʊna 166 241 700 km²; yaa ɛzɩ pɛtɛya keteŋga kpeekpe tam nautozo kɔ yɔ, kɩ-ɖeke kɩkpakɩɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kpem. Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwadɩɣna Océanie tɩŋga nɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ natʊyʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩtaa yɔ pɩna tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa nɛ tɩtakɩlɩ poliŋ nɛ ɖama yɔ; ɛzɩ: Asia taa yɔ (Japɔŋ, Filipini, Insulinde). Asia, Ositraalii nɛ Amerika pɔpcɔna Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtaa. Hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Ostraali Lɩŋgamʊʊ pɩzɩnaa. Hadɛ kɩŋ peeɖe ɖɔdɔ lɛ, caŋga ŋga ka-wayɩ alɩwaatʊ lɛzɩɣ yɔ, kɛwɛ meridien 180 ñɩŋgʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi.


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Keniya
Keniya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Suudanɩ nɛ Hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ Etiyɔpi, wɩsɩ ɖlɩyɛ taa lɛ Somali, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Uganda wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Tanzaani pɩzɩnaa. Wɩsɩ ɖʊlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ kpeŋna. Payaʊ se Keniya pɩlɩna peeɖe pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kɛniya yɔ. Kamba kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se taataa pʊʊ.
Keniya mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ lɛ, Jomo Kenyatta kɛ pacala lɩzɩɣ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Keniya walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 580 367 km2 nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɩlɩ kuyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Keniya. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩnda maɣna mɛtanaa 5 199. Lɩm-pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩ ɖaalɩɣ kɛ keniya taa yɔ ŋga payaɣ se Taana nɛ ka-ɖaalakɩŋ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 700. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nayiroobii.


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James Joyce
Palʊla James Joyce kɛ Tublɩŋ tɛtʊ taa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1882 nɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1941 kɛ Zurisi. Joyce kɛna Irlandɛ tɛtʊ taa ɖomaŋ mayʊ nɛ keesi mayʊ. Ɛkɛna ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛna keveŋga tʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa pɩlɩɩna ndʊ ndʊ ɛ-ma yɔ tɩu-yɔɔ. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa kɔyɔ: aseɣla tɔm, romaŋwaa nɛ takayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Paa ɛsɩ ɛtacaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ ɛma yɔ tɩ-taa nɛ Irlandɛ wɛtʊ sida pɩtaa.
James Augustine Joyce kɛ pɩɣa kacalaɣ tʊ pɩya looɖo taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ katolika mba. E-ɖoo (1859-1903) tɔlɩ hɔsɩ ɛzɩ tɔm 15 yɔ pɩnzɩ 17 taa nɛ pɩɩwɛʊ. Pɩmaba ɛtɩnaɣ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ, pɩya naalɛ ñasɩbɩna tɔbʊlutiye. James Augustine Joyce kaawɛna pɩnzɩ looɖo (1888) lɛ ɛpazɩ e-kɔɔnaɣ sukuli kɛ Zezuwiti sukuli taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, James wɩlɩ se ɛ-ñʊʊtaa ɖoŋ pɩkɩlɩ lalaa, halɩ pɩtamna tɔnʊʊ taa haƴɩsʊ ɖeɖe. Ɛlabɩ peeɖe pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ lɛ ɛlɩ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-caa tatasɩɣ pɩzʊ se ɛhɛyɩ ɛ-ɖaŋ yɔ. Ɛlɩ peeɖe lɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ sukili.


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Kameruni
Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Afrika hɛkʊ taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kameruni wɛ ajɛya naayɛ hɛkʊ taa; ana yɔ: Naajeeriya kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ Caadɩ, Santarafrika ɛjaɖɛ, piyele nɛ wisɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kaabɔɔ nɛ Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ nɛ Kɔngoo-Pirazaaviili ñɛwɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa mba kaakɛ kpankʊrʊm waa nɛ pataawɛɛna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Paawɛna ageeta sakɩyɛ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Paamuŋ, Adamawa, Karwa. Caama mba kañazaɣna Kameruni taa mba pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lawa nɛ pakpaɣ-kʊ nɛ paɖʊzɩ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SDN yɔ ɖɩ-wayɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pakpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ paɖʊzɩ Fransɩ ñɩnɖɛ kewiyaɣ tɛɛ.
Kameruni mʊ nabʊlɛ taa kɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1961. Kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kaawɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ nɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Aŋglɩsɩ n̂ɩnzɩ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛŋʊ ɛnɩɩlɛ ɛkpɛndɩna nɛ payɑɣ; sɔnɔ kpayɩ se Kameruni kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1984.
Kacalaɣ Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɔyɔ Ɖajaa Ahmadou Ahidjo (1960-1982) nɛ kpaɣna 1982 nɛ ŋgɔɔ ŋzɩɩna sɔnɔ lɛ, Ɖajaa Paul Biya wɛna kewiyaɣ yɔɔ kpam. Peeɖɛ mba yɔɔdɩɣ Fransɩɩ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ tɔm.
Kameruni kaŋgalafu nimaɣ paɣzʊna 237.


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Zɔɔrziyaa
Zɔɔrziyaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Zɔɔrziyaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Atlanta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Karoliinii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ atlantikii kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Alabaamaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Floriidii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ teneesii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Atlantaa nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Zɔɔrziyaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 154 077 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 150 132 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 945 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 042 379 yɔ.
Payaɣ Zɔɔrziyaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Nathan Deal (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: David Perdue (R) nɛ Johnny Isakson (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Hollywood
Hollywood (matʊ taa lɛ, deɣa kɩñɩlɩnzaɣ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, pɩkɛ kooka nakɛyɛ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa (Californie, Etaazuunii). Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Downtown Los Angeles nɛ hayi yɔɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Glendale wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsakuliye yɔɔ ɛzɩma ɖɩkɛ sɩnɩma tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ndɩ paakaɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ sɔʊ kaʊ yɔ lɛ, pamaɣzɩna mbʊ nɛ payaɣ Hollywood Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Kɩ-tɛ hɩla kɩsɛsena ana a-naalɛ lɩna ɛzɩma ɖɩtamsɩ ɖɩ-tɩ Amerika sinimaɣ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ Hollywood yɔ. Sɔnɔ yɔ aŋgba sakɩyɛ mɩza halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛna wena añɔtɩna kpɛyɛ yɔ a-taa ɛzɩ Westside ɛlɛ, hendu lɩzʊʊ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ Hollywood tɛtʊ taa ɛzɩ Paramount mbʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kʊya pɩlɩna ɛzɩma sɩnɩma tʊma ɖɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe.
Aŋgba sɔsɔna ɖɩjayɛ tʊma ɛzɩ ŋna papɩzɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ kɛ sɩnɩma tʊma tɛ lone sɔsɔyɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe lɩzɩya sɔsaa nɛ laɖaa sɔsɔ sʊʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1911 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Nestor sitidiyo kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɛɛ wɛʊ Hollywood taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩkɩwa yɔɔ lɛ, tɔmpiye Hollywood kɛ Amerika sɩnɩma tʊma sɔsɔna kuɖum taa, pɩtɩŋna samaɣ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ pɩpɩsɩ yaa pɩha tɛtʊ ndʊ ñɩm yaa ɖoŋ pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ.
Pɩnzɩ 1880 wɛɛ taa lɛ, hɔʊ nakʊyʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Kansas, Harvey Henderson Wilcox (weyi ɛsɩ ñɩm tʊma sɔsɔna ana a-taa yɔ ŋgʊ ɛtafɛyɩna naŋgbanzɩ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yɔ) nɛ ɛ-halʊ Daeida Wilcox Beveridge, pamaɣzɩ se pakʊyʊ Topeka pɔkɔɔ patalɩ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1886 taa lɛ, Wilcox ya tɛtʊ tɩ-maɣna kilomɛta naa 0,6 kpɛyɛ ko kɛ lakʊ nakʊyʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-wayi pɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, Cahuenga kolonzi ɖoŋ nzɩ yɔɔ.
Daeida Wilcox kpaɣna hɩɖɛ hollywood nɛ ɛyaa ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ñɩm, ɛlɛ ɛtɩzɩna Caama ɛyaa mba paacaɣ pañʊŋ yɔɔ Ohio yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ mba payaɣa mbʊ. Ɛkpɛlɛka-ɖɩ suluku nakʊyʊ taa ɛɖɛɣa nɔmɔʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ kiŋ ɖoli ɛ-nɛ halʊ nɔyʊ pɛ-tɛ kɔkɔɖɛ labʊ taa ɛlɛ kaakɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-ɛyʊ. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-tɛ nɩɣʊ kɩdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ranch kɛ Hollywood.


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1Wɑɑtʋ wei Tɑfiiti tɛɛ Olifinɑɑ pulɑɣɑ nyʋɣʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ pǝcɔ, ɩlɛ Mefipɑɑlɩ tǝmlɛ tʋ wei pɑ yɑɑ sɩ Sipɑ tɔ ɩ kɑtɑ-ɩ kɛlɛ nɑ ɩ kpɑŋɑsɩ nɑɑlɛ. Nɑ pɑ́ hɔkɑ sɩ tɔɔ kɛ́ potopotonɑɑ ŋmʋnʋɣʋ (200) nɑ lɛsɛŋ kʋwʋlʋ pɑɣɑ kɛ nɩɩnʋwɑ (100) nɑ tɩɩŋ pee lʋm nyǝnɑ kɛ tukuŋ nɩɩnʋwɑ (100) nɑ sʋlʋm huluɣu.
2Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ pɔɔsɑ-ɩ sɩ: Pepeɣe n lɑkǝnɑ? Ntɛnɑ Sipɑ sɩ: Nyɑ́ tǝyɑɣɑ nyǝ́mɑ kɑ cɑkɩ kpɑŋɑsɩ. Ɩfepiyɑ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ ntɛ́ potopotonɑɑ nɑ tɩɩŋ pee ɑnɛ. Mpɑ pɑ́ kɑwɑ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ tɑɑ, ɩlɛ pɑ kʋnɑ sʋlʋm pǝnɛɣɛ lʋkɔtʋ.
3Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑfiiti pɔɔsɑ-ɩ sɩ: Leɣe Mefipɑɑlɩ wɛɛ? Mpʋɣʋlɛ sɩ: Mefipɑɑlɩ polɑ Yosɑlɛm sɩ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ cɛlɛ-ɩ ɩ cɔsɔ Sɑyuli kɑwulɑɣɑ kɛ pǝnɛntɛ.
4Ntɛnɑ wulɑʋ tɔmɩ-ɩ sɩ: Mefipɑɑlɩ nyǝm tǝnɑ pǝsɑ nyɑ́ nyǝm. Mpʋɣʋlɛ Sipɑ hǝntɑ Tɑfiiti kɛ ɑtɛ nɑ ɩ tɔ sɩ: Hɑɩ, tɑ́ cɑɑ wulɑʋ, mɑ sɑmɑ, hʋlʋ-m suulu kɛ mpʋ.
5Tɑfiiti tɑlɑ Pɑhulim ɩlɛ Sɑyuli lʋlʋɣʋ tʋ wei pɑ yɑɑ sɩ Kelɑɑ tɔ ɩ pǝyɑlʋ Simeyi lɩɩwɑɣɑlɛ nɑ ɩ́ tǝŋsǝɣɩ-ɩ mpusi.
6Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ lɔɣɔ ɩ́ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑɣɑ pɛɛ. Pǝyele ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ yǝlɑɑ nɑ ɩ yoolɑɑ kɑ tʋ-ɩ hɛkʋ kɛ́.
7Simeyi nyɑɑsɑɣɑ Tɑfiiti kɛ́ sɩ: Polo polo ń tɛɛ, yʋlʋkʋlʋ nɑ ɩsɑɣɑʋ nyɑ́.
8Tɑcɑɑ ɩ́ mǝŋnɑ Sɑyuli wei ɩ kɑwulɑɣɑ n lɛɛkɑɑ tɔ ɩ nɑ ɩ tǝyɑɣɑ nyǝ́mɑ pɑ sǝm tɔm kɛ nyɑ́ nyʋɣʋ tɑɑ. Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ Ɩsɔ lɛɛkɑ nyɑ́ kɑwulɑɣɑ nɑ ɩ́ cɛlɑ-kɛɣɛ nyɑ́ pǝyɑɣɑ. N pǝsʋɣʋ yem kɛ́ ɩsǝntɔ nɑ ń cɔɔkɩ tɔ nyɑ́ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ fɛlǝɣǝnɑ-ŋ. Mpi tɔ, n kɛ́ yʋlʋkʋlʋ kɛ́.
9Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Seluyɑ pǝyɑlʋ Apisɑyi tɔmɑ wulɑʋ sɩ: Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ hɑɣɑ kɑnɛ kɑ tʋʋkɩ tɑ́ cɑɑ wulɑʋ kɛ mpʋ? Lɑ suulu nɑ ń yele nɑ mɑ́ sɛtɩ ɩ nyʋɣʋ.
10Ntɛnɑ wulɑʋ sɩ: Sowɑpɩ nɑ ɩ neu Apisɑyi mǝ tɔm suwe? Ye ɩ tʋʋkɩ-m Ɩsɔ heelinɑ-ɩ sɩ ɩ́ tʋʋ-m. Ɩlɛ ɑwe kɑ́ kpɛɛsǝnɑ-ɩ sɩ pepe tɔɔ?
11Mpʋɣʋlɛ Tɑfiiti tɔmɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ nɑ Apisɑyi sɩ: Mɑ tɑpʋɣʋ tɛɛ pǝyɑɣɑ nɑ́ tɑ́ kisi mɑ weesuɣu kɛ pɛɛkʋɣʋ, hɑlɩ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Pɛncɑmɛɛ tʋ nɑ? Ɩ́ yele-ɩ nɑ ɩ́ tʋʋ-m. Tɑcɑɑ hɑnɑ-ɩ pǝ mpɑɑʋ.
12Ntɑnyɩ Tɑcɑɑ kɑ́ nɑ́ mɑ wɑhɑlɑ nɑ ɩ́ lɛɛtɩ-m kʋpɑntʋ kɛ mpusi ɩnɛ ɩ lonte.
13Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑfiiti nɑ ɩ yǝlɑɑ pɑ tʋɣʋtɑ pɑ mpɑɑʋ nɑ Simeyi nɑ́ɑ́ wɛ pʋɣʋ kɔŋkɔŋ tɔɔ nɑ ɩ́ tɔŋnɑ wulɑʋ mpusi tǝŋsʋɣʋ nɑ ɩ́ lɔkɩ-ɩ pɛɛ nɑ ɩ́ kʋsǝɣɩ mʋsʋɣʋ nɑ ɩ tɔɔ.
14Wulɑʋ nɑ ɩ yǝlɑɑ pɑ tɑlɑ Yɑɑtɑnɩ nɔɣɔ ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ hɛɛsɩ tǝnɑ.
15Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Apǝsɑlɔm nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ sɑmɑɑ tǝnɑ pɑ sʋʋ Yosɑlɛm tɑɑ nɑ Ahitofɛlɩ kɛ ɩ wɑɑlɩ.
16Wɑɑtʋ wei Tɑfiiti tɑɑpɑlʋ Husɑyi tɑlɑ Apǝsɑlɔm ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ sɛɛ-ɩ sɩ: Mǝ nɑ tɛtʋ, mǝ nɑ tɛtʋ.
17Ntɛnɑ Apǝsɑlɔm pɔɔsɩ-ɩ sɩ: Anɩ nyɑ́ tɑɑpɑlʋ ntɛ́ mɑ cɑɑ. Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ n tɑ tǝŋ ɩ́lɛ́?
18Ntɛnɑ Husɑyi cɔ sɩ: Wei Tɑcɑɑ nɑ yǝlɑɑ pɑnɛ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ lǝsɑɑ tɔɣɔ mɑ cɑɑ tǝŋʋɣʋ.
19Pǝ tɩɩ wɛɛ sɩ ɩ pǝyɑlʋ nyɑɣɑ mɑɑ lɑ tǝmlɛ kɛ teitei ɩsɩɩ mɑɑ lɑpʋ nyɑ́ cɑɑ kɛ tǝmlɛ tɔ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑɑ lɑ nyɑ́.
20Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Apǝsɑlɔm tɔmɑ Ahitofɛlɩ sɩ: Ɩ́ mɑɣɑsɩ nɑ tǝ́ nɑ́ mpi pǝ wɛ lɑpʋ tɔ.
21Kɛlɛnɑ Ahitofɛlɩ sɩ: Sʋʋnɑ nyɑ́ cɑɑ ɑlɑɑ mpɑ ɩ yelɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ tɑŋ tǝyɑɣɑ tɔ. Wɑɑtʋ ɩnǝɣɩ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ kɑ́ nɑ́ sɩ n pǝsɑ nyɑ́ tǝɣɩ nyɑ́ cɑɑ kolontu. Ɩlɛnɑ nyɑ́ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ́ɑ́ nyɔɔ toŋ.
22Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑ sikɑ Apǝsɑlɔm kɛ cokǝle kɛ kɑwulɑɣɑ tǝyɑɣɑ pɑtɑ tɔɔ. Nɑ ɩ́ nɑ ɩ cɑɑ ɑlɑɑ pɑ́ sʋʋ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ ɩsɛntɑɑ.
23Lɑɣɑtʋ nti Ahitofɛlɩ tɑsɑɣɑ Apǝsɑlɔm kɛ wɑɑtʋ ɩnɩ tɔ tɩɩ wɛ teitei kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtǝɣǝnɑ. Pɑɑ Tɑfiiti mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɩɩ wɛɛ.


