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Cɔlɩyɛ yaa laɣsɩ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ
John Wesley sɩɣʊ kpeleɣ Wesley Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlabɩna-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1778 se pɩkɛ ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ kiɖe Londre tɛtʊ taa. Sɩɣʊ kpelesi tɛ laɣsɩ kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛtɛɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ. Pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtʊɣʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ aŋglɩkan cɔɔcɩ yɔ, cɔlɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ pɩɣyɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖikpeɣluu cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, kɛlɛ patɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pa-maɣzɩm lɩna John Wesley cɔlɔ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa. Pɩkɛ cɔɔcɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa mbʊ lɛ, cɔɔlɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaɣzɩ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Ɛŋglɩsɩ nayʊ George Whitefield yɔɔ, kɛlɛ John Wesley kaakɛna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ-tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ, ŋgʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ paasɩma kʊkʊ yɔ kizi ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ kpeekpe.
Ŋgʊ George Whitefield kaawɛ ŋñɩɩ lɛ e-tisim kɛ ɛsɔ yɔɔ kaapaɣla piŋ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna-ɩ. Ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Etaazuunii tɔm susuu nɛ halɩ ɛtamaɣzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm, papazɩ pɩkɛtɩna-ɩ piŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛpɩsanaɣ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ yɔ, pɩlɩna Mooravi Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyaa mba pɛyɛlɩɣ yɔ tɛ tisuu yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ helim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ kaamakaɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ nɛ Mooravi ɛyaa mba paɩsɩ ɛgbaɣdɩnaa nɛ piseɣti-ɩ kɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1738 lɛ, piɖiyi-ɩ nɛ ɛkatɩ Ɛsɔ, kɛlɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yɛlʊʊ nɛ kpaŋnʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɛ taa nɛ esusuu Ɛsɔ Tɔm, ekpeɣluu ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ awayi nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ-wɛ, kɛlɛ aŋglɩkan ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɛma wɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ taasɔɔlɩ ɛ-tʊma.
John Wesley kekeŋaɣ ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɔŋ nɛ pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛtʊlɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ sukuli naa sakɩyɛ kʊñɔndɩtʊ ageeta taa nɛ ɛñɔtʊna-wɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛlʊba nɛ ɛɖaŋ yomtu tɔm yɔ. Cɔɔlɩyaa yaa laɣsɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ ɖɩñɔɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ Wesley kaawɛ Ɛsɔ susiyaa sukuli nakʊyʊ taa, ɖenɖe ɛkpɛlɛka ɛyaa sukuli atɩma laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ siyeki se Krɩstʊ cejewiye ehuu nɛ ɛyaa kɩfama tisim kpa ɖoŋ yɔ.


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Caama
Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tuuɖe kedeŋa ŋga payaɣ se Eerɔpʋ yɔ kɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ajɛya. Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Hayʊ teŋu, Taanemarɩkɩ nɛ Palitiki Teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Otirisi nɛ Suwiisi ajɛya, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊiyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ, Lugizamburi, Pɛlɩsiki nɛ Peyiiba ajɛya. Caama tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Pɛrɩlɛɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Hamburg, Munich nɛ Polɔɔñɩ. Komina loniye sɔsɔyɛ wɛ Pɛɛrlɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Pɔɔnɩ. Tɛtʊ ndu payaɣ se Frankfort-sur-Main yɔ, ndʊ lɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tɛ tɛtʊ.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ waa 15 taa kɛ caama mba mba pawɛ Caama nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, pɛkpɛnda nɛ pɛwɛɛ mbʊ payaɣ se prootɛsɩtaŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba yɔ pɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 1933 kɛ Naazii waa kpaɣ kehiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩla mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ paaza. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ tɛma nɛ pahaba Naazii sɔɔjana lɛ, Caama lesi kɩ-tɛtʊ kpeekpe nɛ kɩtɛyɩ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, RFA nɛ RDA ñɛwɛɛ Sooviyetiki ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ nesi tɛɛ.
Pɩɩtɛyɩ mbʊ lɛ, koloŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɩ kaakaɣna ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Pɛɛrlɛnɩ koloŋa. Pinaɣ 1989 tɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ koloŋa ŋga kɔyɔka nɛ pɩkɔma aloma fenaɣ 1990 lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʊ ɛkpɛndɩ. Caama mba kʊnʊŋ kɛ Caama nɛ euro kɛ pɔtɔkɩ se liidiya.
Caama taa samaɣ kɛ milionaa 81 nɛ peeɖe eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ kɛ europia ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba wena payaɣ se Union européenne yɔ a-taa. peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ, Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel, kɛna ɛzɩ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kpem yɔ nɛ paa anɩ ɛhaɣ-ɩ ñamtʊ sɩŋŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ. pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ wena akpakɩɣ atɔsʊʊ nɛ añɩm nɛ apɛdɩɣ nɛ agbaa yɔ. Ajɛya 28 wena awɛ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ yɔ a-taa lɛ, Caama taa koŋ kɛ tʊma ñɩnɩya tɔɖɔɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩyɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 kanɛ ka-taa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa ceeke naanza nɛ hɔɔlʊ ɖeke ñɩniʊ na tʊmɩyɛ se pala. Caama tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa hɛza nɛ paalakɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ caaa.
Caama nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya lɛɛna panɩna nɛ ɖama nɛ pɔñɔzɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ G7 taa, G20 taa, nɛ pɩtasɩna OTAN kɩgaʊ taa. Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ liidiya ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ tɛ koozaɣ sɔsɔɣa wɛɛ, pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kpeekpe t;ɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ nɛ teŋgʊ yɔɔ waɖɛ tɛ kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ.

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Abɩɩjaŋ
Abɩɩjaŋ kɛna Kotidivuwarɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ ɛlɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa politiki nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Yamusokuro. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpeekpe ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa lɛ Abvɩɩjaŋ tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.
Ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Abɩɩjaŋ tɛtʊ kɛŋna naalɛ nɖɩ walanzɩ taa nɛ naatozo nɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakali ɛyaa kɛ Kotidivuwarɩ lɛ, Abɩɩjaŋ taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 4 707 000 yaa ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ peeɖe ɖeke ɛyaa wɛ nɛɛlɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpeekpe ajɛya tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa lɛ, Leegɔsɩ ɖeke taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɛ Abɩɩjaŋ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Robert Beugré Mambé nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 kɛ palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛlakɩ pɩnzɩ nakʊ yaa ɛzɩ ɛtɛŋ pɩnaɣ 2020.


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Kazakisitanɩ
Kazakisitanɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩhɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ wɛna Aazi ilemiye hɛkʊ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ pɩnɛ Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩkɩlɩna Urali Pɔsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa.
Pamaza Kazakisitanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 27 244 900 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 17 948 816 pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5,7 yɔ kɛ km2 yɔɔ. Saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Noursoultan Nazarbaïev nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Bakytjan Saguintaïev.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ kazakɩ nɛ rusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Astana ɛlɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Almatii. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +7 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu ndʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se mɛntɛ Kazakisitanɩ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Teŋge.


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Tɛtʋ Kikizitu
Tɛtʋ kikizitu kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa caɣya yea Siini ɛjaɖe mba yaa yem yɔɔlɩɩ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ. Patasɩ paya tɛtʋ nʋ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ. Tɛtɛ Kikizitu tʋnɛ, tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbaŋga sʋsaɣ nakɛyɩ. Nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ payatʋ se Peekɛɛ yɔ tɩ-taa.
Nɛ peɖe ɛjaɖɛ wiyau sʋsɔ wɛɛ. Hɔʋ ŋgʋ paya-kʋ size Ming yɔ, ɖɩtɔzɩ size kɩ-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋndina cɛŋga lɩwaana. Nɛ sʋsɔ ɖa-caa Yongle kaɣkɛna wiyau sʋsɔ naadozo n̄ɩnʋ aliwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Peɖee pɩcɔ nɛ pabazɩɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩmatʋ lɛ, sʋsɔ ɛnʋ ɛhana nɔɔ nɛ paba matʋ ndʋ.
Papazaɣ matʋ ndʋ Pɩnaɣ 1406 taa nɛ pɛtɛmmdʋ pɩnaɣ 1420 taa mbɩ yɔ. Mbɩ yɔ wɩlɩɣna size pamakʋ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ nɛ naanaza(14). Ɛjaɖe n̄ʋʋdʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛwɛna hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size walanzɩ yaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ fɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.
Ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yaa ɛ-walanzɩ taa makʋna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtarɩna hiŋ lʋbɛ(70) mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩtaasʋ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ yaa kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛɛ n̄ʋʋndɩna ɖɛsɩ taa yaa pakalɩɣ kɔyɔ. Kɛtɛ kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ kɩlɩɣ n̄ɔɔzʋʋ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ size sɩwɛ nɛ paatɩlɩzɩ cee wzyɩ yɔ sɩ-taa.
Nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa mbɩ yɔ, ɛpɩsaɣ keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖaɣ sʋsaɣ. Kɛkɛ wiyau ɖaɣ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩŋga sʋsaɣ ŋga pasɩɣ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋ yaa cee n̄ɩm yɔ. Nɛ ɖaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ka-taa peɖe pana ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna ɛzɩma pɩcɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɛ kuliye pɩɩkpaʋ nɛ ɖooo caanaʋ taa yɔ.
Siini ɛjaɖɛ mba, ɛɛkaɣ paɣ wiɖi kɛ sɔʋʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tʋma kɩbana kɩbana, kajala n̄ɩna nɛ feveɖe n̄ɩna wɛ peɖe kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Nayɛ kɔyɔ: taʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ; nɛ cɩnjɩnɔɔ sɛʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ cʋʋ matʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋn, nɛ pɩtasɩna minziiki wondu lɩzɩɣ, nɛ calɩm kifidim tʋmɩyɛ labʋ.


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Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel
Ñazɩyʊ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu kɛna tiiyu weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-tɔm kɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩɖeɖeɣa taa nɛ Kooraŋ taa yɔ. Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa lɛ, Ñazɩyʊ Sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu kɛŋna weyi Ɛsɔ tii Pɛlɛ Maria kelekele tʊ cɔlɔ se ehe-i se ɛkaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yaɖʊ lʊlʊʊ nɛ fezuu lakasɩ taa yɔ. Paa nɛ takayaɣ kiɖeɖɣa taa yaa kooraŋ taa paayaɣ-ɩ se Ñazyɩʊ sɔsɔ kɔyɔ, pasɩma-ɩ se ɛkɛna Tɔm Kɩpandʊ heeyu.
Nɔɔ haʋ kɩbɩnʋʋ taa lɛ, Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu kɛŋna weyi ɛlɩza nayʊ Daanɩɛlɩ kɛ e-ɖoziye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛna hɩyaʊ nɛ tʊlʊʊ mbɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ yɔ. Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu ɛŋɛ, ɛnʊ yɔɔdɩna nɛ nayʊ nɔɔ se kawɩlaɣ nakayɩ kaɣ wɩlɩɣ kpɩtaŋ 70 taa.
Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu tɔbʊʊ nɛ hebra taa kɛlɛ se Ɛsɔ Ɖoŋ yaa Ɛsɔ kɛna mɔnɖoŋ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwɩlɩɣ ɛ-tɩ kɛ nɔɔyʊ kɛ ɖom taa yaa ɖoziye taa yɔ, ɛtalɩ ɛyʊ saɖaɖaɖa (Dan 8:15; Dan 12:7). Ɛkɛ ɛzɩ weyi ɛwɛ Ɛsɔ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Kooraŋ taa lɛ, Ala yɔɔdɩɣnɛ ɛ-nayaa nɛ tiiyaa nɔsɩ yaa ɖoza taa nɛ Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu.
Kulina kaɣlaa kɛ Ala tɔm yɔɔ nɛ ɛwili-tʊ e-Tiiyu Mohamet kɛ lone nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Hiiraa yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kooraŋ taa, Tiiyu Mohamet na Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu kɛ tɔm nabʊlɛ nɛ ɛkʊyɩ ñaba.


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Marie Curie
Palʊla Marie Curie (ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛlɛ se: Maria Salomea Skłodowska herbu Dołęga) aloma fenaɣ lʊbɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1867 kɛ Farsoovii, Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 4 wiye pɩnaɣ 1934 kɛ sanatorium de Sancellemoz, kɩwɛ Passy, Haute-Savoie kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ fiziki tʋ nɛ chimiste kɛ Pologne ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ kɛ fransɩɩ tʊ.
Payaɣ ɛ-walʊ se Pierre Curie; ɛ-na-ɩ pamʊ ñɩnya tɛ samtʊ nimiye naɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1903 nɛ paya-ɖɩ se Prix Nobel de physique. Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ lɛ, Henri Becquerel ñamʊna-kʊ. Nima ana, pɩlɩna pa-tʊma wena palaba nɛ pɩlɩɩna pa-tʊma kɛ radiations waa yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1911 lɛ, e-ɖeke ɛmʊ samtʊ nimiye lɛɛɖɛ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ prix Nobel de chimie pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʊma kɛ polonium nɛ radium pɔ-yɔɔ. E-ɖekɛ ɛkɛna halaa taa halʊ weyi ɛmʊ samtʊ nima naalɛ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ taa yɔ. ɛ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Linus Pauling weyi ɛlɛ mʊ chimie tɛ samtʊ nimiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ paya-ɖɩ se prix Nobel de chimie pɩnaɣ 1954 pɩtasɩna laŋhɛzɩyɛ samtʊ nimiye pɩnaɣ1962; ɖɩɖɩ lɛ Prix Nobel de la paix. Marie Curie kɛna halʊ weyi ɛkɛna kacalaɣ-tʊ halaa taa se ɛna ɛ-walʊ pamʊ samtʊ sɩka lɩyʊʊ nɛ pɩlɩɩna pa-tʊma kɛ radium yɔɔ yɔ nɛpayaɣ-kʊ se médaille Davy yɔ.
Paa ɛɛpɩsa ɛ-tɩ fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-walɩtʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, Marie Curie tɔsɔɔ ɖenɖe ɛlɩnaa yɔ. Ɛsɩma mbʊ se ɛkɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛka e-pɛlaa kɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, ewokina-wɛ peeɖe ɖɔŋ ɖoŋ. Payaɣ heelim mbʊ se Polonium yɔ, Marie Curie lɩzɩna-ɖɩ nɛ ɛɛsɔɔla camɩyɛ mbʊ se ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ.


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Tayi Kʋnʋŋ
Tayi kɛna Tayi kadayi pɩlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ Tayilandi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ pawɩlʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ komina tʊma taa. Tayilandi ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ mba payaɣ-wɛ se Tayi Siyamua yɔ pɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ pawɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔoɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kakpanzɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.
Mba wɛna kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ mba kpaɣna pakʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ se ŋgʊ pʊwɛ se pawɩlɩ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ komina taa nɛ pamaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ aseɣla tɔm heyu takayɩsɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɩ-daa kɔyɔ: Isaŋ, Muwaŋ, Pak tayi. Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩ-lɩkyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ mba pɔyɔɔdʊ -kʊ pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 15 nɛ 20 pa-taapiyele nɛ muwaŋ lɛ Tayilandi nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ.


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Fra Angelico
Palʋla Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1455 taa Room.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro payaɣa ɖooo lɔŋ se Fra Angelico. Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa mba payaɣ se Angelico waa yɔ, payaɣna-ɩ se Fra Angelico. Ɛ-ɖɔndɩyɛ taa ñɩma ñayawaɣ-ɩ se Fra-Giovanni da Fiesole. Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pʋcɔ pɩnaɣ 1555 talɩ.
Paya takayaɣ ŋga se ''Weziŋ caɣʋ''. Ka-taa peeɖe pamawa se ɛnʋ payaɣ Giovanni Fra Angelico. Pakʋma-ɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ''Ɛsɔtiyiyaa tɛ tɔlɩm tayʋ". Ɛta kamaŋaɣ nakayɩ tɔlɩm pɩnaɣ 1423.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro kɛ Room tɛtʋ taa tɔlɩm tayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Room tɛtʋ kɛŋna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-tɔm takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Giorgio Vasari yɔ ɛyɔɔda nɛ ɛtɔ se Ɛsɔ ha-ɩ tɩlɩtʋ ndʋ yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ kpem. Sɔsɔ Giorgio vasari tɔma ɖɔɖɔ se Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro tɩlɩtʋ ɖe pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Se, tɩ-wayɩ fɛyɩ. Ɛkaɖa kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩtɛkɛ paa anɩ pɩhaɣ pɩ-tɛ tɩlɩtʋ.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro kɛ Ɛsɔ tʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se e-wezuu caɣʋ tataa cɩnɛ kamʋna Ɛsɔ pɩɣa. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩleɖi pazɩ lɛ, papɩsɩ-ɩ ''Ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu''. Papɩsa-ɩ Ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu lɛ, paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Fiesole tɛtʋ taa Yohanɛɛsɩ Koboyaɣ tʋ.


