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Ladibiye
Ladibiye kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɛna ɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ yɔ. Ladibiye wɛ ladɩyɛ yaa hɩnɛ cɔlɔ kpam. Ladibe kpɛnda naalɛ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ladibiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɖɩtasɩ kpaʊ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛpɛlɩ ɛ- kpɩnɛ nɖɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna kpaʊ yekɛ, ɛlɛ ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛ-kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɛlɩɣ-ɖɩ. Ladibe wɛna waɣzaɣ sɔsɔwa sɩŋŋŋ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wezu caɣʊ taa.
Ladibe taa kɛ kɩjɛbɛyʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩsaŋ se ɛyʊ ɛsʊna halʊ lɛ, ɛna ɛhalʊ ɛnʊ pakɩjɛbɛyɩŋ kpɛndɩɣ lɛ, pɩla se hɔɔ kɔma pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ palʊilɩu pɩɣa. Pɩtasɩɩna pɩya lʊlʊʊ yeke. Ladibe taa kɛ hɩm cakɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩɩ-pʊ. Ñɩnɩya ñɩna nɛ pana se, ɛyʊ calɩm taa lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɩtasʊ-ɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, ladibe hɔŋna-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ nɛ pisidi hɩm taa.


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Ɛsɔ
Yuuda n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ-ɩ se « YHWH » yaa « Elohim ». Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Trinitaa kiɖeɖeu ». Iizilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Allah ». Zoroaste ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Ahura Mazdâ ».
Ɛsɔ kɛ Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlaba kedeŋa nɛ eɖiyiɣ-kɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩkpaɖa pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ wɛna pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʊ- n̄ʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɛ pʊwɛɛ. Ɛkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛnʊ tɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛ-cɔlɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋa lɩɣna. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɔŋ kpeekpe lɩɣna. Ɛnʊ yakɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊʊ. Ɛsɔ paŋ ɛ-tɩ wɩlʊʊ kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ lɛɛlɛyɔ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Lɛlaa se ɛwɛɛ. Mba pɔtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yɔ, petisaa se eɖeke koŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ. Se Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ tatasɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɩtasɩna-ɩ. Mba seɣtiɣna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛna lidaʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ nɛ pehiɣ n̂ʊʊ yabʊtʊ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ n̂ɛwɛɛ kpem nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Ɛsɔ. Se kedeŋa lɩ ka-tɩ yɔɔ yem.
Toovenum lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛza kuliye nʊmɔʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ hendu teu taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔ sakɩyɛ takayɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛ-tɔm tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Tobi taa se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, paa mba pakpakɩɣ Ɛsɔ se ɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ lɛlaa n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛwa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa mba lɛ pe-tisim cɔlɔ yaa pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ-wɛ ndʊ tɩ-cɔlɔ.

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Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pañɩnɩɣ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ cikpelaɣ nakayɛ ñʋʋ. Patɩŋɩɣna kʋ-yɔɔ nɛ pamaɣzɩ nɛ pekpeɣ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ. Kɩkalʋʋ palakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ. Pʋcɔna patɩlɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ lɛ, pacalɩɣna kɩkalʋʋ labʋ ageeta cikpene ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pɩtɛŋ lɛ, pâla kɩgalʋʋ ageeta sɔsɔna sɔsɔna taa.
Pɩtɛŋ payɩ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ palaba kɩkalʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩlɩ mbʋ yɔ. Yee pɔtɔʋ caca nakʋyʋ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pala kɩkalʋʋ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ ñʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔ caca ŋ́gʋ. Pɛtɛŋ-kʋ laba lɛ, pɩha nʋmɔʋ nɛ pɔtɔ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔʋ yɔ.
Cacanaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, pɔtɔʋ caca. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ maalika lɔŋpasɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ haɖaa awiya lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ.
Piyele kaɖasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, kewiyaɣ cakɩna nɛ kɩmaɣzɩ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ nɛ kʋcɔna nɛ kɩlɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ kasɩɩ-sɩ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kaɖɩsɩ nzɩ kewiyaɣ sɩɣna-sɩ kɩsɩʋ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, sɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ minisiwaa ndɩ ndɩ. Tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa cikpema ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Nesi tɛɛ tʋma cikpene nɛ sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Kantɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ awiya.
Kɩkalʋʋ labʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ yem kɩkalʋʋ wɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ nɛ kikpeɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ.


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Caanaʊ (Antiquité)
Caanaʊ kɛ tɔm kɩpɩndʊ alɩwaatʊ. Pɩtɩŋna matʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ yɔɔ kɛ caanaʊ tɔm lɛɛzɩ pʊcɔ caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kɩbɩnjazɩ alɩwaatʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ taawɛna matʊ ɛlɛ pama-tʊ ɛyaa nabayɛ tɛ takayaasɩ taa. Paɖʊ-tʊ ɛsɩndaa ɖeɖe tɔm taa.
Pɩkpaɣna ɖooo pʊcɔ caanaʊ tɔm ŋkɔɔ ntalɩ caanaʊ maɣmaɣ tɛ tɔm alɩwaatʊ kɛ wɛɣɛ sakɩyɛ lɩwa nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛwɛ pʊcɔ pʊtɔma Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ yaa pʊtɔma Ɖeɖe ɖeɖe alɩwaatʊ pɩlɩna ɛsakuluye cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna kɩyaakɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩnŋa kedeŋga ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa antiquus nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩbɩndʊ yaa caanaʊ.
Erɔpʊ tɛ ɖeɖe tɔm tɛ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se caanaʊ lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ pɩkɛ matʊ ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ Mɛdɩtɛranɩ teŋguu nɔ yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ kpaɣ pʊcɔ ɖeɖe tɔm alɩwaatʊ wayi nɛ pʊcɔ ndalɩ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛkɩyaa nee mʊyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ paɣzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ naanza cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu-Chrɩstʊ (Pɩnzɩ 3500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-C, 3000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-C) pɩnɛ matʊ lʊbɩtʊ Mésopotamie nɛ Egipiti ajɛyɛ taa. Alɩwaatʊ tɩtɛma pɩtɩŋna tuda tɛ sʊʊ kɛ Azii nɛ Erɔpʊ tɛ hɔŋ taa kpaɣɖʊ 5 cɔlɔ (300 nɛ 600 pɩnzɩ taa).
Amerika ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda caanaʊ tɔm nɛ pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kɩpaɣzɩna pɩnzɩ 1200 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩzɩɣ matʊ kɩwɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɩmaɣza mɛfɛyɩ nɩɣʊ waa pɩlɩna Olmèque cɔlɔ nɛ tɩtɛ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ paɣzɩ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna Erɔpʊ mba tɛ talɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋ kpaagba Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ (Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ fɛyɩ).
Azii pɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, wɛɣɛ a-naa atɛma kpam pɩnzɩ -200, pɩnɛ Qin kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga katʊlɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ Chola kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Paɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ ndɩ ɖɩkpɛlɛkʊʊ kɩbɩndʊʊ ɛsakuliye kɛ Caanaʊ kɩbɩnɩɣʊ tɔm, ŋgʊ kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛsɩnda ɖeɖe tɔm yɔ.


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Giuseppe Verdi
Palʊla Giuseppe Verdi kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Rɔnkɔlɩ tɛtʊ taa, Fransɩ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 1901, Miilaŋ tɛtʊ taa kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-lʊlʊʊ takayaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ se Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Joseph Fortunin François Verdi Charles nɛ ɛkɛ agɔma ɖɩsɩ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Louise Uttini, ɛlɛ kɛ pɩzatʊ tɔyʊ.
Ɛkɛ wendu luɖu nɛ cɩmɩŋ maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛwɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ cɩmɩŋ yɔɔ maɣzɩm lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa. Cɩmɩŋ maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX taa. Ɛ-kpaɖaʊ taa ɛnɛ cɩmɩŋ maɖaa nɛ wendu teya mba pɛkpɛnda nɛ pala tʊma yɔ, nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : Bellini, Donizetti, Puccini nɛ Rossini
Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa ɛkɩla ɛ-tʊma labʊ yɔ, nzɩ lɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1835 nɛ 1901 sɩ-taa. Ɛ-wɩlɩyaa kɔyɔ: Ferdinando Provesi, Vincenzo nɛ Lavigna. Ɛ-halaa kɔyɔ: Margherita Barezzi nɛ Giuseppina Strepponi.


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N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ, pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋkʋ palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ ɖuluɖe taa yɔ. Pɩzatʋ naalɛ kɩlakɩna tʋmɩyɛ. Patʋʋ n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ n̄ɩndʋ ɛjɔʋ pɔʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛɛ n̄ɩndʋ n̄alɩɣna n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tɛɛ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nɩɩnaza nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ polubu kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ yɔ. Nesi pɔcɔzaɣna-ɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛn̄ɛyɩɣ. Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, latiri miŋ pɛn̄ɛyɩɣna-ɩ. Pʋpɔzʋʋ latiriki miŋ wondu natʋyʋ wuɖuwuɖu nɛ pʋcɔ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ papɩzɩ pɛn̄ɛyɩna-ɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kɛlɛʋ. Pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʋpɔzʋʋ wondu natʋyʋ n̄ɩɩɩ n̄ɩɩɩ se, pʋcɔ papɩzɩ pacɔnɩna mayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ yaa pʋyʋ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ siŋŋ yɔ.
Pɔsɔ kajalaɣ ɖajanaa mba pɛlɛyɩ lubu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ sɔnɔ. Mbaa yɔ: Amerika tʋ weyi payaɣ se, Elias Howe yɔ nɛ Caama tʋ weyi payaɣ ɛ́lɛ se, Balthasar Krems yɔ nɛ Thomas Saint ɛ́lɛ kɛ Enkilisi tʋ nɛ Otirisi tʋ, payaɣ ɛ́lɛ se, Yoosɛfʋ Maderspeger.
Toovenum lɛ, kajalaɣ weyi ɛlɛyɩ lubu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɖajaa N̄ɛyɩyʋ Barthélemy Thimonnier. Ɛkɛ francɩɩ tʋ, Lyon egetiye taa palʋla-ɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1830 n̄ɩŋga taa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ takayaɣ. Ɛsaɣ-kʋ nɛ ɖasɩ nɛ ɛmɛyɩ-kʋ nɛ nɩmaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ caŋ caŋ, kɛwɛ ɛzɩ lɩyʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩpazaɣ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ pɔŋ 200 miniti kʋɖʋmʋʋ taa. Pɩɩpɔzaa se, sɔɔjanaa isuu aŋkoo; pʋ-yɔɔ n̄ɛyɩ tokonaa 80 se ɛɖʋna-wɛ hɩɖɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, luɖaa sakɩyɛ lakaɣ tʋma nɛ pe-nesi kɛnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ palakaɣ n̄ɩyɩtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjɔʋ ɖeke. Piyebina nɛ payaa Madesperger n̄ɩɣyʋʋ se, "Nesi nzɩ sɩn̄ɛyɩɣ yɔ".
Amerika tʋ, ɖajaa Walter Hunt calɩna labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "Naavɛɛtɩ" yɔ pɩnaɣ 1834 taa. Pɩzatʋ naalɛ ɛtʋwaɣ kɩ-taa nɛ ɛlakɩna tʋmɩyɛ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɖajaa Elias Howe tɩŋnaa nɛ ɛ́lɛ lu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "Brevet" yɔ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɩlɩ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ ɖeu, ɛlɛ, piteɖena-ɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛkʋyaa ewolo Ɛngilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa se ɛtasɩ-kʋ maɣzʋʋ nɛ ɛna. Ɖajaa Isaac Merrit Singer lubi n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ kʋkʋ kɩlɩ ɖeu lɛɛŋ pɩnaɣ 1851 taa, ɛlɛ, pʋwɛɛ se, ɛɖaɣnɩ-kʋ n̄ɔɔzʋʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Mbʋ hana-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1851 taa ɛsɩɩ kajalaɣ "Brevet" nɛ ɛtʋlɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɛdɩɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ weyi palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣ se " I.M. Singer & Co". Mbʋ yebina nɛ piɖena-ɩ. Peeye ɖajaa Elias Howe ya-ɩ tɔm Tɔm hʋyaa sɔsaa cɔlɔ nɛ pahʋʋ ɛ-tɔm ndʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1854 taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛtakpaɣ pʋyʋ ɖajaa Isaac Merrit Singer cɔlɔ tɔm hʋʋ taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɔɔzɩ kʋ camɩyɛ kpem se paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlabɩna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
N̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ weyi Fransɩɩ n̄ɩma luba yɔ, ekeɖewaɣ pɩŋŋ kewiyaɣ naalɛ n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajanaa pɛnɛ polubina-ɩ: Peugeot nɛ Hurtu nɛ Journaux Leblond nɛ Brion nɛ Reimann. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1868 taa payaɣ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se, "brevet" yɔ naavɛɛtɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ. Sʋsɔ Pierre Cobet yana takayaɣ ŋ́ga. Pɛpɛdɩna Pegeot hɔʋ "Brevet" nɛ "hɩɖɛ". Ŋ́gʋ lubina takayaɣ ŋgaa "Audincourt" tɛtʋ taa. Pasɩwaɣ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kɩn̄ɛyɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Paarii yɔ tɩ-taa se pana ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ ɖeu lɛ, ɖajaa Benjamin Peugeot paha "Hɩɖɛ Ɖʋʋ" Samtʋ takayaɣ. Ɛnʋʋ pakpaɣa se, eluba n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1871 taa Caama tʋ ɖajaa Kayser maɣzaa nɛ elu wonuu nakʋyʋ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʋcɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ɛjɔʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛn̄ɛyʋʋ awiya tokonaa laŋa taa mɛɖʋmɛɖʋ nɛ pacanɩɣna-wɛ. Alɩsaasɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, ɖajaa Caroline Garcin maɣzaa nɛ ɛ́lɛ lu n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋhɔŋ nɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, piiliwaa ɖeke paɖʋwaɣ nɛ pehikiɣ laatriki miŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1873 taa ɖajaa Ward luba kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ yem waaa, kɩ-tɛɛ fɛyɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ mayaɣ "Elna" polubina-kʋ nɛ kɩn̄ɛyɩɣ nesi tokonaa nɛ pantalaŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa ɖajaa Pfad luba n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ kɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ ki-mootɛɛrɩ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩn̄ɛyʋʋ pazɩ kiwoni n̄ɛyɩtʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Ŋ́gʋ yebina nɛ pɛn̄ɛyɩɣ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ tʋtʋ yɔɔ takɩlɩ liidiye caaa.


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Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ, Latɛŋ taa lɛ lingua Latīna ou Latīna lingua kɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa nɛ kiɖetɛ lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ nɛ Latium nɛ Room antique pa-da. Nɛ paa pamaazɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩsɩbʊ kɔyɔ kɩ-tɛ tɩlɩtʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ labɩnaʊ wɛɛ Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋzi nasɩyɛ tɛ laya kpeekpe cɔlɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ paɖɩna kʊ wɩlɩʊ sukuli na cɩkpema taa nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖoye se palɩzɩna tɔmpe kɩfana sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewaa sakɩyɛ taa. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-halɩbɩya, Romanɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ payaɣ nabʊyʊ taa se Latɛŋ waa kɩfama, eyeke koŋ ɛwɛna Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlɩŋga taa. Pɩlɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩɣ wɛɛ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ ɖooo pʊcɔ italii romanɩ alɩwaatʊ takayasɩ taa, ɛlɛ paɖʊ-tʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yaa paɖʊ-tʊ ajɛyɛ tamsʊ nɔɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ndʊ paya se Empɩrɩ.
Roma kɩbɩnɩʊ tɛ tɛtʊ walʊ wɩlɩʊ ɛzima Latɛŋ mɩza sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ pɩkpaʊ na kpaɖʊ naatozo ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ yɔ. kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ Empɩrɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ. kɩwalɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔlʊʊ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kɩŋ nɛ Azii cɩkpelʊʊ taa nɛ Danubɩ ageetaa taa. Empɩrɩ tɛɛ lɛ Latɛŋ kɛ waɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ komina tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛRomanɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩnɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ ageetaa taa kʊnʊmɩŋ.


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Ñʊʊ
Ñʊʊ kɛna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ piliŋa ŋga kɛwɛna ɛ-hayʊ kiŋ kpaagbaa yɔ. Payaaʊ se ñʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩcɛlɩɣna weyi ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ yaa nɔɔ-ɖɛyʊ yɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ payaɣ weyi eɖiyu ɛjaɖɛ yɔ se tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, ɛnʊ ɖɛɣna ɛyaa kpeekpe nɔɔ nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa eɖi aseɣɖe naɖɩyɛ kɛ pa-hɩɖɛ taa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñazɩyaa nɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ tɩnaa se ɛjaɖɛ taa ñʊŋ. Pɩwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, papɩsɩɣ payaa nɔɔyʊ se ñʊʊtʊ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ yɔɔ yaa ɛ-tʊmɩyɩ labʊ taa.
Ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ñʊŋ yɛlɩyaa nɛ pɔtɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa mba pañɩnɩɣ ñʊntaa lɔŋzɩnɖɛ tɩnaa yɔ. Natʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-tʊ se ñʊʊ yɔkʊʊ, nɛ pɔtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ eɖeke nɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ehiliziɣ eyeke koŋ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, yee pacaɣ se pɔyɔɔdɩ se akele kɛ mɛ-ɛyʊ yaa matɩnayɩ pilim kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se: matɩna-ɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ nɛ ɛ-ñɔsɩ.
Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yʊʊ yɔ kɛ pilinzi sɔsɔsɩ kɩla wɛʊ kpem yɔ: peeɖe ñʊdaakaɣ wɛɛ, kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ñɔsɩ, limaɣ ne kiɖe pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ; ñʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛsɛ, lɩkpaɣzasɩ nɛ naŋgbaaŋ pɛwɛɛ; ñʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kɛ nɩŋgbaaŋ nɛ mɔɔŋ pɛwɛɛ, pɩtasɩnanɔɔ, tamaɣ nɛ ndoma pɛwɛɛ.