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Peenɛɛ
Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ payawaɣ ɖooo se Ɖahʊma nɛ kɩkɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwalanzɩ kpayɩ taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 114 763 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana 670 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 10 008 749 yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Peenɛɛ sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Togo tɛtʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pɩsɩna Najeeriya, nɛ hayi kɩŋ lɛ, Nigerɩ nɛ Purkina Fasoo. Peenɛɛ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagba wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ payawaɣ-kʊ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ se Ɖahʊma.
Kɩmʊwaɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ mbʊ lɛ, Fransi sɔsɔ weyi payaɣa-ɩ se Louis Jacquinot yɔ, ɛnʊ ɖʊsɩna kewiyaɣ kɛ Ɖahʊma nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɖa-caa Hubert Maga se ɛnʊ yɔ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩlabɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ lɛ, Mathieu Kérékou mʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 lɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ Ɖahʊma nɛ payaɣ se Peenɛɛ. Eɖiyaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Kɔmiinizim paɣtʊ pɔzʊ yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛlɛ pɩkɔma ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kagbanzi wayɩ lɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ, kɩlɛɛzɩ komina paɣtʊ tɩŋga. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ pawa Mathieu Kérékou nɛ ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pipɔzɩɣ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1996 paɖaɣnɩ tɔʊ caca lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩ Mathieu Kérékou se ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Wayɩ mbʊpʊnɛ pɩ-taa lɛ ɛtatasɩ kɩñazɩɣ tɔm nɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩɩnaʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ 2006 pɩnaɣ taa.
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlɛ, Kotonu kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ fraŋseefa. Yayi Boni kɔyɔ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛnʊ wabina Mathieu Kérékou kɛ caca ŋgʊ paatɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 yɔ; pɩwayɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmʊ pɩnaɣ 2011 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ se ɛtasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩɣ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ mbilim. Ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzɩɣ yɔ, Yayi Boni kaɣ kʊyʊʊ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖiu ɖiu kɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 nɛ ɛkazɩ kpeelaɣ kɛ lɛlʊ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, peeɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ ɛɛɖɛʊ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ lɩŋŋŋ. Kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ Ɖahʊma pɩsɩʊ Peenɛɛ yɔ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩla kaɣlaa se temokraasii wɛ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ
Ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ yaa ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yaa tɩfɛyɩ, nɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩɣ, kpɛlɛkʊʊ yaa ɛmalasɩɣna ɛ-tɩ pɩcɛlɩna wɛtʊ naa kɩfama yɔɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ caɣ kaɖɛ piŋ nɛ hali pɩkɔna ntɔnjɔɔɩyɛ sakɩyɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyaa nɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa piŋ.
Kɛlɛ palɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ ɛzɩ pɩkɛ tɩ malɩsɩɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ (kpɛlɛkɩtʊ mbʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ pamʊna ɖama yɔ yaa pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ wazaɣ pɩyʊ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ pɩcɛlɩna ɛ-cɛyɩtʊ yɔɔ). Tɔbʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɩɣ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɖɩkpaɣ tɩŋ, kpɩna yaa ɖɔɖɔ anasaayɩ ñɩyɩŋ wondu kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ tovonum lɔŋ wɛɛ.
Tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa intellĕgentĭa, (hɔɔlʊʊ ɖʊʊ, ŋɖeke wɛʊ, nɩɣ, natʊ) nɔɔ yɔɔ tɔmpiye intĕr (hɛkʊ taa, taa wɛʊ) tɔmʊʊ kiɖe lĕgō (kuu, pɔzɩtʊ, lɩzɩɣ).
Pɩnaɣ 1986 alɩwaatʊ taa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɛza ɛzɩ ɛyaa nɛɛlɛ yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ takɩ kpem se palɩzɩ lɔŋ tɔbʊʊ pawɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pa-lɩmaɣza tɛkpɛndɩ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ patapɩzɩda pehiɣ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ kɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa cɔlɔ.
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nabɛyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ pɛkɛ ɛtɛlɛm waa kɛ pa-tʊmɩyɛ taa pɩlɩna ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ, tɔzʊʊ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ pɩlɩna tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ yɔɔ pɩsa sɔɔtʊ piŋ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩlaba se tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ ñɔɔ kɔyɔ kɔ-yɔɔ caɣ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ piŋ nɛ nɩnaʊ fɛyɩ. (Scientific research rarely begins with fully agreed definitions, though it may eventually lead to them).


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Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri
Petɛrɩsɩbuuri kiɖedeu tɛtʊ kɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naalɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 5 222 347.
Mɔsɩkʊʊ ñɩndʊ wayɩ lɛ, Petɛrɩsɩbuuri kiɖedeu tɛtʊ tɩŋgʊʊna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Leninigraadɩ taa ɛlɛ tɩwɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yeli.
Petɛrɩsɩbuuri kiɖedeu tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 606 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena amalɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ yɔ, walanzɩ taa talʊ ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 1 431 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɩm kpaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi yɔ ɛtalʊ hiu kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ tʊtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta mbʊ yɔ tɩtalɩɣ 42.


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Kʊrɩyɔm
Kʊrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 96 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cm. Mendeleiv tɛ pʊtʊnaa pɩlɩyɛ tɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛcaɣ akɩtɩnɩdɩ tɛ lone taa. Paya kʊrɩyɔm hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Pierre Curie nɛ Marie Curie pɔ-yɔɔ. Kʊrɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ eleɖiɣ piŋ.
Palaba kʊrɩyɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ yɔ plʊtɔnɩyɔm. Ɛ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ potosusi-tʊ kpa. Kɛlɛ palakaɣ tanaʊ nakʊyʊ Amerika raadiyo taa pɩcɛlɩna piyaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiɖeɖe yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, Glenn T. Seaborg, ɛnʊ kaanana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ esusi ɛ-tɔm, mbʊ pɔyɔɔ ecosa tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ pɩɣa lɛɛka kaapɔza-ɩ se kana se yee pana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabɛyɛ, nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm.
Pana kʊrɩyɔm tesoŋiye wɛɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna Glenn T. Seaborg yɔɔ nɛ ɛgbaɣtɩnaa Ralph A. James nɛ Albert Ghiorso. Pɛ-tɛ tɩlɩyɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, palaba tʊmɩyɛ siklotroŋ waa mba pɛwɛ Berkeley Kaliforni sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛptʊnɩyɔm nɛ plʊtɔnɩyɔm pa wayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 pana-ɩ. Papɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɛ labɩtʊ pʊcɔ amɛrɩsɩyɔm, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɛ cikpelaɣ ɛnʊ ñɩŋʊ ɛsɩndaa.
Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kedeŋga kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ kaawɛ kɩsaɣ miŋ saʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, patapɩzɩ posuzi pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-natʊ tɔm. feŋuu yɔɔ feŋu yɔɔ ɛyaa pɩza patɩlɩ-tʊ, Amerika raadiyoo Quiz Kids taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1945 pewelesa-tʊ, evebiyaa taa nɔyʊ ɛkɛ welesiyu pɩzɩ pɔzʊʊ tɔm Glenn Seaborg, ɛnʊ weyi paaya-ɩ tɔm ndʊ tɩ ɖeɖe yɔ se ɛna yee patana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabayɛ yaawe.


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Eriitree
Eriitree kɛna Afrika nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ dɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Etiyoopii. Ɖɩwɛ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993.
Eriitree ñaɣ pana nɛ kɩlɩɩ yomiye taa mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1869 kɛ Iitalii kaayaba Asaabɩ nɛ pɩcɔ kʊɖʊmaa mba powoli nɛ pacaɣ Maasawa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890.
Keteŋa kpeekpe you laba nɛ Iitalii takpaɣ nabʊyʊ you taa lɛ, ONU tɛzɩ kpaɣʊ Eriitree nɛ kiyebina Etiyoopii kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1952 ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 kɛ Etiyoopii paɣzɩ kɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. Pɩñɩtʊ nɛ pɩkpɑɣ mbʊ yɔ, Eriitree wɛɛ kɩñɩnɩɣ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ agoza fenaɣ 1991 lɛ, peeɖe hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkaɣ kpɛm mbʊ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se FPLE yɔ, kɩwa nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Issayas Afewerki.


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Taŋkanika kujomuu
Taŋkanika kujomuu, kujomuu kɩkɩlɩɣ lɛɛkʊ Afrika taa kujomɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ taa, walanzɩ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Fikitoriya wayi nɛ liŋgʊʊ taa nɛ palaka taa lɛ kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ kedeŋga taa Bayɩkalɩ ŋgʊ wayi nɛ kɩkɩlɩ ɖalakɩŋ leleŋ lɩm taa pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 677. Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ŋgʊ kɩta kpakpasɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ. Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm talɩɣ Koŋgo fɛɛʊ nɛ Atɩlantɩkɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ. Peyekɩ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-tɛ wɛʊ talɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Kɩ-walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 32900 kpɛɛ ko yaa kɩwalanzɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pɛlɛzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ walanzɩ nɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ talɩ kilomɛta waa 677 Tanzaani kamaɣ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ mɛwɛ madɩ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɛ-tɛ kiɖe yɔ nɛ hayi yɔ tɛyɩna ajɛyaa ana nɛ Purundi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ke-kiɖe yɔ nɛhaɖɛ yɔ tɛyɩna nɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ. Pana nɛ Koŋgo wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ Mitumba pʊŋ.
Taŋkanɩka fɛɛʊ walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 250000 kpɛɛ ko. Kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɔyɔ Malagarazi nɛ Rusizi nɛ Ifume nɛ Lufubu nɛ Lunangwa nzɩ sɩ-tɛ lɩm ɖɔʊ kɩ-ta talɩ kilomɛta kubu waa nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza yɔ pɩnaɣ taa nɛ tɛɛŋ ñɔzɔzʊ kɩ-lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kilomɛta kubu waa pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ hiŋ nɩnza nɛ kʊyʊm mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Malagarazi pɔɔ kɩkpɛdaɣ kɛwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ nɛ kɩɩkɛ Koŋgo pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ ɖooo canaʊ taa.
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-hɩɖɛ, Étanga 'ya ni'a ebembe taa yaa kibembe taa tɔbʊʊ se siduu lone. Richard Francis Burton nɛ John Hanning Speke kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ Erɔpʊ ɛyaa mba pɛlɛ-kʊ naʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1858 nɛ Burton kpaɣ lɩmaza ɛzɩ pediyuu-wɛ yɔ tɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pakpaɣ kiɖedɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa padalakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Kpɛndɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ
Kpɛndɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm taa takɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɛyʊ wɛtʊ kpeekpe yɔɔ, paa pɩɩkɛ wɛɛ wena yaa lona wena. Maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ fɛɖʊ Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), ɛnʊ lɩzɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kpeekpe tɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖooo ɛyʊ lɩm taa kɛnɛ, paapɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ nɛ tɩkɛ kʊyʊmtʊ paale.
Yee Sigmund Freud ɛnʊ weyi ɛtɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm cɔlɔ lɛ se kaatɩlɩtʊ wɛʊ yɔ pasɩma-tʊ se pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa cɔlɔ kɛlɛ Jung ñɔyɔɔdʊʊ lɛɛtʊ se hayi mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm fɛyɩ laɣsɩ.
Tɔmpiye kpeekpe kaatɩlɩtʊ (kollektives Unterbewußtsein kɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa) tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ kɛ Carl Gustav Jung cɔlɔ koŋ takʊʊ nɛ wiluu maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe yeke. Patasɩm-ɖɩ maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ ɖeɖe. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kiyiduu piŋ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-tɛ tɔbɩŋ nɩɣ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ yiditu ndʊ tɩtɩna nɛ ɛyaa ɛɛnɩɣ Jung tʊma tɔbɩŋ ɖeu.
Jung kɛ mbʊ lɛ Platon tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛñɔzɩ kuyu kuyu sɔnzɩ tɔm, ɖɔɖɔ Caama ɛyʊ yɔɔ keekee maɣzɩm tɔm, ɛɖanɩɣ pazʊʊ Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775–1854) nɛ Novalis (1772–1801) tʊma, ɛnʊ weyi ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kɛlɛ Ernest Platner kaaɖɛyɩ nɔɔ ɛlɛ lubina tɔmpiye nɖɩ nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se bewusstlos.