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Lɩvɛrɩmɔrɩyɔm
Lɩvɛrɩmɔrɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaaɣ kɔyɔ Lv) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 116. Ɛ nɛ ʊnʊnhɛsɩyɔm palɩ ɖama kɛ IUPAC yatʊ paɣtʊ taa, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 116 matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2000, kɛlɛ pesida-ɩ nɛ 248Cm(48Ca,3n)293Lv kɛ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) Dubna tɛtʊ taa Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
IUPAC tisa ɛ-natʊ tɔm yɔɔ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2011, nɛ paha-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa nɖɛ agooza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2012 pɩlɩna Lawrence Livermore takʊʊ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ, tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩwɛ Livermore Kaliforni tɛtʊ taa.
Pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ nɛ ɛfɛyɩ ɖiɣɖiɣ kpaa kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ agbele naa naanaza mba pasɩma-wɛ tɔʊ cɛnzɩ piŋ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa kpata yɔɔ lɛ, paɖʊ-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm kʊñɔndɩnaa pʊtʊnaa taa kɛnɛ, kɛlɛ patatɩɩ ɖʊta-ɩ pʊtʊnaa nabayɛ liɖe taa.
Kpɛlɛkɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ ñɔkɔɔ ɖomaɣ nɛ agoza fenasɩ taa pɩnaɣ 2001, nɛ tʊtʊ ñawɩlɩɣ lɩvɛrɩmɔrɩyɔm tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa naalɛ kɩfama. Pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ pana 293Lv tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa lutozo pɩnzɩ naanaza wayi.


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Kobalti
Kobalti kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-yʊsaɣ matʊ kɔyɔ Ar 4s23d7 yɔ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naalɛ tʊ pɩlʊʊ lutozo ñɩŋʊ kɩtɩlɩsɩnaʊ tɛɛ. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ nɛ ɛ-nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛkpɛndɩ pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se e-tomnaɣ wɛtʊ kɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ. Ɛtɛkɛ cosiyaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔ. Kobalti kɛ koloŋa 9 tɛ pʊtʊ kɛlɛ natozo kajalaɣ ñɩmba yɔ Co Rh nɛ Ir, mba nɛ kobalti pɛkpɛndɩna pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ.
Kobalti ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ ɛzɩ tɔlɩm, ndɩ ndɩ sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ palakaɣ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo Hayi Canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 2600 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa yaa Mesopotami ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ lɛ Babilone ñɔñɔɔ kɛlɛ. Mbʊ lɛ canaʊ tɛtʊ wondu kɩbɩndʊ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ na tɔlɩm yuulee cʊʊ ñanzɩ yɔɔ yaa tɛtʊ kɩhɔbɩtʊ yɔɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm kicisi nzɩ paata sɩ-yɔɔ yuulee tɔlɩm yɔ kaakɛ kʊyʊmʊm kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 2200 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ Iran.
Pɩnaɣ 1735, Sʊyɛɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Georg Brant pɩnzɩ (1694 ŋtalɩ 1768) pɩza yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛpɩza nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɛ ñɩɣlɩm cikpem nabʊyʊ, pʊhʊlʊma caʊʊ, pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ pɩpɛlɩɣ, nɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kɛɛkɛɛ yɔ ɛyaa se kobalti.
Tʊma wena keŋkeŋ palaba mbʊ yɔ wɛɛ tamɩyɛ tɛɛ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1780 Torbern Olof Bergman ɖanɩɣ pazɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ panaɣ tovonum Georg Brandt kaanaʊʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩkɔma kpaɣɖʊ 19, kobalti yuulee ñɩŋʊ wɛʊʊ yɔ Nɔrvɛzɩ Blaaforvaerket lukaɣna-kʊ (kedeŋa kpeekpe taa kiyeke kulukaɣ pɩtalɩɣ 70 nɛ 80%) kɛlɛ Prusi Benjamin Wegner cɔŋaɣnaɣ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ.


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Bɛrkɛlɩyɔm
Bɛrkɛlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 97 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Bk. Poluba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1949 pɩlɩna Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Kenneth Street nɛ Albert Ghiorso Berkeley Kaliforni sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa.
Kajalaɣ agbele ŋgʊ pɛlɛɛ-kʊ labʊ yɔ kɩɩwɛna ñʊʊ 243 nɛ kɩmʊkɩ ŋñɩɩ ŋñɩɩ kɛ ñɩɣtʊ 4,5 mbʊ yɔ. Paalaba agbele naa hiu lalaa ɖooo pitihiɣ. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, bɛrkɛlɩyɔm tʊma tɔɖɔɔ tadɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
243Bk nɛ 246Bk kɛ pʊtʊna palaba-wɛ pɩtɩŋna pɔyɔkʊʊ amɛrɩsɩyɔm yaa kʊrɩyɔm ɛlɛ alɩfa kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna. 247Bk pehiyi-ɩ pɩtɩŋna Cf laatriki miŋ yɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ (ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛlɩna pɔyɔkʊʊ kʊrɩyɔm 244 yɔ pɩtɩŋna alɩfa pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ. Agbele pʊtʊnaa mba pakɩlɩ yuŋ yɔ palɩna plʊtɔnɩyɔm mancaɣ yem cɔlɔ.


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Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann kɛ Caama hendu lɩzɩyʊ, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1810 kɛ Zwickau tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1856 taa kɛ Endenich (ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Bonn tɛtʊ yɔ). Ɛ-tɛ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛzɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ, nɖɩ paakɩlɩ sɩm kpaɣɖʊ 19 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Eerɔpʊ kaawɛ kɩlɛzɩɣ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ yɔ. Robert Schumann kɛ pɩɣa kɩgbaanzɩ ŋga August Shumann cɔlɔ 1773-1826) nɛ ɛ-halʊ Christane Schnade (1771-1836). Schumann kaakɛ taakyasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ pɛdɩyʊ, mayʊ nɛ takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ lɩzɩyʊ.
Schumann labɩ sukuli kɛ nesi tɛ sukuli taa nɛ Zwickau hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa. Peeɖe ɛkpɛlɛka Latɛŋ nɛ Krɛkɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ. Ɛkpɛlaka kajalaɣ taa kɛ piyano tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Johann Gottfried Kuntsch cɔjɔtʊ naŋ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ cɔlɔ.
Leipzig ɖoo canaʊ taa lɛ, pakalaɣ ɛyaa 41000 yeke tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtaa nɛ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ naalɛ ndʊ kɛ Saxe taa kɛ Dresde egeetiye taa. Tɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩgbalaŋ kɩyakʊ lone nɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ nɛ sɩ-lɩyaa (Brockhaus, Reclam, Breitkopf nɛ Härtel), papa yɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki tɔm. Gewandhaus soo maɖʊ makɩ soo nayɛ wena wiɖi Schumann tanɩɣ-yɛ kaʊ yɔ, akɩlɩ ɖeu pɩsɩna sɔnɔ yɔ. Takayasɩ nzɩ ɛmaɣ e-ɖoo yɔ ɛlʊkaɣna-ɩ sɩ-taa piŋ ɛlɛ, ɛtafɛyɩ keeke sukuli lɩmaɣzaɣ taa nɛ eyele ɛlakɩ miziiki aŋgba nɛ ɛyʊ yɔ lɩmaɣzaɣ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɛtʊ taa.
Pʊnɔmɔʊ taa ɛkata piyano naa lʊɖʊ Friedrich Wieck. Wiech, pʊkɔmnana ɛyɔɔ kɛlɛ nɛ ɛsɔlɩ kɛsɛɣa kadadayaɣ mbʊ lɛ, kaaɖʊ laɣsɩ nɛ wɛtʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛlɛkɩna piyano. Pɩlabʊ nɛ ɛwɛna sukuli piyaa sakɩyɛ, pada kɛlɛ ɛ-pɛlɛ Clara, weyi palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1819 taa, weyi ɛkpɛlɛkaɣ se pɩɣa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛka ɖoo ka-caa cɔlɔ lɔŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ pɩ-tɛ wɛɛ taa. Kɛlɛ kowolo kajalaɣ wobitu kɛ Gewandhaus soo ɖɩmaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1828 taa. Schumann kpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ɛpɩsɩ Wiech tɛ sukuli pɩɣa nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ piyaanoo, tʊzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩyɛ nɛ mabɩtʊ lɔŋ.
Paskaa alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1829, ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ɛsɩɣ ɛ-tʊma Heidelberg tɛtʊ taa ɛmalɩna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ehiɣ ɛcɔlɩ ɛ-sukuli nɔmɔʊ taa ɖɔnɛ. Kɛlɛ ɛcaŋ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza nɛ ɛɖɛ nɔmɔʊ kɩyɛɛna nɛ salaŋ fenasɩ taa kɛ nɔmɔʊ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ ɖenɖe kaakɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ ɖiwoɖe Caama loŋ sɩnɖa yɔ.


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Tiyamaɣ
Mbʊ payaɣ se tiyamaɣ yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Karɩbɔnɩ nɛ mamatina nɛ lɔnsdaleyiti (lonsdaléite) pɛwɛ tiyamaɣ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se alotrɔpʊ yɔ pɩwɛ tiyamaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩlakɩ nɛ ɖɔmbɛ wɛɣ tiyamaɣ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu tɩŋa taa lɛ, tiyamaɣ kɩlɩnɖoŋ.
Tɔmpiye «diamant» ɖɩlɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩ-tɛɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ sz «diamas, -anti ». Nɔɔ kʊhɔmaɣ masɩ loniye cɔlɔ pɩlɩnaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔmpiye «aimant». Ɖooo lɔŋ lɛ, tɔmpiye aimant tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, payaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ se «aimant». Mbʊ labɩna nɛ payaɣ ñɩɣtʊ hɔm pɩyɛ se «aimant». Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ yebina nɛ tɔmpe wena apaɣzɩɣna «dia» yɔ, apɩsɩ «diamant». Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ tiyamaɣ se «adamas». Tɔmpiye adamas lɩnɩ tɔmpiye «adamastos» cɔlɔ. Tɔmpiye adamastos tɔbʊʊ nɛ Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se mbʊ pɩɩcɩɣyɩɣ yɔ, mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ.
Payaa tɔm piye adamastos kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ kpaakpaa mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pʊwayɩ pakpaɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se diamant. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ pakpakɩɣ nɛ poluki hɔzɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ agɔlɩma wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Agɔlɩma ana a-ɖeke koŋ asɩmna ɛzɩma palakɩ nɛ pɔñɔɔzʊʊ nɛ pʊcɔ poluki po-wondu yɔ. Ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Héraclès yɔ, tiyamaɣ polubina e-kokoɖe. Tiyamaɣ ɖɔɖɔ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Cronos yɔ ɖi-loozo. Ŋgʊ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se Æétès yɔ ɖɩ-ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩhayɩnaʊ. Ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Prométhée yɔ ɖɩ-kpasɩ.


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Cʊʊ ñanzɩ tʊmɩyɛ
Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ. Papɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ paya cʋʋ n̄anzɩ nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ size Cʋʋ tɛ tɔɔnaɣ yaa mɩzaɣ yɔɔ wonuu. N̄anaɣ yaa yaa wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ mbʋ pamana tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ mayʋ kɛ payaɣ yaa pɛcɛlɛ hɩɖɛ size cʋʋ wondu mayʋ yaa tɛtʋ wondu mayʋ. Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkpakʋ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ nɛ ɛma pɛŋ weyi ɛ-taa paɖʋ sʋlʋm yaa lɩm nɛ pɔn̄ɔʋ yɔ.
Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛpɩzʋʋ ɛma ɖɔɖɔ peɣsi nzɩ palakɩna cotu yaa anasayɩ ɖɔm leleŋ n̄ɩmbʋ yɔ. Pama tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɖoozi yaa mʋtʋ n̄anzɩ cikpesi. Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛna lɛɣtʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Cʋʋmayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛlakɩ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ wena nɛ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ, pɩkɛna mbʋ pʋwazʋʋ siŋŋ kɛ mɩzaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ.
Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ matʋ tʋma kpeekpe payɩ kɛ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "céramique". Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kɛ, pɔlɔkɩna kolonzɩ yaa kuduyuŋ. Palakɩna cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "carreau" waa yɔ. Pawazʋ nɛ pɔpɔʋ kuduyuŋ tɛɛ. Cʋʋmayʋ maɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm n̄ɔʋ kɔbɩnaa yaa sʋlʋm caɖasɩ. Yee palaba haɖaa ɖoli kɔyɔ, caɖasɩ kɛ pɛdɛyʋna sʋlʋm. Afrika ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Togo. Togo kɛna Afrika ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paa sɔnzɩ nzɩ pa-caɣ labʋ kɔyɔ, pʋpɔzʋ caɖa yɔ yaa cʋʋ wonuu.
Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ wazʋʋ nɛ pama mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "tuyaux" waa yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ kɩmanatʋ tʋnɛ, tɩlɩwa pɩlaba alɩwaatʋ cabɩ. Pɩkɛna ɖoo lɔndaa canaʋ tɔm wɛɛ taa. Pacalɩna tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ taŋ nɩʋ kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnaɣ kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋ taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Pɩkɔma pazɩ-ɩ lɛ, palɩɩ matʋ ndʋ tɩtaŋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ taa.


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Kanɖʋ
Pɔlɔɔn̄ɩ tʋ nɔɔyʋ lubina kanɖʋ. Ɛkɛ kɔ pɛdɩyʋ. Payaɣ-ɩ se, "Ignacy Lukasiewicz". Pɩnaɣ 1853 taa elubi-kʋ. Pɩkɛ fɩtɩla ŋgʋ kɩwɛna n̄eneɣa kɩ-tɔbʋʋ tɛɛ yɔ. N̄eneɣa ŋga, ka-taa paɖʋʋ karazɩm. Paɖʋʋ nimaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄eneɣa ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ nimaɣ ŋ́ga, kɔ-nɔɔ lɩɩna n̄eneɣa nɛ haŋ kiŋ. Nimaɣ ŋ́ga kɔ-yɔɔ kaɖazɩm tɩŋɩɣna nɛ pɔsɔkɩ kɔ-nɔɔ taa miŋ. Kanɖʋ yaɖɛ kendiɣna nɛ heelim eeɖizi miŋ. Kanɖʋ miŋ naɣ ɖeu. Ŋgʋ lɛɣzɩna mutuke kpaɣnɩ pɩnaɣ 1780 taa. Poluba-kʋ nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ mutuke pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma mbʋ ki-nimaɣ n̄ɔʋ kaɖazɩm n̄ɔʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kaɖazɩm pɩzɩɣ pɩkpa nimaɣ taa pɩtalɩ santimɛtɛnaa hiu mbʋ yɔ. Kanɖʋ ŋgʋ paɖʋʋ kɩ-taa kaɖazɩm mbʋ yɔ, palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖoo taa ɖɩɣa taa. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa lɛ, kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pa-taa nimasɩ wɛ kuluŋkulu. Pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa ŋgʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ lɛɛkʋ se "bec Kosmos". Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɔɖɔɔna-kʋ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɩ-kpalɩbanaa pɩzɩɣ pɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ miŋ nɛ ɛtasɩ nandʋʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Payaa lɛɛkʋ se, "bec Matador". Kʋkʋ n̄eneɣa n̄awalaa nɛ ki-miŋ walɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɩ-kpalɩba wɛ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ pɩhaɣ miŋ waɖɛ se ɛn̄andɩ mbʋ pɩmaɣ-ɩ yɔ.
Kanɖʋnaa mba paba n̄ɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa nimasɩ n̄ɛwɛ tayɩ, sɩ-labʋ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ pɛkpɛkɩɣ-sɩ naalɛ naalɛ. Pa-kpalɩbanaa wɛ hʋyɩŋ nɛ pɩnaɣ pa-taa camɩyɛ ɛzɩ panaʋ-wɛ "westerns" waa taa yɔ. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pa-kpalɩbanaa yeki nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛɖɔk-wɛ nɛ ɛyɛlɩna nɛ heelim eeɖiziɣ pe-miŋ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, kanɖʋnaa kɛwɛ tindima naalɛ taa: Tindimiye kɩpɩnɖɛ: ɖɩɖɩ palakaɣ nɛ heelim mbʋ pɩkpaɣ yɔ pɩsaɣ miŋ. Tindimiye ńɖɩ, ɛyaa yeba-ɖɩ. Tindimiye kɩfaɖɛ: ɖɩɖɩ palakɩ nɛ heelim niɣdiɣ ɖɩnɖɩ. Wayɩ wayɩ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ , ńɖɩ wɛnɩ ɖeu kpem. Ɖɩkɩlɩ lɛɛɖɛ ɖoŋ. Tindima naalɛ ána, a-kanɖʋnaa ta animasɩ wɛ taŋ tayɩ nɛ a-kpalɩbanaa wɛɛ hʋyɩŋ poyi poyi nɛ pamaɣzɩ ɖaɣlʋʋ. Naʋ: Kanɖʋnaa ḿba pa-naalɛ Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋ. Tindimiye kɩpɩnɖɛ, ɖe-heelim saɣ miŋ. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba pɛwɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ (Guillourd lubina-kʋ, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʋ). N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ camɩyɛ yɔ eyolosaa nɛ elubina-wɛ.
Kanɖʋnaa lɛɛla n̄ɛwɛɛ, pan̄ɩkɩɣ kɩn̄ʋʋ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pe-miŋ ɖeɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa poluba-wɛ. N̄ɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ poyolosuu nɛ polukina-wɛ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋʋ yɔ: "cérium", "thorium" nɛ yttrium. Pɩnaɣ 1885 taa heelim taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnɩyʋ ɖajaa Carl Auer Von Welsbach na-tʋ. Ɛkɛ Otirisi tʋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩn̄ɩlɩnzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo yɔ, wiɖiyi patana n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɩlɩnzɩɣ ḿbʋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ nɛ laatiriki miŋ paanaɣ se awakɩ n̄ɩlɩnzʋʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pakpaɣ n̄ɩɣtʋ ńdʋ nɛ polubina lɩmɖɛ lɔɔɖa miŋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "réverbères waa" yɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Poluba kaɖazɩm kaɖʋnaa nɛ Petromax n̄ɩma nɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋʋna. Pan̄ɩkɩɣ Petromax n̄ɩma yɔɔ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ. Kanɖʋnaa mba polubi-wɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ ńdʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna n̄eneɣa nakɛyɛ, ka-taa pɔmpɩ ŋgʋ kaɖazɩm tɩŋɩɣna kɩ-taa nɛ pɩkpaɣ mbʋ pʋmʋʋ miŋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ yɔ. Kpalɩba nakʋyʋ kuluŋkulu n̄ohuuzi pʋbʋ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa Fransɩɩ n̄ɩma nawa se "Petromax kanɖʋnaa" wɛ ɖeu siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pa-taa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛlakɩna-wɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-mɩzaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛlɛ, halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pɛwɛ Eurɔpʋ tɛtʋ ajɛya sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛtɛ pɛwɛɛ Amerika n̄ɩndʋ taa. Pɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa laatiriki miŋ tɛwɛda yɔ nɛ ɛyaa lakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa ɖʋʋ ɖoo taa nɛ palakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna.
Kanɖʋnaa mba pan̄ɩkɩɣ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ yɔ, pɛwɛ huwa naadozo taa: Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba palɩna caama yɔ (Petromax kanɖʋnaa). Pɔɖɔŋa-wɛ lubuu nɛ masɩ ndɩ ndɩ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba palɩnɩ Ɛngilisi yɔ ( paba yɔ "Tilley" nɛ "Bialaddin yaa Vapalux". Amerika nɛ Kanadaa paba n̄ɩma. Ɖajaa Coleman lubina-wɛ. Paba taa lɛ, sanzɩ pakɩlɩɣ ɖʋʋ. Kanɖʋnaa nabɛyɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ, paan̄ɩkɩɣ-wɛ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ. Paba lɛ, kaɖazɩm n̄ɩma nɛ sanzɩ n̄ɩma yaa halɩ alɩkɔɔlɩ n̄ɩma. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩn̄ɩlɩzɩɣ siŋŋ yɔ polubini-wɛ. Pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ kpou kahʋyaɣ nɛ ŋkpa yɔ. Ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ Caama nɛ Fransɩɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa. Peeye kanɖʋnaa mbaa payaɣ se, "Tito-Landi" kanɖʋnaa. Ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɩlɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ-wɛ ɖɩnɛ se, "Aladdin" kanɖʋnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, "amsh" egeetiye taa kanɖʋnaa ḿba pakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ. Paa ɖooye pɔsɔkɩ kanɖʋnaa mba peeye.


