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Pierre-Simon de Laplace
Palʊla-ɩ Pierre-Simon Laplace liɖe taa kɛnɛ, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1749 Beaumont-en-Auge nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 1827 Paarii tɛtʊ, ɛkɛ tɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ɛyʊ.
Laplace kɛ tɩlɩya yaa lɛɣtʊ tɩna taa niye mʊyʊ lɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ Napoléon alɩwaatʊ taa. Siŋ taa lɛ, ɛɖʊ nisi sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ kpeu tɛ akɔnta lɩmaɣza taa. Ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛwaba siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛ-tɛ pɩɩtɛmaɖʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ ñʊʊ kam.
Pɩnaɣ 1799 wɛɛ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mɩnɩsɩtrɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔɔ. Napoléon Kajalaɣ tʊ yebina-ɩ Ampiiri kewiyitu pɩnaɣ 1808. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1817 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ wɛɛ wena Bourbon waa ɖanɩɣ pɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Normand tʊ nɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna tɛtʊ pazɩ yɔ yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, Pierre-Simon Laplace laba sukuli pɩtɩŋna ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛyɛ ɛyaa ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ pasɩma-ɩ se ɛwɛ nesi tɛɛ ñɩm nɛ ɛmʊna ñamtʊ yɔ. Ɛlaba sukuli pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1765 Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ Maur Kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩma mba pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ wazaɣ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa powona-ɩ Caen sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa. Pɔcɔ lɛ, ɛlaba nɔɔ leleŋ paɣtʊ sukuli kɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ sukuli taa, ɛpaɣzɩ ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza sukuli sɔŋgɔ alɩwaatʊ tɛma wayi lɛ pɩnaɣ 1766 ɛ-nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ Jean Adam kɛ Ɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ taa, anasaayɩ taa lɛ payaɣ se kollège du Bois. Ɛlaba sukuli ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-nɛ Christoph Gadbled, ɛlɛ kaakɛ lɩm kañaɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ Caen nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa sukuli taa, Pierre Canu ɛɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnaɣ Gadbled nɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa Mont kɔlɛzɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1769 paɣzɩtʊ taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1767 ŋtalɩ 1769, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1769 ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Paarii se ɛkatɩ tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛlɛ payaɣ d’Alembert, ɛ-tɛ talʊʊ peeɖe tɩŋna yɔɔ kɩɖɩnaʊ takayaɣ ŋga kalɩna Le Canu cɔlɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlaɣ kizi, d’Alembert kpɛdɛyɛ lɛ, ɛ-yɔɔ hɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛmazɩ takayɩ hatʊ naanaza nasɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ yaa pɩɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊ-tɔm kɛlɛ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ hɛɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlʊʊ sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli taa. Pɛhɛyɩ pɩnaɣ taa liviri naa 1400 nɛ pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, palabɩ-ɩ haya sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe.
Laplace ɖʊ ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi kewiyaɣ tɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩna tɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩya tɔm taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1770. Ɛyaa hiŋ nɛ naatozo cɔŋnɩna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊcɔ pɩwɛɛ se pala caca nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛyʊ wayɩ tʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1773 (ɛlɛ Desmarest ɛlɛza). Pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩnaɣ kɩhɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ yɔ 500 liviri kandɩya mba pɔ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1776 paɖɩza sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli nɛ papɩsɩ-kʊ ɛyaa kɩmaɣna camɩyɛ tɩna sukuli lɛ, pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liviri naa 600.


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Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875
Franz Schubert kɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1797 n̄ɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ nɖʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Lichtenthal yɔ tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
aSchrt - Der Hirt aufɩyakʋd
Franz Schubert kɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sɔsɔ nɔyʋʋ siŋŋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Wanderers Nachtlied Autograph Facsimile W. Dahms, 1913
Ɖajaa Schubert ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, minziiki wɩlɩyʋ weyi paakpɛzɩɣna-ɩ kaʋ yɔ. Ɛ-caana cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛkɛ pɩɣa hiu nɛ naalɛ n̄ɩŋga ɛ-hɔʋ taa.
Schubert Wanderer D760 No 1

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Tuwala
Duwala kɛna Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ nakʋyʋ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 923 km2. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 2 768 436. Payaɣwaɣ Tuwala tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Douala Manga Bell (1927-2012). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna Kameruni kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ mbʋ papɩzɩɣ payaa se tɔsʋʋ kpou yɔ pɩlɩɩna teŋgu ŋgʋi kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ti-kitiiliŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Tuwala tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Taakarɩ (Senegali), Strasbourg (Fransɩɩ), Akisari (Tuurkii), Newari (New Jersey) nɛ Filadɛlifi (Etaazunii) nɛ Windowɛkɩ (Namibii).


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Kobalti
Kobalti kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-yʊsaɣ matʊ kɔyɔ Ar 4s23d7 yɔ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naalɛ tʊ pɩlʊʊ lutozo ñɩŋʊ kɩtɩlɩsɩnaʊ tɛɛ. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ nɛ ɛ-nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛkpɛndɩ pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se e-tomnaɣ wɛtʊ kɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ. Ɛtɛkɛ cosiyaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔ. Kobalti kɛ koloŋa 9 tɛ pʊtʊ kɛlɛ natozo kajalaɣ ñɩmba yɔ Co Rh nɛ Ir, mba nɛ kobalti pɛkpɛndɩna pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ.
Kobalti ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ ɛzɩ tɔlɩm, ndɩ ndɩ sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ palakaɣ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo Hayi Canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 2600 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa yaa Mesopotami ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ lɛ Babilone ñɔñɔɔ kɛlɛ. Mbʊ lɛ canaʊ tɛtʊ wondu kɩbɩndʊ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ na tɔlɩm yuulee cʊʊ ñanzɩ yɔɔ yaa tɛtʊ kɩhɔbɩtʊ yɔɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm kicisi nzɩ paata sɩ-yɔɔ yuulee tɔlɩm yɔ kaakɛ kʊyʊmʊm kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 2200 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ Iran.
Pɩnaɣ 1735, Sʊyɛɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Georg Brant pɩnzɩ (1694 ŋtalɩ 1768) pɩza yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛpɩza nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɛ ñɩɣlɩm cikpem nabʊyʊ, pʊhʊlʊma caʊʊ, pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ pɩpɛlɩɣ, nɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kɛɛkɛɛ yɔ ɛyaa se kobalti.
Tʊma wena keŋkeŋ palaba mbʊ yɔ wɛɛ tamɩyɛ tɛɛ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1780 Torbern Olof Bergman ɖanɩɣ pazɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ panaɣ tovonum Georg Brandt kaanaʊʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩkɔma kpaɣɖʊ 19, kobalti yuulee ñɩŋʊ wɛʊʊ yɔ Nɔrvɛzɩ Blaaforvaerket lukaɣna-kʊ (kedeŋa kpeekpe taa kiyeke kulukaɣ pɩtalɩɣ 70 nɛ 80%) kɛlɛ Prusi Benjamin Wegner cɔŋaɣnaɣ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ.


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Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama kɛ Pɔrɩtɩgalɩ tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛna tandaʋ siŋŋ kɛ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi, ɛsɔɔla ɛ-tandaʋ yebu yɔ. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa payaɣ-ɩ kɛlɛʋ yem size Vasco de Gama. Samaɣ yaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ mba pasɩma-ɩ yɔ, pɔdɔŋ ɛ-tɔm size, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1460 n̄ɩŋga yaa 1469 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ palʋla-ɩ.
Egeetiye yaa tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Sines, kɛ Pɔrɩtɩgaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ efemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1524 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ. Ɛsɩba nɛ kife nɛ krɩstʋ mba tɔɔ Yesuu krɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ yɔɔ tɔzʋʋ tɛ kazandʋ. Lone yaa tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Cochin tɛtʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ɩndɩ (Inde) yɔ.
Ɛkɛ lɩm yɔɔ nʋmɔŋ woɖu yaa ɛsɔdaa heɣlim taa saɣʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ kɛ Pɔrɩtɩgaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Sɔnzɩ tɔm taa siŋŋ yaa sakɩyɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vasco da Gama kɛ pakpaɣ size ɛkɛ, kɔɔnɔɔ yaa kajalaɣ tʋ kɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖe taa, weyi ɛnʋ sɩzɩ ɛlɛɣ talɩɣ Indɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Patɩŋana lɩm pɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ pɔcɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size cap de Bonne-Espérance yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1498 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Estêvão de Gama, ɛkɛ Pɔrɩtɩgaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛlɩna cejewiye yaa hɔʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, kɩwɛ n̄ɩm, nɛ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ leleŋ hɔʋʋ. Ɛnʋ kɛna wiyau sɔsɔ weyi, ɛɛkɛ tɛtʋnaa panɛ : Sines nɛ Silves pɔyɔ kandɩyʋ yaa yɔɔ cɔnɛyʋ. Ɛnʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ ordre de Santiago, nɛ Isabel Sodré pawɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ. Ɖajaa Estêvão de Gama nɛ ɖo-ɖoo Isabel Sodré pɔhɔʋʋ wɛna piya kagbanzɩ.
Ɖɩ-hɩla paɣzɩna sɔsɔ yaa kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ pɩkɔ pɩsɩna tɩnʋʋ : Abalɩ pɩɣa kɔyɔ; Paulo da Gama, nɛ João Sodré, nɛ Vasco de Gama, nɛ Pedro da Gama, nɛ Buenos da Gama nɛ halɩ pɩɣa kʋɖʋmaɣ kaakaɣ yɔ : Teresa da Gama ŋga kawala yaa kawalʋʋ yɔ Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos yɔ.


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Legɔsɩ
Legɔsɩ kɛŋna Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walnzɩ yɔ nɛ Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaariwaa 99 960 ha yaa kilomɛtanaa 999,6. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 12 090 000 ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ti-ageeta lɛɛna kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm (21 000 000). Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ sɔnɔ taa yɔ Legɔsɩ ñɩndʊ kɩlɩna.
Pʊcɔ nɛ Abuuja tɛtʊ pɩsɩɣ Naajeeriya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 lɛ, Legɔsɩ kaakɛŋna mbʊ ɛlɛ tɩ-taa teŋu kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ yɔ, kɩwɛ Afrika taa kidiiliŋ weyi ɛkɩla liŋgu yɔ ɛ-taa. Peeɖe kɛ tadɩyɛ t ʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɩtʊ lubʊ kɩla wɛʊ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ kɛna tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ Legɔsɩ. Legɔsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ pɩkɩlŋa ɖɛndɛ payaɣ se Ikeja nɛ Agege yɔ. Mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ efebiya nɛ pɛlaa peseɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ powoki peeɖe se pala tʊma nɛ payabɩ-wɛ wondu ɛzɩ kpokponaa, cɛɛcɛɛnaa, kancɩnaa yaa nabʊyʊ yem.
Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ ɖɛɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ pɩkɩlʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩlɩna tadɩyɛ yɔɔ, sanzɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ taa lɛ, cɔɔcɩ laɖaa yaa mba patɩŋ gʊ Yeesu Kristu wayɩ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa 75 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ malɩŋ ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 15 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mba pɛkɛ malɩŋ kpem yɔ mba lɛ Yʊrʊba mba nɛ Yʊrʊba mba kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanʊwa (25) kɛŋna malɩŋ. Payaɣ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Akinwunmi Ambode.


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Turkimenistanɩ
Turkimenistanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Afganisitanii, Iiraŋ, Kapi teŋgu, Kazakistanɩ nɛ Uzibekistanɩ.
Pamaza Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 488 100 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5.171.943 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 10 yɔ. Aloma fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ turkimɛɛnɩ nɛ ruusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taamaasɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +993 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se maanatɩ turkimɛnɩ.


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Alabamaa
Alabamaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Zɔɔrzii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Misisipii yɔ kɩwɛna, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Floriidii nɛ Mekiziiki kujomuu piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tenesii ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ.
Pamaza Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 135 765 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 4 338 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3,2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Alabamaa kɛnna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe lɩm kɩla wɛʊ yɔ nɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe lɩm yɔɔ nʊmɔŋ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ kɛ Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 30 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ pʊŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, kadanzi yaa fɛɛŋ ñakɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1800 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 750 yɔ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa patasa ɛyaa kalɩʊ lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 779 736.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 550 pʊtɔbʊʊ se pamaaza sɔsɔʊ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 774 nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ciihe.
Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋnaɛjaɖɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1861 nɛ pɩha-ɖɩɩ waɖɛ se ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1868 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩɩlaba kɔkɔɖɛ pazɩ ɖɩ-tɛ sʊʊ taa.


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Claude Monet
Claude Monet kɛ Fransɩɩ tʋ. Ɛyaa sɩma-ɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ : Oscar-Claude Monet. Palʋlɩ-ɩ Parii tɛtʋ taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1840 taa. Ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣkɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1926 taa Giverny tɛtʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Claude Monet lakaɣ tʋma sakɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa size nʋmɔʋ laffɩttɛ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa paacalaɣ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛsɛwaɣ se Oscar-Claude Monet yɔ sɛʋ, pacalaɣɩ yaʋ ɖɩ. Nɛ ɛ-palaɣ egeetiyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ size Havɩɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛkɛkɛ piɣa ŋgaɣ kaasɔlaɣ anjaʋ waa lɩzʋʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛpaɣzɩ anjaʋ waa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukili ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ size Fransɩɩ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ yɔ kɩ-taa. Ɛ-wɩlɩyaa napayɛ hɩla yɔ: Jacques-Farnçois Ochard, Charles Glevre nɛ Eugène Boudin. Ɛyaa sɔsaa panɛ paɖʋna-ɩ nesi siŋŋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.Mba ɖɩyaɣ pahɩlaɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, mba ɖʋnɛɣɩ nesi ɛtʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa.


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Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Englɩsɩɩ tɔm kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ Caamaniki kʊnʊŋ. Kɩtɛ lɛ Angleterre, kʊñɔ lila kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa, tɛtʊ ŋdʊ tɩtɛ Angles nɛ Saxons nɛ Frisons. Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ Normand tʊ yebi na se Englisɩɩ tɔm yɔɔkʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tʊzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Roma taa kʊnʊmɩŋ wɩzii Englisɩɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Latɛŋ masɩ nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩ palakina tʊmɩyɛ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ (Royaume-Uni) ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Irlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena lɩm cɔyɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ a-daa ɛzɩ Man lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Anglo-Nɔrɩmandɩɩ lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩtaa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna yɔ ɖɩnaɣ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa, ɛzɩ doo canaʊ yoma kpaʊ alʊwaatʊ taa ajɛyɛ wena Britaanikɩɩ mba kaa-ɖʊ ayɔ nesɩ yɔ, a-daa kɔyɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Kanadaa nɛ Ositraalii nɛ Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ (Nouvelle-Zélande), pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɛ lɛ payaa-yɛ se anglo-saxon ɛjaɖɛ, ɛlɛ padalɩzɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ kaʊ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yaa kɩlɛɛzɩɣ taa kʊnʊŋ kɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa pɩlɩna canaʊ Britaanikɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ paa ajɛyɛ ana ada anglo-saxon taa ñɩma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ana yɔɔ Keniya nɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Hɔŋkɔŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Pakisɩtanɩɩ. Ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yɔ agbɛnda ɖama kɛ Commonwealth taa, pa yee lɛɛna taa pɩtɛkɛ kɩyeke kɩkɛna kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɔyɔ. Kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaŋza weyi ɛkɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɛtaa lɛ Englɩsɩɩ kɛ naadozo ŋgʊ yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba palʊlɩwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ yɔ, Siinɩɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ nɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Pamaɣzɩ se nɔnɔ taa kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ tɩŋga kʊnʊŋ mbʊ lɛ papaazɩɣ kʊ wɩlɩʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Englisɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ siŋ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ loɖo taa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ kɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ tʊmɩyɛ taa.
A TRADUIRE: Kabɩyɛ tɔm kpou taa, il y a 36 mots empruntés à l’anglais :[1]
- ↑ CLNK & SIL-Togo. 1999. Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale et de la Recherche, Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè et SIL-Togo.


