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Nɛptiini
Neptune (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛŋna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga litoozo ŋga, yee pakpaɣ ɛzɩma tɩyɩnzɩ poinaʊ wɩsɩ yɔ yɔ. Nɛptiini cɔɔʊ wɩsɩ kpee yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 30 UA yɔ nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga kɔcɔɔʊ wɩsɩ nɛ kosulukuu yɔ pɩmaɣna pɩnsɩ ɛzɩ 164,79 yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ kɔyɔ, Nɛptiinɩ kɛŋna naatozo ñɩŋga. Ɛlɛ tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ kakɩlɩ Tetʊ tɩyɩŋga yʊŋ tam 17 taa nɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ tam 19 taa. Tɩyɩŋga Nɛptiini kɛnɛ kɛkɛ nanza ŋga tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ paɣlʊ yɔ. Planɛɛtɩ kanɛ kɩ-tɛ demi-grand axe maɣna kilomɛtanaa 4 503 443 661. Planɛɛtɩ kanɛ kɛ-tɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 7,6408×109 km2 yɔnɛ kɛ-tɛ volume taawɛ ɛzɩ 62,526×1012 km3 yɔ.
Nɛptiini tɩyɩŋga taa nɛ hidrozɛɛnɩ, heliyɔm. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ iidrokarbiiri, azɔɔtɩ, lɩm, amoniyakɩ nɛ metanɩ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ keekpe taa lɛ Neptiini ɖeke ñɩnɩya naa pɩlɩɩna akɔnta labʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Fransɩɩ taa tʊ weyi ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩyɩnzɩ wɛtʊ yɔ, Alexis Bouvard, kaawɛɛ ɛlakɩ tɩyɩŋga Iiranisi yɔɔ akɔnta nakʊyʊ lɛ, ɛna se pɩɩcakɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ tɩyɩŋga nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ko-yuŋ makɩ.
Ñɩinɩyaa mba paalɛɣ plutɔɔ naʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Greg Buchwald, Michel DiMario nɛ Walter Wild. Pɩɩkɛ Siikagoo sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ taa pɩnaɣ 1909 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ na-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔm hiu nɛ naanza (14) mbʊ yɔ nɛ pa-taa kɛlɛ Heidelberg kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1914. Pɩnaɣ 1930 taa siŋŋŋ kɛ pana plutɔɔ nɛ panya-kʊ se planɛtɩ X. Patana-kʊ yem ɛlɛ Percival Lowell ñɩnaɣna se ɛna mbʊ piyiiduu tɩŋga ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se nɛptunɩ yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, astronaute weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tombaugh yɔ ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzʊ fotonaa kpaɣ kɔlɑɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1930 Taa. Ɛcɛkaɣ fotonaa mba tɔm naputozo taa ɖama yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ kʊɖumaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛ-lɩmaaza wolo nɛ ɛna se nabʊyʊ ciidiɣ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Lowell ñɩnɩyaa lala tasɩ ñɩnɩʊ kɛ Harvard College Observatory taa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ fotonaa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ panacamɩyɛ nɛ petizi se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛpayaɣ-kɛ plutɔɔ. Tɛʊ fema lɛ, Union Astronomique Internationale susaa kpaaa kɛ tɔm kɩfatʊ tʊnɛ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexis Bouvard yɔ ɩnʊ kaalɛɣna naʊ se nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ piyiidu akontanaa mba paawɛ palakɩ Uranusi tɩŋga cɔlɔ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ ŋga yiiduna akɔnta ŋgʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1843 taa ŋgilisi tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se John Couch Adams yɔ, ɛla akɔnta nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛna mbʊ, pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ Urbain Le Verrier ñatɩŋna nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛla ɖɔɖɔ akɔnta nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛna siŋŋŋ se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ tovenim taa. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ salaŋ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1846 lɛ, Caama tʊ, Johann Gottfried Galle, cɔna ñɩɩtʊ taa nɛ ɛna Nɛptuni camɩyɛ.
Pɛkɛdɩɣ se ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1612 taa Galilée kaatɛma naʊ kɛ tɩŋga kanɛ ɛlɛ tɩŋga payaɣ-kɛ Siipitɛrɩ yɔ, ŋga ɛ-taa kaawɛɛ se ɛcɔŋna. Fenaɣ lɛɛka taa, Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1613, ɛtasa cɔnaʊ lɛ, ɛna se tɩŋga ŋga kecida pazɩ. Ɛna pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtaamaɣzɩ se pɩkɛna tɩŋga sɔsɔɣa nɛ ɛtatasɩ-tʊ yɔɔdʊ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna Nɛptuni naʊ. Pɩla ɛzɩ ɛlabʊ Tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛnʊ kaalɛɣna naʊ se Tɛtʊ kɛna tɩŋga ŋga kɔcɔʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩsa miŋ lɛ, ekizi-tʊ.


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Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ
Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tɔlɩm. Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wɛsʊʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pasɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wayɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ yem kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ tʊlɩm mbʊ nɛ pɩ-ɛsɩndaa.
Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ tɛkɛ tɔlɩm tɩtɩŋɛ, ɛlɛ, se mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ pesidaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa mba, pa-taa sʊsɔ lɛlʊ payaɣ se Isaac Newton. Nabɛyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm kɩkpɛdɩm koyindu. Pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm naadozo mbʊ pɩkpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ piyeki se ɛyʊ ɛna pʊyʊ nɛ pʊ-wayɩ yɔ pɩ-taa tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa, ɖajaanaa panɛ : Goethe nɛ Hering po-sukulibiya yɔɔdʊʊ-tʊ mbʊ.
Pakpaɣ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya taa se pɩkɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ kelekele yɔ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se palabɩ-pʊ ŋjɩŋgbɩlɩ yɔ. Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ azuluma yɔ po-koyindu.

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Ɛsakuliye
Payaʋ se "civilisation" yɔ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Latɛŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "civis", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "citoyen", ɛyʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɛ-tɛ "civilisation" yaa kɛ-tɛ sɔnzɩ. Mbʋʋ sɔsaa tɔma se "ajɛɛ kpɛndʋʋ so, aakpɛndʋʋ payɛ.
Panaɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ tɛ civilisation yaa kɔ-sɔnzɩ pɩtɩŋna kɛ-lɛɣtʋ nɛ ka-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ kɛ-tɛ politiki labʋ nɛ kɔ-lɔŋ weyi kayaɣ yɔ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɔtɔ se kɔ-sɔnzɩ kɩlɩ ɖeu samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ. Yee ḿbʋ pʋwɛɛ se pama tɔmpiye "civilisation" sakɩyɛ taa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pama se "civilisations" yaa sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Toovenum lɛ, sɔnzɩ kɩbɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ sɔnzɩ kɩfasɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ payawaɣ se "Mʋntʋsʋŋ alɩwaatʋ" yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, civilisation yaa sɔnzɩ kɛkɛ pʋyʋ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Pʋwɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se "culture" yaa sɔnzɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ (religion) nɛ Samaɣ (Société) yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Victor Riqueti de Mirabeau yɔ ɛlɛyɩna tɔmpiye "civilisation" yaa sɔnzɩ hɩɖɛ yaʋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Mirabeau yɔ ɛ-pɩyalʋ. Ɖajaa Mirabeau kɔsɔɔlɩ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɩfatʋ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛyaa se "Ɛyaa Taabalʋ" (L'Ami des Hommes) yɔ ka-taa se : "Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ wonuu nɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ mbʋ pɩpɩsɩɣna ɛyʋ nɛ wayɩ yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1758 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛma-tʋ. Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ yekina nɛ civilisation ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa. Ńdʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖajaa Condorcet yɔɔdʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛya-kɛ se " Esquisse d'un tableau des progrès de l'esprit humain" yɔ ka-taa. Ɛtɔŋ se, ɛyʋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ payaɣ se "civilisation", se ɛyʋ yekuu tɛtɛ kan̄atʋ nɛ ɛtɩlʋʋ kpeyuu yɔ payaɣ se "civilisation. Ɛyɔɔdʋʋ se, ɛyʋ tɩlʋʋ lɔŋ yɔ payaɣ "civilisation.
Ɖooo waaɣ XIX n̄ɩŋga taa ɛyʋ cɔnaa se mbʋ payaɣ se sɔnzɩ yɔ, mbʋ kɩlɩna pɩtɩŋa payɩ wazaɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Sʋsaa tuu eduye se pasɩŋ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛ-sɔnzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɔ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʋ samaɣ nakɛyɛ sɔnzɩ takɩlɩ samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ ɖeu yaa wazaɣ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ fɛyɩ se kɛfɛɛnɩ kɔ-sɔnzɩ.


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Arabii-Sahʊditi
Arabii-Sahʊditi kɛna malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ weyi eɖiyaɣ-ɖɩ yɔ ɛlɩwaɣna hɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Saoud yɔ kɩ-taa. Ibn Séoud sɩna pɩtɛ tikiɖe ɖooo pinaɣ 1932.
Moyen-Orient taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɩlɩna paɣlʋ nɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa ɖɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa naalɛ mbʋ yɔ. Malɩŋ ajɛya tɩŋga taa lɛ, Araabii-Sahʊdɩtɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ndɩ tɩŋgɩna Alizeeri nɖɛ wayɩ kɛ walanzɩ taa. Peeɖe komina sɛʋ malʋʋ ɛsɔ ŋgʋ yɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se wahaabiti nɛ peeɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ Malɩŋ ɛsɔ ɖɩsɛyɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ wɛɛ: Masijidi al-Haram (Maka tɛtʋ taa) nɛ Masjid al-Nabawi (ñɛwɛɛ Medina taa).
Araabii tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɔyɔ Riyadɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kɔyɔ araabɩ. Peeɖe kacalaɣ wiyaʋ kɛ payawaɣ se Abdelaziz ben Abderrahmane Al Saoud (1876-1953) nɛ ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Abderrahmane ben Fayçal Al Saoud. Wayɩ wayɩ ñɩnʋ kɔyɔ Salmane ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud (1935-2015) nɛ wiyao sɔsɔ Abdelaziz lʋlɩnɛ-ɩ.
Araabɩ saoudɩtɩ wɛ ajɛya nayɛ hɛkʋ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Irak, Jordanie, Koowɛtɩ, Oman, Qatar, Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii nɛ Yeemɛnɩ. Teŋgʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Pɔɔ kɩsɛɛmaɣ yɔ nɛ Golfe Persique pa-lɩm wadɩʋɣ-ɖɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2000 kɛ Yemeni nɛ Araabɩ pañɩɣ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nesi se pɩwɩlɩ kaɣlaaa se pasɩna ɖama nɛ kamaɣ.


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Zoroastre
Zoroastre, Zarathushtra yaa Zarathoustra (persan kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ زرتشت ; avestique taa lɛ Zaraϑuštra ; krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Zwpoάσtpnς, Kurde taa lɛ Zerdest) ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ nayʊ, ɛnʊ ɖʊna zoroaste waa tɔm kiɖe. Pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa se patɩlɩ keeke ɛyʊ ɛ-pɩnzɩ tɔm nɛ a-alɩwaatʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ nɛ nɔɔnɔɔ Iran ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Hayi kiŋ yaa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Paɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ hɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pɛkɛdɩɣ-ɖʊ ɛlaaba e-fezuu caɣʊʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 7 nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 6 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛlɛ ñɩnɩtʊ kɩfatʊ kɔma lɛ, pɔtɔŋ sɔnɔ se hayi ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛlaba ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 15 nɛ 11 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.
Pama hɩɖɛ zaraϑ-uštra nɛ tɔmpee naalɛ, bahuvrihi, avestique kʊnʊŋ taa pɩlɩna zarəta- pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩbɩnʊ, ɛjam nɛ uštra pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se aɖaɖaa, nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛna aɖaɖaa naa kɩbɩma yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ weyi ɛsaŋ Ɛsɔ piŋ yɔ. Aristote cɔlɔ ɛ-hama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛtɔŋ se Zwpoάσtpnv tɔmpiye tɔbʊʊ kɔyɔ se weyi ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔ.
Kurde kɩfalʊ tɛ lɛ, Zoroastre hɩɖɛ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ Zerdüşt yaa Zerdeşt. Pɩtɩŋna pʊ yɔɔ nɛ tɔbɩŋ lɛɛŋ nɩɣ wɛɛ. Zer (sʊtʊ lɩm caʊʊ kurde kʊnʊŋ taa) lɩna tɔmpiye zêr nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se sika, deşt tɔbʊʊ se kɛdɛŋga, kɛlɛ keekeke taa ɛlɩzɩ tɔmpiye dest tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɛ nandaka. Zerdest tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛɖɔka e-nesi taa kɛ sika yɔ pɩlɩna hama laɣsɩ nzɩ ɛlakaɣ yɔ. Yaa nabʊyʊ taa lɛ Zerdest pɩzaɣ pɩkɛ se ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛ sika kɛdɛŋga taa yɔ.
Zoroastre kaamʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩlɩna Ahura Mazda ɛsɔ cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30. Kɛlɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm paɣtʊ naa nɛ eyele nɛ ɛ-halʊ pɩsɩ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ, ɛ nɛ e-piyaa nɛ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ Maidhyoimangha. Krɛsɩ ɛyaa pazɩ pɛcɛtɩ tɔm ɛ-yɔɔ piŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛ-pɩjayʊ tɔm. Pline cɔlɔ lɛ, se pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ paalʊla Zoroastre yɔ ewoŋga nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ kɩsɩŋgɩlɩtʊ taa.


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Paritenɔɔ
Paritenɔɔ kɛna Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ pama-kʋ nɛ kɩkɛ ɖoŋ ihosiye sɩɣkpelaɣ kumoɖe yɔ kɛ panteliki. Nɛ kɩwɛ Akropɔɔlɩ kɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa. Paritenɔɔ kaakɛ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kɛ Athèna.
Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ ɖɔkaɣna ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ, kɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʋ taa nɛ ɖiyeki size samaɣ ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ nɛ pɩtasɩna n̄amtʋ.
Pɩtɛkɛna kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ yɔdaɣ tobi taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩkɛna ɛyʋ nimm wɛtʋ yaa sɩɣkpelaɣ ŋga kɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ yaa kɛtɛkɛ sɔnzɩ wonuu ŋgʋ palakaɣna-kʋ ɖooo lɔndaa kuduyuŋ sʋsɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ. Akropɔɔlɩ tɛtʋ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ panawaa kuduyuŋ kɩbɩŋ sʋsɔŋ ɛnɛ. Ɛ-taa kɛ xoanon kaawɛɛ nɛ pɩlɛɣzʋ Athéna Polias.
Ɛlɛ, ɖɩnɩ size kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ kriselefantiini sɩɣkpelaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ kɛ Athéna Parthénos. Pɩkɛna Phidia tʋmɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ naɖɩ kɛlɛ mbɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔ yɔ, pɩwaza peɖe kɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa mba size powokina pahaɖɛ loniye nɖɩ ɖi-taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ, tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm kɛwɛɛ.
Nɛ pɩwɛ mɛsaɣ tɛɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩlɩm yɔ kɛ naos (kilos 1150 wɛɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩlɩm yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩ pɩkɛ sɩɣkpelaɣ nɛ yee pɩzaɣ miŋ ɛzɩ haŋga lɩwa yɔ, papɩzʋ pacɩɩ kɔ-yɔɔ).
Nɛ adyton lɛ, ɛlɛ taa pekpeɣlaɣ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ ligue de Delos pa-n̄ɩm. Paritenɔɔ kɛna weweɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-taa kumola sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔza a-yɔɔ peɖe nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ yɛ size ɛyaa ɛtasɩ yɛ naʋ yɔ. Awɛ Greek Revival ɛjaɖɛ lɛɣtʋ matʋ taa kɛnɛ kɛ ɛ-kpɔŋ 19 taa.


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Sidaa
Sidaa kɛ kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ hikiɣ wɩsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔ. Kɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ tɩŋga kʊʊ ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa pʊtʊna mba palʊkɩna kʊɖɔmɩŋ yɔ,ɛlɛ, pɩtɩŋna VIH yɔɔ kɛnɛ. VIH kɛnɛ kpaagba lone ndɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ sidaa tɩŋgɩɣ nɛ kʊsʊʊ yɔ. Kʊkʊʊ ɛyʊ pɩtɩŋnɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛtɩŋna kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ weyi sidaa kpayɩ yɔ yaa ɛwɛna sidaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ payayɩ-ɩ se sidaa tʊ yaa sidaa ɛyʊ.
Nɔmɔŋ niidozo kɔdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋna nɛ kʊsʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Nɔmɔŋ ɛ-nʊ yɔ, kajalaɣ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ sɔsɔʊ yɔ kɛlɛ kʊzʊʊ. Naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ calɩm tɔbʊʊ se mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tabakʊyɔɔ ŋga pɔsɔkɩ ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa (sɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛmtʊ taa, mba paɖʊ-wɛ calɩm po-tomnasi taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mba pa-calɩm kiwa yɔ hiɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ calɩm mbʊ paɖʊʊ-wɛ pɩ-taa wɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ). Naatozo nɔmɔʊ kɛlɛ ɖoyo nɛ ɛ-pɔɔ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkpa pɔɔ ko-ɖoo lotu taa kɛ kpaagba kɔzɔɖɔ naa taa kɛ hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa yaa ɖɩ-lʊʊlɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-mʊzɩyɛ taa.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe kʊdɔŋ kʊnɛ kɩsɛɣ ɛsɩyɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩɣ 1970 taa nɛ kɩpɩsɩ sʊʊtʊ ajɛyɛɛ tɩŋga. Kʊsʊʊ hʊyʊʊ yeke koŋ ɖaŋgʊʊna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se kɩ-taa kpa ɛyʊ nɛ sɩɣsɩɣ yaa kele kele wɛtʊ pɩzʊʊna pɩɖaŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se ɖɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ ɖɩwaa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ. Ɛlɛ, kɔɔ naayɛ wɛɛ papɩzɩɣ pasɩɣna kʊdɔndɩnaa, ɛlɛ awɛ liiidiye.
Ajɛyɛ wena awɛna ñɩm yɔ a-yeke apɩzɩɣna ayakɩ pɩtɛ kɔɔ. Piyele wena awɛ tanɩm taa yɔ a-tɛ kʊdɔndɩnaa lakɩ kʊñɔŋ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ, hiŋ nakʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ lakɩ kʊñɔŋ (95%). Pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya ñɩnʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se ONU, pɩtɩŋna ɖɩ-lɩmaɣza yɔ pɩlɩna sidaa kʊdɔŋ ONU SIDA yɔ lɛ, lɩza lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kʊlʊkɩna sidaa kʊdɔŋ.
Nɔmɔŋ niitozo weyi VIH kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊna yɔ wɛna paa ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ. Kʊzʊʊ nɛ calɩm nɛ hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩɖɛʊ pɩkɩlɩna kʊzʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ paaɖʊʊ kʊzʊʊ hʊyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ yem taa se kɔndɔm. Kʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɩɖɛʊ ŋgʊ pɩtɩŋna sʊŋgɔɔ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣ kʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa (yaa calɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ sidaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ) nɛ mʊʊna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣ abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔŋ tɛ yaa nɔɔ taa. Kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ pʊtɔma kɩɖɛʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 0,005 % nɛ 0,5 % pɩtɩŋna kʊzʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ weyɩ ɛtɛma-kʊ wɛnaʊ yɔ pɩlɩna kʊzʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ kʊ-cɔlɔ.
Ɛyʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se kɩkpa-ɩ kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu nɛ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛsɔɔlɩ kʊzʊʊ hʊzʊʊ ɖʊʊ paa ɛzɩmta. Kiyeke koŋ kaɖaŋgʊna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se kɩ-taa ɖɛɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩna-kʊ yɔ. Ñɩnʊʊ nɛ Kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔŋ taa pɩwɩlɩɣ keele se kʊzʊʊ hʊyʊʊ yaba ɛyaa ñʊŋ nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpasɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ se hʊyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pɔza alɩwaatʊ kpaʊ pazɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ndʊ ɖʊkʊʊ camɩyɛ deyi deyi kɔyɔ pɩɩlakɩ.


