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Lɩm
Lɩm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ matʊ kɛlɛʊ taa pama se H2O nɛ pɩwɛ camɩyɛ kele kele nɛ pɩwɛ paa tomnaɣt kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ niikaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛcɔtʊ nɛ ɛ-taa yɔ tɩ-taa. Lɩm wɛ wazaɣ paa kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ. Pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu kɩjɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ. Pɩ-tɛ sakɩyɛ yeba nɛ pikii nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaʊ sɔsɔʊ ɛsɔtaa.
Lɩm wɛna wɛtʊ naatozo ndʊ lɛ cololo wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɔm pɩyɛ yaa helim mbʊ pɩwɛ kedeŋga taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ paa tomnaɣ kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩlɩna mbʊ pɩhaɣ wezuu yɔ lɛ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ tɛtʊ yɔ lɛ, pʊ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ pɩlɩna politiki tɔm cɔlʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɩm ɖɔnɛ (mbʊ pazɩma cɩnʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa se lɩm kajataɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa) ñɔtɩna lɩm kajataɣ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩm nɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ lɩm nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩm colɔlo wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pana-pʊ paa tɛtʊ lɩm mbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋguu naa nɛ kujomiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔsɩ taa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔ lɩm kpaɣ tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋga maɣmaɣ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ helim taa ɛzɩ muzuu tɩyɛ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ.


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Tuurkii
Tuurkii (Turquie) kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ Azii mɩŋŋ-mɩŋŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ajɛya wena asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamas,i yɔ ana yɔ: Kɩrɛsɩ, Pulubaarii, Sɔɔrzii, Arimeenii, Azɛɛrɩbayɩjaŋ, Iraŋ, Irakɩ nɛ Siirii.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukkulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Turki. Turkii ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩm nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ankara nɛ teɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ yɩ kpaɣ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1923 taa.
Teŋu Kɩkpɛɛdɩɣ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ piyele nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ezee teŋgu wɛna. Ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩŋʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tɩrasɩ nɛ Anatoli pɛwɛna.
Sɔɖʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mustafa Kemal Atatürk yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pltɩŋgɩnaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1923.

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Lɛtonii
Lɛtonii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Palɩtikɩ yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Palɩtɩ yɔ nɛ awɛ naatozo yɔ a-taa. Hadɛkiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lituyanii ɖɩwɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ se Ɛsɩtoonii yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna. Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Ruusii pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛtaa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ɖɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Piyeloorusii yɔ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ 2011 yɔ, Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa halaa pasa lʊlʊʊ ɛzɩ 23 % nɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ kʊyʊ pa-ɛjɛya taa se powoki peeɖe siŋŋŋ.
Pamaza Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 64 597 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 001 468 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 31 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1918 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Raimonds Vējonis nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Māris Kučinskis.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lɛɛtɔŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Riiga. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +371 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɛsɔ, wazɩ Lɛtonii.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.


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Tuwala
Duwala kɛna Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ nakʋyʋ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 923 km2. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 2 768 436. Payaɣwaɣ Tuwala tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Douala Manga Bell (1927-2012). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna Kameruni kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ mbʋ papɩzɩɣ payaa se tɔsʋʋ kpou yɔ pɩlɩɩna teŋgu ŋgʋi kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ti-kitiiliŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Tuwala tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Taakarɩ (Senegali), Strasbourg (Fransɩɩ), Akisari (Tuurkii), Newari (New Jersey) nɛ Filadɛlifi (Etaazunii) nɛ Windowɛkɩ (Namibii).


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Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu
Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa mono pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yeke, arke pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋa payi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kʊyʊm yeke kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ) pɩkɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke tɩɣya kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛnʊ payaɣ se monark pʊ-tɔbʊʊ menɖeke matɩna kewiyaɣ. Siŋŋ taa lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kewiyitu ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɛkɛ peyebinam kewiyaɣ, kaawɛ ɖooo lɔŋ menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ kɩlɩzasɩ tɛ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ Gaulois waa awiyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ, yaa Feeniizi awiyaa tɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Montesquieu tɔm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ pɩtɛ kewiyaɣ pasɩma-kɛ nɛ mbʊ yɔ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ ñazɩna, kɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna paɣtʊ nɛ pamakɩ-ɩ.
Menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu sʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ taa, palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza nɛ paɣtʊ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyaa cɔŋna tɩsɩndaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patayɩɣ peeɖe paa weyi lɛ nɛ ɛ-paɣtʊ kpaɣ ɛzɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛsʊʊ you nɛ ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛwɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yaa Mars paɣtʊ natʊyʊ haɣ-ɩ kewiyitu kpeekpe yɔ, mbʊ lɛ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ e-kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ kɩbɩndʊ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ (ɛzɩ Room sɔdɩŋ kaalakʊ tɔm naa sɔsɔtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ).
Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñɩŋa lɛ yee kewiyaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ñalɩza ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ, kɛna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛʊna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ, tɔm yasɩyʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛsɩndaa wobinau yɔɔ lʊɖaa yeke tɩyɩɣna paɣtʊ tɔm (kpaɣ ɛzɩ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Pɛlɛzɩɩkɩ ajɛyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ.
Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ menɖeke me-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ñɩŋa yɔ lɛ se keekee taa lɛ payaɣ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ ñɩŋa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ñazɩna paa ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛnʊ tɩna kewiyitu kpeekpe kpaɣ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ, paɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ tɔm hʊtʊ paɣtʊ kewiyaɣ ɛtɩya tɩ-tɩŋna payi. Eɖiyuu ɛjaɖɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛ-lɩm ɖʊyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-lɔŋ tasɩyaa, ɛhʊʊ tɔm nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa nɛ kpamɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa (mbʊ payaɣ se tɔm hʊtʊ kɩtɛyɩtʊ, paa nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔm tɔm ndʊ yɔ wiyaʊ lɩzɩna pɩ-paɣtʊ, nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ naa lalaa naa mba kpaɣ ɛyaa weewee tɩnaa, hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ tɩnaa nɛ pɩkɔzɩnam waa pa-tɩŋa payi pɔcɔŋna kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe yɔ.


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Galilée
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 wiye, pɩnaɣ 1564 n̄ɩŋga taa palʋla Galilée Florensɩ tɛtʋ taa, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 8 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1642 taa ɛsɩba Arcetri tɛtʋ taa. Arcetri tɛtʋ n̄ɔtɩna Florɛnsɩ n̄ɩndʋ kpam.
Galilée laba mbʋ payaɣ se Astronomie nɛ Cinématique nɛ Dynamique nɛ Héliocentrisme nɛ Mécanique yɔ. Galilée lɩzɩna ɛsan̄ɩnɩŋ astronomiki.
N̄ɩnɩyʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ payawaɣ se Copernic. Ɛnʋ lɛɣna n̄ɩnʋʋ nɛ ɛna se tɛtʋ cɔʋ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ mbʋ lɛ, pakʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɛkpɛzɩna-ɩ halɩ paɖʋ-ɩ sɩm ɛ-tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, Galilée tasɩnɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nɛ ɛna se toovenim lɛ, tɛtʋ cɔʋ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ.


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Alɩkɔɔlɩ
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, payaɣ mbʊ se alɩkɔɔlɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ nɩɩ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ lɩm hoka OH yɔ. Ɛnɛyɔ ɛwɛna karɩbɔnɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ tɛ kɩɖaʊ tɩmʊʊ liɖe, alɩkɔɔlɩ waa tɛ ŋgʊ. Hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ kpayaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ sɩ-kiɖe num kpayaɣ kɩ-hɛɖaɣ cɛŋga ŋga kɩtɛtɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ matʊ yɔ CnH2n+1OH. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ alɩkɔɔlɩ num kpayaɣ kɩ-hɛɖaɣ.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ taa wɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ naa pʊɖɔɔ padaa kɔyɔ furfuryliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ benzyliki tɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ nɛ amyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ coniféryliki ŋgʊ nɛ vératyle tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ paracoumaryliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ polyvinyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ cétyliki tɛ ŋgʊ yaa hexadécanol tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ cyclohexyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ pinacoliki tɛ ŋgʊ yaa panicol ŋgbaɣ nɛ ndɩ.
Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se alɩkɔɔlɩ lɛ pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ pɩtaa wɛ pʊdʊʊ weyi payayɩ-ɩ se etanɔɔlɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ yekina se sʊlʊm ɛwɛ ɖoŋ siŋ. Ɛlɛ Eerɔpʊ kɔ lila ɖɩlaɖɛ taa lɛ, etanɔɔlɩ ŋgʊ kʊ-hoɖe sɩna 94 payaɣ-kʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ ŋgʊ etanɔɔlɩ mbilim lɛ payaɣ-kʊ etanɔɔlɩ.
Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtasɩ yaʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ se sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɔtɔŋ se pɩwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ pɩ-taa wɛ etanɔɔlɩ. Kɩ-haɖaʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Siidiri tɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ yaa Calvados nɛ pɩyɛɛrɩ sʊlʊm nɛ malɩtɩ yaa wɩsɩkɩ nɛ ɔrɩgɩ sɩ ʊlʊm nɛ tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ sʊlʊm yaa pee mʊlʊm ñɩnaa nɛ ŋvɛ sʊlʊm nɛ fɩŋfɩŋ sʊlʊm ɛzɩ rɔm nɛ mɔʊ sʊlʊm ɛzɩ Sapɔŋ tɛ saké.
Samɩla sʊlʊm nɛ pam sʊlʊm nɛ kpaakpa sʊlʊm nɛ tɩŋ pee tɛ sʊlʊm. Tɔmʊʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ kɛ tɔm piye kɩkɩndɩyɛ. Ɖɩlɩnɛ latɛŋ hɛkʊ pɩnaɣ taa pɩtɩŋna lɔŋ sɩnɖʊʊ alkohol nɛ romanɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ Ibériki tɛtɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ (Kasɩtɩllan yaa katalan alcohol lusitanien álcool), arabɩ tɛtɛ ɛwadɩyɛ الكحول al-kohol ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa patʊʊ ɖɩ-taa nɛ paya se al-kôl.


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Nayiiroobii
Nayiiroobii kɛna Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ walanzɩ ɛjaɖɛnɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ piposina ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ekuwatɛɛɖɩ yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 150 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 3 138 295. Nayiiroobii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 69 600 yaa kilomɛtanaa 696.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 1600 nɛ 1850 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa 150. Peeɖe pɩɩwɛɛ se soŋgaɣ ɛwɛɛna se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ wɩsɩ ñakɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ nɩkaɣ yebina kɛwɛɛ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ peeɖe pʊŋ yeke wɛna. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa kɛ tɛŋ nɩɣ, pɩtasɩna mɩnzɛma fenaɣ nɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɛŋ tasɩɣ nɩʊ pɩnaɣ taa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ yɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Swahili nɛ aŋgilisi; puwayɩ lɛ weyi ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ kikuyu nɛ luwo. Piyele efebiya nɛ pɛlaa kpem lɛ, sɛŋgɩ kɛ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Payaɣ Nayiiroobii komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Evans Kidero. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Nayiiroobii tɛtʊ nɛ Denver (Etaazunii) ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma.


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Sinimaɣ
Sinimaɣ waa payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpena waa tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ «septième art». Tʋmɩyɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna tɩ kpɛnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɩ kpɛnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "critique Ricciotto Canudo" kɛ pɩnzɩ 1020 n̄ɩnzɩ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛʋ kɛlɛ size, ɛhɛzɩ ɛsɩyɛ kpena yaa mɔŋgɔma cɔnaʋ se mɛkɛ aseɣɖe tʋ cee waa laŋga.
Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ filim waa yaa. Pawɩlɩʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ kɛ samaɣ kɛ takayaɣ kɩwalaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Paalakɩ sinimaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ pombo pamakɩ ɛ-yaa ɛsɩnda yɔ. Palakɩ sinimaɣ lɛ, ɛyʋ ɛpɩzɩʋ etukina kɩlaɖaa.
Sinimaɣ filim n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ, kɩbɩzɩʋ kɩkɛ, n̄ʋʋ taa tɔm lubutu yaa lɩmaɣza yaa maɣzɩm. Kɩbɩzɩʋ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ aseɣɖe tʋmɩyɛ takayaɣ taa tɔm. Samaɣ ɛsɩnda kpaɣ kpaɣ sinimaɣ wɩlɩʋ kɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpena waa yaa mɔŋgɔma saawɩɖɛ tɩna wɛ ndɩ nɛ ŋgʋ pakaŋ takayaɣ nɛ palakɩ kɔ yɔ ɛzɩ-ɩ fɩlɩm paɖʋwa size ɛ-yaa ɛcɔna yɔ.
Takayaɣ filim tɩ-yɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋʋ lɛ, kɩwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ kɩtɛ kɩnaɣ ɖeu siŋŋ. Kɩ-tɛ camɩyɛ cɔnɔʋ taa lɩna wiŋ sɔsɔŋ n̄aŋ nɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ ampuli tɩyɛ, nɛ ɛhaɣ ɛsa nɛ takayaɣ kɩcɔnaɣ ŋga. Paɖʋʋ miŋ ɛnʋ lɛ, ɛtʋzɩna takayaɣ tʋɖʋɖʋ.
Takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ an̄ɩnʋʋ tɩyɛ, nɛ kanaɣ wayɩ nɛ taɣ. Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ ndʋ, tɩlɩna ɖa-caanaa panɛ poɖoŋ taa : ɖajaa Émile Reynaud, nɛ ɖajaa Thomas Edison, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaanaa mba payaɣ wɛ size frères Lumière waa yɔ yaa tobi yem size led.


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Calɩm
Calɩm kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tomnaɣ taa lɩm mbʊ pɩhaɣ-wɛ fezu yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ pikpeŋ calɩgonzi nɛ ñamɩyɛ pa-taa. Calɩm mbʊ pɩcɔʊ tomnaɣ tɩŋga taa pɩlɩɩna ñamɩyɛ pɔŋ nɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɖɩwɛna nɛ ɖɩtɔʊ calɩm mbʊ fɩŋŋ fɩŋŋ yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ, pɩkɛna lɩm nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ pɩtasɩna calɩgonzi kulutasi miliyaɖi miliyaaɖɩnaa sakɩyɛ. Calɩgonzi kulutasi nzɩ sɩhaɣna calɩm kɛ pɩsɛmɩŋ. Calɩm wokɩŋna tiyɔkɩsizɛnɩ (O2) nɛ anɣmna mba pɩpɔzʊ tomnaɣ se kɛwɛɛna wezu yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ketuuna azʊma nɛ piwokina-pʊ pɔŋ weyi apɩɩzɩ nɛ alɩɩna awayɩ kiŋ yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ lɛ, ɛnɛm ŋgʊ kɩwɛ mɔɔ taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lʊlʊʊna calɩm.
Calɩm kɛna tomn,aɣ kpeekpe kɩhɔkʊ nɛ kɩfɛyɩ tomnaɣ taa kawɩlʊ kpaasɩɩ. Calɩm taa mʊŋdɔndʊ fɛyɩ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ taa hola wena akɛ mʊndɔndʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ ɖɩkɩyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se pH yɔ ko-̀ɖoŋ wɛ 7,35 nɛ 7,45 pa-taa. Calɩm sɛmɩŋ lɩna pɩ-taa yaɖɛ kɩsɛɛmɩŋ yɔɔ. Calɩm kpeekpe taa lɛ, yala kɩsɛɛma kʊlʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ pɛwɛɛ. Ɛlɛ yala kɛɛma yeke kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, awɛ ɛzɩ 99 yɔ (99%). Calɩm kaɖʊʊzaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa calɩm yala ndɩ ndɩ yaɣ yɔ. Calɩm kaɖʊʊzaɣ ŋga kakpakʊna calɩm yala nɛ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩyɛlʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩcalʊ-kɛ. Calɩm kaɖɩuʊzaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ calɩm ageleta. Alɛ lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ calɩm kiwu lɛ ana kpaɣna pɩ-yɔɔ kele kele ɛzɩ lɩm yɔ.
Calɩm tʊma ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, calɩm kɛna anaɣm kpaɣyʊ weyi ɛtaŋna tomnaɣ kpeekpe kɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pɩwɛna-kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se kɛwɛɛna alafɩya yɔ. Calɩm kʊɖʊmʊm mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ catʊʊna tomnaɣ taa azuuma nɛ apɩlɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ. Azuuma ana, a-taa kɔyɔ pɩndʊ, hɩm, soŋgaɣ, tuutu yaa tiyokidi tɛ karboni (CO2). Calɩm taa yala ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ calɩm taa yɔ ayaɣ nɛ awɛɣna fezu. Calɩm kpakʊna tɔɔnasɩ nɛ lɩm pa-taa anaɣm nɛ pɩcalʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe. Heelim mbʊ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ fezu yɔ, calɩm catʊna-pʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩlɩzʊ okisiizɛni (O2) nɛ pɩcalʊ tomnaɣ.


