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Henry Ford
Henry Ford kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Etaazuunii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1863 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Henry Ford ɛnɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Dearborn, ɖɩwɛ Michigan ɛjadɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ kɛna Etaazuunii tɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naaɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnʋ, ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Dearborn ɖenɖe paalʋla-ɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa Henry Ford ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe.
Kɔnɔɔ kpaɖʋ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkɛkɛna ndɩ ndɩ tʋma laɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi patawayɩ liuu siŋŋ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnʋ kaakɛna lɔɔɖa ɖɩlaɖɛ lone tʋmɩyɛ tʋ. Ɛtʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ size Ford. Ɖɩsɩma mbʋ size ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ Ford, nɖɩ pakpaɣ nɛ patamasɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ fɔrdɩsɩm.
Poluki wendu ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ pɩlɔɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɛzɩma ɛnʋ sɩzɩ poluki ɖɩ-taa wondu kahɛza kɛ tam mbɩ yɔ lɛ, pɛhɛyaa tʋma laɖaa liidiye nsakɩyɛ tɔyɩ.


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Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ
Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊdʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 42 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mo. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa uόλuBδoς / molubdos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊlɔŋ, ɛɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ. Pesida ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɛɛla ɛzɩ karɩbɔnɩ yaa pʊlɔŋ. Carl Wilhelm Scheele pɩza ɛtɛyɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɛkɛzɩ kɩjaʊ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1782 kɛ Peter Jacob Hjelm hiɣ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ keeke alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩtɩŋa karɩbɔnɩ yɔɔ. Pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 mbʊ yɔ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ taa yeke palakaɣnaɣ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ na se mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba you wondu.
Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzʊʊ. Wonuu ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣmaɣ keeke kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa peyidi-ɩ nɛ kalɛnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Ɛhɔŋ siŋ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ piŋ.
Mɔlɩbɩbɩdɛnɩ leemiŋ kɛ kpanjaasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ hɛkʊ leemiŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ caʊʊ weyi palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ akalɩŋ taa, tɔlɩm naa taa, aŋwa naa taa nɛ ketu naa taa. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ tɛ sʊfʊrɩ waa naalɛ kɛ foɖo foɖo num kɩbam nabʊyʊ. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ se moly yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ tʊ yɔ.

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Lɩŋgamʋʋ
Lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ nakɛyɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, lɩm wandamm waa kadasɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ teŋgu nɛ kujomuu. Sɩ-naadozo sɩ-taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm kadaɣ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ taa lɩm wɛ salala.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ lɩŋgamɩŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo kɔyɔ, pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mpilim. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 166 241 km2. Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa naadozo hɛkʋ taa. Tɩwɛ Azii nɛ Amerika nɛ Oseyanii pɛ-tɛtʋ wandamm waa hɛkʋ taa.
Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 300. Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɩm cukaŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 11 100 yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa.
Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ walanzɩ kɛ 106 000 000 km2. Kɩ-taa lɩm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 200. Piyele kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ nakʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 9187.
Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛya ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna wɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.
Ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 3 960. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 7 000. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Ɔsɩtralii lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩɣna. Arikitiki lɩŋgamʋʋ pɩtɔyɩna lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛ walanzɩ nɛ po-cukaŋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 14 090 000 km2. Piyele ku-cukaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa 1 380. Ɛlɛ, kʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 5 440.


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Nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau
Nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau (Radiodiffusion), kɛna tiyinau heyuu mayaa pɩtɩŋgɩna sɩɣlʋʋ piɖe yɔ. Sɩɣlʋʋ piɖe payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdɩtʋ taa kɛlɛʋ size "ondes électromagnétiques". Kɩwaza keekee kɛlɛ lɛlɛʋ size, samaɣ ɛnɩɩ kpaɣkpaɣ kɛ mbʋ pɩɖɔŋ labʋ yɔ.
Sɩɣlʋʋ piɖe yekina nɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm nɩɩɩ camɩyɛ tɔm kiheyitu yaa sakɩyɛ pɩzɩ panɩ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm kiheyitu ndʋ. Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖitiyina wiliuu yaa tiliuu. Nɖɩ yekine nɛ nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau kʋnɛ, kɩnɩʋ taa tiliuu wɛ ɖoŋ yaa tɔtɔsɩɩ.
Televisiyɔɔ wɛ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna yaa pɩlɩna sɩɣlʋʋ piɖe (ondes électromagnétiques) ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔ. Wɛɖɩʋ ŋgʋ, kɩkɛna nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu yɔɔdɩnaʋ yaa nimasi fɛyɩ polindaa yɔɔdɩnaʋ.
Tɔm piye nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu kɛ mbʋ payaɣ nabʋyʋ taa kpɛm size kpasɩ alɩkpɛ yaa yoma kpasɩ nzɩ ,payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "chaîne" yɔ nɛ sɩmʋʋ kɩmʋʋ yɔ yɔ. Kpasɩ alɩkpɛ yekina nɛ panɩʋ paa tɔm ndʋ lɛ kɛ nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu taa.
Palɩza kɔɔnɔɔ yaa kajalaɣ nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau (Radiodiffusion) kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1914 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɩɩkɛ kewiyaɣ ɖaɣ ŋga paya kɛ size palais de Laeken kɛ Pɛlɩziki ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Pɛlɩgɩ wiyau sɔsɔ Albert Ier n̄azɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.


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Kowɛtɩ
Kowɛtɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Pamaza Kowɛtɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaaɖɩnaa 20 000 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se 200 km2. Payaɣ Kowɛtɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Al Asimah.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Kowɛtɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa maɣmaɣ lɛ payaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yem se Al Diyera. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 151 060 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 755 yɔ.


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Radɔŋ
Radɔŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 86 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rn. Pɩnaɣ 1908 William Ramsay nɛ Robert Whytlaw-Gray lɩzɩɣ mbʊ payaɣ se niton (nitens latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa palɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ se kɩñɩɣlɩsɩɣ, nɛ ɛ-yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Nt). Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1923 paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ Radɔŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1899 paɣzɩtʊ taa Pierre nɛ Marie Curie naa se radɩyɔm lɩzɩɣ miŋ wɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ ɖoŋ pileɖiɣ pɩtalɩ fenasi naalɛ.
Palɩ raɖɔŋ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1900 pɩtɩŋna Friedrrich Ernst Dorn, ɛnʊ yana-ɩ se radɩyɔm lɛzʊʊ. Ɛkɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi pana-ɩ radɩyɔm nɛ pɔlɔnɩyɔm wayi yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1901 lɛ Rutherfort wɩlɩ se tɔrɩyɔm lɛzɩŋ tɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ, kɛlɛ Curie waa hɛyɩ kɩmɩyɛ pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ natʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1903 lɛ André-Louis Debierne na lɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ kɛɛkɛɛ ɛlɩna akɩtɩyɔm cɔlɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se akɩtɩyɔm lɛzɩŋ.
Palɩzɩ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ nɛ payana fefekiŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-niitozo pɩnaɣ 1904, exradio, exthorio, nɛ exactinio pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ radon, thoron, nɛ akton pɩnaɣ 1918, pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ radeon, thoreon, nɛ actineon pɩnaɣ 1919, nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtɛmna radon, thoron, nɛ actinon pɩnaɣ 1920.
Panaɣ se fefekiŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-naadozo ɛ-tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu lɩ arɩgɔŋ, krɩpɩtɔŋ nɛ sɛnɔŋ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ ɖoŋ kɩɩwɛʊ lɛ, kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay kpekiɣ se kɩlɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛmʊna pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔyɔ ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ fefekiŋ tɛ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1910 ɖa-caanaa William Ramsay nɛ Robert Whytlaw-Gray pɩzɩ palɩzɩ radɔŋ kiyeke. Pɔtɔŋ radɩyɔm kɩlʊʊ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩtamʊna kɛlɛ palɩzɩ hɩla anɛyɔ niton (pɩlɩna latɛŋ taa se nitens, entis kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ.


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Cʊʊ ñanzɩ tʊmɩyɛ (potérie)
Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ. Papɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ paya cʋʋ n̄anzɩ nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ size Cʋʋ tɛ tɔɔnaɣ yaa mɩzaɣ yɔɔ wonuu. N̄anaɣ yaa yaa wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ mbʋ pamana tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ mayʋ kɛ payaɣ yaa pɛcɛlɛ hɩɖɛ size cʋʋ wondu mayʋ yaa tɛtʋ wondu mayʋ. Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkpakʋ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ nɛ ɛma pɛŋ weyi ɛ-taa paɖʋ sʋlʋm yaa lɩm nɛ pɔn̄ɔʋ yɔ.
Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛpɩzʋʋ ɛma ɖɔɖɔ peɣsi nzɩ palakɩna cotu yaa anasayɩ ɖɔm leleŋ n̄ɩmbʋ yɔ. Pama tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɖoozi yaa mʋtʋ n̄anzɩ cikpesi. Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛna lɛɣtʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Cʋʋmayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛlakɩ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ wena nɛ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ, pɩkɛna mbʋ pʋwazʋʋ siŋŋ kɛ mɩzaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ.
Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ matʋ tʋma kpeekpe payɩ kɛ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "céramique". Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kɛ, pɔlɔkɩna kolonzɩ yaa kuduyuŋ. Palakɩna cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "carreau" waa yɔ. Pawazʋ nɛ pɔpɔʋ kuduyuŋ tɛɛ. Cʋʋmayʋ maɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm n̄ɔʋ kɔbɩnaa yaa sʋlʋm caɖasɩ. Yee palaba haɖaa ɖoli kɔyɔ, caɖasɩ kɛ pɛdɛyʋna sʋlʋm. Afrika ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Togo. Togo kɛna Afrika ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paa sɔnzɩ nzɩ pa-caɣ labʋ kɔyɔ, pʋpɔzʋ caɖa yɔ yaa cʋʋ wonuu.
Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ wazʋʋ nɛ pama mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "tuyaux" waa yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ kɩmanatʋ tʋnɛ, tɩlɩwa pɩlaba alɩwaatʋ cabɩ. Pɩkɛna ɖoo lɔndaa canaʋ tɔm wɛɛ taa. Pacalɩna tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ taŋ nɩʋ kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnaɣ kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋ taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Pɩkɔma pazɩ-ɩ lɛ, palɩɩ matʋ ndʋ tɩtaŋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ SJapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ taa.


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Kigaalii
Kigaalii kɛna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa komina tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kɩla ɖɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ piyisi nasɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pakali ti-ɛyaa kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ 2011 lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 052 540. Kigaalii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 730 yaa ɛkɩtarɩwaa 73 000.
Ɛzɩ Ruwanda ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp taa tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ hɩla yɔ, Kigaalii tɛtʊ taa piyisi nzɩ sɩwɛ yɔ payaɣ-sɩ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ wena yɔ, pɩlɩɣna tʊma sɔsana wena awɛ sɩ-yɔɔ yaa sɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ mbʊ pɩsɩna ɛyaa nɛ patɩlɩ tʊma ana camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋga sɩmna haba hɩla yaa tʊma tɩŋga taa.
Kigaalii tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩɣ nɛ tɩlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Kebɛkɩ (Kanadaa), Montireyali (Kanadaa), Roma (Itaalii), Prukisɛlɩ (Pɛlɩziki) Mayansɩ (Caama), Sɛŋgdʊ nɛ Sinaŋ (Siini). Payaɣ Kigali tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Fidele Ndayisaba.


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Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ
Palaba ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ kedizaɣ slosaɣ nakɛyɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa, agoza fenaɣ, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa. Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Palɩza paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Lɩmaɣzɛ sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ se, pʋwɛɛ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ɩwɛɛna kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se « Conseil de l’Europe ».
Ajɛya nɩɩnaza nɛ lʋbɛ (47) wɛna « Conseil de l’Europe » taa. Ajɛya ana, a-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 820.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya nɩna ɖama se akandɩyɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ɛyʋ weyi ɛnaɣ se pomuluu-ŋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo nɛ ɛlʋ ɛ-waɖɛ yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ lʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ taa.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa, Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ. Paɖʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa : minisii waa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ wɛɛ. Paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ajɛya akpeɣla ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, a-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ana, a-ɖɩlaɖɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʋʋ caama kʋnɩŋ, pɔyɔɔdɩ, pɔyɔɔdɩ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛtɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.


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Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ
Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ. Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ, pɩkɛ kpaŋɩyɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩɣ samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna kpaŋɩyɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ pɩsʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ samaɣ taa fɛyɩna hɛzʊʊ paa ŋñɩɩɩ. Tɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa, kɛlɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kañaɣ kewiyaɣ kpa ɖoŋ kpaɣ tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe you kaanaɣ ŋgʊ wayi ɛlɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1920 wɛɛ taa Mussolini nesi tɛɛ, pʊwayi pɩkpa ɖoŋ kpaagbaa kpem kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkpɛndɩna sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ pɩnzɩ 1930 wɛɛ taa kɛlɛ Hitler alɩwaatʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ kewiyaɣ kekiziɣ kɩmaŋ wɛtʊ tɔm, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa kɩla ɖama, palɩzɩɣ sɔsɔtʊ lɩmaɣza, palɩzɩ ɛyaa ajama lalaa hɛkɩŋ taa, ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wena awɛ ɖoŋ yɔ se añazɩ wena alɛ ñɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa nɛ kʊhʊlɩma.
Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna le nɛ ŋna pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ pɔtɔŋ se fa.ʃism, patɩzɩna Itaalii mba yɔɔdaɣ faˈʃizmo. Tɔmʊʊ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ taa fascismo lɩna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa fascio nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se minimini pɩyʊ yaa hɔɔyɛ pɩyʊ, nɛ pɩkɛ fasces lictoriae, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Roma ɛyaa sɔsaa pɩyʊ, pʊwayɩ yɔ pɩɖanɩ ɖoŋ kpaʊʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩnaɣ 1919 pɩtɩŋna Benito Mussolini sɔɔjɛtʊ seɣtuu yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi eekpeɣla sɔɔjanaa kɩbɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ pakpa-wɛ nɛ pɔtɔɔ fɛɛ piŋ yɔ.
Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ Mussolini ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa hɩɖɛ mbʊ se kañasɩ kewiyaɣ. You sɔsɔʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ papaza tɔm ndʊ pɩtɩŋna Mussolini ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩna Fasci italiani di combattimento ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa hɔɔyɛ.


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Hendu
Hendu yaa hendu kitetetu ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "chanson" yɔ, kɛna minziiki tʋmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛna tɔm kɩmamatʋ mbɩ yɔ nɛ hendu teuu yaa weŋgalaɣ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Tɔm kɩmamatʋ nɛ hendu teuu yaa weŋgalaɣ ŋga, ɛyʋtʋ nɔɔ palɩzɩʋ na nɛ pɩwɛ hendu taa nɛ ɖɩnɩɩ.
Tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋnɛ, pateu tʋ hendu lɛ, papɩzɩʋ pama minziiki yaa papɩzɩʋ pamakɩ. Hɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʋlʋʋ mbɩ peyeki pɩtɩŋgɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna hendu teuu ɖeke. Pɩwɛʋ leleŋ nɩʋ taa nɛ paʋ taa ɛzɩ soo, nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ soo pamakɩ yɔ.
Papɩzɩʋ ɖɔɖɔ pama soo pɩtaɣ pɛtɛ pahʋlɩ hɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩwɛʋ leleŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Hendu teuu alɩwaatʋ taa, suye kʋɖʋm ɖɩyɛ mabʋ wɛ, soo sakɩkyɛ tɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa hendu ndʋ tɩ-taa pamakɩ soo sakɩyɛ yaa pahʋlʋʋ hɩsɩ sakɩyɛ.
Papɩzɩʋ peteɣ hendu pahʋlɩ loyuu cɩmʋʋ yaa aɖakaɣ cɩmʋʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ size kitaɖi yɔ ɖeke. Piyaanoo wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ pɩtasɩna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ matʋ taa hɩsɩ sɩnɛ : groupe, big band yaa orchestre symphonique.
Hendu teuu wɛna nɔɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ nɩʋ taa pɩwɛ leleŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm pɩsɩʋ ɛwɛna ɖoŋ se étéɣ nɔɔsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩŋgɛ. Ɛlɛ, Samaɣ ɛsɩnda yaa agbeela sɔsɔna nayɛ ɛsɩnda size peteɣ hendu lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ ɛyaa yaa teyaa sakɩyɛ kɛ nɔɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ teuu taa.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ hendu teyaa kpɛm taa, mba ɖɩyaɣ wɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "choral" yɔ. Hendu teuu hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : comptine enfantine yaa chanson de geste, nɛ La Chanson de Roland, nɛ couplet/refrain, nɛ strophe yaa laisse, nɛ canon, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mélodie accompagnée yaa lied allemand.
Hendu ndʋ tɩ-taa pamakɩ soo nɛ pahʋlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, yaa pahʋlʋʋ hendu kʋhʋlʋʋ yɔ, a-taa kɔ yɔ : minziiki traditionnelle yaa folklorique, nɛ minziiki classique yaa ethnique, rock 'n' roll yaa jazz, nɛ pɩtasɩna rap yaa slam.