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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 Leipzig tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1883 taa Venise tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, amʊza ñʊʊ tʊ, tɔm mayʊ sɔsɔ, hendu teyaa ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛke; ɛyʊ weyi etisi lelaa lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yem yɔ keɖeɣa tʊma alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ pasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛtɛ laŋɩyɛ taa siziŋ hendu ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ tʊ tɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nanza yɔ nɛ leleŋ hendu yɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ kajalaɣ hiu ñɩndʊ mbʊ yɔ peteu-tʊ paa ɖoye kɛ pɩnaɣ taa kazantʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1876 yɔ.
Ɛkpasa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tabalɩyɛ labʊ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖa sɔsaa se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛlɛzɩ pɛ-tɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ laɣsɩ amʊza taa mbʊ lɛ, pɩpazɩ pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ ɛ-tɔm. E-nesi tɛ tʊma pɩtɩŋa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu ceɣ yɔɔ pazɩ pɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ miiziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ e-evbutu alɩwaatʊ taa. Richard Wagner pɩsɩ laŋɩyɛ taa lɩmaɣza hendu teyu sɔsɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-tɔm caɣ yuŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa.
Palʊla Richard Wagner agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Brühl habɩyɛ mayaɣ natozo ŋga yɔ ɛsɔda kuduyuu naalɛ ŋgʊ taa akɔma ɖɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Zum roten und weißen Löwen (tɔyʊ kɩsɛmʊ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa) Yuda ɛyaa egeetiye taa kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa. Wagner kɛ pɩɣa nakʊ ñɩŋa Carl Friedrich Wagner hɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛɖʊ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1798 taa.
Carl kɛ tɔm hʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa fulisi naa tɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ nɛ ɛlakaɣ hendu teu tɛ amʊza. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Johanna Rosine Paetz (1774 ŋtalɩ 1848), anasaayɩ tɔnasɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, ɛsa taakuli camɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛsɩma lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa paakɛwa, pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm Thoma Kiɖeɖeu kpaŋ taa kɛ Leipzig tɛʈʊ taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1813 nɛ paya-ɩ se Wilhelm Richard Wagner. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna fenasɩ loɖo.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1814 lɛ, e-ɖoo walɩ Carl Friedrich taabalʊ, ɛlakaɣ amʊza ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Ludwig Geyer. Wagner cejewiye yele ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖɩcaɣ Dresden tɛtʊ kɛ Geyer ɖɩɣa taa, ɛlɛ weyi ɛsɩkɩ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa ɛlɛ, ɛtapɩzɩda eheyi Wagner ɛ-kʊñɔŋ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ se Richard pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-pɩnzɩ 14 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se Geyer kɛnɛ ɛ-caa kʊlʊlʊ.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kajalaɣ takayaɣ taa, ŋga ɛya se Me-wezuu tɔm yɔ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ Geyer pɩɣa yɔ. Cosina Wagner tʊma kajalaɣ ñɩnaa nayɛ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ patɛm-kʊ ɖʊʊ taɣtʊ takayasɩ taa yɔ pahɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩ-kʊ nɛ Friedrich Wagner hɩɖɛ.


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Alɩwaatʋ
Alɩwaatʋ yekina nɛ ɖɩnaɣ se lɛɣzɩtʋ wɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛyʋ pɔsaa se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ alɩwaatʋ kɛna kpem yɔ. Ɛyʋ pɔzʋʋ se ɛna se alɩwaatʋ kɛ kedeŋa pʋyʋ keem yaa ɛyʋ tɩŋɩna ɛ-lɔnsɩnɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛɖʋ-tʋ yem.
Paa ɛyʋ eecosi suwe yɔ, ɖɔm ɛɛnɩɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛɛtɩlɩɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi mbʋ alɩwaatʋ kɛna kpem yɔ. Tɔm cosuu tɩŋɛ tɛkɛ lɩmaɣza lɩzʋʋ : ɛyʋ lɛɣzɩɣ alɩwaatʋ lɛɣzʋʋ mbʋ yɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Paapɩzɩɣ pamaɣzɩ alɩwaatʋ ɛzɩ tɩwɛʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paapɩzɩɣ pamaɣzɩ-tʋ ɛzɩ pamaɣzɩɣ pʋyʋ yem yɔ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɖɩnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩkɔŋ nɛ wayɩ yɔ tɩ-taa mbʋ payaɣ se alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ ɖɩjaɣyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa.
Nabʋyʋ ɛɛlaba nɛ pɩɖɛɛ nɛ nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ñatasɩ labʋ sɔnɔ, mbʋ pɩlaba nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ nɛ mbʋ pɩlaba sɔnɔ yɔ, pɩ-hɛkʋ taa maɣzɩtʋ kɛɣna kɩyakɩŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ nabʋyʋ laba hodo nakʋyʋ wiye. Lɛɛbʋ ñala mazaɣ nakɛyɛ wiye. Yee pamaɣzɩɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ hodo nɛ mazaɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔm ndʋ tɩɩlaba hodo wiye nɛ ndʋ tʋtʋ ñala mazaɣ wiye yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kɩyakɩŋ naanza wɛna.
Alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ lɛɣzɩ paa ɖooye ɛyʋ wezuu caɣyʋ. Pɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʋ tisuu Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɛ pɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-lɔnsɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Alɩwaatʋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩlɩtʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɩlɩtʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɔtɔŋ se alɩwaatʋ kɛna wɛtʋ natʋyʋ yaa kawɩlaɣ tɛ maɣzɩtʋ. Piyele ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ kɛʋ piliŋa cɔlɔ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se alɩwaatʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa weyi ɛnaɣ naʋ mbʋ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Piliŋa ŋga, kakaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se tomiye naɖɩyɛ wɛ alɩwaatʋ nɛ loniye pɛ-hɛkʋ taa siŋŋ.
Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se mbʋ pɩɖɛwa yɔ, pɩwɛ wayɩ nɛ mbʋ pʋkɔŋ yɔ, pʋpʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɛsɩndaa. Ɛlɛ, aymara samaɣ taa ñɩma ñɛlɛɣzɩɣ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ. Paba ñɔtɔŋ se mbʋ pɩɖɛwa yɔ, pasɩma-pʋ. Pʋwɛna ɛyʋ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ nɛ piyele mbʋ pɩtatɩɩkɔmda yɔ, paasɩ-pʋ, yee mbʋ pʋwɛna ɛyʋ wayɩ kiŋ.
Alɩwaatʋ wɛna tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ nabʋlɛ taa. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ nɛ ewokina alɩwaatʋ tɛ sizika cɔlɔ kiŋ ewoki you nakʋyʋ loluu. Yaa nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pʋyʋ kɩtalɩm wokiŋna ɛyʋ yɔɔ kiŋ : nʋmɔʋ haʋ ñɔtaa kɛlɛ…


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Fenasɩ takayaɣ
Fenasɩ takayaɣ kɛna takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ ɛyʊ tɩlɩ mbʊ ɛla alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ yaa tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛtɛyɩ efemiye tɔm sakɩyɛ taa nɛ ɛlɩzɩ mbʊ pɩsɩna-ɩ kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ cɔna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma kɩlɛmɩŋ cɔʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛzɩma tɛŋ nɩʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ lɛ, ɛzɩma lʊŋgɩyɛ kɔŋ nɛ pɩnzɩ lɛɛzɩɣ ɖama lɛ, ɛmaɣzɩ ɛ-taa nɛ ɛlɩzɩ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɛyɩ pɩnaɣ tɩŋga yɔ.
Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ ɛɖʊwa se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ ɛlakɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɔnzɩ sɩnɛ nɛ sɩnɛ kɛ pɩwɛɛ se palakɩ. Pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ ɛya efemiye se efemiye nɛ paa efemiye nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩna ɖɩ-tɛyɩtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ. Afema wayɩ lɛ, kpɩtaŋ kɔŋna, ɛlɛ wayɩ lɛ fenasi, sɩ-wayɩ kɛ pɩnzɩ ñɛwɛ. Pɩtasɩɩna pɩnzɩ yeke, pɩnzɩ wayɩ kɛ mbʊ payaɣ se waɣsɩ yɔ sɩwɛɛ.
Efemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 24 wɛna nɛ afema lʊbɛ lakɩna kpɩtaʊ. Fenaɣ taa lɛ avema 30 yaa 31 wɛna; ɛlɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa avema 28 yaa 29 wɛna. Fenaɣ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ 4 wɛna pɩsaɣ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenassɩ 12 wɛna.
Efemiye wɛʊ yɔ pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ: cɩŋ cɩŋwaa 60 lakɩna cɛceyaɣ, cɛcɛsɩ 60 ñalakɩna ñɩɩyɩɣ kʊɖʊmʊ, piyele ñɩɩtʊ 24 lɛ pɩlaba efemiye. Efemiye taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tanandɛɛ wɛɛ, wɩsɩ taa wɛɛ, ɖanaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖoo taa. Mbʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ paa efemiye nɖɩ, kpɩtaʊ ŋgʊ, fenaɣ ŋga, pɩnaɣ ŋga nɛ waaɣ ŋga ɖɔɖɔ lɛ.
Pɩsaa nɛ kalɩɣ wɛɛ kɛlɛʊ lɛ, ɛyʊ lɩza fenasɩ takayaɣ. Kpɩtaʊ taa kɩyakɩŋ hɩlaa yɔ:
Kacalaɣ fenaɣ tɛ kiyakʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ paɣzɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasi kpɛnda 12 nɛ nzi yɔ:


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Jakarita
Jakarita (Englɩsɩɩ: Special Capital Region of Jakarta; Ɛndonezi: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) kɛna Ɛndonezi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 30 326 103. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa mba paalɛɣ wɛɣʋ yɔ mba payaɣ se Betawi waa nɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Batavia yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ñɩnɩya ñɩnaa nɛ pana se ɖooo lɔŋ taa tɔm natʋyʋ wɛ Jakarita tɛtʋ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Tugu. Tɔm tʋnɛ pana-tʋ Jakarta nɛ hayʋ kiŋ. Pama tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ palava kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ panaɣ kewiyaɣ nakayɩ hɩɖɛ. Kewiyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tarumanagara nɛ ke-wiyau kɛ payaɣ se Purnawarman. Wiyau ɛnɛ ɛɖʋ teŋu taa hɛŋga nakayɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana hiu yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 5taa, pana hɛŋga ŋga nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋ Yeesu Kristʋ. Payaɣ Jakarita tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Djarot Saiful Hidayat.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Jakarita tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kasablanka (Marɔkɩ), Jeda (Arabisaʋditi), Navimʋmbayi (Ɛndɩ), Tokɩyo (Sapɔŋ), Pɛrlɛɛ (Caama), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ).


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Koliisee
Koliisee kɛna samaɣ kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ aleɣya ɖɩlaɖɛ. Kuduyuu ŋgʋ paya-kʋ se tendema kpaŋ sʋsɔʋ ovoyidi. Kɩwɛna Room ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ tɛtʋ taa kiŋ nɛ, Esquilin nɛ Cælius pa-ɛjɛɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩpaɣlɩ siŋŋ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖiye patana pana matʋ ndʋ ɖoli. Patana ta mayaa matʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ Room mba tɛ peɖe.
Papaɣza kʋʋ maʋ pɩnaɣ hiŋ lʋbɛ (70) nɛ pɩnaɣ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ naalɛ (72) pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa Yeesu Kɩrɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Alɩwaatɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kewiya lone taa caɣyʋʋ wiyau sʋsɔ kaakɛ Vespasien. Nɛ ɛnʋ kaahana nɔɔ nɛ pabaazɩ matʋ sʋsɔtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ.
Ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ size kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ yɔ, maya kɩmatʋ tɛŋga pɩnaɣ hiŋ lutozo wayɩ wiyau sʋsɔ Titus ɖoŋ taa. Ɛnʋ kaalɛɣzana wiyau sʋsɔ kɩbɩnʋ Vespasien kewiya kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-pɩzʋʋ kɩ-mʋ kɩ-taa samaɣ ŋga yɔ, ka-talɩɣ kudokiŋ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ-ɩ mbɩ yɔ.
Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ, kɩ-waza ɖɔɔ siŋŋ. Kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ palakɩ aleɣya sakɩyɛ. Nɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ aleɣya naɣyɛ kɔyɔ: tɛtɛ kpɩna you, nɛ gladiayatɛɖɩ waa you, nɛ pɩtasɩna egeetiye taa aleɣya sʋsɔna lɛɣna sakɩyɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ, mba pahʋʋ pɔtɔm nɛ pɩwɛɛ size pamʋna sɩm kɔyɔ yɔɔ yɔ, kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ palakaɣ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Palaba kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ Koliisee kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛɛ tʋmɩyɛ pɩtalaɣ pɩnzɩ taŋga (500) mbɩ yɔ.


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Siloovaakii
Siloovaakii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2004. Ajɛya wena acɔ Siloovaakii ñɩndʊ nbɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Polɔñɩ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukirɛɛnɩ, piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Hɔŋgirii, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Otirisi yɔ ɖɩwɛna, wɩsɩɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna peeɖe.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ aloma fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1918 piwolo pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1939 nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 4 pɩnaɣ 1945 pɩsɩɩna saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1992 mbʊ yɔ, Siloovaakii ɛjaɖɛ kaawɛ Cekɔsiloovaakii hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩunɛ ɖɩɩɖa ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ aloma fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1918 nɛ pʊcɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1993 kɩlɩɩ Cekɔsiloovaakii hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ sɩŋŋŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba sakɩyɛ taa nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: OTAN, OMC, OCDE yaa V4 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ keteŋa taa ajɛya wena atɔkɩ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eeroo yo ɖɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakaliɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 5 410 836 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kiolmɛtanaa 49 035.
Payaɣ Siloovaakii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ se Andrej Kiska nɛkominañɩnʊ yɔ Robert Fico. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ siloovaakɩ.


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Isilandɩ
Isilandɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki teŋgu cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ tɔnɛ tɩwɛ Growelandɩ nɛ Nɔɔrɩwɛzɩ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔtɩna Amerɩka keteŋa ɛlɛ ɖɩt-tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɖɩ-caanɑaʊ tɔm ñɩɩzɩna Eerɔpʋ keteŋa taa tɔm.
Isilandɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 103 000 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda kutokiŋ 332 529 (2016). Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Reyikiyaviki nɛ kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Isiladɛɛ. Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɔm lakɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ, Isilandɩ kaakɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kaakɩla ɖɛnaʊ ɛsɩndaa keteŋa kpeekp taa yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Erɔpʊ Lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa, AELE taa, OCBE nɛ EEE aŋgba taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1996 pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 2016 mbʊ yɔ, sɔsɔ Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson kɛŋna Islandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ.


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Leemuu
Leemuu kɛ nandʊʊ piye tɩŋ, pɩkɛ leemuu tɩŋ piye kɩkɛ tɩŋ tamsʊʊ cejewiye taa nandʊʊ piye. Ɛ-ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlɩnɛ Citrus simens tɩŋ tɛ ɛzɩ calɩm leemɩŋ nɛ ñaŋ leemɩŋ weyi ɛlɩnɛ leemɩŋ nɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ fitamini C paa papɩzɩɣ se pɛkɛtɩna-kʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee lɛɛnaa nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye nanza ñɩndɛ ndɩ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Leemuu ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ yɔ wɛna leemuu tɛ sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-tɔnʊʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ wɛ ñɔkʊ ñɔkʊ. kɩ-taa wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-kopuu mandarini yɔ. Kɩ-taa lɩm wɛ lelemɩnaɣ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ sikiri nɛ ñɩmɩŋ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ fitamini C. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ saladɩ nɛ anasaayɩ cotuu yaa pɔñɔʊ kɩ-lɩm. Calɩm leemɩŋ kpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖenɖe keeke ɛkɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ ɛ-tomnaɣ yɔ. Pɩtɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩnɛ antocyane cɔlɔ nɛ pɩkpeekpe pɩkpɛndʊʊ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɛ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩɣ niikaɣ. Leemuu tɛ antocyane ɖoo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ yuulee ɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛmɩŋ pɩkatʊʊ leemuu ñɩmɩŋ lɩm.
Leemuu tɛ nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi kɩtɩŋga nɛ kʊsʊʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mediteranee nɔmɔʊ canaʊ katʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa (kpaɣɖʊ 9 nɛ 13) pɩlɩnɛ leemuu ñaŋ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ Pɛrɩsɩ mba ɖɛzaɣ Arabɩ mba piye nɩ pɔsɔ-dɩ Sisili ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖenɖe kɩmɩzaa nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa yɔ.
Nabʊlɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa lɛ, Pɔrɩtɩkɛ mɛlɛ naa taa nɔmɔŋ woɖaa lɩɣ leleŋ leemuu yɔ siini nɛ papɩsɩna-kʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩwa leemuu ñŋ ŋgʊ. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ nɛɛlɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ leemuu kɛkɛ ajana pʊyʊʊ nɛ pahaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ Nɔwɛlɩ kʊjɔʊ nɛ Nicolas kɩɖeɖeʊ (Peyibaa) kɛ piya. Kɩ-haɖaʊ kawaba mbʊ ɖooo lɔŋ lɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ maŋpɩza waa ɖoŋ pɩyʊʊ.


