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Tɩŋ piye
Tɔmʊʊ tɩŋ piye lɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa fructus nɛ kɩwɛnɛ kpaɣ latɛŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, tɔbɩŋ nɩʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛyʊ sɩma nɛ-ɩ yɔ sɔnɔ. Pɩɩkɛ fluor tɛ pɩdaa wɛɛʊ tɔmʊʊ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, piye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊtʊ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ ɖooo yala fʊwa taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ pɩɣʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kɔyɔ se kohuzuu pee yɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛ kawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pee ɛmɩzɩɣ yɔ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wɛ paatɔkɩ-yɛ nɛ halɩ naayɛ ñɛwɛ agʊʊ.
Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ piye wɩlɩɣ pee wenaa awɛ mʊtʊ yɔ ɛlɛ, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔɔna lɛɛŋ nɛ ɛmʊna se palabɩna leleŋ tɔɔnasɩ ɛzɩ frɛzɩ waa yaa adɔtɔ naa yaa ɖɔɖɔ pee wenaa pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ tokasi (rhubarbe).
Ŋdɛŋgbɛzaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɛzɩ tɩmatɩ nɛ kelaa yaa agbisaa yaa kpɛnzʊʊ kisokuu, patɩzʊʊ-wɛ paaɖʊʊ sikiri nɛ pasʊʊ paa ɛzɩmtaa ɖɔm tɔɔnasɩ kɩlabɩsɩ taa. Pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ hatʊ ɖozi, yaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi pee. Mbʊ lɛ, tɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzʊʊ kɩkɛ piye yee ɖɩwɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɔyɔ, paa patɩzʊʊ-kʊ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi yɔ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʊ paɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ piye nɛ hatʊ ɖozi pɩsaa pɩwɛ kaɖɛ. Pee naayɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi, ɛzɩ melon mbʊ yɔ, piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɖɩtɔɔyɛ kajalaɣ yɔ, yaa pee kɩtɩza naayɛ paɖʊʊ-yɛ nandʊʊ tɛlɛm naa taa ɛzɩ leemuu. Tuluŋga yɔ lɛ, hatʊ ɖozi nasɩyɛ taa wɛ leleŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-sɩ hɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ awihɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɩzʊʊ tɛ lɛ, piye wala tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ leleŋ tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pamazʊʊ kajalaɣ taa se kɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kɔkɔŋna ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa fitamini naa nɛ mɔndɔndʊʊ yɔ. Erɔpʊ yaa Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ payaɣ se ɛkɩzɔtɩkɩ pee tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pee wena pɔkɔŋnɛ-yɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa pɩlɩɩna nɩnʊʊ nɛ naʊ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔm ɛzɩ adɔtɔ, ɛyabɩyɛ, kiwi, maŋgʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ.
Tɩzʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, piye kɛ mbʊ keŋkeŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛlɛ pamazɩɣ se tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ hatʊ ɖozi (kelaa, sonaa, samɩla, kɔŋkɔmbɩrɩ, tɩmatɩ, payaa, olive). Lɛlaa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kusokuu (muscade kpaakpa, kpɛnzʊʊ kuzokuu, vanille nɛ kpɛnzʊʊ). Pɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ ɖaɣ pee (pilee nɛ mɔʊ) kɛ ɖɔɖɔ pee keeke nɛ pɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ siŋ.


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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet sɛna hɩɖɛ yaa paɖana yaʋ hɩɖɛ size Voltaire kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa ɛyʋ yaa ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ. Ɛsɔɔla n̄ɩnʋʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛɛ tovonum nɩmɔʋ. Ɛwɛ lɔŋ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Samaɣ yaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size, plʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Voltaire ɛnʋ kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ yaa lone ɖeɖe ndɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Paarii.
Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ François-Marie Arouet tɔŋ ɛ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɛ-kaŋ n̄ʋʋ size, tovonum taa lɛ, palʋla ɛnʋ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ ŋgʋ nɛ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ, sakɩyɛ tatɩlɩ. Ɛ-tɔŋ size keeke taa lɛ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ yaa hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa.
E-egeetiye yaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tɛtʋ Paarii peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ niidozo yaa hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1779 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pakalaɣ lɛ, pakpa size ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ naadozo (83). Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩkʋ kpem nɛ piya lɛɣsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔŋ nɛ ɛpaɣlʋ mbʋ yɔ, ɛlakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ wɛnɛyɩ tʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ François-Marie Arouet yaa Voltaire kɛ filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Voltaire ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-n̄amsa kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ lutozo (18). Sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ tɩla-ɩ lɛɣlɛ yaa lɔŋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma kɩbana ana a-labʋ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ size ɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʋ ɖɔɖɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋʋ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe.

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Pirmaanii
Pirmaanii kɛna Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛnawɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ pazɩ ɖama kamasɩ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Paŋgladɛsɩ, Siini, Ɛndɩ, Lawɔsɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ cɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ hadɛ kiŋ Andamanɩ Teŋgu nɛ Pɛŋgalɩ Teŋgu ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Lɩm kolonzi kpeekpe ɖaɣlakɩŋ tala ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Neyipidʊ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛ wezuu ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖi-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: Ɖɩkaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ Pirmaanii paa ɖooye. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa clɛ, paakpɛnda 51 419 420. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kiyati. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pirmaanɩ.


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Room
Room kɛna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ lɩm fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 2 869 461 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ ti-ageeta tɩŋga kɔyɔ, pɩnaɣ 2013 maɣmaɣ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 4 321 244.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, Erɔpʊ ajɛya sɔsɔna kpeekpe taa lɛ, Mɔsikuu nɛ Lɔndrɩ wayɩ lɛ Room ñɩndʊ tɩŋgʊna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ walanzɩ landammm taa. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 128 531 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 285,31 yɔ.
Room tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna tɩ-ndɩ kpem: tɩ-taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ nɛ paya-ɖɩ se Fatiikaŋ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ ajɛya naalɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Fatikaŋ ɛjaɖɛ yʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Papa. Papa ɛnʊ lɛ keteŋa kpeekpe kristʊ katolika mba ñʊʊtʊ. Fatiikaŋ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla wɛʊ ññɩɩɩ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ nʊmɔŋ wobu yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Lɔndrɩ nɛ Paarii yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Room tɛtʊ tɩŋgʊʊna. Keteŋa kpeekpe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa lɛ, Room tɛtʊ wɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖɛu yɔ tɩ-taa.
Room tɛtʊ taa cɔcɩnaa mba pɛwɛɛ yɔ pɛkpɛnda 900 nɛ sukulinaa sʊsaa nɛ pompɩnaa nɛ kondolokonaa ɖɔɔ; pɩtasɩ lɛ, peeɖe ɖooo kɩpɩnjaazɩ wondu kpɛndɩ pɩwɛ peeɖe pɩɖɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Peeɖe paatɛma ñɔɔzʊʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɔnʊʊ taa aleɣya nɛ hayɩsʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960.
Payaɣ Room maalika ñʊʊdʊ se Virginia Raggi. Paanɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛñɩnɩʊ se tɩna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma kɔyɔ, Room maɣmaɣ ɛɛtɛŋ kɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ paɖʊʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ yem. Room tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩna tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ yeke pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Paarii.
Papaaza tʊma ana alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1956 nɛ pɔ-tɔm piye kɔyɔ se: Paarii yeke mʊŋna Room nɛ Room yeke mʊŋna Paarii. Paarii tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ Ropma ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Asakasii (Polivi), Pɛlɩgraadɩ (Sɛrbii), Sinsiŋnatii nɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etaazuunii), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Ploovidiivi (Puligari), Sewuuli (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ), Kazablanka (Marɔkɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Sevizi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ) nɛ Kɛɛrɩ (Egipiti).


