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Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Donald Trump nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 44 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Mike Pence.
Ki-kiɖe[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Caanaʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɔcɔ Christoph Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ (pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1492 talɩ)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yomiye taa alɩwaatʊ(1492-1775)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yomiye taa lɩʊ nɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ(1775-1800)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ̃nɩnʊʊ nɛ ̃nɩɣtʊ lubu nɛ yomiye taa lɩʊ (1800-1917)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yoŋ yeba nɛ patɩlɩ ki-ɖoŋ(1917-1991)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔnɔdaa alɩwaatʊ(1991-2016)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ patɩlɩɣna-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖenɖe ɛyaa wɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ pʊwɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.[1]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ nɛ filosofii[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kuduyuŋ maʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki nɛ aleɣya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩpɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kazandʊ nɛ avema kɩhɛza[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa sɔsaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ki-nimaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm lɛɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Awayɩ kpasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- ↑ Modèle:En Current Population Clock - U.S. Census Bureau. Pakalʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ paa cɛcɛyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.


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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1797 alɩwaatʊ Bâle tɛtʊ kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1783 kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ (Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa) ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 76. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlaba ɛtɛ fezuu caɣʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Euler kaakɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ weyi paakɩlɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kaatɔya paale yɔ kɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ paawona-kɛ Laplace tɛ Simon Petro tɛ nɛ katasɩɣ cuuzuu mbʊ se Euler lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyɛ wakɩna paale nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ, ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ ɖa-wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊwa nɛ etisi piŋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ, etisi Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna mba petetisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Palʊla Euler Bâle tɛtʊ taa, ɛ-caa Paul Euler, ɛkɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ tɛ cɔɔcɩ naa tɛ ninɖiyu, e-ɖoo Marguerite Brucker, ɛkɛ ninɖiyu nɔyʊ pɛlɛ. Ɛwɛna kɔɔnaa naalɛ mba yɔ Anna Maria nɛ Maria Magdalena. Pɩlaba alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem ɛzɩ palʊlʊʊ Leonhard lɛ, ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pakʊ Bâle tɛtʊ taa nɛ powolo pɩjɔlɔ kpam tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Riechen tɩtaa. Peeɖe Euler lakɩ ɛtɛ pɩjatʊ fezuu caɣʊ siŋ. Paul Euler kaakɛ Bernoulli cejewiye taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ ɛgbadʊ Jean Bernoulli, weyi pɔtɔŋgɔ se ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ lɛɣtʊ Erɔpʊ pɩkpɖɩ evebu Leonhard yɔ.
Pɩnzɩ 13 wayi lɛ, Leonard ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Bâle sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1723 taa lɛ, ɛmʊ tɩ ɖɔkʊʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩŋna tɔm ta huyuu takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ Descartes nɛ Newton pa-ñɩnzɩ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ nddʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Jean Bernoulli kpɛlɛka-ɩ mazasɩ ɖanasɩ tɩŋga, peeɖe ɛlɛ hiwa nɛ ɛna se e-sukuli pɩɣa kɩfala kanɛ kɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Euler pazɩ kpɛlɛkɛkʊʊ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm nɛ Kɗɛkɩ nɛ Hɛbra, mbʊ ɛ-caa pɔza lɛɛlɛ se pɩha waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ninɖɩyu. Peeɖe Jean cɛyɩ ɛtɩ nɛ eyele nɛ ɛ-caa nɩɩ pɩdaa se pʊmʊna ɛ-pɩɣa ɛpɩsɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, Jean Bernoulli piyaa naalɛ, Daniel nɛ Nicolas, lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Ruusi tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1726 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Nicolas ñasɩbɩna lebiye kʊdɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlaba pɩnaɣ kɛlɛ Ruusi tɛtʊ taa. Kɛlɛ e-neu Daniel pazɩ ɛ-tʊma, lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɔzɩ se eeyeba ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yem nɛ nɔyʊ fɛyɩ yɔ Leonhard ɛkpaɣ ɖɩjayɛ nɖɩ.

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Charlemagne
Charlemagne latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Carolus Magnus, yaa Charles kajalaɣ tʊ nɛ ɛsɛɛ hɩɖɛ se sɔsɔ, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 742 (yaa 747 yaa 748), ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 814 kɛ Aix-la-Chapelle tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ Franc waa tɛ wiyaʊ. Ɛkɛ Carolingien waa tɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ ɛyʊ, ŋga ɛha hɩɖɛ yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ Franc waa tɛ wiyaʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 768, ɛpɩsɩ Lombards waa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩtɩŋna yoŋ yɔɔ nɛ pape Léon 3 tʊ pamɩ-ɩ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ hulaɣ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 800 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kɛlɛ, Pépin Bref.
Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ weyi ɛwaba yoŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-walanzɩ ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ sɔɔjana wabɩtʊ yɔɔ kɔzɩkɔzɩ you ŋgʊ ewoba ɛ-nɛ Saxon ɛyaa mba petetisida Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɩ luuzuu mbʊ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ nɛ pɩla ɖoŋ siŋ (pɩnaɣ 772 ŋtalɩ 804 alɩwaatʊ taa), ɖɔɖɔ ɛla you nɛ Lombard ɛyaa kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Al-Andalus malɩŋ ɛyaa.
Ɛ-tɛ kpɛdɛɛ kpɛdɛɛ politiki tʊmɩyɛ taha alɩwaatʊ pɩɖalɩ ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri. Charlemagne kpaɣ lɩmaɣza pɩnaɣ 806 se ɛtayʊ Ampiiri tam naatozo kɛ e-piyaa mba pa-naatozo ɖɔɖɔ. Ŋdɔnjɔɔlaa la sakɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛ-taa nɛ ɛtayɩ Ampiiri hɔɔlɩŋ naatoza ɛzɔ ɛ-tɔm yɔ pɩnaɣ 843 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ e-piyaa naatozo mba (Verdun nɩnaʊ takayaɣ).
Charlemagne kɛ, pɩtɩŋna papa Benoit 14 pʊtɔdɩyɛ naʊ yɔɔ kɛ katoliiki tʊ weyi ɛwɛ weewe yɔ nɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kazandʊ paa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnzɩ tɩŋga. Cɔɔcɩɩ naa sakɩyɛ kɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ ɖʊ Charlemagne pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ takayaɣ taa.


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Henry 8 (Anglɩtɛɛrɩ tɛ wiyaʋ)
Henri 8 (palʊla-ɩ Henry liɖe, mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1491 ŋtalɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1547) ɛɛkɛ Angleterre nɛ Irlande ajɛyɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1509 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛsɩm. Tɔm hʊʊ taa paɣtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ Aragon Cathérine nɛ pɩtɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ tɩna pɩnaɣ 1534 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ Angleterre cɔɔcɩ nɛ Room nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ lɛɣzɩtʊ paya ɖama yɔ. Henri 8 cɔna tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛdɩzɩɣ mʊwanɩ waa kuduyuŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ patasɩ-ɩ haʊ Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ. Ɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ ɛɖɔka kpam katoliki Ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ ɛkandʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Henri 8 kpaɣ hala pɩtalɩ tam kɩgbanzɩ nɛ halɩ eyele pakʊ pa-taa naalɛ, Anne Boleyn nɛ Howard Cathérine.
Palʊla-ɩ Placentia kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1491, Henri Tudor kɛnɛ pɩɣa natozo ŋga nɛ naalɛ ŋga kɛ wiyaʊ Henri 7 tʊ cɔlɔ nɛ Elizabeth York tʊ cɔlɔ. Ɖalaa nɛ kɔɔnaa loɖo taka taa lɛ,natozo (Arthur de Galles, Marguerite nɛ Marie ) yeke talɩna akpadayɩtʊ nɔɔ yɔɔ. Exeter Episikɔpʊ sɔna-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ɛnʊ payaɣ se Richard Fox kɛ Françis D’Assise cɔɔcɩ kpaŋ taa.
Arthur sɩ tuda, nɛ pekpkuu ɛzɩ kpezɩ wɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɛsɩbɩna, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15, [[ɖomaɣ fenaɣ][ taa pɩnaɣ 1502 alɩwaatʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, pɩlaba kpɩtaŋ nɛɛlɛ lɛ ɛɖɔkʊ nesi ɛ-nɛ Cathérine yɔ lɛ. Ɛ-tʊma nɛ ɛ-doŋ tɩŋa payɩ pakpaɣ pɛcɛlɛ Henri ɛlɛ ñawɛna pɩnzɩ 10 nɛ epɩsɩ Cornoua wiyaʊ aloma fenaɣ taa nɛ ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Galles taa nɛ Chester taa [[lɛlaɣ fenaɣ[[ pɩnaɣ 1503.
Henri 7 cɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ se ɛtamsɩ ɛɛgbaɣdɩyɛ nɛ Angleterre nɛ [Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ]] ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se ɛkpaɣ Catherine halʊ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ henri. Cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ ɛhaɣ waɖɛ se nesi ɖɔkʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊma hɛkʊ ɛzɩ liɖe kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa ŋgʊ Henri 7 nɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa caɣyʊ kaama takayaɣ papa nɛ pɔpɔzi-ɩ se ɛha waɖɛ nɛ pataña cɔɔcɩ paɣtʊ ndʊ. Papa tisi nɛ ɛha waɖɛ nɖɩ. Henri kizi se pata wɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ, ŋgʊ Isabelle1 sɩm pɩnaɣ 1504 taa nɛ kpeɣlaɣ lɛɣzɩtʊ kɔŋna tɛyɩŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɩla kaɖɛ.
Henri 7 sɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1509, evebupɩɣa Henri kpaɣ kpeɣlaɣ nɛ paya-ɩ se Henri 3 tʊ. Pepima ɛ-caa kpa lɛ, agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10, esusi ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm nɛ Cathérine nɛ ɛtɔŋ se paa papa ha waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtatɩɩcaɣda camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Papazɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ lɩmaɣza François Assise kpaŋ taa Greenwich.


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Hɔlɩmɩyɔm
Hɔlɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 67 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ho. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ, ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ manɩɩ kɛlɛ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ hɛɛɛ helim mbʊ pɩwɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ pɩ-taa nɛ ɛmʊ-kɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ niikaɣ helim taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ cɔlɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ kajalaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɛ pɛ-tɛ egeetiye hɩɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ, Stockholm, pɩkɛ weyi ɛna-ɩ ɛ-tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ, ɛyʊ ɛlɛ yɔ Per Thodor Clev.
Pɩnaɣ 1789, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin lɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛtasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfala ŋga paatɛma-kɛ naʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ hoo hoo pɩtɩŋna Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ pɩñɔtɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tʊma ana petisi a-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797 pɩtɩŋna Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɖanɩɣ yaʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se yttria.
Pɩñɔtɩna kpaɣɖʊ hɔɔlʊʊ mbilim lɛ, Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Carl Gustav Mosander pɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊnaa naatozo ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna Yttria yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmbɩyɛ pɩsʊʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ nɛ ɛsɩɩ hɩɖɛ se yttria kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ (ɩtrɩyɔm keeke kɛlɛ) nɛ ɛyaa sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ se erbia nɛ ɛya kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ se terbia, ɛlɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛmaɣzɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ.
Soret cɔŋɩna Cleve tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ŋgʊ ɛlabɩna hɔlɩmɩyɔm yɔ nɛ ɛna se kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-ñɩŋʊ (tɛtʊ X), ɛlɛ etisi pɩnaɣ 1880 hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ kaaya yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlɩpɩyɔm Delafontaine tɛ ñɩŋʊ wɛʊ yɔ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɔlɩmɩyɔm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛlɛ pɛhɛyɩ liidiye lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa pa-naatozo pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ yɔ.


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Mɛkisiikoo (Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ)
Mɛkisiikoo kɛna Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ajɛya cikpena ɖɔɔ nɛ ana akpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ Mɛkisiko, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊŋ nɩƴɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pamaazɩɣna teŋu yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 5 000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖɛyi ɖeyi nɛ ndʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩʊ (100) yɔ nɛ ɖaalakɩŋ topoyuu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtranaa hiuwaa looɖo (60). Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 8 918 653.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɛkisiiki tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Sikaagoo (Etaazuuni), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Nagoya (Japɔŋ)), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Sewuuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ).
Payaɣ Mɛkisiikoo maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Miguel Ángel Mancera.


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Tɛtɛɛ miŋ
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna tɛtɛɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩlɩɩna lɩm sɔsɔm tɛɛ yaa pʊŋ tɛɛ. Pɩkɛna momoɖe naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩyaɣ kpu lɛ miŋ kolonzi lɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ. Miŋ kolonzi nzɩ si-taa nɛ feveku nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊkʊ-taa nɛ gaazɩ, teefraas nɛ pɩlɩgna hidromagɩmatiki taa.
Miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ mbʊ yɔ, siniidiɣ yaa sɩhɛɣ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ nɛ pɛkɛɣ pʊŋ yaa lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Kaaŋ ɛnʊ ɛpaɣlʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɛzɩ ɛmaɣna. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ lakɩ nɛ kaaŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ, miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ yɔ sɩ-ɖɔʊ taa nɛ sɩ-ɖoŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ sɩkpakɩɣna nɛ sɩhɛɛna yaa siniidina yɔ nɛ pʊŋ ndɩ nɖɩ weyi ɛwɛɣ na pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pɩtɩŋga payɩ pɩwɩlɩɣna se tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ tɔm lɛ, mba pañɩnɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nɛ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlabɩnaa yɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panɩɣ mɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ.
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kɛlɛʊ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa lɔŋ yɔ yaa camɩyɛ kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛna tɛtɛɛ mɩŋ weyi ɛlɩɣna tɛtɛɛ yem tuda nɛ e-hola lɩɣ momoloku tɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ kolonzɩ nzɩ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ sɩtɩnɩɣ ɖama yɔɔ pɩlaaɣ pɩlaaɣ yaa sɩkakɩ kɩkaawʊ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, e-miŋ kolonzi wɛtʊ yaa sɩlɩɣ pɩzɩɣ pɩlɛɣzɩ wɛtʊ yem ndɩ ndɩ. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se tɛtɛɛmiŋ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa:
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ sɛ kpaʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ hɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, e-miŋ weyi ɛtɔʊ fiŋŋ fiŋŋ yɔ ɛfɛyɩ kʊŋgʊlʊm yaa ɛtakpɩndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kɛ oseyaŋnaa cɔlɔ nɛ lɩm tɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ mɩzɩɣ kpaaa kpaaa yɔ nɛ e-miŋ wɛ laabɩɩ laabɩɩ tɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-taa sida tɔlɩma. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩɩ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ hiŋ looɖo yɔ (60).


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Krowasii
Krowasii kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzɩʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe. Ajɛya wena acɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Silovenii, Sɛrɩbii, Pɔsɩnii-Hɛɛɖɩzigoovini nɛ Montenogroo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sagɛbi nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ taa ɖooo hasɩ yaɖɛ fɩyaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2013.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ krowati nɛ latɛŋ. Ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ, krowati. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 56 594 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ ɖɩnɛ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ 31 067 km2 yɔ.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛtʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 ŋga taa ɛlɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1992 ŋga taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ɖɔkʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lwayɩ nɛ wayɩ kʊnɛ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 225 316. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Kuna. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ ɛmaɣ +385 nɛ pʊcɔ ɛma weyi ɛcaɣ yaʊ yɔ ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafʊ mayaɣ. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović nɛ kewiyaɣ ñɩnʊ lɛ Andrej Plenković.


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Mɛlɛ
Mɛlɛ kɛna n̄ɩɣʋ ŋgʋ ɛyʋ maamaa lɩza nɛ kɩwɛ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ size kɩcaɣ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ lɩm yɔɔ yem nɛ kɩɩpɩzʋʋ kɩɖɛ lɩm tɛɛ yem nɛ pɩtɛkɛ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ laba kʋ.
Mɛlɛ, lɩm yɔɔ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, mba pazaɣ-kʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Kʋɖɔŋ lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ kpeekpe. Wondu ndʋ payɩ pʋwɛ size pɛɖɛzɩna lɩm yɔɔ yɔ, mɛlɛ kʋnɛ kɩpɩzʋʋna nɛ kɩla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size lɩm yɔɔ mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, palakɩ kʋnɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, palakɩ-kʋ nɛ you, ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩna kpakpasɩ lakʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size pagbaɣ yaa pɔlɔʋʋ kʋnɛ lɩm taa kpɩna nandʋ n̄ɩna kpeekpe pɩkɩlɩna kpakpasɩ.
Sakɩyɛ kpakʋʋ mɛlɛ ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ pakpakʋ ɛyaa nɛ pɛɖɛzɩʋ nɛ kideŋ. Mɛlɛ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa sakɩyɛ sʋʋ nɛ powoki ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ lɛɣna taa. Mɛlɛ ŋgʋ, sakɩyɛ sʋʋ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ palakɩ aleeya yaa tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Pakpakʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ mɛlɛ ŋgʋ nɛ paɖaŋgʋna mɛlɛ waa sakɩyɛ lalaɣ yɔɔ. Mɛlɛ waa ɖʋʋ nesi siŋŋ kɛ ɛyʋ kɛ e-wezuu kpeekpe caɣʋ taa. Kɩzɩna ɛyʋ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩna kɛ tadɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2007 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, mɛlɛ waa ɛzɩ kudokiŋ niidozo nɛ kagbanzɩ (35 000) kaakɛ tadɩyɛ tɛ mɛlɛ waa. Pɛkɛya ɛzɩ ɛyaa 7,4 tɔnɩɩ mbɩ yɔɔ.