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Samarɩyɔm
Samarɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 62 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sm. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Samarɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu panana samarɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1853 pɩtɩŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac.
Palɩza-ɩ eyeke (ɛzɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ lɩm naa naalɛ) Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ pɩtɩŋna samaskite yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ matʊ kɔyɔ (Y,Ce,U,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16. Pɩnaɣ 1901 Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay pɩza ɛtɛyɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa pa naalɛ nɛ ɛlɩɩ erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ samarɩyɔm lɩna samarskite hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, sɔdʊʊ Samarsky lɩna ɛ yɔɔ Oural ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩjɛsɩyɛ taa.
Samarɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛ ŋgʊ fɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛlɛ samarɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa kɛ seɣtiyaa tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖɩnɩɩ se pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtalɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛlɛ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɔ cɔlɔ. Samarɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔʊ kpeekpe ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tomnaɣ kɛ 50 ug kɛlɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ taa nɛ kɩyaɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ calɩm taa lɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ makɩɣna 8 µg lɩta kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ.
Kpaɣ ɖooo calɩm taa samarɩyɔm mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 45 yeke wokina hɔyɛ taa kɛlɛ 45% ñacakɩ mɔɔ yɔɔ, peeɖe ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ, piyele pɩzaɣa 10% ŋgʊ yɔ papa lɩɣ kpaagbaa. Pʊtʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛlakɩ tɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛfɛyɩ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa. Ɛɛyɔɔlʊʊ lɩm mbʊ lɛ ɛfɛyɩ sɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Filipini
Filipini kɛna Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ lɩm taa kacasɩ yɔ sɩtala 7 107. Lɩm taa kacasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa lɛ 90 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 2 000 taa kɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ. Peeɖe lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna hɩla yɔ tɩtɖɛ ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ.
Filipini taa tɛtʊ wɛtʊ wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo: Liisɔnɩ, Fisayasɩ nɛ Mindanaʊ. Liisɔnɩ kɛna kɛna lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ walʊʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛnaʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Peeɖe kɛ Filipini tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Manili wɛɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ, Keezɔnɩ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛ;kʊ taa lɛ Fayasɩ wɛna nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ nɖʊ lɛ: Negroo, Sebuu, Poholɩ, Panee, Masɩbatɩ, Samarɩ nɛ Leyitɩ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mindanaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ñɛwɛna. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ: Tavaʊ, Marawii, Sambowaŋga nɛ Oro tɛ Kagayaŋɩ. Mindanaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Suuluu tɛtʊ wɛna, nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Pazilanɩ, Soloo nɛ tawi-tawi tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔyɩna Pɔɔrɩnewoo yɔ.
Fayasɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa kacaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Palawanɩ yɔ kɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖeke lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 1 700 yɔ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Pasifiki lɩm fɛʊʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutoku yɔ. Azii taa lɛ Filipini kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa krɩstʊ mba kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ.


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David Livingstone
Palʊla David Livingstone kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Platiri tɛtʊ taa, Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1873 kɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ traa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 60. David Livingstone kɛna Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ: ɛkɛ ɖakʊta, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ protɛstaŋ ɛsɔtɔm sʊsʊyʊ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya lɛɛna feŋgiyu yaa takɩyʊ woɖu.
Ɛ-tʊma ana a-taa ɛsɩna Pritaniki kewiyaɣ nɛ kɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩntaa ɛcɛyɩ ɛtɩ nɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛsɔtɔm tɔyɩ, ɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ peeɖe ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩɩ yomiye taa.
Ɛɛwɛ mba pefeŋaɣ Afrika keteŋa kpem yɔ nɛ ɛcɛba Afrika ajɛya kɛ fotonaa. Mbʊ sɩŋna tuuɖe ajɛya nɛ papɩzɩ pɛtɛyɩ Afrika ajɛya ɖama yem faaa. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna tuuɖe taa kacalaɣ-tʊ weyi Sambɛɛzɩ pɔɔ sɔsɔɣa yɔ nɛ ɛɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ se ɛna ɖenɖe pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Niili yɔ kalɩna yɔ.
David Linvingstone kaakɛna Pritaniki kewiyaɣ taa sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ abiɖe nɖɩ payaɣ se Victoria yɔ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa (1837-1901). Ɛ-lɩmaɣza taa kaawɛ se ɛsɩna Afrika mba nɛ paawaa Pritaniki kewiyaɣ ñɩm yɔɔ; mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛkɛ mba paacɛyɩ pa-tɩ se pakpaciyɩ Afrika keteŋa yɔ.


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Itaalii kʊnʊŋ
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbeelaa taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ kɛ Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se Romanɩɩ nɛ Italii yɔɔdasɩɩ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Dante kʊma Italii kʊnʊŋ kɛ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-kʊ se Si kʊnʊŋ nɛ pamaazɩ kʊ nɛ Oc (Occitan) kʊnʊŋ nɛ Oil (Fransɩɩ) kʊnʊŋ, mbʊ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na se ɛɛɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩdozo ʊnʊ ɛ-daa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa yɔ.[1][2]
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ kɛ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kehiya nɛ kacaɣa ageeta lɛɛna taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ a-da pɩkɩlɩ kɩmaɣma kɩ-tɛ egeetiye taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩ-kɛ Toskaŋ kʊnʊŋ Florence kʊnʊŋ Pisa nɛ Sienne kʊnʊmɩŋ.
Toskaŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Dante Alighieri nɛ Pétrarque nɛ Boccace pama nɛ pɛ-takayɛsɩ nɛ pamaazɩ se panaadozo pɛkɛna takayɛsɩ mayaa sɔsaa kɛ Italii kɛ hɛkʊ pɩnzɩ alʊwaatʊ taa. Kɩkɛ Florence tɛtʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwɛna samtʊ kɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ keɖeya taa. Kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ keɖeɣa nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔmpe lɩzɩʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Italii kʊnʊŋ wɛna tɔm sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ʊnʊ ɛ-taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Paɣtʊ taa lɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ lɛɛzɩʊ kɩfam taa kɛ Pietro Bembo lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ.
Bibliographie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Simone, Raffaele (2010). Enciclopedia dell'italiano. Treccani.
- Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition. Lengu. ISBN 9788894034813.
- Palermo, Massimo (2015). Linguistica italiana. Il Mulino. ISBN 9788815258847.


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Platon
Platon tɛ lʊlʊtʊ fɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Palʊlʊ-ɩ pɩnzɩ kpaɣ 428 nɛ 427 taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊ Yeesu kɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ peeɖe pɩnzɩ 348 taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ. Ɛkɛna ɖooo caanaʊ taa Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa ñʊʊtaa lɔŋsɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ. Ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ lɩzɩtʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ tɩlɩwa Atɛnɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se temokraasii yɔ tɩlɩwa. Ɛnɛ kɛkɛm lɩmaɣza tɩnaa paanaaɣ ɖama nɛ ɛsɛ. Ɛkpaɣ ɛ-cɔzɔnaa ñʊŋ taa lɩmaɣzɑ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ-yɛ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ñɩna. Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: Socrate, ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ, Parménide, Héraclite nɛ Pythagore.
Tɔm pee sɔsɔna wena ɛmaza a-yɔɔ yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: menfɛyɩ takʊ tɔm, nʊʊ taa lɔŋ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, cʊnʊ lakasɩ, ɛjaɖɛ kewiitu yɔɔ tɔm kpelɛkɩtʊ, lʊlʊsʊtʊ tɔm, yɔɔdaɣ tɔm, kazɩŋga ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊ, ɖʊzɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋgɩya, nɔɔ leleŋ yɔɔdaɣ, ŋdɔŋjɔlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, maɣzɩ ŋnɩɩ tɔm, ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ lɛɛlɛ tɔzʊʊ tɔm, lɛlʊ lɩmaɣza maɣzɩm. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ nzɩ ɛma yɔ, ɛyaa wɛɛ pɛkɛlɛzʊ ɖama yaa pocosu ɖama. Platon wezu caɣʊ wɛɛ cɩkpɛndʊ pazɩ.
Ndʊ ɛyaa sɩmna-ɩ yɔ, pɩlɩna ndʊ laatɛŋ-tʊ, Apulée maa yɔ nɛ ɛma-tʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yesu. Takayɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩyɔɔdʊ Platon yɔɔ tɔm yɔ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Diogène Laërce, Olympiodore le Jeune, Philodème. Piyele nzɩ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛmaa yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔɔ: Le Banquet, La République, Phédon, Théétète.


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Azɛrbayɩjanɩ
Azɛrbayɩjanɩ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kookaazɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖenɖe Erɔpʊ nɛ Azii pɛtɛyɩ-ɖama yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Paaku yɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ liidiya nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se manatɩ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ, Armenii nɛ Turki; hayu kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Zɔɔrzii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. Yee pɩkɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɔyɔ, Rusi nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Iiraŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩʊɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ azeri. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 86 600 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ wqalɩɣ lɛ, paacazɩɣ natʊyʊ yɔɔdʊ. Hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 9 867 250.
Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ- ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ payaɣ se Ilham Aliyev nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ payaɣ se Artur Rasizada.


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Laatriki miŋ
Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe yaa hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi nasɩyɛ wɛɛ. Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe ana alakɩna nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma laatriki miŋ ɖɔŋ ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ yɔ.
Laatriki miŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛya wena aɖɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ, a-taa laatriki miŋ kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ. Ajɛya ana alakɩna laatriki miŋ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ palakɩna tʊma anasaayɩ ñɩndʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ɛntɛɛrɩnɛɛtɩ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Poluba anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ pala ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ paapɩzɩɣ pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ : laatriki mootinaa (moulins électriques) nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔtʊʊ wondu kuzusutu (lavage à sec) yɔ.
Minziiki yɔɔlʊʊ ; taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se sonorisation yɔ, yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ. Anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se imprimante. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lakɩ oridinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, imprimante ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛyʊ lɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba yɔ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ laatriki miŋ lɩɣ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ yebina nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se révolution industrielle yɔ pɩtasɩ lɩʊ nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lubu tɛzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.


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Su
Su wɛna keŋ nɛ nangbanzɩ naalɛ. Su wɛ sʊmasɩ tiiye taa nɛ ɛkʊyʊ ɛsɔtaa. Afrika taa ɛlɩnaa. Suŋ hʊndʊ wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Nɩɩyɛ kɛ kɩkpɛdɩŋ, lɛɛŋ kɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ yaa mɛɖʊ mɛɖʊ. Su ñʊʊtaa hʊndʊ wɛ kpɛmlɛɛɛ. Su tɔkɩ tɩŋ pe, ñɩtʊ nɛ tɩ-pe, ataanikasɩ, ŋgbam, kayɩmasɩ nɛ ajaɣkoŋgonaa. Ɖɩɣa sʊŋ wɛɛ nɛ awayɩ ñɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ ɛ-hʊndʊ nɛ pasandɩna pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩkɛ acana pʊyʊ. Su ɖʊʊ hala kʊɖʊʊ nɛ ɛpabɩ a-yɔɔ nɛ sʊʊsɩ kɔɔvnɛ sɩlɩɩ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wayɩ. Su nandʊ wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Kacalaɣ su weyi pɛlɛɣ-ɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɛɛmala ɖɩɣa camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɔʊ tɩŋ kpaʊ yɔɔ. Su sɔɔla tɩŋ yɔɔ sʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pakpaɣ-ɩ yem yem. Afrika taa kɛ Kresi ñɩma ne Room mba pakpaɣna-ɩ nɛ powona-ɩ padɛ. Powona-ɩ nɛ papazɩ-ɩ pa-sɩɩna laʊ. Papaza-ɩ ɖɔʊ mbʊ lɛ paya-ɩ se “Ɛndɩ Kelimiye”. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papaaza-ɩ laʊ lɛ, pɛlɛɛzɩ nɛ papɩsɩna se “Pharaon Kelimiye”. Pʊwayɩ keŋŋŋ lɛ Poritɩgaalɩ kpɩyʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ-ɩ Afrika taa nɛ ewonayɩ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛtʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se “su”. Pinzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa kɛ papazɩ ɖɔʊ suŋ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ pana se kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ kɩlɩʊ na suŋ ɖɔʊ.


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Rʊtɛnɩyɔm
Rʊtɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 44 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ru. Ɛ nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩɖɛzɩtʊ tɛɛ pɩlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Rʊtɛnɩyɔm tomnaɣ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊkʊwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kɩpɛlɩŋ yee kɩwɛ helim taa yem. Pasɩma-ɩ platɩnɩ mʊlʊm kɩkpɛdɩm taa kɛnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Carl Ernst Klaus lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1844, tabalɩyɛ sɔɔlɩm taa Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa se Karl Karlovitch (Klaus) yaa Ukraine kʊnʊŋ taa se Karl Karlovic Klaus.
Rʊtɛnɩyɔm kaawɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛm lɩ Smithson Tennant tɛ lɩmaɣza taa pɩnaɣ 1804. Jöns Jacob Berzelius pʊtʊ ɛ-taa nɛ ɛkpɛndɩna lɛɣtʊ kɩzɩtʊ pɩlɩna tʊma yɔɔ, wena ɛzɩ patama-yɛ nɛ tovonum pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Gottfried Osann yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɛcaɣ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ Dorpat Esɩtoonii ɛjaɖɛ taa, weyi ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛnʊ lɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1828.
Karl Karlovitch Klaus pɩzɩna nɛ ehiɣ ɛlɩzɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe rʊtɛnɩyɔm ñɩɣyʊ keeke ɛzɩ kɩwɛʊ mbilim ɛlɛ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Esɩtoonii ñɩnɩyʊ ɛnʊ palʊla-ɩ Dorpat, Riusii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caama kiŋ, ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Kazan sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛdaɣnɩ takʊʊ piŋ caajaasɩ nzɩ sɩgbaɣ ɖama yɔ, yele nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm kpɛlɩ tɔm kpa ɖoŋ, ɛñɩɣ niye Osann kajalaɣ tʊma yɔɔ pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛnʊ keeke ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ hɩɖɛ se rʊtɛnɩyɔm, ɛlɛ ɛmaɣzɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se Ruthenia Ruusii kɛlɛ mbʊ.
Pɩsaŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩtɔ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ poloñe kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Jędrzej Śniadecki kaalɩza-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1807 (nɛ ɛya-ɩ se vestium) pɩtɩŋna platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ pata ñɩɣ nesi ɛ-tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ ekizi ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɛ waɖɛ.


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Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ, ɛzɩma awɛɛ nɛ alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, halɩ nɛ ɖooo ajɔɔla taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tomnaɣ kpeekpe.
Tɔmpiye hola lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ sʊ Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ piliŋa ŋga kɔcɔŋna fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna ñʊʊ taa maɣmaɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɩnda Nobel liidiye hɛyʊʊ tɩnaa David Hubel nɛ Torsten Wiesel.
Paa tɔmpiye ɖɩwɛɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ñʊʊ lɩna kpaagba nɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tomnaɣ pilinzi ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊma cɔlɔ kɛnɛ, pa-taa kɔyɔ André Vésale. Kɛlɛ pʊcɔ mbʊ lɛ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sakɩyɛ kaalaba tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ nɛ maɣzɩm pɛ-tɛ ɖama tamsɩnaʊ.
Yee pɛkpɛndɩna hɩɖɛ cɛjɛ kɛ Hippocrate fɛbɩtʊ taa kɔyɔ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ yɔ nana fɩtɩyɩm kɛɛyʊ lɩmaɣza taa, tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hola wondu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm nɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ pazɩna Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tʊma taa nɛ pɩtɩŋna Roma (Galien) ɖɔkɔtɔ matʊ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ arabɩ nɛ malɩŋ ɛyaa (Averroès), nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Descartes tʊma.
Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ papɩsɩ wɛɛ ana lɛɣtʊ yaa lɛɣtʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ wɛɛ kɛlɛ paɖʊ kondoloko nakʊyʊ kɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, pɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ kazʊwa yaa pɩ-kɩzɛsɩ pɛ-ɛsɩnda pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm mʊntʊsʊʊ wɛɛ taa.