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Petro kajalaɣ tʊ
Petro kajalaɣ tʊ Petro kajalaɣ tʊ (Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ПëTp AлekceeBич PoMaHoB, Piotr Alekseïevitch Romanov), sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛnɛ Petro Sɔsɔ (Russii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ПëTp Beлиkий, Piotr Veliki), palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1672 (Grégoir waa tɛ fenasɩ kpata lɛ pɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1672) kɛ Moscou tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1725 (Gregoir ñɩma tɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1725), kɛ Pétersbourg Kiɖeɖeu tɛtʊ taa, ɛpɩsɩ Rusii tɛ tsar pɩnaɣ 1682 nɛ ɛmʊ kewiyaɣ Rusii ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ pɩnaɣ 1721.
Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Alexis kajalaɣ tʊ (pɩnzɩ 1629 ŋtalɩ 1676), ɛcaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ cikpelu Ivan 5 ñɩnʊ kpaɣ e-kewiyaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ mbilim (pɩnzɩ 1682 ŋtalɩ 1696). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba lɛ, ɛnʊ pazɩ yɛlʊʊ siŋ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa, peeɖe ɛpɩza ɛna se ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ caɣ wayi piŋ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna. Kɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wɛtʊ, kɛlɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛlaa ɛ-tɛtʊ kɩlʊlʊtʊ taa sɔnzɩ naa sakɩyɛ. Pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ lɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ɛɖɩzɩ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ kɩlɩtʊ pɔ-tɔm mbʊ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩmaɣza sɩʊʊ, sɩʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɛza kpɛlɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩkpana mbʊ nɛ Rusii sʊʊ kʊyʊm kewiyaɣ wɛɛ taa.
Ɛsɩba lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1676 Alexis kajalaɣ tʊ wɛna piyaa naananza nzɩ yɔ Fedor 3 weyi ɛmʊ e-kewiyaɣ yɔ, Ivan nɛ Sophie Alexeïvna, patɩŋa payi mbʊ yɔ ɛ-kajalaɣ halʊ lʊlɩna-wɛ, Maria Miloslavskaïa, nɛ Pierre, halʊ naalɛ tʊ pɩɣa, Natalie Narychkina (pɩnzɩ 1651 ŋtalɩ 1694). Ivan kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 16 nɛ Pierre ñɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 10 lɛ Fedor 3 ñasɩba pɩnaɣ 1682, ɛlɛ ñɛfɛyɩna pɩɣa.
Moscou tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ pɩnaɣ 1682 yeba nɛ kʊkʊʊ you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ lɩɩ, nɛ halɩ kɩ-tɛ siziŋ tɔm caɣ Pierre yɔɔ piŋ pɩkɔna kaɖɛ e-fetenum. Halɩ pɩɣa Sophie Alexeïevna lɩzɩ Natalia pe-kewiyaɣ taa, kɛlɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɖɔkɩ-kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1682 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ 1689. Peeɖe ɛñɩɣ nesi nɛ Pologne-Lituanie kɩkpɛndʊʊ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ nɩnaʊ maatɛŋ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1686, pɩtɩŋna pɩyɔɔ nɛ Rusii walanzɩ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna Otirisi, Pologne nɛ Vevise ɛjaɖɛ, mbʊ tɩnaa pa nɛ Turk waa you.


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CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Ðɩsɛɣ Yehowa se ɛlabaɣ lɛ mɩ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ
Tesalooniiki koobiya lɩzɩ sɔɔlɩm nɛ pawɩlɩ po-koobiya Krɩstʋ mba, paa paawɛ kala taa yɔ. (2 Tes. 1:3, 4) Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ Yehowa samaɣ lɩzɩɣ sɔɔlɩm nɛ kawɩlɩɣ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ koobiya. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖɛ-tɛ intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone jw.org yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se “Ɛzɩma palakɩnɩ ña-haɖɛ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ,” kɩñɩkɩɣ niye tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ðɩsɛɣ-ŋ ñɔ-sɔɔlɩm nɛ haɖɛ nɖɩ ŋlakɩ se ŋɖʋnɩ nesi yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ.
CƆNƖ VIDEO PAA ƐZƖMTAA LƐ, “ÐƖSƐƔ ƐSƆ SƐ ƐLABAƔ LƐ MƖ-YƆƆ;” NƐ PƲWAYƖ LƐ ŊCOSI TƆM TƲNƐ TƖ-YƆƆ:
• Haɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlakɩ yɔ, ɖɩsɩɣna se pala tʋma wena?
• Nʋmɔʋ kɩbaŋʋ ŋgʋ yɔɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtɩŋna nɛ ɖɩha liidiye se ɖɩɖʋ nesi ɖo-koobiya mba pɛwɛ kɩcɛyɩm taa yɔ?—Kalɩ ɖɔɖɔ jw.org yɔɔ tɔm ñʋʋ “Mbʋ nabɛyɛ wɛna nɛ pɩɖɛlɩsɩ yɔ, pɩsɩɣna nɛ pɔcɔŋnɩ lalaa kɩcɛyɩm ɖeɖe”


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Hayʊ Kiŋ Teŋgu
Hayʊ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩkɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩwadɩna Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ kɩsʊʊ keteŋga tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Hayʊ kiŋ teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ mɩtaɖɛ wɛ 575 000 km2. Ajɛya wena acɔ hayʊ kiŋ teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛlɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ Taanɩmarkɩ, hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ Peeyibaa nɛ Pɛɛlɩziki, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Sɛɛtlandii nɛ Ɔrkaadi tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔnɛ pɩta yɔ, nɖʊ wɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ.
Teŋgʊ kʊnɛ nɛ pɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-kaɣ lɩm yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ ɖooo hadɛ ɛlɛ Mansɩ Kalɛ lɔɔʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ, Hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ tɛŋgʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ Skazera. Paltiki teŋgu nɛ hayɩ kiŋ teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, pa-lɩm kpeŋ ɖama taa pɩtɩŋgɩna Skageraki nɛ Kategati yaa Kili hɛnga pɔyɔ. Hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ, Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ n̄ɔn̄ɔ nɛyɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ kiŋ.
Nɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ Teŋgu n̄atamasɩ na-kʊ nɛ hayu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hayɩ Kiŋ Teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-kɛna n̄ɩm sʋsɔm nabʋyʋ kpem. Kɩ-sɩɣna siŋŋ kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu nɛ taa. Teŋgu nɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɛlɛ, tadɩyɛ labʊ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ. Kɛɛkʋ wondu ɖɛzɩɣ wɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Peɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɩm taa tɛtɛ wondu tɩŋga wɛɛ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩsʊ ɛya yaa pɩkɛna ɛsɩy egbena. Teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe pasaɣ kaɖazɩm ɖɔɖɔ.


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Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa
Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ piliŋa nakayɛ ka nɛ katoliki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa nɛ siuu siuu samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa. Walaa nɩɣ taa yaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ mba pɛkɛ lɛɛzɩyaa nɛ pekiziɣ papa kewiyitu tɔm yɔ.
Lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩna ɛzɩma katoliki cejewiye lɩza paɣtʊ naa kɩfatʊ kpaɣ hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ (ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ Rome paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna pɩlɩna kedizaɣ hiŋ naatozo ŋga lɩmaɣza tɛ). Lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩɩ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ɛyaa nabayɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, Jean Calvin, Sébastien Castellion, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Pierre Valdo, John Wyclif, Jan Hus, Lefèvre Etaples tʊ, ɛyaa mba pawɩlɩna lɛɛzɩtʊ tɔm.
Patɩla pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa pa-tʊmɩyɛ pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ se tɩkpaɣ nɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1517, Caama maacɔ Augustin nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ Ɛsɔ Tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Martin Luther susi lɩmaɣza tɔm 95 ndʊ tɩwɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma Room katoliki cejewiye pɛda paɣtʊ yɔ, nɛ pɔtɔŋ yeke koŋ Ɛsɔ Tɔm Takayaɣ tɩna tisuu lɩmaɣza. Saxe Jean Fréderic wɛɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ndʊ tɩ yɔɔ (pɩnzɩ 1503-1554), kɛlɛ Luther ñɔtɩ miŋ Domine paɣtʊ takayaɣ kɛlɛ pɛkpɛdɛsɩ-ɩ halɩ peyebi-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ cɛlʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1520.
Pɩnaɣ 1521 kaakɛna pɩnaɣ ɖoŋ ñɩŋa, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa Martin Luther Worms ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛsɩndaa, Luther kizi se ɛɛpɩna ɛ-tɩ, se koŋ Ɛsɔ Tɔm Takayaɣ tɛ yeke eluŋuu nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-maɣzɩm lakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛ-kɩkpaɖaa tɔm lakɩna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ pekizina-ɩ Ɛsɔ Tɔɔnaɣ.