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Uruguwe
Uruguwe kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Pirezili nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Arizantini nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Uruguwe ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtawaa akpagba 176 220 nɛ ɛyaa miloyɔɔnaa 3 477 770 wɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtaa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukilinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ kastiyaŋ ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ pɔrɩtiigalɩ kɛ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ.
Yee pɔcɔnaa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ Uruguwe nɛ Pirezili pa-kamaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ pizidina kasitiyaŋ nɛ pɔritiigalɩ nɛ payaɣ-ku se pɔritiinɔlɩ. Sukilinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ Uruguwe ha waɖɛ se pawɩlɩ pɔrɩtiigalɩ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ nabʊyʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩpaazɩɣna ɖamɩŋ lʊbɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1825 ɛlɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1830. Aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2004 taa pɔtɔ caca lɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tabaré Vázquez nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ, mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 2009 taa weyi palɩzaa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ José Mujica.
Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 30 wiye patasa caca tɔʊ se palɩzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ lɛ, Tabaré Vázquez nɛ Luis Lacalle Pou pa-naalɛ pa-taa lɛ, Tabaré Vázquez wabɩna nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Uruguwe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛpaɣzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caaʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015.


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Kʊrɩyɔm
Kʊrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 96 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cm. Mendeleiv tɛ pʊtʊnaa pɩlɩyɛ tɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛcaɣ akɩtɩnɩdɩ tɛ lone taa. Paya kʊrɩyɔm hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Pierre Curie nɛ Marie Curie pɔ-yɔɔ. Kʊrɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ eleɖiɣ piŋ.
Palaba kʊrɩyɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ yɔ plʊtɔnɩyɔm. Ɛ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ potosusi-tʊ kpa. Kɛlɛ palakaɣ tanaʊ nakʊyʊ Amerika raadiyo taa pɩcɛlɩna piyaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiɖeɖe yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, Glenn T. Seaborg, ɛnʊ kaanana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ esusi ɛ-tɔm, mbʊ pɔyɔɔ ecosa tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ pɩɣa lɛɛka kaapɔza-ɩ se kana se yee pana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabɛyɛ, nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm.
Pana kʊrɩyɔm tesoŋiye wɛɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna Glenn T. Seaborg yɔɔ nɛ ɛgbaɣtɩnaa Ralph A. James nɛ Albert Ghiorso. Pɛ-tɛ tɩlɩyɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, palaba tʊmɩyɛ siklotroŋ waa mba pɛwɛ Berkeley Kaliforni sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛptʊnɩyɔm nɛ plʊtɔnɩyɔm pa wayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 pana-ɩ. Papɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɛ labɩtʊ pʊcɔ amɛrɩsɩyɔm, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɛ cikpelaɣ ɛnʊ ñɩŋʊ ɛsɩndaa.
Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kedeŋga kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ kaawɛ kɩsaɣ miŋ saʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, patapɩzɩ posuzi pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-natʊ tɔm. feŋuu yɔɔ feŋu yɔɔ ɛyaa pɩza patɩlɩ-tʊ, Amerika raadiyoo Quiz Kids taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1945 pewelesa-tʊ, evebiyaa taa nɔyʊ ɛkɛ welesiyu pɩzɩ pɔzʊʊ tɔm Glenn Seaborg, ɛnʊ weyi paaya-ɩ tɔm ndʊ tɩ ɖeɖe yɔ se ɛna yee patana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabayɛ yaawe.


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Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ
Ɛyʋ tɛkɛ kpakpayaɣ se ɛsʋʋ lɩm tɛɛ. Ɛtɛkɛ sumaɣ se ɛsʋʋ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ tataa. Paa weyi ɛwɛnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛcakɩ ɖɩ-taa. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ yɔ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kañɩnɩɣ se kana mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɛcaɣ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ.
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pikliŋa ñɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyaa siŋŋ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ. Pɩtɩŋɩɣna ɛyʋ tɛ lakasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa ñɩnɩyaa pɩzɩ patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaaɣ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa wezuu tɩnaa tɩlʋʋ nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ-wɛ nɛ po-lona yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ payaɣ se ekosizitɛm. Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa sɔsaɣ nakayɛ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɩwalaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛɛ yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-lɛɣtʋ piliŋa.
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩnaɣ 1866 taa ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋ ñʋʋ. Wezuu kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ernst Haeckel lɩzɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Caama tʋ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se « Morphologie générale des organismes ». Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛmaa se ɖɩjaɣyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyaa nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pɛcaɣ wezuu yɔ.


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Antananarivo
Antananarivo yaa Tananarivo tɔbʊʊ kɛ malɩgasɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ haɖaa tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna Madagasɩkarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa komina tʊma sʊsɔna nɛ politiki kewiisi lona sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔ. Antananarivo wɛ Madagasɩkarɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa mɩliyɔonaa 2 200 000 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ peʈɛyɩ-tʊ kominaawaa litoozo taa nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ 192 taa. Antananarivo tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ ɖoɖoo Lalao Ravalomanana. Ɛnʊ kɛɛŋna Maligasɩ komina taa kacalaɣ halʊ weyi palɩza se ɛkɛna komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔ. Pɔtɔ caca hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2015 taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ kɛ aloma fenaɣ loɖo pɩnaɣ 2015.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ paliza-tʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 17 taa nɛ awiya mba payawaɣ-wɛ se merina yɔ, mba lɩzɩna-tʊ. Tɩɩkɛ-wɛ loniye nɖɩ ɖi-taa wiyau cakaɣ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1790 taa. Wiyaʊ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Radama yɔ, ɛnʊ cɔŋgaɣna malika tɩŋga yɔɔ.


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Baalɛɛnɩ
"Baalɛɛnɩ" kɛ kpakpayaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ.
Tɔmpiye "Baalɛɛnɩ" lɩna Laatɛɛ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ se ballaena yaa ballena yaa ɖɔɖɔ se balaena. Laatɛɛ tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩnɩɣzɩna Krɛɛkɩ tɔmpiye phalaina pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se mbʋ puhuu yɔ. Krɛɛkɩ nɛ Rooma n̄ɩma pɔ-cɔzɔnaa tɔma se baalɛɛnɩ kɛ lɩm tɛɛ kɩpnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna hʋzɩŋ yɔ.
Ŋgʋ lɩm tɛɛ kpakpasɩ lɛɛsɩ fɛyɩna hʋzɩŋ. Fransɩɩ n̄ɔtɔŋ se, pɩkɛ lɩm tɛɛ kpakpayaɣ n̄azɩ n̄azʋʋ ŋga pɔyɔɔdɩ kɔ-tɔm Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ taa se kiliba Yoonaasɩ nɛ ɛlɛ caɣ ko-lotu taa kɩyakɩŋ naatozo yɔ. Paya n̄azɩ n̄azʋʋ ŋgʋ se kpakpayaɣ, ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, paakpakɩɣ-kʋ se kɩkɛ kpakpayaɣ siŋŋ.


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Ñɔsɩ ñalʊ fɔɔfɔɔ
Ñɔsɩ ñalʊ fɔɔfɔɔ kɛna cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ wɛʊ tɛ fɔɔfɔɔ lɩm mbʊ pañalɩɣna ñɔsɩ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ taa, ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ lɩm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yaa kɩkɛ pʊʊyʊʊ. Papɩzʊ pasaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ naanʊm tɩyɛ. Kɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ se pañalɩna ñɔsɩ yaa paɖaanɩna-sɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ pacanɩna-sɩ. Kɔ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ palakɩna ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, kɔ naayɛ kʊʊ keteŋa yɔɔ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se ɛyʊ ɛkɩlʊ ñalʊʊ ɛ-ñɔsɩ nɛ fɔɔfɔɔna mba yaa paa ɛna ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ lɛ, ɛkpaɣ se ɛñalɩɣna e-ñɔsɩ. Ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ ñeki ñɔsɩ kpɛzʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ñʊʊ tɔndʊ kpɛzaa yaa pɩlaba yeŋ.
Kasey Herbert kɛŋna kacalaɣ-tʊ weyi ɛsa ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔ yɔ. Ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa mba ɛɛsaa yɔ, ɛpɛdaɣ-wɛ Lɔndɩɖɩ tɛtʊ taa, ɖenɖe palʊla-ɩ yɔ. Ɛ-fɔɔfɔɔ ñɔsɩ nzɩ, Sake Dean Mahomed kpaɣ nɛ ɛtʊlɩ nɛ faaɖɩ ñɔsɩ faaɖɩ nakʊyʊ kɛ Pirigitoni tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1814. Pɩɩkɛna feveku nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩñalɩɣna ñɔsɩ nɛ ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ. Sake Dean Mahomed kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Patna tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaza ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɔ taa nɛ ɛɛkɛ weyi ɛñalaɣ yaa ɛlakaɣ awiya GeorgeIV nɛ Guillaume IV yɔ pɔ-ñɔsɩ.
Ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ se kɩ-yɔɔ mʊzʊʊ, asuluma yaa kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛcaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ paa ɛsɩmtaa kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ nɩkaɣ yaa lɩm wɩzʊ kɔyɔ kɔyɔ. Ŋ̃ɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ sɩŋna tɔnʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩ-yɔɔ ɛtaawɩlɩ wɔkɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩya sʊ sʊ. Kɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ wɛʊ lɛfɩɩɩ camɩyɛ. Nɖʊ tʊtʊ fɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ lɛ se, tomnaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔ nɛ num kɔɖɩɩɩ yɔ, kɔɖɔkʊʊ asuluma tɩŋga. Tomnasɩ nzɩ, paacɔŋna sɩ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ, sipiyu mbʊ pʊiyɔɔ yɔ, mʊsʊʊ nɛ kɩ-taa kʊdɔmɩŋ sʊ tomnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Peeɖe lɛ, piyeki pʊkɔna kʊdɔŋ.
Ñɔsɩ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, sɩ-fɔɔfɔɔnaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Palɩza fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ nɛ pɔsɔzʊʊ ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔnaa panɛ pɔ-yɔɔ. Ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa pʊ yaɣ ñɩmbʊ wɛɛ nɛ kʊkʊ lɛ pamɩzʊ ñɔsɩ yɔɔ kpʊʊ kpʊʊ nɛ peseɣti-si. Fɔɔfɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩsɩŋna nɛ ñɔsɩ tɛɛ nʊm mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ yɔ, pʊmʊʊ pazɩ. Fɔɔfɔɔ kʊnɛ k iyeki ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛkɩlʊ ɛ-ñɔsɩ ñalʊ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Kabɩyɛ kɔ naayɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pañalɩɣna ñɔsɩ. A-taa kɔyɔ : finɛgɩɖɩ, ñɔsɩ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ, yala, tʊŋ nʊm nɛ akaŋgaanaa.


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Rood Ayilandi
Rood Ayilandi kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Rood Ayilandi taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Providence nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Rood Ayilandi ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 4 002 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 706 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 295 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 41,19 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 43 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 13 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1790. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 052 567 yɔ.
Payaɣ Rood Ayilandi ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Gina Raimondo (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Jack Reed (D) nɛ Sheldon Whitehouse (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋglɩsɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgiɩsɩ kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkpɛdɩna tomnaɣ maʊ tɛ (tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi maʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩzaŋ nɛ patʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ taa ñɩnaa. Tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, anthrôpos tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ pɩlɩna kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ taa nɛ logos tɔbʊʊ se tɔmʊʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɔm kɛdɩɣ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ maɣzɩm taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ cɔŋna sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ agbeela yɔɔ. Mbʊ Claude Lévi-Strauss tɔŋ se papɩzɩɣ patʊʊ ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ cɔŋna nɛ kikpeluu mbʊ pɩtɛma ɖɛʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ wiluu nɛ pɩɖɩna ŋgʊ ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɛyɩɣ, ɖɩtakɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣ. Ɛlɛ sɛtʊʊ mbʊ piiyeki yaa pɩɩsaŋ se pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ camɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa, Caama tɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ social anthropology kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa nɛ cultural anthropology kɔzɩk kɔzɩ Amerika tʊ, pɛkpɛdɩ tɔmpee ana pɩtɩŋna ñɩnɩya sɔsaa yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lakɩ keeke sɔnzɩ nɛ tisuu tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, liɖe wɛtʊ nɛ hɔŋ ɖʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ maʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke lɛ, maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa pɩlɩna wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1838, pɩtɩŋna William Edwards, ekpeɣli ndɔnjɔɔlaa ana pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm nɛ ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tam sakɩyɛ taa. Lɩmaɣza ana amʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1848 alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Abû Nuwâs
Abû Nuwâs paɖaɣna yaʋ size al-Ḥasan Ibn Hāni’ al-Ḥakamī. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Arabɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa al-Ḥasan Ibn Hāni’ al-Ḥakamī ɛnʋ pɩnaɣ 747 n̄ɩŋga nɛ pɩnaɣ 762 n̄ɩŋga pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.[1]
Palʋla-ɩ Ahvaz egeetiye taa. Ahvaz egeetiye kɛna Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ pɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɩnaɣ 815 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛnɛ.
Ɖajaa Abû Nuwâs sɩba Bagdad tɛtʋ taa. Bagdad tɛtʋ wɛ Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, patatɩlɩ, kɩyakʋ nɛ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩba yɔ. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kaawɛna sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ kɛ-ɛgbadɩna kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Abû Nuwâs ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ mɛnfɛyɩna ɖaʋʋ Arabɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Keɣsi mabʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa sɔsɔ Abû Nuwâs hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe. Ɛkɛ kpaɖɩŋ lutozo nɛ nakʋ taa tʋ. Ɛnʋ wakaɣna paa keveŋa ŋga ka-taa.
Ɖajaa Bashâr Ibn Burd kpɛlɛkɩna sɔsɔ Abû Nuwâs keɣsi mabʋ. Ɛlɛ yebina nɛ keɣsi mabʋ malɩnɩ-ɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsazaɣ-ɩ paa ɛzɩm taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɖajaa Bashâr Ibn Burd n̄ɩnaɣ size eyele caanaʋ keɣsi mabʋ.
Ɖajaa Abû Nuwâs makaɣ keɣsi nɛ ɛyɔɔdʋʋ hɔŋ taa sɔɔlɩm tɔm. Ɛyɔɔdaɣ e-keɣsi mabʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ pɔ-tɔm Sɔsɔ Abû Nuwâs ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa payaɣ size Hani. Ɛ-caa ɛnʋ ɛkɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ Marwan II sɔɔjanaa kpaaŋ taa. Payaɣ keɣsi maɖʋ Abû ɖoo size Golban.
- ↑ Esat Ayyıldız. "Ebû Nuvâs’ın Şarap (Hamriyyât) Şiirleri". Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18 / 18 (2020): 147-173.


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Kinee-Konakrii
Kinee-Konakrii (Guinée-Conakry)
Payaɣ se Kinee-Konakrii yɔ pacaɣ se paɖʊ tʊkaɣ kɛ Kiinee-Piisoo nɛ Kiinee-Ekʊwatɩralɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pɩkɛna Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kinee-Konakrii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ ɖɔdɔ se Kinee-Konakrii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ kɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ kɛ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1958. Ajɛya looɖo cɔna; Kinee-Konakrii nɛ ata, nɛ ana-yɔ: Kiinee-Piisoo; Senegaalɩ; Maalii; Kootidiivʊwaarɩ; Liiberiya; Siyera-Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ.
Kiinee-Pɩsaʊ taa pɔsɩ ɖɔwa nɛ sɩtala ɛzɩ 1300 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ peeɖe lɩm lɩʊna yɔ mbʊ pɩyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Niizɛrɩ pɔɔ yɔ yaa Senegaalɩ ñɩŋga yɑa ɖɔɖɔ Kaambii ñɩŋga kɔyɔ peeɖe sɩlɩɣna. Pɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣna Kinee-Konakrii pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Fʊʊta-Jalɔŋ yɔ kɩ-tɛɛ.
Fʊʊtaa-Jalɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ kɩ-lɩm yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna laatiɖiki mɩŋ kɛ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Lɩŋgamʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Kɔnkʊʊɖe nɛ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Maamʊ yɔ, yaa Kindiya nɛ Koonakiri yɔ, pɩkɛna Kinee-konakrii komina kɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɛ kɩñakɩ pana se pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ pama lɩŋgamɩŋ pɩɖɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1992 lɛ pama lɩŋgamʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ pɩwayɩ yɔ pama lɛɛŋ ɛzɩ Kaleta yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ komina ɖɩɩna Sʊwapiti ñɩŋgʊ maʊ.