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Kinee-Pɩsaʊ
Kinee-Pɩsaʊ kɛna Afrika nɛ wisɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɩsaʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kinee-Pɩsaʊ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Atilantiki teŋʊ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kinee-Konakrii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayi kiŋ lɛ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩzɩnaa. Kinee-Pɩsaʊ ɛjaɖɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 36 120 km2 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ lɛ 28 000 km2 piyele pɩkazʊ 8120 km2 lɩm ɖeke wena. Pɩkazɩ pazɩ yem se pɩtalɩ Pɛlɩziki.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ naatozo taa lɛ Mandɛŋgɩ kaawɛna ɖɔŋ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ kɩkpayʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ. Pɩwayɩ fayɩɩɩ kɛ Poritikalɩ-tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Nuno Tristão, ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbankaɣ kɛ peeɖepɩnaɣ 1446 ɛlɛ pataha-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pacaŋ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ kpaagbaa. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩnzɩ 1879 taa mbʊ lɛ, Pɔrɩtiikalɩ paza ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kpacayʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Kiinee-Piisoo nɛ Kapɩfɛɛrɩ taa sɔɔjana paza you nɛ pañɩnɩɣ kpem se pawɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ lɛ, Pɔritigalɩ mba se-peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛlɛ you laba sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1973 lɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, kɩha Kiine-Pisaʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caʊʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2003 taa pɔtɔ hɔzʊʊ kɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩsɩŋ lɛ pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ pa-paɣtʊ ñʊndɩnaa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 tɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza lɛ paɖaɣnɩ caca lɛɛkʊ tɔʊ nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ. Lakiŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 kɛ pakʊ sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Zeneralɩ Tagmé Na Waié yɔ. Kpaagba mbʊ lɛ sɔɔjana cɔna se peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ João Bernardo Vieira tɔmna se pɩla mbʊ. Kifema kpaagbaa lɛ sɔɔjanaa ñakpaɣ hɔzɩŋ nɛ pakʊ ñʊʊdʊ ɛnʊ.
Ɛyaa panɛ, João Bernardo Vieira nɛ João Bernardo Vieira pa-sɩm lɛ, paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɩkɛna Kolombii tabakʊʊyaɣ pɛtɩya tɩna-tʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2008 taa kɛ paawɛɛ pahʊna tɔm kɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ José Américo Bubo Na Tchuto weyi ɛcɔŋna lɩm taa sɔɔjanaa yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ehuuzaɣ tabakʊyaɣ mba yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩtalɩ lakiŋ fenaɣ 2013 lɛ, pakpa sɔɔja José Américo Bubo Na Tchuto ɛnʊ nɛ powona-ɩ Etaazunɩ tɛtʊ taa mbʊ yɔɔ toovenim taa lɛ ɛpɛdɩɣ taba kʊʊyaɣ.


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Peenɛɛ
Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ payawaɣ ɖooo se Ɖahʊma nɛ kɩkɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwalanzɩ kpayɩ taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 114 763 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana 670 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 10 008 749 yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Peenɛɛ sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Togo tɛtʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pɩsɩna Najeeriya, nɛ hayi kɩŋ lɛ, Nigerɩ nɛ Purkina Fasoo. Peenɛɛ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagba wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ payawaɣ-kʊ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ se Ɖahʊma.
Kɩmʊwaɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ mbʊ lɛ, Fransi sɔsɔ weyi payaɣa-ɩ se Louis Jacquinot yɔ, ɛnʊ ɖʊsɩna kewiyaɣ kɛ Ɖahʊma nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɖa-caa Hubert Maga se ɛnʊ yɔ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩlabɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ lɛ, Mathieu Kérékou mʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 lɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ Ɖahʊma nɛ payaɣ se Peenɛɛ. Eɖiyaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Kɔmiinizim paɣtʊ pɔzʊ yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛlɛ pɩkɔma ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kagbanzi wayɩ lɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ, kɩlɛɛzɩ komina paɣtʊ tɩŋga. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ pawa Mathieu Kérékou nɛ ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pipɔzɩɣ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1996 paɖaɣnɩ tɔʊ caca lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩ Mathieu Kérékou se ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Wayɩ mbʊpʊnɛ pɩ-taa lɛ ɛtatasɩ kɩñazɩɣ tɔm nɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩɩnaʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ 2006 pɩnaɣ taa.
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlɛ, Kotonu kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ fraŋseefa. Yayi Boni kɔyɔ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛnʊ wabina Mathieu Kérékou kɛ caca ŋgʊ paatɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 yɔ; pɩwayɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmʊ pɩnaɣ 2011 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ se ɛtasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩɣ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ mbilim. Ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzɩɣ yɔ, Yayi Boni kaɣ kʊyʊʊ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖiu ɖiu kɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 nɛ ɛkazɩ kpeelaɣ kɛ lɛlʊ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, peeɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ ɛɛɖɛʊ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ lɩŋŋŋ. Kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ Ɖahʊma pɩsɩʊ Peenɛɛ yɔ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩla kaɣlaa se temokraasii wɛ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖenɖe kɩwɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-kamasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊ-pʊŋ nɛ ki-piyasɩ pɛ-wɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Feveku[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ pʊcɔ-kʊ kpɛɛɛ pɩta yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊ-tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ huuu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma pɩɩwɛ caanaʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Paribaawaa kewiyisi=[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yurubawaa kewiyisi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ajaa Eveewaa kewiyisi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anasaayɩnaa ̃nazʊʊ-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩpɩsɩʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ(1974-1990)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Temokrasii calʊʊ lɩʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yayi Boni ɖoŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma peɖiyiɣ-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma pɔ̃nɔɔzʊʊ kɩ-tɛtʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa nɛ samaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sukuli labʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Televisiyɔɔaa nɛ raadiyonaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Spɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩʊkpelesi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔɔnasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kasandʊ kɩyakɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ̃nɩnɩɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ lɩʊ tɔm yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩyakʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-mayaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Ɛndonezi
Ɛndonezi (Englɩsɩɩ: Republic of Indonesia; Ɛndonezi: Republik Indonesia) kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ketenzi naalɛ hɛkʊ taa. Indonezi kɛna Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩsʊ Oseyanɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakalɩɣ peeɖe ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ 250 miliyɔnaa kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naaza nɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Indonezi wɛna mbʊ payaɣ na fransɩ taa se iili waa yɔ nɛ pakalɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ patalɩɣ 17 508. Pɩkɛna malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ kɩlɩ xɛʊ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Cakarta.
Pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Kristu lɛ Ɛndonezi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Ɛndɩ mba nɛ Siini mba payakaɣ kɩyakʊ yɔ nɛ palɛɛzɩɣ kɩlɛɛzʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ peeɖe pɛpɛdɩɣ tɔna yɔ. Ɛndonezi nɛ Ɛndɩ palakɩ tadɩyɛ nɛ ɖama pɩtasɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pa-tadɩyɛ taa lɛ malɩŋ kɩlɩɣna pɛdɩʊ. Piyebina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaa sɔsɔaa pɩsɩɣ palaŋa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ malɩŋ.
Lɩm yɔɔ tadɩyɛ tɔm taa lɛ Malaka kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1511 Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba woba nɛ pamʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Malaka yɔ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1605 lɛ Neeyɛrɩlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wolo nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba nɛ pɩha-wɛ waɖɛ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma lɛ powolo pacaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Zaava. Yo ŋndɩ ndɩ wɛ peeɖe pɩlɩna kewiyaɣ tɔm taa nɛ pɩkɩlaa lɛ Mataram tɛzɩ cɩyʊ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɛtɛzɩ cɛlɩɣ Neerɩlandɩ mba.
Pɩnaɣ 1950 kɛ Soekamo nɛ Mohammad Hatta maba palaŋa taa nɛ pamʊ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1965 nɛ 1966 taa kɛ Soeharto kpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ɛkɛwɛ ñaŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1998 lɛ, evemiye naɖɩyɛ yem ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kpaka. Pɩlabɩ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ lɛɛzʊ kɩfam mbʊ payaɣ se temokarasi yɔ pɩwɛ peeɖe.


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Ingmar Bergman
Ernst Ingmar Bergman kɛ tanaŋ laɖʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɩlaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɛzɩma patɩŋgɩ nɛ tanaʊ yaa amʊza laɣsɩ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛnʊ labɩna Sʋyɛdɩ sinemaɣ naa, palʊla-ɩ Uppsala tɛtʊ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1918 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2007 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Fårö lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ taa.
Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ kɩhɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛwaba nɛ ɛmʊ Ours sika kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, ɛmʊ sika tɔɔyʊʊ pɩlɩna, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Venise tɛtʊ taa, jury liidiye nɛ tanaʊ labʊ liidiye kɛ Cannes, Oscar tɛ weewe liidiye kɩhɛyʊʊ nɖɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ taa yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ sinema tʊma laɖʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ palme naa palme alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ Cannes kazandʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Ingmar Bergman palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛkɛ piyaa natozo liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa pɩɣa tɩnʊʊ ŋga pɩyalʊ. Ɛ-ɖalʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɔyɔ Dag, nɛ kɔʊ yaa ɛ-kɔɔ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Margareta, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnzɩ nanza wayi. Ingmar tala pɩjatʊ kɩbandʊ yaa tanɩɩ leleŋ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊ nɛ e-ɖoo pɛ-hɛkʊ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ yaa padanɩɩna ɖama camɩyɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ pʊpɔzʊʊ yɔ se pɩha-wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ pɩɣa yɔ.
Ɛ-caa kaakɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ɖʊyʊ weyi ɛñɩnaɣ kɛzɛɣa piŋ yɔ. Ɖenɖe pasɩtɔɣɔ waa sʊwaɣ yɔ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-piyaa paawɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paaha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa samaɣ tɩŋɛ mba paakɛ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pa-caa ɖʊ-wɛ paɣtʊ ɖɔŋ ndʊ kpem. Piyaa paɣlɩ k apsom laɣsɩ taa kɛnɛ nɛ poluzuu pa-tɩ paa ɛzɩmta. Nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔmtʊ wɛɛ kakama yaa paa ɖoye yaa paa ɛzɩmta nɛ pʊwɛɛ sɔnzɩ tɩyɛ.
Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣza wena ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-nɛ ɛyaa pɛtɛyɩ ɖama lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɖɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Thuringe tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1934 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kpɛnɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛyaa kaacana ɖɩ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yaa wona-ɩ se ɛna Adolf Hitler haɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm kɛ Weimar tɛtʊ taa. Pɩɖɩzɩɣ ɛyʊ evebu ɛnɛyɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tɔm ndʊ. Ɛpɩsɩ Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛyaa lɩmaɣza sʊ-ɩ fiŋ fiŋ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-ɖalɩ maɣmaɣ kɛ pɩtɛ ɛyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ-wɛ seu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ haja haja laɣsɩ yeba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛlɩɩ ɛyaa ɖɩkʊyɛ lona yɔɔ. Ingmar pɩsɩ nɛ ɛlɔ nɛ ese politiki tɔm ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe taa.


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Kpɛɛnzʊʊ
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, se ku-puu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɛɛnzʊʊ tɔm pire (tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yea leemu sɛmɩŋ yea kɩsɛmɩŋ) kɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ taa yatʊ nɛ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye kɛ Kapisikum (Capsicum) tɩŋ kɩkpanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, weyi ɛ-hatʊ tɛkʊʊ ɖama taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩʊ piye ndɩ pehiliɣ nɛ ɖozi yɔ yaa palakɩ nɛ tɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Kanadaa kpɛɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖozi pɩyʊ ɛlɛ kɩpaɣla, Kapɩsɩkum kpɛɛzɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɛɛzɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ.
Kpɛɛzɩŋ weyi ɛpuu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ yɔ ɛlɩna Amerika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyaa taa ɖeeɖe pahayaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kaɖaɣ taa ɖozi pɩlɩna kʊɖozi labɩnaʊ nɛ kʊ-sʊzɩŋ tɔnaɣ taa yɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa yɔ ajɛyɛ 64 hayʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ pʊkɔzɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ ndɩ wɛ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩwɛna waza siŋ fɛbʊʊ kpɛɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ kʊwɛ tindime kɩkpanzɩ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ paa ŋgʊ lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-hɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɩm nɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊʊ taa kɩsɛmɩŋ. Pɩkɛ Amerika mba tɔnaɣ taa nakayɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩɣ 9500 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Peyeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-haɖaʊ talɩɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pɩtɩŋnɛ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa yɔ kɛnɛ. Goa egeetiye Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩlanaɣ tɔʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ.


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Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ
Esɩperantɔ kɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ kedeŋga ajɛyɛ kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ajɛyɛ mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ taa. Pɩkɛ kɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkpɛlɛkɩ-kʊ nɛ pʊcɔ ŋlabɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kɔyɛ hayʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa se papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa. Esɩperantɔ lɩmaɣza yɔ se kɩ-kɛ kondoloko ɛsɛkuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1887 taa Ɖajaa Zamenhof, nɛ ɛ-sɛ hɩɖɛ se Doktoro Esperanto pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖɔkɔtɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛnʊ hana pʊwayɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ ɛsusuu ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tambɔ tɔm. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩhuu lɔŋ lɔŋ pɩnzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩnzɩ taa nɛ pɩkpaɣna mbʊ nɛ palɩzɩʊ samaɣ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ ɖama katɩʊ.
Caŋga yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩʊ kajalaɣ wɛtʊ pɩnzɩ 2000 nɔɣ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɩlɩ wayi wayi Esɩperantɔ tɔm kɩwɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lonaa sakɩyɛ yɔ ɛzɩ Duolingo pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ mɛɛsaɣtɛ aŋgba wena asɩna nɛ Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ ɖɛɣ na lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ.
Esɩperantɔ tɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ aŋgba wena awɛna kɛsɛɣa tɛ ɛhʊyɛ yɔ, kajalaɣ taa paa lɛ Esɩperantɔ tɛ aŋgba. Esɩperantɔ cɔlʊʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedeŋga Esɩperantɔ ŋgbɛyɛ (UEA), ɖɩ nɛ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ UNESCO ɖama nɛ tabalɩyɛ nɩnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.