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Ɛsɩyɛ
Ɛyʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ. Ɛsɛ wɛ kpaɣmɔɔʊ, lɩkpaɣzasɩ nɛ ɛyʊ kɩɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Hʊɖʊŋ naalɛ nɩyɩ hʊʊzʊʊna ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ-tɔndʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ maɣmaɣ lɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se ɛsɩyɛ piye. Tɔndʊ ndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ñɛwɛna hadɛ; tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɛ hʊndʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ yaa fɩtɩla yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɩyɛ wɩlɩɣna ɛyʊ se pʊnɛ pɩsɛwa yaa pipiya, pɩpaɣlaa yaa pɩwɛ ñɩɩ, pɩwɛ poliŋ yaa pɩñɔtinaa, pɩkpeetaa yaa pɩwɛ caŋgaliii.
Ñɩnɩya ñaɣ pana nɛ pañnɩ nɛ polu nabʊyʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛsɩ ɛsɩyɛ yɔ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩyɛ lɛɛɖe ɛfɛyɩ se kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ taa kɛ ɖɩyɔka yaa nbʊyʊ labɩna-ɖɩ yɔ, paaɖʊ ɖɩ-lɔne taa. Ɛlɛ mbʊ pɩkazɩna yɔ lɛ se, ɛsɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɩnaɣ. Ɛyaa wɛʊ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa hʊlʊmaa yaa asɛwa, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa sɛʊ caʊʊʊ yaa awɛ yuuleee.
Kʊtɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ akpaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ kelaɣ yaa ɛsɩyɛ taa caɣyʊ. Ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ papɩzɣ nɛ pawaa kʊtɩŋ ɩnʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛʊ yɔ, ɖɩwɛna huyiŋ yaa aŋwanaa naatozo nɛ mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ. Aŋwana mba pɛwɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm nabʊyʊ wɛ aŋwanaa mba pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ pɩsɩŋna ɛsɩyɛ se ɖɩcɔʊ.
Tɛtɛtɛ kpɩna naayɩ tɛ lɛ, ɛzɩ pɩyaʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, aŋwanaa mba pɩnaɣ-wɛ camɩyɛ. Wɩsɩ taa lɛ, aŋwanaa mba pakpɩɩsɩɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye ñɩɩɩ nɛ ɖoo taa lɛ, huyiŋ ɩnʊ ekpiyu nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye kikpɛdɩyɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ pɩna poliŋ yaa cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa.


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Ɖoŋ
Mbʊ payaɣ se ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « force » yɔ, pʊwɛna tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ wɛɛ. Ɖoŋ ɛnʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se hoɖe. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « athlétisme », pʊbʊ ɖoŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ wɛ tam nabʊlɛ taa. Ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ wɛɛ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɛwɛɛ.
Ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛna ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ eseɣ kaaʊ ŋgʊ lalaa ɛɛpɩzɩɣ peseɣ-kʊ yɔ. Ɛpɩzɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛma wonuu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊkʊ pɛlɩ. Ɖooo petewaɣ aleewa lɛ, evebu weyi pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ e-ɖeke ɛhɔ ɛyaa naadozo yaa naanza nɛ ewoŋna ɛ-yɔɔ kiŋ. Tɛʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ ɛnɩna heelim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ nɛ tɩŋ kpɛzɩ nɛ ɛtɔlɩ yɔ, tɛʊ feŋ lɛ, ɛyaa mba Ɛsɔ ha-wɛ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ yɔ, mbaa payaɣ nɛ powolo pakʊsɩ tɩŋ weyi ɛlɛ tɔlaa nɛ ɛkaɣ nʊmɔŋ taa yɔ.
Nɔɔyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ kakasɩɩ, ɛlɛ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nabʊyʊ labʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ-mɔɔyɛ wɛna ɖoŋ, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛzɩma ɛlabɩna ɛ-mɔɔyɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Nɔɔyʊ ñapɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ se ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ paa wɩzasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa. Ɖoŋ weyi eyeki se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ wɩzasɩ yaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ, payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se abalɩtʊ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mbʊ payana fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « athlétism » kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ kaɣlaa. Ɛyaa kpakɩɣ seɣa nɛ Kayaɣ halɩ pɔkɔɔ patalɩ Kɩgbafrʊ (Bafilo) paahɛzɩɣ. Pɩnɩɣ-wɛ, ɛlɛ, pɔɖɔkʊʊ pa-tɩ. Nabɛyɛ lɛ, cɛɛcɛnaa pasaɣ, kpaɣ cɩnɛ nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ Kpalɩma, paasɩŋɩɣ ɖoli se pɛhɛzɩ.
Ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ taa ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa Ɛsɔ ha kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ ɛnɩ. Kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ wakɩna eleeu. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee nɔɔyʊ ɛwɛna kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, eleeu ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlabɩ-ɩ ɛzaɣtʊ natʊyʊ kaʊ. Ɖɩcɔna ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ lakasɩ yaa e-wezuu caɣʊ tɩŋa yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ kalɩzaɣ taa ɖoŋ wazaɣ.


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Alexandre Sɔsɔ
Alexandre Sʋsɔ ɛnʋ, se Alexandre naadozo n̄ɩnʋ. Ɛkɛ Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩla pɩnzɩ 356 nɛ pʋcɔ Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɔɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ Pella tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 323 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye ɛsɩba Babilooni tɛtʋ taa. Alexandre Sʋsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ. Alexandre naadozo n̄ɩnʋ ɛnʋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ siŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛyaa sɔsaa lɛlaa yɔ.
Ɛkɛ Philipe naalɛ tʋ pɩyalʋ nɛ Aristote sukuli pɩɣa. Ɛpɩsa Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ pɩnaɣ 336 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛkɛ mba pakɩlɩ sɔɔlʋʋ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ mʋʋ yɔ pa-taa lɛlʋ. Ɛlaba nɛ ɛ-tɛtʋ cikpetu pɩsɩ Perse achéménide ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ. Ɖɩwalɩ mbʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Indus pɔsɩ nɔsɩ. Alexandre Sɔsɔ ɛnʋ ɛɖʋ ageeta ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Atalɩ ɛzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Payaɣ a-taa sakɩyɛ se "Alexandre".
Mbʋ pɩtɛzɩ yebu nɛ Alexandre Sɔsɔ hɩɖɛ kɩlɩ sɛʋ kpem yɔɔ lɛ se, ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛmʋ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʋ ndʋ ndʋ paasɩŋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩcaɣ kaɖɛ nɛ sɔɔndʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, ɛlɛ, ɛpɩzaa ɛla ḿbʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩ. Ɛ-pɩnzɩ niidozo nɛ naalɛ (32) ñɩnzɩ taa ɛsɩba. Tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ ɛmʋwa yɔ, yebina nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛya akpɛndɩ lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma politiki labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɖooo yɔ, wiɖiyi patana ḿbʋ.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana ayebina nɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa sɔsaa ñekpeɣli ageeta ndɩ ndɩ nɛ akpɛndɩ kʋɖʋma kpaɣ ɛjɛya ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nɛ a-mʋʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna Room n̄ɩma alɩwaatʋ.


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Puyenezɛrɩ
Puyenozɛrɩ kɛna Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa ɖeu nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe ta payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, pakpaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ hiu nɛ looɖo (16) wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Puyenezɛrɩ ñɩndʊ wɛ a-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana yaa pamazɩ se kaakaa pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ peeɖe ɛyaa talɩ miliyɔɔnaa 3 090 900.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩtasɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Puyenezɛrɩ Sɔsɔʊ yɔ, pɩ-taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naanza nɛ hɔɔlɩʊ (14 500 000). Pamazɩ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ lɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa agbapa 305. Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ cazɔnaa nabayɩ kɔyɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba nɛ lɛɛba ñalɩna Italii. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba palakɩ katolika tɛ cɔɔcɩ yɔ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ.
Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ kɩwɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ politiki nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma kɩla wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1536 taa kɛ sɔdɩŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Mendoza tɛ Pedro nɛ Garay taa Juan yɔ pɔñɔza Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ. Ɛlɛ Mendoza tɛ Pedro kaapazɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1536 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtaabalʊ Garay taa Juan ñasɩna-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1580.


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Tɛtɛɛ pɔm
Pɔmdɩtɛɛrɩ
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ kɛ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ nnɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ asʊʊ ɛzɩ hɛɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩ-tɛɛ pɩzʊ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩɖaɣlɩ lʊʊʊ. Paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ tɛtɛɛ pɔm ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ kaabʊ yaa tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ yɔ yɔ nɛ lɛŋ, pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-kʊ fayɩɩ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊpʊʊ ɛyaa. pdt kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ nɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ kɩkɩlɩ hɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kʊnɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ ɛzɩ awiihɛɛ yɔ ɛlɛ sɔzɩŋ ɖeɖe kɛ tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛ pazɩ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pepim-kʊ ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa
nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.


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Tu
Tu kɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋlʋʋ piya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ-sɩ hɩɖɛ yɔ. Kpɩna sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛna tatasɩ wɛʋ nɔɔnɔɔ.
Tuŋ weyi ɛwɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ yɔ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩŋ nɛ laʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Afrɩka tuŋ nɛ Aazii tuŋ. Ɖooo lɛ payaɣaɣ-ɩ se Ɛɛndɩ tuŋ. Tuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩŋa ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Aasii tuŋ tapaɣlɩ ɛtalɩ tuŋ lɛɛŋ, ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋɩŋ tawalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtalɩ lɛɛŋ n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋa lʋbʋ se tuŋ weyi ɛtatasɩ wɛʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ nɛ weyi ɛlɛ wɛɛ yɔ pakaɣdɩ ɛlɛ yɔɔ ɖeu.
Tɔmpiye "éléphant", Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ. Ɖɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "elephantus". Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋkʋ taa se, se "ἐλέφaς", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ivoire" yaa "éléphant".
Pasɩma tu sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa. Aazii sɔnzɩ taa lɛ, pan̄ɩɣzɩnɩ tu nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ. Pɔtɔŋ ɛyʋ weyi ɛɛsɔʋ tɔm kaʋ yɔ se ɛwɛna tu fɩtɩyɩm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tu n̄ʋʋ taa mbʋ pʋwɛɛ yɔ, pʋɖɔɔ. Lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ tʋ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ, ɛtɔma se kpɩna tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, tu kɩlɩna lɛɣtʋ sɩm nɛ ɛkɩlɩ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣzɛ.


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Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovitch Nabokov kɛ Ruusi tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yaa kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ kɛ Ɖoma fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ yaa hiŋ naaalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋga taa. Lalaa n̄ɔtɔŋ size ɖomaɣ fenaɣ efemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋga kʋɖʋma ŋga ka-taa. Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe kɛ kooka yaa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe palʋla ɖajaa Vladimir ɛnʋ.
Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ naalɛ (2) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1977 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Lausanne kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ lutozo (78) kɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimir Vladimirovitch Nabokov kɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ, nɛ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ, nzʋlʋma lɛɛna taa lɩzɩyʋ yaa payaʋ size nzʋlʋma lɛɛna taa ɖɛzɩyʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimir kɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ tazɩyʋ. Ɛ-tɔma ana, a-kpeekpe payɩ mbɩ yɔ, Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlakɩyɛ, ɛlɛ, ɛkɛ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Iglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛlaba ɛtɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ sukuli nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) mbɩ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimirovitch Nabokov ɛnɛ, pɩnaɣ 1940 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ, ɛtala Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa, nɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm wɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛta tamaɣ size ɛpɩsɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ yaa nesi ɖʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ wobɩnaʋ ɛsɩnda.


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Aŋgoola
Aŋgoolaa ɛjaɖɛ kɛna Afrika kedeŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ajɛya naanza cɔna-ɖɩ nɛ ata ko, anaa yɔ: Kɔngoo-Pirazaaviili, Kɔŋgoo Kinsasa, Namibi nɛ Sambii. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖaɣla nɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ nɛ Afrika hadɛ kɩŋ ñɩna wena alɛ yɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm yɔ ahɛkʊ taa. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖikɛna naatozo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, Pɔrɩtigaalɩ ñɩma kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩwɛʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ 1975. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. Pʊcɔ nɛ kɩwɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1975 taa mbʊ yɔ, Aŋgoolaa taa ɛyaa tɩŋa taa taahɛ nɛ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se kɩhɛʊ koministi taa yɔ nɛ yoŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pʊtʊlʊʊ paaɛzɩmtaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 25 yɔ.
Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ sɩba nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɛsaam mbʊ pʊkʊ ɛyaa yɔ, pʊpʊ ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɩɖɩɩna ɛyaa kʊʊ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ wɛ Aŋgoolaa taa yem fɛɛɛ.


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Tɔrɩyɔm
Tɔrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 90 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Th, ɛ-tɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ. Sʊyɛdɩ Jöns Jacob Berzelius, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nana-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1829 nɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Thor, hayi yɔɔ nasɩyʊ tɛ ɛsɔ. Ɖenɖe ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ wɛ mañɛzɩyɔm kpɛndɩtʊ taa nɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ wondu ndʊ tɩcɔʊ helim taa yem yɔ.
Pana tɔrɩyɔm lɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩkpɛdʊ Løvøy lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ Nɔɔrivɛɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Morten Thrane Esmark yɔɔ. Esmark tiyinaɣ ŋñɩɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ ɛ-caa, wilɩyʊ sɔsɔ Jens Esmark, ñɩɣlɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ niye mʊyʊ, papɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kɛlɛ etiyina cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Jöns Berzelius se ɛmaɣzɩ, pɩlakʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1828 wɛɛ taa. Berzelius wili nɛ ɛtakɩ, kɛlɛ ɛyaa pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnʊ tɔrɩyɔm pɩlɩna Thor yɔɔ, sɩkandɩnavɩ ɛsɔ nazɩyʊ tʊ.
Palaba tɔrɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kandʊ naa taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩyakʊ waɣkɩ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Marie Curie nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Gerhard Carl Schmidt nana tɔrɩyɔm cɛnzɩ tɔʊ pɩnaɣ 1898.
Yee tɔrɩyɔm keeke kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kʊlʊm kpʊzʊyɛɛ weyi ɛwɛna keɖeɣa fenasɩ sakɩyɛ ptɩŋna kalɩkɔdaɣ ŋga kaɖaŋɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ ɛsɩnda kɔyɔ tɔrɩyɔm mʊkɩ pazɩ pazɩ helim taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩɣ kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ kɩkpɛdʊ. Tɔrɩyɔm tɔɖɔɔ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛwaɣsɩ taa, ɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ tam naanaza ʊranɩyɔm, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊlɔŋ yɔ.


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Siloveni
Siloveni kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛdɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋɖɩ payaɣ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkamaɣ yɔɔ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ: Itali ɛjaɖɛ, Otirisi ñɩnɖɛ, Hɔŋgiri ɛjaɖɛ kurowasi nɛ Adiriyatiki teŋgu.
Pɩnzɩ akpagba mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa kɛ Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ pɩsa Yʊgɔsɩlavi hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩzʊ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Silovɛnɩ.


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Édith Piaf
Édith Piaf kɛ hendu teyu nɛ tanaʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1915 taaPaarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1963 ñɩŋga taa ɛsɩba. Pɩwɩ-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ. Grasse tɛtʋ ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ nɩɩnaza nɛ lʋbɛ ñɩnzɩ taa. Ɖoɖoo Édith Piaf hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ kɛlɛ Giovanna Gassion. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ ɛ-nɔɔ taa kɩlɩ tʋŋ leleŋ.
Ɖoɖoo Édith Piaf hayɩsɩna ɖajaanaa panɛ nɛ papɩsɩ hendu luɖaa nɛ teyaa sɔsaa. Ɖajaanaa mba, pa-hɩla kɔyɔ : Yves Montand nɛ Charles Aznavour nɛ Georges Moustaki. Ɖoɖoo Édith Piaf tɛ minziki payaɣ se music-hall.
E-minziki mabʋ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ pakʋma-ɩ hɩɖɛ se ''la Môme Piaf''.
Ɛma takayɩsɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ :
Wezuu caɣʋ pɛɛyɛɛ taa (La Vie en rose) nɛ Aayɩ maakpiɖiɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ (Non, je ne regrette rien) nɛ Sɔɔlɩm kɩɖaʋ wendu (Hymne à l'amour) nɛ Ma wataŋga taa tʋ (Mon légionnaire) nɛ Samaɣ (La Foule) nɛ Milord nɛ Mɛ-Ɛsɔ (Mon Dieu) yaa ɖɔɖɔ se L'Accordéoniste.
Ɖoɖoo Édith Piaf hɩɖɛ sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ pɩlɩɩnɩ e-wendu tue yɔɔ.