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Sonaa kʊnʊŋ
Fichier:Iggy teaching Shona.jpg/thumb/Iggy teaching Shona
Sonaa yaa Sisona yaa Siwiina yaa Zezuru kɛ Pantu waa kʊnʊŋ yaa ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩkɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ keeke Simbaabuwee ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ɖeeɖe kɩwɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ hiʊ nɛ loɖo taa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa ɛzɩ Afria nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ Hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa nɛ Malawii nɛ Sambii ajɛyɛ taa.
Fichier:Shona witch doctor (Zimbabwe).jpg/thumb/Shona witch doctor in Zimbabwe
Ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ hiŋ lutozo lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Sonaa kʊnʊŋ yaa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa loɖo pɩnaɣ 1989 taa. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lʊbɛ yɔɔdʊʊ Sonaa kʊnʊŋ pɩnaɣ 1990. Sonaa kʊnʊŋ tɛ tɔm maʊ nɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ paɣtʊ kpaɣna kpaɖʊ nɛɛlɛ paɖʊ-tʊ pɩnzɩ 1950 taa. Pawɩlɩɣ Sonaa kʊnʊŋ sukuli taa ɛlɛ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlɩtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa.
Kɩwɛna matʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Sonaa tɔm kpouŋ wɛ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔm kpouŋ wɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Sonaa-Ɛnglɩsɩ. Sɔnɔ Sonaa kʊnʊŋ ñɩkʊʊ niye tɩmʊʊ liɖe ndɩ payaɣ se Zezuru yɔ tɛ yɔɔdɔɣ yɔ Simbaabuwee hɛkʊ taa.


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Maɣnɛ kpaŋ
Maɣnɛ kpaŋ (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ πapάvoιa, paranoïa alɩna tɔmpee anɛ a-tɛ πapά (para) nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ, nɛ voύς (noos) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se fezuu, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɔ-tɔbʊʊ yem se pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtalɩna ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kpaɣnɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩwa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se ñʊʊ taa kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ ŋcɔŋna pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ yɔ ɛ nɛ lalaa paakpɩtɩna ɖama, ɛwɛtʊ caɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem tɔm ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ wazaɣ yɔ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɔ-tɔm caɣ ɖoŋ piŋ pe-evebitu alɩwaatʊ taa yaa ɛsʊtɩyʊ pazɩ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, kɛlɛ paasɩma-ɩ nɛ tʊ ɖooo lɔŋ. Palakɩ kʊñɔŋ yaa nabʊyʊ taa paalakɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa mba kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ yɔ talɩ ɛyaa 0,3 ŋtalɩ 2,5 mbʊ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ natʊ taa lɛ ɛyaa pʊwɛ-wɛ kaɖɛ se pasʊzɩ pa-tɩ ɛyaa taa, paayeki pa-tɩ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa yem kɛlɛ mba maɣzɩ se pɛwɛna tovonum paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛyaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa lalaa kʊyɩnaʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɔsɔɔlɩ yoŋ kɛlɛ pɔ-yɔɔ ɛɛlazɩɣ hɛʊ.
Kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 nɛ 40 tɩnaa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem. Yɔɔdaɣ kɩfɛyɩ tovonum kaawazɩɣ pɩyʊ, ɛyʊ ɛsɩŋ mbʊ pɔ-tɔm ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ taa wɛɛ leleŋ nɛ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɩla ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ eyeke. Pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ mbʊ yɔ paa ŋheyi-ɩ se ɛcɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɩ eetisi kpem.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ-m sɩ:
2Yʋlʋ nyɑ́, kɛɛsɩ nyɑ́ ɩsɛ nɑ wulɑʋ Kɔkɩ wei ɩ tɔkɩ Mɑkɔkɩ tɛtʋ tɔɔ kɛ́ kɑwulɑɣɑ tɔ ɩ tɔɔ. Tɛlǝsɩ-ɩ mɑ kɑlǝnɑʋ. Ɩnɩ ɩ kɛnɑ Mesɛkɩ nɑ Tupɑɑlɩ pɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ nyʋɣʋ tʋ.
3Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ sɩ: Mɑɑ kʋlɩ Kɔkɩ tɔɔ. Ɩnɩ ɩ kɛnɑ Mesɛkɩ nɑ Tupɑɑlɩ pɑ nyʋɣʋ tʋ.
4Mɑɑ tʋ ɩ nɔɣɔ tɑɑ kɛ́ kulɑɣɑ. Mɑɑ hɔ ɩ́ nɑ ɩ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ cɑɣɑlɑɑ, nɑ mɑ́ lǝsǝnɑ tomɑ kɛ tɛtʋ tɑɑ. Pɑ kɛ́ yoolɑɑ tuutuumɑ kɛ́. Pɑ suuwɑ wontu kʋpɑntʋ, nɑ pɑ́ tɔkɑ kpɑlǝŋ nɑ lɑɣɑlɛɛ.
5Pɛɛsɩ nɑ Ɩtiyopii nɑ Puti pɑ tɛtʋ yoolɑɑ tǝnɑ. Pɑɑ tɔkɩ kpɑlǝŋ nɑ pɑ́ pɑ́ yoou kɑhusi nɑ pɑ́ tǝŋ Kɔkɩ.
6Komɛɛ tɛtʋ yoolɑɑ, nɑ Pɛtɩ-Tokɑɑmɑ tɛtʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ ilim ntɔɣɔŋ tɔɔ. Pɑɑ tǝŋ nyɑ́ wɑɑlɩ, nɑ piitimnɑɑ lɛlɑɑ yǝlɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ tɔtɔ.
7Tɑɣɑnɩ nyɑ́ tɩ nɑ nyɑ́ sɔɔlʋ pɩɩ. Nyɑ́ nɑ nyɑ́ sɑmɑɑ tuutuumɑ wei ɩ wɛ nyɑ́ wɑɑlɩ tɔ, wɛɛ pɑ nyʋɣʋ tʋ.
8Pǝ wɛɛ pɩɩ kɔɔ, ɩlɛnɑ kʋyɑkʋ nɑkʋlɩ mɑ́ tʋ-ŋ kʋtʋtʋtʋ. N kɑ́ polo nɑ ń wɑtɩ tɛtʋ nti tǝ yǝlɑɑ fitɑ yoou, nɑ pɑ́ lɩɩ piitimnɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ tɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ koti Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ pɔ́ɔ́ŋ wei pɩɩ kpiisɑ hɑtoo lɔŋ, nɑ pǝ́ yele-ɩ kpɛtɛ tɔ ɩ tɔɔ. Yǝlɑɑ mpɑ ɩnɩ pɑɑ lǝsɩ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ piitimnɑɑ lɛlɑɑ tɑɑ tɔ, pɑɑ cɑɣɑnɑ pɑ tǝɣɩ tǝkpɑtɑɑ.
9Nyɑnɑ nyɑ́ yoolɑɑ nɑ nyɑ́ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tuutuumɑ ɩ́ kɑ́ tii pɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ tɛʋ heelim, nɑ ɩ́ tɑkɩ pɑ tɛtʋ ɩsɩɩ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ.
10Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ, kʋyɑkʋ ŋkʋɣʋ hʋwɛɛ pɑɣɑlɛ kɑ́ kɔɔ nyɑ́ lǝmɑɣɑsɛɛ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ ń mɑɣɑsɩ nyɑ́ tɑɑ kɛ́ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ.
11N kɑ́ mɑɣɑsɩ nyɑ́ tɑɑ sɩ n kpɑɑkɩ yǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ cɑɣɑnɑ hɛɛsʋɣʋ tɔ. Pɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ fɛɩ koloosi. Pǝ́cɔ́ pɑ tɑ tǝkɩ-yɛ nɑ mɑŋkuulinɑɑ.
12Nyɑ́ sɩ n kɑ́ tii yǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ tɑɣɑnɑ pɑ ncɑɑ kɛ ŋmɑʋ tɔ pɑ tɔɔ nɑ ń kuu pɑ nyǝm. Anɩ pɑ cɑɣɑ pɑ tɛɛsɩ tɑɑ kɛ́ nɑ pɑ́ huki. Pɑ hikɑ kɑlǝkǝŋ nɑ wɛnɑʋ. Pɑ lɩɩ piitimnɑɑ tɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ cɑɣɑ ɑntulinyɑ hɛkʋ tɑɑ.
13Sɑpɑɑ nɑ Tetɑŋ pǝ tɛtʋ yǝlɑɑnɑɑ, nɑ Tɑɑsisi tɑɑtǝlɑɑ nɑ pɑ ɑwulumpiyɑ tǝnɑ kɑ́ pɔɔsɩ-ŋ tɔm. Pɑɑ pɔɔsɩ-ŋ sɩ wontu kuuu tɔɔ kɛ́ n tɑɣɑnɑ nyɑ́ yoolɑɑ nɑ? N kɔmɑ sɩ ń kuuki wʋlɑ nɑ liɣitee nɑ kɑlǝkǝŋ nɑ wɛnɑʋ sɩ, nyɑ́ wontu kukukuutu ɩ tɔɔ sɔsɔm nɑ?
14Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ-m sɩ: Heeli Kɔkɩ sɩ, mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ, mɑ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ, kʋyɑkʋ ŋku mɑ yǝlɑɑ kɑ́ cɑɣɑnɑ pɑ tɩ tɔ n kɑ nyɩ.
15Mɑɑ lɩɩ mɑ tɛtʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ ilim ntɔɣɔŋ tɔɔ tǝnɑ. Nɑ mɑ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ piitimnɑɑ tǝnɑ yoolɑɑ. Pɑ cɑɣɑ pɑ tǝnɑɣɑ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ, nɑ pɑ́ lɑ́ yoolɑɑ sɔsɑɑ.
16Kɔkɩ kɑ́ kɔɔ nɑ ɩ́ tii mɑ yǝlɑɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tɔɔ nɑ ɩ́ tɑkɩ pɑ tɛtʋ ɩsɩɩ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ. Mpʋ ɩnɩ pɩɩ tɛ nɑ pǝ́ lɑ́ tǝnɑɣɑ wɑɑtʋ. Kɔkɩ kɛ mɑɑ tili nɑ ɩ́ wɑtɩ mɑ tɛtʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ piitimnɑɑ nyɩ sɩ mɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ nɑŋŋtʋ. Nti mɑ cɑɑ sɩ mɑ́ hʋlɩ-wɛ nɑ Kɔkɩ nɔɣɔ tɔɣɔlɛ.
17Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ: Kɔkɩ tɔm kɛ mɑ yɔɣɔtɑɣɑ hɑtoo lɔŋtɑɑ. Mɑ tǝmlɛ nyǝ́mɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsǝlɑɑ nɔɔsɩ kɛ mɑ yɔɣɔtǝnɑɑ. Pɑ kpɑɑlɑ pɩɩsɩ pɑɣɑlɛ tɑɑ sɩ, mɑɑ tili nɔɣɔlʋ nɑ ɩ́ yoonɑ pɑ yǝlɑɑ.
18Amɑ kʋyɑkʋ ŋku Kɔkɩ kɑ́ kpɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ tɛtʋ tɔɔ tɔ. Mɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ sɔsɔɔnɑ kɑ́ huunɑ-ɩ. Mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ, mɑ́ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ.
19Mɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ sɔsɔɔnɑ kɛ mɑ́ tuukinɑ. Tɛtʋ kɑ́ sele kɑtɑtǝlɑɣɑ kɛ kʋyɑkʋ ŋkʋ kʋ tɑɑ.
20Teŋku tiinɑ nɑ sumɑsɩ nɑ tɑɑlɛ wontu nɑ ɑtɛ kʋtutuutu. Pǝ kpɛnnɑ yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛ tɛtʋ tɔɔ tɔ. Pɑɑ sele mɑ ɩsɛntɑɑ. Pɔ́ɔ́ŋ nɑ kʋkpɑmǝŋ kʋkʋlʋŋ kɑ́ yɔkɩ nɑ koluŋɑ tǝnɑ hoti ɑtɛ.
21Mɑɑ nyɑɑsɩ-mɛ nɑ yɑɑsinɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ. Mǝ yoolɑɑ kɑ́ kʋ tǝmɑ. Mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ, mɑ́ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ.
22Mɑɑ tʋ-mɛɣɛ kʋtɔmǝŋ sɔsɔɔŋ nɑ mǝ yǝlɑɑ sɩ. Mɑɑ yele nɑ tɛʋ sɔsɔɔʋ nɑ tɔmpɛɛ nɑ kɔkɔ pǝ́ nɩɩ mǝ yoolɑɑ, nɑ lɛlɑɑ tuutuumɑ tɔɔ.
23Mɑɑ yele nɑ piitimnɑɑ tuutuumɑ nɑ mɑ sɔsɔɔntʋ nɑ mɑ tǝnɑŋŋ wɛɛtʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ cɛkǝnɑ sɩ mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ.


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Fɩyɛtɩnaam
Fɩyɛtɩnaam kɛna Azii keteŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalɑnzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 331 212 km2 yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakali kɩgalɩɣ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 94.
Ɛjɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ piyele nɛ Lawɔsɩ, Kambɔɔjɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ kujomuu wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siini hɛkɛ nɛ hɛkʊ teŋgu wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩliyɛ nɛ ɖɩhadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa.
Fɩyɛtɩnaam tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Hanɔyɩ. Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natutozo kpayɩ:
- Hayi kiŋ lɛ, Tɔnkɛŋ yaa ɛzɩ Pakɩ Pɔ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Hanɔyɩ nɛ Hayifɔŋ.
- Hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ lɛ, Anam yaa ɛzɩ Truŋgi Pɔ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔɔ Huwe nɛ Taa Naŋŋ.
- Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Siinisiini yaa ɛzɩ Nam Pɔ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Seyigɔɔnɩ.
Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛ-ñʊntaa wɛ landammm yɔ ɛkɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ
Ñɩɣtʊ pakpakʊʊ nɛ polukina wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ: kʊdʊyʊŋ maʊ taa (lɔbʊtʊ taa, kafintanaa mba pɔlɔkɩnañɩɣtʊ yɔ), pʊlɔmʊ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɔmpɩnaa, lɔɔɖa lubu (kpaɣ cɛɛcɛ pɩtalɩ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ), tʊma ndɩ ndɩ sɩm tʊma taa, malɩfanaa nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se polubina ñɩɩyasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: laadiɖiki miŋñɩɣyasɩ nɛ nzɩ sɩkaɖuʊ nɛ tɛʊ yɔ, kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa wondu, kanɖʊnaa, kpelasi nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ. Ñɩɣtʊ waɣzaɣ ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1980 lɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩdaa wɛ ñɩɣlɩm yɔ pohuyuu-tʊ yem.


