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Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu
Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kɛna teŋgu epikontinantalɩ ŋgʋ kɩ-kɛ Atilantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ. Kɩwɛna hayuu hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa pamaza lɛ, pɩtalɩɣ yaa pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 575000 mbɩ yɔ kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku.
Ajɛɛ wena ajɔɔ aɣ-ta Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, a-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ: Angletɛrɩ (lɩyɛɛ Angletɛɖɩ nɛ lɩyɛɛ anɛyɔ Shetland nɛ Orcades, nɛ pʋwɛ size ɖɩtɩlɩ se Angletɛrɩ kʋnɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ Teŋgʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ. Ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Fransɩɩ, nɛ Caama, nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ, nɛ pɩtɛmmna Peeyibaa lɛ paɣpaɣ wɛna Teŋgu kʋnɛ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Ajɛɛ lɛɛna anɛyɔ: Tanimarikɩ nɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ panaɣ paɣpaɣ nɛ teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩna Manchɩ pekpeŋ ɖama taa pɩtɩŋgɩna pas de Calais ŋgʋ kʋwɛna hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Palitiki Teŋgu nɛ Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, patɩŋgʋ ɖama taa pɩtɩŋgɩna Skagerrak nɛ Cattégat yaa canal de Kiel pɔyɔ. Pɛwɛ panalɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ n̄ɔn̄ɔ nɛyɩ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Nɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ Teŋgu n̄atamasɩ nɛyɩ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʋnɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ lɛ, kɩ-kɛna n̄ɩm hɔɔlʋʋ sʋsɔm nabʋyʋ kpem. Kɩ-sɩɣna siŋŋ kɛ n̄ɩm ɖɩcazɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, ɖɩna se, teŋgu nɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ taa peɖe, tadɩyɛ yaa kɛɛkʋ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ. Kɛɛkʋ wondu ɖɛzɩɣ wɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ ɖasam camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Pɩzɩɣna yaa teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-haɣ nʋmɔʋ size pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ pɔɔ taa yaa lɩm taa nandu. Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size peɖe ɖihiku kaɖasɩm.
Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʋnɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛ peɖe, nɛ kɩ-tɛ litoralɩ (littoral) pɛkpɛnda pɛkɛ hɔɔlʋʋ n̄ɩm n̄ɩmbʋ sʋsɔm nabʋyʋ kɛ pɛ-tɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, kɛ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa. Pa-kaɖasɩm kpou nɛ pe-keɖeya wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndu tɩ-hɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ yɔ kɛna n̄am n̄am lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩ-n̄ɔzʋ ceewayɩ mba yɔ.


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Keɖeya ñɩzɩm (l'esthétique)
Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ɛstetiki (esthétique). Mbʊ pɩkɛ ɛstetiki wondu yɔ, pʊɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii (philosophie) yɔ, ke-piliŋa lɛɛka lɛ keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ (esthétique). Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ piliŋa cɔŋna wondu sakɩyɛ yɔɔ filozofii pɩlɩʊ taa. Piliŋa ŋga ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa cɔŋnana ɛzɩma mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ yaa ɛyʊ cɔŋna kedeŋa cɔnaʊ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kanaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pʊwɛ kajʊka siŋŋ yaa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ. Nesi tɛɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kɔtɔzʊʊ wena akɩlɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XVII ñɩŋgʊ taa pakpaɣ ɛstetiki se kɩkɛ mbʊ piɖe siŋŋ yɔ pɩtɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa. Ɛstetiki (esthétique) lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kaɖɩɣna mbʊ payaɣ se nzʊlʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ leleŋ nɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XIX ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, ɛstetiki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa pɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ tɛ filozofii (philosophie). Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛsaɣ sɩʊkpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛsɩɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ cɔŋna-kɛ lɛ, peheyi-i natʊyʊ koko. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛɛsakɩ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ yem nɛ kɛfɛyɩna tʊbʊʊ. Ɛsakɩ-kɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ ɛna samaɣ taa pɩtɛkɛdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna wɛtʊ ndʊ ɛnaa yɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna nabʊyʊ yaa ɛna natʊyʊ samaɣ taa nɛ pɩkɛdɩna-ɩ pɩŋŋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa na yaa polosi ɛ-lɩmaɣza. Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɔzɩ Caabiyuu se ɛha-ɩ wezuu kɩɖaɣlʊ siŋŋ kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ akpadɩyʊ koŋgo nɔɔyʊ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɔnɔɔ taa. Ɛyʊ naɣ-kɛ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ekpe nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm.

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Floriidii
Floriidii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Floriidii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Talahasii nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Jacksonville.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ atlantiki kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Mɛkɩziki pɔɔ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Alabamaa.
Pamaza Floriidii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 170 451 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 137 374 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 30 486 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 17,9 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna naanza ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 27 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naadozo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1845. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 20 984 400 yɔ.
Payaɣ Floriidii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Rick Scott (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Bill Nelson (D) nɛ Marco Rubio (R). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ
Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ kɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ ɖeke koŋ yɔ. Pama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyʋ ɛtɩŋna nɛ ɛla tʋmɩyɛ kʋ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɔn̄ɔtʋʋ laatriki miŋ kɩ-taa kpa lɛ, tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ńdʋ tɩlɩɩ nɛ ɛyʋ ɖɔ tɔm ndʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛlakɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlɛɣzɩ nʋmɔŋ weyi ɛtɩŋɩɣ mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla tʋma sakɩyɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ekuli takayɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ ɛkalɩ sɩ-taa tɔm, ɛpɩzɩ ekuli takayɩhayʋʋ ŋgʋ patama natʋyʋ kɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɛma ndʋ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Nabʋyʋ, pʋwɛ ɛzɩ cɩkaɣ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se "holu", mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛmaɣ ca ca ɛzɩ holu mɑɣʋ yɔ. Ɛnʋ palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Ɛnʋʋ ɛyʋ wokina hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛsɔɔla labʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛn̄ɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm kʋɖʋmʋm yaa naalɛ ɛzɩ e-liu wɛʋ yɔ nɛ ɛna ɖenɖe ɛn̄ɩnɩɣ yɔ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ wɛna ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ: Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ wɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ lakɩ yɔ, kʋ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ-ɖɩ. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, "Ecran". Yee hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩsɩba yɔ, ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ sɩba ɖɔɖɔ.
Hɔɔlʋʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔɔ masɩ tɩŋa wɛɛ. Masɩ ńzɩ ɛyʋ sɔɔlaa maʋ yɔ, sɩ-yɔɔ ɛn̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ sɩlɩɣ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Kɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖoli ɖɔɖɔ pan̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ "holu" ɖɔŋ. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ, ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ pɩzɩɣ kiɖi nɔɔkʋɖʋmaɣ. Ɛlɛ, kiɖim mbʋ yɔ, kɩwɛɛ kɩn̄ɔɔzʋʋ mbʋ payaɣ se "Program waa " yɔ kʋn̄ɔɔzʋ. Kɩtɛŋ lɛ, kɩɖaɣnʋʋ pazʋʋ kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ lakaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1834 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1837 taa ɖajaa Charles Babbage luba akɔnta n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ ɛsɔzɩna mba ɖajanaa panɛ: Blaise Pascal nɛ Jacquard n̄aaluba yɔ. Kaarɩtɩnaa nabɛyɛ, pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ n̄ɩɩɩ n̄ɩɩɩ waa. Pɔ-yɔɔ pawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛla akɔnta nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩlɛɣzɩ ɛyʋ lɛɣtʋ lone taa yɔ, paya-kʋ " Pascaline". Alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa Charles Babbage maɣzaa nɛ elu wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ kɩfalʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-taa natʋyʋ sakɩyɛ. Babbage n̄ɩna e-wezuu caɣʋ taa se, elu ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ ŋgʋ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩmaɣzɩ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtpɩzɩ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ n̄ɩnɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa se polubi-kʋ, ɛlɛ, patapɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ wayɩ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ ɖajaa IBM lɩzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se, "informatique" yɔ. Ɛcalɩna n̄ɔɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "ASCC\MarkI" yɔ. Ɛtɩŋna ɖajaa Babbage lɩzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ anjaʋnaa mba yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ elubi-kʋ. Eluba-kʋ nɛ pɩtɛɛ lɛ, pɩlaba se, mbʋ ɛn̄ɩnaɣ se ɛla e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, ɛlaba-pʋ, pɔ-tɔbʋʋ se, eɖozaɣ ndʋ yɔ, ɛlaba-tʋ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ polubu ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ waa mba pɛwɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ. Pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pɛ-wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Nabɛyɛ wɛ camɩyɛ pakɩlɩ lɛlaa. Nabɛyɛ n̄apaɣlɩ pakɩlɩ lɛlaa. Lɛlaa lubutu n̄ɛwɛ ndɩ kpem.


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Buudiyism
"Buudiyism" kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ. Siddhartha Gautama wɩlaɣ tɔm ndʋ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩn̄ɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 250 nɛ powolo 500 kɛwɛna "Buudiyism" ŋgbɛyɛ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Krɩstʋ n̄ɩma kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Paba wayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔsɛyaa tɩŋ. Ɛsɔsɛyaa wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduu taa n̄ɩma n̄atɩŋna nɛ paba wayɩ kɛ Buudiyism taa n̄ɩma tɩŋaa. Kedeŋa maɣmaɣ wɛna ɖoŋ weyi yɔ, ɛ-yɔɔ Buudiyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa tisuu. Ɛyʋ n̄ʋʋdaa tɩlɩtʋ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛmaɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛcakɩ e-wezuu yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛmaɣzɩɣ se palaba kedeŋa nɛ kɛwɛ wɛɖʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa nɛ palɩzɩ Buudiyism ŋgbɛyɛ.
Toovenim ɛyaa sɩma mbʋ se Buudiyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa iitisiɣ ɛsɔ nɔɔyʋ yɔɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, Ɛɛndoonesii ɛjaɖɛ taa peliziɣ ɛsɔ nɔɔyʋ kelizaɣ. Ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se "Buuda". (Siddhartha Gautama). "Theravada" nɛ kɔzɩkɔzɩ "Mahayana" pɔ-sɔnzɩ taa lɛ, Buuda pakpaɣ se ɛkɔ ɛsɔ mpilim. Pɔ-yɔɔ pɩcaɣ pɩwɩlɩ se Buudiyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma sɩma se ɛsɔ nɔɔyʋ wɛɛ, ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se Buuda.


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Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ pɩ-matʊ kɛ kʊyʊmɩm yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pacɩyɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ, pɩkɛ pʊyʊ kʊɖʊm.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ tɛkɛ ɖɔmbɩyɛ yem. Pasɩŋ ɖɔmbɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kpɛlɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ tɩnaa lɛɣtɩ ɖama taa lɛɣtʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ. Ɖɔmbɩyɛ pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ weyi ɛlɛkɩɣ wɛʊ yɔ, e-lone wɛ ndɩ nɛ pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ waa lɛlaa mba pɔsɔzʊʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ wayɩ wayɩ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se mɛɛrɩkiiri (mercure) yɔ, yee ki-miŋ saʊ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 39 °C yɔ, pakpakɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ se kɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Pɛ naayɛ tɛ wɛtʊ yeba nɛ pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Pɛ ana, anaa yɔ : pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaaɣ se opalɩ (opale) yɔ nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se ambrɩ (ambre) yɔ. Ɛlɛ, patakpaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩnɩŋ nɩɩyɛ se ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ.
Pʊyɛ kpem se mbʊ pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, pɩ-matʊ ɛkɛ kʊɖʊmʊm yeli. Wonuu nakʊyʊ yem ɛtaasidi kɩ-matʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, mbʊ pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu natʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ pʊwɛɛ ndɩ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndʊʊ kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ. Kaaŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɛŋna tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ. Tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam ŋgʊ payaɣ se teliriki (tellurique) yɔ.


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Tadɩyɛ
Tadɩyɛ kɛna tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛna pɩyʋ yabʋ nɛ pɛdʋ. Pɛdʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, kɛzaɣ kpaɖɩ ɖoyoo paa ɛsɩmtaa yɔ. Paa tadɩyɛ tʋ weyi, ɛlɩmaɣza keekee kɛlɛ size ɛyaba nɛ ɛpɛdɩ-ɩ lɛ, ehu kɛzɛyaɣ nɛ pʋɖɔ siŋŋ.
Tadɩyɛ wɛna ɖɩ-paɣtʋ. Tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ liɖe yaa ɖɩlɩyɛ lɩna paɣtʋ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ kɛ size Code de commerce nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ. Tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa toovonim n̄ɩnʋʋ yaa tɔm hʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɔcɔŋna tadɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʋʋ huu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
Yabʋ nɛ ɖɛzʋʋ yaa ɖaɣnʋʋ pɛdʋʋ kɛzaɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ kɛna tadɩyɛ tʋ maɣzɩm. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɛ ɖɔɖɔ size, tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ a-taa lɛ kɛzaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaʋ size tɔsʋʋ yɔ, fɛyɛ kaɣlaɣ ɛzɩ wondu pɛdɩʋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna tʋma wena a-kɛzaɣ tɛkɛna wondu yaa liidiye n̄ɩnʋʋ yɔ.
Tʋma wena acɔŋna tɔsʋʋ yaa liidiye ɛsɩnda yɔ, a-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ : ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ lɔŋ sɩɣsʋ sukuli taa yaa lɔŋ wɩlʋʋ paa le yɔ, nɛ polisi tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ ɛzakuliye lʋbʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ.
Pɩtaɩɩna piɖeke, ɛlɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ yaa fɛɖʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ toovonim tɔm hʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ kuduyuŋ maya sɔsaɣ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaŋ labɩyaa n̄ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ, tɔm ɖɩhʋyɛ tɩnaa tʋma, nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ yɔ cɔnɩyaa, nɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa tʋma ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ, atɛkɛna tadɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ n̄ɩnʋʋ n̄ɩna.
Ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Kedeŋa Kpeekpe Tadɩyɛ Ŋgbɛyɛ (Organisation mondiale du commerce). Nɖɩ cɔŋnana tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ kpeekpe yɔ.


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Kopɛnhaagɩ
Kopɛnhaagɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ -ɖɩ se Tanɩmarkɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa ɖeke lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 569 557 yɔ.
Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pana-wɛ ɛzɩ 1 295 686 yɔ ɛlɛ patamna koogasi nzɩsɩcɔ maalika kɛnɛ nɛ kata kɔyɔ, panaɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 950 430 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ewolo ɖenɖe payaɣ se malmoo yɔ yɔ, ɛtɩŋgʊʊna kondoloko ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔrɛsundi yɔ. Kopɛnhaagɩ tɔbʊʊ se tada laɖaa kondoloko.
Taanɩmarkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 8 825 yaa 88,25 km2 ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageɣtaa wena acɔ maalika kʊnɛ nɛ kɩtaa yɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 303 000 yaa 3 030 km2. Payaɣ peeɖe maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Frank Jensen.