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Yogaa
Yogaa (sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ devanāgarī : योग ; pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖama kpɛndʊʊ, ñɩŋgbanzɩ, laɣsɩ, pasɩ ɖɩhɛzɩyɛ), pɩkɛ siuu siuu tɩnaa sukuli naa loɖo taa sukuli lɛɛkʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tɔmpiye yogaa wɛ Rig-Véda nɛ pama-ɖɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩwɩlɩɣ se matʊ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 15 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 10 ɖɔɖɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Pɩtɛkɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm hɔɔlʊʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ cɩnɛ yɔ taa yeke pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yogaa tɔm, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ patamsɩɣ naŋ kɛkɛvi nɛ ɛhɔŋ yɔ. Yogaa sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, nɔmɔŋ nɩnza caɣ ɖoŋ ɛnʊ yɔ jnana-yoga, bhakti-yoga, karma-yoga nɛ raja-yoga. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yogaa tɔm lɛ tɔmpiye ɖɩ nɛ yɔ hatha-yoga ɖɩ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ, paa ɖɩɩkɛ yogaa tɛɛ piliŋa yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ ONU lɩzɩ evemiye mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 se ɖɩkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yoga evemiye.
Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, paniné takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩ kiɖe lakasɩ tɔm yɔ, dhatu-patha, paha kiɖe tɔmʊʊ lɛɛkʊ YUJ nɛ kʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hɛzʊʊ, (samadhi) kʊ nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ cɔɔlɩyʊVyasa ɖɔka. Ɛzɩ pañɩɣ niiye piŋ Yoga-sutra tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ yɔɔ yɔ yogaa kɛ sɩzɩɣ (hɛzʊʊ) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛhɛzɩ e-fetenum.
Pɩnzɩ 1920 alɩwaatʊ taa tɛtɛɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ John Marshall, ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ pana ŋjɛyɛ wondu natʊyʊ Ɛndus (nɔɔnɔɔ Pakistan ɛjaɖɛ payaɣ mbʊ) nɔɔ yɔɔ kpɛyɛɛ kɛ Mohenjo-Daro tɛtʊ taa pɩɩwɛɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ talɩ kudokiŋ naatozo pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ yɔ.


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FALƖSƖ ÑA-TƖ NƐ ŊSUSI TƆM CAMƖYƐ | HIƔ TAA LELEŊ TƆM SUSUU TAA NƐ PƖKƖLƖ
Wɩlɩ ñe-Bibl kpɛlɩkɩyaa ɛzɩma pɔtɔkɩ fezuu taa tɔɔnaɣ yɔ
Pɩsa nɛ Bibl kpɛlɩkɩyaa cɔnɩ pe-fezuu taa kɩcɛyɩm ɖeɖe nɛ papɩɩ fezuu taa lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se pɩtasɩnɩ toovenim tɔm ndʋ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ-wɛ yɔ lɛ, patɩlɩ tɔm lɛɛtʋ. (Mat. 5:3; Ebr. 5:12–6:2) Pɩpɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se pa-maɣmaɣ pɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛzɩma pɔtɔkɩ fezuu taa tɔɔnaɣ yɔ.
Ðooo kiɖe tɛɛ pɩwɛɛ se ŋpaɣzɩ wɩlʋʋ ñe-Bibl kpɛlɩkɩyaa ɛzɩma pɔñɔɔzɩ kpɛlɩkʋʋ yɔ, nɛ ŋseɣtiɣ-wɛ nɛ palakɩ mbʋ. (mwb18.03 6) Seɣti-wɛ se patɩmɩɣ pʋcɔ nɛ pɛkpɛlɩkɩɣ Bibl pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Sɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ nɛ pakpaɣ Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ wondu ndʋ tɩwɛ intɛrnɛɛtɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ palabɩnɩ-tʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Wɩlɩ-wɛ ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ nɛ powolo pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ palakɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ tɔm kɩfatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ jw.org nɛ JW Tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ®. Wɩlɩ-wɛ pazɩ pazɩ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se pakalɩɣ Bibl paa ɖooye yɔ, ɛzɩma pɔñɔɔzʋʋ ɛgbɛyɛ taa kediɣzisi nɛ ɛzɩma pañɩnɩɣ tɔm ndʋ pɔpɔzʋʋ pa-tɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ cosuu yɔ. Sɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pamaɣzɩ tɔm ndʋ pɛkpɛlɩkɩɣ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
CƆNƖ VIDEO SƖNƖ ÑE-BIBL KPƐLƖKƖYAA NƐ PƆTƆKƖ FEZUU TAA TƆƆNAƔ, NƐ PƲWAYƖ LƐ ŊCOSI TƆM TƲNƐ TƖ-YƆƆ:
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Ɛzɩma Neeta sɩnɩ Rose nɛ ɛlɛ tɩlɩ se kpɛlɩkʋʋ tɩkɛ tɔm pɔzʋʋ yɔɔ cosuu yem?
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Ɛbɛ sɩnɩ Rose nɛ ɛ-taa tɛ se Yehowa wɛnɩ toovenim se ɛɖʋ paɣtʋ se pataacaɣ kʋzʋʋ kɩdɛkɛdʋʋ wezuu?
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Ɛbɛ taa Rose kɔma nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɩlɩɩnɩ tɔm yɔɔ maɣzʋʋ yɔɔ?


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Pretooriyaa
Pretooriyaa kɛna Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa komina tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ politiki kewiyaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Payaʊ se Pretooriyaa, sɔdʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɛ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ payaa tɛtʊ ndʊ mbʊ. Sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-pɩyalʊ kpaɣna kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ kɩsʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-caa ɛnʊ ɛɛwabɩna you ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1838 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛyaa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Sʊʊlʊʊ mba yɔ poyowaɣ lɛ yɔ. Sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Andries Pretorius.
Pretooriyaa tɛtʊ kaakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa haɖaa ɖeke kaawɛna yɔ pʊcɔ nɛ tɩpɩsɩɣ ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa tʊmalaɖaa tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 68 754 yaa kilomɛtanaa 687,54.
Pɩnaɣ 1921 taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba paawɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 110 000. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pɛkpɛnda 741 651; pa-taa lɛ ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kpɛnda 389 022 yaa ɛyaa 52,45 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa ñɛwɛ 311 149 yaa ɛyaa 41,95 kɛ mɩnɩoʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2001 taa paakɩlɩ ɛyaa lɛ, ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kaawɛ 67,69 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdaa ñaakpɛnda ɛyaa 24,51 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɩkazaa yɔ, pɛkɛ ɛy aa mba pesidaa yɔ nɛ ɛndɩ mba yaa azii ñɩma.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ Pretooriyaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma n; ea-taa kɔ-yɔ: Pɛtɩlɩhɛm (Palɛsɩtini), Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuunii), Kiivi (Ukurɛnɩ), Tayipeyi (Tayiwaanɩ), Teeraŋ (Iranɩ), Paakʊʊ (Azɛrbayɩjanɩ), Amanɩ (Yɔɔrɩdaanii), Tɛltɩv (Peyibaa) nɛ Baal (Suwiisi).