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Hugues Capet
Hugues Capet kɛ capet waa tɛ kajalaɣ wiyaʊ (987 ŋtalɩ 996) nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Capet ɛyaa tɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ (weyi ɛcaɣ Fransɩɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kɩ-tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ, nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɩ ɖanɩɣ ñɔɔzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1848). Palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 939 ŋtalɩ 941 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ Dourdan tɛtʊ taa palʊla-ɩ, nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 996 kɛ lakʊ nakʊyʊ taa (ɖenɖe ɛyaa taa fɛyɩ yɔ) yuda tʊ pɔñɔtɩna Prasville tɛtʊ cɔlɔ kpam, Franc waa tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (pɩnzɩ 960-987 alɩwaatʊ). Ɛɛkɛ Hugues Sɔsɔ pɩyalʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Hedvwige Saxe tʊ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 10 wɛɛ tɛmtʊ kɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ ɛsakuliye lɩwa keeke nɛ ɛyaa hiɣ pa-tɩ ɖeu pɩnaɣ 1100 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Haɖaʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ, agbaŋga pazʊʊ nɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ labʊ mbʊ pɩtɩŋna pɩnaɣ taa haɖɛ yɔɔ pɩlɩna kajalaɣ caroling ɛyaa yɔɔ, tɩna tɔsʊʊ huu siŋ nɛ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ paa kɩwɛ hɛɛɛ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ tɩtɩm. Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa ɖɩzʊʊ tɛ tɛmtʊ nɛ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ yeba nɛ ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ maʊ lɩ nɛ pɩsaŋ haɖaa yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖa pɩzʊʊ pɛmɛlɩɣ sɩ-taa.
Francia occidentalis tʊʊ kɩ-tɩ nɛ Ampiiri nɛ kajalaɣ Capet tʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛlɛzɩya yɔ, cɛyɩ pa-tɩ pama kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɛkpɛndɩna e-ɖoŋ nɛ halɩ paɖʊ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Robert pʊtɔdɩyɛ nayʊ kɛ pada Nɔwɛlɩ evemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 987 wɛɛ taa. Pɛcɛlɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ kɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 996. Capet kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga patɩna ke-kiɖe yɔ kɛwɛ kakaa pɩtalɩ waasɩ lutozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ ke-kewiyaɣ liɖe ñɔ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ Ɛsɩpaañɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ Luxembourg nɛ Hɔŋirii nɛ Pɔritigaalɩ nɛ Piresiili.
Ɖɩsɩŋ sakɩyɛ Hugues Capet kewiyaɣ tɔm. Takayaɣ nayʊ nɔyʊ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa taakpaɣ se pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se ɛma e-fezuu caɣʊ tɔm. Pɔɖɔna mɩzɩɣ mɩzɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm takayasɩ nɔnɔɔ wɛɛ taa ndʊ mʊwanɩ Richard Reims tʊ kaama yɔ. Hugues wɛʊ yɔ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Dourdan ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ taa kɛnɛ pɩnzɩ 939-941 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ Hedwige Saxe tʊ pɩyalʊ (Otton 1 tʊ kɔɔ kɛlɛ) nɛ ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Hugues Sɔsɔ.


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Koliisee
Koliisee kɛna samaɣ kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ aleɣya ɖɩlaɖɛ. Kuduyuu ŋgʋ paya-kʋ se tendema kpaŋ sʋsɔʋ ovoyidi. Kɩwɛna Room ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ tɛtʋ taa kiŋ nɛ, Esquilin nɛ Cælius pa-ɛjɛɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩpaɣlɩ siŋŋ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖiye patana pana matʋ ndʋ ɖoli. Patana ta mayaa matʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ Room mba tɛ peɖe.
Papaɣza kʋʋ maʋ pɩnaɣ hiŋ lʋbɛ (70) nɛ pɩnaɣ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ naalɛ (72) pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa Yeesu Kɩrɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Alɩwaatɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kewiya lone taa caɣyʋʋ wiyau sʋsɔ kaakɛ Vespasien. Nɛ ɛnʋ kaahana nɔɔ nɛ pabaazɩ matʋ sʋsɔtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ.
Ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ size kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ yɔ, maya kɩmatʋ tɛŋga pɩnaɣ hiŋ lutozo wayɩ wiyau sʋsɔ Titus ɖoŋ taa. Ɛnʋ kaalɛɣzana wiyau sʋsɔ kɩbɩnʋ Vespasien kewiya kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-pɩzʋʋ kɩ-mʋ kɩ-taa samaɣ ŋga yɔ, ka-talɩɣ kudokiŋ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ-ɩ mbɩ yɔ.
Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ, kɩ-waza ɖɔɔ siŋŋ. Kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ palakɩ aleɣya sakɩyɛ. Nɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ aleɣya naɣyɛ kɔyɔ: tɛtɛ kpɩna you, nɛ gladiayatɛɖɩ waa you, nɛ pɩtasɩna egeetiye taa aleɣya sʋsɔna lɛɣna sakɩyɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ, mba pahʋʋ pɔtɔm nɛ pɩwɛɛ size pamʋna sɩm kɔyɔ yɔɔ yɔ, kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ palakaɣ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Palaba kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛɛ tʋmɩyɛ pɩtalaɣ pɩnzɩ taŋga (500) mbɩ yɔ.


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Hafɩnɩyɔm
Hafɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 72 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Hf. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ hafɩnɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ [[sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm[[ yɔ nɛ pana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Hafɩnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔnsɩtɛnɩ yozuu ɖeɖe nɛ polukina ñɩɣsasɩ nɛ nazɩyʊ ñʊŋ.
Ɛwɛ manɩɩ, ɛñɩɣlɩsɩɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Ɛɛpʊkɩ nɛ pɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛwɛ ɛzɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm yɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛkpɩndaa kpem pɩkɩlɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm. Pɩnaɣ 1917, ɖɔkɔtɔ sɩnɩyʊ Vladimir Vernadski, Konstantin Avtonomovich Nenadkevich maɣzɩ se ɛlɩza pɩtɩŋna ɔrɩtɩtɩ yɔɔ kɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ hilimiye ñʊʊ kɔyɔ 178, kɛlɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ pʊtʊnaa 71 nɛ 73 mba paatɛma-wɛ sɩm hɛkʊʊ taa.
Ɛ-nɛ Vernadski palɩmaɣza kɛ kʊyʊma, kɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛtɔŋ se payaa pʊtʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ se assium. Paasusa pʊtʊ 72 natʊ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ pɩnaɣ 1907 pɩtɩŋna Geoges Urbain yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi esusa ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 1911 yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛsɩma-ɩ pɩtɩŋna lʊtɛsɩyɔm ɖɔmbɩyɛ kɩmaŋ pɩsʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se sɛlɩtɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ct) pɩlɩna sɛlɩtɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ.
Ɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ Urbain kpaɣ sɛlɩtɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ, peeɖe Niels Bohr ñɔtɔŋ se pʊtʊ kpaagba tʊ kɛ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ pʊtʊ 71 nɛ pʊtʊ 72 tʊ ñɛkɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛgbaɣtʊ. Hevsy tɛ George nɛ Dirk Coster, pɛkɛ Bohr tabalaa, ñɩnɩ pʊtʊ 72 kɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa nɛ posusi ɛnatʊ tɔm ɖooo Copenhague (Danemark) kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1923.


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Franz Kafka
Palʊla Frank Kafka nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1883 kɛ Praagɩ tɛtʊ taa, Powɛmɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1924 kɛ Kiyɛliŋ tɛtʊ taa, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 40. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛlɛ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ maʊ nɛ asɛɣla tɔm kɛdʊʊ nɛ caama kʊnʊŋ taa kɛ ɛmana-sɩ. Ɛwɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa mba pakɩlɩ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ maʊ yɔ. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ pakɩla-ɩ sɩmnaʊ yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tɔm Hʊʊ (1925), Ñɩm tɩna Ɖaɣ (1926), Tomnaɣ Lɛɛzʊʊ [1915) nɛ Salaka tɩna ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊ (1919).


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Sɛmɩŋ
Sɛmɩŋ kɛna tomnaɣ wɛɖʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩwɛ kɛsɛmɩŋ wɛ caʊʊ nɛ kɛnaɣ poliŋ sɩŋŋŋ. Sɛmɩŋ wɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ cɩŋ cɩŋwɛɖʊʊ yɔ. Yee pesida kʊlʊmŋ tomnaɣ nɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ ñɩŋga ɖoli kʊɖʊym kɔyɔ, tomnaɣ wɛɖʊ ŋgʊ pɩpɩsɩɣ yɔ kɩwɛʊ caʊʊʊ yaa ɛzɩ hʊlʊʊ tɩyɛ yɔ. Sɛmɩŋ wɛɖʊ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ wɛɖʊ poposina ɖama sɩŋŋŋ.
Pɩsa nɛ tomnasɩ sɛmɩŋ yaa tomnasɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩɖɔɔ lɛ, pesidiɣ sɛmɩŋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ yuulee sɛmɩŋ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Yee pesida tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ nɛ sɛmɩŋ maɣmaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɛɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛkpaɣ tomnaɣ ŋga yɔ, kɛwɛʊ maɖʊmaɖʊ.
Sɔnzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ taa lɛ, tomnasɩ tɔlɩm kpɛnda naatozo ɖeke nɛ ɩnɩɩyɔ: piyiŋ tomnaɣ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ kɩkpɛdɩm, hɔlɩmɩŋ tomnaɣ nɛ ɛlɛ taa kɔyɔ kʊlʊmɩŋ layɩlayɩ tomnaɣ nɛ naputozo taa lɛ, maɖʊmaɖʊ tomnaɣ nɛ panaɣ ɛ-taa kɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm cɩŋcɩŋ. Tomnasɩ sɛmŋ ɩnʊ ɩtɩŋga ɩkpɛnda lʊbɛ nɛ pekpeɣla-ɩ kɔyɔ ɩwɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kaayʊʊ yɔ kɩ-taa.


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Isilandɩ
Isilandɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki teŋgu cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ tɔnɛ tɩwɛ Growelandɩ nɛ Nɔɔrɩwɛzɩ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔtɩna Amerɩka keteŋa ɛlɛ ɖɩt-tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɖɩ-caanɑaʊ tɔm ñɩɩzɩna Eerɔpʋ keteŋa taa tɔm.
Isilandɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 103 000 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda kutokiŋ 332 529 (2016). Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Reyikiyaviki nɛ kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Isiladɛɛ. Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɔm lakɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ, Isilandɩ kaakɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kaakɩla ɖɛnaʊ ɛsɩndaa keteŋa kpeekp taa yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Erɔpʊ Lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa, AELE taa, OCBE nɛ EEE aŋgba taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1996 pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 2016 mbʊ yɔ, sɔsɔ Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson kɛŋna Islandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ.


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Abiɖe Victoria
Victoria (palʊla-ɩ Alexandria Victoria cejewiye taa, agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1819 Kensington kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa Londre tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1901 Osborne House (Isle of Wight). Ɛɛkɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se abiɖe Pretagne Sɔsɔʊ nɛ Irɩlandɩ ajɛyɛ taa mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1837 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖooo ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ. Kpaɣnɛ pɩnaɣ 1867 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye ɛɛkɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa abiɖe nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (abiɖe) kpaɣnɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1876 nɛ pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ ɛtɛzɩna Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1901 kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 ŋgʊ wiye. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 18 lɛ, ɛkpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ.
Victoria walɩ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ ɛlɛ kɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa paya-ɩ se Albert Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha tʊ pɩnaɣ 1840. Pe-piyaa nakʊ nzɩ sɩkpaɣ sɩ-halaa kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa peeɖe yeke, mbʊ yebina nɛ Victoria sɛɛ hɩɖɛ se neze sɔsɔ Erɔpʊ taa. Ɛ-walʊ Albert sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1861, putukina ɛ-laŋɩyɛ piŋ nɛ ɛsʊʊ kʊñɔŋ taa, pɩcaɣ-ɩ yuŋ nɛ ekizi ɛtasɩɣ lɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda.
E-kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ alɩwaatʊ ɖaɣla pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 63 nɛ fenasɩ lʊbɛ kɛkɛ kewiyitu naalɛ ñɩnɖʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋa Elizabeth 2 ñɩndʊ wayi Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ se Victoria wɛɛ, nɛ e-kewiyitu wɛɛ akɔna lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ samaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ keɖeɣa tʊma kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Pritaniiki Ampiiri lɔŋ lɔŋ walʊʊ. Ɛnʊ kɛna Pritaniiki ɛjaɖɛ kpaagba kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tʊ Hanovre ɖɩɣa taa ŋga kaawɛ Pritaniiki lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1714.
Victoria caa kaakɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa paya-ɩ se Edouard Auguste Kent tʊ nɛ Strathearn, pɩɣa naanaza ŋga wiyaʊ George 3 Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1817, Edouard ɖɛtʊ, Charlotte Augusta Galles tʊ ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa nɛ George 3 mʊ-ɩ ɛzɩ halʊpɩɣa keyeke koŋ ɛsɛyɩ. Ɛ-sɩm kɔna kɔkɔɖɛ piŋ kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩɣ nɔmɔŋ taa Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Kent nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa aɖama ñɩmba pʊpɔzɩ-wɛ se pakpaɣ halaa nɛ pɛwɛna piyaa. Pɩnaɣ 1818 lɛ, wiyaʊ pɩɣa kpaɣ halʊ kɛ wiyaʊ pɛlɔ Victoria Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfeld tʊ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgʊ Léopold weyi ɛkɛ lelu mbʊ yɔ ɛ-halʊ kɛlɛ wiyaʊ pɛlɔ Charlotte Augusta.
Palʊlɩ pɩɣa kʊyʊma Victoria, palʊla-ɩ tɛpɩyɛ ñɩɩtʊ 4 nɛ cɛjɛsɩ 15 yɔɔ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1819 Kensington kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa Londre tɛtʊ taa. Victoria wɛɛ nɛ ɛ-saŋ nɛ ɛ-yɩɣyɩɣ Albert alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɛ kɔma nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1839 taa yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pɛwɛɛ pɔsɔɔlʊʊ ɖama nɛ abiɖe pɔzɩ-ɩ walɩtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 1839 aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15, kɩyakɩŋ kagbanzɩ wayi ɛzɩ ɛtalɩɣ Windsor tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Pa-walɩ ɖama lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1840 kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa James Kiɖeɖeu kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa Londre. Victoria kaasɔɔlɩ pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ Albert nɛ ɛsʊʊ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɖoo taa kaɖɛ nɛ kaɖɛ pɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ wiye, ɛlɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛsa, ɛñɔkɩ ɛ-takayaɣ taa ɛzɩ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ wiɖiyi ɛtana ɛna kaʊ yɔ.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa Victoria nɛ Albert pakʊya powolo se pana pa-pɩyalʊ, Galles wiyaʊ pɩɣa, weyi ɛlakaɣ sɔjɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ Dublin nɛ ɛcaɣ kɩyakɩŋ pazɩ Killarney. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa Albert nɩɩ se ɛ-pɩyalʊ sʊna Irɩlandɩ halʊ nɔyʊ. Pɩcɛyɩ ɛ-caa nɛ ewolo Cambridge ɖenɖe Edward lakaɣ sukuli yɔ se ɛ-pɩɣyɩna-ɩ. Pʊkɔma saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pazɩtʊ taa lɛ, Albert paɣzɩ kʊdɔŋ kpem. William Jenner la tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-kʊɖoŋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛna se ta heŋ kɩnamɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ wɛna-ɩ nɛ ŋgʊ ɛsɩbɩna saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1861. Ɛ-tɛ sɩm mbʊ pɩcaɣzɩ piŋ Victoria nɛ ɛsʊkɩ sɩm mbʊ pʊ-tɔm kɛ Galle wiyaʊ pɩɣa se ɛnʊ kʊna-ɩ. Halʊ ɛnʊ ɛcaɣ sɩm kʊñʊŋ piliɖi piŋ nɛ halɩ ɛtasɩɣ suu wondu natʊyʊ pɩtasɩna kɩkpɛdɩtʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm evemiye.


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Iranɩ
Iranɩ kɛnɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patasɩɣ-ɖɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsɩ. Iranɩ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Afganistani, Arimeeni, Azɛribayijani, Irakɩ, Pakisitaani, Turkimenisitanɩ nɛ Tuurikii. Iranɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Teeraŋ nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe kɛ aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 80 096 604. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pɛrɩsanɩ nɛ liidiye ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ riyalɩ. Payaɣ pɛ-tɛ pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsanɩ.
Papazɩɣ yaʊ se Iranɩ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ leɖɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa kɛ papaazɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩɩ yaʊ mbʊ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Pɛrɩsɩ.
Iranɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 648 195 km2. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ pinaɣ 2015 taa. Ɛlɛ yee pʊwɛɛ se pɔcɔna ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖwɛʊ hiu nɛ litoozo taa kedeŋa kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ pɔcɔnaa se ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm talɩɣ ɛzɩ tɔɔlarɩna 11 200.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Iranɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛjaya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ nɛ aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP yɔ, Iranɩ kɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kaɖazɩm pɛdɩɣ taa.


