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Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Donald Trump nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 44 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Mike Pence.
Ki-kiɖeÑɔɔzɩ
Caanaʊ tɔmÑɔɔzɩ
Pɔcɔ Christoph Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ (pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1492 talɩ)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yomiye taa alɩwaatʊ(1492-1775)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yomiye taa lɩʊ nɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ(1775-1800)Ñɔɔzɩ
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ̃nɩnʊʊ nɛ ̃nɩɣtʊ lubu nɛ yomiye taa lɩʊ (1800-1917)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yoŋ yeba nɛ patɩlɩ ki-ɖoŋ(1917-1991)Ñɔɔzɩ
Sɔnɔdaa alɩwaatʊ(1991-2016)Ñɔɔzɩ
PolitikiÑɔɔzɩ
Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛyaÑɔɔzɩ
Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛÑɔɔzɩ
Mbʊ patɩlɩɣna-kʊ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩÑɔɔzɩ
Ɖenɖe ɛyaa wɛɛ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politikiÑɔɔzɩ
Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋÑɔɔzɩ
TɔsʊʊÑɔɔzɩ
Mbʊ pʊwɛɛ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Tɔsʊʊ politikiÑɔɔzɩ
SamaɣÑɔɔzɩ
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊÑɔɔzɩ
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋÑɔɔzɩ
Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.[1]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩÑɔɔzɩ
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊÑɔɔzɩ
Takayɩsɩ nɛ filosofiiÑɔɔzɩ
Nesi tɛɛ tʊmaÑɔɔzɩ
Kuduyuŋ maʊÑɔɔzɩ
Minziiki nɛ aleɣyaÑɔɔzɩ
Tɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛÑɔɔzɩ
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊÑɔɔzɩ
SɩpɔɔrɩÑɔɔzɩ
Kazandʊ nɛ avema kɩhɛzaÑɔɔzɩ
KʋnʋmɩŋÑɔɔzɩ
Ɛyaa sɔsaaÑɔɔzɩ
Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Ki-nimaɣÑɔɔzɩ
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛÑɔɔzɩ
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔÑɔɔzɩ
TakayɩsɩÑɔɔzɩ
Tɔm lɛɛtʊÑɔɔzɩ
Awayɩ kpasɩÑɔɔzɩ
- ↑ Modèle:En Current Population Clock - U.S. Census Bureau. Pakalʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ paa cɛcɛyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.


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Sɔdɩyɔm
Sɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 11 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Na (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, natrɩyɔm). Sɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɔfɩɩ pɩyʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ ñɩlɩsɩɣ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ ɛpazɩɣ ɛñaŋ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖʊʊyʊ pʊtʊnaa taa. Paakatɩɣ sɔdɩyɔm yem ŋnɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛpazɩ ɛtɔyɩ kpem ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔm mbʊ palakɩ-pʊ nɛ ɖoozi yɔ.
Paasɩma sɔdɩyɔm ɖooo pitihiɣ pɩnzɩ taa kɛ wondu taa ɛlɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1807, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩpaɣlʊ Humphry Davy laba nazɩyʊ yɛkɩlɩnaʊ pʊʊzɩyʊ yɔ. Hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa, palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ sɔdɩyɔm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ sodanum ɛlɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛlɛ nɛ pawazɩɣna ñʊʊ holuu kʊdɔŋ. Sɔdɩyɔm yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Na lɩna latɛŋ taa sɔdɩyɔm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ ɛlɛ payaɣ se natrium, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa vίtpov (nitron). Paa Caama, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Tanemariki taa ŋtalɩ Neyerilandi ɛjɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ sɔdɩyɔm se natrɩyɔm.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖʊyʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ, sɔdɩyɔm wɛ leleŋ, kʊ-hʊlɩmɩ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, pɩla sɛʊ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛñaŋ lɔŋ yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yee ɛwɛ niikaɣ helim taa nɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛnɛ lɩm kɔyɔ pɩwasɩɣ ɖoŋ. Ɛlɩzɩɣ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ naa sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛnazɩɣ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pʊwɛ se pasɩ-ɩ karɩsɩm taa kɛnɛ yaa ɛsɔkaɣ ŋga ka-taa fɛyɩ azɔtɩ yaa arɩgɔ yɔɔ. Sɔdɩyɔm fɛyɩ yuŋ, ɛcakɩ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ ɛfakɩ-pʊ nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ naa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ kaŋwa naa.
Sɔdɩyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɩtɛrɩ waa ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛla yɔɔ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ kɔɔ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ajana wondu ɖɩlaɖɛ, haɖaʊ tɛ sʊyaa kʊʊ kɔyɛ tɛ. Ɖooo piti hiɣ lɛ, palakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ, pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛnɛ pʊlɔŋ ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ lɔɔɖaa taa sanzɩ taa pɔsɔzaɣ-ɩ se palaʊbɩna ɛzɩma pɩtaa nazɩyʊ yɔ yaa pɩtaa tɔʊ yɔ. Palakaɣ sɔedɩyɔm nɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊʊzɩyʊ fefeku kɛ sɔdɩyɔm fefeku kandʊ naa taa.

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Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ
Ɛyʊ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩna kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ kɩ-wazaɣ. Ñʊʊ wɛɛ, nesi wɛɛ, (pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ) nɛ naŋgbanzɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɩgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnɛ ɩwɛɛ: nɩŋgbaŋaɣ, ɛsɩyɛ, naatalʊʊ, naakiɖe, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hoɖe nɛ nimba pɛwɛɛ.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa mɔɔ wena awɛ yɔ akpɛnda 26. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se yee pɛtɩyɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kɛ tom naanza taa kɔyɔ, nɛ yee pɛkpɛnda nɩŋgbanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛɛ yɔ, sɩ-taa mɔɔ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kɛ naanza yɔɔ. Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa ɖenɖewaa pʊcɔʊ yɔ, pɩkpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ 16; nɛ hola kpɛnda 107 piyele nimvela ñɛkpɛnda nɛɛlɛ (20).
Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ fɛyʊ nɛ ɛsɩŋʊ yiu yiu, kɔ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛfɛyʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nimbee kagbanzɩ nɛ nimbiye sɔsɔyɛ kɛ payaɣ se nimbiye abalʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ cikpeɖe payaɣ se ccuculibaŋa. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔlɛ, ɛzɩ nandaka yɔɔ nee yɔ, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nimbe wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛna nimbe looɖo nɛ lalaa ñɛɛna pɩɖɛ mbʊ.


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Panama
Panama kɛna Amerika ilemiye hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ Kɔstaarika nɛ Kolɔmbi. Pamaza Panama ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 75 420 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 657 024 yɔ nɛ pa-taa lɛ, miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 1,426 wɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ajɛya wena azɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ, pɩtalɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 555 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Kɔstaarika lɛ walanzɩ talɩɣ ɛzɩ 330 yɔ piyele ɖɩnɛ Kolɔmbi lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 225. Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ pɩkazɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ wɛna. Kidiiliŋ ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 490 yɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: katolika mba ( 70 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 19%), ɛyaa yem yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.


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Desmond Tutu
Ɛsɔ tɛ layʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Desmond Mpilo Tutu yɔ, ɛkɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1931 n̄ɩŋga taa Klerksdorp tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɛ Cejewiye nɖɩ payaɣ se ''Aŋglikan'' yɔ, ɖɩ-taa Fata Desmond Tutu lakɩ Ɛsɔ tʋm;yɛ. Fada ɛnɛ ɛkɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ekizɩ yoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛ nɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kɩbɩnʋ, Neelson Mandela palʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ yele wɛʋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo lɛ, Anasaayɩnaa tetisiɣ se pa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pakaa nabʋyʋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Fada ɛnɛ, pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1984 n̄ɩŋga taa lɛ, pɔcɔna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa nɛ paha-ɩ samtʋ nimiye takayaɣ.
Fada Desmond Tutu kɛŋna ubuntu Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ n̄ʋʋdʋ. Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩn samaɣ yaa ajɛɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ kpaɣʋ nɛ kpeyuu nɛ ceyuu pa-paɣtʋ n̄am yɔɔ. Ɛsɔɔla Ɛsɔ sam paa alɩwaayʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.
Fada ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna toovenum ɖɔm nʋmɔʋ tʋma yɔɔ nɛ kpeyuu nʋmɔʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnʋ palɩza size ɛn̄ɩnɩ nɛ ɛtazɩ camɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzaɣtʋ ndʋ tɩɩlaba ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Anasaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ. Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛcɔŋnana Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se ɖɩkpa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñɩm mɩlɩyaa yɔ, ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ tʋ. nɛ pɔhɔ panɩŋg.


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Adisi-Abeba
Adisi-Abeba kɛŋna Etiyoopii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ 3 385 000. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1963 kɛ Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe nɩna ɖama nɛ asɩɩ a-kɩkpɛndʊ se UA yɔ ɖɩ-kpelaɣ.
Adisi-Abeba tɛtʊ wɛ Etiyɔpi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ- hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-ñʊʊtaa wɛ camɩyɛ landammm yɔ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2300 nɛ 2600 yɔ pɛɩkɩlɩ k-hɛkʊ taa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ Adisi-Abeba kɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ naanza ndɔ.


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Parɩyɔm
Parɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 56 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ba. Pana parɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 pɩtɩŋna Carl Wilhelm Scheele yɔɔ kɛ maganɛzɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ naalɛ tʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Humphry Davy lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɛlɛ Guntz ñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1901. Pakpa tɔmpiye parɩyɔm nɛ ɖoŋ pɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛwɛ yuŋ.
Parɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔm ŋñɩɩ (asɛtatɩ, karɩbɔnatɩ, klɔratɩ, kɩlɔrɩ, hɩdrɔsɩdɩ, nɩtratɩ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, pɛrɩkɩlɔratɩ, pɔlɩsʊlɩfʊrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ), palakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ polukina wondu sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm takayɩhatʊ, foɖo foɖo num ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ, añɩnɩŋ caɖasɩ nzɩ ɖɩyaɣna anasaayɩ taa sɩzɩ fɛɛrɩ yɔ, cʊŋ ɖeɣsi, malaa ɖesiɣ nɛ fɛrɩnɩ nɛ mɩzasɩ tɛtʊ, palakɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm pɩtɩŋna parɩyɔm ŋgʊ kʊ-pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ, ɛzɩ yee ntiɣta parɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋʊ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peɖeziɣ miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊmʊʊ miŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩ.
Parɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛnɩɣ ɛ-tɩ taŋ kpaɣ ɛzɩ lotu ñɩŋanzɩ siŋ, calɩm kahʊyaɣ, ñamɩyɛ tɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩkɔna ɛyʊ sɩm, pɩkɛna pʊtʊma feziŋ ɛɛtalɩ-ɩ yaa pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ laŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Parɩyɔm wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pana-ɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɔm yɔ. Yee ŋliba parɩyɔm kɔyɔ, kʊyɔɔlɩɣ kɛlɛ parɩyɔm pɩsɩ kɩcaɣ ɛyʊ toma ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mɔɔ taa. Ɛzɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm naa sakɩyɛ yɔlʊʊ lɩm taa yɔ, kpɩna pɩzɩɣ nɛ añɔʊ pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ. INRS laba tʊmɩyɛ yuŋ yɔɔ, holaa nɛ anasaayɩ holaa lɛ, pana se pakɩlɩɣ dʊʊ parɩyɔm pɩ-tɛ kpɩna ana yɔ a-tɛ hɔ kɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔŋna sɩm sakɩyɛ.


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1Wɑɑtʋ wei ɑcimɑ tɛmɑ, ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ cɔɔ Yutɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ tɑɑ. Nɑ pɑ́ yɔkɩ pɛɛ kʋlɑlɑɑnɑ, nɑ pɑ́ sɛtɩ pǝ tesikɑsɩ, nɑ pɑ́ yɔkɩ cefelinɑɑ tǝkɔtǝlɛnɑɑ. Nɑ pɑ́ lɑ mpʋ tɔtɔɣɔ Yutɑ tɛtʋ tǝnɑ tɑɑ. Nɑ Pɛncɑmɛɛ nɑ Ɩfǝlɑyim nɑ Mɑnɑsee pɑ kpekɑ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑɑ wei ɩ́ mǝlɩ ɩ tɛ.
2Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ fɑɣɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ kɛ kpekɑ. Nɑ ɩ́ tʋ́ pɑɑ wei kɛ́ ɩ tǝmlɛ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Pɑ tǝmlɛ ntɛ́ sɩ pɑ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ kɔtɑsɩ nsi kɔkɔ lusɑ sɩ tǝnɑ tɔ. Nɑ nɔɣɔ kʋlʋmɑɣɑ kpɛntʋɣʋ nyǝnsɩ nɑ yontu nɑ Tɑcɑɑ sɑmtʋ.
3Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ lǝsɑ ɩ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ ɩ liɣitee tɑɑ, nɑ ɩ́ yɑnɑ tɑnɑŋ nɑ tɑɑnɑɣɑ kɔtɑsɩ nsi kɔkɔ lusɑ sɩ tǝnɑ tɔ sɩ wontu. Nɑ pǝ́ kpɛnnɑ kʋyɑkʋ kʋhɛɛsʋɣʋ wule kɔtɑsɩ. Nɑ ɩsɔtʋ kʋyɑkʋ kɑncɑɑlɑɣɑ nyǝŋkʋ nyǝnsɩ, nɑ ɑcimɑ lɛnnɑ nyǝnsɩ, ɩsɩɩ pɑ kɛɛsʋɣʋ Tɑcɑɑ kiiu tɑɑ tɔ.
4Ɩlɛnɑ wulɑʋ tɔ́ Yosɑlɛm yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ sɩ: Ɩ́ cɛlɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ kɛ pɑ pɑɑ nyǝm. Ɩlɛnɑ pɛlɛ pɑ́ hɑ pɑ tǝɣɩ pɑ tǝmɑ tɑɑ, ɩsɩɩ pɑ kɛɛsʋɣʋ Tɑcɑɑ kiiu tɑɑ tɔ.
5Wulɑʋ heelɑ-wɛɣɛ mpʋ, ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tuutuumɑ kɔnɑ pɑ kʋhɑlǝm kɑncɑɑlɑɣɑ kʋlʋlʋm, nɑ sʋlʋm, nɑ nim, nɑ tɩɩŋ nim, nɑ tɔɣɔnɑsɩ lɛnsǝnɑɑ, nɑ pɑ hɔɣɔlǝŋ nɑɑnʋwɑ tɑɑ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ.
6Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Yutɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ lɛnnɑ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tɔtɔ, nɑ́ ponɑ pɑ kʋwɛnɑm hɔɣɔlǝŋ nɑɑnʋwɑ tɑɑ kʋlʋmǝŋ. Pɑɑ nɑɑŋ, pɑɑ heeŋ, pɑɑ kʋcɔɔŋ wei pɑ hɑ pɑ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ tɔ. Nɑ pɑ́ kɑɑ huwɑ ɑnɑɑmnɑɑ kɛ wɑɑnɩ wɑɑnɩ.
7Ɩsɔtʋ tooso nyǝŋ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑ cɑɑlɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ tɛ́ nɑɑtosompɔɣɔlɑɣɑ nyǝŋ tɑɑ.
8Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑ kʋpɑɣɑlɑɑ pɑ polɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ nɑ́ mpi yǝlɑɑ kɔnɑɑ tɔ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ sɛɛ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ nɑ ɩ yǝlɑɑ.
9Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ pɔɔsɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ kɛ kʋcɔɔŋ ɩnɩ ɩ tɔm.
10Ɩlɛnɑ Sɑtɔkɩ lʋlʋɣʋ tʋ kɔtʋlʋ Asɑliyɑ cɔ sɩ: Hɑtoo kʋyɑŋku yǝlɑɑ cɑɑlɑ kɔnɑʋ kɛ pɑ kʋhɑlǝm kʋhɑʋ tɔ, tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ tɑkɩ-tʋɣʋ. Hɑlǝnɑ pǝ́ kɑɑsɩ sɔsɔm. Pǝ tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, Tɑcɑɑ koolɑ ɩ yǝlɑɑ kɛ kʋpɑntʋ kɛ́. Hɑlɩ kʋkɑɑsǝm kɑɑnɑ cǝnɛ.
11Ɩlɛnɑ wulɑʋ tɔ sɩ: Ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ wontu tǝsɩɩlɛ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ kiŋ. Pɑ tɛmɑ ŋmɑʋ, ɩlɛnɑ
12pɑ́ ponɑ tǝnɑɣɑ pɑ kʋcɔɔŋ nɑ hɔɣɔlǝŋ nɑɑnʋwɑ tɑɑ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ, nɑ Ɩsɔ nyǝm nɑ pɑ́ sɩɩ teu. Nɑ pɑ́ kpɑ Lefii tʋ Konɑniyɑ kɛ pɑɑsǝnlʋ, ɩ wɑɑlɩ tʋ ntɛ́ Simeyi.
13Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ, nɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ nyʋɣʋ tʋ, nɑ kɔtʋlʋ sɔsɔ Asɑliyɑ, nɑ Konɑniyɑ nɑ Simeyi pɑ kpɑ pɑ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ. Mpɛɣɛlɛ Yehiyɛlɩ, nɑ Asɑsiyɑ, nɑ Nɑhɑtɩ, nɑ Asɑyɛɛlɩ, nɑ Yelimɔtɩ, nɑ Yosɑpɑtɩ, nɑ Ɩliyɛlɩ, nɑ Ɩsǝmɑkiyɑ, nɑ Mɑhɑtɩ, nɑ Penɑyɑ.
14Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑ tʋ́ Lefii tʋ Ɩmǝnɑ pǝyɑlʋ Kolee wei ɩ tɑŋɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ ilim tǝlɩɩlɛ nɔnɔɣɔ tɔ sɩ ɩ́ mʋɣɩ kʋcɔɔŋ wei pɑ lɑkɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ tɔ, nɑ ɩ́ fɑɣɑ kɑtɛ nyǝm nɑ kɑtɛ tɑɑ kɑtɛ nyǝm.
15Ɩlɛ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝmɑ ntɛ́ sɩ pɑ́ tɑlɑ tɔɣɔnɑsɩ kɛ pɑ tɛɛtʋnɑɑ kɛ teu. Pɑɑ sɔsɑɑ pɑɑ sǝkpemɑ nɑ pǝ́ kɛɛsǝnɑ pɑ tǝmɑ kpekɑ kɛ ɑcɑlɛɛ nnɑ ɑ tɑɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ wɛɛ tɔ.
16Pǝ tɑɣɑ ɑpɑlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ tǝnɑ pɑ hǝlɑ pɑ ŋmɑɑwɑ tɔ pɑ tike pɑ tɑlɑɣɑnɑ. Amɑ nɑ ɑpɑlʋpiyɑ mpɑ pɑɑ wɛnɑ pɩɩsɩ tooso tooso tɔɣɔ. Nɑ mpɑ pɑ kɔŋɑɣɑ pɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑɑ ɩfemle nte nɑ pɑ́ lɑkɩ Ɩsɔ sɛɛʋ tǝmɑ nɑ pǝ́ kɛɛsǝnɑ pɑ kpekɑ tɔɣɔ.
17Pɑɑ kɛɛsǝnɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ lʋlʋŋ kɛ́ nɑ pɑ́ tʋ́ pɑ hǝlɑ. Nɑ Lefii tʋ wei ɩ́ wɛnɑ pɩɩsɩ hiu, ɩlɛ pɑ tʋ ɩ nyǝntɛ. Nɑ pǝ́ kɛɛsǝnɑ ɩ tǝmlɛ nɑ ɩ kpekǝle.
18Pɑ nɑ pɑ lʋlʋŋ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ hǝlɑ kɛ pɑ ŋmɑɑkɑɣɑ. Pɑɑ ɑlɑɑ, nɑ ɑpɑlʋpiyɑ, nɑ ɑlʋpiyɑ. Nɑ pɑ cɔlɔ nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ pɑ pǝsǝɣɩ nɑ pɑ́ tɔɣɔ Ɩsɔ kʋcɔɔŋ ɩnɩ tɔ.
19Amɑ pǝ kɑɑsɑ Alɔŋ lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑɑ wɛ kɔtǝlɑɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ cɔlɔ cɑcɑkǝŋ tɛɛ tɔ. Pɛlɛ pɑɑ lǝsɑ yǝlɑɑ kɛ pɑɑ ɩcɑtɛ nte tǝ tɑɑ kɛ́. Nɑ pɑ́ tɑlǝɣɩ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ nɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ pɑ hǝlɑ pɑ ŋmɑɑwɑ tɔ.
20Ɩsekiyɑsɩ tǝŋɑ tɑmpɑnɑ kɛ ɩ kɑwulɑɣɑ tǝnɑ tɑɑ kɛ́, nɑ ɩ́ lɑkɩ kʋpɑntʋ, nɑ ɩ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ lɑŋlɛ hɛɛnɑ-ɩ.
21Wɑɑtʋ wei ɩ cɑɑlɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ nɑ Ɩsɔ sɛɛʋ tɑɣɑnʋɣʋ, nɑ ɩ́ hʋ́lǝ́ɣɩ́ yǝlɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ tǝŋ Tɑcɑɑ kiiŋ, nɑ ɩ́ cɑ́ɑ́lǝ́ɣɩ́ ɩ tɩ sɩ ɩ́ nyɩ Ɩsɔ nɑ lotu kʋlʋmtʋ ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsɔ yele nɑ ɩ́ wɑɑkɩ.