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Wɩsɩ
Wɩsɩ (kɩɖaʊ: , payaɣ-sɩ 'sol' nɛ Latɛŋ taa, nɛ 'Heλιoς' (Helios) Krɛkɩ taa) kɛ mbʋ mbʋ pʋcɔ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-tɩɩŋa. Wɩsɩ kɛ mbʋ mbʋ pʋcɔɔ pɩta ḿbʋ yɔ, pɩ-taa kaabʋwaɣ. Sɩ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ sʋtʋ lɩm yɔ. Panaɣ mbʋ payaɣ se, Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ nɛ hélium yɔ sɩ-taa. Si-yuŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpaɣ 74% yaa 92,1% sɩ-maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hélium n̄akpaɣ 24% si-huŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yaa 7,8% sɩ-maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa[1]. Tɛtʋ nɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ pʋdʋnaa lɛlaa lʋbɛ pɔcɔʋ-sɩ nɛ pataŋ. Pʋtʋnaa cikpema nabɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se, asɩtɛrowidi nɛ kɔmɛɛtɩ waa yɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ mʋzʋʋ nakʋyʋ pɔcɔʋ-sɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩŋ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ payɩ yɔ, pɩ-taa lɛ, wɩsɩ kpaɣ si-ɖeke 99,86% pu-huŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ mbʋ pɩkazaa yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ pu-yuŋ tam naadozo taa yɔ, pʋdʋ weyi payaɣ se, Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ n̄akpakɩɣ pɩkɩlɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ nɛ ɖoŋ weyi sɩhaɣ yɔ, ɛnʋ yekina nɛ ɛyʋ caɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛlɛ, mʋntʋsʋʋ tɛ ɖoŋ nɛ soŋaɣ n̄ɩŋ peyekina nɛ lɩm wɛɣ nɛ tɩŋ lʋlʋʋ pe. Mbʋ payaɣ se, UV solaire yɔ, yee lɩm mbʋ pikpeŋ lɔɔŋ taa yem yaa pɩcakɩ habɩŋ taa yɔ, pɩtakɩlɩ cʋʋʋ yɔ, ḿbʋ kʋʋna kʋdɔmɩŋ pe pɩ-taa. Tɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ n̄ɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ patɩŋɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ Fenaɣ yaa lɩm peyeki nɛ mʋntʋsʋʋ ŋgʋ wɩsɩ haɣ yɔ kɩlɛɣzɩɣ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ nɛ papaɣlɩɣ.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ n̄aɣʋ mbʋ yɔ piyekina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ soŋaɣ nɛ niikaɣ pa-alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Toovenim lɛ, n̄alɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩn̄andɩɣ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖi-miŋ 99,97% yaa 99,98% lɩɣna wɩsɩ cɔlɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wondu lɛɛtʋ tɩŋa yɔ, ḿbʋ ɖɔɖɔ n̄alɩmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛlɩɣ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ miŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ weyi paanaɣ-ɩ yɔ ɛ-tɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ Tɛtʋ wɛ ti-ɖeɖe ɖiɣɖiɣ.
Wɩsɩ kɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʋ taa payɩ yɔ pɩ-taa lɛɛbʋ. Tɩɩnzɩ ńzɩ sɩkpɛndɩ ɛzɩ kudokiŋ agbaba 234 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pan̄ɩnaa nɛ pana ḿbʋ: Ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ tɩɩnzɩ wayɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se parallaxe-seconde yɔ pʋ-tam 15 nɛ siposina tɩɩnzɩ ɛzɩ parallaxe-secondes waa 8.500 yɔ (pʋwɛ ɛzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se année-lumière yɔ tam 26.000.
Wɩsɩ posina Tɛtʋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 149.597.870 ḿbʋ yɔ [2]. Pʋmʋʋ cɛcɛsɩ 8 nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa 19 nɛ pʋcɔ Wɩsɩ tɛ n̄alɩmɩyɛ talɩ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ lɛ.


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Ɩrɩdɩyɔm
Ɩrɩdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 77 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ir. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ pana ɩrɩtɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna Smithson Tennant yɔɔ Londre tɛtʊ taa, Angleterre ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ nɛ ɔsɩmɩyɔm kɛ caajaasɩ (ɩrɩdɩyɔm tɛ ɔsɩmɩyʊrɩ) alɩwaatʊ ndʊ poyola platɩnɩ nɛ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɩlɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm lɩm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ taa.
Kpaagbaa caajasɩ nzɩ paalɩzɩ ɔsɩmɩyɔm taa yɔ, taa kaawɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa, nɛ pɩsɔzɩ kʊzɔzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm. Patasɩɣ pɩyʊʊ lelemiŋ lɛ, lɩm nabʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩsɛ caʊʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ amoniyaki pʊɖɔɔ piŋ lɛ, pɩlakɩ lɔŋ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩlɔrɩ yɔ. Pʊtʊ weyi ɛcaɣ ñanaɣ tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pahazɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ fefeku yɔ. Kʊca ŋgʊ kɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔ pɔyɔkʊʊ-kʊ nɛ pʊlɔŋ.
Pʊlɔŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔkaa yɔ kʊmʊʊzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ. Ɩrɩdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm kpeŋgeluu ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛɛ yɔ nɛ panaɣ-yɛ camɩyɛ, nɛ keeke lɛ pɛwɛtʊ caɣ ndɩ ndɩ paa ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩkpɛndɩtʊ kaawɛɛ kɔyɔ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa iris pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ kayʊʊ, pɩlɩna tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa taa yɔ. Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa ɛnglɩsɩ ɩrɩdɩyɔm lɩ Fransɩɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1805, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkɛdaɣ Siini pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm yɔ. Palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm kpɛndɩtʊ 10% nɛ platɩnɩ kɛ 90% ɛzɩ wonuu kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ walanzɩ (mɛta kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ) nɛ yuŋ mazɩnaʊ, ɛlɛ Sèvre yuŋ mazɩnaʊ nɛ walanzɩ mazɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ paɣtʊ ndʊ, Sèvre pɩñɔtɩna Paarii Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ
Tɔmpiye kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ ɖɩkɛ ɖooo kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa. Ɖɩnɩɣ keeke kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ Krɛkɩ kɩlɛɣzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩɩ tɛ Krɛkɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ tɛ Athènes. Tanɩm nɛ sɔndʊʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ, Platon nɛ Aristote pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ lɔŋ laɣsɩ paɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Takayasɩ maʊ taa kɩpaɣlaa panɛyɔ Iliade nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Odyssée kpaɣnɛ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ. Ɛsakuliye ndɩ ɖɩsɩɣ ɖoŋ siŋ kpaɖɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋgaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩ-wala sakɩyɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛnaa taa.
Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Alexandre kɩkɩlʊʊ tʊ yoŋ wabɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye sʊ ɖooo kɩbɩm ñɩnɖɛ taa se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ Room kewiɣsi tɛ ɛsakuliye.
Hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ tɛ fɛʊ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye laba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩza nɛ ɖɩhiɣ yuŋ yaa ɖoŋ weyi Roma taa yɔ, ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa tɩlɩyɛ tɛ ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ arabɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ ñalɩzɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Krɛkɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Pamazɩɣ se mba kɛna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kɩɖe tɩnaa (ɛyaa mba pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ yɔ, Socrate maɣmaɣ nɛ Platon nɛ Aristote nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛ mbʊ yɔ). Mba lubina cɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pamaɣzɩɣ se mba tʊlɩna lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm piye piye ñɩnʊʊ (tomnasɩ dɔnɛ tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ akɔnta labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma). Krɛkɩ matʊ hiɣ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo tɩlasɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɩtatalɩ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ pamazɩyaa Room mba yɔ.
Yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛpʊdʊʊ yuŋ tʊ weyi ɛtɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ paɣlaka kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga taa. Krɛkɩ taa maɣzɩm tɩnaa laɖaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ Aristote mbʊ yɔ tɔŋ se yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe tɛ kaʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna Krɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, ŋgʊ lalaa ñɔtɔndʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɛ.


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Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ ἀvapxίa / anarkhia, pama-ɖɩ nɛ an kajalaɣ pɛmtʊ mayaɣ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se arkhe, kewiyaɣ, sɔsɔtʊ, ñazɩtʊ tɔm fɛyɩ), pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛñazɩɣ nɔɔyʊ yɔ yaa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ fɛyɩ yɔ, ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ wiyaʊ fɛyɩ, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛtɩyɩɣ eyeke sɔsɔtʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ɛɛñazɩɣ lɛlʊ. Ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ panɩna ɖama, pala politiki paɣtʊ natʊyʊ naa yaa halɩ tɩɖɔɔ kɛlɛ kʊyʊm ɛɛtɩyɩɣ-tʊ eyeke nɛ ɛñazɩna.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ nɩɣ taa, kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmɣzɩyɛ tɔm ɖɔ paa weyi ɛ-tɛ nɩɣ taa, nɛ pɩtasɩna pɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ. Ɖɩcaɣ eniiziye mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ pɩkɛ fiti fiti tɔm ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ kɩbandʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ samaɣ hɛkʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1840 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon kaalɛɣ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa mabʊ nɛ ɛtɔ se ɛkɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se etisa pʊ-yɔɔ.
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɔ-tɔŋ tɔm ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ɛyaa kɛnɛ paɣtʊ tɛ samaɣ, mbʊ papɩza nɛ peyele nɛ ɛyaa nɩɩ nɛ petisi se pɛkpɛndʊʊ pa-ñɩm tɩŋa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ pe-kpeekpe pa-pɩyʊ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kɩlabɩm wondʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lalaa ñɔtɔŋ se hayi matɩna ma-ñɩm. Agbelenaa tɔm kpou pɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna kʊnʊŋ ɖama tɔm nɩɣ cɔlɔ kɛ Caen Basse-Normandie lɛ pɔtɔŋ se pañɩna lɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ agbelenaa 9 yɔɔ lɛ lʊbɛ lɩzɩɣ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ ɖeu (cɔlɩyɛ fɛyɩ, siduu siduu tɔm yeke, yiduu tɔm yeke, wɛɛkɩtʊ tɔm yeke, kɩɩnɩnaʊ tɔm yeke, ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ nɛ aleɣwondu tɔm yeke) kɛlɛ politiki tɔm ndʊ polosa ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ yɔ kɛlɛ se (pa-tɩŋa pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ nɛ paa weyi ɛwɛɛ pɛɛɛ taa).
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1869, samaɣ ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pama-kɛ pɩtɩŋna Louis Asseline yɔɔ yɔ ñɩkɩɣ niiye tɔm tʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kɔtɔŋ se lalaa cɔlɔ lɛ pɩkɛ komina paɣtʊ fɛyɩ tɔm, sɔsɔtʊ fɛyɩ tɔm, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛwɩlɩɣ nɔɔyʊ nɔmɔʊ nakʊyʊ, paɣtʊ fɛyɩ, ŋgʊ peeɖe yɔ panaɣ yiki yiki tɔm sakɩyɛ ɛyaa fetenum taa nɛ pa-laɣsɩ taa. Lalaa ñɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ palɩzɩɣ politiki paɣtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ natʊyʊ yɔ, cɔɔcɩ tɔm fɛyɩ, pɔyɔkɩ kewiyaɣ tɔm, pa-maɣmaɣ palakɩna pa-lɩmaɣza nɛ pa-tʊma, ɛkɔm ɛkɔŋna-wɛ kɩfatʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɖoli.


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Kinsasa
Kinsasa kɛna Kɔŋgo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se RDC yɔ kɩ-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1881 nɛ 1966 taa lɛ, payawaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ se Leopolidvili pɔcɔ pʊwayɩ payaɣ-tʊ se RDC. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔnaa 12 071 000. Tɛʈu tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 9 965. Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛKɛɛrɩ nɛ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Kinsasa tɛtʊ wɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se kɔŋgo yɔ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele kɩha ɛsa nɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazavili. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ paakɛ Pantu mbaa; payaɣa-wɛ Teke nɛ Humbu waa. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVIII nɛ XIX taa lɛ Kinsasa kaakɛna ɖenɖe tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋgaɣ camɩyɛ kpem yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1881 taa kɛ ñɩnɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Henry Morton Stanley yɔ ɛya Kinsasa tɛtʊ se Leopold tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Ɛya-tʊ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛcaɣa se ɛɖʊmna hɩɖɛ kɛ Pɛlɩzɩ kewiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Léopold Naalɛtʊ yɔ. Kɔŋgo ɛjaɖɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Kinsasa taa kɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ: tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu wɛ, tadɩyɛ, sukulinaa sɔsaa nɛ sukulinaa kɩtɛzʊ, sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kaawɛ cabɩ yem nɛ paamaɣna ɛyaa 1 600 nɛ pɩnaɣ1950 lɛ patalɩ ɛyaa 202 000, piyele pɩnaɣ1960 lɛ paawɛ 4443 000; pɩnzɩ 1970 taa kɛ peeɖe ɛyaa talɩ miliyɔɔ nɛ paawɛ 1 070 000; pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda 5 414 000 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa lɛ pɛwɛ 8 415 000.
Kinsasa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩɣ nɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Pirazavili (Kɔŋgo), Prukisɛɛlɩ (Pɛliziki), Taakarɩ (Senegaalɩ), Teeraŋ (Iranɩ), Utirɛstɩ (Peyibaa). Payaɣ Kinsasa tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se André Kimbuta Yango.


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Soowa (Shoah)
Soowa (Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, שואה pʊtɔbʊʊ se azɛyʊʊ), pɩkɛ Yuda ɛyaa samaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ. Caama ɛyaa ɖɩzaɣna Yuda ɛyaa mba, nɛ ɛyaa mba pakʊwa yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ loɖo hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ yaa ɖɩkpaɣ Yuda ɛyaa natozo Eerɔpʋ taa kɔyɔ pakʊ ɛyaa naalɛ mbilim yaa kedeŋga taa Yuda mba mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiŋ nanza, kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Yuda ɛyaa mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Caama mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Eerɔpʋ taa Yuda mba kʊʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa yaa tɩlɩyaa hɛkʊ taa wɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ siŋ kɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ palabɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ.
Yuda mba, Caama maɣmaɣ wɩlɩ-wɛ niye se pɛkɛ po-koyondina mba pɩfɛyɩ palabɩ-wɛ pʊdɔdɩyɛ wɛɛ pɩkpɛndɩna pa-lɩmaɣza nɛ po-tomnaɣ, ñɔɔsɩ kpa-wɛ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pasɩ poloñi tɛtʊ cipketu ndʊ tɩ-taa kaawɛ Yuda mba yɔ nɛ soofiyetiki kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊ pʊɖɔkɩna-kʊ yɔ kɩ- taa.
Pakʊ-wɛ nɛ malɩfa naa kɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ paya hɩɖɛ se soowa malɩfa pɛɛ tɛ ŋgʊ. Tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa labʊ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩtalʊʊ pɩlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pakʊɣa-wɛ, pakʊɣa-wɛ nɛ fefekiŋ fefekiŋ lɔɔɖaa taa yaa fefekiŋ kuduyiŋ tɛɛ ɖenɖe pɔtɔyɩtaɣ-wɛ yɔ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tomnasɩ nzɩ pataapiŋ yɔ pañazaɣ-sɩ mɩŋ siɖaa tɔlɔɔŋ taa nɛ pamɩzɩɣ pɔ-tɔlɔma.
Yuda mba tɛ tɔyɩtʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɩna ɛzɩma tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpelasi taa tʊma laɖaa nɛ lɛɣtʊ laɣsɩ cɔlɔ, mbʊ piyeba nɛ Caama pɩzɩ kɩɖɩzɩ samaɣ ŋga, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩsɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kpoyi. Ɖama tɛyʊʊ kʊñɔŋ alɩwaatʊ, pɩtɛ you ŋgʊ kɩñɩnaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ samaɣ ŋga katafɛyɩna sɔɔjɔnaa yaa politiki nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖoŋ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ kʊyaa yaa pʊdɔdɩyɛ fɛyɩ tɩnaa kaamaɣzɩna tʊ.
Halaa, piyaa (halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna piyaa cɩɩ cɩɩ waa) nɛ akpadɩyaa pagba patɩŋga nɛ pakʊ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa sɔsaa. Piyaa ma-ñʊʊ sɩba waa mba patɔyɩtɩ-wɛ patalɩ piyaa 1500000. Pʊcɔ Yuda ɛyaa tɛ kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, pewilaɣ po-wonduu taa ɖoŋ nɛ paɖɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Kɔsitaarika
Kɔsitaarika kɛna Amerika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Karayibu Teŋgu kɩwɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Nikaraguwa teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ kɩwɛna; piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Panama ñɛwɛna.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 pakala ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 947 490 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 51 100 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Saŋzoozee nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kolɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa petɛɣʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wondʊ nɛ petɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se: Paaɖooye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛsʊʊi tɛtʊ ndʊ fɩbɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena akɩla tɔyʊʊ yɔ a-taa kɛlɛ kotolika ñɩnɖɛ, protɛsɩtaŋ nɛ lɛɛna yem.