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Polonɛɛ kʋnʋŋ
Polonɛɛ kɛna Slavii pɩlɩʊ taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ. Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ kʊʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pʊyɔpɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ komina taa ɛlɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩɩna Poloñɩ taa ɛyaa ɖɔna wɛʊ ɖoli ɖoli. Slavii kʊnmɩŋ kpeekpe taa lɛ polonɛɛ kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔ rusii nɛ ukrɛnɩ kɔyɔ naatozo ŋgʊ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 55 yɔ yɔɔdʊ polonɛɛ kɛ Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa mba pɩnɩʊ polonɛ yɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa lɛ, pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 546 000 yɔ. Kanada ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, mba pɔyɔdʊʊ polonɛɛ yɔ pɛkpɛnda 191 770. Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊ polɔnɛɛ mbaa yɔ: Etazunii taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 560 496; Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa lɛ pɛwɛ 546 000; Caama tɛtʊ taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 241 000; Fransɩ taa 500 000 piyele Israyeli taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ.


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Angela Merkel
Angela Dorothea Merkel kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʋ. Ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1954 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Hambourg tɛtʋ taa palʋla Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋmlaɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndʋ tɔm hʋʋ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2005 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ sɔnɔ. Ɛhʋʋ tɔm camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Toovenum lɛ , ɛkɛ samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɛyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ.
Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖoɖoo Angela Dororthea Merkel kɛ minisi halɩn̄ɩnʋ weyi ɛcɔŋna halaa nɛ evebiɖe ɛsɩndaa wobu tʋma yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ payaɣ se Kohl IV. Ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1994 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ minisi halɩñɩnʋ weyi ɛcɔŋna Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋ nɛ laŋ pɔ-yɔɔ kandʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛnʋ cɔŋaɣna ɖɔɖɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ n̄ɩm tʋma yɔɔ.
Paya Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel ɛnɛ samtʋ nimiye pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋma ndɩ ndɩ camɩyɛ labʋ yɔɔ., ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ labʋ yɔɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel kɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samaɣ waɖɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2005 n̄ɩŋga taa palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔmhʋyaa n̄ʋʋdʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa pɔcɔnaa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ halaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel kɩlɩɣna tʋmɩyɛ labʋ.


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Sʊfɩrɩ
Sʊfɩrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 16 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ S yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ salɩkɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛna wazaɣ piŋ yɔ, ɛfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Pasɩma sʊfɩrɩ lɛ, kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm ɖɔmbɛyɛ nɛ kɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ wondu taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfatɩ taa) nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛgbam, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miŋ pʊŋ ageeta taa.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ paa pʊtʊ wezuu weyi ɛ-tɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ amini siziŋ hoka lʊlʊʊ tɛ, sɩstɛyɩnɩ waa nɛ metiyonini waa nɛ, pɩwɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ yaɖɛ taa kʊlʊm taa. Sʊfɩrɩ sɩɣna halɩ ɖooo 90% nɛ palakɩna sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm, pɩkɛ kiɖe pʊyʊ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ anasaayɩ huɖe hɔɔlʊʊ taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ ɖɔm) (haɖaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, 60%) nɛ kpɛŋgbɛsɩ tɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔzɩŋ wondu ɖeɖe, tɔɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ ɛyaa tɛ ñɩnzɩ nɛ kpɩnaa tɛ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ hatʊ mʊtʊ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ fʊlɩyɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ polukina nazɩyʊ pee tɩm, loyuu taa lɩm lɩzɩɣ, palaka-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ maacɩsɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ kɔ.
Sʊfɩrɩ tomnaɣ yem tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ ɛsɛ cɩŋ. Ɛ-tɛ miŋ nsʊlɩmɩyɛ wɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ yɔ sɩwɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɛ nɛ sɩcɛyɩɣ (sʊfɩrɩ tɛ tɩyɔkɩsɩdɩ SO2). Ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ ɛgbam kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa papɩzɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ.


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Uzibekistanɩ
Uzibekistanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊt taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Kazakistanɩ, Kirgizitanɩ, Tajikistanɩ, Afganistanɩ nɛ Turkimenistanɩ.
Pamaza Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 447 400 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmakʊɣna ɛzɩ 4,9 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 31 025 500 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 31 wiye pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kazandʊ. Payaɣ Uzibekistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Chavkat Mirziyoyev nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Abdulba Oripov.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Uzbɛk nɛ ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taskɛntɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2,7 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +998 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se sum.


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Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)
Pʊyʊ kɔtɩɩɩ yaa pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «atome» yɔ, pɩ-taa wɛ nazɩyʊ pe (électrons). Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «tubes de Crookes» yɔ pa-taa paɖʊ pʊyʊ kɔtɩɩɩ nɛ pañɩnɩna anasaayɩ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se luupu (loupe) yɔ nɛ pana se atoomwaa taa nɛ nazɩyʊ pe. «Tubes de Cookes» waa wɛ ɛzɩ tiiyoonaa cikpema yɔ. Paɖʊ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «cathode» yɔ tiiyoo ŋgʊ paɖʊ kɩ-taa atoom yɔ kɩ-nɔɔ nɛ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ. Paɖʊ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «anode» yɔ nɛ tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛɛ. Pɩtɛŋ lɛ, paɖʊ laatriki miŋ sɔsɔŋ «cathode» nɛ «anode» pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Paɖʊ laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ «cathode» saa miŋ siŋŋ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «electrons» waa yɔ, palɩɩ papɩlɩ caŋa lɩɩɩ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɩɩyɛ ñalɩɩ tiiyoo hɛkʊ taa. Laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ yɔ (bleue). Tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-nɩwaŋ yɔɔ lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ lɩɩ nɛ kɩkaɣ « électrons » waa mba nʊmɔʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ wɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «Croix de ̌Malte» yɔ. Pɩlakɩ mbʊ lɛ, cɩkpɛndʊʊ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ tiiyoo ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-nɩwaŋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Piyele «électrons» waa lalaa yɔ, paba tii tiiyoo tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ nɛ pɩhaɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ñalɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. « Anode » ñalɩzɩɣ « électrons » waa mba yɔ, paba ñaalɩɣ lɛ, kaazɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ wɛ tiiyoo tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ, kʊkʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩlɩɣzɩɣ pelu pelu. Kɩ-ñalɩmɩyɛ tɔlɩm ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ yɔ.


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Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ
Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa yɔ ki-liɖe kɛ Zingiber nɛ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Zingiberaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Palakɩ kililaa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa nɛ kabɩyɛ kɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Pɩtɛ tɛtɛɛ liɖe ɖɩkɛ sɔzɩŋ pʊyʊʊ weyi paɖʊʊ ɖozi taa ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Ɛɛndɩ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kɛ ginger ale ɖɩlaɖɛ nɛ cakam cakam naa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kpɔnɔ. Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kɛ sɔŋgaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɖazʊʊ lɔŋ nɛ kʊ-kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ maɣna mɛta naa 0,90 nɛ kɩñɔ liɖe yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ kɩgbɛzɛŋ tɩyɛ nɛ piyuu tɩyɛ, tɩɖalɩɣ nɛ tɩwɛ sɔzɩŋ. Ɖɩ-hɛtʊ hʊlɩma nɛ tɩwɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ takɩŋ takɩŋ cɩɩɩ ndomaa yɔ. Hatʊ cikpetʊ ndʊ tuhuzuu hoka ŋga kagba nɛ ɛsɔ yɔ tɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛɖɩŋ nɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ. Ɖɩ-tɛŋ hɛtʊ lɩzʊʊ lɛ, ñʊʊ kobi nakʊyʊʊ lɩʊʊ kɩ-taa nɛ pee kɩkpɛdaa. Pee a-naa awɛ pɔyɩŋ weyi ɛwɩlɩɣ lɛ, ɛyaɣ yɔ ɛ-taa kɛ pɔyaa camɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖɩsɔɔlɩ wɩsɩ nɛ niikaɣ tɛtʊ. Ɖɩ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ wɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ puhukuu sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋnɛ lilaa tɛ tɛyʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Ɛyʊ kaatɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ ndɩ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ mɩŋ ñakɩŋ yɔ, pɩlɩnɛ shogaol nɛ paradol nɛ zingérone tɛ wɛʊ kɛ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ taa. Gingérol tɛ kpeɣluu kɛ pɩyʊʊ siŋ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ lɛɛŋ ndɛ taa ɛlɛ, ɛwɛ ñɩɩɩ kɛ kɩwɩlɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ, shogaol ñɔsɔzɩ. Wɩsɩ lilaa kɩfanaa (wenaa akɛ lilaa pʊtɔbʊʊ se akɛ tɛtɛɛ lilaa) taa wɛ leleŋ lɩm nɛ mʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ.
Sapɔŋ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa lɛ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kisidiye kɛ mɔʊ tɛ fɩnɛkɩrɩ nɛ gali padaa. Palakɩ-ɖɩ tʊmɩyɛ se pɛhɛzɩna agɔmaa ɖɩya sɔsɔɔ kɛ sushi nandʊʊ tɔʊ taa. Ɛɛndɩ ɖɩtɩyɛ ɖɩkɛ sɔzɩŋ pɩyʊʊ nɛ paɖʊʊ ɖozi ɛzɩ masala yaa vindalin. Siini ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa wɩsɩ kɔyɛ lilaa wazʊʊ se palʊbɩna sɔŋ nɛ mʊzʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩɣ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ teŋgʊʊ tɛ tɩŋ pee nɛ kelemaa nɛ heŋ (ɛ-nɛ yɔ, ouigour tɛ tɩzʊʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ lɛ, pɛlɛzɩɣ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ nɛ cumin).
Pɔtɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ tɛ hatʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ hosii nzɩ sɩñɔʊ lilaa. Paɖʊʊ tii taa nɛ pɩwɛʊ sɔzɩŋ kɛ Suwahilii nɛ Corée. Pɔyɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛzɩ leleŋ lɩm kɩñazɩm (sikiri). Payaɣ-kʊ se gnammankoudji nɛ pamazʊʊ se pɩkɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ piseɣtuu ɛyʊ kʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ.
Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ tɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm (soda ŋgʊ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ) palaba-pʊ nɛ Jamaique nɛ pasɩm-pʊ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ginger beer. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Jarnac taa, Charente kuduyuu tɛɛ palakɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ sʊlʊm nabʊyʊʊ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se Domaine de Canton Ginger Liqueur .


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Ellen Sirleaf Johnson
Ɖoɖoo nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1938 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Monroviya tɛtʋ taa. Monrovia tɛtʋ kɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlʋba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2006 taa. Ɛkɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Ɛlaba tɔsʋʋ sukuli Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa. E-sukuli ŋ́gʋʋ ɛtɛma labʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ tɔsʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛŋna Afrika tɛtʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kajalaɣ halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ. E-ɖeke koŋ ɛkɛŋna Afrɩka ajɛya kpeekpe taa halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Ellen Jonson Sirleaf kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa pɔkɔma paha-ɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋbʋ samtʋ nimiye pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe nɛ e-sukuli labʋ.
Palʋla ɛ-cɔzɔnaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jahmale Carneɣ Johnson. Amerika tʋ nɔɔyʋ kakpaɣ Liberiya halʋ nɛ paɖʋ hɔʋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɔʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩcɔŋna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf caa yɔɔ nɛ ɛ́lɛ kɔɔ ɛla ɛyʋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʋ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ-ɩ.
Ɛ-caa laba e-sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ sʋsɔʋ Metoodisti waa sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa. Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ, Monrovia taa ɛlaba-kʋ. Ɛ-caa laba sukuli nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ tɔm temiyu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi ɛkandɩyɩɣ yaa ɛlʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ (avocat).
Payaɣ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Ɖacaa Hilary R. W. Johnson. Ɛ́lɛ kɛŋna Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɖɩcɔna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɛka halʋ kɩsɛm. Ɛ-sɛmɩŋ lɩna ɛ-cɔzɔ nɔɔyʋ cɔlɔ. Tɔbʋʋ se, e-ɖoo ɖoo kawalɩ caama tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf paɣlɩ ñɩm hɔʋ taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) lɛ, ɛwalɩ evebu weyi payaɣ se John Sirleaf yɔ. Ɛ́lɛ kɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnzɩ. Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, etisina-ɩ se ɛɖɛɛ ɛla e-sukulinaa sɔsaa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛ-walʋ kɛkɛ sʋlʋm ñɔyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛñɔʋ sʋlʋm nɛ ekpe ɖɩɣa lɛ, ɛkpɛŋkɛtɩɣ ɛ nɛ e-piya kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Halɩ ɛ-walʋ woba ɛ-wayɩ evemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa nɛ elu-i katanzɩ. Ɛmaba-ɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɔŋ se eekpeŋ ɖɩɣa lɔŋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johson Sirleaf lakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ liidiye tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Minisi tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, peeye ɛ-walʋ woba evemiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛmabɩ-ɩ.
Halɩ evemiye lɛɛɖɛ ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, ɛkpaɣ malɩfa ɛ-yɔɔ se ɛtɔyɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛsɩndaa. Pʋkɔma kɩkɩlɩ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf nɛ ɛ-walʋ kañatʋ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ kʋyʋʋ nɛ ekpe ɛcaɣ ɛ-tɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1961 ñɩŋa taa pɩlaba mbʋ yɔ.


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Sydney tɛ Opera
Sydney tɛ Opera kɛna Sydney tɛtʋ taa tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Nɛ pahaɣ-kʋ hɩɖɛ yaa payaɣ-kʋ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size Sydney Opera House. Kɩwɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Sidinee tɛtʋ taa. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna kuduyuu ŋgʋ pasɩma-kʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa, nɛ patɩlɩ-kʋ poliŋ taa.
Kpaɖʋ 20 taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ, kuduyuu sɔsɔ kʋnɛ, kɩɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pasaŋga-kʋ siŋŋ yɔ lɛɛŋ taa. Ɛsɩma pama-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, wɩlaɣ size kɩɩkɛ lɛɣtʋ matʋ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Pama-kʋ nɛ hʋnʋm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size, mba pama-kʋ yɔ, pama-kʋ nɛ taa leleŋ siŋŋ.
Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ keɣkeɣ kɛna lalaa ɛzɩ pɛkɛdɩna-kʋ nɛ kɛdɛɛka nɛ lalaa lɛ sulukaɣ pɔɔyʋʋ. Nɛ mazɩm siŋŋ mbʋ pɩwazaa nɛ pamana kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jorn Utzon lɛɣtʋ yɔɔ. Sydney tɛ Opera kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ mɛlɛnaa ɖɩsɩŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Lone keɣkeɣ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩwɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Bennelong Point.
Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, ɖɩ-cɔnaɣ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size laʋ yaa tɩŋ pɩlʋʋ nakʋyʋ cɔ-ɩ nɛ kɩtam nayɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Nɛ Sydney tɛ kondoloko kʋnɛ, papɩsɩɣ pɛkɩdɩ yaa pamazɩ-kʋ nɛ kolaɣ yaa tɔʋ wɛtʋ. Pama kondoloko ŋgʋ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ matʋ natʋtʋ kotaaɣ.
Ositirali ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɩndaa taa kɛlɛʋ yem lɛ, nɛ Sydney tɛtʋ kɔyɔ, ŋna size Opera kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɛna po-kumoɖe. Sydney tɛ Opera kʋnɛ, kɩpɩsaɣ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ yaa sɔnɔ taa kɛ, lone nɖɩ ɛsɩyɛ kpena yaa woki nɛ mana waa sɔlaɣ siŋŋ yɔ kpem kɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɩwɛ yɔ. Sydney tɛ Opera kʋnɛ, kʋmʋʋ agɔma sakɩyɛ mba pɔjɔʋ kpɛɛ nɛ patalɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Kʋmʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, keɖeyaɣ wondu tʋma laɖaa.


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Soomaali
Soomaali kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ kedeŋ kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ Soomaalɩ nɛ ɖɩcɛlɛ Itaalii ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1948 taa hɔɔlɩɣʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ogadɛŋ yɔ kɩɩtɛma wɛʊ Etiyoopii nesi tɛɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Soomaalɩ mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ tuuɖe ajɛya Itaalii nɛ Priitaaniki kpacayaɣna-ɩ. Haɖɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣʊ lɛ Itaalii ñaawɛna nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Priitaaniki ɖeɖe lɛ.
Pʊwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñaañaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩmʊ Cibuuti ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1862. Fransɩ hɔɔlɩɣʊ kʊnɛ kʊkʊ la ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1977.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 nɛ 1969 taa Soomaali ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ se Aden Abdullah Osman Daar nɛ ɛ-wayɩ ñɩnʊ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Abdirashid Ali Shermarke yɔ, pañaɣ pana se ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣʊ paanɩɣna-ɖama nɛ yoŋ wɛɛ paa ɖoye.
Aloma fenaɣ 1954 kɛ Soomaali ɛjaɖɛ lɩza kɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka.