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Thomas Merton
Palʊla Thomas Merton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1915 Praadɩ tɛtʊ taa, Piirenee wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba kɛgbɛtɛsaɣ nakayɩ taa saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1968, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 53. Pankɔkɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba, Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Thomas Merton, yaa Fada Louis, kaakɛ moine cistercien-trappiste américain. Pɩnaɣ 1938 ɛpisɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ katolika taa nɛ piteleeɖi lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ moine trappiste abbaye de Gethsemani kɩ-taa. Ɛma takayɩsɩ spirituel, keesi takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛɛkɛ weyi ɛlʊkaɣ ɛ-tɛ samaɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔla se monastères ɛkɛdɩɣ ɖama mbʊ mbʊ palakɩ cɩnɛ yaa peeɖaɣ yɔ.
Ɛ-hɔʊ taa mba kɛ anglikanɩ ŋgbɛyɛ taa mba. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Owen Merton nɛ ɛlɛ kɛneo Seelandɛɛ, piyele e-ɖooo kɛ amerika tʊ payaɣ ɛlɛ se Ruth Jenkins nɛ ɛwɛna ɛ-hɔ taa mba kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma mba patɩŋga pɛkɛ tɔlɩm tayaa nɛ peteleɖiɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ. E-ɖooo lɛɣna sɩbʊ pɩnaɣ 1921 nɛ pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa tɩŋ ɛwayɩ. Ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa ɛtacaɣ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛkɛ weyi ɛɖɛ nʊmɔɩŋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛɛsɔɔlɩ wobu ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa ɛ-ñɩma kaalaba tɔlɩm tʊma yɔ: Etaazuni, Pɛrmudi nɛ Fransɩ ajɛya taa. Ajɛya ana a-taa wobu kaataawɛyɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdaɣ peeɖe yɔ, ɛnɩwaɣ-ɩ.
Pɩnzɩ 1933 nɛ 1934 taa kɛ ɛkpɛlɛka fransɩɩ nɛ iitaliɛŋ kɛ Kambriji, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa kɛ ɛsʊ Kolombii sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa, New York tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba pɩnzɩ naatozo lɛ, ɛmʊ peeɖe sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ takayaɣ nɛ ɛsʊʊ katolika ɛsʊ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛanɩwaɣ Ɛsɔ yatʊ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ taa se ɛsʊʊ Fransisikɛŋ ɛsɔsɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛlɛ ɛpʊtaɣ nɛ eyele ɛpaɣzɩ aŋgilisi wɩlɩʊ kɛ Bonavanture kɩɖɛɖeu sukuli taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1941 taa kɛ ɛsʊ abbaye trappiste de Gethsemani taa kɛ Etaazuni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛwɛ peeɖe nɛ pɩnzɩ looɖo wayɩ lɛ, e-ɖuu nɛ pɩnaɣ 1949 lɛ, pakpa-ɩ layʊ. Peeɖe Ɛ-sʊsɔ Abbé heya-i se ɛma ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ɛmaa yɔ, ɛyaa-kɛ se Ɖoo wena a-taa tɩyɩnzɩ fɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga, kala ɖeu nɛ palɩzɩ-kɛ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa yee pañɩnɩɣ mba pakɩlɩ takayɩsɩ spirituel maʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ Thomas Merton. Ɛma laŋgɩyɛ pɩsɩʊ takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ, Keesi nɛ essais pɩkɩlɩna yoŋ nɛ racisme pɔyɔɔ tɔm.
Saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1968 kɛ Thomas Merton siba Paŋkɔkɩ, Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 53. Ɛtasɩ yem ɛlɛ ladiriki nimaɣ mabɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩ. Ewoba ɛsɔ lɩm nɛ ɛlɩwaɣ lɛ, heelim fɛtɩyaɣ nimaɣ kaawɛka pazɩ nɛ ɛtana nɛ ŋga mabɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛtɔlɩ nɛ ɛcaŋ ɛɖɛɛ.


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Naalɩm
Nalɩm yaa hɩlɩm pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɩm mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ. Lɩm mbʊ pʊhʊlʊma nɛ palɩzɩɣ-pʊ kpɩnaa halɩñɩna wena awɛna hɩlaa yɔ a-taa. Hɩlaa a-naa a-taa wɛ nalɩm sikiri, mbʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ kɛ mbɔsɩ nɛ pɔcɔ paapɩzɩɣ papazɩɣ tɔɔʊ tɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ. Pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ hɩlɩm maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ hɩlɩm alɩwaatʊ lɛ, hɩlɩm taa wɛ tɔmnaɣ kaɖɩnayʊ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa mba palʊkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ mbɔka cikpelaɣ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Hɩlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ñɩm tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ naalɩm mbʊ ɖɩɣa kpɩnaa haɣ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, ñɩtʊ ajɛyɛ wenaa ahaɣ hɩlɩm yɔ, hɩlɩm mbʊ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa miliiyɔɔ naa 730 pɩnaɣ 2011 taa nɛ ajɛyaa wenaa akɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga yɔ a-naa yɔ Ɛndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʊ nɛ Ositralii nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Siini nɛ Ruusii.
Naalɩm lɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ kpɩnaa halɩ ñɩnaa yeke koŋ pɩzɩɣ yɔ. Palɩzɩɣ hɩlɩm kɛ kpɩnaa halɩ ñɩnaa hɩlaa taa yaa ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se halʊ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hɩla taa. Kajalaɣ hɩlɩm mbʊ palɩzɩɣ hɩlaa taa payaɣ se kɔɔnaɣ hɩlɩm nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ lʊbɩnayʊ.
Kajalaɣ naalɩm tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se pacalɩ-pʊ pʊdʊ weyi palʊla-ɩ cɩɩɩ yɔ. Tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kamɩna nɛ kɛwɛ ɖeu se pahaɣ-kɛ weyi palʊla-ɩ cɩɩɩ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ka-taa ñɩm sakɩyɛ mbʊ piyeki se cɩɩɩ ɛnʊ ɛpɩsɩɣ sɔsɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma ɛɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ tɔɔʊ alɩwaatʊ. Nalɩm lɩzɩɣ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɛ hɩlaa kpɩnaa tɛ pɩyʊʊ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlʊlʊʊ pɩɣa yɔ.
Naalɩm hʊlʊma nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ pɩyɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ sotu. Mbʊ pɩwɛ pɩ-taa nɛ pɩwɛna tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ kpɩnaa tɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpɩnaa liɖe cɔlɔ. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ naa mba palɩɣna kajalaɣ hɩlɩm lɩɣ alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ nɛ mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ.


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Jeruzalɛm
Jerualɛm yaa Iyerosolɩm kɛna Prɔsɩ Oriyaŋ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna ñamtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɛ Yuɖa mba, Kristʋ mba nɛ Malɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Yeruzalɛm tɛtʋ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 200km² yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʋ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda ɛzɩ 865 700 yɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖenɖe ɛyaa samaɣ agbeɣla kɩla ɛʋ yɔ, ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋbga ndɩ ndɩ wɛ peeɖe, samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ, samaɣ nɛ ɛsɛkuliye nɛ tɔsʋʋ agbela sakɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa hɔɔlʋ nakʋyʋ payaɣ se hɔɔlʋ kɩpɩnʋ nɛ kookasɩ sakɩyɛ cɔ-kʋ nɛ pɩta. Kookasɩ naasɩlɛ sɔsɔsɩ wɛna nɛ arabi mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se krɩstʋ mba kooka yaa malɩŋ ñɩŋga. Hɔɔlʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-taa lɛ aramiya kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ nɛ lɛɛkʋ taa lɛ yuɖa mba ñakɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Yerusalɛm nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ Niu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etazuni) nɛ Pragɩ (Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ).