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Gɔɔlɩfʋ you tɔm
You laba mbʊ nɛ kɩyakɩŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, Fransɩɩ tɛ minisiɖi weyi ɛcɔŋna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʊ yɔɔ yɔ, Jean-Pierre Chevènement ma takayaɣ nɛ etiyina ñʊʊ tʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ François Mitterrand nɛ eheɣ-ɩ se ɛnʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ you yɔ ɛtatasɩ sɔɔlɩɣ se ɛkɛ minisiɖi. Jean-Pierre Chevènement taa wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɩzʊ nɛ ɛzɩma Fransɩɩ nɛ Amerika mba paɖʊ nɔsɩ kɛ you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ. Jean-Pierre Chevènement, weyi ɛkɛ pɩndɩ-tʊ nɛ esʊŋ yaa ɛkʊyʊ kpelaɣ yɔɔ yɔ, François Mitterrand caŋ ɛlɛzɩ-ɩ nɛ Pierre Joxe.
Koweït tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
You paɣza nɛ pɩlaba kɩyakɩŋ niitozo lɛ, Iran tɛ sɔɔjanaa kpɩɩ powondu kɛ Koweït ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pese nɛ peyele nɛ pawayɩ kɛ pɔ-hɔzɩŋ nɛ po-yoŋ lɔɔɖa sɔsɔna. Kɩyakɩŋ niitozo wayɩ ñɩɩtʊ nakʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yɔɔ ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔɔ kɛ Irak ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ-tʊ Saddam Hussein yɔɔda kaɣlaa kɛ Radio-Bagdad taa size ɛ-tɛ sɔɔjanaa paɣzɩpo-hondʊ kpɩyʊʊ kɛ Koweït tɛtʊ taa. Ɖanaɣ wɩsɩ kɔma se sɩhɛlɩɣ lɛ Koweït tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, samaɣ kpɛsɩ nɛ papazɩ pamʊ Amerika sɔɔjanaa camɩyɛ kpem. Pɩkazɩ nɛ Irak tɛ sɔɔjanaa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔɖɩɣ, pɩkɛna kʊzɔɔtʊ tɔm. Amerika sɔɔjanaa nɛ pa-tabalaa pɛwɛ naŋgɩɣ Irak tɛ sɔɔjanaa kɛ Bassorah haba yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣʊ yem. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ hiu sɩm nɛ pakpa sɔɔjanaa ɛzɩ kutokiŋ ɛzɩ nanza yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 28 kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Amerika tɛtʊ ñʊʊ-tʊ George Bush yɔɔdɩ se pɩsɩɩna mbʊ, malɩfanaa ɛtaatasɩ kou peeɖe.
Irak tɩlʊʊ Koweït[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
You tɛma mbʊ lɛ, Bagdad se ŋgʊ na mbʊ se Koweït lɛ, pʊwɛ se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yeli ɛzɩ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ. Pɩsana nɛ Irak tɛ ñɩm hʊʊ lɛ, kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1990 kaasʊ Koweït tɛtʊ taa se pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, kɩhɩʊ kaɖazɩm. Pʊkɔm kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 17 ñɩŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1991 lɛ, Etats-Unis ñʊʊ-tɖaŋgɩ se pɩtaatasɩ mbʊ labʊ. Ɛlɛ, kɩyakɩŋ 3 nɛ 9 wiye pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ONU tɛ piliŋga ŋga kɔcɔŋna ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ yɔɔ yɔ kañɩɣ nesɩ size Iran nɛ Koweït pɛhɛkʊ taa you ŋgʊ kɩhɛɛ mbʊ.


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Kujomuu sɔsɔʋ
Lɩm huyi kujomuu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kujomuu ŋgʊ, kɩwɛ tɛtʊ nɖʊ payaɣ se Arizona yɔ nɛ tɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ kujomiŋ tɩŋɛ. Colorado pɔɔ kpemna sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩla se puyi kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Puhuyi-kʊ piyaɣ ŋga payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Colorado yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 ñɩŋga taa pɔcɔzɩ kujomuu ŋgʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ kɩpɩsɩ ɛsɩyɛ ɛgbena loniye sɔsɔyɛ. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 4 927. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa naanza nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ woki nɛ panaɣ kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-laŋ wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-taa tɛtɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ yeba nɛ pɩnaɣ 1979 ñɩŋga taa UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɣ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ se ŋgʊ kɛŋna kedeŋa kpeekpe ñɩm sɔsɔm. UNESCO kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ ɛzakuliye nʊmɔʊ taa nɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ sukuli labʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ wobunaʊ ɛsɩndaa nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Arizona yɔ tɩ-taa ɖeyiɖeyi. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwalaa nɛ kɩɖaɣlɩ nɛ kɩtɛ kiliŋi pɩfɛyɩ kɛdʊʊ. Kɩɖaɣlaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 450. Kɩwɛ Powell lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Mead ñɩŋgʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Kɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ, kɩwɛ Arozona tɛtʊ taa laʊ ŋgʊ pɔsɔza-kʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ awayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ kɩ-taa yɔ. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ, kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kilomɛtanaa 350. Kiliŋaa pɩɖɛɛ mɛtanaa 1 300 yɔɔ. Ki-likaŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 2 000. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ kilomɛtanaa 5,5. Hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ, kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 30. Toovenum lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ kujomiŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkɩlɩ liŋuu kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ. Kujomiŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ liŋuu Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ yɔ : Colca kujomuu, ki-likaŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 3 400. Cotahuasi kujomuu likaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtanaa 3 550. Kujomiŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ ɛnɛ ɛwɛ Peruu ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kujomuu sɔsɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ-kʊ se Yarlung Tsangpo kujomuu. Nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Mɛkɩsiikɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kʊkʊ payaɣ se Barranca del Cobre kujomuu. Lɛɛkʊ ñɛwɛ Idaho ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kʊkʊ hɩɖɛ lɛ Hells kujomuu. Kujomiŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-tɩŋɛ payɩ ɛkɩlɩ likaŋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kujomuu sɔsɔʊ.


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Aŋŋwana
Aŋŋwana pɩsa-ɖʊ mbʊ pɩwazɩɣ-ɖʊ paa ɖooye yɔ. Mbʊ palakɩna aŋŋwanaa mba yɔ patasa-pʊ naʊ pʊɖɔɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ polubu-wɛ lɛ, pakpakɩɣ mbʊ polukina yɔ, polimɛɛrɩ, nɛ pañaɣzɩ nɛ piyoli nɛ palɩzɩ mbʊ pɔzɔɔlaa yɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ polimɛɛrɩ ŋgʊ cɩŋgɩlɩm yaa ŋgʊ kizida ya nɛ polubina aŋŋwanaa yaa wondu ndʊ palakina aŋŋwanaa mba yɔ. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ poluba wondu sakɩyɛ nɛ aŋŋwanaa nɛ pɩwazɩɣ ɛzɩ mbʊ pɩdaakʊ ɛyʊ yaa pɩdaŋgɩ se paa ɛyʊ ɛtɔlaa lɛ pɩtaanɩ-ɩ yɔ.
Ñɩiɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tikotuu yem yaa tɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ aŋŋwanaa yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ. Ɖooo lɛ pɔlɔwaɣ aŋŋwanaa mba pɛwɛɛkaa yɔ ɛlɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ paɖaɣnɩɣ-wɛɛ kpaɣʊ nɛ polubina wondu kɩfatʊ. Aŋŋwanaa lubiyaa hikuu pa-tɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paykɩ nɛ pawazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ paa le.


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Arɩzaɣ
Tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ payaɣ se arɩzaɣ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɛ siimii wonuu nakʊyʊ. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu nakʊyʊ. Pama se «Ag» yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ. Arɩzaɣ mayaɣ kɛ 47. Nabʊyʊ taa yɔ, payaɣ arɩzaɣ se metaliki yaa arɩzaɣ metalɩ. Ɛlɛ, tɔsʊʊ laɖaa ñaɖʊ tokaɣ nakɛyɛ arɩzaɣ metalɩ nɛ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Papa kpaɣ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ se ŋgʊʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ tɔsɩŋ nʊmɔŋ taa.
Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa palakɩna arɩzaɣ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Palakɩ arɩzaɣ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ sowɛyerii (joaillerie) nɛ Ɔrɩfɛvrerii (orfèvrerie) pa-taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, pakpaɣ arɩzaɣ se kɩkɛ metalɩ kɩñɩlɩnzʊʊ. Pakpaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩkɛ metalɩ ŋgʊ pohuuzuuna nabʊyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Metalɩ ŋgʊ lɛ, kalɩvanoplastii (galvanoplastie) lɛɣtʊ palakɩna-kʊ.
- Palakɩ liidiye pɔɔyasɩ nɛ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ.
- Pɩnaɣ 1976 taa arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ palabɩna liidiye pɔɔyaɣ nɩɩnʊwa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
- Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ elɛkɩtroniki nɛ laatriki pa-nʊmɔŋ taa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ hɔŋ laatriki miŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ [[kwivri] ñɩɣyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩhɔŋ laatriki miŋ payɩ yɔ tɩ-taa lɛ, arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩlɩɣna laatriki miŋ hɔm.
- Palakɩ ɖɔɖɔ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ fotonaa lɩzʊʊ lɛɣtʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.
- Minziiki nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩ-ñɩɣyʊʊ palakɩna minziiki ndɩ ndɩ.
- Arɩzaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣyʊʊ tɔtɔyɩ, mbʊ labɩna nabɛyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se kɩtatɩɩfɛyɩ.


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Maŋgʊ
Maŋgʊʊ tɩŋ lʊʊlʊna maŋgʊʊ piye pɩkɛ tɩŋ sɔsɔɔ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Anacardiaceae cejewiye taa. Kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Pirimanii laaŋ taa ɖeeɖe kʊñɔʊ yem yem yɔ. Tɩŋ ŋgʊ Mangifera indica wɛna kɩ-hatʊ nɛ ndɩ nɛ tɩwɛ Kpɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ pɩndɩɩm. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖeede paya-kʊ se manga nɛ Malayalam ɖanɩɣ yaʊ se മാങ്ങ, māṅga tʊtʊ ñalɩna tamuuli மாங்காய், māṅgāy .
Payaɣ-kʊ se maŋgʊʊ yem tɩŋ lɛɛŋ pee Irvingia tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpɛɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ kɩkpɛɛdɩŋ nɛ ɛ-daa mʊtʊ wɛ lemuu sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ yɔ ɛtamsɩna Irvingiaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe. Maŋgʊʊ wɛna mʊtʊ nɛ tɩhɛkʊʊ taa wɛ piye naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛ tayi nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tuu. Ɖɩwɛ kulukulu ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tɔnʊʊ yaa kpɛɛdɩŋ yaa sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛ lɩm kpɛɛdʊʊ ɛyʊ taa nɛ mbʊ lɛ, pɩsaŋ tɔʊʊ.
Kɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pʊwɛ num pʊɖɔkʊʊ pʊwɛ leleeŋ nɛ pɩlɩɣ sɔzɩŋ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna maŋgʊʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, yaa yee maŋgʊʊ piye ɛkɩlɩɣ sɛʊ kɔyɔ kɩyɔɔ cɔntʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩhɛ cɛɛnzɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Puda ɛsɔ tɔm yɔ lɛ maŋgʊʊ yɛla pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ kikpanzɩ ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ Malɛzii nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpagba ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini nɔmɔŋ woɖa nɛ lonaa cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ taa woɖa talɩna-ɖɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɛndɩ. Arabɩ mba ñataŋna-ɖɩ Orient nɛ Afrika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa wona-ɖɩ Preezili nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ taa. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛyɔ tɩ-taa yɔ pahayʊʊ maŋgʊʊ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ a-hadɛ kiŋ taa ajɛyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ maŋgɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-talɩɣ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ sakɩyɛ.


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Ñɩɣtʋ hɔm ɖoŋ (magnétisme)
Ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ. Ɖoŋ weyi ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ñɩɣtʋ hɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ pɩhaɣna ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ lɛɛtʋ.
Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, pʋwɛ paa ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa. Ɛlɛ, « champ magnétique » wɛtʋ ñɩɣyʋʋ taa lɩɣna ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ ki-feveku cɔlɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee ñɩɣyʋʋ feveku ɛsa miŋ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, kɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa pɩkɩlɩ. Payaɣ nabʋyʋ se « pression », pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ se tɩhɔ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ.
Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ɛɛmaɣ waa. Ɛɛmaɣ waa wɛna mbʋ payaɣ se « moments magnétiques » waa yɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « ferromagnétisme » yɔ pɩhaɣna « moments magnétiques » waa.
Paa mbʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa « moments magnétiques » waa wɛɛ. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋi tɩ-taa « moments magnétiques » waa fɛyɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « paramagnétiques » waa yɔ. Paba ñahaɣna-tʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ.
Ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ lɛ, tʋtʋ cuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « diamagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ tʋtʋ tɩ-taa, mbʋ yekina nɛ tucuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « antiferromagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ taa. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se tɩpɩzɩ tɩyɔ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se « amagnétiques » waa.


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Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King Jr. kɛ kedenzi naalɛ hɛkʋ taa pɩɣa. Kedenzi nzɩ-ɩ lɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika. Ajɛɛ anɛyɛ yɔ a-naalɛ a-hɛkʋ taa pɩɣa kɛlɛ Martin Luther King Jr. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, e-liɖe lɩnɛ Afrika nɛ palʋla-ɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1929 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Atlanta Géorgie tɛtʋ taa yɔ, tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛwɛna lɔŋ siŋŋ ɛ-tabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ size ɛɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ lalaa. Ɛlakasɩ nɛ ɛ-n̄ʋʋ taa hʋhʋyɛ kaawɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ. ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kamaɣzɩm ɖɔwa kpeɖem nɛ kaatɛŋ maɣzɩm wiɖi yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ pasamam nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɖajaa Martin Luther King sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1968 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɩlaba size ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ naadozo nɛ nakʋ (39) lɛ ɛsɩba. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ size Memphis. Ɛlɩmaɣza kam kɛlɛ size ɛla ɛzɩma nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Luther King lʋkaa siŋŋ lanhɛzɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛlʋkɩ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe lɛ, ɛnʋ kɛna yoyu yaa lʋbɩyʋ ka-hɛza tʋ weyi ɛ-kandɛyʋ Afrika samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlʋkaɣ siŋŋ size tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛ. Ɛlɩmaɣza taa lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaɣ nɛ anasaayɩwaa pɛhɛkʋ taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Martin Luther King mʋ pɩnaɣ 1964 n̄ɩŋga taa samtʋ takayaɣ. Samtʋ takayaɣ kanɛ, pɛcɛlɛyɩ kɛ nɛ kamʋna-ɩ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma ɛnʋ ɛzɩ, ɛlʋkɩ ka-hɛzaa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛʋʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa payaɣ size Martin Luther King Sr., nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Alberta Williams King. Ɛ-caa kɛ Ɛsɔ lɩm sɔʋʋ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyʋ.
Martin Luther King tɛ ɖoziye[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
« Monɖozaa se... » Martin Luther King Kɩyɔɔdɩm Washington D.C. tɛ Lincoln Memorial, Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 28, 1963.
Pɩwɛ-m leleŋ ɛzɩ ma nɛ mɩ ɖɩwɛʋ sɔnɔ̄ kigbeeluu kʋnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ, weŋgu kɩwɛɣ tam se pɛɛyɛɛyɔɔlʋbʋ tɔm taa kɩkɩlʋʋ yɔɔ ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩlaba waasɩ nɛɛlɛ kɔyɔ Amerika tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ, weyi sɔnɔ ɛ-kɩlɛmʋʋ weluu huzuu ɖɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, ñɩkaɣ nesi ɖɛ-pɛɛyɛɛtaawɛʋ takayaɣ taa. Kubukamabʋ kɔɔnɔɔñɩmbʋ pʋmbʋ pʋtʋsa lidaʋ ñalamɩyɛ̄ yomaa kɩkpɛdaa miliyɔɔwaa ɛsɩndaa, ɛzɩ miŋɛsɩyɛ yɔ, pamba wemba kɩɩtʋʋzʋtʋ mamala tɔndɔlɩŋ wɛ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛwɛ ɛzɩ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ tɛbɩyɛ kefemna se yomiye ɖoho kɩɖaɣla ɛtɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Kɛlɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋ, pʋdɔdɩyɛ tɔm, tatɩɩwɛda pɛɛyɛɛ taa. Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ mɔɔŋseɣumɔndɔndʋ, tʋkaɣlabʋñɩŋgbasɩ, padɩɣ Ɛyʋ Kɩkpɛdʋ e-fezuu caɣʋ taa ; pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kpɛndɩ ɛwɛ kʋñɔndʋtʋ tɛtʋ yɔɔ, tʋtʋ wɛ ti-ɖeke solō ñɩmkoboyaɣ taa kɛ lɩmwadaɣ hɛkʋ taa; pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ fezuu ɖɔna tɛm Amerika samaɣ taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ hʋyʋʋɖʋyʋ̄ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʋ-yɔɔ̄ ɖʋkɔmna seya sɔnɔ̄ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa se ɖikoo fɛyɛ tɔm tʋndʋ. Piyebina nɛ ɖɩkɔɔ ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Ɖoŋɖoŋgiye taa se ɖɩmʋ nɔɔ haʋ takayaɣ. Ɖa-paɣtʋ ɛjaɖɛ mayaa hɛwaɣ tɔmbe kajʋkañɩnā ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʋʋ paɣtʋ takayaɣ nɛ ɖa-tɩyɔɔwɛʋkubukamabʋ takayaɣ taa lɛ, lidaʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ pañɩɣ nesi se paa Amerika pɩɣa weŋga kakʋyaa’lɛ, pɩwazɩ-kɛ.
Meheyi-mɩ sɔnɔ cɩnɛ, man-taabalaa: paa ɖɩtasɩɣ kʋñɔmɩŋ tɔɔʋ sɔnɔ nɛ cee, monɖoza natʋyʋ. Mon-ɖoziye lila wɛ Amerika ɖoziye taa.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kaɣ kʋyʋʋ nɛ ɖɩna toovonim taa tʋtʋʋyɛ kaɣlaa kɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʋ taa se : « Ɖo-toovenim lɩna toovenim pʋmbʋ pɩ-maɣmaɣ pu-ɖoŋ cɔlɔ se ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ wɛ kɩmaŋ pa-mayʋ cɔlɔ. »
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, Georgie piyisi kɩsɛmsɩ yɔɔ, yomaa kɩbɩma pɩyalaa nɛ yomadɩnaa kɩbɩma pɩyalaa pakaɣ saŋgʋʋ ñanâ kʋɖʋmaɣ taa.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, Mississipi tɛtʋ maɣmaɣ, ɖenɖe mulum miŋ mʋʋ pelupelu yɔ, ɖenɖe kʋñɔŋɖʋʋmiŋ mʋʋ pelupelu yɔ, tɩkaɣ pɩsʋʋ pɛɛyɛɛ nɛ siɣsiɣtʋ kaɖaɣ.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, halɩ Alabama tɩtɩŋgɛ, ɖenɖe tomnaɣ tɔlɩm kañatʋ cɔlʋʋna ɛyaa yɔ, ɖenɖe tɔmbe « Nɔɔɖʋʋ » nɛ « Kaawazatʋ » su Tɛtʋ wiyaʋ nɔɔ taa co yɔ, wiɖii, Alabama peeɖe, Kɩkpɛdaa piya cikpesi abalibiya nɛ halɩbiya kaɣ pɩzʋʋ, pa nɛ Kʋhʋlʋmaa piya cikpesi abalibiya nɛ halɩbiya pɔɖɔkɩ ɖama nesi taa ɛzɩ kɔɔnaa nɛ ɖalaa yɔ.
Monɖozuu ɖoziye sɔnɔ.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, paa kɛdɛŋga weŋga kakʋyʋʋ ñaba, paa pʋʋ yaa piyaɣ weŋga ketiki tɛɛɛ, lona tokomtokom kaɣ suu, lona kotaakotaa kaɣ tʋʋzʋʋ nɛ Ɛsɔ samtʋ lɩɩ kaɣlaa nɛ tomnasɩ tiŋgɛ kpɛndɩ-tʋ̄ naʋ. Pʋmbʋ kɛnɩna me-lidaʋ. Pʋmbʋ kɛnɩna tisim wembu mɛnkpɛndɩɣna se menkpemna mɛn-tɛ hadɛ yɔ.
Kɩyakʋ weŋgu ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla nɛ pɛɛyɛɛñɩɣyʋʋ ma, kɩyakʋ weŋgu ɖiyeki nɛ kɩhʋlɩ paa fɩlanzɩ weŋgu kɩ-taa, paa cokiye wenɖi ɖɩ-yɔɔ, paa tɛtʋ wendu tɩ-taa nɛ paa ɖoŋgiye wenɖi ɖi-taa yɔ, ki-wiyē ɖɩnaɣ se kɩyakʋ ñɔtaa se Ɛsɔ piya, Kɩkpɛdaa nɛ Kʋhʋlʋmaa, Yudaañɩmba nɛ Maasɛɣɛsɔwaa, Pilimaanɩwaa nɛɛ Krɩstʋʋñɩma pɔɖɔkɩ ɖama nesi taa nɛ petee Kɩkpɛdaa tɛ Ɛsɔsamtʋhendu kɩbɩndʋ natʋyʋ se : « Ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! Ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! Ɛsɔ Ɖoŋtɩŋgɛdʋ Ŋlaba’lɛ, sɔnɔ ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! »
Liens externes[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Martin Luther King, Jr. "I have a dream" Full speech (1963 Washington) on Youtube (13 min., English)


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Kaabɔɔ
Kaabɔɔ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ kɩwɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili wɛna Kaabɔɔ kamaɣ yɔɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ; piyele nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ. Kameruni ñɛwɛna kɩ-kamaɣ yɔɔ kɛ hayʊ kiŋ kpataa. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacaɣna Kaabɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ kɩwɛʊ kɩwɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960. Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ laŋ nɛ lakʊ ɛjaɖɛ.
Peeɖɛ lakɩŋ nɛ laŋ weyi komina ñɩʊ nesi nɛ pɔcɔŋna ɛyɔɔ yɔ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ hiu nɛ naatozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbayɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna sukili, ñɩnɩʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-nesi tɛɛ.
Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔɖɔɔ, laŋ nɛ lakɩŋ ɖɔsɔ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaɖazɩm tɔya mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrika taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ wobu nɛ ɛsɩnda yɔɔ. Afrika nɛ kɩ-kañɩmbʊsaɣ ajɛya tɩŋa taa lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgɛyɛ ñɩna nɛ ɖɩna se Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpem ɛyaa kɩlɩ wɛʊ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa.