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Thomas Sankara
Thomas Sankara kɛ Purkina Faso ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1949 nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1987 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 37. Palʊila-ɩ Yako tɛtʊ taa, Hoti Fɔlɩtaa nɛ pakʊ-ɩ Wagaadugu, Purkina Faso ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ lɛ payaɣwaɣ-ɩ se Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara nɛ ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Le Che Guevara Africain. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Mariam Sermé nɛ pɛwɛna pɩya naalɛ: Philippe Sankara nɛ e-neu Auguste Sankara. Ɛ-caa kɛ fulaani nɛ e-ɖoo kɛ Mɔɔsɔ tʊ. Pɛ-kɛ Kristu mba. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ sɔɔja nɛ paasɩ-ɩ ɖakʊtanaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ taa kɛ pakpa-ɩ nɛ paɖʊ-ɩ salaka.
Sankara laba ɛ-hɛkʊ taa sukuli kɛ Ouezzin Coulibaly sukuli taa kɛ Poobo-Tiyolaso nɛ ɛ-sukuli kɛtɛzʊ kɛ Wagadʊgʊ. E-sukuli labʊ taa payɩ ɛɖʊwaɣ taabalɩyɛ nɛ tuuɖe ɛyaa kʊhʊlʊma piya. Cɔɔcɩ taa ɛɖʊwaɣ lɩm kɛ layʊ (fada) ɛlɛ ekiza se ɛɛlakɩ fadanaa tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛzɩ Blaise Compaoré ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛlaba sɔɔjɛɛtʊ sukuli kɛ Yawʊnde, Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ ɛpɩsɩ sɔɔjanaa mba palɩʊna ɛsɔɔtaa lɔɔɖa taa nɛ pamaɣ yɔ. Ɛɛwɛ Nahuri, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛnɛ Henri Zongo, Boukary Kabore, Blaise Compaoré et Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani palɩza ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ROC.
Thomas Sankara kaakɛ Hoti Vɔltaa, ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Purkina Faso yɔ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛkɛna weyi ɛlʊba se tuuɖe ajɛya taa sʊsa ɛɛtaakɔ nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ lɩmaɣza yɔ, weyi ɛlʊkɩ se ɛ-jaɖɛ ɛlɛɛzɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ, ɛsɔɔla kandʊ ɛ-samaɣ ñɩm nɛ ka-lɩmaaza yɔɔ nɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla Afrika ilemiye ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩmaɣza kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Sankara kɛŋna Purkina Faso ɛjaɖɛ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ediya ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩcala paɣzʊ se ɖɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 wiye pɩnaɣ 1983 pɩsɩɩna aloma fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1987 kɛ ɛɛkɛna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Pɩnzɩ naanza waa mba pa-taa ɛlʊba kpem ɛnɛ lʊbɩyɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛñɑɣ pana nɛ ɛlɛɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ tuuɖe ajɛya taa ɖɩ-ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣya kaaya se Hoti Fɔlta nɛ Purkina Faso. Hɩɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩlɩna moore nɛ diula kʊnʊmɩŋ taa nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Maananɛmɛɛsɛɛ ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ yaa Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ paapeɣzu ɖɩ-ɩyaa nɛ nabʊyʊ yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ samɣ (halaa) yomiye taa lɩʊ. Ɛtɛlɛm waa nabayɩ kʊna-ɩ nɛ Blaise Compaoré kpaɣ kpelaɣ aloma fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1987. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ wɛ Afrika mba tɩŋga nʊndaa pɩkɩlɩna Purkina Faso evebiya nɛ pɛlaa tɩŋga ñʊndaa. Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkaɣ sɔʊ sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɛ hɩɖɛ se « Che Guevara africain » yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ sɖʊʊ lɛɛkʊ, Patrice Lumumba ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.


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Yowanɛsɩbuuri
Yowanɛsɩbuuri kɛna Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔyʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ndʊ kɛna Kotɛŋɩ tɛtʊ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ñɩm kɩla wɛʊ. Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ taa lɛ Yowanɛsɩbuuri kɛŋna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1886. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Yowanɛsɩbuuri wɛ tɛtʊ sʊtzɔtʊ taa nɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naalɛɛ yɔ nɛ Afrika taa lɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ looɖo ndʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ tɩ-taa.
Paanɛ paakpakɩɣ Yowanɛsɩbuuri ɛzɩ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ tɔsʊʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ taa yɔ pɛkpɛnda 4 434 827 pɩnaɣ 2011 taa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ natutozo ndʊ kɛ Afrika taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa pɔɔ nakayɩ fɛyɩ nɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se pɩwɛ ɖeu yaa pɩwɛ kele kele. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩwɛ komina kaɖɛ se kɩhɔ pɔmpɩ taa lɩm nɛ kiwona peeɖe.
Yowanɛsɩbuuri nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʋ Pretooriyaa hɛkʊ taa ɖaalakɩŋ maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa nɩɩnɩwa yɔ. Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ wɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natutozo: Piretoriya, peeɖe kɛ komina tʊma sʊzɔna wɛɛ; Kap, taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩya ñɛwɛ nɛ piyele Ployemfontayinɩ ñɛkɛŋna tɔm hʊyaa hɔɔlʊʊ.
Yowanɛsɩbuuri tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩɣ nɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Akra (Kana), Adisi-Abeba (Etiyoopii), Pirimiŋgam (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Siyaŋ (Siini), Lɔndrɩ (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Kinsasa (Kɔŋgo Kinsasa), Matola (Moozambiki), Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etaazuunii), Windɔkɩ (Namibi), Tanɩ (Fransɩɩ).
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa cɔcɩ layʊ nɔɔyʊ wɛɛ nɛ ɛ-tɔm ndɩ kpɛm nɛ layaa tɩŋga. Payaɣ-ɩ se Cyril Axelrod, ɛkɛ yʊlʊm nɛ ndam nɛ kaayɔɔdaɣ. Payaɣ peeɖe malɩka yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Herman Mashaba.


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Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ
Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ kɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ ɖeke koŋ yɔ. Pama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyʋ ɛtɩŋna nɛ ɛla tʋmɩyɛ kʋ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɔn̄ɔtʋʋ laatriki miŋ kɩ-taa kpa lɛ, tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ńdʋ tɩlɩɩ nɛ ɛyʋ ɖɔ tɔm ndʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛlakɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlɛɣzɩ nʋmɔŋ weyi ɛtɩŋɩɣ mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla tʋma sakɩyɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ekuli takayɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ ɛkalɩ sɩ-taa tɔm, ɛpɩzɩ ekuli takayɩhayʋʋ ŋgʋ patama natʋyʋ kɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɛma ndʋ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Nabʋyʋ, pʋwɛ ɛzɩ cɩkaɣ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se "holu", mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛmaɣ ca ca ɛzɩ holu mɑɣʋ yɔ. Ɛnʋ palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Ɛnʋʋ ɛyʋ wokina hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛsɔɔla labʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛn̄ɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm kʋɖʋmʋm yaa naalɛ ɛzɩ e-liu wɛʋ yɔ nɛ ɛna ɖenɖe ɛn̄ɩnɩɣ yɔ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ wɛna ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ: Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ wɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ lakɩ yɔ, kʋ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ-ɖɩ. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se, "Ecran". Yee hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩsɩba yɔ, ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ sɩba ɖɔɖɔ.
Hɔɔlʋʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔɔ masɩ tɩŋa wɛɛ. Masɩ ńzɩ ɛyʋ sɔɔlaa maʋ yɔ, sɩ-yɔɔ ɛn̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ sɩlɩɣ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Kɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖoli ɖɔɖɔ pan̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ "holu" ɖɔŋ. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ, ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ pɩzɩɣ kiɖi nɔɔkʋɖʋmaɣ. Ɛlɛ, kiɖim mbʋ yɔ, kɩwɛɛ kɩn̄ɔɔzʋʋ mbʋ payaɣ se "Program waa " yɔ kʋn̄ɔɔzʋ. Kɩtɛŋ lɛ, kɩɖaɣnʋʋ pazʋʋ kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ lakaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1834 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1837 taa ɖajaa Charles Babbage luba akɔnta n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ ɛsɔzɩna mba ɖajanaa panɛ: Blaise Pascal nɛ Jacquard n̄aaluba yɔ. Kaarɩtɩnaa nabɛyɛ, pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ n̄ɩɩɩ n̄ɩɩɩ waa. Pɔ-yɔɔ pawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛla akɔnta nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩlɛɣzɩ ɛyʋ lɛɣtʋ lone taa yɔ, paya-kʋ " Pascaline". Alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa Charles Babbage maɣzaa nɛ elu wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ kɩfalʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-taa natʋyʋ sakɩyɛ. Babbage n̄ɩna e-wezuu caɣʋ taa se, elu ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ ŋgʋ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩmaɣzɩ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ maɣzʋʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtpɩzɩ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ n̄ɩnɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa se polubi-kʋ, ɛlɛ, patapɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ wayɩ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ ɖajaa IBM lɩzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se, "informatique" yɔ. Ɛcalɩna n̄ɔɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, "ASCC\MarkI" yɔ. Ɛtɩŋna ɖajaa Babbage lɩzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ anjaʋnaa mba yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ elubi-kʋ. Eluba-kʋ nɛ pɩtɛɛ lɛ, pɩlaba se, mbʋ ɛn̄ɩnaɣ se ɛla e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, ɛlaba-pʋ, pɔ-tɔbʋʋ se, eɖozaɣ ndʋ yɔ, ɛlaba-tʋ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ polubu ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ waa mba pɛwɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ. Pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pɛ-wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Nabɛyɛ wɛ camɩyɛ pakɩlɩ lɛlaa. Nabɛyɛ n̄apaɣlɩ pakɩlɩ lɛlaa. Lɛlaa lubutu n̄ɛwɛ ndɩ kpem.


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Etiiki (éthique)
Pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛna wɛtʊ kɩbantʊ. Pʊwɛ se ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɛkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ ndʊ nɛ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se etiiki (éthique). Tɔmbiye etiiki (éthique) lɩna krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ethos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔnzɩ. Etiiki kɛ lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii (philosophie yɔ pɩ-tɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ wazaɣ pʊyʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔm etiiki hʊʊ. Etiiki piliŋa yɔɔ ɛyʊ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ñaɖʊʊ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Yee mbʊ paɣtʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩndʊ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Aristote nɛ Kant pɔtɔŋ se etiiki tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kʊɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋa hɛɛ yɔ. Tobi taa lɛ, mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna ɛyʊ yɔ mbʊʊ etiiki piliŋa ñɩnɩɣ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʊ etiiki piliŋa tɩŋɩɣna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩɖʊʊ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Etiiki piliŋa ɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa lakɩ mbʊ yɔ, yaa ɛyaa sɔɔlɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩɩkɛɣ mbʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi cee alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa kaɣ labʊ yaa pakaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ. Etiiki nʊmɔʊ taa tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kɩkpɛdɩm, nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ paa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖajaa John Rawls yɔɔdaa se pʊwɛɛ se etiiki paɣtʊ ɛmʊna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-paɣtʊ.


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Fɩyɛɛnɩ
Fɩyɛɛnɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ yɔ Otirisi. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩyɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Taaniibi pɔɔ kɛtɛsʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa hɛkʊ taa nɛ tiposina Paarii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 243 yɔ; Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 651; pɩkazɩ yee pɩkɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ, pɩtalʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 112 yɔ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ potina Pudapɛsɩtɩ ñɩndʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 250 pɩkazɩ tiposina Pɩraagɩ nɛ Muuniiki ñɩndʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 350. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla –tʊ ñɔtinaʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ Pratisilaadaa nɛ tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 60 yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ patɩlɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa peeɖe yɔ lɛ, komina yeba nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016. Kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛma lɛ, ɛyaa 1 840 573 kɛ pana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa.
Piyele pamazɩ tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ landammm taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 41 489 yaa kilomɛtanaa 414,89. Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ taɣ liu nɛ alakɩ a-tɛ politiki ketiizasɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩɖʊʊ tɩ-nɔɔ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛ politiki tɔm taa yem yɔ.
Peeɖe kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ aŋgba nayɛ tɩkila wɛɛ nɛ aŋgba ana a-taa kɔyɔ: OSCE, OPEP, ONUDI yaa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ aŋgba sakɩyɛ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ poluki ñɩɩtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ pacakɩ tɩ-taa nɛ pasʊʊ tɩnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pañɩnɩɣ se pana mbʊ keteŋa kaakɛna yɔ, kɛnaa yɔ yaa mbʊ kakaɣ kɛnaʊ yɔ.
Ɖooopɩnaɣ 2001 kɛ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩɖʊ ɖɩpɩlʊ taa. Payaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Michael Häupl.
(Europe)


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Kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu kɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ kɩkpɛndʋʋ. Nazɩyaa (protons) cabɩ wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ nazɩyaa ḿba pa-ñʋʋ.
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa nazɩyaa ñʋʋ kɛ mayaɣ « Z ». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pâma mayaɣ « Z » kɔyɔ, pʋwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ nazɩyaa ñʋʋ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ.
Patɩlɩɣ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu tɛ wɛtʋ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɛ nazɩyʋ piye wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Nazɩyʋ piye wɛtʋ ñalɩɣna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa piye tɛ sɩɣlɩyaa ñʋʋ cɔlɔ.
Mbʋ yebina nɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɩŋa mba pɛwɛna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ tɛ mayaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ yɔ, patɩŋa pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ wonduu wɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ. Pɩtɛɛ lɛ, kpɛlɩ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa taa pe pɩzɩɣ pɛfɛyɩna patɩŋa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa ñʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ.
Pe naayɩ taa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔɖɔɔ pakɩlɩ pe lɛɛna taa ñɩma. Kpɛlɩ wonduu taa natʋyʋ hɩla yɔ : Idrozɛɛnɩ nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ azɔɔtɩ nɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ nɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ kuwifrɩ nɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sika.
Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama se yee pama mayaɣ « H » kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ Hidrɔzɛnɩ nɛ pâma mayaɣ « C » lɛ, pɩkɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ. Mayaɣ « N » ñawɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Azɔɔtɩ nɛ mayaɣ « O » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ. « Fe » wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ « Cu » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kwivrɩ. « Ag » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ liidiye ñɩlɩm nɛ piyele « Au » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ sika. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kpɛlɩ wonduu ñʋʋ kɛ 118.


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Harare
Harare kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ Zimbabuwe ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 800 111. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna 96 060.
Ɖooo lɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ ɛyaa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Sona (Shonas) yɔ mba kaawɛna peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ pakpakaɣ-wɛ ɖɔdɔ ɩzɩ Neharawa (Ne-Hararawa) nɛ pʋtɔbʋʋ se weyi eeɖou yɔ. Pʋkʋma lɛ, you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ lɩɩ peeɖe cejewa hɛkʋ taa nɛ cejewa wena payaɣ-yɛ se Guca (Gutsa) yɔ awa you ŋgʋ nɛ aɖɔɔnɩ Sonawaa nɛ alɛ wolo acaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Zambii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ taa.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Harare nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kazaŋ (Ruusii), Notiŋgam (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Munisi (Caama), Pirato nɛ Lago (Italii).


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Fɔɔfɔɔ
Fɔɔfɔɔ kɛna kɔyɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ yɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔna wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ, pʊʊyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɔtɩɩ Tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ kɛ pakpakʊ nɛ pesidi yaa passa fɔɔfɔɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ, pɩpɔzʊ se pɩpɔzʊ se sɩkɛna nzɩ sɩyɔlʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Sodiyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna yidirɔkɩsidi kɛ pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ kɛ ɖoŋ yɔ piyele potasɩyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna idiɖɔkɩsidi yɔ yaa ɖʊʊyʊ kɛ pasaɣna kabɩyɛ fɔɔfɔɔ yaa fɔɔfɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ. Tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ pezidu-sɩ ɖama taa nɛ patɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ sɩwasɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pasaa fɔɔfɔɔ. Palakɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ nikaɣ lɩm. Pʊbʊ taa lɛ, kɔ naayɛ kɛ pesidu ɖama taa nɛ pasaa-kʊ. Pɩɩkɛ fɔɔfɔɔ lɩm ñɩŋgʊ, pʊʊyʊʊ yaa ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ kɔyɔ, kɩtɩɩɖʊ lɩm taa lɛ, kɩyɔlʊʊ.
Pɔcɔtʊʊna fɔɔfɔɔnaa, paǹalɩɣna ñanzɩ yaa pɔsɔʊna lɩm. Pʊtɔbʊ se palɩzʊna asuluma nɛ fɔɔfɔɔnaa. Paalɩzʊ nɛ asuluma lɛ, kɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ fammm. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa taa nɛ tomnasi nzɩ yɔ, lɛɛsɩ wɛ leleŋ, ñɩmɩŋ siziŋ nɛ sɩ-taa wɛ nʊm cɔɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tomnasi yaa kɔ wena pakpaɣ nɛ pasaana-wɛ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa mba pɛwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pawɩlaa lɛ, papɩzʊ popuuti-wɛ puɖupuɖu. ALɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-wɛɛ lɩm taa yɔ, potuu feɖe feɖe kɛ ɛyʊ nesi taa yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, kɩwɛʊ lɔɔbɩɩɩ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩcɛlɩɣna-wɛ pɛwɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlʊ se pɛwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ yaa kpandalam yɔ. Kɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔnaa yɔ, a-yɔɔ lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se kɩ-ɖʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔ taa yaa ɛsɛ taa. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ.


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Ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Guggenheim
Bilbao tɛ ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Guggenheim kɛ payana anasaayɩ taa size musée Guggenheim de Bilbao Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖeɖe wondu kuduyuu Bilbao n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna keɖeyaɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pama-kʋ nɛ sɔnɔ lɛɣtʋ nɛ lɔŋ pa-matʋ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Keɖeyaɣ wondu kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ Bilbao tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa. Patʋlaɣ kʋ-nɔnɔsɩ pɩnaɣ 1997 ñɩŋga taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ kuduyiŋ naanza ɖeke kɩlɩna-kʋ kɛɖewa. Ɖajaa Solomon R. Guggenheim mana-kʋ.
Matʋ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ yɔɔ patɩŋnaa nɛ pama kuduyuu ŋ́gʋ. Ɖajaa Frank Gehry lɩzɩna kɩ-kɩlɛmʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pama-kʋ. Ɛ-lɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tiyebina nɛ, ɛ-hɖɛ sɛɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ paha-ɩ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ maʋ kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʋʋ samtʋ nimiye.
Keɖeyaɣ wondu kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pakɩlɩ sɩm kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kɩkɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pama-kʋ yɔ.