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Fenaɣ (alɩwaatʊ)
Fenaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ nɛ kpɩtaŋ naanza lakɩna fenaɣ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee kpɩtaŋ lʊbɛ ɛlakɩna kpɩtaʊ kɔyɔ, kpɩtaŋ naanza ñalakɩna fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ. Kpɩtaŋ naanza lakɩna fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ fenasi tɩŋa wɛŋna kɩyakɩŋ ɖeyi ɖeyi, nasɩyɛ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ 28 yaa 29, lɛɛsɩ taa lɛ kɩyakɩŋ 30 nɛ fenasɩ lɛɛsɩ ñɛwɛna kɩyakɩŋ 31. Yee pakalɩɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakɩŋ kɔyɔ, nɩɩyɛ kpɛnda 28 nɛ lɛɛŋ ñɛwɛ kɩyakɩŋ 29.
Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ sɩkpɛnda hiu nɛ naalɛ. Yee kpɩtaŋ naanza ɛlakɩna fenaɣ nɛ fenasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɛwɛna pɩnaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ kpɩtaŋ 52 wɛna. Papɩzʊʊ pɛtɛyɩ fenaɣ kɛ tɔm napudozo taa: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, kpaɣ kacalaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɩyakʊ hiu ŋgʊ, nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ tozo taa lɛ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna kpaagba kɩyakʊ kɛ fenaɣ taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lɩtoozo yaa nakʊ yaa hiŋ naatozo yaa naadozo nɛ kʊɖʊm.


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Siini
Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa. Toovenim lɛ, kewiisi naalɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : "République populaire de Chine" nɛ "République de Chine". Yee pɛtɛyɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, "République populaire de Chine" cɔŋnana 99,6 hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ. Piyele "République de Chine" n̄ɔcɔŋnana Tayiwanɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, ɖɩkpaɣna Pasifiki teŋgu, Pamiiri nɛ Tiyanɩ Saanɩ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ, Himalaya pʊŋ nɛ "péninsule indochinoise" pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Kɩwala peeɖe kilimɛtanaa 9 677 009 nabʋlɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa lɛ, Siini samaɣ kɛcɛzɩ 1 350 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ ("République populaire de Chine" ɖeke samaɣ cɛzɩ 1 330 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ "République de Chine". samaɣ n̄ɛcɛzɩ 20 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ). Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ ɛyaa tɔm kagbaanzɩ taa yɔ, pɩsakɩɣ pazɩ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɛkɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa 139,5 caɣ kilimɛta kʋɖʋmʋʋ tɔm naalɛ taa yɔɔ.
N̄ɩnʋʋ lɛɣtʋ nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna ɖɛʋ ɛsɩndaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩn̄ɩnɩna nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛyʋ ɛwɛ ɖoli, kɩ-ɛjɔʋ wɩlɩ-ɩ hayi kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-ɖʋɖʋyɛ pɔ-hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa yɔ, ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, buusɔɔlɩ. Ńɖɩ labɩna takayɩhayʋʋ, ńɖɩ lɩzɩna liidiye hatʋ, ńɖɩ labɩna tɔɔnaɣ ŋga payaɣ se "tɔɔnasɩ mʋtʋ" yaa "poudre à canon" yɔ. Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa tasʋʋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ lɛɣzɩ Aasii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛtʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-sɔnzɩ kɛwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ nɛ aɖɔkɩ sɔnzɩ ńzɩ kpam halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ wɛʋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ. Huang He kajalaŋa taa Siini sɔnzɩ n̄ɔwa. Peeye sɩkpaɣnaa nɛ sitiinɛ hadɛ kiŋ (pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ Yangzi Jiang tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ Han kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa), sɩɖɛ ḿbʋ nɛ siwolo wɩsɩ ɖʋɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe Aazii hɛkʋ taa hɔɔlɩŋ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ Teŋgu Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ. Pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ Xinjiang nɛ Tibet. Sɩɖɛwa sɩkpa haŋ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, Qing kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɛyɔɔdaɣ Mandchoue kʋnʋŋ. Ɛnʋ mʋna Mandchourie nɛ Mongolie pɛ-tɛtʋ nɛ tɩpɩsɩ Siini n̄ɩndʋ.
Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm taa kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ se, yoŋ kɛwɛ tam nɛ ɛpaŋ-ɖɩ cɩyʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩɖaɣnɩɣ kpɛndʋʋ kʋɖʋm. Tam nabʋlɛ taa agɔma nabɛyɛ mʋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɛ mpilim. Mongols waa kɛlɛɣna-ɖɩ mʋʋ nɛ paba wayɩ lɛ, Mandchous waa. Ɛlɛ, wayɩ wayɩ n̄ɩma panɛ pɔkɔma palakɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa sɔnzɩ nɛ patɩŋɩɣna paba lɛɣtʋ nɛ pɔ-lɔŋsɩnɖɛ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ peɖiyiɣ ɛjaɖɛ. Qing liɖe taa n̄ɩma tɔɣna wayɩ wayɩ kewiyaɣ. Pɔyɔɔdaɣ mandchoue kʋnʋŋ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1644 taa pɔtɔɣ kewiyaɣ ŋ́ga. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ hayi kiŋ ajɛɛ n̄ɩnaɣ se amʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ tɛtʋ lɛɛtʋ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ tadɩyɛ you kɔɔ kɩlɩɩ yɔ, Siini tuzi Qing liɖe taa n̄ɩma kewiyaɣ nɛ kɔtɔlɩ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ wabʋ Japɔŋ sɔɔjanaa you sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩlɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe pɩnaɣ 1945 yɔ, ajɛɛ lɛɛna tatasɩ ɖʋʋ nɔɔ pɔ-tɔm taa.
Politiiki nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, sɔnɔ kewiisi naalɛ ɖɔkɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : "République populaire de Chine", nɖɩɩ payaɣ se, Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛndɩ ɛyaa 98 nɛ pɛtɛyɩ Siini tɛtʋ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, ɖɩkpa 99,6 hɔɔlʋʋ tɩŋa. Ɖiyiyu Mao Zedong ɖʋna-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1949, Pékin tɛtʋ taa. Ɖiyiyu ɛnʋ, ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɛkɛ se, ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm ɛkɛ paa weyi ɛ-n̄ɩm. "Chine continentale" nɛ Hɔŋ Kɔŋ nɛ "Macao" pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1978 kɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. "Deng Xiaoping" nɛ ɛ-wayɩ n̄ɩma pɔkɔŋna lɛɣzɩtʋ ńdʋ. "PetroChina" pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʋʋ nɛ liidiye kpou.
Piyele nɛ "République de Chine", ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, Tayiwanɩ; kʋkʋ ɛyaa kɛɣ naalɛ ɖeke koŋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ 0,4 hɔɔlaɣ. N̄ʋʋdʋ "Tchang Kaï" ɖiyiɣna Tayiwanɩ kewiyaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Nɛ ɖooo Siini ɛjaɖɛ wabʋ Saapɔɔ sɔɔjanaa yɔ, Tayiwanɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɛcaɣa. "Sun Yat-sen ɖʋna kajalaɣ "République de Chine" "Pékin" tɛtʋ taa, pɩnaɣ 1912 n̄ɩŋa taa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Qing kewiyaɣ tɔlaa yɔ.


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Kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ
Kpɩna kɩkala yaa kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, Kpɩna kɩkala yaa kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, pɩkɛ tataa kpɩna wena aɖaɣlaa nɛ a-yɔɔ wɛɛ pɔɔya yɔ. Paa pɛwɛna tɔnɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɩna lɛŋa kɔyɔ nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔɔya yɔ, nɔɔnɔɔ kpɩna kɩkala, kpaɣ ñɩŋ, caafela mbʊ yɔ pɛwɛ ndɩ sumasi. Ɛlɛ ñɩŋ pɩlʊʊ kɔyɔ papa nɛ sumasi nasɩyɛ palɩ ɖama nɛ pɛwɛɛ ndɩ nɛ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kamasɩ nɛ caafela mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkpaɣ kpɩna kɩkala ana a-tɩŋa yɔ pɛfɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ pa-tɩŋa ɖeyi ɖeyi, pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kajalaɣ kpɩna wena paɖʊ-yɛ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ alɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ ɖooo malaa yaa akaa wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo pɩdaa coluu huɖuu wɛɛ. Kajalaɣ sɩɣlɛŋgbɛm mɔɔ tɩnaa mba papɩza pacaɣ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩna, pɛtɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ palɩɩ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɔnɔ kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ atalɩ kpɩna 9000 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2011. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tɔbʊʊ se pʊtʊ weyi etuu e-lotu yɔɔ yɔ. Yatʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Kiɖe tɛɛ ɖʊm nɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se reptare pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lotu yɔɔ tuu.
Pɩcɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pɛ-tɛ pɩlɩtʊ tɔm lɛ, Aristote kaatɛma lɩzɩɣ kpɩna hɔɔlɩŋ 50 nɛ paya-yɛ kpɩna kitutunaa (epπetόv). Ɛlɩzɩɣ-yɛ com com a-taa kɔyɔ, kamasɩ ñɩnzɩ nɛ sɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ, ñɩŋ nɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ, ɖʊmaa ñɛwɛɛ nɛ sayɛɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ pa-nɛ kpakpasɩ, sumasi nɛ naŋgbanzɩ naanaza tɩnaa lalaa. Ɛ-tɛ pɩlʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, sɩɣlɛŋgbɛm kpɩna ana nɛ calɩm ñɩnaa ana wɛ ndɩ pɩlɩna a-tomnasi taa wondu natʊyʊ naa cɔlɔ (kpaɣ hʊzʊŋ, piyuu huɖuu, loyuu tiku huɖuu mbʊ yɔ) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ wɛtʊ pɔ-yɔɔ pɔɔya, pa-nsʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ yalaa ɖʊʊ.
Caafeɖe kɛ kpɩna kututunaa taa kpɩnɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ patalɩ pe-tiiye taa ɛzɩ 330 mbʊ yɔ nɛ pekpeɣli-wɛ com com hɔŋ 14. Pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ pasɩma-wɛ nɛ pɔ-pɔyɩŋ weyi ehuuza pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɔ-tɔɔyaa ɛpɩzɩ se pɔtɔɔ-wɛ yɔ. Ɛ nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ ɛwɛna pɔɔɖɛ laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ siɣye taa nɛ pɔɔyaa ana a-naalɛ atamsɩna ɖama nɛ mɔɔ kondoloko naa naalɛ. Pɔɔyaa ana a-naalɛ a-yɔɔ wɛ cikpenaa naayɛ tayi tayi kɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ. Caafelaa fɛyɩna kela kɛlɛ ɛwɛ njʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛsɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ yɔ. Caafelaa wɛ paalee, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩnaɣ se naayɛ wɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ, lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ lɩm taa, lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ pɔsɩ nɔsɩ kpɛɛɛ paa ɛzɩmta kɛlɛ pʊcɔ ŋna-yɛ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ ɛlɩ yalaa ɖʊʊ.


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Cɔlɩyɛ
Cɔlɩyɛ, krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ λoYιkή / logikê, ɖɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna λόYoς / lógos nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tovonum, yɔɔdaɣ nɛ hʊhɩyɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ, yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, tɔm ndʊ tɩmɩna yɔ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖeu paɣtʊ kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ Xénocrate kaalɛɣna-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Cɔlɩyɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ piliŋa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ, pɩnɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ) nɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kedeŋa kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ).
Kpaɣ ɖooo Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ keekee kɛ tɩ yɔɔ keɖeɣa wondu lʊbɛ taa (trivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ yaa tɔm tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ, quadrivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, siŋ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ).
Kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 wɛɛ taa, Leibniz ñɩna siŋ kɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ ndʊ palɩna piŋ Aristote cɔlʊʊ tɔm. Ɛñɩkɩɣ nesi Aristote tɔmpee naatozo naayɛ yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛtɛŋna se ɛkaɣ sɩbʊ kɛlɛ ɛtakɩɣ se ɛɖʊ-tʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-laɣsɩ taa. Ɛnʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ekpeɣa nɛ eyele kpayi kpayi cɔlɩyɛ lɩɩ. Emmanuel Kant ñalɩzɩɣ cɔlʊʊ tɔmpiye nɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ kpayi kpayi nɛ paɣtʊ nɛ siɣsiɣ caɣʊ kɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1847 posusa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm George Boole mana-kɛ payaa-kɛ se Mathematical Analysis of Logic, nɛ An Investigation Into the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. Ka-taa peeɖe Boole yɔɔdʊʊ cɔlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm, ɖɩwɛna kɛlɛmɩŋ nɛ tʊʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ.
Tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Aristote paɣtʊ naatozo ndʊ nɛ ɛzɩma pataka ɖooo Leibniz cɔlɔ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna akɔnta nɛ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalɩnaʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaza ɖɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Aristote yaa Stoïci ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ yaa Leibniz waa pɛ-tɛ mbʊ yɔ palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ.


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Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru kɛna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛz ɖɔkɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1889 nɛ ɛsɩ Niudeeli tɛtʊ taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1964 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 74. Ɛɛlʊba pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ se Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩla mbʊ nɛ ɛkɛ peeɖe komina ñʊʊtʊ kpɣna kɩyɛna fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 947 pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm wiye.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɛkɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ mbʊ yɔ, pɩnzɩ 17 taa, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñʊndɩna tɛ ketiizaɣ ñɔɔzʊ caca lɛ ɛ-tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɩʊ. Jawaharlal Nehru lʊba nɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩɩtʊ lubu nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ pɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛɛkɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ mbʊ yɔ ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ministrɩ weyi ɛcɔŋna taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ministrɩ weyi ɛcɔŋgaɣna koozaɣ nɛ liidiye yɔ pʊyɔɔ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ kpaɣna lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 1958 pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1958. Nehru kaakɛ ministrɩ weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛjɛɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ kpaɣ aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1962 pɩsɩɩna kamɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se kpɩtaŋ naalɛ ɖeke ɛlaba.


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Maka
Maka kɛna Arabii-Sahʊditi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ teŋu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Pɔɔ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 80. Malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ peeɖe palʊla ɛsɔ tiiyu weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Mohamet yɔ nɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ looɖo taa. Maka kɛna-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ kɛ paa malʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ se kɩɖɔ nʊmɔʊ kɩɖeɖeu nɛ payaɣ elewu kɛ pɛ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ pasʊlɩmɩ Ala kɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɔsɔɔla yɔ. Paaɖɔŋ pa-nʊmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu lɛ, pɔcɔʊ pɩyɛ kiɖeɖeye naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kaaba nɛ kɩwɛ mɔsikee ŋgʊ payaɣ se Masjid Al-Haram yɔ (pʊtɔbʊ se mɔsikee kiɖeɖeu).
Malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ pɩtɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩñɔ pɔ-cɔzɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Ibrahim yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtaha nɔɔyʊ nʊmɔʊ se ɛñɔtɩna Kaaba ŋgʊ yee ɛtɛkɛ malʊʊ kɔyɔ. Malɩŋ tɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛna paa malʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩjɛyʊ se kɩɖɔ nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ e-wezu taa yee ɛpɩzʊ kɔyɔ. Maka tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Arabii-Sauditi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ tɩwɛ Hɛjajɩ nɛ Aziri pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Teŋu kidiiliŋ ŋga payaɣ-kʊ se Ceda yɔ kiposina tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 80 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 547 360.
Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɖɛɣʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda kpem yɔ pɩlɩɣna nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ malɩŋ ɖɔŋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga yɔ. Peeɖe ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ patalɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ramadaŋ fenaɣ talɩɣ lɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa lɩɣna ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ se powoki atima. Malɩŋ wokɩɣ maka yɔ papɩsɩɣ nɛ pekpe lɛ papɩsa aljiwaa yaa pɩkɛ halaa kɔyɔ papɩsɩʊ aziyawaa. Maka wobu wɛ kaɖɛ; pɩpɔzʊ liidiye siŋŋŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa Malɩŋ weyi ewoba yɔ pamaɣna ɛzɩ milɩyɔɔnaa naatozo ɖeke yɔ, ŋgʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ malɩŋ tala ɛzɩ miliyari kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Malɩŋ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, 0,2 ɖeke wobina-kʊ. Kaaba kɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) nɛ Malɩŋ tɔŋ se kacalaɣ weyi ɛsɔ lɩza nɛ paya-ɩ se Adam ɛnʊ ɛmana kaaba ŋgʊ nɛ pʊcɔ Ibrahim nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Ismaïl.