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Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ (Procès)
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ, pɩkɛ kaɖɛ tɔm ndʊ patana-tʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kʊjɔŋ tɛɛ yaa ɛzɩ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ tɛɛ. Pɩlɩna tɔm ndʊ pahʊʊ yɔ lɛ, palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ yaa tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ yee tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ, tɔm kɩsɩzɩtʊ yee pɩkɛ kʊjɔŋ tɛɛ tɔm kɔyɔ.
Politiki mɛnfɛyɩ tɔbʊʊ ɖiɖi waa tɛ paɣtʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩɩñaŋ kandʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ yɔ, pɩsɩɣ pɩpɩsɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa tɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ, tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna aseɣɖe tɩnaa, tɩɩpɩzɩɣ mɛsʊʊ tɔm, politiki paɣtʊ kɩkpaɣtʊ, tɔm hʊtʊ kɩlɛzɩtʊ (Nantes), mɛsʊʊ tɛ tɔm hʊtʊ kpaaŋ, laŋɩyɛ taa wɩzasɩ yaa ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩhɛyʊʊ.
Pʊcɔ pɩtɩŋa pɩpaɣzɩ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ lɩzɩɣ tʊbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla nɛ lee pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla. Pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖoŋ nɩɩlɛ wɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩ-ɩ.
Pʊcɔ ŋwona tɔm natʊyʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa lɛ, pɔpɔzʊʊ se tɔm tʊ ɛyaa weyi ɛ nɛ ɩ tɔm yɔ nɛ ɛkɔɔ kpaaŋ taa nɛ ŋlɩzɩ-ɩ tɔm taa, lɩmaɣza anaa ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lakɩna-yɛ nɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ nɔnɔɔ tʊ lɩzɩɣ tɔm tɔbɩŋ. Yee ɛnɛ ɛtana tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛñɩnɩɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pazɩɣ tɔm yaʊ takayaɣ kɛ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ takayasɩ ɖɩzɩyɛ kpaaŋ taa nɛ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ takayasɩ ɖɩzɩyɛ taa mayʊ ma tɔm takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ taa ŋga Takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ ŋgaa payaɣ se wazaɣ takayaɣ.
Yee hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa mba ɛñɩnɩɣ se powolo awayɩ kandɩyaa cɔlɔ yɔ, kandɩyʊ weyi yɔ sʊlʊmʊʊ yaa pɔzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ tɩŋʊʊ (ɛlɛ, pɔzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ yee Macron paɣtʊ ɛwabɩna kɔyɔ papɩzɩɣ paɖɩzɩɣ-tʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ). Ñʊʊdʊ ɖʊʊna evemiye ndɩ paɖanɩɣ yaʊ tɔm yɔ. Pʊcɔ evemiye nɖɩ ɛɖʊwa yɔ, ɖɩtalɩ lɛ, pɛwɛʊ pɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm ndʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ ɖama lɩmaɣza nɛ payasɩ-tʊ kandɩyaa hɛkʊʊ taa.
Kɩyaakʊ talɩɣ lɛ, pahʊʊ tɔm kpaaŋ taa kɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa pɛ-ɛsɩnda. Pewiliɣ tɔm taa nɛ pana mbʊ pɩlaba yɔ nɛ pahʊʊ. Pʊpɔzʊʊ se pahʊʊ-tʊ kɔyɔ, ñʊʊdʊ lɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza se powona-tʊ kpaaŋ taa nɛ ɛɖʊʊ kɩyaakʊ ŋgʊ pahʊʊ-tʊ yɔ. Yee pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, ñʊʊdʊ heyiɣ kpaaŋ taa tɔm hʊyʊ se ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛtasɩ wiluu tɔm ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖeu.


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Riiyoodee Saanayiroo
Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo ñɩndʊ tɩŋgɩna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 126 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 260 nɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 6 093 472; ɛlɛ yee pekpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa kpɛnda mɩliyɔɔnaa 12 620 000.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɩɖɛ yaʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka aleɣya wena palakɩ-yɛ peeɖe paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ, peeɖe kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ Yeesu Kristu anjaʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩ-kʊ Kɔrikovadoo yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔdɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Eduardo Paes (PMDB).
Riiyoodee Saanayiroo nɛ ajɛyaa nayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Setifi (Alizeerii), Pariseeloni (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Havanɩ (Kuubaa), Isitambuli (Turki), Turubaŋ nɛ Kaaap (Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ), Lisiboni (Pɔritigaalɩ), Lɔsɩ Aŋzeelɛsɩ nɛ Miyami (Etaazuunii), Yuunii (Liibaŋ), Niteeroyi nɛ Santosi (Piresiili), Niisi (Fransɩɩ), Sewuuli (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), [[Sidinee] (Ositraalii), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Pogotaa (Kolombi), Ceedaa (Arabii-Sahʊditi) nɛ Fankuva (Kanadaa).


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Armenii
Armenii kɛna hɔɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kokaazɩ Cikpeluu nɛ kɩwɛ EEraazii yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Turkii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Zɔɔrzii; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Azɛrbayɩjanɩ piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ, Iiraŋ ɛjɛɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Azii keteŋga taa ɛlɛ yee pɔcɔna ɖɩ-tɛ poliotiki tɔm, ɖɩ-ɛsa kuliye tɔm, ɖɩ-caanaʊ tɔm payɩ k;poyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ papɩzɩʊ pɔtɔ se peeɖe kɛ krɩstʊ tɔm ñɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe aŋgba nɛ taabalɩyɛ kagaŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Aŋgba ana yaa kɩgaŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: ONU, Erɔpʊ tɛ Lɔŋpaasɩyɛ ŋgbɛɛ, Ajɛya wena awɛ a-tɩyɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ taabalɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 29 743 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,7 km2. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2016 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 2 998 600. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Erevaŋ nɛ liidiya nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ seTram. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩʊj sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Erevŋ nɛ Armenii.
Salaŋ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008 yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Serge Sargian nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ (pɩnaɣ 2016) payaɣ se Karen Karapetian. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa 131.


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Tɩgbayʋ
Tɩgbayʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ naŋgbanzɩ naanza n̄ɩnɖɛ. Ɛlʊlʊ e-piya kʊlʊlʊ nɛ sɩmʊzʊ-ɩ. Tɩgbayʊ wɛ “Primate” waa taa. Tɩgbayʊ sɔɔla tɩŋ yɔɔ kpaʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛ-ɛsɩnda ɖaalɩ pazɩ nɛ hʊndʊ fɛyɩ. Ɛ-ñʊ palɩ pazɩ nɛ ɛwɛna acɩya, acaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ naŋgbanzɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Ɛwɛna nembe nɛ cɩkpaŋ. Ɛzima ɛna ɛyʊ palɩ ɖama yɔ, pʊyɔ kɛ ñɩnɩya kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ nɛ pañɩnɩ nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana mbʊ pɩtaama ɛna ɛyʊ tomiye yɔ.
Ɖooo kiɖe taa mba taa lɛ, yaa naŋgbanzɩ naanza mba tyaa lɛ, tɩgbayʊ pazaa ɛwɛna ntɩ kpem. Tɩgbayʊ nɛ ɖooo lɔŋ taa ñɩma palɩ ɖama pazɩ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcɔna “Homosapiens” waa mba pawɛna wɛɖʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se panɛ lɛɛlɛɛ tɩgbayɩŋ palɩwaɣ ɖama pazɩ. Panaɣ lɛɛlɛ tigbayɩŋ ɛnʊkɛ Amerika tɛtʊ taa. Tɩgbayɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ tigbayɩŋ kɩpɩŋ yɔ. Panawaɣ ɛlɛ Afrika tɛ nɛ Aazii tɛtʊ taa. Wayɩ wayɩ tɩgbayɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ payawaɣ se tɩgbayɩɣ sɔsɔŋ yaa homo sapiens. Paa pataasʊ yaʊ ɛyʊ se “Tɩgbayʊ” kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩ camɩyɛ se payaɣ tɩgbayɔ hɩɖɛ lɛ pɩtɔzʊ ñɩnɩya tɩŋɛ ntʊ paayɔɔda ɛyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. ñɩnɩya kaayɔɔda sɩze ɛyʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ ɖooo kɩɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɛkɛkɛ tɩgbayʊ. Paa anɩ ɛɖɔkɩ tom tonɛ kpam nɛ tɩɩsɔʊ.


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Heu
Heu kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩtɔkɩ ñɩtʊ yɔ. Heu pɩlɩʊ taa mba payaɣ se kaprɩnɛ waa. Palɩna pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ, kʊkʊ payaɣ se povidɛ waa pɩlɩʊ. Heŋ sʊʋ kpoŋ tɛɛ. Yolim taa lɛ, paɖɩɩɣ-ɩ hula taa se ɛɛtaatɔɔ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ lʊŋgʋyɛ lɛ pɛhɛɖɩ-ɩ nɛ peyele mbʊ yɔ, pa-ñɩtʊ fɛyɩ, tɩwɩlaa, pʊ-yɔɔ peyeki-i se ɛñɩnɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ mbʊ ɛtɔɔ-yɔ. Heu pʊwa payaɣ se heɣa. Halɩñɩŋa payaɣ se hɩyaɣ nɛ abalɩñɩŋa lɛ ɛyaʊ. Heu wɛ kajalaɣ kpɩna wena ɛyaa lɛɣ pazʋʋ ɖɔʊ yɔ a-taa. Pasama heu nɛ ɛ-tɛ hɩlɩm mbʊ pʊwazɩɣ nɛ palakɩna waagaasɩ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Pɔtɔkɩ heu nandʊ, ɛ-tɔnʋʋ wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩnɛ. Ɛ-hʊndʊ wazɩɣ sakɩyɛ. Palʋʋ-tʋ nɛ nima. Ɛ-ñɩhɩŋ wɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛnʋʋ pamakɩna kpaŋkoŋ. Ɛ-gbɛm wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ndʋʋ pasandɩɣna kɔndɔnaa nɩŋgdanzɩ tɛɛ. Heu kɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɛma tɔɔʊ kɔyɔ, ɖɩcakɩ se ɖɩhɛzɩɣ lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖihoo mbʋ ɖɩtɔwaa yɔ ɖɩkpazɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ taa nɛ ɖɩpazɩ tɔɔʊ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɖiliki ñɩtʋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖihikiɣ-tʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɩhɛzɩɣ lɛ, ɖihoo-tʋ nɛ ɖɩpazɩ tɔɔʋ. Heu kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ, ɛyʋ takpa heu nɛ lakʋ taa nɛ ɛkɔna ɛɖɔɔ ɖɩɣa. Heu wɛna naŋgbanzɩ naanza nɛ paa naŋgbaŋgaɣ ŋga lɛ, kɛwɛɛna aca naalɛ. Heŋ cɩkpaŋ payaɣ se aca. Aca ana a-yɔɔ ɛfɛyɩɣ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ. Heŋ ɖɔɖɛ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛzakuliye nɔmʊʋ taa. Pɔɖɔʋ heŋ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ajɛya wena a-taa pakɩlɩɣ heŋ ɖɔʋ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ, Ositraalii, Patagonɩ, Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ. Heu kɛ kpɩnɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩɣna haɖaʊ hɔɔlʋʊ taa yɔ. Heu wɛ wazaɣ sɩŋŋ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Heu pɩndʋ kɛ huɖe siŋŋ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kpaamɩŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ heu wɛna wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, kɔkɔ kɔzɩ malɩŋ cɔlɔ, mbʋ yɔ, hɩyaʋ Ɛsɔ wɩlɩ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abriham nɛ ɛlɛ kpaɣ nɛ ɛlaa-ɩ kɩlaʋ.


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Chinua Achebe
Palʊla Chinua Achebe kɛ kam fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Oziidii tɛtʊ taa, Nanjeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Pɔstɔnii, Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 21 wiye pɩnaɣ 2013 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ Albert Chinualumogu Achebe nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ takayasɩ maʊ. Nɛ ɛ-kacalaɣ takayasɩ kɔyɔ: Ɛjaɖɛ wɛɛkaa (Le monde s'effondre; Things Fall Apart) nɛ Cɛyɩtʊ (Le Malaise; No Longer at Ease). E-sukuli labʊ taa ɛlɛɣza ɛ-hɩɖɛ Igbo taa mbʊ yɔ ɛkɛ Najeriya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa–tʊ. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ katolika mba nɛ pɛwɛna pɩya looɖo nɛ Albert Chinua Achebe kɛŋna kagbaanzɩ-tʊ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Isaiah Okafo nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Janet Achebe.
Albert Chinualumogu Achebe laba sukuli camɩyɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa Iibaadaŋ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛɖɔna Afrika ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa wobu nɛ pɩtamna Etaazunii. Pɩnaɣ 1958 kɛ ɛ-kacalaɣ takayaɣ, Ɛjaɖɛ wɛɛkaa (Le monde s'effondre (Things Fall Apart) lɩwa. Salaŋ fenaɣ 1961 ɛkpaɣ halʊ, Christie Chinwé Okolie, nɛ pɛwɛɛna pɩya naanza nɛ nzɩ yɔ: Chinelo, Cidi, Nwando nɛ Ikechukwu. Pɩnaɣ 1972 pazɩ Albert Chinua Achebe kɛ aseeɖe tɔm maʊ takayaɣ nakɑyɩ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ nɛ ŋga payaɣ se Obike. Pɩnaɣ 1987 taa lɛ malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Najeriya nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ se ɛkɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ tɛɛ tʊ. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ etisaa se paanɩ ɛtɩlɩ se pɩfɛyɩ kaɖɛ kɛ hadɛ tʊ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ kɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɖenɖe Mola tʊ wɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ.
Albert Chinua Achebe wɩla sukuli kɛ sukulinaa sʊsaa taa ɛzɩ Nanjeriya peeɖe yɔ, Aŋgilisi, Amerika, Niwuyɔrkɩ nɛ Prownii taa. Pɩnaɣ 1900 taa kɛkpɛdɛsaɣ nakayɩ caɣza-ɩ tataa nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 21 wiye pɩnaɣ 2013 nɛ Pɔstɔnii ɖakʊta taa ɛ-klʊdɔŋ tɔcɔ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82.


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Sao Paolo
Sao Poolo kɛna Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakalɩ kigalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pana tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ paakpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 11 895 893 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 152 300 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 523 yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɛkɛdɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛna Amerika Latini hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Keteŋa kpeekpe ta lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ kɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Amerika kɩteŋa taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tɩkɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ: Mɛkisiikoo, Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Sao Poolo ñɩndʊ. Pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛŋna kagbaanzɩ ndʊ kɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛlɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñɩnɩɣʊ se tɩnɛ lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ ɛlakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sakɩyɛ nina ɖma nɛ alaki tʊma kʊɖʊma. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya nayɛ taa: Afrika taa, Amerika taa, Azia taa, Eerɔpʊ taa nɛ Oseyani taa. Ajɛya ana, akpɛnda 42 nɛ kacalaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ Miilaŋ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ wayɩ wayɩ tɛtʊ lɛ, Alizee tɛtʊ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2005.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yaa komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ, pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se.


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Naajeeriya
Naajeeriya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛ miliyɔɔnaa 177 nɛ n:̀ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Afrika kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeek̂pe kɔyɔ ɖɩkɛlʊbɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Afrika taa lɛ, Naajeeriya taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ kɩlaa.
Paanɛ karasɩm ɛɛtɩ wɛ peeɖe ɛzɩma ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ mulum kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kpem. Takayasɩ nzɩ paɖʊsa wayi nɛ wayi kʊnɛyɔ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ Muhammadu Buhari kɛ palɩzaa se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnɛ ɛlɛɣza ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ se Abasanjo.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Abuja. Ɖɩwɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya wena aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ paya-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Iboowaa, Yurubawaa nɛ Fulaaniwaa, mba payaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlandinaa yɔ pakɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa palɩzɩ paɣtʊ se pakpa nabɛyɩ halaa ɖeke yaa abalaa ɖeke se pasʊʊna-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu. Nɛ yee halaa pa-taa peɖeke yaa abalaa pa-taa peɖeke ɖɔɖɔ se pɛwɛ ɖama cɔlɔ se pawala-ɖama yaa pakpaɣ-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza.


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Ɖatʊ kɔyɛ yaa Sɔbɩtʊ (Vaccination)
Sɔbɩtʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ nakɛyɛ taa pɔɖɔŋ se ɖatʊ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɔsɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa se pɩhaɣ-kɛ ɖoŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛɖɛʊ yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Kɔyɛ lɩm mbʊ pɔsɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa, pɩkɛ mayaɣ kaɖɩnayʊ weyi ɛkʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛtʊmɩyɛ lɛ, se ɛlʊbɩna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛsʊʊ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔŋ lʊbɩnayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ se ɛlʊbɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛkaɣ sʊʊ ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ taa se ɛhayɩ ɛjandʊʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ kʊdɔŋ kaɖɩnayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ. Pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa ɖatʊ kpɛnda naaza. Pʊdʊ weyi ɛɖɛʊ ɛlɛ, ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ pʊdʊ weyi ɛwɛna wezuu ɛlɛ ɛtakɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ ɖatʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ kɔyɛ fɛyɩ sɔtʊ yɔ.
Kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-lʊkɩ tɔnʊʊ taa alaafiya yɔɔ yɔ, ndɩ ɖɩ-yaa se OMS yɔɔdʊʊ se ɖatʊ kɛnɛ nɔmɔʊ tobi ŋgʊ kɩɩpɔzʊʊ liidiye sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖatʊ kɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-sɩna nɛ pakaɣ kaʊ ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ kɔyɔ hiŋ nakʊ nɛ nakʊ sɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa kalɩkalatʊ kʊdɔŋ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ pasaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kaapɩsɩtʊ sakɩyɛ pasɩ nɛ sɩm sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna liu tɛ fayʊ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tetenusi kʊɖɔmɩŋ nɛ kɔŋ kɔŋ kpezuu nɛ kizim kʊdɔŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2003 yeke koŋ pɔtɔŋ se kɔyɛ ɖatʊ ɖɔna ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa naalɛ pɩcɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɖajaa Louis Pasteur nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ tʊma laɖaa Roux nɛ Duclaux yebina se patɩlɩ ɖatʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɣsɩ pɩtɩŋna Robert Koch tʊmaa labʊ yɔ, weyi ɛtamsa ŋñɩɩ wezɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ maɣmaɣ yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɩlɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-sɩnɛ-ɩ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɖoŋ ɛ-tʊmaa labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ ɖatʊ kaakɛ heŋ tɛ kɩɖaʊ se ɛlʊbɩna aka kʊdɔŋ agozaa feznaɣ kɩyaakʊʊ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1881 taa.
Kajalaɣ ɛyʊ tɛ kɩdaʊ (ɛlɛ, Jenner tɛ ŋgʊ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa), kaakɛ piyaa cikpesi tɛ kɩɖaʊ pɩlɩna kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ pɩnaɣ 1885 kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyaakʊʊ loɖo ŋgʊ wiye. Ɛlɛ ɖɩ-tasɔɔ se ɖatʊ pewila nɛ pana nɛ pʊcɔ se pɩɩlakɩ ɛyʊ nabʊyʊ. Haɣ kpandʊ ñasa evebʊpɔɣʊ Joseph Meister (kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ kaawɛ hɛɛɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa).


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Ɖomba ɛwaɣ (glacier)
Ɖomba ɛwaɣ kɛ ɖombiye sɔsɔyɛ pilibili. Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ñʊŋ taa ɖɩmaɣ paɣyɛ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna huuye kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖomba ɛwaɣ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm yuŋ yeki nɛ ɖɩyɔkɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ heelim mbʊ pɩɩwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɩlɩɩ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛlɩ mbʊ yɔ, ɛɖaɣnɩ ɖama taaɖɩnaʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖombiye. Ɖombiye hɔŋ tanɩɩɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tɛtʊ hɔm ɖoŋ yeki nɛ ɖomba ɛwaɣ yoluu nɛ kekpeŋ cɔɔɔ kɛjɛlɛnzɩ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpilaaa yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Payaʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «glacier» yɔ, pɩlɩna fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «francoprovencal» yɔ tɩ-ŋsʊlʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩŋgʊ taa tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩwa. Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ kanton nakʊyʊ taa ɖɩlɩwa. Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye «Glacier» ñalɩna laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmbiye «glaciarium» cɔlɔ. Tɔmbiye glaciarium kɔmna ɖɩpɩsɩ tɔmbiye glacia. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩna tɔmbiye glacies («glace»,«glaçon»). Ɛlɛ, pɩkpana kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ lɛ, fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔsɔɔlɩ yaʊ tɔmbiye «glacière» nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ lɩm mbʊ payaɣ se leleŋ lɩm (eaux douces) yɔ, pɩ-mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖomba ɛwasɩ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ 70 mpilim. Ɖomba ɛwasɩ mʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kriosifɛɛrɩ (cryosphère) yɔ pʊ-hɔɔlʊʊʊ taa.


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Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1623 kɛ Clairmont tɛtʊ taa (ɖenɖe sɔnɔ payaɣ se Clermont-Ferrand), Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ Paarii tɛtʊ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1662 taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ, ɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tɛ tʊʊzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ luɖu nɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ nɛ Ɛsɔtɔm yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛwɛɣ pɩɣa ŋñɩɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa paza-ɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɛtʊma kajalaɣ kaakɛ tɩlɩyɛ pɩŋ tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ.
Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 lɛ, ɛlʊba akɔnta labʊ ñɩɣyʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ naatozo wayi lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ kɔɔnaɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ 50. Ɛwɩlɩɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ ɛ-kpaɣdɩna nɛ ɛsɛʊ pɩŋ tɔm hʊyaa ñʊʊ tʊ weyi payaɣ se Séguier.
Hama tɩlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wayi, tɩlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛwɩla kamɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1654 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ lɛ, ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtɔsɔɔ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛma takayasɩ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ fetenum yɔɔ, tɔm ndʊ pasʊsa-tʊ fenasɩ naalɛ wayi kɛ ɛsɩm wayi mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 39, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɩ-ɩ siŋ.
Palʊla-ɩ Clairmont (nɔnɔɔ Clermont-Ferrand), Auvergne egetiye taa, Pascal Blaise kɛ Auvergne tʊ nɛ ɛ-hɔʊ kaakɛ Auvergne tɛ ɛyaa kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa. E-ɖoo, Antoinette Begon ñasɩba mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1626 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, Pascal kaawɛna pɩnzɩ naatozo.
Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Pascal Etienne (1588–1651), ɛpaza ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tʊma mbʊ lɛ, ɛkɛ Auvergne cikpeluu taa wiyaʊ tɛ lɔntasɩyʊ caaja alɩwaatʊ, nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ kpaŋ taa ñʊʊ tʊ tɛɛ tʊ Montferrand tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se eyeke koŋ ɛwɩlɩɣ e-pɩyaa. Pascal Blaise kaawɛna kɔɔnaa naalɛ, Jacqueline, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1625 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ Gilberte (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1620 nɛ ɛwalɩ pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Florin Périer tɛtʊ taa, ɛkɛ lɔntasɩyʊ Clermont sɩnaʊ kpaŋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1631 taa lɛ, Etienne kpaɣ e-piyaa nɛ pɛɖɛɛ powolo Paarii tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, Blaise kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 8 yeke. Ɛ-caa kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛwɩlɩɣ ɛ-pɩyalʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ka-ñʊʊ taa kaawɛ lɔŋ piŋ. Kpɛɖɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Blaise hiɣ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ lɔŋ, pɩtɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-caa tɛ yɔɔdasɩ nɛ tɩlɩyaa sɔsa pɛnɛ yɔ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, Roberval nɛ Marin Mersenne nɛ Girard Desargues nɛ Claude Mydorge Pierre Gassendi nɛ Descartes.


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Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Joe Biden nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 46 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Kamala Harris.
Ki-kiɖeÑɔɔzɩ
Caanaʊ tɔmÑɔɔzɩ
Pɔcɔ Christoph Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ (pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1492 talɩ)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yomiye taa alɩwaatʊ(1492-1775)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yomiye taa lɩʊ nɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ(1775-1800)Ñɔɔzɩ
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ̃nɩnʊʊ nɛ ̃nɩɣtʊ lubu nɛ yomiye taa lɩʊ (1800-1917)Ñɔɔzɩ
Yoŋ yeba nɛ patɩlɩ ki-ɖoŋ(1917-1991)Ñɔɔzɩ
Sɔnɔdaa alɩwaatʊ(1991-2016)Ñɔɔzɩ
PolitikiÑɔɔzɩ
Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛyaÑɔɔzɩ
Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛÑɔɔzɩ
Mbʊ patɩlɩɣna-kʊ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩÑɔɔzɩ
Ɖenɖe ɛyaa wɛɛ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politikiÑɔɔzɩ
Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋÑɔɔzɩ
TɔsʊʊÑɔɔzɩ
Mbʊ pʊwɛɛ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Tɔsʊʊ politikiÑɔɔzɩ
SamaɣÑɔɔzɩ
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊÑɔɔzɩ
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋÑɔɔzɩ
Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.[1]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩÑɔɔzɩ
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊÑɔɔzɩ
Takayɩsɩ nɛ filosofiiÑɔɔzɩ
Nesi tɛɛ tʊmaÑɔɔzɩ
Kuduyuŋ maʊÑɔɔzɩ
Minziiki nɛ aleɣyaÑɔɔzɩ
Tɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛÑɔɔzɩ
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊÑɔɔzɩ
SɩpɔɔrɩÑɔɔzɩ
Kazandʊ nɛ avema kɩhɛzaÑɔɔzɩ
KʋnʋmɩŋÑɔɔzɩ
Ɛyaa sɔsaaÑɔɔzɩ
Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔÑɔɔzɩ
Ki-nimaɣÑɔɔzɩ
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛÑɔɔzɩ
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔÑɔɔzɩ
TakayɩsɩÑɔɔzɩ
Tɔm lɛɛtʊÑɔɔzɩ
Awayɩ kpasɩÑɔɔzɩ
- ↑ Modèle:En Current Population Clock - U.S. Census Bureau. Pakalʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ paa cɛcɛyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.


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Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ
Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ ɛyʊ caɣzɩɣ, nabʊyʊ taa kuludaɣ, peeɖe ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ laɣsɩ nɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩkɩndɩyɛ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ, (lɩm, sɔzɩŋ lɩm, sɔtʊ, kɔyɛ yaa kʊdɔŋ, sɔŋ lɩɣ, ɖazʊʊ sɔŋ, kɩɖɛɖɛʊ). Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ lɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se yee kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa kɛ ɖɛzɩya, kɛlɛ nabayɛ ŋñɩɩɩ yem kɛna kʊdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Pɛkpɛnda 3600 kɛlɛ pa-taa peeɖe lɛ 129 yeke kɛna kɔdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ (mb apefezuu yaa paafezuu yɔɔ) yɔ wala sakɩyɛ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ tɩtɛmda.
Kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ, kɩnamɩyɛ yaa ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ kpaɣ ɛyaa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔɔ kɔyɔ. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa takayasɩ mayaa kaayɔɔda kalɩkatʊ kʊdɔŋ tɔm, Krɛkɩ nɛ Room nɛ ɖooo Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mba takayasɩ nasɩyɛ ñaayɔɔda kɔdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɔkɔtɔ takɩyʊ nɛ wiliyu Jean Hameau kaalaba ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩna kɩɖɛzɩyaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ Bordoo ɖɔkɔtɔ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1837, ɛla lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɖɩɖɩ yɔ se pamaɣzɩ ɖɛzɩyaa mbapɔ-tɔm kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1843.
Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ lɛɣtɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa lɩzaɣ pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa pɩtɩŋna cʊ wondu kɩcatɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1887 nɛ 1892 hɛkʊ taa lɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Mimitri Ivanovski pɩzɩ ɛna cɔkɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ, sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kʊdɔŋ, nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ se tɩŋ cɩyɩm taa kaawɛ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ patapɩzɩɣ pacatɩɣ-kʊ. Ivanovski maɣzɩ se pɩkɛʊ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ.
Holandi kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Martinus Beijerinck tasɩna kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ tʊma ana nɛ, pɩnaɣ 1898 lɛ ɛtɛyɩ ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tɛ tɔm nɛ pɩtasɩna piyeke ɛlɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ tɔm, ɛpasɩ cɩyɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa tɛma wɛʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ tɩŋ lɛɛkʊ taa kɛlɛ kʊkʊ paɣlɩna kʊdɔŋ, ɛla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa tɩŋ yɔɔ kʊdɔŋ kɩtɔyɩna tɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ yɔ. Beijerick ya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se Contagium vivum fluidum (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ añɔm fezuu ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔlʊʊ). Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmntʊ tɩ-taa pana nɔɔ heŋ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ Friedrich Löffler nɛ Paul Frosch labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Tuutu, kelema kɩsɩkʊ, ɛsɔ cɔyʊ, kpizim kʊdɔŋ pɛkɛ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ kʊɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ weyi ɛlɩna sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛɛ ɛlɛ tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛɖɛʊʊ piŋ kpaɣ sidaa, SRAS, ɖiziye kʊdɔŋ, ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ, mɔɔŋ tɛɛ calɩm kpemtu, Ebola mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ.


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Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang (Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 秦始皇,Pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Qín Shǐhuáng, Wade kʊnʊŋ lɛ, Ch'in² Shih³-huang, EFEO taa lɛ, Tsin Chi-hoang, Kantɔnɛ Jyupting taa lɛ, Ceon⁴ Ci²-wong,Yale taa lɛ, Chèuhn Chí-wòhng) (pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ ŋtalɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 210 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ), ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ Qin wiyaʊ sɔsɔ kpaɣnɛ pɩnaɣ 247 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.
Ɛnʊ ɖɩzɩna ɛyaa tɛtʊ mʊyaa kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwakaɣ kewiyisi nzɩ sɩlakaɣ yoŋ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 230 nɛ ŋtalɩ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Siini Ampiiri kpɛndɩyʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Qin kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (pɩnzɩ 221 ŋtalɩ 207 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ). Patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Shin no Shikōtei (kajalaɣ Qin Wiyaʊ) Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
E-cejewiye hɩɖɛ kaakɛ Ying (嬴)nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe kɔyɔ Zhèng (政), palɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ fenaɣ ŋga kataa palʊla-ɩ yɔ ɛnɛ ka-hɩɖɛ paakpaɣ ɖama, Siini pɩnaɣ taa kajalaɣ fenaɣ. Pataa ya wiyaʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ kaañamtʊ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛɛkɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ Qin wiyaʊ.
Ɛnʊ weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, palʊla-ɩ Handan, Zhao tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ, peeɖe palʊla e-ɖoo, paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Zhao Zheng, pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Yi Ren pɩyalʊ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛkɛ Qin Zhaoxiang wiyaʊ sɛyɩ. Pʊcɔ ɛkpakɩɣ Yi Ren halʊ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ taɣ yɔɔ halʊ caɣyʊ kɛ tadɩyɛ ñɩm tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ Lü Buwei (呂不韋) weyi ɛdaŋaɣ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-hayɩ-ɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 267 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ lɛ, wiyaʊ pɩɣa Anguo (安國) Yi Ren caa, paalɩza-ɩ se ɛkɛ peyebinam ñɩm tʊ Qin kewiyaɣ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtaawɛna pɩɣa nɛ ɛ-halʊ kajalaɣ tʊ, ɛlɛ yɔ Huayang (華陽). Changping you pɩnaɣ kɩpɩsaɣ wayi palʊla-ɩ, ɖenɖe Qin naŋaɣ Zhao, Zheng nɛ e-cejewiye paawɛ haŋaɣ nakɛyɛ taa kpem.


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Gabriel García Márquez
Palʋla Gabriel García Márquez kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 6 wiye pɩnaɣ 1927 ñɩŋga taa kɛ Arakataka tɛtʊ taa, kolombii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mɛkɩsiki tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 2014, ɛɛwɛna pinzɩ 87. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ kɛlɛ Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez.
Ɛ-tʊma kacalaɣ ñɩna kɔyɔ: takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ maʊ nɛ kataɣzasɩ tɔm maʊ pɩnɛ eseɣɖe tɔm heyu. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki sazɩyʊ-tʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1982 taa kɛ paha-ɩ wɛɛ naayɛ taa takayɩ lɔnsɩnɖɛ nɛ sɩmaʊ samtʊ nimiye. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩkɩlina Amerika nɛ haɖe kiŋ payaɣ-ɩ yem se Gabo nɛ pɩnzɩ XX taa ɛwɛ takayɩsɩ lɔnsɩnɖa mba pa-hɩla kɩla sɛʊ nɛ mba pakɩla-wɛ sɔɔlʊ yɔ pa-taa. Asɣla takayɩsɩ maya kɛtɩɣna-ɩ nɛ François Rabelais, Miguel de Cervantes yaa ɛzɩ Victor Hugo yɔ, pɩlɩɩna matʊ nɖʊ ɛmaɣ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ.
kɛŋna kacalaɣ pɩɣa kɛ pɩya 11 taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ payaɣ se Gabriel Eligio García (1901-1984) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iguarán (1905-2002). Palʊla-ɩ lɛ, tɛʊ nɛ heelim nabʊyʊ kɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔhɔkɩ ɛ-sɔndʊ nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ e-pondone nɛ powona-ɩ fɛɖaatɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛwɛɛna kkudoŋ nakʊyʊ: ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛwɛɛ eɖeke yaa cɩkpɛndʊ taa. Palʊla-ɩ pɩtɛ wɛtʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-caa weyiu ɛɛkɛ polindaa takayɩsɩ manayʊ yɔ, ɛtɩ yebu ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɖakʊta taa kɔ pɛdɩyʊ.
Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1929 ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɛɖɛParankiya tɛtʊ taa pɩyele Gabriel nɛ ɛ-cɔzɔnaa kɛ Arakatara peeɖe. Mba pɔdɔka-ɩ nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ yɔ, mba lɛ: Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes de Márquez (1863-1947) nɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ kolonɛɛlɩ Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía (1864-1937). Layʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Angarita yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛsɔna-ɩ ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Arakata ɛsɔ kpaaŋ taa.


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Puwaroo
Puwaroo kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Puwaroo tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kpatalaa kpatalaa. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ puwaroo nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Puwaroo kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi puwarootaa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, akaŋgaa, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi kaabʊʊ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Puwaroo tɔnʊʊ tɩna ɖama yɔɔ ɛzɩ takayasɩ hatʊ tɩnʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ yɔ.
Puwaroo wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: ñʊʊtaa pʊtʊlʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm nɛ kɩ-hatʊ ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ tomnaɣ yɔ nɛ hatʊ ndʊ tɩtɩna ɖama yɔɔ piyele pɩtɛɛ lɛ pɩkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm kpalʊlʊ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa puwaroonaa mba pahayaa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 236 771. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ Ɛndonezii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ puwaroo hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Pɛlziiki. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa Ɛndonezii hayɩ puwaroo ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa 520 000 yɔ nɛ Turkii ñatalɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa 223 000 yɔ piyele nɛ Pɛlziki lɛ tɔɔnɩnaa 190 000 yɔɔ.


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Apollo tamaɣ
Apollo tamaɣ kɛna tɩnzɩ taa cɔʊ tamaɣ ŋga ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NASA yɔ ɖɩɖʊwa yɔ. Tamaɣ ŋga palaba-kɛ pɩnzɩ 1961 nɛ 1972 sɩ-taa. Apollo tamaɣ kɛna kɔyɔɔ kɛ Etazuni mba tɩŋna nɛ petiyina kacalaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa fenaɣ taa. Tɩnzɩ ilemiye hɛkʊkʊ taa tamaɣ kɛna, Etazuni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se John F. Kennedy yɔ, ɛ-kadaɣ taa pɔtɔ tɩyɩnzɩ ilemiye hɛkʊtaa mɩtaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɩɩkɛna agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1961. Fenaɣ taa mɩtala sɩɣlɩyaa wena pɔtɔɔ yɔ ana yɔ Saturn I, Saturn IB nɛ Saturn V. Pʊtɔɔ-wɛ liidiya nɖi yɔ ɖɩkpɛnda 25 400 000 000 $.
Pa-lɩmaɣza kaakɛnaa se paɖɑɣnɩ pa-hɩɖɛ ɛtasɩ sɛʊ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ Soviyetiki taa tɩyɩnzɩ taa nʊmɔ woɖu kaalabʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋga tɛɛ you kaasa mɩŋ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Tamaɣ sɔsɔɣa kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ fenaɣ taa pʊcɔ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu tɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ. Apollo tamaɣ ŋga, paatii ɛyaa naatozo mba yɔ, pat-taa naalɛ pɩza nɛ patʊlɩ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1969. Mba lɛ: Neil Armstrong nɛ Buzz Aldrin nɛ payawaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ paacɛla-wɛ yɔ se Apollo 11. Pɛcɛla tʊma lɛɛna kɛ ɛyaa kagbaanzɩ lalaa nɛ paba kpa fenaɣ taa lɛ, pacaɣ kɩyakɩŋ ɛzɩ naatozo yɔ.
Tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ ka-taa kpaɩu yeba nɛ pɔkɔna tataa kaaŋ ɖɔŋ ñɩŋ nɩyɛ ɛzɩ kilogɩɖamɩnaa 382 yɔ nɛ ñɩɩtʊ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩzɩnaa se palabɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ wondu yɔ. Ɖooo yɔ, Amerika mba tatɩɩkpada tɩyɩŋga nakayɩ taa pɔcɔ agoza fenaɣ 1961 lɩɣʊ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ pala pa-tambaɣ ŋga paɖʊwa yɔ lɛ, pa-tʊma ñɩnʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NASA yɔ, ɖɩɖʊ tamasɩ sakɩyɛnzɩ ɖɩkaɣ labʊ yɔ. Nɛ tamasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: kacalaɣ lɛ, Gemini tamaɣ nɛ tamasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩpɩzɩ nɛ sɩkpazɩ pa-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɔ yɔ. Kacalaɣ tamaɣ kanɛ, ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se kɩɖʊ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ndɩndɩ ndɩu papɩzɩ nɛ powoki mɩtala taa yem nɛ patakɩ-yɛ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Piyele tamasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, patalʊ ilemiye yaa mɩtaɖɛ taa lɛ, polu camɩyɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ tɛlɛnzɩ nɛ patakɩ nɛ pana ɛzɩma peeɖe wɛɛ yɔ. Nièye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ eekonu ñanaɣ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ Amerika mba nɛ Rusii mba nɩna ɖama nɛ polu tɩyɩnzɩ pɔɔyɩŋ taa lɔɔɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaa-ɖɩ se Saturn V. Ɖɩ-yʊŋ taa wɛ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ. Tamaɣ kanɛ kakpaɣ liidiya ɛzɩ Etazuni tɛ tɔɔlaaɖinaa miliyaɖinaa 153 yɔ nɛ ɖɩpɔza ɛyaa ɛzɩ 400 000 yɔ.


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Niyagara lɩmfalɩyɛ
Lɩmfala naatozo naayɛ kpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Niyagara lɩmfalɩyɛ. Lɩmfala ana awɛ Niyagara pɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ akpaɣna Eriiyee kujomuu piwolo pɩsɩɩna Antaariyoo ñɩŋgʊ, Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛna Kanadaa nɛ Etaazunii pa-kamaɣ taa. Lɩmfala anaa yɔ: Kpaŋnʊ ñɩɩyʊʊ yaa Kanadaa lɩmfalɩyɛ, Amerika lɩmfalɩyɛ nɛ Asɛyʊ weyi ɛɖɛʊ walʊʊ yɔ etoko « voile de la mariée ». Ɖooo Niyagara piyisi yɔɔ lɩm kpɛzʊna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 900 000 yɔ nɛ kɩpɩɩ kɛcɛlɛŋga sɔsɔɣa nakayɩ taa, lɩm tɔyɩ pɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 945 yɔ pɔcɔ pɩtalɩ ɖooo pʊʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩfalɩ cʊʊʊ.
Niyagara lɩmwada anɛ, paa atɩkʊyɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, awalaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. A-tɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ alɩwaatʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩla ɛzɩ 2 800 m3/s yɔ nɛ lɩmwada ana akɩlɩ ɖoŋ Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ awɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmwada wena pakɩla-yɛ sɩm yɔ a-taa. Lɩmwada anɛ awɛ kacʊka kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtasɩɩna a-keɖewa yɔɔ, akɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖ laadriki miŋ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɔsʊʊ kpou mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, peeɖe kɛŋna ɛsɩyɛ egbena loniye kɩpanɖɛ siŋŋŋ.


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Katsushika Hokusai
Katsushika Hokusai kɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩɣa. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ pasɩmam nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ tɩ-taa. Palʋla ɖajaa Katsushika Hokusai Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ niidozo nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (31) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1760 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋlɩ ɖajaa ɛnɛ yɔ, Edo egeetiye taa. Edo egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Tokiyo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩɣa kanɛ, kaakɛ pɩɣa lɔŋ n̄ɩŋa siŋŋ ɛ-taabalaa cɔlɔ nɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda.
Pɩɣa kanɛ, ka-taawɛɛ felendu kaʋ, kaasɔɔla nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Katsushika Hokusai sɩba agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1849 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɖajaa Hokusai wokina sɔsaa mʋlʋm lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ nakʋ (89) mbʋ yɔ. Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Mère Kaei yɔ, ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba.
Ɖajaa Katsushika Hokusai laba tʋma sakɩyɛ. Ɛ-tʋma ana a-taa naayɛ kɔyɔ : tɔlɩm taʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛta tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ weeyi yɔ, ɛfɛyɩ kalʋʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wendu ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ kama fɛyɩ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ samaɣ sɔnɔ tɔm nɛ caanaʋ tɔm takayaɣsɩ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ sakɩyɛ sɩmɩ-ɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Hokusai. Ɛ-tɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ kɩbaŋ lɩzɩʋ yɔɔ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ size, akpadɩyɛ sɔsɔ kpandʋ kɩlɛmɛŋ lɩzɩyʋ. Ɛ-tʋma wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ awɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yuŋ samaɣ ɛsɩnda nɛ maɣzɩyaa lalaa cɔlɔ.
Nesi tɛɛ tʋmlaɖaa sɔsaa nɛ keɣsi maɖaa sɔsaa nɛ hendu teyaa sɔsaa taa nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : ɖajaa Gauguin, nɛ ɖajaa Vincent Van Gogh, nɛ ɖajaa Claude Monet, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaa Alfred Sisley. Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, ɖajaa Katsushika Hokusai ɖɛna-wɛ nɔɔ.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ-m sɩ:
2Yʋlʋ nyɑ́, ɑlɑɑ nɑpǝlɩ pɑɑ wɛnnɑ nɑɑlɛ, pɑ too kɛ kʋlʋm.
3Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ lɑ́ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ kɛ Icipiti tɑɑ timpi pɑɑ wɛɛ tɔɣɔ pɑ pɛɛlʋtʋ wɑɑtʋ. Tǝnɑɣɑ pɑ cɑɑlɑ pɑ pɛɛlʋtʋ hǝlɑ kɛ wɑɣɑlʋɣʋ, nɑ pɑ́ ŋmɑkǝlɩ-yɛ.
4Pɑ yɑɑkɑɣɑ kɔɣɔ sɩ, Oholɑ, ɩlɛɣɛlɛ Sɑmɑlii tɛtʋ. Neu sɩ Oholipɑ, ɩlɛɣɛlɛ Yosɑlɛm. Mɑ́ tǝnnɑ-wɛ, nɑ pɑ́ lʋlɩ-m ɑpɑlʋpiyɑ nɑ ɑlʋpiyɑ.
5Amɑ Oholɑ nɑ́ lɑpɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ. Pǝyele mɑ́ tǝnnɑ-ɩ. Mpɑ n nyɩɩlɑɑ tɔɣɔlɛ nyɑ́ cɔlɔ nyǝ́mɑ Asilii nyǝ́mɑ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ń lǝsɑ pɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ tɑŋnɑɑ.
6Pɑɑ kɛ́ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ́, nɑ tɔm hʋʋlɑɑ sɔsɑɑ. Pɑ suukɑɣɑ wontu kʋpɑmpɑntʋ kɛ́. Pɑɑ kɛ́ ɩfepiyɑ nɑ pɑ́ tewɑ nɑ pɑ́ cɑkɩ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ.
7Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Oholɑ nyɑ́ luɣu lɑpɑ Asilii nyǝ́mɑ ɑkewenɑɑ sɔsɑɑ mpɛ. N sɔɔlɑ-wɛ, nɑ ń pilisi nyɑ́ tɩ nɑ pɑ tɩɩŋ.
8Wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ nti ń lɑkɑɣɑ Icipiti tɔɣɔ n tʋɣʋtɑɑ. Tǝnɑɣɑ pɑ cɑɑlɑ nyɑ́ pɛɛlʋtʋ hǝlɑ wɑɣɑlʋɣʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ hǝntǝnɑ-ŋ nyɑ́ pɛɛlʋtʋ tɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ pǝsɩ-ŋ wɑsɑŋkɑlɩ.
9Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ tʋ-ŋ nyɑ́ tɑŋnɑɑ Asilii nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ nyɑ́ luɣu sʋʋ mpʋ tɔ pɑ niŋ tɑɑ.
10Pɛlɛ pɑ kuu nyɑ́ pǝyɑlɑɑ nɑ nyɑ́ pɛɛlɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ wɔɣɔsɩ nyɑ́ wontu nɑ pɑ́ kʋ-ŋ nɑ lɑɣɑtɛ. Ɩsǝnɑ pǝ hɔmɑ nyɑ́ ŋkpɑŋʋɣʋ sɩ ɑlɑɑ lɛlɑɑ ɩ́ nɑ́ tɔɣɔlɛ.
11Oholɑ neu Oholipɑ nɑ́ pǝ tǝnɑɣɑ mpʋ. Amɑ ɩ kʋnyɩɩlǝŋ tɛlǝsɑ mpǝle. Oholipɑ nyɑ́ nyǝntʋ tɛɛ nyɑ́ kɔɣɔ nyǝntʋ.
12Nyɑ́ cɔlɔ Asilii nyǝ́mɑ tɔm hʋʋlɑɑ, nɑ ɑkewenɑɑ sɔsɑɑ. Pɑ suuwɑ wontu kʋpɑntʋ kɛ́ nɑ pɑ́ kɛ́ ɩfepiyɑ. Pɑ tewɑɣɑ nɑ pɑ́ cɑkɩ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ, mpɛɣɛ n tǝŋɑɣɑ.
13Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ cɛkǝnɑɑ sɩ, nyɑ́ pilisɑ nyɑ́ tɩ tɔtɔ. Mǝ nɑɑlɛ mǝ tɔntɛ lɑpɑ kʋlʋmtǝlɛ.
14Oholipɑ nɑ́ sɔɔsɑ lɛntɩ kɛ nyɑ́ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ tɔɔ. Kʋyɑkʋ nɑkʋlɩ n nɑwɑ pɑ lǝsɑ Pɑpiloni nyǝ́mɑ fotoo nɑ lʋm kʋsɛɛmǝm kɛ koluŋɑ tɔɔ.
15Pɑ lǝlɑ tɑmpɑlɑnɑɑ kɛ pɑ tɩɩsɩ tɑɑ. Pɑ temɑ nyɔɔŋ sɑɑlɑsɩ kʋwɑlɑsɩ, pɑ nǝɣǝsǝnɑ ɩsɩɩ ɑwulɑɑ. Ɩsɩɩ Pɑpiloni nyǝ́mɑ wɛʋ pɑ tɛ tɔ.
16Wɑɑtʋ wei Oholipɑ n nɑ́-wɛɣɛ kpɑkpɑɑ tɔɣɔ ń nyɩɩlɑ-wɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ ń tili nyɑ́ tillɑɑ kɛ pɑ tɛ.
17Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Pɑpiloni nyǝ́mɑ polɑ nyɑ́ kiŋ nɑ nyɑ́ nɑ-wɛ ɩ́ kɑɑ nyɑɑlʋɣʋ. Nɑ pɑ́ pilisi-ŋ nɑ pɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ. N pilisɑ nyɑ́ tǝɣɩ mpʋ, ɩlɛnɑ nyɑ́ tɑɑ kpɑnɑ-wɛ.
18N kɑ pǝsɑ nyɑ́ tǝɣɩ wɑsɑŋkɑlɩ kɛ́ tǝkeelee. N hʋlɑ nyɑ́ tɑpɑkpɛtɛ kɛ yǝlɑɑ. Hɑlǝnɑ mɑ nyǝɣǝsɩ-ŋ ɩsɩɩ mɑ nyǝɣǝsʋɣʋ nyɑ́ kɔɣɔ tɔ.
19N lʋlǝsɑ nyɑ́ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ kɛ́, nɑ ń tɔɔsǝɣɩ ɩsǝnɑ n lɑkɑɣɑ nyɑ́ tǝɣɩ nyɑ́ pɛɛlǝtʋ wɑɑtʋ kɛ Icipiti tɔ.
20Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ nyɑ́ luɣu sʋʋwɑ nyɑ́ tɑŋnɑɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛnɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ luluɣu tɔ. Ɩsɩɩ kpɑŋɑsɩ nɑ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ pǝ wɛʋ tɔ.
21Oholipɑ, n tɔɔsɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ nti n lɑpɑ nyɑ́ pɛɛlʋtʋ tɔ. Wɑɑtʋ ɩnǝɣɩ Icipiti nyǝ́mɑ wɑɣɑlɑɣɑ nyɑ́ hǝlɑ nɑ pɑ́ ŋmɑkǝlǝɣɩ-yɛ.
22Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ sɩ: Mɑɑ yele nɑ nyɑ́ tɑŋnɑɑ tǝnɑ mpɑ nyɑ́ tɑɑ kpɑnɑɑ tɔ, pɑ́ lɩɩnɑ pɑɑ le nɑ pɑ́ kʋlɩ nyɑ́ tɔɔ.
23Pǝ kpɑɣɑʋ Pɑpiloni ɩcɑtɛ, nɑ Kɑlǝtee nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ tɔ. Nɑ Pekotɩ nɑ Sowɑ nɑ Kowɑ pǝ tɛtʋnɑɑ nyǝ́mɑ. Asilii nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ kɑ́ sɔɔsɩ pɑ tɔɔ. Mɑɑ kpeɣeli ɩfepiyɑ telɑɑ, nɑ kʋfǝnɛɛnɑɑ, nɑ tɔm hʋʋlɑɑ sɔsɑɑ, nɑ yoolɑɑ, nɑ ɑkewenɑɑ sɔsɑɑ. Pɑ tǝnɑ pɑɑ kɛ́ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ cɑɣɑlɑɑ kɛ́.
24Pɑɑ lɩɩnɑ ilim ntɔɣɔŋ tɔɔ kɛ́, nɑ yoolɑɑ tuutuumɑ nɑ pɑ yoou kɛɛkɛnɑɑ nɑ pǝ wontu. Pɑɑ kenti pɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ kpɑlǝŋ, nɑ yoou kɑhusi nɑ pɑ́ tɑ-mɛɣɛ kotɑɣɑ. Mɑɑ pɛtɩ Pɑpiloni nyǝ́mɑ kɛ mǝ tɔm. Pɛlɛ pɑɑ kɛɛsǝnɑ pɑ kiiŋ nɑ pɑ hʋʋnɑ-mɛ.
25Mɑɑ mʋ-mɛ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́, nɑ mɑ́ yele nɑ mǝ kolontunɑɑ lɑ-mɛ nɑ mʋsʋŋ. Pɑɑ sɛtɩ mǝ mɩɩnɑ, nɑ mǝ ŋkpɑŋŋ. Pɑɑ kʋ mǝ lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ lɑɣɑtɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ kuu mǝ pǝyɑlɑɑ nɑ mǝ pɛɛlɑɑ. Ye pǝ kɑɑsɑ mpɑ, ɩlɛ pɑ nyɑɣɑsɩ-wɛɣɛ kɔkɔ nɑ pɑ ɩsɛ.
26Pɑɑ kuu mǝ wontu kʋsusuutu, nɑ mǝ kɑcɔkɑ nyǝntʋ tǝnɑ.
27Mɑɑ sɩɩ tǝnɑɣɑ kɛ mǝ tɔntɛ ɩsɑɣɑlɛ. Nɑ mǝ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ nti ɩ cɑɑlɑ Icipiti tɑɑ tɔ. Ɩ kɑɑ tɑsɑ Icipiti nyǝ́mɑ kɛ nyɩɩlʋɣʋ, yɑɑ ɩ hʋʋ pɑ tɔm.
28Pǝ tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ, mɑ yɔɣɔtǝɣǝnɑ sɩ mɑɑ tʋ-mɛɣɛ mpɑ ɩɩ cɑɑkɩ nɑ mǝ́ tɑɑ kpɑɑnɑ tɔ pɑ niŋ tɑɑ.
29Tɑɑ hɑŋɑɣɑ kɛ pɑɑ lɑnɑ-mɛ, nɑ pɑ́ kuu mǝ wɛnɑʋ mpi ɩ́ kontinɑ hɑŋɑɣɑ tɔ, nɑ pǝ́ yele-mɛɣɛ kpɛtɛ tǝyǝlǝyǝlɩ. Pɩɩ kuli mǝ tɛtɛlɑtǝtʋ nɑ mǝ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ nɑ pǝ fɛɛlɛ tɔɔ tǝyelele.
30Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑɑ lɑ-mɛ. Mpi tɔ, ɩ́ lɑpɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ nɑ piitimnɑɑ. Ɩ pilisɑ mǝ tɩ nɑ pɑ tɩɩŋ.
31Mǝ kɔɣɔ ɩkpɑtɛ kɛ ɩ́ tǝŋɑɑ. Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑɑ tʋ-mɛɣɛ wɑhɑlɑ sɔsɔ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́*fɑ*. tʋwɑ pǝ hʋwɛɛ ɩsɩɩ Mɑtiyee 20:22. Fǝlɑnsɛɛ tɑɑ wɛɛ sɩ kɔpʋ kɛ́.
32Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑ́ mɑ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ: Ɩ́ kɑ́ tɔɣɔ wɑhɑlɑ sɔsɔ kɛ́. Wɑhɑlɑ ɩnɩ ɩ wɑlɑɑ kɛ́ nɑ ɩ limɑɑ. Wɑhɑlɑ ɩnɩ ɩ kɑ yelinɑ nɑ pɑ́ tʋʋkɩ-mɛ nɑ pɑ́ woŋiɣi-mɛ. Wɑhɑlɑ ɩnɩ ɩ tɔɔwɑ sɔsɔm kɛ́.
33Nyɑ́ kɔɣɔ Sɑmɑlii wɑhɑlɑ ɩnɩ, ɩ kɑ́ wɩɩ-ŋ nɑ ɩ́ kʋ-ŋ. Nɑ ɩ́ wɑkǝlɩ-ŋ nɑ ɩ́ tʋ-ŋ sɔɣɔntʋ.
34N kɑ́ tɔɣɔ-ɩ kɛ́ nɑ ń tɛmɩ-ɩ. N kɑ́ yɔkɩ-ɩ hɔɣɔlɑsɩ nɑ sɩ́ hɛɛ nyɑ́ lɑŋlɛ tɑɑ. Mpi tɔ, mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑ́ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ.
35Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑ́ mɑ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ: N sɔɔ mɑ tɔɔ. N lɔ-m nɑ wɑɑlɩ tɔ, nyɑ́ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ nɑ nyɑ́ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ kɑ́ mǝlɩ nyɑ́ nyʋɣʋ tɑɑ.
36Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ Ɩsekiyɛɛlɩ mɑ́ sɩ: Yʋlʋ nyɑ́, tɑɣɑnɩ nyɑ́ tɩ nɑ ń hʋʋnɑ Oholɑ nɑ Oholipɑ. Pǝ wɛɛ sɩ ń kuli pɑ ɑcɑɑlǝtʋ tɔɔ kɛ́.
37Pɑ kɛ́ ɑlɑɑ yʋlʋkʋlɑɑ kɛ́, nɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝnɑɑ. Tɩɩŋ ɑsilimɑ nyǝŋ tǝlɑɑlɛ kɛ pɑ lɑpɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ. Pɑ lɑɑ-ɩ pɑ pǝyɑlɑɑ mpɑ pɑɑ lʋlɑ-m tɔ.
38Mpi pɑ tɑsɑ-m lɑpʋ tɔɣɔlɛ pɑ pilisɑ mɑ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ kɛ kʋyɑkʋ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ ŋkʋ. Pɑ wɑkǝlɑ mɑ kʋyɛɛŋ kʋhɛɛsǝŋ.
39Wɑɑtʋ wei pɑ lɑɑkɑɣɑ pɑ piyɑ kɛ tɩɩŋ tɔɣɔ, pɑ polɑ kʋyɑkʋ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ ŋkʋɣʋ mɑ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ nɑ pɑ́ pilisi-tɛ.
40Hɑlǝnɑ pɑ́ tili tillɑɑ kɛ ɑpɑlɑɑ pooluŋ nyǝ́mɑ wɑɑlɩ. Pɛlɛ pɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ pɑ sɔwɑ lʋm, nɑ pɑ́ tʋ́ cǝlɑʋnɑɑ nɑ kɑcɔkɑ wontu.
41Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ cɑɣɑ pɑ kɑtonɑɑ kʋpɑmpɑmɑ tɔɔ, nɑ pɑ tɑɑpǝlǝnɑɑ kɛ pɑ nɔɣɔ tɔɔ. Nɑ pɑ́ sɩɩ mɑ tulɑɑlʋ nɑ nim kɛ pǝ tɔɔ.
42Sɑmɑɑ wei ɩɩ hʋʋkɩ nɑtǝlɩ tɔ, ɩ kɔmɑ ɩ kiŋ nɑ ɩ́ lɑkɩ kɔkɔtɛ. Sɑpɑɑ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑ lɩɩnɑɑ. Pɑ tʋwɑ Oholɑ nɑ ɩ neu pɑ niŋ tɑɑ kɛ́ kpɑsɩ, nɑ pɑ temɑ-wɛɣɛ nteniŋ kʋpɑmpɑŋ.
43Mpʋɣʋlɛ mɑ pɔɔsɑ pɑ tɑɑ ɑlʋ wei ɩ kpɑtǝlɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝtʋ tɑɑ tɔ sɩ: Nɔɔnɔɔ n kɑ́ lɑkɩ-tǝɣǝlɛ? Nɑ pɑɑ kɔɔ nyɑ́ kiŋ nɑ?
44Ɩlɛnɑ yǝlɑɑ kɔɔ pɑ kiŋ ɩsɩɩ pɑ kɔŋʋɣʋ ɑpɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ ɑlɑɑ kiŋ tɔ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɑpɑlɑɑ pukɑɣɑ ɑlɑɑ sɑkɑlɑ nyǝ́mɑ Oholɑ nɑ Oholipɑ pɑ kiŋ.
45Amɑ ɑpɑlɑɑ siɣisilɑɑ kɑ́ hʋʋnɑ-wɛ, ɩsɩɩ pɑ hʋʋkʋɣʋnɑ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝnɑɑ, yɑɑ mpɑ pɑ kʋɣɩ yǝlɑɑ tɔ. Mpi tɔ, pɑ kɛ́ wɑsɑŋkɑlǝnɑɑ kɛ́, nɑ yǝlɑɑ cɑlǝm wɛ pɑ niŋ tɔɔ.
46Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ sɩ: Mɑɑ yele nɑ sɑmɑɑ kʋlɩ pɑ tɔɔ. Pɑɑ kuu pɑ wontu nɑ sɔɣɔntʋ pɩɩ-wɛ.
47Sɑmɑɑ ɩnɩ ɩ kɑ́ yɑɣɑ-wɛɣɛ pɛɛ, nɑ pɑ́ kʋ pɑ nɑ pɑ pǝyɑlɑɑ nɑ pɑ pɛɛlɑɑ nɑ lɑɣɑlɛɛ, nɑ pɑ nyɑɣɑsɩ pɑ tɛɛsɩ kɛ kɔkɔ.
48Ɩsǝnɑ mɑɑ sɩɩ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ tǝnɑɣɑ kɛ tɛtʋ tɑɑ tɔɣɔlɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ pǝ́ hʋlɩ ɑlɑɑ lɛlɑɑ kɛ lɑɣɑtʋ nɑ pɑ́ tɑɑ tǝŋ pɑnɛ pɑ ɩkpɑtɛ.
49Pɑ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ kɑ́ mǝlɩ pɑ nyɔɔŋ tɑɑ. Pɑɑ sǝɣǝlɩ pɑ tɩɩŋ lɑɑʋ kʋpʋntʋɣʋ. Wɑɑtʋ ɩnǝɣɩ pɑɑ nyɩ sɩ mɑɣɑlɛ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ.


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Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ (/psi.ko.te.ʁa.pi/) pɩkɛ fɛbɩtʊ natɩyʊ yaa kɔɔ labɩtʊ natʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma pɩtɩŋna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, kɛ ɛyʊ lɛɛlʊ yaa ɛyaa nabayɛ mba palakɩ maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩñɔŋ yɔ, ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɔsɔzʊʊ kɔɔ lɛɛna ɛzɩ anasaayɩ kɔɔ mbʊ yɔ ŋkpaɣ ŋɖɛɛ. Ɛcɔŋna kʊdɔndɩnaa yɔɔ (piyaa yaa ɛyaa sʊtɩyaa), pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ tɛ kʊdɔŋ ɖoŋ yɔɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma pʊwɛɛ se ɛɖʊ nesi pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kɔɔ labɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ laɣsɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ nabʊyʊ taa pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ.
Nabʊyʊ taa pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ tʊ nɛ kɔɔ laɖʊ pɔyɔɔdɩtʊ cɔlɔ pɩcɛlɩna ɛzɩma panɩɣna ɖama pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɩɣ-ɩ kɩ-yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛzɩma pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣeɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, nabʊyʊ lɩmaɣza cɔlɔ, yaa cɔɔcɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ cɔlɔ.
Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ lila taa mbʊ se θepaπeίa, therapeía (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɔɔ wazʊʊ) nɛ ψuxή, psykhê (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kalɩzaɣ, fezuu) nɛ matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se maɣzɩm kɔɔ fɛbɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tʊ nɛ tɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ lɩna kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ wazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ nɛ paya-ɩ se Walter Cooper Dendy, ɛnʊ lɩza nɛ tɔmpiye psychotherapeia pɩnaɣ 1853. Maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye wɛʊʊ yɔ Hippolyte Bernheim lubina-ɖɩ, ɛnʊ kaakɛna Nancii sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ ɛnʊ kaasuzina takayaɣ nakayɛ tɔm ŋga payaa se Hypnotisme, suggestion, psychothérapie kɛ pɩnaɣ 1891. Ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔmpiye maɣzɩm kɔɔ labɩtʊ ñɔɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 kɛnɛ.


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Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ
Goobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ wɛ kpaɣ Siini hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ Mongoli hadɛ kɩŋ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Kawalɩ sɩŋŋŋ. Pɛtɛyɩ Mongoli tam napʊtozo kɔyɔ, Goobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ kpakʊ ɛzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ yɔ. Kadaŋga hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, pʊʊ cɔ-kʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Ɖinaɣ Altaï pʊʊ, Mongoli piyasi nzɩ sɩ yɔɔ nɛ ñɩtʊ kpɛmmm yɔ, Tibetain pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ñʊʊ taa walɩ camɩyɛ landammm yɔ pɩnɛ Siini hayʊ kɩŋ kadaŋga. Tʊtʊʊyɛ taa lɛ, Mongoli kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Gobi tɔbʊ se hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ nɩkaɣ takɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Payaɣ Goobi ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Tsöl mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe wɛ kʊlam ɛzɩ ñanaɣ teŋgʊ yɔ. Gobi kñɩnbusaɣ yɔɔ tɔm wɛ welesiɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo caanaʊ taa lɛ, peeye ɛyaa tɩŋgaɣna heŋ tɔna nɛ pɛɖɛʊ ajɛya ntɩ ntɩ taa kɛlɛʊ kɛlɛʊ nɛ palakɩ kɩlɛɛzʊ.
Goobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɖalaakɩŋ taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 1600 kpaɣna wsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hadɛ kɩŋ. Toboyuu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa 800 kpaɣna hayʊ kɩŋ ŋwolo ŋsɩɩna hadɛ kɩŋ. Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ wɛ kañɩnbʊsasɩ nzɩ sɩkɩlɩ walʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔ kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa wɛ 1300OOOkm2. Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɔm nɛ tɩɩndɩ kpem. Lɛɛsɩ taa lɛ; kañɩŋga panaɣ, ɛlɛ kaka taa yɔ kaaŋ kɩlana ɖɔʊ.
Goobi tɛtʊ yɔɔ ñɩm wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Ɖɩnaɣ kadanzɩ nɛ sɩ-taa ñɩtʊ nɛ wɩlɩŋ pɛwɛɛ yɔ; tɛtʊ ñabɩ nɛ kaaŋ nɛ kañɩŋga. Wɩsɩ ɛɛñakɩ sɩŋŋŋ peeɖe. Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, wɩsɩ ñakɩ kɩyakɩŋ 250 ɖeke.
Kpankʊɖʊmwaa cakɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ. Pacakɩ aɖaaɖaanaa yɔɔ yaa kpaŋganzɩyɔɔ. Napʊyʊ taa lɛ, lɔɔɖa taa pacakɩ nɛ pɔcɔʊ. Kpankʊɖʊm waa mba pazʊ coka taa. Po-coka ana, pamaɣ yɛ kʊlʊ kʊlʊ. Peeɖe, awayɩ tɛtɛ wondu taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Przewalski kpaŋnʊ, kpou yaa kpemtɔyaɣ.
Ɛyaa paazɩ ɖɔɖɛ peeɖe pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ. Pɔɖɔʊ pʊŋ nɛ heŋ. Ɛ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ «angora». Angora ŋgʊ pɔsɔɔlɩ kɩɖɔʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-tɔnɛ wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Nemegt hɛɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ, patʊʊ-kʊ hɩɖɛ se «Dragons» waa hɛɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, peeɖe kɛ ɖooo lɔŋ taa kpɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kaawɛɛ. Panaɣ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ «Dinosaures» naa nɛ pa-yala ɖɔɖɔ.
Goobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ taa tɛʊ nɩʊ yaa wɩsɩ ñaaʊ wɛ wɛɖɩɣ. Pɩlɩɣ na yolim yaa lʊŋgɩyɛ taa tɔm. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa lɛ, wɩsɩ ɖoŋ ɖɛ ɛzɩ 38°c. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ, nikaɣ wɛ fɩnɩnɩ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, nikaɣ ñɛ -250°c. Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Anntarctique wayɩ lɛ, Gobi taa kɛ nikaɣ kɩlaa. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ heelim makɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖoo taa yaa tɛbɩyɛ tɛɛ mbʊ yɔ, piniidu niidu mbʊ yɔ pɩmakʊna ɛzɩ 32°c yɔ. Fɛɛnɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Yollin Am yɔ, hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ taa,ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna lɩm pɛ. Tʊtʊ wayɩ ɖɩnɩɣ se Gobi kañɩbʊsaɣ wɛɛ kawalɩɣ nɛ kawalɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga kasʊ lona wena awɛ p,ucɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 10000km2 yɔ.


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Kozoŋa
Kozoŋa wɛ ‘‘Léporidés’’ naa tiiye taa. Kozoŋa wɛ ñɩtʊ taa nɛ kanɛ anasayɩ kozoŋa palɩ ɖama pazɩ. Kozoŋa lʊlʊʊ pɩya nɛ sɩmʊzɩ-ɩ nɛ sɩkɔɔ sipaɣlɩ. Kozonzɩ wɛ ntɩ ntɩ nɛ sɩpɩzʊʊ sɩtalɩ hʊwa ɛzɩ 30kɛ mbʊ yɔ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa mbʊ lɛ sɩ-yɔɔ masɩ, sɩ-palaka yaa ɖenɖe sɩwɛɛ yɔ. Kozonzi kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena atɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔm com com yɔ. Sɩsɔɔla wɛʊ ŋgayɩ ŋgayɩ yaa nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, abalʊ ŋga nɛ halʊ ŋga peɖeke pɔɖɔŋna.
Kozonzi wɛ lɛɛtʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Sɩwayɩ acɩya ɖalɩ cɛŋŋŋ cɛŋŋŋ nɛ pɩsɩŋna-sɩ se sɩma poliŋ poliŋ yee nabʊyʊ ɛlɩ sɩ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ. Eerɔpɩ tɛ kozonzi wɛ ndɩ kpem. Peeɖe kozonzi pɩzʊʋ sise kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 60 kɛ mbʊ yɔ ñɩɩyʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔɔ. Nasɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ sɩmaa ɛsɔtaa ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ mbʊ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 80 ñɩɩyʊ kʊɖʊmʊ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pɩsɩŋna sɩsɩ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ sɩpaɣlaka nɛ sɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ. Kozoŋa nandʊ wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ mbʊ labɩna nɛ paa lakʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kozoŋa ɛtʊlʊʊ. Ɛlɛ, kʊdɔŋ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩwa nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Eeboolaa yɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ lɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛtɔɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna nandʊ.


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Koobu paɣtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe
Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ Krɩstʋ mba tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-taa mba payaɣ kɛlɛʋ yem size Fransɩskɛ waa. Ɖɩkɛ katolika krɩstʋ mba paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcalɩ lɩʋ kajalaɣ taa pombo kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖajaa weyi ɛlɩza-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔɔ payaɣ size François kiɖeɖeu Assise tʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1210 taa.
Ɛzɩ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Ɛsɔ yɔ, koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ krɩstʊ yɔ nɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ ajamaa sɔsaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Pe-wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ mɛnvɛyɩ pɩyʋʋ waa yɔ. Pa-tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛlɛ size posusi Ɛsɔ tɔm paale. Pɔsɔlɩm kʋɖʋmʋm yɔɔ pɛcɛla pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ hɩɖɛ size " koobu ", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛʋ size mɩzaɣ kʋyʋmaɣ yɔɔ piya hɛkʋ taa koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ.
Ɛlɛ yee ɖɩcɔna camɩyɛ sɔnɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pakpa cɔjɔ naa sakɩyɛ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size fadanaa yɔ. Maɣzɩm tɩnaa nanza nabɛyɛ yeba nɛ pa-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, patɩlɩ Fransiskɛ waa camɩyɛ. Pa-hɩlaa yɔ, kiɖeɖeu Bonaventure Bagnoregio tʊ, nɛ Roger Bacon, nɛ Duns Scot, nɛ pɩtasɩna Guillaume d'Ockham.
Papɩ François yeba nɛ sakɩyɛ tɩlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ. Mbʋ yɔ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, ɛlaba atɩma sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna lanhɛzɩyɛ taa wɛyʋ yaʋʋ mba mba pakʋwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ Ɛsɩpagnɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ you alɩwaatʋ taa. Koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖiilesa ɖɩ-ɛyaa mba yɔ, paakpɛnda nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩlɩzɩ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu François Assise tʊ kaakɛ evebu pɩɣa ŋga kaalɩna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩwɛ weewee siŋŋ yɔ.


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Pythagorus
Pythagore (Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ΠuθaYόpaς / Pythagóras), ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lɛɣzɩyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɔnsɩnɖʊ pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 580 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛ Samos, Egée teŋgʊ tɛ lɩm taa tɛtʊ kɛ hadɛ yɔɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ Athènes tɛtʊ taa. Palaba ɛsɩm takayaɣ kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 495 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ, mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 85. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩlɩyɛ ɛyʊ, mbʊ wayi wayi paɣtʊ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kɛdʊʊ.
Paasɩŋ ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ e-fezuu caɣʊ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ pɩŋ se patɩlɩ ɛ-tɔm ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lɛɣzɩyʊ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊ nɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ hama tʊ mbʊ yɔ. Wɩɖɩ ɛtama tɔ natʊyʊ kaʊ, nɛ nɩɣlɩm cɛnzɩ hiu waa lʊbɛ nɛ kʊyʊm nzɩ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ wɛ kabʊtaɣ tɩyɛ nɛ tɩkɛ kadɩnaɣ tɔm ndʊ pɔsɔza ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋna sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, putukina Pont tɛ Héraclide n ; eɛtɔŋ se tovonum lɛ, pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ Pythagore kɛnɛ Krɛkɩ kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛtɔma ɛ-tɩ se ɛkɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ tʊ yɔ yaa lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊ yɔ. Cicéron tasɩ tɔm kiseɣtu pɩlɩna tɔmʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩzʊʊ yɔ φιλόσoφoς (philosophos), kɩ-tɔbʊʊ se lɔŋ siŋ sɔɔlɩyaa, pɩtɩŋna Pythagore kʊyʊm ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna tovonum mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛɛɛ mba payi paañɔna ɖiŋ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm paakɛ lɔŋ tɩnaa.
Palʊla pithagore kɛ Samos pɩnaɣ -569 yaa -606, ndʊ Ératosthène nɛ Diogène Laërce pɔtɔma yɔ, -590 ndʊ Jamblique ñɔtɔma yɔ, Porphre cɔlɔ lɛ, se pɩnaɣ -580 nɛ ɛsɩ -494 yaa -497 kɛ Métaponte, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Mnésarque, ɛɛkɛ kokowaa luɖu. E-ɖoo Parthénis, nɛ peheyuu-ɖʊ kpeɣu taa se ɛnʊ kaakɩlɩ keɖeɣa Samos halaa tɩŋnɛ payi.
Ɛ-halʊ kaahaɣ hoɣa nɛ ɛlʊlɩ-ɩ pɩɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ kɩkɩlɩ keɖeɣa nɛ lɔŋ. Kpaɣ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛlɛzɩɣ ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se Parthénis yɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se Pythaïs. Kɛlɛ ɛya ɛ-pɩɣa se Pythagore ΠuθaYόpaς.


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Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu
Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu kɛna arabɩ kʋnʋŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, «Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ agɔlɔma ɖijayɛ lone». Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ size Masjid al-Haram. Kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-kɛna Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu kiɖeɖeu. Kɩwɛ Mɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa kɛ Arabi saʋdiiti taa. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuŋ matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Kuduyuu kʋnɛ kɩkɩlɩna walʋʋ nɛ paɣlʋ kedeŋa kanɛ kɔyɔ.
Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ ki-lone kɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɔɔnɔɔ lone kiɖeɖeɣ kɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖinaɣ Kaaba. Kʋkʋ yɔ peɖe lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɛlɛka pɩyɛ pindimm kɩkpɛdɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩyɛ nɖɩ, paa malʋʋ ɛsɔ sɛyʋ weyi lɛ, pɩɩwɛnayɩ size e-ɖukina-ɖɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ powoki kpalaaʋ yɔ.
Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ tisuu nɛ tɩ-luuzuu Ɛsɔ tɛɛ lɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, pɛ-ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɔm lɩwa pileɖa. Nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ tiyaa lɩzana sɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ pɩcɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe naɣ wɩsɩ. Allah pɛ-ɛsɔ sɛtʋ hɩɖɛ tiyina sɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ e-tiyaa. Malɩŋ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, tiyaa mana Kaaba nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ Adam weyi ɛkɛ kajala ɛyʋ yɔ. Wayɩ wayɩ n̄ɩnʋ weyi pɩɖɩɣnayɩ Kaaba maʋʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ lɛ Abraham.


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Alizee
Alizee kɛna Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔdɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ kpeekpe taa. Alizee wɛna Mediteranee teŋgu cɔlɔ kpam nɛ peeɖe ɖɔdɔ lɛ, maalikinaa ɖɔɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ pakalɩɣ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-ɛyaa kpɛnda 2 481 788 ɛlɛ kewiyaɣ taa minisiɖinaa mba pɔcɔŋna ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taabalɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se sɩŋŋŋ taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 4 400 000.
Keteŋa kpeekpe tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ kɩgalʊʊ tʊma yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩtɔŋ se pɩnaɣ 2010 taa lɛ Alizee tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kpɛndamiliyɔɔnaa 6 727 806. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndamiliyɔɔnaa 7 796 923 nɛ Maagrɛbʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Alizee taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.