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Pablo Picasso
Palʊla Pablo Ruiz Picasso kɛ Malaga kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lutozo wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1973.
Mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ nakʊ fɛyɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kɛ Mougins kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ tɔlɩm tayʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩʊ kpelasɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ saɣyʊ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ ɛ-laba ɛ-tɛ feziʊ caɣʊ pʊɖɔ. Ɛkɛ keɖewa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ ɛwɛna ɛ-cɛyʊa tɛ ɖoŋ ɛkɛ keɖewa tʊmɩyɛ laɖa ñɔtʊ ɛnɛ Georges Braque nɛ ɛ-taabalʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ yuŋtʊ kɛ waɣ nɛɛlɛ ŋga taa ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ sɩm nɛ ɛ-tɛ polɩtɩkɩ lɔŋ yɔ lɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ labʊ tʊma kʊdokɩŋ nɩnɩwa. Palʊla Pablo kɛ ɖoo taa ñɩtʊ nɛlɛ nɛ natozo nɛ cɛcɛsɩ hiʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ kɛ Malaga. Ʊnʊ kɛna José Ruizy Blasco pʊwa kajalaɣ ñɩŋga, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛna wɩlɩyʊ kɛ tɔlɩm taʊ sʊkʊlɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ŋdʊ payaɣ se San Telmo, ɛ-ɖoo payaɣ se Maria Picasso Lopez. Payaʊ se Picasso pitɛkɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa yatʊ ɛlɛ takayɩsɩ maya napɛyɛ yɔdʊʊ se yatʊ ŋdʊ tɩtɛ nɛ ɩtallɩɩ kɩŋ. Paalʊlɩ pɔjɔzɔ nɔyʊ kɛ Sori, Genes eketiiye taa. Mbʊ Robert Maillard cɔlɔ lɛ, hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛkɛ Itaallɩɩ tɛtʊ taa mba mamaɣ. Pablo kɩwɛna kɔnaa naalɛ, kɔnaɣtʊ paya se Maria de Los Dolorès, nɛ ɛ- sɛ se Lola, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1884, naalɛtʊ kɔyɔ sɛ hɩɖɛ se Conchita, ɛlɛ patafɛɩna abalʊ pʊwa kaʊ.


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Wikipediya
Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ kɩjaŋ www.wikipedia.org taa yasʋʋ, pɩwɩlɩɣ Wikipediyaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tɔm maʋ yɔ
Ɛntɛrnɛtɩɖɛɣ weŋga Kɩwɛ ɛbɛ taa sɔnɔ = Kʋɖɔna tʋmɩyɛ labʋ
Wikipediyaa kɛna keŋwadaɣ ansiklopedii tamaɣ nakɛyɛ, pama-kʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ taa (Pɩnaɣ 2017 tɛyaɣ kɩmaŋ lɛ, pama-kʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ 299 taa). Kɩ-waɖɛmayaɣ kɛna CC-BY-SA. Jimmy Wales nɛ Larry Sanger palɩzɩna-kʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 ñɩŋgʋ wiye’e pɩnaɣ 2001 wiki hɩɖɛ taa kɛ wikipedia.org ɖɛɣ taa. Amerika samaɣ ñʋʋyabʋ mɛwɛmandɩyɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ Wikimedia Foundation, wenɖi ɖɩtɩna Wikipediyaa yɔ, ɖinɖɩ hɛyɩna nɛ paɖʋ wiki’i ɛntɛrnɛtɩ yɔɔ.
Paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsʋʋ Wikipediyaa taa, ɛlɛɣzɩ yaa ɛñɔɔzɩ takayaɣhatʋ tɩŋga. Wikipediyaa kɛna ɛntɛrnɛtɩ ɖɛɣ loɖo ñɩŋga weŋga ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ ka-taa sʋʋ yɔ. Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ tʋma wena akɩlɩɣ naʋ yɔ a-taa lɛ, Wikipediyaa taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu nɛ kʋŋgʋ kɩlɩna tɔɔyʋʋ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 2014 taa patɩma kɩ-tɔm lɛ pana se paa fenaɣ weŋga, ɛyaa miliyɔɔwaa 500 wokina Wikipediyaa ɖɛɣ taa. Ɖɛsɩ miliyɔɔwaa 22 wɛna Wikipediyaa yɔɔ. Pɩ-taa’lɛ, ɖɛsɩ 73000 taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tʋmɩyɛ’ɛ labʋ’ʋ ɖoŋɖoŋ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa patɩma nɛ pana se pʋmbʋ pɩwɛɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 2001, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 ñɩŋgʋ wiye Jimmy Wales nɛ Larry Sanger palɩza Wikipediyaa. Eŋgilisi taa palɩzɩna-kʋ. Kɛlɛ, Wikipediyaa tʋlɩ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ talʋʋ nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ tɩsʋʋ kɩ-taa. Kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ ɩnʋ ɩ-ɖɛsɩ kpaɣ ɖama ɛzɩ ɖomaa yɔ, ɛlɛ wembu paɖʋʋ sɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ajanaa wena palakɩ sɩ-taa yɔ, pɩdɛkpɛndɩ.
Aŋgilisi taa Wikipediyaa pɩsaa kɩwɛɛ Wikipediyaawaa lalaa nasɩlɛ (200) hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ kʋŋgʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Kɩ-taa artikiliwaa ɖɛ 5.5 mɩliyɔɔwaa.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Kɩ-tɔm
- 2 Kɩ-tɔm susuu nʊmɔŋ lɛɛŋ
- 3 Kɩ-wɛtʊ
- 4 Kɩ-taa tɔm
- 5 Kʊnʊmɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ
- 6 Maʊ
- 7 Mbʊ pʊtɔcɔlɩ yɔ
- 8 Ki-tikiɖe
- 9 Ki-ɖoŋ
- 10 Tɔsʊʊ ɖoŋ
- 11 Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ
- 12 ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ


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Alizeerii
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Maagrɛɛbʊ yɔ a-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Alizee. Tɩwɛ Alizeerii nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ Mediteranee teŋgu cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna samaɣ wɛnaʊ. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alizeerii tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩwalaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba ɛzɩ 2 381 741 mbʊ yɔ.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sɩna Tuniizii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Liibii ɛjaɖɛ; piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Nizɛɛrɩ nɛ Malii ajɛya. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Alizeerii taa ɛyaa laba kʊñɔŋ siŋŋ. Palʊba lʊbɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ poyoo yoŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ, wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 taa.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se Union africaine yɔ ɖɩ-taa, pɩ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩtɩŋɩɣ nɔɔyʊ wayɩ nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1962 taa yɔ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sʊ Ligue arabe ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1989 taa kɛ Alizeerii nɛ Maagrɛɛbʊ ajɛya palaba nɔɔ nɛ patʊlɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Union du Maghreb arabe (UMA) yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Mediiteranee ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa.
Alizeerii kaŋgalafʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +213 nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe yɔ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se Alizeerii Dinar.


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Fiyoolɔɔ
Fiyoolɔɔ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ nakʋyʋ. Palaba-kʋ nɛ nimasɩ n̄ɩʋ n̄ɩʋ ɛzɩ fiyoolɔnsɩyɛɛlɩ yɔ. Kʋ-yɔɔ nɛ wondu sakɩyɛ. Tɩwɛ ɖasɩ tɩyɛ. Fɩyoolɔɔ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɩla kɔyɔ: eɖaplɩ nɛ piisɩ nɛ pɩtasɩna pindimm tɩʋ. Pɛkpɛnda wondu ndʋ nɛ ɖama. Wonuu fiyoolɔɔ kʋnɛ kɩwɛna nimasɩ nanaza nɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ lɛ, pila kagbaanzɩ.
Nimasiɩ sɩnɛ yɔ, sɩ-yɔɔ kɛ fiyoolɔɔ maɖʋ kpɩtɩɣna e-nee. Ɛkpɩtɩɣ nɛ eyeki mbʋ lɛ, ki-tiluu lɩɣ camɩyɛ.
Fiyoollɔɔ nɛ alɩto pa-pɩlɩʋ kɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ. Palɩza minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ kpaɖʋʋ hiu nɛ loɖo ñɩŋgʋ taa. Piteleɖi nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɩlɩ fiyoolɔɔ. Minziki wonuu fiyoolɔɔ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ.
Mayaa sɔsaa sakɩyɛ mawa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ kɩ-tɔm pa-takayɩsɩ taa. Ɖajaa Paganini hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ pɩlɩɩna fiyoolɔɔ minziki mabʋ yɔɔ.


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Kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kooree ejaɖɛ taa, nɛ Siini kamaɣ yɔɔ ageetaa ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛzɩ Yanbian taa mbʊ yɔ nɛ Aŋgbaa wena a-da ɛyaa kʊya nɛ pɛlɛzɩ tɛtʊ yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Japɔŋ nɛ Siini (Pékin nɛ Shandong) nɛ Ruusii nɛ Ositraalii nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Kooree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ taa.
Kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ tɛ cɔlʊʊtʊ wɛ ndɔncɔlɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ maɣzɩ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kʊwɛ kɩyeke koŋ kɩfɛyɩna kɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna, lalaa tɔŋ se kɩlɩna altaïque cejewaa agbelaa taa. Papɩza pehɩʊ palɩzɩ se kɩ-nɛ Japɔnɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɛwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmʊtʊ natʊyʊ.
Hangeul masɩ pamana kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ , ɖɔɖɔ Hanja waa masɩ wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔmpee taa. Hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ tɔmpee lɩna ̀Sɩnɩyɔɔ kʊnʊŋ taa.


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Cɔlɩyɛ yaa laɣsɩ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ
John Wesley sɩɣʊ kpeleɣ Wesley Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlabɩna-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1778 se pɩkɛ ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ kiɖe Londre tɛtʊ taa. Sɩɣʊ kpelesi tɛ laɣsɩ kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛtɛɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ. Pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtʊɣʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ aŋglɩkan cɔɔcɩ yɔ, cɔlɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ pɩɣyɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖikpeɣluu cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, kɛlɛ patɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pa-maɣzɩm lɩna John Wesley cɔlɔ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa. Pɩkɛ cɔɔcɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa mbʊ lɛ, cɔɔlɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaɣzɩ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Ɛŋglɩsɩ nayʊ George Whitefield yɔɔ, kɛlɛ John Wesley kaakɛna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ-tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ, ŋgʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ paasɩma kʊkʊ yɔ kizi ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ kpeekpe.
Ŋgʊ George Whitefield kaawɛ ŋñɩɩ lɛ e-tisim kɛ ɛsɔ yɔɔ kaapaɣla piŋ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna-ɩ. Ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Etaazuunii tɔm susuu nɛ halɩ ɛtamaɣzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm, papazɩ pɩkɛtɩna-ɩ piŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛpɩsanaɣ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ yɔ, pɩlɩna Mooravi Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyaa mba pɛyɛlɩɣ yɔ tɛ tisuu yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ helim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ kaamakaɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ nɛ Mooravi ɛyaa mba paɩsɩ ɛgbaɣdɩnaa nɛ piseɣti-ɩ kɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1738 lɛ, piɖiyi-ɩ nɛ ɛkatɩ Ɛsɔ, kɛlɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yɛlʊʊ nɛ kpaŋnʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɛ taa nɛ esusuu Ɛsɔ Tɔm, ekpeɣluu ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ awayi nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ-wɛ, kɛlɛ aŋglɩkan ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɛma wɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ taasɔɔlɩ ɛ-tʊma.
John Wesley kekeŋaɣ ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɔŋ nɛ pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛtʊlɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ sukuli naa sakɩyɛ kʊñɔndɩtʊ ageeta taa nɛ ɛñɔtʊna-wɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛlʊba nɛ ɛɖaŋ yomtu tɔm yɔ. Cɔɔlɩyaa yaa laɣsɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ ɖɩñɔɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ Wesley kaawɛ Ɛsɔ susiyaa sukuli nakʊyʊ taa, ɖenɖe ɛkpɛlɛka ɛyaa sukuli atɩma laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ siyeki se Krɩstʊ cejewiye ehuu nɛ ɛyaa kɩfama tisim kpa ɖoŋ yɔ.


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Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu
Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kɛna teŋgu kusuluu yaa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ andoreyiki (endoréique) ŋgʋ kʋwɛ salaɣʋʋ yɔ yaa ɖɔm tosuu n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ. Kʋwɛna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ ki-liɖe lɩɣna yaa ki-kiɖe wɛ teŋgu kusuluu lɩm fɛɛʋ kefeŋaɣ kɩbɩnʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɛnɛ.
Nɛ paya-kʋ size lɩm fɛɛʋ yaa teŋgu Paratetizi (Paratéthys). Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ, taŋ kʋyʋmʋm tɔtʋ yuŋ yaa ɛzɩ taŋ kʋyʋmʋm ɛwadɩyɛɛ walanzɩ talɩɣ hayuu kiŋ hɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ kiŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna Azii hɛkʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa tɛ sɩtɛɛpɩ waa yɔɔ.
Nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɔyɔ, ɖɩna size Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-wadaa pɩtɩŋgɩna kpasɩ nzɩ siliɖe wɛnana pʋŋ matʋ himalayo-alipini (himalayo-alpine) sɩnɛ yɔ: kokazɩ (Caucase), nɛ ɛlɩbrʋzɩ (Elbrouz).
Ajɛɛ wena awɛ yaa a-caɣ Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ ki-kidiliŋ yɔɔ yɔ; a-taa nayɛ hɩlaɣ nɛ alonaɣ yɔ; ɖɩcɔna hayuu yɔ kiŋ hɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩna ajɛɛ anɛ yɔ: Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ (Daghestan, nɛ Kalmoukie, nɛ pɩtasɩna oblast d'Astrakhan).
Ɖiwobana wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, ɖɩna Azerbaïdjan ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩna Kazakhstan ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩtɛmna Turkmenistan ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Iran nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna laatɛŋ ŋzʋlʋmɩyɛ taa. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kastie (kassite) mba, mba pɛwɛ piyaɣ yaa pʋʋ Zagros yɔɔ yɔ pɛtɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna.
Ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, paya Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ size, teŋgu ikanɩyɛɛnɩ (Hycanienne). Hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ wɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɛ teŋgu kɩhɩvalɩsɩyɛɛnɩ (khvalissienne). Ɖɩkpaɣ kiɖe tɛɛ malɩŋ ajɛɛ tɛ yatʋ taa kɔyɔ, payawa teŋgu kʋnɛ size Bahr el-Qazvin.


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Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ
Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ caanaʊ tɔm kɛna Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ kpaɖʊ naakʊ nɛ ntalɩ kpaɖʊ naanza pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Chrɩstʊ.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, yɔɔdasɩɩ kɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, nɛ pekpeelɩ-sɩ lona naanza. Arcadochypriote nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa (Occidental) nɛ éolien nɛ ionien-attikii waa. Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdaɣ fɛyɩna tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pacaɣ se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ lɛ pɩkɩtɩ nɛ wɛ ageeda taa kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ yɔɔ. Tɔm kɛdʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ lɩzɩʊ Attikii, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ionien-attikii mba yɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ, kɩkɛ Atɛnɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ kʊŋʊŋ.
Kɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pamana sakɩyɛ krɛsɩ yɔɔlɩɩ masɩ. Helllénistikii alʊwaatʊ taa nɛ Hellénofɔnɩ ɛyaa tɛ ɖama siduu yele nɛ koinè pɩsɩ ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Koinɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna yɔɔdasɩ sakɩyɛ taa, ionien-attikii agbela taa nɛ kɩcaɣ nɛ kʊkʊʊ woɖe yɔ woɖe yɔ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩbɩsɩ canaʊ lingua franca, nɛ kɩnɛ Latɛnɩ pe-heluu ɖama.
Koinè pɩsɩ pʊwayi kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ Romanɩ awiyaa caa kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʊcɔ kɩ-huu nɛ kɩyele se Krɛsɩ sɔnɔ ŋgʊ ɛwɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ, Krɛsɩ tɔmpe pɩsɩʊ kʊya ɛsɔtaa.