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Francis Drake
Francis Drake kɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1540 ñɩŋga taa mbʋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ Tavistɔki tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1596 ñɩnga taa. Francis Drake ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ hɔzɩŋ nɛ mɛlɛnaa sayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa cɔyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ nɛ ewokina ɛsɩyɛ egbena ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Francis Drake lʋba siŋŋ se kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya ɛlɩɩ a-yomiye taa nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖʋ nɛ manzʊ malɩ ɛyʊ sɔsɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛcɔ tɛtʋ ilemiye nɛ mɛlɛ pɩnzɩ 1577 nɛ 1580 ñɩnzɩ taa. Francis Drake caa kɛkɛ wiyaʋ nɛ e-ɖoo ñɛkɛ abiɖe nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se. Mary Mylwaye. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Elizabeth Sydenham. Anɩza kʋdɔŋ kpana Francis Drake nɛ ɛsɩbɩna-kʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1596.


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Ñazɩñazʊʊ
Ñazɩñazʊʊ pɩkɛ fezuu nakʊyʊ, pɩndɩyʊʊ nabʊyʊ yaa cɛtɩm maɣzɩm nabʊyʊ, nɛ pɔtɔŋ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛtɛma sɩbʊ tɛ ɖanʊʊ kɔm. Payaɣ ñazɩñazɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ se asaalɩɩ waa, yaa cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa ɛyaa. Ŋgʊ paa ɖoye yɔɔ lɛ, tɔmpee ana ata lɩɩ ɖama, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paya weyi wolo ŋgɔɔ yaa kañaɣ yɔ pɩkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛɛsɩba nɛ ɛɖanɩ fem yɔ, kɛlɛ ñazɩñazʊʊ yɔ pɩkɛ weluu nakʊyʊ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ kɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩcɔʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ yem.
Tɔmpiye ñazɩñazʊʊ lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa φάvtaσua, palɩzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se phantasma. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɩkɛ cɛtɩm maɣzɩm nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ keekee lɛɛlɛ yɔ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1165 wɛɛ taa.
Wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Charles Richet cɔlɩ lɛ, ñazɩñazʊʊ, yele kɛtɛɖaɣ kpɩna naayɛ tɔm, kpaɣ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ, esuu wondu ɛzɩ ɖooo ɛɛwɛʊ ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tɛtʊ yɔɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ŋna-ɩ lɛ ɛyʊ keekee, kpɛlɩ ɛpɩsɩ fezuu yaa mʊzʊʊ nɛ ɛwɛɛ mʊzʊ mʊzʊ cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɩyɛ, sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pʊwɛ ɛzɩ pasʊna nɔnɔsɩ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ halɩ pɔkɔɔ patalɩ kuduyuu lɛɛkʊ, ɖenɖe pamʊkɩ yɔ. Palɩ tuda nɛ pɛɖɛʊ helim tɩyɛ kolonzi hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ nɔnɔsɩ nzɩ paɖɩwa yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ kiŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɔɖɔŋ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɛwɛɛ helim taa. Ñazɩñazʊʊ kɔmtʊ wɛ yuŋ nɛ pɩcaɣ sɔndʊ, ɛɛkɔŋ mbʊ lɛ ŋnɩɣ niikaɣ nakɛyɛ taŋ. Feziŋ ɛnʊ ɛcaɣa ɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa yɔ kɛlɛ ŋcɔna kɔyɔ pacaɣ ndɩ kpem nɛ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋna-ɩ yɔ.
Santaɖaʊ nakʊyʊ palaba pɩnaɣ 1991 anasaayɩ piya cikpesi nasɩyɛ tɛ sɩwɛna pɩnzɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 8 ŋtalɩ 16 nɛ pa-taa peeɖe 16 % wɩlɩɣ se tovonum lɛ ñazɩñazɩŋ pɩza ɛwɛɛ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Tayɩlandɩ mbʊ yɔ, ñazɩñazɩŋ wɛɛ piŋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kaatisa halʊ Deffant tɔm yɔɔ mbʊ se pɔpɔza-ɩ se etisi se ñazɩñazɩŋ wɛɛ, kɛlɛ ecosi se hayi kɛlɛ sɔndʊ kpam.


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Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ kɛna pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm tɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakasɩ yeki nɛ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm lɛɣzɩ wɛtʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm lɛɣzɩɣ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ñɩɩɩ waa mba pɛwɛ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm taa yɔ, pɛlɛɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ wɛtʋ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ lɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ñɩɩɩ waa mba pɛwɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa nabɛyɛ ñakɩ nɛ pa-taa lɛlaa ñɛwɛɛ. Pa-taa mba pañakɩ yɔ, mbaa payaɣ se kɔ kijoza.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛlɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ lɛ, tomnasɩ kidesiduu waa lɩɣ. Tomnasɩ kidesiduu waa mba payaɣ se kɔ kijoza tɛ wondu.
Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Lavoisier laba tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ lɛɣzɩtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛ-tʋma hana nʋmɔʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ tɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖaa tɩlɩ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ wɛtʋ lɛɣzʋʋ lakɩ, ɛlɛ, hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛlɛɣzɩɣ.
Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Lavoisier kaɖa kpayɩ se ‘Nabʋyʋ eeleki, paalɩɣzɩɣ nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ; pɩtɩŋɛ pɩlɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ kɩlɛɣzʋ.’


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Gbaŋ dieke Pɔɔli dɩ maagɩna a yɩ
Kolosia
tɩŋ vuosi wʋnna
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1 Manɩŋ Pɔɔli, vuodieke dɩ yine Yisa Masia tʋntʋntʋ Ŋmɩŋ choti wɩa, aŋaŋ tɩ nɩmbʋa Timoti, maagɩnana gbaŋkʋ gie 2 a yɩa Ŋmɩŋ vuosi diekemba dɩ benne Kolosia tɩŋ ma, ta yi tɩ nɩmballɩ diekemba dɩ yine Yisa Masia yada wa. Tɩ Chɔɔŋ Nabidie Ŋmɩŋ suŋŋi nɩ, ta yɩ nɩ sʋgɩdʋagɩŋ.
Pɔɔli die dɩ jʋʋsɩnana Ŋmɩŋ ta waasa wa dene
3 Tɩ ŋaaŋ waasa Ŋmɩŋ vuodieke dɩ yine tɩ Yɔmʋtieŋ Yisa Masia Chɔɔŋ wa tɩ keŋ jʋʋsa Ŋmɩŋ a yɩa nɩ saŋŋa mana, 4 dama tɩ wʋŋya mɩŋ nɩ yine Yisa Masia yada dene ta bɩ cho Ŋmɩŋ vuosi mana dene. 5 Die piiliku me saŋŋa dieke nɩ wʋnna wʋvɩɩnaha dɩ yine wusie wo, die nɩ wʋŋya mɩŋ yaa gamma wʋvɩɩna diekemba dɩ chɩɩsɩnana nɩ arɩzanna ma wa mɩŋ. 6 Wʋvɩɩnaha gie dɩ kenne nɩ jigiri tʋga jigiŋ mana mɩŋ tɩŋgbaŋka gie me ta wʋnsa vuosi beriŋ sɩba ka wʋnsɩna nɩ beriŋ a nyɩŋ daa dieke die nɩ wʋnna ta sɩba Ŋmɩŋ zɔɔlɩnchɩgɩla aŋaŋ wusieke dɩ sɩna die wo. 7 Die nɩ bʋgɩrɩ wa wɩarɩ gie a nyɩŋ tɩ tʋntʋŋ chanchaaŋ Epafirasi, vuodieke n faasɩna cho jigiŋ, wʋnɩŋ ʋ yine Masia tʋntʋntʋ dieke dɩ tʋnnana aŋaŋ wusie a yɩ tɩ. 8 Ʋ bɩ balɩ tɩ nɩ choti yaa gamma nɩ chanchaalɩŋ ma dɩ sɩna dene Ŋmɩŋ Halɩkasɩka suŋŋiŋ wɩa.
9 Naa wɩa, a nyɩŋ daa dieke tɩ wʋnna nɩ wɩa wa, tɩ ka vaa Ŋmɩŋ jʋʋsɩŋ nɩ wɩa, dɩ wʋnɩŋ Ŋmɩŋ yi aŋ nɩ sɩba wudieke ʋ yaalala, ta yɩ nɩ ʋ Halɩkasɩka yɩaŋ aŋaŋ ka sɩbɩŋ mana, 10 amʋ nɩ nan bɩagɩ beri beri dieke tɩ Yɔmʋtieŋ dɩ yaalala, ta yie wudieke dɩ nannana ʋ sʋŋ, amʋ nɩ nan dɩ bɩrɩma ta sɩba wa saŋŋa mana. 11 Wʋnɩŋ Ŋmɩŋ yɩ nɩ hagɩrɩŋ pam sɩba ʋ yalla hagɩrɩŋ mana dene wo amʋ nɩ nan dɩ yaa hanɩa aŋaŋ suguru. 12 Nɩ waasɩma tɩ Chɔɔŋ Ŋmɩŋ aŋaŋ sʋgɩfɩalɩŋ. Wʋnɩŋ ʋ vana nɩ mʋ dɩ nɩ gʋtɩ atɩa faarɩ dieke ʋ yɩna nʋaŋ dɩ ʋ nan nagɩ yɩ ʋ vuosi arɩzanna ma wa. 13 Wʋnɩŋ ʋ vʋarɩna tɩ a nyɩŋ Sitaani hagɩrɩŋ ma a nagɩ tɩ a yi ʋ Bʋa dembiŋ choti naarɩ ma. 14 Ʋ Bʋa dembike wɩa ʋ nagɩ tɩ tʋmbɩatɩ a chaa tɩ ta vʋarɩ tɩ a nyɩŋ yɔŋɩsɩ ma.
Masia aŋaŋ ʋ tʋʋma wɩa
15 Vuoŋ kaaŋ bɩagɩ ye Ŋmɩŋ ama ʋ Bʋa dembiŋ Masia yiwo ʋ nɩasɩŋ. Wʋnɩŋ ʋ tɩanna jaaŋ mana, ta yi Ŋmɩŋ nyɩŋnaaŋka mana sikpeŋ tieŋ. 16 Dama ʋ ma Ŋmɩŋ dɩ naaŋ jaaŋ mana dɩ benne arɩzanna ma aŋaŋ tɩŋgbaŋka gie me, nyindiekemba tɩ yesinene aŋaŋ nyindiekemba tɩ kana ka yese. Wʋnɩŋ ʋ naanna nyindiekemba mana dɩ yalla hagɩrɩŋ aŋaŋ yiko, aŋaŋ malakasi diekemba dɩ yalla hagɩrɩŋ aŋaŋ haalɩtɩ mana. Masia ma Ŋmɩŋ dɩ naaŋ jaaŋ mana ta nagɩ jaaŋ mana a yɩ wa. 17 Wʋnɩŋ Masia wɔŋ beri mɩŋ ta jaaŋ mana wori, ta ʋ wɩa jaaŋ mana dɩ beri sɩba Ŋmɩŋ dɩ sanna dene wo. 18 Wʋnɩŋ ʋ yine ʋ vuosi mana sikpeŋ ta ʋ vuosi dɩaŋ dɩ yi ʋ nyɩŋgbanɩŋ. Ʋ vuosisi miivoli nyɩnna ʋ jigiŋ. Wʋnɩŋ ʋ yine Ŋmɩŋ Bʋa dembiŋ dieke dɩ kpine ta woliŋ hagɩ kuŋ me, dɩ ʋ nyɩɩna ma ʋ yi jaaŋ mana mana sikpeŋ tieŋ, 19 dama die dɩ yiwo Ŋmɩŋ nansɩŋ dɩ Masia yallɩma wʋnɩŋ Ŋmɩŋ gbaŋ gbaŋ beriŋ aŋaŋ wusie. 20 Ʋ Bʋa dembike wɩa ta Ŋmɩŋ yi jadieke mana dɩ benne ŋmɩŋsikpeŋ aŋaŋ tɩŋgbaŋ dɩ yiŋŋi yi ʋ zʋalɩŋ aŋaŋ sʋgɩfɩalɩŋ; ta zɩŋ dieke die dɩ nyɩna ʋ Bʋa dembike ma wa dagarɩkʋ ma wa wɩa ʋ yi sʋgɩfɩalɩŋ dɩ beri tɩnɩŋ aŋaŋ wʋnɩŋ sʋnsʋŋ.
21 Saŋŋa kaanɩ, nɩ sʋŋanyilibɩatɩ aŋaŋ nɩ tʋmbɩatɩ die yine nɩ Ŋmɩŋ dataasɩ, ta nɩ yʋa aŋaŋ wa, 22 ama lele nɩŋ, ʋ Bʋa dembike nyɩŋgbanɩŋ kumbu dagarɩkʋ ma wɩa ʋ bɩ yi nɩ ʋ zʋalɩŋ dɩ ʋ nagɩ nɩ aŋ nɩ yi sʋgɩyɩalɩntieliŋ, ta wome dɩgɩntɩ, yaa bɩaŋ, ta keŋ ʋ jigiŋ. 23 Ama sie nɩ kpaŋŋɩ nɩ gbaŋ aŋaŋ wusie ta bemme nɩ yadaka ma ta zie keŋ keŋ, ta daa tarɩ a nyɩŋ nɩ tamaka ma, tama dieke die nɩ yene saŋŋa dieke nɩ wʋnna wʋvɩɩnaha; ta die ba mʋʋlɩ wʋvɩɩnaha a yɩ vuota mana wa tɩŋgbaŋka gie me; ta manɩŋ Pɔɔli yiwo ka tʋntʋntɩba wʋnyɩ wa.
Pɔɔli die dɩ yine Masia dɩdɩɩsɩrɩŋ tʋntʋntʋ dene
24 Lele nɩŋ n wa yaa sʋgɩfɩalɩŋ n dinene wahala nɩ wɩa wa, dama wahala dieke n dinene, n tʋma kpata wa wahala dieke Masia dɩ nagɩna zie dɩ n dii wo, ʋ nyɩŋgbaŋ dieke dɩ yine ʋ dɩdɩɩsɩrɩba wa. 25 Ta Ŋmɩŋ dieke dɩ yɩna mɩŋ tʋʋmaha dɩ tʋŋ wa, wʋnɩŋ ʋ yine mɩŋ Masia dɩdɩɩsɩrɩba mi yɔmʋ nɩ suŋŋiŋ wɩa, dɩ vuosi sɩmma Ŋmɩŋ wɩaha. 26 Wɩaha yiwo wʋlɔbɩrɩ diekemba Ŋmɩŋ dɩ nagɩna a lɔbɩrɩ vuota saŋŋa kaanɩ, ta buuriŋ mana dɩ ka sɩba ha, ama ta lele ʋ wa yuori dagɩ ʋ vuosi. 27 Ŋmɩŋ saŋya dɩ ʋ yuori wʋlɔbɩrɩka wɩaha a dagɩ ʋ vuosisi mɩŋ. Ʋ wʋlɔbɩrɩka wɩaha faasɩ vɩɩna mɩŋ, ta yaa nyʋarɩ a yɩ vuota mana. Dɩ daga dɩ Masia bie nɩ ma, die wɩa, nɩ yaa tama dɩ nɩ nan daansɩ gʋtɩ a bie Ŋmɩŋ chuulikpeŋkpɩɩkʋ ma. 28 Die wɩa, Masia wa wɩa tɩ mʋʋla, ta kpaama vuoŋ mana, ta naga yɩaŋ yiri yiri mana a daga vuoŋ mana, dɩ tɩ yi aŋ vuoŋ mana hagɩrɩma ʋ Masia dɩɩsɩŋ ma, ta nagɩ ba a yɩ Ŋmɩŋ. 29 Naa wɩa, maŋ ko kpaŋŋa n gbaŋ aŋaŋ hagɩrɩ dieke mana Masia dɩ yɩ mɩŋ ta bʋ dala wa.