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John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1883 kɛ Cambridge tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1946 taa kɛ Firle tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tʊ nɛ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ tʊ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyɩ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.
Ɛɛkɛ pɩɣaevelo yem mbʊ yɔ, ɛtɛm wɛnaʊ pɩzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ, pɩ-nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Versaille tɛ nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ ŋga paya kɛ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kazʊwa yɔ, ŋga posusa kɔ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1919 taa nɛ saʊlaa tɔm takayasɩ nɛ evemiye taa tɔm takayasɩ. Ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kaakɛ cenji nɩnaʊ tɔm takayaɣ. Ɛ-tʊma sakɩyɛ kaakɛ paakpekiɣ tʊma mʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ kɛzɛɣa nɛ cenji tɔm (pɩnaɣ 1936 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Palʊla John Maynard Keynes kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ liɖe ndɩ ɖɩkɛ ñɩm liɖe. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ John Neville Keynes, ɛnʊ kaakɛna ketiizasi ñʊŋ tʊ kɛ Cambridge sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɛkpɛlɛkɩ tɔsʊʊ labʊ yɔ tɛ mayʊ, takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se The Scope and Method of Political Economy, palɩzɩ-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa. E-ɖoo payaɣ se John Maynard, Florence Ada Brown.
Pekpeɣkuu se hɩɖɛ Keynes lɩna Cahagnes Normandi taa. Cahagnes ñalɩna latɛŋ pɩtɛɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa casnus. Pɩlɩna hɔʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ mbʊ Keynes laba yɔ lɛ, ɛna se Chagnes tɛ William lʊlɩna-ɩ, ɛɛkɛ Guillaume ɛgbaɣtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛnglɩsɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-hɔʊ kaakɛ katoliki ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ pɩsɩ Yeesuu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa kɛlɛ pɛcɛtɩ kɩ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ pamɩlɩ kɩ-ñɩm tɩŋga payi.


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Mbʋ payaɣ se « WhatsApp » yɔ, mbʋʋ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se « WhatsApp Messenger ». Pɩkɛ tʋma naayɛ sakɩyɛ kaŋgalafu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala « WhatsApp » tʋma. Kaŋgalaafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla « WhatsApp » tʋma yɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se « android ».
Ɛyʋ ɛtamsɩ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ Kaŋgalafu nɛ « Android » yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se eheyiɣ e-koobu yɔ, paa ɛlɛ ɛfɛyɩ ɛlɛ ñɩŋʋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛñɩŋʋ nɛ ekuli « WhatsApp » lɛ, ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ e-koobu heyi-i yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ ña nɛ ño-koobu ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩna ɖama « WhatsApp » yɔɔ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se mɩ-naalɛ ɩwɛɛna paa weyi lɛ kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Android » yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛwɩna kaŋgalafu « Android » nɛ ɛwɛɛ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛnɩɩ tɔm tɩŋa payɩ ndʋ tɩlakɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ. Yee ɛnɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ tɩkɛdɩna-ɩ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩ etiyina-tʋ e-koobiya tɩŋa payɩ mba pɛwɛna kaŋgalafu « Android » yɔ. Paba ɖɔɖɔ panɩ natʋyʋ kɔyɔ papɩzɩ petiyina-ɩ-tʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ etiyina-yɛ e-koobiya mba ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ pɩtɩŋna « WhatsApp » yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Jan Koum nɛ Ɖajaa Brian Acton patʋlɩ « WhatsApp » tʋma. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa patʋla-yɛ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ palakaɣ « site web » ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Yahoo » yɔ kʋ-tʋma sɔsɔna. Halɩ papɩzɩ pɔtɔ se ḿba lɩzɩna-kʋ. Palɩzɩ « WhatsApp » se kɩlɩzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « SMS » waa yɔ kaŋgalafunaa taa. « WhatsApp » tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Mountain View tɛtʋ taa Californie ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Facebook yaba « WhatsApp » tʋma lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa liidiye dollars waa 19 miiliyarɩ. Dollars waa ḿba pa-taa miiliyarɩ waa hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ (15) ɖɛɣ « Facebook » tʋma ɖeɖe. Tɔbʋʋ se pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tʋmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyɔɔ waa 350 yaa dollars waa 40 paa nesi ɖʋyʋ weyi lɛ.
Paɖaɣnɩ sɔzʋʋ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖaa liidiye yɔɔ. Nɔɔnɔɔ pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyarɩ waa.


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Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɛyʋ yɔɔ ɛjɔɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɔɔtaa yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ wɛna wazaɣ ŋga yɔ kɔɖoo: nɖɩ lakɩna nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔkɩ tɔɔnaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtaazɩɣ nɛ eli nɛ yɔɔdaɣ yaa wendu teu. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyʋ ɖɩkɩɣna tɔɔnaɣ yaa mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se pitii ɛ-taa yɔ. Ɛjɔɔɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ calɩm hosi sakɩyɛ.
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ sentimɛtanaa nakʋ yɔ, nɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ: liɖe nɛ tɔnʋʋ yaa nandʋ. Hola sakɩyɛ wɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ akpɛndɩ 17. Ɛlɛ hoɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ kpem nɛ pɛtɛkpɛndɩna-ɖɩ.
Pʋtɔbʋʋ se hola an, awɛ naalɛ naalɛ kɛ tɔm litoozo taa nɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛ hɛkʋ taa kpayi.


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Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler kɛ Otirisi tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Kaliště tɛtʋ taa Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Otirisi kewiisi kpɛndʋ ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ sɔnɔdaat Cɛkɛsolovaki ɛjaɖɛ.
Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1860 ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩba Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1911 taa.
Ɖajaa Gustav Mahler ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sʋsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖeke, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ soo tɩnaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ taa n̄ʋʋdʋ nɔɔyʋ nɛ piyaanoo maɖʋ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛ-hɔʋʋ kaakɛ Yuda mba hɔʋ yaa Isrɛɛlɩ mba n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛ Kaliště haɖaa taa. Ɛkɛ Bohême cejewiye taa tʋ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se kɛlɛ Bernhard Mahler nɛ payaa e-ɖoo se Marie.


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Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie)
Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ mʊyɩsʊʊ yaa fɛbɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tomnaɣ taa yaa tomnaɣ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna yasʊʊ nɛ ñɛyɩtʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Yasʊyʊ kɛ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ ɛsɩma nɛ ɛyasʊʊ ɛyaa (fɛɖʊ keeke nɛ kela tɛ fɛɖʊ nɛ kpɩna tɛ fɛɖʊ). Palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna yasʊʊ yɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se palaba-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, yasɩyaa lakɩna yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩɣ tɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Ɖɩlɩna Krɛkɩ taa xeιpoupYιa (kheirourgia) xeιp (kheir) nesi nɛ epYov (ergon) tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm nɛ mɔɔ hʊyʊʊ tɛ labɩyɛ nɛ tɩpaɣlɩɣ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ kaahiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩɖala siŋ kɔyɔ yasɩyaa pɛkɛsɩ-wɛ kɩjaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa hɛkʊʊ taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖɔnʊʊ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa taawɛ ɖeu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Kpaɣna kpaɣdʊ 19 kɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ kɔma asʊʊ pɩtŋna alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ nɛ politikii tɔm nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ nɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Ɛyaa mba pahʊŋ tandɩŋ yɔ mba hʊŋna ñɔsɩ, saŋ nɛ cɛɛŋ, palakɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ. payasʊʊ mʊyaa, palakɩ calɩm tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛŋ wiliɣ nɛ ɛna yɔ.
Jean Pitard, ɛkɛ ñɔsɩ hʊndʊʊ sɔsɔ, ɛmʊ samtʊ nimiye paarii, Etinne Boileau, pahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ patɩ yɔɔ kɛ ɖuutu loɖo taa, se pɩha nɔmɔʊ nɛ pala saŋtaɖaʊ ñɔsɩ hʊndaa mba pɛwɛna sɔlɩm se pala yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (na tʊma tɛ takayaɣ).
Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa yasɩyʊ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-kʊdɔndɩnaa kɛ kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ palakɩ ɛyaa tʊma yɔ. Kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wondu sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba pasɩna pɛwɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ padaa kɔyɔ ɖɔkɔtɔ weyi ɛsɔkɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩsɩ yɔ nɛ sɩm yɔ fezuu tɩnaa nɛ yasʊʊ kuduyuu tɛ fɛɖaa. Pɩtaa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ papɩzɩɣ palakɩ fɛbɩtʊ tʊma lɛɛna hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa.
Kelaa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ weyɩ ɛlakɩ-ɖɩ paya-ɩ se kelaa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, ɛcakɩ kpagba kpelaɣ nakayɛ yɔ ɛlɛ, ɛwɛna sɩnayaa pʊɖɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ weyɩ ɛlakɩ nɔɔ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɖɩ-lʊlɩyɛ taa palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ pawalanzɩɣ halɩtʊ kɛ lʊlʊʊ wiye ɛlɛ weyi ɛcɔŋna halɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa halʊ lʊlʊsɩyʊ. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpagba kɛ halʊ weyi ɛ-nɛ hɔɔ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ, pahɩzɩ-ɩ kpeŋgbeluu ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Hʊyʊʊ ɖʊʊ (Assurance)
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ (assurance) kɛnɛ ɛyʋ pɩyʋ fevere n̄ɩm keem sɔsɔm. Pɩkɛ mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ siŋŋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ yaa cɛɣtʋʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ taa yɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ size ɛmɛɛsɩ ɛn̄ɩm yaa ɛtɔsʋʋ kɛ ceeɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɛyʋ kpakʋ nɛ ɛsɩɩɖɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size wiɖii yaa kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ wiye natʋyʋ ɛtalɛyɛ yaa ehuu kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ lɛ pɩɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʋ wezuu kɩpaŋgʋ camɩyɛ caʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
ʋ kʋyʋʋ ɖoli size cee Ɛyʋ ɖʋpɩɩsɩna-yɔ nɛ eehuu n̄ʋʋ yabɩtʋʋ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛ-taalɛyɛ kɔyɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna liidiye yaa n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ ɖʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size ɛɛmʋʋɖɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛʋ kɛdɛɖaɣ taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyakʋ labʋ, yaa kɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄ɩm.
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa liidiye cɔʋʋ ɖʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ pɔcɔʋʋ ɖɩ-taa liidiye nɛ pɛcɛlʋʋ cɔyaa takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩʋ size, yee wiɖiye nabɩyʋ yaa tɔm natʋyʋ ɛtala pa-taa nɔyʋʋ kɔyɔ paɖʋyɛ nesi yɔ. Paayeki ɛyʋ yeɣyeɣ nesi kpɛɖɛ kɛ ɛcɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Liidiye cɔʋʋ tamaɣ yaa lɩmaɣza kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size, paaɖʋyɩ nesi alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kaɖɛ tɔm yaa kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ talɩ-ɩ lɛ yɔ. Yee ɖɩkpakʋʋ tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ ɖɩnɩʋ walanzɩ kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩm yaa tɔsʋʋ ɖɔkʋʋ camɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ; nakʋyʋ kɩkɛwa.


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Lawrɛnsɩyɔm
Laʊrɛnsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 103 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Lr (wɛɛ kɩbɩnaa taa pɩɩkɛ Lw pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1963). Albert Ghiorso lubina-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1961, ɛ nɛ Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh et Robert M. Latimer (Etaazuunii), kɛlɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ Ernest Orlando Lawrence hɩɖɛ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛtɩlɩ siklotron waa wɛtʊ pɩnaɣ 1929.
Pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ, pana-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1961 Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC) kɛ Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Berkeley sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ɛlɛ pɔyɔkaɣ kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna bɔrɩ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa bɔrɩ 10 nɛ bɔrɩ 11.
Pɩtɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pʊkɔna ntɔjɔɔlɩyɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1967 pɩlɩna JINR ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ Dubna, Mɔsɩkʋʋ tɛtʊ taa, mba wɩlɩna se agbele 257Lr pɩtɛkɛ ŋgʊ yɔkʊʊna alɩfa 8,6 MeV nɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ caɣyɛ ɛzɩ 8s, ŋgʊ tɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ nɛ ndʊ paana Berkeley yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agbele 258Lr ñɩnʊ, ɛlɛ lɩzaɣ 256Lr waa yee pɔyɔka amɛrɩsɩyɔm 243 hɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ.


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Irlandɩ Hayɩ Kiŋ
Irlandɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ yɔ ka-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya naayɛ nanza kpɛndɩna nɛ kaɖʊtɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 810 863 yɔ. Pamaza Irlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 14 139 km2.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.


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Laʋ
Tɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩŋ kɩmaɣnaŋ nɛ tɩŋ cikpeŋ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ pɛwɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ payaa se laʋ. Laŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ laŋ cikpeŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Laʋ kɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ wezuu laʋ taa. Ɛyaa paɣzɩ caɣʋ laŋ taa kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ nɩɩlɛ ñɩŋʋ taa. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa taŋa mbʋ yɔ, halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ kaca laŋ taa. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnʋʋ nɛ nɩɩnʋwa caɣ laŋ taa.
Awayɩ kpɩna sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ cikpesi pɛwɛ laŋ taa. Laŋ sɔsɔŋ taa tuŋ nɛ tɔɔyɩŋ nɛ tudusi nɛ awayɩ naŋ nɛ kpoŋ nɛ awayɩ kpɩna sɔsɔna lɛɛna pacakɩ wezuu. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ awayɩ kpɩna kɩmaɣna ɛzɩ namɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ahuwa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩkpayɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Awayɩ kpɩna cikpena wena ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩna laŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, a-taa naayɛ hɩla yɔ : kozonzi nɛ puda naa nɛ fɔɔ naa nɛ yuŋ nɛ awayɩ kpɩna cikpena lɛɛna.
Sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sumasɩ kɩmaɣnasɩ nɛ sumasɩ cikpesi kudokiŋ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ cakɩ wezuu laŋ taa. Sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tataa naa. Sumasɩ kɩmaɣnasɩ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ makɩyɛ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ atenda ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpeliŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ awayɩ suŋ nɛ lesi ajalɩ kɔkɔ naa nɛ hoomataŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpɩɩtɔlɩ naa nɛ abɛntɛ naa ndɩ ndɩ akpaŋnaŋcaʋ waa.
Sumasɩ cikpesi taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩtɛɛyɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ahowa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpɛŋkpɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ awayɩ halɩkuku naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kʋdɔkɔyɩŋ nɛ atɛwa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩɩdʋ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ hɩmcɩʋcɩʋ naa ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖʋma sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖʋma cikpema ndɩ ndɩ wɛ laŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Kayɩmasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ kayɩmasɩ cikpesi wɛ ɖɔɖɔ laŋ taa.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɩm taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ paɣtʋ yɔ, mbʋ laŋ taa wondu lakɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kpɩna wena akɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, atɔkɩ kpɩna wena alɛ fɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ apɩzɩ acaɣ wezuu.


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15-21 novembre
YOZUWEE 23-24
Hendu 50 nɛ adɩma
Kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm (C. 1)
ÑƖM MBƲ PƖWƐ ƐSƆTƆM TAA YƆ
“Lɔŋ weyi Yozuwee tasɩ samaɣ kɛdɛzaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ”: (C. 10)
Fezuu taa ñɩm: (C. 10)
Yoz 24:2—Abraham caa Teera kaakɛ sɩɩnaa layʋ na? (w04 1/12 12 § 1)
Ŋkalɩ kpɩtaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛ Bibl hɔɔlʋʋ lɛ, fezuu taa ñɩm mbʋ ŋhiɣaa pɩlɩɩnɩ Yehowa, tɔm susuu yaa hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ŋsɔɔlɩ se ŋkɛdɩ-ɖʋ pɩ-tɔm?
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Bibl kalʋʋ: (C. 4) Yoz 24:19-33 (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 11)
FALƖSƖ ÑA-TƖ NƐ ŊSUSI TƆM CAMƖYƐ
Ðɩcalɩɣ ɛyʋ katʋʋ lɛ: (C. 3) Paɣzɩnɩ lɩmaɣza wena awɛ kɛdɛsɩ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Cosi tɔm ndʋ ɛyaa yɔɔdʋʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ mi-egeetiye taa se pakaɖɩnɩ-mɩ yɔ tɩ-taa natʋyʋ yɔɔ. (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 2)
Pɩsɩ ŋna-ɩ: (C. 4) Paɣzɩnɩ lɩmaɣza wena awɛ kɛdɛsɩ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ ŋha ɖɩɣdʋ Nɩɩ wezuu leleŋ tam! hatʋ cabɩ takayaɣ. (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 20)
Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 5) lffi tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 01 tɛ tobi lɛ, tɔm taa tazʋʋ nɛ kaɖʋwa (th tɔm kɩkpɛlɩkɩtʋ 3)
CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Kizi taabalɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ ɖʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa: (C. 7) Tɔm taa tazʋʋ. Yele nɛ paɖʋ video Kizi mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ piyele nɛ ŋlesi siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ yɔ—Taabalɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ŋpɔzɩ samaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ: Ðoŋ weyi taabalɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ paɣzɩ wɛnʋʋ koobu halɩñɩnʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔɔ? Lɛɣzɩtʋ ndʋ ɛlaba nɛ ɛzɩma tɩsɩnɩ-ɩ? Lɔŋ weyi video kʋnɛ kɩkpɛlɩkɩ-ŋ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se ɖikizi taabalɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ ɖʋʋ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ?
Hiɣ taabalaa ɖenɖe ŋtaaɖʋna yɔ: (C. 8) Tɔm taa tazʋʋ. Yele nɛ paɖʋ video. Pʋwayɩ lɛ ŋpɔzɩ samaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ: Ɛbɛ tuyi Akil nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɖʋʋ taabalɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ sukuli taa? Ɛzɩma pɩlaba nɛ ehiɣ taabalaa kɩbama ɛgbɛyɛ taa? Lɔŋ weyi video kʋnɛ kɩkpɛlɩkɩ-ŋ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛzɩma ŋhiɣ taabalaa kɩbama yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ?
Ɛgbɛyɛ taa Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ: (C. 30) lfb ñʋŋ 7 nɛ 8
Kɛdɛzaɣ tɔm (C. 3)
Hendu 39 nɛ adɩma


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Bɔrɩ
Bɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 5, yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ B. Bɔrɩ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 13 ñɩŋʊ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata yɔɔ. Bɔrɩ maɣmaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛlɛ ɛwɛna kɩtamsɩnaʊ tam nabutozo. Bɔrɩ caɣ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ tɛɛ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ taa, ɛlɛ eyele ɛwɛɛ tɔrɩɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ kiŋ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ bɔrɩ ɖɔm yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ bɔras, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ bɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm.
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 2000, pana se bɔrɩ kɛ -pɩtɩŋna Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩŋga nakɛyɛ yɔɔ (ECHA) pɩyʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ, REACH paaɣtʊ yɔɔ) ɛzɩ lɩm mbʊ pʊ-tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paalakɩ kɩ-tɔm tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ.
Pʊtʊnaa mba payi pɛwɛ bɔrɩ taa yɔ (Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, بورق – buraq, Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, burah, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩlɩsɩɣ) paasɩma pɔ-tɔm ɖooo pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ alɩwaatʊ taa. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa, pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba palakaɣ cʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Room ɛyaa mba filipii ɛyaa yebina-wɛ ñɩm yɔ, lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ bɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ palakɩna ñɩnɩŋ wondu.
Bɔrɩ yeke koŋ kɛna pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛ caɣyɛ kpata taa kɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ aliminiyɔm, kaliyɔm, ɛndɩyɔm nɛ tatɩyɔm. Bɔrɩ taa pʊtʊnaa lalaa wɛ ɛzɩ Levis tɛ siziŋ tɩnaa.