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Ɛndɩ
Ɛɛndɩ, payaɣ se pɩɖaɣlɩ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛɛndɩ tɛtʋ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɖɩmʋ tɛtʋ sakɩyɛ Aazii tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.
Kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ. Walanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʋʋ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔlɩ teŋgu nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩnɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Neepalɩ nɛ Buutanɩ ajɛɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamasɩ. Nɛ Baŋgɩlaadɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄aasɩɩ-ɖɩ nɛ kamaɣ hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Biirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamaɣ. Ɛɛndɩ teŋgu hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩn̄ɔtɩna Malidiivi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siri Lanka nɛ Ɛndonezi ajɛɛ pɔn̄ɔtɩŋna ɖama. Hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ caɣ se, ɖɩ nɛ Afɩgaanisitaŋ pasɩɩnɩ ɖama kamaɣ.
Sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩkɩlɩ leɖuu kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩnzɩ wɛ sɩ-taa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ lɛ, Ɛɛnduusi kajalaŋa taa sɔnzɩ kɛtɛma wɛʋ. Kewiisi sɔsɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ wɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ ɖooo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa sɩpɩlɩ pɩlaaɣ tadɛ haba yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋguu aŋgba sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Ɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋkpaɣ ɖooo ɖɩn̄ɔʋ yɔ. Aŋgba sɔsɔna ana, anaa yɔ : Ɛnduuyizim nɛ Jayiniizim nɛ Buudiyizm nɛ Siikizim. Ɛlɛ, wayɩ nɛ wayɩ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, aŋgba cikpena n̄ɔn̄ɔ. Anaa yɔ : Zoroyasɩtirizim nɛ Kristiyanizim nɛ Iizilaam. Ɛɛndɩ Ɛngilisi ŋgbɛyɛ kamʋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ cɔŋna ɖɩ-yɔɔ waaɣ hiu nɛ nakʋ n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Mahatma Gandhi lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlɩɩ yomiye taa pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1950 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa loma kaɖasɩm kɩlɩ lɩʋ yɔ.
Tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, sɔnɔ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ hiu n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ mbʋ payaɣ se PIB yɔ, pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Nɛ yabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa PIB hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naanza n̄ɩnɖɛ. Ansaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu (lubutu) nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩkɛ kɩfaɖɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ katɩɣ kala ndɩ ndɩ naayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛzɩ kʋn̄ɔndʋtʋ nɛ takayaɣ kɩɩsɩmtʋ nɛ mulum yaa ɛyʋ peɣzuu mbʋ yɔ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɩ-maʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Ɖi-liɖe
- 2 Ɖɩ-tɔm
- 3 Politiki tɔm
- 4 Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ
- 5 Ɛyaa hukuu huuu mbʊ yɔ
- 6 Tɔsʊʊ
- 7 Samaɣ
- 8 Sɔnzɩ
- 9 Mayaɣ
- 10 Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ
- 11 ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ


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Ɛsɩpaañɩ
Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe lɛ, pɛkɛdɩɣ ajɛya wena a-taa eyaa ɖɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ sɛʊ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 28 ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔŋnaa 46 pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Mediiteraanee teŋu cɔ-ɖɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ payɩ nɛ pɩta ɛlɛ pɩkazɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Piirenee, Andɔɔrɩ nɛ Kaskɔɔñɩ lɩm; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔrtiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Atɩlantiiki teŋʊ.
Eerɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛsipaañɩ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa kɔyɔ Fransɩ ñakɩlɩna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛɛ kilomɛtanaa akpagba 504 030. Yee pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ kpeekpe taa kɔ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ pawayɩ. Ɛzɩma Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya lɛɛna cɔlɔ yɔ lɛ ɖɩ-taa tɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ sidi yem.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 15 taa kɛ ageeta nayɛ naalɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm, ana yɔ, Kasitiiyi nɛ Araagɔŋ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ pɔsɔzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ kewiisi nasɩyɛ: Kirenaadi kewiyaɣ pɩnaɣ 1492 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1512 lɛ, Naavarɩ ñɩŋga. Pɔkɔma payɩ lɛ, kewiisi nzɩ sɩtɩŋga sɩkpɛndɩ kʊɖʊm kpayɩkpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1715 nɛ 1716 taa.


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Tɛtɛɛ pɔm
Pɔmdɩtɛɛrɩ
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ kɛ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ nnɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ asʊʊ ɛzɩ hɛɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩ-tɛɛ pɩzʊ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩɖaɣlɩ lʊʊʊ. Paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ tɛtɛɛ pɔm ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ kaabʊ yaa tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ yɔ yɔ nɛ lɛŋ, pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-kʊ fayɩɩ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊpʊʊ ɛyaa. pdt kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ nɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ kɩkɩlɩ hɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kʊnɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ ɛzɩ awiihɛɛ yɔ ɛlɛ sɔzɩŋ ɖeɖe kɛ tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛ pazɩ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pepim-kʊ ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa
nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.


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Afganistani
Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Aazii nɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa. Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ fɛyɩ teŋu nɔɔyɔɔ nɛ ajɛya anɛ acɔna-ɖɩ nɛ ataa kpɛɛ: Pakɩstaaŋ, Siini, Tadjikistaŋ, Tuurikimenistaŋ, Uzibeekistaŋ, Iraŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Aasii hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ tɩŋʊʊ na ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Ɖoo lɔŋda lɛ, ajɛya wena aasɔɔlaa se ala tadɩyɛ nɛ awolo India ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, anɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya tɩŋaɣna. Pa-taa nabayɛ kɔyɔ: Cyrus Sɔsɔ, Alexandre Sɔsɔ, Gengis Khan, nɛ Bâbur.
Biritaanikimba nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ waa pɛ-tɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ wayɩ lɛ, Biritaanikimba ɖaŋɩ Afɩganɩstaanɩ mba se pataaɖʊkɩna akeɣta naayɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ poɖuu kpem se paaɖʊʊ pɔnɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi pɩkazaa yɔ ɛ-taa. Pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1879 mbʊ yɔ, Afɩganɩstaanɩ pɩsa ɛjaɖɛ pilim nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagbaa wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1919 ŋga taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa lɛ, you tozo ñɩŋʊ nakʊyʊ tasɩ lɩʊ kɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ nɛ Biritaanikimba pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ sɔɔjana wa po-kooyindinaa Rawalipindii nɛ pɩha wɛɛ lɛɛlɛyɔɔ waɖɛ nɛ palʊkɩ pa-yɩm yɔɔ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa. Pɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ tɩyebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ pɩwa-ɖɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɖɩsʊʊ ajɛya kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Société des Nations yɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1921 taa. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1979 taa lɛ, ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiwɛ URSS nɛ Afɩganɩstaanɩ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, Sooviyeetiki sɔɔjanaa wolo nɛ pasɩna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ yonaʊ kɛ mba palɩɣna keewiyaɣ hayɩ yɔ.
Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Etaazuunii ñetiina pɔ-sɔɔjana nɛ peyele poyoona Sooviyetiki mba kɛ pɩnaɣ 1989 taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, 1996 pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, Malɩŋ komina ŋgʊ payaɣ se Taliibaŋ yɔ, kɩmʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩtatɩɩ leeɖiɣu lɛ, pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ lɛ, ajaya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔnɩ-wɛ keewiyaɣ yɔɔ.
Pɩkpaʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2001 yɔ, Afɩganɩstaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩsa « Malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ » nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ.


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Pɔlɔɔñɩ
Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Caama nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukirɛɛnɩ nɛ Piyeeloorusi, hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Kaliniŋgiraadɩ nɛ Liituwaanii, piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Cɛɛkɩ nɛ Siloovaaki.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛna 34 ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pakala ɛyaa ɛlɛ pɛkpɛdɩ miliyɔɔnaa 38.
Pɔlɔɔñɩ wɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ taa: Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004, Eerɔpɩ lɔŋ-tasɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa, keteŋga kpeekpe tada laɖaa ñɩnɖɛ taa nɛ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Caanaʊ tɔm ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɖooo pɩnaɣ 966 kɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa paɦzɩ wɛʊ nɛ kacalaɣ wiyau kɔyɔ Mieszko Ier. Ɛlɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ keyiitʊ paɣzɩɣ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1025 taa.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1939 keteŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ paazʊʊ yɔ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛ pɩpaɣzɩnaa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Reich tuda-kʊ yɔ
Ɛsɩyɛ-egbena tɔm taa lɛ Pɔlɔɔñ ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛɛ sɔzɩŋ: Hɔɔlɩŋ hiu nɛ naanza wɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ nesi nɛ kɩpɩŋjazɩ lonaa ñatalɩ 54.


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Suwiisi
Suwiisi kɛna Erɔpi nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ cantɔŋnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ looɖo kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ. Suwiisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Bɛɛrɩnɩ nɛ nabɛyɛ yaɣ-ɖɩ se Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖ,i-ɩhadɛ kiŋ lɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ; hayi kɩŋ ñɛwɛna peeɖe.
Teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ Suuwiisi cɔlɔ kpam ɛlɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Rɛŋ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖihiku teŋu lɩm. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩxalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 41 285 km2 mbʊ yɔ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɛ miliyɔɔnaa kitoozo nɛ pʊŋ taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ Suurisɩ nɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ. Tɛtʊ natʊlɛ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɩntaa wobu nɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ ketŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɩkɛ tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem ɖɔɖɔ.
Suwiisi taa ajɛya cikpena naayɛ kaawɛ cabɩ cabɩ nɛ atɩŋa anɩɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ awɛɛ kewiyaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ tɛɛ. Kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖooo kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ pɩnaɣ 1291 nɛ paa kɩyɛna fenaɣ ŋga lɛ, pɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kasandʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ paafɛyɩna politiki yaa sɔɔjɛtʊ tɔm nɛ pɩnaɣ 2002 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsʊʊ keteŋga kpeekpe ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Krʊwaa-Ruuzi ñɔɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Suwiisi yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ: Caama, Fransɩ, Itaalii nɛ Romansɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ niitozo kɛna weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se Roomansɩ ɖeke fɛyɩna pɩ-taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ kpadɩyʊʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ labʊ. Keɖeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Suuriisi nɛ Senɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ keɖewa yɔ tɩ-taa.


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Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance)
Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ wɛɛ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda matʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ canaʊ taa lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ hɩɣ pɩtɩ pɩtɩŋna nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa tʊma yɔɔ, mba papɩzaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛyaa po-wonduu tɔm yɔ.
Pʊcɔ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ lɩɩ Itaalii tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 13 ŋtalɩ 14 alɩwaatʊ (Duecento nɛ Trecento) pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Itaali hɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ taa nɛ ERɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ nɩɩyɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛzɩ mbʊ ɛyʊ yaɣ se kajalaɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ (Quattrocento) nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa (Cinquecento).
Pɩtɩŋna Jean Delumeau weyi ɛkɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɛ tɩlɩyʊ niye mʊyʊ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnɩɣ se lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔmpiye lɩna Itaali nɛ nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɖaa cɔlɔ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa (Itaalɩ ɛyaa tɔŋ se sɔnɔ se Rinascimento). Tɔmpiyen lʊlʊʊ kɩfam walɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ.
Tɔmpiye lʊlʊʊ kɩfam ndɩ ɖɩkɛ wɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ se matʊ nɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu lɛɛzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Jean-Jacques Ampère pɩnaɣ 1840 taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkɛdaɣ Fransɩɩ canaʊ matʊ tɔm pʊcɔ kpaɖʊ 12 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛ Jules Michelet pɩnaɣ 1855 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ mbilim kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm pɩlɩna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɔmpiye ndɩ Suwiisi nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma canaʊ tɔm kɛɖɩyʊ ɖaɣnɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kpaɣʊ pɩnaɣ 1860 ɛyʊ ɛnʊ lɛ, Jacob Burckhardt (pɩnzɩ 1818 ŋtalɩ 1897) kɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ kɔlɛzɩ ɖaŋ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1942-1943 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Lucien Febvre wɩlɩɣ se Jules Michelet labɩna tɔmpiye ndɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmazaɣ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ Jules Michelet lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɩyaʊ Louis 14 yɔɔ kɛnɛ ŋgʊ pɩwɛyɩ pɔdɔdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊʊ tɛ sɩm.


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Puyenezɛrɩ
Puyenozɛrɩ kɛna Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa ɖeu nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe ta payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, pakpaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ hiu nɛ looɖo (16) wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ wɛ a-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana yaa pamazɩ se kaakaa pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ peeɖe ɛyaa talɩ miliyɔɔnaa 3 090 900.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩtasɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Puyenezɛrɩ Sɔsɔʊ yɔ, pɩ-taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naanza nɛ hɔɔlɩʊ (14 500 000). Pamazɩ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ lɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa agbapa 305. Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ cazɔnaa nabayɩ kɔyɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba nɛ lɛɛba ñalɩna Italii. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba palakɩ katolika tɛ cɔɔcɩ yɔ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ kɩwɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ politiki nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma kɩla wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1536 taa kɛ sɔdɩŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Mendoza tɛ Pedro nɛ Garay taa Juan yɔ pɔñɔza Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ. Ɛlɛ Mendoza tɛ Pedro kaapazɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1536 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtaabalʊ Garay taa Juan ñasɩna-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1580.


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Butaŋ
Butaŋ kɛna Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna kidiiliŋ nakʊyʊ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se imalayaa yɔ, kɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩoyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ Ɛndɩ wɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siini tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna. Ɖooo wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kpataa lɛ, Sikim wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Nepalii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa pɩkazɩ nɛ hadɛ taa lɛ Asam tɛyɩna ɖɩnɛ Paŋgladɛsii. Pamaza Butaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 38 3994 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Payaɣ Butaŋ ɛjaɖɛ wiyau kɩfalʊ se Jigm Khesa Namgvel nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Tsheiring Tobgav.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Jɔŋga. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Timfu nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 758 288 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +975 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Ositraalii
Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraalii kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Ɛɛndɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Ɛyaa paaziɣ Ositraalii tɛtʊ taa caɣʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 50 000 kɔyɔ nɛ mba pakɩlɩɣ wobo peede ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: kpakpasɩ kpaya nɛ Néerlandi lɩm yaya. Dooo pɩnzɩ XVII taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ yɛlɩya nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa katɛma nɑʊ se Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ 1770 taa kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ñɩma nɛ pɩkɩlɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1788 kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Nouvelle-Galles kaɣ ñɔʊ camɩyɛ kaɣlaa. Efemiye nɖɩ kɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔkɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ kazandʊ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ efemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛ ajɛya cikpena looɖo nayɛ ñɔñɔ peeɖe nɛ akpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Commonwealth d'Australie.
Ositraalii taa mba ñyɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm nɛ pe-lidiya kɔyɔ Ositraalii dollar. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sosɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Kambeera nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Ositraalii hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, peeɖe samɣ wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23 yɔ nɛ ɛyaa panɛ pɔɖɔ kpem kɛ Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth nɛ Adelaide hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Ositraalii kɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ tʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ PIB talɩ ɛzɩ milliard waa 1542 mbʊ yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊʊ nɖɩ payaɣ se PNUD yɔ, ɖɩsɩ Ositraalii ɛzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋʊ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobʊ nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ.


