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Niwu Yɔrkɩ (Tɛtʋ cikpetu)
Niwu Yɔrkɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Niwu Yɔrkɩ kɛna Etaazunii taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Etaazunii taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩla kɩlɩʊ sɛʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Etaazunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ cɔlɔ, peeɖe ñɔtɩna Niwu Yɔrkɩ tɛtʊ.
Pamaza Niwu Yɔrkɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 12 144 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 214,4 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 785 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ walanzɩ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 64,64 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñ ɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 429,4 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 35,36 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 537 673 yɔ.
Payaɣ Niwu Yɔrkɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Bill de Blasio (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Antonio Vivaldi
Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Antonio Lucio Vivaldi yɔ, ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanaza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1678 n̄ɩŋga taa Venise tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1741 n̄ɩŋga taa Vienne tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa Antonio Lucio Vivaldi kɛ wondu luɖu nɛ fiyoolɔɔ maɖʋ sɔsɔ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Fiyoolɔɔ wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ kabɩyɛ taa mbʋ ɖɩyaɣ se cɩmʋʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa Antonio Lucio Vivaldi kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɛ laʋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ cejewiye katolika taa. Eyeba nɛ pasɩmɩ-ɩ siŋŋ ɛ-kpaɖʋʋ taa pɩlɩɩna ɛ-cɩmʋʋ mabʋ yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Itaaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kajalaɣ Ɛsɔ wendu luɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Fiyoolɔɔ mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi fɛyɩna ɖaɣʋ. Pʋwɛ ɛzɩ palʋla-ɩ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɛtɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɖɩ kɩkpɛlɛkʋ yɔ. Aseɣɖe lɩzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi ɖɛna nɔɔ fiyoolɔɔ mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛ-kpaɖʋʋ tɩŋa taa.
Papɩzɩɣ pɛkɛdɩ Fada Antonio Lucio Vivaldi tʋma nɛ Ɖajaa Bach ñɩna. Ɛlɛ kɛ kɛkɛ fiyoolɔɔ maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɛ wendu luɖu nɛ minziki maɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ ɛlɛ tɛ kpaɖʋʋ taa.

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Tisuu you (Croisades)
Tisuu yotu kɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩmaɣnatʊ taa pɩkɛ kɩgbalaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔkʊʊ you wonduu. You ŋgʊ papa haɣna nɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm heyiyu sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ Krɩstʊ mba taa yɔ ɛzɩ Bernard Clairvaux tʊ, yaa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ Frédéric Barberousse. Palakaɣ you ŋgʊ se pɩsa nɛ pehiɣ pasʊʊ Krɩstʊ kɩgbalaŋ lonaa tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa. Abasidi Arabɩ ɛyaa hana waɖɛ ndɩ ɛlɛ, Turiki Seldjoucide mba ɖaŋgɩ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1071 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pamʊ Arabɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɛ Jerusalem.
Tɩpaɣzɩna pɩnaɣ 1095 alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ petisuu Pɩzansɩ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩɖɩzɩyɛ pɩlɩna Turiki ɛyaa yɔɔ. Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ, paakɛ Krɩstʊ mba ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1054 patʊʊ patɩ nɛ Room ɛyaa (siɣu siɣu tɩnaa pɩtɛkɛ Room Katoliki ɛyaa). Tisiɣ yotuwabɩtʊ takpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩɖalɩ nɛ pata tafɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ Saladin lɩmaɣzɩyɛ mbʊ se ɛɖana ɛ-tɩ cɛyʊʊ nɛ ɛha waɖɛ kɩgbalaŋ yɔ, ŋgʊ mba paawɛ lonaa taa yɔ taasɔɔlɩ mbʊ nɛ pacaazɩ Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa nɛ paatasɩɣ-wɛ sɩnaʊ.
Sɔnzɩ tɛ tɔmpiye taa yɔkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, ndɩ pɔɖɔka pɩlɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ yɔ, kpɛndɩna pɩnzɩ 1095-1291 tɛ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Epɩsɩkɔpʊ waa kedɩɣza kɛ Clermont alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Johanɛsɩ Arc kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩnʊ yɔ, nɛ ɛsɩɣna nɔmɔŋ wobu tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa yɔ. Natʊ lɛɛtʊ ñawalɩ pɩtalɩ Lépante you (pɩnaɣ 1571 taa) pɩkpɛndɩna Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ Reconquista ŋgʊ nɛ mba petitisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ tɛ yoŋ tɩŋga.
Kajalaɣ tisiɣ yotupazɩna pɩnaɣ 1096 taa pɩnɛ kɩgbalaŋ naŋgbanzɩ tɩnaa kpaɖaŋ kpaɖaŋ se papɩzɩ paɖanɩ mʊʊ pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paalesa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ arabɩ mba walaɣ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 9. Mbʊ lɛ Jerusalem pɩsa kɩgbalaŋ tɛtʊ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ paɖʊ Latɛŋ Ajɛyɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ñɩna kiɖe, nɛ a-yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ tɩna tisuu yoŋ lʊbɛ kajalaɣ nɩŋ, pɩnzɩ 1147-1291.


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Turkimenistanɩ
Turkimenistanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Afganisitanii, Iiraŋ, Kapi teŋgu, Kazakistanɩ nɛ Uzibekistanɩ.
Pamaza Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 488 100 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5.171.943 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 10 yɔ. Aloma fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ turkimɛɛnɩ nɛ ruusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taamaasɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +993 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se maanatɩ turkimɛnɩ.


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Peyibaa
Peeyibaa kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ Pɛlɩziki pasɩna-ɖama nɛ kamaɣ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ. Peeyibaa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Amsɩterɩdam nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe talɩɣ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ yɔ. Komina nɛ paɣtʊi lɩzɩyaa ñɛwɛ Haayɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya cɩkpena naayɛ kɛ Karayiibi taa.
Peeyibaa wɛ ajɛya wena aɖʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se palɩzɩ ŋgba ɛzɩ: Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ, OTAN nɛ OCDE yɔ.
Payaɣ se Peeyibaa yɔ fransɩ taa lɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtakʊyɩ yɔ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩna pʊŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩkɛ Holandɩ taa kɔyɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ kulubi. Peeyibaa taa lɩm wadɩɣ paa ɛzɩmtaa nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ.
Peeyibaa kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiitu kaawɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1815 yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛnda pʊwɛɛ alɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1806 nɛ 1815 ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊntɩnaa kɛ palɩzaɣ.
Mba pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ awiya yɔ pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ protɛsɩtaŋwaa yɔ nɛ halʊ yaa abalʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ wiyau yaa abiɖe. Mba mba pacaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1815 pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ mba yɔ: Guillaume Ier (1815-1840), Guillaume II (1840-1849) nɛ Guillaume III (1849-1890). Wiyau fɛyɩ ɛlɛ Emma nɛ abila Wilhelmine (1898-1948), Juliana(1948-1980) nɛ Beatrix (1980-2013).Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ hiuwaa naatozo pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛ Willem-Alexander pɩsa wiyau. Ɛwayɩ ɛlɛ ɛ-pɛlɔ Catharina-Amalia, kaɣna kewiyaɣ tɔɔʊ.


