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Takayaɣ
Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "livre". Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ yaa ŋga ka-taa pama tɔm yɔ. Ka-taa nɛ takayɩ hasɩ yaa takayaɣ hatʋ coɣ. Takayaɣ hatʋ ndʋ tʋɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ tɩɖɔkɩ yaa tɩkpɩtɩna ɖamaɣ naalɛ naalɛ.
Takayaɣ hatʋ kʋʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, katʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size, pama ka-taa tɔm ndʋ pɔyɔɔdʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ŋcɔna ka-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, ŋna size pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ-ɩ ŋga payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "roman" yɔ.
"Roman" kɛnɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kakaɣ lɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm koŋ lɩmaɣza matʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ kam size, takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ, tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ ɛzɩ payaɣ size "texte" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ takayaɣ.
Tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ (texte) takayaɣ ŋga, kɛkɛ, takayaɣ nga ka-taa tɔm wɛna tɔbɩŋ yaa kutoliŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ taa tɔm mayaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivain" waa yɔ, fɛɛyɩna lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma.


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Mɔsɩkʊʊ
Mɔsɩkʊʊ kɛna Ruusii ɛjadɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Mɔsɩkoova yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ payaa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Mɔsɩkʊʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ nikaɣ yɔ.
Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ mpilim yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 251 100 yaa kilomɛtanaa 2 511. Pɩnaɣ 2014 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ (12 000 000) ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena awɛ pɩcɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ (15 000 000).
Ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutoku yɔ (1 000). Peeɖe kɛ Ruusii tɔsʊʊ ñʊʊ wɛɛ, politiki kpelasɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩna sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ wɛɛɖɔɖɔ. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɔsikuu tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa 36 naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Payaɣ Mɔsɩkʊʊ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Sergueï Sobianine.

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Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Yale University) pɩkɛ Amerika mɛwɛ mantɩyɔɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ New Haven yɔ Connecticut taa. Patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1701 Saybrook tɛtʊ taa se pɩsa nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ camɩyɛ ɛyaa mba pacaɣ pɩsɩɣ fada naa yɔ. Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɛna sukuli ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Cɔɔcɩ sukuli kiɖe tɛ lɛ kɩɩwɛ New Haven pɩnaɣ 1716 nɛ pʊwayɩ paɖanɩ-kʊ yaʊʊ se Yale kɔlɛɛzɩ pɩlɩna kʊjɔʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kɩlɩna Britaniiki tɛtʊ taa komina nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ weyi ɛñɔnaɣ Ɛndɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tʊma yɔɔ yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Elihu Yale. Sukuli ŋgʊ lɛ kʊ-tʊma keekee kaakɛ Ɛsɔ wɩlʊʊ, nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Yale sukuli ñɔʊʊ yɔ pɩlɩna Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School paɣtʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ (paɣtʊ ndʊ lɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ patʊlɩ katoliki cejewiye sukuli), kɛlɛ Connecticut tɔm hʊyaa kpaŋ tɩsɩ tɩ-yɔɔ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1701 nɛ palɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpeekpe lɛ se papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛyaa mba paapɩzɩ nɛ pɛkɛ Connecticut tɛtʊ ɖɔkɩyaa yɔ.
Piteleɖi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm ɛyaa naanʊwa nabɛyɛ mba yɔ Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israël Chauncy, Samuel Mather, James Noyes, James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russel, Joseph Webb nɛ Timothy Woodbridge, patɩŋɛ payɩ mbʊ paakɛ Harvard sukuli pɩyaa, pekpeɣli ɖama nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ Samuel Russel tɔm yɔɔ kɛ Branfort Connecticut tɛtʊ taa, se pɩsa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma nɛ takayasɩ kʊyʊmasɩ nɛ paawɛna takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ kuduyuu kʊyʊmʊ.


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Yesuteeŋ tapʋlaa
Ŋ chɛ wombiiŋ nɛ dɩ ŋ bɩrɩmɛ ŋ mɛlɛ arɩ ŋ wʋchooloo?
Tapʋlɩa la ŋ sɩ jaŋ hɛ Yesu teeŋ jaŋ ŋaa ŋɩɩ pɩŋ. MentorLink International nɩaa arɩ Yesu sinii tɩntɩnnaa kʋ pɛ dɔŋɔ lɛ nɛ a kɛŋ sinii la ŋaa wɩaa sɩ jaŋ wuo dagɛ sɩpaalaaraa ŋɩɩ ba sɩ jaŋ bʋl Yesu wɩaa. Siniiba la ka dagɛ wɩaa a mʋ tɩgɛ Yesu mɩɩsɩŋ wɩaa arɩ wɩalɩŋ ʋ sɩ dagɛ nɩaa, a saa pɛ wʋpɩɛsaa sɩ jaŋ leŋ ŋ bɩɩnɛ wɩaa, wɩaa ma sɩ jaŋ kaa chɔgɩsɛ a kaa magɩsa pɩ ma tɩtɩa.
Suomi ŋ dɩ Yesu vɛnɩŋ jɩnɩŋ!
Tapʋlaa mahɩŋ balɩa Yesu teeŋ
Yesu sinii la nɛ ŋɩɩ ba sɩ kaa kpaa leree mahɩmbalɩa. To Yesu harɩŋ ʋ mɩɩsɩŋ lɛ arɩ ʋ tɩntɩŋŋaa ʋ sɩ tɩma dʋnɩa lɛ. Gʋnnɛ ŋɩɩ ʋ sɩɩ chɛ la ŋɩŋaa wɩaa, a laa nɩaa sɩpaaŋ a leŋ la wʋŋaalaa bɩrɩmɛ nɩaa.
Tapʋlaa
Yesu teeŋ- Kʋbɛɛ nɛ Yesu? chori
Vɛnɩŋ deeŋ nɛ jaŋ leŋ ŋ jɩŋ nɩɩla Yesu sɩ ŋaa. To bʋa deeŋ lɛ a wuo chaasa jɩŋ Wɩa Bie Yesu wɩaa.
Tapʋlaa balɩpɛ Yesu teeŋ: Wɩa lahɔrɩmɔ
To Yesu harɩŋ a gʋnnɛ ŋɩɩ ŋ sɩ jaŋ to a na Wɩa lahɔrɩmɔ ŋ mɩɩsɩŋ lɛ a kaa tɩŋ a pɩ nɩaa a wuo bɩrɩmɛ ba.
Tapʋlaa balɩpɛ Yesu teeŋ – Vɛŋ arɩ Yesu
Vɛnɩŋ deeŋ nɛ jaŋ leŋ ŋ jɩŋ nɩɩla Yesu sɩ ŋaa. To bʋa deeŋ lɛ a wuo chaasa jɩŋ Wɩa Bie Yesu wɩaa.
Tapʋlaa balɩdʋ Yesu teeŋ: Moribiee arɩ Dʋa wɩaa
Yesu kɛŋ wʋdaŋ nɛ dɩ ʋ dagɛla a mʋ tɩgɛ la moribiee arɩ la dʋa lɛ. Ʋ harɩŋ tonuŋ lɛ ʋ jaŋ chagɩlɛ la a mʋ tɩgɛ la moribiee arɩ la dʋa lɛ.


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Otirisi
Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ akeɣta sakɩyɛ kpɛnda nɛ awɛɛna kehiyaɣ kʊɖʊma kpayɩ yɔ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩtɩñɔtɩna teŋʊ nakʊyʊ kaʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kpɛndɩɣ yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ eeroo yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣna nɛ ɖɩhayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, ɖɩsɩna Caama nɛ Cɛɛkɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Sloovakii nɛ Hɔŋgrii kɛ kamaɣ sɩnaa; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Siloveni kɛ kamaɣ wɛɛ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Itaali kɛ ɖɩsɩnaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suwiisi nɛ Liechtenstein kɛ kamaɣ ñɛwɛɛ.
Otirisi wɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1995 nɛ pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ Eeroo yɔ a-taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1999. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa mba yɔɔdɩɣ caama kʊnʊŋ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ Krowasii, Hɔŋirii nɛ Siloveni. Vɩyɛnɩ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Afganistani
Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Aazii nɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa. Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ fɛyɩ teŋu nɔɔyɔɔ nɛ ajɛya anɛ acɔna-ɖɩ nɛ ataa kpɛɛ: Pakɩstaaŋ, Siini, Tadjikistaŋ, Tuurikimenistaŋ, Uzibeekistaŋ, Iraŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Aasii hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ tɩŋʊʊ na ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Ɖoo lɔŋda lɛ, ajɛya wena aasɔɔlaa se ala tadɩyɛ nɛ awolo India ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, anɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya tɩŋaɣna. Pa-taa nabayɛ kɔyɔ: Cyrus Sɔsɔ, Alexandre Sɔsɔ, Gengis Khan, nɛ Bâbur.
Biritaanikimba nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ waa pɛ-tɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ wayɩ lɛ, Biritaanikimba ɖaŋɩ Afɩganɩstaanɩ mba se pataaɖʊkɩna akeɣta naayɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ poɖuu kpem se paaɖʊʊ pɔnɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi pɩkazaa yɔ ɛ-taa. Pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1879 mbʊ yɔ, Afɩganɩstaanɩ pɩsa ɛjaɖɛ pilim nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagbaa wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1919 ŋga taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa lɛ, you tozo ñɩŋʊ nakʊyʊ tasɩ lɩʊ kɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ nɛ Biritaanikimba pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ sɔɔjana wa po-kooyindinaa Rawalipindii nɛ pɩha wɛɛ lɛɛlɛyɔɔ waɖɛ nɛ palʊkɩ pa-yɩm yɔɔ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa. Pɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ tɩyebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ pɩwa-ɖɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɖɩsʊʊ ajɛya kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Société des Nations yɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1921 taa. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1979 taa lɛ, ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiwɛ URSS nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, Sooviyeetiki sɔɔjanaa wolo nɛ pasɩna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ yonaʊ kɛ mba palɩɣna keewiyaɣ hayɩ yɔ.
Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Etaazuunii ñetiina pɔ-sɔɔjana nɛ peyele poyoona Sooviyetiki mba kɛ pɩnaɣ 1989 taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, 1996 pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, Malɩŋ komina ŋgʊ payaɣ se Taliibaŋ yɔ, kɩmʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩtatɩɩ leeɖiɣu lɛ, pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ lɛ, ajaya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔnɩ-wɛ keewiyaɣ yɔɔ.
Pɩkpaʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2001 yɔ, Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩsa « Malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ » nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ.


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Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ
Pʊʊ Kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ kɛna pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Alɩpɩ pʊŋ taa yɔ nɛ kʊ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 4 809, ɛlɛ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ pamaɣzɩ-kʊ lɛ, pan mɛtanaa 4 808,73. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛŋ nɩɣ nɛ kɩyɔlɩɣ pazɩ pazɩ. Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊ. Paɖa kɩyɔɔ kɛ kpaʊ pɩnaɣ 1786.
Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ payaa-ɩ se alɩpʊwaa. Ɛwɛ kʊhʊlʊmaa tɛtʊ ilemiye taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ ilemiye taa. Ɛpɩlaa, kpaɣna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ hayi kiŋ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ puwolo Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Monako nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Lizitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Silovenii pa-ajɛya taa.
Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩŋa Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊyɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ elosi yaa ɛna piisi ɛzɩ naanza yɔ: Jura, Vosges, Foret-Noire nɛ Massif Central.
Alɩpʊ pʊŋ kʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 809 pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Pʊʊ Kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ yɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ pʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ kpem yɔ pɩtalɩ pʊŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo nɛ pʊŋ naalɛ (82). Ɛ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 000 yɔɔ.
Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩnaza nɛ lutozo (48). Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩŋgʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38) nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza (24). Mbʊ pɩtamsɩna pʊŋ ɛnʊ nɛ kɛdɛnzɩ yaa ajɛya yɔ, pʊkʊyaa pɩcɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa kudokuŋ naalɛ (2 000). Kpaɣna Meditɛɛranee teŋgʊ nɛ puwolo Taniibi pɔɔ lɛ, alɩpʊwaa hɔma pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 1 200.


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Ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ (existence)
Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ «existence» tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se wɛʊ yaa wezuu caɣʊ. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wezuu yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ cakʊʊ nɛ pileɖiɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, halɩ wezuu caɣʊ kɔɔ pɩlɩɩ-ɩ sɔŋ.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ piliŋa ŋga se metafiiziki (métaphysique). Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ tɔmbiye «Essence» patɩlɩɣ ɖama.
Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa. Laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se «existere» yaa «exis-tance», pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ e-keem yɔ yaa se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wondu cɔlɔ yɔ. Tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ pʊnɛ pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɖeke cakɩna wezuu. Wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem. Tɔm tʊnɛ, ɖajaanaa panɛ Jean-Paul Sartre nɛ Martin Heidegger nɛ Emmanuel Lévinas pɔkaɖɩna-tʊ. Ɖajaa Heidegger yɔɔdaa se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ caɣna wezuu, wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ nɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem, patacaɣ wezuu.


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Telawɛɛrɩ
Tɛlawɛɛrɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛlawɛɛrɩ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Toova nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Wilmington.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Tɛlawɛɛrɩ yɔ tɩwɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Niwu Jɛrsii nɛ Atilantikii lɩŋgamʋʋ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Pensilivaanii.
Pamaza Tɛlawɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 6 452 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 5 068 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1387 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 21,50 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1787. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 897 934 yɔ.
Payaɣ Tɛlawɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se John Carney (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Christopher Coons (D) nɛ Thomas Carper (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Manɩyɛ
Manɩyɛ yaa mana kɛna ɖozi nzɩ pahayʊ pɩtɛ piye yaa pee yɔɔ yaa hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Afrika taa kɛ pacala mana tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ pʊcɔ nɛ a-tɔyɩ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ ajɛya wena akɩlɩɣ-ɛ haɖaʊ yaa tɔɔʊ yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: Ɛndɩ, Naajeeriya, Pakistaani, Kanaa, Peenɛɛ nɛ Egipiti. Ajɛya lɛɛna hayʊ mana ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ pɩtakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ siŋŋŋ ɛzɩ ajɛya anɛ yɔ.
Mana wɛ lɔɔɔ lɔɔɔ nɛ naayɛ ɖaɣlaa akɩlɩ lɛɛna nɛ naayɛ kɩlɩ lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ kigiŋ. Mana naayɛ yɔɔ wɛ sɔɔɔ ñɔɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ pokoyi-ɛ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ esuu e-nesi nabʊyʊ. Maayʊ pɩzʊ kɩɖalɩ nɛ kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa talɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Mana naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ apɩzʊ awɛɛ lʊlʊ yɔɔ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yee poɖu-ɛ nikaɣ taa kɔyɔ nɛ mana ana a-yɔɔ loza kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ nɛ a-tɩŋ lɩʊ pilinzi ñɔɔɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mana ana awɛ sotu kamaɣ fɛyɩ pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛna.
Pehilu mana hatʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pehilɩ-ɛ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pele pɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pehili, mbʊ payaɣ se mawɩlasɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pele a-hatʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩhɩlɩ kʊɖʊɖʊ pʊcɔ pehili-tʊ, mbʊ payaɣ se maatʊkɩwɩtʊ. Pahayɩ-ɛ nɛ a-ɖoŋ tɛ alʊlʊ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nɛ pukuli nɛ payaa se maatɔkɔyɩsɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pehilɩ-sɩ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pele pɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pehili, nɛ paa lɛŋ yaa pɩɩwɩlaa kɔyɔ, payaɣ pɩtɩŋga se maatɔkɔyɩsɩ. Yee pɩkɛ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛzɩʊ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛhɔkɩ-ɛ anwa huyuu taa nɛ ɛzɩ ɛlɛ pɩtaaɖɛ kɩyakɩŋ naalɛ yɔɔ se pʊcɔ ɛɛlɩzɩ-ɛ se ɛhilɩ.
Papizʊ pɔtɔɔ mana nɛ lɛŋ yaa patɩzɩ pʊcɔ. Ɖozi nzɩ pahiluna mana nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, kaabʊ, hɛɛ, kpɛnzʊʊ kpoyuu ŋgʊ, akaŋgaa, fayʊ yaa ñandʊ, katɛʊ. Papɩzʊ pehilina paa nandʊ ndʊ, lɩm ñɩndʊ yaa kuɖoŋgutu yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ kɩwɩsɩ yaa lɩm ñɩnzɩ; sɔsɔsɩ yaa cikpesi. Kʊdɔŋ yaa kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi nabʊyʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛzɩ aleewaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ peeɖe lɛ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ-ɛ nɛ lɛŋ. Ajɛya naayɛ taa, ɛzɩ Kotidiivuwaarɩ taa mbʊ yɔ, pɔtɔkɩ mɔʊ
nɛ mana ɖozi. Mana pɩzʊ awaa kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ naŋgbatɩŋila yɔ.


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Nɩɩ wezuu leleŋ tam!—Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ kajalaɣ tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ
Hatʋ cabɩ takayaɣ kanɛ, ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋlabɩnɩ-kɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ña-maɣmaɣ ŋkpɛlɩkɩ Bibl, bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ ɖʋtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ŋŋhɛyɩɣ nabʋyʋ yɔ tɩ-nʋmɔʋ taa.
TƆM KƖKPƐLƖKƖTƲ
TƆM KƖKPƐLƖKƖTƲ 01
Ɛzɩma Bibl pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ-ŋ?
TƆM KƖKPƐLƖKƖTƲ 02
Bibl haɣ-ɖʋ cee wayɩ lidaʋ kɩbaŋʋ.
TƆM KƖKPƐLƖKƖTƲ 03
Ŋtisiɣ se Bibl tɔm kɛ toovenim na?
MEDIA
Hayɩ, tɔm ndʋ ŋlɩzaa yɔ nɛ ndʋ ŋñɩnɩɣ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ tɩta
Tɩlɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ
TƆM NDƲ ƐYAA PƆZƲƲ ÐOŊ ÐOŊ ÐƆ-YƆƆ YƆ
Ɛbɛ Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ kɛnaa?
Tɔm ndʋ ɛyaa pɔzʋʋ ɖe-Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ ɖʋtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, na ɛzɩma pocosi tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.


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Liu ñɩm (volonté)
Ɛyʊ lakɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛna se ɖɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ ɖɩmʊna lɛ, ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ nɛ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ. Ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa siŋŋ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ yaa pʊcɔ ɛla e-liu ñɩm. Ɛmaɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pʊwɛɛ se mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ, pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛla mbʊ puyozuu ɛ nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma kuyozu yɔ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ se ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki. Ɛlɛ, sukuli pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ñɛwɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ kɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩfɛyɩ se pʊdʊ ɛɖʊ miiziki nɛ ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ se ɛsɔɔlɩ welesuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, pɩcɛyɩɣ sukuli pɩɣa ŋga kaka ñɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pa-taa paa weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ labʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Yee mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se weyi e-liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki yɔ, ɛɖʊ ɛ-tɛ miiziki, ɛlɛ, ɛtaakpazɩ foolim (volume) ɖoŋ.
Ɛyʊ lakʊʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ, pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ liu ñɩm labʊ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Filozɔfʊwaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɛla mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tɛtɛ kpɛna yaa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tifezuu, tɩtɔkɩ nɛ tɩñɔʊ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ tɩmaɣzɩ nɛ tɩla mbʊ ti-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Filozɔfʊwaa panɛ, Kant nɛ Descartes pakaɖɩna-tʊ mbʊ.
Filozɔfʊ weyi payaɣ se Schopenhauer yɔ, ɛlɛ yɔɔda se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ se ɛla e-liu ñɩm yɔɔ yɔ, pi-ɖeke koŋ piyebina nɛ kedeŋa caɣ wezuu. Ɛtɔŋ se mbʊ kɛŋna kedeŋa mɛɛzaɣ tɛɛ tɔm yeli.


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Njamena
Njamena kɛna Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna sɩŋŋŋ wɛɛ. Pɛeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tʊsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩla wɛʊ.
Tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ pɩkɩlɩna kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2009. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ you hɛ Caadɩ tɛtʊ taa. Paa ɛzɩ you ɛɛhɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ pɩɩhaɣ-ɖɩ waɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ se ɖɩla mbʊ ɖɩsɔɔlaa yɔ, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ajɛya wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ ata yɔ a-taa ɖieu ɖiu caaɣʊ fɛyɩ.
Ɛyaa nabɛyɩ wɛɛ nɛ pesidɩɣ ɛyaa ñʊŋ taa nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se Pokoo Haram. Pɩtaakɛ mbʊ yɔ Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ kaapɩzaa se kɩpɛdɩ camɩyɛ kɩ-kpɩna pɩkɩlɩna Niizeriya mba yaa kɩla tʊma wena Caadɩ lɩm fɛɛʊ haɣ-wɛ yɔ: haɖaʊ, ɖɔɖɛ nɛ karazɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ peeɖe yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Njamena tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyʊ hɛzʊʊ yɔ yaa ɖɩhɛzɩyɛ lone.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1911 lɛ, ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 4 000. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 1 092 066. Njamena tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ kʊñɔmɩŋ nɩyɛ cabɩ: laatiriki miŋ wɛ kaɖɛ pazɩ, ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ hʊʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, efebiya nɛ pɛlaa peseeɣ pʊŋ taa yaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ powoki pacakɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Ɛyaa mba powoba peeɖe mbʊ yɔ, pa-taa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩnaa tʊma nɛ haba nɔsɩ pahɩnɩʊ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, Caadɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyaa tosu yem, papaaza tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩlɩɣ ɖɩ-kɩma wena ɖɩɩwɛna yɔ a-taa.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Njamena tɛtʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Tuuluuzi (Fransɩɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1988) Marisɛɛyɩ (Fransɩɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1989).
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɔm wɛna ndɩ kpem nɛ lɛɛna: ɖɩɖʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣna maalikanaa nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa, ɛnʊ lɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ zeneralɩ Hachim Haroun Deby (2016). Payaɣ njamena maalika nɔɔ yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Ali Haroun (2013- ).


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Prix Nobel
Kɩyɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se « prix Nobel» yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ kiyeki se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛtɩlɩ weyi pɛhɛyɩ-kʊ yɔ. Paalakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ paa weyi lɛ yem. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ se pɩwazɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊʊ palakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ. Papɩzɩɣ pala kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlʊkɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Palakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu nɔmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palabɩ-kʊ tɩlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa.
Pɛtɛ palabɩ-kʊ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ numɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ takayɩsɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, pɔcɔŋna kedeŋ kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pana mba pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ «prix Nobel» yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1901 taa pacalɩ cɛlʊʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ.
Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, aloma fenaɣ taa pɛcɛlɩɣ «prix Nobel» mba pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ yɔ. Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖajaa Alfred Nobel sɩba yɔ, kɔ-yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ evemiye palakɩ «prix Nobel» cɛlʊʊ sɔnzɩ. Ɖajaa Alfred Nobel sɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ñɩŋgʊ wiye. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, saŋayɩŋ fanaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ñɩŋgʊ wiye palakɩ «prix Nobel» kʊjɔʊ cɛlʊʊ sɔnzɩ.


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Ɖomba kpada kpada
Ɖomba kpada kpada kɛna lɩm falɩyɛ. Pʋwɛ tomnaɣ tɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada cɛkɩ nɛ atikina pʋʋ yɔɔ. Atiki kpilaa kpilaa. Awɛ paɣ paɣ. Anidiɣ ɖɩŋɖɩŋ.
Tɛŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɣ lɛ ɖomba kpada kpada ana atiki siŋŋ. Ɖomba lɩm falɩyɛ kɛna kodudaɣ pɩyʋ mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "aléa" yɔ. Ɖomba anɛ a-tɛ helim wɛ fiii fiii nɛ akɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada kɔŋna kaɖɛ siŋŋ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔɔ. Alɩɣna pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ cikpeŋ yɔɔ yem kiɖi kiɖi. Acaɣ ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Ɖomba kpada kpada n̄ɩna anɛ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɩlakɩ kiɖi nɛ pɩpazɩ tibu nɛ pʋŋ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩwɛɛkɩɣ wondu sakɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada kɔŋna kɛgbɛdasɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩɖɔ pɩŋŋ.
Ɖomba kpada kpada tɛ ɖoŋ pɩzɩɣ piseɣ tɩŋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pʋkʋ tɛtɛ kpɩna nɛ wondu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ.
Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ ɖomba kpada kpada tɔm lɛ, pɩcaɣ paa weyi lɛ sɔɔndʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɖomba kpada kpada kɛ pʋyʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩmbʋ siŋŋ. Ɖomba ana, akʋʋ ɛyaa mba pɩnaɣ taa yɔ, pɛfɛyɩ kalʋʋ. Kedeŋa n̄ɩm ɖɔɖɔ leki sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɖomba kpada kpada tibuu yɔɔ. Ɖomba kpada kpada anɛ, awɛ paa pʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ.
Pɩfɛyɩ tɛm paa wiɖiyi. Ɖomba anɛ, awɛ kpɛzɛlɛɛ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ kɩkpaɣm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩwadɩ nɛ puhuzi ɖɛsɩ yaa kuduyuŋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa tɛtʋ yɔɔ n̄ɩm tɔm tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa n̄ɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ cɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ pan̄ɩnɩ mbʋ palʋbɩna pɩtɛ kɛgbɛdasɩ nzɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, paapɩzɩɣ paɖɩɣ pɩ-tɛ lakasɩ nzɩ kaʋ.


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Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ
Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ lɩm taa kɛnɛ yɔ. Palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ pakpaɣ lɩm taa tɛtɛ kpɩna. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, lɩm taa peeɖe pagba lɩm taa kpɩna wena payan̄ɛ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "crustacés waa" nɛ "céphalopodes waa" yɔ.
Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ lakasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ lɛ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ palakɩ nɛ pakpaɣ lɩm taa kpɩna yaa nandu ndʋ yɔɔ yɔ : pɔlɔ piyuu (filet), pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ pan̄ɩ ahʋna (nasse), pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔlɔ kolaɣ (ligne).
Lona ndɩ ndɩ wona a-taa pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ nandu yɔ a-ɖɔ siŋŋ. A-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ : lɩŋgamʋʋ, teŋgu, kujomuu, lɔmʋʋ, lɩm mbʋ pɩwɛ pazɩ nɛ piikpeŋ yɔ (mares), lɩm kikpem cikpem (cours d'eau).
Pɔɔ cɔlɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pêcheurs". Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ aleɣya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ taa leleŋ kɛ lalaa nɛ ɖɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ lalaa. Lɛɣtʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Paa lone nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ wɛtɛ wɛɛ.
Pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ nɛ mɛlɛnaa, pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ nɛ lɩm yɔɔ lɔɔɖa. Pɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiyeki nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ huu siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖɩhaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nadʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ. Pɛpɛdʋ lɩm taa n̄ɩm mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payakɩ wondu kɩwazɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ.


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Raabaa
Raabaa kɛna Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki kidiiliŋ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩwɛna Maarɔkɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ; tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kenitra yɔ pɩ-posuu taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 40 yɔ nɛ tɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ payaɣ tʊtʊ se Kasablanka yɔ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 90 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 972 686 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩn aa ɛzɩ 12 100 yaa kilomɛtanaa 121 yɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa egeetiye yʊʊtʊ se Abdelouafi Laftit nɛ tɩ-taa lɔŋ pasɩya nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ Abdelkader Tatou. Payaɣ Raabaa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ vtʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maaliki taa lɔŋ pasɩya nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ se Mohamed Sadiki PJD) nɛ palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Raabaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Salee (Maarɔkɩ), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Honolulu (Etaazuni), Atɛɛnɩ (Kirɛɛsɩ), Sitɔkiholmɩ (uyɛdɩ), Isitambuli (Turukii), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Alizee (Alzeerii), Amanɩ (Yɔridaanii), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Jeruzalɛm nɛ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ (Palɛsɩtiini) nɛ Pɛtilihɛm (Palɛsɩtiini).


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Kuwatemala
Kuwatemala kɛna Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyaa wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Mɛkiziki, Peeliizi, Karayiibi teŋgu, Hɔndʊrasɩ, Salvaadɔɔrɩ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʋʋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Amerika Latini taa. Kuwatemala tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se « Ɖenɖe tɩŋ ɖɔɔ yɔ». Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se kuwatzalɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna sumaɣ sacré, Mayasɩ, ŋga pakpakaɣ ko-suu taa kalɩhʊndʊ nɛ pacanɩɣna yɔ.
Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán kaakɛŋna Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ 1951 nɛ 1954, pʊwayɩ lɛ Álvaro Arzú (1956 -2000). Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛna Caama nɛ Suwisi tʊ.


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Genghis Khan
Gengis Khan kɛ Moŋgolɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ pɩnzɩ 1155 yaa 1162 waaɣ taa.mbʋ yɔ Mongolɩ. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1227 Xian de Qingshui tɛtʋ taa. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ kakpanzɩ taa. Ɖajaa Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. Ɖajaa Gengis Khan lɩna wiyaʋ Bordjigin hɔʋ taa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ kpeɣlini kewiyisi sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ sɩtɩŋa payɩ nɛ sɩkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛnʋ kɛkɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ. Eɖiyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Sogdiane tɛtʋ.
Palʊlɩ-ɩ lɛ pahayɩ hɩɖɛ sise Temú́djin. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Yesǔgei nɛ ɛ-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Hǒ’elú́n. Pɛkpɛndɩ piya kagbaanzɩ pa-caa cɔlɔ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖaɣnɩ walʊʋ siŋŋ, mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-wayɩ ñɩma kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛsɩba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-pɩya nakɛyɩ caɣna e-lone taa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa yawaɣ-ɩ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ caa. Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ tɩŋa ñaŋkaɣ Ñʋʋdʋ Gengis Khan pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, pakpaɣa halaa nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ abalaa. Ñʋʋdʋ Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ paɖɩɣ kaʋ pɩ-tɛ lakasɩ nzɩ Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Kwivri
Kwivri ñɩɣtʊ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ pala ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se pʊrɔnzɩ (bronze) yɔ. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ Kwivri nɛ etɛŋ pa-ñɩɣtʊ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ pʊrɔnzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ.
Takayɩsɩ maʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ pʊrɔnzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛrɛɛ (airain). Mbʊ payaɣ se kampanolozii (campanologie) yɔ, pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, pʊrɔnzɩ kɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ poluki ɛgaŋgala yɔ.
Ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ pala pʊrɔnzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛndaa yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Kwivri nɛ alimiiniyɔɔm nɛ plɔɔm (plomb) nɛ periliyɔɔm (béryllium) nɛ maŋganɛzɩ nɛ tuŋgistɛɛn (tungstène). Ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ, tɩ-taa lɛ, Kwivri kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ pʊrɔnzɩ taa. Pɛtɛyɩ pʊrɔnzɩ tam mɩnɩʊ yɔ, Kwivri kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 60 mpilim. Halɩ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩtalɩ hɔɔlʊʊ 95 mbʊ yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pana ɖɔɖɔ pʊrɔnzɩ taa silisiyɔɔm (silicium) nɛ fɔsɩfɔrɩ nɛ sɛŋkɩ pazɩ pazɩ.
Ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ palabɩna pʊrɔnzɩ yɔ, tɩɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ, tɩɩwɛɛkɩɣ, pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɩɩpʊkɩ kaʊ. Ɛlɛ, wondu ndʊ palabɩna pʊrɔnzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔ, yee palakɩ-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɩm taa kɔyɔ, tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩwɛɛkɩ yaa tɩpʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩhɔŋ laatriki miŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ pakayɩɣna asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ. Weyi ɛlakɩ pʊrɔnzɩ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se pʊrɔnziyee (bronzier).
Kuviri kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 29 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cu. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa lɛ, kuviri nɛ liidiye nɛ sika po-lona kɛ kʊyʊmdɩyɛ. Ɛwɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa, ɛtakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ paa fezuu ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa. Sakɩyɛ taa ɛyʊ kɩlɩna-ɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔ. Kuviri kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa weyi ɛwɛna tɔlɩm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sika nɛ Osɩmɩyɔm.
Nabʊyʊ naa taa lɛ paya-ɩ se kuviri kɩsɛmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛsɛ haʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ kuviri nɛ zɩŋkɩ nɛ patʊɣɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kuviri. Pɩkɛ tɛyɩŋ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛmʊʊ latriki miŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ kuduyiŋ maʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛ kpɛndɩtʊ sakɩyɛ taa, kuviri kpɛndʊʊ wonduu taa.
Kuviri, nɔnɔnɔɔ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩlabɩnaʊ, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩbɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ kaalabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kpem yɔ. Ɛkɩlɩɣ miŋ saʊ pʊcɔ eyoli, pɩwɛ kɛlɛʊ yem se papasɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ kuviri taa pɩtɩŋna paa ɖeɣa nɔɔ taa miŋ yɔɔ, mbʊ panaa lɛɣlɛ.
Paana kuviri tɛ yoluu ɖooo hoohoo kɛ helim mizisi taa Iran pʊʊ taa Sialh 3 kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lone yɔɔ, pɩkɛ pɩnzɩ agbaba 5 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, mbʊ yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ lʊbɛ. Pɩnzɩ talɩ kudokiŋ loɖo pohuyuu ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ kuviri yɔ wɛ kʊyʊmʊm Eurasi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga nɛ Afrika nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Sinai malasite yɔ kɛ Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ tɛ ɖenɖe pohuyaɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pʊñɔtɩna pɩnzɩ 4500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ.


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Payaɣ mbʋ se Google yɔ, pɩkɛ Amerika ñɩma lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1998 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ. Patʋlɩ-ɖɩ Silicon Valley tɛtʋ taa Kalifɔrnɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖajaa Larry Page nɛ Ɖajaa Sergey Brin patʋlɩna-ɖɩ. Pa-naalɛ pulubina Google tɛ ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ.
Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Alphabet yɔ, ńɖɩ cɔŋnana Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ kpaɣnɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ wɛ camɩyɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ, mbʋ yebina nɛ ɛyaa sɔɔlʋ-kʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛlɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ nɛ alɛ ñɩna pakaɣyɩɣ ɖama. Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma anaa yɔ : AltaVista nɛ Yahoo nɛ Bing.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Google tasɩ wɛnaʋ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ nɛ kʋ-tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ sɔnɔdaa kɩwɛɛna mbʋ payaɣ se logiciel aaa nɛ sites web waa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Pa-taa kɔyɔ : YouTube nɛ Android nɛ Google Earth nɛ Google Maps.
Google ñɩnɩɣ se tɔm natʋyʋ ɛlaba ɖoli lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛpɩzɩ kanɩɩ-tʋ. Ɖajaa Eric Schmidt kɛŋna Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma ñʋʋdʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2011 taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Ɖajaa Larry Page lɛɣzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ́lɛ pɩsɩ Google tʋma ñʋʋdʋ.
Pɩlɩɩna Google yeki nɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩsʋʋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔdaa Amerika ñɩma tɛ tʋma kajalaɣ ñɩna taa naɖɩyɛ. Kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛ tʋmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ Google tɛ wazaɣ kɛkɛ dollars waa 176 miiliyaarɩ Wall Street taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa Best Global Brands ŋgbɛyɛ taka payɩ lɛ, Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tʋmɩyɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ kɔnaʋ yaa ɖɩkɩlɩɣ sʋzʋʋ liidiye yɔ, ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Google tʋmɩyɛ tɩŋɩɣna. Pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa Google tʋmɩyɛ sʋza liidiye nɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-ñʋʋ kɛ dollars waa 107,43 miiliyaarɩ.
Paakɛda lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma pɩnaɣ 1974 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Apple lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Apple tʋmɩyɛ kɩlaɣna sʋzʋʋ liidiye kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1974 nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa. Yee ḿbʋ, pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɔyɔ Google tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛʋ Apple ñɩnɖɛ liidiye sʋzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ. Ɖooo mbʋ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tasʋzɩda liidiye nɛ pɩɖɛɛ dollars waa miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɔyɔ Google tʋmɩyɛ sʋzʋʋ liidiye nɛ pɩɖɛɛ dollars waa miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Google tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛ Apple ñɩnɖɛ nɔɔ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ kɩpɩsɩ Etaazuunii kajalaɣ ñɩm. Google ñɩm kɛ dollars waa 550 miiliyaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖ-taa.
Mba palakɩ Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 50 000 mbʋ yɔ. Pa-taa sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe Google tʋma ñʋŋ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Google tʋma ñʋŋ ɖɩlaɖɛ payaɣ se Googleplex. Ɖɩwɛ Mountain View tɛtʋ taa Californie ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pilinzi kpɛndɩ naanza. Nzɩɩ yɔ : Google nɛ Apple nɛ Facebook nɛ Amazon. Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pilinzi naanza sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ ɖɔɖɔ se GAFA. Google wɛ tʋma wena akɩlɩ wɛnaʋ ɖoŋ ɛntɛɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ yɔ a-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa Google kɛwɛna mbʋ payaɣ se « serveurs’ waa yɔ 400 000. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, kɩwɛɛna-wɛ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ 900 000 yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ lɛ, Google lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wɛna anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ naalɛ. Google tɛyɩ kɩ-anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sites web waa hiŋ nadozo nɛ naalɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2008 ñɩŋa taa Google ciɣduu ñɩɣyʋʋ wɩla mbʋ payaɣ se pages web waa yɔ, pɩɖɛɛ miiliyaarɩ waa 1000 yɔɔ.


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Isitambuli
Isitanbuli kɛna Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɛkuliye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Peeɖe ɖɖoɖɔ kɛ tadɩyɛ labʋ nɛ tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka tʋma kɩlaa. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖʋ kɛ Turiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ Isitanbili tɛtʋ taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliylolonaa 15 yɔ ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖeke lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda pɩnaɣ 2016 taa kɛ 14 804 116. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ.
Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpu nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ɛzɩma tɩɩwɛ Eerɔpu keteŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, pʋyɔɔ kɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Eerɔpu ñɩndʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ papaazɩɣ-tʋ yaʋ se Isitanbuli, pɩtakɩlɩ leeɖɩɣ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1930 taa kɛ papaazɩ-tʋ yaʋ mbʋ. Pɩyele ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ-tʋ se Piizansi (Byzance). Pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 330 taa nɛ pɩɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ kɛ roma wiyau sɔsɔ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Constantin 1er yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ paya tɛtʋ ndʋ se Deuxième Rome, Piizansɩ (Byzance), nɛ Konsitantiinopɩlɩ (Constantinople). Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2004 taa lɛ Isitanuli maaliki yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ kɛ payaɣ se Kadir Topbas (AKP).


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Karolina Hayɩ Kiŋ
Karolina Hayɩ Kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpayɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Zɔɔrzii nɛ Karolina Hadɛ Kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ralee nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla yɔ ndʊ lɛ Salɔtɩ. Pamaza Karolina Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 82 965 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 78 051 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ4 915 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ looɖo yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 8 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 625 364 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 24 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Karaolina Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ seHenry McMaster piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Lɩndsey Graham nɛ Tim Scott. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Pamaza ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 126 256 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 126 256 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 13 253 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 9,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Peeɖe tetʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ lɛ Saarlɔtɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 12 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1789. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 10 273 419 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 10 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Karolina Hayɩ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Roy Cooper piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔnɩyaa kɔyɔ: Richard Burr nɛ Thom Tillis.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Sinimaɣ
Sinimaɣ waa payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpena waa tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ «septième art». Tʋmɩyɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna tɩ kpɛnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɩ kpɛnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "critique Ricciotto Canudo" kɛ pɩnzɩ 1020 n̄ɩnzɩ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛʋ kɛlɛ size, ɛhɛzɩ ɛsɩyɛ kpena yaa mɔŋgɔma cɔnaʋ se mɛkɛ aseɣɖe tʋ cee waa laŋga.
Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ filim waa yaa. Pawɩlɩʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ kɛ samaɣ kɛ takayaɣ kɩwalaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Paalakɩ sinimaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ pombo pamakɩ ɛ-yaa ɛsɩnda yɔ. Palakɩ sinimaɣ lɛ, ɛyʋ ɛpɩzɩʋ etukina kɩlaɖaa.
Sinimaɣ filim n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ, kɩbɩzɩʋ kɩkɛ, n̄ʋʋ taa tɔm lubutu yaa lɩmaɣza yaa maɣzɩm. Kɩbɩzɩʋ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ aseɣɖe tʋmɩyɛ takayaɣ taa tɔm. Samaɣ ɛsɩnda kpaɣ kpaɣ sinimaɣ wɩlɩʋ kɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpena waa yaa mɔŋgɔma saawɩɖɛ tɩna wɛ ndɩ nɛ ŋgʋ pakaŋ takayaɣ nɛ palakɩ kɔ yɔ ɛzɩ-ɩ fɩlɩm paɖʋwa size ɛ-yaa ɛcɔna yɔ.
Takayaɣ filim tɩ-yɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋʋ lɛ, kɩwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ kɩtɛ kɩnaɣ ɖeu siŋŋ. Kɩ-tɛ camɩyɛ cɔnɔʋ taa lɩna wiŋ sɔsɔŋ n̄aŋ nɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ ampuli tɩyɛ, nɛ ɛhaɣ ɛsa nɛ takayaɣ kɩcɔnaɣ ŋga. Paɖʋʋ miŋ ɛnʋ lɛ, ɛtʋzɩna takayaɣ tʋɖʋɖʋ.
Takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ an̄ɩnʋʋ tɩyɛ, nɛ kanaɣ wayɩ nɛ taɣ. Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ ndʋ, tɩlɩna ɖa-caanaa panɛ poɖoŋ taa : ɖajaa Émile Reynaud, nɛ ɖajaa Thomas Edison, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaanaa mba payaɣ wɛ size frères Lumière waa yɔ yaa tobi yem size led.


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Mba pɛkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa yɔ, pehikiɣ taa leleŋ
“Haʋ wɛ leleŋ.”—TƲMA 20:35.
1. Ɛzɩma Yehowa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ wɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ tʋ?
YEHOWA ɖeke kaawɛna pʋcɔ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ wondu lɩzʋʋ, ɛlɛ ɛtaamaɣzɩɣ e-ɖeke ɛ-yɔɔ. Ɛha wezuu e-wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩsɩm lɔŋ yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa nɛ ɛyaa. “Ɛsɔ koboyaɣ tʋ” Yehowa sɔɔlaa se ɛha e-wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ mbʋ pɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ. (1 Tim. 1:11; Yak. 1:17) Nɛ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɖɩwɛɛ taa leleŋ taa, pʋyɔɔ ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ se ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa.—Roma 1:20.
2, 3. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ haʋ haɣ-ɖʋ taa leleŋ? (b) Ɛbɛ taa ɖɩkaɣ tazʋʋ?
2 Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ ɛyʋ ɛ-lɛzʋʋ. (Kiɖe 1:27) Pɩwɩlɩɣ se Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ ɛ-wɛtʋ. Pɩsa nɛ ɖihiɣ taa leleŋ nɛ koboyaɣ lɛ, pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ Yehowa kɩɖaʋ pɩtɩŋnɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ lalaa yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɔɔlʋʋ faaa nɛ ɖɩlakɩ-wɛ kʋjɔŋ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. (Fil. 2:3, 4; Yak. 1:5) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ? Tobi lɛ, mbʋ Yehowa lɩzɩ-ɖʋ. Paa ɖɩtɩtalɩ pilim yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ Yehowa, kʋjɔŋ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
3 Bibl wɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa yɔ. Iyele nɛ ɖɩna lɔŋ weyi Bibl tasɩ-ɖʋ pɩlɩɩnɩ kʋjɔʋ labʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɩ-taa nɩɩyɩ. Ðɩkaɣ naʋ ɛzɩma kʋjɔŋ labʋ yeki se ɖɔ-tɔm ɛkɛdɩnɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛzɩma wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-wɛnʋʋ sɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-ɖʋ yɔ. Ðɩkaɣ naʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kʋjɔŋ labʋ nɛ taa leleŋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ nɛ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se ɖiwolo pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ.
MBƲ PƖPƖZƖƔ PIYELE NƐ ÐƆ-TƆM KƐDƖNƖ ƐSƆ YƆ
4, 5. Kɩɖaŋ weyi Yehowa nɛ Yesu paha-ɖʋ kʋjɔŋ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa?
4 Yehowa sɔɔlaa se ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ-ɩ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ɛ-taa lakɩ leleŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛnaɣ se ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa yɔ. (Efɛz. 5:1) Ɛzɩma Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɛsɩɩ-ɖʋ lone kɩbanɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩm sakɩyɛ wɛɛ yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ kpayɩ kpayɩ se ɛsɔɔlaa se ɖɩnɩɩ leleŋ. (Keɣa 103:24; 138:13-16) Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩñakɩ pana se ɖiyele nɛ lalaa wɛɛ taa leleŋ taa yɔ, ɖɩɖʋʋ-ɩ hɩɖɛ.
5 Kʋjɔŋ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, toovenim Krɩstʋ ñɩma maɣzɩɣnɩ Krɩstʋ weyi ɛha-ɖʋ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ kɩtalɩ pilim yɔ. Yesu maɣmaɣ yɔɔdaa se: “Ɛyʋ Pɩyalʋ kɔm se ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ yom nɛ ɛya ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ñʋʋ.” (Mat. 20:28) Pʋyɔɔ apostoloo Pɔɔlɩ seɣti Krɩstʋ ñɩma nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Ɩwɛɛnɩ ɖama yɔɔ maɣzɩm mbʋ pɩɩwɛ Yesu Krɩstʋ taa yɔ . . . Eluzi ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ yom.” (Fil. 2:5, 7) Pɩwɛɣ ɖeu se ɖa-taa paa anɩ ɛpɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ se: ‘Manpɩzɩɣ nɛ mamaɣzɩnɩ Yesu kɩɖaʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩma menɖiɣni labʋ yɔ?’—Kalɩ 1 Pɩyɛɛrɩ 2:21.
6. Lɔŋ weyi Yesu kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ pɩtɩŋnɩ Samaarii tʋ koobiɖe tʋ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ ɛhawa yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ? (Cɔnɩ kiɖe tɛɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ.)
6 Ye ɖɩmaɣzɩɣnɩ Yehowa nɛ Yesu pa-kɩɖaŋ weyi ɩtalɩ pilim yɔ, nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ mbʋ pɩwazɩɣ lalaa yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ, nɛ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ nʋmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ ɖɩtɩŋna nɛ ɖɩsɩnɩ-wɛ pa-kɩcɛyɩm taa yɔ, ɖɔ-tɔm kɛdɩɣnɩ Yehowa. Toovenim taa lɛ, Samaarii tʋ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ Yesu hawa yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛwɩlɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ se ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ɛla mbʋ papɩzɩɣ yɔ, nɛ pasɩnɩ lalaa halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ mba pa nɛ wɛ patɩlɩɩnɩ ɖoli kʋɖʋm yɔ. (Kalɩ Luka 10:29-37.) Ŋtɔzʋʋ tɔm ndʋ Yuuda tʋ nɔɔyʋ pɔzɩ Yesu nɛ ɛlɛ cosi-i nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ Samaarii tʋ koobiɖe tʋ kɩɖaʋ tɔm yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ? Ɛpɔzɩ-ɩ se: “Akɛ mon-koobu?” Tɔm ndʋ Yesu cosi-i yɔ, tɩwɩlɩɣ se ye ɖɩsɔɔlaa se ɖɔ-tɔm ɛkɛdɩnɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖitisi faaa nɛ ɖɩla lalaa kʋjɔŋ ɛzɩ Samaarii tʋ ɛnʋ yɔ.
7. Ɛzɩma ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖa-taa tɛma se mbʋ payɩ Ɛsɔ lakɩ yɔ, mbʋ kpaɖɩnɩ ɖeu? Lɩzɩ pɩ-taa.
7 Lɩmaɣza kɩbana sakɩyɛ yɔɔ Krɩstʋ ñɩma sɔɔlɩ kʋjɔŋ labʋ. Lɩmaɣza ana a-taa lɛɛɖɛ tukuuni tɔm ndʋ Sataŋ yɔɔdɩ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ? Sataŋ wɩlaa se Aɖam nɛ Ɛva nɛ pe-liɖe taa ñɩma kpeekpe pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛwɛɛ koboyaɣ taa ye pamaɣzɩɣ pa-maɣmaɣ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yeke, pasɩɣ pɛ-kɛzɛɣa kajalaɣ lone taa nɛ pekiziɣ Ɛsɔ welisinuu yɔ. Ɛva kaasɔɔlaa se ɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ, mbʋ yebina nɛ etisi tɔm ndʋ Sataŋ yɔɔdaa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Aɖam ɖɔɖɔ labɩ mbʋ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛɛsɔɔlaa se ɛ-tɔm ɛkɛdɩnɩ Ɛva yɔ. (Kiɖe 3:4-6) Mbʋ pɩlɩ pɩ-taa yɔ, ɖiɖiɣni-pʋ naʋ nɛ ɖɛ-ɛsa. Piɖeni men-ɖeke wɛtʋ ɛɛhaɣ ɛyʋ taa leleŋ ɛlɛ ɛsɩñɩŋɩyɛ pɩkɔŋna. Ye ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa yɔ, ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖa-taa tɛma se mbʋ payɩ Ɛsɔ lakɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ pɩtɩŋa.
LA TƲMƖYƐ NÐƖ ƐSƆ ÐƲ Ɛ-SAMAƔ YƆ
8. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩɩwɛɛ se Aɖam nɛ Ɛva pɛkɛ mba pahaɣ faaa yɔ?
8 Paa Aɖam nɛ Ɛva ɖeke Ɛsɔ kaacalɩ sɩʋ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ, ɛɖʋ-wɛ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ tɩpɩzaɣ se tɩsɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ pamaɣzɩ mbʋ piɖeɣni lalaa yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. Yehowa wazɩ Aɖam nɛ Ɛva nɛ eheyi-wɛ se palʋlɩ nɛ pohuu nɛ posu tɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ pañazɩ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu. (Kiɖe 1:28) Wondu Lɩzɩyʋ kaasɔɔlaa se piɖeni e-wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ kpeekpe, pʋyɔɔ pɩɩwɛɛ se Aɖam nɛ Ɛva pamaɣzɩ mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ piɖeni piya nzɩ palʋlʋʋ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ kaasɔɔlaa se Paradisuu ɛwɛɛ tɛtʋ kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pɩwazɩ Aɖam hɔʋ taa ñɩma. Pʋcɔ nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ pala tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, pɩɩpɔzaa se nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ ɛwɛɛ Aɖam hɔʋ taa ñɩma kpeekpe hɛkʋ taa.
9. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ se tɛtʋ kpeekpe ɛpɩsɩ Paradisuu pɩzaɣ se pɩha ɛyaa taa leleŋ?
9 Pʋcɔ nɛ abalaa nɛ halaa mba patalɩ pilim yɔ, papɩzɩ nɛ peyele tɛtʋ kpeekpe pɩsɩ Paradisuu lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se pala nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ Yehowa nɛ ɛ-tamaɣ la. Mbʋ yekina nɛ pasʋʋ ɛ-ɖɩhɛzɩyɛ taa. (Ebr. 4:11) Maɣzɩ wazasɩ nzɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-labʋ pɩzaɣ se pɩkɔnɩ-wɛ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋna! Ɛzɩma pahaɣaɣ pa-tɩ faaa se pala mbʋ pɩwazɩɣ lalaa yɔ, pɩpɩzaɣ se piyele nɛ pehiɣ wazasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ taa leleŋ siŋŋ.
10, 11. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ tɔm susuu nɛ kpɛlɩkɩyaa labʋ tʋmɩyɛ haɣ taa leleŋ nɛ pɩtɛ pɩkɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ?
10 Sɔnɔ Yehowa ɖʋ ɛ-samaɣ tʋmɩyɛ se kosusi tɔm nɛ kala ɛyaa pɩsɩ tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa. Pɩsa nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ lɛ, pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩmaɣzɩ lalaa kɛzɛɣa yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ye sɔɔlɩm mbʋ ɖɩwɛnɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ mbʋ seɣtiɣni-ɖʋ yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖiwolo pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ.
11 Kajalaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ taa, Pɔɔlɩ yɔɔdaa se ɛ nɛ koobiya lalaa pɛkɛ “Ɛsɔ sɩnɩyaa” mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ poɖuwaɣ Kewiyaɣ ɖomaɣ nɛ pamɩzɩɣ kɔ-yɔɔ lɩm. (1 Kɔr. 3:6, 9) Sɔnɔ, ɖa ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkɛ “Ɛsɔ sɩnɩyaa” ye ɖɩhaɣ ɖa-alɩwaatʋ, ɖa-ñɩm nɛ ɖo-ɖoŋ faaa se ɖɩla tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-ɖʋ yɔ. Waɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ kpem pɩkɛnaa!
12, 13. Wazasɩ nzɩ kpɛlɩkɩyaa labʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɔŋna?
12 Ye ɖɩhaɣ ɖa-alɩwaatʋ nɛ ɖo-ɖoŋ tɔm susuu nɛ kpɛlɩkɩyaa labʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa yɔ, ɖihikiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ. Koobiya sakɩyɛ mba pehiɣ waɖɛ nɛ pɛkpɛlɩkɩɣnɩ ɛyaa Bibl nɛ pɛɖɛɣnɩ ɛsɩndaa yɔ, peɖiɣzinaa se taa leleŋ nɩɩyɩ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtalɩ weyi waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-wɛnʋʋ kɔŋna yɔ. Ðihikiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩnaɣ ɛyaa mʋʋ toovenim tɔm, pe-tisuu kpaɣ ɖoŋ, palakɩ lɛɣzɩtʋ nɛ papaɣzɩ heyuu lalaa tɔm ndʋ pɛkpɛlɩkaa yɔ. Yesu ɖɔɖɔ taa kaalabɩ leleŋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɔm kpɛlɩkɩyaa 70 waa mba etiyaa yɔ ‘papɩsaa pɔkɔɔ nɛ amɛya siŋŋ’ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ-ɩ pee kɩbana wena pɔ-tɔm susuu lʋlaa yɔ.—Luka 10:17-21.
13 Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ tɔm susuyaa taa lakɩ leleŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ panaɣ toovenim tɔm lɛɣzɩɣ ɛyaa weziŋ caɣʋ yɔ. Yele nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ koobu halɩñɩnʋ Anna weyi ɛkɛ ɛɖanɛ yɔ ɛ-kɩɖaʋ tɔm. Ɛɛsɔɔlaa se ɛwalɩsɩ ɛ-tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ, pʋyɔɔ ɛkʋyɩ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ewolo Erɔɔpɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ taa. Pɩɩpɔzɩ tɔm susuyaa sakɩyɛ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. * Ɛmawa se: “Cɩnɛ pɩwɛ kɛlɛʋ se ɛyʋ ehiɣ waɖɛ nɛ ɛ nɛ ɛyaa papaɣzɩ Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ nɛ mɔnsɔɔlɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-labʋ kpem. Tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ haɣ-m taa leleŋ siŋŋ. Malɩɣnɩ tɔm susuu nɛ menkpe lɛ, mɛnfɛyɩnɩ alɩwaatʋ se mamaɣzɩ ma-maɣmaɣ mɔ-yɔɔ. Mamaɣzɩɣ kala wena men-Bibl kpɛlɩkɩyaa katɩɣ nɛ nɩɣzɛ wena a-taa pɛwɛɛ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. Mamaɣzɩɣ se mana nʋmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ manpɩzɩɣ mantɩŋna nɛ mankpazɩ-wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ mansɩnɩ-wɛ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ. Nɛ piyeba nɛ man-taa tɛ se toovenim lɛ ‘haʋ wɛ leleŋ pɩkɩlɩ mʋʋ.’”—Tʋma 20:35.
14. Paa ɛyaa cabɩ iwelisiɣni tɔm kɩbandʋ yɔ, ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖihiɣ taa leleŋ tɔm susuu taa?
14 Tɔm susuu haɣ taa leleŋ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ lona wena a-taa paamʋʋ-ɖʋ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ afɛyɩ ɛzɩ ɖenɖe Anna susi tɔm yɔ. Ye ŋñakɩ pana nɛ ŋsusuu tɔm ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ nɛ ŋŋfɛɣ nɔɔyʋ ñe-egeetiye taa yɔ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ŋkaɣ hiɣu taa leleŋ siŋŋ. Ðɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖihiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ ye ɖɩhaɣ ɛyaa waɖɛ se pamʋ tɔm kɩbandʋ yɔ, halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ mba paawelisiɣni-ɖʋ yɔ. Ðɔ-tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ nɩɣzɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Yehowa kaaɖʋ nayʋ Ezekɩyɛɛlɩ yɔ. Eheyi-i se: “Ŋkeheyi-wɛ mɔn-tɔm, paa pewelisiɣ, paa paawelisiɣ.” (Ezek. 2:7; Iza. 43:10) Paa ɛyaa iwelisiɣ yaa paawelisiɣ yɔ, ye ɖɩha ɖa-tɩ faaa nɛ ɖisusuu Ɛsɔtɔm yɔ, pɩhaɣ-ɖʋ taa leleŋ. Ðɩnawa se ɖa-pana ñaɣʋ tɩkɛ falaa Yehowa ɛsɩndaa. (Kalɩ Ebree 6:10.) Tɔm susuyu nɔɔyʋ kaawɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana ana. Ɛyɔɔdaa pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛ-tɔm susuu yɔɔ se: “Ðiɖuwa, ɖɩmɩzɩ lɩm, nɛ ɖɩtɩmɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtaɣ liu se Yehowa kaɣ yebu nɛ pɩpaɣlɩ.”—1 Kɔr. 3:6.
ƐZƖMA ÐƖPƖZƖƔ NƐ ÐIHIƔ TAA LELEŊ YƆ
15. (a) Wɛtʋ ndʋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛnɩ kʋjɔŋ weyi ɖɩlakɩ-wɛ yɔ ɩ-yɔɔ? (b) Nɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖiyele nɛ pa-lakasɩ wɛɛnɩ ɖoŋ ɖɔ-yɔɔ?
15 Yesu sɔɔlaa se ɖihiɣ taa leleŋ pɩtɩŋnɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩlakɩ kʋjɔŋ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. Eseɣti-ɖʋ se: “Ɩha nɛ paaha-mɩ, ɩhaɣ lalaa haʋ mbʋ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ pakaɣ-mɩ haʋ nɛ pʋɖɔɔ-mɩ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɩkɛdɩɣ nɛ caɖaɣ ŋga nɛ ɩhaɣ yɔ, ŋga pɛkɛdɩɣna nɛ paha-mɩ.” (Luka 6:38) Toovenim lɛ, pɩtɩkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa wɩlɩɣnɩ pɛ-ɛsɩmɩyɛ kʋjɔŋ weyi ɖɩlakɩ-wɛ yɔ ɩ-yɔɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, mba pɛwɛnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ yɔ, pɩkaɣ-wɛ seɣtuu nɛ pala ɖɔɖɔ kʋjɔŋ lalaa. Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, wolo pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋlakɩ kʋjɔŋ lalaa paa ɛyaa ɩfɛyɩnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ yɔ. Ŋŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋtɩlɩ ɖoŋ kɩbaŋ weyi ña-kʋjɔŋ labʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩwɛɛnɩ ɛyaa yɔɔ yɔ.
16. Ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se piseɣti-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩla lalaa kʋjɔŋ?
16 Mba pɛkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa toovenim ñɩma yɔ, paaɖaŋɩɣ se pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ nabʋyʋ pɩ-yɔɔ. Tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ Yesu ñɩkaɣ niye alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyɔɔdaa se: “Ŋlakɩ kazandʋ lɛ, yaa kʋñɔndɩnaa, kaakalasɩ, naŋgbatitiliŋ tɩnaa, nɛ yʋlʋmaa; nɛ ŋnɩɩ leleŋ, se paapɩzɩɣ pɛhɛyɩ-ŋ pi-ɖeɖe.” (Luka 14:13, 14) Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ se: “Weyi ɛkɛ ɛsɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ tʋ yɔ, pakaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ wazʋʋ.” Kɩyɔɔdʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se: “Koboyaɣ tʋ lɛ weyi ɛmaɣzɩɣ kʋñɔndʋ nɛ ɛjam pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ.” (Adu. 22:9; Keɣa 40:1) Toovenim taa lɛ, ɖihikiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩsɩɣnɩ lalaa yɔ.
17. Kʋjɔŋ weyi labʋ kaɣ-ŋ haʋ taa leleŋ?
17 Pɔɔlɩ labɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ tɔm ndʋ Yesu yɔɔdaa se “haʋ wɛ leleŋ pɩkɩlɩ mʋʋ” yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ tomnaɣ yɔɔ wondu haʋ tɔm ɖeke ɛyɔɔdaɣ ɛlɛ ɛyɔɔdaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma ɖɩkpazɩ lalaa ɖoŋ, ɖɩsɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ ɖɩɖʋ nesi mba pɛwɛ kɩcɛyɩm taa yɔ pɩ-tɔm. (Tʋma 20:31-35) Apostoloo Pɔɔlɩ tɩŋnɩ ɛ-yɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ-ɖʋ se pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩha ɖa-tɩ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɖa-alɩwaatʋ, ɖo-ɖoŋ nɛ ɖɔ-sɔɔlɩm.
18. Tɔm ndʋ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔdaa pɩlɩɩnɩ kʋjɔŋ labʋ yɔɔ?
18 Ñɩnɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ kɔm nɛ peɖiɣzina se haʋ haɣ ɛyaa taa leleŋ. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔdaa se: “Ɛyaa kɛdaa se pehikiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ palakɩ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ.” Ñɩnɩyaa yɔɔdaa ɖɔɖɔ se pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩsɩɣnɩ lalaa nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ wɛɛnɩ kaɖʋwa nɛ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ mbʋ yekina nɛ ɖɩcɔŋnɩ ɖa-kɩcɛyɩm mbʋ pɩ-tɔm kɩlɩ cɛyʋʋ yɔ pi-ɖeɖe. Pʋyɔɔ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ lɛ, ñɩnɩyaa seɣtiɣ ɛyaa se paha pa-tɩ faaa nɛ pala pa-ajɛɛ taa sɩnʋʋ tʋma nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɛwɛɛnɩ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya nɛ pehiɣ taa leleŋ. Tɔm ndʋ tɩɩɖɩɣzɩɣ mba petisiɣ se Bibl lɩnɩ ɖa-Caa kʋsɔɔlʋ Yehowa cɔlɔ yɔ.—2 Tim. 3:16, 17.
WOLO PƖ-YƆƆ NƐ ŊKƐ KƲJƆŊ LAÐƲ
19, 20. Lɩmaɣza wena yɔɔ ŋsɔɔlaa se ŋkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖʋ?
19 Ye mba pɔcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pata yɔ, pasɩɣ pɛ-kɛzɛsɩ kajalaɣ lone taa yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩwɛɛ-ɖʋ kaɖɛ se ɖiwolo pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa. Ɛlɛ Yesu yɔɔdaa se paɣtʋ naalɛ ndʋ tɩkɛ sɔsɔtʋ yɔ, ndʋ lɛ se ɖɩsɔɔlɩ Yehowa nɛ ɖa-laŋɩyɛ pilim, ɖe-ciyam pilim, ɖa-maɣzɩm kpeekpe nɛ ɖo-ɖoŋ kpeekpe nɛ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖo-koobiya ɛzɩ ɖa-maɣmaɣ yɔ. (Mark. 12:28-31) Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpɛlɩkʋʋ tɔm ñʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ, mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ, pamaɣzɩɣnɩ-ɩ. Yehowa nɛ Yesu pɛkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa. Nɛ peseɣtiɣ-ɖʋ se ɖa ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩla mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, piyeki nɛ ɖihiɣ taa leleŋ siŋŋ. Ye ɖɩñakɩ pana nɛ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖɩkɛ kʋjɔŋ laɖaa, mbʋ ɖɩlakɩ Yehowa nɛ ɖo-koobiya yɔ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩɖʋʋ Yehowa hɩɖɛ nɛ pɩwazɩɣ ɖa-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa.
20 Ðɩɩpɩtɩɣ se ŋwɛɛ nɛ ŋñakɩ pana nɛ ŋhaɣ ña-tɩ faaa nɛ ŋsɩɣnɩ lalaa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ño-koobiya Krɩstʋ ñɩma. (Gal. 6:10) Ye ŋwobi pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋlakɩ mbʋ yɔ, ñɔ-tɔm kɛdɩɣnɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ-ŋ nɛ ña ɖɔɖɔ ŋkaɣ hiɣu taa leleŋ. Aduwa 11:25 yɔɔdʋʋ se: “[Ɛyʋ] weyi ɛlakɩ kɩbandʋ yɔ, pakaɣ-ɩ haɣzʋʋ; nɛ weyi ɛkʋʋ lɔkɔtʋ yɔ, pakaɣ ɛ-lɔkɔtʋ kʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ.” Ɛlɛ ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋtɩŋnɩ nʋmɔŋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ŋwɩlɩ se ŋfɛyɩnɩ piɖeni men-ɖeke wɛtʋ, ɛlɛ ŋsɔɔlɩ lalaa kɩbandʋ labʋ faaa, tɔm susuu taa yaa ñe-wezuu caɣʋ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Tɔm ñʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɔŋ yɔ kɩ-taa, ɖɩkaɣ tazʋʋ nʋmɔŋ ɛnɩ ɩ-taa nɩɩyɩ taa.
^ tay. 13 Ðɩlɛɣzɩ hɩɖɛ.


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Kɩnatʋ
Kɩnatʊ kɛna wezuu yaa kalɩzaɣ caɣʊ tɛ wɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Kɩnaʊ wɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩha ɖoŋ kɛ weyi ɛwɛna kʊyɔ size, ɛpɩzɩ ɛna mbʊ paanana ɛza pee anɛɛ kpeɖem yɔ. Kɩnaʊ kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ pɩyʊ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛ ñɩm mbʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ kɩpɔzʊ nɛ pɩcɔ paha-ɩ kʋ yɔ.
Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ pʊʊ Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm weyi ɛhaɣ yɔ. Ɛsɔ haɣ ɛ-ñɩm mbʊ yaa kɩnaʊ ŋgʋ kɛ weyi ɛɖʊwa se ɛha-ɩ kʊ yɔ yaa weyi ɛsɔɔla se ɛha-ɩ kʋ yɔ. Weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ haɣʊʊ yɔ, ɛlʊlʊkʊ wiye yaa ɖoo e-ɖoo lotu taa ɛha-ɩ kʊ nɛ pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlɩ-ɩ.
Paa weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kɩnatʊ. Kɩnaʊ ɛɛtɩŋgʊ hɔŋ yaa cejewaa. Ɛsɔ haɣna ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, hɔʊʊ yaa cejewaa wena ɛsɔɔla yɔ. Halaa kɛʊ kɩnatɩnaa, abalaa kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩna tɩnaa, nɛ piya kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɩnatʋ tɛkɛna size, n̄ɔcɔzɔ kaawɛna yɔ yaa n̄ɔ-hɔʋ taa nɔɔyʋ kaawɛna yɔɔ lɛ pɩwɛ koŋŋ yaa pɩkɛna kɩcɛɣʋʋ size ŋwɛɛna. Kɩnatʋ ɛɛtɩŋgʋ hɔʋ yaa cejewiye liɖe. Nɔɔyʋ pɩzɩʋ ɛpɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ size yʋsaɣ ŋgaa patɩlɩʋna kɩnatʋ yaa weyi ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔ?
Tobi yaa kɛlɛʋ yem lɛ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzʋʋ ɛtɩlɩ kɩnatʋ yem n̄ata mbʋ, yʋsaɣ naka-ɩ fɛyɩ kɩnatʋ yɔ size patɩlɩna-ɩ. Kɩnatɩnaa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ aduudama yɔ; tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ pɛhɛkʋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩnatɩnaa nɛ aduudama patɩŋga pa-ɩ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ samaɣ taa.
Ɛlɛ yee kɩnatʋ mamaɣ ɛsɔɔla kɔyɔ, patɩlɩ-ɩ size ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size kawɩlaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩzʋʋ kala nɛ pɩwɩlɩna yaa patɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ kɩnatʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ sɩzɩ, lʋlʋkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɣa kʋlʋlaɣ ŋga, kɛwɛna yaa kɛfɛyɩna kɩnaʋ.
Masɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaɣ tɩlɩɣna. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ piɣa tɩŋgɛ wɩlɩʋna kawɩlasɩ nzɩ nɛ patɩlɩɣ-sɩ size sɩwɛna kɩnaʋ. Kawɩlasɩ yaa wɛtʋnaa mba patɩlɩʋna kɩnatɩnaa yaa mba pɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔɔ yɔ : Hala lʋlʋʋ wayɩ calɩm kpeŋ nayɩ sakɩyɛ, ɛyʋtʋ maɣzɩm taa. Kɩnaʋ kɛ ɖoŋ weyi paana-ɩ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ.
Kɩnaʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ. Pɩɩwɛɛ size palakɩna kɩnaʋ nɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ɖeke koŋ. Ɛlɛ ɛyaa tɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm sɔɔlʋ labʋ yɔɔ lɛ, pakpakʋ kɩnaʋ ŋgʋ nɛ palakɩna kɩdɛkɛdɩm sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ afelaa nɛ kʋdɔnɖɩyaa.


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Jean-Philippe Rameau
Jean Philippe Rameau, palʊla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon nɛ ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1764 taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa (Eustache Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ). Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ. Ɛtɛ tɩ keɣsɩ mabɩtʊ yaa seɣtʊ hendu teu pɩsa nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtanɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ cɔlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ you ɖoŋ ŋgʊ Itaalii minziiki tɩna pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamaza piŋ se Rameau kɛnɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa miziiki maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ tɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊ. Rameau tɛ cɔlɩyɛ nɩnaʊ, paa patatʊzɩ keeke kɔyɔ, papɩzaɣ pɛkɛdɩna-ɖɩ. Walaa taa yaa sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, patatɩlɩ Rameau wezuu caɣʊ keeke, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kajalaɣ hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnzɩ 40 nzɩ sɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ ɛkɔɔ ɛcaɣ mbilim Paarii tɛtʊ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1722 alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛmɛsaɣa ɛtɩ nɛ halɩ ɛ-halʊ maɣmaɣ tatɩlɩ ɛ-tɔm natʊyʊ ɛtɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ wɛɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ patatɩlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm pʊɖɔɔ se pɛkɛdɩ sakɩyɛ.
Rameau kɛ pɩɣa lʊbɛ ŋga cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm yɔ. Ɛwɛnɛ ɖalaa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kɔɔnaa kɩgbanzɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683. Pɩnaɣ ŋga yaa evemiye nɖɩ palʊla-ɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm mbʊ Dijon Etienne Kiɖeɖeu ŋbɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo Claudine Martinécourt tɛ ñɩnʊ, kʊjɔŋ sɔsɔʊ taa tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, nɛ ɛkɛ weewe ɛyaa taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ.
Ɛ-caa Jean Rameau kɛ Dijon Etienne Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1690 ŋtalɩ 1709 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon Notre-Dame Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ. Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ miziiki maɖʊ kɛ pe-cejewiye taa, ɛlɛ, ɛ-cɔzɔ Antoine Rameau, kaakɛ Médard kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ tɛ layʊ sɔsɔ kpaŋ taa ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna tʊma yɔ kɛ peeɖe nɛ ɛhʊlaɣ ɔrgɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-sʊʊtʊ yaa ɛ-tʊma ɖoŋ paɣtʊ yɔ.
Ɛ-caa kpɛlɛka-ɩ kpem miziiki tɔm mbʊ lɛ, Philippe kaasɩma ɛtɛ akɔnta masɩ p halɩ pʊcɔ ɛtɩlɩ kalɩtʊ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ yem, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, wɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, ɛɛwɛ paa ɖoye ɛ-caa mba paasɩma miziiki tɔm yɔ pɛtɛ ɛzɩ Couperin nɛ Bach nɛ Mozart yɔ. Ɛɛke ; sukuli pɩɣa Godrans Yeesu ŋgbɛyɛ tɩna tɛ, ɛlɛ eteleɖi mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ nɛ nabʊyʊ taakɛtɩna-ɩ pɩtasɩna miziiki.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1726 ɛkpaɣ halʊ Auxerrois Germain Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa. Ɛ-halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣa se Marie-Louis Mangot, mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 ɛlɛ, ɛ-walʊ kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 42. Ɛ-halʊ kaakɛ Lyon miziiki cejewiye taa ɛyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki maɖʊ nɛ hendu teyu nɛ ewolo ɛ-walʊ hendu natʊyʊ ɖiteye. Paa ɛ-walʊ pɩnzɩ ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɔʊ ɛzɩma yɔ, papɩza palʊlɩ pɩyaa naalɛ abalaa nɛ halɩ pɩyaa naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ hɔʊ camɩyɛ halɩ pɔsɔ pe-piyaa mba Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm.


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Sriilanka
Sriilanka kɛna ɛndɩ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Ɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ.
Pamaza Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 65 610 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 22 235 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 339 yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1948 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɖɩpɩsa ɛjaɖɛ siŋŋŋ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ camɩyɛ se Srilanka tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1972. Payaɣ Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Maithripala Sirisena nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Ranil Wickremesinghe.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ siŋgaalɛɛ, taamʊʊli nɛ aŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sriijavawardenapura nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Kolomko. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +94 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruupii sriilankɛɛzɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: Puudizimi, Ɛnduyizimi, Malɩŋ, Krɩstʊ mba nɛ Protɛsɩtaŋ.


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Cɛɛkɩ
Cɛɛkɩ kɛnɛ Eerɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzɩʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se Temokraasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ɖi-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 78 870 km2 yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 10 578 820. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Pɔlɔɔñɩ yɔ nɖɩ wɛna, piyele nɛ Caama ñɛwɛna ɖi-hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Siloovakii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ɖɩ-hadɛkiŋ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa ageeta sɔsɔna wena awɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, ataa kɔyɔ: Powɛmɩ, Moɖaavi nɛ Silezi hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo lɛ ɖɩɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖi se Cekɔsiloovaki yɔ ɖɩ-taa egeeiye naɖɩyɛ pʊcɔnɛ pɩnaɣ 1969 lɛ pacɩɩ-ɖi nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ keem.
Cɛɛkɩ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1993. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) pɩnaɣ 1999 nɛ Eerɔpʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondu kanɖa kɔyɔ se Teevenim Wakɩ nɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se ɖa-caa Miloŝ Zeman nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Bohuslav Sobotka. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kominanaa tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ cɛɛkɩ nɛ piraagɩ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ yaa lɛlʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +420 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Taakarɩ
Taakarɩ kɛnɛ Senegali ɛjaɖe taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɛt-taa komina tʊma sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ politiki kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ.Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna kilomɛtanaaagbaba 83. Pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ, pakalɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe kɛ Taakarɩ tɛtʊ tunɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa miloyɔɔna 3 215255.
Ɖooo Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kaawɛɛ nɛ ɖɩkpacayʊʊ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya lɛ, Taakarɩ tɛtʊ Fransɩɩ mba kaalɩza se tɩkɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palakɩ ketiizasi sʊzɔtʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩnaɣ 1970 paakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kaakpɛnda kutokiŋ 400 000. Mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ ɛyaa pazɩ pohuu kpem yɔ mbʊ lɛ se kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛyaa lʊlʊʊ nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ se ɛyaa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa pakʊyʊ ageeta ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pʊŋ taa nɛ powoki Taakarɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa se paahiu tʊma nɛ pala.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Taakarɩ ñɩndʊ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Goree yɔ ndʊ wɛna, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Ŋgori yɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ pɩta ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Madelɛnɩ yɔ ndʊ ñɛwɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Taakarɩ nɛ ajɛyaa nayɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Yerusalɛm nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ, Pakʊ (Azɛrbayɩjanɩ), Pamako (Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1974), Panzuli ([[Kambii (Gambie)|Kambii), Pisawo (Kinee-Pisaʋ), Pɩrazaviili (Koŋgo), Kazabalnka (Marɔkɩ), Tuwala (Kameruni), Kinsasa (Koŋgo Temokiratiki ɛjaɖɛ), Marisɛyɩ (Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1978)Milanɩ (Itali), Oranɩ (Alizeeri), Niyame (Nizɛrɩ) Pirayiya (Kapʊ-Vɛrɩ), Sifakɩsɩ (Tunizi, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1965), Tɛpeyi (Tayiwani).


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Dante Alighieri
Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Durante degli Alighieri. Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ florentin tɛtʋ taa agoza fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, pɩnaɣ 1265 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣkɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1321 n̄ɩŋga taa Ravenne tɛtʋ taa Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeye.
Ɖajaa Dante Durante degli Alighieri kɛ keɣa maɖʋ nɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmawa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : ''Divine Comédie'' nɛ ''Idiome''. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖɔ.
Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ,
Ɖajaa Alighieri yaa Allighieri kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋmɩyɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Alighiero di Bellincione. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Bella degli Abati. E-ɖoo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1278 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri Durante kɛwɛna hiu nɛ naadozo (13) lɛ, ɛ-caa sɩba. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1282 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Haɣ
Haɣ kɛ ɖiɣa taa kpɩnɛ. Kɛwɛ “Canis Lupus” pɩlɩʊ taa. Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɔdɔ panaɣ kpemtɔyaɣ. Kpemtɔyaɣ ŋga ke-liɖe taa nakayɛ pitolosaa nɛ kapɩsɩ ɖɩɣa haɣ. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se “Dingo” ñaakɛ ɖɩɣa haɣ nɛ pitolosi-kɛ nɛ kaka ñasʊ kpaaŋ nɛ kasʊ ñɩtʊ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ kɛ haɣ wɛ ɖɩɣa. Ɖooo “paléolitique” taa kɛ papaza haɣ ɖɔʊ.
Haɣ kɛna kacalaɣ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ calɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ɛna-kɛ palaɣkana lakʊ nɛ ŋga ɖaŋgana ɖɔɖɔɔ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔɔ. Pɩdɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛyʊ taasɩmda haɖaʊ yaa ɖɔɖɛ maamaɣ. Haɣ wɛ ntɩ nɛ kpemtɔyɔ kʊmʊlʊtaɣ , paa panɩɩzɩnɛ ɖamaa ɛzɩmaa yɔ. Panaʊ pɩtɛ tʊkaɣ yɔ pɩlaba pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ. Haɣ kpeziɣ. Kacalaɣ hasi nzɩ pɛlɛɣ ɖɔʊ yɔ, sɩ-tɛ mɔɔ wɛɛ. Mɔɔ ana alaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 33 yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se haɣ wɛʊ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ hiŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ ɛyʊ paazɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ ɖɔʊ ɛ-ɖaɣ. Ɛyʊ nɛ haɣ paawɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «préhistoire» yɔ tɩ-taa pʊcɔ pɔyɔɔdʊ haɖaɣ tɔm. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ paazi tɔʊ «amidon» pazɩ pazɩ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɖɩnaɣ-si sɔnɔ se hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɛ nɛ haɖaʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ paazaa yɔ, piyebina nɛ ɛyʊ paazɩ caaʊ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ɛɛtasɩɣ yotu yem yem. Ɛ-tɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm caaʊ wɛ ɛzɩ «canines» waa tɛ caaʊ yɔ. Haɣ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʊ; wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ. Kɛkɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ ɖooo kioɖe tɛɛ. Kɛ-wɛɖɩɣ, ka-lakasɩ nɛ ɛzɩma kamalɩɣ nɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ yɔ, pʊ yɔɔ kɛ paya-kɛ se «ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kʊsɔɔlʊ».
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kɩpanɖɛ nɖɩ haɣ wɛna yɔ, nɖɩ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɖɩhaɣ ɛyʊ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔɔ mbʊ ɛsɔɔla yɔ nɛ kaalɛyɩtu nɛ kpemtɔyasɩ ɛɛcɛ-ɩ. Ɖenɖe ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kikaʊ kpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se «Fédération cynoligique» yɔ, pɛwɛna paɣtʊ tɛtɛ wondu yɔɔ nɛ pañaŋ-tʊ ɖɔdɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Paakpɛŋgɛsʊ hasɩ, payaɣ-sɩ ɖɔdɔ nɛ ñamtʊ. Payaaʊ se anasayɩ haɣ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖenɖe anasayi ɛnʊ ɛkacalɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ajɛya nayɩ taa lɛ pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ se paa weyi ɛsɔ ɛ-haɣ; Nayɛ taa lɛ, hasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ñaŋ yɔ, pʊwɛ se paɖɩ-sɩ kpasɩ. Ɛyʊ malasɩ haɣ nɛ pʊwɛna-kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se kaña dɩɣa taa wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ ɛɖɔʊ yɔ ɖeu. Kɛfɛyɩna waɖɛ wonu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kaʊ. Pʊ yɔɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa paa haɣ ŋga kɛwɛna takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ-kɛ waɖɛ se kɛyɛlɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, haɣ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ.


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Léon Tolstoï
Léon Tolstoï kɛ paɖana yaʋ size de Lev Nikolaïevitch Tolstoï. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Léon Tolstoï kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɖusi yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ ma-hɩɖɛ sɛwa tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataɣ kaʋ yɔ. Ɛlaba n̄ʋdaa maɣzɩm tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Tɔm takayasɩ taa mayaa nabɛyɩ tɔŋ size, palʋla Ɖajaa Léon Tolstoï ɛnɛ, salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ nakʋ (9) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1828 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛlɛ, lalaa n̄ɔtɔŋ size, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ, ɛlɛ, kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1828 n̄ɩŋga taa palʋla-ɩ.
Ɖusi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣɖɩ size Iasnaïa Poliana yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe palʋla ɖajaa Léon Tolstoï. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Léon Tolstoï, Ɖusi ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩɣa kanɛ, ka-sɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1910 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛlɛ, lɛlaa n̄ɔtɔŋ size, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ, size kɩyakʋ Lubɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1910 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ ɛzɩba. Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Astapovo yɔ, ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa peeɖe ɛzɩba. Ɛzɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ nakʋ nɛ lutozo (98) mbʋ yɔ.


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Charlie Chaplin
Charles Spencer Chaplin, pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Charlie Chaplin kɛ Krandɩ-Pretaanɩ-tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Lɔndrɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1889 nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1977. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ mʊsɩ laɖu nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ nɛ ɛɖʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmwaa yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se sinimaɣ nɛ eluki wondʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Charlie Chaplin kɛ sinimaɣ taa sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pɩlɩɩna e-sinimaɣ taa weyi ɛyaa se Charlot yɔ. Charlie Chaplin paɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛ pɩnzɩ 65 ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ nɛ ɛ-ɖonɛ nɛ e-wezu caɣʊ nɛ taa yeba nɛ nabayɩ tɔŋ se ɛkɩlaɣ ɖɛlɛzɩɣ ɖɔm.
Palʊla chaplin kɛ Lɔndrɩ nɛ ɛ-caa tawɛɛ ɛnɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ. Paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo kaawɛ tanɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pasɩ-ɩ ɖakʊtaa ŋgʊ kʊcɔŋna mba pa-ñʊntaa sɩda pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlakaɣ mbʊ lɛ, Chaplin kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza. Chaplin ɛnʊ ɛpaaza ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Charlie Chaplin paɣza ɛ-tanaʊ ɖooo pɩcatʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ yem. Chaplin wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ, ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Fred Karno. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla se lɛlʊ ɛlakɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ eɖeke ɛɛpɩzɩʊ, ɛsɩna-ɩ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Fred Karno nɛ Chaplin pɔcɔɔ Etaazuuni tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔcɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛ-tɛ kacalɣ se ɛlaba amʊʊza nɛ pɩna-ɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 1914.
Ɛ-tɛ sinimaɣ ŋgʊ ɛya-kʊ se: Pɩsa nɛ ɛyʊ hiu ɛ-tɩ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛyaɣ-ɩ se Charlot. Pitasɩɩna-ɩ nɛ sinimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeke, ɛlaba hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lɛ, Chaplin kaakɛ keteŋna kpeekpe taa sɔdʊŋ taa sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa kaasɩma pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Chaplin nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palɩzɩ sinimaɣ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: Kid (1921), Samaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ (1923), Ɔɔrɩ wayɩ cɛɛndɩɣ (1925), Sirki (1928). Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɛlɩzɩ Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa mʊntʊzʊʊ (1931) nɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tɔm (1936).


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Arɩsɛnɩkɩ
Arɩsɛnɩkɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 33 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ As. Ɛkɛ pɩkɩtɔnɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu nɛ wondu ndʊ tɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩndʊ yɔ pakpaɣ ɖama, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ pakpaɣ arɩsɛnɩkɩ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ŋgʊ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pata-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ kileɖi caŋ yɔ ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonduu taa yɔ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna siriyaki ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa, ɖɩlɩna pɛrɩsanɩ زرنيخ zarnikh nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ kpɛndʊʊ mayaɣ (pɩɩkɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ keeke ŋgʊ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pataɣ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ ɛyaa yɔ). Pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se arsenikon (ἀpσevιkόv), nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔmɩŋ taa ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ krɛkɩ maɣmaɣ tɔm yɔ arsenikos (ἀpσevιkός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwakɩ kɩɖekɛdɩm yɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ).
Pʊrɔnzɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyaa na se kpɛndɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛ pʊrɔnzɩ taa pɩtɩŋna cuviri nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ, nɛ payaa wɛɛ ana se pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ wɛɛ. Palakanaɣ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wondu yɔɔ yɔ.
Scheele tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ pɩtɩŋna arɩsɛnɩkɩ cuwiviri tɛ ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele laba pɩnaɣ 1775 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, lɛɛza kuwiviri kaŋwa tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ kpanjaɣ. Akalɩŋ kpanjaɣ, ɛ sɛzɩɣ takayɩ hatʊ, piyaa aleɣya wondu nɛ pɛleʒɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Scweinfurt tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ yɔ.


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Etiiki (éthique)
Pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛna wɛtʊ kɩbantʊ. Pʊwɛ se ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɛkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ ndʊ nɛ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se etiiki (éthique). Tɔmbiye etiiki (éthique) lɩna krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ethos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔnzɩ. Etiiki kɛ lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii (philosophie yɔ pɩ-tɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ wazaɣ pʊyʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔm etiiki hʊʊ. Etiiki piliŋa yɔɔ ɛyʊ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ñaɖʊʊ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Yee mbʊ paɣtʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩndʊ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Aristote nɛ Kant pɔtɔŋ se etiiki tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kʊɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋa hɛɛ yɔ. Tobi taa lɛ, mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna ɛyʊ yɔ mbʊʊ etiiki piliŋa ñɩnɩɣ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʊ etiiki piliŋa tɩŋɩɣna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩɖʊʊ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Etiiki piliŋa ɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa lakɩ mbʊ yɔ, yaa ɛyaa sɔɔlɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩɩkɛɣ mbʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi cee alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa kaɣ labʊ yaa pakaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ. Etiiki nʊmɔʊ taa tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kɩkpɛdɩm, nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ paa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖajaa John Rawls yɔɔdaa se pʊwɛɛ se etiiki paɣtʊ ɛmʊna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-paɣtʊ.


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Kpɛdɩsʋʋ (Risque)
Kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna mbʋ ɛyʋ tasʋʋna yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ pɩcɔ pɩtalɩɣ. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yaa taa nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩnaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩʋ lɔŋ yaa lɛɣtʋ taa. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛ nabʋyʋ taa kɛ tɩ lɩzʋʋ pɩyʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩ «avéré».
Papɩzʋʋ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩ kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna fɩya pɩyʋ wɛɖʋ tobi lɛ, pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «potentiel». Tɔm piye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ palɩza size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩyʋ yaa kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ ŋgʋ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «émergent» yaa ɖeɖe pɩyʋ yɔ.
Ɖeɖe pɩyʋ kɛna mbʋ patatɩyɩ tɩlɩ taa yɔ nɛ paya pʋ yaa pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «future» yɔ. Pɩkɛ cee tɔm ndʋ pɩtatɩyɩ talɩ taa yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, kɛkpɛdɩsɩ sakɩyɛ nasɩyɛ wɛ nɛ sɩmʋkɩ yaa siyeki labʋ.
Ɛzɩma ɛnʋʋ sɩzɩ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ nasɩyɛ ɖɩɩna mʋʋ lɛ yaa yeba labʋ lɛ, lɛɛsɩ kɩfasɩ ɖɩɩna labʋ nɛ ɖɔlɔŋ sɩ ɖɩwabɩnazɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ kpaʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ yaa sakɩyɛ sɔzʋʋ sɔzʋʋ yɔ nɛ ɛyʋ wɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖɛʋ na ɛsɩndaa.
Ɛyʋ wɛ nɛ ɛwɛʋ lɛɣtʋ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋ nɛ ɛwakɩna kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kɩfasɩ nɛ kɩpɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ. Kɛkpɛdɩsɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, pɩtɔbʋʋ sɩze sɩɖɔ siŋŋ yaa sɩfɛyɩ kalɩɣ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ wɛ size miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa.
Miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pompiers". Mba paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-kewiyaɣ lɩza size pɔcɔna na lɛɣtʋ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ kɛkpɛdɩsaɣ nakɛyɩ ɖeɖe yɔ, peseu na saɣ nɛ powolo.
Paayaa miŋ ɖiziyu nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ. Kewiyaɣ hɛyʋ na-ɩ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa wɛna lɔɔɖa wena palabɩna pa-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Christian Huygens calɩna maʋ tɔm kɛ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1657 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ
Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ, ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se nɖɩ wɛtʊ, mɛwɛ meɖeke lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ yaa laŋgbɛzɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa kiyii tɔm yaa laŋɩyɛ pɩsʊ tɔm nɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa lɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ hɛɛɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛfɛyɩ ɛyaa taa yɔ nɛ ɛtaafɛyɩ leleŋ ɛ-tʊma taa ɛzɩ ɛtɩɩ wɛʊ yɔ.
Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ kɛ ɛjandʊ tɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩlɩna ɖom, tɔɔnaɣ nɛ alaafɩya yɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ kaɖɛ piŋ nɛ hali pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ se ɛkʊ ɛ-tɩ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kʊñɔŋ ɛsɛñɩŋɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ). Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pɩlɩna laŋgbɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛyaa mba pakʊ pa-tɩ yɔ talɩ 3,4 kɛ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa 60 kʊ pa-tɩ pɩlɩna laŋgbɛzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yaa lɩmaɣza lɛɛna yɔɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛyʊ fɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ cɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ pe-fezuu caɣʊ eeleɖiɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ, kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ñakpaɣ-wɛ yem yem ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pa-maɣmaɣ pakʊ pa-tɩ. Kʊdɔntɩnaa mba ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩɩ wɛʊʊ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pesekiɣ-wɛ mɔɔŋ.
Kʊdɔŋ tɩnaa mba palakɩ-wɛ kɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nabʊyʊ taa maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa lakɩ-wɛ maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ kɔɔ. Pɛ-tɛ sɩɣ kɛ fɛɖaa tɛ wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakandʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pataa kʊ pa-tɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩɖaŋɩɣ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa ɛyaa yɔɔ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛm ɖʊ yɔ natʊ yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɔm kɔyɔ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm paɣla kpem nɛ pɩcaɣ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ. Pekpeɣ kɩlɩna ɖenɖenaa sakɩyɛ, kɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ pɩlɩna nabʊyʊ taa fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ maɣzɩm yaa ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛtʊ naa cɔlɔ. Ɖɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se nabʊyʊ kɔɔ kpaɣʊ kadatayaɣ nɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ nabʊyʊ naa kɔŋna tɩlɩsɩ nzɩ.


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Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ
Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yaa tɩŋ hɛtʋ natʋyʋ yɔ. Payaʋ se sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ pakɛdɩna sʋnɖʋlɩm wɛtʋ nɛ payaa tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɛtɛ wɛtʋ yɔ. Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzɩ kɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ yɔ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pabaɣ sɛmɩŋ nɛ leemuu lɩm nɛ pesidi kɔyɔ pɩɩlɩɣ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ camɩyɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ.
Tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya tɔm taa lɛ, pombo maɖaa nabɛyɛ sʋʋ tokonaa nɛ cokodonaa mbʋ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Togo taa pombo maɖaa wondu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Paamakɩ pombo ɖɔdɔ lɛ, yee pombo maɖʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛlaba mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pawɩlɩ-ɩ takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pʋtɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɛtaatasɩ mbʋ labʋ. Yee pɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se siidoo karatee ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tambaɖɛ kɛna nimiye nɖɩ pahaɣ-ɖɩ nabutozo ɖeɖe yɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjadɛ taa lɛ peseɣ kolokaɣ lɛ, weyi ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ pɛcɛlɩɣ toko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛna samtʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ pozu-i mbʋ yɔ.


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Monrooviya
Monrooviya kɛna Liiberiya nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atlantique teŋgu cɔlɔ; pɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Paulo kiɖeɖeu yɔ ka-lɩm ɖi-kpɛndɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ mɩlɩyɔɔ yɔ.
Monrooviya wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Pusiroodi yɔ nɛ Mesiiraado yɔ pɩcɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna Liiberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ tiŋga wɛɛ : ñɩɩtʊ pɛdʊʊ nɛ ajɛya leɛna, tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɛdʊʊ, kaɖazɩm, ɖakʊta kɔ nɛ kutuyiŋmaʊ wondu ndɩ ndɩ.
Payaɣ Liiberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ se Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, ɛwɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006.


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Filozofii
Filozofii, pɩlɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʋʋ taa tɔmbiye φιλoσoφίa cɔlɔ (pɛkpɛnda φιλeῖv, philein : « sɔɔlʋʋ » ; nɛ σoφίa, sophia : « ɛsɛtʋʋ sɩmtʋ»), nɛ pɩkɛna : « ɛsɛtʋʋ sɩmtʋ sɔɔlʋʋ ».
Pɩkɛkɛna kɩlabɩm nɛ sɩmtʋ piliŋga nakɛyɛ ɖoo Antikitee taa Wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ nɛ Wɩsɩɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɩkɛkɛna kedeŋga nɛ ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ tɔmpɔzʋʋ, pɔ-tɔm tɔbʋʋnɩʋ nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ maɣzɩm labʋ. Kɩñɩnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋɖɔwa : toovenim tɔm ñɩnʋʋ ; kɩbandʋ, keɖewa nɛ siɣsiɣtʋ pɔ-yɔɔ maʋzɩm labʋ ; wezuu caɣʋ nɛ koboyaɣ pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ ñɩnʋʋ.
Filozofii tɛkɛna sɩmtʋ, kɩtɛkɛna sɩmtʋ huuye, ɛlɛ sɩmtʋ wendu tʋɖɔna wɛʋwɛʋ yɔ, tʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza labʋ nʋmɔʋ ɖɔm. Ɖooo kɩ-ɖɩñɔyɛ taa’a kɩkama ñʋʋ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɛ lɩmaɣza ɖamatiitinaʋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se kɩkɛkana kɔnsɛptɩwaa yɔɔ taatazʋʋ, tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ, lubu yaa maɣzʋʋ pa-kɩlabɩm.
Filozofii fɛyɩ ɛzɩ sciences naturelles, sciences formelles nɛ sciences humaines yɔ. Tɛŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩñɔyɛ taa ’lɛ, kɩñɔkɔyɩna-wɛ. Filozofii talɩzɩ nabʋyʋ solo yaa pi-ɖeke se pʋ-yɔɔ kɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɛlɛ, kɩ-taa wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩndɩ ɛzɩ loziki, etiki, metafiziki, politikifilozofii nɛ sɩmtʋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛɖoyo. Alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ tɩɖɛʋ nɛ tɩɖɛʋ’lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ lɛɛŋ kɔɔ ɩsɔzɩ pʋ-yɔɔ : ɩlɛ’ɛ yɔ ɛzɩtetiki, waɖɛ filozofii, sɩyansɩwaa tɔm filozofii (yaa episitemolozii), feziŋ tɔm filozofii, anthropologie philosophique, yaa yɔɔdɩtʋ filozofii.


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Cicéron
Cicéron kɛna Room tɛtʊ taa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ takayɩsɩ mayʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pʊcɔ nɛ palʊlɩ Yesu nɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo pɩnaɣ 106 kɛ Arpinum tɛtʊ taa Italii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛzɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛñɩŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 43. Ɛtaasɔɔlɩ sɔɔjɛtʊ ɛlɛ ɛsɔɔla nɔɔ leleŋ yaa ɖeu yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ wɩlɩʊ tʊmɩyɛ mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 63 taa palɩzɩ-ɩ tɔm yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Ɛlaba tɔm tendiya sukuli nɛ ɛñaɣbana nɛ ɛɖɩzɩ Catilina lʊwaɣ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nima wena yɔ. Ɛ-lʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɛ-wabɩtʊ ndʊ tɩɖʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 58 taa lɛpɩpɩsa-ɩ tɔm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ eyeba nɛ pakʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-nima lʊya nabayɩ yem nɛ patahʊna-wɛ tɔm se pʊcɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ ese nɛ ɛɖʊ kʊyʊ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ.
Ɛpɩsa ɛkɔɔ Room tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 57 lɛ, pɩɩtasɩɣ-ɩ haʊ waɖɛ se ɛtasɩ komina tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩ labʊ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Pompée nɛ César pañazaɣna. Alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ lɩɩ nɛ samaɣ kpeekpe kpaɣ hɔzɩŋ ɖama yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛna Pompée nɛ César paɖu taabalɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ Octave nɛ ɛna Antoinɛ papɩsɩ haɣ nɛ kozoŋga. Peeɖe pɩlɩna nɛ pakʊyɩ pɩnaɣ 43.


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Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ ñaɖaɣna yaʋ size, n̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ yaa ñɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna lɛɣtʋ yaa lɔŋ kpɛm weyi ɛwazʋʋ yaa ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pʋlʋlɩ coo yaa kuu yɔ. Pɩkɛna taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size ɖɩla nɛ pɩyʋ huu yɔ. N̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ yekina nɛ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ samtʋ mʋna tʋ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖʋʋna hɩɖɛ yaa samtʋ kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩmayʋ.
Pamaa tɔm nɛ posusi tʋʋ lɛ, tɩhɩɖɛ kʋyʋʋ nɛ pasamtʋ poliŋ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔm mayaa ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivains" waa kɔyɔɔ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ size tɩlɩɩ nɛ tɩtɔyɩ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋʋ lɛ, pama tʋ takayaɣsɩ taa nɛ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ takayaɣsɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalɩna paa tɔm kalɩyʋ weyi lɛ.
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, pɩcɔ nɛ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ size ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu yaa kɩlabɩnaʋ fevere n̄ɩŋgʋ lɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ payɩ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔŋ tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size ɖɔnɛ yaa lɛɛzʋ mayaɣ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paya size "chaîne graphique". Pɩcɔ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔza size pama tɔm nɛ pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ takayɩ hatʋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Pama tɔm kɩkalɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ lakasɩ sɩnɛɛyɔ kɛ takayaɣ taa : takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ hɔkʋʋ (reliure) tɩyɛ. Tɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ tɩwɛ takayaɣsɩ kɩkalasɩ hatʋ kpiyuu (pliure) tɩyɛ. Matʋ natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke (brochure) tɩyɛ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp tɛ naalɛ you sɔsɔʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ, pɛlɛɛza hɩɖɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ
(imprimerie) nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size «industries graphiques».


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ONU ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU). Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ yaa ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ lɛ se ɖɩkandɩ kadeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kandɩɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ 1945 taa ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔwa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ hɛwa lɛ paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɣzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se «SN» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ. Paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ se ɖɩlʊ nɛ yoŋ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya kpeekpe ɛcaɣ ayɔɔdɩ nɛ anɩna ɖama. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna pilinzi yʊʊʊ nzɩ sɩlʊkɩ kedeŋa jkpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.


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Serge Prokofiev
Serge Prokofiev (yaa Ruusi kʋnʋŋ matʋ taa lɛ, Cepreй CepreeBич ПpokoфbeB), palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1891 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Sontsovka (Ekaterinoslav komina taa kɛ Ruusii tɛ Ampiiri taa) ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1953 Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ taa (URSS), ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ minziiki cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛmakaɣ piyano nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊ tʊ.
Ɛkɛ hendu sakɩyɛ lɩzɩyʊ, ɛlakaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa nɛ amʊʊza sakɩyɛ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛna lɩmaɣza siŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa tɛ lɩmaɣza. Ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa Saint-Pétersbourg samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ɛwa nɛ ɛmʊ Anton Rubinstein tɛ kɩhɛyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛnʊ kaawɛna weewe piyano mabʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1918 ŋtalɩ 1936, ɛlaba pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ etisi nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛtɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa URSS ɖenɖe paɖʊɣa-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɛcɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛnʊ nɛ Joseph Staline pasɩba kɩyakʊ kʊyʊmʊ.
Sontsovka kɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʊla Prokofiev yɔ, ɖɩwɛ Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa kɛ Ekaterinoslav komina taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ haɖaʊ lɔŋ tasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ sɔsɔ haɖaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. E-ɖoo, Maria Grigorievna, kɛ halʊ weyi ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ piyaa camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ piyaanoo mabʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ tɛ kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ. Serge pɩjatʊ kaawɛ ɖeu ɖɩɣa sɔsɔyɔ nakɛyɛ taa ɖenɖe e-ɖoo makaɣ-ɩ Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikowsky nɛ Rubinstein. Miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kʊjɔŋ kɔŋ pɩɣa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, e-ɖoo tɩlɛzɩɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛɖʊ-ɩ miziiki tʊmɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1900 taa lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ lutozo kɛlɛ, ɛtɩŋɩ e-ɖoo Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ taa ɖenɖe ewoba ɛna peteu laŋɩyɛ taa wɩzasɩ hendu yɔ. Ɛpɩsa Sontsovka lɛ, eteɣ natʊyʊ piyaa, kɩɖalʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1902, alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, e-ɖoo kɔɔ nɛ ɛnɛ-ɩ pɛwɛɛ Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli ɛ-nɛ wɩlɩya ma-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa waa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzɩtʊ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ Reinhold Glière, ɛlɛ kpɛlɛlɛkɩ-ɩ laɣsɩ nɛ cɔlɩtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1904 lɛ, e-ɖoo kpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ewokina-ɩ Saint-Pétersbourg se pɩsa nɛ e-sukuli ɖɛnɛ ɛsɩnda ɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 13.
Prokofiev tɩsʊ sukuli taa kpa lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ pɩɣa ŋga kɔtɔm wɛ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ ekizi mbʊ payi pɩtɛma wɛʊ yɔ pɩwɛtʊ, nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛna se ɛwɛ ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ ɛkɩlɩ lɛɛla yaa ɛ-tabala halɩ pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa. Prokofiev ñɩŋɩ sɔsɔtʊ ɖaʊ yɔ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋa taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛtalɩ evebu, egbeɣta nɛ esuu wonduu ɖeu nɛ pɩwɛ cɔnaʊ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛwɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza tɩŋa taa wɛ ɛzɩ hama ɛyʊ sɔsɔ, mbʊ mayʊ sɔsɔ Ruusii tʊ nɔyʊ tɔma lɛ yɔ.
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Stɔkhɔlm
Stɔkhɔlm kɛŋna Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖe taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Peeɖe kɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Carl XVI Gustav pɛwɛɛ. Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa maalikanaa ɖɔɔ nɛ patalɩʊ ɛzɩ maalisi 290 yɔ nɛ sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, Stɔkhɔlm taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ maalika taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 252 020.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ 6 600 km2. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩwɛna lɩm taa kacɩsɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩtalɩʊ ɛzɩ kacɩsɩ 24 000 yɔ. Paa mazaɣ nɛ nɛ kujuka ŋga lɛ, ɛyaa woki peeɖe sakɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ lɩm yaa pohoyuu wɩsɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna mazaɣ nɛ kujuka peɖeke, pɩtamna cɩla ɖanasɩ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ tɔm, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Eerɔpʋ "méridionale" yɔ tɩ-tɔm pakɩlɩ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ pakɩlɩ-tʋ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa. Tɔm sɔsɔtʋ naanza natʋyʋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ pɩla se Eerɔpʋ "méridionale" tɔm pakɩlɩ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa:
- Kajalaɣ lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa pacalɩ maʋ kuduyiŋ nɛ pɛ.
- Nabʋlɛ lɛ, peeye tɛ niɣkaɣ nɛ soŋaɣ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ wɛɖʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, piyeki se caanaʋ wondu ɛtaapʋʋ yem.
- Tozo ɖeɖe lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa papaɣzɩ kʋnʋmɩŋ maʋ. Yee mbʋ, tɔm ndʋ pama-tʋ payɩ takayɩsɩ taa yɔ, petelesi tɔm ndʋ tɩ-taa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ.
- Kpaakpaa ɖeɖe lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa calɩna labʋ lɩmaɣzɛ se pama pa-caanaʋ tɔm takayɩsɩ taa nɛ pasɩɩ pa-wayɩ n̄ɩma. (Pama Homère tɔm, pama Hérodote n̄ɩndʋ nɛ pɛtɛ pama Strabon tɔm. Pama ɖɔɖɔ pɔ-cɔzɔnaa sakɩyɛ tɔm lɛɛtʋ.
Samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se "sami" yaa "lapon" yɔ kɔ-hɔʋ waasɩ nɛɛlɛ kiɖe tɛɛ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm n̄ɩnɩyaa nɛ tɩ-mayaa pɛtɛyɩ caanaʋ tɔm alɩwaatʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, tɔm ndʋ tɩɩwɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm paɣzɩ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ payaɣ se "préhistoire". Alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, "Antiquité" alɩwaatʋ n̄atɩŋɩ nɛ "Antiquité" alɩwaatʋ wayɩ lɛ, "Moyen Âge alɩwaatʋ tɩŋɩ. "Afrɩka ajɛɛ wena awɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ a-alɩwaatʋ nɛ amérindienne précolombienne alïwaatʋ nɛ Siini alɩwaatʋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩndʋ pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm n̄ɩndʋ.
Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ natʊyʊ naadozo lɛɣzɩna Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ ajɛya sɔsɔna lɛɛna yɔ.
- Kajalaɣ lɛ, polubu miŋ yɔ, pɩlɛɣzɩ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Polubu miŋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 400 000 yaa 800 000 yɔ mbʊ yɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊnɛ mbʊ yɔ, patɩzɩɣ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔtɔkɩ.
- Miŋ lubu wayɩ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se « révolution néolithique» yɔ, pʊbʊ n̄alɩɩ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 2 000 yaa 8000 yɔ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩʊ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ńdʊ tɩ-taa haɖaʊ tʊma pazɩ pɩkpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ.
- Nabudozo ɖeɖe lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se «< révolution industrielle » yɔ, pʊbʊ n̄alɩɩ nɛ pɩtɛzɩ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ kpem. Anansaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu alɩwaatʊ taa kɛlɛ. Pɩlaba kpaɖɩŋ naalɛ yɔ Anansaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu lɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ hanɛ waɖɛ nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɛna ɖoŋ mbʊ payaɣ se « énergie électrique» yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ.


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Sɩm
Palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛcaɣ wezuu. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ feziɣ, ɛtɔkɩ nɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛcaɣ wezuu. Yee alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ eyeba fezuu nɛ ɛ-tomnaɣ eeciidiɣ nɛ ɛ-ñamɩyɛ ɛɛñaŋ kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba. Kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ powolo pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ se wezuu caɣʊ. Wezuu caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛtɔkɩ nɛ ɛñɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yeki fezuu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ-ñamɩyɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ ñam, ɛ-kalɩzaɣ lɩ e-tomnaɣ taa yɔ pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba.
Toovenum lɛ, pʊdʊnaa naadozo kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛyʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛ tam naadozo taa : tomnaɣ, fezuu nɛ ciyam yaa kalɩzaɣ. Ɛsɔ nuuti cʊʊ nɛ ɛmana ɛyʊ nɛ ehosi ɛ-nɔɔŋ tɛɛ nɛ ɛha-ɩ fezuu. Ɛsɔ ma ɛyʊ ɛ-lɛzʊʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛna ciyam. Ciyam ŋgʊʊ lalaa yaɣ se kalɩzaɣ. Pʊdʊnaa naadozo mba pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pacaɣ wezuu. Pʊdʊnaa naadozo mba pa-taa lɛ, tomnaɣ ɖeke panaɣna ɛsa pe. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ fezuu yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛcaɣ wezuu. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yeki fezuu yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba. Ciyam lɩɣ tomnaɣ taa nɛ piyele pakpaɣ tomnaɣ pepi nɛ kapɩsɩ mʊzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ka-mayʊ kɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Ɛlɛ kɔyɔɔdaa se ɛyʊ kɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ ɛkaɣ pɩsɩʊ mʊzʊʊ. Ciyam lɩɣ tomnaɣ taa mbʊ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ kɩ-mayʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ciyam ɛɛsɩkɩ.


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Ɛsɔ
Yuuda n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ-ɩ se « YHWH » yaa « Elohim ». Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Trinitaa kiɖeɖeu ». Iizilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Allah ». Zoroaste ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Ahura Mazdâ ».
Ɛsɔ kɛ Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlaba kedeŋa nɛ eɖiyiɣ-kɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩkpaɖa pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ wɛna pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʊ- n̄ʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɛ pʊwɛɛ. Ɛkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛnʊ tɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛ-cɔlɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋa lɩɣna. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɔŋ kpeekpe lɩɣna. Ɛnʊ yakɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊʊ. Ɛsɔ paŋ ɛ-tɩ wɩlʊʊ kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ lɛɛlɛyɔ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Lɛlaa se ɛwɛɛ. Mba pɔtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yɔ, petisaa se eɖeke koŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ. Se Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ tatasɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɩtasɩna-ɩ. Mba seɣtiɣna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛna lidaʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ nɛ pehiɣ n̂ʊʊ yabʊtʊ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ n̂ɛwɛɛ kpem nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Ɛsɔ. Se kedeŋa lɩ ka-tɩ yɔɔ yem.
Toovenum lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛza kuliye nʊmɔʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ hendu teu taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔ sakɩyɛ takayɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛ-tɔm tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Tobi taa se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, paa mba pakpakɩɣ Ɛsɔ se ɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ lɛlaa n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛwa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa mba lɛ pe-tisim cɔlɔ yaa pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ-wɛ ndʊ tɩ-cɔlɔ.


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Simbaabuwee
Simbaabuwee kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa ɛjaɖɛ pɛwɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ piyele nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ.
Simbaabuwee nɛ Sambɛɛzɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa kamaɣ lɛ, kɛwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Sambɛɛzɩ pɔɔ tɛyɩna ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Harare nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 1,6 yɔ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: Aŋgilisi, Sonaa, Sindebele. Liidiye nɖi ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tɔkaɣ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Simbabuwee tɔɔlaarɩ pʊcɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 2009, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ amerika tɔɔlarɩ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo lɛ Grandɩ-Pretaañɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔdɔ mbʊyɔ ɖɩwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩlɛɛzɩɣ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ kpaɣna ɖooo ɖɩwɛʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1965. Paɖa-ɖɩ yaʊ se Rodeezii nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ pʊwayɩ lɛ, Rodeezii, pɩtasɩ lɛ payaa-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se Simbaabuwee-Rodeezii.
Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1980 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa ñɩnɖɛ se Simbaabuwee. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Robert Mugabe nɛ ɛwɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo 1087 piyele nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Morgan Tsvangirai. Kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛwɛ kpalaɣ yɔɔ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2009.


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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ, nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Siini tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛnʋ yebina nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ hiɣ kadɩ yɔ caɣʋ. Ɛ-caa kakɛ haɖʋ nɛ payawayɩ se Mao Xunsheng, nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Wen Qimei. Palʋla-ɩ Shaoshan, Hunan egeetiye taa evemiye nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) wiye saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1893 taa. Ɛ-sɩba Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ peekɛɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛ evemiye nakʋ (9) nɖɛ wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1976 taa.
Mao Zedong politiki ŋgbɛ payawaɣ se Shanghai, kɛ pɩnaɣ 1921 taa. Ɖɩcɔnaɣ kɔyɔ, pɩnzɩ 1934-1935 taa lɛ, Mao Zedong kaakɛna ninɖiɣu sɔsɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnaɣ Tchang kai-Chek po-you nɛ Japɔŋ yebinaɣ nɛ ɛkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ wiyau pɩnaɣ 1954 taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1959. Mao Zedong kʋnʋŋ kɔyɔ Xiang. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋʋ Siini samaɣ ka-kɩlaɣ ñʋʋdʋ.Tʋma wena ɛpɩzaɣ ɛlaɣ nɛ pʋcɔ Ɛsɔ yaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɛcɔlɔ kiŋ yɔ, a-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ : Ɛɛkɛ takayaɣ taa maʋ sɔsɔ Siini politiki ŋgbɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se nɔɔ kpɛŋdɩ ŋgbɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa, ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔɔjanaa mba paawɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ pa-ñʋʋdʋ, nɛ ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʋ wei ɛhawaɣ paɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛɖʋza ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nesi tɛɛ pɩnaɣ 1921 taa.


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Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm
Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm, ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cf, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 98. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi poluba-ɩ kulubu yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ wɩlɩɣ-ɖʊ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ tɛ kiŋ, ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ nɛ palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ. E-tomnaɣ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa sɔŋaɣ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ.
Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm nɛ pɔyɔkʊʊna heɣlim ñɔʊʊ tɛ tuyuu ñɩɣyɩŋ, miŋ saʊʊ tɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa nɛ somtu tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, X cɛnzɩ tɛ kɔyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ tʊma taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ karasɩm ñɩɣnɩɣ nɔmɔŋ taa.
Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊnaa kɩlabaa mba pa-ñʊŋ masɩ cɛza mayaɣ 92 yɔɔ taa loɖo tʊ weyi poluba-ɩ kulubu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1950 pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr. (en), nɛ Albert Ghiorso kɛ Berkeley, Kalifornie tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ yɔɔ paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ. Pehiyi-ɩ lɛ panaza kɩnazʊʊ kʊrɩyɔm 242 pɩtɩŋna alɩfaa pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ pana kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm ɖenɖe naa pʊñɔtɩna wondu ndʊ tɩlakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛzɩ pañɩnɩnaʊ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nɛ ɖɩfɛɖɛ tɛ wondu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛyɔɔlʊʊ lɩm kpa, kɛlɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ taa wɛʊ.


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Kambɔjɩ
Kambɔjɩ kɛna Asii wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taaɛyaa wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Phnom Penh. Kambɔjɩ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖam nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayu kiŋ lɛ Tayilandi, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Lawɔsɩ pɩkazɩ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ wɛna.
Payaɣ Kambɔjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa se Kambɔjɩ mba yaa Kimɛɛrɩ mba. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɛzɩ 96 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lakɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pudisiti Tɛravadaŋ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ mɩnʊ yɔɔ kɛ malɩŋ pɩkazɩ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ krɩstʊ tʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1975 taa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Kɩmɛrɩ Kɩsɛɛmaa yɔ, pakpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ lɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ la nɛ ɛyaa kutokiŋ kutokiŋ hiu sɩm fala.
Haɖaʊ kɛŋna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Kambɔjɩ ɛyaa kilɩɣ labʊ se pehiu nɛ pɔtɔɔ yaa pehiuna pa-tɩ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 57,6 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ haɖaa. Peeɖe ɛsɩyɛ egbena sɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hikɩɣ ɖɩ-tɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pana kaɖzɩm nɛ gaz. Paa nɛ peeɖe kʊñɔntɩtʊ ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, ajɛya lɛɛna wɛɛ nɛ ateŋ-ɖɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1990.
Kambɔjɩ wɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999.
Cheng Heng kaakɛna Kambɔjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa salakanaa yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kɛŋna Kɩmɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ-tʊ.


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1Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ nɩɩ mǝ sǝm wulɑ:
2Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ pɛɛlɔ wei ɩ sǝpɑ tɔ. Ɩɩ tɑsǝɣɩ kʋlʋɣʋ. Pǝ́cɔ́ nɔɣɔlʋ kɑɑ kʋsɩ-ɩ.
3Mpi tɔ, Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ tɔm sɩ: Ye yǝlɑɑ iyɑɣɑ (1000) polɑ yoou, nɩɩnʋwɑ (100) tike kɑ mǝlǝnɑ. Ye nɩɩnʋwɑ (100) polǝnɑ, nɑɑnʋwɑ kɛ pɩɩ sɔɔ.
4Tɑcɑɑ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ: Ɩ kɔɔ mɑ kiŋ nɑ mɑ́ hɑ-mɛɣɛ weesuɣu.
5Amɑ ɩ́ tɑɑ polo Petɛɛlɩ, nɑ Kilikɑɑ, nɑ Pɛɛsepɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ tǝkɔtǝlɛnɑɑ. Pǝ tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, pɑɑ kuu Kilikɑɑ nyǝ́mɑ, nɑ pɑ́ kpiisi Petɛɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ.
6Yosɛɛfʋ lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ mɛ, ye ɩ́ cɑɑ weesuɣu, pǝ wɛɛ sɩ Tɑcɑɑ kɛ ɩ́ pɛɛkɩ. Tɔfɔ tɔɔ, ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ kɑ́ pǝsɩ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ kɔkɔ nɑ ɩ́ nyɑɣɑ pǝ tǝnɑɣɑ Petɛɛlɩ. Nɔɣɔlʋ kɑɑ pǝsɩ kɑ teesuɣu.
7Wɑɩyo, ɩ́ lɑɣɑsǝɣɩ tɑmpɑnɑ nɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ, nɑ ɩ́ muɣuliɣi tɑmpɑnɑ nyǝ́mɑ.
8Tɑcɑɑ lɑpǝnɑ ɩsɔtʋlʋŋɑsɩ kɛ wɑɑnɩ wɑɑnɩ. Ɩnɩ ɩ lɑɣɑsǝɣǝnɑ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ kɛ nyɑɑlǝm, nɑ nyɑɑlǝm kɛ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ. Nɑ ɩ́ hɔŋ teŋku lʋm nɑ ɩ́ pǝlǝɣɩ tɛtʋ tɔɔ. Ɩ hǝtɛ ntɛ́ Tɑcɑɑ.
9Ɩnɩ ɩ kʋɣʋnɑ toŋtʋnɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ lɑkɩ pɑ koloosi ɑcɑlɛɛ kɛ ncɑɑ.
10Mǝ tɑɑ kpɑɑkǝnɑ tɑmpɑnɑ yɔɣɔtʋlʋ kɛ hʋʋlɛ tɑɑ kɛ́, nɑ wei ɩ hʋlǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ mǝ tǝwɑkǝllɛ tɔ.
11Ɩ́ muɣuliɣi ɑcɑmɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ ŋmɩɩlǝɣɩ pɑ kʋhɑlǝm. Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ ɩ́ kɑɑ nɩɩ mǝ kutuluŋ kʋpɑŋ leleŋ. Pǝ́cɔ́ ɩ́ kɑɑ tǝŋ mǝ lɛsɛŋnɑɑ kʋpɑmɑ sʋlʋm.
12Mɑɑ sɔɔkɩ mǝ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ tuutuumɑ tɑɑ nɑtǝlɩ. Ɩ́ muɣuliɣi yʋlʋpɑŋ nɑ ɩ́ mʋɣɩ kʋcɔɔŋ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ kʋɣɩ ɑcɑmɑɑ tɔm kɛ hʋʋlɛ tɑɑ.
13Tɑsǝkǝlɛ tʋɣʋ wɑɑtʋ kɔlɔ ɩnɛ. Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ lɑɣɑtʋnɑɑ sumɑ sɩ pǝ́ tɑɑ kɔɔ pǝ nɑ-wɛ.
14Ɩ́ yele ɩsɑɣɑtʋ nɑ ɩ́ lɑ kʋpɑntʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ Pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ tʋ Ɩsɔ wɛɛ mǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ tɑmpɑnɑ, ɩsɩɩ ɩ yɔɣɔtʋɣʋ tɔ.
15Ɩ́ kisi ɩsɑɣɑtʋ nɑ ɩ́ sɔɔlɩ kʋpɑntʋ, nɑ ɩ́ tǝŋǝɣɩ tɑmpɑnɑ kɛ hʋʋlɛ tɑɑ. Ntɑnyɩ Pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ tʋ Ɩsɔ kɑ́ wii Yosɛɛfʋ lʋlʋɣʋ kɑkɑɑsɑɣɑ pǝtɔɔtǝlɛ.
16Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ tʋ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ: Pɑɑ nɩɩ lǝyɑɣɑ wulɑ kɛ nɔnɔɔsɩ tɛɛ. Yǝlɑɑ kɑ́ mɑkɩ kɑpusi kɛ hɑpɛɛ tǝnɑ tɔɔ sɩ: Mpusi wei kɛlɛ, mpusi wei kɛlɛ? Pɑɑ yɑɑ hɑtɑɑ nɑ wiilɑɑ kɛ wiiu.
17Wɑɑtʋ wei mɑɑ kɔɔ yǝlɑɑ kɛ fɛlʋɣʋ tɔ, lǝyɑɣɑ wulɑ kɑ́ nɩɩ lɛsɛŋ tɑwɑ tǝnɑ tɑɑ.
18Tɑcɑɑ kʋyɑkʋ sɔsɔɔʋ tɑŋlɑɑ mɛ, pǝ tɑɣɑ nyɑɑlǝm kɛ ɩ́ kɑ́ nɑ́ kʋ wule yoo. Amɑ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ kɛ́.
19Teitei ɩsɩɩ yʋlʋ seekuɣu tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ, nɑ ɩ́ sulinɑ kɑ cɑmnɑ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ sʋʋ tǝyɑɣɑ nɑ ɩ́ teesinɑ koluŋɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ tʋm nyɑsɑ-ɩ tɔ.
20Tɑcɑɑ kʋyɑkʋ sɔsɔɔʋ kɑ́ wɛɛ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́. Kʋ tɑ kɛ nyɑɑlǝm nyǝŋkʋ. Amɑ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ kɛ́.
21Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ sɩ: Mɑ tɑɑ kpɑɑnɑ mǝ kɔtɑsɩ nɑ mǝ kotuŋ kɛ́.
22Mǝ kɔtɑsɩ nsi kɔkɔ nyɑɣɑ sɩ tǝnɑ tɔ nɑ mǝ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ nyǝŋsɩ lɩɩ-m sɔŋ. Mɑɑ tɩɩ cɑɑ mǝ nɑwee nim nyǝnɑ.
23Ɩ́ yele kokoole kɛ mɑ ŋkpɑŋŋ tɑɑ sɩ ɩ́ yooki-m yontu. Mɑɑ cɑɑ mɑ́ nɩɩ mǝ cǝmǝŋ tɑŋ.
24Pǝ kǝlɑ teu sɩ ɩ́ yele nɑ tɑmpɑnɑ wɛɛ mǝ hɛkʋ, ɩsɩɩ pɔɣɔ sɔsɑɣɑ ŋkɑ kɑɑ nyɔɔkɩ tɔ.
25Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ mɛ, pɩɩsɩ nɩɩlɛ wei ɩ́ tɔmɑ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ tɑɑ tɔ ɩ́ lɑpɑ-m kɔtɑsɩ nɑ?
26Ntɔŋ mǝ tɩɩŋ Sɑkutɩ nɑ Kewɑŋ wei ɩ́ sɑɑkɑ mǝ tɩ tɔɣɔ ɩ́ kɑ tɔkɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ lɑɑkɩ?
27Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑɑ yele nɑ pɑ́ ponɑ-mɛɣɛ Tɑmɑsɩ ɩcɑtɛ wɑɑlɩ kɛ Asilii tɛtʋ tɑɑ. Pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ tʋ Ɩsɔ mɑ́, mɑ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ mpʋ.


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Takotaa Hayɩ Kiŋ
Takotaa Hayɩ Kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Takota taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Bismark nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Fargo.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Minesootaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Montanaa hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa ageeta naayɛ ñɛwɛna.
Pamaza Takota Hayɩ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 183 272 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 178 839 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 4 432 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 39 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1889. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 756 927 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 46 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Takota Hayʊ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Doug Burgum (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Heidi Heitkamp (D) nɛ John Hoeven (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Kaaɣ keɣye (Dôme du Rocher)
Kaaɣ keɣye kɛna Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, payaɣ-kʋ size Omar tɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, kɩkɛna kɔɔnɔɔ kumoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩn̄ɩnaɣ se ɖɩkɛna keɖeya wonuu ŋgʋ patana kaʋ nɛ pana yɔ.
Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛna kɩlaʋ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-matʋ waɖɛ lɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ calife Abd al-Malik ben Marwan cɔlɔ nɛ Jeruzalɛm egeetiye nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ cɔlɔ. Pɩɩkɛ Haram al-Charif lone taa. Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna lone kiɖeɖee naadozo ñɩnɖɛ kɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma cɔlɔ.
Payaɣ Lone Haram al-Charif se malɩŋ lone kiɖeɖee naadozo ñɩnɖɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, lona kiɖeɖena, Maka nɛ Mediini (Médine) pɛtɛma wɛʋ. Haram al-Charif peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩnaɣ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu ŋgʋ payaɣ se al-Aqsa yɔ.
Kaaɣ keɣye kanɛ, kohuuzuu ka-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ kaaɣ tigiɖe. Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔnzɩ taa kɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, paa pɩlaɣ ɛzɩma yɔ, pamaɣzɩɣ size pa-n̄ʋʋyaɖʋ Mahomet tɩŋɩna nɛ ɛtalɩ ɖooo lɔŋ kɛ Mɛɛkɩ yɔ, kɛ Isra alɩwaatʋ taa.
Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma maɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ size lone kaaɣ tigiɖe nɖɩ, ɛzɩma mbʋ payakaɣ ɖoho taa kɩyakʋ peeɖe yɔ, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Mahomet ɖɛwaɣ nʋmɔʋ nɛ peeɖe yɔ, pɩtɩŋɩna pʋ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ Ɛsɔ kewiyaɣ taa. Mbʋ yɔ, pɩɩkɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ size Miraj yɔ sɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ lɛ, pasʋʋ ɖama taa lɛɛlɛɛ nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ palaɣ kɩlaʋ yɔ. Nɖɩɩ malɩŋ ya hɩɖɛ size Bouraq.
Krɩstʋ Ɛsɔ dɔm takayaɣ tɔm tɔbʋʋ lɩzɩʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ size Moriah yɔ kʋ-yɔɔ. Moriah pʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham kaɣ kpaʋ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛgbamɩyɛ, Isaakɩ se ewona nɛ ɛlaa Kɩpaɣlʋ kɩlaʋ. Nɛ Moriah pʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-yɔɔ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ keekee kɛ wiyaʋ sɔsɔ Salomon kaama Jeruzalɛm tɛ Ɛsɔ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ.


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̩Ñɩmɩyɛ
Ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ. Poluki-kʊ nɛ kʊ-nɔɔ wɛɛ cʊŋŋ. Ñɩmɩyɛ wɛ azaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛgbamɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ñɩmɩyɛ, peyele sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaa se ñɩma. Ñɩma pakaŋna kancɩ. Anaa palakɩna kpelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ñɩma wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mesopotami egetiye taa pacalɩ naʊ kajalaɣ ñɩma. Ñɩma ana pakaŋkaɣna hatʊ ndʊ palabɩna ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kwivri yɔ sɩʊ kpelesi yɔɔ. Kuwivrɩ hatʊ ndʊ palaba-tʊ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 3.500 nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo canaʊ taa polubi ñɩmɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Homère tɔma se ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖaʊ cʊŋŋ ŋgʊ kɩtamsʊʊ kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ yɔ. Roma ñɩma ñɩma nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩma ana paɖʊwaɣ pɔ-sɔɔjanaa naakoma yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʊ lukaɣ ñɩma nɛ e-nesi. Ɛlɛ nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lukana-yɛ. Ɖooo lɛ, ñɩma kakɩlɩna liidiye mbʊ a-wazaɣ ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pañɩnaɣ-yɛ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ceviiyi (cheville) waa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1786 taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ calɩ lubuu ñɩma. Etaazunii tɛtʊ taa pajalɩ-yɛ lubu nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ. Ɖajaa Ezekial Reed calɩna-yɛ lubu. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɖajaa Thomas Clifford ñolubi-yɛ pɩnaɣ 1790 ñɩŋga taa. Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ tɛtʊ taa ɛlɛ lubi-yɛ.
Sɔnɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣdʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu pɩlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ taa poluki ñɩma ndɩ ndɩ. Poluki ñɩma atalɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ waa 20. 000 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Ñɩma ɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 300 taa mbʊ yɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ luki ñɩma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Ñɩma lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Lorɛɛnɩ (Lorraine) ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɔɖɔ Fosijɩ (Vosges) egetiye taa.
Ɛzɩma ñɩmɩyɛ kpɩtɩɣ yaa kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ nɛ ɖama ?[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ñɩmɩyɛ nɔɔ wɛ cʊŋŋ. Pasɩɣ-ɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ hama nɛ paka ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ sʊʊ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa mɩɩɩ. Pɛwɛɛ kam yɔɔ nɛ ñɩmɩyɛ tɩŋa sʊʊ kajalaɣ kpoŋkpolo ŋgʊ nɛ ɖɩlɛdɩ. Ɖɩlɛdɩɣ lɛ, ɖɩtalɩ ɖɩsʊʊ kpoŋkpolo naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ mɩɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pakama kpoŋkpolo naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ. Pɩlaba se kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ mba patamnɩ ɖama lɛ. Ñɩmɩyɛ tɔʊʊ wala tayɩ. Yee mbʊ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɛɛsʊʊ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa nɛ pɩɩcandɩnɩ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ŋgʊ ki-ɖeke panaɣ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ.


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James Joyce
James Joyce hɩɖɛ keekee kɛlɛ size James Augustine Aloysius Joyce. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ James Joyce ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Irɩlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ.
Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ James Joyce ɛnʋ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa evemiye naalɛ (2) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1882 n̄ɩŋga taa. E-egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ payaɣ size Dublin egeetiye. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda.
Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1941 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Zurich. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ James Joyce ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-kɛna koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Iɖɩlandɩ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ kagbanzɩ nɛ nakʋ (59) kɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ koosi maɖʋ nɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi paaɖɔɔnɛyɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa yɔ. Sakɩyɛ kpaɣ-ɩ size, ɛnʋ kɛna maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa.


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Oseyanii tɛtʋ wandamm
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm pɩkpɩlɩna paɣlaka nɛ walanzɩ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Pasifiiki lɩŋamʋʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ walanzɩ kɛ km2 waa 8 525 989. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38).
Ajɛya hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kewiisi hiu nɛ loɖo (16) wɛna tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm nɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se archipel malais yɔ. Ageeta sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ taa. Ageeta ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Ositraalii egeetiye nɛ Mikroneezii egeetiye nɛ Melaneezii egeetiye nɛ Polineezii egeetiye.
Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm tɛ ageeta naanza ana a-taa lɛ, Ositraalii egeetiye kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Piyele lɩm ñɔcɔ ageeta lɛɛna nɛ pɩta. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ mʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ tɛtʋ nɛ Papuwasii-Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kinee tɛtʋ.
Ositraalii egeetiye wɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndɩ ndɩ natʋyʋ. Tʋtʋ hɩla yɔ : Fiiji nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ :
- Salomɔɔ
- Samao
- Toŋga
- Polineezii
- Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kaledonii
- Walisi-e-Futuna
- Hawayi
- Kuam
- hayi Mariyanɩ
Lɩm cɔ hayi Mariyanɩ nɛ pɩta.
Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖooo caanaʋ. Samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ, Ositraalii samaɣ nɛ Papuu (Papous) samaɣ. Englɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ pa-kʋnʋmɩŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kʋnʋmɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʋ, ɛ-wayɩ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ papuu kʋnʋŋ nɛ Ositraalii kʋnʋŋ.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ hiu wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Tɛtʋ hiu ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɛtʋ lutozo wɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Sidinee tɛtʋ nɛ Melbourne ñɩndʋ. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa naanza yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Brɩsbɛŋ tɛtʋ nɛ Perth tɛtʋ nɛ Oklandɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Adelayɩdɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Honolulu tɛtʋ. Tɛtʋ kagbaanzɩ tʋnɛ, tɩ-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ ɖɛ miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ.


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Pɛrɩlɛɛ
Pɛrɩlɛɛ kɛna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɩnda wobu, tɔsʊʊ nɛ ñɩm pakɩla wɛʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋga ɖɩ-taa. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa naatozo nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ (3 500 000).
Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ kɛɛŋna naalɛ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ lʊbɛ ñɩndʊ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Pamaza Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ tɛ walanzɩ kpeekpe lɛ tɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa akpaba 3 734 nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa naanza nɛ naaza (4 400 000). Yee pakpaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ-Pɩrandɛbʊriŋi taa ɛyaa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ Pɛɛrɩlɩ ñɩndʊ kɔyɔ, pɛlɩʊ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa looɖ̀o (6 000 000).
Pɛɛrɩlɛe tɛtʊ wɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ litoozo taa nɛ tɩkɛ Purisi tɛtʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ pɩnzɩ 1701 nɛ 1871 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ Caama kewiyaɣ taa ñɩndʊ pɩnzɩ 1871 nɛ 1918 taa nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ tʊtʊ se Fayimarɩ yɔ tɛ-ñɩndʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ 14 yaa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1919 nɛ 1933 taa; pʊwayɩ lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ Rayisɩ naatozo ñɩŋgʊ yɔ kɩ-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1919 nɛ 1945.
Pɩnaɣ 1945 wayɩ nɛ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ ŋga Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ nɛ koloŋga yɔkaa yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ kɛ tam napɩnza taa. Pɩnaɣ 1990 kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnza ɩnʊ ɩkpɛŋdaa nɛ pɩɖaanɩ tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ kpɛm nɛ pɩsɩʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.


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Pɩsɩmʊtɩ
Pɩsɩmʊtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 83 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Bi. Ɛkɛ kagbaanzɩ tʊ nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ kɛ pɩnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa hɔɔlʊʊ taa (hɔɔlʊʊ ñʊʊ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ ŋgʊ). Yɔɔdaɣ taa yem pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛñɔtɩna antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ arsɛnɩkɩ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 15, kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtɛŋ nɛ pʊlɔŋ papa ñɛkɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 14 ŋgʊ taa mba.
Pɩtɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, nɛ ɛ-taa pʊtʊnaa mba pasɩma-wɛ camɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Erɔpʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa tʊma taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, pana-ɩ keeke nɛ patɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1753 pɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Claude Geoffroy ɛkɛ evebu weyi ɛtʊyɩ-ɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Bi Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Berzelius hana-ɩ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1814 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pɩsɩmʊtɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ tɩyɛ, ɛwɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ lɩm nɛ ñɔsɩ caɣ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ pɔtɔtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, 1 µg/m3 helim taa, 1 mg/kg tɛtʊ taa, lɩm sʊlʊm taa 5 ŋtalɩ 20 µg/ evemiye taa.


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Mɔlɩdaavii
Mɔlɩdaavii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Rumanii nɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Pamaza Mɔlɩdaavii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 33 843 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe makɩɣna ɛzɩ 1,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 656 843 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 127 yɔ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Igor Dodon nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Pavel Filip.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ruumɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sisinau nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +373 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛtɛŋ-tʊ teɣu lɛ, pocosuu se Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ kɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lee mɔlɩdaavii.