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Sao Paolo
Sao Poolo kɛna Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakalɩ kigalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pana tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ paakpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 11 895 893 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 152 300 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 523 yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɛkɛdɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛna Amerika Latini hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Keteŋa kpeekpe ta lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ kɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Amerika kɩteŋa taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tɩkɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ: Mɛkisiikoo, Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Sao Poolo ñɩndʊ. Pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛŋna kagbaanzɩ ndʊ kɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛlɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñɩnɩɣʊ se tɩnɛ lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ ɛlakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sakɩyɛ nina ɖma nɛ alaki tʊma kʊɖʊma. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya nayɛ taa: Afrika taa, Amerika taa, Azia taa, Eerɔpʊ taa nɛ Oseyani taa. Ajɛya ana, akpɛnda 42 nɛ kacalaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ Miilaŋ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ wayɩ wayɩ tɛtʊ lɛ, Alizee tɛtʊ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2005.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yaa komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ, pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se.


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Tuniizii
Tuniizii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Mediteranee teŋgu wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alɩzeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ nɛ kamaɣ kanɛ katalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 965 yɔ, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Liibii nɛ a-hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 459 mbʊ yɔ.
Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩlɩɣ yaʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se Tuniisi nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa ɛzɩ 30 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊŋ nɛ fɛɛŋ weyi ɩ-taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩwɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣza ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ kpacayʊɣ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956; pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.
Ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ payawaɣ se Habib Bourguiba. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiŋ naatozo lɛ, peeɖɛ komina ñʊʊ, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, ñaɣ pana hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛkɛzɩ-ɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ, ɛlɛ ñalaba pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naatozo lɛ ɛyaa ɛnɩɣ pɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kpem nɛ paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pakʊsɩ Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali kɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 201.
Béji Caïd Essebsi kɛŋna Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ komina ñɩnʊ kɩfalʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ Habib Essid.


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Piyaanoo
Piyaanoo kɛna cɩmʊʊ wonuu ŋgʊ pamakɩ-kʊ nɛ petɛɣ liŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛ cɩmɩŋ weyi pamakɩ-ɩ nɛ nimasɩ yɔ ɛ-taa.
Weyi eluba-kʊyɔ, ɛɖʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ɛñɔɔzʋʋ cɩmɩŋ weyi pamakɩ-ɩ nɛ nimasɩ yem yɔ, pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛlɩzɑ cɩmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩmabʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩlɛɣzɩ liŋ skɩyɛ wendu tɛu ytaa. Ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ pallɩza-kʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ litoozo taa. Payaʊ se piyaanoo yɔ, kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ taa kɛlɛ nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɛlɛ papɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pamabɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ sɔɔlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Wondu ndʊ ndʊ ɖiteɣ yaa ɖɩnɩɣ yɔ, tɩtɩŋa tɩlɩna piyaanoo taa. Ɛlɛ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu lɛ, pɔñɔɔzɩ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ piyaanoo yɔɔ.
Wondu teu taa siŋŋŋ lɛ won-kalɩyʊ kaakalɩɣ lɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paatisiɣ lɛ, pesidiɣ piyaanoo pɩ-taa nɛ pʊcʊkʊʊ camɩyɛ kʊʊnɩɩɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ nɔɔ-taa ɖeke papɩzɩɣ nɛ pesidina piyaanoo ɛlɛ paa ɛzɩ hamʊʊ tɛɛ cɩmʊʊ yaa paa wondu cɩmʊʊ ŋgʊ pesidiɣna nɛ pɩtasɩɣ wɛʊ leleŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Wondu teyaa sɔsaa tɩŋna piyaanoo yɔɔ pʊcɔ pɛkɛ mbʊ pɛkɛna yɔ, pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɔtɔŋ se piyaanoo kɛŋna wondu tewu yaa tɩ-wilɩɣ tɛ kacalaɣ lɔnzɩnɖʊ (pédagogue). Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩwɛ kɛlɛʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ taa, kɩlɛɣzɩɣ lɩŋ sakɩyɛ, kɩhaɣ hʊnʊm welesɩɣ taa nɛ pawʊ taa, kɩtakɩlɩ liidiya nɛ kɩlakɩ mbʊ kɩ-maɖʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ.


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Kooree nɛ Hayʊ Kiŋ
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Piyaŋyaŋ.
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩnɛ ɖama kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ ki lɛ Siini (ajɛya anɛ akpɛndɩ kamaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa yɔ), wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Rusii (kilomɛtanaa 19), Koree hadɛ ŋgʊ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ (kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 238). Koree hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ nɛ hadɛ ŋgʊ pɛhɛkʊ taa pʊwɛɛ se sɔɔjanaa ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ you nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa.
Ɛlɛ sɔɔjanaa ñɛwɛna nɛ pɔcɔŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakala ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 24 589 122. Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa politiki aŋgba tɔɖɔɔn nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Koree taa tʊmlaɖaa ŋgbɛyɛ (KWP). Kim II-sung kaakɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛkɔma ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1994, ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-II caɣ e-loniye taa. Ɛtacaɣ se ɛnʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa Kɩm II-sung maɣmaɣ ɖɩŋna cɔnaʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
URSS koma nɛ kɩcɩɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ laba lɛ, ñɔɔsɩ haŋgaɣ nkakayɛ lɩɩ Koree taa nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 900 000 yaa miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ mbʊ yɔ hiu sɩm. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ Kim Jong-II lɛɣzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɛha sɔɔjanaa nɛ ɛsɩyɛ se mba pɩzɩɣna nɛ pɔna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ.
Kim Jong-II sɩba pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-un kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Koree nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔɔjanaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɔcɔna ɛyaa kjpeekpe nɛ pɔcɔna mba pɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa kɔ yɔ panɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩtɩfɛyɩ nɛ, nɛ sɔɔjanaa talɩ ɛzɩ 9 495 000 yɔ.


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Laŋhɩzɩyɛ
Laŋhɩzɩyɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ paya kɩ-hɩɖɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñaŋga ñaŋga fɛyɩ, ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ fɛyɩ, you fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm fɛyɩ. Pɩwɩlɩɣ se samaɣ hɛkʊ taa nɩnaʊ wɛɛ nɛ politiki wɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Ehoye ɖɔkʊ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ Olivier piliŋga mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se laŋhɩzɩyɛ wɛɛ.
Samaɣ ɛsɩnda nɛ kɛ-tɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, laŋhɩzɩyɛ tɔmpiye wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma nɩnaʊ wɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yaa samaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩcoɖuu se paayou, ɛlɛ panɩna ɖama camɩyɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ nɛ paayeki se natʊyʊ ɛkɔɔ pɩcaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna kajalaɣ taa lɛ, ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ. Pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paale ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛyʊ fetenum taa lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ maɣzɩm taa mbʊ pɩwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩ ɖɔkʊ pɩyʊ nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ, leleŋ wɛtʊ nɛ camɩyɛ hɛɛɛ wɛtʊ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ taa yɔ nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩha ɖoŋ se ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩsɛʊ ɖama Pax vobis Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ, Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, salaam, shalom Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa) yaa fezuu caɣʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔdɩtʊ nɛ ɛpaɖaɣ (you, ñaŋga ñaŋga laɣsɩ, tɔm, pana ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ politiki naa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza.
Wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩ-nɛ sɩ-taa, patʊlɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ ONU laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli Costa Rica (UPEACE), Brasilia sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ (UNIPAZ) yaa Namur sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ, kedeŋga kpeekpe samaɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Verdun.
Aŋgba sakɩyɛ ñɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa paale. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ mbʊ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1948 lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ONG Fransɩɩ taa, nɖɩ ɖɩhɛzɩɣ tɔm naa yɔ nɛ ɖiwiziɣ naa evebiyaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Hendu teyaa sakɩyɛ kpaɣ patɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ pɩlɩna pa-laɣsɩ nɛ pa-tʊma ɛzɩ Pablo Picasso nɛ ɛ-laŋhɛzɩyɛ ehoye, John Lennon nɛ ɛ-hendu ndʊ lɛ, maɣzɩ, yaa Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd nɛ ɛ-tɛ sɩɣkpeɣleɣ ŋga pasɩ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ ONU kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ taa mbʊ yɔ.


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Alɩpʊwaa
Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ payaa-ɩ se alɩpʊwaa. Ɛwɛ kʊhʊlʊmaa tɛtʊ ilemiye taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ ilemiye taa. Ɛpɩlaa, kpaɣna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ hayi kiŋ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ puwolo Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Monako nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Siloveni pa-ajɛya taa.
Alɩpʊ pʊŋ kʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 809 pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ (Mont Blanc) yɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ pʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ kpem yɔ pɩtalɩ pʊŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo nɛ pʊŋ naalɛ (82). Ɛ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 000 yɔɔ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩnaza nɛ lutozo (48). Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩŋgʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38) nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza (24). Mbʊ pɩtamsɩna pʊŋ ɛnʊ nɛ kɛdɛnzɩ yaa ajɛya yɔ, pʊkʊyaa pɩcɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa kudokuŋ naalɛ (2 000). Kpaɣna Meditɛɛranee teŋgʊ nɛ puwolo Daniibi (Danube) pɔɔ lɛ, alɩpʊwaa hɔma pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 1 200.


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Kpaŋnɔ
Kpaŋnɔ kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔkɩ n̄ɩtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩcakɩ wezuu yɔ. Kpaŋnɔ acaya tɛtɛyɩ a-hɛkɩŋ taa ɛzɩ ɖɩɣa kpɩna lɛɛna yɔ. Ɛcɩɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ wɛna kpam kpam ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ naanza yɔɔ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 45 yaa 55 yɔ, kpaŋnɔ lɩʋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ kpaŋnɔ kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna haɣ paɣlaka yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna ne yʋʋʋ yɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ sɔɔla caɣʋ yaa yɛlʋʋ com com, ɛlɛ, ɛ-taa kʋɖʋm ɖɛɣna-yɛ nɔɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ cakɩ wezuu ɛzɩ ɛyaa yɔ, mbʋ yɔ paa ɛ-taa weyi ɛwɛna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-ɖikpeɣliye taa. Kpaŋnaŋ sɩma seɣa tɔm siŋŋ, pʋ-yɔɔ nabʋyʋ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtʋlʋʋ ɛ-tɔɔyaa nesi tɛɛ. Pɩma kpaŋnaŋ maʋ nabʋyʋ né ndí kpem, mbʋ yɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ eɖoo ɛsɔdaa. Eeɖou ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɛzʋnɔɔ, e-ɖom wɛ ɛzɩ kozoŋa ɖom yɔ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ se "jument". Kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ kpakɩɣ hɩɖɛ lɛ, fenasɩ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmaɣ ɛlakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛlʋlɩ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ pɩɣa se "poulain". Kpaŋnɔ lʋlʋʋ piileɖiɣ nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa pɩzɩ kapazɩ seu.
Ɛyʋ kɔŋna kpaŋnɔ ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛɖɔɔ-ɩ. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ Aazii pɛ-tɛtʋ tɩŋa taa ɖooo caanaʋ taa. Sɔnɔdaa pɩdakasɩ kpaŋnɔ nɔɔyʋ se ɛwɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa nɛ pɩtasɩna "Przewalski" kpaŋnɔ weyi ɛyʋ pɩzɩoɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛkɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩnʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɣa kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩ lakʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ wɛna tɔmpe sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛdɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ kpaŋnaŋ wɛɛ yɔ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ nɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛcakɩ e-weziŋ yɔ. Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ yaa ɛla you yɔ. Kpaŋnʋ paɣlaka siŋŋ lɛ, pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa. Kpaŋnɔ cakɩ wezuu pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ yaa pɩnzɩ niidozo mbʋ yɔ.
Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnɔ se ɛlakɩ-ɩ ɛtɔma sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ nɛ ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛhayɩna kpaŋnɔ hayɩm lemmm. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Kpaŋnaŋ yeba nɛ tadɩyɛ wobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ n̄ɩm ajɛɛ sɔsɔna taa.
Ɖɩɣa Kpɩna tɩŋa taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ kɩlɩna wazaɣ siŋŋ. Ɛ-tɔm pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ naayɩ n̄ɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ mbʋ payaɣ se "sports hippiques" yɔ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se kpaŋnaŋ yebina nɛ tʋma ana aɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Sɔnɔdaa ɛyaa cakɩ kpaŋnaŋ yɔɔ ajɛɛ wena a-tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ yɔ se peleɣyi yaa se pala tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka hayɩsʋʋ tʋma. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa mbʋ yɔ ɛyʋ tɔkɩ ɛ-nandʋ nɛ ɛn̄ɔɔ ɛ-naalɩm. Ɛyʋ lakɩ naadaŋgbala nɛ Kpaŋnɔ tɔnʋʋ. Kpaŋnɔ hɩm wɛ ɛyʋ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛɛ sɔsɔna naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ lakɩna nɛ haɖaʋ nɛ tadɩyɛ powokina ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ. Ɖɩɣa kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ cɔnaʋ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Wondu ndʋ pakpakɩɣ nɛ pɔcɔŋnanɩ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ kpem. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasɩma kpaŋnaŋ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ, mba ɛkpɛlɛkɩna lɛlaa ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ.


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Azɩtɛkɩ (Aztèques)
Azɩtɛkɩ ɛyaa yaa Mɛkɩsɩkasɩ ɛyaa (hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ se Mexico Tenochtitlan), kaakɛ Amerika ɛyaa mba paakɛ Nahua liɖe taa ɛyaa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Nahuatl kʊnʊŋ tɛ ɛyaa. Paacaɣ koŋ hɛkʊ taa Mɛkɩsɩkɩ pʊŋ taa, kɛ Mɩkɩsɩko kɛdɛŋga taa, kɛ Texcoco Kujomuu lɩm kpɛyɛ ko ŋgʊ yɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ pazɩɣ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ kɩɩwɛna ɛsakuliye siŋ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ kɩwakɩna pɩtɩŋna pɛ-tɛ natozo ɛgbadɩyɛ yɔɔ, ndɩ ɖɩɩkɛ Empiri ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yɔ Mesopotami ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Po-koyonduu kajalaɣ-tʊ lɛ Tarasɩkɩ tɛ Empiri.
Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛyaa mba paawoba Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ you pɩnaɣ 1519 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Hernán Cortés ɖɩɣ pe-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1521 aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 ŋgu wiye, Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛyaa waba nɛ pamʊ Tenochtilan ɖɩcaɣyɛ pɩtɩŋna tɛtʊ tɩna yɔ nɛ pakpa kpaagbaa tɛ Asɩtɛkɩ nʊʊdʊ ɛnʊ yɔɔ Cuauhtémoc. Kpɛdɛɛ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Azɩtɛkɩ ɛsakuliye pɩsɩ kɩmɛlɛŋ alɩwaatʊ ajɛyɛ yoŋ wobɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pʊcɔ lɛ, Kolombi ɛsakuliye kpɛlɛkɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ lɩna Amerika hɛkʊ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ Kolombii ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ kɔɣ ɖɩpɛɖɩyɛ takayaasɩ taa yɔ. Takayaɣ ŋga tɛtʊ tɩnaa maɣmaɣ mana-kɛ kɛ amate takayaɣ yɔ. Pɩkɛ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ laɖaa aseeɖe tɔm ɛzɩ Hernán Cortés nɛ Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Pɩkɛ tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa laɖaa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ Codex de Florence weyi ɛma takayɛsɩ nɛ ɛtɩsɩna mʊwanɩ Franciscain Bernardino yɔɔ yɔ.