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Kpɛɛnzʊʊ
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, se ku-puu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɛɛnzʊʊ tɔm pire (tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yea leemu sɛmɩŋ yea kɩsɛmɩŋ) kɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ taa yatʊ nɛ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye kɛ Kapisikum (Capsicum) tɩŋ kɩkpanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, weyi ɛ-hatʊ tɛkʊʊ ɖama taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩʊ piye ndɩ pehiliɣ nɛ ɖozi yɔ yaa palakɩ nɛ tɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Kanadaa kpɛɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖozi pɩyʊ ɛlɛ kɩpaɣla, Kapɩsɩkum kpɛɛzɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɛɛzɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ.
Kpɛɛzɩŋ weyi ɛpuu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ yɔ ɛlɩna Amerika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyaa taa ɖeeɖe pahayaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kaɖaɣ taa ɖozi pɩlɩna kʊɖozi labɩnaʊ nɛ kʊ-sʊzɩŋ tɔnaɣ taa yɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa yɔ ajɛyɛ 64 hayʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ pʊkɔzɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ ndɩ wɛ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩwɛna waza siŋ fɛbʊʊ kpɛɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ kʊwɛ tindime kɩkpanzɩ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ paa ŋgʊ lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-hɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɩm nɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊʊ taa kɩsɛmɩŋ. Pɩkɛ Amerika mba tɔnaɣ taa nakayɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩɣ 9500 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Peyeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-haɖaʊ talɩɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pɩtɩŋnɛ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa yɔ kɛnɛ. Goa egeetiye Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩlanaɣ tɔʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ.


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Mɔɔyɛ
Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Ɛyʊ wɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ. Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam.
Mɔɔ wɛna wazaɣ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔyɛ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.
Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.


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Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ kajalaɣ (1) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1926 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Los Angeles. Ɖoɖoo Marilyn Monroe ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba Los Angeles egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Marilyn Monroe kɛ lakɩyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Amerika nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Eteu ɖɔɖɔ wendu pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ naʋ.
Amerika ɛjaɖɛ halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, eteu wendu ɛzɩ ɔgɔlɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛ-nɔɔ taa wɛ leleŋ pɩfɛyɩ pɔyɔɔdɩ. Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛsɔɔla aleɣya pɩtatɩfɛyɩ naʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɛkɩlaa lʋbʋʋ kpeɖem ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa..


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Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm
Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ ɛsɔ tɔm, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ Papa (Room) nɛ episkɔpʊ waa pɛkpɛndʊʊ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma yɔ. Yee yʊsʊyʊ tɔmʊʊ Katoliki ɛwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ cejewiye keem nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɔɔcɩ naa kpeekpe kɛ Nicée lɩmaɣza taa kɔyɔ, palakɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye Room Krɩstʊ samaɣ ɛsɔ tɔm pɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa tɔm nɛ pɩkɛ tʊkaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɩ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ naa.
Ɛyaa mba pa nɛ ɖacaa papa pɛkpɛndʊʊ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma mba ɖɩyaɣ se Katoliki cejewiye nɛ pɛwɛna sakrɩmɩndʊ ndʊ yɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊʊ paɣtʊ, ɖoŋ kpazʊʊ, Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ, ɖama kpɩtɩnaʊ yaa kpeɣuu tɔm, nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ, kʊdɔntɩnaa num, nɛ fada naa tɛɛ tɩnaa kpaʊʊ, fada naa kpaʊʊ nɛ episkɔpʊ waa, cɔjɔtʊ tɔm. Katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ pɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛ pʊtɔma latɛŋ ñɩnɖɛ yaa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Katoliki aŋgba, kɛlɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ latɛŋ ñɩmba.
Katoliki cejewiye paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ŋpɩsa katoliki tʊ, cɔjɔ tɛ pɩlʊʊ takayaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pɔsɔ-wɛ lɩm katoliki cejewiye taa yɔ pɛkpɛnda miiliyaari waa 1,254 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛlɛ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyaa mba pɔsɔza pataalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa 26 yee ɖɩkpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 kɔyɔ.
Yʊsɩyʊ tɔmʊʊ katoliki lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kaθoλιkός (katholikos), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe yaa ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛ. Kpaɣ nɛ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ kajalaɣ kpaɣɖɩŋ taa lɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsɩ pɩsʊʊ nabʊyʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ nɛ paa anɩ lɛ lɩzɩɣ kʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛzɩ ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ naa paɣzɩ lɩɣ yɔ. Peeɖe Antioche Ignace lɩzɩ tɛyɩtʊ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɖenɖe episkɔpʊ wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe cejewiye nɛ ɖenɖe Krɩstʊ wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛɛ (katholikê ekklêsia).


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Kambii
Kambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ wena akɩlɩ ñɩɩɩ walanzɩ taa Afrika kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ aŋglisi tɔm. Ajɛya wena awɛ kɩ-kamasɩ yɔɔ yɔ anaa lɛ: hayʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ lɛ Senegaalɩ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ atɩlantiki teŋu ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ. Kambii kamasɩ wɛɛ Kambii ŋgʊ k-pɔɔ sɔsɔ taa lɩm kpeŋkpem mbʊ yɔ.
Kɩ-pɔɔ ŋga kɩlɩm kpɛŋ ayɩlantiiki teŋu taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa akpaba 10689 yɔ nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 1 882 450. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Panzuli nɛ lɛɛtʊ yɔ Serekuundaa nɛ Pɩrɩɩkamaa.
Kambii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tɩŋɛ wɛ haɖawʊ, kpakpasɩ kpaʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ-egbena tɔm taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya tɔsʊʊ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛzɩ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya kpeekpe yɔ, Kambii ɖɔɖɔ sɩma ɖooo lɔŋ taa pɩlɩ ɛyaa pɛdɩɣ nɛ pakpaɣ Afrika mba nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ nɛ payakɩ-wɛ nɛ paɖʊʊ-wɛɛ kʊñɔŋ yɔ.


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Jane Austen
Jane Austen kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnʋ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1775 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Mayaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se, ɖoɖoo Jane Austen ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ Steventon egeetiye taa. Egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛ Iŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Hampshire yɔ, tɩ-taa. Ɖoɖoo Jane Austen kɛ ñamtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa pɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ.
Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1817 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩba Winchester egeetiye taa Iŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ naanza nɛ naalɛ (42).
Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Iŋglɩsɩ, ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ weyi sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se ɛkɛ halʋ masɩma man-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ halʋ takayasɩ sɩnɖʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ halʋ mɛ-ɛsa cɛba siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɖoɖoo Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa pasɩŋna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ mbʋ ɛpɩsa sɔnɔ yɔ. Paɖʋ-ɩ hʋnʋm siŋŋ nɛ ɛkalɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ paa ɖoye. Ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ lɛ, pɩmalɩna-ɩ, nɛ pɩlabɩ leleŋ nɛ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpazɩ maʋ nɛ lɛlaa kalʋʋ. Ɛma takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ : Sense and Sensibility, pɩnaɣ 1811 taa palɩzɩ-kɛ; Pride and Prejudice, pɩnaɣ 1813 n̄ɩŋga taa palɩzɩ kaka; Mansfield Park, pɩnaɣ 1814 ñɩŋga taa palɩzɩ kanɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-takayaɣ lɛɛka se Emma pɩnaɣ 1816 taa palɩzɩ kaka. Ɛnʋ mana ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se, Northanger Abbey yɔ.


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Tomas Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus, palʊla-ɩ Guildford cɔlɔ kpam Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1766 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ Bath tɛtʊ taa kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1834 taa. Ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩtɔr yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyu.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yeba nɛ yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ taa papɩsɩ payz-ɩ yem se malthusien. Nabʊyʊ taa pokoti-ɖɩ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɛ kɩsɩsɩna wena aha siɣye nɛ haɖɛ yaa aseu kɛɖɛɖaɣ pɩyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ Malthus politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samɣ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ yɔ yaa piyaa lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Thomas Robert Malthus kɛ pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga kɛ Daniel Malthus nɛ Henriette Graham pɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɛ-wayi lɛ, palʊlɩ piyaa loɖo ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ halɩpiyaa yeke koŋ. Ɛ-caa Daniel Malthus, ɛɛkɛ David Hume nesi yɔɔ tʊ kpem nɛ ɛtamsɩ ɛkpadɩyɛ nɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ɛɛcaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ pɩnaɣ 1766 yaa 1767 nɛ ɛnʊ eyebina ɛ-wayi wayi lɩmaɣza tɩŋga payɩ.
Thomas Robert Malthus laba ɛ-sukuli kɛ ɛ-caa tabalaa mba paakɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Richard Graves pɩnaɣ 1779 nɛ G. Wakefield weyi ɛɖʊyɩ Yeesuu kɔlɔgɛ taa kɛ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Peeɖe ɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kpelaɣ pɩnaɣ 1793 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛpɩsɩ aŋglikani pasɩtɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797.


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Klɔrɩ
Klɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 17 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cl. Ɛkɛ halɔzɛnɩ waa taa weyi ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ kpɩtɩnaʊ yɔ. Klɔrɩ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem nɛ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ tablɩ yɔɔ ɖɔm yaa sɔdɩyɔm tɛ klɔrɩ (NaCl). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ feziŋ sakɩyɛ caɣʊ taa. Klɔrɩ yem taa lɛ, wɛ ɛzɩ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ weyi paya-ɩ se tɩklɔrɩ Cl2, pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩwɛ caaʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩkpɩndɩ kɩkɩlɩ helim maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ sɔŋ fɛyɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ.
Klɔrɩ hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa chloros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala, pɛkɛtɩɣ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔlɩm. Palakɩ klɔrɩ pɩtɩŋna klɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ pɩlɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Klɔrɩ yɔlɩɣ yem, nɛ kɩwasɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩtalɩɣ -34°C ɛjaɖɛ soŋaɣ cɔlɔ.
Klɔrɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ lɩm keletuu alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔɖɔɔnʊʊna sɔŋ, hʊlʊmɩŋ wondu taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ cotu fefeku taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma klɔrɩ wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ kɛna kajalaɣ fefeku ŋgʊ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you ɖeɖe ɛzɩ you fefeku malɩfa.
Klɔrɩ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa khlôros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala. Pana klɔrɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 ɛlɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele albɩna tʊmɩyɛ, ɛlɛ pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛna lɛ ɛkpaɣ klɔrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm nɛ etosi makanɛzɩ yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ Scheele maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kɩ-taa wɛ okɩsɩzɛnɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1810 alɩwaatʊ Humphry Davy ha hɩɖɛ se klɔrɩ, pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ndɩ yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 lɛ, klɔrɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɩwɛʊ ɛzɩ safɛlɩ lɩm yɔ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palʊkɩna nɛ mʊzʊŋ yaa soŋ nɛ palakɩna kelekele lɩm. Palakɩn-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pahʊlɔnzɩna tɔɔla tɔɔla tʊma sʊsʊna taa. Kpaɣ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛmtʊ wɛɛ palakɩnaɣ klɔrɩ tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ lɩm ɖɩyayɛ taa. Palakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pakʊna ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ lɩm naa mba pa-taa ɛyaa yawaɣ yɔ nɛ posoŋaa yaa peniida yɔ pa-taa.


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Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm
Tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ nɛ walʋʋ. Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyaarɩ waa 4,3. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ km2 waa 43 810 582. Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Aazii tɛtʋ kɛ hɔɔlʋʋ 29,4. Yee pɛtɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ tɛtʋ ɖeke nɛ pɩtɛkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ 8,6.
Ɛyaa ɖɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa kɛ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ ɛyaa hiu. Kedeŋa kpeekpe pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa panaɣ pʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ kʋyʋʋ pʋŋ lɛɛŋ nɛ kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ yɔ. Aazii tɛtʋ taa pʋʋ ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se Everɛɛsɩ (Everest) pʋʋ. Pʋʋ ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 8 848.
Kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʋyʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɛ-taa payɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pana kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ kʋyʋ yɔ. Payaɣ kuduyuu kʋkʋyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ se Burj Khalifa. Kɩwɛ Dubaï tɛtʋ taa. Kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 828.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩlɩna lɩm tɛɛ nɛ tɩkpa huuye lɩm kideŋ wayɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa payɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pana ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ posinaʋ lɩm kideŋ yɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Tiposina lɩŋamʋʋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 2648 mbʋ yɔ.


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Kedeŋa yɔɔ kajalaɣ you
Kajalaɣ you ŋgʋ, kɩlɩ Erɔpʊ tɛtʋ taa sɔɔjanaa hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kʋkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ. Kɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 1914 nɛ kɩwolo kɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1918. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛcɔna yɔ, ɛnaɣ se kɩtɛtɛ kpataa ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa, kɩwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ mbʋ a-hɛkʋ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1923 taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Lausanna tɛtʋ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza n̄ɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1923 taa nɛ pan̄ɩɣ takayɩsɩ taa nesi nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se you tɛma ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa.
You ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩlaba waaɣ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋga taa yɔ. Ɖooo yɔ, patana kɩ-ɖaɣʋ kaʋ. Kɩnaŋa pɩtɩŋɛ naŋa naŋa. Sɔɔjanaa yona-kʋ siŋŋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩba nɛ wondu sakɩyɛ wɛɛkɩ. Sɔɔjanaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 60 yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ labana you ŋ́gʋ.
You ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nakʋ mbʋ yɔ sɩba nɛ pʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɛzaɣtʋ tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ laba ɖɔɖɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ : paɖɩzɩ Aarɩmeenii n̄ɩma pɩnaɣ 1915 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1916 n̄ɩŋga taa. Poyo ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ you lɩŋgamʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Atlantique" yɔ kɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma kʋyɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ ka-taa n̄ɩma nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ sɔsɔ Lénine kpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eyele nɛ Rueeii ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ Komiinism ɛjaɖɛ. Kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ n̄alɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 taa nɛ pakʋm-kʋ hɩɖɛ se "Grippe espagnole". Kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa niidozo mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ piyeba nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛzɩ liu lɔʋ kpem, pitiba paa anɩ ɛ-nandʋ taa yem yɔɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba paawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔsɔɔ you ŋgʋ kʋ-tɔm kaʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pa-sɩm wiye. You ŋgʋ kiyeba nɛ lɛɣzʋʋ sɔsɔm sakɩyɛ lɩɩ ajɛɛ kominanaa taa.
Kɩcɩyɩ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɔɔlɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ajɛɛ ana yɔ "Austro-hongrois nɛ Russe nɛ Ottaman pa-ajɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣaɣ se "Empire allemand" yɔ, pɩtatasɩ wɛʋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ tatasɩ walʋʋ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ. Paɖaɣnɩ lɩzʋʋ Erɔɔpʋ nɛ "Proche-Orient" pɛ-tɛtʋ aŋjaʋnaa kɩfama. Komiinism yaa Temokraasii lɛɣzɩ "Monaarɩsii. Ɖooo mbʋ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe taafɛyɩna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpɛm. Kajalaɣ you lɩna nɛ kɩ-wayɩ kɛ ajɛɛ laba lɩmaɣzɛ se paɖʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩkandɩɣ ɖɩlʋ laŋhɛyɛ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Société des Nations (SDN).
Mbʋ piyeba nɛ you ŋgʋ kɩlɩɩ yɔ, pʋtɔɖɔɔ, pʋwɛ mamatʋka tɩyɛ. Mɩsɩ kʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 28, pɩnaɣ 1914 n̄ɩŋga taa Bosnie ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, ɛwɛ Serbe tɛtʋ taa, payaɣ-ɩ se Gavrilo Princip. Evebu ɛnɛ, ɛkʋ François-Ferdinand nɛ ɛlɛ halʋ. Ŋgʋ abalʋ ɛnɛ ɛkaɣna "austro-hongrois ɛjaɖɛ kpelaɣ kpaɣʋ ɖɩɖɩ n̄ʋʋdʋ sɩm wayɩ. Peeye Caama ɛjaɖɛ seɣti Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ se ɖitaasu tɔm ndʋ. Se ɖɩkʋyɩ Serbe tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ajɛɛ ɖoŋ n̄ɩna ndɩ ndɩ paɣzɩ ɖʋʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama. Naayɛ n̄atɩnɩɣ Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaa n̄atɩnɩ Bosnie n̄ɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʋʋ pɩlaba nɛ you kɔɔ kɩlɩɩ ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa. Ŋgʋ ajɛɛ ana a-taa sakɩyɛ kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe.