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Angela Merkel
Angela Dorothea Merkel kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʋ. Ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1954 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Hambourg tɛtʋ taa palʋla Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋmlaɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndʋ tɔm hʋʋ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2005 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ sɔnɔ. Ɛhʋʋ tɔm camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Toovenum lɛ , ɛkɛ samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɛyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ.
Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖoɖoo Angela Dororthea Merkel kɛ minisi halɩn̄ɩnʋ weyi ɛcɔŋna halaa nɛ evebiɖe ɛsɩndaa wobu tʋma yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ payaɣ se Kohl IV. Ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1994 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ minisi halɩñɩnʋ weyi ɛcɔŋna Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋ nɛ laŋ pɔ-yɔɔ kandʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛnʋ cɔŋaɣna ɖɔɖɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ n̄ɩm tʋma yɔɔ.
Paya Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel ɛnɛ samtʋ nimiye pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋma ndɩ ndɩ camɩyɛ labʋ yɔɔ., ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ labʋ yɔɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel kɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samaɣ waɖɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2005 n̄ɩŋga taa palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔmhʋyaa n̄ʋʋdʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa pɔcɔnaa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ halaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel kɩlɩɣna tʋmɩyɛ labʋ.


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Benjamin Britten
Palʊla Edward Benjamin Britten kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 wiye pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ Suffolk, Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza ñɩŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1976 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 63. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ: wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ, soo maɖa ɖɩcaɣyɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ piyano maɖʊ.
Ɛna Peter Pears pakɩlɩna labʊʊ tʊma nɛ paha-ɩ samtʊ nima ndɩ ndɩ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Ordre du Mérite, Ordre des compagnons d'honneur, Prix Ernst-von-Siemens. Priitaniki taa lɛ, Edward Benjamin Britten kɛŋna wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa kpaɣna Henry Purcell nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ; ɛlɛ Georg Friedrich Haendel fɛyɩ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ ɖakʊta nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mba pɔcɔŋna kela kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛtaasɔɔlɩ sɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Benjamin Britten ewelesuu radiyo yaa saawʊɖɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛsɔɔla pɩŋŋŋ se Benjamin etee hendu. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ e-ɖoo ñaakɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊ-ɩ piyano maɖʊ mabʊ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ ɛlɩza ɛ-kacalaɣ tataɣ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ sukuli taa ɛtasɩ-kʊ kpɛlɛkʊ pɩnaɩ 8 taa.


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Takayaɣ hayʊʊ
Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kɛ payaɣna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size "papyrus". Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ yaa kɩlabʊʊ ŋgʋ palaba kʊnɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "fibres cellulosiques végétales".
Ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖɩtɛm n̄ɔɔdʊʊ nɛ hayu kiŋ cɛnzɩ taa yɔ, takayaɣ hayʊʊ ŋgʊ, kɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ tɩyɛ. Hatʊ ndʊ, tɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ. Heelim ɛfɛtʊʊ kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩkpaɣdʊ pɩlɔ ɛzɩ ɖoo polinda mbʊ yɔ.
Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Ki-ɖeke koŋ kɩ yɔɔ papɩzʊʊ pama paa tɔm kɩmamatʊ ndʊʊ lɛ. Takayɩ hatʊʊ tʋnɛ, pɛkpɛndʊ tʊ kʊʊ nɛ pama tɩyɔ tɔm kɩkalɩtʊʊ lɛ, kɛ pɔtɔŋ size takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ (livre).
Takayɩ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩwazʊ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ size papɩzɩ palɩzɩ anjaʊ waa paa mba. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, takayɩ hayʊ tɔm kɩmamatʊ tɔm ɖanʊʊ lɩzʊʊ yaa maʊ n̄ɩɣʊ lakɩ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tɔm ndʊʊ naʊ takayɩ hayʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔ.
Takayɩ hayʊʊ wazʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ size paɖʊ nabʊyʊ. Kɩwazʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ size pama tɔlɩm tɔm yaa pataɣ tɔlɩm kɛ kɩyɔ nɛ pataɣɖɩ ɖoli yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ. Sakɩyɛ kpakʊʊ takayɩ hatʊ ndʋ nɛ polikina yaa palɩzʊʊna mbʊ payaɣna fransɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "filtres" waa yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ ɛyɔlɩyɛ
Ɛyɔlɩyɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu (chimie organique) kɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ kɩ-taa wondu pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu. Ɛlɛ, karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu natʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ tɩtɛkɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu.
Karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɔhɔkɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama. Kɩtamsɩŋ lakɩna nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔhɔkʋʋna ɖama yaa patamsɩɣna ɖama.
Nazɩyaa wɛ ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa taa sakɩyɛ. Karɩbɔɔnɩ waa tamsɩnɩ ɖama nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa tɛ nazɩyaa. Yee kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu natʋyʋ esidi karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu taa kɔyɔ, nazɩyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɣ tɩ-taa patalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa sakɩyɛ.
Nazɩyʋ kʋɖʋm tɛ yuŋ yaa hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 100 000. Halɩ nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 1 000 000. Yee karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛtalɩ 1 000 000 kɔyɔ, pʋbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɔsɔ.


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Wole Soyinka
Palʋla ɖajaa Wole Soyinka hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1934 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa, Abeokuta tɛtʋ taa. Wole Soyinka kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ kpem. Halɩ paha-ɩ takayɩsɩ maʋ samtʋ nimiye pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋa taa. Afrɩka tɛtʋ taa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa takayɩsɩ mayaa tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Wole Soyinka pacalɩ haʋ takayɩsɩ maʋ samtʋ nimiye ńɖɩ.
Takayɩsɩ mayʋ, Wole laba e-sukulinaa sɔsaa Ibadan tɛtʋ taa nɛ Leeds ñɩndʋ taa. Ibadan tɛtʋ wɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piyele Leeds tɛtʋ ñɛwɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ Wole Soyinka tɛma e-sukulinaa sɔsaa ḿba labʋ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ labʋ tʋmɩyɛ, tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se « Royal Court Theatre » yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Royal Court Theatre tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ wɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ, Wole Soyinka tʋlɩ tanaŋ nɛ aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Naajeeriya taa. Ɛzɩ aleɣya pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Masks drama troupe » yɔ. ɛtʋlɩ-kʋ pɩnaɣ 1960 ñɩŋa taa.
Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, Wole Soyinka la tʋma ndɩ ndɩ Ibadan nɛ Ife nɛ Legɔsɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa sukulinaa sɔsaa taa. Ɛɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ Ibadan sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa pɩnaɣ 1952 ñɩŋa taa. Payaɣ ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se « The Pyrate ». Ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ kɛlɛ se, ɖɩlʋ nɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ.
Takayɩsɩ mayaa sɔsaa panɛ, Aimé Césaire nɛ Léopold Senghor pama takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ Afrɩka ajɛya tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ lʋbɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pama pa-takayɩsɩ taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pʋwɛɛ se Afrɩka ajɛya ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa. Kɛlɛ, Wole Soyinka ñɔtɔŋ se, pɩtaasɩɩna kɔkɔɖɛ yabʋ yem se, pʋwɛɛ se Afrɩka ajɛya ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa, ɛlɛ, pʋwɛɛ se, akʋyɩ asɩŋ a-naŋgbanzɩ naalɛ yɔɔ nɛ alʋ siŋŋ nɛ akaɖɩna Anasaayɩnaa.
Palaba kedizaɣ sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ Ugandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Makerere » yɔ kɩ-taa pɩlɩɩna Afrɩka ajɛya tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1962 taa palaba kedizaɣ ŋ́ga. Takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ Wole Soyinka kowoba kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa. Kedizaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛñɩɣ nesi kpem se pʋwɛɛ se Biafra ɛwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛ-lʋɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ pakpa-ɩ nɛ paɖʋ-ɩ salaka ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Naajeeriya taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1967 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1969 ñɩŋa taa.


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Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa kediɣzisi
Tɩlɩ ɖe-kediɣzisi yɔɔ tɔm. Na kediɣzaɣ lone nɖɩ ɖɩñɔtɩnɩ-ŋ
Ɛbɛ palakɩ ɖe-kediɣzisi taa?
Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa lakɩ pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kediɣzisi tam nabʋlɛ kpɩtaʋ taa. (Ebree 10:24, 25) Kediɣzisi nzɩ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛkɔɔ sɩ-taa. Ðɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ tɔm ndʋ Bibl wɩlɩɣ yɔ sɩ-taa, nɛ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ-tʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ.
Sɩ-taa sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, tɔm welisiyaa wɛnɩ waɖɛ se papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ pa-lɩmaɣza, ɛzɩ ɛyaa lakʋʋ kɛdaɣ yɔ. Weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛnʋ yɔɔdʋʋna. Paa kediɣzaɣ ŋga lɛ, ɖɩpaɣzɩɣ-kɛ nɛ ɖɩtɛzɩɣ-kɛ nɛ hendu teu nɛ adɩma.
Pɩtɩcɛyɩ se ŋkɛ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ŋwolo kediɣzisi nzɩ sɩ-taa. Ðɩyaɣ paa anɩ se ɛkɔɔ ɖe-kediɣzisi taa faaa. Ŋŋhɛyɩɣ nabʋyʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ŋsʋʋ nɛ paacɔʋ liidiye sɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ.


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Soomaali
Soomaali kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ kedeŋ kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ Soomaalɩ nɛ ɖɩcɛlɛ Itaalii ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1948 taa hɔɔlɩɣʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ogadɛŋ yɔ kɩɩtɛma wɛʊ Etiyoopii nesi tɛɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Soomaalɩ mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ tuuɖe ajɛya Itaalii nɛ Priitaaniki kpacayaɣna-ɩ. Haɖɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣʊ lɛ Itaalii ñaawɛna nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Priitaaniki ɖeɖe lɛ.
Pʊwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñaañaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩmʊ Cibuuti ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1862. Fransɩ hɔɔlɩɣʊ kʊnɛ kʊkʊ la ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1977.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 nɛ 1969 taa Soomaali ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ se Aden Abdullah Osman Daar nɛ ɛ-wayɩ ñɩnʊ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Abdirashid Ali Shermarke yɔ, pañaɣ pana se ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣʊ paanɩɣna-ɖama nɛ yoŋ wɛɛ paa ɖoye.
Aloma fenaɣ 1954 kɛ Soomaali ɛjaɖɛ lɩza kɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka.