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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov (Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Bлaди́Mиp Илbи́ч yлbя́HoB), pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Lénine (ЛeHиH), palʊla-ɩ Simbirsk (nɔɔnɔɔ Oulianovsk) ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1870 nɛ ɛsɩ Vichnie Gorki (nɔɔnɔɔ Gorki Leninskie) tɛtʊ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1924. Ɛɛkɛ caɣyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛzɩyʊ tʊ, politiki tɔm mayʊ nɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1917, tsar kewiyitu yɔka lɛ, bolchevik waa kpaɣ kewiyaɣ Rusii ɛjaɖɛ taa aloma fenaɣ taa kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Lenine kewiyaɣ kpaɣtʊ tɩna Ruusii soviyetiki ñɔʊ, kajalaɣ politiki lɩmaɣza alɩzɩ kpɛndɛ tɔm yɔ nɛ pʊwayi yɔ palɩzɩ URSS. Lénine nɛ bolcheviks cɛyɩ pa-tɩ pakandɩ pɛ-tɛ politiki lɩmaɣza tɔm yɔɔ yɔ ŋgʊ palɩzɩ pa-tɩ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ pɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɖama hɛkʊ taa you.
Oulianov cejewiye, Maria Alexandrovna, Ilia Nikolaïevitch nɛ pe-piyaa, Olga, Maria, Alexandre nɛ Dimitri nɛ Anna nɛ Vladimir. Palʊla Vladimir Oulianov Simbirsk, ɖenɖe ɛ-ñɩma kaacaɣ fenasɩ cabɩ yɔ. Ɛcaɣ ɛyaa lɔŋ ñɩma nabɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛzɩ Ilia Oulianov (1831 ŋtalɩ 1886) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-halʊ yɔ Maria Oulianova, palʊla-ɩ Blank liɖe taa pɩnzɩ 1835 ŋtalɩ 1916), pɛ-tɛ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, papɩtɩɣ palʊlʊʊ tɔm, kɔzɩ Ilia hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ilia caa, Nikolaï palʊla-ɩ haɖaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa nɛ Astrakhan kiŋ. Payaɣa ɛ-cɔzɔ naa se Oulyanine nɛ pʊcɔ pʊwayi yɔ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Oulianov.
Cejewiye nɖɩ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖi-lilaa wɛ Nijni Novgorod egeetiye taa. Yee pakpaɣ Oulianov waa ɛzɩ pɩkɛ Ruusii ɛyaa kɔyɔ, Nijni Novgorod wɛʊna kɩkpɛndʊʊ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ cejewiye ndɩ tchouvache waa yaa mordve waa liɖe kaawɛ ɖɩ-taa. Paasɩŋ Lenine cɛjɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa neze liɖe keeke. Maria, Lenine kɔɔ kɛlɛ, kaatisa pɔ-cɔzɔ cejewiye kaawɛna tatar calɩm, pe-neze ñaakɛ kamouke yaa kirghize. Maria Oulianova nɛ Moshe Blank cɔzɔ kaakɛ Yuda pɛdɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ nɛ palɩna Volhynie kiŋ.
Cɔzɔ sɔsɔ Ilia Nikolaïevitch Oulianov, vassili, ɛɛkɛ haɖʊ weyi ɛtapɩzɩɣ se ekizi ɛ-tɛtʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ yom weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ pʊcɔ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1861 talɩ yɔ. Ilia caa lakaɣ ñɛyɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ Astrakhan, nɛ Ilia maɣmaɣ lakaɣ tɩlɩyɛ sukuli sɔsɔʊ. Ɛmʊ sukuli waɖɛ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1854 lɛ, ehiɣ sukuli wɩlɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ Penza tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛkakɩ Marie Alexandrovna Blank, weyi ɛlaba-ɩ halʊ kɩyɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1863.
Ɛpazɩ ɛsɔɔlɩ Rusii Ampiiri tɛ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiliu tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sukuli naa taa. Hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna pɩyaa lutozo. Anna, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1864, Alexandre, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1866, ɛwayɩ palʊla Vladimir palʊlɩ-ɩ, palʊla ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ pɩnaɣ 1870. Vladimir wayi palʊla, Olga pɩnaɣ 1871, Dmitri pɩnaɣ 1874 nɛ Maria pɩnaɣ 1878. Piyaa naalɛ hɔʊ kʊnɛyɔ ki-nesi tɛɛ sɩba pɩcatʊ taa. Halɩpɩɣa paaya ɖɔɖɔ se Olga pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ abalɩpɩɣa Nikolaï pɩnaɣ 1873.


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Tanaŋ
Tanaŋ kɛna alɩwaatʊ tɩyɩtʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Tanaŋ paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ siiɣu yaa ɛzɩ kpaɣna ɖooo hɛkʊ yaa cɩcɩka nɛ pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ siiɣu. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, payaɣʊ se tanaŋ yɔ pacaɣ se pɛkɛdɩna se pɩpaɣzʊʊ yɔ pɩteleɖi, pʊyɔɔ kɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se tanaŋ kʊnɛ nɛ pɩtɛ labʊ ɛzʊnɔɔ yaa tanaŋ kɩpaŋgʊ nakʊyʊ lɛ pañandʊʊ ɛyʊ lɛ. Tanaŋ kɩpaŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɔbʊʊ pɩzʊ pɩwɛɛ se tɛbɩyɛ.
Tanaŋ pazɩɣna ɖoo cɩcɩka ñɩɣyʊ kpɛɖɛ cɛcɛyaɣ kpɛɖɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa kpɛɖɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ siiɣu ñɩɩtʊ hiu nɛ naalɛ cɛcɛyaɣ kpɛɖɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa kpɛɖɛ. Kabɩyɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ tanandɛɛ kɛ pɛsɛɣ kʊdɔntʊ paasɛɣ-ɩ ɖanaɣ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tanandɛɛ panaɣ se kʊdɔntʊ ɛnʊ eɖo ɛzɩma, eɖo camɩyɛna. Tanandɛɛn ɖɔɖɔ kɛ petendu ɛyʊ yaa panaɣ ɛyʊ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ; mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se pɩkɩ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ.


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Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ
Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ wɛna Tuurkii nɛ Georgie nɛ Ruusi nɛ Ukurɛnɩ nɛ Rumaanii nɛ Puligari pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛ-walanzɩ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1150 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ yɔ.
Kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ 600 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔluʋ taa mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-taŋgalam taa walanzɩ talɩɣ ɛzɩ 43000 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Pontiki kɛna yʋsʋ maya hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ teŋgu taa yɔ nɛ ki-liŋgʊ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2252 yɔ.
Tombiye paɣlam nɖɩ pɔtɔŋ-ɖɩ se caŋ caŋ kabɩyɛ taa se fɛɛŋ taa wezu caɣu kpɛlɛkʋʋ-tʋ yɔ, nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkisinism (euxinisme) yɔ, lakɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩɣ mbʋ pɛtɛma pʋ tɩlɩɣ yɔ yaa mbʋ pɛtɛma pʋ sɩm yɔ. Ɛwɩlɩ yaa eyeki se patɩlɩ anɔksi (anoxie) tɛ lɩm kiliŋgim n̄ɩmbʋʋ.
Lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ ɖɔm siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ se pɔyɔɔdɩ. Ŋn̄ɔ pʋ yaa nɖɩ-kɩ pʋ n̄ɩɣʋ kɛ n̄ansʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ yem ɛzɩ ɖɔm nɖɩ-ka yɔ. Nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ kiŋ kpem kɛ ɖɔm mbʋ ŋglɩɣ pɩtaŋ nɩɣʋ. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, ŋgʋ paya se tɛtʋ hɛkʋʋ taa ɛwadɩyɛ (fɩya) via ɖeɖe yaa hɔɔlʋʋ.
Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 4127 000 nɛ 423 000 km2 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ kɩ-lɩm talɩɣ ɛzɩ 537 000 nɛ 555 000 km3 yɔ.
Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ, ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-taa Marmara Teŋgu. Nɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ lɩm kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm mbʋ, mbʋ pʋbʋ wɛ camɩyɛ yaa pʋn̄ɔzɩ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna pɔɔ sʋsɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ size pɔɔ sʋsɔ kanɛ yɔ ke-kpeŋ yaa ka-ɖɩtanɖɛ lɛ Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Teŋgu kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ, ki-hayuu hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kɩ-kpɩtɩna Azov Teŋgu pɩtɩŋgɩna détroit de Kertch.
Nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɛtamasɩna Tɛtʋ hɛkʋʋ taa ɛwadɩyɛ teŋgu, pɩtɩŋgɩna Bosphore nɛ Marmara teŋgu. Pɩtɛmna Détroit de Dardanelles. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1996 kanɛɛ yɔ, efemiye 31 n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛ aloma fenaɣ taa kɛna kedeŋa kpeekpe efemiye nɖɩ palɩza size ɖɩkɛ Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ka ndɩyʋʋ alɩwaatʋ yɔ.


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Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna se ɖɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ maɣzɩm wɛɛ, ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-laɣsɩ pɩcɛlɩna mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ, mbʊ ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ nɛ lalaa. Lɛɣtʊ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa, pɩcɛlɩɣ-ɖʊ se ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩtakɩ.
Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyaa (Kurt Lewin, Harold J. Leavitt, Jean Maisonneuve, Serge Moscovici, nɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩɣ-ɖʊ ɛzɩma ɖɩkpaɣna ɖa-tɩ ɖo-kobiyaa lalaa yɔ, nɛ papɩzɩɣ panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ laɣsɩ yaa wɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa lakɩ yɔ. Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔɔlʊʊ ɖɩnaɣ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣza, ɛ-wɛtʊ ɛ-laɣsɩ ɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tɩŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ panaɣ ɛzɩma ɛyaa nɛ ɖama pɛ-wɛtʊ.
Ɛyaa mba pawɩlaɣ samaɣ maɣzɩm tɔm Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɩnaɣ pa-taa peeɖe Gustave Bon ñɩnʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛma takayasɩ kisuzasi sakɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1895 alɩwaatʊ taa, Gabriel Tarde. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1900 lɛ, pala ketizaɣ 4 ŋga nakayɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ketizaɣ kekpelaɣ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe pɩlɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Théodule Ribot kaaɖɛna kɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ.
Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa lɛ William McDougall susina pɩnaɣ 1908 nɔɔ haʊ takayaɣ nakayɛ pɩlɩna samaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ, takayaɣ keyebina se paɖʊ kamayʊ samaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa taa.


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Peehiruti
Peehiruti kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 363 033 yɔ, ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa wɛʊ ɛzɩ 2000000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walaanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 2 000 yaa 20 km2.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Azii, Afrika nɛ Eerɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ tʊma ɖɔŋ camaɩyɛ. Malɩŋ ajɛyaa taa, ɛzɩ Kɛɛrɩ yɔ, a-taa lɛ, peeyirutɩ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋb camɩyɛ kpem yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsɛkuliye nɛ sukuli pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩyaa-tʊ se Takayaɣ tɛtʊ.


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Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se sɔdʊʊ Gaulle, palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Lille tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 ŋgʊ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1970 taa kɛ Colombey Chɔɔcɩ naa naalɛ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja ɖoŋ tʊ nɔyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɔyʊ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛɛkɛ Fransɩɩ mɛwɛ mantɩ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlʊba nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hiɣ hɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ tɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kpaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pasɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ komina nɔɔ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1944 ŋtalɩ 1946 wɛɛ taa, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ lɩm ɖʊyaa lɔŋ tasɩyaa tɛ ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnzɩ 1958 ŋtalɩ 1959 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛnʊ tɩna ɛjaɖɛ 5 nɖɛ kiɖe pɩnaɣ 1958. Ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1959 ŋtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1969.
De Gaulle pɩsa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1958 taa ñɔɔsɩ kʊñɔŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ palakaɣ you nɛ Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ. Henri de Gaulle lʊlɩna Charles de Gaulle (pɩnaɣ 1848-1932) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Jeanne Maillot (1860-1940). Ɛkɛ Julien-Philippe de Gaulle sɛyɩ, ɛkɛ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊ ñʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ kɛ Hayi yɔɔ ɛjɛyɛ taa kiŋ. Pasɩma-ɩ nɛ e-liɖe taa tʊma naayɛ yɔɔ, katoliki paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnʊ, ɛsɔɔlɩ sukuli labʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʊma labʊ (waɖɛ, taba tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ yaa sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ).
Palʊlɩ piya naatozo. Sɔdʊʊ ekpele naa naalɛ kɛ ñɩnɩya mba pasɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ tʊ Charles, akpele, weyi canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ caazɩ-ɩ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ tɩnʊʊ kɔyɔ Jules, ɛlɛ kpɛlɛka tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ. Henri sɔdʊʊ pɩyalʊ kɛlɛ, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1848 kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22. Pʊkɔma ɛzɩ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30 ɛkpaɣ halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Jeanne Maillot, e-ɖoo ɖɛtʊ lɛ mbʊ yɔ.


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Claude Ptolémée
Palʋla Claude Ptolémée Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 90 waa taa. Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ e-wezuu Alexandrie tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 168 n̄ɩŋga taa. Paa pɩɩla we ɛkɛɣ Room tʋ. Ɛlaba mbʋ payaɣ se "Asitronomii" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se "maatematiki" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se "jeyografii" yɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛla ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ payaɣ se "asitroloogii" yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, patapazɩ patɩlɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ siŋŋ.
Claude Ptolémée ma "siyansɩ" takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ. Anasaayɩnaa tɩŋna ɛ-takayɩsɩ naalɛ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ pa-"sɩyansɩ" naa sakɩyɛ. Ɛma lɛɛka nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ka-taa "asitronomii" tɔm nɛ lɛɛka taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ kaka taa "matematiki" tɔm. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛka nɛ ɛtazɩ kaka taa Grɛɛkɩ nɛ Room pɛ-tɛtʋ wɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.


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Florɛnsɩ
Florɛnsɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ Italii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ taa maliika nakayɩ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ maalika kanɛ nɛ maalisi lɛɛsɩ yɔ, ŋga kɛŋna litoozo ŋga kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Kamiŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa 380 226.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛyaa ɛyaa ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 10 200 yɔ yaa 102 km2. Payaɣ Florɛnsɩ tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Dario Nardella nɛ ɛcɔŋna kɔ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ pʊkɔŋ pɩnaɣ 2019 lɛ, palɩzɩʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ maalika ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.
Maalika kɛnɛ kɛwɛna yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɛwɛna ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛnʊ tɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Yowaanɛɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kiɖeɖeu.


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Carl von Linne
Carl Linnæus, pʊwayi ɛpɩsɩ sɔsɔ lɛ, Carl Von Linné, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1707 Råshult nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1778 Uppsala tɛtʊ taa, kedeŋga yɔɔ kɩlɩzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛnʊ tɩna tɔmɩŋ hɩla pɩlɩtʊ nɛ wondu hɩla yaʊ laɣsɩ. Ɛmaɣzɩna Edward Coke matʊ ndʊ se Nomina si nescis, perit cognitio rerum pʊtɔbʊʊ se wondu naa tɩlɩyɛ leki yaa mʊkɩ pɩlɩna hɩla kaatɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ 18 mbʊ yɔ, Suede ɛyaa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩna liɖe taa hɩɖɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Linné cɔzɔ, ɛzɩ sikandinave sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ payaɣa-ɩ se Ingemar Bengtsson (pʊtɔbʊʊ se Ingemar, Benggt pɩyalʊ) nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-pɩɣa, Linné caa, paasɩma-ɩ kajalaɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-nɛyɔ Nils Ingemarsson (pʊtɔbʊʊ se Nils Ingemar pɩyalʊ).
Ɛcaŋa ɖeu Sʋyɛdɩ wiyaʊ weyi samaɣ kaakɩlɩ-ɩ sɩm yɔ tɛ alɩwaatʊ Karl 12 (1682-1718), Nils ha wiyaʊ hɩɖɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ ɛzɩ hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe yɔ, nɛ papazɩ-ɩ yaʊ mbʊ se Carl Linnæus.
Carl caa, Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus (1674-1748) kɛ fada cikpelu Luther cɔɔcɩ taa nɛ e-ɖoo Kristina Brodersonia (1688-1733) Stenbrohult Ɛsɔ kpaŋ tɛ pasɩtɔr pɛlɔ, Samuel Brodersonius. Nils wɛɛ ɛsɩna Pasɩtɔr tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ ɛtalɩɣ Rashult pɩnaɣ 1705, ɛlɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1709 lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɛtɩ sɩba yɔ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛpɩsɩ pasɩtɔr kpaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛlɛ e-liɖe tuzi kɩtɩ pazɩ nɛ fada ɖɩsʊyɛ Stenbrohult, Möckeln kujomuu nɔɔ yɔɔ kpam.
Nils sɔɔlɩ tɩŋ kpem kɛlɛ ɛdɛzɩɣ sɔɔlɩm mbʊ ɛ-pɩyalʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛcɔna ɛkaɖaɣ yɔɔ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ yeke. Ɛlɛ ɛ-caa pasɩtɔr, ɛcɔzɔ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩtɔr mbʊ lɛ, Carl sɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtɩŋɩ pa-naŋgbanzɩ se ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ pasɩtɔr mbʊ. Kɛlɛ ɛlɩɩ ɛ-hɔʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 9, agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ pɩnaɣ 1716, se ɛsʊʊ Växjö sukuli taa pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛta naa 40 nɛ Stenbrohult tɛtʊ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛlaba hɛkʊ taa sukuli pɩnaɣ 1723 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 nɛ ɛlɩɩ kɩ-taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1727.
Mbʊ lɛ, pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ wɩlɩyʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ lɔŋ tasɩɣ Växjö tʊ, ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊmɩyɛ niye mʊyʊ Johan Stensson Rothman yɔɔ lɛ, ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Uppsala sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1728, ɖenɖe ɛkpɛlɛka lɔŋ sakɩyɛ weyi ɛmʊna-ɩ yɔ. Ɛkpaɣ halʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1739 nɛ pɛlɔ Sara Elisabeth Moræa (1716-1806), ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Falun ɛyʊ.
Ɛyaa mba yaa hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊlɩ piyaa lʊbɛ, halɩpiyaa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ abalɩpiyaa naalɛ. Carl (1741-1783), Elisabeth (1749-1839), Sara Christina (1743-1782), Sara Magdalena (1744, ɛlɛ ñasɩ ɛ-kɩyakɩŋ hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ taa) pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa cɩɩɩ, Lovisa (1749-1839), Sara Christina (1751-1835), Johan (1754-1757) nɛ Sofia (1757-1830).