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ÑƲƲ HIU NƐ LƲBƐ
“Yehowa lɩmɖʋyʋ yɔ ma”
1, 2. (a) Sɛtʋ ndʋ ɛgɔm nɔɔyʋ tanɩ Maarɩɩ? (b) Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩɩwɛɛ se Maarɩɩ ɛkpaɣ? Nɛ ɛzɩma ɖitukuni e-wezuu caɣʋ?
PƖLABƖ Maarɩɩ piti alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛgɔm sʋ ɛ-yɔɔ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ. Ɛgɔm tɩpɔzɩ ɛ-caa yaa e-ɖoo yɔɔ. Ɛkɔm se ɛna Maarɩɩ maɣmaɣ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Maarɩɩ kaaɖiɣzinaa se ɛtɩkɛ Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ. Ɛzɩma tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩɩkɛ cikpetu yɔ, ɛyʋ ɛkɛ ɛgɔm yɔ, pɩnaɣ kɛlɛʋ. Ɛlɛ ɛgɔm ɛnʋ yɔ, pɩnaɣ se ɛwɛ ndɩ kpem. Eheyi Maarɩɩ tɔm ndʋ yɔ, tɩɩwɛ piti. Ɛtɔm se: “Sɛɛ ɖeu, kʋjɔʋ su ña-taa ɖo, [Yehowa] wɛ ñɔ-cɔlɔ.”—Kalɩ Luka 1:26-28.
2 Mbʋ Bibl paɣzɩ-ɖʋ kɛdʋʋ Maarɩɩ tɔm. Ɛɛkɛ Elii pɛlɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Nazarɛɛtɩ yɔ tɩ-taa, Galilee egeetiye taa. Bibl paɣzɩ Maarɩɩ tɔm yɔɔdʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɩɩpɔzɩ-ɩ se ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ siŋŋ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ. Kafɩnda Yosɛɛfʋ kaasu-i. Paa Yosɛɛfʋ ɛtaakɛ ñɩm tʋ yɔ, ɛɛwɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Ye mbʋ, Maarɩɩ maɣzaɣ se e-wezuu caɣʋ kaɣ wɛʋ kɛlɛʋ. Ɛkaɣ labʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛsɩnɩ ɛ-walʋ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ pɔcɔnɩ piya nzɩ pakaɣ lʋlʋʋ yɔ, sɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ tuda lɛ, ɛgɔm ɛnɛ ɛtanɩ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ, nɖɩ ɖɩlɩnɩ ɛ-Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ yɔ. Nɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkaɣ e-wezuu caɣʋ lɛɣzʋʋ.
3, 4. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ ɛyʋ weyi Maarɩɩ kɛnaa yɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩsɔɔ? Nɛ ɛbɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩpamnɩ ɛza?
3 Pɩlakɩ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ piti se Bibl tɩkɛdɩ-ɖʋ tɔm sakɩyɛ Maarɩɩ yɔɔ. Kɩtɩyɔɔdɩ tɔm caaa ɛ-hɔʋ yɔɔ, kɩyɔɔdɩ tɔm pazɩ yem na ɛ-wɛtʋ yɔɔ, nɛ kɩtɩyɔɔdɩ natʋyʋ paa ññɩɩ ɛ-ɛzɩdaa wɛtʋ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔtɔm yɔɔdɩ Maarɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩtɩlɩ ɛyʋ weyi ɛkɛnaa yɔ.
4 Pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ ɛyʋ weyi Maarɩɩ kɛnaa yɔ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩkɛzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ wɩlɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ agbaa wɩlɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩsɔɔ ɛ-kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛyaa maɣzaa nɛ palɩzɩ yaa polu yɔ, ɩ-yɔɔ. Ðɩsɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ hɩla sɔsɔna wena cɛtɩm wɩlɩtʋ sʋkɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ ɛzɩ “Ɛsɔ ɖoo” yaa “Ɛsɔdaa Abiɖe” yɔ, a-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ iyele nɛ ɖɩpa ɖɛ-ɛza nɛ tɔm ndʋ ɖeyi ɖeyi Bibl wɩlɩɣ yɔ. Kɩwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ tɔm kɩbandʋ sakɩyɛ Maarɩɩ tɛ tisuu yɔɔ nɛ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ-ɩ yɔ.
Tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ kɔm Maarɩɩ cɔlɔ
5. (a) Ɛbɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Maarɩɩ lakasɩ taa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛnɩ tiyiyu Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ sɛtʋ yɔ? (b) Lɔŋ kɩbaŋ weyi Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ?
5 Ɛgɔm weyi ɛtalɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ ɛtɩkɛ ɛyʋ yem, ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ na. Eheyi Maarɩɩ se “kʋjɔʋ su ña-taa ɖo” lɛ, Maarɩɩ “laŋɩyɛ maa pɩŋŋ” nɛ ɛpɔzʋʋ ɛ-tɩ se ɛzɩ sɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe. (Lk. 1:29) A-cɔlɔ kʋjɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩlɩnaa? Maarɩɩ taamaɣzɩ se ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlabɩ-ɩ kʋjɔʋ ŋgʋ. Ɛlɛ, Ɛsɔ tiyiyu ñɔyɔɔdaɣ Yehowa Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ tɔm na. Paa Maarɩɩ kaasɔɔlɩ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ yɔ, etaakuyuu ɛ-taa se ɛtɛm-kʋ wɛnʋʋ. Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ wɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ se pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖihiɣ Yehowa kʋjɔʋ yaa lootiye, ɛlɛ ɖɩtaakpazɩɣ ɖa-tɩ ɛzɩ ɖɩtɛm-kʋ wɛnaʋ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kaɖɩɣnɩ mba pakpazɩɣ pa-tɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ mba poluzuu pa-tɩ yɔ nɛ ɛsɩɣnɩ-wɛ.—Yak. 4:6.
Maarɩɩ taakuyi ɛ-taa se ɛtɛm Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ wɛnʋʋ
6. Waɖɛ ŋgee ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu kɔnɩ Maarɩɩ?
6 Pɩɩpɔzɩ Maarɩɩ ti-luzuu, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ waɖɛ nɖɩ tiyiyu kɔnɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɖɩɩwɛ ŋgee kpem. Ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa se ɛkaɣ lʋlʋʋ pɩɣa nɛ kapɩsɩ ɛyʋ kɩlɩm tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ tɔm se: “[Yehowa] Ɛsɔ kaɣ-kɛ cɛlʋʋ ka-caa Daviid kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Kakaɣ kewiyaɣ tɔɔʋ tam Yakɔɔb ɖɩɣa taa, nɛ ke-kewiyaɣ ɛɛkaɣ tɛm kaaʋ.” (Lk. 1:32, 33) Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Maarɩɩ kaasɩm lidaʋ ŋgʋ Yehowa kaata ɛ-cɔzɔ Daviid pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudoku mbʋ yɔ, se e-liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ kaɣ kewiyitu tɔɔʋ tam. (2 Sam. 7:12, 13) Ye mbʋ, ɛ-pɩyalʋ kaɣnɩ kɛʋ Mesiya weyi Ɛsɔ samaɣ ɖaŋaa pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ yɔ.
7. (a) Tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ pɔzɩ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu yɔ, ɛbɛ tɩwɩlɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩkpɛlɩkɩ piya evelisi sɔnɔ?
7 Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ tiyiyu heyi-i se pakaɣ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛnʋ yaʋ se “Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm Pɩyalʋ.” Ɛzɩma halʋ yem yaa ɛyʋ yem pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ Ɛsɔ pɩyalʋ? Ɛlɛ, ɛzɩma tɩyɛ kpem Maarɩɩ pɩzaɣ se ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa? Yosɛɛfʋ kaasu-i, ɛlɛ pataaɖɔkɩtɩ nesi. Pʋyɔɔ Maarɩɩ pɔzɩ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu kpayɩ se: “Maasɩŋ abalʋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ ɛzɩma nɛ pɩla mbʋ?” (Lk. 1:34) Pɩtaawɛɛ Maarɩɩ fɛyɛ se ɛtɔ se ɛɛsɩ-ŋ abalʋ, ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛnɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ siŋŋ. Sɔnɔ yɔ, piya evelisi sakɩyɛ ñɔsɔɔlaa se sɩtɩlɩ halʋ yaa abalʋ lɛɛ lɛɛ, nɛ sihoŋuu sɩ-taabalaa mba pɔɖɔkʋʋ pa-tɩ yɔ. Toovenim se ɛjaɖɛ lɛɣzaa. Ɛlɛ Yehowa ñatɩlɛɣzɩ. (Mal. 3:6) Ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ, sɔnɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔɔlɩ mba pɔɖɔŋ ɛ-paɣtʋ yɔɔ wezuu kɩbaŋʋ caɣʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.—Kalɩ Ebree 13:4.
8. Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Maarɩɩ weyi ɛtɩtalɩ pilim yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa ŋga katalɩ pilim yɔ?
8 Paa Maarɩɩ kaawɛ siɣsiɣ Ɛsɔ ɛzɩdaa yɔ, ɛtaatalɩ pilim. Ye mbʋ, ɛzɩma ɛpɩzaɣ se ɛlʋlɩ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ weyi ɛlɛ ñatalɩ pilim yɔ? Tiyiyu Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ lɩzɩ pɩ-taa se: “Fezuu kiɖeɖeu kaɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ tibu nɛ ɛsɔdaa kɩlɩm ɖoŋ kuzotuu kaɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ huuzuu; mbʋ pʋyɔɔ pɩɣa ŋga ŋlʋlʋʋ yɔ, kakaɣ kɛʋ kiɖeɖeɣa, nɛ pakaɣ-kɛ yaʋ se Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ.” (Lk. 1:35) Kiɖeɖeu tɔbʋʋ lɛ se mbʋ pɩwɛ “kele kele” nɛ pɩwɛɛ “cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ” yɔ. Toovenim taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɛzɩɣ pe-piya pa-kɩwɛɛkɩm. Ɛlɛ cɩnɛ lɛ, Yehowa kaɣ labʋ ŋgee maamaaci nakʋyʋ. Ɛkpakɩɣ ɛ-Pɩyalʋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ e-wezuu nɛ ɛɖʋ Maarɩɩ lotu taa. Nɛ fezuu kiɖeɖeu yaa ɖoŋ weyi Ɛsɔ lakɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, e-kuzotuu ‘huuzi’ Maarɩɩ yɔɔ, se kɩwɛɛkɩm nabʋyʋ ɛtaataa pɩɣa ŋga. Maarɩɩ tisi tiyiyu tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ? Ɛzɩma ɛlaba?
Maarɩɩ cosi Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ
9. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ tɩnaa fɛyɩnɩ toovenim se papɩtɩ Maarɩɩ tɔm yɔɔ? (b) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ kpazɩ Maarɩɩ tisuu ɖoŋ?
9 Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ tɩnaa nɛ coocinaa taa wɩlɩyaa nabɛyɛ se petisi se halʋ weyi etitukuni abalʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa. Paa pasɩm takayaɣ siŋŋ yɔ, patɩpɩzɩ nɛ panɩɩ toovenim tɔm cikpetu natʋyʋ taa. Toovenim tɔm ndʋ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ yɔɔdaa se: “Nabʋyʋ fɛyɩ se Ɛsɔ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩ-labʋ.” (Lk. 1:37) Maarɩɩ tisaa se tɔm ndʋ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ heyi-i yɔ tɩkɛ toovenim, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ pɛlɛ weyi ɛɛwɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩtɩkɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-yɔɔ etisaɣ yem. Pʋcɔ nɛ Maarɩɩ tisi tɔm ndʋ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ heyi-i yɔ lɛ, ɛmaɣzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛna se tɩkɛ toovenim. Nɛ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ tasɩ-ɩ heyuu tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tɩñɩkɩɣ niye se ɛ-tɔm kɛ toovenim yɔ. Eheyi-i ɛ-hɔʋ taa tʋ halʋ akpadɩyʋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Elizaabɛɛtɩ yɔ, ɛ-tɔm. Paasɩmɩ-ɩ ɖooo lɔŋ se ɛkɛ kaalʋlaɣ, ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ la maamaaci lakasɩ nɛ ɛhaɣ hoɣa.
10. Paa pɩɩkɛnɩ Maarɩɩ waɖɛ se ɛlʋlɩ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ yɔ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩtɩmʋna se ɖɩmaɣzɩ se pɩɩwɛ-ɩ kɛlɛʋ?
10 Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ ɛbɛ Maarɩɩ kaɣ labʋ? Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ paɖʋ-ɩ yɔ ɖɩɖaŋɩ-ɩ, nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ ɛwɛnɩ lidaʋ se tɔm ndʋ payɩ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ yɔɔdaa yɔ, Ɛsɔ kaɣ labʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Paa waɖɛ pɩɩkɛnɩ Maarɩɩ se ɛlʋlɩ Ɛsɔ pɩyalʋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɖɩmaɣzɩ se pɩɩwɛ-ɩ kɛlɛʋ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛtɛm tisuu se ɛwalɩɣ Yosɛɛfʋ. Yosɛɛfʋ kɔŋ nɛ ɛna se ɛ nɛ hoɣa lɛ, ɛtasɩɣ tisuu se ɛ nɛ ɩ pɔɖɔkɩ nesi na? Nabʋlɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ paɖʋ-ɩ yɔ ɖɩkaɣ-ɩ kɛʋ sʋʋtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ maɣmaɣ, weyi ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʋʋ e-wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ kpeekpe taa yɔ, e-hoɣa pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛhaɣ. Nɛ ɛlʋlʋʋ pɩɣa ŋga lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ-ɩ se ɛcɔnɩ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛkandɩyɩ kɔ-yɔɔɛjaɖɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, nɛ kɔkɔɔ nɛ kapaɣlɩ. Toovenim taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛ sʋʋtʋ sɔsɔtʋ siŋŋ.
11, 12. (a) Ɛyaa mba paawɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ, ɛzɩma palaba alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-wɛ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔ? (b) Tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ cosi Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ yɔ, ɛbɛ tɩwɩlɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ?
11 Bibl wɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa mba paawɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ, halɩ nabʋyʋ taa pataatisiɣ se pala tʋma sɔsɔna wena Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-wɛ yɔ. Moyizi kizaa se ɛɛkɛɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm ɖɔkɩyʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ camɩyɛ. (Egl. 4:10) Yeremiya ñɔtɔm se ɛkɛ “pɩɣa taŋayʋ,” se ɛtɩtalɩ se ɛla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-ɩ yɔ. (Yer. 1:6) Yoonaasɩ ɛlɛ yɔ, ekizi tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ Ɛsɔ ɖʋ-ɩ yɔ nɛ ese. (Yon. 1:3) Maarɩɩ yɔ, ɛbɛ ɛlɛ ñakaɣ labʋ?
12 Maarɩɩ yɔɔdɩ tɔm nɛ ti-luzuu nɛ ñamtʋ, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɖiɣni tɩ-yɔɔ tɔzʋʋ. Eheyi Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ se: “[Yehowa] lɩmɖʋyʋ yɔ ma, pɩlabɩ-m ɛzɩ ɛyɔɔdʋʋ yɔ.” (Lk. 1:38) Lɩmɖʋyʋ halɩñɩnʋ kaakɛnɩ lɩmɖʋyaa taa tɔyaɣ nɛ e-wezuu kpeekpe kaawɛ ɛ-tʋ nesi tɛɛ na. Mbʋ ɖeyi ɖeyi Maarɩɩ maɣzaɣ ɛ-Tʋ Yehowa yɔɔ. Ɛnawa se ɛwɛ pɛɛyɛ taa Yehowa nesi tɛɛ, nɛ Yehowa wɛ siɣsiɣ nɛ mba pɛwɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ, nɛ ɛkaɣ-ɩ wazʋʋ ye ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛla tʋmɩyɛ kaɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ.—Keɣa 17:26.
Maarɩɩ kaanawa se ɛwɛ pɛɛyɛ taa ɛ-Ɛsɔ Yehowa nesi tɛɛ
13. Ye Ɛsɔ ɛpɔzɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩla nabʋyʋ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ se pɩkɩlɩ kaɖɛ yaa pɩɩcɔʋ labʋ yɔ, ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ?
13 Nabʋyʋ taa Ɛsɔ pɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ se ɖɩla nabʋyʋ lɛ, pʋtɔma yɔ ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ se pɩkɩlɩ kaɖɛ yaa pɩɩcɔʋ labʋ. Ɛlɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ Bibl taa lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ wena a-yɔɔ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩtaa-ɩ liu nɛ ɖɩɖʋzɩ ɖa-tɩ e-nesi tɛɛ ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ. (Ad. 3:5, 6) Ðɩkaɣ-ɩ taʋ liu na? Ye ɖɩlabɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɛkaɣ-ɖʋ wazʋʋ nɛ piyeki nɛ ɖe-tisuu kpa ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Maarɩɩ wobi Elizaabɛɛtɩ tɛ
14, 15. (a) Ɛzɩma Yehowa wazɩ Maarɩɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ewobi Elizaabɛɛtɩ nɛ Zekariya pɛ-tɛ yɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ yɔɔdɩ Luka 1:46-55 taa yɔ, tɩwɩlɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ?
14 Tɔm ndʋ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ heyi Maarɩɩ Elizaabɛɛtɩ yɔɔ yɔ, titukuni-i pɩŋŋ. Halaa mba pɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ payɩ yɔ pa-taa lɛ, apɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛnɩɩ mbʋ pɩtalɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ pɩ-taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ Elizaabɛɛtɩ? Maarɩɩ kʋyɩ nɛ ɛɖɔmnɩ seya nɛ ɛkpa pʋʋ taa Yudee tɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa, nɛ pɩtɩla yɔ ɛɖɔm kɩyakɩŋ naadozo yaa naanza mbʋ yɔ, pʋcɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ peeɖe. Ɛsʋwaɣ Elizaabɛɛtɩ nɛ cɔjɔ Zekariya pɛ-tɛ lɛ, Yehowa la lakasɩ nasɩyɩ se pɩtasɩ kpazʋʋ e-tisuu ɖoŋ. Elizaabɛɛtɩ tɩɩnɩMaarɩɩ sɛtʋ lɛ, pɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ e-lotu taa yɔ, kɛmɛyɩ amɛya. Fezuu kiɖeɖeu su Elizaabɛɛtɩ taa ɖo nɛ ɛyaa Maarɩɩ se “man-Kɩbaɣlʋ ɖoo.” Ɛsɔ wɩlɩ Elizaabɛɛtɩ se pɩɣa ŋga Maarɩɩ kaɣ lʋlʋʋ yɔ, kakaɣ kɛʋ ɛ-Kɩbaɣlʋ yaa Mesiya. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ fezuu labɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛsa Maarɩɩ ɛ-ñamtʋ sɔsɔtʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔ se: “Ŋkɛ koboyaɣ tʋ, ña weyi ŋtisaa yɔ.” (Lk. 1:39-45) Toovenim, tɔm ndʋ payɩ Yehowa heyi Maarɩɩ yɔ, tɩkaɣ labʋ.
15 Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Maarɩɩ ñɔyɔɔdɩ. Pama tɔm ndʋ ɛyɔɔdaa yɔ Bibl taa nɛ pasɩɩ-tʋ camɩyɛ. (Kalɩ Luka 1:46-55.) Bibl taa lɛ, tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ kɩlɩ yɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pɩɖaɣlɩ, nɛ tɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩtɩlɩ weyi ɛkɛnaa yɔ. Ɛ-tɔm ndʋ tɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛwɛnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ siŋŋ Yehowa yɔɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛsamɩ-ɩ se ɛha-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkɛ Mesiya ɖoo. Tɩwɩlɩɣ se e-tisuu kaapaɣlaa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔm se Yehowa tuzuu mba pakpazɩɣ pa-tɩ yɔ nɛ ɖoŋ tɩnaa, nɛ ɛsɩɣnɩ ajamaa nɛ kʋñɔndɩnaa mba pañɩnɩɣ se pɛsɛɛ-ɩ yɔ. Ɛ-tɔm ndʋ, tɩwɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛsɩm Masɩ pɩŋŋ. Akɔnta nakʋyʋ wɩlɩɣ se Ebree masɩ nzɩ ɛkpaɣ nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔdʋʋ taa yɔ, sɩcɛzɩ ɛzɩ 20 mbʋ yɔ. *
16, 17. (a) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Maarɩɩ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʋ pawɩlɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ pʋmʋnaa se ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ yɔ? (b) Maarɩɩ wobu nɛ ɛcaɣ Elizaabɛɛtɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, wazaɣ ŋga yɔɔ pɩtɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ?
16 Toovenim taa lɛ, Maarɩɩ maɣzaɣ Ɛsɔtɔm yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ɛlɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɛ ti-luzuu wɛtʋ kpam mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɩkpaɣ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ, ɛlɛ Masɩ ɛɖɛzɩ nɔɔ. Pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ e-lotu taa yɔ, kakaɣ ka-tɩ luzuu ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ wiɖiyi nɛ kɔtɔ se: “Mɔn-tɔm tɩlɩɩnɩ mɔn-cɔlɔ, tɩlɩnɩ weyi etiyi-m yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ na.” (Yoh. 7:16) Pɩwɛɣ ɖeu se ɖɩpɔzɩ ɖa-tɩ se: ‘Mañaŋ Ɛsɔtɔm nɛ manɖʋʋ-tʋ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ yaa we? Yaa ma-maɣmaɣ ma-lɩmaɣza mɔnsɔɔlɩ wɩlʋʋ? Ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ ñaacosi tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, pɩnaɣ kaɣlaa.
17 Maarɩɩ caɣ Elizaabɛɛtɩ cɔlɔ fenasɩ naadozo, nɛ pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se pakpazɩ ɖama ɖoŋ sakɩyɛ. (Lk. 1:56) Ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ nɛ Elizaabɛɛtɩ pacaɣ ɖama cɔlɔ yɔ, pɩtɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ wazaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ taabalɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ ɖʋʋ taa yɔ. Ye ɖɩɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa toovenim taa yɔ, pɩkaɣ-ɖʋ sɩnʋʋ nɛ ɖɩpɩɩ fezuu taa nɛ ɖɩñɔtɩnɩ Ɛsɔ kpam nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. (Ad. 13:20) Ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, alɩwaatʋ talaa se Maarɩɩ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɛ. Suwe Yosɛɛfʋ kaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛnɩɣ se ɛ nɛ hoɣa yɔ?
Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ
18. Tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ heyi Yosɛɛfʋ? Nɛ ɛzɩma Yosɛɛfʋ laba?
18 Maarɩɩ tɩɖaŋ se e-lotu ɛlɩɩ pʋcɔ nɛ eheyi e-hoɣa tɔm Yosɛɛfʋ. Ɛlɛ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ-ɩ tɔm lɛ, pʋtɔma yɔ ɛpɔzaɣ ɛ-tɩ se ɛzɩma abalʋ kɩbanʋ ɛnʋ ɛkaɣ labʋ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, ewobi ɛna-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ-ɩ mbʋ pɩtalɩ-ɩ yɔ pɩtɩŋa. Nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩ se tɔm ndʋ, tiyeba nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ ñʋʋ taa cɔɔ kiii. Ɛɛsɔɔlaa se etisi tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ kɛdaɣ-ɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩwɛ-ɩ ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ tɩɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔ. Bibl tɩkɛdɩ lɩmaɣza wena akɔm Yosɛɛfʋ ñʋʋ taa, yaa ndʋ ɛmaɣzaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɩtɔm se ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ekiziɣ-i mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyʋ esu pɛlɛ yɔ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛtɛmɩ-ɩ kpaɣʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛtaasɔɔlɩ se ɛɖʋ-ɩ fɛyɛ samaɣ ɛzɩdaa, pʋyɔɔ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ekiziɣ-i mɛsaɣ tɛɛ. (Mat. 1:18, 19) Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛzɩma Yosɛɛfʋ kaawɛɛ nɛ ɛnɩɣ siziŋ wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɩha Maarɩɩ lɩmaɣza. Ɛlɛ Maarɩɩ taakɔ pana se pʋyɔɔ Yosɛɛfʋ titisi ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ.
19. Ɛzɩma Yehowa sɩnɩ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ ɛla mbʋ pɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ?
19 Yehowa sɩnɩ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ sɔɔlɩm, se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛla mbʋ pɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ. Ɛsɔ tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ heyi-i ɖoziye taa se Maarɩɩ haɣ hoɣa ŋga yɔ, pɩkɛ maamaaci lakasɩ na. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yosɛɛfʋ nɩ tɔm ndʋ yɔ, pɩtɩla etisi fezuu fʋʋʋ. Yosɛɛfʋ la Yehowa sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ kaapaɣzʋʋ labʋ kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ. Ɛkpaɣ Maarɩɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-halʋ, nɛ ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ se ɛcɔnɩ Yehowa Pɩyalʋ yɔɔ.—Mat. 1:20-24.
20, 21. Lɔŋ weyi mba pɔɖɔkɩ nesi nɛ mba pacaɣ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɩkɩ Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ pɔ-tɔm taa?
20 Pɩwɛɣ ɖeu se mba pɔɖɔkɩ nesi nɛ mba pañɩnɩɣ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, pɛkpɛlɩkɩ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ paha-ɖʋ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 2000 yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yosɛɛfʋ naɣaɣ ɛzɩma ɛ-asɛyʋ cɔŋaɣnɩ ɛ-hɔʋ yɔɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛ-taa kaahʋlʋmɩ yem se Yehowa tiyiyu sɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ. Yosɛɛfʋ pɩzaa nɛ ɛna ɛzɩma pɩcɛyaa se ɛyʋ ɛtaa Yehowa liu alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛkpakɩɣ lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna yɔ. (Keɣa 36:5; Ad. 18:13) Paa pɩɩla yɔ, ɛɛkɛ hɔʋ ñʋʋdʋ kɩbanʋ weyi ɛkpakaɣ lɩmaɣza camɩyɛ yɔ.
21 Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛbɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ tisi faaa se ɛwalɩɣ Yosɛɛfʋ, paa ɛlɛ kaapɩtɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ? Paa pɩɩlabɩ Yosɛɛfʋ kaɖɛ se ɛnɩɩ Maarɩɩ tɔm taa kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ, Maarɩɩ ɖʋ suuɖu nɛ ɛɖaŋ se Yosɛɛfʋ ɛkpaɣnɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛnʋ kaɣnɩ kɛʋ pɔ-hɔʋ ñʋʋdʋ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se pɩkpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ lɔŋ kɩbaŋ, nɛ pɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɔŋ kɩbaŋ halaa mba pɛkɛ Krɩstʋ mba sɔnɔ yɔ. Kɛdɛzaɣ lɛ, mbʋ pɩlaba yɔ pɩkpɛlɩkɩ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ se pɔyɔɔdʋʋnɩ ɖama nɛ laŋɩyɛ kpayɩ nɛ peheyiɣ ɖama toovenim.—Kalɩ Aduwa 15:22.
22. Ɛzɩma Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ paasɩ pɔ-hɔʋ tigiɖe? Nɛ waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖaŋ-wɛ nɛ ɛzɩdaa?
22 Toovenim lɛ, hɔʋ kɩfalʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩsɩ kɩ-hɔʋ tigiɖe camɩyɛ. Pa-naalɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pañakɩ pana se pɛkɛ lʋlɩyaa kɩbama. Toovenim se wazasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ɖaŋ-wɛ nɛ ɛzɩdaa, ɛlɛ pakaɣ katʋʋ tɩlasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Paawɛnɩ waɖɛ se pɔcɔnɩ Yesu weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʋ ɛyʋ kɩlɩm ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ.
^ tay. 15 Adɩma wena Hana laba alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yehowa wazɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa, nɛ pama-yɛ nɛ pasɩɩ Masɩ taa yɔ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ kpaɣ adɩma ana nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ.—Cɔnɩ aɖakaɣ ŋga ka-ñʋʋ kɛ: “Adɩma kɩbana naalɛ naayɛ” yɔ Ñʋʋ 6 taa.