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Praagɩ
Praagɩ kɛna Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naqtʊyʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 280 508 yɔ. Pamaza Praagɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 49 600 km2. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa maalika ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Adriana Krnáčová (ANO 2011).
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Praagɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ: Kasaablanka, Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ, Siikaagoo, Fransɩ, Frankɩ Fɔrtɩ, Hambuuri, Kiyoto, Mɔɔsɩkʊʊ, Norambɛrgɩ, Paarii, Fonikisi, Tunisi, Niimi, Tiijɔni, Fiyɛɛnɩ, Hɛlɩsinkii, Pudaapɛstɩ, Yeruzalɛm, Riiga, Roterdam, Pratisilava, Lisboni, Pirmiŋgam.


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Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Yale University) pɩkɛ Amerika mɛwɛ mantɩyɔɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ New Haven yɔ Connecticut taa. Patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1701 Saybrook tɛtʊ taa se pɩsa nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ camɩyɛ ɛyaa mba pacaɣ pɩsɩɣ fada naa yɔ. Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɛna sukuli ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Cɔɔcɩ sukuli kiɖe tɛ lɛ kɩɩwɛ New Haven pɩnaɣ 1716 nɛ pʊwayɩ paɖanɩ-kʊ yaʊʊ se Yale kɔlɛɛzɩ pɩlɩna kʊjɔʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kɩlɩna Britaniiki tɛtʊ taa komina nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ weyi ɛñɔnaɣ Ɛndɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tʊma yɔɔ yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Elihu Yale. Sukuli ŋgʊ lɛ kʊ-tʊma keekee kaakɛ Ɛsɔ wɩlʊʊ, nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Yale sukuli ñɔʊʊ yɔ pɩlɩna Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School paɣtʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ (paɣtʊ ndʊ lɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ patʊlɩ katoliki cejewiye sukuli), kɛlɛ Connecticut tɔm hʊyaa kpaŋ tɩsɩ tɩ-yɔɔ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1701 nɛ palɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpeekpe lɛ se papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛyaa mba paapɩzɩ nɛ pɛkɛ Connecticut tɛtʊ ɖɔkɩyaa yɔ.
Piteleɖi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm ɛyaa naanʊwa nabɛyɛ mba yɔ Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israël Chauncy, Samuel Mather, James Noyes, James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russel, Joseph Webb nɛ Timothy Woodbridge, patɩŋɛ payɩ mbʊ paakɛ Harvard sukuli pɩyaa, pekpeɣli ɖama nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ Samuel Russel tɔm yɔɔ kɛ Branfort Connecticut tɛtʊ taa, se pɩsa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ lɩmaɣza kʊyʊma nɛ takayasɩ kʊyʊmasɩ nɛ paawɛna takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ kuduyuu kʊyʊmʊ.


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1Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ kuuu pǝnɑɣɑ nɑɑnʋwɑ nɑ kʋlʋm nyǝŋkɑ. Ɩsɔtʋ tooso nyǝŋ kʋyɑkʋ kɑncɑɑlɑɣɑ nyǝŋkʋ wule. Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ Ɩsekiyɛɛlɩ mɑ́ sɩ:
2Yʋlʋ nyɑ́, pɔɔsɩ Icipiti wulɑʋ nɑ ɩ sɑmɑɑ mpɑ pɑ tɔɔ ɩ tɔkɩ kɑwulɑɣɑ tɔ sɩ, ɑweɣe mɑ́ kɛɛsǝnɑ-wɛɣɛ pɑ toŋ sɔsɔɔŋ tɔm tɑɑ?
3Pɑ nǝɣǝsǝnɑ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ Silii nyǝ́mɑ. Pɛlɛ pɑ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ Lipɑŋ tʋɣʋ sɔsɔɔʋ ŋku kʋ kʋlɑ sɔsɔm tɔ. Kʋ piliŋɑsɩ tewɑɣɑ nɑ sɩ́ tokiɣinɑ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ nɑ sɩ́ wɛnɑ ɩsotom kʋpɑm.
4Lʋmnɑɑ kɑ pɩɩsǝnɑ tʋɣʋ ŋkʋ. Pʋ́ʋ́ɣʋ́ sɔsɔɔʋ sɛɛlɑɑ lʋm yekinɑ nɑ kʋ pɩɩ. Sɛɛlɑɑ mpɛ pɑ pusi lʋm kpeŋɑɣɑnɑ timpi tʋɣʋ ŋkʋ kʋ wɛɛ tɔ.
5Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ kʋ kǝlɑ tɩɩŋ lɛlǝŋ tǝnɑɣɑ kʋŋkʋlʋmǝŋ. Kʋ piliŋɑsɩ hɛlɑ teu nɑ sɩ́ lɔ́ tǝkpimm, kɛ lʋm sɔsɔɔm mpi pɩɩ yelɑɑ nɑ kʋ́ pɩɩ tɔ pǝ tɔɔ.
6Kʋ piliŋɑsɩ tɔɔ kɛ́ sumɑsɩ tǝnɑ tʋkɑɣɑ sɩ tɑnɑ. Tɑɑlɛ wontu tǝnɑ nɑ lʋlǝɣɩ kʋ tɛɛ. Nɑ piitimnɑɑ tuutuumɑ nɑ́ɑ́ wɛ́ kʋ ɩsotom tɑɑ.
7Kɩɩ kʋlɑ tʋɣʋ kɛ́ nɑ kʋ́ tewɑ, nɑ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ hɛlɑ teu. Mpi tɔ, lʋm sɔsɔɔm tɑɑ kɛ́ kʋ lilɑ kɑmɑ.
8Pɑɑ Ɩsɔ tɑɑlɛ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ tɑɑ tʋɣʋ nɑkʋlɩ kʋ tɑ tɛɛ-kʋ. Nɑkʋlɩ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ ɩɩ kɛɛsǝɣǝnɑ kʋ nyǝŋsɩ kɛ pɑɑ teu tɔm tɑɑ, yɑɑ pʋlʋpʋ tɑɑ.
9Mɑ tʋ-kʋɣʋ piliŋɑsɩ kʋpɑmpɑnsɩ kɛ́. Hɑlǝnɑ mɑ tɑɑlɛ Iteni tɑɑ tɩɩŋ tǝnɑ lɑkɑɣɑ-kʋɣʋ ɩsɛsɛɛmlɛ.
10Mpʋɣʋlɛ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ sɩ: Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ́ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ pǝnɛntɑɑ sɩ, tʋɣʋ ŋkʋ kʋ pɩɩwɑ, hɑlǝnɑ kʋ́ kɑlǝsǝnɑ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ kʋ kɑlɑmpɑɑnɩ pɩɩkɩ nɑ ɩ́ puki.
11Pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ lɔ-kʋ. Mɑ tʋ́-kʋɣʋ wulɑʋ wei ɩ kǝlɑ toŋ kɛ tɛtʋ tɑɑ tɔ ɩ niŋ tɑɑ. Ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ́ lɑnɑ-kʋɣʋ ɩsǝnɑ kʋ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ wɛɛ tɔ.
12Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mʋʋlɑɑ mʋsʋŋtʋnɑɑ sɔsɑɑ sɛtɑ-kʋ nɑ pɑ́ lɔ. Kʋ piliŋɑsɩ nɑ kʋ ɑkpɑɑ pɛlɑɑ nɑ sɩ́ hoti tɛtʋ tǝnɑ tɛtɛkɑ nɑ pulɑsɩ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ mpɑ pɑ cɑɣɑ kʋ ɩsotom tɑɑ tɔ, pɛlɛ pɑ́ lɩɩ nɑ pɑ́ sé.
13Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ sumɑsɩ wɑɑnɩ wɑɑnɩ piitimnɑɑ cɑɣɑ kʋ tɑɑʋ tɔɔ. Tɑɑlɛ wontu nɑ́ tɑwɑ tǝ lonɑ kɛ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ tɛɛ.
14Pǝ lɑpɑ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ sɩ, tɩɩŋ wei tɛʋ nɩɩkɩ teu, nɑ lʋm tɑkɩ-ɩ nɑ ɩ́ pɩɩkɩ nɑ ɩ́ kɑlǝsǝɣǝnɑ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ tɔ, ɩ́ tɑɑ sɑ ɩ tǝɣɩ ɩ kʋŋkʋlʋmǝŋ tɔɔ. Pǝ tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, tɩɩŋ nɑ yǝlɑɑ pǝ tʋ́-wɛɣɛ sǝm kʋlʋmǝm kɛ́. Pɑɑ tɛ nɑ pɑ́ sɑɑlɩ yem nɑ pɑ́ sʋʋ ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ mɑɣɑnɑ mpɑ pɑ hǝntɑ tǝnɑ tɔ.
15Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ yɔɣɔtɑɑ sɩ, kʋyɑŋkʋ tʋɣʋ sɔsɔɔʋ sʋʋ ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ tɔ, mɑ tʋ́ kʋŋmɑŋmɑm tǝnɑɣɑ lǝyɑɣɑ tɑɑ kɛ́. Nɑ mɑ́ sǝŋsɩ tɛtʋ tɛɛ sɛɛlɑɑ tǝnɑɣɑ kʋ tɔɔ, pɑɑ tɑsǝɣɩ kpem. Mɑɑ yele nɑ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ nyɑlɑ Lipɑŋ pɔɔŋ tɔɔ, nɑ tɩɩŋ tǝnɑ lontili.
16Wɑɑtʋ wei mɑ yelɑɑ sɩ tʋɣʋ kʋnɛ kʋ́ hoti nɑ kʋ́ tii ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ kɛ́ lɛlɑɑ kiŋ tɔ. Piitimnɑɑ nɩɩwɑ kʋ hotuɣu mpɩ, ɩlɛnɑ sɔɣɔntʋ kpɑ-wɛ nɑ pɑ́ seliɣi. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Iteni tɑɑlɛ tɩɩŋ kʋpɑmpɑŋ, nɑ Lipɑŋ nyǝŋ wei lʋm tɑkɑɣɑ teu nɑ ɩ́ wɛ ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ tǝnɑ tɔ, ɩ lɑŋɑ hɛɛwɑ.
17Pɑ tǝnɑ pɑ wɛnnɑ ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ tǝnɑɣɑ mpɑ pɑ sǝpǝnɑ lɑɣɑtɛ tɔ pɑ kiŋ. Mpɛ ɩnɩ pɑ wɑɑsɑɣɑnɑ-kʋ nɑ pɑ́ wɛ kʋ ɩsotom tɑɑ kɛ́ piitimnɑɑ tɑɑ.
18Ɩsɔ tɑɑlɛ Iteni tɑɑ tʋɣʋ nɑkʋlɩ kɩɩ kɛɛsǝɣǝnɑ tʋɣʋ ŋkʋɣʋ sɔsɔɔntʋ nɑ teu. Pɑɑ nɑ mpʋ, mɑɑ tusi-kʋ nɑ kʋ́ sʋʋ tɛtʋ tɛɛ. Nɑ kʋ nɑ mɑ tɑ nyɩ ɩsɔnɑɑ, nɑ yoou kʋ́ mpɑ tɔ pɑ́ cɑɣɑ. Ɩsǝnɑ Icipiti wulɑʋ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ sɑmɑɑ pɑɑ tɛɛsǝnɑ tɔɣɔlɛ. Mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑ́ yɔɣɔtǝnɑ mpʋ.


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Ɔsɩmɩyɔm
Ɔsɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 76 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Os yɔ. E-tomnaɣ yem kɛ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm yuŋ ñɩmbʊ, ɛsɛmɩŋ wɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa osme pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔŋ. Pana ɔsɩmɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1803 pɩtɩŋna Stmithson Tennant kɛ Londrɩ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm kɛ platɩnɩ lɩm taa. Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Antoine-François Fourcroy nɛ Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin tɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ platɩnɩ caajasɩ taa nɛ paya-ɩ se ptène.
Papɩzɩɣ pepisi pʊtʊ pɩtɩŋna zɛnkɩ ñɩɣlɩm mʊlʊm yɔɔ, ɛlɛ patɩŋga mbʊ paɖʊʊ-wɛ aka pɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa, patɩzɩ pɩwasɩ kpem. Pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Henri Sainte-Claire Deville nɛ Henri Debray laba takɩɣ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe yɔ, ɛyaa mba patɩŋga mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa.
Ema ŋgʊ papɩsɩ-kʊ mʊlʊm yɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ papɩyɩɣ kʊ-yɔɔ lelemiŋ, kɛlɛ paɖʊ canaɣa ŋga kɛwɛ nɔsɩ camɩyɛ lɩm eluluu yɔ taa, kɛlɛ paɖʊ amɔnɩyakɩ pɩ-taa, mbʊ pɩkɛ amɔnɩyakɩ tɩtɩŋga yɔ pʊsɔʊ canaɣa taa pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ fefeku yɔ. Pʊsɔʊ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩwɩlɩ, paɖanɩɣ caajaasɩ nzɩ naʊ yee papɩyɩ lelemiŋ kɔyɔ, lɩm nabʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩwɛ caʊʊ nɛ pɩwɩlʊʊ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa pɩtɩŋna ɩrɩtɩyɔm yɔɔ nɛ lalaa rɔdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm.


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Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ
Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 74 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ W (pɩlɩna Caama tʊ Wolfram yɔɔ). Ɛ-hɩɖɛ anasaayɩ nɖɛ lɩna Sʊyɛdɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tung (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yuŋ) nɛ sten (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ) nɛ pi-kpeekpe pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ yuŋ ñɩnɖɛ. Pana tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ wolframite nɛ scheelite pa-taa.
Tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, ɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛcaɣ yuŋ piŋ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ keeke lɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ laatriki miŋ ɖeɖe (palakɩ-ɩ nɛ laatriki kanɖʊʊ naa yalaa taa).
Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ keeke kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ, ɛkɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ kpʊzɩyɛɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛtɛŋ yɔ. Ɛwɛ ɖoŋ keeke kɔyɔ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ kela saɣ, kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ kaɖɛ se palabɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee pɩtɛkɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ. Ɛɛpʊkɩ kpaa, kɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩ pɩtɩŋna siziŋ lɩm naa yɔɔ.
Peter Woulfe kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlaɣ naʊ tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1778, ŋgʊ mbʊ lɛ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɔlframɩtɩ yɔ kɛnɛ. Kɛlɛ ɛna se lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa kaawɛ lɛɛbʊ mbʊ paasɩŋ-pʊ yɔ. Ɖalaa Juan José nɛ Fausto Elhuyar tʊ na pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa ñɩmɩŋ lɩm lɛɛbʊ pɩlɩna wɔlframɩtɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ tɔŋkɩsɩtɩkɩ. Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtasɩ alɩwaatʊ pazɩ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pa-naalɛ papɩzɩ palɩzɩ tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ kiyeke pɩtɩŋna akayɛ yɔɔ.


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Akɩtɩnɩyɔm
Akɩtɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 89 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ac. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ἀktίς, tɛ tɛ lɛ ἀktῖvoς (aktinos), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se cɛnzɩ hɛʊʊ tɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ. André-Louis Debierne nana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɩnaɣ 1899 kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa tɛ kalɩkɔdasɩ lɩm kisidim.
Akɩtɩnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kʊhʊlʊm liidiye tɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ. Palɩzɩ-ɩ ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa taa kɛlɛ ɛɛɖɔʊʊ.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa akɩtɩnɩyɔm wɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩ yɔ nɛ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ, nɛ pʊwɛɛ kaɖɛ se patʊʊ ɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa lalaa yee pohuyuu ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɔyɔ.
Akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ kajalaɣ pʊtʊ, akɩtɩnɩyɔm ha ɛ-hɩɖɛ lone, ɛzɩ lantanɩ haʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lantanɩdɩ waa yɔ. Akɩtɩnɩdɩ caɣyɛ nɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɩtata nɛ pɩnaɣ 1928 Charles Janet lɩza lɩmaɣza keeke mbʊ ɛzɩ pɛlɛzɩ Dmitri Mendeleev caɣyɛ kpata ɖooo ɛzɩ patɩlɩɣ se lantanɩdɩ waa taa wɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa yɔ. Pʊwayɩ kɛlɛ Glenn T. Seaborg tasɩ tisuu pɩyɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1945.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ lɑpɑ nɑ tinte sɔsɔɔlɛ nɑtǝlɩ kɔɔ nɑ tǝ́ li Yonɑɑsɩ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ cɑɣɑ tǝ lotu tɑɑ kɛ́ kʋyɛɛŋ tooso nɑ ɑhoo tooso.
2Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ sǝlǝmɩ ɩ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ kɛ tinte lotu tɑɑ sɩ:
3Tɑcɑɑ, mɑ yɑɑ-ŋ mɑ wɑhɑlɑ tɑɑ nɑ ń nɩɩ. Mɑ kiisɑ ɑtɛtǝlɛ tɑɑ nɑ ń nɩɩ mɑ nɔɣɔ.
4N pɛtɑ-m lʋhǝyɑɣɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ teŋku hɛkʋ tɑɑ. Lʋm kʋlɑɑ ɩsɩɩ koloosi nɑ pǝ́ tɑ-m, lʋm koloosi tɛɛkɩ mɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ kʋlʋm kʋlʋm.
5Mɑɑ hʋʋwɑ sɩ n tɔɣɔnɑ-m kɛ́, mɑ kɑɑ tɑsɑ nyɑ́ tǝsɛɛlɛ kɛ nɑʋ.
6Lʋm lipɑ-m nɑ pǝ́ tɑŋɩ-m tɔɣɔʋ. Pǝ lipɑ-m nɑ sǝsǝncɑɑsɩ hɔkɔ mɑ nyʋɣʋ.
7Mɑ tiiwɑ hɑlǝnɑ mɑ́ tɑlɑ pɔɔŋ kilɑ. Atɛtǝlɛ nɔnɔɔsɩ tǝkɑɣɑ mɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ tɑm tɔɔ. Amɑ mɑ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ nyɑ́, n lǝsɑ-m nɑ weesuɣu.
8Wɑɑtʋ wei mɑ lǝsɑɣɑ cɑɑkɑɣɑ lɩɩʋ kɛ mɑ tɔnʋɣʋ tɑɑ tɔ. Mɑ tisɑɣɑ feesuɣu ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ tɔɔsɩ nyɑ́ tɔɔ. Ɩlɛnɑ ń mʋ mɑ sǝlǝmʋɣʋ kɛ nyɑ́ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ.
9Mpɑ pɑ lɑɑkɩ tɩɩŋ tɔ pɑ lɑŋǝɣɩ nyʋɣʋ yɑpʋ kɛ́.
10Amɑ mɑɑ sɛɛ-ŋ kɛ́. Mɑɑ lɑ-ŋ nyɑnɑ tǝmlɛ sɛɛtʋ kɔtɑsɩ, Mɑɑ yoosi ɩsɩɩ mɑɑ sɩɩʋ nɔɣɔ tɔ. Mpi tɔ, Tɑcɑɑ nyɑɣɑlɛ nyʋɣʋ yɑtʋ.
11Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ tinte sɩ tǝ́ polo tǝ́ tɔ Yonɑɑsɩ kɛ kʋteŋ tɔɔ.