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Moritaanii
Moritaanii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika malɩŋ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. Moritaanii wɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 yɔ kpaɣna ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ Ndiyaagoo nɛ pɩsɩɩna haʊ kiŋ Nuwatibuu. Kɩzɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Alizeerii, SaharaWisiɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ Malii, pɩkazɩ Senegalɩ ñɛna hadɛ kiŋ.
Moritaanii wɛ Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika-Subusahara pa-nʊmɔɔyasa taa. Mbʊ yebina peeɖe ɛtiniiwaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Afrika taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa wɛɛ, Fɩlandɩnaa, Sonikewaa, Wolɔfʊwaa (mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ 30), Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ mba mba payaɣ-wɛ se Arabo-Bɛrɩbɛrɩ yɔ (mɩniʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ 30) nɛ Haratɩŋwaa.
Moritaanii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nuwakɩcɔtɩ.


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Agatha Christie
Payaɣ Ɖoɖoo Agatha Christie ɖɔɖɔ se Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɛlɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller wɛ ñʋʋ taa lɔŋ siŋŋ.
Palʋla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1890 n̄ɩŋga taa. Caanaʋ tɔm tɩlɩyaa tɔŋ se patatɩlɩ siŋŋ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋlɩ Ɖoɖoo Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller yɔ camɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa siŋŋ ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ.
yɔ.
Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu yɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1976 n̄ɩŋga taa. Patatɩlɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ loɖo (76).
Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary kɛkɛ takayɩsɩ maʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛsɩma ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ takayɩsɩ sɩnɖʋ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛɛkɛ halʋ mɛ-ɛza kulaa nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-ɛza cɛba nɛ atɛ akuli ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖɔm nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɛɛkɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ laba sakɩyɛ leleŋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Ɖajaa Hercule Poirot nɛ Ɖoɖoo Miss Marple tʋma kɛdɩnaɣʋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Christie takayasɩ nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : Le Crime de l'Orient-Express, nɛ Dix petits nègres, nɛ Mort sur le Nil nɛ Le Train de 16h50.


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Mɔlɩdaavii
Mɔlɩdaavii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Rumanii nɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Pamaza Mɔlɩdaavii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 33 843 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe makɩɣna ɛzɩ 1,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 656 843 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 127 yɔ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Igor Dodon nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Pavel Filip.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ruumɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sisinau nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +373 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛtɛŋ-tʊ teɣu lɛ, pocosuu se Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ kɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lee mɔlɩdaavii.


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Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa mba paawɛ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa mba paawɛ Niili lɩm pɔɣɔ cikpelaɣ yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ, mbʊ pɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ Egipiti yɔ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti tɛ ɛyaa ɛsakuliye kpaɣ kɩ-tɩ pɩnzɩ -3150 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna Hayi-Egipiti tɛ politiki kpɛndʊʊ kɛ haɖɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ pɩtɛɛ Egipiti nɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ kɛ kajalaɣ wɩyaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ naatozo mbʊ yɔ.
Egipiti ɛyaa hiɣ patɩ lɔŋ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kɩ-tɛ ɛyaa nɛ Niili lɩm pɔɣɔ tɛ wɛtʊ pamʊna ɖama yɔ. Lɩm pɔɣɔ wadɩɣ nɛ lɩm hɔm se powona lonaa wenaa a-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ yɔ yeba nɛ pehikiɣ tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pɩsɩna ɛyaa tɔsʊʊ huu hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɔɔnaɣ hiɣu kadadayaɣ ŋga kaha kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ se ketiyina liidiye sakɩyɛ kɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʊma kɛ kɛdɛŋga taa nɛ ageetaa wenaa a-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ anɔtɩnaa yɔ.
Tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ matʊ, ɖama kpɛndʊʊ tʊma labɩyɛ nɛ haɖaŋ tambasɩ labʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ tɛ tabalɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛnaa wena añɔtɩna pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtasɩna sɔɔñɩnaa tɛ ɖoŋ tɩna se Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ɛwa egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Tʊma a-naa a-tɩŋga payɩ mbʊ yɔ kpelaɣ taa tʊma laɖaa mba pama takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgbaa ñʊntɩnaa nɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa. Pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbʊ yɔ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ ɖiyuna tʊma a-naa a-tɩŋga. Ɛnʊ tɩna ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛɣɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ wɛtʊ yɔɔ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti taa ɛyaa kaalaba tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ, tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyu nɛ tɛtʊ mazʊʊ nɛ matʊ laɣtʊ mbʊ pɩsɩɣana nɛ pamaɣ pɛ-tɛ pɩlaŋ ɛzɩ kumulaa tɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpamɩŋ cʊlʊ cʊlʊ ñɩŋ. Pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩna akɔnta laɖaa tʊma nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa nɛ lɩm hɔm (lɩm mbʊ pɔhɔŋ nɛ powokina wɩlɩŋ hayɩm naa taa yɔ) tʊma nɛ tɔɔnasɩ huu sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ mɛlɛ lubutu nɛ matʊ kɩfatʊ nɛ Egipiti cʊʊ wonduu matʊ.


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Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ
Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ ñɩm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛyɔɔda nɔɔyʊ eecosuu, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛtɔŋ se hayɩ, nɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ ɛɛɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ kaʊ, ɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛwɛna paɣtʊ, yaa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kewiyaɣ mba ɛlɩza kɔyɔ, pa nɛ yɔ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkʊyɩ nɛ e-kpelaɣ. Politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛyaa kʊyʊna-ɖɩ kiɖi kiɖi, peeɖe Hannah Arendt tɔŋ se paɣtʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ mbʊ yɔ fɛyɩ ɖeu, pa-paɣtʊ tamʊna ɛyaa.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se dictatura, nɛ ɖooo hoohoo taa kɛ Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ madana mana ŋga ka-taa ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi (ɛnʊ payaɣ kpaŋgbasɛmʊʊ, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ). Tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa cɔna-tʊ se tɩfɛyɩ ɖeu nɛ papazɩ-tʊ ɖɩzɩɣ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 3 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kɛlɛ Sylla nɛ Jules César paɖanɩ-ʊ paazʊʊ kɛlɛ pa nɛ ɛnʊ pasɩba kpa lɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩɖɩ.
Pɩtɛ lɛ, sɔnɔ avema anɛ a-taa ñazɩtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛɛ, kɛlɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pɩkɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Azii ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ. Erɔpʊ taa lɛ, Biélorussi nɛ Azerbaïdjan ajɛyɛ taa pamazɩɣ se tɔm tɩwɛɛ. Erɔpʊ nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ taa panaɣ se samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩmʊkɩ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ pɩza nɛ pala filim waa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pa-taa kɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛzaɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ Charlie Chapin filim yɔɔdʊʊ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ tɔm (pɩnaɣ 1940) kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Hitler yɔ (Hynkel) nɛ Mussolini –Napoleooni). Barbet Schroeder tɛ aseɣɖe kɛlɛm kɛlɛm Général Idi Amin Dada : Autoportrait (pɩnaɣ 1974), yɔɔdʊʊ Ugandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm. Ecosse kpaakpaa wiyaʊ (pɩnaɣ 2006) wɩlɩɣ Ougandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm ɛnʊ lɛ Idi Amin Dada.


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Hirohito
Hirohito yaa Hiro-Hito (裕仁)palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1901 Tokiyo tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hirohito kaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1926 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm evemiye. Pasɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɖooo ɛ-sɩm nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se Soowa Tenno kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ, (昭和天皇,Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ).
Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩɣa ɛlɛ payaɣ se Taishō nɛ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ halʊ Teimei, wiyaʊ piya Yasuhito Chichibu, Nobuhito Takamatsu nɛ Takahito Mikasa kɔɔʊ, ɛkɛ shintō sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ taa 124 wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. E-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ kɩlɩna ɖalʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa (ɛlaba pɩnzɩ 62), nɛ payaɣ wɛɛ ana se Soowa wɛɛ (昭和) peeɖe ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi hɩɖɛ. Ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɖooo pɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kʊlʊlʊ ñaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ halʊ weyi kewiyaɣ sɩma-ɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, pamʊ-ɩ ɛ-caa naa cɔlɔ nɛ peyebi-i ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ cikpeluu Yasuhito (Chichbu weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔ) kɛ sɔɔja mamʊ hɛzʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ payaɣ se Kawamura Sumiyoshi ɛnɛ ɛ-halʊ. Paɖʊyɩ-ɩ pɩya sukuli taa kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ Akasaka pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908. Pʊwayi lɛ, powona-ɩ abalɩbiya sukuli Gakushūin (pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ Kazoku piyaa ɖeke pawɩlɩɣ kɩ-taa yɔ) pɩnaɣ 1908 ŋtalɩ 1914 (nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ kaakɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Maresuke Nogi.
Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Meiji sɩm pɩnaɣ 1912 hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 30 yeba nɛ papamɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɛ yaa keɣlee pasɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa peyebina-m kewiyaɣ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1916. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921 wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛla lɩmaɣza naayɛ mbʊ se ewoki nɔmɔʊ kɩɖaɣlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo mbʊ yɔ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Ampiiri nipon wiyaʊ pɩɣa cɔlɔ, ewokaɣ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ papa kewiyitu ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Pɛliziki ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛ-nʊmɔʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʊ ɛɛwɛʊ nɛ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm yɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1921 pɩlɩna ɛ-caa tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya kɩɩtalɩɣ yɔɔ, fiteenim taa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ, kɩɩkpa-ɩ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ.
Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1924 ɛkpaɣ halʊ, wiyaʊ pɛlɔ kuni Nagako (ɖooo ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ mbʊ yɔ paya-ɩ se wiyaʊsɔsɔ halʊ Kōjun), ɛ-tɛ liɖe cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ taa (王家, Ōke) kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛnɛ-ɩ paaɖanɩɣ ɖama ɖooo mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1921, ŋgʊ ɖɩɣa taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sakɩyɛ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ.
Taishō sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1926 saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 lɛ, Hirohito mʊ e-kewiyitu kpelaɣ, nɛ wɛɛ kɩfana paɣzɩ kpaagba. Soowa (laŋhɛzɩyɛ wabɩtʊ). Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɛnʊ ɛtaafɛyɩna hɩɖɛ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ paya-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ Kinjō Tennō yaa ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔnɔɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ patɩlɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paka-ɩ yaʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛɛ ana atʊʊzɩna e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) pʊtɔbʊʊ se Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ.


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Pɔritigaalɩ
Pɔritigaalɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pɔrɩtigaalɩ wɛna Ibeeriki nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Pɔrɩtigaalɩ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ yɔ Lisibooni.
Erɔpɩ hɛkʊ taa ajɛya taa lɛ, Pɔritigaalɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛlɛ Atilantiki lɩngamʊʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ taa nɛ pɩtalaɣ mɩnɩŋhiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ ɛlɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛsɛ kulɩ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ Erɔpɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpeekpe taa. Kpaɣ mbʊ lɛ, ɖɩwɛɛna ɛjɛya wena ɖɩñazɩɣ yɔ paale: Afrika taa, Azii taa, Oseyaanii taa nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ ɛlɛ Pɔrɩtɩgaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ pazɩ nɛ ɖɩhiu ɖɩ-tɩ paa hɔɔlɩɣʊ ŋgʊ: tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, poliyiki taa nɛ samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ tɔm taa.
Pɔritigaalɩ wɛ ajɛya wena aaɖʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se palɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OCDE yɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1948 taa pɩnɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OTAN yɔ pɩnaɣ 1949.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1955, Erɔpɩ Lɔntasɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo 1976, Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1986. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kpeekpe wena atɔkɩ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ Eero yɔ a-taa.


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Haile Selassie
Tafari Makonnen, Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1892 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Ejersa Goro tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1975 taa Addis-Abeba tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛɛkɛ Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1936 ñɩŋga taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ kɛʋ ɖi-wiyaʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1941 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1974 ñɩŋga taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛɛkɛ wiyaʋ yɔ, payawaɣ-ɩ se Haïlé Sélassié.
Mba payaɣ-wɛ se ‘rastas’ waa yɔ, pa-taa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se wiyaʋ Haïlé Sélassié kɛ Tɛtʋ kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ wiyaʋ. Halɩ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Mɛɛsii, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi Ɛsɔ lɩzaa nɛ etiyi-i ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Wiyaʋ Haïlé Sélassié kajalaɣ tʋ ɖiyaɣ Etiyopii lɛ, Italii ɛjaɖɛ tapɩzɩ ɖɩkpacɛyɩ-ɖɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1935 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1941 ñɩŋga taa.
Wiyaʋ Tafari Makonnen pɩjatʋ nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ
Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1892 taa Ejersa Goro tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ ‘Täfäri’ tɔbʋʋ se weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Piyele ɛ-caa hɩɖɛ ‘Mäkännen’ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se ‘takayaɣ mayʋ sɔsɔ’.
Ɛlɛɣzɩ hɩɖɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛtɔɔ Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ kewiitu yɔ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naadozo (3) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1930 ñɩŋga taa.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Lidj Tafari nɛ piyele payaa ɛ-caa se ras Makonnen. Ɛ-caa kɛŋna Hararghé tɛtʋ wiyaʋ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Woyzero Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar. E-ɖoo sɩbana kahʋyaɣ sɔsaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1894 taa. E-ɖoo sɩba lɛ, ɛtatɩɩtalɩda pɩnzɩ naalɛ.
Ɛ-caa ñasɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza (14). Ɛlɛ sɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1906 taa. Wiyaʋ Menelik II kekpiikina ɛ-caa ɛnʋ kpam nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-kpaakpaa kɩyakʋ wiye.