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Makaʊ
Makaʋ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa egeetiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 20 pɩnaɣ 1999 taa.
Makaʊ Pamaza Makaʊ egeetiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 30,4 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 650 900 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 21 411 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Makaʊ egeetiye tɔm hʊyaa sɔsɔ yaa weyi ɛkɔʊ tɔm ñʊʊ yɔ se Chui Sai On (Fernando Chui); sɔsɔ ɛnɛ pasɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ ɛlakɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ pʊcɔ pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ yaa paɖaɣnɩ-ɩ sɩʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ 2019 kɛ ɛtɛŋ Tɔm hʊyaa tɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Sam Hou Fai. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ ɛnɛ pasɩ-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999 nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɛtɛlɛɛzɩta-ɩ. Piyele nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzyaa ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ho Iat Seng; ñʊʊdʊ ɛnɛ palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2013 nɛ pɛtɛlɛɣzɩta-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Kantɔɔnɛɛ nɛ Pɔrɩtiigɛɛ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se patakaa. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +833 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Kalikuta
Kalikuta yaa Kolikata kɛŋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ wazaɣ kpem kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ lɛ Pɛŋgaalɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ yɔ kɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Hugli yɔ ka-niwaŋ yɔɔ.
Kalikuta taa ɖeɖe lɛ pakali ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 399 819 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛɛ ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa ɛlɛ awɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kalikuta taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛyaa ɖɔɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiiu nɛ looɖo (16 000 000).
Mbʊ yebina nɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna natutozo ñɩndʊ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛlɛ Teeli nɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Pombe. Yee pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ payɩ nɛ pakalɩ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɔyɔ, Kalikuta kɛŋna tɛtʊ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩndʊ (14).
Payaɣ kalikuta malika ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se Sovan Chatterjee.


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Marɔkɩ
Marɔkɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Raabaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 710 850 km² nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ patalɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 34 yɔ.
Palaba kɩgalɩʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 ɛlɛ pana se Maarɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 33,8. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ talɩ ɛzɩ hiuwaa naatozo yɔ nɛ paa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ yɔ.
Peeɖe malɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patala ɛzɩ 99 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛʊ feŋ lɛ pucʊʊtʊ yem: malɩŋ woki ciŋgirinaa taa tam kagbanzɩ ɛzɩ Mohamet pɔzɩɣ yɔ. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe. Ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukilinaa taa kpaɣ ɖaŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa hɛkʊ taa sukuli pɩtalɩ sukulinaa sɔsɔŋ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔdɖɔ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ, aŋgilisi, caama nɛ itaalɩ.
Pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ kɛ paa pʊɣa ŋgaalɛ se kowolo sukuili. Pɩkilɩna pɩya nzɩ sɩwɛna pɩnzɩ looɖo pɩsɩna hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ. Pɩnzɩ 2004 lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ ɛyaa 43 taala sukili ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa lɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ ɛyaa 28 towobina sukuli.
Tɔnʊʊ taa hayɩɣ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ Marɔɔkɩ wɛ ɖɔŋ: Said Aouita kɛna efebu weyi ɛɖɛwaɣ nɔɔ kɛ seɣa taa mɛtanaa 1 500, 2 000, 3 000 nɛ 5 000 yɔ; Nawal El Moutawakel ñɛkɛna pɛlɛɣ weyi ɛkɛna Afrika taa kacalaɣ halɩbʊwa ŋga kamʊ ɔɔrɩ lɩyʊʊ kɛ hasʊʊ taa yɔ.
Nawal El Moutawakel ñawaba seɣa keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Hicham Arazi ñɛkɛna efebu weyi ɛwaba teniisi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Badr Hari ñɛkɛna weyi ɛmakɩna nesi camɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ se kickboxeur K-1 yɔ. Pɩkazɩ Medhi Benatia ñɛkɛna pombo maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kɛ Bayern Munich taa.


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Komiinism
Ɛbɛ payaɣ se Komiinizim? Ɛyaa tɩŋa kpɛndʋʋ nɛ patɩɣyɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔ payaɣ ḿbʋ. Mba pɔsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa ɩkpɛndɩ pa-tɩŋa nɛ patɩɣyɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔ, mba lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza ana. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ. Komiinizim lɩmaɣza ha siɣye nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se Kapitaalism yɔ. Kapitaalism lɩmaɣzɛ kɔyɔ se pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛtɩlɩ se ɛ-n̄ɩm kɔyɔ nɛ lɛlʋ n̄ɩmbʋ kɛlɛ. Komiinizim tɔsɔɔlɩ se payaa se ɛnɛ yɔ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ n̄ɩma yɔ. Komiinizim tɔŋ se pʋwɛɛ se ɛyaa tɩŋa ɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ. Poyo you sɔsɔʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ nɛ kɩtɛ lɛ, komiinizim lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩwa. Mba payaɣ se "Bolchevikwaa" yɔ, mba tulusina you ŋgʋ. Komiinizim lɩmaɣza lɩna you ŋgʋ kɩɩwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ kʋ-cɔlɔ.
Kajalaɣ taa paaɣ lɛ, komiinizim tɔsɔɔlɩ se palɩzɩ nɔɔyʋ se ɛnʋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ n̄ɩma n̄ɛwɛɛ. Kʋsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa tɩŋa ɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ, n̄ɩmdʋ ɛtaawɛɛ, kʋn̄ɔndʋ ɛtaawɛɛ. Liidiye tɔm fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔyʋ nɛ lɛlʋ patɛyɩɣ pʋyʋ. Ɛyaa tɩŋa tɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ hiŋ naanza nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ yɔ, weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ, ɛlɩzʋʋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa sɔsɔ Lénin ɖiya Bolchevikwaa nɛ pamʋ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa peyebi yaʋ se Komiinizim nɛ payaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe politiki ŋgbɛyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Lénin nɛ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa paya Komiinizim se "Komintɛrn". Mbʋ yɔ, pɔsɔɔlaa se Komiinizim aŋgba tɩŋa ɩla nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1922 taa "URSS" ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɔɔ. Nɖɩ cɔŋnana Komiitɛrn aŋgba tɩŋa yɔɔ. Aŋgba naayɛ kʋyɩ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɩɖɩ wɛɛ ɖɩɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ yɔɔ. Aŋgba wena akʋyɩ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ yɔ, a-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Gauche Koministi" yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se "Trotskysme" yɔ. Lénine sɩm wayɩ lɛ, weyi payaɣ se Joseph Staline yɔ, ɛlɛ yaa ɛ-tɩ se URSS ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ eɖiyiɣ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛn̄ɩŋgʋ lɩwa lɛ, URSS ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ panɩɩna ɖama se pataala ɖama you. Ɛlɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ maana taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩkʋyɩ URSS ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩla-ɖɩ you. Pʋ-yɔɔ URSS sɔɔjanaa lʋba siŋŋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "nazisme" yɔ, pɩtɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa caŋŋ. URSS ɛjaɖɛ kɔma ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔɔjanaa kɩlɩ ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ pɩnaɣ 1945 wayɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ kɩmʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ alɛ pɩsɩ Komiinizim ajɛɛ nɛ URSS nɛ yɛ pala nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ Komiinizim n̄ɩnɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1949. Kimiinizim ajɛɛ labʋ nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ yɔ yebina nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ tɛyɩ ɖama huwa ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se you nakʋyʋ kɛwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ URSS ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɛna wena akizi Komiinizim lɩmaɣzɛ yɔ a-hɛkʋ taa. Ajɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, ajɛɛ wena akpɛndɩ kpɛm Amerika tɛtʋ taa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, nɖɩ kakɩlɩna ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɖɩlʋbɩna siŋŋ URSS ɛjaɖɛ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Sovietiki n̄ɩnɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa taabalɩyɛ cɛba lɛ, Mao Zedong yele nɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Siini lʋ lʋbɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ndɩ kpem. Komiinizim kɔma kɩkpa ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, ɛjɛɛ sakɩyɛ sʋʋ kɩ-taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛɛ naanza yɔɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ wɛ Komiinizim taa.
URSS ɖaɣnɩ cɔlʋʋ ɛ-tɔsʋʋ nɛ politiki pa-nʋmɔŋ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-nʋmɔŋ kɩfaŋ ɩnʋ iyele nɛ pɩtɛzɩ ɖʋzʋʋ Eerɔpa tɛtʋ taa ajɛɛ wena awɛ Komiinizim taa yɔ kʋɖʋzʋʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1989 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1991. Pitisa Komiinism ajɛɛ hadɛ kpem, ɛlɛ, atamɩzɩ ɖama, atelesi Komiinizim lɩmaɣzɛ. A-taa naayɛ lɛɣzɩ hɩla nɛ a-taa lɛɛna n̄ɔɖɔkɩ a-n̄ɩna ḿbʋ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ Komiinizim wɛ Kuubaa nɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam nɛ Laos nɛ Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ pa-ajɛɛ taa. Kedeŋa yɔɔ ajɛɛ tɩŋa taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ ajɛɛ lɛɛna taa n̄ɩma. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, Komiinizim ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖiyiɣna-ɖɩ. Tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ, pʋ-yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛɛ wena a-tɔsʋʋ kɩlɩ ɖɛʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ a-taa.
Komiinizim ajɛɛ yeba nɛ pɛfɛyɩɣ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ, mbʋ yɔ, aatisiɣ se aŋgba ɛn̄ɔ pʋɖɔɔ nɛ paa weyi ɛkɔna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɛ. Ajɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, Komiinizim ŋgbɛyɛ ɖeke wɛna nɛ kɩhaɣ kɩ-paɣtʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ URSS nɛ Siini pa-ajɛɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se a-n̄ʋndɩnaa, Staline nɛ Mao Setu, peyeba nɛ pakʋ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa sakɩyɛ. Pʋwɛ kaɖɛ se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ camɩyɛ mbʋ Komiinizim ajɛɛ wɛɛka kpem yɔ pɩtɩŋa, mbʋ yɔ a-lakasɩ taa nɛ toota. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ pʋwɛɛ se pɔcɔna sɩ-taa nɛ pana mbʋ Komiinizim ajɛɛ laba ɖenɖe yɔ, sɩ-n̄ɩnʋʋ wɛɛ kaɖɛ. Tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ you ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ kɩhɛwa. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ, pukuli sɩ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ papɩzaa patazɩ Komiinizim ajɛɛ lakasɩ taa ɖeu nɛ pana mbʋ alaba yɔ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, piliɣtiɣ n̄ɩnɩnaa ajɛɛ ana a-lakasɩ tɔm taa tazʋʋ kpem.


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Benoît kiɖeɖeu ɛyaa
Benoît Kiɖeɖeu paɣtʊ kɛlɛ payaa-wɛ kɛlɛʊ taa se Benedictin waa ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋʊʊ se Benoît ɛyaa yɔ (wazaɣ tɛ ɛyaa), pɩkɛ maacɔ waa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, petisa Benoît kiɖeɖeu paɣtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ Nursie Benoît kiɖeɖeu (pɩnzɩ 480 ŋtalɩ 547) pɩsɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-kiɖe tʊ (pɩnaɣ 529).
Papa Benoît 16 cɔlɔ lɛ, Benoît Kiɖeɖeu wɩlaɣ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ se pañɩnɩ Ɛsɔ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-tʊ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ taa, Ɛsɔ tɔm suzuu nɔmɔʊ taa, Erɔpʊ agbaɓa alɩwaatʊ taa, sɩɣ nɛ ɖɛzʊʊ ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa, Fada naa tʊma tɛ tɔm tɔbɩŋ lɩzɩɣ nɛ taɖɩtʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 17 wɛɛ taa, sukuli wɩlɩtʊ tɔm ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keekee nɖɩ Benoît kiɖeɖeu ñɩɣ niye ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa cɔlɔ lɛ yɔ Ɛsɔ ñɩnɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ.
Maacɔ waa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa wɛʊ mbʊ pɩtɔpɔzɩ se nabʊyʊ ɛtɛɖɩ, pɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ koŋ se pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ wondu tɩŋa wɛɛ pɔ-cɔlɔ, ɛzɩ lɩm, mooti, kaɖaɣ nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ nɛ pɩsa papɩzɩ pala tʊma kpeekpe papɩlʊʊ taa peeɖe nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛtalɩɩna awayɩ.
Kajalaɣ maacɔ waa kuduyuu pama-kʊ Cassin pʊʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 529 cɔlɔ kpam ɛlɛ Nursie Benoît mana-kʊ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kɩ-paɣtʊ. Benoît maacɔ waa yɛlɩ Erɔpʊ kpeekpe taa nɛ pohuu pilinzi sakɩyɛ nɛ halɩ sɩ-hɩla sɛɛ piŋ.
Abbaye waa mba pa-hɩla kɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ pɛ-tɛ pɛ-tɛ yɔ Prüm, Ratisbonne, Fulda, Ellwang, Salzbourg, Reichenau, Beuron, Hirsau, Metten, Scheyern, Ettal, Ottobeuren, Einsiedeln, Admont, Melk. Ɛngɩlɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Benoît maacɔ waa kuduyiŋ weyi ɛ-hɩla kɩla sɛʊʊ yɔ ɛlɛ wɛɛ tɛtʊ naa pɛ nɛ pa-taa Cantorbéry, York, Westminster, Saint-Albans. Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Maredsous abbaye yaa Strvelot ñɩŋʊ.


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Caadɩ
Caadɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ nadɩyɛ nɛ lɩŋamʋʋ nakʊyʊ lɩm eekpeŋ ɖɩ-cɔlɔ kpam. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Liibii nɛ hadɛkiŋ piyele ɖiwɛɛna Niizɛrɩ nɛ Naajeeriya ajɛya wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa; ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Kameruni nɛ Sentrafriki hayɩ kiŋ; pɩkazɩ Suudanɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, Caadɩ wɛna ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ.
Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Caadɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ wena akɩlɩ walanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ 1 284 000 km2. Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩ walʊɣ nɛ ɖaalakɩŋ yɔ ŋga lɛ Caadɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ piyele nɛ pʊʊ nɣʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ kʊkʊ lɛ Emi Kusi nɛ kɩwɛ Tibɛstii pʊŋ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ ɖɩ-kacalaɣ ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se François Tombalbaye.
Pɩnaɣ 2003 taa kɛ Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʊ ajɛya wena apɛdɩɣ kaɖazɩm nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna yɔ; ŋgʊ ɖooo lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kɛwɛ pɩsatʊ yaa yɔlɔtʊ, kɛtɛʊ haɖaʊ nɛ naŋ ɖɔɖɛ ɖeke pa-taa. Kaɖazɩm pɛdɩɣ pʊnɛ piyeba nɛ Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ tasɩ hʊʊ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu yɔ ɖɩtɔŋ se pɔcɔna takayasɩ taa pɩnaɣ 2012 taa lɛ, Caadɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ kʊñʊndʊtʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ kɛ Ɖajaa Idriss Déby.


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Seɣtiyaɣ
Seɣtiyaɣ, kɛ takʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe nɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, pɩkɛ pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi palakɩ-ɩ se pehiɣ pana fezuu kpɩnɛ tɛ laɣsɩ yɔ.
Nɩŋgbaŋʊʊ taa tɛ nɩtʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ seɣtiyasi sakɩyɛ, nɩŋgbaŋʊʊ nɩʊ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔɔaɣ nakɛyɛ yeki se ɛyʊ ɛña yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ lɛ natʊ pɩlɩna ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ nabʊyʊ taa ɛyʊ naɣ nabʊyʊ kɛlɛm yaa mʊntʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ, tomnaɣ yɔɔ tukinau nabʊyʊ taa pɩyʊ ɛsɔba-ŋ ŋñaŋ, tomnaɣ taa nɩʊ ɛzɩ soŋaɣ lakʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ nɩʊ yee ɛyʊ nɩʊ sɔŋ nɩɩyɛ yaa kpɩnɛ nɩʊ sɔŋ yɔ.
Losuu tɛ seɣtiyaɣ kɛ; alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papɩzɩɣ pala se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ pɩɩtakɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-fetenum cɔlɔ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛɛpɩzɩ se ɛna mbʊ pɩlaba yɔ. Ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe lɛ, papɩzɩɣ polu seɣtiyaɣ (ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ takʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe mbʊ yɔ yaa pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Sambii
Sambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ kaʊ. Ɛaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Commonwealth yɔ a-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa palabɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naatozo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Luzakaa.
Ɖooo lɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Pɔcimɛnɩwaa yɔ mba kaalɛɣna caɣʊʊ peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ paakɛ akpaama nɛ tɩŋ-pee tɔɔyaa. Puwayɩ fayɩɩɩ yɔ kɛ Pantʊʊwaa woba nɛ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nanza taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lakɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩhayɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwalɩɣ walɩɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩsa nɛ paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛnɩna lɛlʊ lɛ palɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ panɩɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.


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Patrice Lumumba
Palʋla Patrice Émery Lumumba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1925 Onalua tɛtʋ taa. Onalua tɛtʋ kɛ Kɔŋgo Pɛlɩjɩ (Congo Belge) ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ. Patrice Lumumba wona sɔsaa mulum kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1961 taa. Patrice Lumumba tasɩ ɛ-sɩm kɩsɩbʋ, ɛlɛ, pakʋ-ɩ kʋkʋʋ.
Katanga tɛtʋ taa, village ŋgʋ kɩñɔtɩna Mwadingusha egetiye kpam yɔ, kɩ-taa pakʋ-ɩ.
Patrice Lumumba kɛkɛ Kɔŋgoo Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ nɔɔyɔɔ tʋ kpaɣ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1960 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛ nɛ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Joseph Kasa-Vubu yɔ, palakaɣna tʋmɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Joseph Kasa-Vubu kɛ Kɔŋgoo Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔsaa mba palʋba siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛlʋ.
Patrice Lumumba pasɩma Kɔŋgoo Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa se ɛnʋ kɛŋna kalalaɣ waɖʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʋ lʋbʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Ɛ-tɛ sukuli labʋ nɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Patrice Lumumba laba anasaayɩ naa Katoliki sukuli ɛtɛ. Ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ e-sukuli taa. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ Prɩmaanɩ waa sukuli. Prɩmaanɩ waa sukuli ŋ́gʋ, Suweduwaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tʋlɩna-kʋ Kɔŋgoo Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ kacaɣna Kɔŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋ yɔɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñazaɣna Kɔŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩtaɖʋ nesi siŋŋ se sukuli labʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa camɩyɛ Kɔŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ taa, halɩ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1954 ñɩŋa taa. Anasaayɩ naa Katoliki sukuli naa ɖeke kakɩlɩna wɛʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1954 taa Kɔŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli wɩlɩyaa nabɛyɛ ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ se sukuli labʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa Kɔŋgoo Pɛlɩjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, patawɩlɩɣ sukulipiya se sɩɩkɔɔ sɩpɩsɩ lɔŋsɩnɖaa sɔsaa kɛ cee yɔɔ, pɛkpɛlɛkaɣ-sɩ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ siŋŋ kɛna. Ɛlɛ, Patrice Lumumba ñɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ kpem nɛ ɛla caanaʋ tɔm sukuli.