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Cléopatre
Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ kɛlɛ Théa Philopator. Hɩɖɛ Cléopatre tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-caa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Patasa-ɩ hɩɖɛ haʋ se Théa Néôteria Philopatris. Ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se ɛsɔ halɩñɩnʋ kɩfalʋ weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Awiya pɛlaa payaɣ Cléopatre waa Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa. Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɔnaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ.
Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ ɛkɛ caanaʋ Egipiti tɛ Abiɖe. Ɛkɛ samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Ptoleme waa yɔ, ke-liɖe taa tʋ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ nɩnʋwa nɛ hiu nɛ pɩnzɩ nakʋ (69) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ niidozo (30) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ kedeŋa Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ.
Alexandre tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Ptolémé naalɛ tʋ. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Cléopatre loɖo tʋ. Ɛlɛ kɛ Tiriphème tɛtʋ taa tʊ halʋ. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ keɖiyi Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ nɩɩnʋwa (51) nɛ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ niidozo (30) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ ɛ-walʋ Ɖajaa Ptolémé hiu nɛ naanza tʋ peɖiyaɣna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ kaɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ Ɖajaa Jules César nɛ Ɖajaa Marc Antoine. Ɖajaa Marc Antoine kɛkɛ Room ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ nɛ ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pa-taabalɩyɛ yebina nɛ patɩlɩ-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Abiɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩlʋlɩna ɛyaa sɔsaa naalɛ panɛ nɛ piya sakɩyɛ.
You cikpeluu nakʋyʋ kalɩ Ɖajaa Marc Antoine nɛ Ɖajaa Octave pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ kaɖʋ nɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Ɛlɛ, pawaba-ɩ you ŋgʋ kɩlaba pɩnaɣ 31 ñɩŋga taa Actium tɛtʋ taa yɔ.


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Francis Bacon
Palʊna Francis Bacon kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1561 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taanɛ ɛsɩ tɛtʊ kʊdʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1626 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 65. Francis Bacona kɛ Aŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ ñʊʊtaa maɣzɩm lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ.
Ɛñɩnʊ taa lɛ ɛlɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩɩnna lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlʊʊ kpalaahosi nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩŋna nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛna mbʊ ɛñɩnʊ yɔ camɩyɛ yɔ. Kacalaɣ lɛ ɛwɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ maalikanaa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ pʊcɔ ɛkɛʊ ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɔmhʊya ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 57 lɛ paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Nicholas Bacon (1509 - 1579) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Nichalas halʊ kɩlɛlʊ nɛ payaɣ Anne Cooke.


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Nikaraguwa
Nikaraguwa kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa pʊʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ yɔ. Fɛɛŋ yaa kadanzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ (Karayiibi Teŋgu nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʋʋ), pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɛ peeɖe nɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mogotoŋ nɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 438 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ kɛ pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩla wɛʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ fɛɛŋ kɩlana tɔyʊʊ.
Pamaza Nikaraguwa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 129 494 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 2,9 kɛ mɩnɩʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 167 237. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 42 yɔ. Ɖooo salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Daniel Ortega nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊ yɔ Rosario Murillo. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kɔrɩdoba oroo.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Managuwa nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +505 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Sɛɛ ɖeu; nɛ peteu wendu ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɛsɔ yɔɔ ɖeke ɖɩwɛna lidau.


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Tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm kɛna keɖeɣya tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Pɩkɛna anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ n̄ɩnʋ tɔlɩm mbʋ pʋmʋna paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ ɛtaɣ kɩyɔ nɛ pʋmʋna-kʋ yaa kɩ-tasɩ kiɖe.
Tɔlɩm sɔsʋʋ ɖetuɣu wonu ŋgʋ pataɣ-kʋ yɔ. Tɔlɩm pʋnɛ, pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʋ kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nɛ pataɣ paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ. Ɛlɛ, anjaʋ waa lɩzɩyʋ tɩlɩʋna sɛmɩŋ mbʋ pʋmʋna se ɛtaɣ ɛtɛ anjaʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ.
Tɔlɩm tayaa tʋmɩyɛ lakɩnana nɛ wondunaa nabɛyɛ wɛʋ cɔnaʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, nɛ kaaʋ, nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kɔbɩ (verre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo (bois), nɛ liɖe (écorce), nɛ simaɣ tɛtʋ (béton), nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ hɔɔlaɣ (toile) yɔ.
Wondunaa mba ɖɩya hiyuu cɛnzɩ taa mbɩ yɔ, tɔlɩm mbʋ pataɣ pɔyɔɔ yɔ yeki nɛ pɩsɔzɩ keɖeyaɣ. Tɔlɩm taʋ pɩsʋʋ pɩkɛna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "figurative yaa abstraite" yɔ, nɛ "naturaliste" pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kedeŋa n̄ɩm yɔ.


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Fra Angelico
Palʋla Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1455 taa Room.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro payaɣa ɖooo lɔŋ se Fra Angelico. Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa mba payaɣ se Angelico waa yɔ, payaɣna-ɩ se Fra Angelico. Ɛ-ɖɔndɩyɛ taa ñɩma ñayawaɣ-ɩ se Fra-Giovanni da Fiesole. Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pʋcɔ pɩnaɣ 1555 talɩ.
Paya takayaɣ ŋga se ''Weziŋ caɣʋ''. Ka-taa peeɖe pamawa se ɛnʋ payaɣ Giovanni Fra Angelico. Pakʋma-ɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ''Ɛsɔtiyiyaa tɛ tɔlɩm tayʋ". Ɛta kamaŋaɣ nakayɩ tɔlɩm pɩnaɣ 1423.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro kɛ Room tɛtʋ taa tɔlɩm tayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Room tɛtʋ kɛŋna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-tɔm takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Giorgio Vasari yɔ ɛyɔɔda nɛ ɛtɔ se Ɛsɔ ha-ɩ tɩlɩtʋ ndʋ yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ kpem. Sɔsɔ Giorgio vasari tɔma ɖɔɖɔ se Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro tɩlɩtʋ ɖe pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Se, tɩ-wayɩ fɛyɩ. Ɛkaɖa kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩtɛkɛ paa anɩ pɩhaɣ pɩ-tɛ tɩlɩtʋ.
Ɖajaa Guido di Pietro kɛ Ɛsɔ tʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se e-wezuu caɣʋ tataa cɩnɛ kamʋna Ɛsɔ pɩɣa. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩleɖi pazɩ lɛ, papɩsɩ-ɩ ''Ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu''. Papɩsa-ɩ Ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu lɛ, paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Fiesole tɛtʋ taa Yohanɛɛsɩ Koboyaɣ tʋ.


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Kɛɛmaɣ
Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩñasɩɣ yɔ sɩ-tiɣye taa. Kɛɛmasɩ sɔɔlɩ ɖɔm com com nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pʊwɛ wɛɖɩɣ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɩpɩzɩɣ sikpeɣli ɖama nɛ sɩtalɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna sakɩyɛ kɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Nasɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ sɩ-ɖɔnɛ taa sɩpɩɣ ɖama cɛnzɩ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ nɛ kɛɛmasɩ huwa pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ nɩɩnɩwa (50) yɔ nɛ nɩɩnɩwa waa mba pɛɛɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ kekeklikelasi nzɩ sɩwɛna huɖuu keŋ nɩɩlɛ (2) yɔ, ɛzɩ tɛɛkpagbaŋ yaa tʊŋ yɔ. Payaɣ ŋgbam kɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛɛmasɩ kʊlʊmʊm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papalɩka taa nɛ pɔ-ɖɔnɛ taa wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛlɛ paatɩɩyaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ.
Kɛɛmasɩ wɛna tɛyɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa: sɩ-tʊma taa, sɩɖɔnɛ taa, sɩ-ɖama nɩnaʊ taa, sɩ-ɖʊndɩyɛ taa nɛ sipɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩñɔɔzɩ ɖama kɩɩnɩnaʊ taa. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛɖɩɣʊ kʊnɛ paakɛdɩ kʊ-tɔm nɛ ɛyaa wɛɖɩɣʊ ɖooo lɔŋ taa nɛ piyele pɩkɛna ñɩnɩyaa kɛ tɔm piye nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛeɛ se ɛyaa ɛmaɣzɩ tɩyɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɩlɩtʊ ñɩnɩyaa naa kɛɛmasɩ pɩlɩŋ ɛzɩ 12 000 yɔ ɛlɛ paapɩla ɛzɩ pɩkazɩɣ yɔ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ kutokiŋ kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ tatɩɩsɩmda-ɩ. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa keteŋga kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke taa: Krowelandi nɛ Antaariktiiki taa ɖeke.


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Sosa kʋnʋŋ
Sosa kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ mba pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊyɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna litoozo yɔ yaa ɛyaa 18 yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛna naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ peeɖe yɔ pʊtɔbʊ se Suuluu wayɩ lɛ Sosa tɩŋgʊna. Suuluu kʊnʊŋ nɛ pantʊ pɩlɩʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɛzɩ samaɣ kʊɖʊma taa ɛyaa yɔ nɛ panɩʊ ɖama tɔm pazɩ pazɩ. Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe sɔdɩŋ weyi ɩkɛ Sosa mba yɔ pɔɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Nelson Mandela, Chris Hani, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki pɩtasɩna Brenda Fassie nɛ Thabo Mbeki.


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Arzantiini
Arzantiini kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamɣ yɔ, ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Siilii, hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Pooliivi, hayi kiŋ kpataa lɛ Paraaguwe, Pireziili nɛ Uruguwe ajɛya ñɛwɛna hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖʊlkɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛna hadɛ kiŋ.
Dooo lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ kpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊkɔma aloma fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1810 lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmaɣmaɣ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1816 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɖ-tɩ yɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ San Miguel de Tucumán taa.
Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Buenos Aires nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ piyele lidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛarizantiini peezoo.
Arizantiini taa katoliki cɔɔcɩ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ labʊ nɛ Amerika Latini taa payɩ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Erɔpɩ sɔnzɩ kɩlɩ wɛʊ.
Latiino-Amerika taa payɩ lɛ, Arizantiini kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wobu nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩm yɔ. Ameriki Latini taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩkɛna naatozo ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nɛ ɖɩwɛ Pireezili nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki ajɛya wayɩ.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Seneralɩ Manuel Belgrano yɔ, ɛnʊ lɩzɩna Arizantiini kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛta ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1810, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊkaɣ se pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛɛlɩza-kɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɩ-hɛkʊ taa taawɛɛ wɩsɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1818 taa kɛ pɔsɔza wɩsɩ mayaɣ.


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Kpɔnɔ
Kpɔnɔ kɛnɛ sɔnzɩ tɛ kiɖe tɛ tɔnaɣ ɛzakuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ wondʊʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ lɛ, mʊlʊm nɛ lɩm. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩ-taa wɛʊ ɖɔm. Wɔndʊʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩzʊʊ tɩ-sʊzɩɣ pɩlɩna kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ palakɩ yɔ yaa lakasɩ nzɩ pañɩnʊʊ se palabɩ-kʊ yɔ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ pɩdʊʊ lɛ, kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ pɩlɩna nɛ se kɩpɩɣʊ. Pɔhɔkɩ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩɣ kpɔnɔ. Pɔhɔkɩ-kʊ canaʊ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa kpɔnɔ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mɩza pɛyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛla kpɔnɔ yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɔnɔ laɖʊ. Pɛpɛɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ kpɔnɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa.
Kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ tɩŋ pee wena a-daa wɛ mʊlʊm yɔ ɖɩkpaɣ kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee kɩkɩla, weewe ñɩna papɩzɩ pɔzɔzɩ-yɛ pɩmana nɛ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee lɛɛna weyi ɛwɛyɩ pɩdaa yɔ ɛzɩ samɩla nɛ kpaakpa nɛ sarazɩn nɛ satɛɛñɩ. Mʊlʊm pee wena awɛ pɩda yɔ wɛ ndɩ a-daa wɛ yaɖɛ tɛ leleŋ pɩkɛ yaɖɛ taa leleŋ kpeekpe weyi ɛwɛ sotuu yɔ nɛ ɛzɩna nɛ pa-ɖɩkɩ nɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-yeki nɛ kpɔnɔ pɩɣʊ yɔ nɛ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ nɛ kpɔnɔ kɩ-kpakpaʊ yɔ nɛ pʊɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ hɔɔlʊʊ. Pɩtɛ pɩɣʊ mbʊ payaɣ se sʊlʊm pɩɣʊ yɔ lɩzɩɣ ñɔsɩ nɛ etanɔlɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɔzɔʊ tɩzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɔtɔsɔzɩɣ pɩdʊʊ kɔyɔ yɔ payaɣ kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ se kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ kɩbɩwa ɛlɛ pɩdʊʊ fɛyɩ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ sɔnɔ ɖɩtɔkɩ yɔ kɛkɛ ɖooo canaʊ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Pana kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ padaɖʊ kɩ-taa pɩdʊʊ yɔ lonaa nayɛ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 30000 pɔcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesʊ Krɩstʊ, pana tɩŋ pee tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm kaŋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna saɖaŋ nɛ sɔɔ. Pɩdɛ tɩŋ pee ana akʊ mbʊ lɛ, pakayʊʊ panaŋkɩ nɛ patɩzɩɣ.
Kpaɣnɛ haɖaʊ paazɩɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 8000 pɔcɔ Yeesʊ lɛ, mʊzʊŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ ageetaa taa lɛ, cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖooo canaʊ kpanɛ Mediteranee ɛzakuuliye alɩwaatʊ kɔmtʊ (Sumerɩyɛnɩ nɛ Egipiti nɛ Krɛkɩ nɛ Romanɩ) mba alɩwaatʊ lɛ kpɔnɔ tɔm pɩsa pɩmalɩna kpaagba kpam ɛzakuuliye wonduu ɛzɩ tɩŋ pee nem.


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Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ
Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ kɛna Oseyaanii taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ tɛʈʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ ɖiposina Ositiraalii nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ kutokiŋ naalɛ yɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natulɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ ñbɩ cikpetu natʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ: Sitewarɩti nɛ Saatam.
Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛ caanaʊ tɔm wɛ tobi yem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa pazɩʊ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ pɩtɩkɩlɩ leeɖɩɣ.
Sɩŋŋŋ taa lɛ Maworiti mba woba peeɖe kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1050 nɛ 1300 taa nɛ pʊcɔ Erɔpɩ mba ñatalɩ peeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛlɛ Pɩritaaniki mba kpacayɩʊna-ɖɩ kaɣlaa kpaɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1840. Pɩtɛ efemiye wiye ɖɔɖɔ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɔkɩ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ kasandʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaɣʊ kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1907 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1947 taa kɛ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yeli. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Eŋgilisi, ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ komina tʊma taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɩgbayɩŋ kunʊŋ nɛ maworii kʋnʋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Ɖɔnɛ
Ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɔnɛ yaa ɖɔmtʊ kɛna ɖoŋ weyi mbʊ pifezu yɔ pɩwɛna se pɩkʊyɩna cɩnɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖenɖe ɛyʊ yaa kpɩnɛ woki yɔ, lona ana a-taa wɛ kaɖɛ. Paa pɩɩkɛ tataa, ɛsɔtaa yaa lɩm tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Ɖɔnɛ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛkpɛ kpɩna naayɛ ɖɔŋna naŋgbanzɩ naanza lɛɛna wɛɛna naalɛ. Naayɛ wɛna keŋ nɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛna lɩm kɩyanaʊ yaa pɛbɛtʊ.
Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛfɛyɩna nabʊyʊ nɛ awɛ yem muzu muzu nɛ a-taa kɛlɛ ɖoma. Pɩsa nɛ ɖɔnɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hola, mɔɔ nɛ hola wondu ɖɩlɩyɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊna nɛ ɖɔmtʊ la. Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛwɛna pɔɔyɩŋ kɛ a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa nɛ aɖɔ lɛ, alɩzʊ hɩlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ atʊʊna. Ɛyʊ ɖeke wɛna lɔŋ se elu naŋgbangaɣ yaa ɛla kalakalasɩ cɛɛcɛɛ nɛ ɛɖɔmna alɩwaatʊi ndʊ pɩcama-ɩ yɔ. Ɛcandʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛlɛ kʊdɔmɩoŋ weyi ɩkpaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pɔ-hɔɔlɩŋ sɩkɩ yaa kɛkpɛdɛsaɣ laba-ɩ nɛ ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋgaɣ yaa ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ pɛlɩ yɔ.