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Suluu kʊnʊŋ
Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, isiZulu, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ ŋguni ɖɩɣa taa yɔ. kɩ-ta peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Xhona nɛ Ndebele nɛ pantuu waa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩnɩyaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ yɔ.
Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nakʊ yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ, pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ, hɩŋ nakʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ wɛ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ. Suluu kʊnʊŋ kɛna kɩwabɩɣ Kwazulu-Natal ajɛyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ walʊʊ Mpumalanga nɛ Gauteng ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Suluu kʊnʊŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ. Kɩpɩsɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ hiʊ nɛ kʊyɔm weyi ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊmɩŋ mɩzasɩ tɛyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ yɔ.
Suluu ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ wɛ sɔnɔ Tanzani egetiye taa kɛnɛ. Pɛdɛ wɛʊ Afrika nɛ haɖɛ wɩlɩɣ se ɖooo kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ naanza ŋgʊ taa pɔkɔma. Ɖɔɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ, Suluu kɛ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɣ-kʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ nɔɔ nɛ naŋgbaŋgʊʊ yɔ pɔcɔ Eerɔpʋ tɔm kɩɖeɖetʊ heyiya talɩ. Mba mana kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ latɛŋ matʊ taa.
Kɔnaɣ takayaɣ ŋga kata pama suluu tɔm kɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm lɩzɩɣ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, kalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1883. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1901 lɛ, John Dube ɛkɛ Suluu tʊ, ɛlɩzɩɣ Ohlange Institute (en), pɩkɛ kajalaɣ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-ta pawɩlaɣ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm.
John Dube kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Insila kaChaka (1933), kajalaɣ ɖɔmɩŋ nzulumɩyɛ taa takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pamana Suluu taa yɔ. Suluu mayʊ kajalaɣ ñɩnɩɣ lɛɛlʊ ʊnʊ lɛ, Reginald Dhlomo ɛlɛ ñakɛ canaʊ ɖɔmɩŋ takayasɩɣ kɩkalɩsɩɣ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩyɔdʊ Suluu ɛjaɖɛ taa awiya tɔm yɔ tɛ mayʊ kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ nakʊ taa.


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Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib kɛ Sikhs waa tɛ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, mba paya-kɛ Guru (yaa ciyam wɩlɩyʊ) maatɛŋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɔmpee lɩna sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa, pendjabi nɛ ceu kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Guru tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ weyi ɛlɩzɩ-mɩ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa nɛ ewokina-mɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ taa yɔ, Gu tɔbʊʊ se cɩkpɛndʊʊ, ŋgʊ ru tɔbʊʊ se mʊntʊsʊʊ.
Granth tɔbʊʊ se takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa (palɩzɩ Granth tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛʊ se takayaɣ nɛ Sikh waa tɔŋ se pɩkɛɛ kaañamtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔdʊʊ Guru Granth Sahib tɔm yɔ, ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ penjabi tɩnaa tɛ lɛ Granth tɔbʊʊ se takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ, ( tɔmpiye nɖɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ ceu kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ tɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ hindi kʊnʊŋ taa) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgbaɣtʊ, tabalʊ, kɛlɛ palɩzɩ tɩ-tɔbʊʊ mbʊ se wɩlɩyʊ Guru takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ.
Tanaŋ nɛ ɖanaɣ ewelesiɣ Sikhs tɔm mʊyaa cɔlɔ, mba payaɣ se gurdwaras waa. Sikhs ɛyaa luŋuu ɛ-tɛɛ, nɛ eyeke etukuna altaro Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ taa, eyeke pɛcɛla-kʊ. Ɛyaa ñaŋɩɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ gourou weyi nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ yɔ. Ɛkɛ guru hiu nɛ kʊyʊm ñɩnʊ. Guru Nanak (pɩnzɩ 1469-1539), kajalaɣ gourou Sikh tɩnaa tɛ ɛnʊ kaalɛna paɣzɩ maʊ. Guru Granth Sahib takayaasɩ tɩŋa kaawɛna takayɩ hatʊ 1430.
Takayɩ hatʊ 1430 nzɩ Guru Arjan ɖʊ-sɩ pɩnaɣ 1604 takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa (ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛnʊ kɛna kagbanzɩ tʊ kɛ mba pɛlɛɛza Guru Nanah yɔ) nɛ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Adi Granth. Pʊwayɩ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1705 Guru Gobind Singh tɛza tʊ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ɛ-caa Guru Tegh Bahadur weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hama keɣsi tɔm. Pʊcɔ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1708 lɛ, Guru Gobind Singh pa hulaɣ Sri Guru Granth Sahib se eyeke koŋ ɛkɛʊna e-lone taa caɣyʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi.


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Evemiye
Evemiye kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɩla ñɩɩyʊʊ kɛ ɖaalʊʊ. Ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se evemiye kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɩtʊ 24 wɛna nɛ ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakʊʊ evemiye tɛʊ feŋuu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ.
Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa. Afema lʊbɛ ñalakɩna kpɩtaʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ kpɩtaʊ taa paa evemiye nɖi lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ afema anaa yɔ:
Kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna efema kʊɖʊma pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone taa nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ajɛya naayɛ wɛna tɛtʊ polenaa yɔɔ, nɛ peeɖe lɛ, evemiye pɩzʊʊ ɖɩtalɩ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo yɔ.


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Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer)
Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ lɛ, pasɩma-tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩ-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛɛzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papɩzɩ pamaɣzɩ se ñɩɣtʊ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ yaa canaʊ pɩyʊ.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ paɣza ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1100 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ kɛ ɛwaɖɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa, kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 800 ŋtalɩ 700 pʊcɔ Y-K kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-K Afrika ajɛyɛ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pɔza miŋ sɔsɔŋ pɩkɩlɩ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ pakaa mɩzaɣ miŋ ŋga kemiŋ saʊ ɛtalɩ 1 500 °C2 mbʊ yɔ.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ tɔmʊʊ lubutu pɛcɛlɩ tanʊwa ñɩnɩyʊ C. J. Thomsen. Ɖɩlɩna ɖooo lɩmaɣza kɩbɩna cɔlɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ canaʊ tɔm mayʊ Lauritz Schebye Vedel Simonsen ñɩnaa cɔlɔ, ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Kopɛnhaagɩ, weyi etɔma pɩnaɣ 1813 alɩwaatʊ se sɩkandɩnavɩ ɛyaa kɩbɩmaa wondu kaakɛ ɖeɣa nɛ pɩyɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩ kuwiviɖi nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ.
Thomsen maɣzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1816 taa se ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ pɩɩwɛ se paɖʊ tanʊwa ɛjaɖɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu kɛ pɩ-taa. Peeɖe esusuu ɛtʊmɩyɛ tɔm pɩlɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ana a-natozo a-yɔɔ. Pɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ wɛɛ pɩnaɣ 1836 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed taa (pʊtɔbʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ hayi yɔɔ ajɛyɛ tɔm kɩbɩndʊ yɔ).


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Bayɩkalɩ Kujomuu
Bayɩkalɩ Kujomuu kɛ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Siberii nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ Ruusii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩkyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɩ-tɛ wɛ leleŋ nɛ pʊwɛ kekele nɛ ŋna pɩtɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta waa 40. Payaɣ-kʊ nabʊyʊ taa se Siberii ciiyaɣ. Moŋgolɩ ñɩma mba palɛwɛʊ kʊ-cɔlɔ yɔ payaɣa-kʊ se Ɛsɔ teŋguu.
Kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛta waa 636 nɛ walanzɩ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 24 ntalɩ kilomɛta waa 79 nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɛʈʊ yɔ walanzɩ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 31722 kpɛɛ ko nɛ kɩ-pɩsɩ kujomuu loɖo ŋgʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɩkɛ kujomuu ngʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ liŋguu yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ liŋguu talɩ mɛta waa 1642 nɛ kɩcaɣ ahɔya wena a-yɔ yɔ a-talɩɣ Mɛta waa 7000. Kɩwɛ Iablonovy nɛ Bargouzine pɔŋ hɛkʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Bayikalɩ pɔŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kʊmʊʊ 336 pɔsɔ lɩm paa ɛzɩmtaa pada kɛlɛ Selenga kɩ-tɛ nɛ Mongolii ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ. Tɛʊ lɩm mbʊ kɩmʊʊ yɔ lɛɛzɩɣ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga nɛ pɩtalɩ miilimɛta waa 200 ntalɩ 500 nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ lɛ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ miilimɛta waa 500 ntalɩ 900. Papɩzɩɣ pasaɣ mɛlɛnaa kʊ-yɔ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ taa yeke. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa lɛ, ɖɔmpɛɛ huuzina kɔyɔ nɛ a-tɛ kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ kpaɣ niika alɩwaatʊ pɩzɩɣ talɩ mɛta kʊyʊmʊʊ ntalɩ 1,5 nɛ halɩ mɛta waa waa naalɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩiyɛ taa nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ ɛyaa nɛ lɔɖaa se pɔɖɔ.
Ɛyaa kudokiŋ nɩnɩwa wɛna kujomuu ŋgʊ kʊ-nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ wɛ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɛtʊ sɩba. Kpakpasɩ nɛ pɔm waa kɛnɛ pɔdɔna. Kpɛlɩ taa lɛ ɛyaa ɖɔɔ pɩŋ pɩtɩŋna Bayɩkalɩ Amour Magistral suuluku kpɛyaɣ ŋga pama yɔ kɔyɔ. Papɩsɩ pakpa kpakpasɩ pɩnaɣ tɩŋga mbilim. Ɖɔmpɛɛ niika alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pohuyuu pɔʊ sɔsɔʊ ɖɔmpɛɛ taa.
Paa egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛ pʊŋ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩma yɔ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩkɛ mɛlɛnaa nʊmɔʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ ɖɔmpɛɛ kpaɣ hɛkʊ hɔɔlʊʊ mbilim pɩnaɣ tɩŋga. Niika alɩwaatʊ wayi aloma nɛ kamɩŋ fenasɩ taa lɛ, kpakpasɩ kpaɣʊ mɛlɛnaa tɩŋga nɛ ñɩnʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ mɛlɛnaa nɛ yɛlʊʊ mɛlɛnaa wɛna ɛjandʊʊ sɩpɔrɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Bayɩkalɩ kujomuu yɔ. Nʊmɔʊ kɩ-ta ɖɔnɛ ɖanɩɣ pazɩɣ agoza nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenasɩ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔmpɛɛ yɔlʊʊ. Pɩwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, teŋguu ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔ mɛlɛnaa ɖɔm wɛ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ helim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ makɩ nɛ pɩhazɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩtɩŋga payi.