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Christophe Colomb
Palʊla Christophe Colombe kɛ kpaɣ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 25 nɛ aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1451 kɛ Zɛɛnɛsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1506 kɛ Faladolidi, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Christophe Colombe kɛ kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ takʊʊ woɖu. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlakaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ tɩnaa Isabelle Castille nɛ Ferdinand Aragon.
Christophe Colombe kɛna ɖooo canaɣ taa weyi ɛlɛɣa tɛzɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩnaɣ nʊmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ se kɩɖɛɛna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛñɩnaɣ se kiwolo tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Sipaŋgoo nɛ Sapɔŋ yɔ tɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛ Amerika nɛ Eerɔpʋ. Christophe Colomb kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ awiya nɛ paba ñayaa-ɩ se amiralɩ, Ɛndɩ wiyao tɛɛ-tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ ɛkaɣ lɩɣʊ--tʊ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Christophe Colombe lɩ Karayiibɩ tetʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkpaaɣna mbʊ lɛ Eerɔpɩ tɛtʊ paɣzɩ Ameriki tɛtʊ kpacayʊʊ. Piyebina nɛ Christophe Kolomb pɩsɩ ñɩnɩyaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Paa ɛzɩ paañɩnaa nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana se ɖooo Eerɔpʋ taa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Fikiiŋsɩ waa yaa kpakpasɩ kpayaa kaatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe kɔyɔ, Christophe Kolomb kɛ paa anɩ ɛsɩma sɔnɔ se ɛnʊ lɛ Eerɔpʋ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ Ameriki taa aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɖoo taa pɩnaɣ 1492.
Christophe Colombe nana ɛ-ɛsɛ maɣmaɣ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsɩkɩ se ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ feyɩ kamaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tamaɣŋga ɛɛɖʊwa se ɛtalɩɣ-kɛ yɔ, ɛtalɩ-kɛ: ɛlɩ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm se ɛkɛna kpɩyɩŋ sayaa taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔ nakʊyʊ halɩ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna. Ɛkɛ weyi ɛwɛna Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɩsɩm sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ politiki taa lɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ nabʊyʊ. Esusaɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm paale nɛ ɖenɖe pakʊʊ ɛ-tɔm yɔ lɛ se ɛtɔyɩtaɣ Amerika taa ɛyaa mba palɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-wɛ yoma.


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Atɛnɩ
Kɛŋna Krɛsɩ tɛtʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ yɔ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔdɔ lɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 664 046. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛtɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa agbaba 39. Tooɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Atɛnɩ taa kɛ lɔŋ nɛ ɛsakuliye lɛɣ wɛʊ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ñɩnɩyaa sʊsaa nɛ ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ tɩnaa kaawɛ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ Gɩrɛsɩ komina kpelaɣ wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ taa. Kpeɣ menkpɛɣ yaa mʊya naayɛ yɔɔdʊʊ se sɔdʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Thésèe yɔ ɛnʊ ɛñɔzɩna-tʊ pɩnzɩ -800 taa pʊcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ sɔɔjana mba paakɩlɩ ɖɩŋ Krɛsɩ taa yɔ paawɛɛ.
Atɛnɩ taa kɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣ nɛ lɛɛzʊʊ kɩfam mbʊ payaɣ se temokraasii yɔ pɩɩwɛ siŋŋŋ nɛ ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ tɩnaa paawɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: Socrate, Platon, Aristote. Mba pɛkɛ amʊza nɛ tanaʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɛwɛ peeɖe nɛ pa-taa kɔyɔ: Eschyle, Sophocle, Euripide, Aristophane nɛ caanaʊ tɔm ñɩnɩyʊ sʊsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Thucydide.


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Mbʋ payaɣ se « WhatsApp » yɔ, mbʋʋ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se « WhatsApp Messenger ». Pɩkɛ tʋma naayɛ sakɩyɛ kaŋgalafu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala « WhatsApp » tʋma. Kaŋgalaafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla « WhatsApp » tʋma yɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se « android ».
Ɛyʋ ɛtamsɩ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ Kaŋgalafu nɛ « Android » yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se eheyiɣ e-koobu yɔ, paa ɛlɛ ɛfɛyɩ ɛlɛ ñɩŋʋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛñɩŋʋ nɛ ekuli « WhatsApp » lɛ, ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ e-koobu heyi-i yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ ña nɛ ño-koobu ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩna ɖama « WhatsApp » yɔɔ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se mɩ-naalɛ ɩwɛɛna paa weyi lɛ kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Android » yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛwɩna kaŋgalafu « Android » nɛ ɛwɛɛ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛnɩɩ tɔm tɩŋa payɩ ndʋ tɩlakɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ. Yee ɛnɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ tɩkɛdɩna-ɩ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩ etiyina-tʋ e-koobiya tɩŋa payɩ mba pɛwɛna kaŋgalafu « Android » yɔ. Paba ɖɔɖɔ panɩ natʋyʋ kɔyɔ papɩzɩ petiyina-ɩ-tʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ etiyina-yɛ e-koobiya mba ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ pɩtɩŋna « WhatsApp » yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Jan Koum nɛ Ɖajaa Brian Acton patʋlɩ « WhatsApp » tʋma. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa patʋla-yɛ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ palakaɣ « site web » ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Yahoo » yɔ kʋ-tʋma sɔsɔna. Halɩ papɩzɩ pɔtɔ se ḿba lɩzɩna-kʋ. Palɩzɩ « WhatsApp » se kɩlɩzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « SMS » waa yɔ kaŋgalafunaa taa. « WhatsApp » tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Mountain View tɛtʋ taa Californie ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Facebook yaba « WhatsApp » tʋma lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa liidiye dollars waa 19 miiliyarɩ. Dollars waa ḿba pa-taa miiliyarɩ waa hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ (15) ɖɛɣ « Facebook » tʋma ɖeɖe. Tɔbʋʋ se pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tʋmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyɔɔ waa 350 yaa dollars waa 40 paa nesi ɖʋyʋ weyi lɛ.
Paɖaɣnɩ sɔzʋʋ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖaa liidiye yɔɔ. Nɔɔnɔɔ pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyarɩ waa.


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Rɛɛ pɔɔ
Rɛɛ pɔɔ kɛ Eerɔpʊ Hɛkʊ taa nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɔɔ sɔsɔ. Rɛɛ pɔɔ ŋga kaɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtaa waa 1233. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛna siyepɔɖɛ Erɔpʊ Rhénane taa, hɔɔlʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ Erɔpʊ taa nɛ kɩ-kɛ loone ɖoŋ ñɩŋɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.
Rɛɛ tɛ fɛʊʊ kitibuu valanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta 198000 kpɛɛɣ ko, nɛ kɩ-kɛ Suwiisi hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nɛ Otirisi hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ Liechtenstein maɣma mbilim nɛ Caama hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɛ nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ nɛ Lugizamburi hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ Italii hɔɔlʊʊ cɩkpeluu nakʊyʊ. Pɩkɛ pɔɔ sɔsɔɔ ŋga kɛgbɛndʊʊ teŋgʊ hayi ŋgʊ taa yɔ nɛ kɛ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga kɔyɔ pakɩlɩ saʊ mɛlɛ naa yɔ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔ.
Kahaɣ ka-hɩɖɛ Rhénanie, pɩkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ, pɩkɛ Lander naalɛ Cama. Rhénanie Hayi Westphalie (Nordrhein-Westfalen) nɛ Rhénanie Palatina (Rheinland- P%.falz) ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ Hayi Rɛɛ nɛ Haɖɛ Rɛɛ.
Rɩn fɛʊʊ kɛ kamaɣ (kpaɣ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ wacɩ taa ɛjɔŋ tɛ) Meuse fɛʊʊ nɛ Ems nɛ Weser nɛ Elbe patɩŋnɛ payɩ pɛkpɛndʊ Hayi teŋgʊ taa yaa Basalitiki teŋgʊ taa nɛ Taniibɩ (teŋgʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ) nɛ po nɛ Rhone (Mediteranee teŋgu) taa. Rɛɛ lɩm pɔɔ kpeŋ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊ taa hayi yɔ hayi yɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ageeta taa wena afɛyi ɛzɩ Alɩpɩwaa nɛ Suwiisi pʊcɔ alɩpɩ suwiisi pʊɣʊ yɔ nɛ Rhénan lɔʊʊ nɛ Rɛɛ cɩkpeluu kɛtɛŋga.
Kɛ-tɛ fɛɛʊ wala kɩtalɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa (hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ ɛzɩ Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine) pɩñɔtɩna Lukizambuuri tɩŋga nɛ Pɛlɛzɩkɩ nɛ Italii hɔɔlɩŋ cɩkpeŋ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛtɛzʊʊ ajɛyɛ anɛ Suwiisi nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ Peeyiba. Kapɩsɩ kamaɣ nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Liechtenstein nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama. Kɛ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ nɛ Caama nɛ Fransɩ.


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Siini Koloŋa Sɔsɔɔ
Payaɣʋ se Siini koloŋa sɔsɔa yɔ pɩlɩna ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yɔɔ kɛ paya-kɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ. Pɩkɛna peeɖe sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛɛ nɛ tam tɩnɛ pɔyɔkʋʋ nɛ pamaɣ yɔ. Pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ, kɩɩwɛɛ ɖooo caanaʊ pʊcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu, pɩtalɩw ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ III yaa XVII kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Paama koloŋa ŋga se paɖaŋ pa-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Siini mba mba pɛwɛna hayi kiŋ yɔ, pataapɩzɩ nɛ pasʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩkɛna pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ wiɖiyi nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛmana e-nesi yɔ; kpaɣ kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yaa kɩ-walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-paɣlaka taa.
Payaɣʊ se koloŋa sɔsɔa yɔ, pɩkɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ pama ɖooo mbʋ payaɣ se Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, pɩkpaɣna "Shanhaiguan" hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Qinhuangdao kɛ Hebei egeetiye taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, pɩkpaɣna Jiayuguan kɛ Gansu hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Koloŋa ŋga, nabayɛ yɔɔdʋʋ se, ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kpeekpe talɩɣ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 700 yɔ.
Ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yɔɔ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma yaɣ-kɛ se Kotokiŋ hiu tɛ koloŋa; mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, kotokiŋ hiu tɔbʊʊ se mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔ.
Siini n̄ɩma tɛ mazɩtʊ taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩtalɩɣ mbʋ payaɣ pɛ-tɛ se "Li naa" sakɩyɛ; nɛ pakpaɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 6700 yɔ pɩlakɩ pɛtɛ ɛzɩ "Li naa" 11 632 mbʋ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, mɛtanaa 576 lakɩ ɛzɩ "Li naa" 13 400 mbʋ yɔ yaa mɛtanaa 500 ɖeyi ɖeyi. Koloŋa ŋga ka-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 6 yaa 7 yɔ nɛ ka-walanzɩ taa lɛ pʋwɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 yaa 5 mbʊ yɔ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa sɔsɔ weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ tɔsʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛɖaɣna koloŋa ŋga maɣzɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ camɩyɛ se koloŋa ŋga ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 8 851,8. Koloŋa kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga, paɖaɣna-kɛ maɣzʋʋ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ taa nɛ pana se ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa talʊ kilomɛtanaa 21 196,18. Wayɩ wayɩ maɣzʊ pʊnɛ, pɩtamna wɔɔlɩŋ weyi weyi ɛyɔkaa yɔ payɩ.


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Marɔkɩ
Marɔkɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Raabaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 710 850 km² nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ patalɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 34 yɔ.
Palaba kɩgalɩʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 ɛlɛ pana se Maarɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 33,8. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ talɩ ɛzɩ hiuwaa naatozo yɔ nɛ paa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ yɔ.
Peeɖe malɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patala ɛzɩ 99 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛʊ feŋ lɛ pucʊʊtʊ yem: malɩŋ woki ciŋgirinaa taa tam kagbanzɩ ɛzɩ Mohamet pɔzɩɣ yɔ. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe. Ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukilinaa taa kpaɣ ɖaŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa hɛkʊ taa sukuli pɩtalɩ sukulinaa sɔsɔŋ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔdɖɔ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ, aŋgilisi, caama nɛ itaalɩ.
Pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ kɛ paa pʊɣa ŋgaalɛ se kowolo sukuili. Pɩkilɩna pɩya nzɩ sɩwɛna pɩnzɩ looɖo pɩsɩna hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ. Pɩnzɩ 2004 lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ ɛyaa 43 taala sukili ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa lɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ ɛyaa 28 towobina sukuli.
Tɔnʊʊ taa hayɩɣ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ Marɔɔkɩ wɛ ɖɔŋ: Said Aouita kɛna efebu weyi ɛɖɛwaɣ nɔɔ kɛ seɣa taa mɛtanaa 1 500, 2 000, 3 000 nɛ 5 000 yɔ; Nawal El Moutawakel ñɛkɛna pɛlɛɣ weyi ɛkɛna Afrika taa kacalaɣ halɩbʊwa ŋga kamʊ ɔɔrɩ lɩyʊʊ kɛ hasʊʊ taa yɔ.
Nawal El Moutawakel ñawaba seɣa keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Hicham Arazi ñɛkɛna efebu weyi ɛwaba teniisi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Badr Hari ñɛkɛna weyi ɛmakɩna nesi camɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ se kickboxeur K-1 yɔ. Pɩkazɩ Medhi Benatia ñɛkɛna pombo maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kɛ Bayern Munich taa.


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Mɔntanaa
Mɔntanaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Takoota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Takoota nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Idahoo, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Wayɩyoomɩŋ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Helenaa nɛ ndʊ tɩtaa tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Piilɩŋsii.
Pamaza Mɔntanaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 381 156 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 377 295 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 862 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 1,01 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 14 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1887. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 998 199 yɔ.
Payaɣ Mɔntanaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Steve Bullock (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Steve Daines (R) nɛ Jon Tester (D). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖ̀ɛzaɣ (Siini taa lɛ, 唐朝,Wade taa lɛ,Wade taa lɛ, T’ang nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, EFEO taa lɛ, T’ang, Ten) (mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 618 ŋtalɩ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 907 taa). Pɩkɛ Siini kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kɛlɛza Sui keziyaɣ (pɩnzɩ 581-618 taa yɔ) pʊwayɩ kewisi kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ hiu alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga. Li cejewiye kasɩna ke-kiɖe, nɛ kamʊ kewɩyaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Sui kewiyaɣ ɖɩma yɔ yaa kɔtɔla yɔ.
Kapaɣzɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kaatɛya pɩɖalɩ halɩ pɩtalɩ 220 nɛ 581 taa yɔ, ɖenɖe keeke Sui kewiyaɣ tobi ŋga kaasɩ kamaɣ yɔ yaa kaatɛma yɔ, kajalaɣ awiya tɩmɩyɛ kaakɛ se pacaɣzɩ ɖiɖi Ampiiri kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ pɛkpɛnda yɔ nɛ patasɩ haʊ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ Siini kaawɛʊ ɖoŋ han waa alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pacaɣ sooci lala ajɛyɛ lɛɛna ñʊʊŋ yɔ caɣʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Taŋ kajalaɣ awiya alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Taizon nɛ Wu Zetian nɛ Xuanzon), Siini Ampiiri hiɣ kɩ-tɩ ɖeu nɛ kɩwɛna ɛsakuliye kɩbanɖɛ siŋ.
Awiya sɔsaa tapɩzʊʊ ɖaŋgʊʊ pʊcɔlɔ kpɛɣɛ yoŋ weyi eyeba nɛ po-ɖoŋ pa-ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ yɔ ñɩna yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, paa pɩtakɔŋna cɛyɩtʊ pɛ-tɛ Ampiiri ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩlɩna ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ huu pɩtɩŋna Hadɛ yɔɔ Ajɛyɛ yɔɔ. Yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wayi kɛ wayi wayi kpaɣɖɩŋ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, Taŋgi kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣ pɩnaɣ 907 taa ŋgʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, patɛyɩ ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri yʊkpɩlɛɛ.
Politiki tɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ samaɣ nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ lɛɣtʊ sɩm wɛɛ ana a-taa kayeba nɛ tɔm kɛɖɩyaa maɣzɩ nɛ pɔtɔ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ sʊ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ taa, ndʊ tɩwɩlaɣ Soŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ (pɩnzɩ 960 ŋtalɩ 1272 alɩwaatʊ) ŋgʊ kikpeɣla Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖɩŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ɖɩɣ.
Lɛɛzɩtʊ yuŋ ndʊ sakɩyɛ lɩ Taŋ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa, pata kɛlɛ ɖeɣa taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ matʊ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊntʊsʊʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩya se bʊdɩyɩsɩmɩ hiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ Siini ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ.