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Fɩyɛɛnɩ
Fɩyɛɛnɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ yɔ Otirisi. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩyɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Taaniibi pɔɔ kɛtɛsʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa hɛkʊ taa nɛ tiposina Paarii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 243 yɔ; Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 651; pɩkazɩ yee pɩkɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ, pɩtalʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 112 yɔ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ potina Pudapɛsɩtɩ ñɩndʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 250 pɩkazɩ tiposina Pɩraagɩ nɛ Muuniiki ñɩndʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 350. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla –tʊ ñɔtinaʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ Pratisilaadaa nɛ tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 60 yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ patɩlɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa peeɖe yɔ lɛ, komina yeba nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016. Kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛma lɛ, ɛyaa 1 840 573 kɛ pana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa.
Piyele pamazɩ tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ landammm taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 41 489 yaa kilomɛtanaa 414,89. Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ taɣ liu nɛ alakɩ a-tɛ politiki ketiizasɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩɖʊʊ tɩ-nɔɔ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛ politiki tɔm taa yem yɔ.
Peeɖe kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ aŋgba nayɛ tɩkila wɛɛ nɛ aŋgba ana a-taa kɔyɔ: OSCE, OPEP, ONUDI yaa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ aŋgba sakɩyɛ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ poluki ñɩɩtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ pacakɩ tɩ-taa nɛ pasʊʊ tɩnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pañɩnɩɣ se pana mbʊ keteŋa kaakɛna yɔ, kɛnaa yɔ yaa mbʊ kakaɣ kɛnaʊ yɔ.
Ɖooopɩnaɣ 2001 kɛ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩɖʊ ɖɩpɩlʊ taa. Payaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Michael Häupl. (Europe)


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Siini
Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa. Toovenim lɛ, kewiisi naalɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : "République populaire de Chine" nɛ "République de Chine". Yee pɛtɛyɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, "République populaire de Chine" cɔŋnana 99,6 hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ. Piyele "République de Chine" n̄ɔcɔŋnana Tayiwanɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, ɖɩkpaɣna Pasifiki teŋgu, Pamiiri nɛ Tiyanɩ Saanɩ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ, Himalaya pʊŋ nɛ "péninsule indochinoise" pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Kɩwala peeɖe kilimɛtanaa 9 677 009 nabʋlɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa lɛ, Siini samaɣ kɛcɛzɩ 1 350 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ ("République populaire de Chine" ɖeke samaɣ cɛzɩ 1 330 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ "République de Chine". samaɣ n̄ɛcɛzɩ 20 miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ). Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ ɛyaa tɔm kagbaanzɩ taa yɔ, pɩsakɩɣ pazɩ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɛkɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa 139,5 caɣ kilimɛta kʋɖʋmʋʋ tɔm naalɛ taa yɔɔ.
N̄ɩnʋʋ lɛɣtʋ nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna ɖɛʋ ɛsɩndaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩn̄ɩnɩna nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛyʋ ɛwɛ ɖoli, kɩ-ɛjɔʋ wɩlɩ-ɩ hayi kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-ɖʋɖʋyɛ pɔ-hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa yɔ, ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, buusɔɔlɩ. Ńɖɩ labɩna takayɩhayʋʋ, ńɖɩ lɩzɩna liidiye hatʋ, ńɖɩ labɩna tɔɔnaɣ ŋga payaɣ se "tɔɔnasɩ mʋtʋ" yaa "poudre à canon" yɔ. Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa tasʋʋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ lɛɣzɩ Aasii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛtʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-sɔnzɩ kɛwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ nɛ aɖɔkɩ sɔnzɩ ńzɩ kpam halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ wɛʋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ. Huang He kajalaŋa taa Siini sɔnzɩ n̄ɔwa. Peeye sɩkpaɣnaa nɛ sitiinɛ hadɛ kiŋ (pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ Yangzi Jiang tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ Han kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa), sɩɖɛ ḿbʋ nɛ siwolo wɩsɩ ɖʋɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe Aazii hɛkʋ taa hɔɔlɩŋ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ Teŋgu Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ. Pan̄ɩnaɣ mʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ Xinjiang nɛ Tibet. Sɩɖɛwa sɩkpa haŋ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, Qing kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɛyɔɔdaɣ Mandchoue kʋnʋŋ. Ɛnʋ mʋna Mandchourie nɛ Mongolie pɛ-tɛtʋ nɛ tɩpɩsɩ Siini n̄ɩndʋ.
Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm taa kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ se, yoŋ kɛwɛ tam nɛ ɛpaŋ-ɖɩ cɩyʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩɖaɣnɩɣ kpɛndʋʋ kʋɖʋm. Tam nabʋlɛ taa agɔma nabɛyɛ mʋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɛ mpilim. Mongols waa kɛlɛɣna-ɖɩ mʋʋ nɛ paba wayɩ lɛ, Mandchous waa. Ɛlɛ, wayɩ wayɩ n̄ɩma panɛ pɔkɔma palakɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa sɔnzɩ nɛ patɩŋɩɣna paba lɛɣtʋ nɛ pɔ-lɔŋsɩnɖɛ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ peɖiyiɣ ɛjaɖɛ. Qing liɖe taa n̄ɩma tɔɣna wayɩ wayɩ kewiyaɣ. Pɔyɔɔdaɣ mandchoue kʋnʋŋ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1644 taa pɔtɔɣ kewiyaɣ ŋ́ga. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ hayi kiŋ ajɛɛ n̄ɩnaɣ se amʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ tɛtʋ lɛɛtʋ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ tadɩyɛ you kɔɔ kɩlɩɩ yɔ, Siini tuzi Qing liɖe taa n̄ɩma kewiyaɣ nɛ kɔtɔlɩ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ wabʋ Japɔŋ sɔɔjanaa you sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩlɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe pɩnaɣ 1945 yɔ, ajɛɛ lɛɛna tatasɩ ɖʋʋ nɔɔ pɔ-tɔm taa.
Politiiki nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, sɔnɔ kewiisi naalɛ ɖɔkɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : "République populaire de Chine", nɖɩɩ payaɣ se, Siini ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛndɩ ɛyaa 98 nɛ pɛtɛyɩ Siini tɛtʋ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, ɖɩkpa 99,6 hɔɔlʋʋ tɩŋa. Ɖiyiyu Mao Zedong ɖʋna-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1949, Pékin tɛtʋ taa. Ɖiyiyu ɛnʋ, ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɛkɛ se, ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm ɛkɛ paa weyi ɛ-n̄ɩm. "Chine continentale" nɛ Hɔŋ Kɔŋ nɛ "Macao" pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1978 kɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. "Deng Xiaoping" nɛ ɛ-wayɩ n̄ɩma pɔkɔŋna lɛɣzɩtʋ ńdʋ. "PetroChina" pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʋʋ nɛ liidiye kpou.
Piyele nɛ "République de Chine", ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, Tayiwanɩ; kʋkʋ ɛyaa kɛɣ naalɛ ɖeke koŋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ 0,4 hɔɔlaɣ. N̄ʋʋdʋ "Tchang Kaï" ɖiyiɣna Tayiwanɩ kewiyaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Nɛ ɖooo Siini ɛjaɖɛ wabʋ Saapɔɔ sɔɔjanaa yɔ, Tayiwanɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɛcaɣa. "Sun Yat-sen ɖʋna kajalaɣ "République de Chine" "Pékin" tɛtʋ taa, pɩnaɣ 1912 n̄ɩŋa taa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Qing kewiyaɣ tɔlaa yɔ.


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Ɔrɩgɩ
Ɖɛ-hɛkʊʊ taa ɔrɩgɩ kɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kemaɣ, kɩkɛ pɩnaɣ taa ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ nɛ tɩŋ weyi e-pee wɛ pɔyɩŋ taa yɔ ɛ-tɛ. Kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo lɔnda tɩŋ weyi pahayaɣ-ɩ yɔ ɛ-taa. Kʊ-mʊna camɩyɛ ɛwaɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wɛtʊ pɩlɩnɛ ŋna paa wɩlɩŋ ɛgba pɩcɛyʊʊ-kʊ mbʊ lɛ, kɩkɛ kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɖooo canaʊ Krɛkɩ mba kɩlaɣ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɔtɔkaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ tindine yaa tɛɛʊ (maza). Ɔrɩgɩ ñɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ sɔŋgaɣ halɩ ntalɩ kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ taa mɛta naa 4500 Tibɛtii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pasɩma ɔrɩgɩ pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ lɔtʊ ɖʊ cɔm cɔm ɛzɩ tandʊʊ yɔ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ taa tɩŋ ŋgʊ paya-kʊ se pɩyaʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ kɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ yɔɔdaɣ taa. Ɖooo lɔnda kɩɩwɛ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ. Paasɩma-kʊ mʊzʊŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ taa ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 15000 cɔlɔ. Pakatɩ ɔrɩgɩ tɛ cajaasɩ canaʊ kiɖe tɛ nɛ palakɩnɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm kɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm tʊma kuduyuŋ cikpeŋ taa kɛ Egipiti nɛ Siini ajɛyɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 5000 mbʊ yɔ.
Ɔrɩgɩ tɛ haɖaʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nikaɣ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ kʊ-kʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ nikaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa halɩ pɩtalɩ −15 °C nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊɖʊ lʊtʊ tayɩ tayɩ kɩwɛna pee cɛnzɩ naalɛ yaa kɩwɛna lʊtʊ lɔɔ lɔɔ kɛ pee cɛnzɩ loɖo. Nikaɣ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ mba pɛwɛnɛ cɛnzɩ loɖo yɔ payaɣ-wɛ se escourgeon. Poɖuu-wɛ salaŋ fenaɣ tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩtalɩ aloma fenaɣ tɛ paɣzɩtʊ nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ peleŋ-yɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ nikaɣ alɩwaatʊ talɩ. Kpiziiɖe tɛ ɔrɩgɩ kʊkʊ sɔɔlɩ ɖɔm pɛɛ, tɩŋ lɩm ñɔʊ alɩwaatʊ tobi nɛ poɖuu-kʊ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛnɛ.


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Tɔɔla wondu
Tɔɔla wondu kɛna wondu kuzusutu yaa tomnaɣ yɔ huzuu wondu. Pɩpɩzʋ pɩkɛ tokonaa yaa ɛzɩ pantalaŋ yaa cokodonaa mbɩ yɔ. Tɔɔla wondu ndʋ, tɩkɛna wondu cakɩna waa yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ size wondu kuzusutu.
Wondu tɩsɩʋnana ɛyʋ yaa tomna kifeza tɔnʋʋ. Ɛyʋ suu wondu nɛ ɛlʋbɩna nikaɣ yaa ɛzɩ ehuzi e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛn̄ɛlɩ yaa ewobina lone yaa hɛkʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛsɔɔlaa se ewolo yɔ. Wondu kuzusutu ndʋ nakʋma yaa nantaŋgbala nɛ hulasɩ fɛyɩ na pɩ-taa.
Tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ, sakɩyɛ taa palaba tʋ nɛ pɩzatʋ wondu ɛlɛ, pɩzatʋ wondu ndʋ palakɩna tʋʋ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, tikiɖe yaa tɩɖɩlɩyɛ ɖala siŋŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa pɩzatʋ. Pɩkɛ pɩzatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɖoo lɔnda nimasi yaa nɩlɔŋ waa tɩyɛ yɔ.
Pɩtɛkɛ lɛlɛɛ tɛ kpaɖʋ taa nimasi, nimasi sɩnɛ sɩlɩwa pileɖa. Palɩzɩʋ yaa poluku wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ nɛ pʋmʋʋna paa kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ wena lɛ. Wondu kusutu yaa tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu ndʋ palakaɣ nɛ posuu ɖoo lɔndaa yaa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩɖɛwa yɔ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʋ pɔɖɔɔna suu sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖoo lɔndaa ɛyaa yaa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋwaa paza wondu suu yaa tɔɔla tɔlʋʋ yaa suu pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 83 000 mbɩ yɔ yaa 170 000 kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɖoo caanaʋ taa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋ waa mba payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Homo sapiens".


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OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ
Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ naayɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se OTAN. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Atlantiki (Atlantique) pʋʋ nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Payaɣ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se « Atlantiki Nɔɔ haʋ ».
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa kɔyɔ se ɖɩkandɩ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya ana, a-taa sɔɔjanaa laba nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ palʋkɩ siŋŋ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa.
Pajala ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ lɛ, pasɩɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 taa nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa.
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ payaɣ se SHAPE. Pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ kajalɩ wɛʋ Rocquencout tɛtʋ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ, pɛkɛza kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Mons tɛtʋ taa. Mons tɛtʋ wɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya naayɛ calɩna ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ pâla kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ajɛya wena anɩna ɖama nɛ ala kedizaɣ ŋ́ga yɔ, anaa yɔ : Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Lukisambuuri ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya ana, alakaɣ a-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga lɛ, ayaa ajɛya naayɛ se alɛ iwolo pe-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ anɩɩ ndʋ pɔcɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ajɛya wena payaa yɔ, alɛ yɔ : Kanadaa nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Isɩlandɩ nɛ Nɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, anasaayɩnaa tɛtʋ taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ lɛɛna sʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ tɔsɔɔlɩ se aɖʋ a-nɔsɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa, pʋ-yɔɔ akezaa nɛ atɔsʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Otrisi, nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Irilandɩ nɛ Suyɛɛdɩ nɛ Suwiisi.


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ONU ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU). Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ yaa ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ lɛ se ɖɩkandɩ kadeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kandɩɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ 1945 taa ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔwa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ hɛwa lɛ paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɣzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se «SN» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ. Paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ se ɖɩlʊ nɛ yoŋ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya kpeekpe ɛcaɣ ayɔɔdɩ nɛ anɩna ɖama. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna pilinzi yʊʊʊ nzɩ sɩlʊkɩ kedeŋa jkpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.