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Paɣtʋ kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ lɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, tɩkaɣ kɔnaʋ kala-a kedeŋa kpeekpe sukuli piyaa ñzɩ sɩkɔŋ Fransɩɩ lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʋ yɔ. Paɣtʋ ŋdʋ lɛ se pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ ceewayɩ sukuli pɩsɩʋ yɔ, mpa pɔkɔŋ sukuli labʋ Fransɩɩ yɔ, pɛhɛyʋ lidiye kpem, sukuli lidiye kɩfaɖɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩñʋ kɩlɩ kɩpɩŋɖɛ-ñʋ ɛzɩ tɔm hiu mbɩyɔ. Pʋtɔbʋ se yee ɖoo paahɛyaɣ mɩnɩʋ yɔ, lɛlɛyɔ pʋpɔzʋʋ se pɛhɛyɩ kutoku. Fransɩɩ minisi wa ñʋtʋ lɩza ɛwɩlɩ se pakpazɩ lidiye mpɩyɔ se pɩɩsa nɛ sukuli wɩlɩʋ nɛ lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ powobɩnɩ ɛsɩndaa, tɛkɛyɩsɩ labʋ wɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ pɩsa nɛ sukuli piyaa hɩu ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ ɖɩhɛnɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɩmaɣzʋʋ suwe? Laɣzʋʋ mpʋ pɩhaɣ nɩmɔw nɛ ɖɛtɛ Africa piyaa wolo pala sukuli peeɖe yawe?
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Pɩnaɣ
Pɩnaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɛna fenasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ 52 wɛna. Yee pɛtɛyɩ pɩnaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ nabʊlɛ taa kɔyɔ fenasɩ looɖo wɛna nɛ yee pɩkɛ nabʊnza taa pɛtɛyaa kɔyɔ panaɣ fenasɩ naadozo. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ kɔyɔ:
Pʊtɔbʊʊ se, pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ naadozo wɛ tɔm naanza taa. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ looɖo ñɛwɛ tɔm nabʊlɛ ɖeke. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ wɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʊ se yolum nɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ evebu yaa pɛlɔ pɩnzɩ pakalʊ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ.


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Azɔɔtɩ
Azɔɔtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pʊtʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga 7 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ N (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, nitrogenium). Ɛnʊ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ pnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa caŋga taa. Yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, azɔɔtɩ kɛ kɛlɛʊ tomnaɣ N2 (azɔɔtɩ naa naalɛ), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ heɣlim taa, heɣlim taa ɛtalɩ kagbanzɩ yɔɔ lɛ eyeke ɛkpakɩɣ naanaza (ɖɔʊ taa lɛ 78,06%).
Azɔɔtɩ kɛ pʊtʊ hiŋ niitozo nɛ naanaza tʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa pɩlɩna wazaɣ pɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ. Tɛtɛɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa wɛ azɔɔtɩ kɛ azɔɔtɩ siziŋ ɖɔm ñɩndʊ koŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm KNO3 (ɛwɛ salɩpɛtrɩ taa) yaa nitri, ŋgʊʊ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa palakanaɣ malɩfanaa kɩmɩzaa mʊlʊm, nɛ sodɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm NaNO3 (kɩwɛ siili salɩpɛtrɩ taa).
Antoine Lavoisier ɛlɩzɩ hɩɖɛ se azɔɔtɩ kɔyɔ, pama-ɖɩ nɛ a-(palɩzɩ) nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ kiɖe taa lɛ, Zwt (wezuu tʊ) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se palɩzɩ-ɩ fezuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ siɣye taa yɔ azɔɔtɩ ɛɛdɔkɩɣ kpɩna wezuu. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ N lɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa nitrogenium ndɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se nitron gennan nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛnʊ lakɩna salɩpɛtrɩ (potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm). Ɛnglɩsɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ, pasɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ nɛ payaɣna azɔɔtɩ ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ tatasɩ wɛʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ.
Joseph Priestley labɩna azɔɔtɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ N2O pɩnaɣ 1772. Amoniyaki NH3 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, J. Priestley labɩna-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1774. Kajalaɣ hɔɔlaɣ ŋga kamʊʊ-kɛcɛlɩɣ nɛ keyeki nɛ azɔɔtɩ sʊʊ pɩ-taa H3N.BF3 yɔ Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac labɩna-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1809.
Hɔɔlaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa ŋga kɔkɔna tamsʊʊ nɛ azɔɔtɩ nɛ halozɛnɩ yɔ, azɔɔtɩ tɛ kɩlɔrɩrɩ naatozo NCL3, Pierre Louis Dulong labɩna-kʊ nɛ pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa ɛ-ɛsɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ yɔkɩ nɛ e-nee naatozo sɛtɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ fɛyɩ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmɩzɩɣ ɖoŋ tʊ.


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Isaac Newton
Palʊla Isaac Newton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1643 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1727. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1727 yaa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakɩn nɛɛlɛ, lalaa se saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛkɛ britannique tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ philosophe mathématiki tʊ, physiki tʊ, alchimiste, astronome nɛ Anglisɩ théolozɩ tʊ. Sciences taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛnana mbʊ payaɣ se mécanique classique yɔ, gravitation universelle. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛna Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz palɩza akɔnta ŋgʊ payaɣ se calcul infinitésimal yɔ. Ɛnʊ ɛnana ɖɔɖɔ se mʊndʊsʊʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ; ɛnʊ lubina télescope de Newton ɖɔɖɔ.
Mekaniki taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛna se mbʊ mbʊ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ yɔ, pɩwɛna paɣtʊ natutozo. Ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se mécanique newtonienne. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se théorème du binôme nɛ méthode de Newton.
Newton wɩlaa se tɔmnasɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ mbʊb mbʊ piciidiɣ yɔ yaa ɛsɔtaa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ natutozo ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛtɩŋgɩna Kepler tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se loi universelle de la gravitation yɔ.
Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kpem pɩnaɣ 1686 nɛ sciences tʊma taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . Ɛma ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ alchimie taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛna ɛnɔɔ. Ka-taa kɛ ɛyɔɔdaa se keteŋga yɔɔ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkpɛnda niitozo nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩtɩŋga pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ.
Isaac Newton kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊla Isaac Newton yɔ, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taatɩ paɣzɩda gregori fensi takayaɣ kalʊ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ se ɛsɩba Saŋgayɩŋ Fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Woolsthorpe tɛtʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Grantham, kɛ Lincolnshire Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛñɩma kɛ haɖaa. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩla fenasɩ nɛ naatozo nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩlaba pɩnz naatozo ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, e-ɖoo Hannah Ayscough, ɖɛɛ nɛ ɛmalɩ na nɔɔyʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, powona-ɩ na-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ e-egbele tɛ. Ɛtɔɔ kʊñɔŋ kpem kɛ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ taa kɛ sukuli cikpelu ŋgʊ payaɣ se Skillington yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 taa lɛ powona-ɩ Grantham tɛ kolɛzɩ taa.
Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɛ e-ɖoo yayɩ-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Woolsthorpe nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-hayɩm yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ ɛcɔnaa se ɛ-pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ɖoŋ kɛ kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kpɩna ɖɩyʊʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩna-ɩ sukuli taa se ɛtasɩ-kʊ labʊ pazɩ nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖii ɛɛsʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Isaac Newton wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ lɛ, ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ pazɩ ɖɩsʊʊ halʊ-pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ŋga payaɣ se Storey; ɛlɛ petekizina-ɩ nɛpaha-ɩ nɔɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖanɩ-kɛ nɛ ɛtɛma e-sukuli lɛ, ɛkpa-ke halʊ. Ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʊ ɛla kpɛɖɛŋ kpɛɖɛŋ nɛ ɛtawalɩ-ɩ nɛ Isaac Newton ɛnʊ, ɛcaɣ ɛɖandʊ e-wezu caaʊ tɩŋga.


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Siipitɛɛrɩ
Siipitɛɛrɩ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga ka-taa nɛ heɣlɩmaɣ yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga kɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe, ŋga kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ paa pɩkpɛndɩ tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe kɔyɔ. Wɩsɩ posɩnau lɛ, Siipitɛɛrɩ kɛŋna kagbanzɩ nga nɛ kɛ-ɛsɩnda kɔyɔ: Mɛɛrkiiri, Feeniisɩ, Tɛtʊ nɛ Maarɩsɩ. Room Siipɩtɛɛrɩ ɛsɔ cɔlɔ lɛ, Fransɩ taa yaa Aŋgilisi taa payaɣ Siipitɛɛrɩ se Seesi ɛsɔ.
Cɩkpɛndɩɣ ɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa sɩŋŋŋ panaɣ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ nɛ ɛsa pee nɛ ŋga yɔ nanza ŋga ɛsɔtaa tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa; kɛ-ɛsɩntaa kɔyɔ: Wisɩ, Fenaɣ, nɛ Feeniisɩ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Maarɩsɩ naɣ kpaɩkpaɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ nɛ ɖoŋɖoŋ taa lɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Siipitɛɛrɩ tʊʊ keleŋgele nɛ pɩkɩlɩ Feniisɩ.
Ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa nɛ heɣlimaɣ yɔ, Siipitɛɛrɩ taa nɛ heɣlɩm hoɖe mbʊ wɛ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ nɛ heɣlim mbʊ pɩɖɛʊ taa pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 kɛ ñɩɣyʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛhiu nɛ lʊbɛ taa pana mayaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ nakɛyɛ kɛ tɩyɩnga ŋga kɔyɔɔ nɛ mayaɣ ŋga kakɩla wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Tɛtʊ kɛpaɣlʊ tam naputozo.
Mayaɣ ŋga kɛkena heɣlim sɔsɔm nbʊyʊ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Siipitɛɛrɩ wɛna tɩyɩnzɩ kɩmalasɩ cikpesi nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ Galillée fenasi nanza ñɩnzɩ: Iyo, Erɔpɩ, Kanimɛɛdɩ nɛ Kalisitoo. Tɩyɩnzɩ kɩmalasɩ sɩnɛ Galillée na-sɩ pɩnaɣ 1610 taa pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ ɛsañɩnɩŋ weyi ɛmaɣmaɣ eluba yɔ.


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Kigaalii
Kigaalii kɛna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa komina tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kɩla ɖɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ piyisi nasɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pakali ti-ɛyaa kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ 2011 lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 052 540. Kigaalii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 730 yaa ɛkɩtarɩwaa 73 000.
Ɛzɩ Ruwanda ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp taa tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ hɩla yɔ, Kigaalii tɛtʊ taa piyisi nzɩ sɩwɛ yɔ payaɣ-sɩ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ wena yɔ, pɩlɩɣna tʊma sɔsana wena awɛ sɩ-yɔɔ yaa sɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ mbʊ pɩsɩna ɛyaa nɛ patɩlɩ tʊma ana camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋga sɩmna haba hɩla yaa tʊma tɩŋga taa.
Kigaalii tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩɣ nɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Kebɛkɩ (Kanadaa), Montireyali (Kanadaa), Roma (Itaalii), Prukisɛlɩ (Pɛlɩziki) Mayansɩ (Caama), Sɛŋgdʊ nɛ Sinaŋ (Siini). Payaɣ Kigali tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Fidele Ndayisaba.


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Rubii
Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rubii. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɛwa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ alɛ se korindɔɔ (corindon) waa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ rubii wɛ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ pɩlɩʊ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se kroom tɛ okisiidi (oxyde de kurom) yɔ piyekina nɛ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wɛʊna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ.
Payaɣ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna se safiiri. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se sowayerii (joaillerie). Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ peeye yɔ, a-taa lɛ, rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ kɛŋna mbʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemme) pɩyɛ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋɛ taa lɛ, tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se lɔnzɩdaleyiiti (lonsdaléite) nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se mowasaniti (moissanite) yɔ pakɩlɩɣna leɖuu.
Pɛpɛdɩɣ rubii tɛtʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ liidiye sɔsɔyɛ nabʊyʊ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛpɛdɩ-ɖɩ liidiye tooye pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ cɔlɔ pɩlɩɩna yaa ɖɩ-tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ tɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɔlɔ. Papalɩɣ yaa pacatɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna ɖeu. Papalɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena yɔ, yee atɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ, awɛɣ liidiye pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ tɔlɩm ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena akɩlɩɣ ñɩlɩnzɩɣ yɔ akɩlɩna liidiye.


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Liu ñɩm (volonté)
Ɛyʊ lakɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛna se ɖɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ ɖɩmʊna lɛ, ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ nɛ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ. Ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa siŋŋ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ yaa pʊcɔ ɛla e-liu ñɩm. Ɛmaɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pʊwɛɛ se mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ, pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛla mbʊ puyozuu ɛ nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma kuyozu yɔ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ se ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki. Ɛlɛ, sukuli pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ñɛwɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ kɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩfɛyɩ se pʊdʊ ɛɖʊ miiziki nɛ ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ se ɛsɔɔlɩ welesuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, pɩcɛyɩɣ sukuli pɩɣa ŋga kaka ñɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pa-taa paa weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ labʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Yee mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se weyi e-liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki yɔ, ɛɖʊ ɛ-tɛ miiziki, ɛlɛ, ɛtaakpazɩ foolim (volume) ɖoŋ.
Ɛyʊ lakʊʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ, pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ liu ñɩm labʊ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Filozɔfʊwaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɛla mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tɛtɛ kpɛna yaa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tifezuu, tɩtɔkɩ nɛ tɩñɔʊ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ tɩmaɣzɩ nɛ tɩla mbʊ ti-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Filozɔfʊwaa panɛ, Kant nɛ Descartes pakaɖɩna-tʊ mbʊ.
Filozɔfʊ weyi payaɣ se Schopenhauer yɔ, ɛlɛ yɔɔda se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ se ɛla e-liu ñɩm yɔɔ yɔ, pi-ɖeke koŋ piyebina nɛ kedeŋa caɣ wezuu. Ɛtɔŋ se mbʊ kɛŋna kedeŋa mɛɛzaɣ tɛɛ tɔm yeli.


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Rɔdɩyɔm
Rɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 45 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rh. Rɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, ɛkɛ platɩnɩ mɛfɛyɩ yuŋ waa tɛ pɩlʊʊ taa nɔyʊ. Walaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ rʊtyɔm nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ ɔsɩyɔm nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, mbʊ paya-wɛ se platɩnɩ waa kpeekpe ɖɩwɛyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ William Hyde Wollaston lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paladɩyɔm, pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩwɛyɛ taa ndʊ tɩkɛ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ yɔ, sʊtʊ lɩm mbʊ pehiwa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda lelemiŋ yɔ, nɛ patɛma lɩzɩɣ ɔsɩyɔm yɔ, platɩnɩ kajazasɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ nzɩ pɩma yɔ taa kaawɛ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa ɛzɩ ɩrɩtɩyɔm, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ (pɩlɩna rɔtɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ yɔɔ) rʊtɛnɩyɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛ platɩnɩ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ῥόδov (rhodon) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kela sɛmɩŋ yaa kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛlɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna rʊtɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ yɔɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ.
Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa Ɛnglɩsɩ taa se rɔtɩyɔm kaalɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1805 alɩwaatʊ taa Wollaston tʊma tɔm kɛdɩɣ taa, pana-yɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm heyuu takayasɩ taa. Sɛzɩyaa mba palakɩna-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔɔɖa wena paɖʊ a-taa karasɩm yɔ platɩnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ rɔdɩyɔm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ setiyu tʊma sɔsɔna taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ sɔsɔŋ sazɩyʊ (eyoluu yee ɛsa miŋ pɩtalɩ 1 963,85 °C, yaa 1 963,85 °C), halɩ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ.