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Palɩtiki Teŋgu
Palitiki Teŋgu kɛna teŋgu kɔtɩɩyʋ tɛtʋ ilemiye yɔɔ keveŋgaɣ. Nɛ pɩdaa ɖeɖe yaa ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋgʋʋ size walanzɩ yɔ mbɩ yɔ taa talɩɣ yaa maana ɛzɩ 364800 mɛtɛ waa kudoku kpata mbɩ yɔ. Pʋwɛna-ɖʋ se ɖɩtɩlɩ size teŋgu Palɩtiki kʋnɛ, kɩ-wɛna anasaayɩwaa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayuu kiŋ yɔɔ.
Nɛ kɩna lɩm fɛɛʋ keveŋga pɛwɛ ɖama ɖaɣnʋʋ tamasʋʋ tɩyɛ yaa pa-tamasɩ na ɖama nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna teŋgu nɛ hayuu kiŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔɔ. Kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ yɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ yɔɔ taa lɛ, kɩ-na hayuu kiŋ teŋgu pɔjɔna yaa pakpɩtana ɖama pɩtɩŋgɩna Cattégat, nɛ Skagerrak yɔɔ.
Kɔlfɩ waa naalɛ kɩkɩlɩŋ nɩyɛ siuu siuu wɛ kɛdɛɛŋga yaa hɛkʋʋ taa. Mba yɔ: kɔlfɩ Botnie n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-kʋ wɛna hayuu kiŋ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɔlfɩ Fɛɛlandɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna na wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ yɔɔ. Ajɛɛ wena awɛna yaa a-caɣ teŋgu kʋnɛ ki-kidiliŋ yɔɔ, a-taa nayɛ hɩlaɣ yɔ:
Tanimarikɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ; Sʋyɛdɩ n̄ɛwɛna hayuu nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ yɔɔ kiŋ; Fɛɛlandɩ n̄ɛwɛɛna hayuu nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa taa hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ;
Palɩtiki ajɛɛ naadazo wena aɣlɛ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ yɔ dɔɖɔ aɣlɛ hɩlaɣ yɔ: Ɛsɩtoonii, nɛ Lɛtonii nɛ Lituyanii.
Nɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Kaliningrad, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɔlfɩ Fɛɛlandɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa peɖe kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ; Ajɛɛ anɛ ɖɔɖɔ: Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔlɔɔn̄ɩ nɖɩ kɛ tengu nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ.
Ajɛɛ ana, anaɣ teŋgu ŋgʋ pakpɩtɩna ɖama yaa pobosana yaa pɛtɛyana ɖama yɔ, pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2009, tama tamaɣ size, anasaayɩwaa tɛ lɩm yɔ tiyutu ewobina yaa ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda kiŋ. Nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu pʋnɛ pɩlɩna, teŋgu Palɩtiki kʋnɛ kʋyɔ yaa ɛzɩ kʋ-ɖɔkʋ camɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Pʋwɛ size pakandɩ kʋyɔ ɖeʋ.


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Agatha Christie
Payaɣ Ɖoɖoo Agatha Christie ɖɔɖɔ se Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɛlɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller wɛ ñʋʋ taa lɔŋ siŋŋ.
Palʋla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1890 n̄ɩŋga taa. Caanaʋ tɔm tɩlɩyaa tɔŋ se patatɩlɩ siŋŋ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋlɩ Ɖoɖoo Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller yɔ camɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa siŋŋ ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ.
yɔ.
Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu yɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1976 n̄ɩŋga taa. Patatɩlɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ loɖo (76).
Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary kɛkɛ takayɩsɩ maʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛsɩma ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ takayɩsɩ sɩnɖʋ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛɛkɛ halʋ mɛ-ɛza kulaa nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-ɛza cɛba nɛ atɛ akuli ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖɔm nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɛɛkɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ laba sakɩyɛ leleŋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Ɖajaa Hercule Poirot nɛ Ɖoɖoo Miss Marple tʋma kɛdɩnaɣʋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo Agatha Christie takayasɩ nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : Le Crime de l'Orient-Express, nɛ Dix petits nègres, nɛ Mort sur le Nil nɛ Le Train de 16h50.


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Prɔtakɩtɩnɩyɔm
Prɔtakɩtɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 91 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pa. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ. Pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se πpῶtoς pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ nɛ akɩtɩnɩyɔm, prɔtakɩtɩnɩyɔm 231 wɛ akɩtɩnɩyɔm wayi ʊranɩyɔm cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ yɔkʊʊ pɩlʊʊ taa.
Agbele Pa wɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1913 wɛɛ taa Kasimir Fajans tɩla-ɩ ɛ nɛ Otto H. Göhring, papa kaayana-ɩ hɩɖɛ se brɛfɩyɔm pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɛlɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1900, William Crookes tɛyɩ-ɩ nɛ ʊranɩyɔm ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ ɛlɛ ɛtatɩlɩ-ɩ (kɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ se ʊranɩyɔm-X).
Pʊwayɩ lɛ Otto Hahn nɛ Lise Meitner ñalɩ 231 Pa, yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1918, ɛlɛ wɛ camɩyɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ, kɛlɛ ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se prɔtɔakɩtɩnɩyɔm. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1934 palɩza-ɩ eyeke pɩtɩŋna Van-Arkel-de-Boer lɩmaɣza yɔɔ. Paɖaɣnɩ yaʊ prɔtɔakɩtɩnɩyɔm se prɔtakɩtɩnɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1949 pɩtɩŋna IUPAC yɔɔ.


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Sanfransiskoo
Sanfransiskoo wɛ Etaazuunii taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kalifɔrnii yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ,tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Pasifiki Teŋgu cɔlɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Sanfransiskoo pɔɔ ñɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩwaa 60 060 yaa 600,6 km2. Walanzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa lɛ, 121,4 km2 (20,21 %) kɛŋna tɛtʊ pɩkazɩ 479,2 km2 (79,79 %) taa lɛ, lɩm wadɩna. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa akalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 852 469.
Payaɣ Sanfransiskoo tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Edwin M. Lee (D). Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Lisibooni (Pɔɔrɩtiigaali), Abiijaŋ (Kooti D'Iivʊwaarɩ) Asiizi nɛ Kartazirɔɔnɩ (Italii), Kɔrkɩ (Irilandɩ), Hayifa (Israayɛlɩ), Pelɛm (Pireezili), Maniyi (Filipini), Osaka (Sapɔŋ), Sewuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ), Saŋgayɩ (Siini), Piyonozɛrɩ (Arzantini), Sidinee (Ɔsɩtraalii), Tayɩpayɩ (Tayiwanɩ), Tesaaloniki (Krɛsɩ), Zurisi (Suwusi), Hɔsiminivili (Fɩyɛtɩnam), Paŋgaalɔrɩ, (Ɛɛndi), Kraakoovii (Polɔñɩ) nɛ Fladiivɔstɔkɩ (Ruusii).


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Lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Lɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyaa cakɩ nɛ powoki ɖoli yɔ. Paɖʋʋ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɩkpakɩɣ nɛ ɖiwokina ɖenɖe ɛyʋ sɔɔlʋʋ se ewona-tʋ yɔ. Lɔɔɖɩyɛ wɛna pɔpɔla nɛ a-yɔɔ ɖɩɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩna nɛ pɔpɔla ana acɔʋ nɛ pɩlakɩ se lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "mootɛɛɖɩ".
Lɔɔɖa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndɩ: cikpena wɛɛ, kɩmaɣna n̄ɛwɛɛ, nɛ sɔsɔna n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kan̄ɩŋa lɔɔɖa n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ wena alɛ kɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ kpem yɔ, alɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Alɛɣ payaɣ se "tiitaɣ waa". Lɔɔɖa cikpena kpakɩɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩmaɣna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʋ yɔ nɛ sɔsɔna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ. Tiitaɣ waa n̄akpakɩɣna wondu ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ yuŋ kpem yɔ, alɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ ɛyaa. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu nɛ sɔsɔtʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "foolaɣ" nɛ ŋgʋʋ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ cɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se "fɩɖɛɛ waa". Papa yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sɩŋɩ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se "baateeɖii" nɛ ŋgʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ pɩzɩ ɛn̄ɩɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋhʋlɩ se "pɩpɩɩɩ" nɛ ɛyʋ wɛsɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ n̄eneɣ tɩyɛ nɛ kɩ-taa paɖʋʋ sanzɩ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ n̄ɔʋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖiseɣ. Sanzɩ ɛtɛma lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa yɔ, ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩɖɔ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ lɛɛkʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "fitɛɛsɩ". Kʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa niɣdi yaa pusoŋi. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ ɛtʋlɩ raadiyoo ŋgʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ ɛnɩɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ yaa miziiki ŋgʋ ɛsɔla welesuu yɔ. Lɔɔɖa naayɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ, alɛ taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se televisiyɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩma pulubi lɔɔɖɩyɛ?Ñɔɔzɩ
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1769 taa ɖajaa Joseph Cugnot luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Fardier de Cugnot. Ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɛwa nɛ pʋcɔ polu lɔɔɖa wena ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ ɛzʋnɔɔ yɔ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu ɛkpa ɖoŋ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ polu anasaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩfatʋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Machine à vapeur" yɔ pɔcɔnaa nɛ polu lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Fefeku lakɩna nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋcɔʋ. Ɛlɛ, cɛyɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ siŋŋ.
Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa, Aoste kajalaŋa taa pacalɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ saʋ se pana. Pasa-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1864 n̄ɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Innocent Manzetti calɩna cɔʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ fefeku lakɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɔŋ yɔ Aoste tɛtʋ taa habɛ yɔɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1869 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1870 pama tɔm ndʋʋ Aoste nɛ Turin pa-aseɣɖe tɔm heyuu takayɩsɩ taa. Piteleɖi nɛ patɩŋ polu lɔɔɖa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ aɖɔŋ habɛ yɔɔ. Lɔɔɖa 350 ɖɔŋaɣ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1890 n̄ɩŋa taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 75 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 80 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pataapɩzɩ se payaa mba polukaɣ lɔɔɖa ana yɔ se lɔɔɖa luɖaa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, atɛkɛ lɔɔɖa siŋŋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ panʋkaɣ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ palakɩ nɛ pʋɖɔŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋa taa ɖajaa Henry Bauchel luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ papɩzɩɣ payaa se lɔɔɖɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ. Payaɣaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ se "Delco". Nɖɩ kɩlaɣna seu pɩnaɣ 1901 taa.Pɩnaɣ 1873 taa papazɩ lɔɔɖa pɛdʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 taa ɖajaanaa panɛ: Edouard Delamare Debouteville, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ nɛ Gottlied Daimler, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, poluba mootɛɛɖɩ waa kɩfama mba palakɩ nɛ lɔɔɖa seɣ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖa yɔ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tasɩ lɩʋ nɛ polu lɔɔɖa wena akɩlɩ kajalaɣ n̄ɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ɖeu yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ ndʋ tiyebina nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Lɔɔɖa kɩfana wena poluba yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1899 taa lɛ, apɩzaɣ se ase kilomɛta waa mɩnʋʋ (100) n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ.
Lɔɔɖa lubu nʋmɔʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm taapɩzɩɣ se elu lɔɔɖɩyɛ e-ɖeke. Pɔpɔla luɖu wɛɛ, mootɛɛɖɩ luɖu n̄ɛwɛɛ. Paa lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ku-luɖu. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖa lubu pɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʋmlaɖaa ndɩ ndɩ.Habɛ hɛʋ nɛ a-n̄ɔɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖa n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mba pɔ-lɔɔɖa masɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ, mbaa yɔ: Lancia, pɩnaɣ 1922; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "La lamdaa" nɛ Chrysler, pɩnaɣ 1934; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "Airflow" nɛ Citröen, pɩnaɣ 1934.


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Lone taa caɣyʊ
Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, lona taa caɣyaa wɛ nabʋlɛ taa. Laɖʋ lone taa caɣyʋ wɛɛ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ lone taa caɣyʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩcɔna tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩna : 1. Sama makɩ pombo. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi. Sama=laɖʋ; makɩ=lakaɣ; pombo=lakaɣ tɛzɩyʋ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ Sama kɛ hɩɖɛ; Nɛmɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ. Yee mɛlɛɣzɩ hɩla "Sama" nɛ "Nɛmɛ" nɛ hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ : 1. Ɛmakɩ pombo. "Ɛ" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Sama" lone taa. 2. Ehiliɣ ɖozi. "E" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Nɛmɛ" lone taa. Yee mbʋ, "Ɛ" nɛ "E" pacaɣ hɩla lona taa. Pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ laɖaa ɛzɩ hɩla wena pacaɣ a-lona taa yɔ.
Paɣtʋ Maʋ taa lɛ, hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ nɛ lakaɣ pamalɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama, caŋga fɛyɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
LƖMAƔZƖYƐ TƐZƖYƱ LONE TAA CAƔYƱ (le pronom complément) Exemples : 1. Kolaa makɩ pombo. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi. 3. Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ kediizaɣ. Pombo =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ ɖozi =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ kediizaɣ = lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ Yee ɖɩlɛɣzɩ lakaɣ tɛzɩyaa mba nɛ po-lona taa caɣyaa kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ : 1. Kolaa makɩ-kʊ. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ-sɩ. 3. Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ-kɛ. Paɣtʊ (règle) Pɛhɛɣ caŋga (-) lakaɣ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.


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Pirmaanii
Pirmaanii kɛna Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛnawɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ pazɩ ɖama kamasɩ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Paŋgladɛsɩ, Siini, Ɛndɩ, Lawɔsɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ cɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ hadɛ kiŋ Andamanɩ Teŋgu nɛ Pɛŋgalɩ Teŋgu ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Lɩm kolonzi kpeekpe ɖaɣlakɩŋ tala ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Neyipidʊ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛ wezuu ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖi-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: Ɖɩkaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ Pirmaanii paa ɖooye. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa clɛ, paakpɛnda 51 419 420. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kiyati. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pirmaanɩ.


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Huva lɩŋgamʋʋ
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna yuŋ kiɖe lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɛ Colorado pɔɔ yaa pʋwa sɔsɔwa ŋga kɛwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kɔn̄ɔtɩna Boulder City nɛ kɩwɛ Arizona nɛ Nevada pa-ɛjɛɛ hɛkʋʋ taa kamaɣ yɔɔ. Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ size pama-kʋ pɩnaɣ 1931 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1936 pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ kɛnɛ.
Pɩɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ yɔkʋtʋ sʋsɔtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa, nɛ pala Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ tʋlʋʋ sɔnzɩ kɛ evemiye niidozo ŋgʋ wiye kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1935 taa. Franklin Delano Roosevelt kaawɛna kewiya kpeɣla yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ ɛnʋ kaahana nʋmɔʋ yaa nɔɔ nɛ pala sɔnzɩ nzɩ.
Kaɖɛ nɛ kaɖɛ nɛ pɩcɔ pɛtɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ. Samaɣ kpeɣkpeka, nɛ ka-tɩ cɛlɩɣ siŋŋ wazɩna sakɩyɛ. Samaɣ kpaɣ ka-tɩ mpilim nɛ kɛ-cɛlɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ ɖeɖe siŋŋ. Tʋmɩyɛ laɖa miiliyɔɔ waa mbɩ yɔ kpaɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩ faala pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pe-wezu kamaɣ yɔ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ pɛtɛŋ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-maʋ yaa kʋ-tʋma lɛ, tʋmɩyɛ laɖa mba pehiuna pe-weziŋ lesuu yɔ yaa sɩɖaa, talaɣ ɛzɩ mɩnʋʋ nɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm(111) mbɩ yɔ. Tambaɣyɛ nɖɩ pabɩza pɔkɔna nɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ pama-kʋ yɔ, kɩ-tɛ tɔɔnɩ pɛtɔŋ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa lʋbɛɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Kpaɖʋ hiŋ naala (20) tɩɩlɩ n̄ata lɛ, kɛ pakpaɣ kpɛlɛkɩ-tʋ lɩmazaɣ kɛ Black Canyon nɛ Boulder Canyon pɔ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna po-ɖoŋ yɔɔ size pabɩzɩ pɔɖɔkɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-pɩzʋ kɩɖʋ nesi camɩyɛ Colorado yɔ. Nɛ kɩbɩzɩ kɩ-kɔna yaa kɩ-haɣ lɩm nɛ pɩsaɣ nɛ nazɩyʋ (électricité) wɛ ɖeu yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1928 taa kɛ Etaazuunii ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩna ŋgbɛ kedizaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ, kɛ paɣkpa lɩmazɩyɛ tamaɣ kanɛ yɔ.
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ, paɣkpaɣ kʋ-tʋma nɛ pɛcɛlɩ tʋma ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nɖɩ payawa size Six Companies. Nɛ ŋgbɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpaɣzɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1931 taa nɛ pɛtɛmɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1936 taa, pɩcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1938 n̄ɩŋga ŋga paaɖʋwa se pɛtɛŋ ka-taa yɔ ka-kalɩɣ. Pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ pamana Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ, patamada matʋ natʋyʋ nɛ pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ mbʋ.


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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens kɛ Hampshire tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Hampshire tɛtʋ wɛ 'Grande Bretagne' ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ kiŋ. Tɩwɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Wight yɔ, tɩ-ɛsɩndaa.
Palʋla ɖajaa Charles John Huffam Dickens lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1812 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Landport egeetiye taa. Landport egeetiye ñɩtɩna kpam Portsmouth ñɩnɖɛ.
Ɛsɩba mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ (9) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1870 n̄ɩŋga taa. Gad's Hill Place tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ kagbaanzɩ nɛ lutozo (58).
Ɖajaa Charles Dickens kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Pazɩ nɛ pɩcɔ paɖʋʋ ɛ-caa John Dickens kɛ salaka size ɛwɛna kɩmɩyɛ kɛ Marshalsea lɛ, pamʋyɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ Warren. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, e-ɖoo Elizabeth Dickens cɔŋaɣna ɛ-yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛkɛwɛnɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12).
Pamʋ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ size ɛtaɣɖɩɣ wondu kɩpɛdɩtʋ yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ ki-liidiye. Pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋma ɛlaba ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ lɛ, ɛɖaɣnɩ tazʋʋ sukuli labʋ. Ɖajaa John Huffam Dickens ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Eluba kizimasɩ hendu ndɩ ndɩ pɩnaɣ 1843 n̄ɩŋga taa. Takayasɩ mayaa sɔsɔ sakɩyɛ sama-ɩ siŋŋ. Pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔ yɔ : Ɖajaa William Makepeace Thackeray nɛ Ɖajaa Léon Tolstoï nɛ Ɖajaa G. K. Chesterton yaa Ɖajaa George Orwell.