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Liibii
Liibii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena awɛ Maagrɛbɩ taa yɔ. Liibii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Mediteraanee teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alzeerii nɛ Tunizi, Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Niizɛɛrɩ nɛ Caadɩ, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Liibii sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Egipiti.
Walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩŋɖɛ Afrika taa nɛ 18 ñɩnɖɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna 1 759 540 km2. Peeɖe ɛyaa makɩɣna ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa looɖo yaa litoozo yɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Tiripoolii nɛ ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ kutokiŋ litoozo. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Pɛŋgazɩ (650 000), Misirata (350 000) nɛ Ɛlɩ-Beyida (250 000). Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñɩm kpilina karazɩm yɔɔ.
Liibii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1949. Weyi ɛɛɖa kelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʊ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Wiyao Idris Ier. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Sidi Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanoussi.
Pɩnaɣ 1969 kɛ Ɖiiyu Mouammar al-Kadhafi kʊ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Idris Ier nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eɖiyu ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ñɩnʊ Gamal Abdel Nasser yɔ.
Kpaɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 2011, mba pakaɖɩɣna kewiyaɣ yɔ papazɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩmaa yɔ Kadhafi kʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Ñam ñam lakasɩ la nɛ minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna tɔm hʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ pasɩ-ɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ se ɛcɔna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɛñɔɔzɩ takayasɩ ɖʊzʊʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ pɔkɔɔ pehiu Mouammar al-Kadhafi pakpa-ɩ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ aliwaatʊ ndʊ ɛcaɣ se ese nɛ ɛmɛlɩ Siriti yɔ.


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Tɛʋ
Tɛʋ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ tɛ pʋyʋ, ɛyʋ talɩzɩna yaa tolubina-kʋ. Tɛʋ lɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ kitiki tataa ɖoyi ɖoyi. Tɛʋ ɛyʋ kɩlɩɣ naʋ nɛ ɛza keɣlee mbʋ pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ pitiki yɔ pɩ-taa. Tɛʋ kɩlɩnɩ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ lɩm yɔɔ lɛ, lɩm ḿbʋ, pɩpɩsɩ fefeku nɛ pɩɖaɣnɩ kpaʋ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ mɩndʋ taa. Mɩndʋ ńdʋ, tiniɣdi kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Heelim makɩ lɛ, fefeku ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔmpe nɛ kɩcɔʋ mɩndʋ taa kpɛɛɛ kpɛɛɛ. Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ mɩndʋ ńdʋ siŋŋ lɛ, ɖɔmpe ana, ayoli nɛ atɔlʋʋ tataa nɛ payaɣ se tɛʋ. Tɛŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ esoŋa kpaŋŋ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, ɛ́lɛ niɣdi ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna wɩsɩ n̄aɣʋ nɛ mɩndʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Yee mɩndʋ ɛcɔɔ nɛ tɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ weyi eniɣdaa yɔ ɛ-taa yɔ, ɖɔmpe wena atiki yɔ, aniɣdiɣ ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, yee wɩsɩ ɛn̄aɣa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ niikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔɔ yɔ, tɛʋ ŋgʋ kitiki yɔ, kɩ-taa wɛɣ kakuu.


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Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Kabɩyɛ kɛ gur kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keekee Togo nɛ Hayi kiŋ. Kɩ-kɛ kabɩyɛ samaɣ mba kʊnʊŋ. Kpaɣna kpaɖʊ 20 ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-tɛ yɛlʊʊ siŋŋ nɛ Togo hɛkʊ taa nɛ Togo nɛ hadɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ.
Loma kpeɣliye kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, peheyi-ɖʊ se ɖɩkpaɣ Togo samaɣ kpeekpe yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiu nɛ naatozo yeke nɩɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Tɩmʊʊ wɛɖʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, tɩŋɩna SIL ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1998 taa nɛ ɛyɩɣyɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mba panɩɣ kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛwɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 700 000 nɛ ɛyaa 30 000 wɛɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ Togo taa pɩnaɣ taa 3,2 mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɔzɩ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɛ lɛ, kabɩyɛ samaɣ talɩɣ miiliyɔɔ 1,2 pɩnaɣ 2014 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ weyi palɩzaa se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-maʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ palɩzaa. Togo tɛ sɔnɔ lɩmaɣza paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ wɩlɩɣ se pakpaza-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma wena ayeki nɛ ɛyʊ welesi nɛ ɛnɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɔm (raadiyoonaa nɛ televisiyɔɔnaa pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ komina sukulinaa taa nɛ pakpa-kʊ kɔɔlɛzɩ ɖamɩŋ naanza nɛ naadozo kɛ BEPC ɛzɩ kɩtɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ hayɩsʊʊ takayaɣ yɔ.
Papaɣzɩ Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ maʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 taa, ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa ɛjaɖɛ taa kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, nɖɩ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ kabɩyɛ tɔm maʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, kɩkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ tɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɛ piliŋa ŋga kɛkɛdɩna yaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ.
Pamaɣ kabɩyɛ tɔm nɛ Romanɩ masɩ kɩñɔɔzɩsɩ. Masɩ tʊzʊʊ lɩna Afrika maʊ kpata kɩtʊzɩnaʊ yɔɔ. Matʊ lɛɛzʊtʊ kɩbandʊ Fada sɔsɔ Adjola Raphael ñɔzɩna nɛ ɛwɩlɩ nɛ palakɩna-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ Katoliki mba hɛkʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ maʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 1930 kabɩyɛ maʋ pazaa. Anasaayɩnaa cɛbɩna kɩjɛkʋ nɛ pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋtakayaɣ. 1932’lɛ, Fada Antoine BRUNGARD, lɩzɩ kɔɔnɔɔ masɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ takayaɣ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1960 lɛ, Togo Kewiyaɣ maɣmaɣ kpaɣ kʋnʋmɩŋ tɔm nesi naalɛ. Wɩlʋʋ nɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ minisinaa labɩ ɛsatʋyaa tɔm yɔɔ tɔmɖonaataa tazʋʋ kediizaɣ Teeraŋ (Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ paɖʋ tamaɣ ɛsatʋyaa sukuli wɩlʋʋ tɔm yɔɔ lɛ, Togo lɩzɩ kɔmisiyɔ nakʋyʋ nɛ tʋma naayɛ se pala lɩmaɣza nɛ pana se kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi ɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala ɛsatʋya asukuli Togo taa. Pʋbʋ taa palɩza Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ Panaɣ nɛ Kabɩyɛ Kʋnʋŋ Panaɣ, palɩzɩ Imprimerie de l’Alphabétisation se kɩwɛɛna Togo kʋnʋmɩŋ maʋminziininaa, kɩlɩzʋʋ Ahʋna nɛ Kabɩyɛ takayɩsɩ ñɩlɩñɩlɩ. Mbʋ pɩɖɔma woɖeyɔɔwoɖeyɔɔ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1977 nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ panzɩ pɩsɩ kɔmiteewaa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 kiŋ, kawiya takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩsɩna kɔmiteewaa mba akademiiwaa.
Pɩdɩɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1930 yɔ, pama takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ ɛyʋ fezuu caɣʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ taa. Kabɩyɛ ñɩmba mawa, Togo ñɩmba mawa, Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mawa, Anasaayɩnaa mawa. Pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ takayɩsɩ, Ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ, kʋnʋŋ paɣtʋ takayɩsɩ, lakasɩ cɔlʋʋ takayɩsɩ, romaɣwaa, tɔm kpou, akɔnta takayɩsɩ, sɩyansɩ takayɩsɩ, tɔsʋʋ tɔm takayɩsɩ, ppw. Sɔnɔ yɔ, Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ maʋ masɩ wɛ ɔrdinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Kabɩyɛ mɔlaa kɩkpa Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ yɔ. Akademii wɛna Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ ɖɛɣa. Ɖɛɣa ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ yɔ, www.academiekabiye.jimdo.com. Pakalɩɣ-kʋ wilipedia yɔɔ.
Kɛlɛ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛna kabɩyɛ ŋgʋ kɩ-kalʋʋ. Pɛtɛma tɔm ndʋ maʋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pakalɩɣ-tʋ lɛ, pɩwɛ cacarɩɩ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, maya, kalɩyaa, ñɩnɩyaa nɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa, pɛwɛɛtɩɣ-tʋ ɖama, ɛlɛ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛkaŋ ñʋʋ se esiɣ-tʋ kpeŋgbeluu yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔɔlɩ. Kabɩyɛ Akademii cɔnaa se pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ se tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩhɛɖɩ. Mbʋ labɩna nɛ kɩpazɩ-pʋ-tɔm yɔɔdʋʋ pɩnaɣ taa kenjemkediizasɩ taa.
Panañaɣʋ wɛɛ. Sukulikɩ tɛzɩŋ nɛ Sukulinaa sɔsaa taa wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ Akademii taa yɔ, palakɩ lɩmaɣza nɔɔ pañɩnɩɣ, pewiliɣ ñɩnɩyaa lalaa takayɩsɩ taa, pewelesiɣ kʋnʋŋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnɩyaa, panɩɣ samaɣ taa ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa tɔm, nɛ pakpakɩɣ pɩ-tɩŋgɛ palakɩna tʋmɩye. Akademiidaa ñɩmba cɔɔlʋʋ ñɩnɩyaa tɔm taa yasʋʋ lɛ, pɔɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ tɩmaɣ-wɛ yɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣba ɛsɩndaa.
Akademii ɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ se pɩsɩna kabɩyɛ kalʋʋ, nabɛyɛ naɣ-tʋ lɛ, tɩkalʋʋ tamalɩna pɔ-nɔsɩ, ti-welesuu tamalɩna pa-nɩŋgbaŋgɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, tɩsɩɣna nɛ kalʋʋ wɛɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ tɔm taa nɩʋ ñala ɖɔɖɔ tobi. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, paa weyi, kabɩyɛ ɛsɩndaa woninaʋ lɩmaɣza ɩwɛɛ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa, wondu kɩvatʋ lɩɣ, lɩmaɣza kɩfana ñɔʋ. Pʋmʋnaa se kʋnʋŋ ɛwɛɛ kpegbeka, kɩfam ɛdaaɖɛɛ kɩ-yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩfam mbʋ pɩ-wayɩ kpam nɛ kɩ-nandʋ taa hɛɖɩ. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩpɩsɩɣna kɩdɩ kɩ-pɔɔyʋʋ taa yɔ, kɩsɩkɩ. Yee kiyebi kɩ-nandʋ taa, helim fɛtɩɣ-kʋ, kɩpaɣlɩ paɣlaka sɔsɔɔ, nɛ ɛyaa sɔɔlʋʋ-kʋ sɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɖɩnɛ pɔtɔŋ se kʋnʋŋ wɛ kpegbeka. Kolokaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ wɛɛ, kɩcaɣ se kɩkɛ ɛɖɩɣyɛ. Kɩhɛɖɩ kɩ-kalʋʋ kaɖɛtoma se piɛena-kʋ.


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Apɩzʋʋ eheyi-m mpʋ pɩlaba nɛ caŋzi ɖɔŋ ɛzɩ ɛ-naŋkpanzɩ wʋʋ yɔ?
Ɖoo lɔŋ taa pɩɩwɛ mbʋ, tɛtɛ woŋdu kpeekpe kɛwɛ lakʋ taa nɛ paaweyi lɛ ɛkɛwɛ kpekpeka nɛ paaweyi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, eɖɔŋɔ nɛ kpekpeka-a ɛ-naŋkpaŋzɩ yɔ. Kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ lɛ, Ɛsɔ caapiyu ya-wɛ se Ɛcaɣ Ɛha-wɛ mpʋ mpʋ pɔsɔɔlaa yɔ. Paaweyi ɛkedɩ mpʋ ɛsɔlaa se pa-hayɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ heyi-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se mpu ɛhaɣ-wɛ yɔ pʋwɛnɩ pɩ-tɛɛ kɩmɩyɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ size paha-ŋ tɛtaa ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, paahaɣ-ŋ ɛsɔtaa ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtalɩnɩ caŋzɩ lɛ, eheyi Ɛsɔ se ɛha-ɩ ɛtɔnʋʋ lɩm laɣzʋʋ. Peɖe Ɛsɔ heya-ɩ se yee maɖʋ-ŋ tɔnʋʋ lɩm laɣzʋ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ se mamʋ ño-ɖoŋ pɩtɛkɛ mpu, ŋmɛlʋ nɛ ŋkʋ laala payɩ. Canzɩ kaasɔlɩ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ lɩm laɣzʋʋ paa, peɖe etisi. Peɖe ɖɔdɔ pɩlɩna nɛ canzɩ tɩtasɩ wɛwʋʋ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ sɩ pʋwʋ-ɩ yɛ.
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Kɛɛmaɣ
Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩñasɩɣ yɔ sɩ-tiɣye taa. Kɛɛmasɩ sɔɔlɩ ɖɔm com com nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pʊwɛ wɛɖɩɣ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɩpɩzɩɣ sikpeɣli ɖama nɛ sɩtalɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna sakɩyɛ kɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Nasɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ sɩ-ɖɔnɛ taa sɩpɩɣ ɖama cɛnzɩ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ nɛ kɛɛmasɩ huwa pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ nɩɩnɩwa (50) yɔ nɛ nɩɩnɩwa waa mba pɛɛɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ kekeklikelasi nzɩ sɩwɛna huɖuu keŋ nɩɩlɛ (2) yɔ, ɛzɩ tɛɛkpagbaŋ yaa tʊŋ yɔ. Payaɣ ŋgbam kɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛɛmasɩ kʊlʊmʊm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papalɩka taa nɛ pɔ-ɖɔnɛ taa wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛlɛ paatɩɩyaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ.
Kɛɛmasɩ wɛna tɛyɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa: sɩ-tʊma taa, sɩɖɔnɛ taa, sɩ-ɖama nɩnaʊ taa, sɩ-ɖʊndɩyɛ taa nɛ sipɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩñɔɔzɩ ɖama kɩɩnɩnaʊ taa. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛɖɩɣʊ kʊnɛ paakɛdɩ kʊ-tɔm nɛ ɛyaa wɛɖɩɣʊ ɖooo lɔŋ taa nɛ piyele pɩkɛna ñɩnɩyaa kɛ tɔm piye nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛeɛ se ɛyaa ɛmaɣzɩ tɩyɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɩlɩtʊ ñɩnɩyaa naa kɛɛmasɩ pɩlɩŋ ɛzɩ 12 000 yɔ ɛlɛ paapɩla ɛzɩ pɩkazɩɣ yɔ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ kutokiŋ kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ tatɩɩsɩmda-ɩ. Kɛɛmasɩ wɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa keteŋga kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke taa: Krowelandi nɛ Antaariktiiki taa ɖeke.