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Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ
Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ, pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɛ pañɩkɩɣ niiye tɔmpee naatozo yɔɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, naalɛ tɛ lɛ ɛyaa caɣyɛ nɛ nabutozo tɛ lɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kɔyɔ kajalaɣ tɛ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ wɛtʊ tɔm kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ paatɛma-ɖɩ katʊʊ kajalaɣ Fransɩɩ tɔmpee lɩzɩyaa tɔm kpou pɩnaɣ 1696 wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa nabayɛ komina kɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa nakayɛ paɣtʊ tɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ samaɣ ŋga kɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ wɛtʊ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna nɛ ɖama, patɩŋɩɣna ɖama nɛ pawzɩɣ-wɛ yɔ. Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa nabayɛ mba panɩna ɖama se paɖʊ ɖama paɣtʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣ-tʊ yɔ. Paɣtʊ kpaɣʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wɛna kewiyitu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ patayɩ-sɩ ɖama nɛ pɩkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna tɩ-yɔɔ se pawazɩ paa anɩ nɛ samaɣ ŋga ka-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɩɖɛna-wɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa status, ɖɩlɩna lakaɣ stare nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kajalaɣ se yiɣyiɣ sɩŋʊʊ, nabʊlɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ caɣyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ nɛ 16 nɛ 18 wɛɛ taa, ŋgʊ tɔmpiye kʊyʊnɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ wɛtʊ samaɣ taa. Hannah Arendt cɔlɔ lɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbilim status rei publicae (tɔmpiye tɔmpiye nɩɣ taa pɩkɛ pɩyʊ wɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ yaa komina wɛtʊ.


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Rɛɛzɔɔ (raison)
You nakʊyʊ ɛlaba ɛyaa naalɛ hɛkʊ taa kɔyɔ, pañɩnɩɣ nɛ pana se pa-taa lɛ, aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Yee mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ yaa naadozo pacakɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ-tʊ nɛ pana se aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Weyi ɛca tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm sɩba. Piyele weyi paca-ɩ tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔ se ɛlɛ tɔm ɖewa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛna toovenum. Ɛwɛna toovenum tɔbʊʊ se ɛtɛwɛɛkɩ pʊyʊ. Mbʊʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison». Ɛlɛ, pɔtɔŋʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛna toovenum yɔ, pʊwɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna toovenum tɔm hʊʊ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ nɛ nɔɔyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa tɔm natʊyʊ ɛwɛɛ nɛ payaa ɖama awiya tɛ nɛ awiya hʊʊ-tʊ nɛ pana se pɩtɛkɛ ɛnʊ cana tɔm kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm tasɩ, se ɛwɛna toovenum ɛzɩ ɖɩtɛm kɛdɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛɛna toovenum ɛ-lakasɩ nasɩyɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɖu hɛñʊŋ nɛ lɛlʊ heŋ woki nɛ ekuluu. Nɛ weyi pukuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ yɔ, ewolo eheyi weyi ɛlɛ tɩna heŋ weyi ekuluu hɛñʊŋ mbʊ yɔ se ɛkpa e-heŋ se ikuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ. Yee heŋ tʊ ɛtakpa e-heŋ nɛ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛɛ iwoki nɛ ikuluu lɛlʊ hɛñʊŋ mbʊ nɛ pʊwɩzɩ ɛlɛ nɛ ɛkʊ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa nɔɔyʊ yaa paa ɛɛtɩkʊ ɛ-taa heŋ naalɛ yaa paa ɩɩɖɛ naalɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa tɔŋ se ɛwɛna toovenum. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ewoba nabʊlɛ nabudozo nɛ eheyi weyi ɛtɩna heŋ yɔ se ɛkpa e-heŋ se ikuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ nɛ ɛlɛ paatɛwɛɛ. Ŋgʊ sɔsaa tuu eduye se «Paasuu nandʊ kpou». Eduye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se tɔɔnaɣ tɩna ɛyʊ wezuu, pɩtɛkɛ nandʊ. Pɔtɔkɩ nandʊ laɣzaɣ, paatɔkɩ-tʊ haɣnaɣ. Ɛlɛ, payaʊ se «raison» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ toovenum mbʊ pʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ. Mbʊ paya fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊdʊ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna maɣzɩm kɩban. Ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩɣ kɩbandʊ nɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɩlɩɣ se malaba pʊnɛ, pʊwɛ ɖeu, malaba pʊnɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu. Ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɣna maɣzɩm kɩban nɛ ɛhʊʊ tɔm ɖeu yaa ɛhʊʊ tɔm siɣsiɣ. Mbʊ paya fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ, ɛnʊ yekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɛ tɩlɩ kedeŋa lɔŋ nɩɩyɛ. Pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩna nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ eluki yaa ɛlɩzɩɣ pʊyʊ kɩfam nabʊyʊ. Halɩ ɛyaa mba pɔtɔŋ se pa-ñʊŋ taa cɔwa yɔ, petelesi fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa Fransɩɩ ñɩma tuu eduye se «Weyi payaɣ se kpaazɩyʊ yɔ, ɛkɛ weyi elesi pɩtɩŋa payɩ, ɛlɛ, etelesi fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ yɔ».


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Madakasɩkarɩ
Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tu nɛ pɩta yɔ.Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Afririka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-taa lɛ, Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna kagbanzɩ ndʊ malanzɩ taa. Kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ yɔ Ositiralii, pʊwayɩ lɛ Kurowelandɩ, Papuwazi-Kiinee-Kɩfalʊʊ nɛ Pɔrɩnewo.
Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 590 000 km2 nɛ kɩ-ɖalakiŋ taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 1 580, kɩ-tobuu taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 580. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Antananariivo n; liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ ariyari. Tɛtʊ ñabɩ ntʊyʊ cɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata. Ana yɔ: Morisi, Seyisɛɛlɩ, Komɔɔrɩ nɛ Rewiniyɔɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ tam looɖo taa: Antananariivo yaa tananariivi, Antisiranana yaa Tɩyɛɛgo-Suyarɛzɩ, Fiyanarantiswa, Mahazaŋga yaa Mazʊŋga, Tuwamasina yaa Tamatavɩ nɛ Toliyara yaa Tuleyarɩ.
Malɩkaasɩ kɛna pa-kʊnʊŋ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔɔdɩɣna fransɩ. Madakasɩkari tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Hery Rajaonarimampianina.


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Panzuli
Panzuli kɛŋna Kambii ɛjaɖe taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 34 828 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛwɛ 523 589.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Marib Kelekeletʊ yɔ, peeɖe ñɔtɩna Kambii pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 93.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Piritaniki mba ñɔzɩna-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1816 nɛ pɩɩkɛnaa se palʊkɩ nɛ pakandʊʊ mba pakpakaɣ ɛyaa nɛ palakɩ-wɛyoma nɛ pɛpɛdʊ-wɛ nɛ tuuɖe taa ɛyaa yɔ.
Paalɩza tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ, payawaɣ-tʊ se Paturist nɛ paɖʊwaɣ hɩɖɛ kɛ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ-kʊ se Henri Bathurst yɔ. ƐLɛ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa kɛ pɛlɛɣza-tʊ hɩɖɛ kpɛlɩ se Panzuli. Payaɣ Panzuli maliki yɔɔcɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Samba Faal.


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Jules César
Jules César kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ Room tɛtʋ kɛ Itaalii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛnaadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ (100) nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ sɔsɔ (Général) nɛ politiki laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ takayɛsɩ mayʊ sɔsɔ tɛtʋ taa Room, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 44 nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.
Ɛ-ɖoo payaɣ se Aurelia Cotta nɛ ɛ-caa hɩɖɛ lɛ Caius Jules César naatozo tʊ. Ɛ-halʊ kɔɔnɔɔ tʊ lɛ Cossutia, ɛlɛ wayɩ kɛlɛ panɛ paba : Pompeia Sulla nɛ Calpurnia Pisonis. Ɛkawɛna pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ. Payaɣ-kɛ se Juliya, ɛkɔɔnɔɔ halʊ ɛlʊlɩna-kɛ. Piya sɩnɛ : Ptolémée hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ tʋ nɛ Auguste lɛ, paba yawaɣ-ɩ se pa-caa cikpelu. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ nɩɩnaza nɛ naanza (44) taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ, Room tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba.


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William Shakespeare
Palʊla William Shakespeare kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1564 kɛ Stratford-upon-Avon tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ 23 pɩnaɣ 1616 ɖoli kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ. Pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ mba pamaɣ takayasɩ yɔ pa-taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ: ɛkɛ takayaɣ mayʊ, tanaʊ kʊyʊ (dramatiiɖizi) nɛ cɩmʊʊ nɛ keesi maɖʊ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ ɛyʊ nɛ pɩmʊna-ɩ kpɛ, ɛma takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, natʊyʊ eeyiɣdiɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-tɔm nɛ ɛ-takayasɩ ɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, paa ɛfɛyɩ kɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Takayasɩ maya mba palɩza pɔ-tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, William Shakespeare kɔŋ nanatozo taa; ɛ-ɛsɩnda lɛ, Agatha Christie nɛ Jules Verne pɛɖɛna-ɩ. Mba palɩzɩɣ tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa lalaa taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se palɩza ɛ-takayasɩ ta tɔm nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ 4281 taa. William Shakespeare ɖeke pɩzɩna ɛkɛ tnaʊ kʊyʊ nɛ dramatiirizi.
William Shakespeare ma dramatiiɖizi takayasɩ 37 kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1580 nɛ 1613. William Shakespeare wɛ ɛzɩ mba palɩzɩ anglisi kʊnʊiŋ kpem yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-takayasɩ maʊ taa lɛ, eluba tɔm pe kɩfana nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖiɣna-yɛ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ajaɣ alona taa nɛ awɛ nɩɣ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
E-evebutu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Palʊla-ɩ Stratford-upon-Avon kɛ Warwickshire egeetiye taa kɛ Angletɛɖɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ nɛ ɛkɛ naatozo-tʊ nɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ abalɩbɩya taa. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1564. Pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pɔsɔʊ pɩga lɩm avema wena atɩŋgʊ ka-lʊlʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊwa se puuye kɛ palʊla-ɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se John Shakespeare, ɛkɛ haɖʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ; ɛnʊ tɩna ɖɩɣa ŋga sɔnɔ taa payaɣ se The Birthplace (pʋtɔbʋʋ se "Ɖɩlʋlɩyɛ") yɔ. Ɛkɛ sabaabɩ kɛ Stratford nɛ pɩnaɣ1568 lɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊ nɛ pɩhayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ Stratford tɛtʊ taa mɛɛɖɩ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Mary Arden, nɛ Robert Arden of Wilmcote pɛlɔ kɛlɛ. Pɛwɛ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa nɛ kɛwɛ Henley Street tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ katolika tʊ.
Ɛ-tɛ takayɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tragédies[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Antwaanɩ nɛ Kleyopaatri (Englɩsɩɩ: Antony and Cleopatra)
- Koriolaŋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Coriolanus)
- Hamlɛtɩ, Danɩmarkɩ Wiyaʋ Pɩyalʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark)
- Juulɩ Séezarɩ (Englɩsɩɩ: Julius Caesar)
- Makɩbɛɛtɩ (Englɩsɩɩ: Macbeth)
- Ɔtɛloo yaa Feniizi tɛ Moori]] (Englɩsɩɩ: Othello, the Moor of Venice)
- Lear Wiyaʋ]] (Englɩsɩɩ: King Lear)
- Romeyoo nɛ Juliyeti]] (Englɩsɩɩ: Romeo and Juliet)
- Timoŋ, Atɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ tʋ]] (Englɩsɩɩ: Timon of Athens)
- Titi Andronikusi]] (Englɩsɩɩ: Timon of Athens)
- Troyilusi nɛ Krɛɛsɩda]] (Englɩsɩɩ: Troilus and Cressida)
Comédies[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pièces historiques[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Wiyaʋ Ɛdʋwardɩ naadozo dʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Edward III)
- Wiyaʋ Richard naalɛ dʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Richard II)
- Wiyaʋ Richard naadozo dʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Richard III)
- Wiyaʋ Henri naanaza dʋ, 1, 2 (Englɩsɩɩ: Henry IV, Part 1, Part 2)
- Wiyaʋ Henri kagbanzɩ dʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Henry IV, Part 1, Part 2)
- Wiyaʋ Henri loɖo dʋ, 1, 2, 3 (Englɩsɩɩ: Henry VI, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)
- Wiyaʋ Henri luutozo dʋ (Englɩsɩɩ: Henry VIII)
- Wiyaʋ Jean (Englɩsɩɩ: King John)


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Naalɩm mayaɣ
Naalɩm mayaɣ, ɛbɛ payaɣ ḿbʋ ? Pʋdʋnaa sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ payaɣ se naalɩm mayaɣ. Wondu ndʋ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se naalɩm mayaɣ yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ : tɩnzɩ nɛ heɣlimaɣ nɛ mʋzʋʋ. Kpɛɖɛ wɛ pa-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Cʋʋ kɩkpɛdʋʋ kɩlɩna wɛʋ sakɩyɛ naalɩm yayaɣ taa. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɔʋ kɩkpɛdʋʋ wɛ pʋdʋnaa ḿba paa weyi ɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Mbʋ payaɣ se ɖɩɖɔmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ, naalɩm mayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa wɩsɩ wɛtʋ wɛɛ. Tɩnzɩ miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ wɛ ɖɩɖɔnɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Naalɩm mayaɣ nʋmɔʋ walanzɩ talɩ 80 000 mʋntʋsʋʋ-pɩnaɣ. Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa tɩlɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ‘Gaia’. Anasaayɩnaa ajɛya taa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔɔ. ‘Gaia’ ŋgbɛyɛ ñɩnaa nɛ ɖɩna takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ kosusi ka-taa tɔm agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ (25) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2018 taa. Pama pa-takayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa se tɩnzɩ 1 692 919 135 wɛnɩ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ taa.
Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ tɩlɩyaa ñɩnɩ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pala akɔnta nɛ patɩ tɩnzɩ kpeekpe ñʋʋ. Pakaɖaa se, tɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋa kʋɖʋmaɣ kɛ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ tɩŋa.
Tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛʋ naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ yɔ, sɩlɩ ɖama. Ɛlɛ, naalɩm masɩ cikpesi wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Sɩsɩ taa tɩnzɩ ñamakɩɣna ɛzɩ miiliyaarɩ waa hiu mbʋ yɔ. Piyele, naalɩm masɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa tɩnzɩ ñatalɩɣ miiliyaarɩ waa ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ. Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ tɩlɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se, naalɩm masɩ miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ wɛnɩ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se, naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ, sɩpaɣlɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ sɩtɛ sɩwɛɛ yuŋ hɩlɩmaaɣ.
Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ ŋga kɛwɛ naalɩm masɩ cikpesi taa yɔ, pɩwɛ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ se patɩlɩ ka-ñʋʋ. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, wɩsɩ tatɩɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ samaɣ ŋ́ga ka-ñʋʋ pɩlɩɩnɩ sɩ-hɩlɩmɩyɛ cɔlɔ.


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ONU ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU). Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ yaa ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ lɛ se ɖɩkandɩ kadeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kandɩɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ 1945 taa ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔwa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ hɛwa lɛ paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɣzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se «SN» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ. Paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ se ɖɩlʊ nɛ yoŋ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya kpeekpe ɛcaɣ ayɔɔdɩ nɛ anɩna ɖama. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna pilinzi yʊʊʊ nzɩ sɩlʊkɩ kedeŋa jkpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.


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Confucius lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ
Confucius lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ, Rújiā (儒家) (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se masɩma lɔŋ sukuli) nɛ Rúxué (儒学) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se masɩma lɔŋ wa wɩlɩtʊ, pɩkɛ sukuli naa taa sukuli nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ yaa kʊñɔŋnaɣ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ, ɛyʊ fitenum yɔɔ, politiki tɔm yɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm yɔɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Tɔm tɩwala pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖɩŋ hiu mbʊ yɔ kpaɣ nɛ Kongfuzi (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se wɩlɩyʊ Kong) ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm (pɩnaɣ 551 ŋtalɩ 479 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ), pasɩmɩ-ɩ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa taa nɛ latɛŋ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ Confucius.
Kpaɣnɛ kpaɣɖʊ 9 hɛkʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ paya-yɛ se Confucius maɣzɩm kɩfam ((Lǐxué 理学, Dàoxué 道学, Xīnxué 心学, ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ apɩsɩ paɣtʊ ɛyaa kpeekpe cɔlɔ kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa. Quinq kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Hànxué (漢学) lɩɩ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna Confucius lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ, pʊwayɩ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ Confucius lɩmaɣza kɩfana ñalɩɩ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ mbʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Confucius lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ taa, Tao ñɩna wɛɛ nɛ Puda ñɩna wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kɛlɛ Confucius ñɩna wakaɣnaɣ.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Confucius caʊʊ ɖoŋ piŋ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ papɩzɩɣ pamaɣzɩ-kʊ nɛ Platon nɛ Yeesu pa-ñɩmba Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛtatɩyɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kiɖe, kɛlɛ ɛ nɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa palɩzɩ lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ, pɛlɛzɩ ɛyaa fetenum nɛ pɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ nɛ ɖama ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ tɩyɛ.
Wɩlɩyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa kajalaɣ mba mba pakpa se ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nɛ papɩsɩ layaa Confucius cɔjɔ kpamɩŋ taa.