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Tenesii
Tenesii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tenesii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nashville nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Memphis.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Karoolinii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Arkansɔɔ nɛ Misurii, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Zɔrziya, Alabama nɛ Misisipii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kɛntukii nɛ Firziinii.
Pamaza Tenesii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 109 247 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 106 846 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 2 400 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2.20 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 17 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 16 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1796. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 346 105 yɔ.
Payaɣ Tenesii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se B ill Haslam (R). piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Bob Corker (R) nɛ Lamar Alexander (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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1Pǝlɛ pǝ wɑɑlɩ ɑcɑɑlǝtʋ lɑpɑ wulɑʋ tɛ. Tɑfiiti pǝyɑlʋ Apǝsɑlɔm kɑ wɛnɑ neu ɑlʋ nyǝŋ nɔɣɔlʋ nɑ pɑ́ yɑɑkɩ-ɩ sɩ Tɑmɑɑ nɑ ɩ ɩsɛntɑɑ lɩɩwɑ teu. Mpʋɣʋlɛ Apǝsɑlɔm neu yɔtɔtɛ nyǝŋ wei pɑ yɑɑ sɩ Amǝnɔŋ tɔ ɩ luɣu sʋʋ Tɑmɑɑ ɩnɩ.
2Amǝnɔŋ kɑ sɔɔlɑ ɩ neu ɩnǝɣɩ hɑlǝnɑ ɩ́ cɑŋ ɩ́ tʋ ɩ tǝɣɩ kʋtɔŋ kɛ ɩ tɔm tɑɑ. Mpi tɔ, pɛɛlɔ ɩnɩ ɩ tɑɑ nyɩ ɑpɑlʋ, ɩlɛ pɩɩ wɛ Amǝnɔŋ kɛ kɑtɛ sɩ ɩ́ tokinɑ-ɩ.
3Amǝnɔŋ tɑɑpɑlʋ ntɛ́ Tɑfiiti tɑɑlʋ Sɑmmɑ pǝyɑlʋ Yonɑtɑpɩ. Ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ kɑ kɛ́ yʋlʋ lɑɣɑtʋ kɛ́.
4Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ pɔɔsɑ-ɩ sɩ: Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ hɑlɩ nyɑɣɑ wulɑʋ pǝyɑlʋ tɑkɑ nɑ pɑɑ tɑnɑŋ ŋku ń tɛŋ tɑɑsɩ kɛ mpʋ? Mpʋɣʋlɛ sɩ: Mɑ sɔɔlɑ mɑ tɑɑlʋ Apǝsɑlɔm neu Tɑmɑɑ kɛ́.
5Ntɛnɑ Yonɑtɑpɩ sɩ: Cɛsɩ ɩsɩɩ pǝ wɩɩkɩ-ŋ, nɑ nyɑ́ cɑɑ ɩ́ kɔmɑ-ŋ wiiluɣu, ɩlɛ n tɔmɩ-ɩ sɩ ɩ́ yele nɑ nyɑ́ neu Tɑmɑɑ kɔɔ nɑ ɩ́ lɑ́ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ kɛ nyɑ́ ɩsɛntɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ tʋ-ŋ nɑ ń tɔɣɔ.
6Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Amǝnɔŋ cɛsɑɑ sɩ pǝ wɩɩkɩ-ɩ nɑ ɩ́ hǝntɩ nɑ wulɑʋ polo-ɩ wiiluɣu. Ɩlɛnɑ Amǝnɔŋ sǝlǝmɩ wulɑʋ sɩ: Hɑɩ, mɑ cɑɑ sɩ mɑ neu Tɑmɑɑ ɩ́ kɔɔ cǝnɛ nɑ ɩ́ tʋ-m kɑkɑlɑsɩ nɑɑlɛ nɑ ɩ́ cɛlɛ-m nɑ mɑ́ tɔɣɔ.
7Ntɛnɑ Tɑfiiti tili nɑ pɑ́ heeli Tɑmɑɑ sɩ ɩ́ polo ɩ tɑɑlʋ Amǝnɔŋ nɑŋ tɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ lɑpɩ-ɩ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ.
8Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑmɑɑ polɑ Amǝnɔŋ nɑŋ tɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ mɑɣɑnɑ Amǝnɔŋ hǝntɑɑ, nɑ Tɑmɑɑ lɑ somtu nɑ ɩ́ huɣuti nɑ ɩ́ tʋ kɑkɑlɑsɩ,
9kɛ tǝnɛ ɩnɩ nɑ ɩ́ kuuli nɑ ɩ́ sɩɩ Amǝnɔŋ nɑ ɩ́ kisi tɔɣɔʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ Amǝnɔŋ tɔ Tɑmɑɑ sɩ: Lǝsɩ yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ, nɑ pɑ tǝnɑ pɑ́ lɩɩ.
10Mpʋɣʋlɛ Amǝnɔŋ tɔmɑ Tɑmɑɑ sɩ: Kɔnɑ-m tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ ŋkɛɣɛ nɑŋ tɑɑ nɑ mɑ́ tɔɣɔ ɩlɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ Tɑmɑɑ kpɑɣɑ kɑkɑlɑsɩ nsɩ nɑ ɩ́ ponɑ Amǝnɔŋ nɑŋ tɑɑ.
11Pɛɛlɔ sɩɩ-ɩ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ, ɩlɛnɑ Amǝnɔŋ tɔkɩ ɩ niŋ tɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ tɔmɩ-ɩ sɩ: Mɑ neu, kɔɔ tǝ sʋʋ.
12Ntɛnɑ pɛɛlɔ sɩ: Aɑɩ, tɑɑ wɑkǝlɩ-m mɑ tɑɑlʋ. Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ ɩɩ lɑkɩ mpʋ. Ɩlɛ tɑɑ lɑ ɑcɑɑlǝtʋ ntɩ.
13Ye n lɑpɑ mpʋ leɣe mɑɑ sɩɩ mɑ fɛɛlɛ? Pǝyele nyɑ́ɑ́ pǝsɩ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ tɑɑ ɑcɑɑlǝŋ tɑɑ lɛŋkʋ. Polo ń sǝlǝmɩ wulɑʋ, pɑɑ pǝ lɑ ɩsǝnɑ ɩ kɑ tisi nɑ mɑ́ sɑɑ-ŋ.
14Amɑ Amǝnɔŋ tɑ nɩɩnɑ-ɩ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ kpipɑ Tɑmɑɑ nɑ toŋ nɑ ɩ́ wɑkǝlɩ-ɩ.
15Tǝnɑɣɑ Amǝnɔŋ luɣu lɩɩ-ɩ nɑ ɩ tɑɑ kpɑnɑ-ɩ nɑ pǝ́ kǝlɩ ɩsɩɩ ɩ kɑ sɔɔlɑ-ɩ tɔ, nɑ ɩ́ tɔɣɔnɩ-ɩ sɩ ɩ́ lɩɩ.
16Ntɛnɑ pɛɛlɔ mɑ kɑpukɑ sɩ: Hɑ, n tɔɣɔnǝɣɩ-m mpʋ tɔ n sɔɔsǝɣɩ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ kɛ nti n tɛmɑ-m lɑpʋ tɔ tǝ tɔɔ kɛ́. Amɑ Amǝnɔŋ tɑ nɩɩ.
17Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ yɑɑ tǝmlɛ tʋ nɑ ɩ́ heeli-ɩ sɩ: Tɔɣɔnɩ ɑlʋ ɩnɛ nɑ ɩ́ lɩɩ nɑ ń kɑlǝsɩ nɔnɔɣɔ.
18Ɩlɛnɑ tǝmlɛ tʋ lǝsɩ-ɩ ɑwɑlɩ nɑ ɩ́ tǝkɩ nɑ ɩ́ kɑlǝsɩ. Pɛɛlɔ ɩnɩ ɩ kɑ suu ŋkpɑlɑsɩ cɑpɑ kʋcɔɔcɔlʋ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ ɑwulɑɑ pɛɛlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ tɑ sɑɑtɑ tɔ pɑ suuki tɔ.
19Tǝnɑɣɑlɛ Tɑmɑɑ cǝlɑ ɩ cɑpɑ nɑ ɩ́ tʋ ɩ nyʋɣʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ tɔlʋmɑ nɑ ɩ́ te nyʋɣʋ nɑ ɩ́ mɑkɩ kɑpusi nɑ ɩ́ tɛɛkɩ.
20Tɑmɑɑ tɑɑlʋ Apǝsɑlɔm nɑ-ɩ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ pɔɔsɩ-ɩ sɩ: Nyɑ́ tɑɑlʋ Amǝnɔŋ wɑkǝlɑ-ŋ kɛ? Mɑ neu, su. Tɑɑ suli tɔm ntǝɣɩ kpɑɣɑʋ nɑ ń yɑɑ-tǝɣɩ pʋlʋ, nyɑ́ tɑɑlʋ kɛ́. Ɩlɛnɑ Tɑmɑɑ sɑɑlɩ Apǝsɑlɔm tǝyɑɣɑ tɑɑ ɩsɩɩ kɑtɑyǝlɑɣɑ.
21Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ nɩɩ pǝ tǝnɑɣɑ mpʋ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ kpɑ-ɩ sɔsɔm.
22Ɩlɛnɑ Apǝsɑlɔm hɑɣɑ Amǝnɔŋ nɑ ɩ tɑɑ. Ɩɩ tɑsǝɣɩ-ɩ yɔɣɔtǝnɑʋ kɛ mpi pǝ tɔɔ ɩ wɑkǝlɑ ɩ neu tɔ.
23Pɩɩsɩ nɑɑlɛ sikɑɑ ɩlɛ pɑ kɔɔkɩ Apǝsɑlɔm heeŋ hʋntʋ ntɛ́ timpi pɑ yɑɑ sɩ Pɑɑlɩ-Hɑsɔɔ tɔɣɔ Ɩfǝlɑyim. Ɩlɛnɑ Apǝsɑlɔm yɑɑ wulɑʋ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑɣɑ tɔɣɔʋ.
24Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ polɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ heeli wulɑʋ sɩ: Tɑ cɑɑ, pɑ kɔɔkɩ mɑ heeŋ hʋntʋ. Ɩlɛ mɑ cɑɑkɩ sɩ nyɑnɑ nyɑ́ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ ɩ́ kɔɔ nɑ tǝ́ tɔɣɔ pǝ ɑcimɑ.
25Ɩlɛnɑ wulɑʋ tɔ sɩ: Aɑɩ, mɑ pǝyɑlʋ, tɑ tǝnɑ tǝ kɑɑ polo, pǝ tɑɑ kɔɔ nɑ tǝ́ sʋkɩ-ŋ sǝɣǝlɑ kɛ yem. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Apǝsɑlɔm cɑɑlɑ-ɩ, ɩlɛnɑ wulɑʋ kisi tǝsɑɣɑsɑɣɑ nɑ ɩ́ lɑpɩ-ɩ pǝ lɑpɑ wulee.
26Ntɛnɑ Apǝsɑlɔm sɩ: Ɩlɛ yele nɑ mɑ neu Amǝnɔŋ tǝŋ-tʋ. Wulɑʋ sɩ: Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ n cɑɑ sɩ ɩ́ polo nyɑ́ tɛ?
27Ɩ cɑɑlɑ wulɑʋ kɛ teu, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ yele nɑ ɩ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ polo. Hɑlǝnɑ pǝ́ kpɛŋnɑ Amǝnɔŋ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ.
28Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Apǝsɑlɔm heelɑ ɩ tǝmlɛ nyǝ́mɑ sɩ ɩ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ teu, nɑ pǝ́ kɔmɑ nɑ Amǝnɔŋ hɑɣɑ sʋlʋm nɑ mɑ́ heeli-mɛ sɩ ɩ́ kʋ-ɩ, ɩlɛ ɩ́ kʋ-ɩ, ɩ́ tɑɑ nyɑ́, mɑ heelinɑ-mɛ. Mpʋ tɔ, ɩ́ kɑɑsɩ mǝ tɩ nɑ ɩ́ tɔɣɔ ɑpɑlʋtʋ.
29Wɑɑtʋ wei Amǝnɔŋ hɑɣɑ sʋlʋm, ɩlɛnɑ Apǝsɑlɔm tǝmlɛ nyǝ́mɑ lɑ teitei ɩsɩɩ ɩ kɑ heeluɣu-wɛ tɔ. Nɑ wulɑʋ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ kʋlɩ nɑ pɑɑ wei ɩ́ kpɑ ɩ kpɑŋɑɣɑ tɔɔ nɑ ɩ́ se.
30Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑ tɑɣɑsɑ wulɑʋ kɛ kpɑkpɑɑ sɩ Apǝsɑlɔm kʋwɑ ɩ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ pǝ tɑ kɑɑsɩ pɑɑ kʋlʋm. Pǝyele pɛlɛ pɑ wɛ mpɑɑʋ nɑ pɑ́ tɔŋɑ kpente.
31Tǝnɑɣɑlɛ wulɑʋ kʋlɑ kpɑkpɑɑ nɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ nɑ ɩ́ cǝlɩ ɩ wontu nɑ ɩ́ hǝntɩ ɑtɛ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ́ɑ́ cǝlɩ pɛlɛ pɑ nyǝntʋ tɔtɔ.
32Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑfiiti tɑɑlʋ Sɑmmɑ pǝyɑlʋ Yonɑtɑpɩ tɔmɑ sɩ: Tɑ cɑɑ, Amǝnɔŋ tike kɛ pɑ kʋwɑ, pǝ tɑɣɑ nyɑ́ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ. Apǝsɑlɔm kɑ hɑɣɑ-ɩ nɑ ɩ tɑɑ kɛ́ timpi ɩ kɑ wɑkǝlɑ ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ neu tɔɣɔ.
33Ɩlɛ wulɑʋ, tɑɑ huɣuti lotu sɩ nyɑ́ pǝyɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ sǝpǝnɑ, Amǝnɔŋ tike kɛ́.
34Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Apǝsɑlɔm sewɑ. Wulɑʋ tɑŋlʋ kʋsɑ ɩsɛ kɛ kpɑkpɑɑ, ɩlɛ ɩ nɑ sɑmɑɑ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ tɔɔ kɛlɛ pʋɣʋ cɔlɔ mpɑɑʋ tɑɑ.
35Tǝnɑɣɑlɛ Yonɑtɑpɩ tɔmɑ sɩ: Aŋhɑ, wulɑʋ, nyɑ́ pǝyɑlɑɑ tɑpǝnɑ ntɛ́ ɩsɩɩ mɑ heeluɣu-ŋ tɔ.
36Yonɑtɑpɩ nɔɣɔ tɑ tiitɑ ɑtɛ, ɩlɛ wulɑʋ pǝyɑlɑɑ tɑpɑɣɑlɛ, nɑ pɑ́ tʋlɩ nɔɔsɩ nɑ pɑ́ wii tǝkpoo nɑ wulɑʋ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ pɛlɛ pɑ luki ɩsǝlʋm.
37Apǝsɑlɔm kɑ sewɑ tɔ Amihuti pǝyɑlʋ Tɑlǝmɑyi wei ɩ kɑ kɛ́ Kesuli wulɑʋ tɔ ɩ tɛɣɛ ɩ kɑ polɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ cɑɣɑ pɩɩsɩ tooso. Nɑ Tɑfiiti nɑ́ɑ́ wiiki ɩ pǝyɑlʋ Amǝnɔŋ tɔɔ kɛ́ tɑm.
39Wulɑʋ kɔmɑ nɑ ɩ́ hɛɛsɩ ɩ tɩ lɑŋlɛ kɛ Amǝnɔŋ sǝm tɔɔ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ yele Apǝsɑlɔm kʋɣʋ tɔm kɛ pɛɛkʋɣʋ.


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Sinto
Sinto (神道, shintō) matʊ taa lɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsɔ naa nɔmɔʊ yaa kɩlɩm nɔmɔʊ) yaa sintoyɩsmɩ, pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ ɖooo Japɔŋ tɔm kɛtɩdʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Kɛlɛ panaɣ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɔ naa sakɩyɛ nɛ mba pɛtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ ɛyaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye shintō, sino-japɔŋ yaa kami no michi kalɩtʊ taa lɩwa se pɩsa nɛ paɖʊ tʊkaɣ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ puda ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ lɩna Siini nɛ ɖɩkɔɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 6 alɩwaatʊ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ sɔnɔ papɩzɩ pakalɩ-wɛ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa mɩnʊʊ mbʊ yɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ.
Paasɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔ. Pekpekiɣ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ papazɩ-ɖɩ kpaɣ Jōmon, nɛ koshintō tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Wɛɛ wena a-taa Japɔŋ ɛyaa kaatiba Azii nɛ Hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɔɔnɔɔ paa cejewiye nɖɩ nɛ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛsɔ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ nɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ lɛɛɖɛ pɔ-sɔnzɩ.
Ɖooo lɔŋ hoohoo, Japɔŋ ɛyaa lawaɣ kɩlaŋ Kami waa, pɩkɛ feziŋ wiye ɛɛwɛ lona naayɛ taa koŋ, nɛ ɛwɛna helim tɛ ɖoŋ lɩm pɔsɩ nɛ pʊŋ yɔ. Paa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patʊlʊʊ haɖaa tɛtʊ kɩfatʊ yɔ lɛ, paɖʊ nɔmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kiwoki peeɖe se pɩsa nɛ feziŋ ɛnʊ ɛkandɩ nɛ ehuuzi ɛyaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papɩzɩ pana Kami tɛ ɛyaa paa Japɔŋ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa nɛ lone naɖɩyɛ taafɛyɩ se ɖɩfɛyɩ po-ɖoŋ taa.
Pɛlɛza paɣtʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1868 Meiji wɛɛ taa mbʊ lɛ, shinto ɛsɔ sɛtʊ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpeekpe ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ Japɔŋ Ampiiri taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1872 alɩwaatʊ pasɩ shinto kɩlaʊ nakʊyʊ kiɖe (Jingikan) se pɩsa nɛ paɖʊ sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ nɛ fada naa mba palaɣ kɩlaŋ yɔ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ taa tʊma patɩŋa.