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1870 you tɔm
Prusse Guillaume Ier kata Fransɩɩ Benedetti weyi ɛkɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa cayʊ kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩ ñʋʋdʋ Otto Von Bismarck. Ɛwɛ ɖooo Bad Ems lɛ etiyina-ɩ tɔm tʊnɛ se ɛnʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛ-ɖɛtʊ, le Prince Léopold de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ɛsɩɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ. Bismark tɩɩ nɩ tɔm ndʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɔ se pɛtɛ wiyau ɛnʊ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ ɛcam yɔ etiyina takayaɣ kpaagba mbʊlɛ nɛ ɛtɔ se: wiyau kiza se ɛtɔsɔlɩ se ɛna Fransɩɩ tɛ wiyaʋ nɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtasɩ-ɩ natʊyʊ heyu. Pɩlaba se Ems tʊ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ mbʊyɔ nɛ kpaagbaa mbʊyɔ lɛ Napoléon III tuli you kɛ Prusse kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ wiye.
Bismark weyi ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛ-tɛ Prusse ehuu yɔ, ɛnʊ esidina tɔm ntʊ payɩ nɛ ekuli Napoléon III pana. Peeɖe kpaagba mbʊ, ɛtatɩɩ ñɩnʊ se ɛna e-egbele lɩmaaza nɛ ɛtɩ tuli you ŋgʊ ɛ-tɛ soɔjanaa tatɩɩ ñɔɔzɩ patɩ. Prusse Caama tɛ sɔɔjanaa wɛ 800 000 ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ ñɩma kpɛnda 250 000. 1870 you ŋgʊ kɩna kɩndɩ kpem. Pɩlakaɣ ɛzɩ fenaɣ nɛ hɔɔlʊ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Prusse tɛ sɔɔjanaa tɔyɩ Fransɩɩ ñma nɛ panaŋgɩ Paris tɛtʊ caɣcaɣ.
Pawaba Napoléon III kɛ Sedan[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Salaŋ fenaɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye Prusse tɛ sɔɔjanaa nɛ Saxe mba pɔcɔ Sedan nɛ pata kolokoto. Pañɩnaɣ se paɖʊ nesi kɛ Bazaine kɛ Metz tɛtʊ taa pʊcɔ. Fransɩɩ sɔɔjanaa, tɛyɩ tam nabʊlɛ taa nɛ pɔtɔɔɖɔ mbʊ lɛ, patakpaɣ nabʊyʊ Prusse ñekima cɔlɔ. Pawabɛ wɛ mbʊ lɛ, Napoléon III kaawɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa nɛ patɩkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ paɖʊ salaka. Parɩs tɛtʊ taa samaɣ kpeekpe nɔsɩ ɖɛya caŋ pala kediizaɣ nɛ paɖɩzɩ Empire ŋgʊ nɛ République III ñɩŋgʊ paazɩ. Wiyaʋ se nɛ ewolo ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Angleterre nɛ peeɖe ɛkaɣ sɩbʊ pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ.
Prusse mba paɣzɩ Paris tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Prusse mba cɔ Parɩs tɛtʊ kodolo nɛ pata lɛ, paaɖoye hɔzɩŋ kou na kpaa kpaa. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Gambetta yɔ, ɛna ɛyaa ɖɔŋ tɩnaa pɛcɛyʊ pa-tɩ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo se palɩzɩ Parɩs tɛtʊ tɩ-koyindinaa nesi tɛɛ ɛlɛ fenasi 5 wayi kɛ tɔm taa kaɣ yaʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Nikaɣ nɛ ñɔɔsɩ pakpata-wɛ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1871 lɛ, Fransɩɩ you laɖaa sɩɩ pɔ-hɔzɩŋ nɛ pɔtɔ size pɑñɩɣza you kɛ mbʊ.
Bazaine kpiyu ewondu kɛ Metz[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Maréchal François Achille Bazaine yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛɛkaɣ nabʊyʊ kpaɣʊ po-you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, ɛ-na ɛ-ɛsɔɔjanaa 180 000 pekpii pɔ-sɔɔjɛtʊ wondu kɛ Metz. Fenasi naalɛ ñɛtɛŋaɣ lɛ, pɩtalɩna Napoléon III kɛlɛ se ɛkpaɣ ɛ-ñɩndʊ kɛ Sedon. Ŋgʊ ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ, Bazaine sɔɔjana kɛkɛŋna Fransɩɩ tɛ kpagbaa lidaʋ. Pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ, pɩkɩla Bazaine kɛlɛ nɛ pakpa-ɩ se paɖʊ-ɩ sɩm ɛlɛ ñʊʊtʊ Maréchal MacMahon ñaya ɛ-ñʊʊ nɛ peyebi-ɩ.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Maréchal Moltke kɛ Belfort kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1871[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Maréchal Moltke wɛ Belfort samaɣ ɛzɩ 40 000 nɔɔ yɔɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, sɔɔja sɔsɔ Colonel Denfert-Rochereau ñaɣ pana sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛkandayɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ 104 mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, Belfort kpii kɔ-tɔnaa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1871.
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma wana you nɛ kɩpaɣzɩ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ kpacayʊ. Paris ñaɣ pana se kɩlɩ pɩ-taa ɛlɛ kɩwɩ tɔnʊʊ. You nɛ ñɔɔsɩ pakɩla France lɛ, nɛ pahaba kʊ-ñʊʊ tʊ Trochu lɛ, Parɩs ɛjaɖɛ kpakɩɣ ɖɩ-wondu. Versailles tɛtʊ taa kɛ Prusse nɛ Fransɩɩ mba pañɩʊ takayaɣ taa nesi kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa se paatasɩɣ labʊ you. Takayaɣ kanɛ kɛ-tɛ nesi ñɩɩʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩlakɩ Paris mba ɛzɩ pɛkɛna fɛyɛ tɔm yaa kɔŋgɔmtʊ yɔ.


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Hɩlɩmɩyɛ
Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Hɩlɩma wɛ ndɩ ndɩ : pʋyʋ kpaakpaa kɔñɩɩɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « masse atomique ».
Wɩsɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ ɖɔnɛ tɛ tɩɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ nakʋyʋ. Haɣnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Kɔtɩɩ waa tɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « spectrométrie » yɔ.
Laatriki miŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ pee kpɛlɛklʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ lɛɣtʋ tɩlɩtʋ pɔ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ pʋyʋ keem.
Hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ hama nɛ pɔhɔkʋʋna pɛ. Malɩfa hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ mbʋ se « masse » yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa saawɩlɩ ndɩ ndɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kaka ɖɔɖɔ se « The masses ».
Takayaɣ ŋ́ga kalɩ pɩnaɣ 1911 taa nɛ kasɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1917 ñɩŋa taa. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa payaɣ piliŋa nakɛyɛ se « Mass-Observation ».
Takayɩsɩ maʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, piliŋa ŋ́ga kɔcɔŋnana nɛ katɩlɩɣ samaɣ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa piliŋa ŋga kɔñɔwa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 taa kɔñɔwa.


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Ɖomba mʋlʋm
Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛna kɔɔnaɣ taa tomnaɣ wɛɖʋ wonu. Wonu ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kiɖi kiɖi ɛsɔkaɣ wonu. Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛ wonu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɩŋɛ payɩ lɛ, kɩkɛ lɩm paɣyɛ yɔ. Pɩtɛ wonu ŋgʋ, kiniida ɖɩŋ dɩŋ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ heɣlim. Ɖomba mʋlʋm pʋnɛ pʋwɛ kristalɩ tɩyɛ.
Ɖomba ana, pekpeɣla-yɛ payɩ nɛ akpɛndɩ awɛ ɖomba amaya kpou taa. A-kpou ŋgʋ payaɣ size flokɔɔ. Ɖomba ana alɛɣzʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ kɛ n̄em. Afɛyɩna wɛɖʋ kʋɖʋmʋ kɛnɛ. Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ŋna size ɖomba mʋlʋm mbʋ, pʋwɛ ɛzɩ-ɩ nabʋyʋ piye yɔ.
Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ pɔcɔnaa nɛ paya hɩla anɛ yɔ : ɖomba pe n̄ɩna, nɛ ɖomba kuluŋgulu yaa putuula n̄ɩna. Lɩm soŋgaɣ n̄ɩɣdʋʋ ɖoŋ yekina nɛ ɖomba hɔkʋʋ a-tɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ ɖomba kɛ kideŋ yaa pʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖomba ana, a-wɛtʋ nɛ heɣlim palakɩna nɛ a-tɔlʋʋ pazɩ pazɩ kɛ tɛtʋ lɛɣ lɛɣ. Ɖomba payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sise na krezili.
Ɖomba mʋlʋm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoluu tɩyɛ. Lɩm mbʋ, pɩcakɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Ɖomba ana, awɛ Kpɛzɛlɛɛ tɩyɛ. Paa ɖombiye mʋlʋm mbʋ lɛ, pɩkɛ wonu naalɛ pʋyʋ.


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Lone taa caɣyʊ
Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, lona taa caɣyaa wɛ nabʋlɛ taa. Laɖʋ lone taa caɣyʋ wɛɛ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ lone taa caɣyʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩcɔna tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩna : 1. Sama makɩ pombo. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi. Sama=laɖʋ; makɩ=lakaɣ; pombo=lakaɣ tɛzɩyʋ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ Sama kɛ hɩɖɛ; Nɛmɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ. Yee mɛlɛɣzɩ hɩla "Sama" nɛ "Nɛmɛ" nɛ hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ : 1. Ɛmakɩ pombo. "Ɛ" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Sama" lone taa. 2. Ehiliɣ ɖozi. "E" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Nɛmɛ" lone taa. Yee mbʋ, "Ɛ" nɛ "E" pacaɣ hɩla lona taa. Pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ laɖaa ɛzɩ hɩla wena pacaɣ a-lona taa yɔ.
Paɣtʋ Maʋ taa lɛ, hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ nɛ lakaɣ pamalɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama, caŋga fɛyɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
LƖMAƔZƖYƐ TƐZƖYƱ LONE TAA CAƔYƱ (le pronom complément) Exemples : 1. Kolaa makɩ pombo. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi. 3. Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ kediizaɣ. Pombo =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ ɖozi =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ kediizaɣ = lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ Yee ɖɩlɛɣzɩ lakaɣ tɛzɩyaa mba nɛ po-lona taa caɣyaa kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ : 1. Kolaa makɩ-kʊ. 2. Nɛmɛ hiliɣ-sɩ. 3. Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ-kɛ. Paɣtʊ (règle) Pɛhɛɣ caŋga (-) lakaɣ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.


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Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg kɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ amʊza tʊ Amerika, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 Cincinnati tɛtʊ taa (Ohio). Ɛwɛ kpaɣɖʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa kɛ Hollywood kɩfalʊʊ taa pɩnzɩ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛla kajalaɣ blockbuster sɩnɩma tɔm. Teŋgu kela. Ɛ-tɛ hiɣ tɩŋɩ ɖama lɔŋ lɔŋ (E.T. l'extra-terrestre, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park) nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ehiɣ tɔsʊʊ huu camɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se The Entertainment King pʊtɔbʊʊ se tanaʊ wiyaʊ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlana Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education nɛ pɛ-tɛ lɩmaɣza kɔyɔ se pehiɣ Shoah ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɛ-ɛsa yɔ tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peheyi-tʊ piyaa cikpema, nɛ pɩɩpɩsɩ kɩɩsɔʊ ndʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ ɛtatasɩ wɛʊ kaʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛmʊ mɔnɔ yɔɔ samtʊ nimiye Piritaniiki Ampiiri (KBE) ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001. Palaba pɩtɛ sɔnzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 2001 Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ loniye taa caɣya tʊmʊyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Wasiŋtoŋ tɛtʋ taa.
Spielberg mʊ ɛ-tɩɩtɩŋa kɩhɛyɩŋ niitozo ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ se Osɩcarɩ waa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ lɩzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ ñɩma naalɛ pɩnzɩ 1994 nɛ 1999. Steven Allan Spielberg, palʊla-ɩ Cincinnati (Ohio) saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ Yuda ɛyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Arnold Spielberg ɛnʊ lɩzɩna anasayɩ ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Orɩdɩnatɛrɩ GE-225 yɔ. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Leah Posner. Ɛwɛna kɔnaa natozo Anne Spielberg nɛ Sue Spielberg nɛ Nancy Spielberg.
Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛwɛɛ New Jersey tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Arizona tɛtʊ. Ɛtawazɩɣ pɩyʊ sakɩyɛ sukuli ɛlɛ ɛpazɩɣ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɩnɩma tɔm, ɛlɛ masɩ nzɩ pahayɩ-ɩ ɛtakayɩ hatʊ kɩmazɩtʊ yɔɔ yɔ taahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛsʊ sɩnɩma sukuli ŋgʊ e-liu sɔɔla yɔ, pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛsʊ Arcadia maɣzʊʊ tɛ sukuli taa, Phoenix. Ɛkalɩ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ palɩzɩ anjaʊ naa yɔ, nɛ ɛyɩkɩɣ mba EC Comics kaasusi pɔ-tɔm.


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Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Période moderne)
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ yaa wɛɛ kɩfana tɩkpaɣna kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ (kpaɣɖʊ 6 ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15) ndʊ paɖʊ -tʊ pɩnaɣ 1453 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (Kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɩlɩ tɛ tɔlʊʊ pɩnaɣ) yaa pɩnaɣ 1492 (pɩnaɣ ŋga palɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Christophe Colomb yɔɔ). Pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩzɩna Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1789 (pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛɛzɩtʊ paaza) yaa 1792 (pɩnaɣ ŋga pozusa kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm) nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩ nɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ.
Pʊnɔmɔʊ taa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ hɛzʊ wɛɛ wena a-taa ajɛyɛ kɩfana anɛ asʊ ɖama taa yaa patɩlɩyɛ yɔ ŋgʊ paasɔ a-yɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ 20000 mbʊ yɔ. Amerika yaa Kedeŋga kɩfalaɣ nɛ Afrika nɛ Azii yaa ɛjaɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakaɣ palɩ Ositralii Kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩɖɛwa yɔ tiposuna alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ takayasɩ taa kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kɛɖɩyaa ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ ŋgʊ kʊɖʊ tʊka wɛɛ naanza ñɩna, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ wɛɛ yaa kpaɣɖʊ. Wɛɛ atacaɣ yem yaa pɛtɛkɛsɩ-yɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ wɛɛ anaa a-taa lɛɛzɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ kpem pɩkɩlɩ Wɛɛ kɩfana.
Mbʊ lɛ, pɩtɛ tʊma labʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pɩna-yɛ keele nɛ awɛ ndɩ ndɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yaa pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ lɛɛzʊʊ kɩfam tʊma wena akɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ alabʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu ñɩm hiɣ wabɩtʊ ndʊ tɩtafɛyɩ yaa tɩwɛ nimm Wɛɛ kɩfana taa yɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ kɩkɔmtʊ ndʊ nɛ anasaayɩ taawɛna-tʊ takayaɣ taa. Wɩlɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ kɩkɔmtʊ ndʊ (Caama nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ) wɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kɛtɛmtʊ ɖeɖe. Ɛjaɖɛ sɩm tɛ tɔm kɛtʊʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ se Canaʊ tɔm kɩfatʊ. Ɛyaa mba yaa takayaasɩ taa tɔm kɛdɩya mba ɖɩyaɣ se kɩfama (pɩfɛyɩ se pɛkpɛndɩ-wɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa nɛ takayaasɩ mayaa yaa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɩnaa mba pɛkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 taa mba yɔ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 20 taa ɛyaa).


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Rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm
Rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 104 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rf. Pɩnaɣ 1964 pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa (JINR) Doubna tɛtʊ taa wɩlɩɣ palaba kajalaɣ pʊtʊ 104. Labɩnaʊ pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ Soviyetiki ñɩma ñanaza plʊtɔnɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yɔɔ, mba pɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ 113-115 Mev yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1969 lɛ, Berkeley sukuli ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Kaliforni kɩtɛzʊʊ yɔ kɩ-taa ñɩnɩyaa la pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩna kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm -249 nɛ karɩbɔnɩ -12. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ se paapɩzɩ paɖanɩɣ paɣzʊʊ mbʊ Soviyetiki lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa kaalaba.
Pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ haʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ. Soviyetiki ɛyaa papa se mba kaalɛna-ɩ naʊ kajalaɣ Doubna nɛ pɔpɔzɩ se paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se dubnium (Db) yaa kurchatovium (palɩzɩ frasɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kourchatovium yaa ɖeyi ɖeyi taa lɛ kourtchatovium, Ku), Igor Vassilievitch Kourtchatov hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kaakɛ Soviyetiki pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Amerika ɛyaa papa se rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm (Rf), pɩlɩna Ernest Rutherford hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ.
UICPA kpaɣ mbʊ hɩɖɛ se unnilquadium (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Unq), pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1997 nɛ lɩmaɣza lɛɛzɩ kpɛlɩ mbʊ nɛ paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm nɛ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ 105 kɛlɛ pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-ɩ se dʊbnɩyɔm


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Cɛɛcɛ
Cɛɛcɛ yaa kpayaɣ, pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋɖɔŋ tataa ɛzɩ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, cɛɛcɛ n̄ɛwɛna pɔbɔla naalɛ. Kɩseɣ seu mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna weyi ɛsaɣ-kʋ yɔ, ɛ-cɔlɔ. Weyi ɛsaɣ cɛɛcɛ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se cɛɛcɛ sayʋ. Ɛcakɩ ki-kpeɖe yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ peedaalɩ waa yɔɔ. Ɛsaɣ lɛ, kpasɩ hɔŋna wayɩ pɔbɔɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛcɛ seɣ.
Ɛsɩndaa pɔbɔɖɛ tɩna tɔm, nɖɩ yekina nɛ cɛɛcɛ sɩŋɩɣ yiɣyiɣ, kiikpiliɣ. Cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ sayʋ tʋʋzʋʋ nɛ ɛsaɣ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛɖɔkɩ cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ nɛ e-nesi naalɛ kpam nɛ ɛtʋʋzʋʋ camɩyɛ. Mbʋ yaɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛhɛtɩ yaa ese lɔŋ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, cɛɛcɛnaa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ caɣʋ. Ɛyaa cakɩ cɛɛcɛnaa paa ɖooye. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ, pɩkɛ-wɛ aleɣya pʋyʋ yaa tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ pʋyʋ. Tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa cɛɛcɛ pɩzɩɣ kise kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Yee habɩyɛ ɛwalɩ camɩyɛ yamm nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzʋtʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ cɛɛcɛ ese ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ loɖo yaa niidozo n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Cɛɛcɛnaa mba palaba se pesena-wɛ yɔ, cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi pahayɩsa-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ esena-kʋ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛwaa 70 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖenɖe pɩwalɩ camɩyɛ landamm nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ yɔ. Cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi ɛkakɩla senaʋ nɛ-kʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzaa ese kilomɛtɛwaa 133,28 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 n̄ɩŋga taa weyi payaɣ-ɩ se, Sam Whittingham yɔ ese ḿbʋ.
Pɩɩnɩɣ ɛyʋ cɛɛcɛ saɣʋ taa pɩtalɩ ɖɔnɛ taa. Ŋgʋ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ kɩla ɖeu tam naalɛ yaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛlɛɛ tam naalɛ yaa naanza mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɛyʋ lesiɣ ɖoŋ weyi ɖɔnɛ taa yɔ, pɩtatalɩ weyi elesiɣ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ taa yɔ.


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Lesoto
Lezoto kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ-taa nɛ pʊŋ nɛ teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖɩ-cɔlɔ. Ɖooo lɛ Piritaniki kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1966. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɔyɔ Letsie III nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Pakalitha Mosisili. Tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Maseru. Lezoto taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔna naalɛ nɛ kristu mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe: Angilisinɛ lezoto.
Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ mba lɛ Puusmɛɛnɩwaa, Ŋgʊniwaa nɛ Pozoto mba pɛkɛ Pantʊʊwaa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1820 kɛ wiyau Moshoeshoe Ier nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Sotowaa cejewa kpeekpe se pɩwa-ɩ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkaɖɩna Suuluuwaa. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ Moshoeshoe Ier pɩyalʊ lɛɣzɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1995 lɛ Moshoeshoe IIer kpaɣ kpelaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛ-sɩm Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1996. Ɛlɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 sɔɔjana kpaɣ hɔzɩŋ nɛ pakʊ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Mbʊ yebina pe-ɖe kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Thomas Thabane se nɛ ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛmakɩ kobuka se pasɩna-ɩ. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩya nakʊyʊ salaŋ fena kɩyakʊ naalɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.