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Tɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa mʊsɩ
Tɩlɩyɛ soo yaa cɔlɩɩ minziiki pɩkɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa taa kiŋ tɩlɩyɛ tɩnaa minziiki ŋgʊ kɩlɩna ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba cɔlɔ, kɩwɛɛ ndɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ ŋgʊ kpaɣ ɖooo hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩna sɔnɔ ɖa-kɩyakɩŋ. Paya-kʊ se cɔlɩyɛ minziiki kɔyɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ kɩlɩ cɔɔlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1820 alɩwaatʊ. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (pɩnzɩ 1756 ŋtalɩ 1791) kaakɛna ɛyʊ weyi ɛɛkɩlɩ minziiki ŋgʊ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ.
Kamaɣ ŋga kaawɛ yaa katʊkaɣ cɔlɩɩ minziiki (nabʊyʊ taa payaɣa ɖɔɖɔ se minziiki sɔsɔʊ yɔ) nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛ minziiki yɔ kaawɛ mɩzɩzɩ yaa taaɖɔɔ. Mbʊ lɛ hendu kalɩyaa nabayɛ ɛzɩ Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Sebastian Bach yaa Joseph Haydn maɣa pa-tʊma pɩcɛlɩna wɛɛ naayɛ keekee, (kujukasi cɔɔcɩ kɩlaŋ yaa wiyaʊ pɩɣa Esterhazy tɔɔnaɣ tɔɔʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ).
Paa nɛ nesi kɩbanzɩ yɔɔ yaa lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ, kajalaɣ wulaɣu taa Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler nɛ Serguei Prokofiev, naalɛ ŋgʊ Maurice Ravel, Jean Sibelius nɛ Igor Stravinski, naatozo ŋgʊ taa Maurice Ravel, Jean Sibelius nɛ Igor Stravinski.


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Sergueï Rachmaninov
Sergueï Vassilievitch Rachmaninov kɛna weyi eluki wendu yaa ɛmaɣ-tʊ yɔ, ɛsɔɔla piyano[1] mabʊ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ soo maɖa ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Eluba yaa ɛma wendu ndʊ yɔ tɩkɛna ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ wendu ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔm pee lɩna ɛwɩlɩya Frédéric Chopin, Tchaïkovski nɛ Rimski-Korsakov pɔ-cɔlɔ. Sergueï Vassilievitch Rachmaninov caa kɛ payaɣ se Arkadievitch Rachmaninov (1841–1916), nɛ ɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ Rusi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Eɖoo kɔyɔ Lyubov (Lioubov) Petrovna Butakova (1853–1929), nɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ, Seneral nɔɔyʊ lʊɩna-ɩ. Palʊla Sergueï Rachmaninov kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1873 kɛ Rusi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1943 Kalifɔrnii, Etazunii taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 69. Pɩnzɩ naanza taa kɛ Anna Ornazkaïa kpaɣ ɛ-tɩ pilim nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ piyano mabʊ wɩlʊ Sergueï Rachmaninov. Pɩɩwɛɛ se powona Sergueï Rachmaninov nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ Vladmir kɛ mba paɖaŋgʊ wiyau yɔɔ yɔ ɛlɛ liidiya fɛyɩ.
Ɛzɩma ɖama nɩnaʊ taawɛɛ ɛñɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Vassili nɛ Lioubov Rachmaninov pacɩɩ ɖama. Piyebina nɛ piya wɛɛ po-ɖoo nɛ pe-neze Sofia Boutakova (1823-1904), weyi pɛɖɛyʊ-ɩ se babouchka yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pe-neze ɛnʊ ewokina ɛzɛyɩ Sergueï Rachmaninov kɛ Cathédrale Sainte-Sophie de Novgorod ɖenɖe ɛsɔ wendu teya teu nɛ wendu teu sʊʊ e-ciyam camɩyɛ siŋŋŋ yɔ.
Eluba wendu ndʊ yɔ tɩɖɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛwɛ Etazunii tɛtʊ taa lɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ paɣza nɛ pɩwɛ-ɩ kaɖɛ se ɛpɩsɩ Erɔpʊ taa kɛ ɛpɛlɔ Tatiana cɔlɔ,weyi ɛwɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Piyebina nɛ pɩnaɣ 1941 ɛlu ɛ-tɛ kpaagbaa wendu nɛ ɛyaa-tʊ se les Danses symphoniques yaa wengalasɩ payɛ. Wendu tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ ɛyɔɔda ɛyʊ wezu caɣʊ tɔm: tanadɛɛ, wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖanɣ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ yabʊ ɖaɣ kɛ Etazunii peeɖe nɛ ɛwɛɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ takayaɣ.Pɩnzɩ 1042 nɛ 1943 taa kɛ pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdɔŋ kpa e-hiliu nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1943 lɛ, etisi fezu, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 69.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Thiollet, 88 notes pour piano solo, "Solo nec plus ultra", Neva Editions, 2015, p.50. ISBN 978 2 3505 5192 0.


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Kabuli
Kabuli tɛtʋ kɛna Afganistanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kabuli tɛtʋ wɛ Afganistanii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakalɩ Kabuli tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 543 700 yɔ nɛ yee pakalʊʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 3 378.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ haɖaa ndɩ ndɩ, kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ mba lɛ Tajiki nɛ patalɩ ɛzɩ kpaɣ 40 nɛ 45 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ, pɩtɩŋna Hazarasii mba (25 %), pɩkaza mba yɔ palɩna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ, tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna wena aɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Peeɖe palakɩ komina kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ.


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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 Leipzig tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1883 taa Venise tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, amʊza ñʊʊ tʊ, tɔm mayʊ sɔsɔ, hendu teyaa ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛke; ɛyʊ weyi etisi lelaa lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yem yɔ keɖeɣa tʊma alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ pasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛtɛ laŋɩyɛ taa siziŋ hendu ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ tʊ tɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nanza yɔ nɛ leleŋ hendu yɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ kajalaɣ hiu ñɩndʊ mbʊ yɔ peteu-tʊ paa ɖoye kɛ pɩnaɣ taa kazantʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1876 yɔ.
Ɛkpasa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tabalɩyɛ labʊ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖa sɔsaa se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛlɛzɩ pɛ-tɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ laɣsɩ amʊza taa mbʊ lɛ, pɩpazɩ pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ ɛ-tɔm. E-nesi tɛ tʊma pɩtɩŋa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu ceɣ yɔɔ pazɩ pɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ miiziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ e-evbutu alɩwaatʊ taa. Richard Wagner pɩsɩ laŋɩyɛ taa lɩmaɣza hendu teyu sɔsɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-tɔm caɣ yuŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa.
Palʊla Richard Wagner agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Brühl habɩyɛ mayaɣ natozo ŋga yɔ ɛsɔda kuduyuu naalɛ ŋgʊ taa akɔma ɖɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Zum roten und weißen Löwen (tɔyʊ kɩsɛmʊ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa) Yuda ɛyaa egeetiye taa kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa. Wagner kɛ pɩɣa nakʊ ñɩŋa Carl Friedrich Wagner hɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛɖʊ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1798 taa.
Carl kɛ tɔm hʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa fulisi naa tɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ nɛ ɛlakaɣ hendu teu tɛ amʊza. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Johanna Rosine Paetz (1774 ŋtalɩ 1848), anasaayɩ tɔnasɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, ɛsa taakuli camɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛsɩma lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa paakɛwa, pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm Thoma Kiɖeɖeu kpaŋ taa kɛ Leipzig tɛʈʊ taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1813 nɛ paya-ɩ se Wilhelm Richard Wagner. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna fenasɩ loɖo.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1814 lɛ, e-ɖoo walɩ Carl Friedrich taabalʊ, ɛlakaɣ amʊza ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Ludwig Geyer. Wagner cejewiye yele ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖɩcaɣ Dresden tɛtʊ kɛ Geyer ɖɩɣa taa, ɛlɛ weyi ɛsɩkɩ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa ɛlɛ, ɛtapɩzɩda eheyi Wagner ɛ-kʊñɔŋ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ se Richard pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-pɩnzɩ 14 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se Geyer kɛnɛ ɛ-caa kʊlʊlʊ.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kajalaɣ takayaɣ taa, ŋga ɛya se Me-wezuu tɔm yɔ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ Geyer pɩɣa yɔ. Cosina Wagner tʊma kajalaɣ ñɩnaa nayɛ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ patɛm-kʊ ɖʊʊ taɣtʊ takayasɩ taa yɔ pahɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩ-kʊ nɛ Friedrich Wagner hɩɖɛ.


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Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ
Mbʋ payaɣ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩkɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ miŋ saʋ tɛ anasaayɩ tɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Nabʋlɛ lɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna wena awɛ kɩmaŋ yɔ, a-tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kajalaɣ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ kɛŋna soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ pʋnɛ pʋbʋ wayɩ kɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ludwig Boltzmann laba ñɩnʋʋ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna kɩmaŋ ñɩna tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ lɛɛlɛyɔ, kegbeɣlaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tomnaɣ tɛ wɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa. Lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩlakɩna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yɔ camɩyɛ.


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Thomas d'Aquin
Thomas d'Aquin kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔtɔm mʊyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ pasɩma-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ nɛ lɔnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ takayɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ 1224 nɛ 1225 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kɛ Akino tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɖaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɩyɩ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1274.
Pakpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1323 nɛ Pie V kpaɣ-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1567 se ɛnaʊ ɛnʊ kɛŋna kristu mba kpaaŋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Léon XIII kpaɣ Thomas d'Aquin kɛŋna sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɛ katolika tɔm kpɛlɛkʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ pɛdɩya yɔɔ feŋgiyu. E-tomnaɣ wɛ mɛncɛlɩmantɩ ɛsɔwaa ɖaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Tuluzi yɔ kɛ-tɛ kɩlaʊ ndene sɔsɔyɛ tɛɛ.


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Sɛrɩyɔm
Sɛrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 58 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ce. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Martin Heinrich Klaproth tɩlɩna sɛrɩyɔm ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1803 nɛ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Wilhelm Hisinger.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pamazɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ cérès tɩyɩŋga cikpelaɣ ŋga palɩ kɔ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1801 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1825 Carl Gustav Mosander pɩza ɛna tovonum taa lɛ, ɛ-wɛtʊ keeke.
Sɛrɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ (ɛlɛ ŋñɩɩ yem mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ) naanum naa nabɛyɛ taa yaa heŋ naa ɖɩñalɩyɛ taa, se pɩsa nɛ pawaana yaa pawazɩna miŋ heŋ sɔsɔŋ. Paɖʊʊ sɛrɩyɔm heŋ taa lɛ, pɩñakɩ kpɔndɔyʊʊ nɛ pɩyɔɔ kiŋ, mbʊ yekina nɛ asuuma yaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ heŋ taa, kɛlɛ pɩpazɩ tɔnʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ maʊ (ɛlɛ pɩɖaŋɩɣ nɛ pɩwaɣ yɔ tɔnʊʊ ɛtaakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ) miŋ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa.
Paasɩŋ-wɛ camɩyɛ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sɔtʊ pʊtʊnaa feziŋ ñɩma), ɛlɛ IRSN lɩzɩɣ wɩlɩtʊ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩlɩna cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ agbele yɔɔ. Natʊyʊ taa, kʊdɔntʊ nɔyʊ weyi pañala e-heŋ taa nɛ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa wɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sɛrɩyɔm kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ miŋ ɛñaɣ ɛyʊ kɔyɔ piyeki nɛ panaɣ pee cikpena sɛrɩyɔm tɩyɛɛ heŋ taa.


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Ekuwatɛrɩ
Ekuwatɛrɩ kɛna Amerika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ asɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Peeruu ɛjaɖɛ, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Kolombi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Oseyŋ Pasifiki wɛna.
Ekuwatɛrɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa akpagba 283 520 km2. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo: kacalaɣ ŋgʊ lɛ Pasifiki kitiiliŋ, peeɖe kiŋ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Guayquil wɛɛ; naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Andini hɔɔlɩɣ, peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se kiitoo yɔ tɩwɛɛ, Amazonii ŋgʊ kɩwɛna Ekuwatɛrɩ hɔɔlɩɣ yɔ kʊkʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa.
Hɔɔlɩŋ kacalaɣ ñɩŋ nɩɩlɛ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊma kɩlɩ wɛʊ pɩkazɩ amazoni taa ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛlɛ lɩm kɩlɩna nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɛnɛ ɛwayɩ lɛ pɔsɔzɩɣ nakʊyʊ, kʊkʊ lɛ Lɩm hɛɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Galapogos yɔ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ Ekuatɛrɩ wɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ kɛ 1822 yɔ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ yaa ageeta 24.
Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwayɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: kisiwa nɛ sʊwarɩ. Ekuwatɛrɩ pɛdɩɣ ayaba, roozinaa nɛ kpasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se krevɛtɩ yɔ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna.
Rafael Correa kɛŋna Ekuwatɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ.


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Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Mikayɛlɩ
Mikayɛlɩ kɛna Ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa sɔsaa naatozowaa taa. Ñazɩyaa mba mba yɔ: Raphaël nɛ Gabriel. Ñazɩyaa panɛ, kpaɣ Yudaa mba, Katolika ñɩma nɛ Malɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ patɩŋa pasɩma-wɛ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ sɩma ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛna a-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Ñazɩyʊ Mikayɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa tiiyaa ñontinaa ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ yoŋnayou nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa tiiyu weyi ɛkɛ eleeu nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se satanɩ yɔ. Mikayɛlɩ tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se awɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ? Nɛ eyo you sɔsɔʊ nɛ cikpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao nɛ ɛwabɩ-ɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa tɩŋga ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kaŋdayɩɣna tisiyaa yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛnʊ lɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ yaa kɩpandʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛwɛna tʊma sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ: Ɛsɔ ha-ɩ ɖɔoŋ se tɔm hʊʊ kpaagbaa wiye le, ɛnʊ kaɣna ciyamna k:e maɣzɩɣ nɛ ewona kɩpama kɛ ɛsɔtaa koboyaɣ taa nɛ mba patamʊna yɔ, ɛɖɛna-wɛ ɖenɖe miŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ pewiliɣ nɛ pasalɩɣ pe-kela yɔ.
Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ñazɩyʊ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu lɩ Daniɛlɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ e-ɖoza tɔbʊʊ lɛ, eheya-i ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ, ɛnʊ Gabriɛlɩ ɛɛtɛma paɣzɩɣ you you pʊcɔ nɛ ɛlɩɣʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Pɛrisi mba pɩɩsamɩŋ sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, Mikayɛlɩ kɩɖeɖeu kaakpaɣna ɛyaa tomnaɣ nɛ ewolo nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ lɩɩ you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Tʊtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ ɛsɔ tiyaa nɛ ɛna satan palʊ nayʊ mooze tomnaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kristu mba kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ pɔ-yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ cɩnkpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao you taa yɔ.
Koran taa yaa malɩŋ cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu pɔyɔɔdɩɣ pɔ-tɔm se: weyi ɛkɛ Wla koyindu, ɛ-tiiyaa koyindu yaa Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ yɔ, pakaɣ kɛʊ Ala koyindina mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Ala kɛ mba paatisiɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ po-koyindinaa.
Pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ pɩnaɣ taa kɩyakɩŋ looɖo. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, salaŋ fenaɣ 29, kamɩŋ fenaɣ 8, agoza fenaɣ 8, salaŋ fenaɣ 6, aloma fenaɣ 16 pɩtasɩna paska kujuka naatozo ŋga wiye.