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Ani Yesu Ji Nyɔŋmɔ Ofe?
Hetoo ni Biblia lɛ kɛhãa
Mɛi ni teɔ shi woɔ Yesu lɛ folɔ enaa akɛ ekɛ ehe miito Nyɔŋmɔ he. (Yohane 5:18; 10:30-33) Kɛ̃lɛ, Yesu ekɛɛɛ kɔkɔɔkɔ akɛ ekɛ Nyɔŋmɔ Ofe lɛ yeɔ egbɔ. Ekɛɛ: ‘Tsɛ lɛ da fe mi.’—Yohane 14:28.
Yesu mra beaŋ sɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ enaaa lɛ akɛ ekɛ Nyɔŋmɔ Ofe lɛ yeɔ egbɔ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, bɔfo Paulo kɛɛ akɛ be ni atee Yesu shi sɛɛ lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ “wó [Yesu] enɔ gojoo.” Eyɛ faŋŋ akɛ, Paulo heee eyeee akɛ Yesu ji Nyɔŋmɔ Ofe. Kɛ́ jeee nakai lɛ, te Nyɔŋmɔ baafee tɛŋŋ awó Yesu nɔ gojoo lɛ?—Filipibii 2:9.


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Tɛkɩzasɩ
Tɛkɩzasɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛkɩzasɩ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ostɩŋ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Houston.
Tɛkɩzasɩ wɛna Etaazunii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ walanzɩ taa (696 241 km2); kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Alaskaa nɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ naalɛ nɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa Etaazunii taa nɛ kacalaɣ nɖɛ yɔ Kalɩfɔrnii.
Pamaza Tɛkɩzasɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 696 241 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 678 907 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 17 333 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,49 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 28 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1845. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 28 304 596 yɔ.
Payaɣ Tɛkɩzasɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Greg Abbott (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: John Cornyn (R) nɛ Ted Cruz (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ eŋgilisi nɛ ɛspañɔɔlɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Ɛzɩ Bibl haɣ nesi ɖɔkɩyaa nʋmɔʋ se pekizi ɖama?
Bibl tɔm cosuu
Ɛɛɛ, Bibl haɣ nesi ɖɔkɩyaa nʋmɔʋ se pekizi ɖama. Ɛlɛ Yesu yɔɔdɩ mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ piyele nɛ halʋ nɛ ɛ-walʋ pekizi ɖama yɔ pɩ-tɔm. Ɛtɔm se: “Weyi ɛɖɔɔnɩ ɛ-halʋ yɔ, ye pɩtɩkɛ halʋ kɩlɛlʋʋ [yaa acɛyɛ] kɔyɔ, nɛ ɛkpaɣ kɩfalʋ yɔ, ɛlakɩ hatiye.”—Maatiyee 19:9.
Yehowa tɩsɔɔlɩ se nesi ɖɔkɩyaa ikizi ɖama paa tɔm ndʋ lɛ tɩ-yɔɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɛ agutaaku lakasɩ. Nɛ Ɛsɔ kaɣ pɔzʋʋ mba pekiziɣ pɛ-tɛŋga yɔ akɔnta, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ye halʋ yaa abalʋ ekizi ɛ-tɛŋga se pɩsa nɛ ɛ nɛ nɔɔyʋ pɔɖɔkɩ nesi yɔ.—Malakiya 2:13-16; Maarkɩ 10:9.


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Madakasɩkarɩ
Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tu nɛ pɩta yɔ.Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Afririka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-taa lɛ, Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna kagbanzɩ ndʊ malanzɩ taa. Kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ yɔ Ositiralii, pʊwayɩ lɛ Kurowelandɩ, Papuwazi-Kiinee-Kɩfalʊʊ nɛ Pɔrɩnewo.
Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 590 000 km2 nɛ kɩ-ɖalakiŋ taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 1 580, kɩ-tobuu taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 580. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Antananariivo n; liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ ariyari. Tɛtʊ ñabɩ ntʊyʊ cɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata. Ana yɔ: Morisi, Seyisɛɛlɩ, Komɔɔrɩ nɛ Rewiniyɔɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ tam looɖo taa: Antananariivo yaa tananariivi, Antisiranana yaa Tɩyɛɛgo-Suyarɛzɩ, Fiyanarantiswa, Mahazaŋga yaa Mazʊŋga, Tuwamasina yaa Tamatavɩ nɛ Toliyara yaa Tuleyarɩ.
Malɩkaasɩ kɛna pa-kʊnʊŋ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔɔdɩɣna fransɩ. Madakasɩkari tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Hery Rajaonarimampianina.


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Sʊtʊ Pɔɔ
Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ pɔɔ sɔsɔɔ pasɩma-kɛ nɛ Mandaarɛ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ Huang He (黃河) kɛ ɖalakɩŋ pɔsɩ tɛ pɔɔ naalɛ ŋga Siini ɛjaɖɛ Yanzi Siyaŋ wayi. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 5464 nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ Bohɛ teŋguu taa nɛ Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ teŋguu taa. Ka-hɩɖɛ lɩna kɛ-tɛ cʊʊ lɩm cɔlɔ pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ lɩm wasɩɣ lakasɩ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɔkɔŋna huɖe sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ wɛʊ Siini nɛ hayi kiŋ fɛɛʊ Sɔsɔɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1938 taa lɛ, Kuomintag ɖɩzɩɣ lɔkɔna sɔsaa mba pama nɛ paɖakɩɣ pɔɔ yɔ mbʊ Sapɔŋ sɔjɔna ɛtasʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ yele nɛ pɩkɔna lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔna sɩm ɛyaa 500000 ageeta taa ɛyaa. Pɔɔ ŋga kalɩna Kunlun pʊŋ taa kɛnɛ (Qingkhai kewiyaɣ tɛ) nɛ kɛɖɛnɛ tibétain piyisi taa ɖeede kɔhuyi kɩɖaŋgʊʊ lɩm pɔŋ Sɔsɔɔŋ yɔ. Lanzhou wayi lɛ, (Gansu kewiyaɣ tɛ) pɔɔ ŋga katɩŋgʊʊ lɩm cɩŋga kotaa nakɛyɛ Ordo kañɩmpusuu piyaɣ yɔ kɛ Moŋgoli pɩta ñɩŋgʊʊ yɔ. Kɛtɛzɩɣ keeke Kaifeng nɛ Wuhai nɛ Baotou nɛ Jinan (Shandong tɛtʊ Sɔsɔɔtʊ) nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ Bohai teŋguu taa ɛzɩ handala fɛɛʊ yɔ.
Pɔɔ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ sɛwa pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ azɛyʊ ɛwaɖɩyɛ alɩwaatʊʊ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ kɛlɛzɩɣ pɔɔ kpemtu yɔ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, kɛtɛ kpem wizina haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ pɩtɩŋna Hongze kujomuu yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnsɩ 1980 lɩm taa kʊzɔɔtʊ kɔnaʊ mbʊ pʊtɔm kɛkʊya yɔ ɖana ɖoŋ kpaʊ nabʊlɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma anasayɩ ñɩɩtʊ ɖɩluɖe nɛ kɔ ɖɩlaɖɛ ɖɔɔ pɩŋ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ kpeekpe yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Shizuishan ŋgʊ kɩkɛ tɛtʊ Sɔsɔɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ta kʊzɔɔtʊ kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tiyebina nɛ lɩm wɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ kedeŋga yɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ se pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta wɛ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee wena ateelɩɣ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yɔ.


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1Hɑɩ, Yosɑlɛm ɩcɑtɛ nyɑ́ wei yǝlɑɑ wutɑɣɑ tɔɣɔlɛ. Nyɑ́ hǝtɛ kɑ yɑɑwɑ piitimnɑɑ tɑɑ kɛ́. Nyɑ́ ŋmɑkǝlɑɣɑnɑ tɛtʋ hɔɣɔlǝŋ. Wɑɩyo, nyǝnɩ n wɛ nyɑ́ tike. N pǝsɑ ɩsɩɩ leelu. Pɑ tʋ-ŋ yomle tǝmɑ.
2Wulɑ ntɛ́ nyɑ́ tom kɛ ɑhoo, nɑ ɩsǝlʋm lukiɣi yem. Mpɑ pɑɑ sɔɔlɑ-ŋ tɔ, pɑ tɑɑ nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩ sɩ ɩ puɣusiɣi-ŋ. Nyɑ́ tɑɑpɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ lɔ-ŋ Pɑ pǝsɑ nyɑ́ kolontunɑɑ.
3Yomle nɑ wɑhɑlɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑ tɛɛnɑ Yutɑ. Mɑ tɑ nyɩ ɩsɔnɑɑ tɛɣɛ n wɛɛ. N fɛɩnɑ nyʋɣʋ tǝtʋlɛ. Nyɑ́ kʋnyɔntʋlɑɑ tǝnɑ tɑmɑ-ŋ kɛ́.
4Siyɔŋ mpɑɑŋ wɛ lǝyɑɣɑ tɑɑ kɛ́. Nɔɣɔlʋ ɩɩ tǝŋǝɣɩ-ɩ sɩ ɩ puki ɑcimɑ. Nɔnɔɔsɩ pǝsɑ ncɑɑ. Kɔtǝlɑɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ nɑ́ lepɑ nɑ pɑ́ lɑkɩ wɑhɑlɑ. Ɩcɑtɛ pɛɛlɑɑ nɑ́ wɛ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ tɑɑ. Ɩsǝnyǝŋlɛ sunɑ ɩcɑtɛ nyɑ́ nyɑ́ tɑɑ.
5Nyɑ́ kolontunɑɑ ŋmɑkǝlɑ-ŋ kɛ. Nyɑ́ pɑtɑnɑɑ lɑŋɑ hɛɛwɑɣɑ. Mpi tɔ, Tɑcɑɑ hɔmɑ nyɑ́ ŋkpɑŋʋɣʋ. Nyɑ́ kʋpǝntǝŋ pɑɣɑlɛ tɔɔ, kolontunɑɑ kuuwɑ nyɑ́ piyɑ nɑ pɑ́ tuliɣi nɑ pɑ́ tɛɛkǝnɑ.
6Siyɔŋ kpekǝle nyǝ́mɑ mǝ teeli sǝpɑ. Mǝ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ́ wɛ ɩsɩɩ nɑmǝŋ wei ɩ lɑŋɑ tǝtɔɣɔlɛ tɔ. Ɩ kɑɑsǝɣɩ ɩ tɩ nɑ ɩ́ seeki lɑkɑtikɑ nyǝ́mɑ.
7Yosɑlɛm, n hotɑ kolontunɑɑ niŋ tɑɑ. N lɑŋɑ wɑɑsǝlɑɑ. Kolontunɑɑ nɑ́ mpʋ ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ woŋ. Mpi tɔ, pǝ kpiisɑ Yosɑlɛm. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Yosɑlɛm n nɑwɑ sɩ n kɛ́ cɔɔlʋ, n wɛ fɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ ń tɔɔsɩ kʋpɑm mpi pǝ tǝnɑ n kɑ wɛnɑ lɔŋ tɑɑ tɔ pǝ tɔɔ.
8Ɩsɑɣɑtʋ nti n kɑ lʋlǝsɑɑ tɔ, ntɩ tǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ n pǝsɑ ɑsilimɑ. Mpɑ pɑɑ sɑŋɑɣɑ-ŋ tɔ, pɑ mǝlɑ-ŋ footuɣu. Pɛlɛ pɑ nɑwɑ sɩ n wɛ kpɛtɛ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ. Pǝ wɛɛ sɩ Yosɑlɛm ń tisi feesiŋ kɛ́ nɑ ń mǝŋnɑ wɑɑlɩ.
9Yosɑlɛm nyɑ́ ɑsilimɑ tɑɑnɑ nyɑ́ cɑpɑnɑɑ kɛ́. N tɑ tɛɛlɩ nti tǝ mɑɣɑnɑ-ŋ ɩsǝntɔ tɔ. Kpisuɣu tutɑ-ŋ kɛ́, nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩ sɩ ɩ tɑsǝɣɩ-ŋ ɑpɑlʋtʋ. N wiiki sɩ: Hɑɩ, Tɑcɑɑ, nyǝnɩ ɩsǝnɑ kolontunɑɑ ŋmɑkǝlɑ-m nɑ mɑ́ tɔkɩ wɑhɑlɑ tɔ.
10Kolontunɑɑ tʋ niŋ kɛ mɑ kpɑncooŋ tǝnɑ tɔɔ. Hɑlɩ mɑ nɑwɑ piitimnɑɑ sʋʋ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ nɑ toŋ. Pǝyele Tɑcɑɑ kɑ kisinɑ-wɛɣɛ sɩ: Pǝ fɛɩ sɩ pɑ́ sʋʋ mɑ yǝlɑɑ hɛkʋ.
11Yosɑlɛm pǝ nɩɩ-ŋ ɩlɛnɑ ń wiiki nɑ ń pɛɛkǝɣɩ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ. Hɑlǝnɑ ń cɛlɑ nyɑ́ kʋpɑmpɑm sɩ ń hiki tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ. Kɛlɛnɑ ń wiinɑ Ɩsɔ sɩ: Hɑɩ Tɑcɑɑ, nyǝnɩ ɩsǝnɑ pɑ nyǝnǝɣɩ-m yem tɔ.
12Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Siyɔŋ tɔmɑ sɩ: Tɛɛlɑɑ mɛ, ɩ́ nyǝnɩ nɑ ɩ́ nɑ́ wɑhɑlɑ wei mɑ tɔkɩ tɔ. Wɑhɑlɑ nɔɣɔlʋ tɑ nǝɣǝsǝnɑ ɩ tɑkɑ. Tɑcɑɑ n tʋmɩ-ɩ nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ sɔsɔɔnɑ wule kɛ́.
13Hɑtoo ɩsɔtɑɑ kɛ́ n tisinɑ kɔkɔ nɑ kɑ́ sʋʋ-m nɑ kɑ́ tɑlɑ mʋwɑ. N nyǝpɑ-m puluɣu kɛ mɑ nɔɔhɛɛ tɛɛ. N lɑpɑ nɑ mɑ́ tuli tɑpǝŋ. N yelɑ-m mɑ nyʋɣʋ tike. Mɑ tɔkɩ wɑhɑlɑ kɛ pɑɑ kʋyɑkʋ ŋku.
14N kpeɣelɑ mɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ kɛ nyɑ́ niŋ tɑɑ. N lɑpɑ-tǝɣɩ kpɑlɑhuu nɑ ń pɑɑ mɑ luɣu tɛɛ nɑ tǝ́ nɩɩ-m. Mɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ yɔkɑ mɑ toŋ nɑ tǝ́ tʋ-m mɑ kolontunɑɑ mpɑ pɑ kǝlɑ-m tɔ pɑ niŋ tɑɑ.
15Tɑcɑɑ lɔwɑ mɑ yoolɑɑ tɑɑ yoolɑɑ mpɑ mɑɑ wɛnɑ tɔ. N kɔnɑ kolontu kɛ mɑ tɔɔ sɩ ɩ́ wɑkǝlɩ mɑ ɩfepiyɑ. Tɑcɑɑ nɑŋɑ Yutɑ yǝlɑɑ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ lɛsɛŋ kɛ tǝnyɑɑsǝlɛ.
16Mpusi ɩnɛ ɩ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ wiiki. Mɑ pǝlǝɣɩ ɩsǝlʋm nɑ pǝ́ leeliɣi. Mpi tɔ, puɣusulu hɑtǝlǝnɑ-m kɛ́. Ɩnɩ ɩ hɑɑkɑɣɑnɑ-m weesuɣu. Pǝ yelɑ mɑ piyɑ kɛ sɩ tike. Mpi tɔ, kolontu kǝlɑ-tʋɣʋ toŋ.
17Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Siyɔŋ tɛkɑ niŋ. Amɑ nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩ sɩ ɩ́ puɣusɩ-ŋ. Tɑcɑɑ hɑ nɔɣɔ kɛ Yɑkɔpʋ nyɑ́ pɑtɑnɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ tɑ-ŋ kotɑɣɑ. Yosɑlɛm n pǝsɑ ɩsɩɩ hute kɛ pɑ ɩsɛntɑɑ.
18Amɑ Tɑcɑɑ n wɛnɑ tɑmpɑnɑ kɛ́. Mpi tɔ, mɑ kisɑ nyɑ́ kʋsǝsɩɩtʋ. Yǝlɑɑ mɛ mǝ tǝnɑ ɩ́ nɩɩ. Ɩ́ nɑ mɑ kʋyɔntɔɣɔlɛ. Pɑ kuuwɑ mɑ pɛɛlɑɑ nɑ mɑ ɩfepiyɑ nɑ pɑ́ tɛɛnɑ.
19Mɑ yɑɑwɑ mɑ tɑŋnɑɑ. Amɑ pɛlɛ pɑ lɩɩ mɑ wɑɑlɩ. Mɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ mɑ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ sǝpɑ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ. Pɑ pɛɛkɑɣɑ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ sɩ pɑ́ wɛɛnɑ weesuɣu.
20Hɑɩ, Tɑcɑɑ nyǝnɩ mɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ. Mɑ tɑɑ pǝsɑɑ kɛ́. Mɑ lɑŋlɛ wɑkǝlɑɑ kɛ́. Mpi tɔ, mɑ kǝlɑ nyɑ́ tɔɔ kɛ́ kʋlʋɣʋ. Amɑ lɑɣɑtɛ pɛmɑ-m piyɑ kɛ ɑwɑlɩ. Mɑ tǝyɑɣɑ pǝsɑ sǝm nyǝŋkɑ.
21Pɑ nɩɩ mɑ wulɑ, ɑmɑ nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩ sɩ ɩ́ puɣusi-m. Mɑ kolontunɑɑ tǝnɑ nɑwɑ mɑ wɑhɑlɑ wei n tʋ-m tɔ, nɑ pɑ́ pɑɑkǝnɑ-m. Yele nɑ kʋyɑkʋ ŋku n kɑ sɩɩwɑ tɔ kʋ kɔɔ nɑ pǝ́ lɛɛtɩ-wɛɣɛ mɑ lonte.
22Nyǝnɩ pɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ, nɑ ń hɔ pɑ ŋkpɑŋŋ ɩsɩɩ n lɑpɑ-m mɑ kɑɑnɩɩtʋ tǝnɑ tɔɔ tɔ. Mɔlɑ tike kɛ mɑ lɑkɩ, mɑ lɑŋlɛ pǝsɑɑ kɛ́.