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Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh kɛ Neyɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kʊkʊyʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1853 kɛ Krut Zunda. Peyi-Ba ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣkɩyakʊ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 1890 kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 37 nɛ pepima-i ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʊla-ɩ lɛ payawaɣ-ɩ se Vincent Willem van Gogh. Ɛkɛ tɔlɩm tayʊ nɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ yaa anjaʊna lɩzɩyʊ. Pruksɛlɩ nɛ Anvɛrɩ tɛrʊ taa kɛ ɛkpɛlaka ɛ-tʊma nɛ ewɩlɩyaa sʊsa kɔyɔ Anton Mauve nɛ Constantinus Cornelis Huysmans.
Sɔdɩŋ weyi ɛcʊɖa-ɩ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Jean-François Millet, Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Anton Mauve, Eugène Delacroix, Adolphe Monticelli nɛHiroshige. Payaɣ Vincent van Gogh se Theodorus van Gogh piyele e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anna Cornelia Carbentus. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛpɩsɩ siʊkpelesi pɛdɩyʊ ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩ. Pʊwa yɩ lɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛkɛ ɛsɔtɔm wɩlɩyʊ ɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛtɔlʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm maɣzɩm tɩŋga. Mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 1880 taa lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ kpɛlɛkʊ tɔlɩm taʊ.
Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ ɛkʊyɩ Peyi-Ba nɛ ewolo Pɛlziki nɛ Fransɩ ajɛya taa. Ɛ-tʊma wena ɛlaba yɔ, tɔlɩm taʊ nɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ yaa anjaʊna lɩzɩyʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, nɔɔyʊ tɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ. Ɛɛsɔɔla ɛ-tʊma camɩyɛ pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛɛwɛɛ ɛcɛyʊ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛñɩnʊʊ se ɛtɩlɩ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ tɩtaa siukpelasi nɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ tʊbʊ. Ɛɛsɔla wobu nɛ ɛnaɣ lona wena a-taa pasɩwaɣ siukpelasi nɛ caanaʊ taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ɛɛsɔɔlaa ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnɛ mba pataɣ tɔlɩm nɛ palɩzʊ siukpelasi yɔ pɔsɔzʊ ɖama lɔŋ. E-wezu caɣʊ wɛyɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ pɩwɛ-ɩ ɛzɩ ñamñam yɔ mbʊ yebina ɛkʊ ɛ-tɩ yem kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣkɩyakʊ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 1890, pɩnzɩ 37 taa.


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Tokiyo
Tokiyo kɛŋna Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se « Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ». Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 13 622 267; yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 42 794 714.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa akeeta 47 wɛna nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ Tokiyo ñɩnɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tɩunɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ.
Peeɖe palakɩ politiki kediizɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caayʊ wɛɛ, komina ñʊʊtʊ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ pɩna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, minisinaa tɩŋga mba pɛwɛ kewiyaɣ taa yɔ patɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ajɛya lɛɛna lone taa caɣya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Tokiyo kaakɛŋna kpakpasɩ kpayaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ payawaɣ-tʊ se Edo nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se lim pɔɔ ɖɩkatɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ kaya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ se Tokiyo yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se wiyao Tokugawa Ieyasu.


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Kpataayala
Kpataayala. Kpataayala pɩkɛ kpɩna wena awɛna naŋgbanzɩ naanaza yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ kpɩna naanaza tɩnaa mba pɛfɛyɩna ɖooo pɩtaa coluu huɖuu. Kpɩna ɖɩsɩm-yɛ yɔ awɛ ndɩ mbʊ yɔ kpɩna nɖɩ ɖɩlakɩ fezuu caɣʊʊ lona naalɛ taa, ɛwɛ lɩm taa ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ awayi helim taa, a-taa kɔyɔ saɖɛ.
Kpataayala wɛna a-ɖɩsʊyɛ sakɩyɛ yem ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna, nabʊyʊ taa pɛwɛ lɩm leleŋ ñɩmbʊ taa nabʊyʊ taa pɛwɛɛ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Pʊɖʊ-ɩ lɩm lɛ ɛkɛ yaɖɛ ɛlɛ ɛɖɔŋ, kɛlɛ avema ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛpalɩɣ lɛɛzʊʊ yɔɔ lɛɛzʊʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ a-taa kpɩna lɛɛna ñɛfɛyɩ mbʊ, yaa lɛɛna lɛ ɛzɩ ɛwɛʊʊ ŋñɩɩ yaɖɛ tɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ ɛwɛʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ nabʊyʊ lɛɛzɩɣ. Pʊtʊ ŋñɩɩ yaɖɛ tɩyɛ tʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ lɛ lɩm taa ɛwɛɛ mbilim, nɛ efezuuna kɛjɛkasɩ ŋgʊ sɔsɔ ñɩnʊ lɛ ɛlɛ wɛna hʊzɩŋ nɛ efeziɣna helim.
Nabʊyʊ taa kɛnɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔɔ se kpataayala tɩŋa kɛ nandʊ tɔɔyaa, mbʊ keŋkeŋ piciduu nɛ papazɩɣ se peli-pʊ yɔ pɔtɔkɩ. Pɔ-tɔɔnaɣ kɛlɛ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ cikpetu ndʊ tɩɩpɩzɩɣ seu yɔ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ sonzoo, kpalaacɩnjɩnzɩ, ajakoŋgoo naa mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩna ana a-taa naayɛ tɔkɩ pɔɔ taa tɩŋ hatʊ pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋna pɛwɛna nsʊlɩma wena keeke ɛsɔ hawɛ se pakpana pa-nandʊ yɔ ndʊ kɛmasɩ nɛ ŋgbam.
Kpataayala fezuuna po-tomnasi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛwɛna ɖoŋ nɛ pɛfezuuna hʊzɩŋ nɛ tomnaɣ, nɛ hali kpɩna naayɛ ɛzɩ kɩlakʊ nɛ saɖɛ mbʊ papa kpem po-tomnasi pefezuuna nɛ pɛfɛyɩna hʊzɩŋ. Pa nɛ kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ taa naayɛ palɩ ɖama, ɛlɛ papa wɛna ɖooo pɩ-taa coluu huɖuu, ɛzɩ sumasi nasɩyɛ nɛ kpɩna wena amʊzʊʊ a-piya yɔ fɛyɩna lɩm kɛdɛɖaɣ se pʊcɔ alʊlɩ.
Kpɩna naŋgbanzɩ naanaza ñɩna ana awɛ tindiŋma naanaza ɖɔɖɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, sumasi nɛ wena amʊzʊʊ a-piya yɔ, pɛwɛna pɩ-taa coluu huɖuu, naayɛ lʊlʊʊ, lɛɛna ɖʊʊ yalaa ɛlɛ hala ñɩmba nɛ yalaa ana a-yambɔyɩŋ caɣ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ halɩ lɩm ɛɛsʊʊ lɛɛna. Pa nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ pɛfɛyɩna yambɔyɩŋ mbʊ lɛ, papa ɖʊ pa-yalaa lɩm taa. Kpɩna ana akpaɣ ɖama kɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ lotu taa pɩlakɩ pɩɣa mbʊ yɔ halʊ kaaɖʊʊ yalaa lɛ abalʊ ñɩnʊ kpɛdɩɣ ɛ-hɩm yalaa yɔɔ.


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Caŋgayɩ
Caŋgayɩ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Payaʊ se caŋgayɩ yɔ, kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se « teŋu yɔɔ ». Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 18 500 000 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 634 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 6 340.
Caŋgayɩ wɛ lɩm pɔɔ nakayɩ cɔlɔ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Yaŋgɩ Jiyaŋgɩ nɛ pɔɔ ŋga ka-lɩm pɩyʊʊ siini teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Payaɣ Caŋgayɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Yang Xiong nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɔyɔ Han Zheng.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 nɛ 20 taa lɛ, Caŋgayɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, ndʊ kaakɛŋna Azii Pasiifiki taa ɖenɖe tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔma nabɛyɩ kɔma nɛ pawadɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ pasʊ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 nɛ 1930 taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsakuliye kaakɩla wɛʊ camɩyɛ.


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Siloovaakii
Siloovaakii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2004. Ajɛya wena acɔ Siloovaakii ñɩndʊ nbɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Polɔñɩ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukirɛɛnɩ, piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Hɔŋgirii, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Otirisi yɔ ɖɩwɛna, wɩsɩɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna peeɖe.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ aloma fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1918 piwolo pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1939 nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 4 pɩnaɣ 1945 pɩsɩɩna saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1992 mbʊ yɔ, Siloovaakii ɛjaɖɛ kaawɛ Cekɔsiloovaakii hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩunɛ ɖɩɩɖa ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ aloma fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1918 nɛ pʊcɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1993 kɩlɩɩ Cekɔsiloovaakii hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ sɩŋŋŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba sakɩyɛ taa nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: OTAN, OMC, OCDE yaa V4 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ keteŋa taa ajɛya wena atɔkɩ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eeroo yo ɖɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakaliɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 5 410 836 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kiolmɛtanaa 49 035.
Payaɣ Siloovaakii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ se Andrej Kiska nɛkominañɩnʊ yɔ Robert Fico. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ siloovaakɩ.