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Sɩbɔrgɩyɔm
Sɩbɔrgɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 106 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sg. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ, pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1974 ɛlɛ Etaazuunii nɛ URSS aŋgba kɛlɛ paa nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ labʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ niikaɣ you alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ poyou pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ. You ŋgʊ pɔkɔɔ pehiɣ ɖama nɩnaʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1997 pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma pʊtʊ 104 nɛ 108 wabɩtʊ yɔɔ kɛlɛ paha pʊtʊ 106 hɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna Glenn Seaborg hɩɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ ɛyʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tʊ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ mʊna samtʊ piŋ yɔ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa.
Ɛkɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, kɛlɛ a-agbele kʊyʊm nɔyʊ pasɩma 269Sg nɛ ɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ alɩwaatʊ maɣna cɛjɛsɩ 3,1. Pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛwɛ tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ tɛɛ nɛ ɛwɛtʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa yɔ. Wiluu nɛ takɩɣ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ naalɛ taa pana pʊtʊ 106.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1974 mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Soviyetiki ñɩnɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Gueorgui Fliorov kɛ pɩdaa yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa Doubna tɛtʊ taa tɔŋ se palaba agbele nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ilimiye ñʊʊ kɔyɔ 259 nɛ pekpekiɣ se pɩkɛʊ sɩbɔrgɩyɔm 260.
Mbʊ pɩkɛwa se Amerika ɛyaa tʊma yɔɔ pɛlɛɛ tisiɣ mbʊ lɛ, papa tɔ se payaa pʊtʊ ɛnʊ sɩbɔrgɩyɔm pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Glenn T. Seaborg yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɔna ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ Seaborg tɩtɩŋa kaawɛ ɛtaatɩɩ sɩbɩta. Kedeŋga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se pɩɩwɛ se Berkeley nɛ Doubna wiluu nɛ takɩɣ tʊma ɛtɛyɩ pʊtʊ ɛ-natʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ liidiye pɩnaɣ 1992.


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Hɩm
Hɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna pahɩʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛna kacalaɣ asuluma wena tomnaɣ lɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Calɩm catʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ tɩŋga lɛ, asuluma ana alɩʊ nɛ kɩyaɖɛ yaa abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ pa-taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɛɛtasʊ hɩm hɩʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, paɖʊʊ-ɩ hɩm catɩyɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Hɩm tɛkɛna asuluma yaa mbʊ pɩvɛyɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɛlɛ kʊdʊmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hɩm waɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, hɩm taa nɛ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ ɩkʊʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena azʊʊ ɛyʊ taa pɩtɩŋna tomnaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔŋna ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ, hɩm kɛ fɛɖaa maɣzʊ nɛ pana-yɛ.
Mbʊ pɩwɛ hɩm taa yɔ mbʊ lɩm nɛ hɩm mʊzʊŋ. Hɩm mʊzʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩlɩna calɩm cata tɔɔnasɩ payɩ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ asuluma wena payaɣ-ɛ se azɔtɩ yɔ. Kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ hɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna nimvila taa, calɩm taan nɛ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga tɛ asuluma taa. Kɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se nimviɖe siziŋ pɩndʊ. Weyi ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɖɩcatʊ clɩm taa lɩm ɛzɩ litanaa 180 yɔ nɛ hɩm maɣmamg ɛzɩ mililitanaa ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pahɩʊ hɩm nɛ pɩɖɛʊ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩkɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ paizʊ payaa se hɩm kadadayaɣ hɩʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ yaa pɩlɩɩna sikiɖi kʊdɔŋ yɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩtɛkɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ nikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ. Nabayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, po-hola wena awɛɛ nɛ acɔŋna hɩm hɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ahʊwa kɔyɔ, hɩm pɩzʊ pɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yem yem. Ñɩnɩya naa se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa hɩʊ hɩm ɛzɩ miliyaaɖinaa hiu yɔ kɛ evemiye taa. Hɩm hɩʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ palɩka yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩʊ ɛzɩ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yaa litanaa naalɛ kɛ evemiye taa nɛ haɣ lɛ, lita hɔɔlʊ nɛ naatozo pa-taa, piyele afa lɛ, lita kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ litanaa litozopa-taa. Kpaŋnʊ hɩm wɛ litanaa 5 nɛ 15 taa kɛ evemiye taa nɛ nɔ lɛ, litanaa 10 nɛ 25 pa-taa nɛ tuu ñahɩʊ litanaa 40 nɛ 80 pa-taa kɛ evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɛɛ taa.


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OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya naayɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ aɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP. Ajɛya wena awɛ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, añɩnɩɣ se a nɛ ajɛye wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ, paɖʋ taabalɩyɛ kaɖazɩm pɛdʋʋ nɛ pɩ-lɩzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛlɛ ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OPEP takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ. Ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo kɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se NNPC ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. NNPC ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʋ payaɣ se Hidrokaarɩbiiri yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1960 taa OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋwa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ palaba Bagdad tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki nɛ ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se pʋwɛɛ se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki kɛ Arabii-Sahʊditi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.
Piyele ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso ñɛkɛ Fenezuyeelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonse kɛkɛ Fenezuwelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Dajaanaa panɛ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ se ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ, alʋ siŋŋ nɛ kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye ɛtaatii tibu yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, pɩkpa kpaʋ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ palakaɣ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ lɛ, kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye taatalɩ dollars waa kagbaanzɩ. Amerika ñɩma liidiye payaɣ se dollar.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ajɛya kagbaanzɩ ɖeke kɛwɛna OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Arabii sawudiiti nɛ Iiranɩ nɛ Irakɩ nɛ Kowɛɛtɩ nɛ Fenezuwelaa.
Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, ajɛya sakɩyɛ sʋʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, alɛ hɩla yɔ : Qatar ɛjaɖɛ sʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1961 piyele Ɛndoneezii nɛ Liibii paba ajɛya ñasʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Ɛndoneezii ɛjaɖɛ lɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa, ɛlɛ, kɩɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-taa sʋʋ pɩnaɣ 2016 ñɩŋa taa. Abu Dabi ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1967 taa.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1969 taa nɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1971 ñɩŋa taa. Ekuwatɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1992 taa nɛ ɖɩɖaɣnɩ pɩsɩʋ ɖɩsʋʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 2007 ñɩŋa taa. Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1975, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1996 taa nɛ ɖikiti ɖɩɖaɣnɩ sʋʋ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔʋ yɔ, ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Jenɛɛvʋ (Genève) ɛjaɖɛ taa Suwiisi tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ salaŋ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye nɛ pasɩɩ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa Fiyɛɛnɩ (Vienne) tɛtʋ taa.


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Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ ɖaɣna yaʋ size sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa poluki yaa palɩzʋʋ anjaʋ waa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna wondu kɩsaɣtʋ labɩnaʋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ yaa pɩcɛlɛ wɛɖʋ kam nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ kɩpaɣlaka pɔzʋʋ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ ,ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩwɛ sɩɣgbelasɩ tɩyɛ ɛzɩ pamaʋ yaa payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "ronde-bosse (statuaire)".
Saɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩlɩzɩ yaa ɖʋlʋ wondu nɛ tɩwɛɛna wɛtʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "haut-relief", nɛ "bas-relief", nɛ pɩtasɩna "modelage" ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩsaɣyʋ kɛ paya size saɣyʋ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ saɣyʋ. Ɛsaɣkɩ paa wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ pʋmʋna kʋ kɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ yaa kʋkʋkʋyɩmɩŋ taa nɛ kʋɖɔkʋʋ kpɩtʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Kɩ-hɔɔlasɩ tɛ kpɩnaʋ tɛ camɩyɛ size pɩpɩsɩ wonuu kam kɛ payana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "soudure yaa assemblage".
Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ wɩlɩʋ yaa tʋkʋʋna kpaɣgba kɛ saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu kɩlabʋʋ. Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ kiɖe yaa ɖɩlɩyɛ keekee wɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Tɔm piye nɖɩ, pama ɖɩ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se «sculpture» nɛ ɖɩlɩɩna latɛŋ matʋ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋgʋ kʋkʋ taa size «sculpere» yɔ. Kʋnʋmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɛ-naalɛ e-tomba : fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpture» nɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpere» tɔbɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ.
Yee ɛyʋ ɛnɩ n̄ata kɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpture» nɛ ɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpere» kɔyɔ, ɛkpakʋ kpaɣgba size kutoliŋ yaa tɔbɩŋ kɛlɛ size saɣʋʋ yaa kaʋ hɔɔlasɩ lɩzʋʋ yaa kaʋ faʋʋ hɔɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm pe ana a-naalɛ (sculpere, nɛ sculpture) a-kutoliŋ yaa a-tɔbɩŋ wɩlɩʋna tɛyɩtʋ kɛ saɣʋʋ (sculpture) nɛ lɛzɩŋ lɩzɩtʋ yaa katɩzɩnaʋ (modelage) pa-naalɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ size wondu kɩsaɣtʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ kaaŋ yaa pɛ (pierre), nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ (os).
Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ wɩlʋʋna ɖoo lɔndaa pɛ yaa kaaŋ saɣtʋ wazaɣ fevere n̄ɩŋga kɛ ɖoo ɖomuu tɛ ɛzakuliye alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkpaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdaɣ tɔm piye nɖɩ payaɣna yaa pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «ymagier» yɔ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖeke. Tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ pɛlɛɛzana nɖɩ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ (sculpteur) yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɖama kpɛndʋʋ yaa sakɩyɛ nɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kʋɖʋm ɖɩyɛ labʋ kpɛndʋʋ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛm ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna n̄ʋʋ tʋ kʋɖʋm nɛ paya-ɩ size wɩlɩyʋ.


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Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ wandamm
Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Moyen-Orient yɔ, tɩwɛ kpaɣna Mediteranee teŋgu pɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ tiwolo Iiran ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ tɩɖɛɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Afganistani ɛjaɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɛlɛ, tɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ sʋ Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ :
- Iranɩ
- Izrɛɛlɩ
- Palɛsɩtiini
- Yɔrdaanii
- Irakɩ
- Siirii
- Liibaŋ
- Arabii-Sahʊditi
- Yemɛnɩ
- Omaɣ
- Emiratɩ arabʋ aaa kɩkpɛndʋ
- Kataarɩ (Qatar)
- Pareyɩnɩ (Bahreïn)
- Kowɛɛtɩ
- Egipiti
- Turikii
- Pakisitaanɩ
- Afganistani
Halɩ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔtɔŋ se Moritaanii nɛ Marɔkɩ nɛ Alizeerii nɛ Tuniizii nɛ Liibii pa-ajɛya wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa.
Ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa awɛna sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Ajɛya ana, alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ (Perse) nɛ Turikii nɛ Aarabʋ nɛ Kuridi (Kurde) nɛ Juwifu (Juives) pa-ajɛya taa sɔnzɩ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ ɛnʋʋ yɔ Iiraɣ ɛjaɖɛ kʋnʋŋ nɛ Turikii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʋnʋŋ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1902 taa pacalɩ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ haʋ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Alfred Mahan hana tɛtʋ ndʋʋ hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ.


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Mɩzʋʋ (Explosion)
Mɩzʋʋ kɛna kɛlɛʋ pɩyʋ pɩsʋʋ. Pɩpɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ pɩyʋ kʋɖʋmʋm. Pɩyʋ mbʋ, pɩkɛ wondu kɩmanaʋ. Wonu kɩmanaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ wonu ŋgʋ kʋɖoŋ ɛkɩla lɛɛkʋ nɖɔ mɩzʋʋ lakɩ yɔ.
Wonu kɩmamanaʋ ŋgʋ, pɩcɔ kiyele nɛ mɩzʋʋ laa lɛ, kɩcalʋʋna pɩsʋʋ heɣlim kɛnɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɩkɩlʋ pɩsʋʋ heɣlim lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ, pɩkɛna alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɛlɛsʋ n̄ɩɣʋ wonu ŋgʋ kɩpɩsʋʋ lɛɛlɛɛ wɛʋ ɖoŋ yɔ.
Mɩzʋʋ wonu kɩmamanaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩhɔŋ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ n̄azʋʋ ɛzɔkɩyɛ tɩyɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, kɩhɔŋ kɩcɔlɔ kiŋ nɛ heɣlim mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "déflagrant" yaa "détonant" yɔ. Peeɖe pɩmɛʋ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩcɛlɛ wilitu yaa tilitu natʋyʋ.
Pɔcɔlʋʋ mɩzɩtʋ yaa kɩmɩzɩtʋ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna paa mɩzɩtʋ ndʋ lɛ ti-ɖoŋ lakasɩ taa. Mɩzɩtʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔyɔ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa : déflagration, nɛ détonation, nɛ onde de choc, détonateur yaa explosif brisant.
Mɩzɩyʋ (explosif)Ñɔɔzɩ
Mɩzʋʋ kɛna lɛɛzɩtʋ kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ wonu kɩmamanaʋ nakʋyʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ wondu sakɩyɛ n̄ɩndʋ natʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Wonu kɩmamanaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-pɩzʋʋ kɩkɛ cʋʋ pɩyʋ. Mizʋʋ yekina nɛ wonu kɩmamanaʋ pɩsɩ pɩpɩsɩ-ɩ wonu ndɩ ŋgʋ nakʋyʋ.
Ɛlɛ wonu lɛɛkʋ kɩpɩsʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-tɛ paɣlɩka kɩla wonu kɩpɩnʋʋ tɛ paɣlɩka. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ size pɩ-tɛ wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ-ɩ heɣlimaɣ (gaz) yɔ. Ɛzɩma ɛnʋʋ sɩzɩ wonu kɩpɩsʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩlɛɛzʋʋ wɛ lɛɣlɛɣ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɛ wonu ŋgʋ kɩtɛŋ lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣlɛɣ.
Wonu kɩpɩsʋʋ yaa kɩlɛɛzʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-tɛ miŋ saʋʋ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ n̄ɩɣʋʋ pamakʋʋna ɖama ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ kɛ mɩzʋʋ lakɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa mɩzʋʋ lakɩ ɛlɛ, ŋnɩɣ kɔkɔɖɛ yaa wilitu ɖoŋ yɩndʋ natʋyʋ. Pʋtɔʋ nɛ ɛsɔɔdaa kiŋ ɖoŋ nɛ mba pɔyɔtɩna pɩ-tɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, panɩɣ pɩ-tɛ tiliuu.
Kɩmɩzʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩpɩzʋʋ kɩla pɩlɩɩna cosuu (réaction chimique) yɔɔ. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ŋnaɣ size Cosuu wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩ-tɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩwɛ soŋga siŋŋ. Pɩtɩŋgɛ payɩ mbɩ yɔ, pɩkpɛndʋna nɛ piyeki size kɩmɩzʋʋ lakɩ.
Cosuu kɔyɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ, yeee ɖikpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ puyuu tɛ yaa lɩm ɖeɖe tɛ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɛwɛ ɖoŋ pakɩlɩ soŋga. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩtaasɔɔ size cosuu (réaction chimique) pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ soŋga tomnaɣ nakɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ size, soŋga ŋga kɩmɩzʋʋ pɩzʋʋ kala yɔ, kakɩla ŋga kaka n̄ɛwɛ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ.


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Leemuu
Leemuu kɛ nandʊʊ piye tɩŋ, pɩkɛ leemuu tɩŋ piye kɩkɛ tɩŋ tamsʊʊ cejewiye taa nandʊʊ piye. Ɛ-ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlɩnɛ Citrus simens tɩŋ tɛ ɛzɩ calɩm leemɩŋ nɛ ñaŋ leemɩŋ weyi ɛlɩnɛ leemɩŋ nɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ fitamini C paa papɩzɩɣ se pɛkɛtɩna-kʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee lɛɛnaa nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye nanza ñɩndɛ ndɩ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Leemuu ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ yɔ wɛna leemuu tɛ sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-tɔnʊʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ wɛ ñɔkʊ ñɔkʊ. kɩ-taa wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-kopuu mandarini yɔ. Kɩ-taa lɩm wɛ lelemɩnaɣ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ sikiri nɛ ñɩmɩŋ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ fitamini C. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ saladɩ nɛ anasaayɩ cotuu yaa pɔñɔʊ kɩ-lɩm. Calɩm leemɩŋ kpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖenɖe keeke ɛkɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ ɛ-tomnaɣ yɔ. Pɩtɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩnɛ antocyane cɔlɔ nɛ pɩkpeekpe pɩkpɛndʊʊ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɛ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩɣ niikaɣ. Leemuu tɛ antocyane ɖoo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ yuulee ɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛmɩŋ pɩkatʊʊ leemuu ñɩmɩŋ lɩm.
Leemuu tɛ nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi kɩtɩŋga nɛ kʊsʊʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mediteranee nɔmɔʊ canaʊ katʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa (kpaɣɖʊ 9 nɛ 13) pɩlɩnɛ leemuu ñaŋ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ Pɛrɩsɩ mba ɖɛzaɣ Arabɩ mba piye nɩ pɔsɔ-dɩ Sisili ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖenɖe kɩmɩzaa nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa yɔ.
Nabʊlɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa lɛ, Pɔrɩtɩkɛ mɛlɛ naa taa nɔmɔŋ woɖaa lɩɣ leleŋ leemuu yɔ siini nɛ papɩsɩna-kʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩwa leemuu ñŋ ŋgʊ. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ nɛɛlɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ leemuu kɛkɛ ajana pʊyʊʊ nɛ pahaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ Nɔwɛlɩ kʊjɔʊ nɛ Nicolas kɩɖeɖeʊ (Peyibaa) kɛ piya. Kɩ-haɖaʊ kawaba mbʊ ɖooo lɔŋ lɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ maŋpɩza waa ɖoŋ pɩyʊʊ.