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Ɖoŋ
Mbʊ payaɣ se ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « force » yɔ, pʊwɛna tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ wɛɛ. Ɖoŋ ɛnʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se hoɖe. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « athlétisme », pʊbʊ ɖoŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ wɛ tam nabʊlɛ taa. Ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ wɛɛ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɛwɛɛ.
Ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛna ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ eseɣ kaaʊ ŋgʊ lalaa ɛɛpɩzɩɣ peseɣ-kʊ yɔ. Ɛpɩzɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛma wonuu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊkʊ pɛlɩ. Ɖooo petewaɣ aleewa lɛ, evebu weyi pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ e-ɖeke ɛhɔ ɛyaa naadozo yaa naanza nɛ ewoŋna ɛ-yɔɔ kiŋ. Tɛʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ ɛnɩna heelim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ nɛ tɩŋ kpɛzɩ nɛ ɛtɔlɩ yɔ, tɛʊ feŋ lɛ, ɛyaa mba Ɛsɔ ha-wɛ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ yɔ, mbaa payaɣ nɛ powolo pakʊsɩ tɩŋ weyi ɛlɛ tɔlaa nɛ ɛkaɣ nʊmɔŋ taa yɔ.
Nɔɔyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ, ɛlɛ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nabʊyʊ labʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ-mɔɔyɛ wɛna ɖoŋ, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛzɩma ɛlabɩna ɛ-mɔɔyɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Nɔɔyʊ ñapɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ se ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ paa wɩzasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa. Ɖoŋ weyi eyeki se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ wɩzasɩ yaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ, payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se abalɩtʊ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mbʊ payana fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « athlétism » kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ kaɣlaa. Ɛyaa kpakɩɣ seɣa nɛ Kayaɣ halɩ pɔkɔɔ patalɩ Kɩgbafrʊ (Bafilo) paahɛzɩɣ. Pɩnɩɣ-wɛ, ɛlɛ, pɔɖɔkʊʊ pa-tɩ. Nabɛyɛ lɛ, cɛɛcɛnaa pasaɣ, kpaɣ cɩnɛ nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ Kpalɩma, paasɩŋɩɣ ɖoli se pɛhɛzɩ.
Ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa Ɛsɔ ha kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ ɛnɩ. Kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ wakɩna eleeu. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee nɔɔyʊ ɛwɛna kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, eleeu ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlabɩ-ɩ ɛzaɣtʊ natʊyʊ kaʊ. Ɖɩcɔna ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ lakasɩ yaa e-wezuu caɣʊ tɩŋa yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ wazaɣ.


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Cannes silimaɣ ciŋgaayi
Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga palakɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe sinimaɣ ciŋgaayi. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɔcɔŋna nɛ pana se pɩnaɣ mpilim taa lɛ, akɩlɩ silimaɣ waa kɩbama lɩzʋʋ. Pañɩnɩɣ nɛ pana weyi ɛkɩlɩ lɩzʋʋ silimaɣ waa kɩbama lɛ, palabɩ-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe kʋjɔʋ sɔsɔʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1946 ñɩŋga taa papazɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa ciŋgaayi ŋgʋ labʋ. Ɖajaa Jean Zay labɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa ciŋgaayi tɛ tamaɣ.
Ɖajaa Jean Zay kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna sukulinaa nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖooo lɛ, payaɣa kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi se, kedeŋa kpeekpe fiilim waa tɛ ciŋgaayi. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2002 nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ peyeba yaʋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe fiilim waa tɛ ciŋgaayi nɛ payaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi. Kɩyakɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ mpilim palakɩna ciŋgaayi ŋgʋ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ cabɩ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi pakɩlɩ sɩm tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩnaɣ taa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ patʋlʋʋ silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi nɔnɔɔ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ pakpazɩ kɛdɛɛka kɩsɛmaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛsɔdaa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɩlɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa ciŋgaayi ŋgʋ, ɛlɛ, pama takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nasɩyɛ taa nɛ pakʋyʋʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ.
Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, agoza fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ taa, kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa laɖaa nɛ wendu teyaa nɛ mba pɛtɛyɩɣ yaa pɛpɛdɩɣ silimaɣ waa ajɛya kpeekpee taa yɔ nɛ aseɣɖe tɔm susuyaa kudokiŋ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ pakʋyʋʋ nɛ powoki Cannes tɛtʋ taa. Toovenum lɛ, Cannes tɛtʋ taa palakɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe silimaɣ waa tɛ ciŋgaayi ŋgʋ. Cannes tɛtʋ wɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Fɔɔfɔɔ
Fɔɔfɔɔ kɛna kɔyɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ yɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔna wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ, pʊʊyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɔtɩɩ Tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ kɛ pakpakʊ nɛ pesidi yaa passa fɔɔfɔɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ, pɩpɔzʊ se pɩpɔzʊ se sɩkɛna nzɩ sɩyɔlʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Sodiyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna yidirɔkɩsidi kɛ pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ kɛ ɖoŋ yɔ piyele potasɩyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna idiɖɔkɩsidi yɔ yaa ɖʊʊyʊ kɛ pasaɣna kabɩyɛ fɔɔfɔɔ yaa fɔɔfɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ. Tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ pezidu-sɩ ɖama taa nɛ patɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ sɩwasɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pasaa fɔɔfɔɔ. Palakɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ nikaɣ lɩm. Pʊbʊ taa lɛ, kɔ naayɛ kɛ pesidu ɖama taa nɛ pasaa-kʊ. Pɩɩkɛ fɔɔfɔɔ lɩm ñɩŋgʊ, pʊʊyʊʊ yaa ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ kɔyɔ, kɩtɩɩɖʊ lɩm taa lɛ, kɩyɔlʊʊ.
Pɔcɔtʊʊna fɔɔfɔɔnaa, paǹalɩɣna ñanzɩ yaa pɔsɔʊna lɩm. Pʊtɔbʊ se palɩzʊna asuluma nɛ fɔɔfɔɔnaa. Paalɩzʊ nɛ asuluma lɛ, kɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ fammm. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa taa nɛ tomnasi nzɩ yɔ, lɛɛsɩ wɛ leleŋ, ñɩmɩŋ siziŋ nɛ sɩ-taa wɛ nʊm cɔɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tomnasi yaa kɔ wena pakpaɣ nɛ pasaana-wɛ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa mba pɛwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pawɩlaa lɛ, papɩzʊ popuuti-wɛ puɖupuɖu. ALɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-wɛɛ lɩm taa yɔ, potuu feɖe feɖe kɛ ɛyʊ nesi taa yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, kɩwɛʊ lɔɔbɩɩɩ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩcɛlɩɣna-wɛ pɛwɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlʊ se pɛwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ yaa kpandalam yɔ. Kɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔnaa yɔ, a-yɔɔ lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se kɩ-ɖʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔ taa yaa ɛsɛ taa. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ.


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Marlene Dietrich
Marie Magdalene Dietrich kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ lɔŋ tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Caama yɔ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlaba takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Pɛrɩlɛɛ egeetiye Caama tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɖoɖoo Marie Magdalene ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1992 n̄ɩŋga taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ size Paarii tɛtʋ. Ɛcalɩna ɛ-tɩ ɖʋzʋʋ minziiki tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 1920 n̄ɩnzɩ pazɩtʋ taa mbʋ yɔ lɛ, ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ maɣzɩm tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Kpakpaɣ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-ɖɩɩna labʋ sinimaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Marlene ɛnɛ, ɛna Audey nɛ von Sternberg pataabalɩyɛ nʋmaʋ taa palaba filim waa lʋbɛ.
Pʋyɔɔ yɔ paya-ɩ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Femme Fatale". Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛzɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ tanaʋ filim waa ɖɩlaɖɛ. Ɛna ɛ-taabalaa ndɩ ndɩ. Filim waa nɛ mba ɛna wɛ palaba yɔ pa-taa nabɛyɛ kɔyɔ : ɛna Ernst Lubitsch pe-filim kɛlɛ "Angel" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛna René Clair pala La Belle Ensorceleuse tɛ filim kɛ pɩnaɣ 1941 n̄ɩŋga taa yaa Billy Wilder tɛ filim "La Scandaleuse de Berlin" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1948 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Monakoo
Monakoo kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Mediteraanee Teŋgu kʊ-cɔlɔ nɛ Azuurii kidiiliŋ yɔɔ. Monakoo nɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se nisi yɔ puposaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa nɛɛlɛe yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 8,1 nɛ Mantonii. Ɛjɛya lɛɛna wena acɔ Monakoo nɛ ata yɔ: Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ cikpetu ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kap dɛlɩ yɔ, Bosɔlɛyɩ nɛ Turkii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ nɔɔ.
Pamaza Mopnakoo ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 2,02 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 8 wiye pɩnaɣ 1297 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1524 ŋga ka-taa kɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kazandʊ.
Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiwiyau kɩfalʊ se Albert II nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Serge Telle. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ fransɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Monakoo nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 37 550 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 18 654 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +377 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Cɔkɔyɛ
cɔkɔyɛ Pɩlɩna cɔlɩɩ wɛɛ taa pɩlɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, cɔkɔyɛ kɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩ-tɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pe-fezuu yɔ pɛ-tɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛkɛ feziyaa, pɔtɔkɩ, papaalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɩŋ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ tɛ nɩɣ taa yaa tɩlʊʊ taa lɛ payaʊ se cɔkɔyɛ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ pɩkɛ tɩŋ yɔ yeke. Yee ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ se tɩŋ kpeekpe kɛ hatʊ pɩyʊ ɛ-taa peeɖe wɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩkpɛɛda nɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋ. Pɔ-yɔɔ ɖɩsɔzʊʊ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩsɛma, kpʊzɩyɛɛ ñɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ nɛ patɩŋa payi mbʊ yɔ payaɣ-wɛ se tɩŋ.
Cɔka kpeekpe kɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ wezuu tɩnaa pɩyʊ. A-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ awɛ naalɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ lɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ nɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1969 Robert Harding Whittaker kpeɣ pɩlɩtʊ tɔm natʊyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ kagbanzɩ kɛlɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ tɩ-yɔɔ.
Ɛyʊ lakɩ cɔkaa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ ɛcalɩɣna kpɩna yɔ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ heŋ, pʊŋ, naŋ kozonzi, afanaa, nɛ kpɩna lɛɛna sakɩyɛ wena ɛyʊ ɖɔʊ yɔ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ se karɩbɔnɩ tɛ yuŋ cɛza tɔm nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ kɛ kpɩna lɛɛna wena awɛ ñɩtʊ taa yɔ (ɛzɩ kelema kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ sumasi lɛɛsɩ yɔ).


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Albert Einstein
Palʋla Albert Einstein lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 14 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1879 taa Ulm, Wurtemberg tɛtʋ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 18 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1955 taa Princeton tɛtʋ taa, Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Einstein laba mbʋ payaɣ se "Fiisiki" yɔ nɛ ɛtazɩ kɩ-taa kpayɩ kpayɩ.
Ɛkɛ Caama tʋ nɛ Apatriidi tʋ pɩnaɣ 1896 taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛla Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkɛ Suwiisi tʋ, pɩnaɣ 1901 taa. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɛla ɖɔɖɔ Helivetiki nɛ Amerika pa-ajɛya takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɛkɛ a-n̄ɩnʋ, pɩnaɣ 1940 taa.


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Léonard de Vinci
Léonard de Vinci ɖananaɣ sɛna hɩɖɛ sɩse Leonardo da Vinci. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kabganzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1452 taa. Nɛ ɛsɩ Ambuazɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa efemiye naalɛ (2) nɖɛ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1519 taa, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ sɩse ɛwɛnaɣ pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ lʋbɛ (77) lɛ ɛsɩba. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ sɩse abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛ-kɛkɛ tʋmaɣ ndɩ ndɩ laɖʋ, nɛ wenaɣ ɖɩkɩlɩna-ɩ sɩmnaʋ yɔ yɔ: ɛkɛ sɛmɩŋ taʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩyʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ sɔɔlʋyʋ, ɛkɛ kuduyuŋ lɔbʋyʋ nɛ wodu lubuyu, ɛlakaɣ tomnaɣ pilinzi kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ payawaɣ sɩse saɣyʋ sɔsɔ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ mʋtɩyɛ tʋ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ lɩzɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Pɩtasɩɩna tʋmaɣ anɛyɔ aɖeke, mbʋ yɔ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ, nɛ maasɩŋ masɩ wa takayasɩ mayʋ, nɛ pɩtasɩnaɣ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔɔ niye tʋ.


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Toovenum (réalité)
Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «vérité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «réalité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pɔtɔma kabɩyɛ taa se toovenum, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «vérité» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «raison» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ. Cɩnɛ lɛ, mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ, pʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ. Mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» (toovenum) yɔ, pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ-pʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛza pe yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ se nɔɔyʊ ma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ka-taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se Togo ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ sɩba pɩnaɣ 2005 taa. Pɩkɛ toovenum. Pʊdʊ toɖozi kiɖozu nɛ ɛma-tʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ siŋŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ñama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ kaka taa se Togo ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ageta sɔsɔna yaa hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kagnaanzɩ : Martime egeetiye nɛ Plateaux egeetiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ (centrale) egeetiye nɛ Kayaɣ (Kara) egeetiye nɛ tuuye (savane) egeetiye. Tɔm ndʊ mayʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛdɩ ɛ-takayaɣ taa yɔ, tɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ toovenum, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ageeta ana ɖeyi ɖeyi awɛna Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣna ɛ-ɛza pe siŋŋ se pʊwɛɛ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ toovenum. Tɔm ndʊ ɛyʊ na siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɩlaba yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɩkɛ toovenum tɔm, pɩtɛkɛ pɔpɔtɔ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛcɛtɩ.


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Krishna
Krishna (Krichna, Krsna, कृष्ण, cɩkpɛndʊʊ, yulee-pidimm sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa) kɛ Ɛsɔ siŋ Ɛndɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɛndɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ, ɛkɛ lutozo tʊ weyi ɛwɛ Vishnou taa yɔ. Gaudiya Vaishnavsme tɩnaa tɛ lɛ ɛkɛ kɩlɩm kɛ lalaa kpeekpe taa. Sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛmʊna samtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ poluŋkuu ɛ-tɛɛ.
Ɛ-ɖalʊ na-ɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛlakɩ nɛ ɛsɩɣna ɛnɛ ɛnʊ, pala sakɩyɛ hama laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩɖaŋɩɣ feziŋ kɩtɛkɛdɩŋ weyi ɛhaɣa nɛ ɛsɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ Balarama pɩlɩna Kamsa yɔ. Kɛlɛ Krishna la lɩmaɣ za mbʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ tɔm naa mba, Krishna Balarama, pɩkɛna-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ se pakandɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Krishna kʊyɩ Yamuna pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛcaɣ ɛ nɛ ɛ-samaɣ Dvaraka kɛ Gujarat tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛkata nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʊ Rukmini. Pʊwayɩ kɛlɛ ɛñɔtɩna Arjuna nɛ Pandava nɛ ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ Kurukshetra yoŋ ɖeɖe, yoŋ weyi ɛɛlɩ Mahâbhârata (Mahâbhârata Gita taa yɔ) peeɖe ɛkpɛlɛka-wɛ Krishna, kɛlɛ ɛ-kɔɔ Subhadra walɩ Arjuna.
Ɛsɔ naa heyi-ɩ kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye se etekizi Dvârakâ ɛ nɛ ɛ-samaɣ kɔyɔ pe-liɖe nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩŋ yaa ɖɩmʊkɩ. Ŋgʊ pasɩŋʊʊ hapɩyɛ yɔɔ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa niidiɣ pa-tɩ nɛ you paɣzɩ. Krishna nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ pɛhɛzɩɣ you aayɩ pawɩɩ. Pese pɔsʊʊ laʊ nɛ patɩmɩɣ se hayɩ ɛsɔ yɔ pɩhɛɛ, peeɖe ɛgbam nɔɔyʊ ñamapa-ɩ ɛ-kɩkpɛzɩŋ ɛlɛ payaɣ Jâras pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ kɩbɩnʊ, ɛlɛ kpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ yɔ. Ɛ-natalʊʊ taa ehiɣa ɛsɔ, kiyeke ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɩzaɣ ehiɣ, ɛsɩbɩna-kʊ nɛ patana e-tomnaɣ kɛlɛ patapɩzɩɣ pepimi-ɩ.


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Pudapɛsɩtɩ
Pudapɛsɩtɩ kɛna Hɔŋgiri ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Tanubi pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 ta pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɩkpɛnda 1 733 685. Pudapɛsɩtɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaaɖɩnaa ɛzɩ 52 516 yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ Hɔŋgiri ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ peeɖe komina tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa lone taa caɣyaa ɖʊzʊyɛ wɛɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩpɩsa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ pɩnaɣ 1873 taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ natudozo kpɛndɩ kpɛm yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛnda nɛ pɩlakɩ Pudapɛsɩ yɔ anaa yɔ: Puda, Pɛsɩtɩ nɛ Obuda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ Eerɔpɩ taa lɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖeʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Eerɔpɩ hɛkʊ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yee pɛtɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ kɔyɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Tuwala tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Isitanbuli (Tuurkii) ɖooo pɩnaɣ1985, Izmir (Tuurki) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1985 Tel Aviv (Israël) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1989, Fort Worth (États-Unis) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1990, Francfort-sur-le-Main (Caama) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1990,Vienne (Autriche) ɖoo 1990, Bucarest (Roumanie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1991, Berlin (Caama) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1992, Lisbonne (Portugal) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1992, New York (États-Unis) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1992, Alger (Algérie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1993, Lviv (Ukraine) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1993, Daejeon (Corée du Sud) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1994,Zagreb (Croatie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1994, Sarajevo (Bosnie-Herzégovine) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1995, Košice (Slovaquie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1997, Pékin (Chine) ɖooo pɩnaɣ2005, Varsovie (Pologne) ɖooo,2005, Bangkok (Thaïlande) ɖooo pɩnaɣ2007, Florence (Italie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ2008,Jakarta (Indonésie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2009, Gaziantep (Turquie) ɖooo2010, Tuguldur (Mongolie) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2012, Sofia (Bulgarie).


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Pɔɔrto-noovoo
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsʊtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ndɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ (Peenɛɛ) se Ɖahʊma. Payaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Emmanuel Zossou.
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ ŋgʊ peeɖe yɔ, paana ɛyaa 264 320, nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-wallanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 11 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 110. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Pɔɔrto noovoo tɛtʊ taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: fransɩ, Kɛŋŋ nɛ Yuruba.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Pɔɔrto-noovoo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma ɛlɛ, lɛɛlɛɛ taa lɛ, tɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊy ndʊ payaɣ se Sɛɛrgii yɔ, peeɖeke palakɩna tʊma. Paliza-ɩ pinde pɩnaɣ 2015 taa nɛ paasɩŋ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛkaɣ tɛm yɔ.


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Tɛtɛɛ pɔm
Pɔmdɩtɛɛrɩ
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ kɛ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ nnɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ asʊʊ ɛzɩ hɛɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩ-tɛɛ pɩzʊ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩɖaɣlɩ lʊʊʊ. Paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ tɛtɛɛ pɔm ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ kaabʊ yaa tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ yɔ yɔ nɛ lɛŋ, pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-kʊ fayɩɩ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊpʊʊ ɛyaa. pdt kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ nɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ kɩkɩlɩ hɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kʊnɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ ɛzɩ awiihɛɛ yɔ ɛlɛ sɔzɩŋ ɖeɖe kɛ tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛ pazɩ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pepim-kʊ ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa
nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.


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Mɩla
Mɩɖɛ kɛ tɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩyʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩlɩna tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛna pee yɔ ɛ-tɛ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩ-tɛ lɛ, Afrika taa nɛ pahayʊʊ-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-pee nɛ ɖɩ-hatʊ pɔyɔ yɔ. Mɩɖɛ kɛ mʊlʊm pee tɩŋ taa kagbanzɩ ŋgʊ samɩɖɛ nɛ mɔʊ nɛ kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm camɖɩyɛ nɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pahayɩɣ-ɖɩ kpɩna ɖʊʊ nɛ anasayɩ sɔlʊm puu hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se ɔrɩgɩ.
Pɩkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ makʊna mɛta kʊyʊmʊ yaa naatozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛ kulukulu kpaɣʊ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩ-ta sʊwa nɛ kɩyɔ wɛ hɛtʊ kpaɣʊ yɔ kpaɣʊ yɔ nɛ paa hayʊʊ tikuu cɩkpeluu ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ wɛ abalɩtʊ nɛ halɩtʊ kpakpa. Pakʊŋ mɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ taa paa ɛzɩmta nɛ ɖɩtɛ kʊmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ niika ɖɔɔ pazɩ nɛ pakʊŋ-ɖɩ pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɩŋ pelem-ɖɩ kpagbaa.
Mɩɖɛ tɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta wɛ lelemɩnaɣ nɛ durrhine ŋgʊ kʊ-kʊ nɛ kʊ-ɖoŋ pasɩ pazɩ pazɩ alɩwaatʊʊ ndʊ tɩŋ pɩɣ nɛ kʊɖʊ pee yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeʊ se patɩzɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pahayɩɣ mɩla pɩtalɩ ɛkɩtarɩ waa 100000 pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pɩkɩlɩna haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ pehiɣ mbʊ ɛkɩtarɩ kʊyʊmʊ taa talɩ kɩnto waa 58.
Mɩla lɩnɛ Etiyoopii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ amɩzɩ Afrika ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa. Pasɩma yɛ Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa Pline kɩpɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Xénophon kaakalɩnɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 401 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesʊ Chrɩtʊ Silisi fɛɛɩŋ taa nɛ Azii cɩkpelʊʊ taa nɛ nɔnɔɔ Turkii taa. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ pahayɩɣ-yɛ paa kedeŋga ŋga ka-ta. Pɩkɛ sʊŋga tɩŋ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ samɩla yɔ pewɩla nɛ pɔtɔzɩ ɖomasɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Erɔpʊ taa lɛ, ahaɖaʊ wɛ keeke Mediteranee ajɛyɛ taa.
Mɩla kɛ tɔnaɣ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa Afrika taa nɛ Azii ajɛyaa taa. Pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ pee ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mɔʊ yɔ yaa panaŋgʊ mʊlʊm. Erɔpʊ ajɛyaa taa lɛ, palakɩ-yɛ pɩsɩkɩtɩ naa nɛ pɔtɔkɩ. Pɔtɔkɩ a-camɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ fɩŋ fɩŋ naa yɔ. Popuu mɩla sʊlʊm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Siini ɛ jaɖɛ taa. Siini taa lɛ, mbʊ kɩlɩ nɛ ɖeʊ nɛ Pékin sɔsɔɔ er guo tou 二锅头酒 yaɣ se mɩla sʊlʊm kʊhʊlɩmʊm nɛ paɖʊ pɩta tilali kɩsɛmʊʊ caʊʊ. Dolo nɛ cakpalo sɔnzɩ sʊlʊm hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa popuu-pʊ nɛ mɩla nɛ patɩzɩ-pʊ lɩm taa pɩpɩɩna tɛɛtʊ.


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Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ (liberté)
Pɔtɔŋʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ (liberté) yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlakɩ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla nabʊyʊ. Ɛwɛna waɖɛ yaa ɖoŋ se ewolo ɖenɖe ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtɔ se ɛcakɩ ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ ɛhɛzɩ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ñɔɔzʊʊ yaa lubu nʊmɔʊ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔnɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɖɩ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ kʊɖɔ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ wonuu nakʊyʊ taa yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ anasaayɩ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se frɛɛ (frein) mbʊ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnɩɣ-tʊ kɛlɛʊ. Frɛɛ ŋgʊ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yaa kpokpo yaa cɛɛcɛ sayʊ ciɣdiɣ nɛ e-wonuu seɣ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Ɛyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛkɛ yom. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛɛlakɩ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ yaa mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa yɔ pakpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paɖɩkɩ-ɩ nʊmʊʊ, ɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se ɛlɩɩna awayɩ. Soŋaɣ taa yaa niikaɣ taa, peeye ɛwɛɛ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ-salaka ŋga ka-taa yɔ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔma se nɔɔyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩna lɛlʊ kɛdɛɖaɣ se pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ nɛ ɛñɔɔ. Nabʊyʊ ɛɛtɛɖɩɣ-ɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa.
Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se filozofii. Kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza tɩŋɛ nɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm yeli. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kʊkʊ se samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kʊkʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ samaɣ ɖeu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩñɩnɩɣ se kɩtɩlɩ se ɛzɩma ɛyaa cakɩ ɖama cɔlɔ nɛ ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ kakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaa-kʊ se ɛyʊ waɖɛ tɔm (droit). Pɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩŋa ɛtɔŋ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, mbʊ kɩlɩna wazaɣ nɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Politiki nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ kɩlɩna kɩjɛyʊʊ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa. Ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ haɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yaa e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Paapɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔbʊʊ nɛ pɩtɛ.


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Ñɩɣlɩm tɔʊʊ
N̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ (mine) N̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛ nabɛyɛ yaa sakɩyɛ n̄ayaɣ size n̄ɣlɩm tɔɔʋ. N̄ɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɣlɩm ɖihuyiye pɩzʋʋ pʋwɛɛna kutoliŋ yaa tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʋ yɔ, panaɣ yaa pɔyɔɔdʋ n̄ɩɣlɩm mbʋ pʋtɔm kɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ taa. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "industrie" yɔɔ lɛ, n̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛna lone yaa hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pɛcɛsʋ pɔʋʋ wandamm nɛ pɩwalɩ tɛtʋ tɛɛ cʋlʋlʋ.
Pɩtɛ pɔʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa kɛ pohuyuu nɛ palɩzɩʋʋ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "minerai" yɔ tɛ wondunaa. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ (minerai) wondunaa mba, mba ɛyaa yaa n̄ɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ sɩma yaa tɩlaa nɛ payaɣ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ ndʋʋ yɔ : n̄ɩɣtʋ ñɩɣɖɛ, nɛ ñɩɣlɩm sika, nɛ kwivri, nɛ pɩtasɩna uraniyɔm. Pɔʋʋ ŋgʋ, papɩzʋʋ pohuyi kɩ-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ, mala yaa mamacɩɣɖɛ.
Mala yaa mamacɩɣɖɛ kɛ payana nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size (charbon), nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu lɛɛkʋ ŋgʋ paya-kʋ size tiyama nɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ-kʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "diamant" yɔ, pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wondu wazaɣ n̄ɩndʋ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɔm ɛzɩ payaʋ size "sel" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ, kɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wonuu. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛna n̄ɩɣlɩm kpɛm yaa sakɩyɛ lone taa ɖenɖe pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kan̄aɖa yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm wɛɖʋ yɔ.
Sɔɔjɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ŋnɩwa yaa pɔtɔma size "mine" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa taa kɔyɔ, caŋgɩ ŋnɩ size pukutolu size, kɩmɛzʋʋ kuɖoɖou yaa malɩfa yaa hɔzʋʋ kɩmɩzʋʋ. Pepiŋ kɩmɩzɩŋ lɛɛŋ tɛtɛ nɛ lɛɛŋ lɛ, pɛpɛɖʋ ɛlɛ tɛtʋ yɔɔ yem. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size kɩmɩzɩŋ ɛnʋ, lɔɔɖa ɛlɛdʋ kɔyɔ amɩzʋʋ kaahɛzaɣ. Kɩmɩzɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, ɛlɛ n̄ɛwɛʋ lɩm tɛɛ nɛ panana-ɩ yaa ɛsɩʋna nɛ pana lɩm tɛɛ mɛlɛnaa sɔsaɣ you mba. Tɔm matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, "mine" kɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ tɔlɩm kɩmamanam mbʋ pɩlʋʋ takayɩ hayʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Nakaŋ sɩm yaa yɔɔ tɔm tɩlʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa "mine" pʋmʋna size ɛyʋ ɛnɩɩ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "mineuses" was pɔ-tɔm. Lɔŋ yaa lɛɣtʋ sɩɣzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ sɔsɔʋ taa kɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, patʋla sukuli naa sɔsaɣ sakɩyɛ kɛ fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa nɛ palakɩ matʋ sukuli (écoles des mines).


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Kapʊvɛɛrɩ
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ kɛ Afrika tetʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutokiŋ naanza yɔ. Kɩwɛ Moriitaanii, Kambii nɛ Seneegaalɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ kɛna tɛtʋ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-pʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ pɛtɛyʊ-tʊ tam sɔsɔm napʊlɛ taa: hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se îles Sotavento yɔ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Brava, Fogo, Santiago nɛ Maio. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, îles Barlavento nɛ Bowa Vista, Sal, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, São Vicente nɛ Santo Antão.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Santiyago yɔ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɛ Kapʊvɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ peeɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ wɛɛ ndʊlɛ Prayiya. Pʊcɔ nɛ keteŋa yɔɔ yɛlɩya mba palɩna Pɔɔrtiigaalɩ powolo peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1456 lɛ, ɛyaa taawɛɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ taa. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa tɩŋgaɣna nɛ pakpaɣa ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ papɩsɩɣ wɛ yoma powokina-wɛ Amerika lɛ.
Sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩ woba peeɖe alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Francis Drake pɩnaɣ 1580 taa, Charles Darwin kɛ pɩnaɣ 1832 taa. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa ñɔɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ lɩ peeɖe nɛ pɩkʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 nɛ pɩsɩŋa lɛ, kɩwɛɛ CEDEAO taa.


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Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg kɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pɛsɛtaɣ tobi nɛ payaɣ size Gutenberg yɔ. Takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa lɛ, pama-ɖɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩze Gutemberg. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɛ fransɩ taa size Jean. Gutemberg kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.
Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1400 n̄ɩŋga taa. Mayence tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ tegeetiye ndɩ paha-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ size ɖomu caama ampiiri kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire romain germanique) yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ naadozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1468 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ lutozo (66) nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa paalʋla-ɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Ɛkɛ abalʋ tandaʋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Eyeba ɛ-tandaʋ ɛzɩ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa yekiɣ yɔ. Ɖajaa Johannes Gutenberg ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Caama tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛŋna kajalaɣ ɛyʋ weyi eluba wondu ndʋ palakɩna n̄ɩɣlɩm yɔ. Sɩ-taa kɛlɛ hɔzɩŋ nɛ malɩfanaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ masɩ kiciɣdasi.
Ŋgʋ toovenum taa siŋŋ lɛ, e-lubutu nɛ ɛ-lɩzɩtʋ pɛkɛ pʋyʋ keem siŋŋ wɩsɩ ɖaɣnʋʋ naʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. E-lubutu tasɩ sɔsʋʋ ɖoŋ lɛlaa lubutu nɛ pʋtʋlɩ nɔnɔɔ wondu kɩfatʋ lubu lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɖajaa Jean Gutenberg wondu luɖu ɛnɛ, ɛkata tɩlasɩ siŋŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna kʋn̄ɔŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ kpeekpe. Pɩtala alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋʋ lɛ, ɛ-cɔlɔ tʋ kpam, ɖajaa Johann Fust lɛɣ e-nesi tɛɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ndʋ ɛlakaɣna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛtɛza sʋʋ kʋn̄ɔŋ sɔsɔ kpeɖem taa.
Ɛ-kʋn̄ɔŋ ŋgʋ, kɩtana-ɩ ɛ-akpadɩyɩtʋ nɔɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖajaa sɩnɩyʋʋ sɔsɔ Adolphe II de Nassau cɔnaa nɛ ɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-taɣ yɔɔ. Ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ kem size ɛyʋ kɩpanʋʋ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ ɛ-akpadayɩtʋ liidiye nɛ pɩsɩna anasaayɩ wondu luɖu ɛnɛ nɛ, e-wezuu tasɩ wobinaʋ ɛsɩndaa.