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François Hollande
François Hollande kɛ Fransɩ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1954 n̄ɩŋga taa. Rouen tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Tɩwɛ Seine-Inférieure lone taa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
François Hollande hɩla kɩsɛsɛna kɔyɔ Gérard Georges Nicolae. Ɛlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa.
Ɖajaa François Hollande kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2017 ñɩŋga taa. Pata-ɩ liu siŋŋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa, nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ size ɛɖɔkɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋʋ. Ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ. Ɖajaa François ɛnɛ, ɛpazɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ n̄ɩnɩʋ pileɖa siŋŋ.
Ɖajaa François Hollande kɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm hʋyʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɖajaa François Hollande tʋlɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. . Ɛnʋ kɛŋna ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se ''samaɣ n̄ɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1997 nɛ 2008 n̄ɩnzɩ taa. Ɖajaa François Hallande kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Tulle tɛtʋ ñʋʋdʋ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2001 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2008 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɛɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa taa tʋ nɔɔy. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Corrèze tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɩyaa tɛ lɔŋ pasɩyʋ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ sɔsɔ. Ɖajaa Nicolas Sarkozy, weyi ɛɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ kɩbɩnʋ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ Ɖajaa François Hollande lɛɣzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ yɔ, pɩkɛ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ nakɛyɛ. Tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ ŋga pɔsɔzʋʋ lakaɣ yɔɔ yaa kɩyʋsʋnaʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩlɛɣzɩ-wɛ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ. Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɔzɩ tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ.
Yʋsʋyaa maalɛɣzɩɣwaa taa nabɛyɛ kɔyɔ : lɛɛlɛɛ (Ali ɖɔŋ lɛɛlɛɛ ), ɖɛfɛɛ (ɛlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛfɛɛ ), tɛmm (Kpacaa ɖɔŋ tɛmm ), hɛɛɛ (sɔnɔ me-neze maɣzɩ lɩʋ hɛɛɛ) …
Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔmloyaɣ tɛzɩyʋ yaa hɩɖɛ tɛzɩyʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ ɖɩna : « Ñɔɔsɩ wɩwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pizaɖeɣmaɣ, ewoŋaɣ. » Tɔmpiye « pizaɖeɣmaɣ » kɛ yʋsʋyʋ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa.
Tɔmpiye pizaɖeɣmaɣ fɛyɩ kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ taa. Yee pɛɖɛzɩɣ tɔmloyaɣ ŋga nɛ kabɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se : « Ñɔɔzɩ wɩɣwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pɩɖɩɣzɩ ɛyaa se ewoŋaɣ. » Yee mbʋ, tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ, ka-taa tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ tɛkɛ yʋsʋyʋ tɔmpiye.
Tɔmpiy hɔɔlaɣ « ɛɛɛ » fɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpiye « aayɩ » ɖɔɖɔ fɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpiye « paa pɩɩkɩlɩ we yaa « pʋtɔma » fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpe wena ɖɩya-yɛ mbʋ nɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se afɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa yɔ, akɛ yʋsʋyaa modalisatɛɛrɩwaa.
Yʋsʋyaa ɛɛlɛɣzɩ kaʋ. Yʋsʋyaa kɛŋna tɔmpiye tɛ piye. Ɖɩkpaɣ tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna : « Kolu talɩ ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋkʋ kʋ-yɔɔ ɛɖʋwa se ɛtalɩɣ yɔ. »


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Puligari
Pulgari kɛna Erɔpɩ hadɛ kiŋnɛ wsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ; ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palikantiki tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa kpem. Puligari nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, teŋu Kɩkpɛdʊ wɛna, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɩrɛsɩ nɛ Tuurkii, hayʊ kiŋ Tanubi nɛ Rumani nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Sɛribi nɛ Masedoni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pulgari ɛjaɖɛ ñɔ pɩnaɣ 680 nɛ 681 taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Pulgari Sɔsɔʊ taa; nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɛna Erɔpɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɖiyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɛɣ ñɔʊ yɔ Ɛjaɖɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1800 taa kɛ Puligari hɔɔlɩɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 1908 kɛ mbʊ yɔ Pulgari nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Socialiste taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ URSS ɖiya pɩnaɣ 1946 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa kɛ URSS kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔlaa nɛ Puligari pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtatasɩ wɛʊ Commusiste waa taa yɔ.
Puligari wɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe tadɩyɛ laɖaa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Politiki tɔm taa Puligari kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɖiyuuna yɔ nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ñɔcɔŋnana minisiriwaa waa yɔɔ yɔ. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ lɛ, komina nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖinɛ, pɩkazɩ tɔm hʊya ñɛwɛna pa-ndɩ. Peeɖe pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ samaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ kɛʊ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ ɖeɖe.
Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛnʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ̃ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ñazɩɣna sɔɔjanaa tɩŋga; yee paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛlɩzɩ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩtacaɣ camɩyɛ eɖeke ɛpɩzɩɣna nɛ ekizi-tu nɛ paasʊsʊʊ-tʊ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩɣna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Puligari ɛjaɖe ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Rossen Plevneliev; ɛlɛɣzɩ Gueorgui Parvanov kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2012. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ- ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ ɛnɛ, paatɔʊ caca se palɩzɩ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ palɩzɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kpaagbaa.


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Egipiti
Egipiti kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsi ɖɩlɩye hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩwɛɛ Mediiteranee nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Egipiti wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Asii keteŋa taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Leevantɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋgʊna Siinayi pɔɔ.
Naajeeriya nɛ Etiyoopii pa-wayɩ lɛ Egipiti taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ pɛwɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 kɛ miliyɔɔnaa 89. Peeɖe ɛyaa hukuu lɛɛɛ lɛɛɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ 60 taa lɛ samaɣ huu ɛzɩ tam naanaza mbʊ yɔ. Egipiti tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Kɛɛrɩ nɛ Araabɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ peeɖe ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Egipiti.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Siiwii yaa Bɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩ kɛ Siiwa hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Egipiti krɩstʊ mba tɛɛlɛɣzɩ pa-kʊnʊŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ Kɔpɩtɩ pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ taa. Egipiti nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Nuubiyɛŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɩnɛ pɩkɩlɩna samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Asʊwaŋ yɔ.
Pe-liidiya yɔ Egipiti liivri. Kaŋgalafʊʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɩna +20.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1981, Mohammed Hosni Moubarak kaawɛna kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna se lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 wiey pɩnaɣ 2011 samaɣ kpeekpe kʊyɩ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩla ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Peeɖe komina taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 264 nɛ naatozo yɔɔ lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩɣ naalɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ñayaa kʊɖʊm. Egipiti ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ kɔyɔ Maresaalɩ Abdel Fattah al-Sissi nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ kɛ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ liitoozo wiye.


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Pɩyaʊ
Pɩyaʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ ɖɔ ɖɩɣa yɔ. Kɩwɛna naŋgbazɩ naanza nɛ nandʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ. Pɩyaʊ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pɩyaŋ wɛ hʊwa ntɩ ntɩ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ hʊwa hiŋ kakpaanzɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɖɩɣa wondu taa lɛ, pɩyaʊ nɛ haɣ pakɩlɩɣna nandu tɔɔʊ. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena amaɣna pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sumasɩ aya kpakpasɩ.
Pɩyaʊ wɛna wiliŋ ntɩ ntɩ, nɛ paa wiliɣ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩnɛ kɩ-tɔbʊʊ. Pañɩna pɩnaɣ 2006-2007 nɛ pana se ɖɩɣa pɩyaʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩlɩna Afrika taa. Afrika taa kɛ awayɩ pɩyaʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se celeɣ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛʊ-kɛ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 130.000. Kacalaɣ pɩyaŋ weyi papazɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɖooo “Néolitique” tɛ alɩwatʊ taa; pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 8.000 yaa 10.000 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ alɩwatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ hayɑɣ nɛ ɛɖʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ kpou taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ naa se celesi kɔŋ ɛ-tɛ nɛ sɩkpaɣ holaa nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛɛkaɣ ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ lɛ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛkpa-kɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ.
Egypti mba eeleeyu nɛ pɩyaʊ: kɩkɛ-wɛ sɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ, nɛ poluŋguu kɩ-tɛɛ. Ɖooo Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa mba ñapɩsɩ-kʊ kpaɣʊ ɛsɩ sɩʊ yɔ. Pɩyaʊ tɔm fɛyɩ se pɔyɔɔdɩ: Aazii taa lɛ, piyaʊ kɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ fezuu kɩfalʊʊ nɛ ñʊʊ leleŋ yɔ yaa ñɩm sakɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛyʊ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ. Nabɛyɛ tɛ lɛ, kɩkɛ sɩʊ yaa ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɛɛ pʊwɛɛ se poluŋ nɛ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ tam yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɔcɔna pɩyaʊ yɔɔ camɩyɛ. Pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛɛ se paɖaa pɩyaʊ nɛ kɩ-kʊdɔŋ ɛtaaɖɛ ɛyʊ.


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Sɩkɩsmɩ
Sɩkɩsmɩ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩma Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm koŋ, patʊlɩ-ɖɩ nɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 15 pɩtɩŋna Gurû Nanak yɔɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ਸਿੱਖ (Sikkh) kɛ Punjabi tɔmpiye ɖɩ-ɖɩ lɩna sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se शिष्यः (śiṣya) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tɔm mʊyʊ yaa sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ yaa शिक्ष (śikṣa), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sukuli yaa kpɛlɛkɩtʊ. Matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ taa se ɛsɔ kalɩzaɣ.
Guru Nnak (1469-1539), ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Sɩkɩsmɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, palʊla-ɩ Talwandi haɖaa taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Nankana Sahib, pʊñɔtɩna Lahore, nɔɔnɔɔ Pakɩstan tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ punjabi ɛyaa nɛ palɩna tadɩyɛ laɖaa cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa kɛnɛ kɛlɛ paya-wɛ se Punjab Khatri waa. Ɖooo Guru Nanak pɩcatʊ taa lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔlɩ ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ ɛwɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɛ ɛhʊʊyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ ɖɛ sakɩyɛ ɛ-nɔmɔŋ ɖɔm taa mbʊ Guru Nanak kpeɣli ɛyaa nabayɛ com nɛ pɩpɩsɩ haɖaa tɛtʊ, Kartarpur, pɩkɛ kiɖe tʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛyaa piŋ nɛ pɩɩka-ɩ kaʊʊ kɛlɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔŋ ɛ-tɔm ɖɩkpɛkɩyɛ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ pikpeɣluu ɛyaa yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛna se peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ nɛ ɖama, pɩlakɩ yoŋ, nɛ ɛyaa cɩyʊʊ ɖama, patʊkʊʊ ɖama halaa nɛ abalaa, cejewa, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ lɩɣ, pɩyasɩɣ mɩzasɩ.
Guru Nanak ha ɛsɛ cejewa wɛtʊ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa ñatɩŋ-ɩ se ɛɛɛ ɛnʊ kɛna pa-wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Guru. Pʊcɔ ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ Guru kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ, weyi ɛkaɣ-ɩ lɛɛzʊʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi se eɖiyi ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Hiu nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ tɛ guru, ɛlɛ yɔ Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) ɛlɛ ñɔsɔzɩ lɩm sɔʊ paɣtʊ Sikh waa tɛ pɩnaɣ 1699.


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Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ
Yeesu Nazaarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ Yuuda tʋ; palʋla-ɩ Galiilee egetiye taa, Palɛsɩtiini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ nɛ pʋcɔ papazɩ fenasɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ pa-kɩyakɩŋ kalʋʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛwɛna wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ-wɛ ɛ-tʋma kpeekpe. Esuzaɣ ɛyaa Ɛsɔdaa Kewiyaɣ tɔm. Ɛlakaɣ nɛ kʋdɔŋ tɩnaa yɔɔ cɛkɩ. Ɛkʋsaɣ kalakalasɩ nɛ ekuluu yʋlʋma ɛzɛ nɛ ɛlakɩ nɛ canasɩ yɔɔ cɛkɩ.
Peeye ɛ-jaɖɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩnaa kʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, mbʋ ɛya ɛ-tɩ se Ɛsɔ pɩyalʋ. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ ɛtalɩ pɩnzɩ niidozo lɛ, pakʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ Jeruzalɛm tɛtʋ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, Pɔtɩ Pilatɩ kɛkɛŋna komonɖa. Yuuda n̄ɩma tɛ kasandʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Paakɩ" yɔ, tɩ-tɔɔʋ alɩwaatʋ taa pakpa-ɩ nɛ pahʋʋna-ɩ tɔm awiya ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋ tɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔ powona-ɩ komonɖa Pɔtɩ Pɩlatɩ tɛ.
Ɛ-tɔmmʋyaa yaa ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa kaɖaɣ kpayɩ se Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ Mesia yaa Krɩstʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi Ɛsɔ ta-ɩ num nɛ etiyi-i se ɛya kedeŋa kpeekpe n̄ʋʋ yɔ. Yeesu yɔɔ aseɣɖe tɔm ndʋ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa lɩzaa yɔ ɖiyebina nɛ Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Krɩstʋ n̄ɩma kaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ nɛ ɛ-kɔmtʋ tɔm pɔyɩdɩ Nɔɔ Haʋ kɩbɩm takayaɣ taa. Malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ Yeesu se Îsâ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛ lɔɔyaɣ tʋ yaa nayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Yeesu-Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ taa n̄ɩma tɔm susuu nɛ aseɣɖe nɖɩ palɩzɩɣ Yeesu yɔɔ yɔ, peyeba nɛ ajɛɛ sɔnzɩ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ yɔɔ tɔm maɣzʋʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ takayɩsɩ maʋ nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɛ labʋ nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu pa-nʋmɔŋ taa.
Yeesu palʋla-ɩ nɛ pakpaɣna ɛ-lʋlʋʋ wiye nɛ papaɣzɩ fenasɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ pa-kakɩŋ cɔlʋʋ nɛ paɖʋ takayaɣ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se "kalandiriyee". Pʋ-yɔɔ palɩzɩ Kujuka se kɛkɛ Ɛsɔ kɩyakʋ, kɩyakʋ ŋgʋʋ Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ fema nɛ ɛlɩɩ pɩlaʋ taa. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛtɔzɩ klʋ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩkɛna-ɩ kasandʋ kɩyakʋ, kɩyakʋ kɩhɛzʋʋ. Pɩtɛkɛ Krɩstʋ n̄ɩma ɖeke tɔzʋʋna kɩyakʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ, ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔzʋʋ kʋ-yɔ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Pɩnzɩ hiŋ niitozo you
Pɩnzɩ hiŋ niitozo you pɩkɛ malɩfa you ŋgʊ kɩjɩɩ Eerɔpʊ pɩnzɩ 1618 ŋtalɩ 1648 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Lɩmaɣza wena a-yɔɔ poyowaɣ yɔ a-ɖɔɔ ɛlɛ pʊdʊ weyi koŋ ɛnʊ lɛ ɛzɩma pakʊyɩna ɛyaa mba pɛgbɛʊ nʊʊ nɛ Habsbourg ɖɩɣa yɔ, pɩtɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩma pɔsɔɔla se pɛ-cɛjɛyɛ ɛkpa ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ Katoliki Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ Empiri Kiɖeɖeu taa.
You ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Habsbourg Ɛsɩpaañɩ ŋgʊ tɛ ɛyaa nɛ Empiri Kiɖeɖeu ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa kɛnɛ. Papa maɣmaɣ kaawɛ ɖoŋ tɩ-yɔɔ, Caama pɩyɩyaa ajɛyɛ pɩlɩna Empiri Kiɖeɖeu, nɛ ajɛyɛ wena asɔza Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ wena añɔtɩna nɛ akɛ pɩyɩyaa tɛ ɛyaa, kewiisi kɩkpɛndɩsɩ nɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ ajɛyɛ, ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ Katoliki ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ kʊlʊkaɣna pɩyɩyaa kɩmaɣmaɣ kɩ-tɛ yɔ, kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paɖɩzɩ Habsbourg ɖɩɣa Erɔpʊ kedeŋga yɔɔ.
You ŋgʊ kɩɩtana Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ tɩŋga, wena pɩlɩna se asɔɔla yaa atɔsɔɔlɩ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ Angɩlɩtɛrɩ nɛ Ruusii patafɛyɩ pɩtaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pataawɩlɩ pa-tɩ keele pɔtɔsɔɔlɩ Habsbourg ŋgbɛyɛ. Sɔɔjanaa kɩtɩma mʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛna-wɛ paɣtʊ. Kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Eerɔpʊ nɛ kɩ-hɛkʊ taa yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛɛ pɩtɩŋna Ampiri Kiɖeɖeʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩtalɩ Flande kɛdɛŋga taa nɛ Itaali nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ yaa Ibiriki ɛwadɩyɛ taa.
Ɖama yonaʊ, ñɔɔsɩ nɛ ɖama kʊgʊʊ kaatɩna ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ naa sakɩyɛ tɛ sɩm. Eerɔpʊ tɛ ɛyaa you ŋgʊ kɩcaɣ ɛyaa huu yɔɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu kɛ Caama ajɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kɩcaɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɖoŋ weyi ɛtasa ɛ-tɩ hiɣ ɖaja Louis 14 kewɩyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.