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Kpɛdɩsʋʋ (Risque)
Kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna mbʋ ɛyʋ tasʋʋna yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ pɩcɔ pɩtalɩɣ. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yaa taa nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩnaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩʋ lɔŋ yaa lɛɣtʋ taa. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛ nabʋyʋ taa kɛ tɩ lɩzʋʋ pɩyʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩ «avéré».
Papɩzʋʋ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩ kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna fɩya pɩyʋ wɛɖʋ tobi lɛ, pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «potentiel». Tɔm piye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ palɩza size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩyʋ yaa kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ ŋgʋ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «émergent» yaa ɖeɖe pɩyʋ yɔ.
Ɖeɖe pɩyʋ kɛna mbʋ patatɩyɩ tɩlɩ taa yɔ nɛ paya pʋ yaa pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «future» yɔ. Pɩkɛ cee tɔm ndʋ pɩtatɩyɩ talɩ taa yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, kɛkpɛdɩsɩ sakɩyɛ nasɩyɛ wɛ nɛ sɩmʋkɩ yaa siyeki labʋ.
Ɛzɩma ɛnʋʋ sɩzɩ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ nasɩyɛ ɖɩɩna mʋʋ lɛ yaa yeba labʋ lɛ, lɛɛsɩ kɩfasɩ ɖɩɩna labʋ nɛ ɖɔlɔŋ sɩ ɖɩwabɩnazɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ kpaʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ yaa sakɩyɛ sɔzʋʋ sɔzʋʋ yɔ nɛ ɛyʋ wɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖɛʋ na ɛsɩndaa.
Ɛyʋ wɛ nɛ ɛwɛʋ lɛɣtʋ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋ nɛ ɛwakɩna kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kɩfasɩ nɛ kɩpɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ. Kɛkpɛdɩsɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, pɩtɔbʋʋ sɩze sɩɖɔ siŋŋ yaa sɩfɛyɩ kalɩɣ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ wɛ size miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa.
Miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pompiers". Mba paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-kewiyaɣ lɩza size pɔcɔna na lɛɣtʋ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ kɛkpɛdɩsaɣ nakɛyɩ ɖeɖe yɔ, peseu na saɣ nɛ powolo.
Paayaa miŋ ɖiziyu nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ. Kewiyaɣ hɛyʋ na-ɩ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa wɛna lɔɔɖa wena palabɩna pa-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Christian Huygens calɩna maʋ tɔm kɛ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1657 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ (liberté)
Pɔtɔŋʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ (liberté) yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlakɩ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla nabʊyʊ. Ɛwɛna waɖɛ yaa ɖoŋ se ewolo ɖenɖe ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtɔ se ɛcakɩ ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ ɛhɛzɩ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ñɔɔzʊʊ yaa lubu nʊmɔʊ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔnɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɖɩ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ kʊɖɔ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ wonuu nakʊyʊ taa yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ anasaayɩ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se frɛɛ (frein) mbʊ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnɩɣ-tʊ kɛlɛʊ. Frɛɛ ŋgʊ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yaa kpokpo yaa cɛɛcɛ sayʊ ciɣdiɣ nɛ e-wonuu seɣ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Ɛyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛkɛ yom. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛɛlakɩ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ yaa mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa yɔ pakpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paɖɩkɩ-ɩ nʊmʊʊ, ɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se ɛlɩɩna awayɩ. Soŋaɣ taa yaa niikaɣ taa, peeye ɛwɛɛ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ-salaka ŋga ka-taa yɔ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔma se nɔɔyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩna lɛlʊ kɛdɛɖaɣ se pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ nɛ ɛñɔɔ. Nabʊyʊ ɛɛtɛɖɩɣ-ɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa.
Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se filozofii. Kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza tɩŋɛ nɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm yeli. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kʊkʊ se samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kʊkʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ samaɣ ɖeu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩñɩnɩɣ se kɩtɩlɩ se ɛzɩma ɛyaa cakɩ ɖama cɔlɔ nɛ ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ kakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaa-kʊ se ɛyʊ waɖɛ tɔm (droit). Pɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩŋa ɛtɔŋ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, mbʊ kɩlɩna wazaɣ nɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Politiki nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ kɩlɩna kɩjɛyʊʊ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa. Ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ haɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yaa e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Paapɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔbʊʊ nɛ pɩtɛ.


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Lotu
Lotu kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ taa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩ-taa kɛ tɔɔnasɩ cakɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔkɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payɩ yɔ, sɩtɛzʊ likiyuu nɛ sɩtɩɩ hiluu taa nɛ pɩcɔ sɩtalɩ lotu taa siŋŋŋ. Lotu taa kɛ mooti ŋgʊ kɩnaŋgʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzi ɛyʊ tɔkɩ payɩ yɔ. Pɩnaŋgʊ-sɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, pɩcatɩ-sɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpalɩ anaɣam mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ nɛ pɩha ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kɛ ɖoŋ, kpekpeka nɛ alafɩya yɔ.
Anaɣam mbʊ pɩ-nɔmɔʊ kɛlɛ calɩm. Calim kpakɩɣna-pʊ nɛ pɩyɛlɩna ɛyʊ tomnasɩ kpeekpe taa. Lotu paɣzɩɣna hiluu nɛ pɩtɛmna taabɩye.
Lotu wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: loyuu sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ nɛ loyuu cikpeluu wɛɛ, kʊkʊ ɖaɣlaa kɩkɩlɩ loyuu sɔsɔʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu cikpeluu kʊnɛ kɩkɛna kaɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkakɩ kʊtɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ se ɩtaasʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ ɛlɛ tɔɔnasɩ taa anaɣam ñɛɖɛʊ yem walaaa. Loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ weyi ɛtasɩ yaa ɛtapɩzɩ nɛ ɛsʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ, ɛcakɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lotu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna pɩtɛ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩtɛ tomnaɣ ŋga kɛfɛyɩna alaafɩya siŋŋ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ɛtɔɔ nandʊ natʊyʊ taa lotu yɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛtɩzɩ-tʊ nɛ tɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ siŋŋ.
Ɛyʊ taa lotu ɖalaakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa lubɛ nɛ litoozo yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa (7 yaa 8). Nɛ yee payasɩ-tʊ landammm kɔyɔn tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 300 nɛ 400 yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ pombo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ anasayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se tenisi yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ pɩ-tɛ katasɩ nasɩlɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ mbilim lɛ, lotu kɩlɩna walanzɩ, pɩtɩŋna hʊzʊŋ (80) nɛ tɔnʊʊ (1,73).
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɔɔnasɩ tiki hiluu taa lɛ, kɩkpatʊʊ-sɩ yɔbɩ yɔbɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ kiyekina loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu kʊnɛ kɩhɔɔwʊna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ mununu nɛ kɩcatɩ-sɩ nɛ kɩlɩzɩ sɩ-taa anaɣam nɛ siyekina calɩm se pɩtalɩ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa. Pɩkasa caajaasɩ nzɩ nɛ sɩɩtasɩɣ tomnaɣ wazɩɣ yɔ, sɩɖɛɣ loyuu sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ pɩndʊ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩ-tʊ nɛ ɛ-taabiye.
Lotu lakʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ naŋgʊʊ nɛ sɩ-taa anaɣam palʊʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔwʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɖoo taa ñɩɩtʊ 11 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, yaa ñɩɩtʊ 22 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ pusuyu ɛyʊ. Ɛyʊ taa loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ mɛtanaa naatozo nɛ looɖo yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.


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Fenezuyeelaa
Fenezuyeelaa kɛna Amerika nɛ ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ. Payaʊ se Fenezuyelaa yɔ, hɩɖɛ kɛ paɖʊ sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Simón Bolívar yɔ, nɛ pɩlɩna ɛtʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ lɛ, Antiiyi tɛ teŋgu wɛna nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kuyeenaa ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Pireezili yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele nɛ Kolɔmbii ñɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Karakasɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se karazim yɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pamaɣzɩ-pʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ paariiliwaa 297 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ Fenezuyeelaa kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ karazɩm yɔ.
Fenezuyeelaa wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖi payaɣ se ALBA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 2004 taa.


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OMS ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ONU. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OMS yɔ, ɖɩñɔ. OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɔyɔ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1948 ñɩŋa taa OMS ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) koozaɣ cɔŋnana OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ koozaɣ taa palɩzɩ liidiye nɛ palakɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ Genève tɛtʋ taa. Genève tɛtʋ kɛŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kajalaɣ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya ɖeu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɩhɩnʋʋ ɖeke pɔtɔŋna se ɛyʋ wɛ alaafɩya. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ alaafɩya ɛ-tɩŋa mpilim, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛ-calɩm taa. Ɛ-maɣzɩm tɩŋa ɛcaɣ pi-ɖeɖe camɩyɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛwɛɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pa-taa ɛ-samaɣ taa.
Yee ḿbʋ, ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩfa yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ yɔ, Ɖoɖoo ɖakʋta sɔsɔ Margeret Chan. Ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2007 palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OMS ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ sɔnɔ.


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Iizilaam
Kutokoli n̄ɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ payaɣ se, Izilaam. Se, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ lɛ. Pɛ-Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ". Tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahome yɔ pama ka-taa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Mahomee kɛŋna lɔɔyaɣ tʋ weyi Ɛsɔ tiyi wayɩ nɛ wayɩ yɔ. Etiyi-i Aarabi tɛtʋ taa kpaɖʋʋ lʋbɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa. Payaɣ weyi ɛwɛ Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ se, kutokoli tʋ. Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ wɛna. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se, "tawhid". Eɖeke koŋ ɛ-tɛɛ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ eluŋ.
Kutokoli n̄ɩma sɔɔlaa se, pɛsɛɛ Ɛsɔ na Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋʋ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa Aɖam nɛ Nowee pɛsɛɣa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma n̄ɔtɔŋ se, Yeesu nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ lɔɔyasɩ tɩnaa taa nɔɔyʋ. Pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham sɛɣa. Payaɣ Abraham nɛ aarabɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se, Ibrahim. Pɔyɔɔdɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ, "Kooraɣ" taa hɔɔlasɩ 4 nɛ 5 nɛ 6 n̄ɩnzɩ taa se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ kɛŋna Ibrahim nʋmɔʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "Allah" sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ ɖeke koŋ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ ɛla. Ɖɩnaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ hɔɔlasɩ 7 nɛ 8 nɛ 9 pa-taa.
Pama hɔɔlaɣ 10 n̄ɩŋga taa se, Ɛsɔ yɔɔdɩna nɛ pama aŋgba Yuudaayism nɛ Krɩstiyaniism pa-takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi tɩŋa payɩ. Pɔyɔɔdɩ hɔɔlaɣ 11 taa se, pɛlɛɣsɩ kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔdaa nɛ pacalɩ maʋ yɔ. Ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "Suhuf-i-Ibrahim" ( pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tɔm ndʋ ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi ɛ-lɩmɖʋyʋ Abraham nɛ pama-tʋ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Takayasɩ nzɩ nzɩɩ yɔ, "Tawrat" ( Pentateuque yaa torah payaɣ ḿbʋ), "Zabnur", takayasɩ nzɩ Daaviidi nɛ Salomon pamawa yɔ. Sɩwɛ ɛzɩ Keɣsi takayasɩ yɔ. Payaɣ takayaɣ lɛɛka se, "Injil" (Laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔm).
Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ ŋga payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ" yɔ, ka-wayɩ lɛ, pama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahomee yɔɔdaa yɔ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa. Takayasɩ nzɩɩ payaɣ se, "hadiths". Ɛlɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ pilinzi lɛɛsɩ takpaɣ takayasɩ ńzɩ nɛ sɩyaa pʋyʋ. "Kooraɣ" nɛ "hadiths" takayasɩ yebina nɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Takayasɩ ńzɩ sɩ-taa paɣtʋ yɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma ɖɔŋ. Paɣtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "charia". Tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, paɣtʋ naalɛ lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ. Tʋtʋ lɛ, "ijma" nɛ "qiyas".
Pɩnaɣ 2010 n̄ɩŋga taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Pew Research Center" yɔ, ɖɩn̄ɩnaa nɛ ɖɩna se, ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa 1,6 wɛna Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 23,4 wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba wena an̄ɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ, Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ, ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism n̄ɩnɖɛ tɩŋ. Yuudaayism ŋgbɛyɛ cɩlɩna n̄ɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Krɩstiyaniism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔn̄ɔ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔɔ. Nabʋyʋ tamsa aŋgba ana a-naadozo, mbʋʋ lɛ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm deke koŋ tɔm ayɔɔdʋʋ, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham tɛ Ɛsɔ.
Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ wɛnɩ pilinz ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖi-piliŋa sɔsɔɔ payaɣ se, "Sunnism". Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ mba pɛwɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 80 yaa 85 wɛ "Sunnism" piliŋa taa. Piliŋa lɛɛka n̄ɛwɛɛ, kaka lɛ, "chiisme". Irakɩ nɛ Iranɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa piliŋa kanɛ kakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.


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Dalai Lama
Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ se Dalai Lama ñɩma. Samaɣ ŋga ka-ñʋʋdʋ payaɣ se Dalai Lama. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se 'Puudizim'. Payaʋ kabɩyɛ taa se kɩlɩʋ lɩʋ yɔ, Dalai Lama liɖe taa ñɩma kɩlɩna pʋ-yɔɔ tisuu.
Dalai Lama lʋlʋkʋ taa ɛyaa panɛ, mba, pakɩlɩna wɛʋ feveɖe kɛ lʋlʋkʋ kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ yaa tomnasɩ tasʋʋ kpaɣʋ kɛ Tibet ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Puuda Ɛsɔ tɔm tisiuu nʋmɔʋ taa. Tibet ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, ɖɩ-taa pana kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.
Ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma mba pɔcɔ-ɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pata yɔ, patɩlaa size pɩkɛna lalaa kʋn̄ɔmɩŋ naʋ yaa pʋdɔdɩyɛ nayaa kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ. Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma panɛ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ siŋŋ kalɩzasɩ tɩlɩʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1952 n̄ɩŋga taa lɛ, Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma taa hiu nɛ naanza (14) tʋ n̄ɩnʋ kpaɣ lɩmaɣza size ɛlɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size samaɣ yɔɔ waɖɛ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ kandɛyʋ yaa samaɣ lɩmaɣza mʋnaʋ. Pɩ-taa peeɖe palɩza ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ cɔŋnana takayɩsɩ maʋ tʋma kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1959 ñɩŋga taa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa sakɩyɛ paɣzɩ kʋyʋʋ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnʋʋ. Sɔnɔdaa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa mba palɩ Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 100 000 mbʋ yɔ.
Toovenum lɛ, paaɖɔɔnɩ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma nɛ powolo paɖʋ kʋyʋʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ sɔnɔ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma wɛnɩ pe-kewiyaɣ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ
Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpaagbaa yɔ. Ɖɩ-tɛ politika tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ kɛ payaɣ se Piretoriya. Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ pɩsɩna Namibii, Pɔcɩwaanaa nɛ Simbaabuwee ajɛya; ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki nɛ Suwaziilandɩ ñina. Lesoto kɛna ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖo yɔ.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlkɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɩ ndɩ, ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pinde pɩnaɣ taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda millionaa 54 nɛ pa-taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kpɛndɩ ɛzɩ 80,2 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa kɩsɩdaa ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,8 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kʊʊlʊmaa wɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,4 yɔ nɛ piyele Aasɩɩ mba ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 2,5. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ; Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ naʊ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ; ɛzɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda, kʊlʊmaa kɩsɩdaa nɛ Ɛɛndɩ mba kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ layʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Archevêque Desmond Tutu yɔ, ɛkʊma Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ, yaa kaaɣyʊʊ mbʊ pʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa sidaa nɛ pɛwɛ peeɖe. Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɛɣzɩna mbʊ payawaɣ se pɩnzɩ 1948 nɛ nzɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1991 taa yɔ.
Paa nɛ Apartheid hɩɖɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ yaʊ kaʊ kɔyɔ, tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩɩtɩɩwɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlʊmaa nɛ kɩkpɛɛdaa pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ, tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ tam. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ huu kɩlɩna ɖɛwʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ laatriki mɩŋ, habɛɛ yaa mbʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ taa payɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa kɛ peeɖe.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna naalɛ ñɩndɛ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa Afrika kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Nɖɩ tɩŋgʊna Naajeeriya ñɩnɖɛ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm wɛɛ sakɩyɛ; ɛzɩ: oorɩ, tiyaamaŋ nɛ saarbɔɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ tuuɖe taa ajɛya ñɔɔna-ɖɩ kpam pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋtɛŋga tɛɛ you kalakaɣ kpem lɛ yɔ. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ kɩlɩlna wɛʊ ɖoŋ kɛ paa politika yaa sɔɔjɛɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔ yɔ.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ
- 2 Caanaʊ tɔm
- 3 Politiki nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ
- 4 Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ
- 5 Sɔnzɩ
- 6 Tɔsʊʊ
- 7 Ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ
- 8 Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ
- 9 Tɔm lɛɛtʊ
- 10 Awayɩ kpasɩ
Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Fefeku[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pʊŋ hɔɔlʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kadasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tʊma sɔsɔna hɔɔlɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Caanaʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Politiki nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kewiyaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Politiki aŋgba[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Laŋ nɛ lɩm yɔɔ kandayʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩpɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ tɩlasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊ̃nɔndʊtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa kʊyʊʊ ɖʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa kʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsɩŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anasaayɩ nɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa tɛyɩtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ lɛɣzʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tʊma wɛʊ kewiyaɣ nesi tɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ ̃nɔɔzʊʊ tɩlasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩyɛ egbena[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Laŋ taa wondu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛjaɖɛ wɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ nzɩ pama kɩ-yɔɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Filimwaa mba pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm lɛɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Awayɩ kpasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


text:
Malɛɛzii
Malɛɛzii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Prueyi, Indoneezii nɛ Tayilandɩ. Pamaza Malɛɛzii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 329 750 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 30 417 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 86 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1957 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Malɛɛzii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Faris Petra nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Najib Razak.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ maalɛɛziyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kuwalaa Lumpuuri nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ komina tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Putrazaava. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +60 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rinziiti.