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Frank Wright
Palʊla Frank Lloyd Wright kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1867 kɛ Ricilandɩ taa, Amerika tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1959 kɛ Foniksɩ tɛtʊ taa, Ariizonaa egeetiye taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 91. Ɛɛwɛna halaa naatozo: Catherine Tobin (1889–1922) Maude Noel (1923–1927) nɛ Olga Lazovich Milanoff. E-piya mba pasɩma yɔ pɛwɛ naalɛ: Lloyd Wright nɛ John Lloyd Wright.
Frank Lloyd Wright lɩza tambasɩ ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɩnza (400) yɔ nɛ palabɩna sɩtɩŋga tʊmɩyɛ. A-taa kɔyɔ: keɖewa ɖɩcasɩyɛ ɖeɖe, tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ, tilima ɖɩsʊyɛ maʊ, agɔma ɖɩsɩ, cɔɔcɩnaa kuduyiŋ maʊ, ɖɩcazɩyɛ lona. Mbʊ pɩkɩla ɛ-hɩɖɛ kpazʊʊ ɛsɔtaa yɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɖɩsɩ nzɩ ɛlɩza lɩmaza nɛ pama-sɩ maʊ nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɖeu yɔ.
Kuduyiŋ maʊ kpalaahusi lʊʊ tɔm taa lɛ, ɛ-wayɩ fɛyɩ. Mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 1991 taa, Amerika keteŋga taa kpalahasi lʊya ŋgbɛyɛ ha-ɩ nimiye nɛ palɩçzɩ-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ-tʊ pe-keteŋga taa kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ nɛ pɩsɩɩna mbʊ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se William Carey Wright (1825-1904) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anna Lloyd Jones (1839-1923). Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kaakɛ Frank Lincoln Wright. Ɛ-ñɩma ya-ɖama ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 1885 ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ Lincoln nɛ Lloyd se ɛɖʊna e-ɖoo kɛ hɩɖɛ.


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Payaɣ mbʋ se Google yɔ, pɩkɛ Amerika ñɩma lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1998 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ. Patʋlɩ-ɖɩ Silicon Valley tɛtʋ taa Kalifɔrnɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖajaa Larry Page nɛ Ɖajaa Sergey Brin patʋlɩna-ɖɩ. Pa-naalɛ pulubina Google tɛ ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ.
Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Alphabet yɔ, ńɖɩ cɔŋnana Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ kpaɣnɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ wɛ camɩyɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ, mbʋ yebina nɛ ɛyaa sɔɔlʋ-kʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛlɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ nɛ alɛ ñɩna pakaɣyɩɣ ɖama. Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma anaa yɔ : AltaVista nɛ Yahoo nɛ Bing.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Google tasɩ wɛnaʋ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ nɛ kʋ-tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ sɔnɔdaa kɩwɛɛna mbʋ payaɣ se logiciel aaa nɛ sites web waa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Pa-taa kɔyɔ : YouTube nɛ Android nɛ Google Earth nɛ Google Maps.
Google ñɩnɩɣ se tɔm natʋyʋ ɛlaba ɖoli lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛpɩzɩ kanɩɩ-tʋ. Ɖajaa Eric Schmidt kɛŋna Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma ñʋʋdʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2011 taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Ɖajaa Larry Page lɛɣzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ́lɛ pɩsɩ Google tʋma ñʋʋdʋ.
Pɩlɩɩna Google yeki nɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩsʋʋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔdaa Amerika ñɩma tɛ tʋma kajalaɣ ñɩna taa naɖɩyɛ. Kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛ tʋmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ Google tɛ wazaɣ kɛkɛ dollars waa 176 miiliyaarɩ Wall Street taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa Best Global Brands ŋgbɛyɛ taka payɩ lɛ, Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tʋmɩyɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ kɔnaʋ yaa ɖɩkɩlɩɣ sʋzʋʋ liidiye yɔ, ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Google tʋmɩyɛ tɩŋɩɣna. Pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa Google tʋmɩyɛ sʋza liidiye nɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-ñʋʋ kɛ dollars waa 107,43 miiliyaarɩ.
Paakɛda lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma pɩnaɣ 1974 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Apple lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Apple tʋmɩyɛ kɩlaɣna sʋzʋʋ liidiye kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1974 nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa. Yee ḿbʋ, pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɔyɔ Google tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛʋ Apple ñɩnɖɛ liidiye sʋzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ. Ɖooo mbʋ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tasʋzɩda liidiye nɛ pɩɖɛɛ dollars waa miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɔyɔ Google tʋmɩyɛ sʋzʋʋ liidiye nɛ pɩɖɛɛ dollars waa miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Google tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛ Apple ñɩnɖɛ nɔɔ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ kɩpɩsɩ Etaazuunii kajalaɣ ñɩm. Google ñɩm kɛ dollars waa 550 miiliyaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖ-taa.
Mba palakɩ Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 50 000 mbʋ yɔ. Pa-taa sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe Google tʋma ñʋŋ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Google tʋma ñʋŋ ɖɩlaɖɛ payaɣ se Googleplex. Ɖɩwɛ Mountain View tɛtʋ taa Californie ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pilinzi kpɛndɩ naanza. Nzɩɩ yɔ : Google nɛ Apple nɛ Facebook nɛ Amazon. Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pilinzi naanza sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ ɖɔɖɔ se GAFA. Google wɛ tʋma wena akɩlɩ wɛnaʋ ɖoŋ ɛntɛɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ yɔ a-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa Google kɛwɛna mbʋ payaɣ se « serveurs’ waa yɔ 400 000. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, kɩwɛɛna-wɛ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ 900 000 yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ lɛ, Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wɛna anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ naalɛ. Google tɛyɩ kɩ-anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sites web waa hiŋ nadozo nɛ naalɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2008 ñɩŋa taa Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ wɩla mbʋ payaɣ se pages web waa yɔ, pɩɖɛɛ miiliyaarɩ waa 1000 yɔɔ.


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Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ kɔyɔ Andrew Warhola. Ɛkɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1928 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Pittsburgh egeetiye taa. Egeetiye ɖɩnɛ,ɖɩwɛ Pennsylvanie tɛtʋ taa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖajaa Andy Warhol kɛ ɛyʋ lɔnsɩnɖʋ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye,, pɩnaɣ 1987 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩba Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ tɛtʋ taa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɖajaa Andy Warhol kɛ mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "pop art" yɔ pa-taa wɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖajaa Andy Warhol kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ minziiki maɖʋ nɛ hendu luldu. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ filim waa lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɖajaa Andy Warhol kɛ pɩɣa naanza n̄ɩŋga ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa size Ondrej Varhola. Palʋla ɛ-caa pɩnaɣ 1889 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ ɛsɩ pɩŋaɣ 1942 n̄ɩŋga taa. Payaɣ e-ɖoo size Julia, palʋla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1892 n̄ɩŋga taa, nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1972 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Tamasɩ
Tamasɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Siirii yɔ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊi ndʊ pakala ɛyaakɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ 1 700 000 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋ kɔyɔ pɛɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 600 000 yɔ. Tamasɩ wɛ keteŋga kpeekp taa tɛtʊsɔsɔtʊ ndʊ ɖooo pɛlɛkaɣ ti-taa caaʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Tamasɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tiposina Mediteranee teŋgu ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 80 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 680 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Paɖada yɔ kɔcɔlɔ. Panaɣ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ malɩŋ ɛsɔsɛtʊ namɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Omeyadinaa, Azim kewiyaɣ ɖaɣ, Khan Assad Pacha ɖaɣ, Souk Al-Hamidiyya, Souk Medhatt Basha, Souk Bzouriye. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyuɛ taa lɛ, cɔcɩ tɩnɛ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa payaɣ Tamasɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kpem. Tamasɩ hɩdɛ wɛ Kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa, ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Awiya takayaɣ taa. Iben Battuta kɛtɩɣ Tamasɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛkɛdɩna yɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se paa paakɛdɩna ɛpɛ yɔ, pɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩna kpayɩ kpayɩ se tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu camɩyɛ. Ɛtɔŋ camɩyɛ se nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se papɩzɩ nɛ pakpɣ nɛ pɛkɛdɩna-tʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ.


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Romanɩ nɛ Caama tɛ waɖɛ
Paanɩ tɛ tɔm hʊʊ taa waɖɛ mʊyʊ kɛnɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa waɖɛ ɖoŋ mbʊ payaɣ se romanɩ nɛ caama tɛ waɖɛ. Romanɩ samaɣ taa paanɩ waɖɛ mʊyʊ yaa kedeŋga waɖɛ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ mɔnɖɔŋ paɣtʊ yɔɔ tʊ ɛlɛ Quebec yeke koŋ.
Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna roma waɖɛ taa nɛ paɣtʊ keem nɛ paa ɖooye lɛ pekpeɣluu paɣtʊ takayasɩ nɛ tɔm hʊyaa lakɩna-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palɩzɩɣ sɩ-tɔbɩŋ. Tɩlɩna ius commune tɛ lɩmaɣza kpɛndʊʊ tɛzʊʊ taa nɛ sɔnzɩ tɛ agbeelaa nɛ pɔ-nɔmɔŋ kajalaɣ taa kɛlɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 17 pɩlɩna samaɣ waɖɛ paɣtʊ wɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Jean Domat yɔɔ. Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, paɣtʊ takayasɩ nasɩyɛ kpeɣluu pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ tɛ waɖɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Napoléon paɣtʊ takayaɣ (yaa Fransɩɩ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ) nɛ Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch.
Paa mbʊ yɔ Ekɔsɩ mba nɛ Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ waɖɛ tɛ-kpɛndɩ. Andorre nɛ Saint-Marin nɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ ajɛyaa paɣtʊ tɛ-kpɛndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Romanɩ samaɣ paɣtʊ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ajɛyaa taa tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.


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Pɔɔlɩ
Pɔɔlɩ kɛ Tarɩsɩ tɛtʊ taa tʊ. Pamaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma kʊnʊŋ taa se Sooli, ɛlɛ, pakalɩɣ se Sahulɩ. Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ-ɩ se Pɔɔlɩ kiɖeɖeu. Paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ Tarɩsɩ tɛtʊ taa palʊlɩ Pɔɔlɩ, Turki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu nɛ naanaza nɛ pɩnaɣ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu nɛ lutozo pɛ-hɛkʊ taa (64-68). Room tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ maɣmaɣ nɖɩ ɛlaba yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ-wɛ pʊyʊ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔ-cɔzɔnaa sɔsaa lɛlaa yɔ pe-lidaʊ wɛnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna sɩyɩnaa layaa ajɛya tɛ Apositolo. Ɛcɔ Roma tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa ɛtakazɩ ɖoli. Ɛnʊ kɩlɩna takayɩsɩ maʊ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ. Ɛsɔ kulaa nɛ ɛwɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tʊm ndʊ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ kɔyɔɔdaa yɔ tɩ-tɔbɩŋ payɩ.
Toovenum lɛ, Pɔɔlɩ taafɛyɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ tɛ Apostolo waa hiu nɛ naa pa-taa. Paa mbʊ yɔ, ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ nasɩyɛ taa se ɛkɛ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ tɛ Apostolo yaa ɛ-tʊmlaɖʊ. Tɔmpiye «Apostolo» lɩnɩ Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se «weyi petiyaa yɔ». Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ se Yerusaalɛm ŋgbɛyɛ Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tiyina pʊdʊ. Wiyaʊ ɛnʊ pakpaɣa se ɛwɛ siɣsiɣ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ Yakubu. Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma ŋgbɛyɛ tɔŋ se pʊmʊna siŋŋ se pakpaɣ Pɔɔlɩ se ɛkɛ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ tɛ Apostolo. Toovenum lɛ, ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔdɩna Pɔɔlɩ Tamasɩ nʊmɔʊ taa. Ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ fema nɛ pɩla kɩyakɩŋ naanaza lɛ ɛya Pɔɔlɩ nɛ ɛsɔdaa kiŋ nɛ etiyi-i sɩyɩnaa layaa ajɛya taa se ewolo nɛ esusi ɛ-Tɔm kɩbandʊ ajɛya ana a-taa n̄ɩma. Ŋgʊ Pɔɔlɩ n̄owokaɣ Daamasɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa se ɛkʊyɩ mba pesewa nɛ pɛmɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, Pɔɔlɩ ɛnʊ ɛkʊyaɣa mba patɩŋaɣ Krɩstʊ nʊmɔʊ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ɛkʊ pa-taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Ɛwɩlaɣ n̄aŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ mba patɩŋaɣ Krɩstʊ nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Krɩstʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ Apostolo waa.


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Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm
Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Tɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pasiifiki lɩŋamʋʋ wɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Piyele hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Atɩlantiki lɩŋamʋʋ. Amerika hɛkʋ tɛ tɛtʋ tɔnaɣ tamsɩna Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ tɛtʋ. Piyele Karayiibu waa ñɛwɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Pɔɔrɩtigɛɛ kʋnʋŋ nɛ ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ kʋnʋŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1507 ñɩŋa taa paya tɛtʋ ndʋ se Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ. Anjaʋ naa lɩzɩyaa, ɖajaanaa panɛ, Martin Waldseemüller nɛ Mathias Ringmann, mba hana Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ. Saint-Dié-des-Vosges tɛtʋ taa paha-tʋ hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ.
Toovenum lɛ, ɖajaa Amerigo Vespuci calɩna yɔɔdʋʋ se Amerika tɛtʋ kɛ tɛtʋ kɩfatʋ ndʋ Eerɔpʋ ñɩma tasɩmda-tʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Amerika tɛtʋ fɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɖajaa Amerigo kɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa tʋ.
Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ walanzɩ kɛ 17 840 000 km2. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɛ 11,9.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa ñʋʋ kɛkɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 410. Payaɣ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ñɩma se Amerika nɛ hadɛ taa ñɩma. Tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɛ walanzɩ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋna. Tʋtʋ wyɩ lɛ, Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ tɩŋ.
Ɛyaa ɖɔʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ. Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋ nɛ tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm ñatɩŋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm wayɩ lɛ, Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa ñatɩŋ.


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Pɔtasɩyɔm
Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kaŋwa, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 19 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ K (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, kalium). Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖʊʊyʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, nɛ epiyi pazɩ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ ɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛla kɛ teŋgu lɩm taa yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ. Ɛɛlazɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ patɩ ɖʊyɩ lɩm kɔyɔ ɛ-tɩ lɛɣzɩɣ kpaagbaa.
Palɩ kaŋwa yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1807 pɩtɩŋna Humphry Davy yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtɩŋna kaŋwa nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ pʊtʊ weyi paapɩza palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛwɛ eyeke yɔ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Davy ɛnʊ lʊbɩna hɩɖɛ se pɔtasɩyɔm nɛ ɖɩya-ɩ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se kaŋwa, pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ kaŋwa yɔɔ (pɔtasɩyɔm kaŋwa hɩɖɛ lɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa) ɛ nɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔmʊʊ kɩtɩnɩɣ ium).
Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ K lɩna latɛŋ taa kalium, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩlɩna ceu kʊnʊŋ taa (tɩŋ hɛkʊ taa). Pɔtasɩyɔm tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kalɩyɔm kɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa Caama kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɩ-tomnaɣ wɛʊ yɔ kɩwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-kʊ kɛbɛyɛ nɛ saɣ. Nɛ pɛsɛtɩɣ kpa lɛ, nɔsɩ yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ. Ɛlaɣzɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa lɛ mbʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se pasɩ-ɩ num taa kɛnɛ.
Pɔtasɩyɔm kɛ pɩtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ tɩŋ paɣlaka hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pana-ɩ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ tɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (ɛkɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩyʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa). Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa.
Yee ɛyʊ efeza pɔtasɩyɔm kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ eliba feziŋ ɛnʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna-ɩ ɛsa kʊdɔŋ, ɛ-mɔŋ tɛ wɩɣ, eliu tɛ wɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔna acɩmsa, kpezuu nɛ liu tɛ wɩzasɩ. Pɩ-tɛ fefeku ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛyʊ hʊzɩŋ taa kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna sɩm. Yee putukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ yaa ɛ-ɛsɛ kɔyɔ pɩha-ɩ heŋ sɔsɔŋ matɛŋ matɛŋ.