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Hɔlɩmɩyɔm
Hɔlɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 67 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ho. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ, ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ manɩɩ kɛlɛ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ hɛɛɛ helim mbʊ pɩwɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ pɩ-taa nɛ ɛmʊ-kɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ niikaɣ helim taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ cɔlɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ kajalaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɛ pɛ-tɛ egeetiye hɩɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ, Stockholm, pɩkɛ weyi ɛna-ɩ ɛ-tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ, ɛyʊ ɛlɛ yɔ Per Thodor Clev.
Pɩnaɣ 1789, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin lɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛtasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfala ŋga paatɛma-kɛ naʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ hoo hoo pɩtɩŋna Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ pɩñɔtɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tʊma ana petisi a-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797 pɩtɩŋna Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɖanɩɣ yaʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se yttria.
Pɩñɔtɩna kpaɣɖʊ hɔɔlʊʊ mbilim lɛ, Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Carl Gustav Mosander pɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊnaa naatozo ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna Yttria yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmbɩyɛ pɩsʊʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ nɛ ɛsɩɩ hɩɖɛ se yttria kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ (ɩtrɩyɔm keeke kɛlɛ) nɛ ɛyaa sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ se erbia nɛ ɛya kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ se terbia, ɛlɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛmaɣzɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ.
Soret cɔŋɩna Cleve tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ŋgʊ ɛlabɩna hɔlɩmɩyɔm yɔ nɛ ɛna se kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-ñɩŋʊ (tɛtʊ X), ɛlɛ etisi pɩnaɣ 1880 hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ kaaya yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlɩpɩyɔm Delafontaine tɛ ñɩŋʊ wɛʊ yɔ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɔlɩmɩyɔm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛlɛ pɛhɛyɩ liidiye lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa pa-naatozo pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ yɔ.


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Kampala
Kampala kɛna Ugandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Uganda ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ ageeta kagbaanzɩ wɛna: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kuwɛmpɩ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Makindiye,wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Rubuga, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Nakawa nɛ Kampala maɣmaɣ kɛ payaɣna hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa egeetiye.
Pɩnaɣ 1894 taa lɛ Kimpala tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda kutokiŋ nɛɛlɛ yeke nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 659 600. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 195 yaa ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 19 500.
Pʊcɔ nɛ Pritaniki mba talɩ Uganda lɛ, peeɖe tɛtʊ wiyaʊ weyi payaɣ se Kabaka yɔ ɛɛlɩza Kampala hɔɔlʊʊ se peeɖe ewoki lakʊ sɔsɔʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe namɩŋ ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛzɩ namɩŋ weyi payaɣ nɛ pɛ-tɛɛ taa se impala yɔ.
Puganda kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ payawaɣ tobi taa se Ka Mpala nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se piyaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ impalawaa yɔ nɛ yaʊ nɛ nɩʊ taa yem kɛlɛʊ lɛ pɩnɩʊ se kimpala. Payaɣ Kampala egeetiye yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se John Ssebaana Kizito.


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Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ palʋlʊ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1567 nɛ 1574 pɩnzɩ hɛkʋ taa mbʋ yɔ. Puruwazi wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛwadɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Saranti yɔ tɩ- cɔlɔ kpam yɔ. Pɔsɔ Samuel de Champlain kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm kɛ aloma fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ 18 ñɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1574.
Samuel de Champlain ɛsɩba kizimasi wiye kɛɛkɛɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1635 ñɩŋga taa, Keebɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Samuel de Champlain kɛ kpɩyɩŋ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ tɛlɛnzɩ lɩzɩyʊ. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ, ɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ajɛɛ taa wobu nɛ tɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʋʋ ɛyʊ. Ɛkɛ sawɩlaa takayɩsɩ tɔm mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ lɩzana tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Keebɛkɩ yɔ.


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Wiskɔnsɛɛ
Wiskɔnsɛɛ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Pamaza Wiskɔnsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 169 790 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 140 787 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 28 006 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 16.49 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna nɛɛlɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 30 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1848. Wiskɔnsɛɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Madison nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Milwaukee.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 686 986 yɔ.
Payaɣ Wiskɔnsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Scott Walker (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Tammy Baldwin (D) nɛ Ron Johnson (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Nizɛɛrɩ
Nizɛɛrɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa: Alizeerii, Peenɛɛ, Purkina Fasoo, Caadɩ, Liibii, Malii nɛ Niizeriya. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Ñamɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɛ nɖɩ wɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika kañɩmbusaɣ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ tɔɔʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ tɛtɛɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ mbʊlɛ: N̄ɩɣlɩm sika, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ, saarɩbɔŋ, iiraaniyɔm nɛ karasɩm. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩcɔnaa lɛ ɖɩna se Nizɛɛrɩ wɛɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kʊñɔntɩtʊ wɛɛ kpem yɔ.
Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ paakɛ Pɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩwaa nɛ pesidi mba paawɛ peeɖe cabɩ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Sɔŋgayɩ kewiyaɣ ñɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Kaao. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Muka awiya pɩsɩ palaŋga nɛ pa-anɩ ɛbɩsɩ malʊʊ. Pɩlakaɣ pɩnaɣ 1591 lɛ, kewiyaɣ ŋga Saadɩwaa yɔkɩ-kɛ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ Kpankurumwaa nɛ Fɩlandɩnaa kɩlɩna wɛʊ peeɖe.


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Afrɩka tɛtʊ tɔm
Mbʋ pɩɩlaba Afrɩka taa payɩ, kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʋ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ, payaɣ se Afrɩka caanaʋ tɔm. Roma n̄ɩma n̄aakpaɣ Afrɩka tɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖeɖe nɛ payaa se Afrɩka. Pʋwayɩ yɔ paya tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩtɩŋa se Afrɩka. Ɛsɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ nɔɔyʋ payawaɣ-ɩ se "Ifri". Ɛnʋʋ Afrɩka n̄ɩma n̄aakpaɣa se pɛ-ɛsɔ. Ɛkɛ Bɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩ n̄ɩma ɛsɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ.
Paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Afrɩka wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɛyʋ lɛɣ wɛʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 2,5 mbʋ yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔʋ nɛ pɔɖɔʋ halɩ nɛ pɔkɔɔ pawadɩ Afrɩka tɛtʋ tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ caanaʋ tɔm paɣzɩ lɛ, lɩŋgamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ kɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ payaɣ lɛɛlɛyɔ se sahara yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, sahara pɩsɩ kan̄ɩmbusuu ɛjaɖɛ. Sahara ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩtɛyɩna Afrɩka tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ. Sahara nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya nɛ Sahara nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa n̄ɩna. Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm nɩɣzɩna Meediteeranii teŋgu caanaʋ tɔm. Ajɛya wena alɛ n̄ɛwɛ Sahara nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, alɛ tɔm n̄ɛwɛɛ.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe naʋ lɛɣzɩtʋ sɔsɔtʋ naadozo mbʋ payaɣ se "tɛkɩniiki" yɔ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ, ḿbʋ ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka caanaʋ tɔm nawa. Lɛɣzɩtʋ ńdʋ tiyeba nɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
- Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛyʋ lubi miŋ. Elubu-i yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 800 000 yaa 400 000 mbʋ yɔ. Miŋ yeba nɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
- Nabʋlɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɔyɔ mbʋ payaɣ se "néolithique yɔ. Lɛɣzʋʋ nabʋlɛ n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ; pɩlɩwa pɩtala ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 8000 yaa 2 000 mbʋ yɔ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Lɛɣzʋʋ naalɛ n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ piyeba nɛ haɖaʋ nʋmɔʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ.
- Lɛɣzʋʋ nabudozo lɛ anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ lubu nʋmɔʋ. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se "révolution industrielle". Lɛɣzʋʋ nabudozo n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ piyeba nɛ ɛyʋ tɩlɩ mbʋ payaa se "énergie électrique nɛ énergie fossiles nɛ énergie fissiles yɔ.
Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Pɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩwaa (Berbères) yɔ kɛwɛɛ. Ɛyaa mba payaɣ se "Phéniciens waa yɔ pɛlɛɣna kpacayɩɣ Pɛɛrɩbɛɛrwaa. Paba wayɩ lɛ, Tunisii ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄akpacayɩ-wɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Rooma n̄ɩma nɛ Arabʋ n̄ɩma kpacayɩna-wɛ. Sɔnɔdaa mbʋyɔ, Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa malɩŋ kɩla ɖɔʋ. Anasaayɩnaa n̄azɩ Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya ɖɔɖɔ.
Afrɩka « Sub-saharienne» ajɛya n̄ɔwa nɛ awɛɛna kewiyasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛlɛ, pɩkɔma kpaɖɩŋ VII taa lɛ, Aaraabʊ ajɛyɛ sʊna a-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ajɛya ana a-taa nɛ pɩlɛɣzɩ pe-wezuu caɣʊ nɛ pɔ-sɔnzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛya sɔsɔna nazɩ Afrɩka ajɛya pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1910 nɛ ŋwolo ŋsɩɩna pɩnzɩ 1975 taa Afrɩka ajɛya lʊba nɛ alɩɩ kʊhʊlʊm yomiye taa nɛ piyele awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ.
Sahara nɛ pɩtɛɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya taa n̄ɩma n̄aɖʋ kewiyisi ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, kewiyisi ńzɩ sɩ-taa sakɩyɛ sʋʋ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Tobo se Afrɩka ajɛya kɛwɛ yomiye taa nɛ pʋcɔ pazɩ pazɩ alɛɛ yomiye ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ lɛɛlɛyɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1910 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1975 taa Afrɩka ajɛya lʋba nɛ alɩɩ yomiye taa.


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Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Arabɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Semitiki cejewiye taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ kɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ nɛ Afrɩka kedeŋga taa. Alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-daa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kacaɣlaɣ yaa naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ mɩnʊʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ yɔɔdʊʊ Arabɩɩ nɛ Yuda mba tɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Arabɩɩ ajɛyɛ wena lɩm cɔyɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ a-daa kɩŋ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ kpaɖʊ lʊbɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa kɛ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ŋbɛyɛ nɛ malɩŋ takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea taa kʊnʊŋ. Paamʊ nɛ ɖoŋ kɛ Arabɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ajɛyɛ kɛ wɛɛ hɛkʊ taa ñɩna taa lɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩmɩza nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɛkʊ egetiye taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Ɛrɔpʊ hɔlɩŋ naayɛ taa kiŋ.
Kɔɔnaɣ lɛ kɩ-kɛ Arabɩɩ mba kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwalɩ kedeŋga sɩm taa ajɛyɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa mbʊ hɔlɩŋ lɛɛna wena atɛkɛ arabɩɩ ajɛyɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kedeŋga yɔ cɩna. Arabɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ajɛyɛ aŋgba sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ loɖo weyi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊ nɔɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ lakɩna tʊmɩyɛ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ wɛna waɖɛ nɛ yuŋ nɛ kɩtɛyɩ kɩ-dɩ. Ɖɩnaɣ arbɩɩ ŋgʊ pamaɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkʊ yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ paweyi ɛnɩʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ. Pamaɣ ŋgʊ yɔ ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-ta doo canaʊ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩfalʊʊ. Arabɩɩ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ pɩlɩna paa egetiye ndi lɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa tɛ ɖama tɔm nɩʊ cɔlɔ.
Pʊtʊnaa mba peyeba nɛ patɩlɩ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ mba yɔɔ, malɩŋ ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ matʊ nɛ canaʊ taa ñɩyɩŋ weyi eyekaa nɛ panɩʊ doo polɩŋ taa tɔm, ʊnʊ yɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm nɛ Ɛntɛrɩɩnɛtɩ. Ɖoo canaʊ pʊdʊ weyi eyeba se arabɩɩ tɔm sakɩyɛ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩfaŋ lɛŋ yɔ yɔ ʊnʊ yɔ matʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ rɔmanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdʊʊ taa wɛna abalɩ masɩ sakɩyɛ sɩkpɛnda nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo kɛ matʊ taa, nɛ halɩ ñɩŋzɩ ñɩʊ sɩkpɛnda cɩkpesɩ nadozo nɛ kɩɖaalasɩ naalɛ kɛ nabʊyʊ taa yɔɔdɔɔ taa. Pama Arabɩɩ tɔm nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩɩ taa.


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Mɔɔyɛ
Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Ɛyʊ wɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ. Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam.
Mɔɔ wɛna wazaɣ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔyɛ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.
Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.


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Panama Hɛŋa
Panama hɛŋa kɛna teŋgʊ taa hɛŋa ŋga katɩŋgʊna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ Panama nɛ kɩtɩŋgʊna Pasifiki Lɩŋgɑmʊʊ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋamʋʋ. Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ lɩm pʊnɛ pɩ-hɛkʊ taa kpem yɔ pɩkɛna ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ weyi wiɖii nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla yɔ. Lɩm hɛkʊ taa hɛŋga ŋga pɛhɛ mbʊ yɔ, piyeba nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ piwobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kpɩyɩŋŋ ɛɛtasɩɣ ɛ-tɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ ɖʊʊ se ɛtɩŋgʊna Hɔrnɩ nɛ Draki nɔmɔŋ se pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛsɩŋ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Ɖooo lɛ, kpɩyʊ kʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Hɔrnɩ lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 22 500 ɛlɛ lɛlɛɛ yɔ, kɩkʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Panama hɛŋga lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 9 500 ɖeɖe. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔʊ toboyaa ɛzɩ nabʊlɛ taa kpem yɔ. Panama hɛŋga kanɛ ka-tamaɣ kaatɛma wɛʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ looɖo taa. Weyi ɛcala lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ lɩzɩɣ yɔ, ɛkɛna Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ taa ɛyʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Michel Le Nobletz. Ɛɖʊ tamɣ ŋga se ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔsʊʊ pɩlɩɩna nʊmɔʊ tobi yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1630 taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-ɖɩ maɣzɩʊ.
Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ pʊsɩma yɔ, nɛ pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1880 lɛ, Fransɩɩ tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Ferdinand de Lesseps, paɣzɩ lɩm taa habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Paarii tɛ tɔsʊʊ koozaɣ taa liidiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Ɛpaɣ mbʊ lɛ, putuyi-I pazɩ nɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛtɛm-ɖɩ. Etaazuunii waa tɛzɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ weyi ɛcalɩ-tʊ yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ se G.W. Goethals. Pɩnaɣ 1914 taa kɛ paha nʊmɔʊ se paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɩŋna Panama peeɖe.
Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kʊɖʊʊ tɔm taa tʊmlaɖaa ɛzɩ 25 000 hiu sɩm pɩlɩɩna pɔtʊ kʊdʊŋ yɔɔ, kɩnamɩyɛ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñamsʊ n;pɩcɛkɩ pɩɖakɩ ɛyaa. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 14 yɔ tɩŋna peeɖe nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa 203 yɔ. Pinaɣ 2002 taa mbʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋna peeɖe yɔ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 800 yɔ nɛ paɖʊ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa se patazɩɣ lɩm taa habɩyɛ nɖɩ walanzɩɣ. Pañɩnɩɣ se kpɩyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ yʊŋ ñɩŋ ɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɩtɩŋna peeɖe. Pʊwɛɛ se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 lɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛma nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ añʊʊtʊ yɔ Itaalii tʊ Impregilo.


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Peekɛɛ
Peekɛɛ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ patasʊʊ -tʊ yaɣ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Peyijini. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Siini nɛ hayʊ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa piyele tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 1 641 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 16 410. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Peekɛɛ kɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa politiiki nɛ ɛsɩkuliye kɩla wɛʊ yɔ piyele tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Hɔŋkɔŋ nɛ Caŋgayɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩla wɛʊ.
Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ taa kataɣ sɔsɔɣa nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe pahayɩsʊʊ efabiya nɛ pɛlaa, pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 taa keteŋa kpeekpe ha ɛsa nɛ Peyijini tɛtʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ pazɩ ɖɩ-ñɔɔzɩ camɩyɛ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ pɩ-tɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Pɩyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔzʊʊ tɔnʊʊ taa alafɩya nɛ hayɩsʊʊ yɔ, ɖɩɖaana lɩzʊʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ se patasɩ aleɣya anaa labʊ pɩnaɣ 2022.
Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Caŋayɩ tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ tɩŋgɩna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ peeɖe lɛ, paakpɛnda miloyɔɔnaa 21 150 000.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma nɛ Afrika keteŋa taa tɛtʊ, Amerika taa ñɩndʊ, Azii taa ñɩndʊ, Erɔpʊ keteŋa taa ñɩndʊ nɛ Oseyanii taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋga tɩkɛnda nɩɩnɩwa (50). Paya:g Peekɛɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Wang Anshun nɛ ɛtakayaɣ taa mayʊ kɔyɔ Guo Jinlong.