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Akropɔɔlɩ
Kaaŋ piyaɣ payaɣ size Akropooli. Kɛwɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa. Kaaŋ piyaɣ ŋ́ga, kɛwɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa ɖeyiɖeyi. Kakʋyɩ siŋŋ. Tɔmpiye 'Akropooli' tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se 'tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ'.
Ɖooo pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ caanaʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ, kaaŋ piyaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ nɔɔ lɔʋ wonuu. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu tɛɛ pɔlɔwaɣ nɔɔ ŋga. Nɛ pɔlɔwaɣ nɔɔ ŋga ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu tɛɛ peeɖe kɩlaŋ laʋ alɩwaatʋ kpeekpe. Palawaɣ kɩlaŋ ɛnʋ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩ n̄ɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ. Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɛɛ pakɩlaɣ luŋuu Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa luŋaɣ agɔlɩma ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ tɛɛ. Ñɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba kuduyiŋ ɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʋ, ɛ-taa nɩɩyɛ hɩla yɔ: Erɛkɩteyɔɔ (Érechthéion) nɛ Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ Nɩɩkɛ (Nikè). Partenɔɔ kɩbɩnʋʋ paɣlʋʋ Ɛsɔ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Kɩkɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm pɩŋŋ Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Cee yɔɔ wondu ndʋ paatɔzɩ tɩyɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ hɩla yɔ: Propylées, nɛ caanaʋ amʋʋza (théâtre antique) nɛ Dionysos nɛ pɩtasɩna odéon d'Hérode Atticus. Atɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kaaŋ piyaɣ kanɛ, halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɔ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu ɛsɩyɛ egbena kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ.


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Arɩsɛnɩkɩ
Arɩsɛnɩkɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 33 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ As. Ɛkɛ pɩkɩtɔnɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu nɛ wondu ndʊ tɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩndʊ yɔ pakpaɣ ɖama, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ pakpaɣ arɩsɛnɩkɩ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ŋgʊ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pata-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ kileɖi caŋ yɔ ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonduu taa yɔ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna siriyaki ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa, ɖɩlɩna pɛrɩsanɩ زرنيخ zarnikh nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ kpɛndʊʊ mayaɣ (pɩɩkɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ keeke ŋgʊ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pataɣ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ ɛyaa yɔ). Pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se arsenikon (ἀpσevιkόv), nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔmɩŋ taa ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ krɛkɩ maɣmaɣ tɔm yɔ arsenikos (ἀpσevιkός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwakɩ kɩɖekɛdɩm yɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ).
Pʊrɔnzɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyaa na se kpɛndɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛ pʊrɔnzɩ taa pɩtɩŋna cuviri nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ, nɛ payaa wɛɛ ana se pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ wɛɛ. Palakanaɣ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wondu yɔɔ yɔ.
Scheele tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ pɩtɩŋna arɩsɛnɩkɩ cuwiviri tɛ ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele laba pɩnaɣ 1775 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, lɛɛza kuwiviri kaŋwa tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ kpanjaɣ. Akalɩŋ kpanjaɣ, ɛ sɛzɩɣ takayɩ hatʊ, piyaa aleɣya wondu nɛ pɛleʒɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Scweinfurt tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ yɔ.


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Egbele
Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, tʋkaɣ nakayɩ wɛ pazɩ: egbele yaa neŋ kɛna halʋ yaa ɖoyo liɖe taa mba ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ yɔ. Halʋ ɖala yaa ɛ-kɔɔnaa lɛ payaɣ-ɛ se cɔzɔnaa yaa nezenaa. Pɔdɔŋ Kabɩyɛ taa se hɩnɛ cɩyʋ kodiye ɛɛcɩyʋ yaa pʋtɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se caanaa hiu, egbele kʋɖʋm. Pɔyɔɔda mbʋ yɔ, pɩkɛna se paa halʋ ɛɛwɛna walaa ɛzɩma nɛ piya ɛzɩma yɔ, piyaa tɩŋa kʋyʋʋ lɛ, egele kʋɖʋm yaa neŋ kʋɖʋm tɛ kɛ sɩwoki. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, kooʋ ñʋʋ nɛ kɩ-ñɔsɩ wɛ egbele yaa neŋ nesi tɛɛ.
Egbele nɛ neŋ pɛwɛna ɖoŋ tɩŋa kɛ koou yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɛna-wɛ kɩjɛyʋ se pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ po-koowiya hiu pa-tɩ camɩyɛ. Piyebina nɛ pɔtɔŋ kʋtɔmɩyɛ se: egbele tɔkɩna koou. Pɩwɛɛ mbʋlɛ, kabɩyɛtʋ sɩma; mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩtaawɛɛ mbʋ kɔyɔ halʋ taakɛ pʋyʋ nɔɔyʋ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ walʋʋ lɛ, ɛlɛɣzɩɣ hɔʋ nɛ hɩɖɛ. Ɛlɛ yee wiɖii nabʋyʋ ɛlaba nɛ walʋ wɛɛ kʋñɔŋ taa yaa ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, abalʋ hɔʋ taa mba pɔcɔŋna piya yaa sulaa yɔɔ camɩyɛ se pɩtaakɛdɩ nɛ egbele yaa neŋ taa wɩɩ yaa ɛñɩŋɩ.
Egbele ɛfɛyɩ, paalakɩ koou kɛ sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ. Sɔnzɩ ɖeɖe egbele cɛlɩɣna sɩɣa kɛ weyi ɛkɔ kpɩnɛ yɔ nɛ pehiziɣ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pɛcɛlɩ-ɩ hamʋʋ. Paalakɩ koou kɛ sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ neŋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Peeɖe panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se halʋ ɛfɛyɩ nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩla nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɖeu. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnzɩ ɖeɖe yeke kɛ egbelinaa nɛ neŋnaa ɖʋʋ pɔnɔsɩ. Yee palakɩ koou kɛ ñaŋ kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna egbele yaa neŋ se ɛmʋ e-koou nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛcɔlɔ aliwaatʋ cabɩ. Yee pɩwɩɣ koou nɔɔyʋ kɔyɔ, egbele yɛlɩɣna tɩwa nɛ ɛna se ɛbɛ lakɩ-ɩ nɛ yee pɩkɛ sɩm ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ, ɛñɩnɩɣ pazɩyʋ se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ pʋkʋ e-koou yɔ.


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Mediteranee Teŋgu
Mediteraniya kɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ ketenzi cɔ; kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɩyɔɔlʈaɖɩɣ kpɩɖɩ kpɩɖɩ. Pɩtʊlɩna ɖoli pazɩ. Teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ, Afrika nɛ Azia pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pamaazɩ-kʊ nɛ pɔcɔɔ pɩtaa yɔ, pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ 2,5 millions km2 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩna Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ ɖoli nɛ ɖɩnɛ walanzɩ taa maɣnɩ ɛzɩ 14km2 yɔ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖ paya teŋgu ŋgʊ mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɩna latin kʊnʊŋ taa; nɛ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se lɩm mbʊ tɛtʊ cɔɔ-pʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, Mediterrania kaakɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ palakaɣ tadɩyɛ yɔ. Lɔŋsɩnɖaa nɛ tɩlɩya ndɩ ndɩ pakataɣ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe. Ɖɩnaɣ Mezopotania tɩlɩtʊ, Egypti nɛ Persia nɛ Fenecia nɛ Kartyagen nɛ Berbernaa nɛ Grecia nɛ Romaa mba patɩlɩtʊ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ mbʊ mbʊ pɩɖɔma peeɖe yɔ pɩwɛna wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛsa-kuliye taa pɩlɩna kapaɣlɩka yɔɔ.
Mediteraniya teŋgu nɛ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Gibraltar lɩɩyɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Marmara Teŋgu nɛ Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Dardanelles nɛ Bosphore. Suez Teŋgu nɛ Mediteraniya teŋgu patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɛɛmʋʋ. Pɩkɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩɖɩɣ hɔɔlʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ nɛ ajɛya 23 nɔnɔsɩ tʊlɩ nɛ kʊyɔɔ. Ɛlɛ ajɛya nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ acɔʊ a-taa kikiii nɛ Mediteraniya Teŋgu tɔm. Rusii ajɛya kɩgaʊ ŋgba tɔŋ se Mediteraniya Teŋgu kɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ paapɩzɩɣ payaa-kʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kpayɩ yɔ. Size teŋgunaa sakɩyɛ tɩŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ pɛɖɛʊ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Adriyatiki Teŋgu tɔm pakpakɩɣna nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ tɔm ndʊ.
Mediteraniya teŋgu hɔɔlʊ taa nikaɣ nɛ sʊŋga pɔ-tɔm wɛ hɛɛɛ. Ɛlɛ wɩlɩŋ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ sʊŋga pɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, yolim taa ɛsɔtaa wɛ kaɖɛ. Tɛʊ ɛtɔmaa kɩnɩɣ, kɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ kadadayaɣ nɛ tɛtʊ ɖɛɛ lɩm ɖɔɖɔ. Alɩwaatʋ natʊyʊ taa tɛʊ pɩzɩɣ kɩnɩɩ ɛzɩ fenasɩ naadozo yaa pɩɖɛɛ pɩyɔɔ. Pʋyɔɔ yɔɔ yolim tɩkɩ lɛ, lim kɩlɩʊ nɛ pɩsʊʊ ɛyaa yɔɔ yem yem. Mbʊ pɩlaba Vaison-la-Romaine taa pɩnaɣ 1992 nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Aude taa pɩnaɣ 2000 taa. Mediteraniya Teŋgu taa lɩm sɔʊ nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ Atlantiki Teŋgu taa lɩm mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩkpeŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.


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Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ
Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ yaa cɔɔcɩ naa tomnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, kpeɣluu cɔɔcɩ naa sakɩyɛ kedeŋga taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ cɔɔcɩ naa mba papɩɣyʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ kajalaɣ paɣtʊ lʊbɛ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ pɩlɩna Krɩstʊ tɔm yɔɔ, paɣtʊ ndʊ paamawa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Siuu siuu Krɩstʊ tɔm (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ,ὈpθoδoEίa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi) yɔɔdʊʊ se palɩna kpaagbaa kɛ kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ cejewa wena alɩna Yeesuu apostolowa cɔlɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ageeta taa kɛ Roma Ampiiri taa.
Cɔɔcɩ naa pɛkpɛnda lʊbɛ nɛ pa-taa peeɖe nabayɛ tɔŋ se palɩna keekee apostolo nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ, yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyu nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ taa, Constantinople siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ apostolo André sɩ ki-kiɖe yɔ, Alexandrie cɔɔcɩ nɛ Afrika kpeekpe ŋgʊ Marc tɩna ki-kiɖe yɔ, Antioche ñɩŋʊ nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ñɩmba tɩŋa, papa lɛ apostolo waa Petro nɛ Paul sɩna paba, apostolo Jacques ñasɩɩ Jerusalem siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ, apostolo André ñasɩɩ Georgie cɔɔcɩ, Chypre ñɩŋʊ ñɛwɛɛ kʊkʊ lɛ Paul ñasɩna-kʊ nɛ Krɛɛsɩ ñɩŋʊ wɛɛ Paul tʊlɩna-kʊ.
Cɔɔcɩ naa mba pɛwɛɛ sakɩyɛ Krɩkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ ageeta taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ Mediteranɛɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛdɛŋa taa kiŋ:
Sɩlavɩ ajɛyɛ taa kiŋ:
Siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ naa laɣ kɩlaŋ pɩlɩna sɔnzɩ kagbanzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ (byzantin, arménien, antiochien, chaldéen nɛ alexandrien), Pakalʊʊ Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ nɛ kɩlaŋ tɔm ajɛyɛ taa nɔɔnɔɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa yaa kɩbɩnjaazɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa (arameni kʊnʊŋ taa, arameni cɔɔlɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Krɛkɩ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kʊnʊŋ, Sɩlavɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.


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Fanadɩyɔm
Fanadɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 23 nɛ Yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa V. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ pana-ɩ nɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa taa. Pakɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ taa. Fanatɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ, kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩɩpʊkɩ yɔ paa ɖʊʊyʊ wonduu kaawɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paa kɩlɔrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa yaa sʊfɩrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ.
Fanadɩyɔm hiɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Vanadis waa tɛ Dís, hɩɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ se Freyja, sɩkandɩnafɩ maamɩ keɖeɣa tʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ nɛ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna keɖeɣa wondu ndʊ tɩwɛna tɔlɩm sakɩyɛ. Andrés Manuel del Rio ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛkɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Mexico tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1801. Kɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Pʊlɔɔ huluu sɛmɩŋ ñɩŋʊ (ɛnʊ payaɣ nɔɔnɔɔ se fanadɩnɩtɩ). Ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa ɛna sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩna krom cɔlɔ, nɛ ɛya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ panchromium.
Ɛtakɩlɩ ɖoŋ, fanatɩyɔm kɛ ŋñɩɩtɩɩ pɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ kɩjɛyɩɣ tʊ nɔyʊ pɩdɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa. Yuŋ nɛ kelema wɛ cɛyɩtʊ piŋ nɛ palʊkɩn-ɩ nɛ pɛ-tɛ paɣlaka nɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ. Paɖɩna kpɛlɛkʊʊ se fanatɩyɔm ɛpɩsɩ kɔyɛ nɛ paalaʊbɩna sikiri kʊdɔŋ.
Fanatɩyɔm tatɩɩ ɖɔʊ teŋgʊ lɩm taa (kpaɣ kʊyʊm ŋtalɩ 3ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ), ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ 1,22 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ Laurent Kiɖeɖeu lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa nɛ 1,19 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ Atlantiki Hayi yɔɔ kiŋ taa yaa 1,2 ŋtalɩ 1,8 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Sargasse teŋgʊʊ taa, 1,53 ŋtalɩ 2,03 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ taa.