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Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall, palʊla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1842 Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa, ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1924 Cambridge tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ kɩbandʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ sukuli kiɖe ɖʊyʊ, nɖɩ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɔɔnɔɔ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ.
Ɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛɛwaba yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ Bermondsey, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɛlaba kajalaɣ taa lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyɛ sukuli nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ sukuli nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ sukuli.
Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ siɣsiɣ kɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛsʊ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ paɣtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ Etaazuunii wobu yɔ, nɛ ɛdʊʊ lɔnsɔzʊʊ natʊyʊ ɛ-tɔmpe taa se tɔsʊʊ tʊ yaa paa ɛyʊ weyi lɛ, pʊmʊna ɛcɔna ɛyʊ kpaagba wayi tɔm ɖeɖe.
Ɛtɛma ɛwɩlɩ Oxfort nɛ Bristol lɛ, ɛɖɔkɩ wɩlʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ Cambridge ɖenɖe ɛmʊ politiki tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1885 ŋtalɩ 1908. Ɛ-sukuli pɩɣa kɛlɛ John Maynard Keynes, ŋga ɛnɛ kɛ pʊhɔŋɔɣ yɔ nɛ Arthur Pigou. Alfred sɩ Cambridge tɛtʊ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1924.
Lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ wɛ ɛlɛ, pʊtɔɖɔɔ. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɛ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩpɔzʊʊ se panɩɩ ɖama lɩmaɣza nɛ akɔnta alɩwaatʊ yɔ yeke pɩlɩna tɔsʊʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ ɛlɛ, papɩzɩɣ patatɩŋna matʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Pɩsɩna se patʊzɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ pɩcaɣ ɛzɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩɩkaɣ sam nɛ pakalɩ. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɛ, tɔsʊʊ wɛ ɛlɛ kɩtɛkɛ tɩlɩyɛ laɣsɩ tɛ pɩyʊ. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩñɔtɩna ɛyʊ tɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ kpam yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɔsʊʊ kɛ wezuu pɩyʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋʊʊ tɔm tʊzʊʊ ɖoŋ.
Politiki tɔsʊʊ laɣsɩ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ tɔsʊʊ tɩlɩyɛ sʊʊtu tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ se pʊmʊna se ɖɩkpɛlɛkɩ mbʊ ɛyaa kɛwaɣ yɔ ɛzɩ kedeŋga wɛʊ yɔ. Ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩlɛzɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ yaa ɖɩɩkɛ.


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Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1977 kɛ Amien tɛtʊ taa, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2017 kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 kɛ ɛpɩsɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ.
Ɛɛkɛ samaɣ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ (MDC), pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2006 ŋtalɩ 2009 lɛ ɛsʊʊ samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2012 alɩwaatʊ lɛ pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ François Hollande takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ ɛ nɛ-ɩ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ e-kewiyitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ taatɩlɩta-ɩ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ kɛlɛ, patɩkpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ ñʊŋ kalɩyasɩ tʊma tɛ ministri.
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron kɛ Jaen Michel Macron pɩyalʊ, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1950, ɛɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ payaʊ se tɔkɩtɛrɩ yɔ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Amien CHU ɖɔkɔtɔ taa, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ François Noguès, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ sɩba pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-kɛ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ palʊla naatozo papa yɔ Emmanuel, Laurent (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1979 kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñawalɩ Sabine Aimot, nɛ Estelle (palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1982 kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñawalɩ Carl Franjou).
Macron liɖe lɩna Authie haɖaa taa, Somme tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-cɔzɔ sɔsɔ Henri Macron kaakɛ egeetiye ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnzɩ 1953 ŋtalɩ 1964. Ɛ-caa ɖoo, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se e-neze (palʊla-ɩ Robertson cejewiye taa) ɛlɛ tɛ kɛna Bristol Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɔsɔ Emmanuel Macron lɩm lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 12 ɖeke pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ, kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛsʊɣa Yeesuu ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa tɛ kɔlɛɛzɩ taa yɔ kɛ Amiens tɛtʊ taa yɔ.


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Rushmore pʊʊ
Rushmore pʊʊ kɛna pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Amerika taa yɔ nɛ kɩkɛna pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ palɩza sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ anjaʊnaa yɔ. Kɩwɛ Amerika tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Keystɔnɩ yɔ tɩ-taa, egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Rapid Sitii yɔ, ɖɩwɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ palɩza Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊndɩnaa. Peeɖe palɩza nʊndɩna ɛzɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 150 yɔ. Saayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Gutzon Borglum yɔ ɛlɩza Amerika ñʊndɩna mba pa-hɩla kɩla sɛʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɛ pɛkpɛnda ñʊndɩna 4.
Pa-anjaʊna kʊkɩyɩmɩŋ taa tala ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 18 yɔ. Ɛlɩza ñʊndɩna mba kɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1770 nɛ 1900 taa. Mba ɛlɩza yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ:
- Ɖajaa George Washington (1732-1799)
- Ɖajaa Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
- Ɖajaa Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)
- Dajaa Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
Pʊʊ ŋɣʊ kʊ-yɔɔ ɖenɖe palɩza se pasaɣ sɔdɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-kɩlɛmɩŋ yɔ, pɩtɛ walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 5,17 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖaalakɩŋ ñatalɩʊ ɛzɩ 1 745 yɔ. Ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɔm taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna naalɛ yɔ woki paa pɩnaɣ ŋga.
Pɩnaɣ 1885 kɛ Niu Yɔrkɩ tɛtʊ taa tɔm hʊʊ temiyu weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Charles E. Rushmore yɔ, ɛnʊ nanap pʊʊ ŋgʊ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ-kʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se Rushmore. Payawaɣ-kʊ Cɔzɔnaa looɖo pʊʊ. Pʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩkɛna Amerindɩyɛŋ mba lone kiɖeɖeye nɛ peeɖe habɩyɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Lakota Black Elk yɔ ɛtɩŋgaɣ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kɩ-ñʊʊtaa. Ñɩnɩyaa anasayɩaa nabɩyɩ yɔɔdʊ se pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛna hɩla sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ: Kʊʊgarɩ pʊʊ, Sʊgarlodi pʊʊ, Sʊlʊkʊta pʊʊ ɖaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ Keyiston pʊʊ. Kɩpɩza Rushmore pʊʊ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Rushmore, David Swanzey, nɛ Bill Challis pɛyɛlaɣ se patɩlɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Ɖajaa George Washington