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Pilim ñʊʊ
Pilim ñʊʊ, tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pilim ñʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ kalɩyaɣ ŋga keyeba se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ kʊɖʊm kʊɖʊm kalʊʊ. Pɩsaŋ nɛ pakalɩɣ wondu kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋ se kaʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, kaŋ naalɛ, takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, takayasɩ naalɛ. Pilim ñʊʊ ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pama-kʊ nɛ kalɩyasɩ pɩtɛ. Paa ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛwɛna ka-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa, nɛ kalɩyasɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ Richard Dekekind lɩza tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ paɖanɩɣ tɔm lɛɛtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊtʊ ñɔtɔŋ se mayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pɩdaa. Tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ a-tɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ tɔm wɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ.
Pilim ñʊŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖama taa wɛʊ, nɛ sɔzʊʊ akɔnta nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ huuduu, kaakɛna ɖooo krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tʊzɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ payaɣa se ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pekpeɣ pilim ñʊŋ maʊʊ tɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peano nɛ Dedekind pɔ-yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa padakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa ɛzɩ mayaɣ pilim ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, (ŋgʊ lalaa ñañɩkɩɣ niiye kɔyɔ), mbʊ yebina nɛ kpeɣtu kajalaɣ ñɩndʊ tɛlɛzɩ.
Pilim kalɩyasɩ kpeekpe, kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa wɛ sɩ-taa yaa kɛfɛyɩ, sɩ-tɩŋa payi payʊsa-sɩ mayaɣ N. Dedekind palɩzɩ mayaɣ ŋga pɩnaɣ 1888, nɛ payaɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ pasɩma mbʊ se pɩkɛ pilim masɩ kpeekpe tɔm.


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Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ
Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ (Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ taa: Èʋe ou Èʋegbe) pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kʊkʊnʊŋ maɣmaɣ eʋe taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se [e'Be] yaa Eʋegbe. Kɩ-kɛ gbe taa kpeɣluu kʊnʊŋ Kwa waa tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ. Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kʊyɔɔdɩyaa talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lʊbɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1991 taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ gbe kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ Ahʊna yɔɔdaɣ wɛ camɩyɛ.
Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ yiiduu paɖooye agɔma nɛ ahʊndʊ yaa Kwa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɛzɩ Abbey-ahʊna yaa Abévé yaa ɛwuujɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩʊ se weyi ɛyɔɔdʊʊ Abé-ahʊna ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ ki-maɣmaɣ yɔ yiiduu ɛ-tɩ nɛ Fɔŋ (Fɔŋgbɛ). Ɛyaa hɛkʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ se ahʊna mbʊ yɔ, Loma tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa pakɩlɩʊʊ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ Afrika kedeŋga yɔ kɔyɔ ahʊna kʊnʊŋ pamana aseɣɖe tɔm takayaasɩ sɩŋ pɩkɔzɩna Diedrich Hermann Westermann tʊma labʊ yɔ. Ɛnʊ weyi ɛlɩza ahʊna tɔm kpoŋ nɛ tɔm tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Gbe kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa taa lɛɛlaa ɖʊ nesi ahʊna kʊnʊŋ kpɛlɛkʊ ñɩnʊʊ taa. Mba yɔ Gilbert Ansre laba nɔɔ wiluu nɛ tɔmpe cɔɔlʊʊ. Hounkpati B Capo laba nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ pɩɩɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Herbert Stahlke laba tɔmʊʊ maʊ nɛ nɔɔ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Roberto Pazzi laba ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɔmɩŋ tɔbɩŋ takayaɣ maʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Félix K. Ameka laba tɔmɩŋ tɔbʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ kʊnʊŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩlɩʊ. Alan Stewart Duthie laba tɔmɩŋ tɔbʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Flavien Gbéto laba nɔɔ kʊyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Egipiti
Egipiti kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsi ɖɩlɩye hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩwɛɛ Mediiteranee nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Egipiti wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Asii keteŋa taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Leevantɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋgʊna Siinayi pɔɔ.
Naajeeriya nɛ Etiyoopii pa-wayɩ lɛ Egipiti taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ pɛwɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 kɛ miliyɔɔnaa 89. Peeɖe ɛyaa hukuu lɛɛɛ lɛɛɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ 60 taa lɛ samaɣ huu ɛzɩ tam naanaza mbʊ yɔ. Egipiti tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Kɛɛrɩ nɛ Araabɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ peeɖe ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Egipiti.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Siiwii yaa Bɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩ kɛ Siiwa hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Egipiti krɩstʊ mba tɛɛlɛɣzɩ pa-kʊnʊŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ Kɔpɩtɩ pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ taa. Egipiti nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Nuubiyɛŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɩnɛ pɩkɩlɩna samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Asʊwaŋ yɔ.
Pe-liidiya yɔ Egipiti liivri. Kaŋgalafʊʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɩna +20.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1981, Mohammed Hosni Moubarak kaawɛna kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna se lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 wiey pɩnaɣ 2011 samaɣ kpeekpe kʊyɩ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩla ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Peeɖe komina taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 264 nɛ naatozo yɔɔ lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩɣ naalɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ñayaa kʊɖʊm. Egipiti ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ kɔyɔ Maresaalɩ Abdel Fattah al-Sissi nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ kɛ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ liitoozo wiye.


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Kaaɣ keɣye (Dôme du Rocher)
Kaaɣ keɣye kɛna Ɛsɔ Sɛtʋ Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, payaɣ-kʋ size Omar tɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, kɩkɛna kɔɔnɔɔ kumoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩn̄ɩnaɣ se ɖɩkɛna keɖeya wonuu ŋgʋ patana kaʋ nɛ pana yɔ.
Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛna kɩlaʋ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-matʋ waɖɛ lɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ calife Abd al-Malik ben Marwan cɔlɔ nɛ Jeruzalɛm egeetiye nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ cɔlɔ. Pɩɩkɛ Haram al-Charif lone taa. Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna lone kiɖeɖee naadozo ñɩnɖɛ kɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma cɔlɔ.
Payaɣ Lone Haram al-Charif se malɩŋ lone kiɖeɖee naadozo ñɩnɖɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, lona kiɖeɖena, Maka nɛ Mediini (Médine) pɛtɛma wɛʋ. Haram al-Charif peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩnaɣ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu ŋgʋ payaɣ se al-Aqsa yɔ.
Kaaɣ keɣye kanɛ, kohuuzuu ka-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ kaaɣ tigiɖe. Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔnzɩ taa kɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, paa pɩlaɣ ɛzɩma yɔ, pamaɣzɩɣ size pa-n̄ʋʋyaɖʋ Mahomet tɩŋɩna nɛ ɛtalɩ ɖooo lɔŋ kɛ Mɛɛkɩ yɔ, kɛ Isra alɩwaatʋ taa.
Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma maɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ size lone kaaɣ tigiɖe nɖɩ, ɛzɩma mbʋ payakaɣ ɖoho taa kɩyakʋ peeɖe yɔ, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Mahomet ɖɛwaɣ nʋmɔʋ nɛ peeɖe yɔ, pɩtɩŋɩna pʋ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ Ɛsɔ kewiyaɣ taa. Mbʋ yɔ, pɩɩkɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ size Miraj yɔ sɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ lɛ, pasʋʋ ɖama taa lɛɛlɛɛ nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ palaɣ kɩlaʋ yɔ. Nɖɩɩ malɩŋ ya hɩɖɛ size Bouraq.
Krɩstʋ Ɛsɔ dɔm takayaɣ tɔm tɔbʋʋ lɩzɩʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ size Moriah yɔ kʋ-yɔɔ. Moriah pʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham kaɣ kpaʋ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛgbamɩyɛ, Isaakɩ se ewona nɛ ɛlaa Kɩpaɣlʋ kɩlaʋ. Nɛ Moriah pʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-yɔɔ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ keekee kɛ wiyaʋ sɔsɔ Salomon kaama Jeruzalɛm tɛ Ɛsɔ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ.


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Silii
Silii kɛna Amreika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena awɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Peruu, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Polivii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Arizantini. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaɣna Atakama kañɩŋ pʊsaɣ piwolo pɩsɩɩna Hɔrini. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina wɛɛ kɩñɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩmʊ Antariki keteŋa hɔɔlɩɣ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 1 236 000 km2 yɔ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛndɩ 16 634 603. Tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊko nɛ pɩta nɛ tɩwɛɛ Falparayiso taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Pakɩ tɛtʊ yɔ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Silii taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1 888. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tiposina Silii nɛ kilomɛtana ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ.
Silii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Santiyago. Silii, Arzantini nɛ Iriigʊyee ajɛya taa kɛ Erɔpɩ ɛsa kuliye tɔm kɩlɩ tɔyʊ. Silii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wobu nɛ ɛsɩndaa kɛ Amerika Latini kpeekpe taa, pɩotasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mʊlʊm nɛ tɔkɩm takɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ. Pɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa temokrasi wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ siliyɛŋ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ riina simi, mapiidiigiini yaa ayimara nɛ fanaga rapanuwi.
Liidiye nɖi spɔtɔkɩ peeɖe yɔ nɖɩ lɛ pezo. Silii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1810 nɛ pañɩɣ nesɩ kpataa kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ mbʊ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1810. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ Silii ɛjaɖɛ sʊ OCDE ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Kpaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2006 lɛ Michelle Bachelet kaakɛŋna Silii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ tɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2010.
Pɔtɔ caca kɩfalʊʊ lɛ palɩzɩ Sebastián Piñera se ɛkɛ ɛjɑɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñʊʊtʊ kpaɣna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2010 pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnɑɣ 2014. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ ɖoɖoo Michelle Bachelet.


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Teŋgu
Teŋgu kɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ. Ɛyʋ ɛsɩŋa teŋgu lɩm wandamm kadaɣ kidiiliŋ nɔɔ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ elosi ki-kidiiliŋ lɛɛkʋ nɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ lɩm wandamm kadasɩ sɔsɔsɩ naadozo wɛna.
Lɩm wandamm kadasɩ nzɩ, sɩ-hɩla yɔ : Lɩŋgamʋʋ (océan) nɛ teŋgu (mer) nɛ kujomuu (lac). Sɩ-naadozo sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ tɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ka-wayɩ lɛ, teŋgu tɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ tɩŋɩna. Nɛ kaka wayɩ lɛ, kujomuu tɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ ñatɩŋ.
Teŋgu lɩm wandamm kadaɣ tɔm ɖɩkɛdɩɣ cɩnɛ. Teŋgunaa taa lɩm nabɩyʋ wɛ salala nɛ lalaa taa lɩm ñɛwɛɛ leleŋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ teŋgunaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ Arabii teŋgu lɩm kadaɣ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Teŋgunaa taa lɩm cukaŋ fɛyɩ kɩmaŋ kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ limaa pɩkɩlɩ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ.
Arabii teŋgu taa lɩm walanzɩ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 3,8 km2. Kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa lɩm cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 5.800. Arabii teŋgu payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Oman teŋgu.
Teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Siini teŋgu tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Payaɣ Siini teŋgu ɖɔɖɔ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ teŋgu. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 3,5 km2. Ku-cukaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa 1645 kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ. Kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ liŋguu yɔ, ku-cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 5015.
Siini teŋgu wayɩ lɛ, ‘’Sargasses’’ waa teŋgu tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 3,5 km2. Teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Meditɛɛranee teŋgu tɩŋɩɣna. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 2 969 000 km2. Ku-cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 1 377. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ liŋguu yɔ, ku-cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 399. Meditɛɛranee teŋgu taa lɩm lɛɣzɩɣ paa pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ nzɩɩ lɛ sɩ-wayɩ.
Meditɛɛranee teŋgu wayɩ lɛ, Wedɛɛlɩ (Weddell) teŋgu tɩŋɩna. Kʋkʋ walanzɩ kɛ 2 800 000 km2.


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Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Room
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Room kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Room tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa. Paapɩzɩ patʊɣʊ kɩbɩnjaazɩ Room lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ latɛŋ ɛsakuliye. Ɛyaa agbeela a-naa kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ yeba nɛ kɩwa hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Erɔpʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna kajalaɣ kpaɣɖʊ ŋkɔɔ ntalɩ kpaɣɖʊ kɩgbaanzɩ pɩlɩna sɔjɔnaa yoŋ wabɩtʊ nɛ kokasɩ taa takayasɩ tɛ kɩpaɣlaa tɛ ɖama kpɛndʊʊ.
Kɩ-tɛ wabɩtʊ yeba kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu yuŋ ndʊ nɛ matʊ tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm sakɩyɛ. Kɩlɛza kpɛlɩ wɩsɩ taa ɛsakuliye wɛtʊ nɛ pɩcaɣ mbʊ tam. Kpaɣnɛ ɖooo kpaɖɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ, Room ɛsakuliye lɩ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyaɣ nesi tɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩtalɩna ajɛyɛ pajaɣ mɔyɔɔ ñʊʊ tʊ kʊyʊm kewiitu.
Ajɛyɛ pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ ana ɖɩyaɣ se Ampiiri tɛ kiɖe ɖʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Auguste kɛna alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ Room yoŋ wabɩtʊ talɩ ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔ ndʊ ɖɩɩsɩma ɖooo canaʊ yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye caɣ Roma ɛsakuliye yɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩ-tɛ ɖoŋ kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩɖalɩɣ pɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ lɛnaa wena pamʊ a-tɛtʊ yɔ. Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 3 alɩwaatʊ ɛyaa mɛɛsa tokuli waa nabɛyɛ sʊʊ tuda nɛ hɔzɩŋ Room ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛyaa mba palɩna Erɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩsa nɛ palʊbɩna-wɛ lɛ, pɩkɛ-wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se patʊlɩ kaɖɩsɩ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ nɛ sɔɔja naa tʊma, mbʊ pɩtapɩzɩɣ pɩɖaŋ kpaɣɖʊ 4 alɩwaatʊ tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paɖʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ. Pɩkpana Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛyʊʊ pɩnaɣ 395 alɩwaatʊ kodudaɣ yon nɩɩyɛ ɖɩzaɣ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛ Ampiiri naa pɩnaɣ 476 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩm pɩlɩna ɛzɩma laŋhɛzɩyɛ fɛyi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, Ampiiri wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ Hispanie nɛ Gaule nɛ Bretagne nɛ Afrika na Hayi kiŋ nɛ Itaali yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ ɖama nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ lɛ, ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 5 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ampiiri wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔlʊʊ kpaɣna Constantinople nɛ ntalɩ Krɛsɩ nɛ Anatolie nɛ Siiri nɛ Egipiti paawɛ kʊñɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa.


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Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖ̀ɛzaɣ (Siini taa lɛ, 唐朝,Wade taa lɛ,Wade taa lɛ, T’ang nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, EFEO taa lɛ, T’ang, Ten) (mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 618 ŋtalɩ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 907 taa). Pɩkɛ Siini kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kɛlɛza Sui keziyaɣ (pɩnzɩ 581-618 taa yɔ) pʊwayɩ kewisi kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ hiu alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga. Li cejewiye kasɩna ke-kiɖe, nɛ kamʊ kewɩyaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Sui kewiyaɣ ɖɩma yɔ yaa kɔtɔla yɔ.
Kapaɣzɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kaatɛya pɩɖalɩ halɩ pɩtalɩ 220 nɛ 581 taa yɔ, ɖenɖe keeke Sui kewiyaɣ tobi ŋga kaasɩ kamaɣ yɔ yaa kaatɛma yɔ, kajalaɣ awiya tɩmɩyɛ kaakɛ se pacaɣzɩ ɖiɖi Ampiiri kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ pɛkpɛnda yɔ nɛ patasɩ haʊ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ Siini kaawɛʊ ɖoŋ han waa alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pacaɣ sooci lala ajɛyɛ lɛɛna ñʊʊŋ yɔ caɣʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Taŋ kajalaɣ awiya alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Taizon nɛ Wu Zetian nɛ Xuanzon), Siini Ampiiri hiɣ kɩ-tɩ ɖeu nɛ kɩwɛna ɛsakuliye kɩbanɖɛ siŋ.
Awiya sɔsaa tapɩzʊʊ ɖaŋgʊʊ pʊcɔlɔ kpɛɣɛ yoŋ weyi eyeba nɛ po-ɖoŋ pa-ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ yɔ ñɩna yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, paa pɩtakɔŋna cɛyɩtʊ pɛ-tɛ Ampiiri ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩlɩna ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ huu pɩtɩŋna Hadɛ yɔɔ Ajɛyɛ yɔɔ. Yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wayi kɛ wayi wayi kpaɣɖɩŋ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, Taŋgi kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣ pɩnaɣ 907 taa ŋgʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, patɛyɩ ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri yʊkpɩlɛɛ.
Politiki tɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ samaɣ nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ lɛɣtʊ sɩm wɛɛ ana a-taa kayeba nɛ tɔm kɛɖɩyaa maɣzɩ nɛ pɔtɔ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ sʊ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ taa, ndʊ tɩwɩlaɣ Soŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ (pɩnzɩ 960 ŋtalɩ 1272 alɩwaatʊ) ŋgʊ kikpeɣla Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖɩŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ɖɩɣ.
Lɛɛzɩtʊ yuŋ ndʊ sakɩyɛ lɩ Taŋ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa, pata kɛlɛ ɖeɣa taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ matʊ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊntʊsʊʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩya se bʊdɩyɩsɩmɩ hiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ Siini ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ.