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Namibi
Namibi kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ Namibi se Afrika-Wɩsɩ -Ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ 1884-1915). Pʊwayɩ lɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nesi tɛɛ nɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ lɛ kɩmʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 1990.
Namibi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki tɛŋgu, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ piyele hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Namibi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔɔcɩwaanaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Sambii. Namibi takɩlɩ poliŋ nɛ Simbaabuwee.
Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kilomɛta kʊɖʊmʊ taa nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ. Namibi wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ-taa, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Paalaba ketiizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakayɛ kɛ Dili tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2014 ɛlɛ, pakpaɣ Namibi nɛ pɔsɔzɩ ajɛya wena pʊwɛɛ se acɔna ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ pɔrɩtigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ.


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Wisikii
Wisikii pɩkɛ ɖama hɛkʊʊ taa hɩɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ. Pɩkɛ wezuu sʊlʊm mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ malɩtɩ tɩŋ pee wena pajata yɔ yaa wena a-taa fɛyɩ malɩtɩ yɔ. Wisikii ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ tɔmʊʊ kʊhɔmʊʊ kɛ Ekɔɔsɩ ɛyaa nɛ Irɩlandɩ ɛyaa pɛhɛkʊ taa. Paaweyi ɛlɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna canaʊ yɔ.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ, patana wisikii ŋgʊ nɛ ajɛyaa kɩfana taa kiŋ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Etaazuunii nɛ Kanadaa ajɛyɛ taa). Ɖooo kpaɖʊ 19 tɛ pazɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ tɔyɩ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ wayi wayi ajɛyaa kɩfanaa lɛɛna taa.
Wisikii kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ tɔmpiye ɖɩlɩna Keltiki kʊnʊŋ taa ndɩ uisge Ekɔɔsɩ kʊnʊŋ, uisce kɛ Irɩlandɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Tɔmpiye ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛʊ kɛlɛ se lɩm kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛ-taa, uisge beatha kɛ Ekɔɔsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ uisce beatha kɛ Irɩlandɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ se wezuu lɩm nɛ wisikii kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Payaɣ se wisikii lɛ, pɩkɛ Ekɔɔsɩ nɛ Kanadaa nɛ nippone pɛtɛ wonduu nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ndɩ kɛ Irɩlandɩ nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa.
Pɩlʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ nakʊyʊ lɩwa payaɣ-kʊ se blend wisikii kʊkʊ kɛ lɩm nɛ malɩtɩ pɛtɛ siduu se pɩwɛ leleŋ. Paɖʊʊ pee tɛ ŋgʊ lɛ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pee tɛ wisikii kɩlɩɣ nɛ tɔyʊʊ mbɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩtakɩlɩɣ liidiye. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔɔ wisikii pee tɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ yuŋ yɔɔ kɩsɔzʊʊ leleŋ ɛzɩ malɩtɩ yɔ. Wisikii ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ ñɔʊ ajɛyɛ taa.
Wisikii pee tɛ ŋgʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ mʊlʊm pee naayɛ (pile nɗ samɩɖɛ nɛ afʊwanɩ nɛ seigle) nɛ nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ malɩtɩ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ. Kʊyʊmbʊ pajatʊʊ-kʊ kɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊ nakʊyʊ taa. Wisikii ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ keeke nɛ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke kɛ blend waa ɖɩhɔkɩyɛ taa.
Sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ ɖɩlaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yeke koŋ pɩzɩna ɖɩpɛdɩ pɩtɛ wonduu ndʊ pʊɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Wisikii k ;ke pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ nɛ kɩwɛna leleŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, tʊma sɔsɔna lɛɛna lakɩ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ tɛ wisikii.


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Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pañɩnɩɣ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ cikpelaɣ nakayɛ ñʋʋ. Patɩŋɩɣna kʋ-yɔɔ nɛ pamaɣzɩ nɛ pekpeɣ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ. Kɩkalʋʋ palakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ. Pʋcɔna patɩlɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ lɛ, pacalɩɣna kɩkalʋʋ labʋ ageeta cikpene ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pɩtɛŋ lɛ, pâla kɩgalʋʋ ageeta sɔsɔna sɔsɔna taa.
Pɩtɛŋ payɩ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ palaba kɩkalʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩlɩ mbʋ yɔ. Yee pɔtɔʋ caca nakʋyʋ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pala kɩkalʋʋ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ ñʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔ caca ŋ́gʋ. Pɛtɛŋ-kʋ laba lɛ, pɩha nʋmɔʋ nɛ pɔtɔ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔʋ yɔ.
Cacanaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, pɔtɔʋ caca. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ maalika lɔŋpasɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ haɖaa awiya lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ.
Piyele kaɖasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, kewiyaɣ cakɩna nɛ kɩmaɣzɩ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ nɛ kʋcɔna nɛ kɩlɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ kasɩɩ-sɩ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kaɖɩsɩ nzɩ kewiyaɣ sɩɣna-sɩ kɩsɩʋ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, sɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ minisiwaa ndɩ ndɩ. Tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa cikpema ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Nesi tɛɛ tʋma cikpene nɛ sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Kantɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ awiya.
Kɩkalʋʋ labʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ yem kɩkalʋʋ wɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ nɛ kikpeɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ.


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Izrɛɛlɩ
Izrɛɛlɩ (Hɛbra: יִשְׂרָאֵל; Arabɩɩ: إِسْرَائِيل) kɛna Prɔsɩ-Oriyaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1948. Izrɛɛlɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɩzɩɣna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛnda mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ yaa mɩnʊʊ nɛ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ palɩzɩɣʊ-wɛ yɔ caca pɔtɔʊ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ nɛ palɩzɩ-wɛɛ. Payaɣ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa se Kinesɛtɩwaa. Tɔm hʊyaa pɩlʊʊ taa lɛ, paba kpɛnda ɛyaa nakʊ.
Izrɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Yeruzalɛm ɛlɛ tɛtʊ nɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna taa fɛyɩ lelŋ se ndʊ ɛkɛna mbʊ nɛ pakpaɣ Tel Aviivi se tɛtʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa kɛ palakɩ ketiizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ yaa kewiyaɣ tɛ politiki tɔm yaa tɔsʊʊ nɛ liidiye tɔm ketiisasɩ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa payɩ lɛIzrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖekɛ kɔŋ kɛŋna ɖenɖe Yuuɖaa mba kɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 75 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Araabʊwaa ñamaɣna ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ kɛ mɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ pa-taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 91 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔ kɛ malɩŋ.
Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ tɛkɛ Arabʊ waa yaa Yuuɖa mba. Pɛkɛ krɩstʊ mba mba pɛkɛ Krɛkɩ mba yɔ, Arimeenii mba yaa Siirii mba yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Izrɛɛlɩ wɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1948 yɔ, kɩtɛhɛzɩ: ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ pɛwɛ yoŋ yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo.
Egipiti nɛ Sɔɔrdaanii pañiɣ takayasɩ taa nesi se pataatasɩ you ɛlɛ Izrɛɛlɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna ɛzɩ Siirii, Liibaŋ nɛ Palɛstiini pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yoŋ wɛ mbʊ. Keteŋa ajɛya sakɩyɛ wɛ nɛ aatisiɣ se Izrɛɛlɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ yeli nɛ a ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.


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Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ
Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kɛna teŋgʊ kɩwɛ ilema naalɛ hɛkʊ taa yɔ: Afrika teŋgu nɛ Azii ñɩŋgʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Mba pɔcɔŋna keteŋa nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ ñɩm yɔɔ yɔ, laŋ, lɩm nɛ tɛtɛ wondu yɔɔ yɔ, pamaza teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kʊnɛ lɛ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 450 000 km² yɔ. Kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 1 1914 km yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se toboyuu taa ñamaɣna 300 km. Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛ liŋguu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 500 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe pɩkɩla cukaŋ yɔ, peeɖe pɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 3 040 yɔ.
Ajɛya wena acɔ Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊ kʊnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Egipiti, Suudaŋ, Eriitree, Cibutii, Arabii Sauditii nɛ Yemenii. Teŋg̀u kʊnɛ kʊ-yɔɔ kɛ tadaa laɖaa nɛ keteŋga yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa mba palɩɣna Mediteranee teŋgʊ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ yaa mba palɩɣna Ɛndɩ Kujomuu taa yɔ se pɩtaaɖʊ-wɛɛ kʊñɔŋ se pɔcɔɔ Afrika ilemiye.
Ebeya mba cɔlɔ lɛ, Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ kʊnɛ payaɣa-kʊ Edom teŋgu, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩsɛwa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Turk mba cɔnaa ɖɔɖɔ. Teŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ lɩna Latɛŋ takayasɩ mayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Quinte-Curce yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Ɛyɔɔdʊʊ camɩyɛ se wiyao sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Erythrus yɔ, ɛnʊ yana-kʊ mbʊ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ebreya taa lɛ eriitrɔsɩ tɔbʊʊ se kɩsɛɛmɩm; pɩfɛyɩ se nabayɩ ɛmaɣzɩ se teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɩm sɛwa.


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Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ
Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 8 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋga yɔ O. Ɛnʊ kɛna nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ salɩkɔzɛnɩ waa kpeɣlʊʊ taa, nɛ nabʊyʊ taa payɣ se ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa hɔɔlʊʊ. Ɛyaa naalɛ ñɩnɩna nɛ pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele kɛ Uppsala tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1772 nɛ Piritaniki tʊ Joseph Priestley Viltshire tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1774. Pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1777 ɛlɛ Antoine Lavoisier Paarii tɛtʊ taa hana hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ se ὀEύς / oxys (cʊlʊ cʊlʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se cɩnɛ se ñɩmɩŋ) nɛ Yevής / genês (lʊlʊʊ tɛ).
Ɖɩha heelim taa kiɖe hɔɔlʊʊ kifezuu hɩɖɛ se ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, ɛlɛ palɩza hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ tɔmpe naalɛ, palɩzɩ-yɛ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ὀEύς, ñɩmɩŋ nɛ Yeίvouaι, malʊlʊʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛtʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ walaa yɔ kiɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ (Lavoisier yɔɔdʊʊ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɔm) taa ñɩmɩŋ wondu ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩɣ tɩ-tɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɖɩkaɣ yaʊ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ fefeku kiɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kpeɣluu nɛ sɔŋaɣ wondu.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ kɔtɩɩ kɩɖam weyi ɛ-yʊsʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ O2, keeke taa ɛnʊ payaɣ se ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩnaa ya-ɩ se dɩyɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, ɛ-taa wɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa naalɛ, nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ ɖama nɛ tamtʊ. Kedeŋga taa sɔŋaɣ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, dɩyɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ kɛ fefeku, kedeŋga taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ teŋgu cɔlɔ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔʊ maɣna 20,8%.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, keŋga kpeekpe taa ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ kɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ eyi ɛɖɔ piŋ ɛzɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ nɛ Hɛlɩyɔm yɔ, ɛnʊ kɩlɩna tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa.
Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taafɛyɩna dɩyɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ. Ɛnɛ ʊnʊyɔ ɛma ɛ-tɩ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ manaʊ tɛ mbʊ tɩŋ, aɖɔnlɛlɛɛ nɛ ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tɩnaa, pʊtʊnaa pɛnɛ palɩɣ yɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyaarɩ waa 2,8 mbʊ yɔ. Dɩyɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ kʊʊ kpɩna wena atɔsɔɔlɩ heelim yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ kajalaɣ pʊtʊna mba palɛɛ lɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ wazaɣ siŋ pʊtʊnaa mba pefezuu yɔ pɛ-tɛ, pa-taa kɛlɛ mbʊ payi pɩkɩloɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩwɛna wezuu nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ.


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Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Kabɩyɛ kɛ gur kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keekee Togo nɛ Hayi kiŋ. Kɩ-kɛ kabɩyɛ samaɣ mba kʊnʊŋ. Kpaɣna kpaɖʊ 20 ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-tɛ yɛlʊʊ siŋŋ nɛ Togo hɛkʊ taa nɛ Togo nɛ hadɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ.
Loma kpeɣliye kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, peheyi-ɖʊ se ɖɩkpaɣ Togo samaɣ kpeekpe yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiu nɛ naatozo yeke nɩɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Tɩmʊʊ wɛɖʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, tɩŋɩna SIL ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1998 taa nɛ ɛyɩɣyɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mba panɩɣ kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛwɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 700 000 nɛ ɛyaa 30 000 wɛɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ Togo taa pɩnaɣ taa 3,2 mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɔzɩ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɛ lɛ, kabɩyɛ samaɣ talɩɣ miiliyɔɔ 1,2 pɩnaɣ 2014 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ weyi palɩzaa se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-maʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ palɩzaa. Togo tɛ sɔnɔ lɩmaɣza paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ wɩlɩɣ se pakpaza-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma wena ayeki nɛ ɛyʊ welesi nɛ ɛnɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɔm (raadiyoonaa nɛ televisiyɔɔnaa pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ komina sukulinaa taa nɛ pakpa-kʊ kɔɔlɛzɩ ɖamɩŋ naanza nɛ naadozo kɛ BEPC ɛzɩ kɩtɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ hayɩsʊʊ takayaɣ yɔ.
Papaɣzɩ Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ maʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 taa, ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa ɛjaɖɛ taa kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, nɖɩ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ kabɩyɛ tɔm maʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, kɩkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ tɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɛ piliŋa ŋga kɛkɛdɩna yaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ.
Pamaɣ kabɩyɛ tɔm nɛ Romanɩ masɩ kɩñɔɔzɩsɩ. Masɩ tʊzʊʊ lɩna Afrika maʊ kpata kɩtʊzɩnaʊ yɔɔ. Matʊ lɛɛzʊtʊ kɩbandʊ Fada sɔsɔ Adjola Raphael ñɔzɩna nɛ ɛwɩlɩ nɛ palakɩna-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ Katoliki mba hɛkʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ maʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 1930 kabɩyɛ maʋ pazaa. Anasaayɩnaa cɛbɩna kɩjɛkʋ nɛ pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋtakayaɣ. 1932’lɛ, Fada Antoine BRUNGARD, lɩzɩ kɔɔnɔɔ masɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ takayaɣ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1960 lɛ, Togo Kewiyaɣ maɣmaɣ kpaɣ kʋnʋmɩŋ tɔm nesi naalɛ. Wɩlʋʋ nɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ minisinaa labɩ ɛsatʋyaa tɔm yɔɔ tɔmɖonaataa tazʋʋ kediizaɣ Teeraŋ (Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ paɖʋ tamaɣ ɛsatʋyaa sukuli wɩlʋʋ tɔm yɔɔ lɛ, Togo lɩzɩ kɔmisiyɔ nakʋyʋ nɛ tʋma naayɛ se pala lɩmaɣza nɛ pana se kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi ɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala ɛsatʋya asukuli Togo taa. Pʋbʋ taa palɩza Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ Panaɣ nɛ Kabɩyɛ Kʋnʋŋ Panaɣ, palɩzɩ Imprimerie de l’Alphabétisation se kɩwɛɛna Togo kʋnʋmɩŋ maʋminziininaa, kɩlɩzʋʋ Ahʋna nɛ Kabɩyɛ takayɩsɩ ñɩlɩñɩlɩ. Mbʋ pɩɖɔma woɖeyɔɔwoɖeyɔɔ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1977 nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ panzɩ pɩsɩ kɔmiteewaa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 kiŋ, kawiya takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩsɩna kɔmiteewaa mba akademiiwaa.
Pɩdɩɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1930 yɔ, pama takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ ɛyʋ fezuu caɣʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ taa. Kabɩyɛ ñɩmba mawa, Togo ñɩmba mawa, Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mawa, Anasaayɩnaa mawa. Pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ takayɩsɩ, Ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ, kʋnʋŋ paɣtʋ takayɩsɩ, lakasɩ cɔlʋʋ takayɩsɩ, romaɣwaa, tɔm kpou, akɔnta takayɩsɩ, sɩyansɩ takayɩsɩ, tɔsʋʋ tɔm takayɩsɩ, ppw. Sɔnɔ yɔ, Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ maʋ masɩ wɛ ɔrdinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Kabɩyɛ mɔlaa kɩkpa Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ yɔ. Akademii wɛna Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ ɖɛɣa. Ɖɛɣa ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ yɔ, www.academiekabiye.jimdo.com. Pakalɩɣ-kʋ wilipedia yɔɔ.
Kɛlɛ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛna kabɩyɛ ŋgʋ kɩ-kalʋʋ. Pɛtɛma tɔm ndʋ maʋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pakalɩɣ-tʋ lɛ, pɩwɛ cacarɩɩ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, maya, kalɩyaa, ñɩnɩyaa nɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa, pɛwɛɛtɩɣ-tʋ ɖama, ɛlɛ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛkaŋ ñʋʋ se esiɣ-tʋ kpeŋgbeluu yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔɔlɩ. Kabɩyɛ Akademii cɔnaa se pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ se tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩhɛɖɩ. Mbʋ labɩna nɛ kɩpazɩ-pʋ-tɔm yɔɔdʋʋ pɩnaɣ taa kenjemkediizasɩ taa.
Panañaɣʋ wɛɛ. Sukulikɩ tɛzɩŋ nɛ Sukulinaa sɔsaa taa wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ Akademii taa yɔ, palakɩ lɩmaɣza nɔɔ pañɩnɩɣ, pewiliɣ ñɩnɩyaa lalaa takayɩsɩ taa, pewelesiɣ kʋnʋŋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnɩyaa, panɩɣ samaɣ taa ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa tɔm, nɛ pakpakɩɣ pɩ-tɩŋgɛ palakɩna tʋmɩye. Akademiidaa ñɩmba cɔɔlʋʋ ñɩnɩyaa tɔm taa yasʋʋ lɛ, pɔɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ tɩmaɣ-wɛ yɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣba ɛsɩndaa.
Akademii ɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ se pɩsɩna kabɩyɛ kalʋʋ, nabɛyɛ naɣ-tʋ lɛ, tɩkalʋʋ tamalɩna pɔ-nɔsɩ, ti-welesuu tamalɩna pa-nɩŋgbaŋgɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, tɩsɩɣna nɛ kalʋʋ wɛɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ tɔm taa nɩʋ ñala ɖɔɖɔ tobi. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, paa weyi, kabɩyɛ ɛsɩndaa woninaʋ lɩmaɣza ɩwɛɛ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa, wondu kɩvatʋ lɩɣ, lɩmaɣza kɩfana ñɔʋ. Pʋmʋnaa se kʋnʋŋ ɛwɛɛ kpegbeka, kɩfam ɛdaaɖɛɛ kɩ-yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩfam mbʋ pɩ-wayɩ kpam nɛ kɩ-nandʋ taa hɛɖɩ. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩpɩsɩɣna kɩdɩ kɩ-pɔɔyʋʋ taa yɔ, kɩsɩkɩ. Yee kiyebi kɩ-nandʋ taa, helim fɛtɩɣ-kʋ, kɩpaɣlɩ paɣlaka sɔsɔɔ, nɛ ɛyaa sɔɔlʋʋ-kʋ sɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɖɩnɛ pɔtɔŋ se kʋnʋŋ wɛ kpegbeka. Kolokaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ wɛɛ, kɩcaɣ se kɩkɛ ɛɖɩɣyɛ. Kɩhɛɖɩ kɩ-kalʋʋ kaɖɛtoma se piɛena-kʋ.


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Arɩkɔŋ
Arɩgɔŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 18 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋga yɔ Ar. Ɛkɛ fefekiŋ kɩtɛɖɩŋ taa lɛɛkʊ halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, kɩ nɛ hɛlɩyɔm nɛ nɛyɔɔ nɛ krɩptɔnɩ nɛ sɛnɔŋ nɛ raɖɔŋ.
Tɔmʊʊ arɩkɔŋ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ἀpYός / argós pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se felentu, kaalʊlaɣ, pama nɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ ἀ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ἔpYov / ergon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tʊmɩyɛ, tɔmɩŋ ɛɖɩlɩyɛ yekina nɛ nɛ pɔtɔ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ.
Arɩkɔŋ tɛ wɛʊ kɛ helim taa mbʊ yɔ ɖajaa Henry Cavendish nana tʊ pɩnaɣ 1785 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ Lord Rayleigh nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay ñɛwɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1894 pana tʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tɩnaa mba pa naalɛ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔdaɣ tɔm pɩlɩna pɩ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1895.
Patasɩ arɔkɔŋ naʊ pɩnaɣ 1882 pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ tʊma yɔɔ mba yɔ H. F. Newall nɛ W. N. Hartley. Arɩkɔŋ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ar lɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1957, pɩsaɣ ɖooo hohoo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛ kɛlɛʊ yem se A. palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ nɛ pasɩna nandʊ kɛ tɔɔnasɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ laatriki miŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩsaɣ miŋ piŋ yɔ kɛlɛ mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmʊyɛ pazɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩɩlakɩ pɩyʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖɩtanɖɛ TIG. Plakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ mɩnɩ mɩnɩ kpɛlɩ tɛ palakɩna tʊma naayɛ paa okɩsɩzɛnɩ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ. Fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ miŋ ɖiɖiziye ɖeɖe. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ panaɣ ɛwaɣsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ yɔ sɩ-pɩnzɩ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba petiki lɩŋgamɩŋ taa nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ, ɛhazɩɣ helim pɩ-taa.


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Oxford sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Oxford sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ Britaaniiki tɛtʊ taa sukuli ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Patʊlɩ pazɩ pazɩ pɩlɩna Henri naalɛ tʊ nɛ episikopu Thomas Becket Kewiyaɣ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ, pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ you ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza pɩnaɣ 1164 nɛ kɩtɛ pɩnaɣ 1170, kɩhɛwa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakʊ Becket. Keekee patʊlʊʊ-kʊ yɔ pɩlɩna wiyaʊ Henri lɩmaɣza yɔɔ kɛnɛ se ɛkɔma nɛ ɛcɔŋna lɛ ɖamɩŋ nɩɩyɛ caɣ yem ŋgʊ pɩcaɣ liidiye piŋ, kɛlɛ ɛɖaŋɩ se Ɛnglɩsɩ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ sɩtaa tasɩ sukuli labʊ peeɖe.
Sɔnɔ yɔ sukuli sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ panaɣ kɩ-taa peeɖe sukuli piyaa sɩtalɩ 33000, pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ kɔlɛɛzɩ waa 38 taa nɛ Permanent Private Halls waa 6 taa. Pasɩ pa-taa sakɩyɛ keɖeɣa kuduyiŋ tɛɛ Oxford tɛtʊ kɩkpadɩyɩtʊ hɛkʊ taa (ɖɩnaɣ Christ Church, Merton College, Magdalen College, University College, New College).
Oxford sukuli pɩsa sukuli sɔsɔʊ ɖooo pitihiɣ. Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 13 hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ piliŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Dominique mba, Fancis ñmba, Carmelite waa nɛ Augusti waa, kɔɔ Oxford tɛtʊ taa, pala tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ pa-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ nɛ pama kuduyiŋ sakɩyɛ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ. Kpaɣɖʊ kʊyʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa mɛwɛ mandɩyɔɔ camɩyɛ laɖaa nabɛyɛ tʊlɩ aŋgba naayɛ nɛ paya-yɛ se kɔlɛɛzɩ waa. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ kajalaɣ ñɩmba pa nɛ yɔ William Durham ñɩnʊ, ɛnʊ tʊlɩna University College pɩnaɣ 1249, Jean Bailleul ñɩnʊ ɛnʊ hana ɛ-hɩɖɛ Balliol kɔlɛɛzɩ.


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Ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longeur)
Payaɣ mbʊ se ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longueur) yɔ, paa wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ. Wondu natʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kʊɖʊmʊm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩɖaɣlɩ kɩmaŋ. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ ɖalakɩŋ cikpeŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ se « largeur ». Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩlɛmʊʊ yaa kumoɖe kɔyɔ « L » nɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ kumoɖe lɛ « l ». Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pama mayaɣ « L » kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ mbʊ se wonuu nakʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ yee pama mayaɣ « l » yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se wonuu nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ nɛ ɖɩna. Kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ tɛ pɔɔyʊʊ wɛna hɔɔlʊʊ naanza. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊ, ɛɖaɣla kɩmaŋ naalɛ naalɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtatalɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ se « largeur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ wɛ naalɛ, ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ. Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ ɛnʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «longueur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kɩkaaŋ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmaŋ. Payaɣ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « largeur ».
Pamaɣzɩɣ wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ nɛ mɛta. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mɛta (mètre) kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩ pɩkɛ santimɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wondu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ, tʊtʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛɣ kilomɛtanaa ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ yɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ ɛɛlɩɣna soŋaɣ yaa niikaɣ yaa nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ.


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Afrɩka caanaʋ tɔm
Mbʋ pɩɩlaba Afrɩka taa payɩ, kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʋ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ payaɣ se Afrɩka caanaʋ tɔm. Room n̄ɩma n̄aakpaɣ Afrɩka tɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖeɖe nɛ payaa se Afrɩka. Pʋwayɩ yɔ paya tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩtɩŋa se Afrɩka. Ɛsɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ nɔɔyʋ payawaɣ se "Ifri". Ɛnʋʋ Afrɩka n̄ɩma n̄aakpaɣa se pɛ-ɛsɔ. Ɛkɛ Bɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩ n̄ɩma ɛsɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ.
Paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Afrɩka wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɛyʋ lɛɣ wɛʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 2,5 mbʋ yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔʋ nɛ pɔɖɔʋ halɩ nɛ pɔkɔɔ pawadɩ Afrɩka tɛtʋ tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ caanaʋ tɔm paɣzɩ lɛ, lɩŋgamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ kɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ payaɣ lɛɛlɛyɔ se sahara yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Sahara pɩsɩ kan̄ɩmbusuu ɛjaɖɛ. Sahara ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩtɛyɩna Afrɩka tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ. Sahara nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya nɛ Sahara nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa n̄ɩna. Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm nɩɣzɩna Mediterrannée teŋgu caanaʋ tɔm. Ajɛya wena alɛ n̄ɛwɛ Sahara nɛ pɩtɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, alɛ tɔm n̄ɛwɛɛ.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe naʋ lɛɣzɩtʋ sɔsɔtʋ naadozo mbʋ payaɣ se "tɛkɩniiki" yɔ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ, ḿbʋ ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka caanaʋ tɔm naa. Lɛɣzɩtʋ ńdʋ tiyeba nɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
- Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛyʋ lubi miŋ. Elubu-i yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 800 000 yaa 400 000 mbʋ yɔ. Miŋ yeba nɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
- Nabʋlɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɔyɔ mbʋ payaɣ se Neyolitiki yɔ. Lɛɣzʋʋ nabʋlɛ n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ; pɩlɩwa pɩtala ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 8000 yaa 2 000 mbʋ yɔ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Lɛɣzʋʋ naalɛ n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ piyeba nɛ haɖaʋ nʋmɔʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ.
- Lɛɣzʋʋ nabudozo lɛ anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ lubu nʋmɔʋ. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se Révolution Industrielle. Lɛɣzʋʋ nabudozo n̄ɩmbʋ pʋnɛ piyeba nɛ ɛyʋ tɩlɩ mbʋ payaa se "énergie électrique nɛ énergie fossiles nɛ énergie fissiles yɔ.
Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Perbemba (Bèrberes) yɔ kɛwɛɛ. Ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Fenisiyemba (Phénéciens) yɔ pɛlɛɣna kpacayʋʋ Perbemba. Paba wayɩ lɛ, Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄akpacayɩ-wɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Room n̄ɩma nɛ Arabʋ n̄ɩma kpacayɩna-wɛ. Sɔnɔdaa mbʋ yɔ, Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa malɩŋ kɩla ɖɔʋ. Anasaayɩnaa n̄azɩ Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya ɖɔɖɔ.
Sahara nɛ pɩtɛɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya taa n̄ɩma n̄aɖʋ kewiyisi ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, kewiyisi ńzɩ sɩ-taa sakɩyɛ sʋʋ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Tobo se Afrɩka ajɛya kɛwɛ yomiye taa nɛ pʋcɔ pazɩ pazɩ alɛɛ yomiye ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ lɛɛlɛyɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1910 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1975 taa Afrɩka ajɛya lʋba nɛ alɩɩ yomiye taa.


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Tɔɔyʋʋ
Tɔɔyʋʋ, kɩwɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena alʋlʋʋ piya nɛ ahaɣ-sɩ hɩlɩm yɔ a-pɩlʋʋ taa. Nandʋ ɖeke kʋtɔkɩ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu. Tɔɔyʋʋ abalɩn̄ɩŋʋ wɛɛ nɛ halɩn̄ɩŋʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ. Tɔɔyʋʋ pɩɣʋ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɛwɛɛ. Pasɩŋ tɔɔyʋʋ abalɩŋʋ nɛ kɩ-kpɛm yɔlɩɩɩ. Ku-yuŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ kilonaa 175 yaa 217 mbʋ yɔ. Tɔɔyɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ Truger laʋ taa yɔ, i-yuŋ kɛ kilonaa 175 nɛ weyi ɛ́lɛ n̄ɛwɛ Transvaal n̄ɩŋgʋ taa yɔ, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɩŋ kɛ 217 kilonaa. Nɩɩyɛ n̄ɛwɛ nɛ ndɩ kpem, ɛnʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋ, ɛlɛ ɛtɔtɔyɩ. Ɛ́lɛ yuŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩɖɛɛ 250 kilonaa yɔɔ. Tɔɔyʋʋ abalɩn̄ɩŋʋ tɔkɩ paa evemiye nɖɩ nandʋ kilonaa lʋbɛ (7), ɛlɛ, halɩn̄ɩŋʋ n̄ɔtɔkɩ nandʋ kilonaa kagbaanzɩ (5).
Tɔɔyʋ kɛ kpɩnɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ lɛɛɖɛ cɔlɔ caɣʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɔɔyɩŋ sɔɔlɩ ɖama kpeɣluu com com. Ŋcɔnaa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋʋ pɩyaŋ yaa ɛ-pɩlʋʋ taa kpɩna lɛɛna n̄alakɩ. Yee tɔɔyʋʋ abaln̄ɩŋʋ ɛcaɣ lakʋ taa kɔyɔ, kɩcakɩ wezuu ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ lʋbɛ (7) yaa hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) mbʋ yɔ. Halɩn̄ɩŋʋ n̄acakɩ wezuu peeye ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza (14) yaa pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ (20) mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, yee ɖɩɣa pɔɖɔ-kʋ yɔ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩcaɣ wezuu pɩcɛzɩ pɩnzɩ niidozo (30) yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ.
Tɔɔyʋʋ abalɩn̄ɩŋʋ ɛɛɖɔɔnʋ nandʋ yem se ɛkʋ nɛ ɛtɔɔ. Kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se, kɩfeŋ nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛtasʋʋ ɛ-ɖɩkpeɣliye hɛkʋ taa. Kʋlʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se, nabʋyʋ ɛtaakʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ. Tɔɔyʋʋ muzuu. Tɔɔyɩŋ ɛzɩ kudokiŋ 16 500 yaa 30 000 mbʋ yɔ papɩzɩɣ pana sɔnɔ Afrika lakɩŋ taa. Ɛwɛ tindima hiu taa. Panaɣ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa tɔɔyɩŋ ɛzɩ 300 mbʋ yɔ "Gir Forest" kaɖaɣ taa. Pakʋma tɔɔyʋ hɩɖɛ se, "Kpɩna taa wiyaʋ", mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, kɩ-kpɛm n̄ɩlɩzɩɣ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ wɛ ɛzɩ "Pʋdʋnaa mba pɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa payɩ yɔ, pe-wiyaʋ" yɔ.


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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan kɛna Amerika taa sɔdʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Ronald Wilson Reagan. Ɛkɛna Etazunii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɔɔyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ Tampiko egeetiye taa, Ilinuwa tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 wiye pɩnaɣ 2004 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 95. Kpaɣna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1981 nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1989 kɛ ɛɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ.
Ronald Reagon paɣlɩ Tiksɔŋ tɛtʊ taa, Ilinuwa taa nɛ peeɖe ɛlabɩ e-sukuli sɔsɔʊ nɛ ɛmʊ takɩyɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se liisansɩ yɔ kɛ akɔnta taa nɛ samaɣ tɩlɩtʊ(sociologie) taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ewolo Iyowa tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ aradiyo nakʊyʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpaɣzɩ maŋzʊmalɩɩ yaa politiki tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1950 taa kɛ ɛsʊ Parti démocrate taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1962 lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nɛ ɛsʊ Parti républicain taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1964, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pacaɣ lɩzʊʊ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ, Barry Goldwater yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɩzʊ ɛkɛ Kalifɔrnii tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1966 nɛ ɖɔɖɔ 1970 ɛlɛ ɛñaɣ pana se paalɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ pɩnzɩ 1968 nɛ 1976 taa ɛwɩɩ. Jimmy Carter alɩwaatʊ tɛma se ɛtatasɩ kɛnaʊ Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ lɛ, Ronald sɩɩ ɛ-takayaɣ se ɛkɛna peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊdʊ.
Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa powoba caca ɖɩ-tɔyɛ yɛ lɛ, Ronald Reagon wa nɛ ɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ 40 ñɩnʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɛkɛna Etazunii tɛtʊ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ mbʊ pɩtaaɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛñɔɔzɩ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɖʊwaɣ kʊñɔŋ pɔʊ taa yɔ, ɛlɩzɩ lɩmaɣza naaayɛ nɛ palɩ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-tɛ keyiitu tɛma lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ caca tɔʊ se pɑlɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛyaa tasɩ ɖʊʊ sɔɔlɩm nɛ lidau.


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Purundi
Purundi kɛna Afrɩka wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ta ɛaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩtɑa. Ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna lɩm kucomuu maŋgazɩ nakʊyʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Taaŋanɩka (Tanganyika). Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Purundi nɛ Kɔŋgoo pazɩna ɖama nɛ kamaɣ, hayi kiŋ lɛ, Rʊwandaa ɛjaɖɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ŋtalɩ hadɛ lɛ Tanzaani. Purundi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Puzumbura.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1903 taa kɛ Purundi kɛwɛ afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Caamawaa nesi tɛɛ yɔ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you tɛma lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiyele ɖɩtɔlɩ Pɛɛlɩziiki mba nesi tɛɛ. Purundi mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ wiyao Mwambutsa naanza ñɩnʊ kacalɩna wɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ. Ɛɛwɛna paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩɩkɩla eyaa ɖɔŋ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, paɖɩzɩ-tʊ.
Ageeta wena payawaɣ se Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi yɔ pataanaɣ-ɖama nɛ ɛsɩyɛ nɛ ayou paa ɖooye. Ageeta ana aatɛma you ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 wayɩ lɛ, pɔkɔɔ patasɩ you kpem nɛ ɛyaa mba pehiu sɩm yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ kotukiŋ hiŋ sakɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi pɛ-tɛ ɖama kɩɩnɩnaʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɔma kɩtasɩ tuluu 1970 nɛ 1980 piyebina nɛ you nakʊyʊ ñalɩɩ samaɣ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1993. You ŋgʊ kɩɩpaɣzaa lɛ, Hutʊsi mba po-koyindina sakiyɛ ɛlɛ panɛ pakʊyɩ pasɩŋ pa-naŋgbanzɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɔtɔyɩtɩ Tʊʊtʊsɩ mba nɛ pɩcaɣ pʊdɔdɩyɛ: Huutusi mba sɩba ɛzɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 50 000 yaa 100 000 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ paa-anɩ ɛlaŋɩyɛ hɛɛ pazɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ se pɩnaɣ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ wayɩ lɛ Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi waa lɛ pakpakɩɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pakazɩɣ ɖama.


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Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ
Esɩperantɔ kɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ kedeŋga ajɛyɛ kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ajɛyɛ mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ taa. Pɩkɛ kɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkpɛlɛkɩ-kʊ nɛ pʊcɔ ŋlabɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kɔyɛ hayʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa se papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa. Esɩperantɔ lɩmaɣza yɔ se kɩ-kɛ kondoloko ɛsɛkuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1887 taa Ɖajaa Zamenhof, nɛ ɛ-sɛ hɩɖɛ se Doktoro Esperanto pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖɔkɔtɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛnʊ hana pʊwayɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ ɛsusuu ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tambɔ tɔm. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩhuu lɔŋ lɔŋ pɩnzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩnzɩ taa nɛ pɩkpaɣna mbʊ nɛ palɩzɩʊ samaɣ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ ɖama katɩʊ.
Caŋga yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩʊ kajalaɣ wɛtʊ pɩnzɩ 2000 nɔɣ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɩlɩ wayi wayi Esɩperantɔ tɔm kɩwɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lonaa sakɩyɛ yɔ ɛzɩ Duolingo pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ mɛɛsaɣtɛ aŋgba wena asɩna nɛ Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ ɖɛɣ na lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ.
Esɩperantɔ tɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ aŋgba wena awɛna kɛsɛɣa tɛ ɛhʊyɛ yɔ, kajalaɣ taa paa lɛ Esɩperantɔ tɛ aŋgba. Esɩperantɔ cɔlʊʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedeŋga Esɩperantɔ ŋgbɛyɛ (UEA), ɖɩ nɛ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ UNESCO ɖama nɛ tabalɩyɛ nɩnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.


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Mayɩnɛrɩyɔm
Mayɩnɛrɩyɔm (ɛ-yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Mt), ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ pama-ɩ se mayɩnɛrɩyɔm, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 109. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1982 pɩtɩŋna pesidina-ɩ nɛ 209Bi(58Fe,n)266Mt kɛ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yuŋ ñmba yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa sukuli taa (GSI) Darmstadt Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɛ paha-ɩ kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1997 pɩlɩna Lise Meitner hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1982 wɛɛ taa palaba kajalaɣ ɖeɖe kɛ mayɩnɛrɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩnɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Peter Armbruster nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ Gottfried Münzenberg kɛ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ yuŋ ñɩmba yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa sukuli taa Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa.
Hɩɖɛ mayɩnɛrɩyɔm palɩzɩ-ɖɩ se paɖʊna hɩɖɛ tomnasɩ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Lise Meitner, kɛlɛ pʊkɔna ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna pʊtʊnaa 101 nɛ 109 papa hɩla yɔɔ, kɛlɛ UICPA la lɩmaɣza se paya-ɩ se unnilennium (Une) se pɩkɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ pehiɣ ɖɩ-tɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 1997 kɛlɛ pakpa hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɔɔnɔɔ ɖɩzɩma yɔ.


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Ɩyɔdɩ
Ɩyɔdɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 53 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ I. Ɛ nɛ kɩlɔrɩ waa po-lone ɖoli kʊyʊm. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem, nɛ ɛkɛ 47 tʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩlɔrɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ pana-ɩ lɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ kɔtɩɩ waa naalɛ yɔ I2 kɛlɛ paya-ɩ se ɩyɔdɩ naalɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ caʊʊ, fefeku ñɔsɩ wɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ sɛmɩŋ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ἰώδnς nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yuulee cɛzʊʊ sɛmɩŋ. Gay-Lussac yana-ɩ hɩɖɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Bernard Courtois lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1811 yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ aɖɔnɖɛlɛɛ lɩm mbʊ palakaɣ-pʊ nɛ kaŋwa siziŋ ɖɔm napoleon yoŋ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɩyɔdɩ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yaa kɩtɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ pɩkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ kaɖɛ ñɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Yee ɩyɔɔdɩ ɛfɛyɩ tomnaɣ taa kɔyɔ ɛyʊ ɛɛpaɣlʊʊ, mbʊ tɩyʊʊna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ liu tɛɛ lakɩɣ koŋgo yɔ. Pɩkɔŋna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa sidiɣ sidiɣ tɔm, tɔm ndʊ panaɣ-tʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ wɛ pʊŋ ñʊŋ taa yɔ nɛ poposina teŋgiŋ yɔ.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɩyɔdɩ waa naalɛ yeke palaba nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Kalɩsɩ (caliche) Siili ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ somuuri weyi ɛ-taa wɛ ɩyɔdɩ yɔ karasɩm hayɩm naa taa nɛ fefekiŋ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Sapɔŋ nɛ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa. Ɩyɔdɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tɛ mbʊ yɔ evemiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ pɩpɔzʊʊ se ɛtalɩ ɛ-taa 150 µg kɔzɩ kɔzɩ halaa hɔsɩ tɩnaa (200 à 290 ug). Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ koŋ kɛlɛ se ɛla hɔkʊʊ seɣtiyaa, pa-taa kɛlɛ hɔkʊʊ ŋgʊ. Paɖʊ-ɩ ɖɔm kɩtɔɔm taa, nabʊyʊ taa naalɩm taa Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Krɩstiyaniism
Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se «Krɩstiyaniizism». Pakama ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ, ɛsɩ nɛ pepimi-i nɛ efe tozo wiye. Pakama-ɩ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛ, Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pese nɛ paɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna kʊyʊʊ. Toovenum lɛ, pesewaɣ sɔɔndʊ Yuuda ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊŋ tɩnaa. Paba n̄etetisi se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ. Yuuda n̄ɩma mba paawɛnɩ lidaʊ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ yɔ palabɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaa pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se Krɩstiyaniizism. Kajalaɣ kpaɖʊʊ taa patʊlɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ tɛ apostolowaa nɛ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa kajalaɣ n̄ɩma paɖʊna kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ krɩstiyaniizism. Paɖʊ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma tɛtʊ taa nɛ Efɛɛzɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa nɛ Antiyɔɔsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Alɛkɩsandɩɖɩ n̄ɩndʊ taa.
Krɩstiyaniizism ŋgbɛyɛ tasɩ kpaʊ ɖoŋ Room kewiyaɣ taa kpaɖʊʊ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpa ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ nɛ Etiyopii pɛ-tɛtʊ taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ Krɩstiyaniizism wɛnɩ pilinzi yʊʊʊ. Halɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋdɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ Room kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kpaɖʊʊ naanaza n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɔcɔlɩ-tʊ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se «Symbole de Nicée» yɔ ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, Room kewiyaɣ taa mba pan̄ɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩna-tʊ ɖeu. Dajaa Arius lɩmaɣzɛ kɔna lɛɣzɩtʊ siŋŋ Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ taa kpaɖʊʊ loɖo n̄ɩŋgʊ taa. Ɖajaa Arius tɔŋ se Caa wɛ ndɩ nɛ Pɩyalʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Caa kɩlɩ Pɩyalʊ. Payaɣ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa Etiyopii nɛ Egipiti pa-ajɛya taa se «Kɔpɩtɩ waa (coptes). Alɛkɩsandɩrɩ nɛ Etiyopii pa-ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma tɔŋ se Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ mpilim. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖajaa Nestorius n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ kɛ Ɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ. Tɔm tʊnɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa ajɛya taa egiliizi taa n̄ɩma n̄ɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Malawii
Malawii kɛna Afrika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Moozambiiki, Sambii nɛ Tanzanii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, Pɔrɩtigaalɩ mba kaakɛna anasayɩwaa mba paalɛɣ wobu peeɖe yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɛpɛdaɣ yomaa yɔ, nɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ se presipiteri yɔ kɩtʊlɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaamɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ se pɩhʊʊ ɛlɛ pɩɩsaŋ.
Pɔritigalɩ wayɩ lɛ Piritaaniki mba kpacayaɣna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ. Pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1962 lɛ kɩmʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Banda kɛ komina ñʊʊtʊ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1963 ɛlɛ Piritaaniki mba cɔŋnana liidiye nɛ tɔsʊʊ yɔɔ, sɔɔjanaa nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ yɔɔ pɩtasɩna tɔm hʊʊ ɖeɖe. Pɩtalɩɣ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1964 kɛ Malawii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ sɩŋŋŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ kɔma nɛ pɩwɛɛ lɛ, paɖʊ paɣtʊ se pɩnzɩ nanza wayɩ kɛ palɛzʊ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2004 paɖʊza takayasɩ lɛ palɩzɩ Bingu wa Mutharika se ɛkɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩkɔma pɩtasɩ ɖʊzʊʊ pɩnaɣ 2009 ɛlɛ patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ weyi payaɣ se Joyce Banda. Peter Mutharika yɔ ɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ. Pɩkɔma paɖʊzɩ takayasɩ ɛlɛ Bingu wa Mutharika ɖalʊ kpaɣ kpelaɣ agoza fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2014.


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Urduu kʊnʊŋ
Urduu, egeetiye hɩɖɛ, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Ɛndo-Ɩranɩyɛ agbela taa nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ [Ɛɛndɩ]] nɛ Hayi kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩ-kɛ ajɛyɛ ana a-tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Ɛndi nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ devanagari masɩ wɛtʊ taa.
Urduu kɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa yɔ. Malɩŋ ñɩma mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ ha-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Urduu nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩ matʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pakɩsɩtanɩ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 165 lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Urduu kʊnʊŋ nɛ pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 60 pɩtalɩ miiliyɔ waa 80 lakɩ-kʊ nɛ tɩmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ.
Urduu kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ Pakɩsɩtanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ matʊ nɛ tɔm hʊɣʊ kpamɩŋ taa. Pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna malɩŋ ñɩma yɔ Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa tʊma sɔsɔna taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ muhadjir mba Karachi tɛtʊ taa ɖeeɖe nabʊyʊ taa kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ cɔzɩya yaa agɔma Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ tɛyɩyʊ wayɩ pɩnaɣ 1947 taa.
Ɛɛndɩ taa lɛ, pasɩma ɖɔɖɔ Urduu kʊnʊŋ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa. Urduu kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ ajɛya anɛ a-taa Andrhra Pradesh nɛ Bihar nɛ Jammu-et-Cachemire nɛ Uttar Pradesh nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Delhi yɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamazɩɣ se Urduu kɛ hɩɖɛ sɛʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Pɩkɛ tevenim tɔm Lucknow nɛ Aligarh nɛ Hyderaba tɛtʊ taa.
Ɛndi nɛ Urduu, kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi ɛmalɩna ɖama kpam yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 950 nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ ɛzɩ palʊlɩ-wɛ kɩ-ta yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ kedeŋga.


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Santrafriki
Santrafriki kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 4 500 000 nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 623 000 km2. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ a-taa yɔ analɛ: Kameruni kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Caadɩ, wɩksɩ ɖɩlmiyɛ taa lɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ poiyelɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koŋgoo-Pirazaaviili nɛ Koŋgoo-Kiŋsasa.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa, Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgb,ɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛya we na awɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Santrafreiki ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖɔɔ: Iiraaniyɔm wɛɛ Ɔɔrɩ nɛ diyamaɣ pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna karasim.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, ñʊntɩnaa ntɩ ntɩ kaacaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Jean-Bedel Bokassa kaakɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi yɔ pɩtɩkɛ nɔɔyʊ lɩzɩna-ɩ ɛlɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛkpaɣna kewiyaɣ ŋganɛ ɖoŋ.
Kacalaɣ caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔɔlɩɩɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 yɔ, palɩza Ange-Félix Patassé se ɛkɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Patasɩ tɔwʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 lɛ François Bozizé wabɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛlɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ. Bozizé kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ paɖaɣna lɩzɩɣ pɩnzɩ 2005 nɛ 2010 ɖɔdɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ, nɖɩ lɛ Selka.


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Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm
Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 70 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Yb. Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm tɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ cʊndʊlʊm nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ. Pasɩ-ɩ ɖenɖe heelim fɛyɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ niikaɣ taa. Payaɣ-ɩ se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm pɩlɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pɩñɔtɩna Stockholm kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, peeɖe pana ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ nɛ halɩ palɩ pʊtʊnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1789 lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin tɩlɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ ɩtɛrbɩtɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖaɣnɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pʊcɔ pɩtɩŋna sɔɖʊʊ sɔɔja Carl Alex Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma takayasɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1797.
Tʊma ana paɖaɣnɩ-yɛ paɣzɩɣ pɩnaɣ pɩsaa lɛ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Lars Fredrik Nilson yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛñɩɣ niye nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩsʊzʊʊ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛɖaɣna labʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛya-ɩ se sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna Sɩkandɩnavɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ. Fransɩɩ tɛ Georges Urbain, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach nɛ Amerika tʊ Charles James paca kpɛndɩ naʊ ɛlɛ nɖeke nɖeke pɩnaɣ 1907 se Marignac tɛ ɩtɛrbɩnɩ taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ ɛlɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1907, Urbain wɩlɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɩla ɖeu se payaa pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ se néo-ytterbium, nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩtaatasɩ yiɣdinaʊ nɛ Marignac pʊtʊ kɩbɩnʊ, nɛ lutécium, ɛlɛ hɩɖɛ lɩna Paarii hɩɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ. Pɩkɔma saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 lɛ, sɔsɔ von Welsbach, pɩtalɩna-ɩ kɛlɛ ɛkɔŋna mbʊ tʊma wena ɛpaɣza-yɛ alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1905 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.


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Hirohito
Hirohito yaa Hiro-Hito (裕仁)palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1901 Tokiyo tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hirohito kaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1926 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm evemiye. Pasɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɖooo ɛ-sɩm nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se Soowa Tenno kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ, (昭和天皇,Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ).
Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩɣa ɛlɛ payaɣ se Taishō nɛ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ halʊ Teimei, wiyaʊ piya Yasuhito Chichibu, Nobuhito Takamatsu nɛ Takahito Mikasa kɔɔʊ, ɛkɛ shintō sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ taa 124 wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. E-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ kɩlɩna ɖalʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa (ɛlaba pɩnzɩ 62), nɛ payaɣ wɛɛ ana se Soowa wɛɛ (昭和) peeɖe ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi hɩɖɛ. Ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɖooo pɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kʊlʊlʊ ñaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ halʊ weyi kewiyaɣ sɩma-ɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, pamʊ-ɩ ɛ-caa naa cɔlɔ nɛ peyebi-i ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ cikpeluu Yasuhito (Chichbu weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔ) kɛ sɔɔja mamʊ hɛzʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ payaɣ se Kawamura Sumiyoshi ɛnɛ ɛ-halʊ. Paɖʊyɩ-ɩ pɩya sukuli taa kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ Akasaka pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908. Pʊwayi lɛ, powona-ɩ abalɩbiya sukuli Gakushūin (pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ Kazoku piyaa ɖeke pawɩlɩɣ kɩ-taa yɔ) pɩnaɣ 1908 ŋtalɩ 1914 (nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ kaakɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Maresuke Nogi.
Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Meiji sɩm pɩnaɣ 1912 hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 30 yeba nɛ papamɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɛ yaa keɣlee pasɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa peyebina-m kewiyaɣ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1916. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921 wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛla lɩmaɣza naayɛ mbʊ se ewoki nɔmɔʊ kɩɖaɣlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo mbʊ yɔ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Ampiiri nipon wiyaʊ pɩɣa cɔlɔ, ewokaɣ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ papa kewiyitu ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Pɛliziki ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛ-nʊmɔʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʊ ɛɛwɛʊ nɛ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm yɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1921 pɩlɩna ɛ-caa tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya kɩɩtalɩɣ yɔɔ, fiteenim taa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ, kɩɩkpa-ɩ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ.
Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1924 ɛkpaɣ halʊ, wiyaʊ pɛlɔ kuni Nagako (ɖooo ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ mbʊ yɔ paya-ɩ se wiyaʊsɔsɔ halʊ Kōjun), ɛ-tɛ liɖe cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ taa (王家, Ōke) kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛnɛ-ɩ paaɖanɩɣ ɖama ɖooo mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1921, ŋgʊ ɖɩɣa taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sakɩyɛ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ.
Taishō sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1926 saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 lɛ, Hirohito mʊ e-kewiyitu kpelaɣ, nɛ wɛɛ kɩfana paɣzɩ kpaagba. Soowa (laŋhɛzɩyɛ wabɩtʊ). Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɛnʊ ɛtaafɛyɩna hɩɖɛ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ paya-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ Kinjō Tennō yaa ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔnɔɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ patɩlɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paka-ɩ yaʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛɛ ana atʊʊzɩna e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) pʊtɔbʊʊ se Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ.


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Kpɩnɛ
Kpɩnɛ (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ animalis pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wezuu tʊ), kɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ, cɔlɩɩ cɔlɩtʊ wɛɛ taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛna wezuu nɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ kpɩna ɖɔɔ piŋ nɛ paa ŋgbaɣ tiiye nɖɩ yɔ ŋnaɣ se naayɛ kpaɣ lɩ ɖama nɛ awɛ mbʊ com com. Kpɩna yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Paul Bert (pɩnzɩ 1833 ŋtalɩ 1886), lɩzɩna ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛwɩlɩ mbʊ pɩwɛ kpɩnɛ taa yɔ. Kpɩnɛ wɛna lotu, ɛwɛna kifezinau, ɛwɛna hɩm hɩyaɣ, ɛwɛna calɩm ɖɔnɛ hola, ɛwɛna ñʊʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɩna lɛɛna yɔ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna lɩm kɛtɛɖaɣ, helim nɛ tɔɔnaɣ.
Ɖooo pɩwɛ lɔŋ pɩlɩna wɛɛ cɔlɔ, ajɛyɛ wɛtʊ, sɔnzɩ nɛ kpɩnɛ kɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊtɔma kpaŋ kpɩnɛ yaa ɖɩɣa ñɩnɖɛ, kpɩnɛ nandʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ kpɩnɛ kɩtɩŋɩyɛ ɛzɩ haɣ mbʊ yɔ yaa lakʊ haɣ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna ɖɩɣa tʊŋ.Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛʊ yɔ kpɩnɛ kɩɖɔɖɔyɛ wɛna tʊ nɛ ɛlɛ cɔŋna ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa pama se yee ɛyʊ ɛɖʊ nesi kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ yem nɛ ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ kpɛʊ kpɛʊ kɔyɔ pɔhɔŋ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʊʊ ɛzɩ patʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1976 lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔdʊʊ se kpɩnɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ mbʊ yɔ lɛ pɩpɔzʊʊ se pɔcɔna ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa lɛ Aristote ñɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa taa kpɩna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ pɩ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩmaɣza ana a-taa ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kpɩna kaawɛʊ aawɛɛ se awazɩ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ weyi ñazɩɣ-yɛ yɔ kpaɣ patɩɩ lɩzɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ.


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Thomas Sankara
Thomas Sankara kɛ Purkina Fasoo tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʋ kɩ-kpɛdʋ yaa ɛyʋ weyi ɛwɛna piyiŋ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ yaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1949 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Thomas Sankara ɛnɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Yako egeetiye kɛ kooka ŋga payaɣ size Haute-Volta yɔ ka-taa. Ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kalakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ sukuli nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ. Sankara wɛ lɔŋ pɩtatɩfɛyɩ naʋ. Ɛɛwɛ n̄amtʋ camɩyɛ ɛ-ɖɔndɩyɛ taa nɛ samaɣ ɛsɩndaa. Ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ kpimkpim nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Purkina Fasoo taa peeɖe.
Ɖajaa Thomas Sankara ɛnɛ, ɛtɛ politiki nʋmɔʋ taa peeɖe, pakʋyɩ yaa palɩza e-wezu kɛ aloma fenaɣ yaa evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1987 n̄ɩŋga taa. Wagaadugu egeetiye tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ politiki tʋ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ ɛsɩyɛ naʋʋ yɔ. Ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ weyi ɛlʋkɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ sɔsaɣ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna tɩŋgɩyʋ yaa yɔɔ lʋbɩyʋ camɩyɛ ɖɔm nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ɛyaa kibiyaa yaa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaɣ ilemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyʋ yaa yɔɔ lʋbɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlʋkɩna ajɛɛ wena a-wɛ n̄ɩm nɛ a-sɔɔlɩ ajɛɛ cikpenaa n̄azɩyʋ yɔ. Ɛlʋkɩna mba pɔsɔɔla lalaa tɔyɩtʋʋ yɔ, Kaamulum tɩnaa nɛ ndɛŋkpɛdasɩ tɩnaa.
Pɩnaɣ 1983 n̄ɩŋga taa palɩza-ɩ size ɛkɛ Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ n̄ʋʋ tʋ yaa ɛjaɖɛ ninɖiu. Ɛcaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ nɛ kagbanzɩ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa pakʋyɩ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛsɩm kɩyakʋ. Pɩnzɩ niidozo yaa hiŋ nadozo nɛ lutozo (38) taa ɛsɩba. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ lʋla pee kɩpana. Mbʋ yebina nɛ paakaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ sɔʋʋ kaʋ. Ɛlʋbana siŋŋ kɛ Afrika ilemiye taa ajɛɛ tɛ lanhɛzɩyɛ yaa tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara pɩsaɣ ɛtɩ-ɩ kɩlɛmʋʋ nɛ ɛ-caŋ ɛlɛzɩ tam kʋɖʋmbʋ taa kiɖi kɛ Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ naanza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1983 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ pɩlakaɣ mbɩ yɔ. Ɛlʋbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɛwɛ mbʋ kakaɣ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pakʋyɩ yaa palɩza e-wezu kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Kpɛdɛɛ kpɛdɛɛ taa mbʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ Blaise Compaoré kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Blaise Compaoré kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔ, aloma fenaɣ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) nɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1987 ñɩŋa taa.


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Euclid
Euclide (Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ, Eὐkλeίδnς / Eukleídês), ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Ɛnʊ tɩna pʊtʊna mba pɔ-tɔm kɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ, mbʊ pɩpɩsa kiɖe pɔ-nɔmɔʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Paasɩŋ e-fezuu caɣʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kaʊ yaa ɛsɩm tɔm natʊyʊ ɛlɛ, papɩzɩ pɔtɔŋ se ɛɛwɛ pɩnzɩ talɩ 300 ɖa-alɩwaatʊ.
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɩkɩlɩyɛ kɛlɛ pɩyʊ kɩmanam, kɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ palɩza nɛ pɩwɛ camɩyɛ cɔlɩɩ tɛ pɩtɩŋna axiome naa nɛ postula naa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɩzɩ lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ pɩnɛ pɩ-tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ ɛwɩlɩ. Pɩɩkɛ siŋ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩwɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ lɩm cakʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ pama ɖɩ-takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ sukuli wɩlʊʊ kɩɖe paa sukuli tindimiye naalɛ nɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa.
Euclide hɩɖɛ lɩna koŋ Euclide nɔmɔŋ wɩlʊʊ takayaɣ taa. Takayaɣ nakayɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ keele Euclide wezuu caɣʊ tɔm. Ɖɩfɛyɩna takayaɣ kimamaɣ nakayɛ yaa ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm natʊyʊ ɛzɩ taakyaɣ kɩkalaɣ yɔɔ kajalaɣ hayʊʊ yɔɔ yaa komina takayɩ hayʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-tɛ kpaɣɖʊ taa nɔyʊ tamaɣzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm natʊyʊ yɔɔ kaʊ. Mbʊ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Peter Schreiber yɔɔda se Euclide fezuu caɣʊ tɔm fɛyɩ tovonum takayaɣ nakayɛ taa nɛ pasɩm-kɛ.
Yee ɖɩkpaɣ pɩlɔɔ wɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ndʊ Proclus ma yɔɔ yɔ, Euclide kɛ Platon nɛ Archimède nɛ nɔɔnɔɔ wɛɛ tɛ Ptolémée kajalaɣ tʊ tɛ hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ɛyʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛɛwɛ pɩnzɩ talɩ mɩnɩŋ naatozo pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ. Takayaɣ nakayɛ taa tɔm fɛyɩ se tɩkpɛɣna Euclide tɔmpe yaa nakayɛ fɛyɩ se tka-taa tɔm pɩzɩɣ tɩñɩɣ niye se ɛ-tɔm kɔyɔ keeke.
Tɔm ɖɔ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna Euclide yɔɔ, pʊyɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɔyʊ kpaɣɖʊ 4 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛnʊ payaɣ se Pappus d'Alexandrie kɛdʊʊ ɖʊ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Euclide tɛ sukuli piyaa kaawɩla sukuli kɛ Alexandrie ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊyɔɔ takayasɩ maya sɔsaa nabɛyɛ kpaɣ Euclide nɛ pɔsɔzɩ Mouseîon d'Alexandrie ɛyaa yɔɔ, ɛlɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, kewiyaɣ takayaɣ nakayɩ taa fɛyɩ ɛ-tɔm natʊyʊ se pɛkɛɖɩ-tʊ keeke. Hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɖɩ pɔzɔza-ɩ canaʊ taa yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ Stoichéiôtês, pʊdʊna lɩzɩyʊ.


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Irɩlandɩ
Irɩlandɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Irɩlandɩ wɛ Kewiyaɣ Kpɛndɩɣ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo mbʊ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se ɖɩwɛ Sɛlɩtɩ ajɛya taa.
Irɩlandɩ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa kɔyɔ sɛlɩtɩ cɩmʊ mayaɣ nɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ pe-liidiya eeroo mayaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mayaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɛwɛ kacaɣ xɛʊ ɛzɩ maayʊʊ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ ŋga peeɖe rugibii maɖa ɖɔkɩɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩɩleeyuu. Pɩnzɩ 1980 taa mbʊ yɔ paya-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩsɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2007 nɛ 2010 lɛ, ɖɩtɔlɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa Irɩlandɩ tɔsʊʊ tiba ɛzɩ 32,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mba petehiɣ tʊma yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.


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George Washington
George Washington, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1732 kɛ Pope's Creek (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛsɩ saŋayiŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1799 Mount Vernon (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛɛkɛ Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ you kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1775 nɛ 1783 nɛ kajalaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ñʊʊtʊ sɩʊ, tʊma labʊ pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ 1797.
Wachington kaakɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa pɩlɩna Mount Vernon yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛɖʊ nesi Pɩnzɩ Lʊbɛ you taa yɔ pɩnzɩ 1756 ŋtalɩ 1763 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ kpɛɖɛɛ kpɛɖɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ Atilantiiki ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsʊ politiki tɔm taa. Ɛzɩma ɛlʊba se Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊya yɔ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ Amerika sɔɔjɔna nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, ɛcɔlɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖeu nɛ halɩ pɔkɔɔ pawa, pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ ɛyaa tɛ sɩnaʊ yɔɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ.
You ŋgʊ kɩtɛma lɛ, ɛsʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɔm cɔlʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ caaja yɔ. Kpaɣ e-kpelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩnzɩ tɔm nabʊlɛ mbʊ yɔ Washington wɩlaa se ɛkɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ keeke nɛ ɛpɩza paa yoŋ kaawɛ ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kɔyɔ nɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kɔyɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ wɛ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ paakaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ sɔʊ kaʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Amerika ɛyaa maɣzɩ se ɛnʊ kɛnɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ, Washington laba tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ amʊna ñamtʊ ɖooo kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa. Pakpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ paha Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ se Washington. Ɛ-tɛ anjaʊ wɛɛ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1932 kɛ liidiye pɔyaɣ 25 yɔɔ nɛ agbaba hatʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo lɛ kɛ, ɛ-caa sɩba. E-ɖalaa hɛkʊ taa mba kpaɣ ɛ-caa ñɩm sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ, Lawrence Washington, kpaɣ Little Hunting Creek hayim ɛlɛɣzɩ-pʊ hɩɖɛ se Mount Vernon pɩlɩna Piritaniiki ɛyʊ nɔyʊ yɔɔ Edward Vernon. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛjɔŋna George sukuli labʊ yɔɔ halɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ Ohio ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩŋaɣ Appalaches wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. George kɔɔ ɛkpaɣ Rappahannock tɛtʊ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ-tʊ, ɖenɖe ɛ-nɛ e-ɖoo paawɛɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa, ɛlɛ hayɩm mbʊ pɩta kɔkɔnaɣ taatalɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla Aristote fezuu caɣʊ.


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Isaac Newton
Palʊla Isaac Newton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1643 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1727. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1727 yaa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakɩn nɛɛlɛ, lalaa se saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛkɛ britannique tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ philosophe mathématiki tʊ, physiki tʊ, alchimiste, astronome nɛ Anglisɩ théolozɩ tʊ. Sciences taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛnana mbʊ payaɣ se mécanique classique yɔ, gravitation universelle. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛna Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz palɩza akɔnta ŋgʊ payaɣ se calcul infinitésimal yɔ. Ɛnʊ ɛnana ɖɔɖɔ se mʊndʊsʊʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ; ɛnʊ lubina télescope de Newton ɖɔɖɔ.
Mekaniki taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛna se mbʊ mbʊ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ yɔ, pɩwɛna paɣtʊ natutozo. Ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se mécanique newtonienne. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se théorème du binôme nɛ méthode de Newton.
Newton wɩlaa se tɔmnasɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ mbʊb mbʊ piciidiɣ yɔ yaa ɛsɔtaa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ natutozo ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛtɩŋgɩna Kepler tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se loi universelle de la gravitation yɔ.
Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kpem pɩnaɣ 1686 nɛ sciences tʊma taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . Ɛma ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ alchimie taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛna ɛnɔɔ. Ka-taa kɛ ɛyɔɔdaa se keteŋga yɔɔ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkpɛnda niitozo nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩtɩŋga pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ.
Isaac Newton kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊla Isaac Newton yɔ, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taatɩ paɣzɩda gregori fensi takayaɣ kalʊ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ se ɛsɩba Saŋgayɩŋ Fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Woolsthorpe tɛtʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Grantham, kɛ Lincolnshire Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛñɩma kɛ haɖaa. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩla fenasɩ nɛ naatozo nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩlaba pɩnz naatozo ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, e-ɖoo Hannah Ayscough, ɖɛɛ nɛ ɛmalɩ na nɔɔyʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, powona-ɩ na-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ e-egbele tɛ. Ɛtɔɔ kʊñɔŋ kpem kɛ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ taa kɛ sukuli cikpelu ŋgʊ payaɣ se Skillington yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 taa lɛ powona-ɩ Grantham tɛ kolɛzɩ taa.
Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɛ e-ɖoo yayɩ-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Woolsthorpe nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-hayɩm yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ ɛcɔnaa se ɛ-pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ɖoŋ kɛ kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kpɩna ɖɩyʊʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩna-ɩ sukuli taa se ɛtasɩ-kʊ labʊ pazɩ nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖii ɛɛsʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Isaac Newton wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ lɛ, ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ pazɩ ɖɩsʊʊ halʊ-pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ŋga payaɣ se Storey; ɛlɛ petekizina-ɩ nɛpaha-ɩ nɔɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖanɩ-kɛ nɛ ɛtɛma e-sukuli lɛ, ɛkpa-ke halʊ. Ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʊ ɛla kpɛɖɛŋ kpɛɖɛŋ nɛ ɛtawalɩ-ɩ nɛ Isaac Newton ɛnʊ, ɛcaɣ ɛɖandʊ e-wezu caaʊ tɩŋga.