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Lotu
Lotu kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ taa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩ-taa kɛ tɔɔnasɩ cakɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔkɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payɩ yɔ, sɩtɛzʊ likiyuu nɛ sɩtɩɩ hiluu taa nɛ pɩcɔ sɩtalɩ lotu taa siŋŋŋ. Lotu taa kɛ mooti ŋgʊ kɩnaŋgʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzi ɛyʊ tɔkɩ payɩ yɔ. Pɩnaŋgʊ-sɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, pɩcatɩ-sɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpalɩ anaɣam mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ nɛ pɩha ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kɛ ɖoŋ, kpekpeka nɛ alafɩya yɔ.
Anaɣam mbʊ pɩ-nɔmɔʊ kɛlɛ calɩm. Calim kpakɩɣna-pʊ nɛ pɩyɛlɩna ɛyʊ tomnasɩ kpeekpe taa. Lotu paɣzɩɣna hiluu nɛ pɩtɛmna taabɩye.
Lotu wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: loyuu sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ nɛ loyuu cikpeluu wɛɛ, kʊkʊ ɖaɣlaa kɩkɩlɩ loyuu sɔsɔʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu cikpeluu kʊnɛ kɩkɛna kaɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkakɩ kʊtɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ se ɩtaasʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ ɛlɛ tɔɔnasɩ taa anaɣam ñɛɖɛʊ yem walaaa. Loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ weyi ɛtasɩ yaa ɛtapɩzɩ nɛ ɛsʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ, ɛcakɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lotu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna pɩtɛ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩtɛ tomnaɣ ŋga kɛfɛyɩna alaafɩya siŋŋ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ɛtɔɔ nandʊ natʊyʊ taa lotu yɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛtɩzɩ-tʊ nɛ tɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ siŋŋ.
Ɛyʊ taa lotu ɖalaakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa lubɛ nɛ litoozo yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa (7 yaa 8). Nɛ yee payasɩ-tʊ landammm kɔyɔn tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 300 nɛ 400 yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ pombo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ anasayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se tenisi yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ pɩ-tɛ katasɩ nasɩlɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ mbilim lɛ, lotu kɩlɩna walanzɩ, pɩtɩŋna hʊzʊŋ (80) nɛ tɔnʊʊ (1,73).
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɔɔnasɩ tiki hiluu taa lɛ, kɩkpatʊʊ-sɩ yɔbɩ yɔbɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ kiyekina loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu kʊnɛ kɩhɔɔwʊna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ mununu nɛ kɩcatɩ-sɩ nɛ kɩlɩzɩ sɩ-taa anaɣam nɛ siyekina calɩm se pɩtalɩ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa. Pɩkasa caajaasɩ nzɩ nɛ sɩɩtasɩɣ tomnaɣ wazɩɣ yɔ, sɩɖɛɣ loyuu sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ pɩndʊ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩ-tʊ nɛ ɛ-taabiye.
Lotu lakʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ naŋgʊʊ nɛ sɩ-taa anaɣam palʊʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔwʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɖoo taa ñɩɩtʊ 11 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, yaa ñɩɩtʊ 22 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ pusuyu ɛyʊ. Ɛyʊ taa loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ mɛtanaa naatozo nɛ looɖo yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.


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Kiɖi kiɖi wonuu (accélération)
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (physique) piliŋa. Wonuu nakʊyʊ ɛɖɔŋ yaa kiciidiɣ yaa kiseɣ yɔ, nabʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ piyele nɛ mbʊ piciidiɣ yɔ, piciidi ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Yee wonuu ŋgʊ, kiseɣ kiseu kɔyɔ, pʊyʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ wonuu ŋgʊ kiseɣ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Yee pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ kʊɖɔm kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ mbʊ yɔ, pʊɖɔ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ ɖɔnɛ yaa ciiduu yaa saa lɛɣzɩɣ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ se kpede kpede wonuu yaa kiɖi kiɖi wonuu (accélération). Kiɖi kiɖi wonuu yaa kpede kpede wonuu ŋgʊ, kɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ pɩ-pɩyʊ sɔsɔ.
Payaɣ kiɖi kiɖi wonuu yaa kpede kpede wonuu nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «vecteur accélération». Palakɩ kiɖi kiɖi wonuu nɛ silimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ taa. Silimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, kpede kpede wonuu lakɩna nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa ɖɛɣ lɔŋlɔŋ.
Ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊ se mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ ɖɔŋ lɔŋ yaa seɣ lɔŋ yaa kiciidiɣ lɔŋlɔŋ yɔ pi-koyinduu lɛ mbʊ pʊbʊ ñalakɩ nɛ wonuu ɖɔŋ hɛɛɛ yaa seɣ hɛɛɛ yaa ciidiɣ hɛɛɛ yɔ.


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Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khuwārizmī, walaa taa lɛ, patʊɣʊ nɛ paya se Al-Khwarizmi. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ 780 wɛɛ taa, e-liɖe kɛ Khiva tɛ Khzarezm ageeta taa, peeɖe paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ. Lone nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Uzbɛkɩstaɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 850 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Bagdad tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ tʊzɩyɛ laɖʊ yaa ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ ɛyʊ, tɛtʊ wɛtʊ tʊzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ, tɩyɩnzɩ tɩyɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ niye mʊyʊ.
Ɛkɛ Bagdad lɔŋ sɩnɖaa ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ. Ɛma ɛ-takayasɩ tɩŋa payɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ palɩzɩ matʊ ndʊ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 12 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ palɩzɩ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ maɣna abbassidi waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ alɩwaatʊ yaa wɛɛ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩna se palɩzɩ tɔmʊʊ algorithme, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔŋ wɩlɩɣ takayaɣ (papɩsɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ nɖɛ nɛ paya se Algoritmi) nɛ ɛ-tʊma sakɩyɛ taa hɩɖɛ ñʊʊ tɩna palɩzɩ ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ. Arabɩ tɛ ñʊŋ kalɩtʊ nɛ pɩtɛ tɔm pɩtalɩ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ lɩna Ɛɛndɩ ñʊŋ kalɩyasɩ wɛtʊ nɩnaʊ cɔlɔ ɛ-takayaɣ lɛɛka, ŋga posusa kɔ-tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋ taa abbasside tɛ Ampiiri taa yɔ.
Pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pesidi yaa peyiidi lɛɣtʊ tʊ ɛnʊ nɛ pɛɖɩsɩ tʊ lɛlʊ Abu-'Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi, weyi ɛkɛ Mafâtih al-'Olum kiɖe ɖʊyʊ yɔ (lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɔnɔɔ ñɩma), ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pama pɩnzɩ 976-997 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Patatɩlɩ Al-Khawarizmi wezuu caɣʊ taa mbʊ pʊɖɔŋa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Kɛlɛ pekpekuu se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Khiva tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 780. Aseɣɖe tɔm sakɩyɛ wɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ ɛ-lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊma sakɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ wɛtʊ tʊzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ caa.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tʊzɩyɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ kɩɖe ɖʊyʊ. Tʊma ana adaa kɩkɩlɩyɛ paya se Kitābu 'l-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisābi 'l-jabr wa'l-muqābalah (كتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة) nɖɩ posusa ɖɩ-tɔm Al-Ma’mūn kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (pɩnzɩ 813-833), nɛ pamazɩ kɩkɛ kajalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ. Takayaɣ ŋga kata wɛ ñʊŋ loɖo.
Pamaza se Diophante Alexandrie ñɩnʊ kɛnɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ, Al-Khwariwmi tasɩmɩ-ɩ pʊɖɔɔ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, kajalaɣ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ lɩ ɖooo tobi akɔnta labʊ pɩtɩŋna siɣsiɣ kitinau nɛ tʊkaɣ ɖʊʊ pɩnzɩ wayɩ, kpaɣɖʊ 9 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa, yaa Al-Khwarizmi sɩm wayɩ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ nɩnʊwa mbʊ yɔ. Nɛ mbʊ ɛsɔza pɩtasɩ kajalaɣ takayaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ yɔ yeba se pamazɩ se Al-Khwarizmi kɛnɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalʊʊ caa.


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Thomas Merton
Palʊla Thomas Merton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1915 Praadɩ tɛtʊ taa, Piirenee wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba kɛgbɛtɛsaɣ nakayɩ taa saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1968, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 53. Pankɔkɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba, Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Thomas Merton, yaa Fada Louis, kaakɛ moine cistercien-trappiste américain. Pɩnaɣ 1938 ɛpisɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ katolika taa nɛ piteleeɖi lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ moine trappiste abbaye de Gethsemani kɩ-taa. Ɛma takayɩsɩ spirituel, keesi takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛɛkɛ weyi ɛlʊkaɣ ɛ-tɛ samaɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔla se monastères ɛkɛdɩɣ ɖama mbʊ mbʊ palakɩ cɩnɛ yaa peeɖaɣ yɔ.
Ɛ-hɔʊ taa mba kɛ anglikanɩ ŋgbɛyɛ taa mba. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Owen Merton nɛ ɛlɛ kɛneo Seelandɛɛ, piyele e-ɖooo kɛ amerika tʊ payaɣ ɛlɛ se Ruth Jenkins nɛ ɛwɛna ɛ-hɔ taa mba kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma mba patɩŋga pɛkɛ tɔlɩm tayaa nɛ peteleɖiɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ. E-ɖooo lɛɣna sɩbʊ pɩnaɣ 1921 nɛ pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa tɩŋ ɛwayɩ. Ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa ɛtacaɣ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛkɛ weyi ɛɖɛ nʊmɔɩŋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛɛsɔɔlɩ wobu ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa ɛ-ñɩma kaalaba tɔlɩm tʊma yɔ: Etaazuni, Pɛrmudi nɛ Fransɩ ajɛya taa. Ajɛya ana a-taa wobu kaataawɛyɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdaɣ peeɖe yɔ, ɛnɩwaɣ-ɩ.
Pɩnzɩ 1933 nɛ 1934 taa kɛ ɛkpɛlɛka fransɩɩ nɛ iitaliɛŋ kɛ Kambriji, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa kɛ ɛsʊ Kolombii sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa, New York tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba pɩnzɩ naatozo lɛ, ɛmʊ peeɖe sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ takayaɣ nɛ ɛsʊʊ katolika ɛsʊ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛanɩwaɣ Ɛsɔ yatʊ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ taa se ɛsʊʊ Fransisikɛŋ ɛsɔsɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛlɛ ɛpʊtaɣ nɛ eyele ɛpaɣzɩ aŋgilisi wɩlɩʊ kɛ Bonavanture kɩɖɛɖeu sukuli taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1941 taa kɛ ɛsʊ abbaye trappiste de Gethsemani taa kɛ Etaazuni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛwɛ peeɖe nɛ pɩnzɩ looɖo wayɩ lɛ, e-ɖuu nɛ pɩnaɣ 1949 lɛ, pakpa-ɩ layʊ. Peeɖe Ɛ-sʊsɔ Abbé heya-i se ɛma ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ɛmaa yɔ, ɛyaa-kɛ se Ɖoo wena a-taa tɩyɩnzɩ fɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga, kala ɖeu nɛ palɩzɩ-kɛ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa yee pañɩnɩɣ mba pakɩlɩ takayɩsɩ spirituel maʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ Thomas Merton. Ɛma laŋgɩyɛ pɩsɩʊ takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ, Keesi nɛ essais pɩkɩlɩna yoŋ nɛ racisme pɔyɔɔ tɔm.
Saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1968 kɛ Thomas Merton siba Paŋkɔkɩ, Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 53. Ɛtasɩ yem ɛlɛ ladiriki nimaɣ mabɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩ. Ewoba ɛsɔ lɩm nɛ ɛlɩwaɣ lɛ, heelim fɛtɩyaɣ nimaɣ kaawɛka pazɩ nɛ ɛtana nɛ ŋga mabɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛtɔlɩ nɛ ɛcaŋ ɛɖɛɛ.


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Rubii
Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rubii. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɛwa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ alɛ se korindɔɔ (corindon) waa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ rubii wɛ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ pɩlɩʊ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se kroom tɛ okisiidi (oxyde de kurom) yɔ piyekina nɛ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wɛʊna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ.
Payaɣ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna se safiiri. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se sowayerii (joaillerie). Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ peeye yɔ, a-taa lɛ, rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ kɛŋna mbʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemme) pɩyɛ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋɛ taa lɛ, tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se lɔnzɩdaleyiiti (lonsdaléite) nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se mowasaniti (moissanite) yɔ pakɩlɩɣna leɖuu.
Pɛpɛdɩɣ rubii tɛtʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ liidiye sɔsɔyɛ nabʊyʊ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛpɛdɩ-ɖɩ liidiye tooye pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ cɔlɔ pɩlɩɩna yaa ɖɩ-tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ tɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɔlɔ. Papalɩɣ yaa pacatɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna ɖeu. Papalɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena yɔ, yee atɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ, awɛɣ liidiye pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ tɔlɩm ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena akɩlɩɣ ñɩlɩnzɩɣ yɔ akɩlɩna liidiye.


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Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ
Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɣzɩ pɩkɛ Fransɩɩ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kpaɣ patʊlaɣ Ajɛyɛ sɔsɔna, pɩnaɣ 1789 kɛ agooza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 ŋgʊ wiye, nɛ Napoléon Bonaparte kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ tuzuu kɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛ fenasɩ takayaɣ tɛ fenaɣ kɩlɛlaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa, kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1799 taa.
Fransɩɩ tɛ canaʊ tɔm taa lɛ, pɩkɛ keem alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ alɩwaatʊ tɩɖɩzɩna canaʊ kewiyaɣ tɔm nɛ tɩɖɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa wɩyaʊ kʊɖʊm kewiyitu tɛ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛyaa kpeekpe kewiyaɣ tɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩɖɩza wɩyaŋ kewitu nɛ samaɣ taa paɣtʊ yɔɔ kɩlɩtʊ nɛ ɖoŋ tɩnaa.
Lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yebina Fransɩɩ ɛyʊ waɖɛ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kandʊʊ tɔm ndʊ tʊyɔɔdʊʊ kɩmaŋ wɛtʊ tɔm ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa paɣtʊ ɛsɩnda yɔɔ, tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyitu lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖoŋ mbʊ palʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩnda pɩtɩŋna mba palɩza yɔ pɔyɔɔ.
Ɛyaa kudokuŋ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ hiɣ sɩm pɩtɛ lɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sɔndʊʊ sɔsɔtʊ alɩwaatʊ (pɛsɛta ɛyaa 16594 ñʊʊŋ) nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa patakaɣ se pekizina lɛzɩtʊ laɣsɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ vendée you alɩwaatʊ taa.
Tɩ-tɛɛ paɣzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, ɛyaa mba paasɔɔla Fransɩɩ lɛzɩtʊ tɛ tɔm yɔ posusaɣ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋga taa kɛ lɛzɩtʊ wazaɣ, ŋgʊ lɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tu-koyondina ñɛkɛdɩɣ mbʊ tɩwɛkɩɣ yɔ pʊ-tɔm. Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ tɛ yoŋ, ndʊ tutukuna Erɔpʊ kedeŋga tɩŋga yɔ, yeba nɛ palɩzɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna nɛ pʊkɔna ɖɔɖɔ kamasɩ lɛzɩtʊ nɛ Erɔpʊ taa ajɛyɛ tɛ lɛzɩtʊ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ pɩtɩnɛ payi mbʊ yɔ lɛzɩyaa lɩmaɣza tɔm susuu kpa ɖoŋ.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɛ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛɖala halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ Napoléon yoŋ. Lɛzɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɔna ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖeu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊɖʊzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ kpaɖɩŋ naalɛ weyi ɛtɩŋga alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ.
Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna liidiye kɛdɛɖaɣ yɔɔ yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma Fransɩɩ woba ajɛyɛ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ you Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩkɛna kɔkɔɖɛ nɛ ndɔnjɔɔlaa kɛ ɖoŋ tɩnaa ñɩm tɩnaa ɛyaa (mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lambuu hɛyʊʊ tafɛyɩ kɩmaŋ ɛyaa ñɩm tɩnaa nɛ tanɩm tɩnaa ajɛyɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tanɩm taa ɛyaa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ kɛzɛwaɣ kaawɛ sakɩyɛ). Ɛlɛ, tanɩm tɩnaa ɛyaa (ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, tanɩm ɛyaa kpɛnda 97%) hɛkɩŋ taa kaawɛ tʊkaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɛ pɩtɩŋna nesi tɛ tʊma labʊ nɛ ageeta nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ŋwɛ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Kaŋgalaafu
Poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ payaɣ se kaŋgalafu. Poliŋ taa kɩyɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ tɔm heyuu wonuu wazaɣ ñɩŋgʋ siŋŋ.
Poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yekina nɛ paa ɛyʋ ɛɛtɩ wɛ ɖooo le kɔyɔ, tɔm kiheyitu talɩ pʋtʋ kɛlɛʋ nɛ lɛlʋ nɔɔ. Paa payaŋ yaa ŋya kaŋgalafu taa kɔyɔ, cosiyu calɩɣna cosuu nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Allô"! Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ size yɔɔdɩ mewelesiɣ.
Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pocosi ɖama nɛ poliŋ kɛlɛʋ yem pɩtɩŋna poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Paa ɛyʋ kaatɩ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩna e-kuubo ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna kaŋgalafu nimaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛyʋ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ yɔɔdʋ nɛ e-kuubo se lɛlaa kanɩɩ pa-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, pʋdʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛma kɩmaʋ tɔm ndʋ ɛcaɣ heyuu e-kuubo yɔ kaŋgalafu taa nɛ eyekina e-kuubo ɛnʋ ɛlɛ tɛ kaŋgalafu taa.
Ɖɩɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ size, pʋcɔ nɛ kaŋgalafu la kʋtʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ siŋŋ size, kɩwɛɛna wondu natʋyʋ ndɩ ndɩ kɩ-taa. Kajalaɣ kɩwɛʋna kɩ-mayaɣ. Nɔɔyʋ tɛ kaŋgalafu mayaɣ nɛ lɛlʋ tɛ ñɩŋga paataŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa naalɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɛkpɛndɩ mayaɣ; paa weyi ɛ-mayaɣ wɛʋ ndɩ nɛ lɛlʋ ñɩŋga. Nabɩlɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛɖʋ ɛ-kaŋgalafu mayaɣ taa liidiye nɛ pʋcɔ pɩya-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛyaa e-kuubo poliŋ taa. Nabudozo ɖeɖe lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɖenɖe ɛyʋ wɛɛ se ɛcaɣ yɔɔdɩnaʋ e-kuubo weyi ɛlɛ ñɛwɛ poliŋ yɔ, lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ mbʋ payaɣ se reezoo (réseau) yɔ.