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Ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Pɔtɔŋʋʋ se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔ, pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza naalɛ kpɛndʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Albert Einstein labanɩ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza tʋma sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyɔɔdaa se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza wɛ tam naalɛ taa : kajalaɣ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtawalɩ yɔ. Nabʋlɛ lɛ, ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩwalɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ.
Ɛlɛ, ɖooo caanaʋ taa lɛɣtʋ pilŋa tɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Galilée ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza kpɛnda tam naalɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ patamsɩna ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Galilée tʋma nɛ sɔsɔ Newton ñɩna.
Dooo pɩnaɣ 1906 taa tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ, sɔsɔ Max Planck paɣzɩ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣza labɩnaʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ, ɛñɩɣ nesi kpem ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ ɖɔnɛ yɔɔ.
Ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyʋ Alfred Bucherer calɩ yɔɔdʋʋ ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm.
Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyaa mba, patɩlaa se caɣyɛ nɛ alɩwaatʋ pɛkɛ kʋɖʋm. Pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ñalɩmɩyɛ seɣ seu mbʋ kpɛɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩɩlɛɣzɩ.


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Pɛrɩlɛɛ
Pɛrɩlɛɛ kɛna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɩnda wobu, tɔsʊʊ nɛ ñɩm pakɩla wɛʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋga ɖɩ-taa. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa naatozo nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ (3 500 000). Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ kɛɛŋna naalɛ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ lʊbɛ ñɩndʊ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Pamaza Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ tɛ walanzɩ kpeekpe lɛ tɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa akpaba 3 734 nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa naanza nɛ naaza (4 400 000). Yee pakpaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ-Pɩrandɛbʊriŋi taa ɛyaa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ Pɛɛrɩlɩ ñɩndʊ kɔyɔ, pɛlɩʊ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa looɖ̀o (6 000 000).
Pɛɛrɩlɛe tɛtʊ wɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ litoozo taa nɛ tɩkɛ Purisi tɛtʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ pɩnzɩ 1701 nɛ 1871 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ Caama kewiyaɣ taa ñɩndʊ pɩnzɩ 1871 nɛ 1918 taa nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ tʊtʊ se Fayimarɩ yɔ tɛ-ñɩndʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ 14 yaa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1919 nɛ 1933 taa; pʊwayɩ lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ Rayisɩ naatozo ñɩŋgʊ yɔ kɩ-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1919 nɛ 1945.
Pɩnaɣ 1945 wayɩ nɛ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ ŋga Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ nɛ koloŋga yɔkaa yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ kɛ tam napɩnza taa. Pɩnaɣ 1990 kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnza ɩnʊ ɩkpɛŋdaa nɛ pɩɖaanɩ tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ kpɛm nɛ pɩsɩʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.


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Regee
Regee kɛ minziiki nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, kɩkɛ minziiki ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ Jamayiki ɛyaa tɛ yɔ. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ lɛ, pakɩlɩ-kʊ sɔɔlʊʊ kadeŋa kpeekpe taa. Regee ŋgʊ kɩkɛ Jamayiki ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mba ɛzɩ Bobo Shanti mbʊ yɔ taasɔɔlɩ pa nɛ yɔ papa.
Kɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ kɩ-yendu teyaa tɩŋa sakɩyɛ kɔhɔkaɣ pɔ-ñɔsɩ ɛzɩ kpaŋ tɩnaa nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se rasta ɛyaa, nɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ rasta ɛyaa tɩŋaɣnaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pɔ-tɔm yɔ.
Tɔm kpou ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ se Larousse yɔ lɩzɩɣ regee tɔbʊʊ se ɖɩnɩɩ se pɩkɛ Jamayiki ɛyaa tɛ soo maɖɛ naɖɩyɛ, ɖɩñɔ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, kɩ nɛ ska nɛ calypso pɛkpɛndɩna ɖama, kɛlɛ papa lɩɩna naatozo kpɛndʊʊ taa pa nɛ blu nɛ rock nɛ roll Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ taa. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, ment kaakɛna ɖɛ-tɛ soo, ska nɛ rocksteady nɛ regee pamʊ mento mbʊ kiliu kaawɛɛ se kɩlakɩ yɔ, nesi taa cɩmʊʊ yaa anasaayɩ cɩmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ kitar nɛ pɛlɛɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ hendu tetu natʊyʊ naa.
Panɩ regee taŋ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna m inziiki tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ. Ŋgʊ tɩnaa ɛyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm nɛ ɖama taa siduu tɔm. Ska nɛ rocksteady lɩna anasaayɩ naa cɔlɔ, pɩɩkɛ minziiki ŋgʊ yoma lakaɣnaɣ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔ (polka, mazurka, scottish, quadrille, pɩɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɔɔjanaa soo pɩ nɛ soo sɔsɔnaa).


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Rɩkɛɛ
Kpakpayaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ sɛ rɩkɛɛ. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩkɛ nzɩ payaɣ se "cartilagineux" waa yɔ. Sɩ-n̄ʋŋ taa nɛ pɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʋ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Sɩwɛna keŋ si-siɣa taa nɛ sɩ-n̄ʋŋ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ taa.
Pɔɖɔ rɩkɛɛnaa pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ rais naa taa yɔ. Paa nɛ mbʋ yɔ, rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ pɩlɩʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ payaɣ se élasmobranche yɔ kɩ-taa; ɛzɩ Cladoselache nɛ Xenacanthus naa yɔ. Pana kajalaɣ rɩkɛɛnaa ɖooo Tɛfoniyɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 420 "Ma' mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa kɛ Kɩrɛstasɩ nɛ ɖɩnaaʋ -sɩ sɔnɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 100 "M" yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩtala tindima 465 mbʋ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ-sɩ pɩlɩŋ 35 taa.
Rɩkɛɛnaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩma, ɛlɛ, patɩlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-mɔɔ wena atapʋʋda yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 17 mbʋ yɔ. Mba paɖaɣlɩ ḿbʋ yɔ, paba lɛ Etmopterus perryi n̄ɩma. Mba payaɣ paba se "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" waa yɔ, paba ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 20 mbʋ yɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" tɔkɩ mbʋ payaɣ se planktɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu. Teŋgu tɛɛ kʋsʋʋ mɩɩɩ nɛ kihikiɣ kɩ-kʋtɔɔm. Rɩkɛɛnaa sakɩyɛ kɛ mba pɔtɔkɩ nandʋ yɔ. Pakpaɣ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa teŋgu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa. Papɩsɩɣ petii teŋgu tɛɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 500 mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa tɔsɔɔlɩ caɣʋ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa, ɛlɛ, Rɩkɛɛnaa lɛlaa n̄acakɩ pɩ-taa, ɛzɩ mba payaɣ se "rɩkɛɛ-bouledogues" waa nɛ "rɩkɛɛ de rivière" waa yɔ. Kpakpasɩ sɩnɛ, sɩsɩ pɩsɩɣ sɩcaɣ teŋgu lɩm taa sɩtɛ sɩcaɣ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa.
Hɛɛnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ wɛ rɩkɛɛnaa tamasɩ tɛɛ nɛ hɛɛnzɩ nzɩɩ pefeziɣna. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛnɩ pɔɔyɩŋ nɩɩyɛ po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkandɩɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛɛsʋʋ po-tomnasɩ taa. Pɔɔyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlakɩna nɛ payaɣ lɩm camɩyɛ. Rɩkɛɛnaa nɔsɩ taa kela pɩla yem pɩlaɣpɩlaɣ nɛ kɩbɩna holuu nɛ kɩfana n̄ɔn̄ɔʋ.


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Gupta
Gupta kɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 3 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 6 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ kpɛɣɛ taa mbʊ yɔ. Pa-ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa pe-liɖe tɔm caɣ pita, nɛ pekpekuu se paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ kajalaɣ pɛkɛʊ Gange kɛdɛŋga taa Ajɛyɛ cikpena taa awiyaa nɛ acɔlɔ kpɛɣɛ ñɩna taa ɛyaa.
Kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kawalɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ kpaɣɖʊ 4 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Chandragupta nɛ Samudragupta yoŋ tɩnaa yɔɔ, nɛ kɩhiɣ kɩ-tɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 tɛ kajalaɣ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩlɩna Kumârakuputa Kajalaɣ tʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Skandakuputa yɔɔ. Gupta waa kewiyaɣ pʊwayi pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ lɛɛna kɔmtʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ hazɩɣ nɛ pɩtasɩna polinda ɖoŋ nɛ paasɩŋ keeke mbʊ pɔ-tɔm tɛmna yɔ.
Pamaza se kɩkɛ Ampiiri mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩɩwala nɛ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ pɩfɛyɩ cidiɣ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pehiɣ pa-tɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, Kupta waa Ɛjaɖɛ tafɛyɩ hɛkʊ taa keeke. Pa-awɩyaa ñazaɣ kewiyisi ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena añɔtɩna-wɛ nɛ anɛ-yɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛsakuliye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ a-taa, nɛ ajɛyɛ ana ataafɛyɩna tʊma sɔsɔna ɛzɩ mʊwanɩ kuduyiŋ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, wɛɛ ana pasɩma-yɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba naalɛ, brahmanisme (pɩkɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ yaɣ sɔnɔ ɛzɩ hindouisme) nɛ pɩtasɩna Buudiyism pʊtɔbʊʊ weyi ɛmʊ mʊndʊsʊʊ yɔ.
Takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩkɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ wɛɛ ana a-tɔm yɔ kɩlɩ wɛʊ ŋñɩɩ se ɖɩpɩzɩ ɖɩɖaɣnɩ maʊ ɛyaa mba pɔ-tɔm nɛ politiki ndʊ, ɛzɩ Ɛndɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɩsɩma awɩyaa naayɛ tɛ matʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ ndʊ lɛ, Allāhābād kajalaɣ ndʊ, ndʊ tɩkɛ ɖooo Samudrakuputa kewiitu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Eran awɩyaa kpaɣɖʊ 6 alɩwaatʊ pazɩtʊ taa.
Takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ kɔŋna nɛ awiyaa cɔlɔ caɣya yaa wonduu pɛdɩyaa cɔlɔ, nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊna-ɖʊ ɛyaa tɔm nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm, ɛzɩ Mandosr kpaɣɖʊ 5 taa wɩlɩtʊ mbʊ se pama tɛmpʊlʊ Sūrya ŋgʊ laŋ pɩsaŋ ñɛɣyɩyaa hɛyɩ ki-liidiye yɔ. Patɩlɩ awiyaa ɖama lɛɛzɩtʊ nɛ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna liidiye nɖɩ paalakaɣ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ kɩɖaŋ ndɩ ndɩ wɩlaɣ patʊma labɩtʊ pa-nɛ pɛ-ɛgbadɩna.


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Sapɔŋ
Japɔŋ kɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩkɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Japɔŋ teŋgu pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Siini nɛ Kooree nɛ Rusii pɛ-ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ Tayiwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Japɔŋ tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ lɩnaa yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ payaa Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ se «Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ».
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛnda nɛ pɛkɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩ 6 852. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 100 mɛɛtrɩ kaaree. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yaa walʊʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Honshū nɛ Hokkaidō nɛ Kyūshū nɛ Shikoku. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ taa yɔ, lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɩya mbʊ yɔ, tɩkpakɩɣ 95 hɔɔlʊʊ mpilim. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ naadozo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ pʊŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ sekiɣna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ kobulaɣ huɣu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ Fuji pʊʊ. Kʊkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa 3 776 mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707 ñɩŋga taa kɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔlɩkaɣ (volcan) yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya nakʊ ɖeke kɩlɩnɩ Japɔŋ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Japɔŋ samaɣ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 127 mbʊ yɔ. Japɔŋ tɛtʊ walɩ 377 488 kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ. Kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 377 wɛna. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pe-kidemiŋ nɔsɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.Japɔŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Tokiyoo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-samaɣ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiye kakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se ɖooo paleyolitiki (paléolithique) alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa pacalɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kpaɖʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1947 taa Japɔŋ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se weyi ɛkɛɣ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, ɛsɩkɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pasɩɩ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se palɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, papa cejewiye payaɣ se Tiyɛɛtɩ (Diète).
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya naadozo ɖeke kɩlɩna Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ wonaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa. Piyele nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ loɖo ñɩnɖɛ. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʊ-yɔɔ ɖi-liidiye kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya lɛɛna. Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna kɩmɩyɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩkɩndɩ ajɛya lɛɛna liidiye miiliyaaɖɩ waa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 325 000 yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Liidiye ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩna. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ ɛsɩnda pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tɔkɩ pahakɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yem fɛɛɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna wezuu caɣʊ pileɖiɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩñɩnɩna nɛ ɖisusi-tʊ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ yɔ cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ wɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ piya lʊlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɔyɩna kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ pakpɩlɩɣ kpɩlʊʊ yɔɔ sɔnɔdaa.
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋʋ pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.


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Rumaanii
Rumaanii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna lʊbɛ (7) ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 19 942 642 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa.
Piyele pɩkɛ walanzɩ landammm taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ naklʊ ñɩnɖɩ walanzi taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 238 391.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: Hɔŋirii, Ukurɛnɩ, Mɔlɩdaavii, Puligari nɛ Sɛrbii.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1877 nɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Klaus Iohannis. Komina nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Dacian Cioloș. Rumaanii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka wondu taa lɛ, pasaazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa se pefe.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔɖɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ ruumɛɛ. Payaɣ Rumaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ se Pʊkaarɛsɩtɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2004 nɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa taa ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2007.


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Fʊlʊyɔrɩ
Fʊlʊyɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 9 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ F. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ kɩlɔrɩ waa pɩlʊʊ taa. Tomnaɣ yem mʊna fʊlʊyɔrɩ waa naalɛ nɛ anasaayɩ yaa se dɩfʊlʊyɔrɩ (ɛ-taa nɛ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa F2), nɛ payaɣ-ɩ paa ɛzɩmta se fʊlʊyɔrɩ.
Paayɔɔdaa se Heirich Schwanhard lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ fʊlʊyɔrɩ lɩm nɛ ɛtaɣ añɩɣlɩŋ yɔɔ. Pataka nɛ pana payɩ ɛzɩma palakɩ fʊlʊyɔrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm lɛ, posusi-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1725. Ɛlɛ George Weygand susina-tʊ, Matthäus Paul cɔlɔ ɛmʊ-tʊ, ɛlɛ ñamʊ-tʊ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊkɔma, pɩnaɣ 1768 alɩwaatʊ lɛ, Andreas Plarggrad ñɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ.
Andreas Marggrad tɔm kisuzu tʊ kpa ɛ-ñʊʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, Carl Scheele paɣzɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1771 alɩwaatʊ taa ñɩnʊʊ fʊlʊyɔrɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lʊlʊʊ wɛtʊ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tazɩtʊ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛnɛ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm naa pakatɩɣ dama lɛ mbʊ pɩlakɩ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛnaa se fʊlʊyɔrɩ kpaɣ añɩɣnʊʊ pɩtɩŋna ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ poyozuu fʊlʊyɔrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfɩrɩkɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm nɛ pasazɩ mɩŋ kpaŋ yɔ. Palɩzɩ caajaasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ nɛ lɩm kɔyɔ pɩwɩlɩ se akalʊʊ pɩtɩŋna pɛkpɛndʊʊ amoniyaki yɔɔ. Ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-nɛ lɩm pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɖama lɛ, pɩma paɣyɛ kʊlʊmɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ panaɣ se pɩkɛ pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ.
Fʊlɩyɔrɩ, yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa wɛtʊ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ fʊlʊyɔrɩ pɩsɩɣ tomnaɣ pɩsɩɣ dɩfʊlʊyɔrɩ F2, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ naa naalɛ, pɩwɛ fadʊdʊ, pɩ-taa wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ ɛwɛna pʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ piŋ. Pʊcɔ ɛpɩzɩ eyoli lɛ, pɩpɔzʊʊ se pɩtalɩ -219°C nɛ wasɩɣ ɖeɖe kɔyɔ -188°C. Yee fʊlʊyɔrɩ etukina tomnaɣ ɖaa kɔyɔ pɩñakɩ, pʊtɔɔ pɩla heŋ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ mɔɔ.