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Akon
Akon hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Alioune Badara Thiam. Palʊla-ɩ Saint-Louis tɛtʊ taa, Misurii tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 wiye pɩnaɣ 1973. Alioune Badara Thiam kɛna Amerika nɛ Senegalɩ hendu teyu nɔyʊ. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna hendu teya taa weyi ete eɖeke nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ nɛ naal-tʊ kɛ Billboard Hot 100 taa yɔ.
Palʊla Akon kɛ Saint-Louis, Misurii taa nɛ ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɛkɛ Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa mba. Ɛ-ɖaɣ taa paa-anɩ ɛsɔɔla hendu teu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ cɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ mabʊ. Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɛcaɣ ɛpalɩ nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ lɛ ɛɖɛ Etazunii taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ Niujɛrsii taa. Efemiye naɖɩyɛ aseɣɖe tɔm heyiyaa posaɣ-ɩ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ eheyi-wɛ se siŋŋŋ taa lɛ ɛ-hɩdɛ maɣsemaɣ kɛlɛ Alioune Badara Akon Thiam ɛlɛ ɛ-tatasɩ yɔɔ lɛ pamaɣ yɛ se Aliaune Thiam.
Akon tɔbʊ kɛlɛ nɛ aŋgilisi taa se: weyi paɖʊ-ɩ salaka yɔ. Yee ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ yem; paaɖɩɣ-ɩ salaka ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ ɛɛmɩla lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɛ pakpa-ɩ. Salaka taa peeɖe kɛ ɛɛwɛɛ (pɩnzɩ naatozo) nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ wɩlʊ. Hendu ndʊ ndʊ etewaɣ yɔ ɛɖʊ-tʊ ñɩɣyʊ yɔɔ ɛcɛlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SRC/Universal yɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩ ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ tataɣ, Trouble, pʊtɔbʊ se: cɛyɩtʊ mɩsɩkum fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 2004.
Akon kɛ malʊ nɛ eɖiu aseɣla paale se ɛ-ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩna-ɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa taa. Ɛyɔɔdʊ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ wolofi nɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ fransɩ tɔm yɔɔdʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛsɔ-tʊ kpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwoba ɛcaɣ Etazunii taa yɔ. Ɛsɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛwɛɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ yeke nɛ ewolo peeɖe. Akon luba tatasɩ sakɩyɛ.


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Bɔrɩyɔm
Bɔrɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Bh) ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 107. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1981 pɩtɩŋna pamabɩna-ɩ nɛ 209Bi(54Cr,n)262Bh Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) kɛ Darmstadt taa, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɛlɛza pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ GSI pɩnaɣ 1989, kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ pɩcaŋ pala 261Bh nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdaa pee hilimiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ tɛ. Transfɔrmɩyɔm Working Group (TWG) UICPA ɖanɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ pʊtʊ 107 natʊ tɔm pɩtɩŋna GSI pɩnaɣ 1992, nɛ UICPA kpaɣ hɩɖɛ se bɔrɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1994.
Kɔkɔɖɛ naɖɩyɛ la piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩɩwɛ sɔndʊ ɖɩkɔŋ ɖiyidina Ɛnglɛsɩ ñɩnɖɛ boron pɩkɛna bɔrɩ, kɛlɛ GSI kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ hɩɖɛ nɩlɩbɔrɩyɔm, nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1997 se bɔrɩyɔm, pɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛkɛ Tanɩmarɩkɩ tʊ Niels Bohr.


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Erɔpɩyɔm
Erɔpɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 63 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Eu. Ɛɛladɩɣ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdag ŋga mbʊ lɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa naatozo, Eu + 3 O2 → 2 Eu2O3. Ɛ-laɣsɩ nɛ lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ nɛ kalɩsɩyɔm yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa laala yɔ (ɛlɛ lantanɩ fɛyɩ pɩtaa) erɔpɩyɔm mʊʊ miŋ helim taa halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ 150 pɩtalɩ 180 °C. Erɔpɩyɔm wɛ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ plɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ manɩɩ. Pʊcɔ eniɣdi yaa ekpekeli lɛ pɩtalɩɣ −271,35 °C.
Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ lɩna erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛsɩma ɛlaba, ɛtɛyɩ kɩmaŋ samarɩyɔm nɛ kadɔlɩnɩyɔm nɛ ɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛnzɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ sɩtɛkɛ samarɩyɔm yaa kadɔlɩnɩyɔm pa-taa nɔyɔ ñɩnzɩ. Paa ɖoye lɛ natʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ liidiye wɛʊ yɔ pɛhɛyaɣ-ɖɩ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay, weyi ekpeɣa pɩnaɣ 1896 alɩwaatʊ taa se samarɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ kɩfasɩ nzɩ palɩ sɩ-yɔɔ yɔ pʊtʊnaa laala kaaɖɛ-sɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛñɛ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ erɔpɩyɔm kɩ yeke pɩnaɣ 1901.


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Sewuuli
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 25 620 000, yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ; ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖeke yɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 10 140 000. Ɛyaa pɛnɛ, pa-taa lɛ akɔma kpɛnda 255 501. Kɩgalʊʊ kʊnɛ, paakala-kʊ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2013.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ natʊtozo ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ, Tokiyo nɛ natʊlɛ ndʊ lɛ Mɛkisiikoo. Tɛtʊ nanza ñindʊ lɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 60 552 yaa kɩlomɛtanaa 605,52.


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Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ
Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ nɔmɔŋ weyi ɛyʊ tɩŋʊʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛɖɩɣ kaʊ hɔɔ palaka kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ abalʊ abalɩtʊ nɛ halʊ tɛ halɩtʊ pakatɩɣ ɖama nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ yaɖɛ yɔ. Yaɖɛ maʊ wayi lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se pɩpɩsɩ feteɖaɣ tɩyɛ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ pɩɣa ŋñɩɩɩ. Pʊpʊ wayɩ pɩɖalʊʊ nɛ pɩɖalʊʊ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ ɛyʊ nɛ kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye lɛ, palʊlɩ pɩɣa kɩfalaɣ nɛ paya-kɛ ɛyʊ.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩtanɩ kpɩna wena alʊlʊʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ mbʊ pɩtɛma kɛʊ kpɩnɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ, heu, haɣ yaa pɩyaʊ mbʊ yʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pakʊ feteɖaɣ ŋga nɛ palɩzɩ-kɛ kpaagba. Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩtɛ nɔmɔŋ ɛnʊ ɛɖɔɔ. Payaɣ hɔɔ lɩwa pɩkɛ ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ ɖʊna nesi se kalɩɩ halʊ taa.
Piyele pɩkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ hɔɔ ŋga peyeba-kɛ yɔ kalʊlʊʊ lakɩ kaɖɛ piŋ pɩtɩŋna halʊ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ yaa feteɖaɣ ŋga caʊ fɛyɩ ɖeu yaa kʊdɔŋ mɛfɛyɩ kɔyɛ hayʊ nakʊyʊ tɛma-kɛ kpaʊ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ ɖɔkɔtɔ se ɛlɩzɩ-kɛ. Yee palɩzɩɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ pɔ-sɔɔlɩm taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ.
Piyele hɔɔ nakayɛ ɛlɩwa nɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ ɖɩyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm yɔ pɩtɛkɛ pɩtaa natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ. Piyele payaɣ se pɩmaba ɛtɩnaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ tɩlasɩ nasɩyɛ talɩnaɣ pɩtɛ halʊ ɛnʊ, pʊtɔma kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa kɩkpɛdɛsaɣ pɩlɩna halʊ tɛ Ɛsɔ tʊ cɔlɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ e-fenaɣ labʊ sɩŋa tuda. Pɩcɛzɩ tɔm naa mba pɔyɔɔ kɔyɔ ɖɩtɔŋ ɛlʊlɩ kɩtatalɩɣ fenasɩ lʊbɛ taa lʊlʊʊ.


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Arthur Rimbaud
Palʊla Jean-Nicolas-Arthur Rimbaud kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1854 Sarviilii tɛtʊ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Marsɛyiyɛ ñɩ̀ndʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ hiu wiye pɩnaɣ 1891 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 37.
Ɛwɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: kacalaɣ taa lɛ Arthur Rimbaud, pʊwayɩ lɛ Jean Baudry nɛ lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ Alcide Bava. Arthur tɛkɛ ɛyʊ cikpelu: kɔɔnaɣ lɛ ɛkɛ keɣsi mayʊ, pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛcɔʊ ajɛya lɛɛna taa se ɛtakɩyɛ yɔ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ weyi ɛlakɩ tadɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛpɛdʊ kɔfɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Paa eteleɖi ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ Arthur Rimbaud ma takayaɣ sɔsɔɣa ŋga yɔ, kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ ɛwɛ sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛcala fransɩ tɔm maʊ yɔ ɩ-taa. Ɛpaɣzɩ takayaɣ maʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɛ pʊwɛɛ se keɣsi mayʊ ɛkɛ weyiɛnaɣ poliŋ yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔɔla Paul Verlaine tɔm nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ kalɩʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ eyele takayɩsɩ maʊ nɛ ɛsʊ sɩ-kalʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.


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ÑƲƲ 84
Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ kɛʋ tɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm
MBƲ PƖPƆZƲƲ SE ƐYƲ ƐLA NƐ ƐKƐ YESU TƆMKPƐLƖKƖYƲ YƆ
Yesu wɩlɩ ɛyaa tɔm sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛtɔkaɣ tɔɔnaɣ Farɩsɩ ñɩma ñʋʋdʋ nɔɔyʋ tɛ yɔ. Pʋwayɩ Yesu kʋyaa nɛ ɛɖɛɣ Yerusalɛm lɛ, samaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ tɩŋɩ-ɩ. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ katɩŋɩ-ɩ? Paasɔɔlaa se paa ɛbɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ, pala nɛ papɩsɩ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa yaa we?
Pɛwɛ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Yesu yɔɔdɩ tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ pɩla pa-taa nabɛyɛ kiii: “Ye nɔɔyʋ ɛkɔŋ mɔn-cɔlɔ nɛ ɛtɩsɔɔlɩ-m pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-caa, e-ɖoo, ɛ-halʋ, e-koobiya nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-wezuu kɔyɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛkɛ mɔn-tɔmmʋyʋ.” (Luka 14:26) Yesu tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe?
Toovenim taa lɛ, Yesu taaheyiɣ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa se pataasɔɔlɩ pɔ-hɔŋ taa ñɩma. Ɛcaɣaɣ se panɩɩ pɩ-taa se pɩwɛɛ se pɔsɔɔlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ pɔ-hɔŋ taa ñɩma nɛ pataala ɛzɩ abalʋ weyi ɛkpaɣ halʋ pitileɖi nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ekizi kazandʋ ɖeɖe wobu yɔ. (Luka 14:20) Pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ se ‘Yakɔɔb lɔ’ Leeya yaa ɛpaɖɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ Rasɛɛlɩ yɔ. Pɩɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛpaɖaɣ Leeya toovenim taa, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɔɔlɩ Rasɛɛlɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ-ɩ.—Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 29:31.
Yesu tɔm se pɩwɛɛ se tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ “ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-wezuu.” Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɔɔlɩ Yesu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-wezuu nɛ paa pɩpɔzʋʋ se elesi e-wezuu Yesu yɔɔ yɔ, etisi nɛ ɛla mbʋ. Ye mbʋ, Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ kɛʋ tɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm. Pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩmaɣzɩ pɩ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa.
Weyi ɛkɛ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ yɔ, kʋñɔmɩŋ nɛ nazɩm kaɣ-ɩ talʋʋ, pʋyɔɔ Yesu tɔm se: “Weyi ɛɛhɔɔlʋʋ [ɛ-nazɩm sizika] se ɛtɩŋ ma-wayɩ yɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛkɛ mɔn-tɔmmʋyʋ.” (Luka 14:27) Toovenim, weyi ɛpɩsɩ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se etisi kʋñɔmɩŋ weyi ɩtalɩɣ-ɩ yɔ faaa, ɛzɩ Yesu kaalabʋ yɔ. Halɩ Yesu kaatɔm se e-koyindinaa nesi tɛɛ ɛkaɣ sɩbʋ.
Ye mbʋ, mba pa nɛ Yesu pɔɖɔŋaɣ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, panɩ pɩ-taa se ye ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ kɛʋ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm. Yesu tɩŋnɩ kɩɖaʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ñɩɣʋ niye. Ɛtɔm se: “Mɩ-taa anɩ sɔɔlɩ kuduyuu maʋ nɛ ɛɛcalɩɣnɩ caɣʋ se ɛtʋʋzɩ ki-liidiye nɛ ɛna se ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɛm-kʋ yaa we? Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ye ɛsɩ tigiɖe nɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kuduyuu tɛm, powoŋuu-i.” (Luka 14:28, 29) Ye mbʋ, mba pa nɛ Yesu pɛɖɛɣaɣ Yerusalɛm yɔ, panɩ pɩ-taa se pʋcɔ nɛ pɛkɛ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se petisi nɛ pala mbʋ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ, nɛ pa-laŋɩyɛ pilim. Yesu ɖaɣnɩ kɩɖaʋ lɛɛkʋ kpaɣʋ se ɛñɩɣ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ niye. Ɛtɔm se:
“Wiyaʋ weyi woki lɛlʋ you nɛ ɛɛcalɩɣnɩ caɣʋ se ɛtʋʋzɩ nɛ ɛna se ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ, ɛ nɛ sɔɔjanaa cɛɛkɛ [kudokiŋ hiu] (10000), ɛlɩɩ eyoo lɛlʋ weyi ɛkɔŋ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ sɔɔjanaa [kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ] (20000) yɔ? Ye ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɔyɔ, lɛlʋ wɛ poliŋ lɛ, etiyiɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ se peceɣ.” Pɩsa nɛ panɩɩ pɩ-taa camɩyɛ lɛ, Yesu tɛzɩnaa se: “Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ mɩ-taa weyi eekiziɣ ɛ-ñɩm kpeekpe yɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛkɛ mɔn-tɔmmʋyʋ.”—Luka 14:31-33.
Toovenim lɛ, pɩtɩkɛ mba ɛ nɛ wɛ pɔɖɔŋaɣ yɔ, pe-ɖeke eheyaɣ tɔm ndʋ. Weyi ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛmaɣzɩnɩ Yesu yɔ, pɩcɛyaa se ɛɖɔ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɩwɛɛ se etisi faaa se ɛlaɣ mbʋ payɩ ɛwɛna yɔ, halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ e-wezuu, pʋcɔ nɛ ɛkɛnɩ Yesu tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyʋ. Pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɛmaɣzɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩmɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza ana.
Pʋwayɩ Yesu ɖaɣnɩ pɩsʋʋ tɔm ndʋ ɛyɔɔdɩ Pʋʋ Ñʋʋ yɔɔ Tɔm Yɔɔdʋʋ taa se ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa kɛ “ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔm” yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ. (Maatiyee 5:13) Ɛzɩ ɖɔm yekuu se nabʋyʋ ɛtaaɖazɩ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛɛ se ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa ɛsɩnɩ ɛyaa pe-wezuu caɣʋ taa nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ pataaɖazɩ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ, ɛ-tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ caɣ tɛm; pʋyɔɔ ɛɖaɣnɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩsʋʋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Ðɔm kɛ pʋyʋ kɩbanʋ, ye pilesi pi-leleŋ ɛbɛ paɖʋʋ tɔɔnaɣ taa?” (Luka 14:34) Ɛ-tɔm welisiyaa kaasɩm mbʋ se ɖɔm nabʋyʋ wɛɛ lɛ, pɩcadaa nɛ paalakɩnɩ-pʋ tʋmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ.
Tobi lɛ, Yesu caɣ se eheyi ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa mba papaɣzɩ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋʋʋ pileɖaa yɔ, se pataayele nɛ kpekpeka ŋga paawɛna yɔ, kɛhɛɛ. Ye pɛhɛwa yɔ, pɛwɛɣ ɛzɩ ɖɔm mbʋ pɩcadaa nɛ pɩɩwazɩɣ pʋyʋ yɔ. Nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ñɩma kaɣ-wɛ hoŋuu. Kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɛ, pɔ-tɔm ɛɛtasɩɣ kɛdɩnʋʋ Ɛsɔ nɛ pɩwɛɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-hɩɖɛ. Yesu caɣ se pɔɖɔkɩ tɔm ndʋ camɩyɛ nɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩtaakɔɔ, pʋyɔɔ ɛtɔm se: “Weyi ɛwɛ naŋgbaŋʋʋ se ɛnɩɣ lɛ, ɛnɩɩ.”—Luka 14:35.