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Caama
Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tuuɖe kedeŋa ŋga payaɣ se Eerɔpʋ yɔ kɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ajɛya. Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Hayʊ teŋu, Taanemarɩkɩ nɛ Palitiki Teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Otirisi nɛ Suwiisi ajɛya, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊiyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ, Lugizamburi, Pɛlɩsiki nɛ Peyiiba ajɛya. Caama tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Pɛrɩlɛɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Hamburg, Munich nɛ Polɔɔñɩ. Komina loniye sɔsɔyɛ wɛ Pɛɛrlɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Pɔɔnɩ. Tɛtʊ ndu payaɣ se Frankfort-sur-Main yɔ, ndʊ lɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tɛ tɛtʊ.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ waa 15 taa kɛ caama mba mba pawɛ Caama nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, pɛkpɛnda nɛ pɛwɛɛ mbʊ payaɣ se prootɛsɩtaŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba yɔ pɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 1933 kɛ Naazii waa kpaɣ kehiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩla mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ paaza. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ tɛma nɛ pahaba Naazii sɔɔjana lɛ, Caama lesi kɩ-tɛtʊ kpeekpe nɛ kɩtɛyɩ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, RFA nɛ RDA ñɛwɛɛ Sooviyetiki ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ nesi tɛɛ.
Pɩɩtɛyɩ mbʊ lɛ, koloŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɩ kaakaɣna ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Pɛɛrlɛnɩ koloŋa. Pinaɣ 1989 tɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ koloŋa ŋga kɔyɔka nɛ pɩkɔma aloma fenaɣ 1990 lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʊ ɛkpɛndɩ. Caama mba kʊnʊŋ kɛ Caama nɛ euro kɛ pɔtɔkɩ se liidiya.
Caama taa samaɣ kɛ milionaa 81 nɛ peeɖe eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ kɛ europia ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba wena payaɣ se Union européenne yɔ a-taa. peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ, Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel, kɛna ɛzɩ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kpem yɔ nɛ paa anɩ ɛhaɣ-ɩ ñamtʊ sɩŋŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ. pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ wena akpakɩɣ atɔsʊʊ nɛ añɩm nɛ apɛdɩɣ nɛ agbaa yɔ. Ajɛya 28 wena awɛ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ yɔ a-taa lɛ, Caama taa koŋ kɛ tʊma ñɩnɩya tɔɖɔɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩyɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 kanɛ ka-taa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa ceeke naanza nɛ hɔɔlʊ ɖeke ñɩniʊ na tʊmɩyɛ se pala. Caama tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa hɛza nɛ paalakɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ caaa.
Caama nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya lɛɛna panɩna nɛ ɖama nɛ pɔñɔzɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ G7 taa, G20 taa, nɛ pɩtasɩna OTAN kɩgaʊ taa. Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ liidiya ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ tɛ koozaɣ sɔsɔɣa wɛɛ, pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kpeekpe t;ɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ nɛ teŋgʊ yɔɔ waɖɛ tɛ kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ.


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Haɣ
Haɣ kɛ ɖiɣa taa kpɩnɛ. Kɛwɛ “Canis Lupus” pɩlɩʊ taa. Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɔdɔ panaɣ kpemtɔyaɣ. Kpemtɔyaɣ ŋga ke-liɖe taa nakayɛ pitolosaa nɛ kapɩsɩ ɖɩɣa haɣ. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se “Dingo” ñaakɛ ɖɩɣa haɣ nɛ pitolosi-kɛ nɛ kaka ñasʊ kpaaŋ nɛ kasʊ ñɩtʊ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ kɛ haɣ wɛ ɖɩɣa. Ɖooo “paléolitique” taa kɛ papaza haɣ ɖɔʊ.
Haɣ kɛna kacalaɣ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ calɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ɛna-kɛ palaɣkana lakʊ nɛ ŋga ɖaŋgana ɖɔɖɔɔ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔɔ. Pɩdɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛyʊ taasɩmda haɖaʊ yaa ɖɔɖɛ maamaɣ. Haɣ wɛ ntɩ nɛ kpemtɔyɔ kʊmʊlʊtaɣ , paa panɩɩzɩnɛ ɖamaa ɛzɩmaa yɔ. Panaʊ pɩtɛ tʊkaɣ yɔ pɩlaba pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ. Haɣ kpeziɣ. Kacalaɣ hasi nzɩ pɛlɛɣ ɖɔʊ yɔ, sɩ-tɛ mɔɔ wɛɛ. Mɔɔ ana alaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 33 yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se haɣ wɛʊ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ hiŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ ɛyʊ paazɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ ɖɔʊ ɛ-ɖaɣ. Ɛyʊ nɛ haɣ paawɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «préhistoire» yɔ tɩ-taa pʊcɔ pɔyɔɔdʊ haɖaɣ tɔm. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ paazi tɔʊ «amidon» pazɩ pazɩ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɖɩnaɣ-si sɔnɔ se hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɛ nɛ haɖaʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ paazaa yɔ, piyebina nɛ ɛyʊ paazɩ caaʊ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ɛɛtasɩɣ yotu yem yem. Ɛ-tɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm caaʊ wɛ ɛzɩ «canines» waa tɛ caaʊ yɔ. Haɣ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʊ; wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ. Kɛkɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ ɖooo kioɖe tɛɛ. Kɛ-wɛɖɩɣ, ka-lakasɩ nɛ ɛzɩma kamalɩɣ nɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ yɔ, pʊ yɔɔ kɛ paya-kɛ se «ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kʊsɔɔlʊ».
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kɩpanɖɛ nɖɩ haɣ wɛna yɔ, nɖɩ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɖɩhaɣ ɛyʊ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔɔ mbʊ ɛsɔɔla yɔ nɛ kaalɛyɩtu nɛ kpemtɔyasɩ ɛɛcɛ-ɩ. Ɖenɖe ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kikaʊ kpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se «Fédération cynoligique» yɔ, pɛwɛna paɣtʊ tɛtɛ wondu yɔɔ nɛ pañaŋ-tʊ ɖɔdɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Paakpɛŋgɛsʊ hasɩ, payaɣ-sɩ ɖɔdɔ nɛ ñamtʊ. Payaaʊ se anasayɩ haɣ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖenɖe anasayi ɛnʊ ɛkacalɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ajɛya nayɩ taa lɛ pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ se paa weyi ɛsɔ ɛ-haɣ; Nayɛ taa lɛ, hasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ñaŋ yɔ, pʊwɛ se paɖɩ-sɩ kpasɩ. Ɛyʊ malasɩ haɣ nɛ pʊwɛna-kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se kaña dɩɣa taa wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ ɛɖɔʊ yɔ ɖeu. Kɛfɛyɩna waɖɛ wonu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kaʊ. Pʊ yɔɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa paa haɣ ŋga kɛwɛna takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ-kɛ waɖɛ se kɛyɛlɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, haɣ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ.


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Léonard de Vinci
Léonard de Vinci ɖananaɣ sɛna hɩɖɛ sɩse Leonardo da Vinci. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kabganzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1452 taa. Nɛ ɛsɩ Ambuazɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa efemiye naalɛ (2) nɖɛ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1519 taa, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ sɩse ɛwɛnaɣ pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ lʋbɛ (77) lɛ ɛsɩba. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ sɩse abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛ-kɛkɛ tʋmaɣ ndɩ ndɩ laɖʋ, nɛ wenaɣ ɖɩkɩlɩna-ɩ sɩmnaʋ yɔ yɔ: ɛkɛ sɛmɩŋ taʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩyʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ sɔɔlʋyʋ, ɛkɛ kuduyuŋ lɔbʋyʋ nɛ wodu lubuyu, ɛlakaɣ tomnaɣ pilinzi kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ payawaɣ sɩse saɣyʋ sɔsɔ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ mʋtɩyɛ tʋ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ lɩzɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Pɩtasɩɩna tʋmaɣ anɛyɔ aɖeke, mbʋ yɔ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ, nɛ maasɩŋ masɩ wa takayasɩ mayʋ, nɛ pɩtasɩnaɣ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔɔ niye tʋ.


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Kɔsitaarika
Kɔsitaarika kɛna Amerika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Karayibu Teŋgu kɩwɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Nikaraguwa teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ kɩwɛna; piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Panama ñɛwɛna.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 pakala ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 947 490 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 51 100 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Saŋzoozee nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kolɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa petɛɣʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wondʊ nɛ petɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se: Paaɖooye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛsʊʊi tɛtʊ ndʊ fɩbɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena akɩla tɔyʊʊ yɔ a-taa kɛlɛ kotolika ñɩnɖɛ, protɛsɩtaŋ nɛ lɛɛna yem.


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Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ wandamm
Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Moyen-Orient yɔ, tɩwɛ kpaɣna Mediteranee teŋgu pɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ tiwolo Iiran ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ tɩɖɛɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Afganistani ɛjaɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɛlɛ, tɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ sʋ Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ :
- Iranɩ
- Izrɛɛlɩ
- Palɛsɩtiini
- Yɔrdaanii
- Irakɩ
- Siirii
- Liibaŋ
- Arabii-Sahʊditi
- Yemɛnɩ
- Omaɣ
- Emiratɩ arabʋ aaa kɩkpɛndʋ
- Kataarɩ (Qatar)
- Pareyɩnɩ (Bahreïn)
- Kowɛɛtɩ
- Egipiti
- Turikii
- Pakisitaanɩ
- Afganistani
Halɩ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔtɔŋ se Moritaanii nɛ Marɔkɩ nɛ Alizeerii nɛ Tuniizii nɛ Liibii pa-ajɛya wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa.
Ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa awɛna sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Ajɛya ana, alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ (Perse) nɛ Turikii nɛ Aarabʋ nɛ Kuridi (Kurde) nɛ Juwifu (Juives) pa-ajɛya taa sɔnzɩ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ ɛnʋʋ yɔ Iiraɣ ɛjaɖɛ kʋnʋŋ nɛ Turikii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʋnʋŋ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1902 taa pacalɩ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ haʋ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Alfred Mahan hana tɛtʋ ndʋʋ hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ.


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Jazz
Etaazuunii nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa minziiki yaa soo ana ɖɩyaɣ se jazz, papaɣzɩ-yɛ mabʊ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa. Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, nɛ minziiki ŋgʊ pamakɩ-kʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛsɩnda kɛnɛ ɛzɩ kedizasi sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe mbʊ yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa jazz minziiki paɣla halɩ kɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa, nɛ halɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ egeetiye sɔɔlʊʊ se pɩkɛdɩna-ɖɩ yɔ. Kpaɣ sɔnɔ ɖɛ-tɛ avema anɛ a-taa jazz lɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩ nabɛyɛ jazz afro-cubain, jazz West Coast, ska-jazz, avant-garde jazz indo-jazz soul jazz, kuduyuu tɛ jazz, latɛŋ jazz, jazz funk, loft jazz, jazz punk, acid jazz, rap jazz, M-base nɛ nu jazz.
Ɛyaa mba palaba jazz minziiki tʊmɩyɛ yɔ pɛkɛ piyanoo maɖaa pa-taa kɔyɔ Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock nɛ Count Basie, nɛ aŋgada hʊlɩyaa kɔyɔ Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie nɛ Miles Davis, selesiyu kɔyɔ Charles Mingus, fɛtɛyɩŋ tɩnaa kɔyɔ Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Charlie Parker nɛ John Coltrane, cɩmʊʊ ɖeɣa tʊ Sidney Bechet nɛ hendu teyaa kɔyɔ Billie Holiday, Nina Simone nɛ Ella Fitzgerald.
Pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1808 alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩtɩŋna yomtu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛda kaatɛma talʊʊ Etaazuunii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ miiliiyɔɔ kʊyʊmʊʊ mbʊ yɔ palɩna sahara nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Afrika nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Koŋgoo pɔɔ fɛɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa pɔkɔna pɛ-tɛ soo sɔnzɩ lona ana a-taa peeɖe.


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Cɛɛkɩ
Cɛɛkɩ kɛnɛ Eerɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzɩʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se Temokraasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ɖi-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 78 870 km2 yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 10 578 820. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Pɔlɔɔñɩ yɔ nɖɩ wɛna, piyele nɛ Caama ñɛwɛna ɖi-hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Siloovakii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ɖɩ-hadɛkiŋ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa ageeta sɔsɔna wena awɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, ataa kɔyɔ: Powɛmɩ, Moɖaavi nɛ Silezi hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo lɛ ɖɩɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖi se Cekɔsiloovaki yɔ ɖɩ-taa egeeiye naɖɩyɛ pʊcɔnɛ pɩnaɣ 1969 lɛ pacɩɩ-ɖi nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ keem.
Cɛɛkɩ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1993. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) pɩnaɣ 1999 nɛ Eerɔpʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondu kanɖa kɔyɔ se Teevenim Wakɩ nɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se ɖa-caa Miloŝ Zeman nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Bohuslav Sobotka. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kominanaa tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ cɛɛkɩ nɛ piraagɩ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ yaa lɛlʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +420 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Charlie Chaplin
Charles Spencer Chaplin, pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Charlie Chaplin kɛ Krandɩ-Pretaanɩ-tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Lɔndrɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1889 nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1977. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ mʊsɩ laɖu nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ nɛ ɛɖʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmwaa yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se sinimaɣ nɛ eluki wondʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Charlie Chaplin kɛ sinimaɣ taa sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pɩlɩɩna e-sinimaɣ taa weyi ɛyaa se Charlot yɔ. Charlie Chaplin paɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛ pɩnzɩ 65 ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ nɛ ɛ-ɖonɛ nɛ e-wezu caɣʊ nɛ taa yeba nɛ nabayɩ tɔŋ se ɛkɩlaɣ ɖɛlɛzɩɣ ɖɔm.
Palʊla chaplin kɛ Lɔndrɩ nɛ ɛ-caa tawɛɛ ɛnɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ. Paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo kaawɛ tanɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pasɩ-ɩ ɖakʊtaa ŋgʊ kʊcɔŋna mba pa-ñʊntaa sɩda pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlakaɣ mbʊ lɛ, Chaplin kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza. Chaplin ɛnʊ ɛpaaza ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Charlie Chaplin paɣza ɛ-tanaʊ ɖooo pɩcatʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ yem. Chaplin wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ, ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Fred Karno. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla se lɛlʊ ɛlakɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ eɖeke ɛɛpɩzɩʊ, ɛsɩna-ɩ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Fred Karno nɛ Chaplin pɔcɔɔ Etaazuuni tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔcɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛ-tɛ kacalɣ se ɛlaba amʊʊza nɛ pɩna-ɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 1914.
Ɛ-tɛ sinimaɣ ŋgʊ ɛya-kʊ se: Pɩsa nɛ ɛyʊ hiu ɛ-tɩ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛyaɣ-ɩ se Charlot. Pitasɩɩna-ɩ nɛ sinimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeke, ɛlaba hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lɛ, Chaplin kaakɛ keteŋna kpeekpe taa sɔdʊŋ taa sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa kaasɩma pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Chaplin nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palɩzɩ sinimaɣ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: Kid (1921), Samaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ (1923), Ɔɔrɩ wayɩ cɛɛndɩɣ (1925), Sirki (1928). Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɛlɩzɩ Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa mʊntʊzʊʊ (1931) nɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tɔm (1936).