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Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao kɛna Kpɛndɛ Ŋgbɛyɛ Kewɩtu taa takayaɣ mayʊ. Palɩza-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 2002 nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ tɛ pɩnzɩ hiu wayɩ kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 2012. Pɛcala-ɩ ɛ-tɛ kcalaɣ waɖɛ kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 2002 nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖɔŋ haʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 2007. Ɛzɩma ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔla camɩyɛ yɔ lɛ, patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Jiang Zemin. Ɛ-tɛ kewitu ɖoŋ haʊ tɛma pɩnaɣ 2012 ɛlɛ XI Jinping lɛɛzɩna-ɩ.
Palʊla-ɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1942 kɛ Taizhou, Jiangsu egeetiye peeɖe wɛna Shanghai nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊuyɛ taa ɛzɩ kilomɛtnaa 300 kɛ mbʊ yɔ, taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ kɔyɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa Kpɛndɛ Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ Kewiyaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛwɛna halʊ kʊɖʊm nɛ piya naalɛ. Ɛ-halʊ payaɣ se LiuYongking nɛ ɛ-kacalaɣ pɩɣa yɔ Hu Haifeng, piyele nɛ tɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ Hu Haiqing. Ɛlaba sukuli ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ taa kɛ Tsinghua Zhognanhai taa kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛkɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa Kpɛndɛ Kewiyaɣ Ngbɛyɛ ñʊʊtʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 2003 nɛ ɛ-tɛ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ haʊ sɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 2013. Pʊtɔbʊ se ɛ-ɖɔŋ haʊ kɛtɛma ɛlɛ, nɛ ɛzɩma paañɔya-ɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ ɛzɩma ɛlɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩya tasɩ-ɩ lɩzʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 2008.
Ngbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɛyɩ wɛna nɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɖɩlɩzʊ keteŋga kpeekpe taa kɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɩla ɖoŋ yaa keveŋga wɛnaʊ yɔ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩza Ju Jintao tɔm nabʊnaza kpem.


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Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ
Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kɛna ñɩɣʊ ŋgʊ poluba se pɩwazɩ laadiriki yɔ. Polubu-kʊ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩla sɛʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVIII. Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ yaa ñamɩyɛ nɖɩ paɖʊ-ɖɩ mɩŋ ɛlɛ ɛlɩʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Mɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩzʊna lɩm nɛ pɩwasɩ kaaka kɛ kpomuu nakʊyʊ taa nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩ-tɛ feveku maamaɣ pɩsʊʊna ɖoŋ weyi ɛpɩsʊʊ ɖoŋ yɔ.
Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kʊnɛ ŋgʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ ñɩnɩyaa lɛɣ naʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ kpasɩnaʊ camɩyɛ yɔ se kɩpɩzʊ kɩha ɖoŋ weyi palakɩna feveku yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ñɩɩtʊ sɔɔsɔɔ ñɩnʊ sɔsɔm kɛɖɛwaɣna ɛsɩnda kpem kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX taa, ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩɩpazaa kʊtʊ mɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛ ñɩɩtʊ sɔɔsɔɔ ñɩnʊ sɔsɔm ɛsɩnda ɖɛʊ alɩwaatʊ.
Feveku ñʊɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩfɛyɩ ɛzɩ lɩm ñahaɣʊ ɖoŋ weyɩ yaa pɔsɩ nɛ heelim ɖoŋ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɩm, pɔsɩ nɛ heelim ɛlɛ, pʊpɔzʊ se powona ñɩɣyʊ nɛ pasɩɩ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa pɔsɔza feveku ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kʊ-yɔɔ kɛ kpela wena acɔʊ nɛ ahaɣ feveku yɔ nɛ nazɩyʊ ñamɩyɛ pɩna ɖɔɖɔ ñɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa maɣmaɣ kɛ mɩŋ fevekʊ cakɩ yɔ. Ñɩɩtʊ ndʊ pɔsɔza feveku ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɩtɩŋgaɩlakɩ nɛ fevekʊ ɖoŋ tasʊ kpaʊ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɖɛʊna ɛsɩntaa.


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Henri 4 (Fransɩɩ tɛ wiyaʋ)
Henri 4, pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ Henri sɔsɔ, palʊlɩ-ɩ Bourbon Henri liɖe kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1555 kɛ Pau nɛ pakʊ-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1610 kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Navarre wiyaʊ (Navarre Henri 3, 1572 ŋtalɩ 1610) nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ wiyaʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre (pɩnzɩ 1589 nɛ 1610), kajalaɣ wiyaʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Bourbon kɛ Kapetiyɛɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ yɔ.
Ɛɛkɛ Jeanne 3 pɩɣa, nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛlɛ Jeanne Albret, Navarre tɛ abiɖe, nɛ Bourbon Antoine, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛnɛ tamaɣ tɔyʊ kɛ Bourbon cejewiye taa. Palʊla-ɩ wiyaʊ Louis 14 liɖe taa, calɩm taa wiyaʊ pɩɣa nɛ ɛyʊ naalɛ tʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ taa. Pɩlɩna salique paɣtʊ yɔ liɖe nɖɩ, ɖɩpɩsɩ Henri ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊ Fransɩɩ wiyaʊ kewiyaɣ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ François, Alençon waa tɛ wiyaʊ nɛ Anjou (ɖalaa peyebina-m ñɩm waa kɛ Henri 3 cɔlɔ) sɩba pɩnaɣ 1584 taa yɔ.
Pɔkɔma nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisuu aŋgba hɛkɩŋ taa sʊʊ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛwɛ pɩta mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ calɩm taa wiyaʊ pɩɣa ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ pɩɣyɩya tɛ wiyaʊ pʊcɔ ɛkɛʊ wiyaʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa (pɔsɔyɩ-ɩ Ɛsɔ lɩm katoliki cɔɔcɩ taa palʊla-ɩ lɛ, ɛlɛɣzɩ cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ pʊcɔ ɛkɛʊ wiyaʊ. Pɩsa nɛ ɛkɛ wiyaʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pʊpɔzʊʊ se ɛɖanɩ pɩsɩɣ katoliki kpaŋ taa, e-kiɖe tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ ɛñɩɣ nesi Nantes Edict takayaɣ taa, pɩkɛ nɩnaʊ takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ waɖɛ pɩɣyɩyaa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔ, mba mba paakizi cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ pɩtalɩ waasɩ naalɛ yɔ.
Mbʊ lɛ, ɛñɔɔza ɛ-tɩ se ɛla you nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛlɛ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1610 pɩtɩŋna Charentais ɛyʊ nɔyʊ yɔɔ, François Ravaillac, ñɩɣtʊ habɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖuunaʊ tɔmʊʊ kɔyɔ Duo praetendit unus pʊtɔbʊʊ kɔyɔ se lɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛyʊ wɛɛ, Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre.
Pɩɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga pɔsɔ-kɛ lɩm katoliki cɔɔcɩ kpaŋ taa kɩyakɩŋ kɩsɩŋɩŋ naalɛ wayi ɛzɩ palʊlɩ-ɩ mbʊ yɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1554, Pau ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa, ɛlɛ fada Armagnac sɔnɛ-ɩ lɩm mbʊ. Ɛ-tɛ abalɩ kpaŋgbamɩŋ kɔyɔ Henri 2 Fransɩɩ wiyaʊ nɛ Henri 2 Navarre ñɩnʊ (mbʊ yebina nɛ palɩzɩ hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ se Henri), ɛ-halɩ kpaŋgbamɩŋ kɔyɔ Médicis Cathérine Fransɩɩ abiɖe nɛ Albret Isabeau, e-neŋ. Palakaɣ sɔnzɩ nzɩ lɛ, fada Vendôme wɛna Henri 2 tʊ Fransɩɩ wiyaʊ lone taa, Bourbon Antoine ɖalʊ kɛlɛ.


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Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkpɛdɩna tomnaɣ maʊ tɛ (tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi maʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩzaŋ nɛ patʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ taa ñɩnaa. Tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, anthrôpos tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ pɩlɩna kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ taa nɛ logos tɔbʊʊ se tɔmʊʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɔm kɛdɩɣ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ maɣzɩm taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ cɔŋna sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ agbeela yɔɔ. Mbʊ Claude Lévi-Strauss tɔŋ se papɩzɩɣ patʊʊ ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ cɔŋna nɛ kikpeluu mbʊ pɩtɛma ɖɛʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ wiluu nɛ pɩɖɩna ŋgʊ ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɛyɩɣ, ɖɩtakɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣ. Ɛlɛ sɛtʊʊ mbʊ piiyeki yaa pɩɩsaŋ se pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ camɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa, Caama tɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ social anthropology kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa nɛ cultural anthropology kɔzɩk kɔzɩ Amerika tʊ, pɛkpɛdɩ tɔmpee ana pɩtɩŋna ñɩnɩya sɔsaa yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lakɩ keeke sɔnzɩ nɛ tisuu tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, liɖe wɛtʊ nɛ hɔŋ ɖʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ maʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke lɛ, maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa pɩlɩna wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1838, pɩtɩŋna William Edwards, ekpeɣli ndɔnjɔɔlaa ana pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm nɛ ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tam sakɩyɛ taa. Lɩmaɣza ana amʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1848 alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Kâlidâsa
Kâlidâsa payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size «Kâlî tɛ lɩmɖʋyʋ». Abalʊ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩɣa. Abalʊ Kâlidâsa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ siŋŋ nɔɔyʊ. Palʋla-ɩ Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ, ɖeɖe tɔm mayaɣ tatɩlɩ keekee.
Ɛlɛ, egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ size Empire Gupta yɔ, ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ. Patatɩlɩ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba yɔ. Pʋ-yɔ nabɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ size pɩnaɣ 522 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛsɩba. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ size Ceylan tɩ-taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Kâlidâsa kɛ" keɣya maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayɩsɩ mayʋ pasɩmam nɔɔyʋ.
Filim waa mba Ɖajaa Kâlidâsa laba yɔ, pa-taa nabɛyɛ kɔyɔ : Shakuntala, nɛ Meghdoot, nɛKumara Sambhavam, nɛ Sakuntalai, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Adalat, nɛ Malvikagni Mitra, nɛ pɩtasɩna Vikram Urvashi. Ɛ-maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ : Meghaduta, nɛ Kumārasambhava, nɛ Ṛtusaṃhāra ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ lɛɛsɩ sakɩyɛ.
Sanskrit kʋnʋŋ taa Ɖajaa Kâlidâsa mana ɛ-takayasɩ sɩnɛ. Ɖajaa Kâlidâsa caɣ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ kpem ɖooo caanaʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ nɛ pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Kavikula-guou. Ɛnʋʋ sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size keɣsi kpeekpe maɖaa lɔŋ sɩɣzɩyʋ. Kpaɖʋ ŋgʋ ɛn̄amsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛ-tʋma sɔsɔna ana yɔ, pɩɩkɛ naanza (4) nɛ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa mbɩ yɔ.


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FALƖSƖ ÑA-TƖ NƐ ŊSUSI TƆM CAMƖYƐ
Kɛdɛsɩ labʋ
Ðɩcalɩɣ ɛyʋ katʋʋ lɛ, novembre taa (Ŋgee tɔm susuu)
Tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Ɛzɩ puuyaɣ lakasɩ nɛ yoŋ pakaɣ sɩʋ tɩnaɣ toovenim na?
Bibl mayaɣ: Keɣa 36:10, 11
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Bibl taa tɔm ndʋ haɣ-ɖʋ lidaʋ?
▸ ÑƖNƖ MAYAƔ KANƐ TƆM WƖLƲƲ WONDU TAA
Ðɩcalɩɣ ɛyʋ katʋʋ lɛ, décembre taa *
Tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Suwe ŋmaɣzɩɣ Bibl yɔɔ?
Bibl mayaɣ: Roma 15:4
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Bibl taa tɔm ndʋ haɣ-ɖʋ lidaʋ?
ÑƖNƖ MAYAƔ KANƐ TƆM WƖLƲƲ WONDU TAA
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ *
Tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Bibl taa tɔm ndʋ haɣ-ɖʋ lidaʋ?
Bibl mayaɣ: Natʋ 21:3, 4
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ tɔm pɔzʋʋ: Ɛbɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩnɩɩ Bibl taa?
ÑƖNƖ MAYAƔ KANƐ TƆM WƖLƲƲ WONDU TAA:


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Oklahomaa
Oklahomaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Misuurii nɛ Arkansɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Mɛkzikii kifalʊʊ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koloraadoo nɛ Kanzasii.
Oklahomaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Oklahoma City nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Oklahomaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 181 196 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 178 023 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 173 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 1.75 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 28 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 46 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1907. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 751 351 yɔ.
Payaɣ Oklahomaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Mary Fallin (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: James Inhofe (R) nɛ James Lankford (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Siini sɔnzɩ
Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ calɩ n̄ɔʋ. Pɩtala ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 4000 yɔ pɩɖɛɛ sɔnzɩ lɩʋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Siini tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa sɔnzɩ calɩ lɩʋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-cɔlɔ ageeta tasɩmda sɔnzɩ.
Ɛyaa tɩŋna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩla se sɔnzɩ n̄ɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖooo Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔsaa lakaɣ mbʋ payaɣ se "chamatique" nɛ "confucianisme" nɛ "taoïsme" nɛ buudiyism yɔ. Lakasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ pɩla se sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ lɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa peeye ɛyaa nɩnɩ ɖama nɛ pama kʋnʋŋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ nɛ paa weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkalʋʋ-kʋ nɛ ɛnɩɣ. Toovenum lɛ, ɛyaa yɔɔdʋʋ ŋsʋlʋma ndɩ ndɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ pamaa nɛ paa Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʋ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkalʋʋ-kʋ nɛ ɛnɩɣ kʋ-tɔbʋʋ. Mbʋ sɩŋna-wɛ nɛ papɩzɩ pɛwɛɛna pɔ-sɔnzɩ.
Samaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Moghol yɔ kamʋna Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kan̄azɩɣ-ɖɩ. Samaɣ ŋga kalɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ kowolo kamʋ Siini tɛtʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kɛwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, kalakaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ. Halɩ patɩŋaɣna mbʋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ komina kaɖʋwa yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ peɖiyiɣ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkpaɣ.


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Heu hʋndʋ
Heu hʋndʋ paya ɖɔɖɔ size pɩsatʋ hʋndʋ. Heu hʋndʋ kɛna kpɩna wonuu. Keekee taa lɛ, paya hɩɖɛ size hʋndʋ kɔyɔ, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma pɩkɛɣna kpɩnɛ hʋnʋʋ.
Hʋndʋ wɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ yɔɔ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ kpɩna hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Paya size hʋndʋ kɔyɔ, paa weyi ɛ-lɩmaɣza woki kpɩna hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛnɛ. Heŋ hʋndʋ palakɩna wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Pakpakɩɣ heŋ hʋndʋ ndʋ nɛ palakɩna pɩsatʋ: Heu hʋndʋ ndʋ pakpakɩɣ nɛ palakɩna tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Heŋ hʋndʋ paya size "laine" kɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ heu ɖeke wɛnana hʋndʋ. Kpɩna lɛɛna wɛna ɖɔɖɔ hʋndʋ. Kpɩna lɛɛna hʋndʋ n̄ɩna naayɛ hɩla kɔyɔ : pʋŋ, naŋ, afanaa, kpaŋganzɩ. Awayɩ wondu ɖɔɖɔ wɛna hʋndʋ.


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Mʊɖɛ lɩm
Mʊɖɛ lɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩcatʊna ɖenɖe puhuwa yɔ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊʊna yɔ nɛ kʊɖɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ nasɩyɛ haɣna lɩm mbʊ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛ yaa naalɩm tɩyɛ nɛ naayɛ taa sida calɩm nɛ pee. Pʊcɔ nɛ mʊɖɛ kpa ɛyʊ lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna heŋ nɩɩyɛ labɩna-ɩ, piye naɖɩyɛ lɩna ñɩɩɩ yaa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ ɖɛna-ɩ. Lɩm cakɩ ɖenɖe yɔ, sonzo naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ apʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kʊlʊtasɩ nɛ sɩɖazʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛʊ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊna yɔ.
Mʊɖɛ paazʊʊ lɛ, peeɖe saɣ miŋ nɛ peeɖe wɛɛ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ piyele puhuu pazɩ. Mʊya wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kpa ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔ. Mʊɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa lɩm ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ naanim yɔ. Mʊya lɛɛna taa lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila caɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊindɔndʊ yɔ. Fɩtɩyɩm huɖu ñɩŋganzɩ kʊdɔŋ mʊɖɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mʊɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖi-lɩm wɛ kele kele nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila ɖɔɖɔ. Agbanja mʊya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Hʊzʊŋ ñɩŋganzɩ kʊɖɔŋ mʊya wɛɛ. Mʊya ana a-lɩm caɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Naayɛ lɩm wɛ huluu sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ mʊya ana lɛ, ɖalaa kʊɖɔŋ ñahaɣna-yɛ.
Pɔcɔna ñɩnʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaɣ kʊlʊdasɩ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ wa yɔ kɩ-taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ se mʊya taa tomnasi sakɩyɛ. Kʊlʊdasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ mʊya lɩm taa yɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna mʊya ana aɖɩlɩyɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩɣna kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sonzo wena ahaɣ mʊya ana yɔ. Pɛkɛdʊ mʊya nɛ ɖama kɔyɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mʊya taa kʊlʊtasɩ nasɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩnamɩyɛ ɖalaa, calɩm hokasi kʊhʊlʊmasɩ yaa tomnaɣ taa ajɔɔla ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖenɖe lɩm caɣ mbʊ yɔ, peeɖe ɖazʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩzɔɔtʊʊ.
Pɩwɛɛ se mʊɖɛ ɛkpa nɔɔyʊ lɛ, eyele pañazɩ-ɩ ɖɩ yaa patʊlɩ-ɩ ɖɩ nɛ palɩzɩ lɩm mbʊ pɩtɩŋga. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩzʊ pɩwɛɛ ɖazʊ yɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩɖazɩ yaa piyele pɩpɩsɩ eyʊ taa nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖol i nɛ pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ.


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Pwaavrɔɔ
Pwaavrɔɔ kɛna kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩlɩɩna ki-pee yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kpɛɛnzʊʊʊ. Pwaavɔɔ pee ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi pwaavrɔɔ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi pwaavrɔɔ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lɩm nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ sɩʊ pʊnɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɩkɩlɩ leɖuu.
Pwaavrɔɔ wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ. Pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ po-tomnasi kɛ kɩsɛɛmasɩ, sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ leemuu lɩm. Pwaavrɔɔna nabayɩ kɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pwaavrɔɔnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ lɩna Amerika keteŋga taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe pacalɩ-kʊ hayʊʊ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-pee pamɩzʊʊ nɛ alɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩla ɛzɩ kpɩtaʊ yaa kpɩtaŋ naalɛ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ añɔ. Pee ana apɩzɩʊ aleɖi adaɖazɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa kaawɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu lɛ, palɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ ki-pee naayɛ yɔɔ kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mɛkɩziki yɔ ɖi-taa nɛ aleɖaa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pahayaa keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23,2 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛzɩ kaabʊnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ pwaavrɔɔnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Ɛndonezii.


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Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernahard Riemann, palʊla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1826 kɛ Breslenz tɛtʊ taa, Caama ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1866 kɛ Selasca ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩkɛ egeetiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ Verbania kooka taa kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Palʊla-ɩ Breselenz, pɩkɛ haɖaa kooka nakɛyɛ Hanover kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ tɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Riemann kɛ pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga kɛ pɩyaa loɖo taa. Ɛ-caa, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, ɛɛkɛ Luther ninɖiyu yaa pastɔɣɔ, ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ napoléon tɛ yoŋ. E-ɖoo Charlotte Ebell, ɛlɛ ñasɩba lɔŋ pʊcɔ e-pipaa paɣlɩ. Bernhard kaawɛ pɩɣa ŋñɩɩ mbʊ yɔ, ɛ-ñʊʊ taa katɛma wɛʊ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ. Ɛlɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊyɔ ɛɛwɛ hɛmmm nɛ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛyaa taa mbʊ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ-ɩ kʊdɔŋ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1840 taa lɛ, Bernhard wolo Hanover ɛcaɣ e-neze cɔlɔ nɛ ewoki Lyceum (kɔlɛzɩ sukuli). E-neze sɩba pɩnaɣ 1842 wayi lɛ, ewolo Lunebourg se pɩsa ɛpɩzɩ ɛla ɛ-kɔlɛzɩ sukuli. Ɛkɔma ɛtalɩ hɛkʊ taa sukuli kɩlɛlʊʊ ɖamɩŋ taa lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ sakɩyɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ, ɛlɛ, ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tɔm nɛ halɩ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa tɔm kiɖe nɛ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ yɔ. Pɩɖɩzɩ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa se papɩzɩ panɩɩ ɛ-lɔŋ tɔbʊʊ nɛ pocosi-i.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1846 taa lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 kɛlɛ, pɩtɩŋna e-liɖe liidiye yɔɔ lɛ, ɛpazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ camɩyɛ se pɩha-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ pastɔɣɔ yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm heyiyu nɛ ɛkapɩzɩ nɛ ɛha liidiye ɛ-ñɩma.
Pɩnaɣ 1847 taa lɛ, ɛ-caa hayi nɔmɔʊ se ɛpazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛla Göttingen sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ɖenɖe ɛkata Carl Friedrich Gauss yɔɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛla Berlin sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe ɛkata wɩlɩyaa lalaa ɛzɩ Jacobi nɛ Steiner nɛ Dirichlet. Ehiɣa se ɛpɩsɩ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Göttingen sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1857 taa lɛ, ɛɖanɩɣ kpaʊ Dirichlet lɩmaɣza alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ ñasɩba yɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1862 lɛ, ɛkpaɣ halʊ nɛ paya ɛlɛ se Elise Koch. Bernhard sɩbɩna kpezi wɩlaɣ kʊɖɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 39 kɛ Selasca tɛtʊ taa nɛ pepime-ɩ Biganzolo sɩɖaa naŋ yɔɔ kɛ Verbania tɛtʊ taa.


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Senegaalɩ
Seneegaalɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya ; wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ : ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩhayi kiŋ ŋe ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Moritaanii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Maalii, Kinee Konakrii nɛ Kinee Pɩsaʊ.
Pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Kambii yɔ ka-lɩm kpeŋ Senegalɩ tɛtʊ taa. Payaʊ se Senegaalɩ yɔ, pɩlɩna pɔɔ sɔsɔwa ŋga kekpeŋ peeɖe nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Senegaalɩ Pɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɔɔ kanɛ kakpakɩɣ nɛ Kinee pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Futa-Jalɔŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Peeɖe lʊŋgɩyɛ nɛ yolim pɛtɛyɩ ɖama.
Senegaalɩ wɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se UA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtasɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena akpɛnda nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ faransɩɩ nɛ payaɣ se Frankofonii a-ŋbgɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Mackɩ Sall nɛ palɩza-ɩ ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa.


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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʋ. Ɛkɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ: ɛma takayaɣsɩ sakɩyɛ, keɣsi nɛ cɩmɩŋ maɖʋ ɛlɛ mbʊ pakɩlɩna-ɩ sɩmnaʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ ɛ-lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1844. Röcken tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 1900 Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Ɛ-lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-lɩmaza sɔsɔna nayɩ taa kɔyɔ: camɩyɛ laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, kristu wayɩ tɩŋgʊ tɔm, ɛsɩnda wobu tɔm, pɩvɛyɩ takʊʊ tɔm, tisuuvɛyɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ kajʊka kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Piyele mbʊ pɩwɛɛ se pɔɖɔkɩ sɔsɔm mbʊ pɩ-taa yɔ mbʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ sɔɔla se ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ pa anɩ ɛlɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɛñɩnʊ se ɛna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ mbʊ pɩkɩla ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔ, kpaagba kpem tɔbʊʊ suwe, cejewiye kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩvɛyɩ takʊʊ tɔm nɛ tisuuvɛyɩ lɩmaɣza pɔ-yɔɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ, mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ yɔ ɛzɩma ɛlɩzʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ camɩyɛ laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm kɛ we.
Lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩya mba ɛna yaa ɛkalɩ pa-takayɩsɩ nɛ pɩkɛdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-wɛɛ tɩɩzɩnaʊ yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: Burckhardt, Chamfort, Charles Darwin, Diogène, Démocrite, Emerson, Epicure, Eschyle, Goethe, Héraclite, Kant, Pyrrhon, Montaigne, Rée, Rousseau, Schopenhauer, Spinoza, Stifter, Thucydide, Richard Wagner.
Piyele ɛmaɣmaɣ, mba pakalɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ yaa pɔcɔna ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ pɩlabɩ-wɛ ɖeu nɛ pɔɖɔŋ ɛ-ɖɔnɛ yaa pamaɣzʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm yɔ, pɔɖɔɔ nɛ pataa kɔyɔ: Adorno, Bachelard, Baudrillard, Bataille, Blanchot, Broch, Albert Camus, Cioran, Derrida, Deleuze, Foucault, Freud, Khalil Gibran, Gide, Granier, Heidegger, Ibsen, Jaspers, Jung, Hesse, Kafka, Kofman, Kundera, Musil, Mann, Rand, Jean-Paul Sartre, Scheler, Sloterdijk, Strauss, Strindberg, Weber.


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Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ
Sahara kɛna kañɩmbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna Afrɩka keteŋa hɔɔlʊ nɛ kɩhayʊ kɩŋ yɔ. Kpaɣ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖuyɛ teŋʊ yaa Atlantika lɩŋgamʊ pɩwolo pɩsɩna teŋʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ lɛ, kɛdɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 7500. Pamaazɩ-tʊ tɩ tɛ ɖaalakɩŋ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pʊcɔɔ pɩta yɔ, pɩlakɩ kɩlomɛta ɛgbɔŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ mbʊ pɩɖɛ teŋʊ lɛɛkʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ yɔɔ nɛ tɛtʊ maɣzɩya ñɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ sahara nɛ Arabiya kañɩmbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfaɣ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpaɣ nɛ Senegalɩ pɔɔ kidiiliŋ yɔɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Mongolia ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ kɛnɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ sʊŋgaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedenga kpeekpe yɔɔ.Tɩtɛyʊ Afrika keteŋa, kpaɣ kɩhayʊ ŋwolo ŋsɩɩna kɩhadɛ. Tɩwalɩ pɩŋŋŋ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ ajɛya hiu kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ajɛya anaa lɛ: Alizeerii, Tuniizii, Marɔkɩ, Liiberiya, Egipiti, Sudaanɩ, Caadɩ, Nizɛɛrɩ, Maalii, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ hɔmtʊ wɛ tɩyɔɔ kpaɖɩɩɩ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ŋcɔnaa kɔyɔ, kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtaa, ɖenɖe kañɩnga wɛɛ yɔ, pɩkpaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 20% yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtaakɛ mbʊ ɛyaa kamaɣzaɣ. Nʊmɔʊ woɖaa sakɩyɛ sɩma mbʊ kañɩnbʊsa kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛnaa yɔ.
Kañɩnbʊsasɩ pʊʊŋ weyi payaɣ se Grand Erg oriental ne Grand Erg Occidental yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ nɔɔyʊ ekeŋna pʊʊ taa ñɩndʊ cɔlɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Hoogar, Tassiili, Tibɛstɩa yɔ nɛ ɛhaɣsɩ lona yaa kañɩŋa pɛ lona. Kañɩn-piisi kpaʊ nɛ tibu, ɛwaɣsɩ nɛ pʊʊŋ Tadrart nɛ Acacusta; mbʊ pʊ wɛ sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Liibia ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖ,ɩɖʊyɛ nɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ taa...
Arabia kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, sahar tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ. Nɛ paa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩsɩma mbʊ se Afrika tɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga payaɣ mbʊ.Tiniri hɩɖɛ tɔbʊ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ tamacheque kʊnʊŋ taa. ŋgʊ kɛna tʊwaarɛg mɛwɛ mɛndɛ wa kʊnʊŋ nɛ hɩɖɛ kɛ Tʊwaɖɛg waa mba paha sahara wɩlɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa nakʊyʊ Nigɛrɩ nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ taa mba.
Kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ndʊ pasɩma se tɩkɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ paaa mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ peeɖe sɩŋŋŋ (tɛʊ nɩɣ ceeka ñɩɩɩ yem ɛlɛ kɩnɩɣ naayɔɔ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ). Pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ wɩlɩŋ tɛtʊ lone lɛɛɖɛ, tʊtʊtaa lɛ, pɔsɩ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩzɩɣ pana tɩŋ nɛ ñɩtʊ pazɩ. Lona lɛɛna taa lɛ, wɩlɩŋ maɣnaa nɛ tɛʊ nɩɣ pɩna,g taa ɛzɩ milimɛtaa naa ɛzɩ 50 mbʊ yɔ nɛ tɩŋ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛtaa tɩŋ kɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ lɛ Oueds waa taa. Ɛtaa wɩlɩŋ takɩlɩ yaa nikaɣ takɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kɩkpɩlɩɣ ŋgʊ ka-taa wɩlɩŋ kɩlaa yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩna Sahara, Arabiya, Syria kañɩnbʊsaɣ (Syria, Jordania nɛ Irakia), Dasht-e kavir (Iran), Dasht-e Lut (Irania), Thar (India) nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩtalɩ Asia hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa (Karaboum, KyzylKum nɛ Chine tɛtʊ taa lɛ panaɣ Taklamakan nɛ Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ.
Mbʊ pʊkɔŋna wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se heelim mbʊ pɩmakɩ nɛ pɩkɔŋna tɛŋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ: hayʊ heelim nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ, nɛ wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɔŋnana lʊŋɩyɛ kadadayaɣ nɛ pɩleeɖuu kamaɣ tatɩɩɩ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Iyowa
Iyowa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Hayu kiŋ Minesootaa, Wiskɔnsɛɛ; wisi ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ilnuwaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Misuurii; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Nebraska nɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Iyowa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Des Moines nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pamaza Iyowa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 145 743 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 144 708 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 035 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,71 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 29 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 ŋkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 090 416 yɔ.
Payaɣ Iyowa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Kim Reynolds (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Chuck Grassley (R), Joni Ernst (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Soojaa
Soojaa yaa sonaa tɩŋ num ñɩŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛlakɩ pɩnaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɩnɛ hatʊ ɖozi tɩŋ tɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Soojaa ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ cɔlɔ, lɛɛŋ kota nɛ pee sɛmɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ñɔtɩ kpam nɛ kɩɖe tɛ ñɩŋ nɛ kɩmaɣna nɛkɛdɛm nɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ. Kɩ-piliŋzi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna mɛta naa 30 ntalɩ 130 mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-hatʊ tɛɣ ɖama taa natozo natozo. Kɩ-tɛ pee wɛ hʊndʊʊ pɔyɩŋ taa, ɛ-ɖalɩ tʊzɛɛ yaa ɛ-koti ɛzɩ tɔʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛʊ pee naalɛ yaa natozo. Padakpaɣnɛ-kʊ ɛzɩ ɖozi hayʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ yɔ, ɛlɛ,ɛzɩ num tɩŋ kɛ ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩjɔŋna tɔnasɩ nɛ haɖaʊ pɔyɔ yɔ ndɩ payaɣ se FAO.
Soojaa kɛ ñɩm sɔsɔɔm tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ kɩ-pee pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm nɛ kɩ-tɛ num yɔ, ɛyaa tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pehilii-kʊ ɖozi kɩ-tɛ nalɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ num wɛna wazaɣ sɩŋ tʊma sɔsɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ajɛyaa wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-naa yɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Preeziili nɛ Arɩzantɩnɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Ɛndɩ.
Soojaa tɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ pahayɩ-kʊ kɩhayʊʊ nɛ kɩlɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ taa Soojaa cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Soojaa tɩŋ tɩŋga yɔ wɛ (hatʊ pɩlɩnzɩ nɛ pɔyɩŋ) hʊndʊ tɩsɛ caʊʊ yaa huluu sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-hatʊ tɛ ɖama taa nɛ pʊtɔzʊʊ ɛzɩ sonaa hatʊ yɔ. Hatʊ cɩkpetʊ ndʊ tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna sentɩmɛtaa naa 6 ntalɩ 15 walanzɩ kɔyɔ 2 ntalɩ 7. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sonaa yɔ kajalaɣ hatʊ ha ɖama nɛ siiye hatʊ ndʊ tɩtɔʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ pɔyɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ.


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Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ
Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛkɛ kɩnadʋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʋʋna aleewaa kɩbama yɔ. Aleewaa kɩbama panɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ yaa paɖʋ-ɩ kʋn̄ɔŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnɛ ɛɛlakɩ yaa yee ɛɖɔŋ paɣtʋ ndʋ ti-wokina wɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ pa-tʋmɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ labʋʋ yɔɔ kɔ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pɛwɛna ɖoŋ size pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ mbʋ yɔ, mba hana-ɩ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlakɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛna sʋʋtʋ siŋŋ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ samaɣ hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna kalɩzasɩ nzɩ efeluu yaa afelaa kpaɣ nɛ peke yɔ sɩ yɔɔ. Kʋɖʋm ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛtɩlɩ efeluu yaa afelaa mba palakɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ kpeekpe ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Mba pekema aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa yɔ, mba kɛɣna afelaa. Aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa lakɩna lakasɩ kɛdekɛdasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paɖʋʋ pa-tɩnaa tɩlasɩ nɛ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ taa. Afelaa mba pakpaɣna ɛyaa kalɩsasɩ nɛ pakaŋ-sɩ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa afelaa wayɩ.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size tɩʋ pazɩyʋ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa nɛ pɔtɔŋ tobi size aleewaa kɔlʋʋ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛkpɛzɩ kʋdɔmɩŋ. Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ size patɩyɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Ɛtɩyɩɣ nɛ eheyi ɛyʋ mbʋ pɩlakɩ-ɩ yɔ nɛ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ ɛtɩŋ nɛ ɛlɩɩ pɩ-taa yɔ.
Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ size ɛla yaa ɛna mbʋ yɔ, pɩtaha ɖoŋ paa anɩ size ɛla nɛ ɛna-pʋ. Ɛyʋ ɛsɩba tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ size ɛna mbʋ pʋkʋ pʋdʋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ : kʋdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ efeletu hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbʋ yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ tɩʋ pazɩʋ paɣzɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, ɛsɔɔla size ɛna ɛ-cɔlɔ kɛ aseɣɖe tɩnaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ. Mba ɛhaɣ paɣtʋ yɔ.Tɩʋ eheyi ɛyʋ se ɛkʋ su kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛ-cɛyɩtʋ tɛ, su kʋhʋlʋm ɖɔɖɔ pʋdʋ kʋʋ.
Yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛɖʋ ɛyʋ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ pʋdʋ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ pɩkɛɣ sʋʋtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ.