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Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza
Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza, pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kewiyitu tɛyɩtʊ nɛ aŋgba hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ɛkɛ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ piyeke. Nɔɔnɔ wɛɛ wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ ñɩkɩɣ niiye ɛzɩma ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ kpɛnda ɖama taa (ɛzɩ, ɛyaa mba pakʊyɩ pa-ajɛyɛ taa pɛɖɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ pacaɣ peeɖe yaa ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊcɔ lɛɣzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ɛyaa mba paba ñɩkɩɣ niiye yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔɔdaɣ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ).
Ɛzɩ ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki tɔm, palɩzɩ pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena ñɩndʊ. Amerika taa kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ politiki tɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ kpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnaza nɛ naalɛ. Pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena taa lɛ, wena a-tɔm kɩlɩɣ kɩjɛyʊʊ yɔ ana yɔ. Ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, ɛgbaadɩyɛ yaa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm, tʊkaɣ politiki tɔm, caca naa wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, samaɣ tʊma tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɛ politiki tɔm.
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 5 nɛ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa papazɩ politiki tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩɣ da-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna ɛzɩ Platon (pɩnzɩ -427 ŋtalɩ -347) nɛ Aristote (pɩnzɩ -384 ŋtalɩ -322) yaa canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa ɛzɩ Thucydide pɩnzɩ -460 ŋtalɩ -395) mba pazɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naa tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ, nɛ pɩwalɩɣ halɩ pɩñɔtɩna komina tɩlɩyɛ.
Siini samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛna kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ mandarinat, nɛ wɛɛ ana ataa tɩpaza. Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki kɩndɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm laɣsɩ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm, waɖɛ yaa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ
Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ kɔtɩɩ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 1, nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ H. Kɛkɛ Hɛlɩyɔm wayɩ. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-tɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa wɛ H (nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ, yem tʊ fɛyɩ pɩtaa), ɛlɛ ɛ-taa wɛ H waa ɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 0,01 yɔ (nasɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ kʊɖʊm, yem piye kʊɖʊm), ɖɔɖɔ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ. Ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ naatozo tʊ H taa ɖɩnaɣ (nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ kʊɖʊm, yem pee naalɛ), ɖiɣ ɖiɣ fɛyɩ, ɛlɛ pɩtaa piye ɖɩnazɩyɛ palɩɣ. Pɩ-kpeekpe pɩ-naatozo tɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊyʊmdɩyɛ payaɣ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzɩɣ yɔ se pɩrɔtɩyɔm, deteriyom nɛ tɩrɩtɩyɔm.
Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ pɩzɩɣ kɩwɛna Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ O (Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ waa naalɛ H2 yaa ñɩɣlɩm Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ), +I (kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ sakɩyɛ taa) nɛ -I (ñɩɣlɩm Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɛndʊʊ wondu taa). Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛ nasɩyʊ sɔzɩyʊ pɩyʊ, nɛ paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, papɩsɩ-ɩ nasɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ H+ yaa H3O+.
Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ ɖoŋ wɩsɩ wɛtʊ taa yɔ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa (ɖoŋ lɩna Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pee miŋ saʊʊ cɔlɔ), tɩyɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa wɛtʊ yaa tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa tomnaɣ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ keem wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa, nɛ pɩwɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ nɛ Satirini yɔɔ yɔ, nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ diihidrozɛnɩ kaʊ tɩyɛ, lɩm yaa fefeku ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ wɛtʊ nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa yɔ.
Fefeku ŋgʊ Cavendish lɛɛna-kʊ wɩlɩɣ keɣlee pɩnaɣ 1766, nɛ ɛya-kʊ se heelim mamʊʊ miŋ lɔŋ kɛlɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ lɔŋ lɔŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩɣ yee ɔkɩsɩgɛnɩ ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ, peeɖe kɩpɩsɩɣ lɩm fefeku. Lavoisier ya fefeku ŋgʊ se Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ, pɛtɛyɩ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩtaa ɩdrɔ Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pɔ-tɔbʊʊ se ὕδwp pɔ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩm nɛ mbʊ pɩtɩnɩ pʊyɔɔ zɛnɩ, Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Yevvᾰv (gennan). Pɩtɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɩ-te kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ H2 nɛ tɩlɩya ya-kʊ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ se dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Ɛlɛ paa ɖoye lɛ, payaɣ dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ se hɩdrɔzɛnɩ, yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ taa.

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Arikitiki Lɩŋamʊʊ
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛna lɩŋamʋʋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩɩ kɛ Lɩŋamɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 14 000 000 km2 ɖeke yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ lɛɛŋ kpeekpe ta. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna teŋgʊnaa mba pɛwɛ Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, teŋʊnaa mba pɛwɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ haʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Lɩŋamɩŋ mba pɛwɛna Azii taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩnɛ mba paba wɛ Amerika yɔ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Atilantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, pielen Barents teŋgʊ nɛ fram lɩm ɖɔɖɔ tiki kɩ-taa.
Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se beriŋgi yɔ kɔyɔɔ. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 038 km2 yɔɔ nɛ ki-cukaŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 000 yɔ. Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ taa lɛ nikaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɩ wɛ peeɖe kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ ɖeke paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ yolim taa lɛ, ɖoluu ñɛwɛna paa ɖooye nɛ wɩsɩ ñɛwɛɣna ñaɣʊ yɔɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa.
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-kitiiliŋ yɔ nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ atalɩɣ ɛzɩ 400 yɔ. Tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ taa se (ours) Urisi yɔ. Krɛkɩ taa lɛ, urisi tɔbʊʊ se Arikitosi mbʊ yebina nɛ payaɣ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ se Arikitiki. Urisinaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pamaɣza kʊɖʊm kɛ kɩlo yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛtalɩɣ kilonaa ɛzɩ 800 yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩɣ taa payɩ lɛ, urisi kɩlɩɣna nandʊ tɔɔʊ kɛ tɛtɛt kpɩna kpeekpe taa. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ fokinaa nɛ kpagbasɩ, ɛlɛ yee kitehiu pɩ-taa nabʊyʊ kɔyɔ, lɩm huluu kɛ kɩtɔkɩ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ wɛ Arikitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi.


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Pierre Paul Rubens
Pierre Paul Rubens wena yatʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɛlɩzɩ yatʊ taa lɛ Pierre Paul Rubens, Neyɛrɩlandɛɛ taa lɛ Petrus Paulus Rubens 1 yaa Peter Paul Rubens nɛ Pietro Paolo Rubens. Palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 28 wiye kɛ Siegani tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1577 nɛ ɛsɩ Anvɛri tɛtʊ ta kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kʊyʊʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1640 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 62. Pierre Paul Rubens kɛna tɔlʊm tayʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taa ɛɖɩɩzʊ ɛyaa yɔ. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖʊna-ɩ nesɩ nɛ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ camɩyɛ. Anjaʊnaa yaa kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛlɩzʊ yɔ, ɛɛcakɩ nɛ ɛlɩzʊ pɩtɩŋga caɣcaɣ ɛlɛ ɛlɩzʊ-wɛ kuɖum kɛ yem.
Ɛzɩ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛɛtɛm yɔɔdʊ yɔ, sise pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se elesi alɩwaatʊ se ɛlɩzɩ pɩtɩŋa tete mbʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ ɛzɩ 1403 yɔ. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taa caɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɔlʊm tayʊ lɛlʊ weyi vpayaɣ-ɩ se Michel Jaffé yɔ. Ɛlɩza cɔɔcɩnaa taa kɩlɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɖooo lɔŋ taa sɩwaa ɖɔɖɔ cabɩ. Ɛtɔsɔɔ lɔŋ taa sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jan Rubens nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Maria Pypelinckx. Ɛwɛna ɖalʊ kʊɖʊm nɛ kɔɔkʊɖʊm nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se Philip Rubens nɛ Christine von Diez. Ɛwɛna halaa naalɛ Isbelle Brant ( 1609 – 1626) nɛ Hélène Fourment ( 1630 – 1640) nɛ Hélène lʊlɩna-ɩ pɩɣwa kʊɖʊmaɣ, ŋga payaaɣ se Albert Rubens. Payaɣ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa sʊsa se Tobias Verhaecht (1561-1631) nɛ Otto van Veen (1594-1598).


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Raabaa
Raabaa kɛna Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki kidiiliŋ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩwɛna Maarɔkɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ; tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kenitra yɔ pɩ-posuu taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 40 yɔ nɛ tɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ payaɣ tʊtʊ se Kasablanka yɔ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 90 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 972 686 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩn aa ɛzɩ 12 100 yaa kilomɛtanaa 121 yɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa egeetiye yʊʊtʊ se Abdelouafi Laftit nɛ tɩ-taa lɔŋ pasɩya nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ Abdelkader Tatou. Payaɣ Raabaa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ vtʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maaliki taa lɔŋ pasɩya nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ se Mohamed Sadiki PJD) nɛ palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Raabaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Salee (Maarɔkɩ), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Honolulu (Etaazuni), Atɛɛnɩ (Kirɛɛsɩ), Sitɔkiholmɩ (uyɛdɩ), Isitambuli (Turukii), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Alizee (Alzeerii), Amanɩ (Yɔridaanii), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Jeruzalɛm nɛ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ (Palɛsɩtiini) nɛ Pɛtilihɛm (Palɛsɩtiini).


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Topaazɩ
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Topazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se siilikatɩ (silicates) yɔ ti-huuye taa. Siilikatɩ waa ñɛwɛ huuye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa, payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se nezosibsiilikatɩ (néososubsilicates). Pa-mayaɣ lɛ Al2SiO4 (F, OH)2. Topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa wɛ fɛɛrɩ (fer) nɛ krom (chrome) nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm nɛ Tɩtanɩ.
Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɖɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pasɩmɩ topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa ñɩm ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Anselmus Boëtius mana nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖajaa ɛnʊ ɛkɛ Boodi tɛtʊ taa tʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1609 ñɩŋga taa ɛmaa nɛ ɛkɛdɩ-tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1550 ñɩŋga taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʊlʊm pɩnaɣ 1632 taa.Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩnɩ krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se topazos. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemmes) yɔ payawaɣ mbʊ ɖooo caanaʊ. Pɩkɛ teŋgu kɩsɛmʊʊ tɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-hɩɖɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se pegmatiti (pegmatites). Topaazɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛɛtʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se Kuwarɩtɩsɩ yɔ awɛ topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Pɛ ana, asa miŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Yee topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɛsa miŋ hakuu kɔyɔ, tɩpɩzɩɣ miskoviti (muscovite) yaa serisiiti (séricite) yaa fɛldɩpatɩ (feldspath) yaa kaoliniti (kaolinite). Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se pegmatiti yɔ, tɩ-taa ñɩɣlɩm pɛ paɣlɩ siŋŋ. A-yuŋ cɛzɩɣ kiiloonaa hiu waa hiu waa yɔɔ.


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Azɩtɛkɩ
Azɩtɛkɩ ɛyaa yaa Mɛkɩsɩkasɩ ɛyaa (hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ se Mexico Tenochtitlan), kaakɛ Amerika ɛyaa mba paakɛ Nahua liɖe taa ɛyaa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Nahuatl kʊnʊŋ tɛ ɛyaa. Paacaɣ koŋ hɛkʊ taa Mɛkɩsɩkɩ pʊŋ taa, kɛ Mɩkɩsɩko kɛdɛŋga taa, kɛ Texcoco Kujomuu lɩm kpɛyɛ ko ŋgʊ yɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ pazɩɣ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ kɩɩwɛna ɛsakuliye siŋ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ kɩwakɩna pɩtɩŋna pɛ-tɛ natozo ɛgbadɩyɛ yɔɔ, ndɩ ɖɩɩkɛ Empiri ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yɔ Mesopotami ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Po-koyonduu kajalaɣ-tʊ lɛ Tarasɩkɩ tɛ Empiri.
Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛyaa mba paawoba Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ you pɩnaɣ 1519 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Hernán Cortés ɖɩɣ pe-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1521 aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 ŋgu wiye, Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛyaa waba nɛ pamʊ Tenochtilan ɖɩcaɣyɛ pɩtɩŋna tɛtʊ tɩna yɔ nɛ pakpa kpaagbaa tɛ Asɩtɛkɩ nʊʊdʊ ɛnʊ yɔɔ Cuauhtémoc. Kpɛdɛɛ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Azɩtɛkɩ ɛsakuliye pɩsɩ kɩmɛlɛŋ alɩwaatʊ ajɛyɛ yoŋ wobɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pʊcɔ lɛ, Kolombi ɛsakuliye kpɛlɛkɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ lɩna Amerika hɛkʊ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ Kolombii ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ kɔɣ ɖɩpɛɖɩyɛ takayaasɩ taa yɔ. Takayaɣ ŋga tɛtʊ tɩnaa maɣmaɣ mana-kɛ kɛ amate takayaɣ yɔ. Pɩkɛ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ laɖaa aseeɖe tɔm ɛzɩ Hernán Cortés nɛ Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Pɩkɛ tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa laɖaa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ Codex de Florence weyi ɛma takayɛsɩ nɛ ɛtɩsɩna mʊwanɩ Franciscain Bernardino yɔɔ yɔ.


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Liibaŋ
Liibaŋ kɛna Prosɩ-Oriaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Liibaŋ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siirii ɛjɑɖɛ wɛna nɛ kilomɛtanaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 376 yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kilomɛtanaa 79.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ bassin levantiŋ pɔlɔkʊ yaa fɛɛʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 220 kɛ pɩmaɣnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Beyiiruti. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ arabe; fransɩ ñatatasɩ kɛʊ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ siŋŋŋ kɛ peeɖe, kɩcadaa. Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ libaŋ pɔɔyaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1926 taa kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖʊ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ minisiriwaa kediizaɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ yɔɔdɩɣ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛkɛna krɩstʊ-tʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna-ɩ nɛ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo ɛlɩzɩna-ɩ; ɛlɛkɩ pɩnzɩ looɖo. Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 2014, Liibaŋ tatɩɩlɩzɩta ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.


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Hɔzʋʋ
Hɔzʋʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ wonuu. Tʋmɩyɛ wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna wonuu kɩkaɖɩnaʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ kɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋʋ taa. Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ hɔzʋʋ kʋnɛ size malɩfa yaa you wonuu. Kɩzɩɣʋna ɛyʋ size ɛdaŋna ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ lakasɩ kɩdɛkɛdasɩ kpeekpe nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna n̄aŋ n̄ɩna kpeekpe yɔ.
You yaa tɩ-yɔ kadɛyɩnaʋ wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩkɩyʋ yaa pɩn̄ɩɣɖɛ. Sakɩyɛ yaɣ kʋ ɖɔɖɔ size kaamʋʋ yaa piyuu. Kɩkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ pɔɖɔkʋʋ kʋ nesi tɛ kɛnɛ yɔ. Pekpiyikuu kʋ nee tɛɛ kɛnɛ. You wonuu yaa hɔzʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwazaɣ siŋŋ yaa keekee kɛlɛ size, kɩkʋ yaa kɩhaɣ heŋ kɛ ciyam kifezuu.
Pɩtasɩna pɩyʋ wezuu n̄ɩm kʋʋ yaa heŋ haʋ ɛlɛ, sakɩyɛ kpakʋ ɖɔɖɔ malɩfa yaa n̄ɩɣyʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu kʋnɛ nɛ pɛwɛkʋʋna wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩwazɩtʋ sakɩkyɛ. Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ kuduyuŋ yɔkʋ, yaa haba kuluu, yaa ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʋma kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ yaa kewiyaɣ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛkʋʋ mbɩ yɔ.
Mbʋ palakɩna hɔzʋʋ yɔ yaa malɩfa tʋma keekee kɔyɔ yɔ size :
Palakɩ hɔzʋʋ yaa malɩfa nɛ ɛgbandʋ yaa lakʋ nɛ pehiu pɔtɔɔ yaa pɩkɛna aleɣya.
Malɩfa yaa hɔzʋʋ wazʋʋ nɛ pɛgbɛŋkɛsɩna yaa pala you nɛ kooyindu.
Kɩkɛna kɩkaɖɩnam.
You wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩwazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pacaana tɔm.
Hɔzʋʋ yaa tʋmɩyɛ n̄ɩɣyʋ wonuu kʋnɛ, palakɩna kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ spɔɖɩ yaa alɛɣya.


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Pilee
Pilee kɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ yatʊ. Payaɣ se pilee lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ tɩŋ weyi pahayɩ-ɩ yɔ e-kpeekpe, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Triticum. Pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ taa tɛ tɩŋ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛlʊlʊʊ pee yɔ tɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa nɛ pahayɩ-ɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa. Payaɣ se Pilee pɩwɩlʊʊ se pɩkɛ piye nɖɩ pɩ-tɛ tɩŋ lʊlʊʊ yɔ.
Pilee wɛ tɩŋ sɔsɔŋ niitozo taa kɩ-nɛ samɩɖɛ nɛ mɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, tɔŋnɩnaa miiliyɔɔ naa 700 tɔnasɩ kpaɣʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɛkɛ naatozo ŋga yuŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa, nɛ kɩ-nɛ mɔʊ ɛyʊ kɩlɩɣ sɔɔlʊʊ tɔʊʊ. Pilee kɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Moyen-Orient ɛsakuliye tɛ pɩyʊʊ sɩŋ kɛ ɛyʊ tɔnasɩ hɛkʊʊ taa. Pilee wɛ tɩndɩma naalɛ taa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa cɔlɔ pɩlɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ taa pilee nakʊyʊʊ cɔlɔ. Kɩɩwɛ ɖooo canaʊ sɔsɔʊ taa. Kajalaɣ kɩ-haɖaʊ lɩnɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 8 pʊcɔ palʊʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ kɛ Mesopotamie ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Tigre kedeŋga taa nɛ Euphrate (sɔnɔŋgʊ payaɣ se Irak yɔ) nɛ mʊzʊŋ ageetaa sɔsɔnaa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔ pileenaa mba pa-naalɛ pa-taa lɛ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ fɛyɩ pɔyɩŋ yɔ kɩkɩlɩnɛ ɖɛʊ.
Pee wenaa awɛ ɖoŋ yɔ pahayʊʊ-yɛ sɔŋgɔɔ ageetaa taa nɛ wenaa a-taa wɛ wɩlɩŋ (Erɔpʊ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ Itaalii ajɛyɛ taa). Pilee ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ pee a-naa a-taa ŋnɛʊʊ ɖɔ pɩŋ nɛ palakɩnɛ semuuli naa nɛ mʊtʊ kɩtɔɔtʊ. Pilee ɖɔfɩɩ tɛ pee, ɖooo poliŋ taa canaʊ taa kɩlɩnɛ yuŋ nɛ pakɩlʊʊ-kʊ hayʊʊ Fransɩ, Kanadaa nɛ Ukurɛnɩ ajɛyɛ taa. Pilee ɖɔfɩɩ tɛ ŋgʊ pahayʊʊ-kʊ se pehɩɣ kɩ-tɛ mʊlʊm nɛ palabɩnɛ kpɔnɔ kɩpɩsʊʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ-kʊ se pilee ɖɔfɩɩ ŋgʊ yaa kɛlɛʊ taa pilee pɩkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩmɩza ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ, nɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ hayʊʊ nɛ kɩwayɩ lɛ, samɩɖɛ nɛ mɔʊ. Pʊwɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɩŋ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩnɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-cɔlɔ.
Tɔzʊʊ kɩfam, pɩpazɩnɛ kpaɣdʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋɛ Vilmori Henry cɔlɔ nɛ ɛñɩɣ nesi lɩmazaɣ naatozo yɔ kɛnɛ. Kɔɔnaɣ lɛ, kʊdɔmɩŋ lʊbɩnaʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɛtʊ tɛ tɩlasɩ, yaɖɛ taa kɩlʊmʊm tɛ ñɩm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ŋnɛʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ nɛ kpɔnɔ kɩbɩsɩɣ nɛ kɩ-tɛ pee ɖɔʊ tɔɔnaɣ kpaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɔzʊtʊʊ ndʊ tɩkɔna kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ndɩ lɛ se pilee hɔndʊʊ ŋgʊ ɖɩma. Ɖɛzʊʊ mayaɣ kɛ tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, pilee kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩnɛ pilee hɔndʊʊ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ yɔ pɛ-tɛ tamsʊʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yebina nɛ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ yɔ kɩle.
Kajalaɣ taa lɛ pʊwɛzɩ pɔtɔkaɣ pilee nɛ lɛɛŋ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, patɩzʊʊ yaa pɔhɔkɩ ɛzɩ tɛɛʊ yɔ nɛ pʊpʊwayɩ kɔyɔ palakɩ-kʊ kɛkɛndɛyʊʊ kɩwɩlʊʊ pɩlɩnɛ namɩyɛ nɛ nem pɔ-yɔɔ naŋgʊʊ. Kɩpɩsɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ kɛ kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ kpɔnɔ nɛ semuli nɛ mʊtʊ nɛ pɩsɩkɩtɩ naa taa. Pilee haɖaʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ ɛzɩ mɔʊ yɔ. Kɩ-haɖaʊ ɛpɔzʊʊ hayɩm taa ñɔzʊʊ sakɩyɛ yaa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ pʊɖɔɔ.


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Filozofii
Filozofii, pɩlɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʋʋ taa tɔmbiye φιλoσoφίa cɔlɔ (pɛkpɛnda φιλeῖv, philein : « sɔɔlʋʋ » ; nɛ σoφίa, sophia : « ɛsɛtʋʋ sɩmtʋ»), nɛ pɩkɛna : « ɛsɛtʋʋ sɩmtʋ sɔɔlʋʋ ».
Pɩkɛkɛna kɩlabɩm nɛ sɩmtʋ piliŋga nakɛyɛ ɖoo Antikitee taa Wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ nɛ Wɩsɩɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɩkɛkɛna kedeŋga nɛ ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ tɔmpɔzʋʋ, pɔ-tɔm tɔbʋʋnɩʋ nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ maɣzɩm labʋ. Kɩñɩnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋɖɔwa : toovenim tɔm ñɩnʋʋ ; kɩbandʋ, keɖewa nɛ siɣsiɣtʋ pɔ-yɔɔ maʋzɩm labʋ ; wezuu caɣʋ nɛ koboyaɣ pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ ñɩnʋʋ.
Filozofii tɛkɛna sɩmtʋ, kɩtɛkɛna sɩmtʋ huuye, ɛlɛ sɩmtʋ wendu tʋɖɔna wɛʋwɛʋ yɔ, tʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza labʋ nʋmɔʋ ɖɔm. Ɖooo kɩ-ɖɩñɔyɛ taa’a kɩkama ñʋʋ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɛ lɩmaɣza ɖamatiitinaʋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se kɩkɛkana kɔnsɛptɩwaa yɔɔ taatazʋʋ, tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ, lubu yaa maɣzʋʋ pa-kɩlabɩm.
Filozofii fɛyɩ ɛzɩ sciences naturelles, sciences formelles nɛ sciences humaines yɔ. Tɛŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩñɔyɛ taa ’lɛ, kɩñɔkɔyɩna-wɛ. Filozofii talɩzɩ nabʋyʋ solo yaa pi-ɖeke se pʋ-yɔɔ kɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɛlɛ, kɩ-taa wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩndɩ ɛzɩ loziki, etiki, metafiziki, politikifilozofii nɛ sɩmtʋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛɖoyo. Alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ tɩɖɛʋ nɛ tɩɖɛʋ’lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ lɛɛŋ kɔɔ ɩsɔzɩ pʋ-yɔɔ : ɩlɛ’ɛ yɔ ɛzɩtetiki, waɖɛ filozofii, sɩyansɩwaa tɔm filozofii (yaa episitemolozii), feziŋ tɔm filozofii, anthropologie philosophique, yaa yɔɔdɩtʋ filozofii.


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Araabʋ waa ŋgbɛyɛ
Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛyɛ naayɛ ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se « Araabʋ waa ŋgbɛyɛ » (Ligue arabe). Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1945 taa malɩŋ ajɛya lʋbɛ (7) nɩna ɖama nɛ añɩɣ nesi takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Eegipti nɛ Siirii nɛ Liiba nɛ Irakɩ nɛ Sɔɔrɩdaanii nɛ Arabii sahudiiti nɛ Yemenii. Eegipiti tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛya ana alaba pe-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga.
Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, akpɛnda ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ (22). Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩwɛna tamaɣ naanzɩ.
Kajalaɣ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se, ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-ñʋndɩnaa ɛwɛɛna pe-kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ se palakɩ-kɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ naalɛ ñɩŋa yɔ se Minisii waa ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛɛna pe-kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ se palakɩ-kɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naadozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ se ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-hɛkʋ taa nɛ acɔŋna paa ɖooye Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-tamaɣ naanza yaa kpaagbaa ñɩŋa yɔ se, ɖɩwɛɛna takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛlɛ maɣ ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa ɛ-takayaɣ taa.
Sɔsɔ Ahmed Abdoul Gheit kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2016 ñɩŋa taa nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ. Aŋgba cikpena naayɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɔɔ nɛ a nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ńɖɩ palakɩ tʋma pa-ajɛya ɛsɩndaa wobu nʋmɔʋ taa.


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Kapitaalism
Kapitaalism kɛ tɔsʋʋ nɛ samaɣ kpɛndʋʋ nɛ politiki pɛ-lɛɣtʋ natʋyʋ. Kapitaalism sɔɔlaa se paa weyi lɛ, ɛtɩɣyɩ n̄ɩm mbʋ ɛlaba nɛ e-nesi nɛ ehiɣ yɔ. Kapitaalism wɛna tɔbɩŋ lɛɛŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩlɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ maɣzɩɣ politiki tɔm taa yɔ nɛ Kapitaalism wɛɣna tɔbʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, payaɣ mbʋ se Kapitaalism yɔ, pɩkɛ kɛzɛɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ, pɩkɛ liidiye sakɩyɛ n̄ɩnʋʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ, ɛtɔma se Kapitaalism kɛ mbʋ piyeki nɛ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ nuutuu yaa ɛnazɩɣ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa se ɛpɩzɩ ekuu n̄ɩm nɛ pɩkɩlɛ lɛlaa yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Max Weber yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se Kapitaalism lɩnɩ kajalaɣ ɛyaa mba palaba lɩmaɣzɛ se palakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ.


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Nɔɔ taa pɔʋ fuwa abalɩmayaɣ
Kabɩyɛ masɩ kpɛndɩ niidozo nɛ naanza (34). Sɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ masɩ nasɩyɛ se abalɩmasɩ nɛ lɛɛsɩ se halɩmasɩ. Abalɩmasɩ wɛ tindima ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna nɔɔ taa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛ-taa payaɣ sɩ-hɩla yɔ.
Ndoma tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p nɛ m. Abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ sɩsɩ se kela yɔɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : f nɛ v. Payaɣ lɛɛsɩ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔ pɔʋ fuwa taa abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : t, d, n, l nɛ ɖ.
Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛsɩ se nɔɔ kolaɣ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : c, j, ñ nɛ y. Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nasɩyɛ se nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : k, g nɛ ŋ. Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ nakɛyɩ se nɔɔ wiluu nɔɔnɔɔ kʋsʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ. Ŋgaa lɛ mayaɣ h. Payaa nasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ndoma tɛɛ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : kp, gb nɛ w.
Abalɩmasɩ nzɩ, paɖʋ-sɩ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma sɩlɩɣ ɛyʋ nɔɔ taa lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ.
Payaɣ abalɩmasɩ huuye naɖɩyɛ se plosifi waa huuye. Masɩ nzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p, t, d, ɖ, k, c, j, k, g, kp nɛ gb. Hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɩ-taa abalɩmasɩ yɔ : f, v, s, z nɛ h. Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : m, n, ñ nɛ ŋ. Liu tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩɖɩ taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : l, y, w nɛ r. Nnsʋlʋmɩyɛ kpɛnzɩ yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ kɔyɔ mayaɣ.


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Sɛɛribii
Sɛɛribii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se palɩkaŋ yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzʊʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, anaa yɔ: Pɔsinii-Hɛɖɩzigooviini, Krowasii, Hɔŋgirii, Rumanii, Pulugarii, Masedonii, Kosovo nɛ Montenegro. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩgradɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ 1166. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Aleksandar Vučićnɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔ Ana Brnabić.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kominanaa tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛsɛrɩbɩ nɛpɛlɛgradɩ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ Sɛɛribii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 7 111 973 yee pɛtɛkpɛndɩna Kosovo koyɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna-kʊ yɔ, palɩʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 916 917 yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ yaa lɛlʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +381 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Mɔʋ
Mɔʋ kɛna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ pe yɔ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa soŋgaɣ nɛ niikaɣ pɛwɛɛ yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa niikaɣ nɛ wɩsɩ pɛwɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ. Pahayɩɣ mɔʋ fɛɛŋ taa, pɩkɩlɩna ɖenɖe lɩm wɛ fɛndɛlɛɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ pɩ-tɛ hayɩm se mɔʋ ɛjɛŋ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ ki-pe yɔɔ. Kɩ-taa n̄ɩm ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mɔʋ wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa mɔʋ se "Oryza sativa", payaa Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa mɔʋ se "Oryza glaberrima" yaa "Casamance" mɔʋ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔlɩ mɔʋ pɩkɩlɩ tɔɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma nɛ Afrika nɛ Aasii pɛ-tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma. Mɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tɔɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pakɩlɩɣ-kʋ hayʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Huŋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, saamɩla wayɩ lɛ, mɔʋ tɩŋɩɣna tɔɔnasɩ pe n̄ɩnzɩ ɛsɩndaa. Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sapɔŋ pa-ajɛya taa pakɩlɩɣ mɔʋ tɔɔʋ.


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Henry 8 (Anglɩtɛɛrɩ tɛ wiyaʋ)
Henri 8 (palʊla-ɩ Henry liɖe, mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1491 ŋtalɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1547) ɛɛkɛ Angleterre nɛ Irlande ajɛyɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1509 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛsɩm. Tɔm hʊʊ taa paɣtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ Aragon Cathérine nɛ pɩtɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ tɩna pɩnaɣ 1534 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ Angleterre cɔɔcɩ nɛ Room nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ lɛɣzɩtʊ paya ɖama yɔ. Henri 8 cɔna tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛdɩzɩɣ mʊwanɩ waa kuduyuŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ patasɩ-ɩ haʊ Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ. Ɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ ɛɖɔka kpam katoliki Ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ ɛkandʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Henri 8 kpaɣ hala pɩtalɩ tam kɩgbanzɩ nɛ halɩ eyele pakʊ pa-taa naalɛ, Anne Boleyn nɛ Howard Cathérine.
Palʊla-ɩ Placentia kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1491, Henri Tudor kɛnɛ pɩɣa natozo ŋga nɛ naalɛ ŋga kɛ wiyaʊ Henri 7 tʊ cɔlɔ nɛ Elizabeth York tʊ cɔlɔ. Ɖalaa nɛ kɔɔnaa loɖo taka taa lɛ,natozo (Arthur de Galles, Marguerite nɛ Marie ) yeke talɩna akpadayɩtʊ nɔɔ yɔɔ. Exeter Episikɔpʊ sɔna-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ɛnʊ payaɣ se Richard Fox kɛ Françis D’Assise cɔɔcɩ kpaŋ taa.
Arthur sɩ tuda, nɛ pekpkuu ɛzɩ kpezɩ wɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɛsɩbɩna, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15, [[ɖomaɣ fenaɣ][ taa pɩnaɣ 1502 alɩwaatʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, pɩlaba kpɩtaŋ nɛɛlɛ lɛ ɛɖɔkʊ nesi ɛ-nɛ Cathérine yɔ lɛ. Ɛ-tʊma nɛ ɛ-doŋ tɩŋa payɩ pakpaɣ pɛcɛlɛ Henri ɛlɛ ñawɛna pɩnzɩ 10 nɛ epɩsɩ Cornoua wiyaʊ aloma fenaɣ taa nɛ ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Galles taa nɛ Chester taa [[lɛlaɣ fenaɣ[[ pɩnaɣ 1503.
Henri 7 cɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ se ɛtamsɩ ɛɛgbaɣdɩyɛ nɛ Angleterre nɛ [Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ]] ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se ɛkpaɣ Catherine halʊ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ henri. Cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ ɛhaɣ waɖɛ se nesi ɖɔkʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊma hɛkʊ ɛzɩ liɖe kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa ŋgʊ Henri 7 nɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa caɣyʊ kaama takayaɣ papa nɛ pɔpɔzi-ɩ se ɛha waɖɛ nɛ pataña cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ ndʊ. Papa tisi nɛ ɛha waɖɛ nɖɩ. Henri kizi se pata wɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ, ŋgʊ Isabelle1 sɩm pɩnaɣ 1504 taa nɛ kpeɣlaɣ lɛɣzɩtʊ kɔŋna tɛyɩŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɩla kaɖɛ.
Henri 7 sɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1509, evebupɩɣa Henri kpaɣ kpeɣlaɣ nɛ paya-ɩ se Henri 3 tʊ. Pepima ɛ-caa kpa lɛ, agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10, esusi ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm nɛ Cathérine nɛ ɛtɔŋ se paa papa ha waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtatɩɩcaɣda camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Papazɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ lɩmaɣza François Assise kpaŋ taa Greenwich.


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Lɩm yaʋ
Lɩm yaʋ kɛ lɩm taa aleɣya yaa amʋʋza. Pɩkɛna ɛyaa nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna paleɣyaa lɩm taa. Lɩm taa yɛlʋ kaɣlɛtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tɩ-pɔzɩɣ tomna ɖoŋ ɖeke. Nɔyʋ fɛyɩ lɩm taa se ɛ-ɖʋ yayʋʋ nesi. Pɩpɔza yayʋʋ se ɛlɩsɩ e-tomna ɖoŋ kɛnɛ koŋ.
Lɩm yatʋ piliŋa kanɛ yɔ, kekpelɩɣ ka-taa piliŋsi sakɩyɛ. Nasɩ kɔyɩɔ : lɩm yɔɔ wɛʋ nɛ ŋwolo ɖoli, pɩtasɩna lɩm tɛɛ wɛʋ nɛ nɖɛɛ ɖoli mbɩyɔ (ntɔyʋ n̄a-tɩ lɩm taa, lɩm yaʋʋ), tɩ-lɔʋ lɩm taa, yaa lɛɣtʋ amʋʋza wena palakɩyɛ lɩm taa yɔ. Hɛkɩŋ yaa lonee yaa hɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pʋpɔza size paya lɩm yɔɔ yɔ : Pisiini (piscine) taa mbɩyɔ, nɛ lɩm sʋsɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ (lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋgunaa) yaa lɩm mbʋ tɛtɛ kpɩna sɔɔlɩ wɛʋ yɔ pɩ-taa.
Lɩm yaʋ kɛ spɔɖɛ ŋgʋ lɛlɛyɔ paɣ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛ-lakʋ yɔ. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1896 yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size spɔɖɛ lɩm yaʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-kɛ Olimpiiki aleɣya abalaa spɔɖɛ kpem kɛlɛ nɛ halaa n̄a-paɣzɩɣ kʋ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1912 taa kɛnɛ. Sɔnɔ ɖɩ-wɛna lɛɣtʋ naanaza se ɖɩ-kpɛlɛkɩna yaa ɖɩ-tɩlɩna lɩm yaʋ.
Nɛ ŋgbɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-cɔnna aheela sʋsɔna ana a-paɣtʋ ɖɩlɩzɩɣ ne a-kpɛlɩkɩtʋ wɩlʋ yʋɔ yɔ alɩzɩna lɛɣtʋ ndʋ, aheela sakɩyɛ wayɩ. Ndʋ yɔ : nesi haduu tɛ yaʋ nɛ pɩtasɩna tɩ-hɔmm nɛ tʋʋzʋ tɛ yaʋ nɛ yaʋ fiidiviu tɩ-yɛ, kaɖɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpem kɛlɛ, nɛ siiye kotuu tɛ yaʋ.
Nesi haduu tɛ yaʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Kɛna lotu yɔ yaʋ. Ɖɩ-kɛ yayɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-wɛ camɩyɛ nɛ hɛɛ yɔ.
- 50 nɛ 100 nɛ 200 mɛtɩnaa.
Tɩ-hɔmm tɛ yaʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Yayɛ ɖɩ-nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, nesi ɛ-wɛʋ lɩm tɛɛ, ɛlɛ awayɩ. Nɩŋgbaŋzɩ ŋmakɩ lɩm nɛ pɩɖɛʋ naŋ.
- 50 nɛ 100 nɛ 200 nɛ 400 nɛ 800 nɛ 1500 mɛtɩnaa.
Yaʋ fiidiviu tɩ-yɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Kɛna yatʋ ndʋ tɩ-wɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ kpem yɔ. Nɛ lɩm yaʋ pʋnɛyɔ pɔpɔzɩɣ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩŋŋ, nɛ ɖɩna peeɖe nesi nɛ naŋgbaŋzɩ nɛ lotu, mbʋ pɩ-tɛ yaʋ wɛ kaɖɛ.
- 50 nɛ 100 nɛ 200 mɛtɩnaa.
Siɣye kotuu tɛ yaʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Ŋgbɛɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size FINA yɔ lɩzɩna lɛɣtʋ lɩm yaʋʋ pʋnɛyɔ; nɛ ɖɩɖɔkʋ kɛnɛ size ŋkotuu siiye nɛ ncɔʋʋ pɔbɔɖɛ tɩ-yɛ lɩm taa.
- 50 nɛ 100 et 200 mɛtɩnaa.


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Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm
Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 43 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tc. Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ hɛŋgɛlɛɛ nɛ ɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbelenaa yɔ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ yɔ, nɛ kɩfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛwɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛzɩ rɛnɩyɔm nɛ maŋganɛzɩ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se technetos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se poluba kulubu. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ pʊtʊ weyi paɖana-ɩ lubu yɔ. Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊnaa kuluba taa lɛ, weyi ɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ (Z = 42) nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm (Z = 44) pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kaawɛ kpɛɖɛ. Ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ kaawɛna tambaɣ se pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yee pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pana ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kpata taa kɔyɔ pʊwɛʊ kɛlɛʊ nɛ pana pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba patatɩɩ tɩlɩda yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1877, Ruusii kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Serge Kern tɔŋ se ɛna pʊtʊ paakpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm wondu lɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛɖɩɣ yɔ. Kern ya pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛkɛ yɔ davyum se pɩkɛ kiɖima kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Sir Humphry Davy, ɛlɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ŋcɔna kɔyɔ pɩkɛ pisidina ɩrɩdɩyɔm nɛ rɔtɩyɔm nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ.
Hɩla panormium pɩtɩŋna Palerme sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ trinacrium pɩlɩna Sicile yɔɔ kɛ palɩza. Ñɩnɩyaa nakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ krɛkɩ hɩɖɛ texvntός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kulubu, mbʊ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi palaba-ɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Segrè pɩsɩ Berkeley nɛ ɛsʊlɩmɩ Glenn T. Seaborg. Ɛlɩzɩ nɖeke tɛkɩnɩsɩyɔm agbele 99m weyi palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ wiluu hɔɔlɩŋ taa ɖɔkɔtɔ naa miiliiyɔɔ waa pɩtalɩ 10 mbʊ yɔ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga.


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Zɩŋkɩ
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se sɛŋkɩ. Kɩ-kɩlɛmʊʊ yaa ki-kumoɖe lɛ Zn. Kɩ-mayaɣ ñɛkɛ 30. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu sɛŋkɩ wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se mañɩzɩyɔm yɔ. Sɛŋkɩ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ sɛŋkɩ yɔ tɩkpɛndɩ 23. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, sɛŋkɩ kɩlɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ tɔyʊʊ. Sɛŋkɩ taa wondu kagbaanzɩ natʊyʊ wɛɛ, tɩlɩ ɖama ɖeyi ɖeyi. Wondu kagbaanzɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ sɛŋkɩ taa, tiituu, tɩɩkɛʊ lone.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ sɛŋkɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se sɩfaleriti (sphalérite) yɔ, ndʊ kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ sɛŋkɩ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊʊ payaɣ se sɛŋkɩ tɛ silifiiri (sulfure de zinc). Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga taa pohuyi sɛŋkɩ pɩtalɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa nasɩlɛ nɛ nɩɩnʊwa (250) kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, panaɣ tɔɔnɩ waa 21,2 Ositralii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ 16,8 Siini ñɩnɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga ŋga ka-taa Siini nɛ Peruu nɛ Ositralii pa-ajɛya tasɩ huyuu sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) nɛ pʊsɔzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa mba pohuyaa yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. Sɛŋkɩ tɛ tɔɔnɩ waa mba pɔsɔza mbʊ yɔ, pɔ-tɔɔnɩ waa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ huyi tɔɔnɩ waa 29,2. Peruu ɛjaɖɛ ñohuyi tɔɔnɩ waa 12,7 nɛ Ositralii ɛjaɖɛ ñohuyi tɔɔnɩ waa 12,1.
Zɩŋkɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 30 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Zn. Tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, zɩŋkɩ nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm pakpakɩɣ ɖama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ ɛlɩzɩɣ sɔzaɣ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ +2, nɛ ɛɖalakɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ nɛ Mg2+. Ɛkɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanaza tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa yɔ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ e-tomnaɣ yem ñɩŋga ŋga ɖooo hoohoo pɛkpɛndaɣ-kɛ nɛ etɛŋ wonduu mɛfɛyɩ camɩyɛ waa, ɛlɛ pɩsaŋaɣ nɛ palakɩna kuviri nɛ zɩŋkɩ naa kpaagbaa, wɛ luɖaa takayaɣ taa ŋga kɛkɛ Georgius Agricola ñɩŋa yɔ weyi ɛcɔna-ɩ ɛyɔlaa pɩñɔtɩna Silesi tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1546 yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɩwɛʊ Basile Valentin cɩkpɛndʊʊ takayasɩ taa pɩñɔtɩna pɩnzɩ 1650 mbʊ yɔ. Nɛ pɩɩpɔza se pɩnaɣ 1695 alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɔcɔ palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ keelee ɛzɩma palakɩ zɛŋkɩ pɩtɩŋna kɩ-tɛ kaŋwa yɔɔ yɔ.
Zɛŋkɩ tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩ paɣlʊʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 18 hɛkʊ taa ŋkɔɔ nsɩna pɩnaɣ 1820, ɖenɖe keeke kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ caɣ mbilim yɔ. Kajalaɣ zɛŋkɩ tɛ yɔlʊʊ pɩtɩŋna papasɩɣ zɛŋkɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ kanwa ɛlɛ pɩkɛʊ ɖenɖe helim ɛwɛʊ yɔ, Andreas Margraff sazɩna-tʊ pɩnzɩ 1746 nɛ 1749 hɛkɩŋ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm tʊma tɩna mba pɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛyaa yɔ paɣzɩ ɖʊ nesi siŋ zɛŋkɩ labʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, ɛyaa pa-taa kɔyɔ ɛzɩ William Champion weyi ɛlaba zɛŋkɩ nɛ kuviri yɔ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Jean-Jacques Dony.
Yee Caama tɔmpiye ɛkɛ Zink nɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se zincum, ɖɩnɛlɛ fransɩɩ tɔmpiye lɩna Caama tɛ kɛnɛ. Jean Thévenot tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛkpaɣdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ aseɣɖe nɔmɔŋ wobu pɩnaɣ 1666, ya-ɩ se zinch. Richelet tɔm kpou, ñaña fransɩɩ yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1680, nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɖɩ kɛlɛʊ se zin yaa zain.


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Piyeloorusi
Piyeloorusi kɛna Eerɔpʋ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se pɩcɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtoonii nɛ Lituyaanii wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Poolɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kataŋga sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, laŋ tala ɛzɩ 40 % yɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ kpeekpe taa.
Pamaza Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 207 600 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 498 700 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45,80 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Alexandre Loukachenko nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Andreï Kobiakov.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ piyelorusi nɛ rusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Minski nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +375 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ se Ɖaa lɛ Piyelorusi ñɩma.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruubli piyelorus.


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Nimviɖe
Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, nimviɖe kɛna nesi tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna noŋgoloŋa nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛɛ yɔ, nimviɖe kɛŋna hamʊ tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna ɛcɩɖɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊ yɔ. Paa ɛyʊ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛ yɔ, nimvela naalɛ wɛna: lɩmɩyɛ nimviɖe nɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ.
Ɛyʊ nesi wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo: nimviɖe, nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka. Noŋgoloŋga tamna nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nimviɖe, nesi ajɔɔ ñɛwɛna avnt-bras nɛ nandaka pɛhɛkʊ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɩnʊ ɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, nimviɖe kɩlana kpeetʊʊ. Nimviɖe kpeetaa, ɛlɛ, nɛŋgbɛŋga kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ.
Ɛyʊ wɛʊ toma taa ɖɔŋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛ-mɔɔ cɛyaa yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna e-nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ. Nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ kɩla wɛʊ ɛyʊ nesi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ yaa eseu yɔ, pɩlɩna e-nesi fiiduu yɔɔ.
Ɛyʊ nesɩ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: hamʊ, nimviɖe, noŋgoloŋga, nɛŋgbɛŋga, nesi ajɔɔ taa, nɛ nandaka.
Hamʊʊ taa wɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naatozo. Nimviɖe taa ñɛwɛna mɔɔyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe ɖɔdɔ tomnaɣ nandʊ kɩla wɛʊ kɛ nesi yɔɔ, piyele noŋgoloŋga ñɛwɛna nimviɖe nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga pɛhɛkʊ taa; noŋgoloŋga ŋga, kɔyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ekoti yaa eposi e-nesi. Nɛŋgbɛŋga taa nɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naalɛ. Nesi ajɔɔ taa peeɖe wɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ noŋgoloŋga yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se nesi ajɔɔ yekina nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka pɔcɔʊ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɔma; pɩkazɩ nɛ nandaka yɔɔ kɛ nee kagbaanzɩ wɛɛ. Paatɔŋ se mbʊ paale pɩwɛɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛna nee pɩɖɛɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔɔ yaa pɩtatalɩ mbʊ.


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Rood Ayilandi
Rood Ayilandi kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Rood Ayilandi taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Providence nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Rood Ayilandi ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 4 002 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 706 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 295 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 41,19 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 43 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 13 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1790. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 052 567 yɔ.
Payaɣ Rood Ayilandi ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Gina Raimondo (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Jack Reed (D) nɛ Sheldon Whitehouse (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋglɩsɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgiɩsɩ kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Pʊʊ haɣ
Pʊʊ haɣ kɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yuŋ talɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 130 ŋtalɩ 700 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-tɔm paɣzʊʊ kɩpaɣzʊʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ŋgʊ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖɩzɩɣ-ɖɩ Liban nɛ Suwisi ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Luxembourg, Pɛlɛziiki, Peeyiibaa, ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔ piŋ kɔyɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ keekee taa lɛ ɖɩɩwɛ Rɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa.
Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ lakʊ taa ɛzɩ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla ɖɩ-fezuu caɣʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 ŋgʊ yee pɔɖɔ-ɖɩ kɩɖɔʊ kɔyɔ ɖɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 40. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ hʊndʊ caɣ yɔɔlɩɩ, kpʊzɩyɛɛ pɩwɛɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ, yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se ɛ-yɔɔ tɔlɩm hʊndʊ ɖɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ kpeɣtɩna hayi kiŋ gazasɩ tɛɛ mbʊ haɣna-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛpɩzɩɣ ehuyuu tɛtʊ. Ɖɩ-ñʊʊ paɣlaa, kʊwɛɛ kulukulu, nɛ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ wɛɛ tokom tɩyɛ. Ɖɩkʊkʊyʊmɩŋ talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛta naa 1,5 halɩ ŋtalɩ 3,5. Ɖɩpaɣlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖise pɩtalɩ kilomɛta ɛzɩ kpaɣ 55 mbʊ yɔ ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ ɖɔŋ ɛ-cɩkpaŋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩndaa acɩyaa yɔɔ kɛlɛ wayi ñɩnzɩ yɔɔ lɛ ɛsɩɣ ɛ-naatalɩŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ taa lɛ, esiki ɛ-cɩkpaŋ nɛ pʊcɔ nantaka nɛ wayi naŋgbanzɩ potukina tɛtʊ.
Polosa ɖɔɖɔ se abalaa naalɛ you halʊʊ kʊyʊm yɔɔ yaa nabʊyʊ taa ɖɩcaɣyɛ yɔɔ. Waɖʊ wakɩ lɛ ɛkpa halɩ ñɩnʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñaɖʊ piyaa, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ ɖiɣɖiɣ eyeke ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcɔna e-piyaa. Ɛwɛna hɩla loɖo nɛ awɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ e-lotu taa, nɛ ɛhaɣ hɩlɩm kɩbam nɛ leleŋ ñɩmbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa yaɖɛ nɛ ñɩm tɩŋa nɛ nʊm nɛ katamɩnɩ naa tɩŋa yɔ. Halɩ ñɩnʊ ɛnʊ ɛɖaŋɩɣ e-piyaa nɛ kpentɔyasɩ ɛɛtɔkɩ-sɩ kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩnɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ se abalɩ ñɩma pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se pakʊ-sɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pacaɣ pakpa po-ɖoo naa, tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔyɩŋ cɔlɔ nɛ lakɩŋ taa hasɩ lɛɛsɩ naa cɔlɔ.
Pɩpɔzɩ-ɩ se sɔŋaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛna tomnaɣ taa num pɩtalɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 180 ŋtalɩ 200 mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛkapɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɛlʊbɩna niikaɣ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa eɖou pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɩba yɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ caɣʊʊ ɖɩmɛlɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ pɔŋ taa nɛ kaŋ tɛɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʊ naa taa. Ɛkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩktɔkɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ, ɛtɔkɩ tɩŋ hatʊ, tɩŋ lila, nɛ tɩŋ anɛɣda, kpɛŋgbɛsɩ, nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpakpasɩ, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ nɛ kpina cikpena lɛɛna.


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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1797 alɩwaatʊ Bâle tɛtʊ kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1783 kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ (Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa) ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 76. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlaba ɛtɛ fezuu caɣʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Euler kaakɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ weyi paakɩlɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kaatɔya paale yɔ kɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ paawona-kɛ Laplace tɛ Simon Petro tɛ nɛ katasɩɣ cuuzuu mbʊ se Euler lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyɛ wakɩna paale nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ, ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ ɖa-wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊwa nɛ etisi piŋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ, etisi Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna mba petetisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Palʊla Euler Bâle tɛtʊ taa, ɛ-caa Paul Euler, ɛkɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ tɛ cɔɔcɩ naa tɛ ninɖiyu, e-ɖoo Marguerite Brucker, ɛkɛ ninɖiyu nɔyʊ pɛlɛ. Ɛwɛna kɔɔnaa naalɛ mba yɔ Anna Maria nɛ Maria Magdalena. Pɩlaba alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem ɛzɩ palʊlʊʊ Leonhard lɛ, ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pakʊ Bâle tɛtʊ taa nɛ powolo pɩjɔlɔ kpam tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Riechen tɩtaa. Peeɖe Euler lakɩ ɛtɛ pɩjatʊ fezuu caɣʊ siŋ. Paul Euler kaakɛ Bernoulli cejewiye taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ ɛgbadʊ Jean Bernoulli, weyi pɔtɔŋgɔ se ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ lɛɣtʊ Erɔpʊ pɩkpɖɩ evebu Leonhard yɔ.
Pɩnzɩ 13 wayi lɛ, Leonard ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Bâle sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1723 taa lɛ, ɛmʊ tɩ ɖɔkʊʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩŋna tɔm ta huyuu takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ Descartes nɛ Newton pa-ñɩnzɩ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ nddʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Jean Bernoulli kpɛlɛka-ɩ mazasɩ ɖanasɩ tɩŋga, peeɖe ɛlɛ hiwa nɛ ɛna se e-sukuli pɩɣa kɩfala kanɛ kɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Euler pazɩ kpɛlɛkɛkʊʊ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm nɛ Kɗɛkɩ nɛ Hɛbra, mbʊ ɛ-caa pɔza lɛɛlɛ se pɩha waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ninɖɩyu. Peeɖe Jean cɛyɩ ɛtɩ nɛ eyele nɛ ɛ-caa nɩɩ pɩdaa se pʊmʊna ɛ-pɩɣa ɛpɩsɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, Jean Bernoulli piyaa naalɛ, Daniel nɛ Nicolas, lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Ruusi tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1726 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Nicolas ñasɩbɩna lebiye kʊdɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlaba pɩnaɣ kɛlɛ Ruusi tɛtʊ taa. Kɛlɛ e-neu Daniel pazɩ ɛ-tʊma, lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɔzɩ se eeyeba ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yem nɛ nɔyʊ fɛyɩ yɔ Leonhard ɛkpaɣ ɖɩjayɛ nɖɩ.


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Guillaume 2 (Caama tɛ wiyaʋ)
Frédéric Guillaume Victor Albert Hohenzollern tʊ (Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht), palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1859 Perɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1941 taa Doorn, Peyibaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛkɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1888 ŋtalɩ e-kewiyaɣ kizuu alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1918, natozo tʊ nɛ kpaagba awiyaa taa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ nɛ nakʊ nɛ kpaagba wiyaʊ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛɛkɛ Hohenzollern ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ, paya-ɩ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa se Guillaume 2 tʊ, ɛɛkɛ Guillaume 1 tʊ sɛyɩ (kajalaɣ awiyaa taa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ ɛkɛ Frédéric 3 tʊ pɩɣa ŋga ka-kɩyakɩŋ maɣnɩ 99 yeke yɔ nɛ ŋga ɛlɛɛza. E-ɖoo, Kaiserin Victoria pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ halʊ, kaakɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Victoria pɛlaɣ ɛ-nɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Albert Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha.
Pɩtɩŋna tɔsʊʊ huu yɔɔ lɛ, tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Francine Dominique Liechtenhan tɔzʊʊ se Guillaume 2 tʊ kɔna wazaɣ sakɩyɛ Caama tʊma sɔsɔna. Sukuli naa cikpema nɛ sukuli naa sɔsaa tʊma sɩna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩnda pɩkɔɔ pɩpɩsɩ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ ɛjaɖɛ. Canaʊ laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊma naa sukuli yeba nesi tɛ tʊma tɩna tɩna ɖɔɔ. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ tɛ tɩna yele lɛɣzɩɣ kɩfam sʊʊna-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔmnasɩ ɖɔnɛ tʊma nɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊma anasaayɩ mɩŋ tʊma nɛ pɩ-tɛ kɔ. Kaiser-Willhelm-Gesellschaft ñasɩna-wɛ ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Ɛtɛma e-sukuli labʊ Cassel Gymnasium nɛ Bonn sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa lɛ, ekizi se ɛkpaɣkɩɣ halʊ kɛ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ Élisabeth de Hesse-Darmstadt nɛ eyele ɛkpaɣ wiyaʊ pɛlaɣ Augusta-Victoria Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg tʊ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1881 weyi payaɣa se Donna (palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1858 nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1921).


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Pɩyɛɛrɩ
Anasaayɩ sʊlʊm mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ se pɩyɛɛɖɩ, pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ niŋvidiŋ tɩŋ pee yɔ. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm pɩtɩŋnɛ pɩdɩŋ tɛ lakasɩ nɛ ŋñɩɩ wa nɩɣyʊʊ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Pɩkɩlɩna ɖeɖ nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa palakɩ-kʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ malɩtɩ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩya ɖɔɖɔ se kpamla mʊlʊm (mʊlʊm pee wena pahʊzaɣ yɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɔsɔzɩ pee lɛɛna) nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ houblon. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩɣ wɛʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa nɛ pakɩlɩ-pʊ sɔɔlʊʊ nɔʊ yɔ.
Pɩyɛɛrɩ sʊlʊm tɛ canaʊ tɔm tamsɩna wondu yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wondu tɩna se sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ sɔnɔ. Kajalaɣ mʊlʊm pee tɛ haɖaʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ épeautre (pɩkɛ pilee nakʊyʊ) lɩna Mésopotamie ɖooo pɩnzɩ 8000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa tɩŋga kaawɛ mbʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛyʊ la pɩyɛɛɖɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ papazɩɣ-kʊ labʊ pɩnzɩ 6000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-krɩstʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, payawaɣ pɩyɛɛrɩ se sikaru (pʊtɔbʊʊ matʊ taa se lɩm kpɔnɔ) kaakɛ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ sɔssɔɔ. Palakaa-kɛ kɛkɛndɛyɩŋ kɩhɔbɩŋ pɩlɩnɛ pilee nɛ ɔrɩgɩ mba ɛyʊ ɖʊwaɣ lɩm taa se pɩñɩŋgɩ nɛ pehɩɣ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ yɔ. Paɖʊwaɣ pɩ-taa peeɖe canelle nɛ tʊŋ num yaa sɔzɩŋ wondu ndʊ tɩkɛna yaɖʊ yɔ.


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Cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ
Cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ kɛna nɔmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ ɛyʊ tɩŋgʊna nɛ ɛɖɔɔnɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ nɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩsɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɩfɛyɩ deu yɔ, paɖɩɣ-ɩ kaʊ. Cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ pɩzʊ pɩwɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo taa. Kacalaɣ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se pahazɩ tasɩ nɛ habɛɛ yɔɔ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ nɛ pamɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ asuluma lɩzʊ fɔɔfɔɔnaa. Nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se pamɩzɩ kɔɔ wena akʊʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sonzoo yɔ. Kpaagbaa taa lɛ, pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ se paa weyi ɛcɔna nɛ ɛɖaŋɩ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ ndʊ ɛcɔlɔ nɛ ɖenɖe ɛwɛɛ yɔ.
Cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwayɩ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛyʊ wezu maɣmaɣ caɣʊ taa cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ ñɩndʊ, tɔɔnaɣ tɔɔʊ taa ñɩndʊ nɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ ñɩnɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Wayɩ wayɩ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩyɔɔdɩɣna ɛyaa kɛ tomnaɣ taa alafɩya tɔm nɛ hayɩsʊ pɔ-tɔm, tabakʊʊyaɣ nɔ̃ʊ nɛ sʊlʊm ñɔtʊ pɔkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi yɔ ɩ-tɔm. Krɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ lɩna pɛ-ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Payaɣa-ɖɩ se Hygie nɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se « weyi ɛɖʊ nesi alafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ ». Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩkɛna tɔnʊʊ taa alafɩya yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ yɔɔ. Ɖɩ-caa kɛ payaɣ se Asclépios nɛ ɛlɛ kɛŋna fɛɖaa ñʊʊtʊ. Hygie kɛna mayaɣ ŋga kaɖɩkɩ kaʊ kɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɔɔ kɔyɔ Panacée. Ɛnɛ ɛlɛ ñawaɣna kʊdɔŋ weyi ɩmaɣna e-neu yɔɔ nɛ ɩsʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ sɩŋnana nɛ poluki kɔɔ pee ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩwɩlʊ se Krɛɛsɩ mba kañaŋgaɣ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ nɛ paa ɛsɩmtaa pelizaɣ lɩm se asuluma lakasɩ ɛtaawɛɛ.
Ajɛya sakɩyɛ taa kominanaa lɩza paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɔcɔŋna cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ kɛ paale. Togo taa yɔ, posusuu cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ we ɛtʊ ndʊ aɖadiyona taa nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmwaa taa. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, komina lɩza kacalaɣ mazaɣ kɛ fenaɣ taa se paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgɨu lɛ kɩ-taa mba ɩlɩɩ nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ lona ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ habɛɛ yɔɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, papaɣzɩ hɛyʊ kɛ mba pa-ɖɩsɩ taa nɛ pa-ɖɩsɩ cɔlɔ kpɛɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ.


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Maka
Maka kɛna Arabii-Sahʊditi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ teŋu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Pɔɔ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 80. Malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ peeɖe palʊla ɛsɔ tiiyu weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Mohamet yɔ nɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ looɖo taa. Maka kɛna-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ kɛ paa malʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ se kɩɖɔ nʊmɔʊ kɩɖeɖeu nɛ payaɣ elewu kɛ pɛ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ pasʊlɩmɩ Ala kɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɔsɔɔla yɔ. Paaɖɔŋ pa-nʊmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu lɛ, pɔcɔʊ pɩyɛ kiɖeɖeye naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kaaba nɛ kɩwɛ mɔsikee ŋgʊ payaɣ se Masjid Al-Haram yɔ (pʊtɔbʊ se mɔsikee kiɖeɖeu).
Malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ pɩtɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩñɔ pɔ-cɔzɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Ibrahim yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtaha nɔɔyʊ nʊmɔʊ se ɛñɔtɩna Kaaba ŋgʊ yee ɛtɛkɛ malʊʊ kɔyɔ. Malɩŋ tɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛna paa malʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩjɛyʊ se kɩɖɔ nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ e-wezu taa yee ɛpɩzʊ kɔyɔ. Maka tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Arabii-Sauditi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ tɩwɛ Hɛjajɩ nɛ Aziri pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Teŋu kidiiliŋ ŋga payaɣ-kʊ se Ceda yɔ kiposina tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 80 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 547 360.
Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɖɛɣʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda kpem yɔ pɩlɩɣna nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ malɩŋ ɖɔŋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga yɔ. Peeɖe ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ patalɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ramadaŋ fenaɣ talɩɣ lɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa lɩɣna ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ se powoki atima. Malɩŋ wokɩɣ maka yɔ papɩsɩɣ nɛ pekpe lɛ papɩsa aljiwaa yaa pɩkɛ halaa kɔyɔ papɩsɩʊ aziyawaa. Maka wobu wɛ kaɖɛ; pɩpɔzʊ liidiye siŋŋŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa Malɩŋ weyi ewoba yɔ pamaɣna ɛzɩ milɩyɔɔnaa naatozo ɖeke yɔ, ŋgʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ malɩŋ tala ɛzɩ miliyari kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Malɩŋ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, 0,2 ɖeke wobina-kʊ. Kaaba kɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) nɛ Malɩŋ tɔŋ se kacalaɣ weyi ɛsɔ lɩza nɛ paya-ɩ se Adam ɛnʊ ɛmana kaaba ŋgʊ nɛ pʊcɔ Ibrahim nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Ismaïl.


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Teeraŋ
Teeraŋ tetʋ kɛna Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Teeraŋ tɛtʋ wɛ Iirani ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɩwɛ pʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ se Ɛlɩburui yɔ kʋcɔlɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakalɩ Teeraŋ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 15 000 000 yɔ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ sulukŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 15 yɔ. peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-yɔɔ palakɩ saa kpinini yaa hayɩsʋ tʋma yɔ (autoroute) aɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ.
Teeraŋ tɔbʋ nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa Teeraŋ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛlakɩ ɛkpandʋ yɔ yaa weui ehuyuu yɔ. Piyele nɛ sɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Général Albert Houtum-Schindler cɔlɔ lɛ, tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se kadaŋa yaa kadaɣhʋlʋmaɣ wɛtʋ (plaine désertique). Weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Ahmad Kasravi yɔ Teeraŋ tɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɖenɖe sʋŋgaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Payaɣ Teeraŋ maaliki tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf. Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ yɔ, Teeraŋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kabuli (Afganisitani), Suwani (Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ), Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Minsiki (Piyelorusi), Piraziliya (Pirezili) Lahavani (Kuba), Pagidadi (Iraki), Kowɛtɩ (Kowɛtɩ), Yerusalɛm (Palɛsitini), Mosiku (Ruusi), Sɛnpetɛrisiburi (Ruusi), Karitumi (Sudani), Tujambe (Tajikisitani), karakasi (Fenezuyela) nɛ Sana (Yemɛni).


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22-28 novembre
TƆM HƲYAA 1-3
Hendu 126 nɛ adɩma
Kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm (C. 1)
ÑƖM MBƲ PƖWƐ ƐSƆTƆM TAA YƆ
“Abalɩtʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ labʋ nabʋyʋ kɛdaɣ”: (C. 10)
Fezuu taa ñɩm: (C. 10)
Th 2:10-12—Kɩɖaʋ kʋnɛ kɩpakɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩkpa ɖa-tɩ nɛ we? (w05 15/1 24 § 7)
Ŋkalɩ kpɩtaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛ Bibl hɔɔlʋʋ lɛ, fezuu taa ñɩm mbʋ ŋhiɣaa pɩlɩɩnɩ Yehowa, tɔm susuu yaa hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ŋsɔɔlɩ se ŋkɛdɩ-ɖʋ pɩ-tɔm?
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Bibl kalʋʋ: (C. 4) Th 3:12-31 (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 5)
FALƖSƖ ÑA-TƖ NƐ ŊSUSI TƆM CAMƖYƐ
“Hiɣ taa leleŋ tɔm susuu taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ—Yele nɛ Yehowa sɩnɩ-ŋ pɩtɩŋnɩ adɩma yɔɔ”: (C. 10) Tɔm taa tazʋʋ. Yele nɛ paɖʋ video Tisi nɛ Yehowa sɩnɩ-ŋ nɛ ŋhiɣ taa leleŋ kpɛlɩkɩyaa labʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa—Adɩma
Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 5) lffi tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 02 kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ 1-3 (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 11)
CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Kɛ Yehowa taabalʋ—Kɛ tɔm susuyu kɩbanʋ: (C. 5) Tɔm taa tazʋʋ. Yele nɛ paɖʋ video. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ye pɩsaŋ yɔ, ŋyaa piya nzɩ ŋŋtɛm lɩzʋʋ yɔ nɛ ŋpɔzɩ-sɩ tɔm tʋnɛ: Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩñɔɔzɩ ɖa-tɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɛɛ tɔm susuu? Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩñɔɔzɩ ɖa-tɩ camɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɖɩtaaɖɛlɛsɩ niye? Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩwɛ tɔm susuu taa yɔ?
“Lɛɣtʋ ndʋ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ tɔm susuu kediɣzisi taa nɛ sɩwazɩ-ɖʋ camɩyɛ yɔ”: (C. 10) Tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ ɛtazɩnɩ tɔm ñʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Pɔzɩ koobiya se pɔyɔɔdɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se pɔkɔɔ tɔm susuu kediɣzaɣ taa lɔŋ pʋcɔ nɛ kapaɣzɩ yɔ.
Ɛgbɛyɛ taa Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 30) lfb ñʋŋ 9 nɛ 10
Kɛdɛzaɣ tɔm (C. 3)
Hendu 36 nɛ adɩma


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Sewuuli
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 25 620 000, yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ; ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖeke yɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 10 140 000. Ɛyaa pɛnɛ, pa-taa lɛ akɔma kpɛnda 255 501. Kɩgalʊʊ kʊnɛ, paakala-kʊ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2013.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ natʊtozo ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ, Tokiyo nɛ natʊlɛ ndʊ lɛ Mɛkisiikoo. Tɛtʊ nanza ñindʊ lɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 60 552 yaa kɩlomɛtanaa 605,52.


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Kinee-Konakrii
Kinee-Konakrii (Guinée-Conakry)
Payaɣ se Kinee-Konakrii yɔ pacaɣ se paɖʊ tʊkaɣ kɛ Kiinee-Piisoo nɛ Kiinee-Ekʊwatɩralɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pɩkɛna Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kinee-Konakrii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ ɖɔdɔ se Kinee-Konakrii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ kɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ kɛ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1958. Ajɛya looɖo cɔna; Kinee-Konakrii nɛ ata, nɛ ana-yɔ: Kiinee-Piisoo; Senegaalɩ; Maalii; Kootidiivʊwaarɩ; Liiberiya; Siyera-Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ.
Kiinee-Pɩsaʊ taa pɔsɩ ɖɔwa nɛ sɩtala ɛzɩ 1300 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ peeɖe lɩm lɩʊna yɔ mbʊ pɩyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Niizɛrɩ pɔɔ yɔ yaa Senegaalɩ ñɩŋga yɑa ɖɔɖɔ Kaambii ñɩŋga kɔyɔ peeɖe sɩlɩɣna. Pɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣna Kinee-Konakrii pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Fʊʊta-Jalɔŋ yɔ kɩ-tɛɛ.
Fʊʊtaa-Jalɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ kɩ-lɩm yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna laatiɖiki mɩŋ kɛ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Lɩŋgamʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Kɔnkʊʊɖe nɛ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Maamʊ yɔ, yaa Kindiya nɛ Koonakiri yɔ, pɩkɛna Kinee-konakrii komina kɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɛ kɩñakɩ pana se pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ pama lɩŋgamɩŋ pɩɖɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1992 lɛ pama lɩŋgamʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ pɩwayɩ yɔ pama lɛɛŋ ɛzɩ Kaleta yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ komina ɖɩɩna Sʊwapiti ñɩŋgʊ maʊ.


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Pogotaa
Pogotaa kɛna Kolombi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kundinamarɩkaa yɔ tɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa ñɩndʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɩwɛɛ ɖooo lɔŋ ɛlɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1538 kɛ mba pañɩnaɣ se pɛwɛɛna tɛtʊ kɛ Amerika yɔ pa-taa nɔɔyʊ na-tʊ. Payaɣ ñɩnɩyʊ ɛnʊ se Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada nɛ ɛkɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ tʊ nɛ ɛcaɣ tataa kɛ pɩnzɩ 70 (1509 - 1579). Kolombii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ nɛɛlɛ (20) nɛ Pogotaa tɛtʊ kɛŋna ɖenɖe tɔsʊʊ, ñɩm, komina tʊma nɛ politiki tɔm kɩla cɛyʊ yɔ.
Tɛrʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Kolombii ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ payawaɣ peeɖe se Pogotaa tuuye. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ hayʊ nɛ hadɛ lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa 33 nɛ pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ piwolo pɩtalɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ yɔ pɩwɛ kilomɛtanaa 16. Peeɖe hɔɔlʊʊ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ kɩwɛna mɛtanaa 2 640. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Pogotaa tɛtʊ kɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natitozo ñɩndʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa; kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ yɔ Paazɩ (Polivi) nɛ natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ lɛ Kiitoo (Ekuwatɛrɩ).
Pogotaa tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩwaa 177 598 ha yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 775,98. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakala ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 8 744 000. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ keteŋa taa ajɛya 42 taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndɩ ndɩ panɩɣna ɖama nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ewobina ɛsɩndaa. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Gustavo Petro Urrego (2012-2015). Paatɔ caca nɛ weyi Gustavo Petro Urrego lɛɛzaa yɔ ɛlɛ payawaɣ se Antanas Mockus Šivickas.


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ÑƲƲ HIU NƐ NAADOZO
Ɛ-kɩwɛɛkɩm kpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ lɔŋ
1, 2. (a) Ɛbɛ Yoonaasɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm kɔnɩ ɛ nɛ mba paawɛ mɛlɛ taa yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ? (b) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yoonaasɩ tɔm pɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ?
YE YOONAASƖ kaapɩzaɣ se ɛla nɛ kɔkɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖisu yɔ, pɩɩkɛdɩnɩ-ɩ. Helim sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ makaɣ nɛ pɩsʋʋ mɛlɛ nimasɩ taa; lɩm hola sɔsɔna kʋyaɣ nɛ ayɔkʋʋ mɛlɛ, nɛ pɩñamsɩɣ ki-kpoŋgbolonaa tɩŋa. Ɛlɛ kubusi nzɩ mɛlɛ sayaa nɛ pa-ñʋʋdʋ pamakaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pañakɩ pana se mɛlɛ ɛtaasʋʋ lɩm yɔ, nzɩ kɩlaɣnɩ cɛyʋʋ Yoonaasɩ kpem. Yoonaasɩ kaanawa se piileɖiɣ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pa-tɩŋa pasɩkɩ, ɛlɛ pɩlɩnɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ na.
2 Ɛbɛ laba nɛ Yoonaasɩ wɛɛ kaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa? Ɛyʋsɩnɩ ɛ-Ɛsɔ Yehowa siŋŋ. Ɛbɛ ɛlaba? Ɛzɩ mbʋ ɛlaba yɔ, pɩwɛɛkɩ ɛ nɛ Yehowa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kpaagbaa wɛɛkʋʋ na? Ðiicosuu tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩkaɣ kpɛlɩkʋʋ lɔŋ sakɩyɛ. Yoonaasɩ tɔm kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ ɖɔɖɔ se halɩ mba pɛwɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pala kɩwɛɛkɩm, ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ pa nɛ Yehowa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Nayʋ weyi ɛlɩnɩ Galiilee yɔ
3-5. (a) Ɛyaa kaamaɣzɩɣ Yoonaasɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɔtɔzʋʋ? (b) Suwe Bibl heyiɣ-ɖʋ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɖenɖe Yoonaasɩ lɩnaa yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.) (c) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yoonaasɩ natʋ tʋmɩyɛ taawɛɛ kɛlɛʋ yaa pɩtaakɛ taa leleŋ tʋmɩyɛ?
3 Ðoŋ ɖoŋ lɛ, ɛyaa kaamaɣzɩɣ Yoonaasɩ yɔɔ lɛ, pɔtɔzʋʋ ɛ-wɛtʋ kɩdɛkɛdɩtʋ ɖeke yɔɔ na, ɛzɩ ɛ-kaañamtʋ yaa ɛzɩma ɛtɩna lalaa pʋtɔdɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, Yoonaasɩ kaawɛnɩ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɔzɩ se Yehowa Ɛsɔ kaalɩzɩnɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ nayʋ. Ye ɛtaawɛɛ siɣsiɣ yaa ɛɛkɛ ɛyʋ kɩdɛkɛdʋ yɔ, Yehowa taalɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛcɛlɩ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ.
Pɩtaakɛ ɛjandʋ ɖeke Yoonaasɩ kaawɛna
4 Bibl heyiɣ-ɖʋ tɔm pazɩ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɖenɖe Yoonaasɩ lɩnaa yɔ. (Kalɩ 2 Awiya 14:25.) Yoonaasɩ tɛ kaawɛ Gaatɩ-efɛɛrɩ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ, tiiposini Nazarɛɛtɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa naanza mbʋ yɔ. Nazarɛɛtɩ peeɖe Yesu caɣaa nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ pɩnzɩ taŋga nɛ nasidozo wayɩ. * Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Wiyaʋ Yarobam II tɔkaɣ kewiyitu Izrayɛɛlɩ cejewe hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-taa Yoonaasɩ labɩ natʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Eliya sɩba pɩtɩkɛ sɔnɔ. Nɛ Eliizee weyi ɛlɛɣzɩ Eliya lone taa yɔ, ɛlɛ ñaasɩba ɖɔɖɔ Yarobam caa kewiyitu tɔɔʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Yehowa kaatɩŋnɩ nayaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ eɖezi Baalɩ sɛtʋ Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ Izrayɛɛlɩ piya tɛ sɩ-taa kpem nɛ sɩɖaɣnɩ Ɛsɔ siɣye haʋ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, wiyaʋ weyi ɛlakaɣ “mbʋ pɩkɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm [Yehowa] ɛzɩdaa” yɔ, ɛnʋ ɖiyiɣni Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ. (2 Aw. 14:24) Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, Yoonaasɩ tʋmɩyɛ taawɛɛ-ɩ kɛlɛʋ yaa ɖɩtaahaɣ-ɩ taa leleŋ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, ɛlabɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ camɩyɛ.
5 Ɛlɛ, kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ Yoonaasɩ kpaɣ lɩmaɣza naayɛ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ-ɩ kaɖɛ. Yehowa ɖʋ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɛla, ɛlɛ Yoonaasɩ maɣzɩ se tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ-ɩ kaɖɛ. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ lɛ nɖɩ?
“Kʋyɩ ŋwolo Niniivi”
6. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Yehowa ɖʋ Yoonaasɩ? Nɛ ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yoonaasɩ maɣzaɣ se tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ-ɩ kaɖɛ?
6 Yehowa heyi Yoonaasɩ se: “Kʋyɩ ŋwolo Niniivi tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa nɛ ŋsusi tɩ-taa tɔm, mbʋ yɔ tɩ-kañatʋ kpa mɛ-ɛzɩdaa.” (Yon. 1:2) Pɩwɛ kɛlɛʋ se ɖɩna mbʋ pʋyɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɩwɛ Yoonaasɩ kaɖɛ yɔ. Niniivi kaawɛnɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, nɛ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ kiwokaɣ peeɖe yɔ kɩɩɖaɣlaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa 800 mbʋ yɔ. Ye ɛyʋ ɛɖɔŋ nɩŋgbanzɩ yɔ, ɛkpakɩɣ ɛzɩ fenaɣ mbʋ yɔ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ peeɖe. Ɛlɛ, pɩtaakɛ nʋmɔʋ ɖaɣlɩkɩŋ yaa ɛzɩma kɩɩwɛ kaɖɛ yɔ, mbʋ kpaɣaɣnɩ-ɩ sɔɔndʋ. Yoonaasɩ talɩɣ Niniivi lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se esusi Yehowa nɩŋgbaaŋ hɔm tɔm Asiirii ñɩma mba paasɩm-wɛ se pɛkɛ kañatʋ tɩnaa sɔsaa yɔ. Ye Ɛsɔ samaɣ maɣmaɣ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ itaawelisi tɔm ndʋ Yoonaasɩ yɔɔdaɣ yɔ, lidaʋ ŋgʋ ɛpɩzaɣ se ɛwɛɛnɩ sɩɩnaa layaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ? Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ pɩpɩzaɣ se piɖeni Yehowa sɛyʋ kʋɖʋm Niniivi, tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ pɔkɔm payaa pʋwayɩ se “tɛtʋ ndʋ tilizi calɩm yɔ,” tɩ-taa?—Nah. 3:1, 7.
7, 8. (a) Ɛzɩma Yoonaasɩ kaañaɣ pana kpem se ese tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Yehowa kaaɖʋ-ɩ yɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩtɩmʋna se ɖɩmaɣzɩ se Yoonaasɩ kaakɛ sɔɔndʋ tʋ?
7 Ɛzɩ Yoonaasɩ labɩ lɩmaɣza tɔm pɔzʋʋ mbʋ pɩ-yɔɔ? Ðɩtɩtɩlɩ. Mbʋ ɖɩsɩma yɔ lɛ se Yoonaasɩ sewa. Yehowa tiyi-i wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, ɛlɛ Yoonaasɩ kpaɣ nʋmɔʋ tuluŋa nɛ ese ɛɖɛɛ ɖooo poliŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ewolo teŋgu nɔɔ tɛtʋndʋ payaɣ se Yopee yɔ tɩ-taa, se ɛsʋʋ mɛlɛ nɛ ewolo Tarsiisi. Lɔŋsɩnɖaa nabɛyɛ maɣzɩɣ se Tarsiisi kaawɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa na. Ye mbʋ yɔ, Yoonaasɩ sewa nɛ eposini Niniivi ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa 3500 mbʋ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pʋcɔ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ nɛ ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ewolo Teŋgu Sɔsɔʋ kamaɣ lɛɛka yɔɔ peeɖe lɛ, pɩɩpɔzɩ pɩnaɣ kiya. Ye mbʋ yɔ, Yoonaasɩ kaañaɣ pana kpem se ese tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Yehowa kaaɖʋ-ɩ yɔ.—Kalɩ Yoonaasɩ 1:3.
8 Yoonaasɩ lakasɩ nzɩ, sɩhaɣ-ɖʋ nʋmɔʋ se ɖɩtɔ se ɛkɛ sɔɔndʋ tʋ yaa we? Pɩɩwɛɣ ɖeu se ɖɩkʋ ɛ-tɔm lɛɛ lɛɛ mbʋ. Ðɩkaɣ naʋ se Yoonaasɩ wɩlɩ abalɩtʋ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɛlɛ ɛzɩ ɖa-taa paa weyi yɔ, Yoonaasɩ kaakɛ ɛyʋ mantɩtalɩ pilim weyi ɛlʋkaɣnɩ ɛjandʋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. (Keɣa 50:7) Apɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔ se sɔɔndʋ tɩkpa-ɩ wiɖiyi nɛ ɛna?
9. Alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ taa lɛ, suwe ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Yehowa ɖʋʋ-ɖʋ yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ? Nɛ toovenim tɔm ndʋ yɔɔ pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩtɔzɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa?
9 Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩlakɩ-ɖʋ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ pɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ se ɖɩla mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ-ɖʋ kaɖɛ yaa mbʋ ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩla yɔ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, pɩwɛ-ɖʋ kaɖɛ se ɖisusi Ɛsɔ Kewiyaɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔm. (Mat. 24:14) Pɩwɛ kɛlɛʋ se ɖɩsɔɔ toovenim tɔm ndʋ Yesu yɔɔdaa se “Ɛsɔ ñapɩzɩɣ . . . ɛla pɩtɩŋa payɩ’’ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ. (Mk. 10:27, ABT) Ye nabʋyʋ taa, ɖa ɖɔɖɔ pɩlakɩ-ɖʋ ɛzɩ mbʋ Ɛsɔ pɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ yɔ pɩkɩlɩ kaɖɛ yɔ, piyeki nɛ ɖɩnɩɩ mbʋ pɩtalɩ Yoonaasɩ yɔ pɩ-taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛbɛ lɩ Yoonaasɩ seya ana a-taa?
Yehowa hɔm ɛ-nayʋ kaañamtʋ tʋ nɩŋgbaaŋ
10, 11. (a) Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ mɛlɛ kʋyɩ mɛlɛnaa ɖɩzɩŋɩyɛ yɔ, suwe Yoonaasɩ kaamaɣzaa? (b) Ɛbɛ talɩ mɛlɛ nɛ mba paawɛ kɩ-taa yɔ?
10 Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna Yoonaasɩ; ɛsʋwa nɛ ɛcaɣ mɛlɛ nakʋyʋ taa fɛɛɛ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, pɩɩkɛ Fenisi mba mɛlɛ nakʋyʋ. Ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ ɛzɩma mɛlɛ sayaa ñʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛ-sɩnɩyaa paawɛɛ nɛ pɔñɔɔzʋʋ pa-tɩ se pakʋyɩ mɛlɛnaa ɖɩzɩŋɩyɛ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ mɛlɛ kʋyaa nɛ kɩpaɣzɩ ɖɛʋ nɛ pazɩ pazɩ teŋgu kidiiliŋ mʋʋʋ pɛ-ɛzɩdaa lɛ, pʋtɔma yɔ Yoonaasɩ kaamaɣzaa se ɛlɩ kaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣaɣ-ɩ sɔɔndʋ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa. Ɛlɛ tuda lɛ, ɛsɔdaa wɛtʋ lɛɣzɩ kpɛlɩ.
11 Helim sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ paɣzɩ mabʋ nɛ pisekiɣ teŋgu; nɛ ɛzɩma lɩm hola kʋyaɣ yɔ, sɔnɔ mɛlɛnaa sɔsaa maɣmaɣ taapɩzɩɣ se pakaɖɩnɩ-yɛ. Ye mbʋ, alɩwaatʋ ɛzɩma pɩkaɣ labʋ nɛ pʋcɔ lɩm hola sɔsɔna ana ayɔkɩ mɛlɛ cikpeluu ŋgʋ Yoonaasɩ kaasʋwa yɔ ki-kpoŋgbolonaa? Pɩlakaɣ mbʋ lɛ, ɛzɩ Yoonaasɩ kaatɩlaa se ‘Yehowa tiyini helim sɔsɔm teŋgu yɔɔ,’ ɛzɩ ɛmaʋ pʋwayɩ yɔ? Ðɩtɩtɩlɩ. Ɛlɛ Yoonaasɩ kaanawa se mɛlɛ sayaa makaɣ kubusi nɛ payaɣ pa-agɔlɩma, nɛ ɛɛnawa ɖɔɖɔ se pa-agɔlɩma ana ataapɩzɩɣ se asɩnɩ-wɛ. (Lev. 19:4) Yoonaasɩ mawa se: “Nɛ mɛlɛ yɔkaɣ.” (Yon. 1:4) Piyele nɛ Yoonaasɩ yɔ, ɛtaapɩzɩɣ se ɛtɩmnɩ ɛ-Ɛsɔ weyi eɖiɣni seu ɛzɩdaa yɔ.
12. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩtɩmʋna se ɖɩkʋ Yoonaasɩ tɔm lɛɛ lɛɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ eɖowaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ helim sɔsɔm makaɣ yɔ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.) (b) Ɛzɩma Yehowa wɩlɩ weyi ɛ-cɔlɔ kigiluu ŋgʋ kɩlɩnaa yɔ?
* Mɛlɛ sayaa ñʋʋdʋ ñɔtɩnɩ Yoonaasɩ, efezi-i, nɛ eseɣti-i se ɛtɩmnɩ ɛ-Ɛsɔ ɛzɩ lalaa lakʋʋ yɔ. Mɛlɛ sayaa nɩ pɩ-taa se helim sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩlɩnɩ nabʋyʋ cɔlɔ na lɛ, pɔpɔzɩ piye se pana pa-taa weyi ɛ-cɔlɔ kigiluu ŋgʋ kɩlɩnaa yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɔlɔwaɣ piye nɛ ɛyaa lɩɣ pɩ-taa kʋɖʋm kʋɖʋm lɛ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se sɔɔndʋ kaapaɣzɩ Yoonaasɩ kpaʋ. Pitileɖi pʋcɔ nɛ patɩlɩ toovenim. Yehowa la nɛ piye tɔlɩ Yoonaasɩ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se Yoonaasɩ kaañamtʋ yebina nɛ Yehowa kɔnɩ helim sɔsɔm mbʋ pɔ-yɔɔ.—Kalɩ Yoonaasɩ 1:5-7.12 Yoonaasɩ nawa se ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛla nabʋyʋ nɛ ɛsɩnɩ mɛlɛ sayaa lɛ, ɛñɩnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ mɛlɛ taa nɛ ɛhɩnɩ nɛ eɖou ɖom sɔsɔm.
13. (a) Tɔm ndʋ Yoonaasɩ heyi mɛlɛ sayaa? b) Yoonaasɩ heyi mɛlɛ sayaa se palabɩ-ɩ we? Nɛ ɛbɛ yɔɔ?
13 Yoonaasɩ kɛdɩ mɛlɛ sayaa tɔm tɩŋa payɩ. Eheyi-wɛ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ ɖoŋ tɩŋa tʋ weyi payaɣ se Yehowa yɔ, ɛ-lɩmɖʋyʋ. Ɛ-Ɛsɔ ɛnʋ eseɣaɣ nɛ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʋsɩnaa. Pʋyɔɔ Yehowa kɔnɩ kʋñɔŋ ŋgʋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Sɔɔndʋ kpa ɛyaa mba siŋŋ, nɛ Yoonaasɩ na pɛ-ɛzɩdaa mbʋ. Pɔpɔzɩ-ɩ se eheyi-wɛ mbʋ palabɩ-ɩ nɛ paya mɛlɛ nɛ kɩ-taa ɛyaa ñʋʋ yɔ. Suwe Yoonaasɩ cosaa? Pɩtɩla yɔ, sɔɔndʋ kaakpa Yoonaasɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛkaɣ tɛŋɛlʋʋ teŋgu lɩm mbʋ piniɣdi niɣ niɣ yɔ pɩ-taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛzɩma Yoonaasɩ pɩzaɣ se eyele nɛ ɛyaa mba pa-tɩŋa pasɩ, ŋgʋ ɛpɩzaɣ se ɛya pa-ñʋʋ? Mbʋ yebina nɛ Yoonaasɩ heyi-wɛ se: “Ɩkpaɣ-m nɛ ɩpɛɖɩ [teŋgu] taa, nɛ [teŋgu] yɔɔ hɛɛnɩ-mɩ; mansɩma mbʋ se mɔ-yɔɔ kancʋʋlaɣ sɔsɔɔ kanɛ yɔ kalɩ mɩ-yɔɔ.”—Yon. 1:12.
14, 15. (a) Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ Yoonaasɩ tisuu? (b) Yoonaasɩ heyi mɛlɛ sayaa mbʋ pɩwɛɛ se pala yɔ lɛ, ɛbɛ palaba?
14 Yoonaasɩ tɔm wɩlɩɣ se ɛtaakɛ sɔɔndʋ tʋ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Yoonaasɩ abalɩtʋ nɛ ɛ-kɩlaʋ lɩmaɣza wena ɛwɩlɩ kaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, ayeba nɛ Yehowa taa labɩ-ɩ nɛ leleŋ. Ðɩnaɣ cɩnɛ se Yoonaasɩ tisuu kaapaɣlaa kpem. Ðɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ-ɩ sɔnɔ ye ɖɩcalɩɣ ñɩnʋʋ lalaa kɛzɛɣa yɔ. (Yoh. 13:34, 35) Ye nɔɔyʋ ɛwɛ kʋñɔŋ nakʋyʋ taa, yaa pitibi-i yɔɔɔ, yaa ɛwɛnɩ fezuu taa kɩcɛyɩm nabʋyʋ yɔ, ɖɩcɛlɩɣ ɖa-tɩ faaa se ɖɩsɩnɩ-ɩ yaa we? Ye ɖɩlabɩ mbʋ yɔ, Yehowa taa lakɩ leleŋ siŋŋ.
15 Pɩtɩla yɔ, Yoonaasɩ tɔm ndʋ tiitukuni mɛlɛ sayaa, pʋyɔɔ Yon. 1:13-15.pekizi kajalaɣ taa se paapɛɖɩɣ-ɩ teŋgu taa. Nɛ pañaɣ pana kpem nɛ pasaa mɛlɛ se palɩɩ kancʋʋlaɣ taa, ɛlɛ patɩpɩzɩ. Nɛ kancʋʋlaɣ kpaɣaɣ ɖoŋ kɩkpaʋ. Nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana se kɩlabɩm fɛyɩ. Nɛ pasʋʋ kubusi mabʋ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ Yehowa, Yoonaasɩ tɛ Ɛsɔ, se ɛna pa-pʋtɔdɩyɛ. Peeɖe pɛsɛlɩ Yoonaasɩ nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ lɩm taa teŋgu taa.—
Yehowa na Yoonaasɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ nɛ ɛya ɛ-ñʋʋ
16, 17. Kɛdɩ mbʋ pɩtalɩ Yoonaasɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pakpaɣ-ɩ nɛ mɛlɛ taa nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ teŋgu taa yɔ. (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɛmɩŋ.)
16 Yoonaasɩ tɔlɩ teŋgu lɩm hola wena awɛɛ nɛ awasɩɣ yɔ a-taa. Pɩtɩla yɔ, ɛñaɣ pana se ɛya lɩm nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ ɛzɩma mɛlɛ wɛɛ nɛ kɩyazɩɣ lɩm hola nɛ kɩɖɛɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩkɛdaa lɛ, teŋgu lɩm hola sɔsɔna libi-i nɛ etii lɩm tɛɛ. Pitisi-i ɖooo lɩm tɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se ɛ-tɔm tɛma.
17 Yoonaasɩ kɛdɩ pʋwayɩ ɛzɩma pɩɩlabɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wobi wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛ-kaañamtʋ yɔɔ lɛ, Ɛsɔ ɛɛkaɣ-ɩ labʋ lootiye. Pɩlabɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛwɛɛ nɛ etiki ɖooo teŋgu cukaŋ taa, ɖenɖe pʋŋ tigila wɛɛ yɔ nɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ huuzuu ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ peeɖe kaɣnɩ pɩsʋʋ ɛ-pɩlaʋ yɔ.—Kalɩ Yoonaasɩ 2:2-6.
18, 19. Ɛbɛ kaatalɩ Yoonaasɩ teŋgu cukaŋ taa? Nɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ libi-i? Nɛ ayeba se pɩla mbʋ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.)
18 Ɛlɛ, sɩŋ pazɩ. Nabʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ pɩɖɔŋ nɛ pɩkɔŋnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, pipiyi pindimmm nɛ pɩpaɣlɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pifeziɣ. Pʋyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛñɔtɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Nɔɔ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ haa wamm nɛ kelibi-i so.
19 Peeɖe Yoonaasɩ maɣzaa se ɛ-tɔm tɛma. Ɛlɛ pɩkɛdaa lɛ, Yoonaasɩ naɣ se maamaaci nakʋyʋ lakɩna. Ɛnaɣ se ɛkpɛndɩ ɛwɛnɩ ɛ-ɛza. Ɛnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩdɛkɛdɩm nabʋyʋ tɩlabɩ-ɩ nɛ halɩ e-feziŋ maɣmaɣ tɩɖɩɣ. Eɖiɣni fezuu. Ŋgʋ ɖenɖe ɛwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛ ɛ-pɩlaʋ. Pazɩ pazɩ lɛ, sɔɔndʋ paɣzɩ kpaʋ Yoonaasɩ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛ-Ɛsɔ Yehowa ‘ñɔɔzɩnɩ kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ se kelibi-i.’ *—Yon. 2:1.
20. Adɩma wena Yoonaasɩ labɩ kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ lotu taa yɔ, ɛbɛ akpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ ɛ-yɔɔ?
20 Cɛcɛsɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɛwa, nɛ ñɩɣtʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛɖɛɛ. Cɩkpɛndʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ wiɖiyi Yoonaasɩ tɩna nɛ ɛna yɔ, kɩ-taa peeɖe ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza nɛ ɛtɩmnɩ Yehowa Ɛsɔ. Pama adɩma ana a-tɩŋa Yoonaasɩ takayaɣ ñʋʋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʋ taa, nɛ asɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩtɩlɩ Yoonaasɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Adɩma ana awɩlɩɣ se Yoonaasɩ kaasɩm Masɩ sakɩyɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛkpaɣ Keɣsi taa tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Awɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛwɛnɩ laŋɩyɛ taa wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ natʋyʋ, ndʋ lɛ ɛsɩmɩyɛ. Yoonaasɩ tɛzɩ ɛ-adɩma se: “Ɛlɛ ma yɔ samtʋ hendu mankaɣnɩ-ŋ laʋ kɩlaʋ, ndʋ ndʋ monɖuuwaa yɔ, mankaɣ tɩ-yɔɔ labʋ; ñʋʋ yabɩtʋ kɛ [Yehowa] pʋyʋ.”—Yon. 2:10.
21. Ɛbɛ Yoonaasɩ kpɛlɩkaa pɩlɩɩnɩ ñʋʋ yabɩtʋ yɔɔ? Nɛ lɔŋ kɩbaŋ weyi yɔɔ pɩtɩmʋna se ɖɩsɔɔ?
21 Mbʋ pɩtalɩ Yoonaasɩ yɔ pɩkpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ se Yehowa pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛya ɛyʋ ñʋʋ paa le, nɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Halɩ Yehowa pɩzaa nɛ ɛna ɛ-lɩmɖʋyʋ weyi ɛɛwɛ kʋñɔŋ taa “kpakpayaɣ lotu taa” peeɖe yɔ, nɛ ɛya ɛ-ñʋʋ. (Yon. 2:1) Yehowa yeke pɩzaɣna se ɛɖɔkɩ ɛyʋ wezuu kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ lotu taa, kɩyakɩŋ naadozo nɛ ɖoo naadozo. Pɩwɛ ɖeu se ɖa ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩtɔzɩ se Yehowa kɛnɩ ‘Ɛsɔ weyi ɛɖɔkɩ ɖe-fezuu ɛ-nandaka taa’ yɔ. (Dan. 5:23) Ɛnʋ tɩnɩ ɖe-wezuu nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ ɖɩwɛɛ. Ðɩwɛnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ pɩ-yɔɔ? Ye mbʋ, pɩɩwɛɣ ɖeu se ɖɩña Yehowa yaa we?
22, 23. (a) Pitileɖi lɛ, ɛzɩma pɩtakɩ Yoonaasɩ tɛ ɛsɩmɩyɛ wɛtʋ? (b) Ɛbɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Yoonaasɩ tɔm taa pɩlɩɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm mbʋ ɖɩlakɩ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ?
22 Nɛ Yoonaasɩ yɔ? Ɛñam Yehowa nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ na? Ɛɛɛ. Kɩyakɩŋ naadozo nɛ ɖoo naadozo wayɩ lɛ, kpakpayaɣ woni Yoonaasɩ nɛ kohoo-i “nɛ kɔtɔ kidiiliŋ yɔɔ.” (Yon. 2:11) Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna, pɩtɛmnaa se Yoonaasɩ tɩya lɩm pʋcɔ nɛ ɛlɩɩ kidiiliŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ paa mbʋ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛñɩnɩ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ ɛtɩŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pitileɖi lɛ, pɩtakɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɛɛwɛna yɔ. Pama Yoonaasɩ 3:1, 2 taa se: “Nɛ [Yehowa] tɔm tasɩ talʋʋ Yoonaasɩ se: Kʋyɩ ŋwolo Niniivi tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa; nɛ ŋsusi tɩ-taa tɔm ndʋ meheyiɣ-ŋ yɔ.” Ɛbɛ Yoonaasɩ kaɣ labʋ?
23 Yoonaasɩ tɩpʋtɩ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛla tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ðɩkalɩɣ se: “Nɛ Yoonaasɩ kʋyɩ nɛ ewolo Niniivi ɛzɩ Yehowa tɔm pɔzʋʋ yɔ.” (Yon. 3:3, NW) Ɛlabɩ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ pɔzʋʋ-ɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kaɣlaa se ɛ-kɩwɛɛkɩm kpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ lɔŋ. Hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ Yoonaasɩ tɛ tisuu. Ða-tɩŋa ɖɩlakɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm; pɩyʋsʋʋnɩ ɖe-kpeekpe. (Rom. 3:23) Tɔm yɔ se, ɖɩpɩsɩɣnɩ wayɩ yaa ɖiyeki se ɖa-kɩwɛɛkɩm ɛkpɛlɩkɩ-ɖʋ lɔŋ nɛ ɖɩlɛɣzɩ nɛ ɖɩsɛɛ Ɛsɔ nɛ ñamtʋ?
24, 25. (a) Wazaɣ ŋga Yoonaasɩ kɔm nɛ ehiɣ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa? (b) Wazasɩ nzɩ ɛkaɣ hiɣu cee wayɩ?
24 Ɛzɩma Yoonaasɩ ñam Yehowa yɔ, ɛwazɩ-ɩ pɩ-yɔɔ? Ɛɛɛ, ɛwazɩ-ɩ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Yoonaasɩ kɔm nɛ ɛnɩɩ pʋwayɩ se mɛlɛ sayaa mba, patɩsɩ ɛlɛ palɩ pɩ-taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yoonaasɩ yeba nɛ pɔlɔ-ɩ teŋgu taa lɛ, kancʋʋlaɣ sɩŋ kpaagbaa nɛ mɛlɛ sayaa mba, ‘pese Yehowa sɔɔndʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ’ nɛ peyele pa-agɔlɩma nɛ palaa Yehowa kɩlaʋ.—Yon. 1:15, 16.
25 Nabʋlɛ lɛ, wazaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ kaawɛnɩ ɛzɩdaa. Yesu kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yoonaasɩ caɣ kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ lotu taa yɔ, nɛ ɛmaɣzɩnɩ alɩwaatʋ ɛzɩma ɛkaɣ labʋ pɩlaʋ yaa shéol taa yɔ. (Kalɩ Maatiyee 12:38-40.) Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pakaɣ fezuu Yoonaasɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛ-taa kaɣ labʋ leleŋ siŋŋ se ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ. (Yoh. 5:28, 29) Yehowa sɔɔlaa se ɛwazɩ-ŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛzɩ Yoonaasɩ yɔ, ña-kɩwɛɛkɩm kaɣ-ŋ lɔŋ kpɛlɩkʋʋ nɛ ŋña Ɛsɔ nɛ ŋsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa lalaa na?
^ tay. 4 Pɩwɛ ɖeu se ɖɩtɩlɩ se Yoonaasɩ kɛ Galilee tʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ Farɩsɩ mba yɔɔdɩnɩ tɩ-kpazʋʋ Yesu yɔɔ se: “Kpɛlɩkɩ, ŋkaɣ naʋ se nayʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛlɩɣnɩ Galilee.” (Yoh. 7:52) Tɔm ɖɛzɩyaa nɛ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ maɣzɩɣ se Farɩsɩ mba yɔɔdʋʋ se nayʋ nɔɔyʋ tɩlɩɩnɩ Galilee nɛ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛkaɣ lɩnʋʋ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ tɩ-taa wiɖiyi yɔ, pɛɖɛlɛsɩ niye kɩɖɛlɛsʋ yem. Ye pɩkɛ toovenim yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa mba, patɩkpaɣ Bibl kɛdɛsɩ nɛ natʋ tɔm nɛ palabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ.—Iz. 9:1, 2.
^ tay. 12 Bibl ŋgʋ payaɣ se La Septante yɔ, kɩñɩnaɣ kɩwɩlɩ se Yoonaasɩ ɖo ɖom sɔsɔm lɛ, kɩsɔzaa se etilaɣ kɔgɔŋ. Ɛlɛ pɩtɩmʋna se ɖɩkʋ Yoonaasɩ tɔm lɛɛ lɛɛ yaa ɖɩmaɣzɩ se eɖowaɣ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-paa fɛyɩ. Ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩtɔzɩ se alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ lɛ, ɖomɖomuu kpakɩɣ mba pitibi-wɛ yɔɔɔ yaa lɩmaɣza kʋʋ-wɛ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yesu nɩɣaɣ siziŋ Jesemaanɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ, Pɩyɛɛrɩ, Yakubu nɛ Yohanɛɛsɩ paawɛɛ nɛ poɖou mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ paawɛ “kʋñɔŋ taa.”—Lk. 22:45.
^ tay. 19 Ebree tɔm piye nɖɩ pɛɖɛzaa se “kpakpayaɣ” yɔ, Hela kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “teŋgu taa coojo” yaa “kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ.” Paa ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ se ɖɩtɩlɩ lɩm taa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ pɩkɛwa yɔ, pɛkɛdaa se kpakpasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɩ wɛ Mediiteraanee Teŋgu taa, nɛ sɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ sili ɛyʋ pilim. Kpakpasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɩ ɖɔɖɔ ñakɩlɩ mbʋ, nɛ sɩwɛɛ teŋgunaa lalaa taa. Kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se requin-baleine yɔ, kaɖaɣlaa ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 15 mbʋ yɔ, nɛ halɩ nabʋyʋ taa kapɩzɩɣ nɛ kɛcɛzɩ mbʋ.


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Fiktooriya lɩmfalɩyɛ
Fiktooriya lɩmfalɩyɛ wɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmfala wena akɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ a-taa. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Sambɛɛzɩ yɔɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taatɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Livingstɔnɩ yɔ nɛ Simbabwee pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛ walanzɩ talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 700 yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛzʊ nɛ pɩfalʊʊ ɖenɖe yɔ ɖɩnɛ talɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 108 yɔ. Lɩm pʊnɛ pʊʊ hɛɛʊ nakʊyʊ taa pɩfalʊʊ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzʊ nɛ ɛna-pʊ yem kpam kɛ ɛcɔlɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se etuzi ɛ-tɩu ɛzɩ mɛtanaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ pʊcɔ nɛ pulosi-pʊ camɩyɛ.
Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖooo lɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mosioatuniya, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ñɔsɩ nzɩ si-tiluu yɔ; pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa-tʊ, David Livingstone, Ekɔɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ weyi ɛkɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔyʊ nɛ ti-miidiyu yɔ ɛkɔma ɛlɩɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1855 yɔ. Ɛna-ɖɩ nɛ ɛcɔna-ɖɩ camɩyɛ lɛ, ɛyaa-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ se Fiktooriya. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɩɩkɛna-ɩ se ɛɖʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ samtʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ tɛ Abiɖe Victoria yɔ. Piyebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ kpam yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Livingstoonii nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ David Livingstone anjaʊ kɛ lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ kiŋ, Simbabwee hɔɔlʊʊ.


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Tɩtanɩyɔm
Tɩtanɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 22 nɛ yusaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ti. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɛzɩɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ, kɩwɛ tɛyɩŋ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ nɛ kɩɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Palakɩ tɩtanɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛndʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛlɛ tɩwɛ tɛyɩŋ yɔ tɩ-taa, nɛ palakɩ ɛ-tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu ɛzɩ kpanjaɣ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ tɩtanɩyɔm waa egeetiye taa ɛ-nɛ zɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm (Zr), hafɩnɩyɔm (Hf) nɛ ruteriforiniyɔm (Rf) tɛ kiŋ.
Mbʊ tɩtanɩyɔm tɔm kɩlɩ ɖeu tʊma sɔsɔna taa yɔ lɛ se ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ ɛɛpʊkɩ nɛ piikpezi-ɩ nɛ miŋ ɛɛñakɩ-ɩ. Tɩtanɩyɔm wɛʊ yɔ, pasɩm-kʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna layʊ sɔsɔ William Gregor yɔɔ kɩnɛ pɩnaɣ 1791, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɔm suziyʊ ɛzɩ payaʊ se pasɩtɔr yɔ Britaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ ɛtakaɣ se ɛna Helford lɩm pɔɔ taa kañɩŋga kɛ Menachan kɛdɛŋga taa Cornouailles tɛtʊ taa lɛ kɛ ɛlɩza kañɩŋga kɩkpɛdaɣ, nɛ sɔnɔ ŋga payaɣ se ilmenite.
Pɩ-tɛ natʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ Martin Heinrich Klaproth na pɩnaɣ 1795 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛlɛ kaakɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ takɩɣ wɩlɩyʊ Perlɛɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa, nɛ ɛna ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊyʊmʊ ŋgʊ. Ŋgʊ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ schörlite kɩsɛmʊʊ yɔɔ, ŋɣu ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pasɩma-kʊ se pɩkɛ tɩtanɩyɔm wonuu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, peeɖe ɛtɛzɩna se ñɩɣlɩm tɛtɛɛ wonuu ŋgʊ patatɩɩ sɩmda yɔ kɩkɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ nɛ Gregor ñɩŋʊ. Mbʊ ɛya-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɔɔnɔɔ ñɩnɖɛ se tɩtanɩyɔm, palɩzɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kpeeu lɩmaɣza taa. Berzelius lɩzɩna-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1825 taa.
Sɔɔjɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ yɔɔ kaɖɩɣ wonuu (Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɛnayʊ) ɖenɖe ɛ-tɛ kpɛdɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛyɩŋ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛɛpʊkɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɛmʊ miŋ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ wazaɣ pɩyʊ piŋ. Etaazuuni ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ papɩza pɩtɩŋna tɩtanɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ pala lɔɔɖa wena afɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ, nɛ tɩtanɩ lɔɔɖa pɔɔyɩŋ kaawɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ pakpakɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa wanjaŋ wanjaŋ waa taa.


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Kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ
Kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ payaɣ se aliyaazɩ. Palabam nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ sakɩyɛ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ kelekele yɔ, pʊwɛna hoɖe kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu wɛtʊ. Hoɖe kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu payaɣ se mekaniki wonuu. Piyele ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ kelekele yɔ payaɣ se meetalɩ piiri. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ kelekele yɔ pɩ-taa lɛ, ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ, pɩkpa ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔsɔzɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɩmviduu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ, pɩkpa ɖoŋ. Lɩmviduu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ payaɣ se solisiyɔɔ sooliidi. Papɩzɩɣ paɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ payaɣ se karɩbɔɔnɩ yɔ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa nɛ pʊpʊ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Wondu ndɩ ndɩ pɔsɔzʊʊ se meetalɩ piiri ɛkpa ɖoŋ yɔ, tiyeki se meetalɩ piiri ŋgʊ kɩtaapʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ meetalɩ piiri wɛɛna wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ lɛɛtʊ.
Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ taa yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, kɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ payaɣ se «meetalɩ tigiɖe» yaa «tigiɖe». Piyele nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ pɔsɔza yem yɔ, payaɣ tʊtʊ se kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ wondu yaa wondu kɩsɔzʊtʊ. Wondu ndʊ pɩtamʊna se tɩwɛɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ wondu taa yɔ, tʊtʊ payaɣ se asuluma wondu.
Meetoo wondu kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pana ɛzɩ karɩbɔɔnɩ karɩka ñɩɣɖɛ taa. Karɩka ñɩɣɖɛ payaɣ se asiyee. Papɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pana silisiyɔɔm (silicium) alimiiniyɔɔm taa.
Yee wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ taa yɔ, kɩtɛkɛ meetalɩ wonuu kɔyɔ, kɩɩwɛɣ ɖoŋ camɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yee pɛtɛyɩ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ karɩka ñɩɣɖɛ taa tam mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ pɩɩtalɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Ɛlɛ, yee pɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔɔtɩ (fonte) yɔ pɛtɛyɩ tam mɩnɩʊ taa kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ pɩɩtalɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ lʊbɛ. Ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pɛkpɛndɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kwivri yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ payaɣ se sɛŋkɩ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊʊ payaɣ se lɛɛtɔɔ.


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Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1905 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ piya lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛpaɣlɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɛ-lakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ tʋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa Sartre sɩba agoza fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1980 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (85). Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛna Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ.
Ɖajaa Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛcɛla ɛ-tɛ mbilim e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Filizoofii lɛɣtʋ piliŋ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, ɛkɩsistansiyaliizism (existentialiste) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :
- L'Être et le Néant (1943)
- L'existentialisme est un humanisme (1946)
- Critique de la raison dialectique (1960)
nɛ nouvelles (Le Mur), nɛ romans (La Nausée, Les chemins de la liberté), nɛ lɩmaɣza canaŋ takayasɩ sɩnɛ : Les Mouches, nɛ Huis clos, nɛ La putain respectueuse, nɛ Le Diable et le Bon Dieu, nɛ Les Séquestrés d'Altona.


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Moozambiki
Moozambiki kɛna Afrika wɩsɩ rɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Moozambiki nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ, Suwaaziilandɩ, Madakasɩkarɩ, Sɩmbaabuwe, Sambii, Malawii nɛ Tanzaanii.
Ɖooo lɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛɛ taa nɛ wena anɩɣ nɛ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna wena alɛ ñanɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ angilisi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ Muwaayɛnaazɩ taa kɛ tada laɖaa ndɩ ndɩ kataɣ peeɖe nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ po-wondu. Kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, Ibn Shahriyar, ñeɖiu aseɖe se Aarabɩ tadɩyɛ-tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Lakis, na pɩnaɣ 945 taa kɛ kpɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɩsa ɛyaa kutokiŋ kutokiŋ kɛ Moozambiki kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ pɛkɛ Waa-Waa mba nɛ palɩna Siini hɔɔlɩʊ. Ɛyaa mba pañɩnaɣ kɔ nɛ Afrika taa yomaa.
Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1498 ɛlɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ-tʊ weyi payaɣ-se Vasco da Gama yɔ ɛtalɩ peeɖe. Nɛ pɩpaazɩ mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ mba tɔyɩ pɛeɖe. Pakpacaya Moozambiki pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ kagbaanzɩmbilim yɔ.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1976 nɛ 1992 taa yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ sɩ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ paazɩ kɔm pazɩ pazɩ.


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Masɩ kpeekpe pɩlʊʊ
Kacalaɣ masɩ kpeekpe pɩlɩŋ weyi pɛlɛɣ-ɩ tɩlʊʊ yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ Ugaritikii masɩ pɩlʊʊ nɛ masɩ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-masɩ tɩŋgʊ ɖama wayɩ yɔ, Fenicii ñɩnzɩ, Aramee masɩ pɩlʊʊ nɛ Laatɛŋ ñɩŋgʊ. Mba pataawolo sukuli se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ masɩ pɩlɩŋ yɔ, pawɩlʊʊ-wɛ sɩ pa-akpdayɩtʊ taa kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pawɩlʊʊ-wɛɛ ɛsʊʊtʊya sukuli.
Kabɩyɛ masɩ kpɛnda 33 nɛ nzɩɩ yɔ. Abalɩ masɩ kpɛnda 25 nɛ halɩ masɩ kɛ 9. Abalɩ masɩ kɔyɔ: b,c, d, ɖ, r, f, g, gb, ɣ, h, j, k, kp, l, m, n, ŋ, p, r, s, t, v, w, y, nɛ z. Halɩ ñɩnzɩ kɔyɔ: a, e, ɛ, i, ɩ, o; ɔ, u nɛ ʊ. Kabɩyɛ kalʊʊ wɛ kaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kʊnɛ kɩ-ñɩnɩyaa nɛ kɩ-lɔŋ sɩnɖaa ɖʊ liŋ se pɩsɩna kpɛlɛkɩya nɛ papɩzɩ pakalɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ lɩŋŋŋ. Pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ liŋ wɛ looɖo nɛ ɩnʊʊ yɔ: fetiye liu, kozoŋga liu, kpaŋgaɣ liu, kɩlakʊ ñɩŋgʊ, kpeluu liu nɛ nakaʊ lɩʊ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pawɩlʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ lɔŋ nɛ ɛsakuliye yɔ, ɩnʊʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛkominanaa tʊma taa. Afrika taa lɛ, kʊnʊmɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩlɩna ɖooo lɔŋ taa ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa mba pakɔma nɛ pacaɣ ajɛya ana a-nʊŋ yɔɔ yɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɩnʊ Afrika taa itakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Aŋgilisi, Fransɩɩ, Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ, Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ, Sɩwaahiilii, Kinaarɩwandaa, Arabii nɛ Sonaa.
Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ pakɩlʊ yɔɔdʊ aradiyonaa taa nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa taa. Paɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ nɛ posusuu natʊyʊ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ageeta taa.


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Kofi Annan
Palʊla Kofi Annan kɛɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩiyakʊ litoozo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1938 kɛ Kumasi tɛtʊ taa, Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Pernii tɛtʊ taa, Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kɩyèɛna fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 2018, ɛɛwɛna waɣsɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ (pɩnzɩ 80). Ɛ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ: Kofi Atta Annan. Ɛlaba sukuli camɩyɛ nɛ ɛmʊ e-sukuli tɛm takayɩ sakɩyɛ. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna keteŋga kpeekpe ajɛya ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ lʊbɛ ñɩnʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛŋna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ana a-taa yɔ.
Palɩza-ɩ se ɛkɛ takayaɣ ŋga kamayʊ kɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 1996 nɛ ɛpaɣza ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997. Ɛtɛma ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ ɖoŋ weyi ɛɛwɛna se ɛma takayaɣ taa yɔ lɛ, pɔñɔ-ɩ nɛ patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 2001 nɛ ɛtɛm-ɖɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kʊkʊyʊ ŋgʊ wiye. Weyi ɛlɛɣza yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Boutros Boutros-Ghali nɛ weyi ɛlɛɣza ɛnʊ Koffi yɔ ɛlɛ lɛ Ban Ki-moon. Paha Kofi Atta Annan kɛ Lanhɛzɩyɛ Lʊɖʊ samtʊ Nimiye pɩnaɣ 2001.


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Sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme)
Abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛyaa mba palʋkɩna wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo halʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se abalʋ lakɩ nɛ halʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɩ-labʋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ you. Ŋgʋ, ɖooo ɖa-caanaa cɔlɔ lɛ, paa you nakʋyʋ ɛlɩwa yɔ, paakʋ halʋ, mbʋ yɔ, ɛɛlakɩ you.
Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ papa tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalʋtʋ wɛɛ abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ halɩtʋ ñɛwɛna halʋ tɛɛ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pʋwɛ se abalʋ ɛñazɩna halʋ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa. Pɩfɛyɩ se pɔtɔ se halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ nabʋyʋ ɖeɖe. Halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme). Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa poluba tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim pɩlɩɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ maɣzɩ halʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ yebina nɛ tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim ñɔ. Nabɛyɛ yɔɔdʋʋ se ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyʋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tʋ nɛ ɛyʋ kɩsɛm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se anasaayɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ wɛɛ. Tobi se, tɛyɩtʋ wɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna po-tomnasɩ tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ nabɛyɛ kaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, mbʋ yɔ, abalɩtʋ wɛna abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ piyele halɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ halʋ tɛɛ.
Mbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ lakʋ wobu mbʋ yɔ. Halaa iiwoki lakʋ, pɩkɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ. Halʋ eewoki you labʋ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ.
Ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, sɔnɔdaa pɩtɩŋa pɩlɛɣzaa. Halaa pɩzɩɣ powolo lakʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pâla you, mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se powoki you ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ. Ɖooo lɛ, taɣ yɔɔ tʋma ɖeɖe koŋ halʋ lakɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se taɣ hazʋʋ, lɩm luu, mʋlʋm naŋʋʋ, ɖozi hiluu, mʋtʋ saʋ, piya lɩm sɔʋ nɛ po-wondu cɔtʋʋ. Halʋ ɖɔɖɔ cɔtʋʋna ɛ-walʋ wondu. Halʋ cɔŋnana ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛnʋ wokina hatʋ, ɛnʋ kpɛzɩna koo nɛ ekpena ɛɖʋ wondu huɖe yɔɔ.
Sɔnɔdaa yɔ, halaa lakɩ abalaa tʋma tɩŋa. Halaa hayɩŋ, halaa lakɩ masɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pamaɣ kuduyiŋ. Halaa lakɩ kafɩnta tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pakaŋ kancɩnaa, pasakɩ kpoŋkpolonaa, palakɩ kpeŋgbelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Halaa kʋŋ kesi. Halaa lakɩ alikiizaŋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, halaa kʋʋ kpɩna pa-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ a-nandʋ. Halaa lakɩ tɩlaava tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pasaɣ lɔɔɖa. Halɩ halaa saɣ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa maɣmaɣ. Halɩ sɔnɔdaa halaa kɛ karɩtiyee awiya. Halaa nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ filaazɩ awiya. Nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ kantɔɔ awiya. Halaa kɛ prefewaa. Halaa kɛ minisiwaa. Halɩ halaa kɛ ajɛya ñʋndɩnaa maɣmaɣ.
Yee mbʋ, halʋ wɛ abalɩtʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalʋ yɔ paa pɩtɛkɛ abalɩtʋ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Ɛyʋ ɛcɔnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɖooo lɛ, sʋlʋm puu kɛkɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa lɛ, abalaa puu ɖɔɖɔ sʋlʋm nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɩkɛ abalaa ɖeke tʋmɩyɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ kɛ halaa ɖeke ñɩnɖɛ.


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Gard tɛ kondoloko
Gard tɛ Kondoloko kɛna kondoloko aqueduc Roma mba hɔɔlʋʋ lone taa n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna lona naadozo yɔ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kʋwɛna Pont-du-Gard kɛ ajɛɛ anɛ Uzès nɛ Nîmes pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa. Ki-lone nɖɩ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ Gard.
Kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ calaʋ kɛ Garbon yaa Gard. Paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔɔ yɔ, pama-kʋ kɔɔnɔɔ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kpaɖʋ taa kɛnɛ nɛ. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, peyeba kʋ labɩnaʋ yaa peyeba kʋyɔ ɖɔm pɩgbaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ paɣzɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ.
Hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ tɛ wɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, poɖe kɩ-tɩnɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ taa kɔʋʋ yebina nɛ kondoloko kʋnɛ, kiyele kɩkɛ yaa pakpaɣ-kʋ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ pɩsɩʋ lɔɔɖa saɣʋ nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ sʋsɔtʋ kɩbandʋ tʋnɛ, ndʋ yekaɣna kpeɖem ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩhɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-yɔ kɩ-yɔ kiŋ.
Ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna wokaɣ kɩnaʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ pɩŋŋ. Samaɣ sakɩyɛ lɩmazaɣ wokaa na kɩyɔ siŋŋ, kɛ pɩgbaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) taa mbɩ yɔ. Pɩ-tɩŋgana pɩyɔ nɛ ki-hikuu kʋjɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ pɩsɩɣna ɖoŋ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔn̄ɔzʋna-kʋ. Kɩ-n̄ɔɔzʋtʋ ndʋ tiyekina nɛ kɩwɛʋ camɩyɛ mbʋ cɩŋgɩlɩm, kiɖetu ɖaɣnɩ wɛʋ cɔnɔʋ pɩŋŋ.
Nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖa saya kondoloko nakʋyʋ kpɩtɩnɛ-yɩ pɩnaɣ 1743 pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1747 taa. Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ŋgʋ kaakɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩkɩla kʋyʋʋ kpeɖem yɔ. Ŋgʋ pakɩlaɣ sɩm kʋkʋyʋmɩŋ yaa ɖalakɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Roma mba tɛ peɖe.
Gard tɛ Kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ mbɩ yɔ, yee pewila cee wayɩ tɔm tɔzʋʋ kpom taa kɔyɔ, pana kʋ-tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛkpɛnda na-kʋ nɛ pakalɩ caanaʋ wondu kpeɣkpe taa. Nɛ pama kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjɛɛ n̄ɩm tɔsʋ cɛŋga UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1985 taa.


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Kɔfɩ kɛna sʊlɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛñɔɔ nɛ ɖom ɛtaakpayɩ yɔ. Kɔfɩ tɩʊ lʊlʊʊ na pee ana.
Kɔfɩ haɖaʊ tɔya ajɛya wena a-taa wɩsɩ ñakɩ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pahayʊʊ kɔfɩ yɔ, pɛɖɛʊ na-kɩ-pee ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ pʊcɔ pɛpɛdɩ-yɛ. Kɔfɩ kɛna tɔɔnasɩ taa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pakɩlɩɣ pɛdʊ ajɛya sɔsɔna kɩyakɩŋ taa yɔ. Kɩkɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm kɛ ajɛya wena ahayɩɣ-kʊ yɔ. Kaɖazim wayɩ lɛ, kɔfɩ pakɩlɩɣ pɛdɩɣ ajɛya kpeekpe taa; ɛlɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ paatɩsɩɣ tʊyɔɔ caamɩyɛ nɛ paɖɩɣna ñɩnɩɣ se pana se toovenim mbʊ lɛ?
Main exporters by country in 2015/16[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Mɔɔ sʊndʊ
Mɔɔ sɔʊndʊ kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɖɔkʊ tomnaɣ yɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kpɛndʊ kɛ tomnaɣ taa. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: sʊndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ ñɛwɛna pɩ-taa kiŋ. Mɔɔsʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ panaɣ-tʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ mukuuliŋ, caafela yaa lɩm taa kamayɩŋ yɔ. Pɩkzɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pɩ-taa yɔ, pakatʊ-tʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ nɛ nimvela mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɔ camɩyɛ. Mɔɔ sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ.
Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɔyɔ, ɛwɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ. Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam.
Mɔɔ wɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ mɔɔ sʊndʊ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.
Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.


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Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ tʊʊzʊʊ piliŋa nakayɛ, tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Caama ɛyʊ Georg Cantor lɩzana tʊ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kegbeɣlaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm pɩsa kiɖe kpeɣluu nɛ tɩɣyʊʊ lɩmaɣza cɔlɔ, pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ pama pʊtʊnaa mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ tʊʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ kɩlabɩm, taabalɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pilim ñʊŋ, kamaɣ wɛʊ ñʊʊ, tʊʊzɩyɛ tɛ, siŋ ñʊŋ nɛ ndɩ ndɩ ñʊŋ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ ŋɖɛɛ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ keem kɛlɛ Hilbert pɩzɩ yɔɔdʊʊ se tɩkɛ ɛsɔdaa koboyaɣ ŋga Cantor lɩza tʊʊzʊʊ tɩnaa yɔ.
Mbʊ ɛlaba yaa kiɖe nɖɩ ɛsɩ tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔ wayi lɛ, Cantor pɩlɩna kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɖanɩɣ labʊ lɩmaɣza kɩfana lɛɛna kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛtɔŋ se maatɛŋ ñʊŋ wɛɛ yɔ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛdɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ pɩlɩna ñʊŋ kɩfaŋ yɔɔ (kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalʊʊ nɛ naalɛ naalɛ kalʊʊ).
Cantor kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɩza kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1880 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊm kɛtʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna kɔlɔmɩŋ naatozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1870 lɛ pɩwɩla Cantor se ɛlɩzɩ taa lɩyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm nɛ ɛma maatɛŋ waa kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ, kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalʊʊ nɛ naalɛ naalɛ waa kalʊʊ. Matʊ ndʊ pekizi-tʊ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna keziyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɛkɛ tɛzɩyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Leopold Kronecker kɛlɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tʊʊzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tisa tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ.
Kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa, Cantor kaahiɣ ɛjandʊ pɩlɩna ñʊʊ taa hola kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ, kɛlɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm pɩlɩna kiliŋili tɔm yɔɔ kaawɛ tɩɖɩna yɛlʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-takayasɩ kiyekasi yɔɔ nɛ pasɩm-sɩ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Richard Dedekind nɛ Göttigen nɛ David Hilbert nɛ Ernest Zermelo pɔ-yɔɔ.


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Pɩyɛ pɩnzɩ (Age de la Pièrre)
Pɩyɛ kɩsɛyɩyɛ wɛɛ yaa pɩnzɩ, pɩkɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lukaɣ wondu nɛ kaaŋ nɛ halɩ pɔkɔɔ patɩlɩ miŋ lubu yɔ.
Ɖasɩ nɛ mɔɔ palakaɣ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ, pɩyɛ nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩcakpalamɩyɛ, palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ polukina wondu ndʊ tɩpɩɣɩɣ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ you wondu. Pɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pɩsa tɔmʊʊ kɩkpadɩyʊ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ nɛ patayɩ-ɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ yɔ pɛɛ saɣʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɛɛ wondu alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɛɛ wondu kɩfaatʊ alɩwaatʊ. Kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ana pɛtɛyɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ.
Pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛɛzʊʊ pɩlɩna lone caɣyɛ cɔlɔ nɛ tɔmɩŋ weyi ɛyʊ ɖɔka yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Paa ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ pɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ tɔm kʊɖʊm taa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taatɩlɩ kaʊ ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ halɩ pacaɣ pa-kɩsɩŋgɩlɩtʊ taa pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛsakuliye kɩfam lɛɛzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Ɛlɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔɔ kʊɖʊm taa wɛɛ ana apaza pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ naa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ kajalaɣ ɛyaa paɣzɩ lubu wondu.
Ɖɩmaɣzɩ sakɩyɛ taa se wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɩmaɣnɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ nɛ Azii nɛ hadɛ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ sʊ wɛɛ ana a-taa kɛ pɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 6000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Eerɔpʊ nɛ Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkazaa yɔ nɛ Afrika kedeŋga kɛ pɩnzɩ 4000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ nɛ Amerika ɛsakuliye kɛ pɩnzɩ 2500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ.


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Antɩmʊwanɩ
Antɩmʊwanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 51 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sb. E-tomnaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɛwɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ɛwɛ sʊtʊ piŋ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ pɩcɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ (weyi pɛkpɛndɩ ɛ nɛ-ɩ nabʊyʊ naa taa, ɛzɩ hɔzɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna pʊlɔŋ yɔɔ yɔ).
Yee paya-ɩ tobi se Sb kɔyɔ Berzélius lɩzɩna hiɖɛ nɖɩ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se stibium yaa pɩlɩna krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa se stibi yaa krɛkɩ (s)timmi, ɖɩ-lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa σtίϐι / stibi nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kpeekpe, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ stibine maɣmaɣ.
Kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ pɛtɛm lʊlʊʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayi yɔ, Celse nɛ pline kɩbɩnʊʊ laba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmʊʊ sɩtɩbɩyɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ se yʊsaɣ, cɛjɛyaɣ (ɛzɩ ɛsa kila kpɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa ñɩnɩyʊ Jöns Jakob Berzelius lɩza tobi yatʊ se Sb, mbʊ pɩsɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ antɩmʊwanɩ yatʊ.
Pline pɩzɩ ɛya hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, ɛlɛ ehiɣ ɛlɩzɩ abalʊ nɛ halʊ. Abalʊ kɔyɔ sɩtɩbɩnɩ, halʊ kɔyɔ weyi ɛkɩlɩ paɣlʊ yɔ, ɛkɩlɩ yuŋ, ɛñɩlɩsɩɣ nɛ papɩzɩɣ papɩsɩ-ɩ mʊlʊm. Pline la tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpee anɛ stimi, larbaris, alabastre, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ platyophthalmos i.e. pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsa sɔsɔna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Khôl ajana wondu cɔlɔ lɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1990 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ajɛyɛ wena akɩlaɣ huyuu antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ anaa yɔ, Siini, Ruusi, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ejaɖɛ, Bolivi, Mɛkɩsɩkɩ, Kanaada nɛ Ositralii. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1658, Louis 14 hiɣ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkpakaɣ Bergues Hayɩ yɔɔ kiŋ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ Guénaut, Anne Autriche ɖɔkɔtɔ ha-ɩ tɔtʊ kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛlaba-ɖɩ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ vɩn sʊlʊm nɛ ɛwazɩ-ɩ hama yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ wiyaʊ ha waɖɛ se papazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ kɔ taa nɛ pawazɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ.


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Ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longeur)
Payaɣ mbʊ se ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longueur) yɔ, paa wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ. Wondu natʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kʊɖʊmʊm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩɖaɣlɩ kɩmaŋ. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ ɖalakɩŋ cikpeŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ se « largeur ». Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩlɛmʊʊ yaa kumoɖe kɔyɔ « L » nɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ kumoɖe lɛ « l ». Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pama mayaɣ « L » kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ mbʊ se wonuu nakʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ yee pama mayaɣ « l » yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se wonuu nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ nɛ ɖɩna. Kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ tɛ pɔɔyʊʊ wɛna hɔɔlʊʊ naanza. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊ, ɛɖaɣla kɩmaŋ naalɛ naalɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtatalɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ se « largeur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ wɛ naalɛ, ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ. Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ ɛnʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «longueur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kɩkaaŋ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmaŋ. Payaɣ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « largeur ».
Pamaɣzɩɣ wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ nɛ mɛta. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mɛta (mètre) kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩ pɩkɛ santimɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wondu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ, tʊtʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛɣ kilomɛtanaa ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ yɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ ɛɛlɩɣna soŋaɣ yaa niikaɣ yaa nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ.


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Amstɛrɩdam
Amstɛrɩdam kɛna Peyibaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ paa nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ sɔsɔwa ɛɛwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Haayɩ yɔ kɔyɔ. Pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 840 486 yaa ɛzɩ 1 350 000 kɛ Amstɛrɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa. Yee pɛkpɛnda Amstɛrɩdam taa malekanaa kpeekpe kɔyɔ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 7 100 00.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛna egeetiye cikpeɖe naɖiyɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu ɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩpɩsʊʊ Peyiiba tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Egeetiye cikpeɖe nɖi ɖi-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ Amstɛrɩdam kpeekpe taa yɔ, ɛyaa kpɛndaa 7 100 000.


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Himalaya pʊŋ
Pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama lʊʊʊ nɛ paya-yɩ se Himalaya pʊʊ. Pʊŋ ɛnɩ ɛpɩlɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 400 yɔɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kɛ kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 250 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 4000. Himalaya pʊŋ tɛyɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Tibétain piyaɣ nɛ Aazii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Himalaya pʊŋ pɩlaa, kpaɣ Nanga Parbat egetiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna Namche Barwa egetiye wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Nanga Parbat egetiye wɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piyele Namche Barwa egetiye ñɛwɛɛ Tibɛtii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Himalaya pʊŋ sɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Indus pɔɔ kujomuu. Piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛsɩɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Brahmapoutre pɔɔ kujomuu. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛwadɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 000 kaaree yɔɔ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Himalaya pʊŋ kɩlɩma kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ talɩ mɛtanaa 8 000 halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, Everest pʊʊ kɩlɩna pʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɩŋɛ kʊyʊʊ. Ɛkʊyɩ kʊyʊʊ mbʊ yɔ yebina nɛ mba pasɩma pʊŋ kpaʊ lɛɣtʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ, palʊ kpem nɛ pakpa patʊlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ñʊŋ taa.
Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-laŋ tɩŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 3 900. Piyele ɛ-yɔɔ ɖomba mʊlʊm kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtanaa 5 000 nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩkpa.


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Takayasɩ kitiyinasi (poste)
Takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ kɛ paɖaɣna yaʋ size takayasɩ ɖʋzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size ɖitiyuuna nɛ ɖɩmʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ nzɩ pama sɩtaɣ tɔm size pɛcɛlɛ nabɛyɛ yɔ. Takayaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ mbʋ samaɣ sakɩyɛ yaɣ size kiheyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yaa mediyina heyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yɔ.
Heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ tɛ ɖoŋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, pɩcɔ nɛ, papɩzɩ petiyina takayaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ yaa pamʋ takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ camɩyɛ ɖeu nɛ cɛɣɩtʋ ɛ-taa wɛɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzaɣ size patɩŋgɩna mayaɣ labʋʋ yɔ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ yɔɔ. "Opérateur postal" yaa heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ yekuuna yaa tiyuunana paa le kɛ takayaɣsɩ kitiyinasi nɛ takayaɣsɩ kuhuuzuŋ yaa huyuŋ.
Takayaɣsɩ kiheyinasi tiyuunau tʋ "opérateur postal" ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛna kʋɖʋm tɛ yaa sakɩyɛ tɛ. Takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi wonuu yaa tɛ mbʋ pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ yaa pɩlakɩ nɛ takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi pɩsɩʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɣ nɛ pɩtalɩʋ paa le yɔ tʋ kɛ payaɣna nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal". Ɛwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi hɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɛzɩ pɩkpaɣʋna kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi kaa ɖɔɔ siŋŋ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩʋ ɛzɩ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) tɛm tɩnaɣ yɔɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɛ samaɣ ɛsa kula nɛ pɩtɛ tʋma tɔyɩ sakɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ ajɛɛ kpeekpee taa nɛ piyele pɩpɩsɩ alɛɛkɛtaɣ yaa pakɩlɩm sam tʋmɩyɛ lakasɩ.
Pɩɩkɛ pɩtɛtʋma alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋma wena, alʋʋkaana yaa aheelaana ɖama siŋŋ yɔ. Ajɛɛ nayɩ taa lɛ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ tasɩɩna takayasɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖeke. Pɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋgana ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ liidiye ɖɩsɩyɛ yaa ɖɩmɛɛsɩyɛ camɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩtyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩyɩna piɖeke ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩzɩwaana siŋŋ kɛ polinda yɔɔdɩnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.


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Fefeku
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se tɛɛrɩmodinamiki (thermodynamique). Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ taa pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panaɣ ɖeɖe fefeku lɩɣna yɔ. Fefekiŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Fefeku nakʊyʊ taa saɣ miŋ kpaaŋ. Nakʊyʊ taa miŋ ñamaɣna. Nakʊyʊ taa pɩwɛɛ tɛɛm. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yaɣ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-taa sa miŋ kpaaŋ yɔ se «température élevée». Payaɣ fefeku lɛɛkʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «chaleur latente». Payaɣ lɛɛkʊ se «capacité thermique» nɛ payaa lɛɛkʊ se «équation de la chaleur».


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Hɔŋkɔŋ
Hɔŋkɔŋ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Hɔŋkɔŋ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se sɔzɩŋ kidiiliŋ. Pɔcɔnaa siŋŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ kpadɩyʋʋ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taakiŋ nɛ Siini lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ paya se Mer méridionale yɔ kɩwɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-cɔlɔ kpam.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taalɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Lɔndrɩ wayɩ lɛ, Hɔŋkɔŋ tɛtʋ tɩŋʋna tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tɔm taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 7 234 800 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 1 104 km2. Payaɣ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa tɔm hʋyʋ sɔsɔ tɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ se Paul Chan Mo-po Rimsky Yuen. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʋma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-ɩ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʋ lɛ Englɩsɩɩ nɛ Mandarɛɛ.


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Bɛrɩlɩyɔm
Bɛrɩlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Be nɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 4. Pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛnʊ kɛna nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ñɩɣlɩm ɖʊʊyʊ tɛtʊ wondu. Hɩɖɛ Bɛrɩlɩyɔm lɩna Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa beryllos nɛ pɩkɛ keɖeɣa pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm yɔ. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna kɩtamsɩna naalɛ, bɛrɩlɩyɔm kɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛwɛtʊ kɛ ñɩɣyʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋʊ caʊʊ. Ɛwɛ hɛgɛlɛŋ, ɛladɩɣ pɛlɩɣ nɛ ɛwɛ sɔtʊ.
Cɛnzɩ X waa sʊʊ-ɩ ɖeu, nɛ ɛlɩzɩ nazɩyʊ fɛyɩ waa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ alɩfa tɛ kɔtɩɩ waa makɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɛzɩ mba radɩyɔm yaa pɔlɔnɩyɔm lɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋaɣ nɛ ɛzɔkaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛwɛ camɩyɛ yɔ, bɛrɩlɩyɔm ɛɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ paa ɛwɛ helim taa kɔyɔ. Ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ cɛŋga cikpelaɣ nakayɛ ŋga hana-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛkayɩ ñɩɣlʊʊ yɔɔ.
Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ bɛrɩlɩyɔm hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa, pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ paɖʊ-ɩ kajalaɣ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ lɩm wondu nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʊbɛ takayɩ hayʊʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ, pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ yɔɔ ɛwɛ ɖenɖe pɩsaŋ yɔ, pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ nɛ wondʊ kɩlɛɛzɩtʊ naa lalaa.
Pana-wɛ ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlɩma taa, alɩwaatʊ wɩlɩɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ cɛnzɩ kɩcɩcɔsɩ taa (weyi ɛlʊkɩna ñɩɣyʊ hɔmtʊ yɔ), mba pakaɣ lɛɛzʊʊ Hubble pɩnaɣ 2018, palabɩ-wɛ nɛ bɛrɩlɩyɔm nɛ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa tʊma ɖeɖe. Paa lɛ-ɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ pombo pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛkɛ ketu wonuu kɩbaŋʊ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ kpɩndʊʊ yɔɔ, nɛ sɩzʊʊ kaɣɖɛ naatalʊʊ nɛ sabɩyɛ nɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ pɛkpɛndʊʊ alɩmɩnɩyɔm nɛ bɛrɩlɩyɔm yɔ. Pʊkɔma pʊwayi lɛ, pekizi-ɩ ahelesa ñamsʊʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ taa pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ yɔɔ.
Bɛrɩlɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se Bήpuλλoς (beryllos), bɛrɩlɩ, maɣmaɣ ñalɩna bêrullos, ɖɔmbɩyɛ. Wɛɛ naayɛ taa lɛ, paaya-ɩ se glucinium, krɛkɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa Yλύkύς (glykys), leleŋ, pɩlɩna nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ leleŋ yɔɔ lɛ paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin kaalɛɣna ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ lɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1798 taa, pɩwɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ tɩyɛ (BeO) bɛrɩlɩ taa nɛ keɖeɣa kaŋ weyi ɛwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ yɔ ɛ-taa. Friedrich Wöhler nɛ Antoine Bussy ñalɩzɩ-ɩ ndɩ pɩnaɣ 1828 ɛlɛ paɖʊ kaŋwa kɛ bɛrɩlɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɔrɩrɩ yɔɔ. Sʊyɛdɩ ɛyʊ nɔyʊ ñatɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ hilimiye ñʊʊ. Bɛrɩlɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-taa nɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ. Paɖʊ-ɩ pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ pa-taa ɛzɩ arɩsɛnɩkɩ (As), kadɩmɩyɔm (Cd), kɩrɔm (Cr), pʊlɔɔ (Pb), taalɩyɔm (Tl), nɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ (Mg).


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Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ
Suwahilii kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ Afrika Wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ ɛyaa mba ɖɩyaɣ se Pantʊ waa yɔ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ tɔmpe taa nɩɣʊ kʊyʊmʊ mbʊ piyeki nɛ kɩnɩyaa nɩɣ ɖama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ agbeela taa yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ ɖama tɛ nɩɣ wɛ kʊyʊmʊm kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɛ-ta lɛ, ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ, kiSiwahilii. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Afrika kedeŋga yɔɔ. kiSiwahilii kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ Afrika Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa egeetiye kɩ-walɩyɛ naɖɩ taa. Kɩ-kɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ ajɛyɛ a-nɛ a-ta Keniya nɛ Ugandaa nɛ kɩ-kɛ Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ.
Malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa mba mba pɛkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖa kedeŋga kpɛŋga yɔ yɔ yɛlɩɩna Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ nɛ kedeŋga taa kɩŋ, kpaɣ tadɩyɛ lona tɩŋga payi yɔ Yoma lona taa payi ɖenɖe kɩ-pɩsa ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩ-pɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ tɛ wɛʊ taa nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzaani ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Kpaɣ kpaɖʊ 14 nɛ kpaɖʊ 17 hɛkʊ taa lɛ, Suwahilii yɔɔdɔɔsɩ sakɩyɛ kpaɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpe. Kʊnʊmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ʊnʊ yɔ fɛyi kedeŋga ɖoŋ ɛzɩ lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ ɛlɛ, palakɩnɛ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ.
Kpaɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ labɩnaʊ wala pʊsʊ kedeŋga nɛ ka-taa kɩŋ yɔ. Kpaɣ Uganda nɛ Ruwandaa nɛ Purundi nɛ sɔnɔ Kɔŋgo Kinsasa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Santrafriki. Ɛsɔ tɔm yɛlɩnɩyaa lakɩna-kʊ tʊmɩyɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm susu nɔmɔʊ taa. Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ wɛna masɩ nɛ matʊ ɖooo kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kiɖe tɛ lɛ, Arabɩ masɩ nɛ, ɖooo kpaɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa lɛ, Latɛŋ masɩ.


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Oreegonii
Oreegonii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Oreegonii ɛjaɖɛɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Waaziŋtonii ajɛya cikpena wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kalifɔɔrnii ñɩnɖɛ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Nevadaa wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Idahoo tɛtʊ.
Pamaza Oreegonii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 255 026 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 248 849 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 6 177 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2.42 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Oreegonii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Salem nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Portland.
Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 27 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 33 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1859. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 831 074 yɔ.
Payaɣ Oreegɔnii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Kate Brown (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Ron Wyden (D) nɛ Jeff Merkley (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ
Pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ (utérus) kɛna ɛyʋ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wena alʋlʋʋ pɩya kʋlʋlʋ yɔ a-tɛ halɩtʋ taa ɖenɖe pɩɣa cakɩ yɔ. Pɩɣa ɖɩcaɣyɛ kɛ halʋ taa lɛ, pɩkɛna e-kooka tɛɛ. Ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɖɩ Pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ kɛna ɛyʋ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wena alʋlʋʋ pɩya kʋlʋlʋ yɔ a-tɛ halɩtʋ ɖɩwɛ kodiye kamaɣ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ calɩm hosi sakɩyɛ. Pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-nɔsɩ yɔɔ nɛ hɩlɩŋ (ovaire) naalɛ nɛ nɛ ɩnʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩtasɩɣ pɩɣa yɔɔ hʋʋzʋ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Halʋ taa pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kooka tɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛ pɩndɩcɛɛʋ (pelvis) cɔlɔ kpam. Nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kulubi nɛ kɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋŋ sɔsɔŋ naatozo: ɖenɖe pɩɣa cakɩ yɔ, aŋŋwa ŋgʋ kʋhʋʋzɩɣ kɔ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se sondu (col utérin). Hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʋ hɛŋa cikpelaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ. Pɩtɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ lʋlʋʋ lɛ kɛ pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ taa huɖuu (endomètre) cɩyɩɣ nɛ kɩlɩɩ ɛlɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ yaa halɩpɩɣa kaalakɩ fenaɣ lɛ (menstruation).
Fenaɣ labʋ lɛ pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ halaa cɔlɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɩsɩɩna kɩyakɩŋ 28 kɛ fenaɣ taa ɛlɛ nabayɩ ɛɛtalɩɣ mbʋ yaa pɛɖɛɛ pʋyɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ hakɩ hɔɔ lɛ, kiluzɔnuu (fœtus) ɖɩɣna paɣlɩɣ lɛ, nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩɖɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ hou. Lʋlʋʋ wiye lɛ, pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kihou ɖoŋɖoŋ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩga yasɩ sɔŋdʋ nɛ kalɩɩ. Pɩɣa lɩɣ kpa lɛ, pɩɣa nʋmʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩcaŋu kɩkpɩɩsɩ-kɩtɩ nɛ fenasi naalɛ wayɩ lɛ kɩwɛʋ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ yɔ.