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Togo
Togo kɛ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ, tɩɖaɣlɩ lɔɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Togo ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrɩka wɩsɩɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɖimʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔwɛʊ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 1960. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ Togo kpeekpe samaɣ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ miliyɔɔwaa loɖo. Pakalɩ ɛyaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtakakɩ taa kɔyɔ, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ 95kɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Togo wɛ ajɛya wona adakɩlɩ walʋʋ yɔ a-taa. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 52785 km2 yɔ nɛ kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 700 yɔ. Kɩ-toboyuu tɛɖɛɛ kilomɛtanaa mɩnʋʊ yɔɔ. Hayu kiŋ lɛ, Togo ɛjaɖɛ sɩna kamaɣ nɛ Purkina Fasoo, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ teŋgu pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Togo nɛ Peenɛɛ pasɩnɩna ɖama'a kamaɣ. Piyele nɛ wɩsɩɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kana ɛjaɖɛ kɛ pɩsɩnaa.
Paa Togo tɛtʊ ɛtawalɩ wammm kɔyɔ, kedeŋga kpeekpe sɩma mbʊ se Togo ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ñɩm mbʊ ajɛya naayɛ tatɩɩ wɛnaʊ paaa nñɩɩɩ yɔ. Togo wɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ kiliŋga pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩ-nɔɔ kpɛɛɛ lɛ kañɩŋga kɩbaŋga wɛɛ nɛ pɔsɔ anasayɩkpaakpa pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊ. Togo taa pʋŋ nɛ pɩyasɩ pɛwɛɛ. Fɛɛŋ nɛ kadanzɩ pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Togo nɛ ki-hayu kiŋ lɛ, teliŋ wɛ paale. Togo taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊ yɔ ɩɖɔɔ.
Togo ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Afrika wɩsɩɖɩɖʋyɛ taa kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʋʋ ɛsɩnda wobu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Kɩɖaʋ hendu: ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa tɛtʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 1960, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 27 ñɩŋgʋ wiye, Togo laba sɔnzɩ nɛ ajɛya kpeekpe nɩɩ se kɩwɛ kɩ-dɩ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ wenɖi ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-dɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩwɛna kɩɖaʋ wondu natʋyʋ nɛ ɖɩ nɛ naɖɩyɛ patakaa wondu tʋndʋ : kɩɖaʋ kɛdɛɛka, kɩɖaʋ hendu nɛ kɩɖaʋ tɔmʋʋ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 27 ñɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960, pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 54 yɔ, pete Togo kɩɖaʋ hendu fransɩɩ taa nɛ ahʋna taa. Pɩ́sɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, tɩfɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔdaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nɛ pɩtasɩ.
Pʋyɔɔ malaba lɩmaɣza nɛ malɩzɩ-tʋ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 28 ñɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2012, mente-tʋ nɛ pɩnɩɩ Togo kpeekpe se pɩkpaɣʋna mbʋyɔ yɔ, paa anɩ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ nɛ étee hendu tʋndʋ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa. Ɛkpaɣ-tʋ ɛcɛlɛ Kabɩyɛ Akademii se kʋcɔna kɩna se ɛlɩzʋʋ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa yɔ, pɩmaɣaa. Kabɩyɛ Akademii na, kɩtɛzɩ ñɔɔzʋʋ nɛ pɩcaɣ camɩyɛ.
Tindimiye 1 Ɖɩsɛɣ-ŋ ɖeu, ɖɔ-Cɔzɔnaa Tɛtʋ Ñɔ-yɔɔ paawɛ ɖoŋ, Hɛzɩyɛ’n’ Laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ taa Ɖɩkandɩ kɩbandʋ nɛ abal’tʋ Pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩtal’na ɖɛ-sɛyɩnaa Ɛyaanuutiyaa ɛɛkpaɣ-ŋ sɔɔndʋ Pɛɛyɛɛlila kam ña-laŋgɩyɛ taa Togo kʋyɩ ŋsɩŋ, Ɖʋlʋkɩ ñɔ-yɔɔ kaalɛyɩtʋ Paa ɖɩwaba yaa ɖɩdawa Ñɔ-yɔɔ ɖɩsɩkɩ sɩm kiya ‘Sɔ sɔsɔ ñe-ɖ’ke ŋseɣtiɣna-ɖʋ Se Togo ewobina ɛsɩndaa Togobɩɣa kɔɔ nɛ ɖɩma ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ
Tindimiye 2 Nɔɔkʋɖʋmaɣ taa ɖɩlakɩ ña-tʋmɩyɛ Mbʋ kɛna ɖɔ-sɔɔlɩm, Ɖɔ-sɔɔlɩm kɩkɩlɩm Ɖɩkpalɩ kubuka nɛ ɖʋtɔ ɖa-kɩɖaʋtɔmʋʋ Nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩcamɩ-kʋ Ɖe-ɖeke ɖ’kɛna ño-koboyaɣ Nɛ ñɛ-ɛsɩndaawobuyɔɔkandɩyaa Ɖɩcɛkɩ, paa le, P’daaladanwaañɩŋgbasɩ Ɖuɖukina Ɛsɔ Ɖɩwɛ ña-‘ayɩ paa ɖooye kpam Ɖɩsɔɔla-ŋ, ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-tɩ ɖɩcɛlɛ-ŋ Nɛ ɖʋlʋkɩ ñɔ-yɔɔ kaahɛzaɣ se Togo, ŋɖe, nɛ ŋkɛ k’deŋga ñɩɣlɩm
Tindimiye 3 Sɛɛ ɖeu, sɛɛ ɖeu, kedeŋga kpeekpe, ɖɩsɛ-ŋ Ɖa-tɩŋgɛ ɖɩñaɣ pana Tʋmɩyɛ kɩbaɣlɩyɛ yɔɔ Nɖɩ Ɛyʋ Camɩyɛwɛt’ Kɩvatʋ Kaɣ ɖ’-cɔlɔ lɩnaʋ yɔ. Ɖenɖe kʋñɔndʋtʋ ɛwɛɛ lɛ, Ɖɩkɔna koboyaɣ maatɛŋ Ɖamamɔɔnseɣu Ɛɛdaatasɩ wɛʋ ‘jaɖɛ yɔɔ Yomiye nɛ pakpan’ɖoŋ Pɔ-tɔm tɛm’lɛɛlɛɛyɔ Tɩyɔɔwɛʋ tɩɩŋga ɛñɩlɩsaa’lɛ Ɖɩtɔzɩ ajɛya hɛkʋdaa Ɖamasɩnaʋ nɛ koobiye pɔ-tɔm yɔɔ.
Histoire[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Époque coloniale[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Togo caanaʊ tɔm ñɔ lila sɩŋŋŋ kɛ kɩ-kpacayʊʊ taa. Portugal calɩna Togo ɛjaɖɛ kpacaʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1883 pʊcɔ nɛ Caama ñɩma kɔɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ Fransɩ mba paazɩ-kʊ kpacaʊ pɩnaɣ 1919 nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1960 lɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ.
Ntʊ tɩɩtɛma labʊ ɖooo caanaʊ taa yɔ
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pana se Togo tɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ. Pana Togo taa kɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu pɩkɩlɩna nama, nemaa, coka, cʊʊ-ñanzɩ kɩpɩnzɩ. Wondu ndʊ pakɩlɩ-tʊ naʊ Togo nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ peeɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ nɛ pɩmaɣza wɛʊ putooye.
Nabʊyʊ ɛɛsɩŋna camɩyɛ se pɛkɛdɩna Togo ɛsɛkuliye nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna camɩyɛ. Pañɩna ɖooo ndʊ tɩɩlaba yɔ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ ɛɛkɩlɩɣ wɩlɩɣ kaɣlaa kɛ mbʊ mbʊ pɩɩlaba yɔ ɛlɛ ndʊ tɩwɛ yɔ ndʊ lɛ se panaa se ɖooo pakpakaɣ ñɩɩtʊ nɛ pɛɖɛʊna-tʊ Kano, Niigeria ɛjaɖɛ taa. Panaa ɖɔɖɔ se pama mɩŋ tɔɔŋ kɛ Baasɛɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ pohuyuufɛɛrɩ nɛ polukina ñɩɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ hakɩŋ, kpacanaa, cɔŋga nɛ tɔŋ-ñɩma.
L’indépendance[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Gnassingbé Eyadema[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Faure Gnassingbé[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Politique[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Subdivisions[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Togo wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa pakɩlɩɣ fɔsfaatɩ huyuu Afrika taa yɔ a-taa. Togo wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm lɛɛbʊ, ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ, marbrɩ nɛ somtu.
Togo kewiyaɣ sɔɔlaa se liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩɣnɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pʊnɛ pu-huyuu taa yɔ, pʊwazɩ samaɣ kpeekpe. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ 2009 pɩnaɣ taa, kewiyaɣ la tamaɣ se kasʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ taa.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 ñɩŋgʊ wiye ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kpaɣ paɣtʊ N° 2010-024/PR nɛ tɩtʊlʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ tʊmɩyɛ Togo taa nɛ tɩyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma pʊwɛɛ se tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɔ nɛ mba pʊwɛɛ se pɛwɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ pɔ-tɔm.
ITIE Ñʊndɩnaa kpeɣli pe-kedeɣzaɣ ɖeɖe Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2010 pɩnaɣ taa lɛ petisaa se Togo ɛsʊʊ ITIE taa. Ɛzɩ ɛgbɛyɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ tɩpazɩ 2011 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ tɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, paha Togo alɩwaatʊ se kɩñɔɔzɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kɩpɩzɩ kʊsʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ taa pilim. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paha Togo yɔ, tɩtɛŋ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2013 pɩnaɣ taa.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2012 pɩnaɣ taa Togo ɛjaɖɛ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-kajalaɣ ITIE takayaɣ ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊ liidiye nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma hɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma 2010 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm.
Togo ɖɔŋ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ kɩ-tɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ se kɩlɩzɩ kɩ-takayaɣ naalɛ ñɩŋga ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ liidiye nɖɩ kaɖasɩm tʊma, ñɩɣyɩŋ tʊma, lɩm tʊma nɛ nɩɣlɩm pɛdʊʊ tʊma hɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma 2011 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ pama takayaɣ kanɛ. Agbaɣdaa aseɣɖe lɩzɩyʊ weyi Togo kewiyaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛma takayaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ewilaa nɛ ɛna liidiye nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma tɔm se ahɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma yɔ nɛ nɖɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma ñetisaa se amʊ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma cɔlɔ yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ITIE paɣtʊ 10 ñɩndʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.
Géographie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Démographie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ethnies[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Baasɛɛ mba, Tamberma mba nɛ Kabɩyɛ mba kacakaɣ pʊŋ taa pʊŋ taa. Nabɛyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ size palɩna Afrɩka ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ anasayɩ kɔma nɛ ɛyakɩ ɛyaa nɛ ɛɖɛʊna tuuɖe taa nɛ ɛlakɩ-wɛ yoma yɔ. Ɛyakaɣ-wɛ nɛ sikiɖi, taba, fɩŋfɩŋnaa yaa malifanaa. Tada laɖaa mba pɔyɔɔdaɣ haoussa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, pɔkɔma ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pacaɣ Togo taa nɛ halɩ pakpaɣ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ ɛzɩ Sansanen Mango, pʊtɔbʊʊ se maŋgʊnaa ɖeɖe yaa Gerin Kouka, pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se teliŋ tɛtʊ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Togo nɛ kɩ-hadɛ tɛtʊ kɩpɩndʊ natʊyʊ kpaɣ Haoussa mba hɩɖɛ: Ba Guida, pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyaa fɛyɩ peeɖe.
Togo nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, papɩsa Gourma waa kɛ malɩŋ ppɩkazɩ nɛ Kotokoli mba ñacaɣ Sokoɖɛyɩ; nɛ Tyokosɩ mba yele pacaɣ Mangʊ tɛtʊ taa. Ɖahʊma mba mba yaɣ se Bariba waa yɔ pana mba palɩna Kana nɛ papaa lɛ Ashantɩ waa yɔ, pɔɖɔna caɣʊ Togo taa hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ.
Mba mba paacaɣ pʊŋ taa mbʊ yɔ, paawɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ koyindu taapɩzɩ-wɛ yem nɛ ɛkʊ-wɛ. Mba papa ñaacaɣ Togo nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ, ɛzɩ ahʊna ñɩma yɔ, palɩna ɖooo Egypti ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa nɛ patɩŋgɩna Nigeria nɛ Ɖamʊma. Ahʊna mba nɛ pe-wiyaʋ Agɔkɔlɩ powolo pacaɣ Tado nɛ pama koloŋga sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ se pɩɖaŋ nɛ mba palɩɣna Togo nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, pataacɛyɩ-wɛ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Religions[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sukulinaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Santé[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Économie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Culture[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sports[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Codes[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Notes et références[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Voir aussi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Bibliographie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Articles connexes[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Liens externes[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ wɛʋ
Anjaʋ waa nabɛyɛ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ wɛʋ kɛna lɛɣtʋ ndʋ, tɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size aseɣɖe tɩnaa nabɛyɛ ɛna cɛzɩm taa mbɩ yɔ kɛ ɛyaa mba peciɣdiɣ patɩ nɛ payaɣ wɛ size mɛmvɛyɩ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ waa yɔ. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ɛzɩ anjaʋ waa yɔ.
Mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ samaɣ ŋga, kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ, mba pataɣ wɛɛ tɔlɩm nɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ, anjaʋ waa yɔ. Mba papɩzɩʋ pala mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ, pɛkɛ mba pɛwɛna wezuu, piciɣdiɣ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ powolo nɛ pɔkɔ nɛ papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ, pala kaayɔɔdasɩ laɣsɩ yɔ.
Hʋnʋ hʋnʋ laɣsɩ tɩna panɛ, pɛkɛ yɔɔdɩyaa siŋŋ tɩna nabɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Hʋna hʋna lakasɩ wɛtʋ paɖaɣna lɛɣzɩnaʋ sinimaɣ.
Sinimaɣ kʋnɛ kʋkʋʋ lɛ, kɩɖanɩʋ wɩlɩʋ mɩnjɩ mɩnjɩ wɛtʋ tʋnɛ kɛ, takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ. Samaɣ caɣ kilingli nɛ kɔcɔŋna mbʋ pɩɖɩɩna labʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɣ yɔ.


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Lakʋ
Lakʋ kɛnɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ kpaʋ. Ɛlɛ lakʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pakʋʋ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɣna. Lakʋ kɛna tɛtɛ kpɩna kʋʋ. Fenaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛɛ ajɛɛ nayɛ taa, nɛ a-kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ. Weyi ewoki lakʋ yɔɔ payaɣ size ɛgbam.
Ɛgbam kɛna ɛyʋ weyi eeseu tɛtɛ kpɩna yɔ. Ɛgbam ɛnʋ, kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛtakatɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋ caɣca. Pɩtɛkɛ paa weyi pɩhaɣ size ɛkɛ ɛgbam.
Lakʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna kpɩna ɖɔɔnʋʋ nɛ kʋʋ. Tombiye lakʋ pɩzʋ pɩnɩɩ size lakʋ kadaɣ. Ŋnɩʋ tombiye nɖɩ caɣ lɛ, kpɩna kʋʋ tɔm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɔŋna ɛyʋ n̄ʋʋ taa.
Lakʋ labʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛna tɔɔnaɣ cazɩʋ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Codex alimentarius tɔŋ lakʋ lakʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ size ɛkɛ, ɛyʋ weyi ɛsɔzʋʋ eɖoŋ nɛ pakʋna kpɩnɛ naŋgbanzɩ naanaza n̄ɩnɖɛ nɛ naalɛ nɖɛ yɔ.


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Asɩmara
Asɩmara kɛŋna Eriitree ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa makʊɣna kilomɛtanaa agbapa ɛzɩ 12 158,1 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛ 564 000 ɛlɛ tɩ-taa maɣmaɣ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛcɛzɩ ɛzɩ 1 147 000 yɔ.
Asɩmara wɛ Hamasaŋ pʊʊ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ pʊʊ sʊsɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ lɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lubu tʊma taa, wodu kʊzusʊtʊ yaa tɔɔla ñɛyʊ, naakomnaa, pɩzatʊ lʊʊ nandʊ nɛ kpalabanaa taa sʊlʊm kɛ pakɩlʊʊ naʊ peeɖe.