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Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ kɔcɔŋna ɛzɩma kedeŋa wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ se katɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ wɛtʋ nɛ kama nɛ katʋʋzɩ kedeŋa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ takayɩsɩ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keyekina se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ pɩlakɩ nɛ yolum yoluu nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keheyiɣna ɛyʋ soŋaɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʋ. Kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɛ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kasɩma se, Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, yolum yoluu alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ ñalʋŋ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ. Kasɩma se, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ yolum yoluu nɛ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ.
Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kasɩma ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ nɛ yolum ñoyoli yɔ. Tobi se, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm wandamm waa tɩŋa taa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga katʋʋzʋʋna paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ ti-lone nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ nɛ tɩ-laŋ nɛ tɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ tɩ-ajɛya ñʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katʋʋzɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖi-lone nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm tɩŋa lona.
Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ ageeta sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa egeetiye nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pɩtŋa nɛ katʋʋzɩ ɛyaa takayɩsɩ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ haba sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ cikpena wena pɛhɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɩ payɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.


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Kpaŋ kʊɖɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa lɛ, psukhê, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kalɩzaɣ nɛ pathos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kʊdɔŋ) pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ fɛɖaa tɛ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna fetenum taa kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ (ñʊʊ cɔʊʊ) pɩtɩŋna maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Philippe Pinel takayaɣ kisuzaɣ nakayɛ tɔm yɔɔ papɩza patɩlɩ cɛyɩtʊ ndʊ se sɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ.Piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kɔcɔna nɛ kalɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ ɛzɩma kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza yɔ, nɛ pehiɣ patʊɣʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pɩtɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pazɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma kʊɖɔŋ yɔ mbʊ yekina nɛ papɩzɩ pañɩnɩ kɩ-kɔyɛ hayʊ nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ.
Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɩwɛ kɩbam nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ hɛkʊ taa kɔna tɔm pɔzɩyɛ sakɩyɛ, kpaɣ paa weyi tɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ piŋ se palɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ. Piyaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɑlɑkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, nɛ pɩɣa evelaɣ pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pa-laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ kʊdɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɛzɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ se ɛkpaɖa lɛlʊ lɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ ɛɛtasɩɣ ñam ɛ-kɩkpaɖa.
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa sakɩyɛ kɔna paa weyi lɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ mbʊ ɛzɩ mbʊ papazɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ calʊʊ, kɩɖɔnɛ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpaɣna nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ yɔ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ pa-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Sigmund Freud, Daniel Widlöcher, Georges Canguilhem, Bergeret, Roussillon, Minkovski.

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Siloveni
Siloveni kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛdɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋɖɩ payaɣ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkamaɣ yɔɔ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ: Itali ɛjaɖɛ, Otirisi ñɩnɖɛ, Hɔŋgiri ɛjaɖɛ kurowasi nɛ Adiriyatiki teŋgu.
Pɩnzɩ akpagba mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa kɛ Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ pɩsa Yʊgɔsɩlavi hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩzʊ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Silovɛnɩ.


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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche kɛ Caama tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʋla ɖajaa Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche aloma fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1844 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Röcken tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɖajaa Wilhelm Nietzsche sɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ (25) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1900 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Vienne tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ takayaɣsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ filozɔɔfʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ keɣsi maɖʋ Caama ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
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Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhardt hɩɖɛ keeke kɛlɛ Henriette-Marie-Sarah Bernardt. Pɛzɛta kɩzɛtʋ tobi nɛ payaɣ size Sarah Bernhardt. Ɛkɛ halʋ. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Fransɩɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ pɛlɛ yekele tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ pɛlɛ weyi e-tomnaɣ taa wɛ kpeɖe kpeɖe yɔ, ɛfɛyɩ ɖɔm.
Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1844 n̄ɩŋga taa. Paasɩŋ e-evemiye yaa ɛ-kɩyakʋ kʋlʋlʋʋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Paarii. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ payaɣ size Paarii. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1923 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, Fransɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔ Paarii ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Ɖoɖoo Sarah Bernhardt kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ weyi, ɛkɛ lakɩyaɣ kɩbaŋga tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ yɔ. Ɛ-lakɩyaɣ kɩbaŋga tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "actrice". Halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛna lakɩyaɣ kɩbaŋga tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ kɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ yaa hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ paazɩtʋ taa.
Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, eteuu wendu, ŋmazʋʋ naabʋlɛ nɛ pɩcɔ ŋpazɩ payɛ. ɛ-nɔɔ taa wɛ leleŋ siŋŋ ɛzɩ pɩyʋ yɔ. Ɛmaɣzʋ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Ɛ-nɔɔ leleŋ ŋga kanɛ, papɩzʋʋ pamaɣzɩna kɛ nɛ mbʋ ɖajaa takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ Victor Hugo yaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «la Voix d'or» yɔ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size leleŋ nɔɔ yaa wendu teu nɔɔ kɩkalaɣ leleŋ nɔɔ.
Lalaa yaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ-kɩ size, ɛkɛ halʋ wendu teyu weyi papɩzʋʋ payaɣ ɛ-nɔɔ leleŋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ size kɛkɛ payaɣʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «la Divine» yɔ. Nabɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ size kɛkɛ payaɣʋ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «Impératrice du théâtre» yɔ. Sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size, Halʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ, sɔɔndʋ keɣa maɣzɩm tʋ yaa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɖoɖoo Sarah Bernhardt ɛnɛ ɛkɛ tanaŋ laaɣsɩ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Sarah kɛ luɖu, pɩyɔɔ pɔtɔŋgɩ size, ɛkɛ ɔgɔlɩmɩyɛ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo size Judith-Julie Bernardt (1821 - 1876).


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Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, psukhê, kalɩzaɣ, nɛ logos, tɔmʊʊ) pɩkɛ maɣzɩm laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, wɛtʊ naa nɛ feteenim ɖɔnɛ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɔnsɩɖɛ tɩlɩyɛ yaa ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛtʊ, lɩmaɣza, ɛyʊ wɛtʊ naa, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ maɣzʊʊ, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ, nɛ ɛ-laɣkasɩ mbʊ piyeki nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ yɔ yaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ piliŋga ŋga kɛwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tɔm pɩlʊʊ taa. Pɛtɛyɩ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔmpiye lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa psychologia, tɔmpiye ɖɩ maɣmaɣ pama-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ kʊnʊŋ taa ψuxή (psukhē ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ ciyam, kalɩzaɣ) nɛ -λoYίa (-logia, lɛɣtʊ, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, ñɩnɩɣʊ) pɩtɩŋna croate ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Marko Marulić (pɩnaɣ 1450 ŋtalɩ 1524 alɩwaatʊ).
Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ tovonum lɛ, ɖɩtɔyɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ ɛyaa tɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Philippe Melanchthon takayasɩ maʊ yɔɔ weyi ɛɖaɣnɩ kpaʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛ-tɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna Aristote ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm taa. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩnaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kaɖɛ yɔɔdasɩ.
Pasɩŋ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna laɣsɩ nzɩ pakpaɣ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ (ɖɔkɔtɔ mɛwɛ mantɩ yɔɔ yaa takʊʊ piŋ), yaa pʊtɔma yɔ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ (tʊmɩyɛ, lɛɣtʊ, natʊ yaa losuu, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, camɩyɛ ɖɔkʊʊ, wɛtʊ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ taa com). Nabʊyʊ lɛ, pʊtɔma maɣzɩm tɩlʊʊ, kpaaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, ɛyaa tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩɣa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ paɣlaka, maɣzɩm ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔnɛ yɔɔ laɣsɩ, kpɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ.


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Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ (Moyen Age)
Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ kɛ Eerɔpʊ tɛ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna kpaɣɖʊ 5 pʊwolo pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15. Kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa Room Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛ Ampiiri paɣzɩ tɔlʊʊ nɛ kɩtɛzɩ tɛŋgɛlɛɛ Ɖanʊʊ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ natʊ sɔsɔtʊ alɩwaatʊ.
Wɛɛ anaa awɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ nɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛtɛyɩ-tʊ pʊɖɔɔ. Ɖɩnaɣ hayi Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 6 ŋtalɩ 10 ŋgʊ), hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 11 ŋtalɩ 13 ŋgʊ) nɛ kɩɖɩnatʊ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 14 ŋtalɩ 15 ŋgʊ).
Ɛyaa kɩɩɖɔʊ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩɩɖɔʊ nɛ ɛyaa sʊʊ nɛ lɩʊ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ kɩɖɩnaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa wɛ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ hayi Kɩmaɣnaʊ Alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛyaa mɛɛsa tokuli waa sʊʊ nɛ pasɩɩ kewiisi kɩfasɩ kɛ Room Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ kɩbɩna lonaa taa. Paa yee alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛɛzɩtʊ ɛlaba pɩlɩna ɛyaa ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ kɔyɔ, patapɩzɩɣ patʊɣʊ pa-tɩ nɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ cɔlɔ tɛ ŋgʊ. Room Ampiri wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩna tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ tɛ tɩlasɩ yɔ kɩɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ampiri Pɩzantɛ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kilesa kɩ-tɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ kɩmaɣnɩyɛ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ pɩtɩŋna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ñʊŋ tɩ-naa kpaɣɖʊ 7 alɩwaatʊ taa. Wɩsɩ Ɖɩdʊyɛ taa lɛ, kewiisi ajɛyɛ naayɛ mʊwaaɣ Room paɣtʊ naa sakɩyɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Krɩstʊ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba kaaɖɩna a-tɩ cɛyʊʊ nɛ amaɣ maacɔ yaa mʊwanɩ waa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kuduyuŋ.
Frankɩ waa kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ, ɛyaa mba paɖanɩ fezuu Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ampiri kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 9 alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ kɩkɛsɩ kɩ-tɩ pɩlɩna Hayi yɔɔ Vikings waa tɛ yoŋ nɛ Hɔŋirii mba tɛ yoŋ nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ malɩŋ tɛ ñɩŋ nɛ Haɖɛ yɔɔ kiŋ.
Pɩnaɣ kudoku wayi lɛ, kpaɣna Alɩwaatʊ kɩmaɣnatʊ hɛkʊ taa ndʊ taa lɛ, Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɔ piŋ pɩtɩŋna lɛɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ nɛ kpɛlɩ tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ, mbʊ piyeba nɛ pehikiɣ tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.


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Kuwarɩtɩsɩ
Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ se kuwarɩtɩsɩzɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Silikatɩ waa huuye taa kuwarɩtɩsɩzɩ wɛɛ. Silikatɩ waa huuye wɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se tɛkɩtoosilikatɩ waa yɔ pa-pɩlɩʊ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se dioxyde de silicium yɔ pʊwɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Dioxyde de silicium mayaɣ kɛlɛ SiO2. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se silisi (silice) yɔ pʊwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kuwarɩtɩsɩ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu cikpetu lɛɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kuwarɩtɩsɩzɩ taa ; Ndʊʊ yɔ : Al, Li, B, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti, Rb, Na nɛ OH.
Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, kuwarɩtɩsɩ wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛ sɔsɔna wena afɛyɩna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, kuwarɩtɩsɩzɩ wɛɛ ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛ sɔsɔna wena awɛna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kuwarɩtɩsɩzɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛ sɔsɔna wena ñɔsɩ sʊ-yɛ yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kuwarɩtɩsɩ yele kɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛ cikpena yululu waa wena añɩlɩnzɩɣ yɔ.
Pɛ pɔɔɖɛ (lithosphère) yuŋ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, kuwarɩtɩsɩsɩ yuŋ talɩ kiiloo waa hiu nɛ naalɛ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ pɛ pɔɔɖɛ taa nɛ tɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ nɛ ɛyʊ kɩlɩ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ sɩm camɩyɛ kpem yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ ɖɛna nɔɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɩŋ siilisiyɔɔm (silicium). Nɛ siilisiyɔɔm wayɩ lɛ, pɩtɩŋ kuwarɩtɩsɩsɩ (quartz). Kuwarɩtɩsɩ wɛ pee kaaʊ yaa pee ɛwaɣ (granite) taa sakɩyɛ. Kɩwɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ pee kaaʊ taa.


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Liŋgala kʋnʋŋ
Liŋgala kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Koŋgoo Kinsasa nɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili ajeya taa. Kɩwɛ Pantʊ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ taa. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ pɛkɛ liŋgala mba nɛ panɩʊ-kʊ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ yɔ nɛ mba pɛtɛkɛ liŋgala mba nɛ panɩʊ-kʊ kɩnɩʊ yem yɔ patalɩʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu yɔ.
Yee ɛyʊ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ siŋŋ kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ liŋgala kɛ Koŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ taa, Aŋgola nɛ Santraafriki ajɛya taa. Piyele nɛ mba liŋgala kɛwɛ pa-kʊnʊ; n yɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 15 yɔ kpaɣna Kinsaasa tɛtʊ taa, Prazaavili, Mbandaka nɛ Kisaŋginii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛjɛyaa lɛɛna taa mba panɩ-kʊ kɩnɩʊ yɔ paytalɩʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 50 yɔ.


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Soŋgaɣ
Soŋgaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛhaɣ soŋgaɣ ŋga yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tiŋ songaɣ yɔ, ɛlɩzʊ ɛ-yɔɔ kilokaloɖiiwaa ɛzɩ 580 yɔ (580 Kcal). Ñʊʊ taa lɔnsɩnɖɛ maɣzɩya Platon nɛ Théophraste pama soŋga yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ. Pama takayɩsɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa yɔ nɛ mbʊ pɩpɩsʊ soŋga ŋga yɔ. Mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, mbʊ lɛ lɩm. Soŋgaɣ taa nɛ tomnasi cikpesi ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nzɩ paanaɣ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yem yɔ nɛ mʊzʊŋ nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, ɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ paa ɛyʊ weyi lɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ paa anɩ lɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɖɩɩna labʊ yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ s oŋgaɣ ŋga kakpaɣ nɛ kalɩɣna yɔ. Soŋga ŋga kalɩɣna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ calɩm catɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩkazɩ asuluma yɔ.
Soŋgaɣ yekɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɛ mɩŋ saʊ yaa feveku ɛ taaɖɛ 37 °C yɔɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pɩcamʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ pɩpʊʊzɩ-kɛ. Ɖakʊtanaa taa, ɛzɩ Ayurveda ɖakʊta taa, pɔyɔɔdʊ camɩyɛ se soŋgaɣ kɛna kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñalʊ ɛyʊ taa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ pohuyuu lɩm yaʊ lona nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ paɖʊ ɩ-taa kɛ ladiɖiki miŋ nemasi se pʊsɔŋ nɛ ɛyaa yaɣ lɩm mbʊ lɛ pʊsɔŋ-wɛ nɛ palɩɩ soŋgaɣ. Mba paapɩzʊ lɩm yaʊ yɔ, lɩm ɖɩsɔyɛ kɛ paɖʊʊ ladiɖiki miŋ ɩnʊ nɛ inɩzʊ lɩm mbʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔsɔʊ-pʊ.
Ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, paa soŋgaɣ ɛvɛyɩ yaa kɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, pa-nɩndasɩ taa nɛ pa-natanda taa lɩʊ soŋgaɣ. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ 63 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ wɛna pɩtɛ wɛtʊ pɩlɩɩna pa-caanaa yaa po-ɖoonaa yɔɔ. Ndʊ ɛyaa maɣzʊ se soŋgaɣ wɛ mʊzʊŋ yɔ, soŋgaɣ fɛyɩ sɔŋ nɩɩyɛ. Soŋgaɣ sɔŋ lɩna wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ. Wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ awɛ nabʊlɛ taa. Naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe yɔɔ kalɩɣʊ pɩtasɩna nandasɩ taa, naataŋ taa nɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ. Lɛɛna ñɛwɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kɔɔŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔɔ kɔŋ se kapaɣzɩ ke-efebutu yaa kɛ-pɛlɛtʊ ɖɔm lɛ wizuu ajɔla ana alɩɣʊ. Wizuu ajɔɔla anɛ, ana haɣna soŋgaɣ mʊzʊŋ kɛ soŋgaɣ.


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Teeli
Teeli tɛtʋ wɛna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ se Nɛw Teeli yɔ tɩwɛ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Yumana poo nɔɔyɔɔ nɛ peeɖe kiŋ habɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ patɩŋgʋna-ɖɩ nɛ powoki ɖenɖe payaɣ se Kanzɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ payakɩ kɩyakʋ.
Ɖooo lɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ. Mba kpaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ nɛ papɩsɩ-tʋ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna tɩ-kewiyaɣ nɛ tɩ-taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa kpelaɣ wɛɛ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ Teeli tɛtʋ kɛ kɛ tɔm kagbanzɩ (5) taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ (25). Mbʋ yebina nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɛtʋ ndʋ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʋ kɛ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Sikaago (Etazuni), Kuwala Lumpuri (Malɛɛzii), Lɔndri (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Mɔsiku (Ruusii), Sɛɛpetɛrɩsbuuri, (Ruusii), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ), Tokiyo(Sapɔŋ), Ulani-Patɔrɩ (Mɔŋgoli). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwayɩ lɛ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋma ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Paari (Fransɩ), Erefani (Armeni) nɛ Fukuwaka (Sapoŋ).


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Ɛvatʋ
Lʋbɩyɛ kɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ kabɩyɛ tʋ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩɣa wɛɣna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lutozo lɛ pɔtɔɔzʋʋ-kɛ. Pɔtɔɔzʋʋ-kɛ nɛ kalʋ pɩnzɩ naatozo mpilim. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kaɖɩkɩɣ, kɛlɛlɩ nɛ kakayɩ.
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa palakɩ ɛvalaa kabɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa. Lʋbɩyɛ paɣzʋʋ hodo nɛ ɖɩtɛ mazaɣ. Pʋcɔ nɛ pɔtɔɔzɩ evebu lɛ, patɩɩhayɩsɩɣ-ɩ e-evebitu taa. Alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ se ɛhɔzɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛkpɛlɩɣ lʋɖɛ ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ paatɔɔzɩ-ɩ. Sʋsaa tuu eduye se paakpaɣ haɣ sɔnɔ nɛ powona-kɛ lakʋ. Cɛja lakɩna lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ ewolo ɛna pɩɣa egbele se e-koohu talaa se palabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ. Egbele tizi nɛ ewolo ɛhɛdɩ e-kooyu. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, cɛja nɛ pɩɣa egbele panɩɣna ɖama se pala pɩɣa sɔnzɩ lɛ, peyebina ɛgʋlaa tɔm. Paba kaɣna ɛhɔzɩyɛ nɖɩ kpaʋ nɛ pataa-ɩ haɣ num nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɔtɔɔza-ɩ.
Ɖooo lɛ, kabɩyɛ taa pɔtɔtɔɔzɩ evebu yɔ, ɛɛtɔkɩ haɣ nandʊ. Halaa ɛɛtɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ ka-nandʋ. Pɔtɔzʋʋ ɛvalʋ lɛ, ɛcaa kalɩmaɣ nɛ ewona ɛha e-egbelenaa sɩʋ se kʋkʋ ɩkandɩyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛ-lʋɖɛ tɩnɛ taa. Paatɔɔzʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-neu weyi ɛ nɛ ɩ paka caa nɛ ɖoo yɔ pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Sʋsɔ ɖiɣ waaɣ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔɔzɩ e-neu.
Pɔtɔɔzʋʋ ɛvalʋ nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ talɩ lɛ, ɛkpa hawiye. Hawiye yɔɔ peeye ɛcalɩɣ ɖɩkʋʋ haɣ nandʋ. Ɛvalʋ kpaɣ hawiye lɛ, ɛ-caa yakɩ-ɩ haɣ. E-egbele ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ yakɩ-ɩ haɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛgʋlaa kpaɣna haɣ ŋga payakɩ evalʋ yɔ. Paacɛkɩ haɣ liu tɛɛ kɩcɛbʋ, pamɩlɩtɩɣ ko-pondone kɩmɩlɩtʋ nɛ kɔkɔɔ kasɩ. Paacaɣ se ka-calɩm ɛwɛɛkɩ pikpe tataa. Ɛgʋlaa ɖoŋuuna haɣ ŋga ka-nandʋ nɛ paɖʋ-tʋ sɔkʋʋ taa nɛ pɛcɛlɩ evalʋ.
Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se ɛvalʋ ɛtɔɔ haɣ nandʋ?Ñɔɔzɩ
Haɣ kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ŋga ɖaŋɩɣna ɖɩɣa yɔɔ. Ye mbʋ ka-nandʋ yeki nɛ ɛvalʋ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkandɩyɩ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔɔ ɖeu. Dooo lɛ, halʋ ɛɛtɔkɩ haɣ nandʋ. Sʋsaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se peyeba nɛ halʋ tɔɔ haɣ nandʋ kɔyɔ, abalʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɔm. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ halaa nabɛyɛ tɔkɩ haɣ nandʋ. Piya nzɩ patatɩɩtɔɔzɩda-sɩ yɔ, sɩsɩ n̄ɔtɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Akuluu Kɩpaɣlaa nɛ palɩɩ pana anɖulun̄a?Ñɔɔzɩ
Pʋcɔ nɛ lʋbɩyɛ paɣzɩ lɛ, ɛvalaa sandɩɣ, pɔhɔzʋʋ po-tokonaa, papa ɛvalaa hulasɩ, hulasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se n̄ɔsɩ. Paɖʋ-wɛ pɔʋlaa, pataa haɣ num nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ sɛyɩŋ nɛ papaɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖama po-toma. Ɛvalʋ taɣ haɣ num se ɛ-yɔɔ ɛwɛɛ sotu nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ ɖɔkɩɣ-ɩ lɛ putuu. Ɖooo lɛ, ɛvalʋ ɛɛtaɣ haɣ num.
Lʋɖɛ paɣzɩɣ mazaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɖɩsɩɩ tɩnaa mazaɣ lɛɛka. Paa kantɔɔ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lʋɖɛ paɣzɩɣna hawe cikpena taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se karɩtiyewaa lʋkɩ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pakatɩ karɩtiyewaa lɛlaa viilajɩ taa. Viilajɩnaa awiya cɔŋnanɩ lʋɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖ-yɔɔ. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, viilajlɩ n̄alʋbɩna ɖama nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pakatɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛsɩndaa nɛ palʋ. Paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ lɛ, ki-wiyaʋ cɔŋnanɩ lʋɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛsɩndaa.
Ɖooo lɛ, pan̄ɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ waɖaa nɛ you nakʋyʋ ɛlɩwa lɛ, pataa-wɛ liu. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, waɖaa mba pa-taa ɖɔɖɔ pamʋʋ sɔɔjanaa sakɩyɛ. Lʋɖɛ tɛŋ mazaɣ wiye nɛ tɛʋ feŋ kujuka lɛ, ɛvalaa tɩŋa wolo pɛsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛ́lɛ ɖɩɣa taa.


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Abalɩmayaɣ
Abalɩmayaɣ (consonne)
Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ, kɩwɛna masɩ. Masɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se abalɩmasɩ. Lɛɛsɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ sɩsɩ se halɩmasɩ. Kʋnʋmɩŋ tɛkpɛndɩ masɩ. Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ nɛ kɩ-masɩ. Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ masɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo. Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ ñɛwɛnɩ masɩ niidozo nɛ naanza.
Sɩ-taa lɛ, abalɩmasɩ kpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ halɩmasɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ nakʋ. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ nɛ halɩmayaɣ witu. Panɩɣ abalɩmayaɣ witu kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdʋʋ taa.
Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩlɩɩnɩ tɔmpiye yɔɔ nɛ panɩɩ abalɩmayaɣ witu.
Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ lɛ, heelim lɩɣnɩ kela nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ halɩmayaɣ ñɩndʋ. Kʋnʋŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kalʋ nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ ɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kʋnʋŋ nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ ɖeu yaa nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ yuŋ.
Kʋnʋŋ nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩm.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pamaɣ yɔ, sɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X nɛ Z.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ wiluu masɩ. Sɩsɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ hiu nɛ lutozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, p, t, k, f, s, f, m, n, ŋ, l…
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ masɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ nɔɔ wiluu abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : j, h nɛ w.


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Tesorusi
Tesorusi, kɛtɩyaa tɛ tesorusi yaa tesorusi takayaɣ, pɩkɛ pɩlʊʊ takayaɣ yaa cɔlɩyɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa wɛ tɔm kɩcɔlɩtʊ (kɛtɩyʊ yaa tʊzɩyʊ nɛ maacɛtʊʊ yaa kɛtʊʊ fɛyɩ) pɩwɩlɩɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm. Pɩkɛ kɛdʊʊ yaa pɩlɩyɛ takayaɣ ɛzɩ tɔm kpou taa tɔmpee caʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ka-taa ñɩnɩɣ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ nɛ pakɩlʊʊ-kɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ taɣtʊ tʊma taa, ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ.
Tesorusi takayasɩ nzɩ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ takayasɩ tɛ takayasɩ nasɩyɛ siŋ. Tɔmɩŋ (ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ, mɛlɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ) tamsa ɖama pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛlɩ ɖama (ɛkɛ tɔmɩŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ) kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ (ɖama tɛ tɔmɩŋ nɛ keekee tɔmɩŋ) nɛ kpɛnʊʊ tɔmɩŋ (tɔmɩŋ kɩtamsɩŋ) nɛ paa tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛna kɩ-lone yaa kɩɖɩjayɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tesorusi ŋgʊ kɩtamsɩɣ tɔɔnaɣ kpaɣʊʊ nɛ haɖaʊ, kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm piye, nɛ Fransɩɩ Erɔpʊ taa, yeki nɛ patakɩ nɛ tɔm pɔzɩtʊ pɩcɛlɩna kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm piye kpaɣʊʊ hayɩm Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ se pɩsa nɛ pehiɣ pɩlʊʊ tɔm pɩlɩna piye nɖɩ ɖɩ-haɖaʊ yɔɔ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩlɩyɛ takayasɩ nzɩ ɖɩyaɣ se tesorusi mbʊ yɔ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ndʊ paama ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1970 wɛɛ taa yɔ pɩlɩna ISO paɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ tɩ-taa kpaagbaa kɛlɛ ŋga paasusa kɔ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 2011 yɔ.


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Nayiiroobii
Nayiiroobii kɛna Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ walanzɩ ɛjaɖɛnɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ piposina ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ekuwatɛɛɖɩ yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 150 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 3 138 295. Nayiiroobii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 69 600 yaa kilomɛtanaa 696.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 1600 nɛ 1850 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa 150. Peeɖe pɩɩwɛɛ se soŋgaɣ ɛwɛɛna se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ wɩsɩ ñakɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ nɩkaɣ yebina kɛwɛɛ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ peeɖe pʊŋ yeke wɛna. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa kɛ tɛŋ nɩɣ, pɩtasɩna mɩnzɛma fenaɣ nɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɛŋ tasɩɣ nɩʊ pɩnaɣ taa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ yɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Swahili nɛ aŋgilisi; puwayɩ lɛ weyi ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ kikuyu nɛ luwo. Piyele efebiya nɛ pɛlaa kpem lɛ, sɛŋgɩ kɛ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Payaɣ Nayiiroobii komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Evans Kidero. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Nayiiroobii tɛtʊ nɛ Denver (Etaazunii) ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma.


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ÑƲƲ 16
Yesu wɩlɩ kpekpeka toovenim ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yɔɔ
YESU YEBA NƐ KPAAŊ WƐƐ KELE KELE
Kana nesi ɖɔkʋʋ kazandʋ wayɩ lɛ, Yesu wobi Kapɛrnayum. Yesu nɛ e-ɖoo nɛ e-newaa Yakubu, Yosɛɛfʋ, Siimɔɔ nɛ Yuda pɔɖɔŋaɣnɩ nʋmɔʋ.
Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yesu woki Kapɛrnayum? Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩɩkɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ tɩkɩlɩ Nazarɛɛtɩ nɛ Kana paɣlʋʋ nɛ tɩwalaa ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa kɩfama nabɛyɛ tɛ kaawɛ Kapɛrnayum nɛ lalaa tɛ ñɔtɩnɩ peeɖe. Yesu woki peeɖe se ɛfalɩsɩ-wɛ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa.
Yesu labɩ ɖɔɖɔ piti lakasɩ sakɩyɛ Kapɛrnayum tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Piyeba nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩ-cɔlɔ ñɩndʋ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩɩ mbʋ mbʋ ɛlabɩ peeɖe yɔ. Ɛlɛ, piileɖiɣ lɛ, Yesu nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pakaɣ wobu Yerusalɛm se pɔtɔɔ pɩnaɣ 30 tɛ Paska kazandʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, paakɛ Yuda ñɩma mba paaleɣyiɣni pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yɔ.
Pɔkɔm powolo Yerusalɛm nɛ pasʋʋ kpaaŋ taa lɛ, Yesu la nabʋyʋ nɛ pɩɖɩɣzɩ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa siŋŋ. Ðooo patɩlʋʋ-ɩ yɔ, wiɖiyi ɛtɩlabɩtɩ nabʋyʋ mbʋ nɛ pana.
Ɛsɔ Paɣtʋ pɔzaɣ Izrayɛɛlɩ piya se siwokini kpɩna nɛ sɩlaɣ kɩlaŋ kpaaŋ taa. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, mba palɩɣaɣnɩ poliŋ nɛ pɔkɔŋ Yerusalɛm yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ-wɛ tɔɔnaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɛwɛɣ peeɖe yɔ. Pʋyɔɔ paɣtʋ kaaha nʋmɔʋ mba palɩɣnɩ poliŋ nɛ pɔkɔŋ Yerusalɛm yɔ, se pɔɖɔkɩ liidiye nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ paya kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ mbʋ mbʋ pɩkaɣ-wɛ pɔzʋʋ peeɖe yɔ. (Wayɩ Wayɩ Paɣtʋ 14:24-26) Mbʋ yebina nɛ Yerusalɛm taa tadɩyɛ laɖaa nabɛyɛ paɣzɩ pɛdʋʋ kpɩna nɛ sumasɩ kpaaŋ maɣmaɣ taa. Halɩ pa-taa nabɛyɛ mulaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pɛpɛlɩɣ-wɛ liidiye pɩkɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ.
Yesu na mbʋ lɛ, pɩwɩzɩ-ɩ pɩŋŋ nɛ ɛmɩzɩ pe-liidiye, etuzi pa-taabɩlɩnaa nɛ ɛɖɔɔnɩ-wɛ kpaaŋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Ɩkʋsɩ mi-wondu cɩnɛ yɔ, ɩtaapɩsɩ man-Caa ɖɩɣa tadɩyɛ kuduyuu.”—Yohanɛɛsɩ 2:16.
Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa na mbʋ lɛ, pɔtɔzɩ natʋ tɔm natʋyʋ, ndʋ paayɔɔdɩ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ. Natʋ tɔm ndʋ yɔ: “Ña-ɖɩɣa sɔɔlʋʋ tɛ miŋ kaɣ-m ñaɣʋ.” Ɛlɛ Yuda mba pɔzɩ Yesu se: “Kawɩlɩsɩ nzɩ ŋwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ nɛ ŋlakɩ mbʋ yɔ?” Nɛ Yesu cosi-wɛ se: ‘Ɩyɔkɩ kpaaŋ kʋnɛ yɔ; nɛ tozo wiye lɛ mankʋsɩ-kʋ.’—Yohanɛɛsɩ 2:17-19; Keɣa 68:10.
Yuda mba maɣzaɣ se Yerusalɛm kpaaŋ tɔm Yesu yɔɔdʋʋ, pʋyɔɔ pɔpɔzɩ-ɩ se: ‘Pama kpaaŋ kʋnɛ yɔ nɛ pɩnzɩ nɩɩnaza nɛ loɖo, nɛ ñɛ yɔ, ñakʋsʋʋ-kʋ nɛ kɩyakɩŋ naadozo?’ (Yohanɛɛsɩ 2:20) Ɛlɛ Yesu maɣmaɣ tomnaɣ ɛyaɣaɣ se kpaaŋ. Ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa tɔzɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pefezi-i nɛ sɩɖaa taa yɔ.


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Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ
Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ yaa cɔɔcɩ naa tomnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, kpeɣluu cɔɔcɩ naa sakɩyɛ kedeŋga taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ cɔɔcɩ naa mba papɩɣyʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ kajalaɣ paɣtʊ lʊbɛ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ pɩlɩna Krɩstʊ tɔm yɔɔ, paɣtʊ ndʊ paamawa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Siuu siuu Krɩstʊ tɔm (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ,ὈpθoδoEίa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi) yɔɔdʊʊ se palɩna kpaagbaa kɛ kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ cejewa wena alɩna Yeesuu apostolowa cɔlɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ageeta taa kɛ Roma Ampiiri taa.
Cɔɔcɩ naa pɛkpɛnda lʊbɛ nɛ pa-taa peeɖe nabayɛ tɔŋ se palɩna keekee apostolo nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ, yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyu nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ taa, Constantinople siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ apostolo André sɩ ki-kiɖe yɔ, Alexandrie cɔɔcɩ nɛ Afrika kpeekpe ŋgʊ Marc tɩna ki-kiɖe yɔ, Antioche ñɩŋʊ nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ñɩmba tɩŋa, papa lɛ apostolo waa Petro nɛ Paul sɩna paba, apostolo Jacques ñasɩɩ Jerusalem siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ, apostolo André ñasɩɩ Georgie cɔɔcɩ, Chypre ñɩŋʊ ñɛwɛɛ kʊkʊ lɛ Paul ñasɩna-kʊ nɛ Krɛɛsɩ ñɩŋʊ wɛɛ Paul tʊlɩna-kʊ.
Cɔɔcɩ naa mba pɛwɛɛ sakɩyɛ Krɩkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ ageeta taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ Mediteranɛɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛdɛŋa taa kiŋ:
Sɩlavɩ ajɛyɛ taa kiŋ:
Siuu siuu cɔɔcɩ naa laɣ kɩlaŋ pɩlɩna sɔnzɩ kagbanzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ (byzantin, arménien, antiochien, chaldéen nɛ alexandrien), Pakalʊʊ Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ nɛ kɩlaŋ tɔm ajɛyɛ taa nɔɔnɔɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa yaa kɩbɩnjaazɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa (arameni kʊnʊŋ taa, arameni cɔɔlɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Krɛkɩ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kʊnʊŋ, Sɩlavɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.


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Max Planck
Palʊla-ɩ Max Karl Ernest Ludwig Planck ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1858 Kiel, Schleswig awiyaa ɖɩɣa taa (ɖenɖe pɩsa ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ Caama yɔ). Ɛyʊ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1947 Göttingen, Caama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pataŋa ɛgbaatɩna liɖe yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛmʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyʊ pɩnaɣ 1918 pɩtɩŋa ɛ-lɩmaɣza quanta hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Max Planck, palʊlɩ-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1858 Kiel tɛtʊ taa Schleswig awiyaa ɖɩɣa taa, e-liɖe taa ɛyaa kaaɖɔ piŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ ñɩm. Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa kɩbɩma nɛ ɛ-cɔzɔna ɛ-caa naa ñɩma kaakɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm wɩlɩyaa, ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ kaakɛ paɣtʊ wɩlɩyʊ (halɩ ɛdʊ nesi Caama paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɔm ɖɩmayɛ), ŋgʊ e-ɖoo kaakɛ Pasɩtɔɣɔ waa ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ. Max Planck laba sukuli hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ Munich ɖenɖe ɛ-caa wɩlaɣ sukuli yɔ.
Ɛpʊtʊʊ ɛ-taa se ɛsɩŋ se ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ naa yaa ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ miiziki. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1874 ɛpazɩ tɩlɩyɛ sukuli labʊ nɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa. Ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ BAC 1 ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 17 nɛ pɩnzɩ natozo wayi lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli tʊmɩyɛ Perɩlɛɛ ɛ-nɛ Hermann von Helmholtz nɛ Gustav Kirchhoff mba paakɛ ɛwɩlɩyaa yɔ.
Ɛ-nɛ Walther Nernst, Planck ñɔɔzɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1911 Bruxelles kajalaɣ ketizaɣ sɔsɔ Solvay, ketizaɣ ŋga kekpeli ñʊŋ tɩna mba paakɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Marie Curie maɣmaɣ kaawoba-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Wɛɛ kʊyʊma a-na a-taa, ɛha siɣye nɛ Ernest Mach cɔɔlɩ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ hɛzʊʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1927 ɛlɛ ɛtasɩ wɩlɩɣ pʊwayɩ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛmʊ Lorentz ñɩɣlɩm pɔya, liidiye nɖɩ tɔmɩŋ lɩzɩyaa lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ niye mʊya mba pɛkɛ Peyibaa ɛyaa yɔ cɛlɩ naa ɖɩ.
Ɛkpaɣ halʊ Marie Merck (pɩnaɣ 1861 ŋtalɩ 1909), 1887 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛpɩsɩ baaba pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɩɣa cɛjɛ pɩnaɣ 1888. Mbʊ lɛ, ewolo ɛwɛɛ Gruewald, Perɩlɛɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ taa. Ɛlʊlɩ pɩya naanza, patɩŋɛ pasɩ pʊcɔ ɛnʊ sɩ. Natozo sɩba alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ yɔ. Ɛ-pɩɣa kajalaɣ ŋga Karl sɩba Verdun nɔnɔɔ taa pɩnaɣ 1916 nɛ ɖomaa naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1917 ŋtalɩ 1919. Erwin ɛ-pɩɣa tɩnʊʊ ñɩnʊ pakpa-ɩ pɔttɔ-ɩ salaka Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ.
Pɩɣa kanɛ yɔ ŋga caɣna ka-caa cɔlɔ kpam wɛɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ñɩna taa nɛ ɛmʊ tʊma sɔsɔna ɛ-caa cɔlɔ kɛ Weimar ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pakpa-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1944 se ɛñɩnaɣ kʊʊ Hitler pɩlɩna nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga palaba hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1944. Pakpa Erwin nɛ pakʊ-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1945. Ɛ-halʊ sɩ pɩnaɣ 1909 nɛ ɛɖanɩɣ kpaʊ Marga von Hößlin (pɩnaɣ 1882 ŋtalɩ 1948 alɩwaatʊ taa).


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Izirɛɛlɩ nɛ Palɛsɩtini po-you tɔm
Avema looɖo tɛ you: mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ 5 pɩnaɣ 1967[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pataatɩɩpɩzɩta se pɛhɛzɩ you ŋgʊ kɩɖɩɩna labʊ Ɩsraɛlɩ nɛ Arabi pɛhɛkʊ taa lɛ, naatozo ñɩŋgʊ tuli kiɖɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɩsraɛlɩ tɛ sɔɔjanaa nɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se général Moshe Dayan yɔɔ, pacaŋ pekpi ageeta cabɩ: Sinaï ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Egipiti yɔ, Siirii pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Golon yɔ, Cisjordanie, Gaza nɛ Jeruzalem Est. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Israɛlɩk tɛtʊ tasɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ kɩpaɣzɩ kpacayʊ ajɛya lɛɛna. Ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, kɩkʊyɩ nɛ kɩsɩŋgɩ nɛ kɩtɔ se pɩtaala mbʊ; se Ɩsraɛlɩ ɛpɩsɩna kɩ-tɩ.
Le Caire tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ sɩna Palɛstini ñɩma mba palakaɣ you yɔ se panɛ Libani ñɩma panɩɩnɛ ɖama: mɩnzɛma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1969. Palestini ñɩma mba palakaɣ you yɔ (OLP) pɔ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ Yasser Arafat panɛ nɛ Libani ñɩma powoba Le Caire tɛtʊ taa nɛ panɩɩna ɖama se pɛ-hɛkʊ taa you ehɛɛ mbʊ. Ɛlɛ pɩcalɩnaa alɩwatʊ ndʊ Libani tɛtʊ kaawɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ nesi tɛɛ nɛ pataapɩzɩɣ se pamʊ-tʊ yɔ. Krɩstʊ mba kaasɔɔlaa se Palɛstini ñɩma mba palakɩ you mbʊ yɔ nɛmalɩŋ weyi ɛsɩŋgaɣ nɛ wɛ yɔ se pɛɖɛɛ.
Yom Kippour you: aloma fenaɣ 6 pɩnaɣ 1973[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yudaa mba kasandʊ Yom Kippour wiye ɖeyi ɖeyi kɛ Egypti ñɩma nɛ Syria ñama tula you kɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ mba. Egypti ñɩma kaañɔɔza pɛ-tɛ sɔɔjana cam:iyɛ nɛ patakpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pʊɖɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ patalɩ Sinaï tɛtʊ taa. Sinaï tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩɩkɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ tɛtʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1967. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Syria ñɩnaɣ se kɩmʊ Golan ɛlɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa ñakaɖɩ nɛ wɛ. Ɩsraɛlɩ ñamʊ Damas, Le Caire nɛ Suez. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, Etaazuunii nɛ URSS. Pañɩŋgɩ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm nɛ pɩwɛɛ se aloma fenaɣ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 1973 lɛ, you tɛma. Egypti tawa you ɛlɛ kɩ-taa wɛ leleŋ se kɩkʊ Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa sakɩyɛ. Pɩlaba mbʊ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, Arabia ajɛya ɖaŋgɩ tuuɖe ajɛya pɛ-tɛ kaɖazɩm yɔɔ; mbʊ wɩlɩɣnaa se pɛwɛ ɖoŋ keteŋga kpeekpe taa.
Ɩsraɛlɩ lɩza you ŋgʊ payaɣ se Litani yɔ se kɩmʊ Liibaŋ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1978. Arabia mba nɛ krɩstʊ mba pɛ-esɛ sɛ nɛ you mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ hiu waɖɛ nɛ kɩcɑɣ se kɩmʊ Lɩban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩa sɔɔjanaa. ONU ñɩŋ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 19 wiye lɛ, pɩhɛɛ pazɩ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Tsahal yele kɩwɛsɩ FINUL. Ɩsraɛlɩ lɩza you ŋgʊ payaɣ se Litani yɔ se kɩmʊ Liban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1978 Arabia ùba nɛ krɩstʊ mba pɛ-esɛ sɛ nɛ you mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ hiu waɖɛ nɛ kɩcɑɣ se kɩmʊ Lɩban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩa sɔɔjanaa. ONU ñɩŋ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 19 wiye lɛ, pɩhɛɛ pazɩ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Tsahal yele kɩwɛsɩ FINUL.
Ɩsraɛlɩ pɩsɩna Sinaï kɛ Egypti: ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1982[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sinaï kɛwɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ mba nesi tɛɛ pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ ɛzɩ paañɩɩʊ nesi se Ɩsraɛlɩ mba nɛ Egipiti mba peyele you yɔ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ pɩsɩna Sinaï kpoo nɛ kɩcɛlɛ Egypti.
Se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ Galilea taa: mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1982 Palɛstɩnɩa ñɩma wɛ Liibii mbʊ lɛ,Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa ñaɣ pana se Laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ Galilea taa. Sɔɔjanaa mba pekpɩ Lɩban nɛ pacaɣ Beyrouth. Pawaba Palɛstɩnɩa mba mbʊ lɛ, pɛ-tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se Palɛstɩnɩa mba ɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ pɛɖɛ poholo pɛwɛɛ Tunisi. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ ñɩma kʊyɩ Lɩban tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1985 ɛlɛ pakaɖɩ na Liibaŋ hadɛ kɩŋ ɖoli pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna Pɩnaɣ 2000.
Bachir Gemayel sɩm: salaŋ fenaɣ 1982[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Etaazuunii kaatɛma ɖiziɣ Ɩsraɛlɩ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa you nɛ pɩhɛɛ nɛ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnɩɣ se Palɛstɩnɩ ñɩma ɛkʊyɩ lɛ, tanaŋ nakʊyʊ Lɩbani ñɩma makʊʊna pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ Bcchir Gemayel sɩba. Palɩza-ɩ nɛ pɩla kɔzɔɖɔnaa naatozoɖeke nɛ pɩlakɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kimʊ Beyrouth. Paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Siirii mba kʊʊna ñʊʊ tʊ ɛnʊ, ɛlɛ Palɛstɩna mba kaɣ pɩ-kɩhɛnyʊʊ naʊ kɛ you ŋgʊ kagaɣ tuluu Sabra nɛ Chatila taa yɔ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, pɛlɛɛzɩna-ɩ nɛ e-neu Amine. Payaɣ pa-caa se Pierre Gemayel.


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Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri
Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri yaa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Room ampiiri, pɛkɛ ɛyaa mba palɩ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Room wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛ ampiiri taa yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛnʊ ñaɖɩna ɛ-tɩ tɛƴʊʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ. Pasɩma ampiiri ŋgʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ lɛ yɔ se kʊ-tɔm kaaleɖa piŋ. Room taa maɣmaɣ kɛ kɩñɔɔ, kɛlɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ-yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna paa tɔm kɛdɩyʊ weyi lɛ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔɔ.
Kɔnsɩtatɩnɔpɩlɩ ñɔɔ, kɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ, pɩlɩna Constantin kajalaɣ tʊ pɩnaɣ 330,ɛzɩ ampiiri nakʊyʊ tɛyɩtʊ tɔm kaacaɣʊ kaɖɛ se pɔcɔna kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩkɔɔ kɩpɩsɩ keem pɩnaɣ 395, pɔyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm nabʊtʊ taa. Paakpekiɣ kikpeɣu se kɩ-tɛ le ɛlɛ pasɩma se kɩ-tɛ lɛ Room, ampiiri ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kɛ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ kʊyʊmʊʊ, ŋgʊ lɛ krɛkɩ ñɩŋʊ.
Ɖɩcɔna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kamasɩ yɔɔ, ɖɩnaɣ canaʊ wondu naa mba paakɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ pʊtʊnaa nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pama-tʊ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, ɛpɩsɩ lʊlʊʊ taa lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa panaɣ ɛsakuliye wondu, nɛ halɩ pʊtɔyɩ pɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa, wena lalaa ñɔkɔma panaŋɩ yɔ.
Pɩkpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋngʊ lɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ pazaa pɩcaɣ pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri yɔɔ. Pɩkɛna-kʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kitisi lɛɛzɩtʊ kɩfatʊ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa paazaɣ pɩɣyɩnaʊ kʊ-tɔm kɩbɩndʊ ndʊ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩkɛna-kʊ cɛyɩtʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ ɛ-cɩcɩɖɩɣ tɔm natʊyʊ naa sakɩyɛ. Ɖama yonaʊʊ kakamaɣ kaakɛna-kʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kɩlɛɛzɩ wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɖama katʊʊ you naananza ŋgʊ kɔɔ nɛ kɩtɛzɩ yɔɔkʊʊ kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɔlɩ pɩnaɣ 1204, kɛlɛ yee aɖanɩ ñɔʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩnaɣ 1261 kɔyɔ ɛtaafɛyɩ ɖoŋ se ɛlʊbɩna e-koyondinaa Otoman mba nɛ Itaalii tɔsʊʊ huu tɔm. Kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɩlɩ tɔlʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1453 tɩna ampiiri pɩzantɛɛ tɔlʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ
Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ yaa kasɩtɩlanɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ Romanɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋga taa ajɛyɛ wena paamʊ a-tɛtʊ nɛ ɖoŋ ɖoo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ a-daa.
Ɛsɩpaañɩ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Latɛnɩ cɩkpelʊʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Cantabrique egitiye taa nɛ Ibérique ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ lɩm cɔɣɔ pɩta yɔ nɛ hayi kiŋ, kɩ-mɩzɩ nɛ kɩtɩŋgʊ Castille kewɩyaɣ walanzɩ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Afrika kedeŋga taa nɛ Amerika kedeŋga nɛ Aazii Pasɩfɩkɩɩ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ talɩʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ ana ada lɩna Ɛsɩpaañɩ ajɛyɛ tamaasʊ walanzɩ yɔɔ (empire espagnol) kɛ waasɩ hiʊ nɛ kɩgbaanzi nɛ hiʊ nɛ nakʊ alʊwaatʊ taa, canaʊ wɛɛɣ ana ayebina nɛ Romanɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ nɔnɔ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ.
Ɛsɩpaañɩ pɩsa lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔdɩyaa tala ɛzɩ miliiyɔɔ waa 468 nɛ mba palakɩ na kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kedeŋga taa yɔɔdʊtʊ taa yɔ paba talɩ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa 559. Mbʊ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naatozo ŋgʊ kɛ kedeŋga taa yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ kɛ Sinii mandarɩnɩ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ wayi nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ yee ɖikpaɣ mba palʊla kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta nɛ pɔɔyʊʊ -kʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩpanñɩ kɛ kacalaɣ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ ajɛyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama yɔɔ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ tɔm.


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Marilandɩ
Marilandɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Pamaza Marilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 32 160 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 25 338 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 6 968 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 21,60 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ lʊbɛ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 773 552 yɔ.
Payaɣ Marilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Larry Hogan (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Ben Cardin (D) nɛ Chris Van Hollen (D).
Marilandii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Anapolis nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Baltimore.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Eiffel Kuduyuu Sɔsɔʋ (Tour Eiffel)
Eiffel Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kɛna fer puddlé tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛwaa kudokiŋ nasɩdozo nɛ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naanaza (324) mbʋ yɔ. Nɛ kuduyuu kʋnɛ kʋ-n̄ʋʋda nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se antɛnɩɩ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩwɛ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ.
Ɖajaa Gustave Eiffel nɛ ɛ-sɩnɩyaa pamana kuduyuu Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ.
Pama-kʋ size palɩzɩ Paarii tɛtʋ nɛ pele kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɔsɔɔlɩ se kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya kpeekpe ɛtɩlɩ-kʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1889 ñɩŋa taa pelema Paarii tɛtʋ ndʋʋ kedeŋa ɛsɩndaa. Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, pacalɩ-kʋ maʋ lɛ, payaa-kʋ se mɛtɛwaa nasɩdozo (300) kuduyuu.
Kɩwɛ Paarii tɛtʋ nɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ kɩñɔtɩna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa awayɩ wondu kaɖaɣ ŋga payaɣ se ''lakɩŋ fenaɣ hayɩm'' yɔ kpam. Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ pɩsɩ Paarii tɛtʋ kumoɖe.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩyɛ egbena lona tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se ''Paarii tɛtʋ taa Ɖoɖoo'' yɔ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wonaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena. Kɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe caanaʋ wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɩ wɛʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩ-taa pasɩ caanaʋ wondu sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩnaɣ taa ɛyaa mba powokina ɛsɩyɛ egbena kɩ-taa yɔ, patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naadozo nɛ ɛyaa loɖo mbʋ yɔ.
Kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Eiffel kuduyuu tɩŋɩna. Kpaɣna patʋlʋʋ kɩ-nɔnɔsɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nasɩdozo nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ tɛmna sʋnaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena kɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lʋbɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm woŋna ɛsɩyɛ egbena Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa. Agɔma, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se mba pɛtɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩma yɔ pakɩlɩɣna wonaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa, ɛyaa kpeekpe mba powoba ɛsɩyɛ egbena naʋ Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 75 kɛ agɔma.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se ''Paarii tɛtʋ taa Ɖoɖoo'' yɔ nɛ Eiffel kuduyuu peyeki nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Toovenum lɛ, ɛyʋ hɛyɩɣ liidiye nɛ pʋcɔ ewona ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, ɖɩtɛkɛ cikpeɖe.taa.


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Mesopotami
Mesopotami (Krɛkɩ tɛ lɛ, Meσoπotauίa / Mesopotamíos, ueσo / meso hɛkʊ nɛ πotauός / potamós lɩm pɔɔ matʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ pɔsɩ hɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ tɛ tɔm, egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊzʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kɛ Tigre nɛ Euphrate pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kɛna nɔnɔ tɛ Irak.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ hayi yɔ kiŋ (hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Siiri nɛ nɔnɔ Irak nɛ hayi). Egeetiye lɛɛɖɛ kɛ pʊŋ kɩmaɣnɩŋ, weyi ɛ-taa tɛʊ nɩɣ nɛ pahayʊ yɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ pɔhɔ lɩm nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖe nɛ pahayɩna yɔ.
Mesopotami tɔmpiye tɛ nɩɣ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ alɩwaatʊ wɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Krɛkɩ cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ tɛ nɩɣ nɛ Room ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, Mesopotami kɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Djézireh kɛ ɖooo arabɩ ɛyaa tɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 637 kɛ Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayi), ŋgʊ haɖɛ yɔɔ niikaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se Sawâd kɛ arabɩ tɔm takayaasɩ taa.
Sɔnɔ tɛ kpaɣɖʊ taa tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa nɛ canaʊ taa wonduu taa wiliyaa tisiɣ nɛ ɖama se Mesopotami ɛyaa tɩna matʊ kiɖe. Palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ kpezelasɩ yɔɔ matʊ nzɩ sɩkɛ kɩwɩlɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣnɛ anasaayɩ taa se pictogramme waa nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, pʊkɔma ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Y-C lɛ, ɛya mba papɩsɩ Suma ɛyaa nɛ Akkad ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ mɛsaɣ tɛ wɩlɩɣ yɔ latɛŋ taa lɛ, cuneus pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɩcɔsɩyɛ.
Nɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa yɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye Mesopotami nɛ pamazɩna ɖooo egeetiye kɩbɩndɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye tɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ yaa pacaɣ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖɩŋ alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩnaɣ 637 Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ kɛɛkɛ pɩkpɛndɩna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ yoŋ wabɩtʊ.


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Minziiki
Minziiki kɛ taŋ nɩʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ sum, ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋʋʋ size tamɩyɛ tʋmɩyɛ lakasɩ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tisitu kɛnɛ, kɩtɩlɩsɩnaɣ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size katɩlaɣ yɔ.
Kɩtɩlɩsɩnaɣ ŋga keyekina nɛ pɩtɩnɩ camɩyɛ kpaʋ tibu taa sakɩyɛ talʋʋ taa. Minziiki kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ yaa kajalaɣ taa mbɩ yɔ kɛ, keɖeɣaɣ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ lɩzʋʋ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ kawɩlaɣ nɛ wɩlɩtʋ wonu.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɩŋgʋʋna minziiki wonu kʋnɛ kɩ yɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʋna samaɣ. Kɔɔnɔɔ lɛ, paɖʋʋ tɔm ndʋ kajaa kɔ yɔdɩ yɔ hendu taa nɛ pɩkpɛmdɩ pɩwɛ minziiki taa. Samaɣ yɔɔdɩnaʋ pɩtɩŋgɩna minziiki yɔ kɛna nʋmɔʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ hendu teyaa kɩlɩʋ tɩŋgɩnaʋ yɔ.
Minziiki wendu natʋyʋ natʋyʋ kɔ yɔ : nɔɔ ŋga ɖɩyɔɔdʋna yɔ, tomnaɣ ŋga ɖɩwɛna yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna wendu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ.
Minziiki wɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ egeetiye nɖɩ-ɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ-ɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ taa minziiki nɛ hendu. Minziiki wɛ nɛ pɩcɔ caanaʋ mamaɣ tɔm talɩʋ. Kɩhaɣ taa leleŋ kazandʋ hendu teu taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ.


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Muzulee tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ yɔ, pʊwɛ muzulee. Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pɩ-taa wɛ tɔlɩm hakuu ñɩmbʊ sakɩyɛ.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma wondu sakɩyɛ wɛna kɛdaɣ lɩm tɔlɩm. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ weyi payaɣ se Van Dyck yɔ, ɛsaɣ sumaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Urisi (Ours) yɔ ka-sɩʊkpelaɣ nɛ kɔ-tɔlɩm wɛɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ.
Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem. Ñɔsɩ hʊm yaa ñɔsɩ hɔkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, payaɣ-pʊ se «châtain» nɛ pɩla se tɔlɩm mbʊ, pɩfɛyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ payaɣ se «châtain», nabʊyʊ wɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ yulee. Ɛlɛ, ñɔsɩ nzɩ sipiyi kini kini yɔ, nzɩɩ pɔtɔŋ se sɩwɛ «brun».
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ nɛ katazɩɣ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ yɔ, ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa yɔɔdʊʊ se tɔlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pʊwɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kaakii (kaki) yɔ pɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa. Tɔlɩm mbʊ, pʊwɛ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm nɛ kɛdaɣ lɩm . Tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ pɩ-taa wɛɛ ɛzɩ leemuu yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩ-taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ calʊlʊ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa tɔŋ se tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se «brun» yɔ. Ɖajaa panɛ, Berlin nɛ Kaɣ pañɩnɩna nɛ pana mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ pɩkɛɣ tɔlɩm.


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Kpɔsɔdzanɩ
Ikpɔsɔ | Kpɔsɔ
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Ɛsɛbayili wanɩ bʋa kʋ adʋ biblǝ li - 1
Nʋ tʋ ɛfʋ yɛ mɩakʋtʋnʋ ɛsɛbayili wanɩ bʋa kʋ adʋ biblǝ li nɩɩ mɩakʋtʋ tɛ ɔta tʋ ɛsɛ wanɩ tʋ nʋ ɛfʋ nʋ, dʋ nʋ amɩ ɛkʋtɛ ɛsɛ nʋ ɛfʋ nʋ,nʋ ɔnʋ ɛsɛ nʋ ɛfʋ nʋ wanɩ li.
Tʋ ɛsɛzɛlɛ wanɩ lɛ Global Recording Network (GRN) sʋ, kʋ ata la aka wʋ une nʋ kʋyɔ gbɔwa nɩɩ kʋyɔ zɔ wa nʋ tʋ ɛfʋ yɛ(siti)yɛ. Ɩdʋ ka ɛtʋ ; ɩma tʋ ɛkʋ yɛ dʋ nʋ inye yɛ li dza yɔka ɔlʋ ɛdɩ nʋ ɛdɩ ayʋ ɔkpɔkɔ.
Miewlesɛ nʋ alɛnɛ mɩaka kʋ ɔlʋ ɛdɩ nʋ ɛdɩ manʋ tʋ ɛsɛ yɛ.
Ɩvlanɩ nʋ inedzǝnɩ nʋ kpɔsɔ li, mieyi Yesu? Ayɩdɩ la lɛ yanʋ ɛtɛkanɩ yɛ nʋ ɔlʋ yɛ makʋtʋ ka yɛ inyeza mata-mata. Mʋ afʋ kemeyi yɩ nʋ ɔmavɩ ɩyalɛ fa, Mɛ wʋyadʋ mɩ ɛɣa nʋ ɩtɛ tʋ ɛkʋ yɛ nʋ ɛfʋ nʋ, mɛ kɩɣa yɩ. Ɔlɛ ɩvlɩ tɩnya dɩ la. Ɩvlɩ yɛ ayʋ ɔɣɔ la nʋ : Yesu la ɔmatɛ ka yɛ! Eyi Yesu?
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Tɔ nʋ alɔ ka iyne yɛ ayʋ ekele (tsɩ)
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Okele (Ɔtsɩ)
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Uwolowu kaɣa ɛsɛ
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Adamʋ nʋ Ɛva
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Kayɩ nʋ Abɛlɩ
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Nowa ayʋ adaka yɛ
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Ivi ayʋ atɛ inye yɛ
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Abrahamʋ, Sara nʋ Ɩsakɩ
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Mose nʋ Uwolowu ayʋ use idzo wanɩ
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Use idzo wanɩ
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Elukʋ ka ɛsɛfʋatsɛ wanɩ
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Uwolowu ayʋ ɛtɔzɔnɩ yɛ nʋ Maria
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Yesu ayʋ ama
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Yesu evidze
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Yesu ayʋ inugbɔsɛ wanɩ
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Yesu amʋ ufu
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Akpɔ Yesu dʋ nʋ itsukpɔdʋsalɛ
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Yesu ayʋ omli nʋ uku li
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Tomasɩ atɛ nʋ
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Yesu ayʋ ava aɣa
Droits d'auteur © 2021, Kpɔsɔdzanɩ


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Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ ɛyɔlɩyɛ
Ɛyɔlɩyɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu (chimie organique) kɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ kɩ-taa wondu pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu. Ɛlɛ, karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu natʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ tɩtɛkɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu.
Karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɔhɔkɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama. Kɩtamsɩŋ lakɩna nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔhɔkʋʋna ɖama yaa patamsɩɣna ɖama.
Nazɩyaa wɛ ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa taa sakɩyɛ. Karɩbɔɔnɩ waa tamsɩnɩ ɖama nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa tɛ nazɩyaa. Yee kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu natʋyʋ esidi karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu taa kɔyɔ, nazɩyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɣ tɩ-taa patalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa sakɩyɛ.
Nazɩyʋ kʋɖʋm tɛ yuŋ yaa hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 100 000. Halɩ nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 1 000 000. Yee karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛtalɩ 1 000 000 kɔyɔ, pʋbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɔsɔ.


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Aŋŋwana
Aŋŋwana pɩsa-ɖʊ mbʊ pɩwazɩɣ-ɖʊ paa ɖooye yɔ. Mbʊ palakɩna aŋŋwanaa mba yɔ patasa-pʊ naʊ pʊɖɔɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ polubu-wɛ lɛ, pakpakɩɣ mbʊ polukina yɔ, polimɛɛrɩ, nɛ pañaɣzɩ nɛ piyoli nɛ palɩzɩ mbʊ pɔzɔɔlaa yɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ polimɛɛrɩ ŋgʊ cɩŋgɩlɩm yaa ŋgʊ kizida ya nɛ polubina aŋŋwanaa yaa wondu ndʊ palakina aŋŋwanaa mba yɔ. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ poluba wondu sakɩyɛ nɛ aŋŋwanaa nɛ pɩwazɩɣ ɛzɩ mbʊ pɩdaakʊ ɛyʊ yaa pɩdaŋgɩ se paa ɛyʊ ɛtɔlaa lɛ pɩtaanɩ-ɩ yɔ.
Ñɩiɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tikotuu yem yaa tɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ aŋŋwanaa yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ. Ɖooo lɛ pɔlɔwaɣ aŋŋwanaa mba pɛwɛɛkaa yɔ ɛlɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ paɖaɣnɩɣ-wɛɛ kpaɣʊ nɛ polubina wondu kɩfatʊ. Aŋŋwanaa lubiyaa hikuu pa-tɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paykɩ nɛ pawazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ paa le.


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Kapitaalism
Kapitaalism kɛ tɔsʋʋ nɛ samaɣ kpɛndʋʋ nɛ politiki pɛ-lɛɣtʋ natʋyʋ. Kapitaalism sɔɔlaa se paa weyi lɛ, ɛtɩɣyɩ n̄ɩm mbʋ ɛlaba nɛ e-nesi nɛ ehiɣ yɔ. Kapitaalism wɛna tɔbɩŋ lɛɛŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩlɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ maɣzɩɣ politiki tɔm taa yɔ nɛ Kapitaalism wɛɣna tɔbʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, payaɣ mbʋ se Kapitaalism yɔ, pɩkɛ kɛzɛɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ, pɩkɛ liidiye sakɩyɛ n̄ɩnʋʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ, ɛtɔma se Kapitaalism kɛ mbʋ piyeki nɛ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ nuutuu yaa ɛnazɩɣ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa se ɛpɩzɩ ekuu n̄ɩm nɛ pɩkɩlɛ lɛlaa yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Max Weber yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se Kapitaalism lɩnɩ kajalaɣ ɛyaa mba palaba lɩmaɣzɛ se palakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ.


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Alɛkɩsandrii
Alɛkɩsandrii kɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ miliyɔɔnaa 4 300 000 mbʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩŋŋŋ taa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 4 388 219 hab. Ɛyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexandre Sɔsɔ yɔ ɛnʊ kaalɛɣna peeɖe caaʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ -331 taa pʊcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu, mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ pasʊʊ-tʊ hɩɖɛ se Alɛkɩsandrii.
Pʊcɔ nɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa tɔm kɔŋ lɛ, Alɛkɩsandrii kaakɛna Egipiti tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ. Peeɖe palakaɣ tadɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa lɛ, peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ Mediteranee mba yɔ pɛkpɛndaɣ nɛ palakɩ amʊʊza ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kɛɛrɩ yɔ ndʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ natʊlɛ ndʊ. Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ wɛ Niili Pɔɔ ka-ɖɩyasɩyɛ cɔlɔ, lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Mareyotisi yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ Farɔsɩ yɔ tɩ-hɛkʊbtaa. Alɛkɩsandrii maalika ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Abdel Fattah Saïd Hussein Khalil al-Sissi.


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Prɔmɛtɩyɔm
Prɔmɛtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 61 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pm. Ɛ nɛ tɛkɩnɩsɩyɔm, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ taa nɔyʊ mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ pɩsɩmʊtɩ, mba pɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbele naa. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ cazʊ cazʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna prométhée, pɩkɛ krɛkɩ pɔpɔtʊ tɔm kɩɖalatʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ pɔtɔŋ se tɩmɩla miŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ naa cɔlɔ. Paalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩtasɩna mʊntʊsɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ cɛkasɩ tɔʊʊ yɔɔ. Palaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku pɩyʊ kɛ Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Powers nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ palabɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ sɛzɩyʊ ɖeɖe.
Bohuslav Brauner kaayɔɔda prɔmɩtɩyɔm wɛʊ tɔm ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1902. Ɛlakaɣa tʊmɩyɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa yɔɔ se ɛpazɩ ɛtɩlɩ tɩ-wɛtʊ piŋ lɛ, ɛna tʊkaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ samarɩyɔm hɛkʊ taa kakɩlɩ lantanɩdɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba paañɔtɩna kpɛyɛ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ ɖoziye tɔm ndʊ Henry Moseley tasɩ sazʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1914, ɛnʊ weyi pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛna se pʊtʊ nɔyʊ taafɛyɩna ñʊʊ mayaɣ 61.
Posusa kajalaɣ natʊ takayaɣ lɛ Italii ɛyaa labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mba yɔ Luigi Rolla nɛ Florence Fernande tɛ Lorenzo. Ɛtɛma tʊʊ tɩdɩm ñɩmɩŋ lɩm mbʊ kɩkɛ Preesiili tɛ monasiti yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmpɩyɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛna lɩm nabʊyʊ pɩ-taa nɛ samarɩyɔm. Lɩm mbʊ pɩcɛlɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛŋga X ŋga kɛkɛ samarɩyɔm ñɩŋa nɛ 61 pʊtʊ yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ pʊɖʊ hɩɖɛ pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ lɛ, paya pʊtʊ 61 ɛnʊ se flɔrɛnsɩyɔm. Ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1926 wɛɛ taa lɛ, lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nabayɛ kɛ Illinois sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Urbana-Champaign tɛtʊ taa yɔ, Smith Hopkins nɛ Len Yntema posusi pʊtʊ 61 natʊ tɔm. Paya-ɩ se ɩlɩnɩyɔm pɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔɔ.


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Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm
Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 40 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Zr. Martin Heinrich Klaproth ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, sɩrɩkoŋ taa ɛlɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1789 ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1824 Jöns Jacob Berzelius pɩza ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ keeke eyeke nɛ ɛwɛ Stockholm ñɩɣlɩm Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɛzɩɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka nɛ tɩtanɩ nɛ hafɩnɩyɔm pɛkpɛnda pɛwɛɛ Ivb loka taa kɛ pʊtʊna caɣyɛ kpata taa yɔ. Ɛdɔ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ tam nabutozo kwivri.
Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna sɩrkɔŋ, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pakp-ɖɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palɩza-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ ɛlɩna Caama tʊ cɔlɔ Zirkon pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm lɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Abraham Gottlob Werner luba pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Martin Heinrich Klaproth kaɣ ɖanɩɣ maɣzɩɣ se ɛkpaɣ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Caama tɔmpiye nɖɩ pama-ɖɩ caɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ nɛ pɔtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩlɩna arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se zarkûn, ŋgʊ ɖɩɖɩ lɩna pɛrɩsanɩ zargûn nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ sika sɛmɩŋ.
Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna pʊzɩtʊ mbʊ lɛ palakɩna sɩrkɔɩyɔm wɛɛ wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɖenɖe palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊzʊʊ wondu yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wonuu keeke ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pataɣ-ɩ ñamasɩɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Lɔŋ tasɩɣ wɩlɩɣ se pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ eliɣ yaa efezi sɩrkɔnɩyɔm, yaa ɛ-lɩm nabʊyʊ etukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ. Pamaza kpɩna lɛ yee efeziɣ helim mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɔyɔ, pʊkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ ɛ-hʊzʊŋ hokasi halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna ɛzɩ hʊzɔŋ huu yɔ, ɛtɛzɩɣ huluu yɔ, nɛ ɛsʊʊ hɩlɩm taa. Kedeŋga kpeekpe sɔtʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna takayaɣ heyuu-ɖʊ se ɖiyele mʊzʊʊ mɩzɩɣ, miŋ ñaɣzɩɣ, kpim kpim nazʊʊ, nɛ mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa yɔ posuu pe-nesi tokonaa, papa ɛsɛ ñɩlɩŋ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɔtɔɔ, pɔñɔɔ yaa pɔñɔɔ sɩka alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm ɖeɖe yɔ.


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Nizɛɛrɩ Pɔɔ
Nizɛɛrɩ Pɔɔ kɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɔɔ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ nɛ pɔsɩ lɛɛsɩ kɔyɔ, kɩkɛ naatozo ŋga. Ŋga tɩŋgʊna Niili Pɔɔ nɛ Koŋgo Pɔɔ wayɩ ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa. Nizɛɛrɩɩ Pɔɔ ŋga kapaazɩɣna Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ. Peeɖe kʊyɩ cɛlɛɛmɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 800 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Loma pʋŋ yɔ, peeɖe kapaazɩɣna. Katɩŋŋʊna Sahara nɛ pɔkɔɔ katalɩ Atɩlantiki teŋgu taa, Naajeeriya hɔɔlʊʋ taa. Nizɛɛrɩ Pɔɔ ŋga, katɩŋgʊ ajɛya looɖo nɛ kayaɣ-kɛ nɛ ajɛya naalɛ hɩlɑ.
Ɖenɖe tɔmpiye Nizɛɛrɩ lɩnaa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖenɖe kɛwɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm ndʊ pɔyɔɔdɩ kɔ-yɔɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-lɩŋgamɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lemesi nzɩ kɩcɔlʊʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ kɩ-lɩm falʊʊ tɩ-taa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖenɖe kɩ-lɩm lɩɣna yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖenɖe kɩ-lɩm falʊʊ teŋgu taa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kewiyaɣ cɔŋna kɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ mbʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kondolokonaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Wiyaʋ Fahd tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Pamakoo tɛtʋ, Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Martyrs tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Pamakoo tɛtʋ, Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Taabalɩtʋ sino-malienne tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Pamakoo tɛtʋ, Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Barrage à Markala tɛtʋ, Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Wabaria tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Gao tɛtʋ, Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Kennedy tɛ kɔndɔlɩkɛ, Niamey tɛtʋ, Nizɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Taabalɩtʋ sino-nigerienne, Niamey tɛtʋ, Nizɛɛrɩ ɛjadɛ taa. Pamaɣ-kʋ 2012.
- Gaya Malanville tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Nizɛɛrɩ nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa.
- Barrage Kainji, Naajeeriya ejaɖɛ taa.
- Onitsha tɛ kɔndɔlɩkʋ, Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Ɖama tɛyʊʊ you (Guerre de Sécession)
Ɖama tɛyʊʊ you (pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ se Amerika ɛjaɖɛ pɩya hɛkʊ taa you nɛ paya-kʊ se ɖama tɛyʊʊ yaa tɩ lɩzʊʊ yaa tɩ yasʊʊ tɛ you. You ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Etaazuunii canaʊ tɔm taa. Pɩkɛ you ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Hayi ɛyaa nɛ Hadɛ ñɩma pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖooo canaʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩnaɣɔ ɖɩ-tɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ. Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ you wayi lɛ, Etaazuunii la ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖama nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza paɣtʊ hɔɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ, nɛ pala paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɛ lɩmaɣza yee paa a-taatalɩɣ kɔyɔ.
Paɣtʊ takayaɣ ŋga kaapɩzɩ kaha paɣtʊ lambuu yaa se kɔcɔna tadɩyɛ tʊma yɔɔ kɛ Ajɛyɛ Kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa. Pɩkɛ tabalɩyɛ kɛ Ajɛyɛ 13 wena aɖʊ ñʊŋ yɔ, pama-tʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ se paɖaŋ nɛ patɩ yɔɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mbʊ se palʊbɩna Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1787 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, nɩnaaʊ ajɛyɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ taafɛyɩ ɖoŋ mbʊ lɛ, pʊkɔna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ ta pɩtɩŋna Virginie nɛ Maryland hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ lɩɩ nɛ ɖɩtasɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa tɔm. Ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ paapɔza-ɖɩ yɔɔ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ lɛ, se ɖɩkaɣ ɖanɩɣ maʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga kakaɣ kɛʊ Amerika tɛ Etaazuunii paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ se pɩha nɔmɔʊ nɛ paɖɩzɩ yomtu nɛ paha paa Amerika pɩɣa ŋga kɩmaŋ waɖɛ ɛlɛ, Ajɛyɛ wena awɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ aatisuu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ aawɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ñɩm pɩtɩŋna tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊyɔɔ nɛ pekizi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Ɖama yasʊʊ you kɛ Etaazuunii tɛ Hayi kiŋ taa ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa hɔmtʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ yɔɔ se tʊma sɔsɔna ñɩm lakɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ liidiye nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ tɛ samaɣ lɛ, pasɩma kaka nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgʊ kʊñɔ taba tadɩyɛ yɔ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, yɔlɩtʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna cuuŋ kɔyɔ lɩmaɣza ana a-yɔɔ you ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza kajalaɣ ɖeɖe.
Piyile yomtu ɖɩzʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ wɛ poliŋ se pɔtɔ se a-yɔɔ. Ɖɩgbaɣ anasaayɩ cejewa miiliyɔɔ naa 1,8 kɔyɔ, hadɛ yɔɔ cejewa wena awɛna yoma yɔ akɛʊ 380000. Abraham Lincoln lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ se paɖaŋ tɛyʊʊ you ŋgʊ Hadɛ (mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩkɛ kewiyaɣ keeke pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ) nɛ pañazɩ nɛ pasɩ hayi yɔɔ tʊma sɔsɔna laɣsɩ.
Paaɖɩzaɣ yomtu Hayi yɔɔ Ajɛyɛ taa nɛ papazɩɣ kpaagba mbʊ kɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ. Ajɛyɛ ana a-taa kaawɛ nesi tɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ kaakʊ kaawɛ camɩyɛ. Hayi yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kaakɛ mba pohuzuu pa-ñɩm yɔɔ nɛ palakɩ pa-taa pe-ɖeke tadɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛna kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ.
Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛyaa lakaɣ tadɩyɛ paale nɛ paha ɛsɛ nɛ Erɔpʊ kedeŋga yɔɔ kiŋ pɩkɩlɩna yɔlɩtʊ nɛ wonduu yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ naa. Ɛyaa pɛwɛna Erɔpʊ tɛ sɔnzɩ lɩmaɣza pe-fetenum xɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ. Sakɩyɛ taa hadɛ ɛyaa (mba paawɛ lakɩŋ taa) yɔ, lɩmaɣza taa kaawɛ se paɖaŋ pɛ-tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patasɔɔlɩ hayi yɔɔ ɛyaa ɛsʊ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Peine capitale
Kʊñɔŋ sɩm yaa kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ, pɩkɛ kʊñɔŋ ŋgʊ paɣtʊ maɣmaɣ ɖʊwa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛna se pakʊ ɛyʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ se ɛlaba kɩdɛkɛdɩm sɔsɔm yɔ. Tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ tɩlɩna tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ takayaɣ taa. Yee takayaɣ nakayɛ ɛfɛyɩ yaa paasɩŋ nakayɛ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se pakʊ-ɩ kɛlɛʊ yaa pana kʊtʊ yaa tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ hʊtʊ. Kʊñɔŋ sɩm lɩna alɩwaatʊ yaa wɛɛ yaa lone cɔloɔ.
Pama-tʊ ajɛyɛ 93 paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa nɛ pasɩm-tʊ, ɛlɛ ajɛyɛ 192 kedeŋga kpeekpe lɛ, ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ ñakpaɣ kʊtʊ pɩnaɣ 2014. Pɩkɛ nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔm mbʊ pasɩma paa aŋgba ɛzɩ ONU etisi kɔyɔ yaa Erɔpʊ paɣtʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ. Ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ lʊba se paɖɩzɩ tɔm ndʊ lɛlɛyɔ wɛɛ taa ɛlɛ awɛɛ ŋñɩɩ kedeŋga taa. Ajɛyɛ ana a-taa lɛ, naalɛ yeke koŋ lakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Sapɔŋ nɛ Etaazuunii.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe ɛsɩnda, saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 2007, ONU paɣtʊ lɩzɩyakpeekpe hiɣ kɔyɛ hayʊ ajɛyɛ 62/149 tisi nɛ pama takayaɣ nɛ paɖʊ alɩwaatʊ kpaagba ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ yɔɔ kʊñɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩsɩna yɔ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa. Lɩmaɣza ana ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɛna wena ONU katɛma labʊ yɔ tapazɩ akɩlɩ wɛnaʊ wazaɣ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tisa yɔ pɩlabʊ se paɖɩzɩɣ-tʊ. Kpɛlɩ lɛ, ajɛyɛ hiu wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ akʊyɩ se cam tɔm ndʊ tɩlakɩ. Kɛlɛ paɖanɩ lɛzɩɣ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 2014.
Pɩtɩŋna kiɖe tɛ tɔm naa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, maɣzɩm mbʊ pɩtɛ ɖɩzʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1757 Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pahɩza nɛ pamakɩ Robert François Damiens se pʊcɔ pakʊ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛca tɔm Louis 15. Ɛlɛ keeke lɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ pʊɖʊzɩna Cesar Beccaria tʊma susuu alɩwaatʊ, wena a-taa ɛtɔŋ se wɛɖɔyɛ nɛ kʊñɔŋ (pɩnaɣ 1764) ɛtɔŋ se kʊñɔŋ kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩka wazaɣ.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Amnesty laba lɩmaɣza nɛ ɖɩñɩŋɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩɖʊ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa kʊñɔŋ kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩ tɔm. Etaazuunii ɛjɑɖɛ taa lɛ, paɖʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩsɩna yɔ, tɩpaɣzɩ pɩnaɣ 1967 nɛ tɩtɛ pɩnaɣ 1977, pɩnaɣ ŋga pɔtɔ malɩfa Gary Gilmore Utah. Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, kewiyaɣ ɖɩzɩ tɔm ndʊ ɖooo hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1976 wɛɛ ɖɔyɛ tɩŋa yɔɔ nɛ pɩkazɩ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ sɔɔjanaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa.


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Liibaŋ
Liibaŋ kɛna Prosɩ-Oriaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Liibaŋ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siirii ɛjɑɖɛ wɛna nɛ kilomɛtanaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 376 yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kilomɛtanaa 79.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ bassin levantiŋ pɔlɔkʊ yaa fɛɛʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 220 kɛ pɩmaɣnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Beyiiruti. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ arabe; fransɩ ñatatasɩ kɛʊ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ siŋŋŋ kɛ peeɖe, kɩcadaa. Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ libaŋ pɔɔyaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1926 taa kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖʊ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ minisiriwaa kediizaɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ yɔɔdɩɣ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛkɛna krɩstʊ-tʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna-ɩ nɛ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo ɛlɩzɩna-ɩ; ɛlɛkɩ pɩnzɩ looɖo. Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 2014, Liibaŋ tatɩɩlɩzɩta ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.


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Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Amarika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ nutozo (8) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1935 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Tupelo tɛtʋ taa Mississippi egeetiye taa.
Ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1977 ñɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Elvis AAaron Presley pakʋma hɩɖɛ se «The King». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ Wiyaʋ. Ɛmʋ samtʋ nima ndɩ ndɩ minziki mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Rock and roll sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa tɩŋa. Kpaɖʋʋ hiu (10) ñɩŋgʋ taa Ɖajaa Elvis kɛkɛŋna hendu teyu kɩkpaɖʋ. Ɖajaa hendu teu Elvis Presley ɛnɛ, pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, ɛpɛdɩ hendu tatasɩ sɩtalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛlaba tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa mba pa-taa yɔ, patalɩɣ hiŋ nadazo nɛ kʋɖʋm (31).
Ɛlaba ɖama nɩnaʋ kedizasi nzɩ yɔ, sɩɖɔ siŋŋ. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛlaba nzɩ yɔ sɩtalɩɣ 1156 mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlaba-sɩ egeetiye 525 ñɩnɖɛ taa. Egeetiye nɖɩɩ payaɣ size Las Vegas. Hendu teyu ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ hendu teu maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ weyi ɛlɛyɩ labʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pana-ɖɩ poliŋ taa yɔ.
Pɩɩkɛ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1973 ñɩŋga taa Hawaï egeetiye taa.
Hendu teyu sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛɛkɛ ñɩm tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kpem. Ɛsɩba nɛ pewili e-liidiye kozaɣ taa lɛ, e-liidiye kpɛndɩ tɔɔlaarɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa 150 mbʋ yɔ.


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Tɛʋ
Tɛʋ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ tɛ pʋyʋ, ɛyʋ talɩzɩna yaa tolubina-kʋ. Tɛʋ lɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ kitiki tataa ɖoyi ɖoyi. Tɛʋ ɛyʋ kɩlɩɣ naʋ nɛ ɛza keɣlee mbʋ pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ pitiki yɔ pɩ-taa. Tɛʋ kɩlɩnɩ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ lɩm yɔɔ lɛ, lɩm ḿbʋ, pɩpɩsɩ fefeku nɛ pɩɖaɣnɩ kpaʋ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ mɩndʋ taa. Mɩndʋ ńdʋ, tiniɣdi kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Heelim makɩ lɛ, fefeku ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔmpe nɛ kɩcɔʋ mɩndʋ taa kpɛɛɛ kpɛɛɛ. Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ mɩndʋ ńdʋ siŋŋ lɛ, ɖɔmpe ana, ayoli nɛ atɔlʋʋ tataa nɛ payaɣ se tɛʋ. Tɛŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ esoŋa kpaŋŋ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, ɛ́lɛ niɣdi ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna wɩsɩ n̄aɣʋ nɛ mɩndʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Yee mɩndʋ ɛcɔɔ nɛ tɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ weyi eniɣdaa yɔ ɛ-taa yɔ, ɖɔmpe wena atiki yɔ, aniɣdiɣ ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, yee wɩsɩ ɛn̄aɣa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ niikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔɔ yɔ, tɛʋ ŋgʋ kitiki yɔ, kɩ-taa wɛɣ kakuu.


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Ɖama lɩɣʊ
Ɖama lɩɣʊ wɛnaʊ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ René Girard laba ɛ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɖɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ, tɩzɩnaʊ (yee pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa), se pɩsa nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlaba ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ taa), ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ mbʊ. Palɩzɩ sukuli nakʊyʊ koŋ nɛ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɛzɩma patɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ ndɩ yɔ politiki, tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ taa.
Ɖama lɩɣʊ pɩkɛ lʊlʊʊ pɩyʊ, Aristote kaatɛma pʊ-tɔm yɔɔdʊʊ. Ɛyʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ kpɩna lɛɛna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Freud cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ kuɖum tɛ lɛ liu wɛʊ kɛna mbʊ keekee pɩwɛ ɖooo paama-ɩ yɔ taa.
Ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naa sakɩyɛ lɩɣ pɩcɛlɩna ɖama lɩɣʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ liu wɛʊ tɛ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yiɣduu natʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩlɩna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ, mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa yɔ, mbʊ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣza pɔyɩ-ɩ yɔ ndʊ Anthony Wilden na tɔm ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.
Ɛpaza ɛñɩɣ niiye ɛ-takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa, René Girard tɔm mɔntɔŋ mbʊ yɔ, takayaɣ ŋga yɔ Un allumé qui se prend pour un phare (Kimé 2010), Fransɩɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa René Pommier yɔɔdʊʊ lɩɣʊ wɛʊ tɔm ɛzɩ pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊcɔɖʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ kɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ ekizuu René Girard lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɖɩ yɔɔ Don Juan yaa Don Quichotte paañɩwa yɔ.


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Caanaʊ (Antiquité)
Caanaʊ kɛ tɔm kɩpɩndʊ alɩwaatʊ. Pɩtɩŋna matʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ yɔɔ kɛ caanaʊ tɔm lɛɛzɩ pʊcɔ caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kɩbɩnjazɩ alɩwaatʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ taawɛna matʊ ɛlɛ pama-tʊ ɛyaa nabayɛ tɛ takayaasɩ taa. Paɖʊ-tʊ ɛsɩndaa ɖeɖe tɔm taa.
Pɩkpaɣna ɖooo pʊcɔ caanaʊ tɔm ŋkɔɔ ntalɩ caanaʊ maɣmaɣ tɛ tɔm alɩwaatʊ kɛ wɛɣɛ sakɩyɛ lɩwa nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛwɛ pʊcɔ pʊtɔma Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ yaa pʊtɔma Ɖeɖe ɖeɖe alɩwaatʊ pɩlɩna ɛsakuluye cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna kɩyaakɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩnŋa kedeŋga ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa antiquus nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩbɩndʊ yaa caanaʊ.
Erɔpʊ tɛ ɖeɖe tɔm tɛ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se caanaʊ lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ pɩkɛ matʊ ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ Mɛdɩtɛranɩ teŋguu nɔ yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ kpaɣ pʊcɔ ɖeɖe tɔm alɩwaatʊ wayi nɛ pʊcɔ ndalɩ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛkɩyaa nee mʊyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ paɣzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ naanza cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu-Chrɩstʊ (Pɩnzɩ 3500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-C, 3000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-C) pɩnɛ matʊ lʊbɩtʊ Mésopotamie nɛ Egipiti ajɛyɛ taa. Alɩwaatʊ tɩtɛma pɩtɩŋna tuda tɛ sʊʊ kɛ Azii nɛ Erɔpʊ tɛ hɔŋ taa kpaɣɖʊ 5 cɔlɔ (300 nɛ 600 pɩnzɩ taa).
Amerika ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda caanaʊ tɔm nɛ pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kɩpaɣzɩna pɩnzɩ 1200 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩzɩɣ matʊ kɩwɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɩmaɣza mɛfɛyɩ nɩɣʊ waa pɩlɩna Olmèque cɔlɔ nɛ tɩtɛ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ paɣzɩ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna Erɔpʊ mba tɛ talɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋ kpaagba Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ (Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ fɛyɩ).
Azii pɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, wɛɣɛ a-naa atɛma kpam pɩnzɩ -200, pɩnɛ Qin kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga katʊlɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ Chola kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Paɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ ndɩ ɖɩkpɛlɛkʊʊ kɩbɩndʊʊ ɛsakuliye kɛ Caanaʊ kɩbɩnɩɣʊ tɔm, ŋgʊ kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛsɩnda ɖeɖe tɔm yɔ.


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Ɖoŋaɣ
Ɖoŋaɣ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kuluŋgulu yɔ. Nabɛyɛ yaɣ se ɖoŋaɣ, lɛlaa ñayaa se loŋaɣ. Ɖoŋaɣ wɛ kpeɖe tɩyɛ. Paasakɩ paa tɩʋ ŋgʋ ɖoŋaɣ. Tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ kooŋ nɛ ɛnʋʋ pasakɩna ɖoŋanzɩ. Paapaŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʋʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ heu tɔnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. Paapaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pʋnʋ kɩbɩnʋ tɔnʋʋ papaŋna ɖoŋaɣ.
Ɛzɩma papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ ?
Pakʋʋ pʋnʋ nɛ peliti ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pakaŋ tɔnʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ teluu nɛ pɩla kpɩtaŋ cabɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ. Pɔ-tɔbʋʋ se peyeki-kʋ nɛ kɩwɩlɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ papamna-kʋ nɛ ɖoŋaɣ yaa suye. Palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ teluu yɔɔ lɛ, paɖʋ-kʋ lɩm taa alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ cabɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ pɔhɔɔ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ lɛfɩɩɩ. Yee pɔtɔyɔ-kʋ nɛ kʋhʋʋ camɩyɛ yɔ, papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ lɛ, kaawiɣ ɖeu. Ɛlɛ, yee pɔhɔɔ pʋnʋ tɔnʋʋ nɛ kɩkpɩzɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, pʋbʋ papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, kewiɣ camɩyɛ.
Kpɩna naayɛ tɔnɩŋ pɔhɔɔʋ nɛ akpɩzɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛhɛɛ-ɩ pɩŋgaɣ pɩlɩŋgaɣ nɛ palʋʋ nimasɩ lɩɩɩ lɩɩɩ nɛ papamna ɖoŋaɣ. Ɛlɛ, pʋcɔ papa ɖoŋaɣ lɛ, paɖʋʋ ka-taa sɔnzɩ wondu natʋyʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Halɩ nabɛyɛ ɖʋ ka-taa liidiye pɔɔyaɣ nakɛyɛ.
Ɖoŋaɣ kɛ sɔnzɩ labʋ wonuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ atɛ wonaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔnzɩ wonuu kaɖɛ ñɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paamakɩ-kɛ lona tɩŋa taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ke-witu ɖɔɔnʋʋ agɔlɩma naayɛ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pɩha waɖɛ se pama ɖoŋaɣ yɔ, yee pamakɩ so nɛ kɛfɛyɩ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ, piiseetiɣ payaa ɖeu. Pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, so lakɩ leleŋ camɩyɛ, piseetiɣ paa weyi se ɛpaa.
Ɖoŋanzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kabɩyɛ ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ wɛɛ. Kaka wɛna ɛzɩ kpeɖe yɔ. Kɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩ teɖe. Kutokoli ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kaka hɛkʋ taa tɛtɛyɩ teɖe. Kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kabɩyɛ sɔɔyɛ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kpoluu yɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ papaŋ tɔnʋʋ.


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Fenezuyeelaa
Fenezuyeelaa kɛna Amerika nɛ ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ. Payaʊ se Fenezuyelaa yɔ, hɩɖɛ kɛ paɖʊ sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Simón Bolívar yɔ, nɛ pɩlɩna ɛtʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ lɛ, Antiiyi tɛ teŋgu wɛna nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kuyeenaa ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Pireezili yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele nɛ Kolɔmbii ñɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Karakasɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se karazim yɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pamaɣzɩ-pʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ paariiliwaa 297 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ Fenezuyeelaa kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ karazɩm yɔ.
Fenezuyeelaa wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖi payaɣ se ALBA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 2004 taa.


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Kiyɛɛvɩ
Kiyɛɛvi kɛna Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 83 900 yaa 839 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 868 703 nɛ yee pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ɛyaa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa 3 419 wɛʊna kilomɛta agba taa (ɛyaa 3 419 /km2). Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛpɔɔ ŋga payaɣkɛ se Tiniipro yɔ kɔcɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Atɛnɩ (Krɛsɩ), Pratisilava (Silovaki), Prukisɛɛlɩ (Pɛɛlɩzik), Pudapɛstɩ (Hɔŋgrii), Sikaagoo (Etaazunii), Farsoovii nɛ Krakpovii (Polɔɔñɩ), Edimburi (Ekɔsɩ), Hɛlɩsinki (Fɛɛlandɩ), Kiyoto (Sapɔŋ), Leipzigi nɛ Muunisi (Caama), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Ruusii), Minski (Piyoloruusii), Odansɩ (Tanɩmarkɩ), Paarii nɛ Tuluusi (Fransɩɩ), Pretoriya (Afrika hadɛ kiŋ), Riigaa (Letoni) Room nɛ Floransɩ (Italii), Sofiya (Pulgaarii), Stɔkhɔlm (Suyɛɖɩ), Taliŋ (Ɛsitoonii), Toronto (Kanadaa), Fɩyɛɛnɩ (Otriisi), Filniyusi (Lituyanii) Erevaŋ (Armenii), Almatii (Kazakistaŋ).


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Jean-Paul 2
Karol Józef Wojtyła (pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se ˈka.ɾɔl ˈju.zef vɔi̯.ˈtɨ.wa) Wadowice, pʊñɔtɩna Cracovie Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1920 agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 Fatiikaŋ, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 2005, ɛkɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ cɔjɔ layʊ, ɛkɛ episikɔpʊ, pʊwayɩ yɔ ɛpɩsɩ cɔjɔ kpaŋgbamʊ Cracovie tɛtʊ taa, ɛkɛ cɔjɔ toko kɩsɛmʊʊ tʊ, palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ katoliki cejewiye tɛ papa aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1978 kɛlɛ paya-ɩ Jean-Paul 2 tʊ (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Ioannes Paulus II, Itaalii taa Giovanni Paolo II, Polonɛɛ taa lɛ, Jan Paweł II). Katoliki ɛyaa ya-ɩ Jean-Paul 2 Kiɖeɖeu ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-ɩ kiɖeɖema taa yɔ.
Ɛkɛ sukuli laɖʊ Pɔlɔɔñɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlʊʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛlakɩ amʊʊza eyaa mba pataasɔɔlɩ Caama ñɩma tɔm taa, wayi yɔ ɛsʊ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ fata naa pɩlʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1942. Pakpa-ɩ cɔjɔtʊ pɩnaɣ 1946, lɛ ɛtɛma labʊ sukuli Room nɛ Fransɩɩ, ɛkɛ cɔjɔ layʊ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kpɛndɛ ñɩm tɩnaa tɛ pɩnaɣ 1948 kɛ evebiyaa cɔlɔ. Ɛtɛma maʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔm kɩcɔɔlɩtʊ takayaɣ pɩcɛlɩna sɔɔlɩm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ hɔʊ taa sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ lɛ, cɔjɔ toko kɩsɛmʊʊ tʊ Saapieha ya-ɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Ɛpɩsɩ pɩnaɣ 1958 episikɔpʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kɛʊ pɩɣa yɔ Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛwɛ Fatiikaŋ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, ɛsɩma kʊnʊmɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ sɔsɔ nɔɔ taa tɔm ɖɛzɩyʊ episikɔpʊ pɩlʊʊ taa Pɔlɔɔñɩ, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛsɩnda Paul 6 tʊ tɩlɩ-ɩ piŋ. Ɛpɩsɩ cɔjɔ kpaŋgbamʊʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɔjɔ toko kɩsɛmʊʊ tʊ mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1968 (evebupɩɣa yem), ɛkandɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma tɩnaa yɔɔ kpɛndɛ ñɩm tɩnaa tɛ, ɛkandɩ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛ-tɛ cɔjɔtʊ ɖoŋ (pɩnzɩ 26, fenasɩ 5 nɛ kɩyakɩŋ 18) kɛ kpaɣ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa naatozo ndʊ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa katoliki ɛyaa tɛ sɩɩna Pierre kiɖeɖeu nɛ Pie 9 tʊ. E-kewiyitu alɩwaatʊ taa ewoba ajɛyɛ 129 taa, ɛyaa mba patɩlɩ yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa 500, ɛlaba kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sakɩyɛ, ɛɖʊ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa ɛyaa 1340, ɛpɩsɩ ɛyaa 483 kiɖeɖema.


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Iyowa
Iyowa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Hayu kiŋ Minesootaa, Wiskɔnsɛɛ; wisi ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ilnuwaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Misuurii; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Nebraska nɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Iyowa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Des Moines nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pamaza Iyowa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 145 743 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 144 708 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 035 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,71 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 29 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 ŋkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 090 416 yɔ.
Payaɣ Iyowa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Kim Reynolds (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Chuck Grassley (R), Joni Ernst (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Kulukulu kuduyuu (Tour)
Kulukulu kuduyuu kɛ sakɩyɛ n̄aɖaɣna yaʋ yaa ha hɩɖɛ size tilimiye yaa tɔlʋʋ kuduyuu. Tilimiye yaa kulukulu kuduyuu kɛna kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋyɩ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɩkɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩɖaɣla siŋŋ yɔ. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamaɣzɩ-kʋ yaa pɛkɛdɩ-kʋ nɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ payaɣna-kʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "échauguette" yɔ.
Tilimiye kuduyuu yaa kulukulu kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩɖaɣla pɩkɩlɩ kɩwalanzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size pama-kʋ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ kɩtatii walʋʋ kpoyii. Tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ ɛnɛ papaza ɛmatʋʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yaa ɖoo ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkɛ kuduyuŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ nɛ pɔcɔ canaɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ tɔm talɩʋʋ.
Ɖɩcɔnaɣ yaa ɖɩmaɣzʋʋ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size, kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔ kɩbɩŋ weyi halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɔɖɔnɩ-ɩ maʋ yɔ, sakɩyɛ taɣ wɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size, "brochs" waa yɔ. Pɩtɛ kuduyuŋ matʋ ndʋ, pama-tʋ n̄ɩɣtʋ pɩnaɣ yaa wɛɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ taŋga (25 000) n̄ɩŋga nɛ kudokiŋ naadozo (3 000) n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔʋ kɩpɩŋ ɛnɛ, pana-ɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Écosse nɛ ɖi-hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ ajɛɛ cikpena wena paya alɛ size Orcades yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖoo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ yaa canaʋ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, ajɛɛ anɛɛ yɔ Azii ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ pɩtasɩna Phéniciens ɛjaɖɛ mba nɛ Étrusques ɛjaɖɛ taa mba, mawaa kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ pɔsɔzɩ yaa patasɩ ɖoŋ kɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ (villes) taa kolonzɩ yaa kamanaŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ.
Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ wondu lona kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, ɖɩnaɣyɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size "Mogador" yɔ tɩ-taa. Wondu ndʋ tɩ-pɩnzɩ ɖɔɔ siŋŋ yaa leɖa siŋŋ, mbʋ yɔ tɩkɛ kɔɔnaɣ yaa kajalaɣ kpaɖʋ taa nɛ ɖɛŋgʋ kʋnɛ kɩtalʋʋ. Wondu ndʋ, tɩɖɩlɩyɛ kiɖe yaa loniye kɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size phénicienne yaa carthaginoise ɖɩ-taa. Ɖomuu yaa Roma mba maa tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ nɛ ɛwɛʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaʋ size kʋlɔmɩŋ lutoozo tʋ tɩyɛ yɔ (octogonales). Pɩtɛ kuduyuŋ kɛ wɛɛ awiyaa ɖɩsɩ yɔ. Pama sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ pɛtɛ nɛ paya-kʋ size Dioclétien tɛ ɖaɣ.


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Ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Guggenheim
Bilbao tɛ ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Guggenheim kɛ payana anasaayɩ taa size musée Guggenheim de Bilbao Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Bilbao n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna keɖeyaɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pama-kʋ nɛ sɔnɔ lɛɣtʋ nɛ lɔŋ pa-matʋ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Keɖeyaɣ wondu kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ Bilbao tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa. Patʋlaɣ kʋ-nɔnɔsɩ pɩnaɣ 1997 ñɩŋga taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ kuduyiŋ naanza ɖeke kɩlɩna-kʋ kɛɖewa. Ɖajaa Solomon R. Guggenheim mana-kʋ.
Matʋ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ yɔɔ patɩŋnaa nɛ pama kuduyuu ŋ́gʋ. Ɖajaa Frank Gehry lɩzɩna kɩ-kɩlɛmʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pama-kʋ. Ɛ-lɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tiyebina nɛ, ɛ-hɖɛ sɛɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ paha-ɩ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ maʋ kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʋʋ samtʋ nimiye.
Keɖeyaɣ wondu kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pakɩlɩ sɩm kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kɩkɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pama-kʋ yɔ.


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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping yaa Teng Hiao-Ping yaa Teng Hsiao-Ping kaakɛŋna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa: dama nɩnaʊ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ mayʊ sɔsɔ. Palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1904 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 1997.
Ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ: ɛɛkɛ Siini taa weyi ɛcɔŋna sɔɔjana yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ñʊʊtʊ kpaɣ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1983 nɛ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ frnaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1990; pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa lɔnsɩnɖa yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ; pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩkpɛndʊ ɖɩ-taa tɔm taa nɩya ñʊʊdʊ naatozo ñɩnʊ kpaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ litoozo pɩnɑɣ 1978 nɛ pɩsɩɩna mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1953. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛɛkɛna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ tɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1977 pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1980.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kpaɣna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1973 nɛ pɩsɩɩna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ lʊbɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1976 lɛ ɛɛkɛna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ tɛɛ-tʊ. Piyele salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1957 nɛ lakɩŋ ñɩŋga pɩnaɣ 1967 ɛɛkɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa takayɩsɩ maya ŋgbɛyɛ taa takayaɣ mayʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ. Ɛyɔɔda tɔm pee naayɩ nɛ acaɣ ɛyaa ñʊntaa, a-taa kɔyɔ se:
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Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ
Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ pɩkɛ sacrɩmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ-kʊ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛdaɣnɩ pazʊʊ fezuu caɣʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔ, Krɩstʊ tɩŋʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Paa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛɛ peeɖe, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paa Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ ŋga pɔyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm ka-taa nɛ pañɩɣ niiye tʊ-tyɔɔ piŋ. Lɩm mbʊ papɩyɩɣ-pʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɛ mbʊ hɩzɩnana kajalaɣ kʊwɛkɩm nɛ pɩɖanɩɣ ɛyʊ kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam taa kɛ wezuu kɩfalʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa nɛ matɛŋ matɛŋ taa.
Krɩstʊ mba kpeekpe sɩma ɖama nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ Yeesuu maɣmaɣ mʊ yɔrdaŋ pɔɔ taa Yohanɛsɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, pama-tʊ Mateu kiɖeɖeu takayaɣ. Ɛsɔ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ndʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ. Lɩm mɩɩsʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ ŋtiki lɩm taa pɩkpa pɩsɩna ñɛ-nɛmbɛla yaa pʊtɔma pelimsuu ña-tɩŋa mbilim. Lalaa payadʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩyadʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ papɩyʊʊ-pʊ ñe-kiɖe yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩcɛlɩna cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Katoliki taa lɛ papa pɩyɩɣ lɩm ɛyʊ kiɖe taa kɛlɛ limsuu tɔm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ. Cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ tɔŋ kɩ-tɩ se siɣsiɣ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ pe-limsuu ñatɩŋa mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ. Piyele pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛ papa ñalakɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ. Evangeliki mba tɛ lɛ limsuu paɣtʊ palakɩ. Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ kɛ sacrɛmɩdʊʊ lʊbɛ ndʊ tɩwɛ katoliki cejewiye taa yɔ tɛ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Lɩm sɔʊ mbʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛna yomiye naɖɩyɛ taa lɩɣ kɛ ɛyʊ, pɩkɛ eleuu ñɩŋkpasɩ taa lɩɣ, kʊwɛkɩm hɩzɩɣ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩsɩ Ɛsɔ pɩɣa.
Pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm lɛ ŋpɩsa Ɛsɔ cejewiye taa pɩɣa nɛ ŋpazɩɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm tʊmɩyɛ labʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ŋpazɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm suzuu. Mayaɣ ŋga Kacaɣʊʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɩm sɔʊ wiye yɔ pɩɩtasɩɣ-kɛ hɩzɩɣ wiiɖi kaʊ. Katoliki cejewiye taa ɛyaa tɔzʊʊ pɛ-tɛ lɩm sɔʊ yɔɔ paa paska alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa, nɛ yee cɛyɩtʊ kɩkpaɖɩtʊ natʊyʊ ɛtala tuda kɔyɔ pɩha waɖɛ paa anɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla pɩ-tɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛ cɛyɩtʊ taa.


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Pɩnzɩ hiu
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ. Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa.
Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ lɛ, paapaasʊʊ waasɩ kalʊʊ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ pɩlaba waasɩ naalɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩsa nɛ pakɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ tobi tobi ɛyʊ pɩnzɩ kɛ waasɩ taa lɛ, pakalʊʊ se akele wɛna waazɩ hiu yɔ yee ɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔ kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ papaa-ɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɛgbadayaa yaa ɛlaba sɔsɔ.


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Palɛstiinii
Palɛstiinii (Arabɩɩ: فلسطين; Hɛbra: מדינה פלסטינית) kɛna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paaya-ɖɩ ɖooo Hérodote aliwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩlɩɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Prɔsɩ Oriyaŋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Mediteraanee yɔ nɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna Yɔɔrɩdaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa; piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Sinayii tɛtʊ wɛna. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Hadr ien yɔ, ɛnʊ cɛlɩna-ɖɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ se ɛɖʊ kʊñɔŋ kɛ Yuuɖaa mba pɛtɛ wɛtʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kamasɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pɩtatʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kalilee egeetiye, Samarii nɛ Yuudee ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩzɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Fenesii nɛ Liibaŋ pʊʊ piyele hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Filistii nɛ Idumee tɛtʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Yɔrdaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Sɔnɔ taa yee pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ tɔm kɔyɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Izrɛɛlɩ tɔm, Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pʊ-tɔm, Kaazaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ Zɔɔrdaanii ɖoli ɖɔɖɔ, Liibaŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Koolaŋ pʊʊ.
Ɖooo lɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ pɛkɛdaɣna Kaanaɣ tɛtʊ, ɖenɖe pɛkɛdaɣ se Yeesu Krɩstʊ paaza ɛ-kacalaɣ hama lakasɩ labʊ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ ɖɛɖe yɔ, nɛ Isrɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Siirii hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛna krɩstʊ mba nɛ malɩŋ mba kɛ pɛ-tɛtʊ kiɖeɖɛtʊ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa Ajɛya kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SDN yɔ ɖɩɩkala ɛyaa lɛ, ɖɩɩna ɛyuaa 700 000 nɛ pa-taa lɛ Yuuɖaa mba kpɛnda ɛyaa 76 000. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1947 lɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩtasɩ ɛyaa kalʊʊtɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ pana malɩŋ ɛzɩ 1 200 000 yɔ nɛ Yuuɖaa mba ɛzɩ 600 000 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ Yuuɖaa mba kɛdɩɣ se Ɛsɔ ɖʊ tamaɣ se ɛkaɣ-wɛ tʊ cɛlʊʊ; nɛ tɩkɛna krɩstʊ mba tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetu nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna malɩŋ tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetu, peeɖe ciŋgili ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Al Aksaa yɔ kɩwɛ. Peeɖe pakɩlʊ ɛsɔ kʊɖʊm sɛʊ: Yuuɖaa mba, krɩstʊ mba nɛ malɩŋ aŋgba wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa panaɣ lona kiɖeɖena sɔsɔna ɛzɩ: Yeruzalɛm, Hebrɔɔ, Pɛtɩlɩhɛm, Safɛɛdɩ, Yerikoo, Hayifa, Karmɛlɩ pʊʊ, Akrɩ, Tiberalɩ kujomuu nɛ lona kiɖeɖena sɔsɔna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ.


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Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ, ɛzɩma awɛɛ nɛ alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, halɩ nɛ ɖooo ajɔɔla taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tomnaɣ kpeekpe.
Tɔmpiye hola lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ sʊ Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ piliŋa ŋga kɔcɔŋna fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna ñʊʊ taa maɣmaɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɩnda Nobel liidiye hɛyʊʊ tɩnaa David Hubel nɛ Torsten Wiesel.
Paa tɔmpiye ɖɩwɛɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ñʊʊ lɩna kpaagba nɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tomnaɣ pilinzi ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊma cɔlɔ kɛnɛ, pa-taa kɔyɔ André Vésale. Kɛlɛ pʊcɔ mbʊ lɛ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sakɩyɛ kaalaba tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ nɛ maɣzɩm pɛ-tɛ ɖama tamsɩnaʊ.
Yee pɛkpɛndɩna hɩɖɛ cɛjɛ kɛ Hippocrate fɛbɩtʊ taa kɔyɔ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ yɔ nana fɩtɩyɩm kɛɛyʊ lɩmaɣza taa, tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hola wondu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm nɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ pazɩna Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tʊma taa nɛ pɩtɩŋna Roma (Galien) ɖɔkɔtɔ matʊ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ arabɩ nɛ malɩŋ ɛyaa (Averroès), nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Descartes tʊma.
Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ papɩsɩ wɛɛ ana lɛɣtʊ yaa lɛɣtʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ wɛɛ kɛlɛ paɖʊ kondoloko nakʊyʊ kɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, pɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ kazʊwa yaa pɩ-kɩzɛsɩ pɛ-ɛsɩnda pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm mʊntʊsʊʊ wɛɛ taa.


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Gabriel Fauré
Palʊla Gabriel Fauré kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1845 kɛ Pamiye tɛtʊ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1924 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 79 kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Gabriel Fauré kɛ piyano maɖʊ, kuludaɣ ajɔɔlaɣ pee ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ. Ɛ-wɩlɩya kɔyɔ Saint-Saëns nɛ Gustave Lefèvre Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛkɛ hendu teyaa ñʊʊdʊ kɛ cɔɔcɩ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Madeleine yɔ kɩ-taa.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ paya-ɩ se ɛkɛ wendu lubu yaa tɩ-maʊ tɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ kɛ Paarii Tɔsʊʊ ɛtaalɛzɩ lɩmayɛ taa nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ pɩnzɩ 15 taa, 1905 nɛ 1920, ɛkɛ hɛkʊ taa sukuli nakʊyʊ ñʊʊdʊ. Ɛwɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba pɛkɛ wendu luɖa yaa tɩ-mayaa sɔsaa kɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 tɛnɖɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa yɔ. Gabriel Fauré caa kɛ payaɣ se Toussaint-Honoré Fauré nɛ ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ Pamiye tɛtʊ taa nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ wɩlɩya ñʊʊdʊ kɛ Mɔntɩgoozii tɛtʊ taa.
Piyele e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Marie-Antoinette-Hélène Lalène-Laprade. Halʊ kʊkʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ ɛɛwɛɛ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1854 ɛkʊya nɛ ewolo Paarii tɛtʊ taa se ɛpaɣzɩ ɖooo cɔlɩɩɩ wendu teu nɛ ɛsɔ wendu teu nɛ papɩsʊ ɛsɔ kpaaŋ taa yɔɔcɔnɩyaa, mba peɖiyu wendu teya lala yɔ nɛ mba pɛkpɛlɛkʊ-wɛ wendu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛlaba e-sukuli pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ ɛmʊ piyano mabʊ tɛ kacalaɣ nimiye nɛ wendu luɖaa tɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ wendu kalʊ nɛtɩ-ɖam taa mʊnaʊ tɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1870 taa kɛ ɛsʊ sɔɔjɛɛtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pruseñɩnɖɛ poyowaɣ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1871 taa ɛɖaɣna pɩsʊʊ Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ wendu lubu nɛ ti-teu kɛ Saint-Sulpice cɔcɩ kpaaŋ taa.


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Nɔɔ taa pɔʋ fuwa abalɩmayaɣ
Kabɩyɛ masɩ kpɛndɩ niidozo nɛ naanza (34). Sɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ masɩ nasɩyɛ se abalɩmasɩ nɛ lɛɛsɩ se halɩmasɩ. Abalɩmasɩ wɛ tindima ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna nɔɔ taa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛ-taa payaɣ sɩ-hɩla yɔ.
Ndoma tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p nɛ m. Abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ sɩsɩ se kela yɔɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : f nɛ v. Payaɣ lɛɛsɩ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔ pɔʋ fuwa taa abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : t, d, n, l nɛ ɖ.
Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛsɩ se nɔɔ kolaɣ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : c, j, ñ nɛ y. Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nasɩyɛ se nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : k, g nɛ ŋ. Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ nakɛyɩ se nɔɔ wiluu nɔɔnɔɔ kʋsʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ. Ŋgaa lɛ mayaɣ h. Payaa nasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ndoma tɛɛ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : kp, gb nɛ w.
Abalɩmasɩ nzɩ, paɖʋ-sɩ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma sɩlɩɣ ɛyʋ nɔɔ taa lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ.
Payaɣ abalɩmasɩ huuye naɖɩyɛ se plosifi waa huuye. Masɩ nzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p, t, d, ɖ, k, c, j, k, g, kp nɛ gb. Hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɩ-taa abalɩmasɩ yɔ : f, v, s, z nɛ h. Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : m, n, ñ nɛ ŋ. Liu tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩɖɩ taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : l, y, w nɛ r. Nnsʋlʋmɩyɛ kpɛnzɩ yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ kɔyɔ mayaɣ.


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Hɩpɔpʊ
Hɩpɔpʊ, pɩkɛ payɛ nɛ hendu teu tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ minziiki ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ ɛɖɩna hendu kalʊʊ nɛ ɛpaɣ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ nesi tɛɛ laɣsɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ New York, South Bronx kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖɩlɩna ɛyaa kɩkpɛda mba paawɛ ageeta cikpena taa New York yɔ. Minziiki ŋgʊ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩ paɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ halɩ pɩtana ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɛsa kuliye pɩyʊ paale. Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pilinzɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ yɔ rap yaa Mcing, Djing, break dancing yaa b-boying, graffiti nɛ beatboxing.
Hɩpɔpʊ tɔmʊʊ lɩɣ yɔ pɛcɛla se Keit Cowboy lɩzɩna-kʊ, ɛɛkɛ payʊ kɛ Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa Lovebug Starski, Keit Cowboy nɛ DJ Hollywood lakaɣna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paasɩma minziiki ŋgʊ payaɣa-kʊ se disco rap.
Hɩpɔpʊ minziiki paɣtʊ tɔm paɣzɩ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1970, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda paɣza ɖɔʊʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ New York ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Bronx hɔɔlʊʊ taa Afrika nɛ Amerika evepiyaa. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa mba pa-taa peeɖe wɛɛ DJ waa mba minziiki ŋgʊ ɛyaa tɩŋa kaasɔɔla yɔ pɩkɩlɩna funk nɛ soul.
Payɛ kɩsɛyɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se rap, payɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Afrika hɔɔlɩŋ taa pɩkɔzɩna keɣsi maɖa cɔlɔ kɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa.


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Somboɖe
Somboɖe kɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ payaɣ ɖɩ-tɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ se Somboɖe tɩŋ (Carica papaya) tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Mɛkɩsiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee wili wili nɛ ɖɩ-taa mʊtʊ wɛna leleŋ tɩŋga, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yaa kulukulu nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna ɛzɩ sentɩmɛta naa 21 ntalɩ 31 nɛ pɔtɔkɩ pɩtaa mʊtʊ. Ɖɩyuŋ kɔyɔ kiilo kʊyʊmʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa kiilo naa kɩgbanzɩ. Ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee kɩkpɛda sakɩyɛ. Somboɖe pɩɣʊ lɛ ɖɩwɛʊ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-lɩm wɛ sʊtʊ lɩm leemuu tɩyɛ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛna sɛmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sombolaa naayɛ wɛ pɛlɛza alʊlʊʊ pɩlɩna ɖɛzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ se awɛ ɖoŋ nɛ Ringspot kʊdɔŋ. Pasɩma soŋpolaa a-naa nɛa-hɩɖɛ se Rainbow yaa SunUp nɛ pahaɣ waɖɛ se Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yeke pahayɩ-yɛ, nɛ powokina Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pamazɩ hayɩm naa nabɛyɛ Tayilandɩ nɛ Ositraalii ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pahaɣ waɖɛ se pahayɩ soŋpolaa a-naa peɖe. Sompolaa a-naa a-tɛ hiɣ kpeekpe kedeŋga tɩŋga taa kɛkɛ ɛzɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 12,4 pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pɩkɩlɩ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ pɩtɩŋ Piresiili nɛ Ɛndonezi. Lɩm kʊlʊmʊm nabʊyʊʊ lɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pafakɩ soŋpoɖe kɩdapɩbʊʊ yɔ. Cɩɩyɩm mbʊ pɩkɩɣ lɛɛlɛ ɛlɛ ŋpɩzɩ ŋnabʊ ɛlɛ ŋkayʊʊ yaa ŋleeŋ wɩsɩ yɔɔ pɔcɔ.


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Idahoo
Idahoo kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Idahoo taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Puwazii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Arakanzaa nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩkpɛnda looɖo nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Wasiŋtɔŋ nɛ Oreegɔnɩ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Nevadaa nɛ Utaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Montanaa nɛ Wayiyoomiŋ.
Pamaza Idahoo ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 216 499 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 133 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,98 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 214 499 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Idahoo kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ 14 nɖɛ kɛ walanaɩ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 43 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ ɛvalaa fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1890. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 567 582 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 524 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 3 859 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Poraa. Piyele pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩ yɔ, kʊkʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 216.
Payaɣ Idahoo ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se: David Ige (D) nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayaa kɛ payaɣ se Brian Schatz (D) nɛ Mazie HHirona (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Puwaawii nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.


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Pɔɔlɩ maɖʋ
Pɔɔlɩ maɖʋ kɛ kpɛndʋ tɛ amʋʋza kpɛm n̄ɩna. Paalɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size pom pom. Paalɩ kʋnɛyɔ, kɩ-taa nɛ helim ɖo, pamakɩ kʋ nɛ naŋgbaŋzɩ. Kadaɣ nakayɩ yɔɔ maɖaa tɛyʋ ɖama hɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ hadɛ nɛ hayi, hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛna n̄ɩtʋ kadaɣ ŋga pɛhɛ-kɛ kɩhɛʋ nɛ tɔlɩm yɔ. Pʋpɔsaɣ mbʋ siŋŋ yɔ, mbʋ yɔ size paɣ hɔlʋʋ maɖaa mb́a lɛ, pɛcɛɩ pa-tɩ nɛ paɖʋ kooli ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size kpaaɖɛ yɔɔ maɖaa hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ. Paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛyɔ, kɩlɛɛ pazɩɣ ɖoo lɔŋ Iŋglɩsɩ mba tɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2006 taa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔ maɖaa katɛma talʋʋ ɛzɩ 264 miiliyɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa payɩ kɔyɔ, naŋgbaŋzɩ paalɩ kɛna kɔɔnɔɔ tɛ spɔɔɖɛ aleɣya n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ sɔsɔʋ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ kedenzi sɩnɛ yɔ : kedeŋa Afrika tɛtʋ, nɛ kedeŋa Amerika tɛtʋ, nɛ kedeŋa Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ kɔyɔ, sɩkɛ kedenzi nsɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ pom pom mabʋʋ spɔɖɛ tɔyɩɩna pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ kʋtɔyaa mbʋ yɔ kɩmabʋ fɛyɩ na tʋkasɩ pʋɖɔɔ nɛ mbʋ ŋwɛna nɛ pɩcɔ ŋma yɔ pʋtɔɖɔ kuu. Ɖɩkpaɣ fenaɣ takayaɣ kɔyɔ, ɖɩ-naɣ size pɛtɛyɩ ka-mazɩtʋ hɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ : maɖaa akpeɣla hɔlʋʋ nɛ ajɛɛ maɖaa hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ ŋgʋ mabʋ kʋjɔʋ ajɛɛ kpeekpe tɛ mazɩtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩlaɣ leleŋ pɩŋŋ yɔ. Paa pɩnsɩ nanaaza nsɩ wayɩ lɛ pamakaa paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ n̄ɩŋʋ kʋjɔʋ ŋgʋ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1930 (ɛlɛ pataama pɩnzɩ sɩnɛyɔ 1938 nɛ 1950 sɩ-taa).
Mazɩtʋ ndɩ nɖɩ wɛ nɛ pɩcɛlɩnaɣ nɩnaʋ angba wena akpelaɣ ɖama hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ajɛɛ taa nɛ amakɩ paalɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ paalɩ maɖaa akpeɣla, wɛna masɩtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ payaɣ tʋ size wabʋtʋ ŋgbɛ nɛ ɖiloyisi kɔyɔ : UEFA. Ɛzɩma ɛnʋsɩ Erɔpɩ ɖɛ nɔɔ paalɩ mabʋ hɔlʋʋ taa yɔ lɛ, peɖe pamakɩ kʋ. Spɔɖɛ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, samtʋ nimiye nɖɩ paa maɖaa mba lɛ pakɩlʋ n̄ɩnʋ.


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Hɛŋga Sɔsaɣ Fɛɛʊ
Hɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ hɛŋga sɔsaɣ fɛɛʊ. Pɩkpaɣna hayi kiŋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, hɛŋga sɔsaɣ ŋga, ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 6 000. Piyele pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩtɩŋna teŋgu kɩsɛmʊʊ nɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa lɛ, ka-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 40 hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 60 hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ. Payaɣ hɛŋga sɔsaɣ ŋga Afrɩka tɛtʊ taa se Afrɩka hɛŋga fɛɛʊ yaa Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa hɛŋga sɔsaɣ.
Afrɩka hɛŋga fɛɛʊ tɛyɩ Afrɩka hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ Afrɩka hɩlʊʊ (corne de l’Afrique) yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Payaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ se Afrɩka tɛ pɩlakɩ (plaque africaine). Kɩwɛŋna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ. Kiposina Somalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ pɩlakɩ (plaque somalienne) nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ. Kɩɖaɣnɩ faaʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ Ugandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, hɛŋga sɔsɔɣ ŋga katɩŋna Firuŋga (Virunga) nɛ Ruwɛnzonii (Rwenzoni) pa-ajɛya pʊŋ taa. Katɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka tɛtʊ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Peeye lɛ, lɩm su hɛŋga kiliŋgaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖo.


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Pampelimuusi
Pampelimuusi kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa hɩla nɩɩlɛ tɛ nɩʊ weyi anasaayɩ taa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɩŋ pee naalɛ yɔ, ɛlɛ, a-hɩla pɩzɩɣ alɩɣ ɖama nɛ alɩnɛ Citrus tɩŋ naalɛ taa Rutaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Aziyatiki Citrus maxima nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa siduu piliŋga Citrus-paradisi. Taɖɩyɛ labʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ tɩŋ pee a-naa hɩɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ se leemɩŋ.
Citrus maxima (ɖɔɖɔ Citrus kɩ-paɣlʊʊ yaa Citrus decumana ) kɛ tɩŋ pee tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se pampelimuusi tɩŋ. Kɩlɩna Azii nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ (Ɛndonezi nɛ Malɛɛzɩi). Tɩŋ ŋgʊ k i-piye ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se pampelimuusi yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛ leemuu hʊndʊʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa pɩwɛʊ caʊʊ, pɩkɛ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, kɩ-taa pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛ pee cikpenaa sakɩyɛ. Kɩ-taa wɛ leleŋ lɩm pazɩ, kɩ-ñaŋ nɛ kɩ-ñɩmɩŋ pɩsa-kʊ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga palakɩ-kɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩ-tɩzɩyɛ yɔ. Azii tɩŋ piye paɣlaka talɩ sɛntɩmɛtanaa hiŋ naatozo nɛ papaazɩɣ-kʊ pɛdʊʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa.
Citrus-paradisi kɛ pampelimuusi nɛ leleŋ leemuu nɛ ɖama taa siduu (Citrus maxima × Citrus sinensis). Kɩ-tɛ piye huduu fɛyɩ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ kɩwɛnɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa pɩwɛ caaʊ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ leleŋ pazɩ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛ pɩlɩŋ pɩtalɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kɩlʊlʊʊ com-com, mbʊ yebinɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se grapefruit. Kɩ-leleŋ yeba se pasaɣ kɩwɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ tadɩyɛ wabʊtʊ pazɩnɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 taa. .


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Sɛrɩyɔm
Sɛrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 58 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ce. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Martin Heinrich Klaproth tɩlɩna sɛrɩyɔm ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1803 nɛ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Wilhelm Hisinger.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pamazɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ cérès tɩyɩŋga cikpelaɣ ŋga palɩ kɔ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1801 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1825 Carl Gustav Mosander pɩza ɛna tovonum taa lɛ, ɛ-wɛtʊ keeke.
Sɛrɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ (ɛlɛ ŋñɩɩ yem mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ) naanum naa nabɛyɛ taa yaa heŋ naa ɖɩñalɩyɛ taa, se pɩsa nɛ pawaana yaa pawazɩna miŋ heŋ sɔsɔŋ. Paɖʊʊ sɛrɩyɔm heŋ taa lɛ, pɩñakɩ kpɔndɔyʊʊ nɛ pɩyɔɔ kiŋ, mbʊ yekina nɛ asuuma yaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ heŋ taa, kɛlɛ pɩpazɩ tɔnʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ maʊ (ɛlɛ pɩɖaŋɩɣ nɛ pɩwaɣ yɔ tɔnʊʊ ɛtaakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ) miŋ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa.
Paasɩŋ-wɛ camɩyɛ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sɔtʊ pʊtʊnaa feziŋ ñɩma), ɛlɛ IRSN lɩzɩɣ wɩlɩtʊ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩlɩna cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ agbele yɔɔ. Natʊyʊ taa, kʊdɔntʊ nɔyʊ weyi pañala e-heŋ taa nɛ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa wɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sɛrɩyɔm kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ miŋ ɛñaɣ ɛyʊ kɔyɔ piyeki nɛ panaɣ pee cikpena sɛrɩyɔm tɩyɛɛ heŋ taa.


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Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ tɛ nɛ Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa, ɖeeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ukranien nɛ bielorusse pɛtɛ yɔ. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ palʊla-wɛ kɩ-taa yɔ pɛcɛzaa miliiyɔɔ waa 280.
Kɩ-kɛ Rusɩɩ ajɛyaa kɩgbɛdʊʊ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-kɛ ajɛyaa anɛ yɔ Bielorussie nɛ Kazakhstan nɛ Kirghizistan tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ. Rusɩɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛɛ wena a-wɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ a-tɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ.
Rusɩɩ yɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɔ siŋ Ukrɛɛnɩ agetaa naayɛ taa kɔzɩ haɖɛ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ nɛ Kɩyɛvɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Rusɩɩ kɛ ONU taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ.
Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sɩlavɩ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa nɛ kɩkpaɣ kɩ-tɩ nɛ Sɩlavɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pɩlɩna Sɩlavɩ samaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ lɛ, Cɔɔcɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɩɩ, sɩlavɔnɩ Yeesu ŋgbɛɣɛ yaa kɩlaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊmŋ sakɩyɛ lɩɩna Sɩlavɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ.
Rusɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ kagbanzɩ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza taa Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Cɔɔcɩ taa Sɩlavɔnɩ pɩsa kɩcaɣ nɔnɔ tɛ Rusɩɩ yɔ pɩŋ.


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Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire)
Malɩfa yaa Hɔzʋʋ kɛŋgɛ yaa lotu mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ. Hɔzʋʋ yaa malɩfa kɛŋgɛ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "poudre noire yaa poudre à canon yaa poudre à fusil".
Tɔm matʋ taa siŋŋ lɛ, payaɣ kʋ size kɔyɛ miŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɛ payaɣ kɛlɛʋ kɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «médicament à feu». Kɔyɛ miŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, palaba-ɖɩ nɛ tɔyʋ yaa mɩzɩyʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "déflagrant" tɛ lɩm kisidim.
Payaɣ malɩfa kɛŋgɛ mʋlʋm yaa puuyuu n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ kʋnɛ ɖɔɖɔ size ɖajaa sɔsɔ Salpêtre tɛ malɩfa yaa hɔzʋʋ kɩlabʋʋ. Ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ size "poudre à canon yaa poudre à fusil. Palaba wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Sufɩɖɩ (soufre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo ɖasɩ (charbon de bois).


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Harare
Harare kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ Zimbabuwe ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 800 111. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna 96 060.
Ɖooo lɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ ɛyaa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Sona (Shonas) yɔ mba kaawɛna peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ pakpakaɣ-wɛ ɖɔdɔ ɩzɩ Neharawa (Ne-Hararawa) nɛ pʋtɔbʋʋ se weyi eeɖou yɔ. Pʋkʋma lɛ, you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ lɩɩ peeɖe cejewa hɛkʋ taa nɛ cejewa wena payaɣ-yɛ se Guca (Gutsa) yɔ awa you ŋgʋ nɛ aɖɔɔnɩ Sonawaa nɛ alɛ wolo acaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Zambii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ taa.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Harare nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kazaŋ (Ruusii), Notiŋgam (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Munisi (Caama), Pirato nɛ Lago (Italii).


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Leonardo Fibonacci
Leonhard Fibonacci, (palʊla-ɩ 1175 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Pise tɛtʊ taa ŋtalɩ pʊcɔ 1250 cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ). Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Payaɣ-ɩ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa se Leonhard Pisano nɛ kpaɣ nɔɔnɔɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ pasɩma-ɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hɩɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɖɩnɛ se Pise Leonhard. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛsɛɛ ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ se Leonardo Bigollo (bigollo tɔbʊʊ se Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa woɖu).
Palʊla-ɩ Pise tɛtʊ taa, skɩyɛ taa ɛlabʊ e-sukuli yɔ Béjaïa ɛkɩlɩ-kʊ labʊ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Alzeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɛ-caa kaakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe wondu pɛdɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se Pise tɛtʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ, nɛ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Guglielmo Bonacci. Mɛlɛnaa ɖɩzɩŋɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖenɖe kaakɛ canaʊ taa taɖɩyɛ siŋ lone nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖɛ lone yɔ kɛ Fibonacci paɣza ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ sukuli labʊ. E-sukuli kaakɛ koŋ Al-Khwarizmi ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Ɛwoba ɖɔɖɔ Egipiti nɛ Siiri nɛ Sisiili nɛ Provence pɩtɩŋna ɛ-caa yɔ mbʊ lɛ, nɛ ɛkatɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩna sakɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, Fibonacci pɩzɩ ɛkɔna Pise tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1198 aloɩwaatʊ taa kɛ arabɩ kalɩyasɩ nɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ matʊ. Mbʊ pɩwɩla tadɩyɛ fezuu ɛgbadɩyɛ nɛ Itaalii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ canaʊ taa nɛ lɛɣtʈu tɩlʊʊ nɛ nesi tʊma pɛ-ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɛɣlɛ.
Pɛkɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ se kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1228 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ patatasɩ sɩm Fibonacci fezuu caɣʊ yɔ tɔm natʊyʊ. Takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ nakayɛ taa tɔm yeke kɛdʊʊna ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm. Pɩkɛ takayaɣ ŋga kɔ-tɔm leɖa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1241 taa, nɛ panaɣ ka-taa liidiye ɛzɩma Pise ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa hɛyaɣ-ɩ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ. Liidiye nɖɩ lɛ, liiri naa nɛɛlɛ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ leonardo Bigollo ɛkɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ kpam. Pɛhɛyɛ-ɩ liidiye pɩlɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ wena ɛlaba Pise tɛtʊ nɛ Pise ɛyaa a-yɔɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe Fibonacci sɩba pʊwayɩ.
Pɩtɩŋna takayaɣ nakayɛ taa tɔm suzuu yɔɔ lɛ, Fibonacci kɔna Ɛndɩ nɛ Arabɩ matʊ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩcaɣ kɛlɛʊ pɩkpaɖɩ Room ñɩndʊ nɛ Fibonacci maɣmaɣ tisi pʊyɔɔ kpem. Pɩtɛ lubitu ndʊ tɩkɔna kaɖɛ ɛyaa mba patatɩlɩɣ akɔnta labʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1280 taa lɛ, Florɛnsɩ ɖʊ kaʊ koozasi tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa se patatasɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arabɩ kalɩyasɩ.


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Lituyanii
Lituyanii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kuʊ se Palɩtiiki yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔkpɛɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Polɔɔnɩ yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ piyele nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se Piyeloorusi yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ se Lɛɛtonii yɔ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ yeli. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ndɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Palɩtɩ nɛ akpɛnda naatozo yɔ a-hɛkʊ taa; ajɛya ana anaatozo a-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 939 431 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ Palɩtɩ ajɛya kpeekpe taa nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɩnaa kɩlɩʊ wobo ajɛya ana a-ta.
Pamaza Litʊyanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 65 303 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Palɩtɩ ajɛya anɛ a-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 199O kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Lityanii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Dalia Grybauskaitė nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Saulius Skvernelis. Payaɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊdʊ se Viktoras Pranckietis.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ lituyanɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Filiniyusi nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +37O ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pocosuu se Lituyanii ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.


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Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɛyʋ yɔɔ ɛjɔɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɔɔtaa yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ wɛna wazaɣ ŋga yɔ kɔɖoo: nɖɩ lakɩna nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔkɩ tɔɔnaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtaazɩɣ nɛ eli nɛ yɔɔdaɣ yaa wendu teu. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyʋ ɖɩkɩɣna tɔɔnaɣ yaa mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se pitii ɛ-taa yɔ. Ɛjɔɔɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ calɩm hosi sakɩyɛ.
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ sentimɛtanaa nakʋ yɔ, nɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ: liɖe nɛ tɔnʋʋ yaa nandʋ. Hola sakɩyɛ wɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ akpɛndɩ 17. Ɛlɛ hoɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ kpem nɛ pɛtɛkpɛndɩna-ɖɩ.
Pʋtɔbʋʋ se hola an, awɛ naalɛ naalɛ kɛ tɔm litoozo taa nɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛ hɛkʋ taa kpayi.


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Dominique paɣtʊ ɛyaa
Faala yɔɔdɩyaa paɣtʊ yaa Ɖalaa paɣtʊ sɔɔlɩyaa (O.P.-latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Ordo Fratrum Prædicatorum), walaa taa pasɩma-wɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ Dominique paɣtʊ, pɩkɛ katoliki cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ pɩtɩŋna Mominique kiɖeɖeu ɖoŋ yɔɔ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1215. Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖalaa cikpema yaa mba payaɣwɛ se Fransiscain waa yɔ, tɔbʊʊ pɩkɛ sʊlɩmɩyaa. Pa nɛ yɔ pɔñɔtɩna ɛyaa, pɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ lalaaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ wɛʊ pe ɖeɖe yɔ ɛzɩ cistercien waa yɔ.
Patɩŋaɣ Augustin kiɖeɖeu paɣtʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-paɣtʊ yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ ɛsɔɔlɩ Laon cɔlɔ tɩnaa (O.Præm), ɛɖʊ ɛ-tɩ tʊmɩyɛ se ɛla Yeesuu Krɩstʊ tɔm mʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ, tɔm suzuu tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mazɩm taa tʊmɩyɛ. Papa Jean-Paul 2 tɔzɩ se ɖooo e-kiɖe tɛɛ, kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ esusi Krɩstʊ tʊtʊyɛ tɔm. E-ɖuu tɔmaɣ kɔyɔ Veritas (tovonum). Ɖuutu sakɩyɛ kaawɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tʊ nɛ yɔ eyɔɔdɩ ndʊ ɖɩnaa yɔ, (contemplata aliis tradere), Thomas kiɖeɖeu Aquin tʊ ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ tɔm, yaa ɛsa, ɛhɩnɩ-ɩ, esusi mbʊ pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa paɣtʊ.
Dominique ɛyaa kɛ cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa kɛlɛ pɛtɛkɛ maacɔ waa.Pɛwɛtʊ kɛ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ lɛ ñamtʊ, pa-wɩlɩyʊ cɔlɔ yaa e-lone taa caɣyʊ. Kʊñʊndɩtʊ sɔɔlʊʊ nɛ tɩ ɖɔkʊʊ yaa kele kele wɛtʊ tɔm wɛ pɩdaa peeɖe kɩjɛyʊʊ piŋ. Pɛfɛyɩ lone kuyʊmdɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ maacɔ waa, pɩtɛkɛ pa-paɣtʊ. Pasʊʊ aŋgba taa pɩtɛkɛ maacɔ ɖɩsɩ taa. Pa-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se posuzi ƐSɔ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, pa-ɖɩzʊyɛ wɛɛ tɛtʊ naa sɔsaa taa.
Tɔm kɛtɛdʊ taa, e-ɖoo (latɛŋ taa Dominicus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi Ɛsɔ tɩya-ɩ yɔ) kaaɔza ɛ-tɔm ɛ-hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ se ɛna haɣ nakɛyɛ kɔɖɔka tɔsɩ nɛ kɔ-nɔɔ se katʊsɩ ɛyaa tɩŋa. Guzman tɛ Dominique pakɩlɩ sɩm nɛ hɩɖɛ se Dominique kiɖeɖeu, ɛkɛ episikopu cɔlɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ, payaɣ Osmo Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-tɛ episikopu Diegue Osma, ya-ɩ se ɛsɩ-ɩ Sɩkandɩnavɩ kedizaɣ sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe. Pa-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe ehiɣ ɛgbaɣtʊ nɔɔyʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa taa ɛlɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ka-taa nɛ ɛ nɛ-ɩ pahɩnɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɛɛzɩ ɛlɛ laŋɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛlɛ taakɛ katoliki tʊ ɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ katoliki tʊ pɩlɩna ndʊ eheya-ɩ yɔ tɩ yɔɔ.