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Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ, Pɛrɩsanɩ taa lɛ, فارسی yaa پارسی kɛ Iraŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ peeɖe (Pɛrɩsɩ) nɛ Afganistani (Afghanistan) nɛ Tajiikisitaŋ ajɛyɛ taa ɖende kɩ-kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Bahrein nɛ Azerbaijaŋ nɛ Iraŋ (Pɛrɩsɩ mba cɩkpema) nɛ Ruusii nɛ Uuzɩbékɩsɩtaŋ (Tajiiki mba cɩkpema). Kɩlɩna Indɩ-Iraŋ agbela taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ lɛ Indɩ Eerɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa.
Kʊnʊŋ kɩ-tɛ yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ laɖʊ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊɣ nɛ lakaɣ. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, pamaɣ Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Arabɩ nɛ Pɛrɩsanɩ tɛ masɩ, Arabɩ masɩ lɛɛzɩŋ ŋgʊ sɩ nɛ zɩ payaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ nɛ sɩ-wɛna tʊkaɣ nɛ ɖama kpaɣ tɔm cɔlʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ salasɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Kpaɣ Tajiikisitaŋ nɛ Ruusii nɛ Azerbaijaŋ nɛ pɩtalɩ Uzbɛkɩsɩtaŋ ɖenɖe papɩsɩ-kʊ Sɩlavɩ mba kʊnʊŋ, pamaɣ Tajiikɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Sɩlavɩ mba tɛ masɩ.
Payaɣ-kʊ se fārsi (فارسی) Iraŋ nɛ Afɩgaanɩsɩtaŋ ajɛyɛ taa mbʊ kɛnɛ Arabɩ wɛtʊ taa yatʊ Parɩsɩ taa. Arabɩ masɩ taa fɛyɩ abalɩ mayaɣ P, Parɩsɩ yatʊ kɛ egeetiye taa yatʊ kɩbɩndʊ ɛlɛ, kɩnɩyaa nabɛya ɖɩna-kʊ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Hazara nɛ Tajiiki (kɩ-kɛ Azii Hɛkʊ taa yɔɔdɔɣ nakɛyɛ) yaa Dari (Afgaanɩsɩtaŋ egeetiye taa yatʊ). Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ payaɣ se Pɛrɩsanofonɩ waa.
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊn kɛ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ Indɩ-Iraŋ liɖe taa Indɩ Eerɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ɖanɩ maʊ piliŋga ŋga kɛ-tɛ huuu nɛ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnɛʊ yɔ. Pɛrɩsanɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ (avestique nɛ achéménide pɛrɩsɩ) hɛkʊ pɛrɩsanɩ (pehlevi, parthe nɛ sassanide pɛrɩsɩ), nɔnɔ pɛrɩsanɩ (dari…).
Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔɔzʊʊ masɩ naanza Arabɩ masɩ yɔ. Masɩ nzɩ sɩ-tɛ lɩna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ se nɔɔsɩ naanza nasɩyɛ lɩʊ Pɛrɩsanɩ yɔɔdɔɣ taa ɛlɛ, sɩ-fɛyɩ Arabɩ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛlɩnɛ cejewaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Payaɣ masɩ nzɩ se Pɛrso-Arabɩ masɩ.


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Toofɛnɩ
Toofɛnɩ kɛna lɩm taa kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kɩwɛ cétacé naa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ kɩ-kela pɩsɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa kagbanzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna nɔɔ ɖɛŋŋŋ. Toofɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊ yɔ, panaɣ-kʊ Delphinarium waa taa. Ŋgʊ payaɣ se kpakpalikiyaɣ sɔdʊ. Kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ payaɣ mbʊ yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔyɔ :
- Tiɣye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Delphinidés huye taa yɔ
- Delphinoïdes waa huye nɛ kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ sɩwɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa yɔ. Sɩwɛ Aazii pɔsɩ taa nɛ Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Toofɛŋna wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Patɩlɩɣ-wɛ nɛ sɩ-wɛɖiɣ taa yaa sɩ-palɩka taa.
Mbʊ pikpeliɣ toofɛnɩ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se pɛwɛ Odontocète naa tɛ huye taa. Cétacé naa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩyɩdʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ se toofɛŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papalɩ camɩyɛ ɛzɩ kpakpalikiyasi yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mba. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Narval nɛ Béluga mbʊ yɔ. Panɛ, papalaa pakɩlɩ toofɛŋna kɩpɩma tɩŋɛ. Marsouin waa lɛ, paba tatɩɩ talɩɣ-wɛɛ paalɩɣ paa ñɩɩɩ.


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Bapi bayɔkɔlaaka kacaacaa - ARAKAA 2016
Kiɖe ma, bapi tǝb-n'ʊɖǝn mbaɖee ba lee caacaa ɖe ma bayɔkɔɩ ba laa ma.
"Yɔ̂ naa aɖa" na "Ʊshilè" ba lee ka asǝ asǝ kafaawɩɩ kabʊpa nɖee ɩ sǝba aɖa atɩgɩkrǝ anii nɩ naa GʊGʊ aye a tɩ kpa ma. Kɩ̂ɖe ma abʊpa ɖe kagɩlopɩ́ atʊr.
GʊGʊ 8, ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra atʊr ɖaa gɩ ŋɔn ma. Kîɖe ma mbʊsaʊ 1 na mbʊsaʊ 2. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe : abʊsaʊ 1+2 (mp3) (ɩ saa cei)
Atakɔ́lɩ ɩ tǝbǝ gaɖuɩ ɩ cee ɖa ma, ace kaaɖuɖaka kpaakpaa :
revue-gugu.org/proverbes
Anii kǝbayarɩ baŋunii bɩfoto gaja kotoku-banyɩʊ-na-tǝb-n’ɩriu (2013) kaŋɔrɔ aboŋoka nɩ. Kîɖe ma mbʊsaʊ 4 na mbʊsaʊ 5 laŋ, ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra atʊr bayarɩ bʊwalʊ Saramaŋga kampá nɩ kafaawɩɩ. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 4+5 (mp3)
Atǝbʊmaŋkǝli, baa gapaŋa jɩ ga wʊɖa kǝbakiɖeka mbaɖee ba pɩ GʊGʊ kaatǝnleeɖu atɩ cam ʊyɔʊ naa ba naa sǝ̂ra na kaŋa na GʊGʊ kaŋkulo na tʊr abɔ na shee bɛrɛ ma. Ŋǝ̂ ma bɩfoto.
Ɖaɖaa kɩjɩʊ kʊfaŋʊ kabʊsaʊ kɩfoto tuutuuma mbaɖee ba ɖa apele na ɩ ma, ba noo. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra atʊr abʊsaʊ ɖe atɩya : mbʊsaʊ 6 na mbʊsaʊ 7. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 6+7 (mp3)
Ɩkaɖɩyɔmpi kabʊsaʊ kɩfoto tuutuuma mbaɖee ba ɖa apele na ɩ ma, ba noo. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra atʊr abʊsaʊ ɖe tɩya : mbʊsaʊ 4 na mbʊsaʊ 5. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 4+5 (mp3)
Atǝbʊmaŋkǝli mbʊɖee gɩ cǝ anii kapá ɩŋunii nɩ na para GʊGʊ kabʊsaʊ ma, kɩfoto ba ɖa ɛntɛrnɛt laŋ nnyǝmǝ. Arɛ̀ nɖee a na yɛɛ a ŋǝ̂ ma, a taa sǝ̂ra akiɖe bʊ. Bʊmaŋkǝli bʊɖe nɩ, ɩkoloji ba ɖa ncǝn apele na seemija baja bagaɖuyiɖeka. Bʊmaŋkǝli bʊ pa akoo-n'ɩnʊn, ɩkoloji ba pa tǝb-n'ʊɖǝn.
Kíɖe ma GʊGʊ kǝbatǝnleeja bɩfoto na bayɩɖa.
Aɖɩtɛnɛɛ afɔnɔ 'aŋɔrɔ 10 kaja 'ʊshile 17 kʊja gaja 2011, na gɩ tine GʊGʊ kagʊbɔ SIL kaatǝnleeɖu Bashɩɖɩ, ŋkǝlǝ Ajegulɛ. AtaMɛɛr ATA Amiiɖu a tǝɖǝ ka ɖambara nɖee ba tǝʊ ashee ʊtinu ma. GʊGʊ kaŋkulo na bɛrɛ tuutuuma ba pɩ ʊtinu ɖe. Ataraɖiyoo Ɛfɛm Kufɛ kǝbaja baɖǝn ba pɩ. Bashɩɖɩ kaamaŋkǝli gasǝbaka jɩ gɩ tine n'ataGʊGʊ.


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Kitaari
Kitaari kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ palabɩ-kʋ nɛ nimasi yɔ. Nimasi ńzɩ, palaba-sɩ nɛ sɩkpɩtɩna ɖama. Sɩwɛ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ sɩwɛɛ kandɩmaŋgandɩ tɩyɛ. Sɩwɛ sɩ-mabʋ kpata yɔɔ ɖama taa kɛ tisuu weŋgalaɣ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɩyɛ ɖɩɖɔkɩyɛ taa. Wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɛsɛtɩ-wɛ fɩrɛtɩ tɩyɛ.
Pɔ-yɔɔ peeɖe pan̄ɩkɩɣna nee nimaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nee nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu ndɩ ndɩ. Nesi lɛɛsɩ kpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu. Cɩkpaŋ pakpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nzɩ. Kitaari waa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna nimasɩ loɖo.
Kitaari kɛna anasaayɩwaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛ nsʋlɩmɩyɛ taa lɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩla tɔyʋʋ yɔ minziiki tʋma wondu hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Kitaari kʋnɛ, kɩ-tʋkaɣ nɛ minziiki wondu lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-wɛtʋ wɛ mbʋ yɔ tɩtaa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ: balalaïka, nɛ bouzouki, nɛ charango, nɛ luth, nɛ mandoline, nɛ oud, nɛ théorbe, nɛ pɩtasɩna ukulele nɛ ɛ-wɛɖʋ, nɛ nabʋlɛ taa lɛ nimaɣ wena wena palʋ n̄ɛ kitaari taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : viola, violão, cavaco nɛ cavaquinho (Piresviili), nɛ tiple, nɛ requinto (Amerika taa nɛ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ taa). Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pɛ-tɛ ambitus yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ suye tɔnɛ yɔɔ.


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Mahomet
Mahomet (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa محمد, paɖɩnɩɣ maʊ se Muḥammad), ɖɔɖɔ pɛɖɛyɩ se Muḥammad yaa Mohammed, ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩŋa yɔ Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyʊ, ɛlakɩ politiki tɔm nɛ arabɩ sɔɔja, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Quraych kiŋ. Ɛnʊ tɩna malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kiɖe, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ nayʊ siŋ. Malɩŋ ɛyaa kpekiɣ se pʊwɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Mecque pɩnaɣ 570 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛsɩ Medine pɩnaɣ 632.
Malɩŋ tɛ ñɔʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-wazaɣ pazaɣ pɩcaɣ ɛyaa fezuu caʊʊ yɔɔ piŋ pɩ-tɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa, yebina nɛ Mahomet pɩsɩ sɩʊʊ siŋ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩtʊ caɣ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, aseeɖe tɔm natʊyʊ tɔɖɔɔ ɛ-yɔɔ siŋ, pɩwɛɛ kaɖɛ se pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm keeke ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ndɩ yɔ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ tʊ. Ceu tɔm takayaɣ maɣmaɣ taa, pɔyɔɔda ɛ-tɔm ŋñɩɩ yem. Tɔm naananza yeke koŋ pɔyɔɔda ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ŋgʊ ɛnʊ ɛzɩ Yesuu weyi paya-ɩ se 'Īsā, yɔ pɔyɔɔda ɛlɛ tɔm halɩ tam hiu nɛ naalɛ taa mbʊ yɔ halɩ pacʊnɩ-ɩ kpem pɩkɩlɩ Mahomet tɩtɩŋa ɛzɩ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Messi, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu (sourate ñʊŋ 4 ŋtalɩ 91).
Ceu takayaɣ taa lɛ paya Mahomet se ummî, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩsɩŋɩlʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛtaatɩlɩ kalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛɛsɩŋ maʊʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ nabayɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, petekizi se ɛɛsɩŋ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm nɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ matʊ. Lalaa cɔlɔ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se ummî tɔbʊʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ paasɩŋ kalɩtʊ nɛ matʊ yɔ yaa ɛyaa mba matʊ kiɖeɖetu yɔ. Pʊwayi payɩ yɔ, tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Mohamed Talbi tɔŋ se ɛɛsɩma kalɩtʊ piŋ nɛ matʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛsa kaakula camɩyɛ.
`Abdullâh ibn `Abd al-Muttalib nɛ Amina bint Wahb palʊlana-ɩ. `Abdullah kaakɛ `Abd Al-Muttalib pɩyalʊ, ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ kɛ Hachîm pɩɣa, Quraychite waa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa, ɛnʊ kɛna Mecque komina ñʊʊ tʊ, ɛnʊ cɔnɩna Kaba ɖɩɣa ñɩm yɔɔ. Amina ñaakɛ Whab ibn `Abd Al-Manaf, ɛlɛ ñaakɛna tamaɣ tɔyʊʊ kɛ Banu Zuhrah cejewiye taa.


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John Ford
John Ford, weyi palʊla-ɩ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ lʊlʊʊ takayaɣ lɛ paya-ɩ se John Martin Feeney. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ hendʊ teu tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ tɩ-lɩzɩyʊ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1894 Cape Elizabeth pɩcɔtɩna Portland (Maine tɛtʊ taa) nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1973 Palm Desert (Califormie). Ɛmʊ niye laɖa ta mbʊ lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩ-tɛ kɩhɛyʊʊ tam nabʊnza.
Pasɩma kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlakɩ kʊñʊŋ piŋ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa sakɩyɛ leba yaa natozo yɔɔ lɛ, kʊyʊm mbilim fɛyɩ. Pada lɛɛkʊ Upstream (pɩnaɣ 1927) paamaza se kileba ɛlɛ kitele, pʊwayi lɛ, pɔkɔɔ pana-kʊ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2010.
John Feeney, weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ John Ford yɔ palʊla-ɩ Irlandi caɣyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa tɛ kaakɛ nɛ An Spidéal kiŋ Galway ajɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo tɛ Aran lɩm cɔ ajɛyɛ wena nɛ pɩta yɔ ataa kiŋ. John kɛ tɩnʊʊ kɛ piya hiu nɛ kʊyʊm hɛkʊ taa ɛlɛ pada natozo sɩba cɩɩɩ cɩɩɩ, nɛ naalɛ ñasɩ lɛ pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pazɩ pazɩ yem nɛ piya kʊdɔmɩŋ. Ɛ-caa kaatɛma kɛʊ kpagbasɩ kpayʊ nɛ lakʊ taa ɛyʊ wayi lɛ, ɛkʊyɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ Amerika tʊ pɩnaɣ 1878 yaa 1880. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlɩ Portland speakeasy pɩnaɣ 1897 ɖenɖe Irlandi ɛyaa samaɣ kpeɣluu peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1914, John Martin ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Maine sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ wiɖii etowolo kɩ-taa kpa nɛ ɛna. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊʊ Francis kaawɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊna-ɩ Hollywood tɔm. John Martin kpaɣ maɣzɩm mbʊ se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa. Pʊkɔma hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa lɛ, ewolo Hollywood nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ. Pʊwaza kɛlɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ sɩnɩma tʊma wena ɛ-ɖalʊʊ lakaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba ɛ-ɖalʊʊ teɣa nɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ.
Ɛkatɩ pɛlɔ Mary McBryde Smith tʊ ɛ-tɛ Ilandi Ecossais kiŋ, weyi ɛkɔma ɛkpaɣ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1920. Thomas More pɩɣa kɛlɛ ɛlɛ kɛ politiki ɛyʊ. Ɛ-nɛ ɛ-walʊ paya ɖama nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, hɔʊ kʊkɔɔ kɩɖanɩɣ ɖɔkʊʊ nisi cɔɔcɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1941, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ sɩba yɔ. Pɛwɛna piya naalɛ, Patrick Michael palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1921 nɛ Barbara palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1922.


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Pagidaadɩ
Pakidaadɩ kɛna Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kɩlomɛmetanaa agbapa 1 134 yɔ. Pakalɩo ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 2012 lɛ, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ 10 710 350 yɔ nɛ kilomɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 445 yɔ papɩzʊʊ nɛ pana.
Payaɣ Pakidaadɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Zekra Alwach. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Iirakɩɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tiiri yɔ kalɩɣna Turki lɛ, peeɖe kɛtɛzʊʊ na nɛ pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ kɩkpɛndɩ Efirati pɔɔ taa. Yeee pakpaɣ pakidaadi tɛtʊ tɩŋga payɩ kɔyɔ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa lʊbɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩkɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Araabʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa nɛ Mʊwayɛŋ-Oriyaŋ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛsɔtaa looɖaa, tataa ñɩna yaa sulukiŋ kpayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋʊna. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008 nɛ sɔnɔɔ mbʊ yɔ Pagidaadɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa you sʊsɔʊ nakƴʊ wɛɛ nɛkɩñamsʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ pɩlɩɩna you ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɛwɛ Iirakɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ kʊ yɔɔ.


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Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ (Révolution russe)
Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ kɛ wɛtʊ naa mba patɩŋga payɩ pɔkɔma pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ potuzina ɖoŋ ɖoŋ Tsar kewiyitu Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛɣla fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ aloma fenaɣ Bolchevik ɛyaa kpaɣ kewiyaɣ nɛ pasɩ Lenin kewiyitu (kpɛndɛ ŋgbɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewitu). Pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩna you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa.
You ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Bolchevik ɛyaa nɛ sɔɔjanaa kʊlʊma ɛyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛyaa lalaa (Makhnovchtchina nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ sɔɔjanaa). Pɩ-tɛ you ŋgʊ kɩtɩna se Ruusi tɔsʊʊ huu ɛpasɩ yaa ɛtɔlɩ, ŋgʊ kɩɩpazɩna you ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ sɩm ñɔɔsɩ nasɩyɛ. You ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩna se bolchevik ɛyaa wabɩna nɛ pɩtɩŋna tɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, URSS tɛ ɖoŋ yɔɔ lɛ, paɖanɩɣ maʊ canaʊ Ampiri ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ. Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ yeba nɛ pasɩ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu aŋgba ɛzɩ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩnɩɣ tɔmpiye ndɩ yɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, you sɔsɔʊ tɩna tɔm ndʊ, Ruusi kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ 20 kpaɣɖʊ tobi tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keem nɛ kiɖe ndɩ ɖɩtʊla ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ pɩlɩna Erɔpʊ taa you pɩnaɣ 1914 taa nɛ ɖɩtɛmna pɩnaɣ 1991 se URSS mʊwaa.
You ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔnɛ nɛ kɩ-laɣsɩ tɩŋga payi kɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɔna ɛyaa tɔm pɔzʊʊ nɛ kpeɣtu ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa yaa mayaa tɛyaa nɛ pɔpɔzɩɣ pa-tɩ se lɛɣla fenaɣ tɛ lɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ pɔzaɣ koŋ kɛ aloma tɛ lɛzɩtʊ yaawe. Aloma fenaɣ tɛ wɛtʊ ( kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ, kewiyaɣ tuzuu yaa pa-naalɛ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ yaawe), Ruusi ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ Soviyetiki paɣtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ pazɩtʊ kɔna ɖɔɖɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ.
Pagbaɣa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pasɩ-wɛ awiyaa sɔsaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩta wɛɛna waɖɛ se pala pɔsɔɔlɩm yɔɔ tʊma. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ pɩtɩŋna wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Alexandre 2 tʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1861 alɩwaatʊ taa kɔna ɖooo canaʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ. Patɩ caŋga pɛtɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, mba pɔɖɔwaɣa-wɛ mbʊ yɔ pɛɖɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ anasaayɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa tʊma laɖa siŋ.
Pɩkpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Ruusi tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ, nɛ ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ taa piŋ nɛ pʊkɔna ɛsakuliye siŋ. Sɔndʊʊ paɣzɩ kpaʊ canaʊ paɣtʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ tanɩm taa tɩnaa. Tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa keeke.


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Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ
Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ kɛna Amerika ilemiye taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ peeɖe taa lɛ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Amerika ilemiye taa nɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Hɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, piyele Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ɖɩwɛna ɖɩɖɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ.
Pamaza Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 20 742 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Amerika ilemiye taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ peeɖe taa lɛ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ɛlɛ peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ km2 taa nɛ patalɩɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 305 yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 328 196 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 68 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Salɩvaadɔɔrɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Salvador Sanchez Cerén.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se San Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +503 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ Augusto Coello lubina-tʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ se ŋkɛ ɛsɔtaa mʊndʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Etaazuunii tɔɔlaarɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa kpadayɩɣʊ pɩsɩɩna ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 72,3 yɔ nɛ halaa ñatalɩɣʊ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 77 yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: Katolika mba (50 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 36%), ɛyaa yem waa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se mba paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 3 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.


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Kayaɣ
Kayaɣ kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊlɛ ndʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kacalaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Loma. Kayaɣ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kayaɣ egeetiye tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ, ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ 109 287 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tiposina Loma ñɩndʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 400 yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ kabɩyɛ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Piya tɛtʊ. Piya kɛ palʊla Togo ñʊʊdʊ kɩpɩnʊ Gnassingbé Eyadema, pɩlaʊ tɔkɩ hɩɖeɛ ɛɛsɔʊ.
Togo taa tɔsʊʊ tʊma lona hɔɔlɩŋ kpɛnda kagbaanzɩ: Kadasɩ hɔɔlʊʊ (Savanes); Kayaɣ hɔɔʊʊ, Hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ (Centrale), Piyisi yɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ (Plateaux) nɛ Teŋgu nɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɩsɩ kamaɣ nɛ Sɔgɔɖɛyɩ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ Tapaŋgʊ, pɩyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Peenɛɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kana ɛjaɖɛ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Kayaɣ kaakɛ Lama kantɔɔ tɛtʊ nɛ Kayaɣ pɔɔ wɛ tɩ-taa. Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Lama Kayaɣ pʊcɔ nɛ anasayɩ sɛtʊhɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Kayaɣ Kayaɣ.
Kayaɣ egeetiye taa agoma ɖɩsɩ sakɩyɛ, liidiya kpoŋ sakɩyɛ, kaŋgalafunaa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ, anasayɩ sʊlʊm ɖɩsayɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ politiki ŋgbɛɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ-ɖɩ se RPT ɖɩ-kpelaɣ wɛɛ. Kayaɣ tɛtʊ pɩzɩʊ tɩmʊ agɔma yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena mba, pɩlɩɩna Ñamtʊʊ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa kadaɣ yɔɔ, kadaɣ ŋga katakɩlɩ posinau Kayaɣ tɛtʊ.
Loma taa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa kadaɣ sɔsɔwa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ŋga kɩlɩɣna agɔma yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena mba mʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kaka wɛ teŋgu nɔɔ kpam. Ɛlɛ pɩsa nɛ pʊɖʊ ɛyaa hʊnʊm nɛ pakpaɣ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa kɛ Namtʊʊ yaa petii peeɖe lɛ, komina wɛɛ kɩcɛyʊ kɩ-tɩ se kɩñɔɔzɩ peeɖe ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa kadaɣ nɛ kɑtasɩ walɩɣ nɛ kɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖeu camɩyɛ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩʊ yɔɔdʊʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ kabɩyɛ nɛ kotokoli. Lonaa nɛ ahʊna mba ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ peeɖe. Kabɩyɛ nɛ kotokoli pɛkɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛñɔtɩna ɖama yɔɔdaɣ taa yɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ mba wɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe.
Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, palʊkɩ Kayaɣ tɛtʊ taa. Pɩkɛna sɔnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ siŋŋŋ nasɩyɛ nɛ paa aseɣɖe tʊ weyi kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo nɛ ɛkpaɣ lʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa taa.
Ɛfalaa mba, pɩ-tɛ sɔnzɩ yebina nɛ payaɣ pɩ-tɛ fenaɣ ŋga se Ɛfalaa fenaɣ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa anɩ ɛkɛʊna ɛfala, pɩwɛɛ sɛ ɛyʊ ɛkɛ kabɩyɛ pɩɣa fayɩɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛfebu ɛwɛɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 18 nɛ 25 yɔ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, kabɩyɛ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔɔzʊʊ ɛyʊ, pɛlɛɛ-ɩ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛkpaɣ halʊ, ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛ lɛɣzʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ, efebu pɩzɩɣ ɛkpaɣ halʊ pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔzɩ-ɩ yaa papɩzɩʊ pɔtɔɔzɩ-ɩ, pɛlɛɛ-ɩ ɛtaatɩɩ kpaɣda halʊ.


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Pilim ñʊʊ
Pilim ñʊʊ, tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pilim ñʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ kalɩyaɣ ŋga keyeba se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ kʊɖʊm kʊɖʊm kalʊʊ. Pɩsaŋ nɛ pakalɩɣ wondu kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋ se kaʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, kaŋ naalɛ, takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, takayasɩ naalɛ. Pilim ñʊʊ ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pama-kʊ nɛ kalɩyasɩ pɩtɛ. Paa ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛwɛna ka-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa, nɛ kalɩyasɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ Richard Dekekind lɩza tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ paɖanɩɣ tɔm lɛɛtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊtʊ ñɔtɔŋ se mayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pɩdaa. Tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ a-tɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ tɔm wɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ.
Pilim ñʊŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖama taa wɛʊ, nɛ sɔzʊʊ akɔnta nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ huuduu, kaakɛna ɖooo krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tʊzɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ payaɣa se ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pekpeɣ pilim ñʊŋ maʊʊ tɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peano nɛ Dedekind pɔ-yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa padakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa ɛzɩ mayaɣ pilim ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, (ŋgʊ lalaa ñañɩkɩɣ niiye kɔyɔ), mbʊ yebina nɛ kpeɣtu kajalaɣ ñɩndʊ tɛlɛzɩ.
Pilim kalɩyasɩ kpeekpe, kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa wɛ sɩ-taa yaa kɛfɛyɩ, sɩ-tɩŋa payi payʊsa-sɩ mayaɣ N. Dedekind palɩzɩ mayaɣ ŋga pɩnaɣ 1888, nɛ payaɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ pasɩma mbʊ se pɩkɛ pilim masɩ kpeekpe tɔm.


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Ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Pɔtɔŋʋʋ se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔ, pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza naalɛ kpɛndʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Albert Einstein labanɩ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza tʋma sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyɔɔdaa se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza wɛ tam naalɛ taa : kajalaɣ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtawalɩ yɔ. Nabʋlɛ lɛ, ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩwalɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ.
Ɛlɛ, ɖooo caanaʋ taa lɛɣtʋ pilŋa tɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Galilée ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza kpɛnda tam naalɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ patamsɩna ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Galilée tʋma nɛ sɔsɔ Newton ñɩna.
Dooo pɩnaɣ 1906 taa tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ, sɔsɔ Max Planck paɣzɩ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza labɩnaʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ, ɛñɩɣ nesi kpem ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ ɖɔnɛ yɔɔ.
Ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyʋ Alfred Bucherer calɩ yɔɔdʋʋ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm.
Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyaa mba, patɩlaa se caɣyɛ nɛ alɩwaatʋ pɛkɛ kʋɖʋm. Pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ñalɩmɩyɛ seɣ seu mbʋ kpɛɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩɩlɛɣzɩ.


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Sɩbɔrgɩyɔm
Sɩbɔrgɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 106 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sg. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ, pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1974 ɛlɛ Etaazuunii nɛ URSS aŋgba kɛlɛ paa nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ labʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ niikaɣ you alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ poyou pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ. You ŋgʊ pɔkɔɔ pehiɣ ɖama nɩnaʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1997 pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma pʊtʊ 104 nɛ 108 wabɩtʊ yɔɔ kɛlɛ paha pʊtʊ 106 hɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna Glenn Seaborg hɩɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ ɛyʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tʊ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ mʊna samtʊ piŋ yɔ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa.
Ɛkɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, kɛlɛ a-agbele kʊyʊm nɔyʊ pasɩma 269Sg nɛ ɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ alɩwaatʊ maɣna cɛjɛsɩ 3,1. Pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛwɛ tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ tɛɛ nɛ ɛwɛtʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa yɔ. Wiluu nɛ takɩɣ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ naalɛ taa pana pʊtʊ 106.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1974 mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Soviyetiki ñɩnɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Gueorgui Fliorov kɛ pɩdaa yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa Doubna tɛtʊ taa tɔŋ se palaba agbele nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ilimiye ñʊʊ kɔyɔ 259 nɛ pekpekiɣ se pɩkɛʊ sɩbɔrgɩyɔm 260.
Mbʊ pɩkɛwa se Amerika ɛyaa tʊma yɔɔ pɛlɛɛ tisiɣ mbʊ lɛ, papa tɔ se payaa pʊtʊ ɛnʊ sɩbɔrgɩyɔm pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Glenn T. Seaborg yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɔna ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ Seaborg tɩtɩŋa kaawɛ ɛtaatɩɩ sɩbɩta. Kedeŋga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se pɩɩwɛ se Berkeley nɛ Doubna wiluu nɛ takɩɣ tʊma ɛtɛyɩ pʊtʊ ɛ-natʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ liidiye pɩnaɣ 1992.


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Nancii sukuli
Nancii sukuli kɩ nɛ Salpêtre sukuli, kɩkɛ sukuli naa taa sukuli lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ kʊɖʊ nesi piŋ ɖom haʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1882 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1892. Kɩ-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ fɛɖʊ Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, ɖɔkɔtɔ wɩlɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Hippolyte Bernheim, tɔm hʊyʊ Jules Liégeois nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ Henri Beaunis. Pasɩma Liébeault nɛ Bernheim kɔɔ laɣsɩ ɖom kɔnaʊ sɔsɔtʊ, pɩtɩŋna tɔm pɔzɩtʊ kpaagbaa nɛ tɩkɛ se pɩpaɣzɩ-ŋ nɩɣ yaa pɔtɔŋ se pɩpazɩɣ mɩ-yɔɔ wɩɣ pazɩ pazɩ.
Ɖɔkɔtɔ naa mɛwɛ mandɩ yɔɔ waa mba pa-hɩla kaakɩlɩ sɛʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, Sigmund Freud ñɩŋʊ Emile Coué kɛlɛ ŋtɩŋɩɣna Auguste Forel nɛ Joseph Delboeuf, wolo pana Bernheim nɛ Liebeault tʊmɩyɛ labʊ.
You ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Nancii sukuli nɛ Salpêtre sukuli ŋgʊ Jean-Martin Charcot tɩna ɛkʊ taa kɔyɔ pɔhɔŋaɣ ɖama pɩlɩna mbʊ panɩɩ ɖom haʊʊ tɔbʊʊ wɛɛ ana a-taa, ɛyaa mba paakɛ Bernheim wayi yɔ tɔŋ se pɩɩkɛ ɖom yem kɛlɛʊ. Pɩ-tɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ tiyele se pañɩnɩ siŋ ɖom haʊʊ yɔɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kpaɣɖʊ 20, ɛzɩ aseɣɖe tɩnaa nabayɛ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Clark Leonard Hull nɛ Theodore Barber tʊma yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ.
Pɩta ɖaŋɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ sakɩyɛ nabayɛ se pala tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa taa, pa-taa kɔyɔ Charles Deslon, Jules Cloquet, Alexandre Bertrand, le professeur Husson, Léon Rostan, François Broussais, Étienne-Jean Georget, Didier Berna nɛ Alphonse Teste. Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɛ mbʊ se kpɩnɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɛhɔ lɛɛɖɛ yɔ tɛkɛ tɔm natʊyʊ se pekizi-tʊ kɛlɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sakɩyɛ la tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔm ndʊ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ David Ferdinand Koreff, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Karl Alexander Ferdinand Kluge, Karl Christian Wolfart, Karl Schelling, PJustinus Kerner James, Esdaile John Elliotson.


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Kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu kɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ kɩkpɛndʋʋ. Nazɩyaa (protons) cabɩ wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ nazɩyaa ḿba pa-ñʋʋ.
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa nazɩyaa ñʋʋ kɛ mayaɣ « Z ». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pâma mayaɣ « Z » kɔyɔ, pʋwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ nazɩyaa ñʋʋ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ.
Patɩlɩɣ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu tɛ wɛtʋ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɛ nazɩyʋ piye wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Nazɩyʋ piye wɛtʋ ñalɩɣna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa piye tɛ sɩɣlɩyaa ñʋʋ cɔlɔ.
Mbʋ yebina nɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɩŋa mba pɛwɛna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ tɛ mayaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ yɔ, patɩŋa pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ wonduu wɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ. Pɩtɛɛ lɛ, kpɛlɩ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa taa pe pɩzɩɣ pɛfɛyɩna patɩŋa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa ñʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ.
Pe naayɩ taa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔɖɔɔ pakɩlɩ pe lɛɛna taa ñɩma. Kpɛlɩ wonduu taa natʋyʋ hɩla yɔ : Idrozɛɛnɩ nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ azɔɔtɩ nɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ nɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ kuwifrɩ nɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sika.
Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama se yee pama mayaɣ « H » kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ Hidrɔzɛnɩ nɛ pâma mayaɣ « C » lɛ, pɩkɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ. Mayaɣ « N » ñawɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Azɔɔtɩ nɛ mayaɣ « O » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ. « Fe » wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ « Cu » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kwivrɩ. « Ag » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ liidiye ñɩlɩm nɛ piyele « Au » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ sika. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kpɛlɩ wonduu ñʋʋ kɛ 118.


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Tɛtʋ wandamm (Continent)
Tɛtʋ wandamm wandamm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ajɛya sakɩyɛ wɛɛ yɔ, tɩkpɛnda loɖo (6) kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna.
Tɛtʋ wandamm waa ḿba, mbaa yɔ:
- Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm
- Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm
- Amerika nɛ hayi nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm
- Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm
- Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm
- Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm
Ajɛya nɩɩnʋwa nɛ kagbaanzɩ (55) wɛna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) ñɛwɛna Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ajɛya hiŋ naanza nɛ kagbaanzɩ (45) wɛna Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ piyele ajɛya hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɛwɛɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nakʋ (59) wɛna Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Piyele ajɛya hiŋ naanza nɛ loɖo (46) ñɛwɛɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, ajɛya nakʋ ñɛwɛna. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm taa ajɛya kɔzaa. Ajɛya naanza (4) ɖeke wɛna tɛtʋ wandamm ńdʋ tɩ-taa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa ajɛya kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ. Kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋ ajɛya ɖɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna se tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ kɩlɩ walanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ kɛ 30 415 873 km2. Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ miiliyɔɔ waa hiŋ naanza nɛ naalɛ (42) km2 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 10 392 855 km2. Piyele Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 43 810 582 km2. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naanza (14) km2 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 8 525 989 km2. Yee mbʋ, ɖɩnaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm waa loɖo mba pa-taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, ɖɩcɔŋna nɛ ɖɩna se tɛtʋ wandamm waa mba pa-taa lɛ, ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa lɛ, ɛyaa 1,2 miiliyaa waa kɛwɛna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 324 miiliyɔɔ waa ñɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa nɛ ɛyaa 4.436 piiliyɔɔ (billion) waa ñɛwɛɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Pɩnaɣ kanɛ ka-taa ɛyaa 739 081 202 pɛtɛma naʋ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa piyele nɛ pana ɛyaa 40 467 040 kɛ Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, patapɩzɩda patɩlɩ ɛyaa ñʋʋ.


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Niyagara lɩmfalɩyɛ
Lɩmfala naatozo naayɛ kpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Niyagara lɩmfalɩyɛ. Lɩmfala ana awɛ Niyagara pɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ akpaɣna Eriiyee kujomuu piwolo pɩsɩɩna Antaariyoo ñɩŋgʊ, Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛna Kanadaa nɛ Etaazunii pa-kamaɣ taa. Lɩmfala anaa yɔ: Kpaŋnʊ ñɩɩyʊʊ yaa Kanadaa lɩmfalɩyɛ, Amerika lɩmfalɩyɛ nɛ Asɛyʊ weyi ɛɖɛʊ walʊʊ yɔ etoko « voile de la mariée ». Ɖooo Niyagara piyisi yɔɔ lɩm kpɛzʊna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 900 000 yɔ nɛ kɩpɩɩ kɛcɛlɛŋga sɔsɔɣa nakayɩ taa, lɩm tɔyɩ pɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 945 yɔ pɔcɔ pɩtalɩ ɖooo pʊʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩfalɩ cʊʊʊ.
Niyagara lɩmwada anɛ, paa atɩkʊyɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, awalaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. A-tɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ alɩwaatʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩla ɛzɩ 2 800 m3/s yɔ nɛ lɩmwada ana akɩlɩ ɖoŋ Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ awɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmwada wena pakɩla-yɛ sɩm yɔ a-taa. Lɩmwada anɛ awɛ kacʊka kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtasɩɩna a-keɖewa yɔɔ, akɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖ laadriki miŋ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɔsʊʊ kpou mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, peeɖe kɛŋna ɛsɩyɛ egbena loniye kɩpanɖɛ siŋŋŋ.


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Paɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ (Juriste)
Paɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ kɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa lɔŋ sɩnɖʊʊ sɔsɔ yaa aseɣɖe lɔŋtʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ taa wɛ lɔŋ kpayi kpayi yɔ yaa ɛyʊ siŋ paɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se pamazɩɣ se ɛkɛ ɛzɩ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa sɩnayʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga yɔɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2009 tɔm yɔkʊʊ kpaaŋ yaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ sɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ tɔm hʊyʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ lɔŋ tasʊʊ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1971 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɩkɛ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ sɩnayʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ kpaaŋ taa pɩlɩna tiyuu mbʊ peyekina-ɩ pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ tɔm hʊʊ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pʊcɔ lɛ, pamaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɔm kʊjɔŋ kpaaŋ taa lɔŋ sɩnɖaa takayaɣ kɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ nakʊyʊ taa. Tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ lɩzɩɣna-ɩ se ɛkɔna ɛ-tambɔyɛ lɛɛtʊ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-wɛ camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩtɩŋga pɩɖɩna lɛɛzɩɣ.
Tɔm hʊyaa sɔsaa wɛna pɔjɔlɔ ɛyaa mba pasɩma lɔŋ yɔ camɩyɛ hɩlaa. Palaba-sɩ paa tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa nɛ pakalʊʊ ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʊma yɔ. Pʊcɔ ŋwɛ takayaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩpɔzɩɣ se pasɩmɩŋ se ŋlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋla takayasɩ se pɩwɩlɩɣ se ŋlʊkɩ se ŋhiɣ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ɛjadɛ taa waɖɛ haʊ takayaɣ mʊyʊ cɔlɔ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa yaa ɛtʊmɩyɛ taa yaa ɛ-ɖɩɣa taa yee ɛtɛma wobu hɛzʊʊ kɔyɔ.
Mbʊ lɛ, ŋpɩzɩɣ ŋtɔ ñatɩ se ŋkɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖʊ tɔm kʊjɔŋ 5 taa. Mbʊ lɛ, tɔm hʊyʊ ɛtasɩɣ lɩzɩɣ lɔŋ sɩnɖʊ hɩla takayaɣ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ tɛwɛda.
Kajalaɣ hɩɖɛ maʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ kpaaŋ takayaɣ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩɣ naatozo tɛ aseɣɖe pɩyʊʊ siŋ. Tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖʊ siŋ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa kɛ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga ndʊ tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ ɖʊ-ɩ yɔ. Lɔŋ tɩlɩyɛ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, lɔŋ tɩlɩyʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛnɩɣɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛ-tɔm ɛlɛ, yee tɔm yɔɔ ñɩnɩyʊ tɔm hʊyʊ ɛha-ɩ waɖɛ faɖɩɖɩ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ samaɣ lɩmaɣza taa kɛ lɔŋ tɩlɩyɛ kediizasi nɛ yɔɔdasɩ nzɩ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ. Lɔŋ tɩlɩyʊʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-sɩnda tɔbʊʊ se lonaa wena a-taa ɛkatɩɣ tɔm ndʊ pɩpɔzʊʊ se ɛɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, lɔŋ tʊmɩyɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ tamʊna kɩyaakɩŋ tɩŋga lɔŋ tɩlɩyɛ laɣsɩ.
Paɣtʋ tɩlɩyaa sɔsaaÑɔɔzɩ
- The great Tribonian.jpg
- Francisco vitoria.jpg


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Komiinism
Ɛbɛ payaɣ se Komiinizim? Ɛyaa tɩŋa kpɛndʋʋ nɛ patɩɣyɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔ payaɣ ḿbʋ. Mba pɔsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa ɩkpɛndɩ pa-tɩŋa nɛ patɩɣyɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔ, mba lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza ana. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ. Komiinizim lɩmaɣza ha siɣye nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se Kapitaalism yɔ. Kapitaalism lɩmaɣzɛ kɔyɔ se pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛtɩlɩ se ɛ-n̄ɩm kɔyɔ nɛ lɛlʋ n̄ɩmbʋ kɛlɛ. Komiinizim tɔsɔɔlɩ se payaa se ɛnɛ yɔ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ n̄ɩma yɔ. Komiinizim tɔŋ se pʋwɛɛ se ɛyaa tɩŋa ɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ. Poyo you sɔsɔʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ nɛ kɩtɛ lɛ, komiinizim lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩwa. Mba payaɣ se "Bolchevikwaa" yɔ, mba tulusina you ŋgʋ. Komiinizim lɩmaɣza lɩna you ŋgʋ kɩɩwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ kʋ-cɔlɔ.
Kajalaɣ taa paaɣ lɛ, komiinizim tɔsɔɔlɩ se palɩzɩ nɔɔyʋ se ɛnʋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ n̄ɩma n̄ɛwɛɛ. Kʋsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa tɩŋa ɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ, n̄ɩmdʋ ɛtaawɛɛ, kʋn̄ɔndʋ ɛtaawɛɛ. Liidiye tɔm fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔyʋ nɛ lɛlʋ patɛyɩɣ pʋyʋ. Ɛyaa tɩŋa tɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ hiŋ naanza nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ yɔ, weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ, ɛlɩzʋʋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa sɔsɔ Lénin ɖiya Bolchevikwaa nɛ pamʋ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa peyebi yaʋ se Komiinizim nɛ payaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe politiki ŋgbɛyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Lénin nɛ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa paya Komiinizim se "Komintɛrn". Mbʋ yɔ, pɔsɔɔlaa se Komiinizim aŋgba tɩŋa ɩla nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1922 taa "URSS" ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɔɔ. Nɖɩ cɔŋnana Komiitɛrn aŋgba tɩŋa yɔɔ. Aŋgba naayɛ kʋyɩ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɩɖɩ wɛɛ ɖɩɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ yɔɔ. Aŋgba wena akʋyɩ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ yɔ, a-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Gauche Koministi" yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se "Trotskysme" yɔ. Lénine sɩm wayɩ lɛ, weyi payaɣ se Joseph Staline yɔ, ɛlɛ yaa ɛ-tɩ se URSS ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ nɛ eɖiyiɣ Komiitɛrn ŋgbɛyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛn̄ɩŋgʋ lɩwa lɛ, URSS ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ panɩɩna ɖama se pataala ɖama you. Ɛlɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ maana taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩkʋyɩ URSS ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩla-ɖɩ you. Pʋ-yɔɔ URSS sɔɔjanaa lʋba siŋŋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "nazisme" yɔ, pɩtɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa caŋŋ. URSS ɛjaɖɛ kɔma ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔɔjanaa kɩlɩ ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ pɩnaɣ 1945 wayɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ kɩmʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ alɛ pɩsɩ Komiinizim ajɛɛ nɛ URSS nɛ yɛ pala nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ Komiinizim n̄ɩnɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1949. Kimiinizim ajɛɛ labʋ nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ yɔ yebina nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ tɛyɩ ɖama huwa ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se you nakʋyʋ kɛwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ URSS ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɛna wena akizi Komiinizim lɩmaɣzɛ yɔ a-hɛkʋ taa. Ajɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, ajɛɛ wena akpɛndɩ kpɛm Amerika tɛtʋ taa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, nɖɩ kakɩlɩna ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɖɩlʋbɩna siŋŋ URSS ɛjaɖɛ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Sovietiki n̄ɩnɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa taabalɩyɛ cɛba lɛ, Mao Zedong yele nɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Siini lʋ lʋbɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ndɩ kpem. Komiinizim kɔma kɩkpa ɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, ɛjɛɛ sakɩyɛ sʋʋ kɩ-taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛɛ naanza yɔɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ wɛ Komiinizim taa.
URSS ɖaɣnɩ cɔlʋʋ ɛ-tɔsʋʋ nɛ politiki pa-nʋmɔŋ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-nʋmɔŋ kɩfaŋ ɩnʋ iyele nɛ pɩtɛzɩ ɖʋzʋʋ Eerɔpa tɛtʋ taa ajɛɛ wena awɛ Komiinizim taa yɔ kʋɖʋzʋʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1989 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1991. Pitisa Komiinism ajɛɛ hadɛ kpem, ɛlɛ, atamɩzɩ ɖama, atelesi Komiinizim lɩmaɣzɛ. A-taa naayɛ lɛɣzɩ hɩla nɛ a-taa lɛɛna n̄ɔɖɔkɩ a-n̄ɩna ḿbʋ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ Komiinizim wɛ Kuubaa nɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam nɛ Laos nɛ Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ pa-ajɛɛ taa. Kedeŋa yɔɔ ajɛɛ tɩŋa taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ ajɛɛ lɛɛna taa n̄ɩma. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, Komiinizim ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖiyiɣna-ɖɩ. Tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ, pʋ-yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛɛ wena a-tɔsʋʋ kɩlɩ ɖɛʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ a-taa.
Komiinizim ajɛɛ yeba nɛ pɛfɛyɩɣ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ, mbʋ yɔ, aatisiɣ se aŋgba ɛn̄ɔ pʋɖɔɔ nɛ paa weyi ɛkɔna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɛ. Ajɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, Komiinizim ŋgbɛyɛ ɖeke wɛna nɛ kɩhaɣ kɩ-paɣtʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ URSS nɛ Siini pa-ajɛɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se a-n̄ʋndɩnaa, Staline nɛ Mao Setu, peyeba nɛ pakʋ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa sakɩyɛ. Pʋwɛ kaɖɛ se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ camɩyɛ mbʋ Komiinizim ajɛɛ wɛɛka kpem yɔ pɩtɩŋa, mbʋ yɔ a-lakasɩ taa nɛ toota. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ pʋwɛɛ se pɔcɔna sɩ-taa nɛ pana mbʋ Komiinizim ajɛɛ laba ɖenɖe yɔ, sɩ-n̄ɩnʋʋ wɛɛ kaɖɛ. Tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ you ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ kɩhɛwa. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ, pukuli sɩ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ papɩzaa patazɩ Komiinizim ajɛɛ lakasɩ taa ɖeu nɛ pana mbʋ alaba yɔ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, piliɣtiɣ n̄ɩnɩnaa ajɛɛ ana a-lakasɩ tɔm taa tazʋʋ kpem.


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Maputo
Maputo kɛna Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛndɩ teŋgu wadɩɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ tɩna Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ pazɩna ɖama kamɑɣ ɛzɩ kimlomɛtanaa 77 yɔ. Payaɣʊ se Maputo yɔ, ɖooo lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 3 pɩnaɣ 1976 taa; payaɣa se Telagowa.
Ɖooo lɛ Maputo kaakɛŋna teŋʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ tuuɖe taa wondu kɩlaɣ kʊm yɔ kɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa; kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ Turibaŋ. Mbʊ pakɩlʊ pɛdɩɣ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna yɔ mbʊ lɛ: pɩzatʊ, sikiri, kromiiti, taŋgbak nɛ nikaɣ tokonaa.
Pɩnaɣ 1858 paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 888 ɖeke nɛ pa-taa lɛ yomaa kaakɩla ɛzɩ 400 yɔ, pɩnzɩ hiu wayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kaawɛ 2 401 nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 90 yɔ; pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda kaaɖɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛnda 9 445 nɛ kʊlʊmaa kɛ 8 304. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 099 102 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa patasɩ-wɛ kalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 870 000.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔɖɩɣ peeɖe yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: Pɔrɩtiigɛɛ, ikisizaŋganaa, rɔŋga, sopii nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩyɛ. Payaɣ Maputo malika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se David Simango (Frelimo).


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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1946 New York tɛtʊ taa, ɛkɛ mansʊʊ malɩ ɛyʊ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa tʊmɩyɛ taa ɛkɛ Amerika tʊ, ɛkɛ kpaɣ ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 2017 alɩwaatʊ kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tʊ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-caa nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ɖeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ se Elizabeth Trump & Son, kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlakaɣ tadɩyɛ sukuli Wharton yɔ Pɛnsilvaanii sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ.
Pɩkpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 lɛ, ɛwɛna ɖɛsɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩ-hɩla sɛwa yɔ, ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ payaa-zɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ. Ɛ-ɖɩsɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa peeɖe ŋga kaakɩlɩ wɛnaʊ ɛsɔda kuduyiŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ ŋga yɔ Trump Tower kɛwɛ New York tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ lɛɛsɩ sakɩyɛ kaawɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Pazɩ pazɩ yɔɔ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣzɩ politiki tɔm taa ɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1980 wɛɛ taa.
Palʊla Donald Trump kɛ Jamaïka kooka taa, Queens egeetiye taa kɛ New York tɛtʊ taa. Pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ Lɩm nɛ pakpazɩ-ɩ ɖoŋ pɩɣyɩyaa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ kɛ e-kooka taa. Ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ lɛ ɛkɛ naanza tʊ kɛ piyaa kagbanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Fred Trump (palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1905 nɛ ɛsɩ 1999) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Mary Anne Trump palʊla-ɩ MacLeod cejewiye taa pɩnaɣ 1912 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 2000. Ɛwɛna ɖalaa naalɛ nɛ kɔɔnaa naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ Maryanne Trump Barry, Fred Jr., Elizabeth, nɛ Robert. Fred Trump Jr, ɛkɛ Donald Trump ɖalʊ sɔsɔ ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1981 pɩtɩŋna ɛ-sʊlʊm ñɔtʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ, kɛlɛ Donald Trump kpa ɛ-tɩ nɛ ekizi sʊlʊm tɩŋa keŋkeŋ ñɔʊʊ nɛ sɩgaa naa ñɔʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Donald Trump caa liɖe kɛ Caama ŋgʊ e-ɖoo liɖe kɔyɔ Ekɔsɩ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ naa kaalɩna Kallstadt. Frederick Trump, Donald Trump cɔzɔ kɛlɛ, pɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ ñɩm tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ akɔma tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ taa.


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François Assise tʋ
Palʊla François d'Assise kɛ Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1181 yaa pɩnaɣ 1182. Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone kɛna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ Asiizi kɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖoŋiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ. Asiizi ɖoŋiye taa François ɛnɛ ɛsɩba aloma fenaɣ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1226 nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 44.
Ɛzɩma ɛkɔma ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ kɛlɛʊ yem. Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ lakasɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna evemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ eɖoza ɖɔziye naɖɩyɛ nɛ epaɣzɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ lɛɣzɩʊ n; ewoki Val di Spoleto cɔɔcɩ taa paaɖooye. François kɛna katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa layʊ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ-taa mba se franciscain waa yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sʊsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Atima, taaleleŋ, Kʊñɔndʊtʊ, Ɛsɔ-tɔm sʊsʊʊ nɛ Sɔɔlɩm kɛ lɛlʊ yɔɔ. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ naalɛ lɛ, Papa Grégoire IX- tʊ kpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1228 ɛlɛ Aloma fenaɣ naanza wiye kɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kazandʊ.
François d'Assise kʊyaa lɛ, pɩnzɩ 1190 taa, ɛlaba sukuli kɛ San Gergio nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛlakʊ-kʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-caa ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taa. Pɩyenina ɛlɩɩ sukuli kɛ pɩnzɩ 14 taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ tadɩyɛ. E-sukuli lɩʊ wayɩ kɛ you nakʊyu ñalɩwa nɛ kɩ-taa kɛ pɔtɔ-ɩ salaka kɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1202. Peeɖe kɛ ɛwɛ nɛ ɛ-caa hɛyɩu liidiye nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ ka-taa.


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Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ
Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ ñɩm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛyɔɔda nɔɔyʊ eecosuu, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛtɔŋ se hayɩ, nɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ ɛɛɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ kaʊ, ɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛwɛna paɣtʊ, yaa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kewiyaɣ mba ɛlɩza kɔyɔ, pa nɛ yɔ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkʊyɩ nɛ e-kpelaɣ. Politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛyaa kʊyʊna-ɖɩ kiɖi kiɖi, peeɖe Hannah Arendt tɔŋ se paɣtʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ mbʊ yɔ fɛyɩ ɖeu, pa-paɣtʊ tamʊna ɛyaa.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se dictatura, nɛ ɖooo hoohoo taa kɛ Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ madana mana ŋga ka-taa ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi (ɛnʊ payaɣ kpaŋgbasɛmʊʊ, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ). Tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa cɔna-tʊ se tɩfɛyɩ ɖeu nɛ papazɩ-tʊ ɖɩzɩɣ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 3 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kɛlɛ Sylla nɛ Jules César paɖanɩ-ʊ paazʊʊ kɛlɛ pa nɛ ɛnʊ pasɩba kpa lɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩɖɩ.
Pɩtɛ lɛ, sɔnɔ avema anɛ a-taa ñazɩtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛɛ, kɛlɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pɩkɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Azii ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ. Erɔpʊ taa lɛ, Biélorussi nɛ Azerbaïdjan ajɛyɛ taa pamazɩɣ se tɔm tɩwɛɛ. Erɔpʊ nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ taa panaɣ se samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩmʊkɩ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ pɩza nɛ pala filim waa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pa-taa kɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛzaɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ Charlie Chapin filim yɔɔdʊʊ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ tɔm (pɩnaɣ 1940) kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Hitler yɔ (Hynkel) nɛ Mussolini –Napoleooni). Barbet Schroeder tɛ aseɣɖe kɛlɛm kɛlɛm Général Idi Amin Dada : Autoportrait (pɩnaɣ 1974), yɔɔdʊʊ Ugandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm. Ecosse kpaakpaa wiyaʊ (pɩnaɣ 2006) wɩlɩɣ Ougandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm ɛnʊ lɛ Idi Amin Dada.


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Kʊlɔɔyʊ
Kʊlɔɔyʊ kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna taa taŋɩyɩ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛwɛ sinaɣ hiu ŋga cɔlɔ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɩŋ. Ɛcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ hʊzɩŋ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ hʊzʊʊ. Kɩwɛ sɛmɩŋ kpaʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ kɩwɛ yuulee tɩyɛ. Kɩwazaɣ ɖɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ: ŋgʊ haɣna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ kɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma nɛ pɩɩkɩlɩ-ɩ nɩʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ calɩm nɛ kɩtɛyʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa.
Pʊtɔbʊ se kɩ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ hʊzʊŋ pacaɣ wɛʊ kɩmaŋ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ malɩna hʊzʊŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɑlɩzɩ-kʊ hʊzʊʊ yɔɔ. Palalasa-kʊ yɔ, pɩnaɣ camɩyɛ se kʊ-yɔɔ huɖuuvyaa anwa fɛlɛ fɛlɛ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ ŋgu ñɛwɛɛ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ yɔɔ nɛ calɩm hosi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ hosi nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ calɩm tɩŋna nɛ pɩyɛlɩɣ ɛyʊ tɩŋa yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩna taa.


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Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib kɛ Sikhs waa tɛ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, mba paya-kɛ Guru (yaa ciyam wɩlɩyʊ) maatɛŋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɔmpee lɩna sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa, pendjabi nɛ ceu kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Guru tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ weyi ɛlɩzɩ-mɩ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa nɛ ewokina-mɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ taa yɔ, Gu tɔbʊʊ se cɩkpɛndʊʊ, ŋgʊ ru tɔbʊʊ se mʊntʊsʊʊ.
Granth tɔbʊʊ se takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa (palɩzɩ Granth tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛʊ se takayaɣ nɛ Sikh waa tɔŋ se pɩkɛɛ kaañamtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔdʊʊ Guru Granth Sahib tɔm yɔ, ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ penjabi tɩnaa tɛ lɛ Granth tɔbʊʊ se takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ, ( tɔmpiye nɖɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ ceu kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ tɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ hindi kʊnʊŋ taa) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgbaɣtʊ, tabalʊ, kɛlɛ palɩzɩ tɩ-tɔbʊʊ mbʊ se wɩlɩyʊ Guru takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ.
Tanaŋ nɛ ɖanaɣ ewelesiɣ Sikhs tɔm mʊyaa cɔlɔ, mba payaɣ se gurdwaras waa. Sikhs ɛyaa luŋuu ɛ-tɛɛ, nɛ eyeke etukuna altaro Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ taa, eyeke pɛcɛla-kʊ. Ɛyaa ñaŋɩɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ gourou weyi nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ yɔ. Ɛkɛ guru hiu nɛ kʊyʊm ñɩnʊ. Guru Nanak (pɩnzɩ 1469-1539), kajalaɣ gourou Sikh tɩnaa tɛ ɛnʊ kaalɛna paɣzɩ maʊ. Guru Granth Sahib takayaasɩ tɩŋa kaawɛna takayɩ hatʊ 1430.
Takayɩ hatʊ 1430 nzɩ Guru Arjan ɖʊ-sɩ pɩnaɣ 1604 takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa (ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛnʊ kɛna kagbanzɩ tʊ kɛ mba pɛlɛɛza Guru Nanah yɔ) nɛ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Adi Granth. Pʊwayɩ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1705 Guru Gobind Singh tɛza tʊ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ɛ-caa Guru Tegh Bahadur weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hama keɣsi tɔm. Pʊcɔ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1708 lɛ, Guru Gobind Singh pa hulaɣ Sri Guru Granth Sahib se eyeke koŋ ɛkɛʊna e-lone taa caɣyʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi.


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Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)
Tʊma sɔsɔna kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ, tɔmpiye ndɩ Adolphe Blanqui lɩzɩna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, Friedrich Engels nɛ Arnold Toynbee palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ ɖɩ-wazaɣ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩyeba nɛ pɩlɛɛzɩ kiɖi yaa kpɛlɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ nɛ ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ cɔlɔ, ɛyaa mba paasɩma se haɖaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa yɔ pɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa. Pɩ-tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ, tɩlɩna suluku kpaya wazaɣ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 taa nɛ pɩtana yaa putukina ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tʊma politiki tʊma nɛ ɛyaa nɛ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ pɩta kpɛɣɛ yɔ.
Canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa nabɛyɩ etisuu tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Werner Sombart cɔlɔ lɛ, (liidiye yeke lakɩna lɩmaɣza tɛ kɩfam pɩnaɣ 1902) kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ canaʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩpaza Florence yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ taa maŋgɩla waa tɛ ɛsakuliye. Fernand Braudel yeki se ɖɩna kiɖi wɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlakɩ yɔ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpɛm taa yeke.
Pasɩma kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ mbʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se paasɩma ɛyaa mba nɛ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma yɔ, papɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ maɣzɩm tɩŋga kɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa nesi tɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnaa nɛ awɛ camɩyɛ cɔlɩɩ. Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,) pɩkɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa wɛɛ kɩfana taa yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩna tevenim tibu yɔɔ pɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ nɛ lona cɔlɔ yaa ajɛyɛ cɔlɔ.
Lona yaa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɛlɛ pazɩɣ tʊma ana yɔ ana yɔ Grande-Bretagne kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Suwisi kpaɣɖʊ 19 paɣzʊʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ ajɛyɛ. Caama nɛ Etaazuunii paɣzɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ana alabʊ kpaɣna 19 hɛkʊ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ Ruusi kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa. Ajɛyɛ ana akɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɩna.
Kpaɣna hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18, ɛyaa ɖɔʊʊ kaawɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛ haɖaa yeke. Ɛlɛ lona nayɛ taawɛ pɩta ɛzɩ Flanfre, haɖaʊ taakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ peɖe hayim sɔsɔm tɩna kaatɩna tɛtʊ. Hayim yebuu pɩnzɩ naalɛ yaa natozo kaakɛ-wɛ paɣtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndaɣ pahayɩɣ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ, pata cɔzɩ hayɩm naa kolonzi nɛ pɩzɩwanaɣ nɛ wonduu yɛlɩɣ paa le.


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Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ
Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Sapɔŋ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Pɩtaha- kʊ waɖɛ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ paa kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pamaɣ kʊ takayasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ sukulɩ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Yuda ñɩma mba pamɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piresiili nɛ Peruu ajɛyɛ taa ɖenɖe aŋgba yuŋ ñɩna wena awɛɛ peɖe yɔ ayɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ lima nɛ sao paulo nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Anguar lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Palaos taa.
Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sapɔŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩyeke yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɔm pe hiɣ a-tɩ kɛ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna matʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ndʊ pɩkɩlɩ naʊ ñaala yɔ kɛ Siinɩya kʊnʊŋ tɔm pe matʊ. Mbʊ yebina se ɖɩnɩɩ tɔɔbʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔ paya kʊ se Sinoxénique kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Hɔlʊ nakʊyʊ taa lɛ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa matʊ sakɩyɛ kpakʊ Ɛrɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ matʊ ndɩ ndɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
Ɖooo pitihiɣ lɛ paakpaɣ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ Altaïques cejewiye taa kɩ nɛ Mongol nɛ Turc nɛ Toungouze nɛ Kooree kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ Altaique wɛʊ kɔna ndɛŋkpɛzaɣ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Yɔɔdasɩ nasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se Sapɔŋ kɛ cenje kʊnʊŋ, kisidina Altaique kʊnʊŋ nɛ Austronésien waa tɔm pe.
Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ kʊnʊŋ cɛŋce kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ wɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ tɩñɔtɩna aïnou, tʊtʊ lɩna Jomon alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ wɛtʊ cɩkpetʊ, tɩñɔtɩna Kooree ŋgʊ tʊtʊ lɩna Yayoi alɩwaatʊ taa. Maɣzɩm taa lɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa sɔnɔ nɖeke kʊnʊŋ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩ nɛ nakʊyʊ patata. Ryukyu kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ pɛtɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛnɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɛkpɛnda cejewiye keke yɔ.


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Stonehenge
Stonehenge kɛna Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ cee wayɩ tɔm wonuu kʋtɔzʋtʋ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖikpeeluu ɖɩ-taa matʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tʋwɛ kuluŋgulu tɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.
Pama kumoɖe nɖɩ pɩgbaʋ hɛkʋ -2800 nɛ -1100 mbʋ yɔ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ pʋɖɔŋzɩ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ wɛɛ matʋ taa.
Nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna Amesbury egeetiye. Amesbury egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩna kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge pɛ-hɛkʋ taa mɛtɛ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa nanaaza (4) mbʋ yɔ.
Amesbury kɛna ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Wiltshire, nɛ pɩtasɩna Angletɛrɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge tɛtʋ tɩŋgɛ nɛ cromlech Avebury tɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛna ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛ waa ɛzɩ hiŋ naanaza mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pama pahɩla ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa UNESCO tɔsʋʋ kozaɣ takayaɣ taa.
Pɛkpɛnda payɩ lɛ, payaɣ takayaɣ n̄ʋʋ toi size Stonehenge, Avebury nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ tɛtʋ ɖɩgbɛndɩyɛ. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, samaɣ ŋga kowoki yɔ kɔn̄ɔtʋna talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ paasɩma-ɖɩ hooo hooo hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɩɩnɑ Ɩsɔ nɑ ɩ́ lɑ teu. Ntɛnɑ Asilii wulɑʋ Senɑkelipi nɑ ɩ yoolɑɑ pɑ́ wɑtɩ Yutɑ koloosi ɑcɑlɛɛ sɩ pɑ lɛɛkǝɣɩ-yɛ.
2Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑwɑ sɩ Senɑkelipi kɔŋ, nɑ ɩ́ mɑɣɑsǝɣɩ sɩ ɩ kɑ yoonɑ Yosɑlɛm,
3ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ heeli ɩ yoolɑɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ ɩ tɑŋlɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ tǝkɩ lʋm sɛɛlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛ ɩcɑtɛ wɑɑlɩ tɔ. Nɑ pɛlɛ pɑ́ mʋ ɩ tɔm ntɩ.
4Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ sɑmɑɑ kotɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ tǝkɩ sɛɛlɑɑ tǝnɑ. Nɑ sɛɛlʋ wei ɩ kpeŋɑɣɑ tɛtʋ tɛɛ lɔɔʋ tɑɑ tɔ. Pɑ lɑpɑ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ sɩ ye Asilii nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ kɔmɑ pɑ́ tɑɑ hiki lʋm kɛ sɔsɔm.
5Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nyɔɔ toŋ, nɑ ɩ́ tɑɣɑnɩ ɩcɑtɛ koloŋɑ ŋkɑ kɑɑ yɔkɑɑ tɔ. Nɑ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ kɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ tǝfeŋlenɑɑ. Nɑ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ koluŋɑ lɛŋkɑ nɑ pǝ tɑɑ tɔɔ. Nɑ ɩ́ tɑɣɑnɩ Milo. Nɑ ɩ́ lu ŋmɑntɑɑsɩ nɑ kpɑlǝŋ kɛ sɔsɔm kɛ Tɑfiiti tɛ.
6Pǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ kpɑ yoolɑɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ sɩ pɑ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ ɩcɑtɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ koti yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑɣɑ ɩcɑtɛ pɑtǝmɑ tɑɑ, nɑ ɩ́ tɑsɑ-wɛɣɛ lɑɣɑtʋ sɩ:
7Ɩ tɑɑ nyɑ́, ɩ́ nyɔɔ toŋ, nɑ ɩ́ kɑɑsɩ mǝ tɩ. Ɩ tɑɑ selinɑ Asilii wulɑʋ, nɑ ɩ yoolɑɑ tuutuumɑ. Pɔpɔtʋ fɛɩ leleŋ, tǝ wɛnɑ toŋ nɑ pǝ kǝlɩ-ɩ.
8Mpi tɔ, ɩ yoolɑɑ tike kɛ ɩ wɛnɑ. Amɑ tɑ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ kɑ́ yoonɑ tɑ́ nɔɣɔ nɑ ɩ́ yɑ-tʋ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ tɔm ntɩ tǝ wɑɑsɑ ɩcɑtɛ yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ.
9Pǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ Asilii wulɑʋ Senɑkelipi nɑ ɩ yoolɑɑ pɑ tɑmɑ Lɑkisi ɩcɑtɛ. Tǝnɑɣɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ kʋsɑ ɩ yoolɑɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ nɑpǝlɩ sɩ pɑ́ polo pɑ́ pɔɔsɩ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑ Yutɑ nɑ Yosɑlɛm pǝ nyǝ́mɑ sɩ:
10Aweɣe ɩ́ tɑɑkɩ, nɑ ɩ́ cɑɣɑ Yosɑlɛm ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ nɑ tɑ́ɑ́ tɑmɑ-tɛɣɛ kotɑɣɑ?
11Ɩsekiyɑsɩ puɣusiɣi-mɛ sɩ mǝ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ kɑ́ lǝsɩ-mɛɣɛ mɑ niŋ tɑɑ tɔ ɩ tʋsǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ. Ɩsɩɩ nyɔɣɔsɩ nɑ lʋkɔtʋ kʋ mǝ tǝnɑ.
12Ntɔŋ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ ɩnɩ ɩ kʋnɑ tǝkɔtǝlɛnɑɑ nɑ Tɑcɑɑ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛnɑɑ, nɑ ɩ́ heeli Yutɑ nɑ Yosɑlɛm pǝ nyǝ́mɑ sɩ pɑ́ lɑkɩ pɑ kɔtɑsɩ kɛ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ kʋlʋmtǝlɛ tɔɔ, nɑ pɑ́ wɔkɩ tulɑɑlʋnɑɑ nɑ?
13Ɩ́ tɑ́ nyɩ mpi mɑ nɑ mɑ yoolɑɑ nɑ mɑ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ tǝ lɑpɑ ɑtɛ yǝlɑɑnɑɑ tɔ tɑɑ? Piitimnɑɑ mpɛ pɑ tɑɑ nɔɣɔlʋ tʋɣʋ tɑ kɑɣɑtɩ-tʋ sɩ tǝ tɑɑ tʋ niŋ kɛ pɑ tɛtʋ tɔɔ.
14Mɑ yoolɑɑ kpiisɑ tɛtʋnɑɑ mpɑ tɔ, pɑ tɑɑ nɔɣɔlʋ ɩkɔntɛ tɑ pǝsɩ nɑ tǝ́ yɑ́ tǝ yǝlɑɑ. Ɩlɛ ɩsǝnɑɣɑ mǝ Ɩsɔ nɑ́ lɑkɩ nɑ ɩ́ lǝsɩ-mɛɣɛ mɑ niŋ tɑɑ?
15Ɩ́ tɑɑ yele nɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ looliɣi nɑ ɩ́ tʋsɩ-mɛɣɛ mpʋ. Ɩ́ tɑɑ mʋ ɩ tɔm. Mɑ lɛlǝɣɩ sɩ tʋɣʋ nɑkʋlɩ kʋ tɑ pǝsɩ nɑ kʋ́ yɑ kʋ piitim yɑɑ kʋ kɑwulɑɣɑ nyǝ́mɑ yɑɑ kʋ tɛtʋ kɛ mɑ cɔsɔnɑɑ niŋ tɑɑ, yɑɑ mɑ nyǝŋ tɑɑ. Mpʋ ɩnɩ tɔtɔɣɔ mǝ Ɩsɔ kɑɑ wɑɑsɩ-mɛ tɔtɔ.
16Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Asilii wulɑʋ tillɑɑ tʋʋwɑ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ nɑ ɩ tǝmlɛ tʋ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ.
17Asilii wulɑʋ kɑ ŋmɑɑ lɛɛtǝlɩ kɛ́ nɑ ɩ́ footi Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ sɩ: Atɛ piitimnɑɑ tɩɩŋ tɑ pǝsɩ nɑ ɩ́ lǝsɩ ɩ yǝlɑɑ kɛ mɑ niŋ tɑɑ. Mpʋ tɔtɔɣɔ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ Ɩsɔ kɑɑ pǝsɩ nɑ ɩ́ lǝsɩ ɩ yǝlɑɑ tɔtɔ.
18Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Asilii wulɑʋ tillɑɑ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ nɔɣɔ sɔsɑɣɑ kɛ Hepǝlɑ tɔm tɑɑ sɩ: Mpɑ pɑ cɑɣɑ Yosɑlɛm koluŋɑ tɔɔ tɔ sɔɣɔntʋ ɩ́ kpɑ-wɛ, nɑ pɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ le. Nɑ ɩ́ lɛɛkɩ ɩcɑtɛ tǝhɛɛ.
19Ɩ yɔɣɔtɑɣɑ Yosɑlɛm Ɩsɔ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ ɩ yɔɣɔtʋɣʋ piitimnɑɑ lɛlɑɑ tɩɩŋ wei yǝlɑɑ lupɑ kulupu tɔ.
20Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑ Amɔtɩ pǝyɑlʋ Ɩsɑyii wei ɩ kɛ́ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsʋlʋ tɔ pɑ wiinɑ Tɑcɑɑ sɩ: Wɑɑsɩ-tʋ.
21Ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsɔ kɔnɑ Silii nyǝ́mɑ tesikile tɑɑ kɛ́ ɩsɔtɑɑ tillu nɑ ɩ́ kʋ́ yoolɑɑ tɑɑ yoolɑɑ tǝnɑ nɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ Asilii wulɑʋ mǝlɩ ɩ tɛtʋ tɑɑ nɑ fɛɛlɛ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kʋyɑkʋ nɑkʋlɩ Asilii wulɑʋ sʋʋ ɩ tʋɣʋ kutuluɣu tɑɑ, nɑ ɩ piyɑ kʋlʋlɑsɩ kʋ-ɩ.
22Ɩsǝnɑ Tɑcɑɑ yɑpɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑ Yosɑlɛm yǝlɑɑ kɛ Asilii wulɑʋ nɑ kolontunɑɑ lɛlɑɑ niŋ tɑɑ tɔɣɔlɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ yele nɑ pɑ́ hɛɛsɩ pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ tɑɑ.
23Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ yǝlɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ kɔnɑ Tɑcɑɑ kɛ kʋhɑɑŋ, nɑ Yutɑ wulɑʋ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ kɛ kʋcɔɔŋ. Nɑ piitimnɑɑ mpɑ pɑ cɔɔnɑ-wɛ tɔ pɑ́ nyɑŋnɑ wulɑʋ.
24Wɑɑtʋ ɩnɩ ɩ tɑɑ kɛ́ kʋtɔŋ ɩsɑɣɑʋ nɑkʋlɩ kʋ kpɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ wiinɑ Tɑcɑɑ, nɑ ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ hʋlɩ-ɩ nɑ yɑɑsi nɔɣɔlʋ sɩ ɩ kɑ́ wɑɑ-ɩ.
25Amɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ tɑ sɑ Ɩsɔ kɛ́ kʋpɑntʋnɑɑ mpɛ pɑ tɔɔ. Hɑlɩ ɩ hɔmɑ ɩ tǝɣɩ nɑ Tɑcɑɑ nɑ́ɑ́ mʋ ɩ nɑ Yosɑlɛm nɑ Yutɑ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́.
26Ɩlɛnɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ nɑ ɩ yǝlɑɑ pɑ́ nɑ́ pɑ wɑkǝlʋɣʋ. Ɩlɛ Tɑcɑɑ tɑ tɑsɑ-wɛɣɛ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ mʋnɑʋ kɛ ɩ kɑwulɑɣɑ wɑɑtʋ tɑɑ.
27Ɩsekiyɑsɩ kɑ wɛnɑ kɛ́, pǝ́cɔ́ ɩ hǝtɛ yɑɑwɑ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ kutuluŋ nɑ ɩ́ sɩɩ pǝ tɑɑ kɛ́ liɣitee nyǝɣǝtʋ, nɑ wʋlɑ, nɑ liɣitee pɛɛ, nɑ sɔɔsʋŋ nimnɑɑ, nɑ kpɑlǝŋ, nɑ liɣitee wontunɑɑ lɛntɩ.
28Nɑ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ tɔtɔɣɔ kʋtɔɣɔŋ, nɑ sʋlʋm, nɑ nim, pǝ tǝsɩɩlɛ nɑ kɑlǝkǝŋ tǝtɔɣɔlɛ nɑ tǝtǝsǝlɛ.
29Hɑlǝnɑ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ ɑcɑlɛɛ, nɑ ɩ́ sɩɩ nɑɑŋ, nɑ heeŋ, nɑ pǝ́ŋ pǝ kɑlǝkǝŋ. Mpi tɔ, Ɩsɔ kɑ hɑ-ɩ wɛnɑʋ kɛ tuutuumɑ kɛ́.
30Ɩsekiyɑsɩ ɩnɩ ɩ kɛɛnɑ Kihɔŋ lʋm sɛɛlʋ wei ɩ wɛ ɩsɔtɑɑ tɔ, nɑ ɩ́ lɑ lɔɔʋ nɑ lʋm kpeŋnɑ ilim tǝtʋlɛ tɔɔ kɛ́ Tɑfiiti tɛ. Ɩsekiyɑsɩ wɑɑkɑɣɑ ɩ kʋlɑpǝm tɑɑ kɛ́.
31Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ wɑɑtʋ wei Pɑpiloni tɛtʋ tɔkǝlɑɑ kʋsɑ pɑ yǝlɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ polo pɑ́ nɑ́ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ tɛtʋ tɑɑ tǝmɑ sɔsɔɔnɑ tɔ, Ɩsɔ yelɑ-ɩ nɑ ɩ́ tǝŋ ɩ luɣu nyǝntʋ sɩ ɩ nɑɑkɩ ɩ wɑɑlɩ.
32Pɑ kɛɛsɑ Ɩsekiyɑsɩ tɔm lɛntɩ kɛ Amɔtɩ pǝyɑlʋ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsʋlʋ Ɩsɑyii kʋnɑnɑtʋ tɑkǝlɑɣɑ tɑɑ, nɑ Yutɑ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ pɑ ɑwulɑɑ nyǝŋkɑ tɑɑ. Kɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑ kɛɛsǝɣɩ ɩsǝnɑ ɩ tɔntɛ lɑpɑ Ɩsɔ kɛ́ teu tɔ.
33Wɑɑtʋ wei Ɩsekiyɑsɩ sǝpɑ, ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ pimi-ɩ Tɑfiiti lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ pǝlɑɑʋ hɔɣɔlʋɣʋ ɩsɔtɑɑ nyǝŋkʋ*fɑ* tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ Yosɑlɛm nyǝ́mɑ lɑ ɩ lǝyɑɣɑ nɑ pɑ́ yɔɔlǝnɑ-ɩ. Nɑ ɩ pǝyɑlʋ Mɑnɑsee lɛɛtɩ ɩ lonte tɑɑ.


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Henri Poincaré
Hanri Poincaré, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1854 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Nancy tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1912 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ, tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛlba tʊma sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna naʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kpaagba kɔtɩɩ pɩyʊ tɛ akɔnta labʊ yɔɔ.
Henri Poincaré, ɛkɛ Emile Léon Poincaré pɩɣa, ɛlɛ kaakɛna cɛjɛ kɛ Nancy ɖɔkɔtɔnaa kuduyuu taa. Ɛ-halʊ kɔyɔ Marie Pierrette Eugenie Launois. Nikolas Antonin Helène Poincaré kouu, mbʊ pɩtɩna nɛ ɛnɛyɔ ɛkɛ Germain ɖɛtɩnaa yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ politiki tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ. Raymond Poicaré nɛ Lucien Poincaré, ɛlɛ ñakɛ sukuli hɔɔlʊʊ kɩlɛlʊʊ ñʊʊtʊ. Henri kɔɔ Aline Poincaré ñawalɩ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpelɛkʊʊ tʊ, Emile Boutroux.
Poincaré kaawɛna pɩnzɩ kɩgbaanzɩ lɛ, liu tɛ huɖuu kʊlʊmʊʊ kʊɖɔŋ caɣzɩ-ɩ tataa halɩ pɩtalɩ fenasɩ kɩgbaanzɩ nɛ piyele pʊɖʊ-ɩ se ɛsɔɔlɩ kalʊʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ ɛkɛ pɩɣa mandana mana kɛ Nancy hɛkʊʊ taa sukuli taa. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1871 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛmʊ kalʊʊ takayaɣ kɛ nabutozo ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sukuli taa nɛ takayaɣ ŋga pama kɔyɔ se Ɖeu.
Pɩnaɣ pɩsa lɛ, ɛmʊ nabutozo ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ taa tɩlɩyɛ takayaɣ ɛlɛ, pɩlaba-ɩ kaɖɛ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paha-ɩ ɛ-takayaɣ kɩmaɣmaɣ yɔɔ kɛ kpɛɖɛ mayaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛtakɔɔ maɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛtanɩ ndʊ pɔpɔza yɔɔ tɩ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ,ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlʊʊ takayaɣ yɔɔ.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1881 ɖomaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 taa lɛ, ɛkpaɣ halʊ paya-ɩ se Louise Poulain Andecy, ɛɛkɛ Isidore Geoffroy Hilaire kiɖeɖeu pɛlɛ cikpelu. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1887 ŋtalɩ 1893 taa lɛ, palʊla piyaa naanza, mba yɔ Jeanne (1887 ŋtalɩ 1974), weyi Léon Daum kpaɣ halʊ yɔ, Yvoonne (1889-1939), Henriette (1890-1970), nɛ Léon (1893-1972).


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Kalikuta
Kalikuta yaa Kolikata kɛŋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ wazaɣ kpem kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ lɛ Pɛŋgaalɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ yɔ kɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Hugli yɔ ka-niwaŋ yɔɔ.
Kalikuta taa ɖeɖe lɛ pakali ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 399 819 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛɛ ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa ɛlɛ awɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kalikuta taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛyaa ɖɔɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiiu nɛ looɖo (16 000 000).
Mbʊ yebina nɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna natutozo ñɩndʊ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛlɛ Teeli nɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Pombe. Yee pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ payɩ nɛ pakalɩ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɔyɔ, Kalikuta kɛŋna tɛtʊ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩndʊ (14).
Payaɣ kalikuta malika ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se Sovan Chatterjee.


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Wiskɔnsɛɛ
Wiskɔnsɛɛ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Pamaza Wiskɔnsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 169 790 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 140 787 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 28 006 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 16.49 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna nɛɛlɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 30 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1848. Wiskɔnsɛɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Madison nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Milwaukee.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 686 986 yɔ.
Payaɣ Wiskɔnsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Scott Walker (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Tammy Baldwin (D) nɛ Ron Johnson (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Tɔnʊʊ
Tɔnʊʊ kɛŋna tɛtɛ kpɩna wɛna awɛna mɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ kacalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhʊʊzɩɣʊ a-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ yɔɔ pilinzi payɩ taa lɛ, tɔnʊʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ yʊŋ. Ɛyʊ halʊ ñɩnʊ tɛ lɛ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ yʊŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilogaramnaa naatozo yɔ nɛ abalʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yɔ.
Tɔnɩŋ wɛna tomnasɩ yaa sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa kɩsɛma wɛɛ nɛ po-tomnasɩ sɛwa ɖɔɖɔ, ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa wɛɛ, nɛ patomnasɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʊlʊmaa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛda ñɛwɛ, mba payaɣ se tomnasi kɩkpɛɛdasɩ tɩna. Aazii mba, Siini mba nɛ ɛyaa menzidaawaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kanaɛ kɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tomnaɣ. Tɔnʊʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛna sɛŋgɛlɩtʊ yaa tɩnɩ-mayɔɔ waa naatozo: kacalaɣ tomnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ, ŋga lɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ. Pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ nɔsɩ yaa hʊndʊ wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ soŋgaɣ wɛɛ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɛɛ tɔnʊʊ wɛɛ nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɔnʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ kʊkʊ tɛ kɛ kpaakpa sɛŋgɛlʊʊ wɛ.
Yee ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɛ sɛŋgɛlʊ kacalaɣ ñɩŋʊ ɛfɛyɩtɔnʊʊ kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩna mba pɛkpɛzɩɣʊ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, paa pɩwɛɛ se palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛñɛ-ɩ e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ ɖoli kɔyɔ, pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kacalaɣ tɔnʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba paacɔŋna po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ, ɛzɩ akpnja yɔ, nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔmnasɩ nɛ ɩɩtaŋna-sɩ ɖoli.


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Pwaavrɔɔ
Pwaavrɔɔ kɛna kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩlɩɩna ki-pee yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kpɛɛnzʊʊʊ. Pwaavɔɔ pee ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi pwaavrɔɔ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi pwaavrɔɔ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lɩm nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ sɩʊ pʊnɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɩkɩlɩ leɖuu.
Pwaavrɔɔ wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ. Pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ po-tomnasi kɛ kɩsɛɛmasɩ, sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ leemuu lɩm. Pwaavrɔɔna nabayɩ kɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pwaavrɔɔnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ lɩna Amerika keteŋga taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe pacalɩ-kʊ hayʊʊ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-pee pamɩzʊʊ nɛ alɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩla ɛzɩ kpɩtaʊ yaa kpɩtaŋ naalɛ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ añɔ. Pee ana apɩzɩʊ aleɖi adaɖazɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa kaawɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu lɛ, palɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ ki-pee naayɛ yɔɔ kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mɛkɩziki yɔ ɖi-taa nɛ aleɖaa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pahayaa keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23,2 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛzɩ kaabʊnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ pwaavrɔɔnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Ɛndonezii.


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Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ
Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tɔlɩm. Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wɛsʊʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pasɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wayɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ yem kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ tʊlɩm mbʊ nɛ pɩ-ɛsɩndaa.
Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ tɛkɛ tɔlɩm tɩtɩŋɛ, ɛlɛ, se mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ pesidaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa mba, pa-taa sʊsɔ lɛlʊ payaɣ se Isaac Newton. Nabɛyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm kɩkpɛdɩm koyindu. Pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm naadozo mbʊ pɩkpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ piyeki se ɛyʊ ɛna pʊyʊ nɛ pʊ-wayɩ yɔ pɩ-taa tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa, ɖajaanaa panɛ : Goethe nɛ Hering po-sukulibiya yɔɔdʊʊ-tʊ mbʊ.
Pakpaɣ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya taa se pɩkɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ kelekele yɔ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se palabɩ-pʊ ŋjɩŋgbɩlɩ yɔ. Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ azuluma yɔ po-koyindu.


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Sambii
Sambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ kaʊ. Ɛaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Commonwealth yɔ a-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa palabɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naatozo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Luzakaa.
Ɖooo lɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Pɔcimɛnɩwaa yɔ mba kaalɛɣna caɣʊʊ peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ paakɛ akpaama nɛ tɩŋ-pee tɔɔyaa. Puwayɩ fayɩɩɩ yɔ kɛ Pantʊʊwaa woba nɛ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nanza taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lakɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩhayɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwalɩɣ walɩɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩsa nɛ paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛnɩna lɛlʊ lɛ palɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ panɩɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.


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Kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ
Kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ papɩzɩɣ paya-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se maɣzɩm taa taa kʊdɔŋ yaa fitenum taa kʊdɔŋ, pɩkɛ ñʊʊ taa fitenum tɛ cɔʊ mbʊ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pʊkɔna ɛyʊ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kʊñɔŋ nɛ ɛyʊ fezuu caɣʊ mbʊ pɩɩkɛɖʊʊ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔ.
kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ yaa tuda nɛ kɩwɛ paa ɖoye. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɛyaa, ɛ-ñɩma yaa ɛ-cɔlɔ caɣyaa pɩzɩɣ nɛ potukuna fɛɖaa yaa ɛyʊ weyi ɛkpɛkɩ ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm kʊdɔŋ fɛbɩtʊ yɔ yaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ wazɩyʊ yaa maɣzɩm taa tazɩyʊ yɔɔ tɛlɩyʊ.
Akpatayɩtʊ yaa ɛyʊ tɛ hʊʊ yaa laŋgbɛzɩyɛ nɛ kpaŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna taba kʊyɔɔ cɔlɔ yaa sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ cɔlɔ, niɣzɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yaa sɔndʊʊ sɔsɔtʊ, tɔɔnasɩ taa wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, fitenum taa cɔʊ nɛ yaa ñʊŋ naalɛ tʊ kɛ mbʊ ɛzɩ pɩwɩlɩɣ kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ tɔm yɔ.
Wɛtʊ natʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊ se pakpa pɩtɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ nɛ pasɩ-ɩ fɛɖaa tɛ paa ɛtɔsɔlɩ kɔyɔ yee paɣtʊ ɛpɔzɩɣ mbʊ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaŋ tɩnaa ɖɔkɔtɔ naa taa. Ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm taa takɩyaa wɩla nɛ pana, patɩŋna wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ yɔ, pʊtɔma tɔmpee pɔzɩtʊ yaa kʊdɔntʊ cɔnaʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pɩyɔɔ nɛ pawazɩɣ kʊdɔndɩna sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ kpaŋ yɔ.
Kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ tɛ alaafɩya tɛ nɩɣ wɛ ndɩ pɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-tɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ, kɩ-tɛ ɖɩjayɛ nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ. Ɖama wayɩ lɩɣʊ ɛyaa taa nɛ ɖama tɛzɩtʊ sɔzɩɣ ɛyʊ kʊjɔŋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɩnɩɣ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ ɛyʊ kpaŋ tʊ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔ patʊlɩɣ aŋgbaa nayɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ nɛ ketiizasi se palʊbɩna ɖooo lɔŋ maɣzɩm.
Kedenga kpeekpe ajɛyɛ lɩmaɣzaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpee kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ yaa fetenum taa kʊdɔŋ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ wɛtʊ natʊlɛ pasɩwaɣ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe kʊdɔmɩŋ pɩlɩɣ (CIM-10), ndʊ OMS ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ kʊdɔŋ naɣʊ wonduu nɛ ɖiuu ɖiuu maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ (DSM-V) ndʊ Amerika taa maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ wazɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ (APP) sʊzaa yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pawazɩɣ kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ ɖoŋ cɔlɔ.


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Suluu kʊnʊŋ
Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, isiZulu, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ ŋguni ɖɩɣa taa yɔ. kɩ-ta peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Xhona nɛ Ndebele nɛ pantuu waa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩnɩyaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ yɔ.
Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nakʊ yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ, pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ, hɩŋ nakʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ wɛ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ. Suluu kʊnʊŋ kɛna kɩwabɩɣ Kwazulu-Natal ajɛyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ walʊʊ Mpumalanga nɛ Gauteng ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Suluu kʊnʊŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ. Kɩpɩsɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ hiʊ nɛ kʊyɔm weyi ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊmɩŋ mɩzasɩ tɛyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ yɔ.
Suluu ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ wɛ sɔnɔ Tanzani egetiye taa kɛnɛ. Pɛdɛ wɛʊ Afrika nɛ haɖɛ wɩlɩɣ se ɖooo kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ naanza ŋgʊ taa pɔkɔma. Ɖɔɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ, Suluu kɛ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɣ-kʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ nɔɔ nɛ naŋgbaŋgʊʊ yɔ pɔcɔ Eerɔpʋ tɔm kɩɖeɖetʊ heyiya talɩ. Mba mana kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ latɛŋ matʊ taa.
Kɔnaɣ takayaɣ ŋga kata pama suluu tɔm kɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm lɩzɩɣ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, kalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1883. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1901 lɛ, John Dube ɛkɛ Suluu tʊ, ɛlɩzɩɣ Ohlange Institute (en), pɩkɛ kajalaɣ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-ta pawɩlaɣ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm.
John Dube kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Insila kaChaka (1933), kajalaɣ ɖɔmɩŋ nzulumɩyɛ taa takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pamana Suluu taa yɔ. Suluu mayʊ kajalaɣ ñɩnɩɣ lɛɛlʊ ʊnʊ lɛ, Reginald Dhlomo ɛlɛ ñakɛ canaʊ ɖɔmɩŋ takayasɩɣ kɩkalɩsɩɣ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩyɔdʊ Suluu ɛjaɖɛ taa awiya tɔm yɔ tɛ mayʊ kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ nakʊ taa.


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Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa tɔbʊʊ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size: Khalifa koloŋga sɔsɔwa. Pʊcɔ nɛ patʊlʊʊ kɔ-nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, payawa-kɛ se: Burj Dubaï. Pɩkɛna koloŋga ŋga kakʊya kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ nɛ kɛwɛ à Dubaï tɛtʊ taa kɛ Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii waa tɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa kɛ pana se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩkɛna ɖɩɣa ŋga wɩɖɩɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛma-kɛ yɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pamaɣza ka-kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ taa lɛ, pana se pɩmaɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 828 mbʊ yɔ. Burj Khalifa yaa Burj Dubaï ŋgʊ kiyeba nɛ peeɖe yele pɩpɩsɩ egeetiye kɩfaɖɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Downtown Burj Khalifa. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naanza wiye kɛ patʊla Burj Khalifa nɔnɔsɩ ɛlɛ paɖaŋgaa se wiɖii lɛ pakaɣ kʊ-nɔnɔsɩ tʊlʊʊ kpaagba tʊlʊʊ.


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Benjamin Britten
Palʊla Edward Benjamin Britten kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 wiye pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ Suffolk, Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza ñɩŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1976 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 63. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ: wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ, soo maɖa ɖɩcaɣyɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ piyano maɖʊ.
Ɛna Peter Pears pakɩlɩna labʊʊ tʊma nɛ paha-ɩ samtʊ nima ndɩ ndɩ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Ordre du Mérite, Ordre des compagnons d'honneur, Prix Ernst-von-Siemens. Priitaniki taa lɛ, Edward Benjamin Britten kɛŋna wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa kpaɣna Henry Purcell nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ; ɛlɛ Georg Friedrich Haendel fɛyɩ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ ɖakʊta nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mba pɔcɔŋna kela kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛtaasɔɔlɩ sɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Benjamin Britten ewelesuu radiyo yaa saawʊɖɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛsɔɔla pɩŋŋŋ se Benjamin etee hendu. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ e-ɖoo ñaakɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊ-ɩ piyano maɖʊ mabʊ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ ɛlɩza ɛ-kacalaɣ tataɣ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ sukuli taa ɛtasɩ-kʊ kpɛlɛkʊ pɩnaɩ 8 taa.


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Hʋzʋʋ
Ɛyʋ wɛna hʋzʋŋ naalɛ: nesi kɩpanzɩ yɔɔ ñɩŋʋ nɛ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ ñɩŋʋ. Ɛyʋ laŋɩyɛ taa hokasi nasɩyɛ wɛna nɛ sɩtaŋ hʋzʋŋ ɛnʋ ɛnɩɩlɛ. Ɛyʋ laŋgɩyɛ taa lɛ hʋzʋŋ kɛna mbʋ papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa se kaɖɛ ɖeɖe yɔ. Hʋzʋŋ wɛ sɩnasɩ, laŋɩyɛ nɛ siɣye pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Hʋzʋŋ taa kɛ heelim mbʋ ɛyʋ fezuu yɔ pɩwoki nɛ ɛnʋ lɩzɩɣna heelim mbʋ pɩ-taa anaɣam nɛ pɩcalɩ tomnaɣ kpeekpe pɩkasɩ nɛ mʋbʋ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ pɩɖaɣnɩ lɩʋ.
Hʋzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna nesi kɩpanzɩ yɔɔ yɔ kɩtɛyɩ tam naatozo: hʋzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-hay naalɛ kiŋ wɛɛ, kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ wɛɛ nɛ pɩtasɩna kɩ-hɛkʋ taa. Piyele nɩmɩyɛ ŋgʋ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ: hayʋ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Hʋzʋʋ naatozo
ñɩŋʋ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛzɩ nɩmɩyɛ ñɩŋʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.


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Ositraalii
Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraalii kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Ɛɛndɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Ɛyaa paaziɣ Ositraalii tɛtʊ taa caɣʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 50 000 kɔyɔ nɛ mba pakɩlɩɣ wobo peede ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: kpakpasɩ kpaya nɛ Néerlandi lɩm yaya. Dooo pɩnzɩ XVII taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ yɛlɩya nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa katɛma nɑʊ se Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ 1770 taa kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ñɩma nɛ pɩkɩlɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1788 kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Nouvelle-Galles kaɣ ñɔʊ camɩyɛ kaɣlaa. Efemiye nɖɩ kɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔkɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ kazandʊ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ efemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛ ajɛya cikpena looɖo nayɛ ñɔñɔ peeɖe nɛ akpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Commonwealth d'Australie.
Ositraalii taa mba ñyɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm nɛ pe-lidiya kɔyɔ Ositraalii dollar. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sosɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Kambeera nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Ositraalii hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, peeɖe samɣ wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23 yɔ nɛ ɛyaa panɛ pɔɖɔ kpem kɛ Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth nɛ Adelaide hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Ositraalii kɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ tʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ PIB talɩ ɛzɩ milliard waa 1542 mbʊ yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊʊ nɖɩ payaɣ se PNUD yɔ, ɖɩsɩ Ositraalii ɛzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋʊ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobʊ nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ.


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Hɔŋirii
Hɔŋirii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ paya:g se Pudapɛsɩtɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ lɛ Hɔŋrʊwaa piyele nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩu yɔ lɛ foriŋ.
Hɔŋirii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna hɔɔlasɩ nasitozo nɛ tɔlɩm naputozo: kɩsɛɛmɩŋ, kʊlʊmɩŋ nɛ tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 93 030 km2 nɛ kpaɣna hayʊ pitii pɩsɩɩna hadɛ lɛ kilomɛtanaa 250 wɛna nɛ pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ pitii pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ pɩmakɩna kilomɛtanaa 524.
Hɔŋirii nɛ Otirisii kamaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ pɩtalɩɣ kilomɛtanaa 2 009 yɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hadɛ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Sɛrɩbii, Kuruwasii nɛ Siloveni, hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Rumaaniii piyele hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukurɛnɩ pɩkazɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siloovaakii. Hɔŋirii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiŋ naalɛ yaa nɛɛlɛ (20).
Hɔŋirii ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna eɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩɣna komina yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ. Komina ñʊʊtʊ ñalɩzɩɣna ɛ-tɛ minisiriwaa. Peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛndɩ 199. Politiki aŋgba wena awɛɛ yɔ, paa nɖɩ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩwɛɛna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛzɩ kagbanzɩ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ faction parlementaire.


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Kɩyʋsʋnaʋ
Kʋnʋŋ maʋ paɣtʋ taa lɛ, kʋyʋsɩnaʋ kɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩsɔzʋʋ hɩɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsamna-ɖɩ yɔ. Kʋyʋsɩnaʋ yekina nɛ hɩɖɛ wɛɛna tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ tɔm loyaɣ taa.
Kʋyɩsɩnaʋ wɛ ɛzɩ tɔmbiye cɔlɩyɛ nɛ yʋsʋʋ tɔmbiye tɔm loyaɣ taa yɔ. Payaɣ kɩyʋsʋnaʋ ɖɔɖɔ se yʋsaɣ pʋyʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛtʋŋ tʋmɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ tɔm loyaɣ taa yɔ.
Kɩyʋsɩnɩyaa mba payʋsʋʋ yɔ, pa nɛ paɣtʋ loyisi pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ eɖizina yʋsɩyaa pɩlɩʋ. Kɩyʋsɩnɩyaa panɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ kɩyʋsɩnɩyaa lalaa.
Tɔmɩŋ kikpiyiŋ kʋnʋmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩyʋsʋnaʋ kpiliɣ. Yee kʋnʋmɩŋ ɛnɩ, ɛfɛyɩnɩ kazuyɛɛlɩ lakasɩ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se kɩyʋsɩnaʋ wɛtʋ lɩɣna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ kɩyʋsʋʋ yɔ kʋ-cɔlɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kɩyʋsʋnaʋ ɖaɣnɩɣ wɛnaʋ tɔm maʋ paɣtʋ cáńzɩ ɛzɩ wɛtʋ yaa ñʋʋ.


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Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ
Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛkɛ kɩnadʋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʋʋna aleewaa kɩbama yɔ. Aleewaa kɩbama panɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ yaa paɖʋ-ɩ kʋn̄ɔŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnɛ ɛɛlakɩ yaa yee ɛɖɔŋ paɣtʋ ndʋ ti-wokina wɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ pa-tʋmɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ labʋʋ yɔɔ kɔ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pɛwɛna ɖoŋ size pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ mbʋ yɔ, mba hana-ɩ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlakɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛna sʋʋtʋ siŋŋ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ samaɣ hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna kalɩzasɩ nzɩ efeluu yaa afelaa kpaɣ nɛ peke yɔ sɩ yɔɔ. Kʋɖʋm ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛtɩlɩ efeluu yaa afelaa mba palakɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ kpeekpe ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Mba pekema aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa yɔ, mba kɛɣna afelaa. Aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa lakɩna lakasɩ kɛdekɛdasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paɖʋʋ pa-tɩnaa tɩlasɩ nɛ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ taa. Afelaa mba pakpaɣna ɛyaa kalɩsasɩ nɛ pakaŋ-sɩ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa afelaa wayɩ.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size tɩʋ pazɩyʋ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa nɛ pɔtɔŋ tobi size aleewaa kɔlʋʋ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛkpɛzɩ kʋdɔmɩŋ. Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ size patɩyɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Ɛtɩyɩɣ nɛ eheyi ɛyʋ mbʋ pɩlakɩ-ɩ yɔ nɛ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ ɛtɩŋ nɛ ɛlɩɩ pɩ-taa yɔ.
Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ size ɛla yaa ɛna mbʋ yɔ, pɩtaha ɖoŋ paa anɩ size ɛla nɛ ɛna-pʋ. Ɛyʋ ɛsɩba tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ size ɛna mbʋ pʋkʋ pʋdʋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ : kʋdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ efeletu hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbʋ yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ tɩʋ pazɩʋ paɣzɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, ɛsɔɔla size ɛna ɛ-cɔlɔ kɛ aseɣɖe tɩnaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ. Mba ɛhaɣ paɣtʋ yɔ.Tɩʋ eheyi ɛyʋ se ɛkʋ su kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛ-cɛyɩtʋ tɛ, su kʋhʋlʋm ɖɔɖɔ pʋdʋ kʋʋ.
Yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛɖʋ ɛyʋ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ pʋdʋ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ pɩkɛɣ sʋʋtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ.


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Sɛlɩnɩyɔm
Sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 34 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Se. Pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ VIA ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ e-tomnaɣ nɛ ɛ-taa pʊtʊnaa wɛtʊ caɣ ɛzɩ sʊfʊrɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ teluuɖi yɔ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛwɛ sɔtʊ (nɛ paa ɛwɛ ŋñɩɩ ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ taa lɛ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ). Ɛɛlakɩ pʊyʊ kpɩna ɖɔʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, yee pɩtɛkɛ kʊɖɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm wondu yuŋ ndʊ yɔɔ. Sʊfʊrɩ nɛ sɛlɩnɩyɔm pa-tʊmɩyɛ wɛ kɩmaŋ tɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɔɔnaɣ tɔm taa. Papɩzaɣ patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna Se ɖɔʊ ɛyaa calɩm naa taa pɩnzɩ 1990, nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ kaawɛ ɛ-taa wɛ ñɩm piŋ nɛ lɛɛŋ taa wɛɛ kpɛɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ, Fenezuyeelaa kajalaɣ tʊ ɛwɛna 0,8 µg/L nɛ ɛwa-ɩ Egipiti ɛlɛ ñɛwɛna 0,07 µg/L.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Jöns Jacob Berzelius (pɩnzɩ 1779-1848) nɛ Johan Gottlieb Gahn pɩnaɣ 1817 ñɩnɩna nɛ pana sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɛ ahɔya wena awɛ plɔŋ kuduyuu taa pʊñɔtɩna Grispholm tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyuu, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patɩzaɣ sʊfʊrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm yɔ. Pʊtʊnaa sɛlɩnɩyɔm nɛ teluɖu mba paakpɛnda-wɛ wasɩ ɖeɖe yɔ, mbʊ pana alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda sʊfɩrɩ nɛ kwivri yɔ, palɩ pɔ-yɔɔ keeke kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa.
Teluɖu mʊ kajalaɣ tʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa tellus pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ, ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe. Ɛzɩ sɛlɩnɩyɔm nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɖama yɔ lɛ, nɛ pɛwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ-wɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛzɩ tɛtʊ nɛ fenaɣ, paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ Eeλήvn (Selếnê) yaa σeλήvn (selênê), krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmʊʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ fenaɣ, Tɛtʊ malɩnayʊ tɩŋga.


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Rɔkɩ
Rɔkɩ kɛ cɩmʊʊ amʊza yaa pɩkɛ mʊsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa kɛlɛ mʊsɩ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ soo anɛ a-taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mʊsɩ nzɩ sɩ-maɣmaɣ sɩlɩna rock 'n' roll cɔlɔ nɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1940 nɛ 1950 wɛɛ taa. Rhythm and blues nɛ country pacakanaɣ kʊ-yɔɔ. Rɔkɩ kɩnda pʊtʊnaa sakɩyɛ fɔlɩkɩ nɛ blu nɛ Jazz nɛ cɔlɩɩ tɛ minziiki cɔlɔ.
Pɩkɛ keɣa cɩmʊʊ nɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmakɩ keɣa yɔ ɛkɛ yɔɔdɩyʊ, nɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛʊna kɩtarɩ yaa cɩmʊʊ wonuu, yaa nabʊyʊ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna piyanoo nɛ wondu naa lalaa.
Rɔkɩ lɩna rock 'n' roll, ŋgʊ kaakɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ Etaazuunii ɛyaa tɛ kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1940 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 1950 paazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kʊñɔɔ pɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Amerika ɖama tɛ minziiki cɔlɔ. Ɛlɛ kʊ nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ anasaayɩ naa kɩlaɣna-kʊ mabʊ lona wena a-taa anasaayɩ naa kaawɛɛ yɔ.
Wondu teyaa mba pa-hɩla kɩla sɛʊʊ yɔ pa-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis8 nɛ Big Joe Turner,ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ hendu teyuu weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩla sɛʊʊ yɔ, nɛ ɛ-hendu ndʊ pakɩlɩna-ɩ sɩm yɔ tʊ-ñʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔ Shake, Rattle and Roll kɛ pɩnaɣ 1954.