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Orɩgɩ
Orɩkɛ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ, kɛ wɛtʋ sakɩyɛ taa. Patɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛyʋsaɣ knɛyɔ, kaka yɔ size patɩlɩɣ ewilitu yaa etilitu nɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-kɔɔkasɩ kpɛndʋ ɖeɖe. Ewilitu yaa etilitu camɩyɛ lɩɣna ɛ-nimasɩ ɖɩhɔnɖɛ ɖeɖe nɛ e-heɣlim ɖi-hasiye cɔlɔ.
Orɩkɛ kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɛ nimasi yɔ kɛ tɛlɛŋga nakɛyɛ yɔ. Nɛ nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ tɛ sɩm wilitu yaa tilitu natʋyʋ yɔ kɛnɛ. Minziiki wonuu orɩkɛ kʋnɛ yɔ kʋwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩlɩɣ wondu lɛɣtʋ kɩsɩmtʋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paya tʋ se orɩkɛwaa ɖɔɖɔ.
Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɔɔka yaa hɩlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pʋwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ size wilitu yaa tilitu tʋnɛ tʋ-wɛ ɖoŋ kpem. Nɛ tɩ-ɖoŋ kpaʋ wɛna wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-lɩɣna (tilimiye, yaa kpɛzɛlɛɛɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, yaa kaɖɩtɩ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋ taŋayɩ) pɔcɔlɔ kɛnɛ.
Orɩkɛwaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛwɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ ɛzɩ lɛɛba yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩsɩ wɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ pɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yaa pɩtatalɩ lɛɛsɩ. Tɔm biye orɩkɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ calɩna lɩɣ pomm bo kɛ krɛsɩ taa kɛnɛ size (organon) nɛ latɛɛŋ taa lɛ paya se (organum). Pɩtɩŋa pʋtɔbʋ lɩ ,kamm size wonuu.


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Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki (Basilique Saint-Pierre)
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki tɛ hɩɖɛ keɣkeɣ kɛlɛ Fatiikaŋ tɛ Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu, kɛna kuduyuu feveɖe n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ ɖoomu kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm ɖɩn̄ɩnɩyɛ kuduyuu yɔ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩwɛna Fatiikaŋ kiŋ nɛ pɔɔ yaa puwa kidiliŋ yɔɔ kɛ Tibre nɛ kɩtɛ nɩwaŋ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Nɛ ɛsɛ yɔɔ naʋʋ taa n̄ata lɛ, ɛnɔɔ hana loniye yaa ɖɩwɛyɛ Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu. Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, paama-ɖɩ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖoo lɔndaa kpalaaʋ woɖa kɔŋga nɛ palaɣ pakɩlaŋ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin kaahawana sɔlɩm waɖɛ nɖɩ size palaɣ kɩlaŋ ɛnɩ.
Kɩlaʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩlɛɛsaɣna Néron samaɣ ɖɩcayɛ ɖileeyiye. Ɛzɩ pabɩzʋʋ nɛ pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa nɩ̄m lʋlɩya ɛyʋtʋ kpata yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna UNESCO yɔɔ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, pakpa-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ɖeu matʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ pataana pana yɔ. Pɩkɛna kiɖeke koŋ kɩɩkɩlɩna ɖeu matʋ ndʋ wɛnaʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki nɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩtaasɔ size nɖɩɩ sawɩlaa yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna kɩlɩ sɔlʋʋ. Powoki ɖɩnayɩ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛsɩyɛ egbena wondu lɛɣtʋ lona taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩmaʋ lɛɣsana paasiliki kɩbɩnʋ lone taa, kɛ wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin hɩɖɛ taa.
Paabaza matʋ tʋnɛyɔ evemiye hiu nɛ nutozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye. Pɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1506. Nɛ pɛtɛ matʋ ndʋ pɩnaɣ 1626 taa. Ɖɩmazɩɣ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ size pɩnzɩ, mɩnʋ nɛ hiŋ naalɛ pamana Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ.
Kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ mayaa feveɖe mbaɣ sʋsaa nabayɛ hɩla kɔyɔ: Bramante, nɛ Michel-Ange nɛ pɩtasɩna Bernin. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbɩ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kɛ hɛkʋ sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa powoki kpalaaʋ yɔ. Pakalɩɣ kɩ-lone taa kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ ŋga yɔ katalɩɣ kudokiŋ mɩnɩŋ nɩɩnɩwa mbɩ yɔ, kɛ paa kujuka ŋga lɛ, kɩlaʋ ɖɩlaɖɛ. [[Category:Krɩstiyaniism]


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Folk
Folk minziiki pɩkɛ soo kɩkpɛndʊʊ, pɩkɛ mʊsɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩpaɣza kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20, sɩ-nɛ sɔnzɩ mʊsɩ pɛkpɛndɩ pɛwɛɛ. Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ, pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kɩkɛ soul piliŋa minziiki nakʊyʊ.
Ɛyaa kpeekpe sɩm-kʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 alɩwaatʊ taa. Minziiki kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ payaa-kʊ se minziiki folk yaa nɔɔnɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa minziiki. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1990 mbʊ yɔ, ɖaɣnʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm takaɣnaɣ ajɛyɛ wena aawɛ weewe tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ kɛlɛ alɛ ya-kʊ se kedeŋa kpeekpe minziiki yaa mʊsɩ yaa soo.
Pɩha nɔmɔʊ se papɩzɩɣ papaɣzɩ folk tʊmɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Paarii tɛetʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1964 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ kajalaɣ hootenanny kɛ Amerika Hɛkʊ yɔ, Lionel Rocheman kaañɔɔzɩna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Pɩkpaɣ nɛ mbʊ nɛ pɩtɩ labʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ, John Wright ɛɛkɛ evebupɩɣa yem kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛtɩ talɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛ nɛ Catherine Perrier pɔñɔɔzɩ kajalaɣ folk minziiki tʊma, kɛlɛ payaa-wɛ folkeux pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se folk tɩnaa.


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Ɖomba ɛwaɣ (glacier)
Ɖomba ɛwaɣ kɛ ɖombiye sɔsɔyɛ pilibili. Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ñʊŋ taa ɖɩmaɣ paɣyɛ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna huuye kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖomba ɛwaɣ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm yuŋ yeki nɛ ɖɩyɔkɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ heelim mbʊ pɩɩwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɩlɩɩ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛlɩ mbʊ yɔ, ɛɖaɣnɩ ɖama taaɖɩnaʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖombiye. Ɖombiye hɔŋ tanɩɩɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tɛtʊ hɔm ɖoŋ yeki nɛ ɖomba ɛwaɣ yoluu nɛ kekpeŋ cɔɔɔ kɛjɛlɛnzɩ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpilaaa yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Payaʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «glacier» yɔ, pɩlɩna fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «francoprovencal» yɔ tɩ-ŋsʊlʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩŋgʊ taa tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩwa. Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ kanton nakʊyʊ taa ɖɩlɩwa. Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye «Glacier» ñalɩna laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmbiye «glaciarium» cɔlɔ. Tɔmbiye glaciarium kɔmna ɖɩpɩsɩ tɔmbiye glacia. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩna tɔmbiye glacies («glace»,«glaçon»). Ɛlɛ, pɩkpana kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ lɛ, fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔsɔɔlɩ yaʊ tɔmbiye «glacière» nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ lɩm mbʊ payaɣ se leleŋ lɩm (eaux douces) yɔ, pɩ-mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖomba ɛwasɩ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ 70 mpilim. Ɖomba ɛwasɩ mʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kriosifɛɛrɩ (cryosphère) yɔ pʊ-hɔɔlʊʊʊ taa.


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Martin Heidegger
26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976
Martin Heidegger kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Caama yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ. Ɛsɔɔla n̄ɩnʋʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛɛ tovonum nʋmɔʋ. Ɛwɛ lɔŋ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa Martin Heidegger kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye Salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1889 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ payaɣtʋ size Messkirch yɔ tɩ-taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɖajaa Martin ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ kʋɖʋmʋ ŋgʋ paalʋla-ɩ kɩ-taa yɔ ki-wiye ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size ɛsɩba evemiye hiŋ naalɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye Agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1976 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Fribourg-en-Brisgau Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, e-wezuu caɣʋʋ paza pʋwɛɛna ndɩkʋ kpem. Ɛlakasɩ taa kaawɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ tʋ yɔ. Paa lee ŋna-ɩ kɔyɔ, ɛwɛ ɛzɩ weyi pɔtɔ size lɛɣya laba-ɩ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size ɛwɛ ɛzɩ e-koobu nɔɔyʋ sɩba yɔ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɛ-lɩmaɣza wɛ lim lim paa ɛzɩm taa. Ɛkɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Martin Heidegger kɛ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ.
Pʋwɛna filozɔɔfʋ siŋŋ taa lɛ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ ɛyʋ kɛwa yɔ, nɛ mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɛŋna yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ ɖajaa Heidegger paazʋ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, ɛcalɩna labʋ ɛtɛ sukili kɩ-tɛzʋʋ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Edmund Husserl cɔlɔ. Peeɖe, ɛpɩza ɛkpɛlɛkɩ mbʋ ɛyʋtʋ kɛ siŋŋ yɔ. Paa weyi ɛkɛ filozɔɔfʋ, ɛlɛ toovonum taa lɛ, ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛtɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ yuŋ siŋŋ.


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William Shakespeare
Palʊla William Shakespeare kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1564 kɛ Stratford-upon-Avon tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ 23 pɩnaɣ 1616 ɖoli kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ. Pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ mba pamaɣ takayasɩ yɔ pa-taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ: ɛkɛ takayaɣ mayʊ, tanaʊ kʊyʊ (dramatiiɖizi) nɛ cɩmʊʊ nɛ keesi maɖʊ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ ɛyʊ nɛ pɩmʊna-ɩ kpɛ, ɛma takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, natʊyʊ eeyiɣdiɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-tɔm nɛ ɛ-takayasɩ ɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, paa ɛfɛyɩ kɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Takayasɩ maya mba palɩza pɔ-tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, William Shakespeare kɔŋ nanatozo taa; ɛ-ɛsɩnda lɛ, Agatha Christie nɛ Jules Verne pɛɖɛna-ɩ. Mba palɩzɩɣ tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa lalaa taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se palɩza ɛ-takayasɩ ta tɔm nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ 4281 taa. William Shakespeare ɖeke pɩzɩna ɛkɛ tnaʊ kʊyʊ nɛ dramatiirizi.
William Shakespeare ma dramatiiɖizi takayasɩ 37 kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1580 nɛ 1613. William Shakespeare wɛ ɛzɩ mba palɩzɩ anglisi kʊnʊiŋ kpem yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-takayasɩ maʊ taa lɛ, eluba tɔm pe kɩfana nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖiɣna-yɛ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ajaɣ alona taa nɛ awɛ nɩɣ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
E-evebutu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Palʊla-ɩ Stratford-upon-Avon kɛ Warwickshire egeetiye taa kɛ Angletɛɖɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ nɛ ɛkɛ naatozo-tʊ nɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ abalɩbɩya taa. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1564. Pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pɔsɔʊ pɩga lɩm avema wena atɩŋgʊ ka-lʊlʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊwa se puuye kɛ palʊla-ɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se John Shakespeare, ɛkɛ haɖʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ; ɛnʊ tɩna ɖɩɣa ŋga sɔnɔ taa payaɣ se The Birthplace (pʋtɔbʋʋ se "Ɖɩlʋlɩyɛ") yɔ. Ɛkɛ sabaabɩ kɛ Stratford nɛ pɩnaɣ1568 lɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊ nɛ pɩhayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ Stratford tɛtʊ taa mɛɛɖɩ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Mary Arden, nɛ Robert Arden of Wilmcote pɛlɔ kɛlɛ. Pɛwɛ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa nɛ kɛwɛ Henley Street tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ katolika tʊ.
Ɛ-tɛ takayɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tragédies[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Antwaanɩ nɛ Kleyopaatri (')
- Koriolaŋ (')
- Hamlɛtɩ, Danɩmarkɩ Wiyaʋ Pɩyalʋ (')
- Juulɩ Séezarɩ (')
- Makɩbɛɛtɩ (')
- Ɔtɛloo yaa Feniizi tɛ Moori]] (')
- Lear Wiyaʋ]] (')
- Romeyoo nɛ Juliyeti]] (')
- Timoŋ, Atɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ tʋ]] (')
- Titi Andronikusi]] (')
- Troyilusi nɛ Krɛɛsɩda]] (')
Comédies[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pièces historiques[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Wiyaʋ Ɛdʋwardɩ naadozo dʋ" ('')
- Wiyaʋ Richard naalɛ dʋ" ('')
- Wiyaʋ Richard naadozo dʋ (')
- Wiyaʋ Henri naanaza dʋ, 1, 2 (')
- Wiyaʋ Henri kagbanzɩ dʋ' ('')
- Wiyaʋ Henri loɖo dʋ, 1, 2, 3" (, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)
- Wiyaʋ Henri luutozo dʋ (')
- Wiyaʋ Jean (')


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Victor Hugo
Palʊla Victor Hugo kɛ Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 26 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1802 kɛ Besançon nɛ ɛsɩ Agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1885. Victor Hugo kɛ takayaɣ mayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ politique tʊ nɔɔyʊ kpam. Pɩnzɩ XIXe taa lɛ, ɛñamsa ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza.
Victor Hugo ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ mba pakɩlɩ takayasɩ maʊ yɔ pa-taa. Ɛkɛ poète lyrique nɛ takayasɩ nzɩ yɔ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Odes et Ballades (1826), Les Feuilles d'automne (1831) nɛ Les Contemplations (1856), ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣa maɖʊ weyi ɛtɛma ɛ-taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛba fɛyɩna nɔɔyʊ. Ɛyɔɔda Napoléon III tɔm takayaɣ Les Châtiments (1853) taa. Yaa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ poète épique nɛ ɛma La Légende des siècles (1859 nɛ 1877).
Victor Hugo kɛ takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Roman waa yɔ sɩ-mayʊ nɛ ɛmaʊ taa lɛ pɩɖʊkɩna paa-anɩ. Ɛma Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) nɛ Les Misérables (1862). Théâtre taa lɛ, ɛwɩlaa se ɛkɛ nɔyʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se drame romantique yɔ takayaɣ Cromwell (1827) taa. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ Hernani kɛ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ Ruy Blas kɛ 1838; Lucrèce nɛ Le Roi s'amuse.
Ɛma politique tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kɛ Chambre des pairs taa, Assemblée constituante nɛ Assemblée législative. Ɛma takasɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma paɖʊʊ ɛyʊ sɩm yɔ pɩyɔɔ tɔm, sukuli taa tɔm yaa nʊmɔʊ wobu tɔm: (Le Rhin, 1842, ou Choses vues, posthumes, 1887 et 1890), pɩna correspondance naa sakɩyɛ.