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Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire)
Malɩfa yaa Hɔzʋʋ kɛŋgɛ yaa lotu mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ. Hɔzʋʋ yaa malɩfa kɛŋgɛ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "poudre noire yaa poudre à canon yaa poudre à fusil".
Tɔm matʋ taa siŋŋ lɛ, payaɣ kʋ size kɔyɛ miŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɛ payaɣ kɛlɛʋ kɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «médicament à feu». Kɔyɛ miŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, palaba-ɖɩ nɛ tɔyʋ yaa mɩzɩyʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "déflagrant" tɛ lɩm kisidim.
Payaɣ malɩfa kɛŋgɛ mʋlʋm yaa puuyuu n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ kʋnɛ ɖɔɖɔ size ɖajaa sɔsɔ Salpêtre tɛ malɩfa yaa hɔzʋʋ kɩlabʋʋ. Ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ size "poudre à canon yaa poudre à fusil. Palaba wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Sufɩɖɩ (soufre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo ɖasɩ (charbon de bois).


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Neil Armstrong
Neil Alden Armstrong kɛna Amerika taa ñɩnɩyʊ weyi ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ kɛ heɣlɩm taa pɔɔ wena awɛɛ yɔ a-tɩlʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ kɩyna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kagbanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Ohiyo tɛtʊ taa, Etazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ feznaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 2012 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʊ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛkɛna weyi ɛfɛyɩ e-niŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ kacalaɣ taa kɛ fenaɣ taa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛkpaʊ ɛsɔtaa fenaɣ taa yɔ pɩɩkɛ hasɩyaɖe fenaɣ 19 wiye pɩɩnaɣ 1969.
Ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ tɔmpiye sɔsɔyɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɛ se: « Pɩkɛna ɛyʊ naŋgbaŋgaɣ cikpelaɣ ñɩɩɩ kɛ yem ɛlɛ pɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩnda wobu tʊmɩyɛ ». Ɛlaba pɩnzɩ naatozo kɛ sukuli sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Purdu nɛ ɛmmʊ pɛtɛ ɖamɩŋ naatozo takayaɣ ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛsʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ taa kɛ Etazunii. Peeɖe pahayɩsa-ɩ ɛsʊtaa lɔɔɖa saʊ, pɩkɩlɩna wena asʊʊ mɩndʊ tɛɛ nɛ aɖɛʊna heɣlim taa tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛɛ yɔ sɩ-taa. Ɛsawaɣ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛkpakʊʊ sɔɔjana nɛ ɛɖɛɣna yoŋ pɩkɩlɩna you ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Koore ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Ɛ-nʊmɔŋ wobu talɩ ɛzɩ 18 yɔ nɛ putocoɖi-ɩ ɖoli. Pɩnaɣ 1955 taa ɛsʊ NACA ŋgbɛyɛ taa, nɖi payawaɣ se NASA yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ yoŋ tɛ alɩwaatʊ mbʊyɔ lɛ, ewolo nʊmɔŋ ɛzɩ 900 yɔ nɛ ewokina sɔɔjana kɛ malɩfana sɔsaɣa mba pɔyɔkɩɣ tɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1966 kɛ Amstrong nɛ ɛ-taabala pakʊyɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣna feznaɣ taa. Pakpaɣ heɣlim taa lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Appollo 11 nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 1969 lɛ patalɩ fenaɣ ta kiya kɛlɛ.


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13-19 décembre
TƆM HƲYAA 8-9
Hendu 125 nɛ adɩma
Kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm (C. 1)
ÑƖM MBƲ PƖWƐ ƐSƆTƆM TAA YƆ
“Tɩ luzuu kɩlɩ ɖeu tɩ kpazʋʋ”: (C 10)
Fezuu taa ñɩm: (C. 10)
Th 8:27—Ɛzɩ Gideyɔɔ kaasɛ Efoodɩ ŋgʋ ɛlaba yɔ? (it-1 784 § 5)
Ŋkalɩ kpɩtaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛ Bibl hɔɔlʋʋ lɛ, fezuu taa ñɩm mbʋ ŋhiɣaa pɩlɩɩnɩ Yehowa, tɔm susuu yaa hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ŋsɔɔlɩ se ŋkɛdɩ-ɖʋ pɩ-tɔm?
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Bibl kalʋʋ: (C. 4) Th 8:28–9:6 (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 5)
FALƖSƖ ÑA-TƖ NƐ ŊSUSI TƆM CAMƖYƐ
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ: (C. 3) Labɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ lɩmaɣza wena awɛ kɛdɛsɩ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 9)
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ: (C. 4) Paɣzɩnɩ lɩmaɣza wena awɛ kɛdɛsɩ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ ŋha ɖɩɣdʋ Nɩɩ wezuu leleŋ tam! hatʋ cabɩ takayaɣ, nɛ ɩpaɣzɩ Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ. (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 20)
Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 5) lffi tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 02 hɔɔlʋʋ 4 (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 13)
CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ ɖɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ (C. 5) Yele nɛ paɖʋ décembre Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ ɖɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ tɛ video.
Ɛgbɛyɛ taa kɩcɛyɩm: (C. 10)
Ɛgbɛyɛ taa Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 30) lfb ñʋŋ 15 nɛ 16
Kɛdɛzaɣ tɔm (C. 3)
Hendu 128 nɛ adɩma


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Tɩ maɣmaɣ tɛ wezuu caɣʊʊ tɔm maʊʊ
Tɩ maɣmaɣ tɛ wezuu caɣʊʊ maʊʊ pɩkɛ matʊ tɔm nɛ niye lɔŋ labʊ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ matʊ (graphè,) pɩcɛlɩna ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ tɩ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se e-fezuu caɣʊʊ tɔm. Walaa taa lɛ tɔmʊʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe mbʊ pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɩlɩɣ pʊ-tʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ, pɩɩkɛʊ kɩdɩyʊ. Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩɣ yɔ piteleɖida, palɩzɩ-kʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa.
Tɔmpiye tɩ maɣmaɣ tɔm matʊ lɩ wayi nɛ wayi nɛ tɩtaɖɩzɩ tɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ pʊcɔ ŋgʊ lɩɩ yɔ nɛ pɩtaɖaŋ tʊtʊ se tɩwɛna wazaɣ paa kʊ nɛ yɔ kɩlɩna yɔ. Yiduu natʊyʊ wɛɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɔmpiye ɖɩ nɛ yɔ ɖɩñɔɔ yɔ, nɛ woɖe yɔɔ woɖe yɔɔ lɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ la, kizitu sakɩyɛ lɩɩ nɛ pʊtʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ pɩlɩna ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Pʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩlɛna kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa. Selbst-biographie, kɛlɛ paɖʊʊ cɛŋa titiɖe hɛkʊ taa, pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ panɩɣ ɖɩtaŋ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1797 mbʊ se Self-biography.
Paa pɩɩkɛ ɛzɩma yɔ ɛzɩ palɩzɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɩ maɣmaɣ fezuu caɣʊʊ tɔm maʊʊ nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wezuu tɔm kɩkɛdɩtʊ yɔ, matʊ tɔm kɩfatʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tisi tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣna Jean-Jacques Rousseau kʊwɛkɩm tɔm heyitu yɔ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛ-taa wɛɛ leleŋ nɛ caɣyɛ kɩzɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm wɛɛ (Chateaubriand, George Sand, Musset) pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ.


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Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Miŋgi kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ liɖe taa ɛyaa awiyaa mba pɔtɔɔ kewiɣtu Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1368 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa yɔ. Ɖɩyaɣ se kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛʊ ɖɩɣa taa ɛyaa kʊɖʊma tɛ tɩmʊʊ taa nɛ pamʊʊ-kɛ ɖama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ weyi ɛɖɔka-kɛ yɔ ɛsɩkɩ yɔ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ pɩɖɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Han tɛ.
Kamʊ kewitu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Yuan kewiyaɣ tɔla Mɔŋgɔlɩ ɛyaa nesi tɛ yɔ nɛ keleɖi kakaa pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Li Zicheng ñaŋgasaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔ ɛlɛ, kpɛdɛɣɛ mbʊ lɛ, Kiŋgi mandchoue kewiyaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ-ɩ yaa lɛɣzɩ-ɩ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ (pɛkpɛndaɣ payaɣ se Hadɛ Miŋ) kaawɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1662, pɩnaɣ ŋga poluuzi pa-tɩ Kiŋ kewiyaɣ tɛɛ.
Kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kɩɖe ɖʊyʊ, ɛnʊ yɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Hongwu (pɩnzɩ 1368-1398) taka se ɛla ɛ-samaɣ nɛ kɛwɛ ke-yeke ɖoli kʊyʊm haɖaa tɩyɛ nɛ katuu lone kaʊ se kowoki ɖoli nɛ ka-maɣmaɣ kamakʊna ka-tɩ ko-ɖoŋ taa yeke nɛ nabʊyʊ ɛkaɣ pɩtɛɖɩ-kɛ se kaakpɛndɩ ka-tɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ tadɩyɛ wezuu labʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖanɩɣ maʊ Siini haɖaʊ kiɖe yɔ nɛ haba nɔmɔŋ ɖʊʊ sɩna sakɩyɛ nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpa ɖoŋ Ampiiri taa ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩna tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔnaʊ mbʊ papɩzaɣ se pɛpɛdɩ kɩyakɩŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ kpɛɛ haba nɔsɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-taa.
Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa pɩŋ nɛ tadɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ cɛyɩ siŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nesi tɛ tʊma ɖɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩsɩna nɛ patʊlɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pamʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa kpanɖaŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyaa taa pɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi pekpele-i weewe tɩnaa taa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩma ɛsakuliye kɩfaɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keeke kɛ kʊtɔm nɔmɔʊ yɔ. Papazɩ pa-tɩ posunau canaʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, wonduu pɛdɩyaa paɣzɩ pa-tɩ sʊzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ tʊma taa nɛ kpeɣlasi taa caɣyaa tʊma taa, kɛlɛ pakpaɣ ɛsakuliye tɛ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛyaa sɔsaa tɛ laɣsɩ.
Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa Miŋ tɔsʊʊ tasɩ huu pɩtɩŋna polinda ajɛyɛ naayɛ tadɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Pɔrɩtɩkalɩ, Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ Peyibaa. Siini kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-taa kolombii kɩlɛzɩɣ taa, pɛlɛzaɣ ɖama pa-ñɩm, tɩŋ nɛ kpɩnaa kɛ kɩbɩndɛ nɛ kɩfaɖɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa. Tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ nɛ Sapɔŋ ñɩndɛ kɔna liidiye sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kɩlɛzʊʊ kɩbaŋgʊʊ nakʊyʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Wayi wayi kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ, niikaɣ pɩnaɣ cikpeɣla wɛtʊ caɣa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa azɛyʊʊ naa nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ, ŋgʊ politiki fezuu caɣʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa nɛ Ampiiri taa taawɛ ɖiɣɖɩɣ. Tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔlɩtʊ tɩna kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩtʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩɣ mbilim.


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Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Tɛtʋ cikpetu)
Wasɩŋtɔŋ kɛna Etaazuunii keteŋa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna Etazuunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ. Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ keteŋa ŋga nɛ ka-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Alaskaa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ-tʊ nɛ tɩtaa yɔ, ndʊ yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa tɛtʊ nɛ Piritaaniiki tɛ Kolombii, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Oregɔŋ yɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Idahoo tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Pasifiki teŋgu wɛna.
Pɩtɔpɔzɩ se piyiidi ɛyʊ, yee ɛnɩɣ payaɣ se Wasɩŋtɔŋ kɔyɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Wasɩŋtɔŋnɩwaa wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ kʊkʊ wɛ Etazuunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ; piyele naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊ-tɔm yɔ nɛ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna Etazuunii nɛ kɩwɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ.
Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩnatʊlɛ mbʊyʊ yɔ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se George Washington yɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ pɛcɛla tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋa. Sɔdʊ kɔnɛ, George Washington, ɛnʊ kɛŋna Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm ta wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛttanaa 184 824. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 6 724 540. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pana se tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛna 13 ñɩndʊ kɛ Etazuunii tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa pakalɩ piya mba palʊlaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 12,9 kɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ pa-taa lɛ oiya ɛzɩ 4,5 sɩkɩ; nɛ ɛyaa mba pazɩba yɔ papa kpɛnda ɛyaa 7,2kɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.


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Alabamaa
Alabamaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Zɔɔrzii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Misisipii yɔ kɩwɛna, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Floriidii nɛ Mekiziiki kujomuu piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tenesii ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ.
Pamaza Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 135 765 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 4 338 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3,2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Alabamaa kɛnna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe lɩm kɩla wɛʊ yɔ nɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe lɩm yɔɔ nʊmɔŋ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ kɛ Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 30 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ pʊŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, kadanzi yaa fɛɛŋ ñakɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1800 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 750 yɔ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa patasa ɛyaa kalɩʊ lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 779 736.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 550 pʊtɔbʊʊ se pamaaza sɔsɔʊ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 774 nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ciihe.
Alabamaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋnaɛjaɖɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1861 nɛ pɩha-ɖɩɩ waɖɛ se ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1868 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩɩlaba kɔkɔɖɛ pazɩ ɖɩ-tɛ sʊʊ taa.


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2022: Janv Févr Mars Avr Mai Juin Juil Août Sept Oct Nov Déc
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Peine capitale
Kʊñɔŋ sɩm yaa kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ, pɩkɛ kʊñɔŋ ŋgʊ paɣtʊ maɣmaɣ ɖʊwa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛna se pakʊ ɛyʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ se ɛlaba kɩdɛkɛdɩm sɔsɔm yɔ. Tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ tɩlɩna tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ takayaɣ taa. Yee takayaɣ nakayɛ ɛfɛyɩ yaa paasɩŋ nakayɛ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se pakʊ-ɩ kɛlɛʊ yaa pana kʊtʊ yaa tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ hʊtʊ. Kʊñɔŋ sɩm lɩna alɩwaatʊ yaa wɛɛ yaa lone cɔloɔ.
Pama-tʊ ajɛyɛ 93 paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa nɛ pasɩm-tʊ, ɛlɛ ajɛyɛ 192 kedeŋga kpeekpe lɛ, ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ ñakpaɣ kʊtʊ pɩnaɣ 2014. Pɩkɛ nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔm mbʊ pasɩma paa aŋgba ɛzɩ ONU etisi kɔyɔ yaa Erɔpʊ paɣtʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ. Ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ lʊba se paɖɩzɩ tɔm ndʊ lɛlɛyɔ wɛɛ taa ɛlɛ awɛɛ ŋñɩɩ kedeŋga taa. Ajɛyɛ ana a-taa lɛ, naalɛ yeke koŋ lakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Sapɔŋ nɛ Etaazuunii.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe ɛsɩnda, saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 2007, ONU paɣtʊ lɩzɩyakpeekpe hiɣ kɔyɛ hayʊ ajɛyɛ 62/149 tisi nɛ pama takayaɣ nɛ paɖʊ alɩwaatʊ kpaagba ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ yɔɔ kʊñɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩsɩna yɔ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa. Lɩmaɣza ana ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɛna wena ONU katɛma labʊ yɔ tapazɩ akɩlɩ wɛnaʊ wazaɣ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tisa yɔ pɩlabʊ se paɖɩzɩɣ-tʊ. Kpɛlɩ lɛ, ajɛyɛ hiu wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ akʊyɩ se cam tɔm ndʊ tɩlakɩ. Kɛlɛ paɖanɩ lɛzɩɣ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 2014.
Pɩtɩŋna kiɖe tɛ tɔm naa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, maɣzɩm mbʊ pɩtɛ ɖɩzʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1757 Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pahɩza nɛ pamakɩ Robert François Damiens se pʊcɔ pakʊ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛca tɔm Louis 15. Ɛlɛ keeke lɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ pʊɖʊzɩna Cesar Beccaria tʊma susuu alɩwaatʊ, wena a-taa ɛtɔŋ se wɛɖɔyɛ nɛ kʊñɔŋ (pɩnaɣ 1764) ɛtɔŋ se kʊñɔŋ kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩka wazaɣ.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Amnesty laba lɩmaɣza nɛ ɖɩñɩŋɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩɖʊ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa kʊñɔŋ kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩ tɔm. Etaazuunii ɛjɑɖɛ taa lɛ, paɖʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kʊtʊ ndʊ tɩsɩna yɔ, tɩpaɣzɩ pɩnaɣ 1967 nɛ tɩtɛ pɩnaɣ 1977, pɩnaɣ ŋga pɔtɔ malɩfa Gary Gilmore Utah. Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, kewiyaɣ ɖɩzɩ tɔm ndʊ ɖooo hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1976 wɛɛ ɖɔyɛ tɩŋa yɔɔ nɛ pɩkazɩ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ sɔɔjanaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa.