text:
Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ
Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ wɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ yuulee sɛmɩŋ pɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Paa tomnasɩ lɛɛsɩ ɛlɛɣzɩɣ hɩla yee pesida tomnasɩ lɛɛsɩ sɛsmɩŋ sɩ-taa kɔ yɔ, ɛzɩ sɛmɩŋ tomnaɣ pɩsɩɣ caʊʊ yaa hʊlʊʊ tɩyɛ yɔ, tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ ɛɛlɛɣzɩ hɩdɛ paa pesida tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ.
Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ wɛ tomnasɩ sɛmɩŋ kɩkpɛdɩɣ lʊbɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kaayʊ yɔ kɩ-taa. Ɛsɛkuliye sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ taa lɛ, tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ kɛna-wɛ laŋhʊlɩmɩyɛ sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ pɛ-tɛ kɩɖaŋ kɛtɛɛkasɩ yɔɔ. Tɩŋ pe nayɛ pʊʊ lɛ, ɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ yɔ.


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text:
KEDEŊGA KPEEKPE YƆƆ ƐYƱ WALA TƆM
KUBUUZUTU
Yee ɖitisaa se pʊmʊna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ wala ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɛna wazaɣ pʊyʊ kɔyɔ, ɖitisaa ɖɔɖɔ se peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ, toovonum nɛ lahɛzɩyɛ palɩɣna;
Ɖɩnaa se ɛyʊ wala tɔm kɩɩsɩŋ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ kɩɩɖɔŋ palabɩna nɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm tɔyɩ nɛ pɩcɛyɩɣ ɛyaa. Mbʊ pacaɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ wɛtʊ, ɛyaa wɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yem faaa nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se palɩ kʊñɔŋ taa, sɔɔndʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ-wɛ kpaʊ;
Yee waɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɛkandayɩɣ ɛyʊ wala yɔɔ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, wiɖiyi pɩɩkaɣ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ kɛnaʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛkʊyɩ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ se kalakɩ-ɩ ñaŋ;
Pʊwɛ camɩyɛ se pasɩna ajɛya, akpeeti nɛ ala taabalɩyɛ ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeu nɛ puhuuna-yɛ;
Ɖinaa se ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tasɩ tisuu ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-wazaɣ pɔ-tɔm, nɛ pɔtɔ se abalaa nɛ halaa pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ wala ana a-ɛsɩndaa; mbʊ labɩna nɛ paka ñʊʊ se pekpeetiɣ samaɣ sɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ;
Ajɛya kɩgbɛdʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya tisaa se alakɩ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe ña ɛyʊ wala, ɛlɛ pʊwɛɛ se ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖʊ-yɛ nisi;
Yee ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ ɩwɛna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pɩsaŋ nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ.
MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE:
KEDEŊGA KPEEKPE YƆƆ ƐYƱ WALA TƆM tʊnɛ tɩkɛ ajɛya wena kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm wɛ a-ñʊŋ taa yɔ a-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ; nɛ pɩsa acɛyɩ a-tɩ, akuli ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖa-ajɛya ɛyaa nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna ɛyaa ɛsɛ nɛ paña ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm.
Hɔɔlaɣ 1
Palʊlʊʊ ɛyaaa nɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kpaagbaa nɛ pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ wala ɛsɩndaa. Palʊlʊʊ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-lɔŋ nɛ pa-maɣzɩm; mbʊ yekina nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama se pɛkɛ ɛyaa pa-tɩŋgɛ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 2
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛkɛ kɩsɛm, kɩkpɛdʊ, kʊhʊlʊm, ñɩmdʊ, kɛdɛyaɣ, paa ɛkɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tʊ, ɛlaɣ sɩɩnaa, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala wena pɔyɔɔdɩ a-tɔm cɩellnɛ yɔ, akɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ñɩna.
Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ paa ɛyʊ ɛlɩna le, ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩfɛyɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tʊ, yaa ɖɩ-poliitikii kɛ ŋgʊ, paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se ɛyʊ wala tɔm tʊnɛ tɩdataɣna-ɩ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 3
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna wezuu, ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛkandayɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 4
Pɩfɛyɩ se nɔɔyʊ ɛwɛɛ yomiye taa; ɛlɛ padaaɖʊ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kʊñɔŋ. Pekizi yomiye tɔm.
Hɔɔlaɣ 5
Pɩfɛyɩ se paɖʊ nɔɔyʊ kʊñɔŋ, pɛkpɛŋgɛsɩ-ɩ, yaa palabɩ-ɩ mbʊ pɩdamʊna se pala ɛyʊ yɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 6
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se paa le, paya-ɩ se caa akele.
Hɔɔlaɣ 7
Ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛ kɩmaŋ paɣtʊ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɛwɛɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paɣtʊ ɛkandayɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɩmaŋ. Yee palakɩ-wɛ nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, yaa pɩɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ nʊmaʊ ta, pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se pakandayɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɩmaŋ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 8
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pacaɣ-ɩ tɔm yaa pomuluu-i faŋŋŋ wala wena paɣtʊ ha-ɩ yɔ a-nʊmaʊ taa, ewolo eheyi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm hʊyaa.
Hɔɔlaɣ 9
Paapɩzɩɣ pakpa nɔɔyʊ faŋŋ paɖɩɣ yaa pɛkɛzɩ-ɩ tɛtʊ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 10
Yee pakpa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ se ɛlabɩ nabʊyʊ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pahʊʊ ɛ-tɔm fayɩɩ nɛ pana; tiɖeɣ yaa tɩsɩkɩ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 11
- Ɛyʊ weyi pakpa-ɩ nɛ padahʊda ɛ-tɔm yɔ, pɔcɔŋna-ɩ se ɛdɛwɛɛkɩ pʊyʊ; a-aseɣɖe tɩnaa nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kandɩyaa pasɩŋgɩɣ ɛ-wayɩ, pahʊʊ ɛ-tɔm fayɩɩ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, nɛ pana toovonum.
- Paakpaɣ ɛyʊ sɔnɔ ɖooo mbʊ ɛɛlaba nɛ pɩdaafɛyɩ paɣtʊ taa yɔ, pʊ-yɔɔ; yee pʊ-wayɩ pʊkɔma pɩlɩɩ se ɛɛlabɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm, nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ se pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ kɔyɔ, paɣtʊ kɩbɩndʊ yɔɔ patɩŋgɩɣ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 12
Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ lɛlʊ tɔm taa yem yem.
Hɔɔlaɣ 13
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ewolo paa le, ɛcaɣ ɖenɖe e-liu wɛɛ yɔ paa ɛjaɖe nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa.
- Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛkʊyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, paa pɩkɛ ɛ-ñɩnɖɛ, nɛ pɩmaɣ-ɩ ɖooye lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 14
- Yee palɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ wayɩ ɖoli faŋŋŋ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ sɛ eñɩnɩ kʊyʊʊ ɖʊɖʊyɛ. Ɛtalɩ le, padaalɔ-ɩ.
- Ɛlɛ, yee toovonum, ɛwɛɛkɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ-ɩ se pakpa-ɩ, ɛfɛyɩna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ ɖoli.
Hɔɔlaɣ 15
- Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɛ-tɛ.
- Pɩfɛyɩ se pekizina nɔɔyɔ se ɛdaayaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ se ɛ-tɛ yaa ɛdaa lɛɣzɩ tɛ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 16
- Halɩbiya nɛ abalɩbɩya, paa pɛ-tɛ le, palakɩ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ, patalɩɣ pe-ɖeɖe lɛ, pɛwɛna waɖɛ se pawalɩ, pakpaɣ halaa nɛ papɩsɩ ɖɩsɩ nɛ sɩ-tɩnaa. Pa-wala wɛ kɩmaŋ halɩkpaɣyɛ ɖeɖe; abalʊ wɛna waɖɛ se ekizi ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛɖɔɔnɩ-ɩ; halʊ ñɛwɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ekizi ɛ-walʊ nɛ ɛkʊɩ ɛ-yɔɔ.
- Pɛlɔ nɛ evebu, petisiɣ se pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama nɛ pʊcɔ palabɩ-wɛ halɩkpaɣyɛ sɔnzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ pakpa pa-taa nɔɔyɔ nɛ ɖoŋ.
- Mɩzaɣ kɛna samaɣ hoye; kɛwɛna waɖɛ se samaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ pakandayɩ kɔ-yɔɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 17
- Ɛyʊ paa weyi, paa ɛwɛ e-ɖeke, paa ɛwɛ lalaa hɛkʊdaa, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna ñɩm.
- Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se pɛlɛɣ nɔɔyʊ ɛ-ñɩm faŋŋŋ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 18
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se elɩzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza faaa, ɛtɩŋ ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ ŋgʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se waɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩ eyele ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛtɩŋ lɛɛkʊ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɩlɩ ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ ŋgʊ ɛtɩŋgɩɣ-kʊ yo kʊ-tɔm lalaa faaa; paa ɛwɛ e-ɖeke yaa ɛ nɛ lalaa, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 19
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛyɔɔdɩ faaa ndʊ ɛmaɣzɩɣ yɔ; pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔɔndʊ ɛdaakpa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ se ɛɛyɔɔdɩ natʊyʊ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ nabʊyʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ wɛna waɖɛ se ɛkɛdɩ lalaa ndʊ ɛsɩma, ɛnaa yaa ɛnɩwa yɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 20
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ewolo kediɣzaɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛna ŋgbɛyɛ.
- Pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛsʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa.
Hɔɔlaɣ 21
- Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔm taa. Ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla lɩmaɣza yaa ɛtɩŋna samaɣ lɩzɩ ɛyaa mba se pɔɖɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ.
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛla kewiyaɣ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ.
- Samaɣ sɔɔlɩm kɛna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tigiɖe. Takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ panaɣna samaɣ sɔɔlɩm mbʊ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 22
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se samaɣ ɛkandayɩ ɛ-yɔɔ. Kandayʊʊ mbʊ piyekina nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ, ɛhɛzɩ ñɩm nɛ ɛsɛkuliye pa-ñɩnʊʊ nʊmaʊ taa.
Hɔɔlaɣ 23
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ehiɣ tʊmɩyɛ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ nɛ mulum ɛdaawɛɛ.
- Ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛna waɖɛ se, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ kɩmaŋ, mulum ɛdaawɛɛ.
- Ɛyʊ weui ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ, pɩtalɩ ɛ nɛ ɛ-mɩzaɣ nɛ padaala kʊñɔŋ samaɣ taa.
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛ nɛ lalaa paɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ; ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ɛkpɛndɩ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔɔ, aŋgba ana awɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ akandayɩ ɛ-yɔɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 24
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛhɛzɩ nɛ ɛcalasɩ ɛ-ɛsɛ, padaakɩlɩ-ɩ nazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa; ɛwɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, paha-ɩ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ, ɛhɛzɩ nɛ pɛtɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ ke-liidiya.
Hɔɔlaɣ 25
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna ñɩm nɛ pɩwazɩ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ñɩmba pe-wezuu caɣʊ taa; ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ, tɔɔla, ɖʊzʊyɛ nɛ kɔ yɔ. Ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛlakɩ kʊñɔŋ, pɩwɩɣ-ɩ, ɛlabi ɛjam, ɛpɩsɩ ɛɖanɛ yaa leluu, ɛkpadayaa, pala nabʊyʊ nɛ pasɩna-ɩ.
- Asɔŋ nɛ piya pʊmʊnaa se pasɩna pɩŋŋŋ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 26
- Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pokuli ɛ-ɛsɛ. Pɩdamʊna se pɛhɛyɩ kɔɔnɔɔ sukuli yɔɔ. Pɩkɛna paa anɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ewolo-kʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se lɛɣtʊ nɛ tʊma kpasʊʊ sukuli pɔtɔyɩ. Pʊpɔzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se patʊlɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɔnɔsɩ paa anɩ.
- Ɛyʊ woki sukuli se ɛ-ɛsɛ ikuli, pɩwazɩ-ɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa, pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛña ɛyʊ wala. Kɩsɩɣna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɣna ɖama, pekpeɣu ɖama pa-kɩwɛɛkɩm, paɖʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Kɩsɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tʊma wena añɩnɩɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔ.
- Piya ñɩmba wɛna waɖɛ se palɩzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ pɔsɔɔla se pepiya iwobi-kʊ yɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 27
- Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ nɔɔ faaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ sɔnzɩ tɔm taa nɛ mbʊ pɩlɩɣ pɩ-taa yɔ, pɩwazɩ-ɩ.
- Paa anɩ ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛkandayɩ mbʊ ɛlaba nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 28
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛñaɣ pana nɛ yɛɖɛyɛɖɛtʊ ɛdaawɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm takayaɣ taa yɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 29
- Paa anɩ, ɛtɩlɩ ɛsɩɩ se ɛwɛ samaɣ ŋga ka-taa fɛɛɛ nɛ pɩkɛdɩɣna-ɩ yɔ, ɛtɔɔ-kɛ kɩmɩyɛ.
- Paa ɛyʊ weyi, eɖiɣzina se ɛ-wala ñɩnʊʊ nʊmaʊ nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ leleŋ nɩʊ pa-taa lɛ, kamaɣ wɛɛ; pɩfɛyɩ se ɛcɛzɩ-kɛ; paɣtʊ ɖʊna-kɛ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ ɛyaa ñaŋ ɖama wala; mbʊ haɣna mʊmaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se demookrasii samaɣ taa ɛyaa ɩnɩɩna ɖama.
- Ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se ɛñaŋ wala ana nɛ pʊdɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔlʊʊ yɔ.
Hɔɔlaɣ 30
Kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm tʊnɛ, tɩ-taa tʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛtɔŋ se hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ, yaa ŋgʊ yɔ, kʊtɔŋna se padaaña wala naayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ,yaa nɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.

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Michael Jackson
Palʊla Michael Joseph Jackson kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 1958 kɛ Karii tɛtʊ taa, Ɛndiyana taa nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 2009 kɛ Lɔsɩ Anjelɛsɩ kɛ Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 51. Michael Joseph Jackson kɛna wendu teyu, kpalahuwa lʊyʊ, wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ, nɔɔyʊ yɔɔ aseɣɖe tɔm lɩzɩyʊ, ɛpaɣ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛ-naŋgbaanzɩ ɖʊʊ ɖama taa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛlɛ The King of Pop, Bambi. Ɛkɛna pʊɣa lʊbɛ ŋga kɛ pɩya nakʊ taa. Ɛnɛ ɛ-ɖalaa papaɣzɩ hendu teu lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ looɖo nɛ pɩnzɩ 11 kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ hendu teu camɩyɛ ɛ-ɖalaa hɛkʊ taa kɛ Jackson Five taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1971 taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ hendu kalʊ nɛ lalaa tisuu. Ɛ-tɛ hendu natʊyʊ wɛ lʊbɛ nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ tɩwɛ ndʊ pakɩlʊ yabʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛyɛ kɔyɔ Pop tɛ wiyau nɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpazaa ɛwa hendu teya sakɩyɛ nɛ tadasɩ nzɩ ɛpɛdaa yɔ sɩɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyaarɩ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ ɛkɛ naadozo-tʊ weyi ɛkɩla ɛ-tatasɩ pɛdɩɣ yɔ; kacalaɣ- tʊ yɔ Beatles nɛ naalɛ-tʊ yɔ Elvis Presley. Tataɣ ŋga pakɩla-kɛ pɛdɩɣ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ ŋga lɛ Thriller, nɛ pɛpɛda-sɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 66 yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Etazuunii taa lɛ Thriller kɛŋna tataɣ ŋga keɖeke kɔŋ RIAA, Amerika taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna hendu teu yɔɔ yɔ, sama camɩyɛ nɛ yele se palɩzɩ-kɛ tɔm 30 taa yɔ.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 taa padaɣna tataɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga lɩzʊʊ tɔm 32 taa. Michael Jackson kɩlɩna samtʊ nima ndɩ ndɩ mʊʊ hendu teu taa keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pɩɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2000 taa palakaɣ Mɔntɩ-Kaarloo hendu teyaa amʊʊza sɔsɔna lɛ, Monaakoo tɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ Albert II cɛla Mileniyɔm kʊjɔʊ kɛ Michael Joseph Jackson. Kʊjɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɩlʊ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna tatasɩ kɛ pɛdʊ. Michael Jackson.


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Fiodor Dostoïevski
Ɖajaa Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch Dostoïevski kɛ Ruusi tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ niidozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1821 n̄ɩŋga taa. Mɔsɩkʋʋ tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1881 taa Saint-Petersbourg tɛtʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ hiu (60) ñɩnga taa.
Ɖajaa Fiodor kɛ Mikhaïlovitch kɛ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ filozɔɔfʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ ɖukina pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ takayɩsɩ mayaa sɔsaa lɛlaa nɛ filozɔfʋwaa sakɩkɩyɛ anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya taa. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ yeba nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ maɣzɩm ndɩ ndɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Ɖajaa Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch Dostoïevski tɔɔ kʋn̄ɔŋ siŋŋ ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa. Pakpa-ɩ paɖʋ salaka agoza fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1849 n̄ɩŋga taa. Paaɖʋwa se pakaɣ-ɩ kʋʋ, ɛlɛ, pɔkɔɔ peyele-i. Peyeba-ɩ wayɩ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmlaɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩɩ eyeba nɛ ɛpɩsɩ takayasɩ mayʋ.
Ɖajaa Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch Dostoïevski kɛ naalɛ pɩɣa ɛ-caa cɔlɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Ɖajaa Mikhaïl Andréiévitch Dostoïevski. Ɛ-caa ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa fɛɖʋ sɔsɔ Mɔsɩkʋʋ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch DostoïevskiƉajaa ɖoo payaɣ size Maria Fiodorovna Netchaïev.


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Peyibaa
Peeyibaa kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ Pɛlɩziki pasɩna-ɖama nɛ kamaɣ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ. Peeyibaa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Amsɩterɩdam nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe talɩɣ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ yɔ. Komina nɛ paɣtʊi lɩzɩyaa ñɛwɛ Haayɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya cɩkpena naayɛ kɛ Karayiibi taa.
Peeyibaa wɛ ajɛya wena aɖʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se palɩzɩ ŋgba ɛzɩ: Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ, OTAN nɛ OCDE yɔ.
Payaɣ se Peeyibaa yɔ fransɩ taa lɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtakʊyɩ yɔ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩna pʊŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩkɛ Holandɩ taa kɔyɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ kulubi. Peeyibaa taa lɩm wadɩɣ paa ɛzɩmtaa nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ.
Peeyibaa kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiitu kaawɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1815 yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛnda pʊwɛɛ alɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1806 nɛ 1815 ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊntɩnaa kɛ palɩzaɣ.
Mba pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ awiya yɔ pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ protɛsɩtaŋwaa yɔ nɛ halʊ yaa abalʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ wiyau yaa abiɖe. Mba mba pacaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1815 pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ mba yɔ: Guillaume Ier (1815-1840), Guillaume II (1840-1849) nɛ Guillaume III (1849-1890). Wiyau fɛyɩ ɛlɛ Emma nɛ abila Wilhelmine (1898-1948), Juliana(1948-1980) nɛ Beatrix (1980-2013).Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ hiuwaa naatozo pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛ Willem-Alexander pɩsa wiyau. Ɛwayɩ ɛlɛ ɛ-pɛlɔ Catharina-Amalia, kaɣna kewiyaɣ tɔɔʊ.


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Arakanzaa
Arkanzaa kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Arkanzaa nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩkpɛnda looɖo nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Oklahoma, wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Tenesi, Misisipii nɛ Tɛkzasi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Misurii piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kpataa lɛ, Luwiziyaana.
Pamaza Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 137 731 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 879 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,09 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Arkanzaa kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ walanzɩ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 25 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1836. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 915 918 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ -wɛ ɛzɩ 21 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 198 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 839 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Magazinii piyele ŋgʊ pʊtɔyɩnaa yɔ kʊkʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 17. Payaɣ Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Asa Hutchinson piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: John Boozman nɛ Tom Cotton.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ: Eŋgilisi.


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Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (humanisme) labʊ lɩna filozɔfʊ waa naanza nabɛyɛ cɔlɔ. Mbaa yɔ : ɖajaa Marsile Ficin nɛ ɖajaa Cristoforo Landono nɛ ɖajaa Ange Politien nɛ ɖajaa Démétrios Chalcondyle.
Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ anasaayɩnaa tɛ tɛtʊ taa sɔnzɩ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛlɛ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi pacalɩ labʊ ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Palaba lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩɩ Italii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Toscane yɔ tɩ-taa. Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Renɛɛsansɩ (Renaissance) yɔ Toscane tɛtʊ paɣzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sɔnzɩ nɛ Krɛsɩ nɛ Room pɛ-ajɛya taa ñɩma sɔnzɩ lɩ ɖama siŋŋ. Ɛyaa mba palaba sukuli nɛ pɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, pʊt-tɔbʊʊ se pɛ-ɛza kuli pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ, paasɔɔlɩ tɩlʊʊ siŋŋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ tɩlʊʊ.
Pɔtɔma se ɛyʊ wɛna tɩlɩtʊ siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Pɔyɔɔda se ɛyʊ tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩɣ piyele nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ yaa ɛ-wɛtʊ wɛɛ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩŋna ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla tʊma kɩbana nɛ kedeŋa ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kajalaɣ ɛyaa mɛ-ɛza kulaa waa mba, paasɔɔlɩ kpem se mbʊ pasɩma yaa patɩlaa yɔ, pamɩzɩ-tʊ yaa pɛtɛyɩ-tʊ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nʊmɔʊ taa ɛyaa mba pɔtɔŋ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩtaakazɩ nɔɔyʊ kedeŋa kanɛ kɔ-yɔɔ se patatana-ɩ Ɛsɔtɔm. Se paa ɛyʊ ɛɛkɛ le tʊ yaa paa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ, pʊwɛɛ se patana-ɩ Ɛsɔtɔm. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Lefèvre yɔ ɛlʊba siŋŋ nɛ ɛɖɛzɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Toovenum lɛ, Ebree ñɩma kʊnʊŋ taa paamana Ɛsɔtɔm. Pɩnaɣ 1523 ñɩŋga taa Sɔsɔ Lefèvre ɛnʊ ɛɖɛzɩ Ɛsɔtɔm ndʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa.
Ɛsɔtɔm ɛtalɩ paa weyi kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ nʊmɔʊ taa ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa mɛ-ɛzakulaa waa ɖɔŋ lʊbʊ se pɛɖɛzɩɣ-tʊ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ piliŋa lʊkɩ siŋŋ se kedeŋa ñɩm ɛtalɩ paa le. Pɔtɔŋ se yee pɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛyʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩhaɣ-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Pʊbʊ ɛtɩlɩɣ mbʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkpaɣ lɛlʊ nɛ ɖoŋ kɩkpaʊ se ɛla ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ pʊmʊna-ɩ se ɛla yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛlɩzɩɣ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ mʊnɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ piliŋa ñɩnɩ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛla ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Piliŋa ŋga kalʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kpeyuu ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa.


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Jazz
Etaazuunii nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa minziiki yaa soo ana ɖɩyaɣ se jazz, papaɣzɩ-yɛ mabʊ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa. Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, nɛ minziiki ŋgʊ pamakɩ-kʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛsɩnda kɛnɛ ɛzɩ kedizasi sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe mbʊ yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa jazz minziiki paɣla halɩ kɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa, nɛ halɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ egeetiye sɔɔlʊʊ se pɩkɛdɩna-ɖɩ yɔ. Kpaɣ sɔnɔ ɖɛ-tɛ avema anɛ a-taa jazz lɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩ nabɛyɛ jazz afro-cubain, jazz West Coast, ska-jazz, avant-garde jazz indo-jazz soul jazz, kuduyuu tɛ jazz, latɛŋ jazz, jazz funk, loft jazz, jazz punk, acid jazz, rap jazz, M-base nɛ nu jazz.
Ɛyaa mba palaba jazz minziiki tʊmɩyɛ yɔ pɛkɛ piyanoo maɖaa pa-taa kɔyɔ Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock nɛ Count Basie, nɛ aŋgada hʊlɩyaa kɔyɔ Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie nɛ Miles Davis, selesiyu kɔyɔ Charles Mingus, fɛtɛyɩŋ tɩnaa kɔyɔ Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Charlie Parker nɛ John Coltrane, cɩmʊʊ ɖeɣa tʊ Sidney Bechet nɛ hendu teyaa kɔyɔ Billie Holiday, Nina Simone nɛ Ella Fitzgerald.
Pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1808 alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩtɩŋna yomtu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛda kaatɛma talʊʊ Etaazuunii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ miiliiyɔɔ kʊyʊmʊʊ mbʊ yɔ palɩna sahara nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Afrika nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Koŋgoo pɔɔ fɛɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa pɔkɔna pɛ-tɛ soo sɔnzɩ lona ana a-taa peeɖe.


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Kujomuu sɔsɔʋ
Lɩm huyi kujomuu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kujomuu ŋgʊ, kɩwɛ tɛtʊ nɖʊ payaɣ se Arizona yɔ nɛ tɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ kujomiŋ tɩŋɛ. Colorado pɔɔ kpemna sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩla se puyi kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Puhuyi-kʊ piyaɣ ŋga payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Colorado yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 ñɩŋga taa pɔcɔzɩ kujomuu ŋgʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ kɩpɩsɩ ɛsɩyɛ ɛgbena loniye sɔsɔyɛ. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 4 927. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa naanza nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ woki nɛ panaɣ kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-laŋ wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-taa tɛtɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ yeba nɛ pɩnaɣ 1979 ñɩŋga taa UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɣ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ se ŋgʊ kɛŋna kedeŋa kpeekpe ñɩm sɔsɔm. UNESCO kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ ɛzakuliye nʊmɔʊ taa nɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ sukuli labʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ wobunaʊ ɛsɩndaa nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Arizona yɔ tɩ-taa ɖeyiɖeyi. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwalaa nɛ kɩɖaɣlɩ nɛ kɩtɛ kiliŋi pɩfɛyɩ kɛdʊʊ. Kɩɖaɣlaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 450. Kɩwɛ Powell lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Mead ñɩŋgʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Kɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ, kɩwɛ Arozona tɛtʊ taa laʊ ŋgʊ pɔsɔza-kʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ awayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ kɩ-taa yɔ. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ, kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kilomɛtanaa 350. Kiliŋaa pɩɖɛɛ mɛtanaa 1 300 yɔɔ. Ki-likaŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 2 000. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ kilomɛtanaa 5,5. Hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ, kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 30. Toovenum lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ kujomiŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkɩlɩ liŋuu kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Kujomiŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ liŋuu Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ yɔ : Colca kujomuu, ki-likaŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 3 400. Cotahuasi kujomuu likaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtanaa 3 550. Kujomiŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ ɛnɛ ɛwɛ Peruu ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ-kʊ se Yarlung Tsangpo kujomuu. Nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Mɛkɩsiikɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kʊkʊ payaɣ se Barranca del Cobre kujomuu. Lɛɛkʊ ñɛwɛ Idaho ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kʊkʊ hɩɖɛ lɛ Hells kujomuu. Kujomiŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-tɩŋɛ payɩ ɛkɩlɩ likaŋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ.


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Lantanɩ
Lantanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 57 nɛ yʊssaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ La. Ɛha ɛ-hɩɖɛ lantanɩdɩ waa cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se lanthanein nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mɛlʊʊ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ lantanɩ kaamɛla sɛrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ yem ŋnɔɔ taa lɛ, lantanɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ. Lɩm yaa helim ɛɖɛna ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ.
Palɩ lantanɩ yɔɔ kɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ tɛtʊ taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ Johan Gadolin nɛ Andrers Gustaf Ekeberg pɩtɩŋna gadolinite nɛ euxénite pɔ-yɔɔ. Lantanɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩyʊ yɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɩcaʊ pɩnaɣ 1839 ɛlɛ Carl Gustf Mosander labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Palɩzɩɣ lantanɩ kɛ monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y) PO4) nɛ bastnäsite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)(CO3)F). Mbʊ papɩzɩɣ nɛ patʊʊ ɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lɛlaa yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ.
Ɛbɛɛ palakɩna-ɩ, lantanɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kaaʊ maakɩka ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, poluki-i pɩlɩna mischmétal yɔɔ, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ pesida yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ sɛrɩyɔm pɩtalɩ 55%, lantanɩ kɔyɔ 20%, nɛyɔdɩyɔm 15%, prasɛyɔdɩyɔm 5%, samarɩyɔm 1% ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɩnda pɩ-taa peeɖe.
Ɛkɛ seɣtiyu ñamasɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi paɖʊʊ ɛ-taa karasɩm yɔ, nɛ ɛfɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ pɩlatɩnɩ nɛ paladɩyɔm mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩma ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩtaa tɔlɩ ɛ-tɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ taa, mbʊ peheyuu-ɖʊ se ɖɩtaa feziɣ pɩ-tɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ fefekiŋ.


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Platon
Platon kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Atɛnɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Atɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa tʋ yaa pɔɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ kɛ Atɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ kɛ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ, patatɩlɩ-kɛ, patatɩlɩ e-evemiye yaa ɛ-kɩyakʋ kʋlʋlʋʋ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ pɩnaɣ -428 n̄ɩŋgaɣ yaa pɩnaɣ -427 n̄ɩŋga. Atɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩkʋ kpem nɛ piya lɛɣsɩ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ ɛkɔŋ nɛ ɛpaɣlʋ mbʋ yɔ, ɛlakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ wɛnɛyɩ tʋ yɔ. Paa lee ɛwɛ ɛlɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa Platon ɛnʋ, ɛsɩba fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, patatɩlɩ-kʋ. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛsɩba ka-taa yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ pɩnaɣ -348 yaa n̄ɩŋga yaa pɩnaɣ -347 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛ ndʋ tɩ-taa peeɖe.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Platon kɛ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ Atɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ.
Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmyɔɔɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Platon kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ siŋŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ filozɔɔfʋ kɩbɩnʋ nɔɔyʋ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size eleɖa siŋŋ kɛ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ labʋ nɩmɔʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Platon kɛ wɛɛ yaa kpaɖʋ tɛ Atɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ yaa ɛyʋ weyi, ɛlʋba ɛ-samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣza kewiitu yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlʋkɩna siŋŋ kɛ cɛtɩm lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyaa. Cɛtɩm lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyaa yaa ɖʋzʋm lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyaa mba payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size sofistɩ waa. Ɖajaa Platon nɛ sofistɩ waa pɔtɔm taasʋʋ ɖama taa kɛ paa wiɖina. Ɛna sofistɩ waa pɛkɛ koyondinaa.
Ɛtɛ filozofii kɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ camɩyɛ siŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛ-lɔŋ pasɩyaa yɔ. Ɖajaa Platon wɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ kɛlɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ filozɔɔfʋ Socrate. Ɛ-nesi ɖʋyaa yaa ɛsɩnɩyaa lalaa kɛlɛ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ filozɔɔfʋ Parménide, nɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ filozɔɔfʋ Héraclite, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ filozɔɔfʋ Pythagorus. Mba ɖʋna-ɩ nesi nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ ɛ-maɣma ɛlɩmaza. Ɛkpɛlɛkaa pʋsʋʋ ɛsɩyɛ kɛ ɛyʋ tʋmɩyɛ tɛ. Tobiye nɖɩ pama Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "éthique". Ɛkpɛlɩkɩtʋ tala ɖɔɖɔ, mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ takʋʋ yɔ pɩtɛ maɣzɩm laɣsɩ.


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Teeraŋ
Teeraŋ tetʋ kɛna Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Teeraŋ tɛtʋ wɛ Iirani ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɩwɛ pʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ se Ɛlɩburui yɔ kʋcɔlɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakalɩ Teeraŋ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 15 000 000 yɔ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ sulukŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 15 yɔ. peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-yɔɔ palakɩ saa kpinini yaa hayɩsʋ tʋma yɔ (autoroute) aɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ.
Teeraŋ tɔbʋ nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa Teeraŋ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛlakɩ ɛkpandʋ yɔ yaa weui ehuyuu yɔ. Piyele nɛ sɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Général Albert Houtum-Schindler cɔlɔ lɛ, tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se kadaŋa yaa kadaɣhʋlʋmaɣ wɛtʋ (plaine désertique). Weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Ahmad Kasravi yɔ Teeraŋ tɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɖenɖe sʋŋgaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Payaɣ Teeraŋ maaliki tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf. Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ yɔ, Teeraŋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kabuli (Afganisitani), Suwani (Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ), Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Minsiki (Piyelorusi), Piraziliya (Pirezili) Lahavani (Kuba), Pagidadi (Iraki), Kowɛtɩ (Kowɛtɩ), Yerusalɛm (Palɛsitini), Mosiku (Ruusi), Sɛnpetɛrisiburi (Ruusi), Karitumi (Sudani), Tujambe (Tajikisitani), karakasi (Fenezuyela) nɛ Sana (Yemɛni).


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Kanzɩ pɔɔ
Kanzɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ pɔɔ. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ lɩna kɛ-tɛ ɖɩñɔyɛ taa kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 2500 nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 3000. Ka-walanzɩ makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa 907000 nɛ kɛ-tɛ handala fɛɛʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊ nɛ Bramaputra ñɩŋgʊ. Kanzɩ pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛŋna pɔɔ kiɖeɖeya kɩlaʊ pɔsɩ lʊbɛ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊwayi lɛ, kɛtɛzɩɣ Haridwar pɔɔ. Kaka tɛ kʊkʋyʋmʋŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 300 nɛ kekpeŋ nɛ katɩŋɩɣna Ɛndɩ-Kanzɩtiki kɛdɛŋa taa. Kɛfɛyɩna kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, kɛwɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ. Pɔsɩ nzɩɩ yɔ nɛ sɩ-ɖalakɩŋ: Yamʊna pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1300 nɛ karnalɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1080 Chapra tɛtʊ taa nɛ Gandak pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Hajipuur tɛtʊ taa nɛ Ramganga pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 640 pʊcɔ ŋtalɩ Allahabad nɛ Sone ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 784 Patna tɛtʊ taa, nɛ Koshi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Bhagalpuur cɔlɔ nɛ Gomtɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 675 Varanasi cɔlɔ nɛ Damodar pɔɔ ɑlakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 541 Kalkuta nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ.
Kanzɩ pɔɔ woki nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Bengale yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɩkpɛndɩɣ pɩpɩsɩ handala fɛʊʊ sɔsɔʊ. Fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Sundarbans yɔ kɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre fɛɛʋ pesidiɣ ɖama taa yɔ. Ɛndɩ pɩlɩŋa nakɛyɩ, handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩsɩna Hooghly, ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩɣ Kalikuta pɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlɩŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ ŋga kekpeŋ Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ taa yɔ, ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ Padma, pɔcɔ kɛkpɛndɩ kadɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Meghna.


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N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ, pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋkʋ palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ ɖuluɖe taa yɔ. Pɩzatʋ naalɛ kɩlakɩna tʋmɩyɛ. Patʋʋ n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ n̄ɩndʋ ɛjɔʋ pɔʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛɛ n̄ɩndʋ n̄alɩɣna n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tɛɛ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nɩɩnaza nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ polubu kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ yɔ. Nesi pɔcɔzaɣna-ɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛn̄ɛyɩɣ. Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, latiri miŋ pɛn̄ɛyɩɣna-ɩ. Pʋpɔzʋʋ latiriki miŋ wondu natʋyʋ wuɖuwuɖu nɛ pʋcɔ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ papɩzɩ pɛn̄ɛyɩna-ɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kɛlɛʋ. Pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʋpɔzʋʋ wondu natʋyʋ n̄ɩɩɩ n̄ɩɩɩ se, pʋcɔ papɩzɩ pacɔnɩna mayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ yaa pʋyʋ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ siŋŋ yɔ.
Pɔsɔ kajalaɣ ɖajanaa mba pɛlɛyɩ lubu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ sɔnɔ. Mbaa yɔ: Amerika tʋ weyi payaɣ se, Elias Howe yɔ nɛ Caama tʋ weyi payaɣ ɛ́lɛ se, Balthasar Krems yɔ nɛ Thomas Saint ɛ́lɛ kɛ Enkilisi tʋ nɛ Otirisi tʋ, payaɣ ɛ́lɛ se, Yoosɛfʋ Maderspeger.
Toovenum lɛ, kajalaɣ weyi ɛlɛyɩ lubu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɖajaa N̄ɛyɩyʋ Barthélemy Thimonnier. Ɛkɛ francɩɩ tʋ, Lyon egetiye taa palʋla-ɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1830 n̄ɩŋga taa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ takayaɣ. Ɛsaɣ-kʋ nɛ ɖasɩ nɛ ɛmɛyɩ-kʋ nɛ nɩmaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ caŋ caŋ, kɛwɛ ɛzɩ lɩyʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩpazaɣ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ pɔŋ 200 miniti kʋɖʋmʋʋ taa. Pɩɩpɔzaa se, sɔɔjanaa isuu aŋkoo; pʋ-yɔɔ n̄ɛyɩ tokonaa 80 se ɛɖʋna-wɛ hɩɖɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, luɖaa sakɩyɛ lakaɣ tʋma nɛ pe-nesi kɛnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ palakaɣ n̄ɩyɩtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjɔʋ ɖeke. Piyebina nɛ payaa Madesperger n̄ɩɣyʋʋ se, "Nesi nzɩ sɩn̄ɛyɩɣ yɔ".
Amerika tʋ, ɖajaa Walter Hunt calɩna labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "Naavɛɛtɩ" yɔ pɩnaɣ 1834 taa. Pɩzatʋ naalɛ ɛtʋwaɣ kɩ-taa nɛ ɛlakɩna tʋmɩyɛ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɖajaa Elias Howe tɩŋnaa nɛ ɛ́lɛ lu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "Brevet" yɔ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɩlɩ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ ɖeu, ɛlɛ, piteɖena-ɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛkʋyaa ewolo Ɛngilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa se ɛtasɩ-kʋ maɣzʋʋ nɛ ɛna. Ɖajaa Isaac Merrit Singer lubi n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ kʋkʋ kɩlɩ ɖeu lɛɛŋ pɩnaɣ 1851 taa, ɛlɛ, pʋwɛɛ se, ɛɖaɣnɩ-kʋ n̄ɔɔzʋʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Mbʋ hana-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1851 taa ɛsɩɩ kajalaɣ "Brevet" nɛ ɛtʋlɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɛdɩɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ weyi palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣ se " I.M. Singer & Co". Mbʋ yebina nɛ piɖena-ɩ. Peeye ɖajaa Elias Howe ya-ɩ tɔm Tɔm hʋyaa sɔsaa cɔlɔ nɛ pahʋʋ ɛ-tɔm ndʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1854 taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛtakpaɣ pʋyʋ ɖajaa Isaac Merrit Singer cɔlɔ tɔm hʋʋ taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɔɔzɩ kʋ camɩyɛ kpem se paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlabɩna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
N̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ weyi Fransɩɩ n̄ɩma luba yɔ, ekeɖewaɣ pɩŋŋ kewiyaɣ naalɛ n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajanaa pɛnɛ polubina-ɩ: Peugeot nɛ Hurtu nɛ Journaux Leblond nɛ Brion nɛ Reimann. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1868 taa payaɣ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se, "brevet" yɔ naavɛɛtɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ. Sʋsɔ Pierre Cobet yana takayaɣ ŋ́ga. Pɛpɛdɩna Pegeot hɔʋ "Brevet" nɛ "hɩɖɛ". Ŋ́gʋ lubina takayaɣ ŋgaa "Audincourt" tɛtʋ taa. Pasɩwaɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Paarii yɔ tɩ-taa se pana ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ ɖeu lɛ, ɖajaa Benjamin Peugeot paha "Hɩɖɛ Ɖʋʋ" Samtʋ takayaɣ. Ɛnʋʋ pakpaɣa se, eluba n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1871 taa Caama tʋ ɖajaa Kayser maɣzaa nɛ elu wonuu nakʋyʋ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʋcɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ɛjɔʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛn̄ɛyʋʋ awiya tokonaa laŋa taa mɛɖʋmɛɖʋ nɛ pacanɩɣna-wɛ. Alɩsaasɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, ɖajaa Caroline Garcin maɣzaa nɛ ɛ́lɛ lu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋhɔŋ nɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, piiliwaa ɖeke paɖʋwaɣ nɛ pehikiɣ laatriki miŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1873 taa ɖajaa Ward luba kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ yem waaa, kɩ-tɛɛ fɛyɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ mayaɣ "Elna" polubina-kʋ nɛ kɩn̄ɛyɩɣ nesi tokonaa nɛ pantalaŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa ɖajaa Pfad luba n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ kɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ ki-mootɛɛrɩ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ pazɩ kiwoni n̄ɛyɩtʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Ŋ́gʋ yebina nɛ pɛn̄ɛyɩɣ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ tʋtʋ yɔɔ takɩlɩ liidiye caaa.


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Etiyoopii
Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Etiyoopii nɛ ajɛya nayɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ. Ajɛya ana yɔ: Eriitree, Soomaali, Sudaanɩ, Suudanɩ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ, Keniya nɛ Cibuuti ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Eriitree mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 yɔ, Etiyoopii tatasɩ wɛnaʊ waɖɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ teŋgu lɩm yɔɔ.
Afrika keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊʊ yɛ nɛ wena akɩlɩ walɩɣ yɔ a-taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ naakʊ ñɩnɖɛ. Ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa akpagba 1 127 127 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Adisi-Abeeba nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtenaa 2 400 yɔ. Kɛteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ tɩ-taa naanza ñɩnɖɛ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Ariimenii wayɩ lɛ Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjɛya taa nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ pɩnɩɣ krɩtʊ tɔm taa yɔ. Peeɖe ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wɛɛ nɛ aapaɖɩɣ ɖama. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ kʊɖʊm naatozo yɔɔ kɛna malɩŋ. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Mulatu Teshome nɛ e-kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Ɖajaa Haile Mariam Dessalegn.


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N̄ʋʋ
N̄ʋʋ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kalɩyaɣ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ kɛna mayaɣ yaa yʋsaɣ ŋga kasɩɣna yaa pakpakʋ kɛ nɛ pamana matʋ paa ndʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ wasɩɣ nɛ pama tem n̄ʋʋ yaa pilim n̄ʋʋ. Pilim n̄ʋʋ yaa tem n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ sɔsɔʋ. Pɩkɛ mɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ paɖaɣna kʋ yaʋ ɖɔɖɔ size pɩlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ yaa cɔlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ kɛ laɣsɩ pɩlɩtʋ ɖʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hiu hiu laɣsɩ yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ kɛna lakayaɣ ŋga pakɩla tɩlɩʋ siŋŋ kɛ matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.
Hiu hiu laɣsɩ sɩnɛ, sɩwɛnɛ n̄ʋŋ matʋ mayasɩ hiu nɛ nzɩ lɛɣzʋna n̄ʋŋ masɩ yee ŋgba kpɛɖɛ (0) ŋgɔ nzɩna nakʋ (9) kɔyɔ. Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ hiu hiu laɣsɩ taa yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩma n̄ʋʋ nɩyɛ : ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ, pamaʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɩkɛna n̄ʋŋ naalɛ matʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɖɩmaɣ naalɛ (2) nɛ pɩkɔɔ lɛ ɖɩtasɩ maʋ lʋbɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩna ɖama.
Pɩtɛ matʋ ndʋ tɩ-naalɛ pɛkpɛm kɛ pakalɩʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ. Hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ n̄ʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wondu cɛŋga nakayɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pakalɩʋ nɛ pama size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ naalɛ wɛ matʋ natʋlɛ taa. N̄ʋʋ naalɛ ɖeke ɛzɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ (2) yɔ, wɛ wɛtʋ natʋlɛ taa.
Papɩzʋʋ pama naalɛ (2) ɖeke kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ taa, pama ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ-ɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩ-ɩ nɛ n̄ʋʋ lʋbɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ size naalɛ kɛ hiu ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ naalɛ yɔ. Paa n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, kɩkɛ manaʋ yaa tɔm kɩmamatʋ mayaɣ. Yee ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ tɔm yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛyaɣ kʋ kɔyɔ, pɩtɛkɛ size ɛmaɣ kʋ nɛ panɩ kʋ-tɔm ndʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ, ɛyaɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ lɛ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛma-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ masɩ tɩŋgɛ.
N̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ hɩɖɛ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kɛlɛʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size hiu nɛ loɖo (16) nɛ pamaɣ kɛlɛʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa "seize" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ kʋyʋ masɩ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩ payaɣ size hiu nɛ lʋbɛ nɛ pamaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "dix-sept" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩndʋ natʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɩɖɔɖɔkʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ n̄ʋŋ nanza yaa pɩɖɛ mbʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ naaza n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ kɔyɔ : kudoku nɛ taŋga nɛ canta (1525).


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Ɛnduuyisim
Ɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se "sanatadharma". "Maatɛŋ Paɣtʋ." Pɩtɛkɛ nɔɔyʋ lɩzɩna Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖɩfɛyɩna kpaaŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ siŋŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩwɛɛ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ kʋɖʋm wɛ Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Krɩstianism nɛ Iizilaam pɛ-aŋgba wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyʋʋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɩn̄ɔɔ nɛ peeye ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.
Mbʋ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔɔ lɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna nayaa ɖɩfɛyɩna "dogmes waa". Mba pɛwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔm ndʋ pukuli tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ Ɛɛndɩ lɔnsɩŋɖaa yɔ, ti-ɖeke koŋ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛɖɔ. Tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ndʋʋ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se "Veda". Pɔtɔŋ se "Veda" ɖeke koŋ wɛŋna ɖoŋ pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʋ-yɔɔ. Toovenim lɛ, payaɣʋ se Ɛɛnduu n̄ɩma, malɩŋ weyi ɛcalɩ wobuu Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ɛyana mba pɛwɛ Ɛɛdu kajalaŋa taa yɔɔ mbʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛn̄ɩna siŋŋ yɔ ɛnaɣ se mba payaɣ se "Indo-aryens waa yɔ, pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Vedique" yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. "Indo-aryens waa" sʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 1500 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Ɛnduu waa tisuu ɛsɔnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pɔ-cɔzɔnaa tɔm patɩŋɩɣ. Palakɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɩyɩnaa layaa lakʋʋ yɔ.
Halɩ pa-sɩyɩnaa latʋ taɣna ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kadayʋʋ nɛ politiiki nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ polu yaa pama wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ pʋtʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛzɩma mbú ɛyʋ maɣzʋʋ nɛ wezuu caɣʋ mbʋ ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ pʋ-tɔm taa nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʋmɩyɛ taa.


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Hoye
Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hoye (base), pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ yɔ payaɣ se hoye. Mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Siŋŋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tʋmɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ tɛ pɩ-tɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ pʋwɛna tomnaɣ yɔ pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ pɩ-tɛɛ ñɩŋʋ.
Akɔntɔ labʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwazʋʋ kʋɖʋm kʋɖʋm matʋ nʋmɔʋ taa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, mbʋ wazɩɣna nɛ palakɩ kɛgɛdaɣ ñʋʋ tʋma.
Piyele tomnasɩ lɩmaɣza hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɔŋ lɛɛzʋʋ kalɩtʋ pʋyʋ kɩwazʋ siŋŋ.


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Kɛɛrɩ
Kɛɛrɩ kɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛʈʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩnja walanzɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 15 452 409. Mʊwayɛ-Oriyaŋ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩŋgʊʊna Leegɔsɩ wayi. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ ndʊ kaakɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa.
Kɛɛrɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ Araabi taa se Waɖʊ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Niili Pɔɔ ka-ñʊʊtaa kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ, nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna nɛ piposinaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 220 yɔ; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa lɛ Suɛz Hɛŋa wɛna nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 150 yɔ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 21 000 yɔ yaa kilomɛtanaa 210. Ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩ-tɛ ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, pɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 149 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 492.
Pɩnaɣ 641 taa kɛ malɩŋ woba Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pacaɣ nɛ ɖenɖe paawɛɛ yɔ, payaa tɛtʊ ndʊ se Fusitaatɩ nɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Amru ben al-As nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tʊ-tʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ Paabiiloni. Pɩnaɣ 969 taa kɛ papaazɩ Fusitaati tɛtʊ yaʊ se Kɛɛrɩ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa 36 taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Atɛɛnɩ (Krɛɛsɩ), Roomi (Italii), Sao-Poloo Pireeziili), Sitaatigraadɩ nɛ Hamburigi (Caama), Tunisi nɛ Kayiruwanɩ (Tuniizii), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ), Toronto (Kanadaa), Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuunii), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Amstɛrɩdam (Peyibaa), Peyiiruu (Liibaŋ), Aamaŋ (Yɔɔridani), Isitambuli (Turki), Pagidaadɩ (Irakɩ), Lɔndrɩ (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ).
Payaɣ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdel Qawi Khalifa.


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Samaɣ piyuu nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se « Twitter ». Twitter Inc. tʋmɩyɛ cɔŋnana samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ weyi ɛlakɩna samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ etiyina ɛ-taabalaa tɔm ndɩ ndɩ falaa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se etiyina-wɛ tɔm ɛɛhɛyɩɣ paa piye. Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ lɛ, payaɣ tɔm ndʋ ɛyʋ tiyina pɩtɩŋna Twitter yɔɔ yɔ se « tweets ». Tɔm ndʋ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ etiyina nɛ pɩtɩŋna Twitter piyuu yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-masɩ ɛɛɖɛɣ mɩnɩʋ nɛ hiŋ naanza yɔɔ (140)
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21), pɩnaɣ 2006 taa Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ kɩlɩwa. Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Jack Dorsey nɛ Evan Williams nɛ Biz Stone nɛ Noah Glass palɩzɩna Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ. Ɛlɛ, hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa papaɣzɩ labɩnaʋ Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
Piteleɖi nɛ Twitter samaɣ piyuu pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hakuu ŋgʋ paa anɩ ɛhayɩɣna-kʋ yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ taa, pɩnaɣ 2012 ñɩŋa taa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa taŋga (500) nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lakaɣna Twitter samaɣ piyuu nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kakpaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pewilaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 313 lakaɣna Twitter samaɣ piyuu nɛ tʋmɩyɛ paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛyaa ḿba, petiyina pɔ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna Twitter piyuu yɔɔ takayɩsɩ taŋga (500) paa evemiye nɖɩ ; pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se petiyina tweet waa taŋga paa evemiye nɖɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pama tɔm ndʋ petiyiɣna pɩtɩŋna Twitter samaɣ piyuu yɔɔ yɔ nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Papɩzɩɣ pamana kʋnʋmɩŋ hiŋ naanza (40) taa halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Twitter samaɣ piyuu tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ San Francisco (Etaazuunii) taa. Twitter samaɣ piyuu tʋmɩyɛ wɛna ɖɩ-tʋma lɛɛna lona atalɩ 35 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɔrɩdinatɛɛrɩ lɛɣtʋ tʋma pilinzi New York (Etaazuunii) taa.


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Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Mikayɛlɩ
Mikayɛlɩ kɛna Ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa sɔsaa naatozowaa taa. Ñazɩyaa mba mba yɔ: Raphaël nɛ Gabriel. Ñazɩyaa panɛ, kpaɣ Yudaa mba, Katolika ñɩma nɛ Malɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ patɩŋa pasɩma-wɛ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ sɩma ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛna a-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Ñazɩyʊ Mikayɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa tiiyaa ñontinaa ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ yoŋnayou nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa tiiyu weyi ɛkɛ eleeu nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se satanɩ yɔ. Mikayɛlɩ tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se awɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ? Nɛ eyo you sɔsɔʊ nɛ cikpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao nɛ ɛwabɩ-ɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa tɩŋga ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kaŋdayɩɣna tisiyaa yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛnʊ lɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ yaa kɩpandʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛwɛna tʊma sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ: Ɛsɔ ha-ɩ ɖɔoŋ se tɔm hʊʊ kpaagbaa wiye le, ɛnʊ kaɣna ciyamna k:e maɣzɩɣ nɛ ewona kɩpama kɛ ɛsɔtaa koboyaɣ taa nɛ mba patamʊna yɔ, ɛɖɛna-wɛ ɖenɖe miŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ pewiliɣ nɛ pasalɩɣ pe-kela yɔ.
Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ñazɩyʊ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu lɩ Daniɛlɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ e-ɖoza tɔbʊʊ lɛ, eheya-i ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ, ɛnʊ Gabriɛlɩ ɛɛtɛma paɣzɩɣ you you pʊcɔ nɛ ɛlɩɣʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Pɛrisi mba pɩɩsamɩŋ sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, Mikayɛlɩ kɩɖeɖeu kaakpaɣna ɛyaa tomnaɣ nɛ ewolo nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ lɩɩ you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Tʊtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ ɛsɔ tiyaa nɛ ɛna satan palʊ nayʊ mooze tomnaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kristu mba kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ pɔ-yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ cɩnkpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao you taa yɔ.
Koran taa yaa malɩŋ cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu pɔyɔɔdɩɣ pɔ-tɔm se: weyi ɛkɛ Wla koyindu, ɛ-tiiyaa koyindu yaa Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ yɔ, pakaɣ kɛʊ Ala koyindina mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Ala kɛ mba paatisiɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ po-koyindinaa.
Pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ pɩnaɣ taa kɩyakɩŋ looɖo. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, salaŋ fenaɣ 29, kamɩŋ fenaɣ 8, agoza fenaɣ 8, salaŋ fenaɣ 6, aloma fenaɣ 16 pɩtasɩna paska kujuka naatozo ŋga wiye.


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Kaartum
Kaartum kɛna Sudaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ Kaartum tɔbʊʊ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se Tu keɖe. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Nili Kʊlʊmʊʊ ɖɩ-yazɩyɛ taa nɛ Nili kɩkpɛdʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩɣna Etiyoopii yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Umdurmani nɛ Paarii yɔ mba kɩlɩna wɛʊ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naanza yɔ, (4 518 000).
Kaartum tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩɣ nɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Ankara (Turki), Isitambuli (Turki), Zuhaŋ (Siini), Kɛɛrɩ (Egipiti), Amanɩ (Yɔridani), Asmara (Eriitree), Adisi-Abeba (Etiyoopii), Pireziliya (Piresiili), Harigeyiza (Soomaali), Tuubayɩ (Emiratɩ-Araabʊzuni).


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Abalaajo
Abalaajo kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ kɛ-tɛɛ pee yɔɔ yɔ. Abalaajo tɛɛ pee ana awɛ lʊʊʊ lʊʊʊ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ Abalaajo nɛ lɛŋ yaa poɖoŋgi nɛ nʊm. Abalaajo kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ num taa. Abalaajo wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: ageeta naayɛ taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ se afanaa ayaba, ɖoli lɛ, payaɣ-kʊ se mʊlʊm ɛyabɩyɛ yaa ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm ɛyabɩyɛ yaa ayaba wena poɖoŋguu yɔ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi Abalaajo taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, kaarɔɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi Abalaajo taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ Abalaajo nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem mbʊ kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kibii. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɖenɖe nikaɣ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Abalaajo tɔnʊʊ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyabɩyɛ yɔ ɖeiɖei nɛ tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pazɩ yɔ lɛ se abalaajo tʊnʊʊ kpɩndaa.
Abalaajonaa wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ abalaajonaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.


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Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ
Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ (Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ taa: Èʋe ou Èʋegbe) pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kʊkʊnʊŋ maɣmaɣ eʋe taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se [e'Be] yaa Eʋegbe. Kɩ-kɛ gbe taa kpeɣluu kʊnʊŋ Kwa waa tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ. Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kʊyɔɔdɩyaa talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lʊbɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1991 taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ gbe kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ Ahʊna yɔɔdaɣ wɛ camɩyɛ.
Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ yiiduu paɖooye agɔma nɛ ahʊndʊ yaa Kwa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɛzɩ Abbey-ahʊna yaa Abévé yaa ɛwuujɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩʊ se weyi ɛyɔɔdʊʊ Abé-ahʊna ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ ki-maɣmaɣ yɔ yiiduu ɛ-tɩ nɛ Fɔŋ (Fɔŋgbɛ). Ɛyaa hɛkʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ se ahʊna mbʊ yɔ, Loma tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa pakɩlɩʊʊ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ Afrika kedeŋga yɔ kɔyɔ ahʊna kʊnʊŋ pamana aseɣɖe tɔm takayaasɩ sɩŋ pɩkɔzɩna Diedrich Hermann Westermann tʊma labʊ yɔ. Ɛnʊ weyi ɛlɩza ahʊna tɔm kpoŋ nɛ tɔm tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Gbe kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa taa lɛɛlaa ɖʊ nesi ahʊna kʊnʊŋ kpɛlɛkʊ ñɩnʊʊ taa. Mba yɔ Gilbert Ansre laba nɔɔ wiluu nɛ tɔmpe cɔɔlʊʊ. Hounkpati B Capo laba nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ pɩɩɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Herbert Stahlke laba tɔmʊʊ maʊ nɛ nɔɔ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Roberto Pazzi laba ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɔmɩŋ tɔbɩŋ takayaɣ maʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Félix K. Ameka laba tɔmɩŋ tɔbʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ kʊnʊŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩlɩʊ. Alan Stewart Duthie laba tɔmɩŋ tɔbʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Flavien Gbéto laba nɔɔ kʊyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach kɛ caama tʋ. Ɛkɛ soo maɖʋ nɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wendu teu ñɔɔzɩyʋ soo mabʋ nʋnɔʋ taa.
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye (31), pɩnaɣ 1685 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Eisenach egeetiye taa ɖeyi ɖeyi palʋla-ɩ. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1750 n̄ɩŋga taa. Bach hɔʋ taa lɛ, Johann Sebastian Bach kɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛ-ɛsa kɩlɩ cɛbʋ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-hɔʋ taa ñɩma lɛlaa.
Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɛ-hɔʋ kɛna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, caanaʋ tɛ soo nɛ minziiki tʋma laɖaa kɩla wɛʋ yɔ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛcaɣa nɛ ɛla ɛ-mʋsɩ tʋma kpeekpe nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtɛ.
Tovonum taa lɛ, ɖajaa Denkmal Johann Sebastian Bach Leipzig n̄ʋʋ taa ɖɔŋaɣ siŋŋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩmwaa nabɛyɩ sakɩyɛ kaatɩla e-ɖoŋ kamaɣ ɖeu, nɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi. Pa-taa nɔɔyʋ hɩɖɛ yɔ : Sɔsɔ Frédéric.
Ɖajaa Johann Sebastian Bach caa nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ pɛhɛyɩna ɛ-tʋma kpeekpe kpɛlɩkɩtʋ liidiye. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Johann Ambrosius Bach, nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ ɛlɛ lɛ, Johann Christoph Bach. Ɛcɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩma yɔ yebina nɛ pʋɖʋ-wɛ hʋnʋŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi paa ɛzɩm taa.
Ɖajaa Bach lakɩ minziikinaa mba yɔ, mbaa yɔ fiyoolɔɣ nɛ alto, nɛ pɩkɩlɩna klavɛsɛɛ, nɛ pɩtɛzɩna Orɩgɩ.


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Kaɖʊ taa asɛsɛɛ
Kaɖʊ taa asɛsɛɛ wɛ kekelekasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ keŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ sɩ-cejewewaa taa. Kaɖʊ taa asɛsɛɛnaa pana pɛkɛ kekelekasɩ nzɩ calɩm ɖeke kɛ sɩtɔkɩ yɔ nɛ sɩñasɩɣ sɩ-tʊ nɛ sɩsɔyɩ ɛ-calɩm. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm taa paɖa naʊ kekelekelasɩ nzɩ payaɣ mbʊ yɔ ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ yɔ.
Kaɖʊ taa asɛsɛnaa panɛ ɖoo taa kpem kɛ pakɩlɩɣ lɩɣʊ ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ lɛ, papɩzɩɣ palɩɩna awayɩ kɛ wɩsɩ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kaɖʊ taa kekelekelasɩ sɩnɛ sɩñasɩɣ sɩ-kʊtɔɔm nɛ sɩñɔɔ pɩ-calɩm lɛ, sɩɖaɣnɩɣʊ mɛlʊʊ sɛɛ sɛɛ nɛ pɩla ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ ɛzɩ hiu yaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩyɔlɩ sɩ-taa.
Pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, tomnaɣ taa alafɩya cɔnɩyaa tatɩɩnada kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kaɖʊ taa asɛsɛɛnaa ɖɛzɩɣʊ ɛyʊ yɔ ɛlɛ paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, kekelekelasɩ sɩnɛ sɩkɛna mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ese yɔ.


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Ɩtrɩyɔm
Ɩtrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 39 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Y. Ɩtrɩyɔm kɛ ɖɛzɩɣ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, ɛwɛtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantande waa, nɛ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ paɖʊ-ɩ kɛɖɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa, ɛ nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm nɛ lantanide waa. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛkatɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛwɛʊ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ nɛ lantanide waa ñɩɣlɩm kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖiɣdiɣ agbele kʊyʊm 89Y eyeke koŋ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1789 Johan Gadolin lɩ ɩtrɩyɔm yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔɔ kɛ gadolinite cɛbɩyaɣ nakɛyɛ taa, kaka yɔɔ Carl Axel Arrhenius lɩna kɔyɔɔ. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ya kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga se yttria. Palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1828 pɩtɩŋna Friedrich Wöhler.
Pɩnaɣ 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius ɛkɛ ɛgʊlʊ sɔɔja nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ sɔsɔ, lɩɩ ɛwaɣ kɩkpɛdaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa pʊñɔtɩna Sʊyɛdɩ Ytterby haɖaa nabɛyɛ tɛ ( sɔnɔ peeɖe payaɣ Stockholm). Ɛmaɣzaɣ se pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ patatɩɩ tɩlɩda nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ tɔnsɩtɛnɩ yɔ, pʊtʊ weyi patɩna-ɩ piteleɖida yɔ, nɛ ɛya-ɩ se ytterbite (pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ haɖaa mba pɛ-tɛ ɛlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna pʊyɔɔ tɔmpiye kɩtɩnɩyɛ ite se pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm lɩm pɩyʊ, nɛ etiyina cɛbɩyasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa sakɩyɛ se patakɩ nɛ panɩɩ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ.
Johan Gadolin, sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa kɛ Åbo, lɩzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ nakɛyɛ yaa tɛtʊ kɛ Arrhenius cɛbɩyaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ esusi ɛtakaa nɛ ɛna mbʊ pʊ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1794. Kɛlɛ Anders Gustaf Ekeberg tisi ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ nɛ ɛya hɩɖɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga yttria.


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Maldivii
Maldivii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Pamaza Maldivii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 298 km2 nɛ ɖoli fɛyɩ se lɩm wɛɛ.Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 wiye pɩnaɣ 1965 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Maldivii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gavon.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ maldiviyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Malee nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 392 709 yɔ. .Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +960 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rufiva.


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Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ
Sahara kɛna kañɩmbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna Afrɩka keteŋa hɔɔlʊ nɛ kɩhayʊ kɩŋ yɔ. Kpaɣ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖuyɛ teŋʊ yaa Atlantika lɩŋgamʊ pɩwolo pɩsɩna teŋʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ lɛ, kɛdɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 7500. Pamaazɩ-tʊ tɩ tɛ ɖaalakɩŋ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pʊcɔɔ pɩta yɔ, pɩlakɩ kɩlomɛta ɛgbɔŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ mbʊ pɩɖɛ teŋʊ lɛɛkʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ yɔɔ nɛ tɛtʊ maɣzɩya ñɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ sahara nɛ Arabiya kañɩmbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfaɣ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpaɣ nɛ Senegalɩ pɔɔ kidiiliŋ yɔɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Mongolia ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ kɛnɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ sʊŋgaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedenga kpeekpe yɔɔ.Tɩtɛyʊ Afrika keteŋa, kpaɣ kɩhayʊ ŋwolo ŋsɩɩna kɩhadɛ. Tɩwalɩ pɩŋŋŋ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ ajɛya hiu kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ajɛya anaa lɛ: Alizeerii, Tuniizii, Marɔkɩ, Liiberiya, Egipiti, Sudaanɩ, Caadɩ, Nizɛɛrɩ, Maalii, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ hɔmtʊ wɛ tɩyɔɔ kpaɖɩɩɩ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ŋcɔnaa kɔyɔ, kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtaa, ɖenɖe kañɩnga wɛɛ yɔ, pɩkpaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 20% yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtaakɛ mbʊ ɛyaa kamaɣzaɣ. Nʊmɔʊ woɖaa sakɩyɛ sɩma mbʊ kañɩnbʊsa kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛnaa yɔ.
Kañɩnbʊsasɩ pʊʊŋ weyi payaɣ se Grand Erg oriental ne Grand Erg Occidental yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ nɔɔyʊ ekeŋna pʊʊ taa ñɩndʊ cɔlɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Hoogar, Tassiili, Tibɛstɩa yɔ nɛ ɛhaɣsɩ lona yaa kañɩŋa pɛ lona. Kañɩn-piisi kpaʊ nɛ tibu, ɛwaɣsɩ nɛ pʊʊŋ Tadrart nɛ Acacusta; mbʊ pʊ wɛ sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Liibia ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖ,ɩɖʊyɛ nɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ taa...
Arabia kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, sahar tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ. Nɛ paa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩsɩma mbʊ se Afrika tɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga payaɣ mbʊ.Tiniri hɩɖɛ tɔbʊ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ tamacheque kʊnʊŋ taa. ŋgʊ kɛna tʊwaarɛg mɛwɛ mɛndɛ wa kʊnʊŋ nɛ hɩɖɛ kɛ Tʊwaɖɛg waa mba paha sahara wɩlɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa nakʊyʊ Nigɛrɩ nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ taa mba.
Kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ndʊ pasɩma se tɩkɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ paaa mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ peeɖe sɩŋŋŋ (tɛʊ nɩɣ ceeka ñɩɩɩ yem ɛlɛ kɩnɩɣ naayɔɔ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ). Pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ wɩlɩŋ tɛtʊ lone lɛɛɖɛ, tʊtʊtaa lɛ, pɔsɩ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩzɩɣ pana tɩŋ nɛ ñɩtʊ pazɩ. Lona lɛɛna taa lɛ, wɩlɩŋ maɣnaa nɛ tɛʊ nɩɣ pɩna,g taa ɛzɩ milimɛtaa naa ɛzɩ 50 mbʊ yɔ nɛ tɩŋ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛtaa tɩŋ kɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ lɛ Oueds waa taa. Ɛtaa wɩlɩŋ takɩlɩ yaa nikaɣ takɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kɩkpɩlɩɣ ŋgʊ ka-taa wɩlɩŋ kɩlaa yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩna Sahara, Arabiya, Syria kañɩnbʊsaɣ (Syria, Jordania nɛ Irakia), Dasht-e kavir (Iran), Dasht-e Lut (Irania), Thar (India) nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩtalɩ Asia hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa (Karaboum, KyzylKum nɛ Chine tɛtʊ taa lɛ panaɣ Taklamakan nɛ Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ.
Mbʊ pʊkɔŋna wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se heelim mbʊ pɩmakɩ nɛ pɩkɔŋna tɛŋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ: hayʊ heelim nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ, nɛ wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɔŋnana lʊŋɩyɛ kadadayaɣ nɛ pɩleeɖuu kamaɣ tatɩɩɩ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Florɛnsɩ
Florɛnsɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ Italii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ taa maliika nakayɩ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ maalika kanɛ nɛ maalisi lɛɛsɩ yɔ, ŋga kɛŋna litoozo ŋga kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Kamiŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa 380 226.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛyaa ɛyaa ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 10 200 yɔ yaa 102 km2. Payaɣ Florɛnsɩ tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Dario Nardella nɛ ɛcɔŋna kɔ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ pʊkɔŋ pɩnaɣ 2019 lɛ, palɩzɩʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ maalika ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.
Maalika kɛnɛ kɛwɛna yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɛwɛna ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛnʊ tɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Yowaanɛɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kiɖeɖeu.


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Maŋgʊ
Maŋgʊʊ tɩŋ lʊʊlʊna maŋgʊʊ piye pɩkɛ tɩŋ sɔsɔɔ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Anacardiaceae cejewiye taa. Kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Pirimanii laaŋ taa ɖeeɖe kʊñɔʊ yem yem yɔ. Tɩŋ ŋgʊ Mangifera indica wɛna kɩ-hatʊ nɛ ndɩ nɛ tɩwɛ Kpɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ pɩndɩɩm. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖeede paya-kʊ se manga nɛ Malayalam ɖanɩɣ yaʊ se മാങ്ങ, māṅga tʊtʊ ñalɩna tamuuli மாங்காய், māṅgāy .
Payaɣ-kʊ se maŋgʊʊ yem tɩŋ lɛɛŋ pee Irvingia tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpɛɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ kɩkpɛɛdɩŋ nɛ ɛ-daa mʊtʊ wɛ lemuu sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ yɔ ɛtamsɩna Irvingiaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe. Maŋgʊʊ wɛna mʊtʊ nɛ tɩhɛkʊʊ taa wɛ piye naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛ tayi nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tuu. Ɖɩwɛ kulukulu ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tɔnʊʊ yaa kpɛɛdɩŋ yaa sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛ lɩm kpɛɛdʊʊ ɛyʊ taa nɛ mbʊ lɛ, pɩsaŋ tɔʊʊ.
Kɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pʊwɛ num pʊɖɔkʊʊ pʊwɛ leleeŋ nɛ pɩlɩɣ sɔzɩŋ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna maŋgʊʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, yaa yee maŋgʊʊ piye ɛkɩlɩɣ sɛʊ kɔyɔ kɩyɔɔ cɔntʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩhɛ cɛɛnzɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Puda ɛsɔ tɔm yɔ lɛ maŋgʊʊ yɛla pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ kikpanzɩ ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ Malɛzii nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpagba ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini nɔmɔŋ woɖa nɛ lonaa cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ taa woɖa talɩna-ɖɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɛndɩ. Arabɩ mba ñataŋna-ɖɩ Orient nɛ Afrika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa wona-ɖɩ Preezili nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ taa. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛyɔ tɩ-taa yɔ pahayʊʊ maŋgʊʊ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ a-hadɛ kiŋ taa ajɛyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ maŋgɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-talɩɣ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ sakɩyɛ.


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Cuuba
Cuuba kɛna Sʊdani nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ Nili Kʊlʊmʊʊ kitiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ nimɩyɛ yɔɔ.Tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ Ugandaa pazɩma ɖɑma kamaɣ nɛ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 110 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, pɩnaɣ 1973 taa pakalɩ kɩkalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛndakutokiŋ 56 737. Pɩnzɩ hiu wayi patasa-wɛ kalʊ lɛ palɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 83 787; piyele pɩnaɣ 1993 taa kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ pana ɛyaa 114 980.
Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ palɩ 163 442 nɛ pʊcɔ patalɩ 250 000 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008. Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɩkalʊ ŋgʊ yɔ pana ɛya mba pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 350 000 mbʊ yɔ.


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James Cook
James Cook kɛ Iglisi tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa efemiye lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye Pɩnaɣ 1728 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛlɛ, kɛɛkɩŋ kɩbɩŋ takayaɣ taa lɛ, pama size palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ taa efemiye nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1728 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Marton egeetiye, ɖi-lone wɛ Middlesbrough tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa efemiye hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1779 n̄ɩŋga taa lone nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Hawaï yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ James Cook ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ lɩm yɔɔ nʋmɩŋ woɖu sɔsɔ nɛ ɛsɔdaa heɣlim taa saɣʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ tɛtʋ tɛlɛnzɩ laɖʋ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ajɛɛ taa wobu kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛtʋ sɩm sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Iglisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Sakɩyɛ sɩmɛyɩ siŋŋ size ɛkɛ tʋma ana a-laɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ sɔja weyi, ɛkɔma ehiu nimiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size n̄ʋʋdʋ nimiye yɔ sɔjanaa tʋmɩyɛ n̄ʋʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋdʋ nimiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpazɩnɛyɩ sɔɔjanaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Royal Navy yɔ ɖɩ-paɣtʋ nɔɔ hayʋ sɔsɔ.
Ɛɖɛ lɩm yɔɔ nʋmɔŋ naadozo lɩm fɛɛʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ size pasifiiki yɔ kɩ-taa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʋ weyi anasaayɩ waa ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa ɛɖɛwa nɛ ewolo, piɣa kɛjɛlɛŋga ŋga kɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ yɔ ka-taa yɔ. Kɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ewoba ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-nʋmɔŋ ɖɛʋ taa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Hawaï yɔ ɖɩ-taa, nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1779 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ James Cook ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛna kajalaɣ tʋ weyi ɛjala ɖɛʋ lɩm yɔɔ nʋmɔʋ nɛ ewolo ɛcɔɔ kpɛɛɛ kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Antarɩtiki yɔ nɛ ɛ-ta. Ɛtɛma tɛtʋ ndʋ cɔʋʋ lɛ, ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛla tɛtʋnaa panɛ pɛdɛ karɩtɩnaa : Terre-Neuve tɛtʋ, nɛ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ ndʋ. Abalʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ɛnʋ kaakɛna etiyiyu naadozo tʋ n̄ʋʋdʋ weyi ɛn̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ nɛ ɖoŋ kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ɛpɩzɩ ɛtɩŋgɩna nɛ ɛɖɛ, hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ yɔ.


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Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ
Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 59 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pr. Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ kɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Ɛjaɖɛ taa yem lɛ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ nɛ peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem kɔyɔ ɛɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ lɔŋ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm paacaɣ ɖama mbʊ lɛ, num kɩtɔɔm taa pasɩɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa prason (πpάσov pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se naalɛ tʊ nɛ tɔmpiye lɛɛɖɛ yɔ didymos (δίδuuoς pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se rom) mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tɛ siziŋ ɖɔm wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ.
Kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaamaɣza ɖooo pitihiɣ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ paakɛ pɩyʊ yem pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ-wɛ pɩnaɣ 1885 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1841 Carl Gustaf Mosander tʊʊ didyme kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ nɛ lantanɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 1874 lɛ, Per Teodor Cleve lɩ tɔm tʊnɛyɔɔ tɩ-yɔɔ mbʊ se didyme taa wɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, Lecoq Boisbaudran lɩzɩɣ tɛtʊ kɩfatʊ, samarɩyɔm didyme tɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩɣ-kʊ samarskite ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1885 lɛ, Otirisi kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ didyme hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pa-lɩm sɛmɩŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, Leo Moser (Ludwig Moser pɩɣa kɛlɛ, ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Moser ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ Karlovy Vary, Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ piyidina Leo Moser ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛnɛ).
Takayasɩ mayaa kɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kaakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩtaayakɩ ɖeu, mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩtaafɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ nɛyɔdɩmɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Pataalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩmɩ-ɩ yɔ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ wɛʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ kɩ-yeke, pesidaɣna-kʊ nɛ lantanɩ nɛ sɛrɩyɔm. Pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ pesidaɣ yɔ payaɣa se LCP pɩlɩna pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ masɩ yɔɔ.


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Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ (/psi.ko.te.ʁa.pi/) pɩkɛ fɛbɩtʊ natɩyʊ yaa kɔɔ labɩtʊ natʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma pɩtɩŋna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, kɛ ɛyʊ lɛɛlʊ yaa ɛyaa nabayɛ mba palakɩ maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩñɔŋ yɔ, ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɔsɔzʊʊ kɔɔ lɛɛna ɛzɩ anasaayɩ kɔɔ mbʊ yɔ ŋkpaɣ ŋɖɛɛ. Ɛcɔŋna kʊdɔndɩnaa yɔɔ (piyaa yaa ɛyaa sʊtɩyaa), pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ tɛ kʊdɔŋ ɖoŋ yɔɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma pʊwɛɛ se ɛɖʊ nesi pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kɔɔ labɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ laɣsɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ nabʊyʊ taa pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ.
Nabʊyʊ taa pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ tʊ nɛ kɔɔ laɖʊ pɔyɔɔdɩtʊ cɔlɔ pɩcɛlɩna ɛzɩma panɩɣna ɖama pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɩɣ-ɩ kɩ-yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛzɩma pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣeɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, nabʊyʊ lɩmaɣza cɔlɔ, yaa cɔɔcɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ cɔlɔ.
Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ lila taa mbʊ se θepaπeίa, therapeía (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɔɔ wazʊʊ) nɛ ψuxή, psykhê (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kalɩzaɣ, fezuu) nɛ matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se maɣzɩm kɔɔ fɛbɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tʊ nɛ tɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ lɩna kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ wazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ nɛ paya-ɩ se Walter Cooper Dendy, ɛnʊ lɩza nɛ tɔmpiye psychotherapeia pɩnaɣ 1853. Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye wɛʊʊ yɔ Hippolyte Bernheim lubina-ɖɩ, ɛnʊ kaakɛna Nancii sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ ɛnʊ kaasuzina takayaɣ nakayɛ tɔm ŋga payaa se Hypnotisme, suggestion, psychothérapie kɛ pɩnaɣ 1891. Ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔmpiye maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ ñɔɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 kɛnɛ.


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Tɩgbayʋ
Tɩgbayʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ naŋgbanzɩ naanza n̄ɩnɖɛ. Ɛlʊlʊ e-piya kʊlʊlʊ nɛ sɩmʊzʊ-ɩ. Tɩgbayʊ wɛ “Primate” waa taa. Tɩgbayʊ sɔɔla tɩŋ yɔɔ kpaʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛ-ɛsɩnda ɖaalɩ pazɩ nɛ hʊndʊ fɛyɩ. Ɛ-ñʊ palɩ pazɩ nɛ ɛwɛna acɩya, acaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ naŋgbanzɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Ɛwɛna nembe nɛ cɩkpaŋ. Ɛzima ɛna ɛyʊ palɩ ɖama yɔ, pʊyɔ kɛ ñɩnɩya kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ nɛ pañɩnɩ nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana mbʊ pɩtaama ɛna ɛyʊ tomiye yɔ.
Ɖooo kiɖe taa mba taa lɛ, yaa naŋgbanzɩ naanza mba tyaa lɛ, tɩgbayʊ pazaa ɛwɛna ntɩ kpem. Tɩgbayʊ nɛ ɖooo lɔŋ taa ñɩma palɩ ɖama pazɩ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcɔna “Homosapiens” waa mba pawɛna wɛɖʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se panɛ lɛɛlɛɛ tɩgbayɩŋ palɩwaɣ ɖama pazɩ. Panaɣ lɛɛlɛ tigbayɩŋ ɛnʊkɛ Amerika tɛtʊ taa. Tɩgbayɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ tigbayɩŋ kɩpɩŋ yɔ. Panawaɣ ɛlɛ Afrika tɛ nɛ Aazii tɛtʊ taa. Wayɩ wayɩ tɩgbayɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ payawaɣ se tɩgbayɩɣ sɔsɔŋ yaa homo sapiens. Paa pataasʊ yaʊ ɛyʊ se “Tɩgbayʊ” kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩ camɩyɛ se payaɣ tɩgbayɔ hɩɖɛ lɛ pɩtɔzʊ ñɩnɩya tɩŋɛ ntʊ paayɔɔda ɛyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. ñɩnɩya kaayɔɔda sɩze ɛyʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ ɖooo kɩɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɛkɛkɛ tɩgbayʊ. Paa anɩ ɛɖɔkɩ tom tonɛ kpam nɛ tɩɩsɔʊ.


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Yuulee cɛzʊ sɛmɩŋ
Yuulee cɛzʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tomnaɣ wɛɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ sɛmɩŋ kpɛdaɣ sɛmɩŋ nɛ yuulee maɣmaɣ sɛmɩŋ yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Yuulee sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɛmɩŋ lɛɛŋ pa-tʊkaɣ kjɛlɛ se leemu tomnaɣ wɛdʊʊ nɛ sɛmɩŋ yuulee pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ. Yuulee cɛzʊ sɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ pataatisi ɛ-yɔɔ ɖooo lɛ, ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1520 kɛ ɛyaa naa se tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ yuulee cɛzʊ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ; ɛlɛ pɩlɩna wɩyaʊ Héliogabale tɛ cɛjɛyɛ yɔɔ yaa ɛ-sɔɔçlɩm taa.
Yuulee sɛmɩŋ ɛɛnaɣ poliŋ ɛzɩ sɛmɩŋ maɣmaɣ yɔ nɛ tɔlɩm kɩkpɛdɩm kɛ pesiduu sɛmɩŋ tɔlɩm taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ yuulee tɔlɩm tɩyɛ yɔ. Tɩŋ pe naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, apʊʊ lɛ asɛʊ yuulee.


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Ukurɛnɩ
Ukurɛnɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ walanzɩ taa kɛ Erɔpɩ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, teŋu Kɩkpɛɖɩɣ nɛ Azɔɔvɩ teŋu pɛwɛna, hayi kiŋ lɛ, Ruusii wɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Piyeelooruusii. Ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔlɔɔñɩ, Siloovakii nɛ Hɔŋgrii ajɛya ñɛwɛna, pɩkazɩ Rumaanii nɛ Mɔlɩdavii ajɛya ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kɩyɛɛvɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋɣʊ lɛ ukurɛnɩ kʊnʊŋ piyele nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ hiriviniya.


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Fernand de Magellan
Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan kɛ Pɔrɩtɩgalɩ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Pɔrɩtɩgalɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1480 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩba Filipini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1521 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan cɔ tɛtʋ kpeekpe ɛta. Mɛlɛ taa ɛcaɣa nɛ ɛcɔɔ-tʋ nɛ ɛta.
Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1522 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛtɛma tɛtʋ cɔʋ nɛ ɛta. Ɖajaa Fernand de Magella kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naadozo mpilim nɛ ɛcɔɔna tɛtʋ.
Ɖajaa Juan Sebastián Elcano cɔŋna Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan nʋmɔʋ ɖɔm tɩŋa yɔɔ. Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan kʋyɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtɛmna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Lʊtɛsɩyɔm
Lʊtɛsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Lu nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa yɔ 71. Ɛnʊ kɛna kpaagbaa tʊ kɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɩlʊʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Lʊtɛsɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ manɩɩ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ pʊdɔɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔtɔyɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ liidiye piŋ. Pʊcɔ pehiɣ-ɩ lɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se pacatɩ-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lalaa mba ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛwɛ paa ɖooye yɔ.
Lʊtɛsɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna Lʊtɛsɩ tɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Lutetia), ɛyʊ weyi ɛna-ɩ yɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Paarii hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1949 lɛ, IUPAC lɛɛzɩ pʊtʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ matʊ, pɩpɩsɩ lutetium. Anasaayɩ taa lɛ matʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛzɩ lʊtɛtɩyɔm yɔ petisi tɩ-yɔɔ, paa lʊtɛsɩyɔm ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa kɔyɔ. Paa pɩlɩna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ palaba pɩtɩŋna ɛnaʊ yɔɔ yɔ, pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɖooo pitihiɣ payaɣ-ɩ se cassiopeium (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ CP) Caama ajɛyɛ naayɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Pɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ sɩkpadayaa.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa naatozo kpɛndɩna naʊ ndɩ ndɩ lʊtɛsɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1907. Ɛkɛ lantanɩdɩ waa taa ɛɖɩɩyɛ ɛsɩnda tʊ weyi paana-ɩ, mbʊ yɔ prɔmɛtɩyɔm cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ nɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ fɛyɩ yeke pataatɩɩ tɩlɩta. Fransɩɩ tʊ Georges Urbain, Otirisi tʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach nɛ Amerika tʊ Charles James lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ ɩtɛrbɩnɩ yɔɔ ɛnʊ weyi Jean Charles Galissard Marignac tʊ na-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1878 yɔ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1907 lɛ, Urbain wɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ kandɩyaa Paarii tɛtʊ mbʊ se ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛnaa se Marignac tɛ ɩtɛrbɩyɔm taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ ɛlɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se payaa-wɛ se néo-ytterbium, (pɩsa nɛ pɩtaa yidiɣ nɛ Marignac kɩbɩnʊʊ hɩɖɛ, nɛ lutécium (ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Paarii kɩbɩnʊʊ hɩɖɛ tɛ).


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Liidiye koozaɣ
Liidiye sɔsɔyɛ koozaɣ ɖɩsɩyɛ payaɣ se « Pankɩ ». Ɖooo lɛ, Togo ɛjaɖɛ kɛwɛna liidiye koozasɩ lʋbɛ ɖeke. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa yee pakalɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa kɔyɔ, sɩtalɩ hiu nɛ naadozo mbʋ yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Liidiye koozasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ :
- Société Générale
- BCEAO
- Coris Bank
- Bank of Africa
- Ecobank
- Orabank
- Diamond Bank
- UTB
- UEMOA
- Bank Atlantique
- BIA-Togo
- BPEC
- BSIC-Togo
- BTCI
Liidiye koozasɩ cikpesi lɛɛsɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Togo taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna naayɛ tʋlɩ ɖɔɖɔ liidiye koozasɩ nasɩyɛ Togo taa. Liidiye koozasɩ ńzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : Coris Bank International nɛ Société Générale. Loma tɛtʋ taa liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩpaɣzɩ sɩ-tʋma.
Liidiye koozasɩ naalɛ sɩnɛ, sɩ-taa lɛɛka tʋlɩ ka-tʋma ɖɔɖɔ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kootidiivʋwarɩ nɛ Maalii pa-ajɛya taa.
Yee ɛyʋ ɛtʋlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « compte » yɔ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ewokina e-liidiye nɛ ɛsɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla nabʋyʋ keem, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla tadɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa ɛla ɖiziye yaa ɛtʋlɩ faarɩ nakʋyʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo liidiye koozaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛtʋlɩ « compte » mbʋ yɔ nɛ pakɩndɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla e-liu ñɩm.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Industrial & Commercial Bank of China yɔ kakɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ka-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ pe-liidiya sɩʋ. Liidiye koozaɣ ŋ́ga ka-wayɩ lɛ, Britanique ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se HSBC yɔ, katɩŋɩɣna.


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Darmɩsɩtatɩyɔm
Darmɩsɩtatɩyɔm (ɛ-yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ds) ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 110 yɔ. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1994 kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɛlɛ pesidina-ɩ nɛ 208Pb(62Ni,n)→269Ds kɛ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, paya-ɩ ɛ-kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003 ɛlɛ pamazɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pana-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ.
Pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ agbele ɖiɣɖiɣ weyi pasɩma-ɩ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, 281Ds. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ kpata taa lɛ ɛwɛ platɩnɩ tɛɛ, ɛwɛɛ hɔɔlʊʊ d ñɩŋʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛna ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa wɛtʊ. Ɛ nɛ platɩnɩ po-lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1994 palaba pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peter Armbruster nɛ Gottfried Münzenberg, pɩtɩŋna panaza pʊlɔŋ 208 tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa nɛ nɩkɛlɩ 62 nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa, kɛlɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Sigurd Hofman kɛ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yuŋ ñmba sukuli taa kaaɖɛna-wɛ nɔɔ (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) Darmstadt Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Lɔndrɩ
Lɔndrɩ kɛŋna Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Pireetaañɩ Sɔsɔʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ kaakɛŋna Pireetaañɩ kewiyaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kɛ Commonwealth yɔ ɖi-kpelaɣ wɛɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Room mba kaalɩozɩna-tʊ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ naalɛ (2 000) yɔ nɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ kaakɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ peeɖe kɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩla wɛʊ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɩ-taa kɛ liidiye tɔsʊʊ koozaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 157 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 572. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊ peeɖe lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 787 892 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ 13 879 757 yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩɩza nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊʊ tɛɛ santaɖaŋ pɩnzɩ naatozo: 1908, 1948, 2012. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɩna mba powoki peeɖe yɔ, pɛɖe; ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 28 yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe lona naayɛ kpɛnda naanza nɛ awɛ kacuka sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Kondoloko nakʊyʊ wɛ peeɖe nɛ kɩwɛ camɩyɛ kʊlʊŋgʊlʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Mumbee nɛ Niwudeelii (Ɛɛndɩ), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Ruusii), Naaplɩ (Itaalii) nɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etaazuunii). Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊʊ se Sadiq Khan (PT).


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Akaŋgaa
Akaŋgaa kɛ leemuu, tɩŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ akaŋgaa yɔ kʊlʊlʊʊ nɛ akaŋgaanaa nɛ kɩwɛna PH 2,5. Akaŋgaa kɛ tɩŋ cikpeluu nɛ kʊ-kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ maɣna mɛtanaa 5 ntalɩ 10 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩ-hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɩɩtɔʊ paa wɩlɩŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, kɩwɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ pee wili wili tɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Akaŋgaa ŋgʊ kɩpʊʊ lɛ, ku-hutu wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ pɩlɩnɛ niikaɣ cɔlɔ. Kɩ-tɛ pɩɣʊ pazʊʊ kpiziɣɖe alɩwaatʊ ntalɩ nzɩnɛ salaŋ kedeŋga nɛ hayi yɔ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa. Kɩ-taa mʊtʊ lɩm wɛ leleŋ pɩwɛ ñɩmɩŋ nɛ pɩtaa wɛ fitamini C, mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩ-tɛ sɩʊ wɛ kɛlɛʊ nɛ kɩ-tɩ mɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋga taa pɩlɩnɛ mɛlɛnaa nɔmɔŋ woɖaa cɔlɔ mba palakaɣ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ se pehiɣ wezʊʊ amini C kʊdɔŋ yɔ (scorbut). Palɩzɩɣ ku-hutu taa num nabʊyʊ pɩtaa wɛ akaŋgaa ñɩmɩŋ lɩm (limonène nɛ citral).
Akaŋgaanaa mba pɛwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɛkɛ tɩŋ pee wena pahayʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɩtɛ lɩm fɛyɩ ñɩmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Sɛmɩŋ sɔzɩŋ nɛ nzulɩmɩyɛ yɔ leleŋ nɛ ñɩmɩŋ ɖoŋ yam sikiri nɛ num taa ñɩm koŋ lɛɛzʊʊ lɩnɛ pɩtɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ, tɛtʊʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩɣʊ nɛ akaŋgaa pɩnzɩ nɛ tamtʊ ɖɔkʊʊ, pɩpɩsʊʊ kpoŋkpolo tayɩ ŋgʊ paakpakʊʊ leleŋ yɔ.
Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ saladɩ yee fɩnɛkɩrɩ ɛ-fɛyɩ kɔyɔ. Pe-siduu kɩ-nɛ lɩm lɛ, pɩpɩsɩɣ sʊlʊm kpem, pe-siduu-kʊ nɛ tɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ sakɩyɛ. Passama-kʊ pɩŋ pɩlɩnɛ mbʊ kʊkʊʊ azuuma nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ mbʊ lɛ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩɖaŋgʊʊ ɛyʊ liu tɛ wɩzasɩ nɛ kɩ-ɖaŋgʊʊ ɛyʊ nesi kʊzɔɔtʊ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ajana wondʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩ-sɛzʊʊ nɛ kɩ-lozuu ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ. Kɩ-tɛ leleŋ lɩm lʊkɩna ɛyʊ tɛ ɛvam nɛ kɩ-yeki se ɛyʊ ɛwɛnɛ yɔɔdɔɣ tɛ nɔɔ kɩbaŋga. Kɩ-tɛ fitamini C ɖɔʊʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kʊɣʊ yeba se akaŋgaa ɛkɛ piye ndɩ yolim taa lɛ, palʊkɩna azuuma yɔ. Akaŋgaa lɩm yɔɔlʊʊ ɛyʊ taa tɔɔnaɣ camɩyɛ.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ sɔsɔ Atɑkǝsɛsɛɛ kɑwulɑɣɑ pǝnɑɣɑ hiu nyǝŋkɑ kɛ pɑ ɩsɔtʋ Nisɑŋ kʋyɑkʋ nɑkʋlɩ wulɑʋ cɑɣɑ tɔɣɔʋ, nɑ mɑ́ tʋɣʋ-ɩ sʋlʋm. Mɑ lɑŋlɛ kɑ wɑkǝlɑɑ kɛ́. Pǝ́cɔ́ ɩ tɑ nɑtɑ-m mpʋ.
2Ntɛnɑ ɩ́ pɔɔsɩ-m sɩ: Pepe wɑkǝlɑ nyɑ́ lɑŋlɛ? Anɩ pɩɩ wɩɩkɩ-ŋ. Pepe nǝɣǝsɛɛ kʋɣʋnɑ-ŋ? Tǝnɑɣɑlɛ sɔɣɔntʋ ɑnɑɑm kpɑ-m.
3Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ cɔ-ɩ sɩ: Hɑɩ, tɑ cɑɑ wulɑʋ, mǝnɑ tɛtʋ. Tɑ ɩcɑtɛ nte tǝ tɑɑ pɑ pimɑ mɑ cɔsɔnɑɑ tɔ, tǝ pǝsɑ ncɑɑlɛ. Tǝ kɑmpʋnɑɑ nyɑɣɑ kɔkɔ. Ɩlɛ ɩsǝnɑɣɑ mɑ lɑŋlɛ kɑɑ wɑkǝlɩ?
4Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ pɔɔsɑ-m sɩ: Pepeɣe n cɑɑ sɩ mɑ́ lɑ-ŋ? Tǝnɑɣɑ mɑ sǝlǝmɑ ɩsɔtɑɑ Ɩsɔ kɛ́ kpɑkpɑɑ.
5Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ cɔ wulɑʋ sɩ: Hɑɩ, tɑ́ cɑɑ, lɑ suulu nɑ ń hɑ nyɑ́ tǝmlɛ tʋ mɑɣɑ nɔɣɔ, nɑ mɑ́ mǝlɩ Yutɑ tɛtʋ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ timpi pɑ pimɑ mɑ cɔsɔnɑɑ tɔ, nɑ mɑ́ tɑɣɑnɩ-tɛɣɛ ŋmɑʋ.
6Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ pɔɔsɑ-m sɩ: Kʋyɛɛŋ ɩsǝnɑɣɑ n kɑ́ tɔ nyɑ́ mpɑɑʋ? Nɑ sɑɑ wei kɛ́ n kɑ́ mǝlɩ? Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ heeli-ɩ mɑ kʋyɑkʋ kʋmǝlʋɣʋ, nɑ ɩ́ hɑ-m mpɑɑʋ sɩ mɑ́ tɛɛ.
7Nɑ mɑ́ tɑsɑ sɩ: Hɑɩ, tɑ cɑɑ, ŋmɑɑ Ɩfǝlɑtɩ pɔɣɔ ilim tǝtʋlɛ tɔɔ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ tɑkǝlɑsɩ, nɑ pɑ́ hɑ-m mpɑɑʋ nɑ mɑ́ polo Yutɑ.
8Nɑ pɑ́ ŋmɑɑ tɔtɔɣɔ kɑwulɑɣɑ hɔtʋŋ nyʋɣʋ tʋ Asɑfɩ, nɑ ɩ́ cɑɑ-m kpeŋkpelɑsɩ nsi mɑɑ lɑ́nɑ́ koluŋɑ kutuluɣu ŋku kʋ wɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ kiŋ tɔ kʋ kɑmpʋnɑɑ, nɑ ɩcɑtɛ koluŋɑ, nɑ mɑ kutuluɣu kʋhǝntʋɣʋ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ lɑpɑ-m tɑkǝlɑsɩ nsɩ. Mpi tɔ, Tɑcɑɑ kɑ wɛ mɑ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́.
9Nɑ mɑ́ polo nɑ mɑ́ cɛlɑ Ɩfǝlɑtɩ pɔɣɔ ilim tǝtʋlɛ tɔɔ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ tɑkǝlɑsɩ nsɩ. Mɑ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ yoolɑɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ, nɑ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ cɑɣɑlɑɑ mpɑ ɩ kɑ cɛlɑ-m tɔ.
10Wɑɑtʋ wei Holoŋ tʋ Sɑnǝpɑlɑ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ tʋ Amoni tʋ Topiyɑ pɑ nɩɩ mɑ kɔntɛ, ɩlɛ pɑ lɑŋɑ tɑ hɛɛ pɑɑ pǝcɔ. Mpi pǝ tɔɔ nɔɣɔlʋ kɔŋ sɩ ɩ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ pǝ́ cɑɣɑnɑ-wɛ tɔ.
11Mɑ tɑlɑ Yosɑlɛm, ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ cɑɣɑ kʋyɛɛŋ tooso tǝpɑmm.
12Mɑ tɑ heeli nɔɣɔlʋɣʋ mpi Ɩsɔ tʋ-m sɩ mɑ́ lɑ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ tɔ. Pǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ mɑ tʋ mpɑɑʋ kɛ ɑhoo, nɑ mɑ wɑɑlǝɣɩ nɑpǝlǝɣɩ pǝcɔ. Mɑ tɑ kpɛnnɑ tɔtɛ nɑtǝlɩ. Ye pǝ tɑɣɑ kpɑŋɑɣɑ ŋkɑ mɑɑ cɑɣɑɑ tɔ.
13Ahoo hɛkɑ kɛ mɑ lɩ́ɩ́ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ, nɑ Tɛtɛkǝlɛ nɔnɔɣɔ, nɑ mɑ́ polo Tʋm sɔsɔ hite, nɑ Hute nɔnɔɣɔ pǝ kiŋ. Nɑ mɑ́ wiili Yosɑlɛm koluŋɑ kɛ teu, nɑ mɑ́ nɑ́ sɩ kɑ yɑ́ pɔɣɔlɛɛ. Pǝ́cɔ́ kɔkɔ nɑ́ nyɑɣɑ kɑ kɑmpʋnɑɑ.
14Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ mǝlǝnɑ Hite nɔnɔɣɔ nɑ wulɑʋ lɩɩlɛ pǝ kiŋ. Amɑ mɑ kpɑŋɑɣɑ ŋkɑ kɑ tɔɔ mɑɑ cɑɣɑɑ tɔ, kɑ tɑ hiki mpɑɑʋ sɩ kɑ́ tɛɛ.
15Ahoo ɑnǝɣɩ mɑ tɛsɑ Setǝlɔŋ lɔɔʋ nɑ mɑ́ nyǝnǝɣɩ koloosi. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ mǝlɩ nɑ mɑ́ sʋʋnɑ Tɛtɛkǝlɛ nɔnɔɣɔ.
16Mpʋ tɔ, ɩcɑtɛ sɔsɑɑ tɑ nyɩ timpi mɑ polɑɑ tɔ, yɑɑ mpi mɑ lɑpɑ tɔ. Pǝ tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, mɑ tɑɑ heeli Yutɑ nyǝ́mɑ, yɑɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ, yɑɑ ɩcɑtɛ sɔsɑɑ, yɑɑ hʋʋlɑɑ, yɑɑ tǝmɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ nɑpǝlǝɣɩ nɑtǝlɩ.
17Amɑ mɑ tɔmɑ-wɛɣɛ sɩ: Ɩ́ nɑwɑ wɑhɑlɑ wei ɩ tɑɑ tǝ wɛɛ tɔ. Yosɑlɛm pǝsɑ ncɑɑlɛ, nɑ ɩ nɔnɔɔsɩ nyɑɣɑ kɔkɔ. Ɩ́ kɔɔ tǝ́ tɑɣɑnɩ Yosɑlɛm koloŋɑ ŋmɑʋ nɑ tɑ́ fɛɛlɛ yɑ́.
18Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ kɛɛsɑ-wɛɣɛ ɩsǝnɑ mɑ Ɩsɔ wɑɑsɑ-m nɑ nti wulɑʋ sɔsɔ nɑ́ heelɑ-m tɔ. Ntɛnɑ pɑ́ mɑ́ kɑpusi kɛ kpɑkpɑɑ sɩ: Tǝ́ sʋʋ tǝmlɛ tɑɑ, tǝ́ ŋmɑ́ ɩcɑtɛ. Kɛlɛnɑ pɑ́ tɑɣɑnɩ pɑ tɩ nɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ sɩ pɑ́ lɑkɩ tǝmlɛ kʋpɑntɛ ńtɛ́.
19Amɑ wɑɑtʋ wei Sɑnǝpɑlɑ nɑ Topiyɑ nɑ Lɑɑlupu Kesɛm pɑ nɩ́ɩ́ mpʋ, ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ sʋʋ-tʋɣʋ woŋɑ nɑ pɑ́ footiɣi-tʋ nɑ pɑ́ pɔɔsǝɣɩ-tʋ sɩ: Pepeɣe ɩ́ lɑkɩ tǝnɑ? Ɩ́ cɑɑ ɩ́ kʋlǝɣɩ wulɑʋ tɔɔ kɛlɛ yɛɛ?
20Ntɛnɑ mɑ́ cɔ-wɛ sɩ: Ɩsɔtɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ kɑ́ hɑnɑ-tʋɣʋ pǝ toŋ. Ɩ tǝmlɛ nyǝ́mɑ tɑ́ tɑɑ niki ɩcɑtɛ ŋmɑʋ kɛ́. Amɑ mǝ fɛɩnɑ mpɑɑʋ sɩ ɩ́ wɛɛnɑ pʋlʋɣʋ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ, yɑɑ ɩ́ wɛɛnɑ toŋ nɩɩlǝɣɩ tǝ tɔɔ. Mǝ tɑɑ nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩnɑ tǝ tɑɑ kɛ́ mpi pɑɑ yɑɑkǝnɑ ɩ hǝtɛ tɔ.


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Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ
Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ pilinzi taa kɛ Ɛndɩ-Ɛrɔpa cejewa kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Mba panɩʊ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ-wɛ se lʊsɔfonɩɩ waa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpekpe taa kɛ kedeŋa yɔ cɩnɛ lɛ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ nanaaza ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ. Yee ɖiwoba Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ kɔyɔ nɛ kedeŋa hɔlʊʊŋ nɛ ka-hadɛ kɩŋ kɔyɔ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ pakɩlɩɩ yɔɔdʊʊ, ɛlɛ ɖɩkpaɣ Latɩnɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔyɔ ɛyaa nadozo yɔ lɛ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yɔɔdʊʊ na Pɔrtɩɩgɛ nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ kɛ Amerika Latɩnɩɩ kɛ Ɛpañɔlɩɩ wayɩ.
Afrika kedeŋa taa ajɛyɛ wena Pɔrtɩɩgalɩɩ kaaɖʊ a-yɔ nesi yɔ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ yʊŋ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ panɩʊ ɖama tɔm.
Kedeŋa taa lɛ ɛyaa mba panɩʊ pɔrtɩɩgɛ yɔ padalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ hiŋ loɖo nɛ kɩgbanzi nɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naatozo ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɛ Ɛrɔpa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ ɛyaa mba palʊlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛ nɛ pabaɣlɩ kɩ-da yɔ sakɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ wayɩ (miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ nanaaza nɛ loɖo) nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ (miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ nidozo nɛ hɩŋ nidozo nɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ).
Kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ yee dɩgbaɣ kedeŋa taa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pɔrtɩɩgɛ tɔm sɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yɔ, kɩ-kɛ lʊbɛ ŋgʊ kɛ tɔm tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩʊ nɛ pɔrtɩɩgɛ taa yɔ nɛ nakʊ ŋgʊ ɛnsɩklɔpɛdɩ Wɩkɩpɛdɩya takayɩɩsɩ maʊ taa.
Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kʊnʊŋ tɛ paɣtʊ lɩna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ ɖɩta "Instituto Internacional da Lingua Portuguesa" nɛ "Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa".


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Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ
Hɛbra kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna hɛkʊ nɛ hayi kɩŋ pilinzi nzɩ sɩ-dɛ nɛ sémitique mba kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɛ Canaa mba agbeɣlaa taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩñɔtɩna kpaagba kpam nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ phénicien ŋgʊ nɛ araméennes kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ. kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ patalɩɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lutozo nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Amarna yaa Tel-Amarna, wɛna ɖama nɛ Egipiti kpaɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza pʊcɔ ɖakpaɖʊ tɛ ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ. Masɩ nasɩyɛ lɩna nɛ Canaan. Pamazɩ nɛ Akkadien taa, canaʊ taa ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɔm nɛ tɔmpee sakɩyɛ kɛ sémitique wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Canaan yɔ.
Ɖɩkatʊ yɔɔdaasɩɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩmakɩ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ paɣtʊ, mbʊ pʊwɩlɩʊ se pʊcɔ matʊ alʊwatʊ lɛ yɔɔdɔɔ wɛtʊ kɛwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Hɛbra tɔm kɛ Canaan ɛjaɖɛ pʊcɔ Hɛbra mba maɣmaɣ caɣʊ Canaan taa.Masɩ nzɩ sɩdalɩna Hɛbra mba cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ pʊdɔma Apirou wɛtʊ taa, Apirou mba kɛ ɛyaa mba padasɩm-wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ paya-wɛ hɩla wena awɛzɩ Hɛbra mba hɩla yatʊ yɔ.
Hɛbra mba takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea taa tɔm kɛ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kɛ tɔm kpɩtʊ alʊwatʊ taa yaa Hɛbra paɣtʊ hɔkʊ taa kɛ Synagogue kɛ payaɣ se massorétique tɔm. Massoret tɔbʊʊ se polɩŋ taa cɛlʊʊ. Kɩ-tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ tɔmɩyɛ sɩɩŋ kɛ kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo canaʊ awɩyaa sosaa kɛ kpaɖʊ lutozo pʊcɔ palʊlʊ Yeesu pʊwolo pɩtalɩ Maccabées waa, Daniel tɔm takayaɣ 167 pʊcɔ Krɩstʊ mba kpaɖʊ kɛ pʊwɛ kaɖɛ se paɖʊ hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ ndɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Ɖɩkatʊ koŋ tɔm pe wena ɛzɩ palakɩnɛ yɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɩlaʊ hɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩnaɣ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɩlasɩ kɛkɩlaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea wɛna tɔm pe kudokɩŋ lutozo nɛ kudokɩŋ naalɛ kɛ hapax, (tɔm pe wena alɩɣ tɔm kʊyʊm yɔ), pamaɣ tɔm pe anaa kɛ Hɛbra lɩla 500 yeke yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩ kɔyɔ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ lɛ Krɛsɩ yɔɔdaɣ kɛwɛna tɔm pe 120000.
Mbʊlɛ, ɖɩkpa se Hɛbra kɩlaʊ sɩma tɔlɩm pazɩ mbʊ yɔ kʊhʊlʊmʊ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdʊ nɛ kɩsɛɛmʊ nɛ pɔlɔɔ. Tɔm tɔɔbʊʊ lɩzɩʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Lɛtonii
Lɛtonii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Palɩtikɩ yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Palɩtɩ yɔ nɛ awɛ naatozo yɔ a-taa. Hadɛkiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lituyanii ɖɩwɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ se Ɛsɩtoonii yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna. Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Ruusii pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛtaa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ɖɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Piyeloorusii yɔ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ 2011 yɔ, Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa halaa pasa lʊlʊʊ ɛzɩ 23 % nɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ kʊyʊ pa-ɛjɛya taa se powoki peeɖe siŋŋŋ.
Pamaza Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 64 597 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 001 468 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 31 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1918 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Raimonds Vējonis nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Māris Kučinskis.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lɛɛtɔŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Riiga. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +371 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɛsɔ, wazɩ Lɛtonii.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.


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Todoma
Todoma kɛna Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 576. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩkalʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛdɩ ɛyaa 410 956. Todoma wɛ Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ peeɖe haɖaa hayʊ sona, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩ wɛ pee ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, anasayɩ kpaakpa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩnɛ kɔfɩ, taba nɛ tii. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mba pɔɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɛ ndɩ ndɩɛzɩ heŋ, pʊŋ, naŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɛwɛ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Tarɛsɩ-Salam kaakɛŋna Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1970 kɛ komina pɩsɩna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ kɛ Todom ñɩndʊ taa. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya kpelaɣ nɛ powona-kɛ Todoma peeeɖe ɛlɛ tʊma sɔsɔna nayɩ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Tarɛsɩ-Salam peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ tɛtʊ natʊlɛ natʊyʊ kɩlɩna paɣlʊ nɛ ɖʊ lɛ Tarɛsɩ-Salam nɛ Urusa.
Todoma nɛ Tarɛsɩ-Salam pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 486 yɔ wɛna nɛ Todoma nɛ Urusa ɛlɛ kilomɛtanaa 441 ñɛwɛna. Todoma walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 669 nɛ ɖenɖe pɩkɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 625 yɔ. Ɛzɩ tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ yaa ɛzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ halaa wɛ ɛzɩ 51,5 yɔ nɛ abalaa ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 48,5 yɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se ɖa-caa Francis Mazanda.
Todoma tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya nayɩ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɩʊna ɖama nɛ alakɩ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Jaipur (Ɛɛndɩ), Paŋgii (Santrafriki) nɛ Watsa (Kɔŋgo Kinsasa).


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Taalɩyɔm
Taalɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 81 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tl. Ɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ lone kɔyɔ 13 pʊtʊnaa pɩlʊʊ kpata yɔɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛɛ mɛfɛyɩ ñɩm waa nɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa taa. Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ William Crookes nana-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1861 kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkpɛlɛkaɣ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu kɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ ŋgʊ sɛlɛnɩyɔm saɣ miŋ lɛ panaɣ-kʊ yɔ.
Claude Auguste Lamy kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɛyɩ-ɩ lɩzɩɣ eyeke yɔ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa Lille tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ taalɩyɔm, latɛŋ lɛɣtʊ taa lɛ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa θaλλός thallos (kʊhɔhɔʊ) pɩlɩna mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛŋga ŋga kalɩɣ kɛsɛɣ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ kañɩlɩsɩɣ yɔ (hɩɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩɩ anasaayɩ taa mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ se thalle (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se piliŋga ŋga tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, ɛhɔŋ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɖɔfɩɩ (pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ) ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊlɔŋ nɛ ɛmʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yee peyeba-ɩ helim taa kɔyɔ. Taalɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩmba kpɛyɛɛ, mɛrɩkɩrɩ nɛ pɩlɔmbɩ, pɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm yuŋ mba nɛ pacaɣ sɔtʊ piŋ.
Pana taalɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ kɔɔ taa nɛ paalakaɣ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pakʊna yuŋ. Ɛkɛ sɔtʊ kɔɔ piŋ nɛ ɛkʊʊ ɛyaa. Papɩsɩ-ɩ mʊlʊm lɛ yee ntukina-ɩ kpa pɩlakɩ kaɖɛ siŋ. Taalɩyɔm palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ yaa pakʊna yuŋ mbʊ lɛ, papazɩ ɛ-tɔm seu pɩkpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ panaa se ɛkʊʊ ɛyaa yɔ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ William Bechtel ɛɛkɛ SDDECE ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ kaalabɩna kaakpaɣ se ɛkʊna Kameruni sɔɔja Félix Moumié kɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1960. Ɛyʊ etosi toyi pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-soɖabi taa, kɛlɛ Moumié kɔma lɛ ɛtapazɩna ñɔʊ sʊlʊm se pɩcɔ ɛtɔɔ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtaa fɛyɩ liu, kɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ kɛlɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ pɩyʊʊ nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ taa. Moumié tɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ ɛtɛ lɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɖɩtaa yebi-wɛ nɛ pa-sʊlʊm kɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ sʊlʊm nɛ ɛñʊʊ, pɩlaba tam nabʊlɛ sɔtʊ ɛ-taa, peeɖe ɛna se paɖʊ-ɩ kɔɔ.


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Kela
Keɖe yaa kela kɛna dozi nzɩ pahayʊʊ yɔ. Papɩzʊ pehili-yɛ ɖozi pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔ yaa pɔtɔɔna lɛŋ. Pɔtɔkɩ kela tɩŋga pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɔtɔkɩ a-hatʊ yaa alʊlʊʊ kela lɛ, pɔtɔɔ yaa pehili. Kela ɖozi fɛyɩ sotu ɛzɩ mana yaa ɛzɩ hʊnʊm yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛztʊ wɛʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, kela paɣlɩka taa talʊ ɛzɩ santimɛtanaa nɩɩnɩwa yaa mɛtanaa naalɛ yɔ. Kela taŋgʊʊ yɔ a-hatʊ liŋ tɛɛ kɛ hɛtʊ lɩʊ nɛ hɛtʊ ndʊ tʊhʊlʊma fadʊdʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛzɩʊ jaʊʊ tɩyɛ. Kela pee wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kela wɛtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ: naayɛ sɛ jaʊʊ, lɛɛna kɛ kɩkpɛda tɩyɛ, naayɛ kɛ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ awɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Kela naayɛ lɔbɔɔɔ lɔbɔɔɔ ɛzɩ haɣlada yɔ, lɛɛna wɛ kpatatayaaa kpatayaaa nɛ naayɛ wɛ kʊŋgʊlʊm kʊŋgʊlʊ yaa wɛtʊ natʊyʊ yem.
Tʊkaɣ nakɛyɩ wɛ kela nɛ ɛzɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm, kpɛɛnzʊ kpooyuu yaa ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kpoobesse yɔ yaa kpɛnzɩɖoŋga pa-taa. Ɖozi nzɩ paya mbʊ yɔ sɩtɩŋga sɩlɩna ilememiye kɩfaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Amerika yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛna ñɩyʊ taa tɔɔnasɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyaa paɣzɩ-sɩ kpenaʊ ɖɩsɩ taa nɛ pahayɩɣ-sɩ.
Ɛlɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Siini ajɛya taa pacala hayʊ kɛ kela nɛ alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe wɩsɩ yaa nikaɣ yaa mbʊ payaɣ se kevengaɣ yɔ pɩmʊna ɖozɩ nzɩ.
Ɛlɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Siini ajɛya taa pacala hayʊ kɛ kela nɛ alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe wɩsɩ yaa nikaɣ yaa mbʊ payaɣ se kevengaɣ yɔ pɩmʊna ɖozɩ nzɩ.


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Puyenezɛrɩ
Puyenozɛrɩ kɛna Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa ɖeu nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe ta payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, pakpaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ hiu nɛ looɖo (16) wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ wɛ a-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana yaa pamazɩ se kaakaa pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ peeɖe ɛyaa talɩ miliyɔɔnaa 3 090 900.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩtasɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Puyenezɛrɩ Sɔsɔʊ yɔ, pɩ-taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naanza nɛ hɔɔlɩʊ (14 500 000). Pamazɩ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ lɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa agbapa 305. Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ cazɔnaa nabayɩ kɔyɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba nɛ lɛɛba ñalɩna Italii. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba palakɩ katolika tɛ cɔɔcɩ yɔ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ kɩwɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ politiki nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma kɩla wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1536 taa kɛ sɔdɩŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Mendoza tɛ Pedro nɛ Garay taa Juan yɔ pɔñɔza Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ. Ɛlɛ Mendoza tɛ Pedro kaapazɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1536 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtaabalʊ Garay taa Juan ñasɩna-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1580.


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Moŋgolii
Moŋgolii kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩhayʊ kɩŋ piyele Siini nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Pamaza Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 1 564 116 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 031 330 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 1,94 yɔ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Khaltmaagiyn Battulga nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Jargaltulga Erdenebat.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Mɔŋgɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ulaŋ Potɔɔrɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +976 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ petee wendu ndʊ petɛɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Moŋgolii kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wendt. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Tugriki.


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ÑƲƲ 74
Yesu wɩlɩ tɔm pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛgɔndʋ mʋʋ nɛ adɩma pɔ-yɔɔ
YESU WOBI MAARTA NƐ MAARƖƖ PƆ-CƆLƆ
PƖCƐYAA SE ÐƖTƖMƖƔNƖ ƐSƆ ÐOŊ ÐOŊ
Betaanii tɛtʋ kaawɛ Somiŋ Pʋʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ tiposini Yerusalɛm tɛtʋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa 3 mbʋ yɔ. (Yohanɛɛsɩ 11:18) Yesu wobi tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛsʋʋ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, Maarta nɛ e-neu Maarɩɩ pɛ-tɛ. Maarta kaawɛnɩ neu nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Lazaarɩ nɛ pa-tɩŋa paakɛ Yesu taabalaa. Ɛtalaa lɛ, pa-tɩŋa pamʋ-ɩ atuu.
Pɩkɛnɩ-wɛ waɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ siŋŋ se Mesiya kɔm pɛ-tɛ. Maarta sɔɔlɩ siŋŋ se ɛmʋ Yesu camɩyɛ, pʋyɔɔ ɛpaɣzɩ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ siŋŋ se ɛlabɩ-ɩ tɔɔnaɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Maarta lakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ mbʋ lɛ, Maarɩɩ ñowolo nɛ ɛcaɣ Yesu nɩŋgbanzɩ tɛɛ nɛ ewelisiɣni-i. Pɩkɛdaa lɛ, Maarta heyi Yesu se: “Kɩbaɣlʋ, me-neu yebi-m nɛ tʋmɩyɛ men-ɖeke, pɩɩlakɩ-ŋ pʋyʋ? Heyi-i se ɛsɩnɩ-m.”—Luka 10:40.
Ðenɖe ɛzɩ Yesu kakalɩ Maarɩɩ lɛ, ɛtɩla mbʋ, ɛlɛ ɛtasɩ lɔŋ Maarta ɛzɩma ɛkɩlɩɣ nɩɣzʋʋ tomnaɣ yɔɔ wondu yɔɔ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Eheyi-i se: “Maarta, Maarta, ŋkɩlɩɣ ña-ñʋʋ yɔkʋʋ. Pʋyʋ kʋɖʋm wɛnɩ kɛdɛɖaɣ. Maarɩɩ lɩzɩ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ. Paakaɣ-pʋ e-nesi tɛɛ lɛɣʋ.” (Luka 10:41, 42) Yesu tɔm tʋnɛ, tɩwɩlɩɣ kpayɩ kpayɩ se pɩtɩcɛyɩ se ɛyʋ ɛkpaɣ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ se ɛlakɩnɩ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ ɛmʋ agɔma. Paa tɔɔnaɣ pazɩ yem yɔ, pɩmaɣ mbʋ.
Maarta kaawɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana. Ɛɛsɔɔlaa se ɛmʋ ɛyaa ɛgɔndʋ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛzɩma ɛkɩlɩɣ tɔɔnaɣ tɔm yɔɔ nɩɣzʋʋ yɔ, piyeba nɛ tɔm kɩbandʋ ndʋ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ maɣmaɣ wɩlaɣ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ ɖɛɛ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pʋyɔɔ Yesu sam Maarɩɩ se ɛlabɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ akaɣ-ɩ wazʋʋ tam tam nɛ pɩkɛnɩ ɖa-tɩŋa payɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɔŋ tasʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩtɔzʋʋ ɛ-kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Yesu tasɩ kpɛlɩkʋʋ, ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ. Ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ pɔzɩ-ɩ se: “Kɩbaɣlʋ, wɩlɩ-ɖʋ tɩmʋʋ, ɛzɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ Lɩm [Mɩyɩsɩyʋ] wɩlʋʋ ɛ-tɔmmʋyaa yɔ.” (Luka 11:1) Pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ, Yesu kaatɛm-wɛ wɩlʋʋ Pʋʋ Ñʋʋ yɔɔ Tɔm Yɔɔdʋʋ taa, ɛzɩma pala adɩma yɔ. (Maatiyee 6:9-13) Ɛlɛ pɩtɩla yɔ, ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ ɛnɛ ɛtaawɛɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, pʋyɔɔ Yesu ɖaɣnɩ ñɩɣʋ niye tɔm ndʋ ɛyɔɔdaa yɔ, tɩ-taa lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna yɔɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkpaɣ kɩɖaʋ nakʋyʋ se ɛñɩɣ niye ɛzɩma pɩcɛyɩ siŋŋ se ɖɩtɩmɩɣnɩ Ɛsɔ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ.
Ɛkɛdɩ-wɛ se: “Ye mɩ-taa nɔɔyʋ ewobi ɖoo taa ɛ-ɛgbaɣdʋ cɔlɔ, se ɛpɔzɩ-ɩ se: ‘Kɩndɩ-m kpɔnʋnaa naadozo, mbʋ yɔ mɛ-ɛgbaɣdʋ nɔɔyʋ lɩnɩ nʋmɔʋ nɛ ɛsʋʋ mɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pʋyʋ fɛyɩ se mɛncɛlɩ-ɩ,’ nɛ lɛlʋ cosi-i nɛ pɩ-taa kiŋ se: ‘Taahɔ mɔ-nɔɔ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ paɖɩɣ tɛya, ma nɛ men-piya ɖɩhɩnaa, maapɩzɩɣ kʋyʋʋ se mɛncɛlɩ-ŋ kpɔnʋnaa mba.’ Ma, meheyiɣ-mɩ se: Paa ɛɛkʋyʋʋ se ɛcɛlɩ-ɩ, ɛ nɛ ɩ pɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛkʋyʋʋ nɔɔ hɔmtʋ yɔɔ se ɛcɛlɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋa mbʋ ɛtɛɖɩɣ yɔ.”—Luka 11:5-8.
Yesu tɔm tɩwɩlɩ se Yehowa tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩ abalʋ ɛnɛ ɛ-taabalʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛcaɣ se panɩɩ pɩ-taa se ye taabalʋ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzaa nɛ ɛha mbʋ pɔpɔzʋʋ-ɩ yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔpɔzʋʋ-ɩ pʋ tam sakɩyɛ yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ kpayɩ kpayɩ se ɖa-Caa sɔɔlɩm tʋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ, ɛhaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ ɛ-sɛyaa siɣsiɣ ñɩma pɔzʋʋ-ɩ nɛ pa-laŋɩyɛ pilim yɔ. Yesu wolo ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ se: “Meheyiɣ-mɩ se: Ɩpɔzɩ, pɛcɛlɩɣ-mɩ, ɩñɩnɩ, ɩnaɣ, ɩma nɔnɔɔ yɔɔ, patʋlʋʋ-mɩ. Weyi ɛpɔzʋʋ yɔ, ɛmʋʋ; weyi ɛñɩnɩɣ yɔ, ɛnaɣ; nɛ weyi ɛmakɩ nɔnɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ, patʋlʋʋ-ɩ.”—Luka 11:9, 10.
Pɩsa nɛ panɩɩ pɩ-taa kpayɩ kpayɩ lɛ, Yesu kpaɣ lʋlɩyaa kɩɖaʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Mɩ-taa caja weyi haɣ ɛ-pɩɣa ɖʋm, ye kɔpɔzɩ-ɩ kpakpayaɣ? Yaa pɩjaka, ye kɔpɔzʋʋ-ɩ yaɖɛ? Ye mba mɩ ɩkɛ kɩdɛkɛdaa yɔ, ɩsɩm cɛlʋʋ mi-piya pʋyʋ kɩbanʋ, pɩɩkɩlɩ we nɛ ɛsɔdaa mɩ-Caa, ɛlɛ yɔ, ɛɛkaha fezuu kiɖeɖeu mba pɔpɔzʋʋ-ɩ kʋ yɔ.” (Luka 11:11-13) Kɩɖaʋ kʋnɛ kɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖa-Caa weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ, ɛsɔɔlɩ siŋŋ se ewelisini-ɖʋ nɛ ɛha-ɖʋ mbʋ pɩtɛɖɩɣ-ɖʋ yɔ!


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Ʊranɩyɔm
Ʊranɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 92 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ U, ɛ-tɛ nɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa liɖe taa. Lʊlʊʊ taa ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naanaza tʊ ɖɔʊ hɔlʊʊ taa, ɛɖɔɔ kpem ɛkɩlɩ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm, pamaɣzɩ-ɩ nɛ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ yaa arɩsɛnɩkɩ, tɔrɩyɔm kpaɖa-ɩ ɖɔʊʊ tam naanaza. Paa hɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pana-ɩ cazʊ cazʊ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ teŋgu lɩm taa.
Ɖɩcɔna kedeŋga kpeekpe taa pohuyuu ʊranɩyɔm pɩtalɩ tɔɔnɩ naa 60500 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2015, nɛ pɛtɛyɩɣ kɔyɔ Kazakɩstan (39%), Kanadaa (22%), Ositrali (9%), Nizɛɛrɩ (7%), Ruusii (5%), Namibi (5%) nɛ Uzbekistan (4%).
Pawɩla ʊranɩyɔm keelee pɩnaɣ 1789 pɩtɩŋna Prusse tʊ Martin Heinrich Klaproth yɔɔ, ɛlɛ tɩŋna ɛwaɣ hɔlaɣ nakɛyɛ wiluu nɛ takʊʊ yɔɔ, pɔkɔna-ɩ-kɛ nɛ Joachimsthal Kiɖeɖeu ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ tɛ. Ɛwaɣ ŋga kaakɛ pechblende, pɩkɛ ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kaawɛ U3O8 koŋ yɔ. Klaproth pɩza kɛlɛ ɛsaza miŋ kpaŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ. Ɛ-tɔm suzitu salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1789 Prusse kewiyaɣ taa lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa nɛ ɛya se Ueber den Uranit, ein neues Halbmetall, peeɖe ɛya-ɩ urane yaa uranite kɛ pʊtʊnaa mba ɛɛba yɔ, ɛkɛtɩna uranus ŋgʊ William Herschel kaana pɩnaɣ 1781 yɔ.
Ɛ nɛ plɔŋ pa-nɔmɔʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊ (ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ yuŋ tʊ lɛlʊ). Kɩɖam waa ŋñɩɩ yem pɩzɩɣ pʊkʊ ɛyʊ. Ɛyʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛwɛ alaafɩya yɔ e-loyuu taa papɩzɩɣ pana ɛzɩ 0,02% lɩm taa nɛ tɔɔnasɩ taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, 67% ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ calɩm taa yɔ kɩyaɖɛ catʊʊ-pʊ nɛ pahɩna hɩm evemiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ.


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Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ
Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ cɔɔkɩ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, Ɛnglɩsɩ pasɩtɔɔr waa pazɩna-ɖɩ mba yɔ John Smyth kɛ Hollande pɩnaɣ 1609 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛyɔ Thomas Helwys kɛ Angletɛrɩ pɩnaɣ 1612. Ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ pasɩma-ɖɩ nɛ mbʊ petisi Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ, lʊlʊʊ kɩfam, Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊʊ kɛ ɛyʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛkɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyʊ, ɛwɛna ɛ-tɔm susuu tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm taa yɔ. Pɩtalaɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ ɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩtalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 100 mba pɛkɛ sɔɔlɩyaa.
Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩyaa se baptɩstɩ cɔɔcɩ, cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ Ɛŋglɩsɩ nindiyu yaa pasɩtɔɔr John Smyth, ɛɛkɛ aŋglɩkan fada kɩbɩnʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi pɩhayɩ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖaɣnɩ paɣzɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Smyth ɛnʊ pakpa-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ aŋglɩkan fada pɩnaɣ 1594 kɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piteleɖi ɛzɩ pakpa-ɩ cɔjɔtʊ lɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛɖaɣnɩ paɣzʊʊ ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisuu tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ seɣta-ɩ mbʊ lɛ ekizi aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛcaɣ Hollande pɩnaɣ 1607 ɛ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛ-tɔm ndʊ yɔ.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1609 pɩnaɣ pakpaɣ ɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ yɔ, lɛ ɛsɔ ɛyaa lɩm patalɩ ɛyaa hiŋ natozo nɛ loɖo. Thomas Helwys tʊlɩ kajalaɣ baptɩstɩ cɔɔcɩ kɛ Angletɛrɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaa se Spitalfields yɔ tɩ-taa, tɩwɛna Londre nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1612. Baptɩstɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ nɛ paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ wɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ nɛ papɩzɩ pakalɩ ɛyaa patalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 38,8 kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2002.


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Samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm sakɩyɛ nɛ politiki lɩmaɣza tɔm, ndʊ tɩkɛ se pañɩnɩ samaɣ tɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm nɛ tɔsʊʊ tɔm pɛwɛɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kuɖum kɛlɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa ɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ nɔɔyʊ ɛtatɔ se ɛkɩla lɛlʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ Karl Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa, nɔɔyʊ ɛtaakpaɖɩ lɛlʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ pɩkɛ politiki tɔm, nɛ tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnɩɣ paasɩ-ɖɩ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ, nɛ ɛɩ-maɣzɩm keem kaakɛ paa anɩ ɛkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ se ɖɩwɛ ɖeu. Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ palʊkɩna koomulum tɔm, nɛ pakandɩɣ samaɣ hɛkɩŋ taa nɩnaʊ tɔm yɔɔ.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩsʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1820 alɩwaatʊ taa, wɛɛ ana a-taa papaza kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ naa lɩzʊʊ yaa pɩsɩtʊ tɔm. Pɩɩkɛ tɔm kuzuu nɛ ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma nesi tɛɛ tʊma laɖaa ɛwɛɛ weewee pe-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa tɩŋa keŋkeŋ, mbʊ menɖeke mañɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa kaakɩla ɛyaa pa nɛ pɔyɔɔ caʊʊ.
Sukuli laɖaa sɔsaa Georges Bourgin nɛ Pierre Rimbert ñakpaɣ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ pɩkɛ samaɣ ŋga kalʊkɩ lɩmaɣza keem anɛ a-yɔɔ yɔ, paa anɩ ñɩm kpaɣ ɛzɩ haɖaʊ wondu yaa tʊmɩyɛ wondu, paa weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ wondu ɛzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛtɩna-tʊ yɔ, pawɩlɩɣ ɖama tʊma ɛzɩma papɩzɩ pala nɛ samaɣ hiɣ hanaɣ yɔ. Tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkɛyɩɣ pɩyʊ se eyeke ɛtɩna.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ suwee ɖɩnɩɣ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩlɩna le, Bertrand Russell lɩzɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm, nɛ ɛtɔŋ nɛ pɩɣyɩyʊʊ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se tɛtʊ tiŋa ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe nesi tɛɛ nɛ ñɩm tɩŋa kɛ samaɣ tɩŋa pɩyʊ. Kɛlɛ tɔm ndʊ palakɩ-tʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa samaɣ nɩna ɖama se pɛkpeŋdɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa kɛnɛ, naɖɩyɛ eesidiɣ.


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Awuusa kʊnʊŋ
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ kɛ Caadɩ kiŋ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ, Peenɛɛ nɛ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kameruni nɛ Kotidiivʊwaari nɛ Kana nɛ [Nizɛɛrɩ (Niger)|Nizɛɛrɩ]] nɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Caadɩ nɛ Togo ajɛya taa yɔ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ ɛzɩ nɩnɩwa ntalɩ nɛ hiŋ loɖo halɩ ŋwolo ɛzɩ hiŋ lʊbɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩzʊʊ ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔɔdʊtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ. Mba paba palʊlɩ-wɛ kɩ-ta nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ patala miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ puwolo pɩtalɩ hiu waa naatozo nɛ naanza.
Awuusa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afro-Aziyatiki kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa payayɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se samito-sémitiki. Kɩlɩna Caadɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbela taa. Caadɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ agbela cɩkpena taa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Pɛtɛyɩ Caadɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔm naanza taa kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ cɩkpeŋ.
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keeke Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiŋ naatozo yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ. Nɩzɛɛrɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 9360000. Kana ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa naalɛ. Kotidiivʊwaari ɛyaa 121000. Kameruni ɛyaa 400000. Caadɩ ɛyaa 200000. Suudaŋ ɛyaa 600000. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wena a-taa palakɩ tadɩyɛ siŋ yɔ.
Sɔnɔ, Awuusa kʊnʊŋ pɩsa samaɣ hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ (tadɩyɛ) Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ Afrika Hɛkʊ taa. Awuusa kʊnʊŋ mɩza ajɛya hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, tʊma sakɩyɛ anaasayɩ ɖʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɩtʊ nɛ tɩyekɩ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩɣ ɖoo polɩŋ taa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔ tɔm.
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ kɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Hayi kɩŋ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-kɛ [Nizɛɛrɩ (Niger)|Nizɛɛrɩ]] ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ kɩmamaʊ lɩna kano yɔɔdɔɣ cɔlɔ. Pama Awuusa kʊnʊŋ ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ, kɔɔnaɣ taa lɛ, pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩ tɛ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ, nɛ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Latɛnɩ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ, ŋgʊ paɖʊ kpaɣɖʊ nɛɛlɛ ŋgʊ nɔɣ yɔ nɛ abalɩ masɩ naaza kʊsɔzɩsɩ.


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Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ (Cour supreme)
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ ha kpaaŋ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa yaa kpaaŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ yɔ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ kɩ-taa wɛ tʊma a-nɛ yɔɔ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna ɖeyi ɖeyi paɣtʊ wɛtʊ naa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ lakasɩ yɔ (tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ tɛ feŋɩntʊ).
Kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ kpaagba kpaaŋ ŋgʊ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kewiyaɣ tɔm hʊʊ yɔ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ yaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee pɩpɔzʊʊ se petisi ñʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ yaa wiyaʊ nɔɔyʊ e-kpelaɣ yɔ yɔ.
Tɔm hʊyʊ kajalaɣ nimiye mʊyʊ kɛna kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ taa nʊʊ tʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ pagba-ɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaɣʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa mba ɖɩyaɣ se minisitiri waa tɛ lɔŋ pasʊʊ kpeeliye taa pɩlɩna tʊm hʊtʊ lɔŋ pasʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔ. Tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ ɛ-nʊ, pʊcɔ ɛpaazɩɣ ɛtʊmɩyɛ lɛ, eɖuki paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɩnda.
Pɩtɩŋna paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa hɔɔlaɣ 121 yɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ tɛ ñʊtʊ ɛkɛ tɔm hʊyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɛ. Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ñʊtʊ kɛ kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ taa lɔŋ pasɩyaa ñʊtʊ (C.S.M).
Kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ wɛna kuduyɩŋ nɩɩlɛ, kajalaɣ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ kuduyuu nɛ kewiyaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kuduyuu. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛna tɩ-yɔɔ waɖɛ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ kuduyuu ñʊtʊ nesi tɛ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa wɛ lɔŋ tasɩyaa naalɛ.
Ɛlɛ pɩɩpɔzaɣ paa pʊdɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ lɔŋtasɩyaa nanza kuduyuu kʊyʊmʊʊ tɛɛ. Pakpaɣ-wɛ pɩtɩŋna kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa kediizaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ kɩlakɩ yɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ndʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ ɖʊwa yɔ.
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ lakɩ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ waɖɛ haʊ takayaɣ mʊyʊ kajalaɣ tʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa sɔsaa palakɩna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ lɩm ɖʊyaa kpana ɛyaa panɛyɔ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ pagbaɣ pe-kidizaɣ taa yɔ tɩ-cɔlɔ.


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Piyeloorusi
Piyeloorusi kɛna Eerɔpʋ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se pɩcɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtoonii nɛ Lituyaanii wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Poolɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kataŋga sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, laŋ tala ɛzɩ 40 % yɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ kpeekpe taa.
Pamaza Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 207 600 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 498 700 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45,80 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Alexandre Loukachenko nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Andreï Kobiakov.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ piyelorusi nɛ rusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Minski nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +375 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ se Ɖaa lɛ Piyelorusi ñɩma.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruubli piyelorus.


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Arabii-Sahʊditi
Arabii-Sahʊditi kɛna malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ weyi eɖiyaɣ-ɖɩ yɔ ɛlɩwaɣna hɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Saoud yɔ kɩ-taa. Ibn Séoud sɩna pɩtɛ tikiɖe ɖooo pinaɣ 1932.
Moyen-Orient taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɩlɩna paɣlʋ nɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa ɖɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa naalɛ mbʋ yɔ. Malɩŋ ajɛya tɩŋga taa lɛ, Araabii-Sahʊdɩtɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ndɩ tɩŋgɩna Alizeeri nɖɛ wayɩ kɛ walanzɩ taa. Peeɖe komina sɛʋ malʋʋ ɛsɔ ŋgʋ yɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se wahaabiti nɛ peeɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ Malɩŋ ɛsɔ ɖɩsɛyɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ wɛɛ: Masijidi al-Haram (Maka tɛtʋ taa) nɛ Masjid al-Nabawi (ñɛwɛɛ Medina taa).
Araabii tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɔyɔ Riyadɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kɔyɔ araabɩ. Peeɖe kacalaɣ wiyaʋ kɛ payawaɣ se Abdelaziz ben Abderrahmane Al Saoud (1876-1953) nɛ ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Abderrahmane ben Fayçal Al Saoud. Wayɩ wayɩ ñɩnʋ kɔyɔ Salmane ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud (1935-2015) nɛ wiyao sɔsɔ Abdelaziz lʋlɩnɛ-ɩ.
Araabɩ saoudɩtɩ wɛ ajɛya nayɛ hɛkʋ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Irak, Jordanie, Koowɛtɩ, Oman, Qatar, Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii nɛ Yeemɛnɩ. Teŋgʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Pɔɔ kɩsɛɛmaɣ yɔ nɛ Golfe Persique pa-lɩm wadɩʋɣ-ɖɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2000 kɛ Yemeni nɛ Araabɩ pañɩɣ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nesi se pɩwɩlɩ kaɣlaaa se pasɩna ɖama nɛ kamaɣ.