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Pɩyɛɛrɩ
Anasaayɩ sʊlʊm mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ se pɩyɛɛɖɩ, pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ niŋvidiŋ tɩŋ pee yɔ. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm pɩtɩŋnɛ pɩdɩŋ tɛ lakasɩ nɛ ŋñɩɩ wa nɩɣyʊʊ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Pɩkɩlɩna ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa palakɩ-kʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ malɩtɩ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩya ɖɔɖɔ se kpamla mʊlʊm (mʊlʊm pee wena pahʊzaɣ yɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɔsɔzɩ pee lɛɛna) nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ houblon. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩɣ wɛʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa nɛ pakɩlɩ-pʊ sɔɔlʊʊ nɔʊ yɔ.
Pɩyɛɛrɩ sʊlʊm tɛ canaʊ tɔm tamsɩna wondu yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wondu tɩna se sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ sɔnɔ. Kajalaɣ mʊlʊm pee tɛ haɖaʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ épeautre (pɩkɛ pilee nakʊyʊ) lɩna Mésopotamie ɖooo pɩnzɩ 8000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa tɩŋga kaawɛ mbʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛyʊ la pɩyɛɛɖɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ papazɩɣ-kʊ labʊ pɩnzɩ 6000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-krɩstʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, payawaɣ pɩyɛɛrɩ se sikaru (pʊtɔbʊʊ matʊ taa se lɩm kpɔnɔ) kaakɛ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ sɔssɔɔ. Palakaa-kɛ kɛkɛndɛyɩŋ kɩhɔbɩŋ pɩlɩnɛ pilee nɛ ɔrɩgɩ mba ɛyʊ ɖʊwaɣ lɩm taa se pɩñɩŋgɩ nɛ pehɩɣ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ yɔ. Paɖʊwaɣ pɩ-taa peeɖe canelle nɛ tʊŋ num yaa sɔzɩŋ wondu ndʊ tɩkɛna yaɖʊ yɔ.


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Mikhaïl Gorbatchev
Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchev (Ruusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Mиxaил CepreeBич ГopбaчëB, Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchiov, [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕɵf], nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Gorby, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1931 Privolnoïe (ru) nɔɔnɔɔ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ Sofiyetiki nɛ Ruusii ajɛyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi eɖiyi URSS pɩnzɩ 1985 nɛ 1991 taa yɔ.
Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caucase nɛ Hayi kiŋ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa naa Kolkhozien waa patamsa pa-tɩ nɛ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʊɖaa, palʊla-ɩ lɛ, e-kiɖe taa kaawɛ kalɩmʊlaɣ kɩbaŋa nakɛyɛ ŋnɔɔ. Ɛkɛ Sergueï Andreïevitch Gorbatchev pɩɣa (pɩnzɩ 1909 ŋtalɩ 1976), ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɩbɩnʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ taa, nɛ ɛsaɣa haɖaʊ lɔɔɖa Privolnoïe haɖaa taa nɛ Maria Panteleïevna née Gopkalo (pɩnzɩ 1911 ŋtalɩ 1993).
Pakpa ɛ-cɔzɔ pɩnaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔtɔ-ɩ salaka. Papazɩ ponutu-ɩ yaa pɔtɔyɩtɩ-ɩ kakaa fenasɩ hiu nɛ nanza, nɛ pʊcɔ paɖɩyɩ-ɩ se ɛtasɩɣ liɣ wiɖi kaŋalaŋ. Paɖanɩɣ wɩlɩɣ ɛ-takayasɩ taa lɛ, tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ lɩzɩ se ɛtala wiɖi kaʊ ɛyaa kʊʊ yaa ɛsatʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kaʊ, mbʊ lɛ, pɩtamʊna se caɣ tam salaka. Patʊlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1938, nɛ ɛɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ Kolkhoze ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1939. Tɔm ndʊ tɩcaɣ piŋ Mikhaïl yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se maŋpɩcatʊ taa mankanaɣ tuluu ndʊ mansɩma yɔ, pakpa mɔn-cɔzɔ nɛ paɖɩɣ. Powona-ɩ nɛ ɖoo hɛkʊ.
Ɛtɛma e-sukuli hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ haɖaʊ lɔɖaa sayʊ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pasayɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɛ, paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye nɛ pawɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka kɩsɛmaɣ nɛ powona-ɩ Moscou se sukuli sɔsɔʊ. Peeɖe ɛlaba waɖɛ sukuli sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa Lomonossov tɛtʊ taa, peeɖe ɛkata Raïssa Titarenko weyi ɛka-ɩ labʊ halʊ yɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnzɩ 1964 nɛ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Stavropol haɖaʊ sukuli taa nɛ ɛɖʊ ɛtɩ haɖaʊ cɛyɩtʊ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa.


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Sapɔŋ
Japɔŋ kɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩkɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Japɔŋ teŋgu pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Siini nɛ Kooree nɛ Rusii pɛ-ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ Tayiwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Japɔŋ tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ lɩnaa yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ payaa Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ se «Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ».
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛnda nɛ pɛkɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩ 6 852. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 100 mɛɛtrɩ kaaree. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yaa walʊʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Honshū nɛ Hokkaidō nɛ Kyūshū nɛ Shikoku. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ taa yɔ, lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɩya mbʊ yɔ, tɩkpakɩɣ 95 hɔɔlʊʊ mpilim. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ naadozo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ pʊŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ sekiɣna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ kobulaɣ huɣu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ Fuji pʊʊ. Kʊkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa 3 776 mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707 ñɩŋga taa kɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔlɩkaɣ (volcan) yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya nakʊ ɖeke kɩlɩnɩ Japɔŋ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Japɔŋ samaɣ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 127 mbʊ yɔ. Japɔŋ tɛtʊ walɩ 377 488 kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ. Kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 377 wɛna. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pe-kidemiŋ nɔsɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.Japɔŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Tokiyoo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-samaɣ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiye kakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se ɖooo paleyolitiki (paléolithique) alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa pacalɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kpaɖʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1947 taa Japɔŋ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se weyi ɛkɛɣ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, ɛsɩkɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pasɩɩ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se palɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, papa cejewiye payaɣ se Tiyɛɛtɩ (Diète).
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya naadozo ɖeke kɩlɩna Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ wonaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa. Piyele nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ loɖo ñɩnɖɛ. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʊ-yɔɔ ɖi-liidiye kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya lɛɛna. Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna kɩmɩyɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩkɩndɩ ajɛya lɛɛna liidiye miiliyaaɖɩ waa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 325 000 yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Liidiye ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩna. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ ɛsɩnda pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tɔkɩ pahakɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yem fɛɛɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna wezuu caɣʊ pileɖiɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩñɩnɩna nɛ ɖisusi-tʊ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ yɔ cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ wɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ piya lʊlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɔyɩna kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ pakpɩlɩɣ kpɩlʊʊ yɔɔ sɔnɔdaa.
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋʋ pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.


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Lɛɣtʋ
Lɛɣtʋ (Fransɩɩ taa payaɣ se science, Latɛɛ taa ’lɛ scientia, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ) kɛna wembu ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkaa nɛ ɛsɩm-pʋ yɔ, wembu ɛyʋ sɩma se pɩkɛ toovenim, ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pɩkpɛndaa pɩkɛna sɩmtʋ, kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa tazʋʋ. Patazɩɣ se pañɩnɩ nabʋyʋ, tazʋʋ pʋmbʋ, pɩwɛna nɩmaʋ kɩtɩŋgʋʋ lɩŋŋŋ. Nɛ wembu pɔtɔŋ-pʋ se ɛɛɛ yɔ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛna nɛ etisi se toovenim ɛɛɛ.
Wembu mansɩmawaa cejewiye (communauté savante), ɖɩnɖɩ kandayɩɣna sɩyansɩwaa yɔɔ, ñɩnɩɣ yɔɔ ’lɛ se sɩyansɩtʋ sɩmtʋ (connaissances scientifiques) ɛkɛna wembu ɛyaa ñɩnaa, pakpa petii, pɛlɛlɩ, paɖʋ tozo, nɛ paa anɩ ɛɖʋ pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa ɛlɩɩ sɩmltʋ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ, nɛ paa pɩkakɩlɩ we, weyi ɛɖɔma pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa paa le, ɛkalɩɩ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ’ɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ nʋmaŋɖɔm nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ tɔm taa wɛtʋ yɔ, paba kɛna sɩmtʋ lʋlʋʋ wembu yɔ, nɛ wembu ɛyaa lakɩna tʋmɩyɛ se pʋlʋlɩ sɩmtʋ yɔ. Wembu pasɩmna-wɛ yɔ kɛna wembu pañɩnɩɣ yɔ. pʋbʋʋ yɔ se pasɩna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɛ pɩsa nɩʋ kɛlɛʋ - pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ wendu tɩlɩɣ yɔ, tɩ nɛ wembu pɩwɛ keekee yɔ, ndɩwɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɛdaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Ɛzɩ kpalɩtʋ (dogmes) tɔŋgʋʋ se toovenim tɔm ɖɔɖɔ tɩñɩnɩɣ yɔ, sɩyansɩ ñɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔmɛndɛma tɔm taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kʋ-tɔm ɛdamaɣ weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩɣyɩ. Sɩmtʋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔŋɖɔm, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ enii-wɛ nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ-wɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɩyansɩwaa ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wɛtʋ, nɛ pana pɩ-taa wembu pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla ceewayɩ yɔ, nɛ pala-pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ wazaɣ nakɛyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ taa ɛnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋmbʋ kpɛzɩɣnɩna sɩyansɩwaa pamba. Sɩmtʋ tʋndʋ tɩkɛna tɛkɩniki ɛsɩndaa wobinaʋ tigiɖe nɛ tɛkɩniki kʋkʋ ñɛwɛɛ wazaɣ sɔsɔa ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.
Ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ ’lɛ, sɩyansɩ kamalɩna filozofii sɛɛsɛɛ. Dominique Lecourt ma pʋmbʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa se : ñɔkɔyɩnaʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖitamsɩ sɩyansɩwaa nɛ lɩmaɣza labʋ tɔm wendu payaɣ se filozofii yɔ. Wembu pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ñʋʋ taa maɣzɩyaa nabɛye kɛqɛ Ionie pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ VII ñɩŋga taa pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋʋ. Pamba labɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se wembu pɩlakɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pu-kubuuzutu wɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ sɩyansɩ tɔm taa sɩmtʋ wɩla pʋmmbʋ na. Dominique Lecourt ñɔtɔma se filozɔfʋwaa kajalaɣñɩma ñalakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ (ɛlɛ pedesidiɣ filozofi nɛ sɩyansɩ).
Sɩyansɩ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa weŋga’lɛ, kapama ɛsɛ nɛ sɩyansɩ sɩmtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ solo. Ɛzɩ matematikiwaa, simii, fiziki, piolozii, mekaniki, ɔpɩtiki, farɩmasii, asɩtronomii, arɩkiyolozii, tɔsʋʋ, sosiyolozii, ppw. Paatɔŋ se patʋʋ tʋʋʋ wembu yɔ, pɩtɛma, yaa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ pɩ-taa tʋʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ patasɩ tʋʋʋ paa sɩyansɩ piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ ka-taa, pɩpɩzaa pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpeɣu taa. Paa piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ tem.


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Tanzani
Tanzani kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɑɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Indɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Keniya nɛ Uganda ajɛya pasɩna ɖa-ma kamaɣ, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Ruwandaa, Burundi nɛ Kɔŋgo ajɛya ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Sambi nɛ Malaawii piyele nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 945 087 km2. Pakala kɩkalʊʊkɛe pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda milyɔɔnaa 43. Tanzaani taa ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Pantuwaa yɔ,mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Todoma nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa piyele tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩpɩndʊ ndʊ payawaɣ se Der es Salam yɔ, tʊtʊ ñaawɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Tanzani taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: Kisiwahilii nɛ Aŋilisi, piyele kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ kɛ Sanzibarɩ nɛ Pɛmba taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Araabii.
Payaɣʊ sɔnɔ se Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, ajɛya naalɛ kpɛndɩna kpɛm a-tɩ yɔɔ wɛu wayɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964: Taŋganiika nɛ Sanzibarɩ. Ajɛya anɛ, ɖooo lɛ aawɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nesi tɛɛ. Tanzani wɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1961 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1961.
Julius Nyerere kɛŋna Tanganika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1962. Sanzibarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Sheikh Abeid Karume ñɛkɛŋna peeɖe ñʊʊtʊ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964 kɛ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ akpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ Julius Nyerere kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ piyele Abeid Karume ñɛkɛna ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ.


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Eriitree
Eriitree kɛna Afrika nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ dɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Etiyoopii. Ɖɩwɛ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993.
Eriitree ñaɣ pana nɛ kɩlɩɩ yomiye taa mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1869 kɛ Iitalii kaayaba Asaabɩ nɛ pɩcɔ kʊɖʊmaa mba powoli nɛ pacaɣ Maasawa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890.
Keteŋa kpeekpe you laba nɛ Iitalii takpaɣ nabʊyʊ you taa lɛ, ONU tɛzɩ kpaɣʊ Eriitree nɛ kiyebina Etiyoopii kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1952 ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 kɛ Etiyoopii paɣzɩ kɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. Pɩñɩtʊ nɛ pɩkpɑɣ mbʊ yɔ, Eriitree wɛɛ kɩñɩnɩɣ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ agoza fenaɣ 1991 lɛ, peeɖe hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkaɣ kpɛm mbʊ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se FPLE yɔ, kɩwa nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Issayas Afewerki.


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Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1977 kɛ Amien tɛtʊ taa, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2017 kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 kɛ ɛpɩsɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ.
Ɛɛkɛ samaɣ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ (MDC), pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2006 ŋtalɩ 2009 lɛ ɛsʊʊ samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2012 alɩwaatʊ lɛ pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ François Hollande takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ ɛ nɛ-ɩ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ e-kewiyitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ taatɩlɩta-ɩ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ kɛlɛ, patɩkpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ ñʊŋ kalɩyasɩ tʊma tɛ ministri.
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron kɛ Jaen Michel Macron pɩyalʊ, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1950, ɛɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ payaʊ se tɔkɩtɛrɩ yɔ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Amien CHU ɖɔkɔtɔ taa, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ François Noguès, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ sɩba pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-kɛ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ palʊla naatozo papa yɔ Emmanuel, Laurent (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1979 kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñawalɩ Sabine Aimot, nɛ Estelle (palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1982 kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñawalɩ Carl Franjou).
Macron liɖe lɩna Authie haɖaa taa, Somme tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-cɔzɔ sɔsɔ Henri Macron kaakɛ egeetiye ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnzɩ 1953 ŋtalɩ 1964. Ɛ-caa ɖoo, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se e-neze (palʊla-ɩ Robertson cejewiye taa) ɛlɛ tɛ kɛna Bristol Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɔsɔ Emmanuel Macron lɩm lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 12 ɖeke pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ, kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛsʊɣa Yeesuu ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa tɛ kɔlɛɛzɩ taa yɔ kɛ Amiens tɛtʊ taa yɔ.


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Filipini
Filipini kɛna Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ lɩm taa kacasɩ yɔ sɩtala 7 107. Lɩm taa kacasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa lɛ 90 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 2 000 taa kɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ. Peeɖe lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna hɩla yɔ tɩtɖɛ ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ.
Filipini taa tɛtʊ wɛtʊ wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo: Liisɔnɩ, Fisayasɩ nɛ Mindanaʊ. Liisɔnɩ kɛna kɛna lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ walʊʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛnaʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Peeɖe kɛ Filipini tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Manili wɛɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ, Keezɔnɩ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛ;kʊ taa lɛ Fayasɩ wɛna nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ nɖʊ lɛ: Negroo, Sebuu, Poholɩ, Panee, Masɩbatɩ, Samarɩ nɛ Leyitɩ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mindanaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ñɛwɛna. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ: Tavaʊ, Marawii, Sambowaŋga nɛ Oro tɛ Kagayaŋɩ. Mindanaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Suuluu tɛtʊ wɛna, nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Pazilanɩ, Soloo nɛ tawi-tawi tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔyɩna Pɔɔrɩnewoo yɔ.
Fayasɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa kacaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Palawanɩ yɔ kɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖeke lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 1 700 yɔ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Pasifiki lɩm fɛʊʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutoku yɔ. Azii taa lɛ Filipini kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa krɩstʊ mba kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ.


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Kpentɔɔyaɣ
Kpentɔɔyaɣ kɛna lakʊ taa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ kpoun yɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɩkɩla-kʊ paɣlʊ pazɩ. Paapɩzʊʊ pɛkpɛndɩ-kʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ taa yem yem. Ɛlɛ papɩzʊʋ paɖʊ-kʊ kpayaa taa. Kpemtɔɔyasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nasɩyɛ sɛwa, lɛɛsɩ wɛ caʊʊʊ tɩyɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔ pakʊ kpentɔɔyasɩ nɛ sɩteŋ tɛm yɔɔ. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ wayɩ waƴɩ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa padaŋɩ kpentɔɔyasɩ kʊ yɔɔ. Eerɔpɩ taa kpentɔɔyasɩ wɛɛ nabʊlɛ taa: Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa nzɩ nɛ Sibeeriya nzɩ. Ameriki taa lɛ, kpentɔɔyasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ yɔ, sɩwɛ yʊʊlaa nɛ panay-sɩ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa; payaɣ lɛsɩ se Ariktiki tɛ kpentɔɔyaɣ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpentɔɔyasɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kpentɔɔyasɩ nasɩ wɛɛ sɩsɩ sɛwa.
Pañɩma nɛ pana sɩze kpemtɔɔyasɩ tɩŋɛ fɛyɩ ɖeyiɖeyi. Sɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩnzɩ wɛ ndɩ nɛ Hɩmalayaa nzɩ.


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Adolph Hitler
Adolph Hitler kɛ Otirisi tʊ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyɔɔdʋʋ caama ñɩma kʋnʋŋ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ efemiye nɛɛlɛ (20) wiye ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1889. Palʋla-ɩ Bɩrɔnɔ Amm Ɩnn tɛtʋ taa Otirisi Hɔŋgri ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ sɔnɔ taa payaɖɩ se Otirisi yɔ, ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ niidozo (30) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋa taa. Bɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Bɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʋ kɛŋna Caama tɛtʊ sɔsɔ. Adolph Hitler ɛnʊ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛkʊna ɛ-tɩ. Sɔsɔ Adolph Hitler kaakɛna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔja sɔsɔ. Ɛɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛɛkɛ politi laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se 'Nazisme" yɔ.
Ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeke koŋ ɛlakaɣ e-wezuu caɣʋ tɩŋa. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ɖeke koŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ. Ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛmʋna Kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Nɛ ɛmʊ-kɛ nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛyaa Caama ɛjaɖɛ sɩse: Naadozo Reich. Ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1933 ñɩŋa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛkɛ politiki ɛyʊ mbʊʋ lɛ, ɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɩse 'NSDAP' (caama tʊmlaɖaa samaɣ), yɔ ɖɩ-ñʊʋdʊ . Caama ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ Adolph Hitler ñɩnaɣ se ɛkʋ weyi ɛlɛ kɛkɛ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ yɔ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛmʋ kpelaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ, ɛlɛ, pʋtɔcɔ. Ñʋʋdʋ Adolph Hitler kɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kajalaɣ Minisi, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ tɛɛ tʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛmʋʋ kpelaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ niidozo wiye, pɩnaɣ 1933 ñɩŋa taa ɛɛkɛ Kajalaɣ Minisi Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.kpɛɣlɛ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛkʋ e-kondɩnaa mba pakaɖaɣna-ɩ yɔ patɩŋa payɩ pɩtasaɣ paa kʋɖʋm. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1934 ñɩŋa taa ɖajaa Adolph Hitler laba ɛ-tɩ sɔnzɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Ñʋʋdʋ Adolph Hitler ɖiyaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ñazʋʋ nɛ ɖoŋ. E-ɖeke ɛlɩzɩɣna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ a-yɔɔ ɖeke ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa ɖɔŋ. Ɛɛyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ nɔɔyʋ cosi. Ɛɛñazɩɣ nɛ nɔɔyʋ kizi labʋ mbʋ ɛtɔma se pala yɔ. Ñazʋʋ nɛ ñazʋʋ lɛ, ñʋʋdʋ Adolph Hitler ñazaa ɛpalɩ lɩm.Ɛ-kañatʋ nɛ ñʋʋdʋ nɔɔyʋ ñɩndʋ patata kaʋ. Adolph Hitler tɔm kɛ kigiluu tɔm siŋŋ samaɣ cɔlɔ. Ɛkʊwaɣ e-kondinaa yem yem ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʋ yɔ.Ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛmʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ tɛtʋ nɛ tɩpɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñɩndʋ.
Payaɣ ñʋʋdʋ Adolph Hitler caa se Aloi Hitler nɛ e-ɖoo hɩlɛ lɛ Klara Hitler. Ɛwɛna halʊ nɛ payaɣ ɛlɛ se Eva Braum.


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Metafiiziki (métaphysique)
Filozofii (philosophie) hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se metafiiziki (métaphysique) yɔ, pɩkɛ kedeŋa tɩlɩtʊ yaa kedeŋa sɩm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ tɩlɩ ɛzɩma kedeŋa wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɩma mbʊ se nabʊyʊ wɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm eehikiɣ-pʊ. Mbʊ pʊwɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ pɩ-tɩ yɔɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩzɩ pɩ-tɩ. Yee mbʊ, pʊyʊ kɩlɩzɩm ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pihiɣ-pʊ. Pɩcɛzɩ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm. Takayɩsɩ mayaa ɛɛkɛdɩ pʊ-tɔ kʊyʊmʊm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paayɔɔdʊʊ tɔm kʊɖʊmtʊ pɩlɩɩna pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, caanaʊ taa ñɩma kɔyɔɔda ndʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʊ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa ñɔyɔɔdaa. Ndʊ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa ñɔyɔɔdaa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʊ ɖa-caanaa ñɔyɔɔdaa. Ndʊ sɔnɔ takayɩsɩ mayaa ñɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, tʊtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ ɖa-caanaa yɔɔdaa yɔ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se «science normative». Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa wɛ ndʊ nɛ kaka. Metafiiziki kɛ filozofii lɛɣtʊ piliŋa. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se kañɩnɩ nɛ katɩlɩ ɛzɩma wondu wɛɛ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋaa nɛ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ cakɩ wezuu.
Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa taatɩɩwɛnda hɩɖɛ. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ ɛcalɩna lɩzʊʊ lɛɣtʊ pilŋa ŋga payaɣ se metafiiziki yɔ kɔ-tɔbʊʊ. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛtɔma se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kɛ filozofii kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɛtɔŋ se lɛɣtʊ pilinzi tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, filozofii kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna wazaɣ kpem. Ɛkaɖaa se ɛyʊtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ Aristote yɔɔda se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ kpeekpe taa ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ keɖewa nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kana tokaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa yɔ.
Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ lɛlʊ weyi payaɣ se Emmanuel Kant yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kɛŋna lɛɣtʊ pilinzi taa piliŋa ŋga kasɩma ɛyʊ lɔŋ yaa ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔ.


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Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, al-jabr) pɩkɛ tʊzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa piliŋa nakayɛ ŋga keyeki se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ akɔnta labʊ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩɩwɛʊ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ siŋ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Descartes labʊ yɔ.
Tɔmpiye ñʊŋ kalʊʊ lɩna takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ nakayɛ cɔlɔ pama-kɛ pɩnzɩ 825 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala (ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ akɔnta tobi tobi matʊ pɩtɩŋna ɖaɣnɩɣ pɩsɩnaʊ nɛ tʊkaɣ ɖʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ), ɖɩlɩna tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ pɛrɩsanɩ tʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Al-Khwarizmi. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa maɣzɩm tɔmpee naayɛ piŋ ana yɔ se patɩlɩ ñɩm peyebinam akɔnta labʊ, tɛtʊ maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tɛyʊʊ, tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɖooo canaʊ Egipiti nɛ Babiloni ɛyaa tɛ lɛ paatɛma wɛnaʊ laɣsɩ nzɩ mbʊ pakpaɣna nɛ pala pa-akɔnta yɔ. Eyaa mba paasɩma kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tɔm. Babiloni ɛyaa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔyɛ labʊ nʊmɔŋ takayasɩ lɛɣtʊ halɩ pʊcɔ Euclid alɩwaatʊ. Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Papirus Rhind (weyi paasɩ-ɩ Museum Londrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1650 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ ɩɩwɛɛ, taa kaawɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ se pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɛyɩ kuluŋuluu kpɔnɔ naa 100 ɛyaa hiu pa-taa kɔyɔ mɛlɛ sayʊ, tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ feŋiyu kʊyʊm, nɛ pa-taa paa weyi mʊwaɣ nabʊlɛ tɛ. Ɛzɩma pɛcɛlɛ kʊyʊm.
Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ wɩlɩɣ se Pise Léonard weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Fibonacci kɔŋna-tʊ nɛ Afrika nɔmɔŋ wobitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Paasɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ Gerbert Aurillac tʊ, kaalaba tɩ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ Cordoue, nɛ ɛtɔ se pakpa Krɩstʊ mba nɛ pacaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tʊ yee ɛpɩsɩ papa pɩnaɣ kudoku tɛ ŋga taa kɔyɔ pʊpʊ alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-ɩ se Sylvestre 2 tʊ. Papa Gerbert Arillac tʊ kaakɔŋna pɩnaɣ 1000 alɩwaatʊ kɛ mayaɣ 0, Ɛndɩ tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaalubina-kɛ Al-Khwarizmi nɛ Abu Kamil, ɛyaa pa nɛ paa-naalɛ papa ñaayeba nɛ patɩlɩ-kɛ ampiiri kpeekpe taa nɛ Cordou tɩŋa taa.


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Ɛgandɩyɛ
Anasaayɩ ɛgandɩyɛ kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ pahʋlʋʋ-kʋ kʋhʋlʋ yɔ. Kwivri kelekele ñɩŋgʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu polukina anasaayɩ ɛgandɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ hɔzʋʋ tɩyɛ. Anasaayɩ ɛgandɩyɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 1,50 yɔ mbʋ yɔ.
Anasaayɩ agandɛ wena polubina lɛɛtɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔ, akɩlɩ ɖɔʋ kɛ wena polubina kwivri kekekele ñɩŋgʋ yɔ. Yee ɖɩkpaɣ anasaayɩ agandɛ mɩnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se poluba agandɛ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ lɛɛtɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu. Pʋcɔ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛhʋlɩ anasaayɩ ɛgandɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se feziŋ ɛtalɩ-ɩ ɖeu. Mbʋ payaɣ se didgeridoo yɔ, mbʋ kɛkɛŋna kajalaɣ ɛgandɩyɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ anasaayɩ agandɛ lubu. Papazɩ-yɛ lubu yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ naadozo mbʋ yɔ.
Paana anasaayɩ aganda naayɛ naalɛ Toutânkhamon pɩlaʋ tɛ kumoɖe taa. Poluba lɛɛɖɛ nɛ sika nɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɛ liidiye ñɩɣyʋʋ.
Anasaayɩ agandɛ wena pahʋlʋʋ Room ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ : cornu, nɛ buccin, nɛ pɩtasɩna lituus.


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Ban Ki-moon
Ban Ki-Moon kɛ Koore nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1944 n̄ɩŋga taa Eumseong tɛtʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Ban Ki-Moon kɛŋna sɔnɔdaa kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ. Ɖooo ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔʋ yɔ, ɛyaa lʋbɛ tɛmna kɛʋ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayaa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Ɖajaa Ban Ki-Moom kɛ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ lutozo ñɩnʋ. Ɖajaa Kofi Annan kɛ ɛlɛɣzaa.
Ɖajaa Ban Ki-Moon nɩɣ kʋnʋmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛnɩ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ, ɛnɩɩ ɛŋglisi kʋnʋŋ, ɛnɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ caama kʋnʋŋ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛjaɖɛ taa kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2007 taa palɩzɩ Ɖajaa Ban Ki-Moon se ɛkɛ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ. Ɛlaba pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ-ɩ lɩzʋʋ se ɛtasɩ ɖiyiɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ lakɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ takayaɣ taa mayʋ kɩfalʋ.
Yee mbʋ, Ɖajaa Ban Ki-Moon tʋmɩyɛ labʋ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ taa sʋ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛsɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paɖaɣna-ɩ lɩzʋʋ se ɛtasɩ kɛʋ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ nabʋlɛ ɖeɖe.
Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm (21) n̄ɩŋg wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa.


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Zɔɔrziyaa
Zɔɔrziyaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Zɔɔrziyaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Atlanta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Karoliinii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ atlantikii kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Alabaamaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Floriidii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ teneesii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Atlantaa nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Zɔɔrziyaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 154 077 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 150 132 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 945 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 042 379 yɔ.
Payaɣ Zɔɔrziyaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Nathan Deal (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: David Perdue (R) nɛ Johnny Isakson (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Antonio Vivaldi
Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Antonio Lucio Vivaldi yɔ, ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanaza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1678 n̄ɩŋga taa Venise tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1741 n̄ɩŋga taa Vienne tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa Antonio Lucio Vivaldi kɛ wondu luɖu nɛ fiyoolɔɔ maɖʋ sɔsɔ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Fiyoolɔɔ wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ kabɩyɛ taa mbʋ ɖɩyaɣ se cɩmʋʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa Antonio Lucio Vivaldi kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɛ laʋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ cejewiye katolika taa. Eyeba nɛ pasɩmɩ-ɩ siŋŋ ɛ-kpaɖʋʋ taa pɩlɩɩna ɛ-cɩmʋʋ mabʋ yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Itaaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kajalaɣ Ɛsɔ wendu luɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Fiyoolɔɔ mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi fɛyɩna ɖaɣʋ. Pʋwɛ ɛzɩ palʋla-ɩ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɛtɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɖɩ kɩkpɛlɛkʋ yɔ. Aseɣɖe lɩzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi ɖɛna nɔɔ fiyoolɔɔ mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛ-kpaɖʋʋ tɩŋa taa.
Papɩzɩɣ pɛkɛdɩ Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi tʋma nɛ Ɖajaa Bach ñɩna. Ɛlɛ kɛ kɛkɛ fiyoolɔɔ maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɛ wendu luɖu nɛ minziki maɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ ɛlɛ tɛ kpaɖʋʋ taa.


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Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm
Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm, pɩkɛ politiki tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa lakaɣ se pɩsa nɛ pɛ-tɛ ampiiri waa paɣlɩ yɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pacakɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kewiyaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ payaa se ampiiri. John Atkinson Hobson cɔlɔ lɛ, ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 paɣzɩtʊ wɛɛ taa kɛlɛ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩtatasɩ pɩkɛ ampiiri tɔm ɛzɩ pɩɩkɛʊ Pax Romana alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Rudolf Hilferding, Rosa Luxemburg, nɛ Lénine ɛ nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛmaa nɛ ɛtɔŋ ka-taa se lalaa ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ, pɩkɛ menɖeke ma-ñɩm ɖoŋ alɩwaatʊ (pɩnaɣ 1916), ɛɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊʊ Hobson tɔm nɛ eyele nɛ tɩtɔyɩ ɛyaa tɩŋa cɔlɔ. Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, lalaa ñʊŋ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm kɛ alɩwatʊ ndʊ menɖeke ma-ñɩm tɩnaa kpa ɖoŋ piŋ yɔ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ huuu lɩmaɣza yeke koŋ yɔɔ pamazɩɣ pɩtɛkɛ politiki tɔm.
Lalaa ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm ñɔza mɩzasɩ yasʊʊ tɔm ndʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa kaalaba yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna Versaille tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ tɔm yɔɔ lɛ Ositralii mʊ Kinee Kifalʊʊ tɛtʊ Caama mba nesi tɛɛ nɛ pɩtasɩna Bougainville lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ nɛ pɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tindimiye C nɖɛ.
Versaille tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ yebina nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ pɩlʊʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Waɖɛ takayaɣ ŋga se ɛcɔna ajɛyɛ yɔɔ halɩ nɛ Namibii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkaɣ ñɔʊʊ yɔ yɔɔ kpazɩ ɖoŋ piŋ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ajɛyɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1990. Zelande kɩfalʊʊ mʊ waɖɛ takayaɣ C ŋga kɛ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cɔlɔ pɩlɩna Caama Samoa ɛyaa yɔɔ.


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Bashō Matsuo
Matsuo Bashō kɛ Sapɔŋ tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Matsuo Bashō ɛnʋ pɩnaɣ 1644 n̄ɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa Matsuo Bashō ɛnʋ yɔ, payaɣ size Iga-Ueno.
Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Matsuo Bashō sɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Sapɔŋ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Ōsaka. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ size Bashō yɔ. Hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ, nɖɩ-ɩ pakɩla-ɩ yaʋ ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tʋbʋʋ kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size "ɛyabɩyɛ tɩʋ".
Ɖajaa sʋsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ tɛtʋ taa.
Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa koosi maɖaa naanaza sɔsaɣ hɩla kɔ yɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Bashō, nɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Buson, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Issa, nɛ pɩtɛmna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Shiki. Koosi maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛna-ɩ palʋkaɣna ɖama yɔ, ɛlɛ hɩɖɛ lɛ Akira Kisaï.