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Sʋsaa yɔdɩ tɔm sɩŋŋ. Eyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa, ɛ-nɛ ɛyaa laala pɔɖdɔŋ. Ɖɔm mpʋ pɩtaa lɛ, pɩpɩzʋ pɩlaa size nɔɔyʋ caɣ ɛwɩlɩ se ɛnʋ sɩmɩnɩ lɔŋ. Ye pɩlabɩ mbʋ yɔ, pʋwɛ size ɖɩlɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖʋna pʋtʋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋʋ se kosoŋa lɛzʋʋ seya yɔ, pɩpɩzʋ pɩkɛnɩ kosoŋa ɖɔɖɔ. Paa anɩ ɛtɛm wɩɖɩɩ naɣʋ ɛzɩma pɔɖɔnʋ tɛtɛ wondu lakʋ taa yɔ, pɩkɩlɩnɩ kosoŋa. Nka lɛ, keseʋ tem, nɛ npɩza nhiɣ kosoŋa nɛ nkʋ-kɛ lɛ, peɖee paɣnaɣ se ntalɩ abalʋ. Ɛlɛ etuye wɛ mbiyɔ, ɖɩta nɩɣʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ paa weyi ɛjɔlɔ.
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Kiɖe
Kiɖe kɛna matʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ siŋŋ wonuu. Tɔm piye kiɖe kɛ tɔm piye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ wɩlɩʋ ɛzɩ puhuzuu kuduyuu kolaɣ taa yɔɔ yaa kuduyuu n̄ʋʋ taa yɔ. Pɛtɛŋ lɔbʋ kuduyuu ŋgʋ nɛ ŋna kɔyɔ, ŋnaɣ size kʋ-lɔbʋtʋ taa peeɖe wɛ kuluŋgulu.
Kuduyuu ŋgʋ, kʋ-n̄ʋʋ taa peeɖe wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "elliptique" yaa "polygonal" yɔ. Pɔlɔkɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, pahʋzɩ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "lanternon" yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ keɣye yɔ. Kiɖe kɛ ɖɔɖɔ naŋ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ siŋŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaŋ layaa cɔlɔ.
Pɩɩkɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ kɛ krɩstʋ mba hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Kuduyuŋ ɛnɛ, ɛwɛ ajɛɛ anɛ a-taa : Itaali, nɛ Caama ajɛɛ taa. Kuduyuŋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩkpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Room tɛ Panteyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Kajalaɣ kiɖe matʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, kaakɛna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Filippo Brunelleschi ɖoŋ taa pɩnaɣ 1436 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Florence tɛ ti-kiɖe ɖɔɖɔ kaakɛ kajalaɣ nɖɩ naɖɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Louis XV n̄azɩtʋ yaa waɖɛ haʋ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pama Paarii tɛ Panteyɔɔ.


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Maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, Sigmund Freud kɛna kiɖe ɖʊyʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ se ɖɩnɩɩ, kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩkɛ piye piye wiluu tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ. Nabʊlɛ lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛzɩma patɩŋna nɛ pawazɩ kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ hola kʊdɔmɩŋ.Nabʊtozo lɛ, pɩkɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Lɩmaɣza naayɛ yaa laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ kɛ mbʊ pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩm cɔlɔ yɔ yaa sɩcaɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖoza, yiduu nabʊyʊ yaa natʊyʊ naa ndʊ tɩɩmʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, yaa mbʊ pɩtalɩna ɛyʊ maɣzɩm maɣmaɣ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ ñʊʊ cɔʊʊ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ yɔ.
Yee ɛzɩ Roger Perron wɩlɩɣ yɔ, yee maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛʊ yɔ paapɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ-tʊ nɛ tɩ-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Sigmund Freud, ɛnʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ, hola kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩwɛʊ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ tɩupazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛlɛ pehiɣ natʊyʊ naa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1881-1882 lɛ Josef Breuer nɛ Anna O., pɩnaɣ 1885 lɛ pɩɩkɛ Freud pɩnaɣ kɩkpɛlɛkaɣ kɛ Jean-Martin Charcot, pɩnzɩ 1893-1896 lɛ pañɩnaɣ hola yɔɔ tɔm nɛ ñʊʊ taa cɔtʊ tɔm (1895).
Maɣzɩm taa takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kɩfama mba paakɛ Sigmund Freud piyaa yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Carl Gustav Jung yaa Sándor Ferenczi kajalaɣ kpaɣɖʊ kɛlɛ, yaa Melanie Klein kpaɣɖʊ naalɛ ñɩŋʊ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣza naayɛ nɛ pakʊna Freud tɔm. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1930 lɛ, maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tɩnaa sakɩyɛ mba paakɛ Yuda pekizi Nuremberg tʊma labʊ, kɛlɛ papazɩ-wɛ ñaŋasɩɣ, kɛlɛ pakʊyɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Otirisi hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɛ Caama ñɩŋʊ taa yaa ɖɔɖɔ Hongrii nɛ Pɔlɔñɩ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ powolo pacaɣ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa.


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Arakanzaa
Arkanzaa kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Arkanzaa nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩkpɛnda looɖo nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Oklahoma, wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Tenesi, Misisipii nɛ Tɛkzasi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Misurii piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kpataa lɛ, Luwiziyaana.
Pamaza Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 137 731 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 879 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,09 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Arkanzaa kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ walanzɩ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 25 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1836. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 915 918 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ -wɛ ɛzɩ 21 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 198 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 839 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Magazinii piyele ŋgʊ pʊtɔyɩnaa yɔ kʊkʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 17. Payaɣ Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Asa Hutchinson piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: John Boozman nɛ Tom Cotton.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ: Eŋgilisi.


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Asɛyʊʊ
Asɛyʋʋ (Catastrophe)
N̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size azɛyʋʋ. Tɔm piye azɛyʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩwɩlɩɣ kaŋŋ size azɛyʋʋ laba yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ laba nɛ pʋyʋ wɛɛkɩ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ ɛlaba ca kɔyɔ, pʋyʋ kɩwɛɛkɩm lɩɣ. Azɛyʋʋ kɛna pʋyʋ kiɖi n̄ɩm lakasɩ kɩwɩzɩsɩ nasɩyɛ. Azɛyʋʋ tɛkɛ pʋyʋ yaa lakasɩ kɩbanzɩ. Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ leɖiɣ, nakʋyʋ ñɛwɛɛ tobi.
Ñʋʋzɩkɩyɛ lakasɩ lɩɣna ɛyʋ lakasɩ cɔlɔ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba yɔ, wondu sakɩyɛ leki,Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lesiɣ pe-weziŋ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, putukuuna samaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa samaɣ seɣ lɔŋ nɛ powolo pasɩna samaɣ ŋga azɛyʋʋ talɩ-kɛ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, raadiyoonaa taa ɛyʋ nɩɣ-tʋ. Paɖʋ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛntɛɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ. Pawɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ azɛyʋʋ-kʋ televiziyɔɔnaa taa.
Azɛyʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se kɛkpɛdɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ. Haba yɔɔ azɛyʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɩɣ labʋ pɩlɩɩna habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ paɣtʋ kɩɩñamtʋ cɔlɔ.


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Kooree Hayɩ Kiŋ
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Piyaŋyaŋ.
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩnɛ ɖama kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ ki lɛ Siini (ajɛya anɛ akpɛndɩ kamaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa yɔ), wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Rusii (kilomɛtanaa 19), Koree hadɛ ŋgʊ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ (kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 238). Koree hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ nɛ hadɛ ŋgʊ pɛhɛkʊ taa pʊwɛɛ se sɔɔjanaa ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ you nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa.
Ɛlɛ sɔɔjanaa ñɛwɛna nɛ pɔcɔŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakala ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 24 589 122. Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa politiki aŋgba tɔɖɔɔn nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Koree taa tʊmlaɖaa ŋgbɛyɛ (KWP). Kim II-sung kaakɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛkɔma ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1994, ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-II caɣ e-loniye taa. Ɛtacaɣ se ɛnʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa Kɩm II-sung maɣmaɣ ɖɩŋna cɔnaʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
URSS koma nɛ kɩcɩɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ laba lɛ, ñɔɔsɩ haŋgaɣ nkakayɛ lɩɩ Koree taa nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 900 000 yaa miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ mbʊ yɔ hiu sɩm. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ Kim Jong-II lɛɣzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɛha sɔɔjanaa nɛ ɛsɩyɛ se mba pɩzɩɣna nɛ pɔna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ.
Kim Jong-II sɩba pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-un kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Koree nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔɔjanaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɔcɔna ɛyaa kjpeekpe nɛ pɔcɔna mba pɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa kɔ yɔ panɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩtɩfɛyɩ nɛ, nɛ sɔɔjanaa talɩ ɛzɩ 9 495 000 yɔ.


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Caama kʊnʊŋ
Caama kʊnʊŋ payaɣna Caama taa se Deutsch [ˈdɔʏtʃ ] kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Cermaniki hɔʊ piliŋa ŋga kalɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ yɔ. Pɩlɩna kɩtɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ yɔɔdasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɩwalɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ caanaʊ tɔm, kɩ-wɛ ndɩ Caama wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ mbʊ lɛ pɩpazɩna doo hayʊ wɛɛ cɩkpetʊ taa, matʊ lɛɣzɩtʊ naalɛ ndʊ.
Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ taa lɛ, mba panɩɩ-kʊ yɔ paya-wɛ se germanophone waa, pɛdɛ ɖama tɛyɩʊʊ taa lɛ padalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩʊ,mbʊ yebina nɛ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Ɛrɔpa ajɛyɛɛ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ kɩgbɛndʊʊ taa.
Kedeŋga sɩm tɛyʊʊ taa, Eerɔpʋ taa lɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ kɛnɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Caama Ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Otirisi taa nɛ Lɩɛstɛnstɛɛnɩ taa nɛ Suwiisi taa nɛ Lugizamburi taa, nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ taa nɛ Itaalii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaa se Tɩɩrɔl nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ yɔɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ ana yɔ Fransɩɩ nɛ Taanemarki nɛ Cɛɛkɩɩ nɛ Sɩɩlɔvakii nɛ Pɔlɔñɩɩ nɛ Rumaanii, ɛlɛ komina tahaɣ waɖɛ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ ana a-daa.
Afrika kedeŋa taa lɛ ajɛyɛ naalɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Caama kʊnʊŋ, Namibii nɛ Tanzaani. Amerika taa lɛ Amerika nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa hɛkʊ nɛ pɩdɛ Caama mba mba pɛwɛna canaʊ lakasi ɛzi kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ paya se Pennsylvanien, ɛlɛ Amish cejewiye lakina-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Paraguwee nɛ Chili nɛ Arzantiini nɛ Brezilii nɛ Venezuela pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Caama tɔm. Caama tɛkɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa yɔ.


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Maya
Maya ɛsakuliye, pɩkɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛsakuliye nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe pʊcɔ Kolombii ɛyaa kaawɛ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobunau yɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa, matʊ, nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa tʊma, kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ matʊ tʊma, haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, tʊʊzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩkɛ pʊcɔ Kolombii waa wɛɛ taa ɛsakuliye taa naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ pakɩlɩ-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛkpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ siŋ yɔ pɩtasɩna Azɩtɛkɩ waa nɛ Inka waa pa-ñɩna. Paawɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa kɛ lonaa wena sɔnɔ akɛ Mekɩsiki nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ Peliizi nɛ Guatemela nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador yɔ.
Pɩkɛ Amerika tɛ ɛsakuliye kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. ɖɩlɩna ɖooo pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ taa. Lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa caɣyɛ paasɩma, maya taa, wɛɛ kɩbɩna, kpaɣ 7 nɛ 3 pɩnzɩ kudoku pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ wɛɛ, ɛyaa kɩbɩma mba paana-wɛ Karayibi teŋgu nɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɔɔ kpɛɣɛ.
Maya ajɛyɛ tɛtʊ kɛ hadɛ yɔɔ tɛtʊ cikpetu taa ɛzɩ Kopan, Tikal yaa Palenk, hiɣ sooci wɛtʊ cɔlɩɩ kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 6 nɛ ŋtalɩ 9 ŋgʊ ɖa-kpaɣɖʊ taa, nɛ pʊcɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔɔ lɛ, peyebu-kʊ Kpaɣɖʊ 8 nɛ 9 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tasɩna-wɛ haʊ sooci tɛ ɖoŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ powoba you nɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Maya ɛsakuliye wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩ siŋ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ caɣyɛ pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔ.
Kedeŋga taatɩlɩ natʊyʊ paa ŋñɩɩ pɩlɩna mayaa waa yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ. Lakʊ kaakpaɣ kɩ-paɣtʊ pɩtɩŋna lonaa kɩbɩna yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ pazɩ ɛzɩ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ you wayi lɛ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 17 taa lɛ, Erɔpʊ taa layaa ñɔtɩ mɩŋ keŋkeŋ ekɔrɩsɩ takayasɩ nzɩ mayaa waa kaama yɔ. Nanza yeke koŋ pɩpɩza pana yaa pehiɣ sɩ-taa.


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Mɔntanaa
Mɔntanaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Takoota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Takoota nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Idahoo, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Wayɩyoomɩŋ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Helenaa nɛ ndʊ tɩtaa tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Piilɩŋsii.
Pamaza Mɔntanaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 381 156 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 377 295 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 862 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 1,01 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 14 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1887. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 998 199 yɔ.
Payaɣ Mɔntanaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Steve Bullock (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Steve Daines (R) nɛ Jon Tester (D). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Genghis Khan
Ɛyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ camɩyɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga palʊla-ɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ nabayɛ tɔŋ se palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1155 lalaa se pɩnaɣ 1162 kɛ Kentii pʊŋ taa, Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1227 kɛ Siyani de Kiŋsuwi tɛtʊ taa, Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa; ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 65 yaa 72. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Yesügei nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Hö'elün Börte. Pɛkpɛndɩ piya kagbaanzɩ pa-caa cɔlɔ.
Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖaɣnɩ walʊʋ siŋŋ, mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-wayɩ ñɩma kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛsɩba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-pɩɣa nakɛyɩ caɣna e-lone taa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa yawaɣ-ɩ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ caa. Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ tɩŋa ñaŋgaɣ-ɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, pakpaɣa halaa nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ abalaa. Ñʋʋdʋ Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ paɖɩɣ kaʋ pɩ-tɛ lakasɩ nzɩ Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. Ɖajaa Gengis Khan lɩna wiyaʋ Bordjigin hɔʋ taa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ kpeɣlini kewiyisi sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ sɩtɩŋa payɩ nɛ sɩkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛnʋ kɛkɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ. Eɖiyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Sogdiane tɛtʋ.
Ɛwɛna halaa kɔyɔ: Khulan,Yisugen, Yisui. Pe-pɩya nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ: Djötchi (1182-1227), Djaghataï (1184-1241), Khojen Beki Ögödei (1186-1241), Alaqai Beki (1187/1190), Tolui (1190-1232), Tümelün (1192), Altalun (1193), Checheyigen (1194).