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Krɩstiyaniism
Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se «Krɩstiyaniizism». Pakama ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ, ɛsɩ nɛ pepimi-i nɛ efe tozo wiye. Pakama-ɩ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛ, Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pese nɛ paɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna kʊyʊʊ. Toovenum lɛ, pesewaɣ sɔɔndʊ Yuuda ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊŋ tɩnaa. Paba n̄etetisi se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ. Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ yɔ palabɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaa pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se Krɩstiyaniizism. Kajalaɣ kpaɖʊʊ taa patʊlɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ tɛ apostolowaa nɛ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa kajalaɣ n̄ɩma paɖʊna kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ krɩstiyaniizism. Paɖʊ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma tɛtʊ taa nɛ Efɛɛzɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa nɛ Antiyɔɔsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Alɛkɩsandɩɖɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa.
Krɩstiyaniizism ŋgbɛyɛ tasɩ kpaʊ ɖoŋ Room kewiyaɣ taa kpaɖʊʊ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpa ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ nɛ Etiyopii pɛ-tɛtʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ Krɩstiyaniizism wɛnɩ pilinzi yʊʊʊ. Halɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋdɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ Room kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɖʊʊ naanaza n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɔcɔlɩ-tʊ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se «Symbole de Nicée» yɔ ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, Room kewiyaɣ taa mba pan̄ɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩna-tʊ ɖeu. Dajaa Arius lɩmaɣzɛ kɔna lɛɣzɩtʊ siŋŋ Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ taa kpaɖʊʊ loɖo n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ɖajaa Arius tɔŋ se Caa wɛ ndɩ nɛ Pɩyalʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Caa kɩlɩ Pɩyalʊ. Payaɣ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa Etiyopii nɛ Egipiti pa-ajɛya taa se «Kɔpɩtɩ waa (coptes). Alɛkɩsandɩrɩ nɛ Etiyopii pa-ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma tɔŋ se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ mpilim. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖajaa Nestorius n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ. Tɔm tʊnɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma n̄ɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Miŋgi kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ liɖe taa ɛyaa awiyaa mba pɔtɔɔ kewiɣtu Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1368 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa yɔ. Ɖɩyaɣ se kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛʊ ɖɩɣa taa ɛyaa kʊɖʊma tɛ tɩmʊʊ taa nɛ pamʊʊ-kɛ ɖama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ weyi ɛɖɔka-kɛ yɔ ɛsɩkɩ yɔ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ pɩɖɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Han tɛ.
Kamʊ kewitu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Yuan kewiyaɣ tɔla Mɔŋgɔlɩ ɛyaa nesi tɛ yɔ nɛ keleɖi kakaa pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Li Zicheng ñaŋgasaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔ ɛlɛ, kpɛdɛɣɛ mbʊ lɛ, Kiŋgi mandchoue kewiyaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ-ɩ yaa lɛɣzɩ-ɩ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ (pɛkpɛndaɣ payaɣ se Hadɛ Miŋ) kaawɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1662, pɩnaɣ ŋga poluuzi pa-tɩ Kiŋ kewiyaɣ tɛɛ.
Kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kɩɖe ɖʊyʊ, ɛnʊ yɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Hongwu (pɩnzɩ 1368-1398) taka se ɛla ɛ-samaɣ nɛ kɛwɛ ke-yeke ɖoli kʊyʊm haɖaa tɩyɛ nɛ katuu lone kaʊ se kowoki ɖoli nɛ ka-maɣmaɣ kamakʊna ka-tɩ ko-ɖoŋ taa yeke nɛ nabʊyʊ ɛkaɣ pɩtɛɖɩ-kɛ se kaakpɛndɩ ka-tɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ tadɩyɛ wezuu labʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖanɩɣ maʊ Siini haɖaʊ kiɖe yɔ nɛ haba nɔmɔŋ ɖʊʊ sɩna sakɩyɛ nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpa ɖoŋ Ampiiri taa ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩna tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔnaʊ mbʊ papɩzaɣ se pɛpɛdɩ kɩyakɩŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ kpɛɛ haba nɔsɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-taa.
Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa pɩŋ nɛ tadɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ cɛyɩ siŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nesi tɛ tʊma ɖɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩsɩna nɛ patʊlɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pamʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa kpanɖaŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyaa taa pɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi pekpele-i weewe tɩnaa taa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩma ɛsakuliye kɩfaɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keeke kɛ kʊtɔm nɔmɔʊ yɔ. Papazɩ pa-tɩ posunau canaʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, wonduu pɛdɩyaa paɣzɩ pa-tɩ sʊzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ tʊma taa nɛ kpeɣlasi taa caɣyaa tʊma taa, kɛlɛ pakpaɣ ɛsakuliye tɛ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛyaa sɔsaa tɛ laɣsɩ.
Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa Miŋ tɔsʊʊ tasɩ huu pɩtɩŋna polinda ajɛyɛ naayɛ tadɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Pɔrɩtɩkalɩ, Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ Peyibaa. Siini kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-taa kolombii kɩlɛzɩɣ taa, pɛlɛzaɣ ɖama pa-ñɩm, tɩŋ nɛ kpɩnaa kɛ kɩbɩndɛ nɛ kɩfaɖɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa. Tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ nɛ Sapɔŋ ñɩndɛ kɔna liidiye sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kɩlɛzʊʊ kɩbaŋgʊʊ nakʊyʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Wayi wayi kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ, niikaɣ pɩnaɣ cikpeɣla wɛtʊ caɣa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa azɛyʊʊ naa nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ, ŋgʊ politiki fezuu caɣʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa nɛ Ampiiri taa taawɛ ɖiɣɖɩɣ. Tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔlɩtʊ tɩna kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩtʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩɣ mbilim.


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Himalaya pʊŋ
Pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama lʊʊʊ nɛ paya-yɩ se Himalaya pʊʊ. Pʊŋ ɛnɩ ɛpɩlɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 400 yɔɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kɛ kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 250 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 4000. Himalaya pʊŋ tɛyɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Tibétain piyaɣ nɛ Aazii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Himalaya pʊŋ pɩlaa, kpaɣ Nanga Parbat egetiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna Namche Barwa egetiye wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Nanga Parbat egetiye wɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piyele Namche Barwa egetiye ñɛwɛɛ Tibɛtii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Himalaya pʊŋ sɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Indus pɔɔ kujomuu. Piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛsɩɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Brahmapoutre pɔɔ kujomuu. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛwadɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 000 kaaree yɔɔ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Himalaya pʊŋ kɩlɩma kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ talɩ mɛtanaa 8 000 halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, Everest pʊʊ kɩlɩna pʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɩŋɛ kʊyʊʊ. Ɛkʊyɩ kʊyʊʊ mbʊ yɔ yebina nɛ mba pasɩma pʊŋ kpaʊ lɛɣtʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ, palʊ kpem nɛ pakpa patʊlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ñʊŋ taa.
Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-laŋ tɩŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 3 900. Piyele ɛ-yɔɔ ɖomba mʊlʊm kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtanaa 5 000 nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩkpa.


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Hɔzʋʋ lotu
Hɔzʋʋ lotu kɛna malɩfa sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Malɩfa kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna malɩfa miŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kʋwɛ kɛŋgɛ tɩyɛ yɔ. Ŋna-kʋ ɖɔ, ŋnaɣ size kɩpaɣlɩ siŋŋ.
Malɩfa kʋnɛ, kɩwazaɣ siŋŋ kɛlɛ size, ɛzɩma ɛnʋʋ sɩzɩ pɔlɔʋ kʋ kʋlɔʋ yɔ yɔ, kɩtalɩ ɖoo poliŋ taa nɛ pɩcɔ kɩmɩzɩ kɩ-tɩ. Kɩ-taa paɖʋ pɩyɛ yuŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ pʋ-tɔʋ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-mɩzɩ yɔ. Pɔtɔ hɔzʋʋ lotu malɩfa kʋnɛ kɩ-talɩɣ poliŋ siŋŋ.
Ɖoo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, payawaɣ malɩfa lotu n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ size pulee. Pulee tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size putuuɖe. Ŋna-kʋ kɩwɛ putuuɖe tɩyɛ nɛ ŋɖɔka-ɖɩ nɛ ŋtɩ yebuɖi nɛ ɖɩtɔlɩ kɔyɔ, ŋna size ɖipilimuu.
Putuuɖe nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ n̄ɩɣɖɛ tɩyɛ yɔ.


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Sʊfɩrɩ
Sʊfɩrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 16 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ S yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ salɩkɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛna wazaɣ piŋ yɔ, ɛfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Pasɩma sʊfɩrɩ lɛ, kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm ɖɔmbɛyɛ nɛ kɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ wondu taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfatɩ taa) nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛgbam, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miŋ pʊŋ ageeta taa.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ paa pʊtʊ wezuu weyi ɛ-tɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ amini siziŋ hoka lʊlʊʊ tɛ, sɩstɛyɩnɩ waa nɛ metiyonini waa nɛ, pɩwɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ yaɖɛ taa kʊlʊm taa. Sʊfɩrɩ sɩɣna halɩ ɖooo 90% nɛ palakɩna sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm, pɩkɛ kiɖe pʊyʊ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ anasaayɩ huɖe hɔɔlʊʊ taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ ɖɔm) (haɖaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, 60%) nɛ kpɛŋgbɛsɩ tɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔzɩŋ wondu ɖeɖe, tɔɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ ɛyaa tɛ ñɩnzɩ nɛ kpɩnaa tɛ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ hatʊ mʊtʊ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ fʊlɩyɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ polukina nazɩyʊ pee tɩm, loyuu taa lɩm lɩzɩɣ, palaka-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ maacɩsɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ kɔ.
Sʊfɩrɩ tomnaɣ yem tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ ɛsɛ cɩŋ. Ɛ-tɛ miŋ nsʊlɩmɩyɛ wɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ yɔ sɩwɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɛ nɛ sɩcɛyɩɣ (sʊfɩrɩ tɛ tɩyɔkɩsɩdɩ SO2). Ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ ɛgbam kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa papɩzɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ.


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Kuubaa
Kuubaa ɛjaɖɛ kɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Karayiibi tɛtʊ taa. Kuuba wɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Antiyi yɔ tɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ tɩñɔtɩna Karayibi, Mɛkɩsɩɩki lɩm cɔlɔnɛ Atɩlantiiki lɩm. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, pɩwɛna Etaaasuunii nɛ Bahamasɩ; wɩsɩ dɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mɛkɩsiikɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kpem lɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Tuuriki nɛ Kayiki yɔ piyele hzyʊ kɩŋkpataa lɛ, Kayɩmansɩ nɛ Camayiki.
Karayiibi taa lɛ, Kuubaa wɛna naalɛ ɖeɖe yee pɔcɔŋna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛya kpɛndɩ 11 241 161 nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Haavanɩ. Kʊnʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ pɩsaɣ pe-liidiye kʊtɔɔyɛ lɛ kuuba peeso nɛ kuubaa peeso liidiye kʊyɔkɩyɛ.
Kuubaa tɛtʊ kɑakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ Ɛspaañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacaɣ ɖooo pinzɩ1492 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1898 yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Etaazuuni pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna agoza fenaɣnɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1902. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes kaakɛna weyi ɛkɩla lubu nɛ Kuubaa pɩzɩ nɛ kɩhɛɛna kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.


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Martin Luther
Martin Luher, palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1483 Eisleben, Thuringe ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1546 tɛtʊ kʊyʊm ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se ɖalʊʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, ɛnʊ pʊzɩna pɩɣyɩyaa tɩnaa cɔɔcɩ, ɛnʊ lɛzɩna mba palʊkɩ maɣzɩm mbʊ se pɔtɔsɔɔlɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba.
Ɛ-ɛsɩyɛ sɛna ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, nɛ sɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa sɩm tɔm mbʊ lɛ, ehiɣ ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ Yesuu hɔɔlʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa takayaɣ ŋga Paul tɩyɩna Room ñɩmba yɔ. Luther cɔlɔ lɛ, ciyam ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ kʊjɔʊ, kɩlɩna tɩ kɩwɛkɩm yɔɔ kpiɖiɣ nɛ Yesuu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tisuu piŋ se ɛnʊ kɛna Mesiya, paa ŋtɛkɛ cɔɔcɩ tʊ kɔyɔ.
Papa ya-ɩ nɛ ɛha-ɩ paɣtʊ mbʊ se ɛpɩsɩna ɛ-tɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1520, mbʊ lɛ pekizi-ɩ cɛlɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 3 pɩnaɣ 1521. Caama Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu tɛ wiyaʊ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ wɩyaʊ nɛ Charles Quint paya-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1521 tɔm pɔzʊʊ kpaŋ taa Worms. Pakandɩ ɛ yɔɔ ɖeu se ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtalɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ ɛtaalabɩ-ɩ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ Worms, ekizi peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛpɩsɩna ɛ-tɩ, nɛ ɛtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa pama ndʊ yɔ tɩmaɣ-ɩ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa tɛɛ yeke eluuzuu ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩtɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa sɔsaa mba pa-ñɩna yɔ.
Palʊla Martin Luther Eisleben (Mansfeld, sɔnɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se Saxe-Anhalt yɔ) kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1483. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa Hans Luder cɔlɔ ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ Marguérite Zidler. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ haɖʊ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ, pʊwayi pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kuwiviri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ Mansfeld egeetiye taa, pʊwayɩ ɛpaɣzɩ huyu nɛ ɛnaŋɩɣ kuwiviri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, peeɖe ehiɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ñɩm tʊ. Martin Luther wɛna ɖalaa nɛ kɔɔnaa siŋ kɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ ɛ-ɖalʊ Jacob.