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Hɔŋirii
Hɔŋirii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ paya:g se Pudapɛsɩtɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ lɛ Hɔŋrʊwaa piyele nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩu yɔ lɛ foriŋ.
Hɔŋirii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna hɔɔlasɩ nasitozo nɛ tɔlɩm naputozo: kɩsɛɛmɩŋ, kʊlʊmɩŋ nɛ tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 93 030 km2 nɛ kpaɣna hayʊ pitii pɩsɩɩna hadɛ lɛ kilomɛtanaa 250 wɛna nɛ pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ pitii pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ pɩmakɩna kilomɛtanaa 524.
Hɔŋirii nɛ Otirisii kamaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ pɩtalɩɣ kilomɛtanaa 2 009 yɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hadɛ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Sɛrɩbii, Kuruwasii nɛ Siloveni, hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Rumaaniii piyele hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukurɛnɩ pɩkazɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siloovaakii. Hɔŋirii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiŋ naalɛ yaa nɛɛlɛ (20).
Hɔŋirii ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna eɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩɣna komina yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ. Komina ñʊʊtʊ ñalɩzɩɣna ɛ-tɛ minisiriwaa. Peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛndɩ 199. Politiki aŋgba wena awɛɛ yɔ, paa nɖɩ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩwɛɛna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛzɩ kagbanzɩ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ faction parlementaire.


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Ampiiri pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ waa (Empire coloniaux)
Ampiiri pacaɣa ma-ñʊʊ waa, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ajɛyɛ wena awɛ ɖoŋ sɔɔjɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa amʊwa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ-yɛ a-ñɩm yɔ ɖooo pitihiɣ alɩwaatʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ. Yee naayɛ ɛlaba politiki lɩmaɣza wena se a-sɔɔlɩm taa alɩzɩ a-maɣmaɣ a-tɩ ɛzɩ Japɔŋ kaalabʊ mbʊ Edo alɩwaatʊ taa, pʊwayi lɛ, a-ɖanɩɣ a-maɣmaɣ pazʊʊ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ Japɔŋ ŋgʊ Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ 1939-1945 taa, nɛ pɩtɛ walʊʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɩna kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ pɩnzɩ 1939-1945 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ajɛyɛ wena awɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ lɛ, pɛ-tɛ Ampiiri paɣtʊ takayaɣ lɩna ɖooo Erɔpʊ taa ñɩnɩyɛ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna lɩm yɔɔ mɛlɛnaa saʊ (ŋnaʊ kɩsasaʊ, hayi wɩlɩyʊ ñɩɣyʊ, tɛtʊ tɛlɛnzɩ laɣsɩ) nɛ malɩfa lubutu.
Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se Antaritiki yɔ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ patacaɣ ɖɩ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ kaʊ, ɛlɛ, pamazɩ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɛɛ. Ajɛyɛ 25 mbʊ yɔ tɛ lɛɣtʊ ɖoŋ wɛ Ataritiki ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ a-taa peeɖe lɛ, lʊbɛ pɔzʊʊ ajɛyɛ yɔɔ (Ositralii, Zelandɩ Kɩfalʊ, Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ, Fransɩɩ, Nɔrɩfɛzɩ, Arzantini nɛ Siili) ɛlɛ, pɩtɛ ñɩŋgɩɣ mbʊ pɩkpa ɖoŋ (mʊlʊm tɔmpiye) pɩtɩŋna Antaritiki nɩnaʊ takayaɣ yɔ. Ajɛyɛ ana a-tɛ komina wɛna tindima ndɩ ndɩ Antaritiki taa nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ lɩŋgamʊʊ taa ajɛyɛ wena lɩm cɔ-yɛ pɩta yɔ a-taa.
Sɩlavɩ nɛ roumain ajɛyɛ tɔm kɛdɩyaa mba paakɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 ŋtalɩ 19 ŋgʊ taa Otirisi Ampiiri taa nɛ pɩtasɩna Otirirsi nɛ Hoŋgiri nɛ ɖenɖe Caama ajɛyɛ kaacaɣ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ñʊŋ yɔɔ nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ kaamaɣza ɛzɩ pɩɩkɛ Ampiiri pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ tɛ ŋgʊ (ŋgʊ Lénine yawaɣ se samaɣ salaka tɛ ɛyaa pɩnaɣ 1918 alɩwaatʊ taa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Woodrow Wilson ñɩɣ niye nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɔyɔkɩ-kʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ hiu nɛ nanza paɣtʊ yɔɔ paɣtʊ hiu ndʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1918). Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɔna ŋtɔnjɔlɩyɛ siŋ tɔm kɛdɩyaa sakɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Caama ñɩma nɛ Otirisi ñɩma, mba papa mazɩ se pɩɩkɛ Habsbourg Ampiiri walɩna pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ tɛ ɖama taa sʊʊ.


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Pana
Liu tɛɛ tomiye tam yaa hɔyɛ kuluu yaa pana (Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ paɣzɩyɛ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa emovere pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ciŋisuu) pɩkɛ ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ walaa nɛ ɖɩpaɣlɩ ɖɔɖɔ siŋ (ɖɩpaɣzɩ tuda nɛ ɖɩɩɖaɣlʊʊ) pɩlɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza ciituu taa pɔza ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ paɣtʊ, maɣzɩm yɔɔdɩyʊ nɛ maɣzɩm maɣmaɣ.
René Descartes kaakɛna kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ pɩlɩna hɔyɛpɩsɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ. Ɛ-kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ciyam kʊñɔŋ yɔɔ lɛ, Descartes pɩza ɛlɩzɩ laŋmayɛ hɔɔlɩŋ loɖo ɛnʊ yɔ kajalaɣ lɛ, samtʊ, naalɛ lɛ sɔɔlɩm, naatozo pana nananza lɛ cʊɖʊʊ kagbanzɩ taa lɛ leleŋ nɛ loɖo lɛ niikaɣ sʊtʊ nɛ lalaa naa tɩŋa lɩna pɩ-taa lɛɛtʊ naa cɔlɔ.
Hɔpɩsɩyɛ kɛ maɣzɩm taa laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna wɛtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩpaɣzɩna ɛyʊ taa nɛ pɩcɔ pɩlɩna awayi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣza taa pɩwɛʊ nɛ pɩcɔ ɛla mbʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ. Pɩlɩna nabʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ pana seɣ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛnaɣ ɛsɩndaa yɔ.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɔbɩŋ lɩzɩɣ caʊʊ kaɖɛ piŋ nɛ pɩkɔŋna ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ piŋ ñɩnɩyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ laŋpɩsɩyɛ tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩ labɩ kaɖɛ siŋ.


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Sʊmaɣ Taataa
Sʊmaɣ Taataa kɛna sumaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɩ. Ɛ-hʊdʊ ɖaɣlaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ eposu-tʊ yɔ, ɛpaɣlɩ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛɛcɔzʊ ɛ-hʊndʊ ndʊ kpɛɛɛ kpɛɛɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɛ wɛɛ tʊ-yɔɔ yɔ. Kpagbasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se taataanaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ si-keŋ wɛ ɛzɩ taataanaa keŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, payaɣ huduhuyiŋ nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se taataanaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, i-keŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖaɣla nɛ pɛkɛdʊ-ɩ nɛ taataanaa. Huduhuyiŋ ɩnʊ, ɖoo taa ɖoo taa kɛ ɩlɩɣ.
Taataanaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ: nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ pa-hundu tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ yɔ, taataanaa pʊlɔɔ mba wɛɛ, taataanaa nabayɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se Koŋgo taataa nɛ taataa kʊnɛ kɩ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Taataanaa kʊhʊlʊmaa wɛɛ, Afrika taataanaa ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, nabayɩ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ɖaɣ taataanaa, taataanaa nabayɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ndamaa, kisidaa wɛɛ, tɩŋ hɛtʊ taataanaa ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, nabayɩ yɔɔ nɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ, toyi toyi ñɩmba wɛɛ. Taataanaa ñʊn-taa wɛna kaɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ abalɩ ñɩŋ pɩzʊ iposi i-suŋ nɛ pɩwalɩ taŋgalam ɛzɩ kpɩyʊʊ hatʊ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ sumasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa abalaa wɛʊ ndɩ nɛ halaa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ pʊwɛna taataanaa cɔlɔ. Tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛʊ abalɩ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ halɩ ñɩŋgʊ pa-taa yɔ, tɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ kɛ patɩlɩɣ abalɩ ñɩŋgʊ yaa halɩ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɛlɛ pɩcatʊ taa lɛ, halɩ ñɩŋgʊ suu taɖaɣlɩ ɛzɩ abalɩ ñɩŋgʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ takɩŋ ɛɛɖɔʊ. Mbʊ sɩŋna-kʊ nɛ kɩpɩzʊ kɩpabʊ taataa kɩ-yala yɔɔ pɩɩnaɣ-kʊ.
Taataanaa abalɩñɩmba kalɩhʊndʊ pɩzʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛta kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ koŋgo taataanaa hʊndʊ ɩɩtalʊ mbʊ. Koŋgo taataanaa caɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ tolotolonaa yɔ. Yee patalɩ pɩnzɩ naatozo lɛ, peeɖe pa-kalɩhʊndʊ pɩzʊ pɩtalɩ mbʊ. Taataa ekoo, pɩpɩzʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛta yɔ. Sumasɩ sɩnɛ sɩtɔsɔɔlɩ cɩkpɛndʊ paa ñɩɩɩ.


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Ɛsɩpaañɩ
Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe lɛ, pɛkɛdɩɣ ajɛya wena a-taa eyaa ɖɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ sɛʊ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 28 ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔŋnaa 46 pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Mediiteraanee teŋgu cɔ-ɖɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ payɩ nɛ pɩta ɛlɛ pɩkazɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Piirenee, Andɔɔrɩ nɛ Kaskɔɔñɩ lɩm; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔrtiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Atɩlantiiki teŋʊ.
Eerɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛsipaañɩ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa kɔyɔ Fransɩ ñakɩlɩna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛɛ kilomɛtanaa akpagba 504 030. Yee pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ kpeekpe taa kɔ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ pawayɩ. Ɛzɩma Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya lɛɛna cɔlɔ yɔ lɛ ɖɩ-taa tɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ sidi yem.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 15 taa kɛ ageeta nayɛ naalɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm, ana yɔ, Kasitiiyi nɛ Araagɔŋ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ pɔsɔzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ kewiisi nasɩyɛ: Kirenaadi kewiyaɣ pɩnaɣ 1492 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1512 lɛ, Naavarɩ ñɩŋga. Pɔkɔma payɩ lɛ, kewiisi nzɩ sɩtɩŋga sɩkpɛndɩ kʊɖʊm kpayɩkpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1715 nɛ 1716 taa.


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Tunisi
Tunisi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɩñɔtɩna lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ kɛ se Tunisi yɔ kɛ-tɛ ɛwadɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ paɖʊ-tʊ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ taa.
Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ lɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu yɔ nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se UNESCO. Ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Puurigaadi pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1159. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1228 lɛ, papaazɩ yaʊ camɩyɛ se Tunisi nɛ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956 Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, Tunisi tɛtʊ pɩsɩ camɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ siŋŋŋ.
Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Tunisi tɛtʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ, ɛsɩndaa wobu nɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ kɩla wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ kɛ Tunisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 638 845 ɛlɛ yee pɩnaɣ 2014 taa patasɩ ɛyaa kalʊ lɛ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 2 643 695. Payaɣ Tunisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɔyʊ kɩofalʊ se Seifallah Lasram.


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Rwanda azɛyʋʋ tɔm
Ruwandaa tɛ asɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlaba yɔ, pɩkpaɣna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ lʊbɛ pɩsɩɩna hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1994. Payaa asɛyʋ kʋŋgʋ se kʋgʋʋlɩwa yaa ɖagʋʋlɩwa. Pɩkɛna ɛyaa mba payaɣ-pɛ se Tutsiwaa yɔ, pa-kʋʋ tɔm. Ruwandaa kɛ Afrika keteŋga taa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Asɛyʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩna peeɖe tɛ komina taa ñɩmba wemba payaɣ-wɛ se Hutuwaa yɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se tutsi nɛ pɛwɛ Front Patriotique Rwandais (FPR) taa yɔ, pɔ-cɔlɔ; yem mbʊ se pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɛkɛ Tutsiwaa. Ɛlɛ ɛbɛ calaa: aloma fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1990 kɛ mba paakɛ pɔɖɔɔnamwaa nɛ pɛwɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa yɔ, paɖʊna nɔɔ nɛ pekpe Ruwandaa tɛtʊ taa se pamʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ malɩfanaa. Kpaagbaa'lɛ. Peeɖe komina kpaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ pakaɖɩna-wɛ. Kacalaɣ lɛ, kɩkaɖɩɣ kɩdɩ yɔɔ nɛ koyindu weyi ɛwɛ FPR taa yɔ; nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, kɩɖɩzɩɣ Ruwandaa taa peeɖe samaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tutsi yɔ kadɩŋga. Ruwandaa tɛ komina takpaɣ nabʊyʊ FPR ɛsɩnda ɛlɛ, kɩñaɣ pana nɛ kɩtɛ kɩ-taa nɛ kɩɖɩzɩ Tutsiwaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kala mba pasɩba fenasi nasitozo nzɩ sɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa 8oo ooo mbʊ yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna Tutsiwaa. Hutuwaa mba paawɛɛ nɛ paakʊʊ Tutsiwaa yɔ, komina kpaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ pɛkɛ ɛyaa wayɩ lɩyaa yɔ nɛ mba ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ pɔtɔyɩtɩ-wɛ payɩ. Kɩyakɩŋ mɩnɩʊ taa kpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pɔcɔna se ɖooo mbʊ yɔ, wiɖiye ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ nabʋyʋ tatalɩ mbʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɔtɔyɩta ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ mbʊ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔd̀ʋʋ.
Payaaʊ se génocide yaa ɛyaa tɔyɩɩtʋʋ, yaa ɖagʋʋlɩwa (kʋgʋʋlɩwa), pɩdɛkɛ sɩɖaa ɖɔʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna sɩm mbʊ pasɩkɩ yɔ pɩ-cɔlɔ. Nɛ ONU lɩzɩnɑ paɣtʊ ntʊ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ nakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1948 nɛ kɩyɔɔdʋʋ se ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ (Ɖagʋʋlɩwa) kɛna ɛzɩma paɖɩzɩɣ samaɣ nakayɛ yaa ŋɣbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa mba yɔ.
Tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Hutuwaa nɛ Tutsiwaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖooo Ruwandaa tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa samaɣ kɛwɛɛ yɔ, pɩ-cɔlɔ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Hututwaa nɛ Tutstiwaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ ɖeke; anasayɩnaa kakpacayaɣ-wɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ tɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ruwandaa tɔm tʊnɛ, tɩtɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1894, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tuuɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩmba nɛ Ruwandaa ñɩnɖɛ taa mba paaɖa katʋʋ yɔ; pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1962, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wɛ padɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ 1994 tɔm kɔŋ pɩtalʋʋ yɔ.


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CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Ɛzɩma koobiya halɩñɩma pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa fezuu taa?
Koobiya halɩñɩma ɖʋʋ nesi Kewiyaɣ tʋma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. (Keɣa 68:11, nwt) Pɛwɛnɩ Bibl kpɛlɩkɩyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ nʋmɔʋ lɩzɩyaa sakɩyɛ kɛ koobiya halɩñɩma. Koobiya halɩñɩma kudokiŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ Betɛɛlɩ taa tʋmlaɖaa, Ɛsɔtɔm tiyiyaa, mba paha pa-tɩ faaa nɛ paɖʋʋ nesi kpaamɩŋ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ tɔm ɖɛzɩyaa. Krɩstʋ ñɩma mba papɩ fezuu taa yɔ, pakpazɩɣ ɖoŋ pɔ-hɔŋ nɛ agbaa wena a-taa pɛwɛɛ yɔ. (Adu. 14:1) Paa koobiya halɩñɩma ɩɩkɛɣ ɛzʋtʋyaa yaa ɛgbɛyɛ taa tʋmlaɖaa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛwɛɛnɩ fezuu taa kaɖʋsɩ ɛgbɛyɛ taa. Ye ŋkɛ koobu halɩñɩnʋ yɔ, ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa fezuu taa?
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Wɛɛnɩ fezuu taa wɛtʋ—1 Tim. 3:11; 1 Pɩy. 3:3-6
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Sɩnɩ koobiya halɩñɩma mba pɛkɛ kɩfama ɛgbɛyɛ taa yɔ.—Tiiti 2:3-5
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Suyi alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ŋlakɩnɩ tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋñaɣ pana nɛ ŋwɛɛ niye nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ taa
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Kpɛlɩkɩ kʋnʋŋ kɩfalʋʋ
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Wolo ɖenɖe pɩpɔzʋʋ sɩnʋʋ yɔ
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Pɔzɩ se paha-ŋ nʋmɔʋ nɛ ŋla tʋmɩyɛ Betɛɛlɩ yaa ŋɖʋ nesi nɛ pama teokrasɩ kuduyuŋ
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Pɔzɩ se paha-ŋ nʋmɔʋ nɛ ŋwolo Kewiyaɣ tɔm susuyaa sukuli
CƆNƖ VIDEO “HALAA MBA PƐWƐƐ NƐ PALAKƖ TƲMƖYƐ NƐ KPEKPEKA KƖBAƔLƲ TAA YƆ,” NƐ PƲWAYƖ LƐ ŊCOSI TƆM TƲNƐ TƖ-YƆƆ:
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Paa koobu halɩñɩnʋ weyi lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm natʋyʋ. Ɛzɩma pa-taa paa weyi ɛ-tɔm kpazɩ-ŋ ɖoŋ?


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Ɛndusɩ Pɔɔ
Ɛndusɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ Sɩnd yaa Sɩnduu, Tibetain taa lɛ Senge khabab pʊtɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛlɩna tɔyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Ɛndusɩ kɛ Aazii lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kaha ka-hɩɖɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kegbeŋ nɛ Himalaya nɛ hadɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Arabii teŋgʊʊ taa. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛ Ɛndɩ kɩlaŋ pɔsɔ lʊbɛ taa.
Ɛndusɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ Kailas yaa Kankri pʊŋ taa kɛ Tibɛtii ageetaa taa. Mbʊ yɔ kagba hɩɖɛ se kpaɣ nɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛdɩyɛ kpolo kpolo taa Sengge nɛ Gar pɛ-tɛ, mba mba palɩna Himalaya nɛ patɩŋgʊʊ Nganglong nɛ Gangdise Shan pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ. Pʊwayi lɛ, Ɛndusɩ tɩŋgʊna hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Kasɩmɩrɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ Karakoram pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ nɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ lɛ kapɩsɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ nɛ keyeki Peshawar nɛ Rawalpindi piyisi. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ lɩm kɩkam nabʊyʊ pɩsɩ Tarbela ŋgbaŋ. Kpana kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ taa nɛ Kabuul lɩm pɔɔ lɛ, Ɛndusɩ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ pɩsɩ mɛlɛna nɔmɔʊ.
Ka-nɔmɔʊ ɖɔnɛ taa nɛ teŋguu yɔ kiŋ pɩsɩna nɛ Pendjab nɛ Sind fɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɔɔ ŋga kekpeŋ peɖe hɛɛ. Kɛ-tɛzɩɣ Hyderabad nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Oman tenguu taa nɛ hanala fɛɛʊ kɩwɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 7770 kpɛɛ ko yɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ pɔɔ nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 200 Karasɩ nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, lɛlɛyɔ taa pakpa-kʊ se kɩ-kɛ ɖɩkɛ ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ egeetiye yuŋ tɛ ndɛ ajaɖɛ kpeekpe taa.


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Cunaami
Cunaami kɛna lɩm nɛ heelim sʊsɔm mbʊ pɩmakɩ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Sapoŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se « pɔɔrɩ lɩm ». Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm hola wɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ, teŋgu yaa oseyaŋwaa yɔɔ kɛ pɩmakɩ. Cunamɩ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ mabʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna ɛzɩma lɩm caŋgʊ piciidi yem tuda yɔ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɣlɩɣna ɛzɩ nabʊyʊ taa tɛtʊ seliɣ yaa tɩñamsʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ciidiɣna lɩm tɛɛ pazɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛtɛɛmɩŋ. Cunami ŋgʊ kɩkɛna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlɩɣ pɔɔrɩnaa yɔɔ kpa lɛ, asɛyʊʊ mankaazɩ kɩkɔŋna.
Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛɛ yaa teŋgʊnaa tɛɛ pɩɩlakɩ ñɩɩtʊ pazɩ yem mbʊ yɔ kɩtalɩ pɔɔrɩ nɔɔ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩ-alɩwaatʊ ndʊ piseɣna yɔ pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 800 kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ lɩm tɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kiseɣ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ kɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊkʊyʊʊ ɛsɔtaa sɩŋŋŋ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩlɩɣna pɔɔirɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ seɣa pasɩɣ ɛlɛ kɩ-tɛ ɛsɔtaa kʊyʊʊ; kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ hiŋ niitozo. Mbʊ yebina nɛ cunaami ŋgʊ kɩlɩɣ kpa ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa-kʊ. Kɩwɛɛkɩɣ mbʊ mbʊ kɩnaɣ kʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ.
Cunaaminaa wɛɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ ɛ-taa. Pakalɩ kɛkpɛdasɩ yaa asɛyɩŋ weyi cunaami kʊnɛ kɩlaba kɔyɔ, ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩŋ looɖo yɔ (600 000); nɛ kɛkpɛasɩ maɣmaɣ ñɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 279 yɔ. Cunaami nakʊyʊ kaalaba pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛ Ɛndɩ teŋgu taa nɛ mba pehiɣ sɩm yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 250 000 yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 kɔyɔ patana asɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ se kɩtala kʊnɛ kɛ wɛkɩyʊ.


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Nɔɔ
Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, nɔɔ kɛna pɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɔkɩna yɔ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pitiki ɛ-taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ simaɣ yaa tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna kalɩ hʊndʊ, keŋ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ naalɛ kɔyɔ, paatasɩɣ yaʊ se nɔɔ ɛlɛ payaɣ ne njʊyɛ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛkɩla kataɣzaɣ yaa cɩmɖɛ kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ-kɩ-ɩ se ɛkɩla ŋjʊyɛ yaa ɛ-nɔɔ kɩla cɩmɖɛ.
Nɔɔ wɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɛwɛna ɛsɩndaa kiŋ. Kɛwɛ mɔɔʊ, tamaɣ nɛ lɩkpaɣzasɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Payaɣ kʊɖʊmbʊ taa se nɔɔ yɔ, kpaɣ ndoma, nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ kela pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ mbʊ. Kela wazaɣ kɛlɛ se, atɔɔ yaa anaŋgɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɛwɛ se sitiki ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ taa yɔ.
Nzʊlɩmɩyɛ wazaɣ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ camɩyɛ yaa ɛcɔzɩɣ tɔɔnaasɩ nɛ kela ñɔyɔɔdɩɣ. Ndoma kɛŋna nɔɔ toko. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ndoma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ sʊʊ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ lotu taa yem yem. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, ndoma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzʊɣ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ camɩyɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔnɔsɩ taa kela fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se nɔɔtaa kpɛɖɛ tɩnaa. Pɩtɛkɛ peɖeke, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣlʊ pazɩ lɛ, ɛ-nɔɔtaa kela tɔʊ nɛ kɩfana ñɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɩ kpadayʊʊ siŋŋŋ lɛ, pɔ-nɔsɩtaa kela tɔʊ.
Tɛtɛ hʊndʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ lɛ, tɩ-nɔsɩ taa kɛ tɩnɩʊ nɛ pɩndʊ, ŋgʊ pɩɩwɛɛ se pɔtɩkɩna nɔɔ lɛ, tɔbʊʊ kɛ panɩʊna pɩndʊ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna wena atɔkɩna anɔɔ nɛ anɩʊna a-tɔbɩŋ yɔ, yee tɔɔnaɣ ɛfɛyɩ ɖeu yaa pɩwɩɣ yɛ kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ atɔkɩ yɔ, alɩɣna a-nɔsɩ. Pɔtɔŋ se atɔʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, afɛyɩna nɔsɩ yaa tɔbɩŋ. Mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, awɛʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna lotu taa kɛnɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna ana, a-taa kɔyɔ ɖalaa. Yee ɛyʊ ɛɛtɔkɩ sɩnaʊ kɔyɔ, ɛ-nɔɔ ɖazɩɣ nɛ nɔɔ tɔsɔɔlɩ mbʊ. Pɩtɛ ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa lɩʊ sɔŋ.


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Tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm kɛna keɖeɣya tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Pɩkɛna anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ n̄ɩnʋ tɔlɩm mbʋ pʋmʋna paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ ɛtaɣ kɩyɔ nɛ pʋmʋna-kʋ yaa kɩ-tasɩ kiɖe.
Tɔlɩm sɔsʋʋ ɖetuɣu wonu ŋgʋ pataɣ-kʋ yɔ. Tɔlɩm pʋnɛ, pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʋ kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nɛ pataɣ paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ. Ɛlɛ, anjaʋ waa lɩzɩyʋ tɩlɩʋna sɛmɩŋ mbʋ pʋmʋna se ɛtaɣ ɛtɛ anjaʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ.
Tɔlɩm tayaa tʋmɩyɛ lakɩnana nɛ wondunaa nabɛyɛ wɛʋ cɔnaʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, nɛ kaaʋ, nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kɔbɩ (verre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo (bois), nɛ liɖe (écorce), nɛ simaɣ tɛtʋ (béton), nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ hɔɔlaɣ (toile) yɔ.
Wondunaa mba ɖɩya hiyuu cɛnzɩ taa mbɩ yɔ, tɔlɩm mbʋ pataɣ pɔyɔɔ yɔ yeki nɛ pɩsɔzɩ keɖeyaɣ. Tɔlɩm taʋ pɩsʋʋ pɩkɛna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "figurative yaa abstraite" yɔ, nɛ "naturaliste" pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kedeŋa n̄ɩm yɔ.


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Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman, ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛkɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1912 kɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ San Francisco. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa yɔ. Ɛmʊ Sʊyɛdɩ liidiye koozaɣ pɩtɩŋna tɔsʊʊ tɩlɩyɛ yɔ tɛ kɩhɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna Alfred Nobel cɔlɔ pɩnaɣ 1976 pɩlɩna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ɛzɩma tɔʊ pɔza yɔ nɛ liidiye tɔm yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. Ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Chicagot sukuli.
Ɛ-tʊma naalɛ naayɛ paza pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa siŋ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, yeke koŋ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ posusa ɖɩ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛ-tʊma lɛɛna wena paawɩlɩ-yɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ ɛɛlabɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 nɛ paya-yɛ se Free to Choose (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ŋsɔɔla ŋlɩzɩ). Yeke ñɩm lɩmaɣza nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣza takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma paɖaŋga komina se kɩtaa ɖʊ kʊ-nɔɔ taɖɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ, yeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ pɩsɩna patalɩ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ politiki lɩmaɣza nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tɛ lɩmaɣza. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, nsɔɔla ŋlɩzɩ takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛzɩma tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔsʊʊ huu wiza tɔsɩŋ huu lɛɛŋ wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana awalɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ nɛ pɔkɔɔ palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ politiki ageeta ndɩ ndɩ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1980 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ putukina hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna liidiye yɔɔ, kɩhɛyʊʊ paɣtʊ, ɛyʊ tɛ ñɩm tɛ pɩsʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɛzʊʊ yaa pɩsʊʊ kɔna maɣzɩm kpaagba kɛ politiki tɔsɩŋ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Ronald Reagan Etazuunii, Margaret Thatcher Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa, Augusto Pinochet kɛ Silii ɛjaɖɛ taa, Mart Laar Estonie ɛjaɖɛ taa, Davíð Oddsson Isilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Brian Mulroney Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Milton Friedman, palʊla-ɩ Brooklyn (New York) Yuda caɣyaa liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa, palɩna Transcarpathie taa, Hɔŋirii hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ (nɔɔnɔɔ Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛkɛ kɔɔnaɣ pɩɣa kɛ Sarah Ethel Landau nɛ Jenő Saul Friedman, patɩŋɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa yeke. Friedman kaawɛna pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ lɛ, ɛ-hɔʊ kʊya nɛ kiwolo Rahway, New Jersey taa, ɖenɖe ɛpaɣlʊʊ yɔ. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15. Ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa lɔŋ ŋga mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli labʊ Rahway sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1928, mbʊ lɛ ɛtɔkaɣ ɛ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ kazandʊ 16 ndʊ kɛlɛ.


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Kameruni pʋʋ
Kameruni Pʊʊ lɩna tɛtʊ pɩsɩɣ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ nɛ miŋ muʊ yɔ. Pʊʊ ŋgʋ kʊkʊyaa pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ Afrika wɩsɩ, ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ kɩkʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtaa waa 4040,4070 yaa 4095. Pɔcɔŋna piɩŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Africa taa kɔyɔ, kɛkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ kɛlɛ Jebel Toubkal, kʊkʊ wɛ Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mɩɣ weƴiɛ ɛlɩɣ na tɛtʊ ntʊ tɩpɩsɩʊ taa yɔ.ɛwɛwaɣ ɛzɩ Hawaɩ yaaa Strombolie ñɩŋ yɔ. Mɩŋ nzulʊma ana atakɩlɩ ɖoŋ nɛ aliɣ nz pʊʊ hɛɛnzɩ taa fɩŋŋ fɩŋŋ. Miŋ ɛnʊ, ɛlakɩ asɛyʊ sakɩyɛ, ɛlɛ, wiɖiyi pɩtakʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ.
Kameruni Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ peeɖe wɩsɩ ɖɩɖoyɛ nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ. Pɩtakɩlɩ polɩŋ nɛ Atlantiki kidiiliŋ cɔlɔ. Pɩñɔtɩna Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ tɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tɛtʊ nɖʊ, Kameruni Pʊʊ nɛ pʊʊŋ lɛɛŋ papɩlɩna ɖama wayɩ kpaɣna Guinée tɛŋu nɔ yɔɔ ŋgʊ ŋtalɩ Tchad liŋgamʊ cɔlɔ. Kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, Cameroun Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Fako egetiye taa, wisi ɖiɖʊyɛ hadɛ kɩŋ. Duala kɛna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊ Camaroun ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Tɩwɛ cameroun wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ.
Kameruni Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Afrika pʊŋ weyi ɛmʊ mɩŋ nɛ ɛwɛ Stratovolcans waa taa yɔ. Mɩŋ nzʊlɩma wena kɩtɔʊ yɔ, apɩzɩɣ atalɩ 1400km2 kɩtɛ walaŋzɩ talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1300km2. Kameruni peeɖe, tɛtʊ pɩsɩneɛ mɩŋ ŋzʊlʊma wena alɩɣ yɔ, asɛ kpaʊʊ nɛ mɩŋ nzʊlʊma wena alɩɣ yɔ, alɩʊna miŋ momoloku ŋga ki-taa nɛ pɛɛ wena awɛ ɖoŋ kpaŋŋ nɛ payaɣ yɛ se basaltes yɔ nɛ alɩna trachy-basaltiques taa. Pɛɛ ana alina ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ océanites, hawaiites, trachytes, téphrites nɛ phonolites pa-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖɩyɛ tɛ hadɛ kɩŋ. Kɩcɔ kɩta nɛ kɩyele kataŋa kamaɣ yɔɔ. Kataŋa ŋga ka-taa nɛ kaaŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyɩ ɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, panaɣ ɖɔɖɔɔ kpambʊyʊʊ tɩyɛ.kaaŋ nɛ kpambʊyʊʊ; ɛnʊ elɩna ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ quaternaire taa yɔɔ. Peheyiɣ-dʊ se Précambrien alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ kañamsaa nɛ miŋ nzɩlɩma lɩɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ pʊʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa. Kameruni pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ kɛcɛlɛnzɩ takɩlɩ hadɛ kiŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩyasɩ nzɩ payaɣ-si se petit mont Kameruni yɔ sɩwɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ ɖoli ɖoli. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ pɔɔ sɔsɔ nakayɛ ñɛwɛ nɛ kafalʋʋ.
Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩyɔ, kpaɣ na ɖooo pɩdɛɛ ŋgɔɔ ŋtʊlɩ kɩ-ñʊʊ taa hem mɩŋ nzʊlʊma wena tɛtʊ ñamsʊ nɛ alɩʊ yɔ, atɛ kaaŋ ɖeke went. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩhɛkɩŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ pɩzɩɣ tɩñamsɩ nɛ tɩya nɛ mɩŋ nzʊlʊma lɩɩ nɛ pɩɖaanɩ kaaŋ kɩfaŋ lɩzɩʊ. Kameruni pʊʊ nʊʊ taa hem lɛ,pɩwɛ landamm nɛ tɛtʊ ɖɩɩna ñamsɩɣ nɛ mɩŋ nzʊlɩma ɖɩnɛ lɩʊ ɖɔɖɔ alɩɩwatʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ. Fako hɔɔlʊ taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊ. Peeɖe kɩlɩna. Mɩŋ nzʊlʊma pɩzɩʊ pɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔtaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛta waa 4040,4070 yaa 4095 mbʊ yɔ. Fako tɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ɛnʊ, ɛyɔɔ kɛ Kameruni taa le pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna kʊyʊ. Pʊyɔ yɔ pakpaɣ Kameruni ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊ.
Africa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Kameruni Pʊʊ taa kɛ panaɣ sɩzɛ tɛʊ dɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa tɛʊ nɩwa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɩlɩmɛta waa 14655 kɛ Debundja tɛtʊ taa. Tɛŋ ɛnʊ ɛnɩɣ yolim taa kpem, pɩkilɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ, kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩnɖɛɛ lɛ tɛʊ fɛyɩ. Wɩlɩŋ wɛna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩpɩsa kpɛlɩ nɛ helim mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɩhaɣ mɩndʊ nɩmaʊ se tɩkpeŋlɩ nɛ tɛʊ nɩ. Peeɖe pɩnaɣ taa tɛʊ nɩɣ ɛzɩ milimɛta waa 3000 ɖeke mbʊ yɔ. Tɛʊ lone taa peeɖe mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɖolu nakʊyʊ tikina nɛ ɛsɔ taa kɩŋ cɔ cɔ cɔ.
Paakpaɣ Kameruni pʊʊ yem yem. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ. Paɖʊ aliwaatʊ pʊcɔ pakpa. Alɩwatʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla ɖeu yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ lɔŋɩyɛ taa. Pɩkɩlɩna saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɔyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, ɛ-ñuu taa wɛ lɔŋ sɩŋŋ nɛ ɛkɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ, payaɣ-ɩ se Richard Francis Burton, ɛkɛ Anglishɩ tʊ, ɛnʊ ɛpɩzɩna ɛkpa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kacalaɣ kpaʊ ke pɩnaɣ 1861.
Paa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa, Kameruni Pʋʋ kpaʊ kolokaɣ wɛɛ. Payaɣ-kɛ se "Mount Cameroon Race of Hope" yaa Lidau kolokaɣ. Mba pakɩlɩɣ seʊ yɔ; palakɩ ñɩɩtʊ lɩ nɛ hɔɔlʊ nɛ patalɩ. Kacalaɣ kolokaɣ paazɩ pɩnaɣ 1973. Sʊlʊm mbʊ payaɣ se Guiness yɔ, pɩtɩnaa ñɔɔzaɣna pɩtɛ aleɣya ana. Deɖe ɖeɖe 2005 kanɛyɔ, Kameruni taa ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se "Fédération Camerounaise d’Athlétisme" yɔ, ɖɩmʊ hayɩsɩʊ mbʊ nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna pʊ yɔɔ.


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Kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyakɩ ɛyaa weziŋ ñʊŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1863 taa ɛyaa tikaɣ nakɛyɛ laba lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ palɩzɩ kamaɣkaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Pɛwɛ Suwiisi tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Genève yɔ tɩ-taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊ se pɛkɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa ñɩma. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɖɩna ɖajaanaa panɛ : Ɖajaa Gustave Moynier nɛ Ɖajaa Henri Dunant nɛ Ɖajaa Guillaume-Henri Dufour. Ɖajaa Henri Dunant kamʊ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lʊɖɛ samtʊ nimiye pɩnaɣ 1901 taa. Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ kɛŋna kedeŋa kpeekpe kajalaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se ɖɩya ɛyʊ wezuu ñʊʊ yɔ. Paha Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋŊgbɛyɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lʊɖɛ samtʊ nimiye pɩnaɣ 1917 nɛ Pɩnaɣ 1944 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1963 taa. Pɩnaɣ 1996 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, paha ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʊ wezuu yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ laŋhɛzɛyɛ yɔɔ lʊbʊ nɛ ayɛya kpeekpe ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ lʊbʊ samtʊ nimiye nɖɩ payaɣ se « Prix Balzan » yɔ.
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa tasɩ ɖɔʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa mba palɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ yɔ, pɔsɔzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ sɔɔlɩm tɩnaa lɛlaa. Paba ñɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa nɛɛlɛ (20). Ɛzɩma patɩlɩɣna Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ ? Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ mayaɣ kɔyɔ : pama kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ pɩsaʊ hɔɔlaɣ kʊhʊlʊmaɣ yɔɔ.
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ wɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ sɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa kudokiŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ nɛ ɛyaa taŋga (12 500). Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa caɣ ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ajɛya ana a-taa nɛ palakɩ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ tʊma paa evemiye nɖɩ. Palakɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo taa.
Kpaɣ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Ɖajaa Peter Maurer kɛŋnɩ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ ñʊʊdʊ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Ɖajaa Yves Daccord cɔŋnanɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʊma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ N̈gbɛyɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ mba lɩzɩɣna ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nbdɩ ndɩ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa nɛɛlɛ (20). Patɩŋa pɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa.


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Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kɛna ɛzɩ pɛkɛdʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se waasɩ hiŋ naalɛ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pakalɩ camɩyɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ lɛ, pakpaɣ nɛ pɛkɛdɩna Room mba matʊ cɛcɛsɩ nɛ nzɩ lɛ: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X mbʊ mbʊ. Palʊlʊu Yesu nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ pɩlaba pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI. Kacalaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kacalaɣ ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye; pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ naalɛ ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye 101; pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ naadozo ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 201; mbʊ mbʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001.
Pakalʊʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ palakɩ akɔnta ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ pʊsɔzɩ kʊɖʊm yɔ. Mbʊ labɩna yee pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ ɛzɩ 1998 yɔ palakɩ 19 pɔsɔzɩ 1 lɛ pɩlaba 20, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa.
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ weyi pɔtɔɔza-ɩ nɛ ɛkayɩ yɔ, ɛlakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ lɛ, paapaasʊʊ waasɩ kalʊʊ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ pɩlaba waasɩ naalɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩsa nɛ pakɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ tobi tobi ɛyʊ pɩnzɩ kɛ waasɩ taa lɛ, pakalʊʊ se akele wɛna waazɩ hiu yɔ yee ɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔ kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ papaa-ɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɛgbadayaa yaa ɛlaba sɔsɔ. Yee kabɩyɛ-tʊ ɛɛkalʊʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ kɔyɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛkalʊʊ waasɩ.