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Atɩlɛtɩsɩm
Atɩlɛtɩsɩm kɛna tomnaɣ hayɩsʋʋ yaa kpekpeka tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se sɩpɔɔrɩ. Pilinzi rdɩ ndɩ wɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ labʋ taa. Nɛ pilinzi nzɩ pekpelaɣ si-kpeekpe seya taa, nɛ maʋʋ taa, nɛ takʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa,nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔnɛ taa.
Tɔm piye Atɩlɛtɩsɩm lɩna Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ siŋŋ kɛlɛ lʋbɩyɛ. Pɩkɛna lʋbɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɔzɩɣ siŋŋ size ɛyʋ ɛɖɔkɩ tɔnʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ taa seya ɖeɖe yaa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ taa tɛyɩŋ ɖeɖe poliŋ taa seya ɖeɖe yaa ɛsɔdaa maʋ ɖeɖe yɔ. Nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛɖɛɛ lɛlaa yɔɔ.
Takɩm ndɩ ndɩ, ɛzɩ ɖɩyaʋ se santaɖaʋ yɔ, pʋwɛ nɖeke nɛ pɩtɛ pʋwɛ canɖaŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛlɛ, lɛɛlɛyɔ, pɩlɛɣza alɩwaatʋ taa nɛ maɣzɩm taa.
Atɩlɛtɩsɩm kɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ paalakɩ-kʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ajɛɛ taa yɔ, paa pɩɩkɛna ajɛɛ wena a-liu wɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ kɩ-labʋ yɔ yaa aheɣla sʋsɔna taa kʋkɩyɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ. Atɩlɛtɩsɩm wondu ñɩnʋʋ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ.
Pʋ-yɔɔ yɔɔ kɩ-labʋ wɛɛ puhukuu yaa pʋtɔyʋʋ. Kajalaɣ, atɩlɛtɩsɩm sɩpɔɔrɩ kʋnɛ, kɩkpaɣna ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ ɛzɛkuliye alɩwaatʋ taa. Piliŋa kanɛ yɔ, kapaɣzɩ tɔyʋʋ pɩkpaɣʋnɛ kpaɖɩŋ taa yɔ, kajalaɣ paɣtʋ ɖʋʋ ɖeɖe takɩm ndɩ ndɩ wayɩ.


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Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)
Pʊyʊ kɔtɩɩɩ yaa pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «atome» yɔ, pɩ-taa wɛ nazɩyʊ pe (électrons). Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «tubes de Crookes» yɔ pa-taa paɖʊ pʊyʊ kɔtɩɩɩ nɛ pañɩnɩna anasaayɩ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se luupu (loupe) yɔ nɛ pana se atoomwaa taa nɛ nazɩyʊ pe. «Tubes de Cookes» waa wɛ ɛzɩ tiiyoonaa cikpema yɔ. Paɖʊ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «cathode» yɔ tiiyoo ŋgʊ paɖʊ kɩ-taa atoom yɔ kɩ-nɔɔ nɛ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ. Paɖʊ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «anode» yɔ nɛ tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛɛ. Pɩtɛŋ lɛ, paɖʊ laatriki miŋ sɔsɔŋ «cathode» nɛ «anode» pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Paɖʊ laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ «cathode» saa miŋ siŋŋ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «electrons» waa yɔ, palɩɩ papɩlɩ caŋa lɩɩɩ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɩɩyɛ ñalɩɩ tiiyoo hɛkʊ taa. Laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ yɔ (bleue). Tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-nɩwaŋ yɔɔ lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ lɩɩ nɛ kɩkaɣ « électrons » waa mba nʊmɔʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ wɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «Croix de ̌Malte» yɔ. Pɩlakɩ mbʊ lɛ, cɩkpɛndʊʊ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-nɩwaŋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Piyele «électrons» waa lalaa yɔ, paba tii tiiyoo tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ nɛ pɩhaɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ñalɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. « Anode » ñalɩzɩɣ « électrons » waa mba yɔ, paba ñaalɩɣ lɛ, kaazɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ wɛ tiiyoo tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ, kʊkʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩlɩɣzɩɣ pelu pelu. Kɩ-ñalɩmɩyɛ tɔlɩm ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ yɔ.


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Sɛŋgapuuri
Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Sɛŋgapuuri. Sɛŋgapuuri kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɩtɛ tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 719,1 km2. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ lɩm cɔ-m pɩtaa waa ndʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri yɔ, tɩkpɛndɩ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu nɛ naanza (64).
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pulau Ujong yɔ tɩkɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 584,8 km2. Ɛyaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ tɔyɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tiyebina nɛ pakʊ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ se «kaɖaɣ tɛtʊ».
Azii tɛtʊ tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ɖeke kɩlɩna Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.
Azii tɛtʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se péninsule Malaise yɔ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ wɛɛ. Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se détroit de Johor yɔ mbʊ tɛyɩna tɩ nɛ péninsule Malɛɛzɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri walaa puwolo mbʊ payaɣ se Détroit de Sɛŋgapuuri yɔ, pʊ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Tɔzʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ nɛ natʊyʊ paakpɛzɩɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taawɛɛna tɛɛtɛɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yoŋ kɛwɛ samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkɩŋ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɔzʊʊ ketiba kpaakʊ wiluu tɩyɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa. Evepiya nɛ pɛlaa patanaɣ tʊma se pala. Ɖʊsʊyɛ taafɛyɩ camɩyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kuduyiŋ taaɖɔɔ se pɩtalɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɩŋa. Lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Paa mbʊʊ yɔ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ cɛyɩ tɩ-tɩ nɛ tɩkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 74,3 kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ kizaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, paba sɔɔlaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ yɔɔ.
Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya naadozo kɩlɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ñɩm Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya lɛɛna kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa taa. Pɩnaɣ 1980 taa Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ sɔzɩ ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩla se ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana alɩ ajɛya naanza Azii tɛtʊ taa. Ajɛya naanza ana akpacayɩɣna ajɛya lɛɛna wena a-tɔzɩŋ tiba kpidikpidi yɔ Azii tɛtʊ taa.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, ñɩnɩyaa tazaa nɛ pala akɔnta nɛ patɩlɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm tɔkɩ mbʊʊ paa evemiye nɖɩ yɔ. Pa-akɔnta labʊ taa lɛ, patɩlaa se Qatar ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna hiɣu mbʊ pɔtɔɔ evemiye taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya tɩŋa. Qatar ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Luxembourg ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ kɔyɔ Sɛŋgapuuri ñɩnɖɛ.


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Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ
Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ lɩm taa kɛnɛ yɔ. Palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ pakpaɣ lɩm taa tɛtɛ kpɩna. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, lɩm taa peeɖe pagba lɩm taa kpɩna wena payan̄ɛ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "crustacés waa" nɛ "céphalopodes waa" yɔ.
Pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ lakasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ lɛ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ palakɩ nɛ pakpaɣ lɩm taa kpɩna yaa nandu ndʋ yɔɔ yɔ : pɔlɔ piyuu (filet), pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ pan̄ɩ ahʋna (nasse), pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔlɔ kolaɣ (ligne).
Lona ndɩ ndɩ wona a-taa pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ nandu yɔ a-ɖɔ siŋŋ. A-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ : lɩŋgamʋʋ, teŋgu, kujomuu, lɔmʋʋ, lɩm mbʋ pɩwɛ pazɩ nɛ piikpeŋ yɔ (mares), lɩm kikpem cikpem (cours d'eau).
Pɔɔ cɔlɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pêcheurs". Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ aleɣya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ taa leleŋ kɛ lalaa nɛ ɖɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ lalaa. Lɛɣtʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Paa lone nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ pɔɔ cɔlʋʋ wɛtɛ wɛɛ.
Pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ nɛ mɛlɛnaa, pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ nɛ lɩm yɔɔ lɔɔɖa. Pɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiyeki nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ huu siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖɩhaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nadʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ. Pɛpɛdʋ lɩm taa n̄ɩm mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payakɩ wondu kɩwazɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ.


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Alɩwaatʋ
Alɩwaatʋ yekina nɛ ɖɩnaɣ se lɛɣzɩtʋ wɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛyʋ pɔsaa se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ alɩwaatʋ kɛna kpem yɔ. Ɛyʋ pɔzʋʋ se ɛna se alɩwaatʋ kɛ kedeŋa pʋyʋ keem yaa ɛyʋ tɩŋɩna ɛ-lɔnsɩnɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛɖʋ-tʋ yem.
Paa ɛyʋ eecosi suwe yɔ, ɖɔm ɛɛnɩɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛɛtɩlɩɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi mbʋ alɩwaatʋ kɛna kpem yɔ. Tɔm cosuu tɩŋɛ tɛkɛ lɩmaɣza lɩzʋʋ : ɛyʋ lɛɣzɩɣ alɩwaatʋ lɛɣzʋʋ mbʋ yɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Paapɩzɩɣ pamaɣzɩ alɩwaatʋ ɛzɩ tɩwɛʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paapɩzɩɣ pamaɣzɩ-tʋ ɛzɩ pamaɣzɩɣ pʋyʋ yem yɔ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɖɩnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩkɔŋ nɛ wayɩ yɔ tɩ-taa mbʋ payaɣ se alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ ɖɩjaɣyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa.
Nabʋyʋ ɛɛlaba nɛ pɩɖɛɛ nɛ nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ñatasɩ labʋ sɔnɔ, mbʋ pɩlaba nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ nɛ mbʋ pɩlaba sɔnɔ yɔ, pɩ-hɛkʋ taa maɣzɩtʋ kɛɣna kɩyakɩŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ nabʋyʋ laba hodo nakʋyʋ wiye. Lɛɛbʋ ñala mazaɣ nakɛyɛ wiye. Yee pamaɣzɩɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ hodo nɛ mazaɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔm ndʋ tɩɩlaba hodo wiye nɛ ndʋ tʋtʋ ñala mazaɣ wiye yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kɩyakɩŋ naanza wɛna.
Alɩwaatʋ maɣzʋʋ lɛɣzɩ paa ɖooye ɛyʋ wezuu caɣyʋ. Pɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʋ tisuu Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɛ pɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-lɔnsɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Alɩwaatʋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩlɩtʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɩlɩtʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɔtɔŋ se alɩwaatʋ kɛna wɛtʋ natʋyʋ yaa kawɩlaɣ tɛ maɣzɩtʋ. Piyele ɖama tʋʋzʋnaʋ tɛ kɛʋ piliŋa cɔlɔ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se alɩwaatʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa weyi ɛnaɣ naʋ mbʋ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Piliŋa ŋga, kakaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se tomiye naɖɩyɛ wɛ alɩwaatʋ nɛ loniye pɛ-hɛkʋ taa siŋŋ.
Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se mbʋ pɩɖɛwa yɔ, pɩwɛ wayɩ nɛ mbʋ pʋkɔŋ yɔ, pʋpʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɛsɩndaa. Ɛlɛ, aymara samaɣ taa ñɩma ñɛlɛɣzɩɣ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ. Paba ñɔtɔŋ se mbʋ pɩɖɛwa yɔ, pasɩma-pʋ. Pʋwɛna ɛyʋ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ nɛ piyele mbʋ pɩtatɩɩkɔmda yɔ, paasɩ-pʋ, yee mbʋ pʋwɛna ɛyʋ wayɩ kiŋ.
Alɩwaatʋ wɛna tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ nabʋlɛ taa. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ nɛ ewokina alɩwaatʋ tɛ sizika cɔlɔ kiŋ ewoki you nakʋyʋ loluu. Yaa nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pʋyʋ kɩtalɩm wokiŋna ɛyʋ yɔɔ kiŋ : nʋmɔʋ haʋ ñɔtaa kɛlɛ…


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Martin Luther
Martin Luther, palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1483 Eisleben, Thuringe, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1546 tɛtʊ kʊyʊm ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se ɖalʊʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, ɛnʊ pʊzɩna pɩɣyɩyaa tɩnaa cɔɔcɩ, ɛnʊ lɛzɩna mba palʊkɩ maɣzɩm mbʊ se pɔtɔsɔɔlɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba.
Ɛ-ɛsɩyɛ sɛna ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, nɛ sɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa sɩm tɔm mbʊ lɛ, ehiɣ ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ Yesuu hɔɔlʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa takayaɣ ŋga Paul tɩyɩna Room ñɩmba yɔ. Luther cɔlɔ lɛ, ciyam ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ kʊjɔʊ, kɩlɩna tɩ kɩwɛkɩm yɔɔ kpiɖiɣ nɛ Yesuu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tisuu piŋ se ɛnʊ kɛna Mesiya, paa ŋtɛkɛ cɔɔcɩ tʊ kɔyɔ.
Palʊla Martin Luther Eisleben (Mansfeld, sɔnɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se Saxe-Anhalt yɔ) kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1483. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa Hans Luder cɔlɔ ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ Marguérite Zidler. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ haɖʊ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ, pʊwayi pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kuwiviri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ Mansfeld egeetiye taa, pʊwayɩ ɛpaɣzɩ huyu nɛ ɛnaŋɩɣ kuwiviri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, peeɖe ehiɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ñɩm tʊ. Martin Luther wɛna ɖalaa nɛ kɔɔnaa siŋ kɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ ɛ-ɖalʊ Jacob.


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Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ
Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ pilinzi taa kɛ Ɛndɩ-Ɛrɔpa cejewa kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Mba panɩʊ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ-wɛ se lʊsɔfonɩɩ waa.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpekpe taa kɛ kedeŋa yɔ cɩnɛ lɛ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ nanaaza ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ. Yee ɖiwoba Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ kɔyɔ nɛ kedeŋa hɔlʊʊŋ nɛ ka-hadɛ kɩŋ kɔyɔ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ pakɩlɩɩ yɔɔdʊʊ, ɛlɛ ɖɩkpaɣ Latɩnɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔyɔ ɛyaa nadozo yɔ lɛ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yɔɔdʊʊ na Pɔrtɩɩgɛ nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ kɛ Amerika Latɩnɩɩ kɛ Ɛpañɔlɩɩ wayɩ.
Afrika kedeŋa taa ajɛyɛ wena Pɔrtɩɩgalɩɩ kaaɖʊ a-yɔ nesi yɔ Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ yʊŋ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ panɩʊ ɖama tɔm.
Kedeŋa taa lɛ ɛyaa mba panɩʊ pɔrtɩɩgɛ yɔ padalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ hiŋ loɖo nɛ kɩgbanzi nɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naatozo ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɛ Ɛrɔpa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ ɛyaa mba palʊlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛ nɛ pabaɣlɩ kɩ-da yɔ sakɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ wayɩ (miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ nanaaza nɛ loɖo) nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ (miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ nidozo nɛ hɩŋ nidozo nɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ).
Kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ yee dɩgbaɣ kedeŋa taa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pɔrtɩɩgɛ tɔm sɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yɔ, kɩ-kɛ lʊbɛ ŋgʊ kɛ tɔm tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩʊ nɛ pɔrtɩɩgɛ taa yɔ nɛ nakʊ ŋgʊ ɛnsɩklɔpɛdɩ Wɩkɩpɛdɩya takayɩɩsɩ maʊ taa.
Pɔrtɩɩgɛ kʊnʊŋ tɛ paɣtʊ lɩna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ ɖɩta "Instituto Internacional da Lingua Portuguesa" nɛ "Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa".


text:
Talɩ ɖeu
Ɛ́talɩ ɖeu. Ɖe-liu wɛɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ Kabɩyɛ ɛsɛkuliye tɔm nɛ ɖɩwɩlɩ-mɩ. Hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa ɩnaɣ takayasɩ, mbʋ pewelesiɣ yɔ, viideowonaa kabɩyɛ taa nɛ kabɩyɛ tɔm kpoou. Ɛ́pɩsɩɣ ɛ́cɔna yaa ɛ́kpaɣ-wɛ falaa. Mɩ-maɣmaɣ ɛ́ɖɛɣnɩ ɛsɩndaa lɛ ɛ́tɛzɩ naʋ mbʋ mbʋ pʋwɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Mbʋ pɩkɛ kɩfam yɔ:
Ye mi-liu ɛwɛɛ se ɛ́kpaɣ Tiiti nɛ Yakubu nɛ Fileemɔɔ pa-takayasɩ'ɩ mɩ-kaŋgalafʋnaa yɔɔ yɔ, ɛ́ñɩɣ cɩnɛ [kbp] Mbʋ pakpakɩɣ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ yɔ
Ye mi-liu ɛwɛɛ se ɛ́ma-ɖʋ yɔ, ɛ́wolo takayɩhayʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-pɩtɛɛ