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Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ
Yeesu Nazaarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ Yuuda tʋ; palʋla-ɩ Galiilee egetiye taa, Palɛsɩtiini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ nɛ pʋcɔ papazɩ fenasɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ pa-kɩyakɩŋ kalʋʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛwɛna wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ-wɛ ɛ-tʋma kpeekpe. Esuzaɣ ɛyaa Ɛsɔdaa Kewiyaɣ tɔm. Ɛlakaɣ nɛ kʋdɔŋ tɩnaa yɔɔ cɛkɩ. Ɛkʋsaɣ kalakalasɩ nɛ ekuluu yʋlʋma ɛzɛ nɛ ɛlakɩ nɛ canasɩ yɔɔ cɛkɩ.
Peeye ɛ-jaɖɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩnaa kʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, mbʋ ɛya ɛ-tɩ se Ɛsɔ pɩyalʋ. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ ɛtalɩ pɩnzɩ niidozo lɛ, pakʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ Jeruzalɛm tɛtʋ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, Pɔtɩ Pilatɩ kɛkɛŋna komonɖa. Yuuda n̄ɩma tɛ kasandʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Paakɩ" yɔ, tɩ-tɔɔʋ alɩwaatʋ taa pakpa-ɩ nɛ pahʋʋna-ɩ tɔm awiya ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋ tɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔ powona-ɩ komonɖa Pɔtɩ Pɩlatɩ tɛ.
Ɛ-tɔmmʋyaa yaa ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa kaɖaɣ kpayɩ se Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ Mesia yaa Krɩstʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi Ɛsɔ ta-ɩ num nɛ etiyi-i se ɛya kedeŋa kpeekpe n̄ʋʋ yɔ. Yeesu yɔɔ aseɣɖe tɔm ndʋ ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa lɩzaa yɔ ɖiyebina nɛ Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Krɩstʋ n̄ɩma kaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ nɛ ɛ-kɔmtʋ tɔm pɔyɩdɩ Nɔɔ Haʋ kɩbɩm takayaɣ taa. Malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ Yeesu se Îsâ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛ lɔɔyaɣ tʋ yaa nayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Yeesu-Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ taa n̄ɩma tɔm susuu nɛ aseɣɖe nɖɩ palɩzɩɣ Yeesu yɔɔ yɔ, peyeba nɛ ajɛɛ sɔnzɩ lɛɣzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ yɔɔ tɔm maɣzʋʋ lɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ takayɩsɩ maʋ nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɛ labʋ nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu pa-nʋmɔŋ taa.
Yeesu palʋla-ɩ nɛ pakpaɣna ɛ-lʋlʋʋ wiye nɛ papaɣzɩ fenasɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ pa-kakɩŋ cɔlʋʋ nɛ paɖʋ takayaɣ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se "kalandiriyee". Pʋ-yɔɔ palɩzɩ Kujuka se kɛkɛ Ɛsɔ kɩyakʋ, kɩyakʋ ŋgʋʋ Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ fema nɛ ɛlɩɩ pɩlaʋ taa. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛtɔzɩ klʋ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩkɛna-ɩ kasandʋ kɩyakʋ, kɩyakʋ kɩhɛzʋʋ. Pɩtɛkɛ Krɩstʋ n̄ɩma ɖeke tɔzʋʋna kɩyakʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ, ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔzʋʋ kʋ-yɔ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Fezuu (esprit)
Wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ payaa se fezuu yaa kalɩzaɣ. Mbʊ pɩkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se ɛyʊ fezuu yaa ɛyʊ kalɩzaɣ yɔ, mbʊʊ yɔ : ɛyʊ naɣ naʊ mbʊ yɔ (perception) nɛ ɛyʊ ñaŋ yaa eseliɣ seluu mbʊ nabʊyʊ ɛsɩndaa yɔ (affectivité) nɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa pʊkɔŋ kɔm mbʊ yɔ (intuition) nɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ maɣzʊʊ mbʊ yɔ (pensée) nɛ ɛyʊ hʊʊ tɔm hʊʊ mbʊ yɔ (jugement) nɛ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɖɩ pʊpɔzʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ yɔ (morale).
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba sakɩyɛ taa ɛyaa tɔŋ se ɛyʊ wɛ tɔm naadozo taa : tomnaɣ wɛɛ nɛ ciyam wɛɛ nɛ fezuu yaa kalɩzaɣ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se fezuu kɛ ɛyʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Yee ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-naadozo ɛ-taa nakʊyʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɖɔɖɔ fɛyɩ. Ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-naadozo ɛ-taa lɛ, tomnaɣ ɖeɖe ɛyʊ ɛza naɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛza ɛɛnaɣ fezuu, ɛɛnaɣ p. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii (philosophie) yɔ, kɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa lɛ, ɛyʊ fezuu tɔm pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pañɩnɩɣ kpem se patɩlɩ mbʊ payaɣ se fezuu yɔ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Mba pañɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ fezuu camɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se fezuu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ tomnaɣ. Ɛyaa mba pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se fezuu wɛ ndɩ nɛ ciyam (âme). Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sikolozii (psychologie) yɔ, kɩ-taa ñɩnɩyaa tɔŋ se fezuu kɛ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa tʊma ndɩ ndɩ, halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna tʊma wena ɛlakɩna maɣzɩm nɛ wena ɛɛlakɩ-yɛ nɛ maɣzɩm yɔ a-tɩŋa payɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se wena ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛlakɩ nɛ wena ɛlakɩ-yɛ kaasɩmtʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋg payaɣ se metafiziki (métaphysique) yɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba taa lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se wonuu ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩna tomnaɣ nɛ kɩwɛɛ ɛyʊ taa yɔ.
Pʊ-yɔɔ payaɣ mbʊ pɩtɩŋ payɩ pɩfɛyɩna tomnasɩ yɔ se feziŋ. Payaɣ Ɛsɔ se Fezuu, payaa Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa se feziŋ nɛ pɛtɛ payaa ɖɔɖɔ alewaa se feziŋ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se sikolozii (psychologie) yɔ, ka-pɩlɩʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se fezuu kɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna ɛ-fɩtɩm taa nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlakɩ lɩmaɣza yɔ.
Fezɩŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ payaɣ se eleu yaa aleewaa yɔ pɩwɛɛnɛ pɩkɛna yatʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɛ kɛlɛʋ kɛ nɩʋ taa yɔ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ aleewaa kɩbama wɛɛ nɛ kɩtɛkɛɛdaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Aleewaa kɩbama kɛlɛ mba paalakɩ ɛzaɣtʋ yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm yɔ. Aleewaa kɩbama mba pa-taa kɛlɛ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ yaa agɔlɔma. Agɔlɔma halɩ ñɩna wɛɛ nɛ abalɩ ñɩna wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Agɔlɔma kɩbana wɛɛ hɔʋ yaa hɔŋ tɛɛ nɛ a-tʋmɩyɛ yaa a-tʋma kɛlɛ se akandɩ ɛyaa yɔɔ. Piyele agɔlɔma lɛɛna wɛ ɖɩsɩ taa. Paa ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wazaɣ. Naayɛ wazaɣ kɛlɛ se ala nɛ tɛʋ nɩɩ, lɛɛna lɛ heelim, lʋlʋ, halɩkpaɣyɛ, tɔnʋʋ taa alafɩya, haɖaʋ, ɖɔɖɛ, ñɩm yaa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ.Pɩwɛ mbʋ lɛ, wayɩtʋ yaa wayɩ mba wAɛɛ nɛ mba kandʋna ɛsandɩnaa yɔɔ.
Feziŋ kɩpaŋ wayɩ lɛ, fezɩŋ kɩdɛkɛdɩŋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Fezɩŋ kɩɖɛkɛdɩŋ ɩnʋ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ kanaɣ yaa kañasɩ. Kañaɣ yaa kañasɩ kɛna ɛyaa mba pasɩba nɛ paakɛ azaɣ yɔ. Sɩɖa mba pa-kalɩzasɩ ɩɩnaɣ ɖenɖe ssɩcaɣ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ kɛ sɩyɛlɩɣna yem. Kañasɩ nzɩ, nzɩ kpaɣna ɛyaa kalɩzasɩ nɛ sɩtɔkɩna hama taa. Kañasɩ wayɩ lɛ ñazɩñazɩŋ yaa ñazɩñazʋʋ wɛɛ. Ɛlɛ pɩzɩɣ ɩpɩsɩ kpou yaa ɛzɩ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ yem yɔ nɛ ɛñazɩɣ ɛyaa. Ɛlɛ ñazɩñazɩŋ ɩnʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɩkʋ ɛyʋ nɛ hama taa.
Fezɩŋ kɩdɛkɩdɩŋ la lɛ, tozo ñɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ ɩŋʋ payaɣ se ɛmɩzɩyaa yaa ɛmɩzɩyʋ. Ɛmɩzɩyaa ñazʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ efindiluu yaa ɩcɔzʋ ɛyaa ñʋntaa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛmɩzɩyɛ sʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛpaazɩ ɛ-ñʋtaa mɩzɩʋ lɛ, pʋndʋ lakɩ lakasɩ kɩdɛkɛdasɩ ndɩ yem. Pʋndʋ lakɩ mbʋ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ.


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ÑƲƲ NAANZA
“Ðenɖe ŋwoki yɔ, mowoki ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe”
1, 2. (a) Kɛdɩ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ Ruti nɛ Nawomii pɔɖɔma nɛ kʋñɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa paawɛɛ yɔ, pɩ-tɔm. (b) Paa paawokaɣ ɖoli kʋyʋm na yɔ, tʋkaɣ ŋga kaawɛ Ruti nɛ Nawomii pa-nʋmɔʋ wobu taa?
RUTI nɛ Nawomii pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩtɩŋɩɣnɩ Mowaabʋ pʋŋ cɔlɔ. Pa-naalɛ pe-ɖeke pɛwɛnɩ pɔɖɔŋ. Ŋlosi-wɛ poliŋ taa yɔ, pɛwɛ yem ññɩɩ lakʋ lemm ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Maɣzɩ se ɖanaɣ ɖanaa, nɛ Ruti kisi nɛ ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-waŋ. Ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ se alɩwaatʋ talaa se pañɩnɩ ɖoli nɛ pahɩnɩ ɖoo taa. Ɛsɔɔlɩ Nawomii pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ɛkaɣ ñaɣʋ pana se ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ.
2 Halaa mba pa-naalɛ paawɛ kʋñɔŋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Nawomii pɩsʋʋ lelu yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ kʋñɔŋ kɩfalʋʋ nakʋyʋ tasɩ-ɩ talʋʋ. Ɛ-pɩyalaa naalɛ mba payaɣ se Kiliyɔŋ nɛ Mahalɔŋ yɔ, pasɩba. Ruti ɖɔɖɔ kaawɛɛ nɛ ewiɣ ɛ-walʋ Mahalɔŋ sɩm. Ɛ nɛ Nawomii peɖiɣni wobu Bɛtɩlɛhɛm, Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Paa ɖoli kʋyʋm powoki yɔ, nabʋyʋ kaawɛ ndɩ pa-nʋmɔʋ wobu taa. Nawomii ɖiɣni pɩsʋʋ ɛ-tɛ. Ɛlɛ Ruti ñakʋyɩ ɛ-tɛ nɛ eyele ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ, ɛ-sɔnzɩ nɛ ɛ-ɛsɔnaa nɛ ewoki ɖenɖe ɛɛsɩŋ yɔ.—Kalɩ Ruti 1:3-6.
3. Tɔm ndʋ yɔɔ cosuu kaɣ-ɖʋ sɩnʋʋ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ Ruti tisuu?
3 Ɛbɛ yebi kpem nɛ asɛyɩbɩɣa ŋga, kɛlɛɣzɩ ke-wezuu caɣʋ mbʋ? Ɛzɩma Ruti kaɣ pɩzʋʋ nɛ ɛcaɣ wezuu kɩfalʋʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛcɔnɩ Nawomii yɔɔ? Tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cosuu kaɣ-ɖʋ sɩnʋʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ Mowaabʋ tʋ Ruti ha-ɖʋ tisuu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ. (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ aɖakaɣ ŋga ka-ñʋʋ kɛ “ Takayaɣ cikpelaɣ ŋga pamanɩ lɛɣtʋ yɔ.”) Kajalaɣ lɛ, yele nɛ ɖɩna ɛzɩma pɩlaba nɛ halaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pakpaɣ nʋmɔʋ kɩɖaɣlʋʋ ŋgʋ se powoki Bɛtɩlɛhɛm yɔ.
Sɩm kɔnɩ kʋñɔŋ sɔsɔʋ hɔʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ
4, 5. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Nawomii hɔʋ kaawobi caɣyɩtʋ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa? (b) Tɩlasɩ nzɩ Nawomii katɩ Mowaabʋ peeɖe?
4 Mowaabʋ kaakɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛnɩ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taapalʋlɩ Ruti, nɛ peeɖe ɛcaɣ nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ. Pɩɩkɛ pʋŋ nɛ piyisi ɛjaɖɛ. Pʋŋ ɛnɩ ɩ-ñʋŋ taa walɩ wamm nɛ tɩŋ taaɖɔɔ ɩ-yɔɔ. Nɛ kajalanzɩ kaacɔ pʋŋ ɛnɩ nɛ ɩta. Tɛtʋ kaawɛ mʋzʋŋ siŋŋ “Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ” taa. Ñɔɔsɩ kaawɛ Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ tɔɔnaɣ ñalakaɣ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Halɩ mbʋ yebina nɛ Mahalɔŋ nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ pakatɩ Ruti kajalaɣ ɖeɖe.—Rut. 1:1.
5 Ñɔɔsɩ nasɩyɩ kaalɩ Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɛ pʋyɔɔ Nawoomi nɛ ɛ-walʋ Elimelɛɛkɩ nɛ pa-pɩyalaa naalɛ pakʋyaa nɛ powolo caɣyɩtʋ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛnɩ pe-tisuu takɩm, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩɩpɔzaa se Izrayɛɛlɩ piya iwoki ɖoŋ ɖoŋ lone nɖɩ Yehowa lɩzaa yɔ, ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɛsɛɣ-ɩ. (Wp. 16:16, 17) Ɛlɛ, Nawomii kaañaɣ pana nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ e-tisuu. Paa mbʋ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛ-walʋ sɩba yɔ ɛnɩ siziŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.—Rut. 1:2, 3.
6, 7. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩɩcɛyɩ Nawomii se ɛ-pɩyalaa kpaɣ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa halaa? (b) Ɛzɩma Nawomii cɔnɩ e-wolaa yɔɔ yɔ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩɩmʋnɩ samtʋ?
6 Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Nawomii pɩyalaa kpaɣ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa halaa yɔ, ɛtasɩ siziŋ nɩʋ. (Rut. 1:4) Nawomii kaasɩma se pɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham ñaɣ pana siŋŋ nɛ etiyi ɛ-tɛ nɛ pañɩnɩ ɛ-pɩyalʋ Izaakɩ halʋ weyi ɛsɛɣ Yehowa yɔ. (Kiɖe 24:3, 4) Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Moyizi Paɣtʋ paɣ Izrayɛɛlɩ piya se sitaayele nɛ sɩ-pɩyalaa nɛ sɩ-pɛlaa ɖɔkɩ nesi nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɛna taa ɛyaa, pɩtɩkɛ mbʋ yɔ, Ɛsɔ samaɣ tɔlʋʋ sɩɩnaa latʋ taa.—Wp. 7:3, 4.
7 Ɛlɛ, Mahalɔŋ nɛ Kiliyɔŋ pakʋyɩ nɛ pakpaɣ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa halaa. Paa tɔm ndʋ tɩɩcɛyɩ Nawomii yɔ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛwɩlɩ e-wolaa, Ruti nɛ Orpa, sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ nɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ. Pɩtɩla, ɛɛwɛnɩ lidaʋ se wiɖiyi pakaɣ pɩsʋʋ Yehowa sɛyaa ɛzɩ ɛnʋ yɔ. Ruti nɛ Orpa paasɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ Nawomii siŋŋ. Nɛ ɛzɩma paasɔɔlɩ ɖama yɔ, pɩsɩnɩ-wɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kʋñɔŋ talɩ-wɛ yɔ. Asɛyɩbiya nzɩ sɩ-naalɛ sɩtaalʋlɩ piya pʋcɔ nɛ sɩpɩsɩɣ lelaa.—Rut. 1:5.
8. Ɛbɛ sɩnɩ Ruti nɛ ɛñɔtɩnɩ Yehowa?
8 Ruti tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kaasɩnɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ asɛyʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa? Aayɩ. Mowaabʋ mba sɛɣaɣ ɛsɔnaa sakɩyɛ. Nɛ pɛ-ɛsɔ sɔsɔ lɛ Kemɔɔsɩ. (Kɩg. 21:29) Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Mowaabʋ mba Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ taa palakaɣ kañatʋ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩtɔyɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ. Pakpakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pe-piya nɛ palaɣ pɛ-ɛsɔnaa. Ye mbʋ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se tɔm ndʋ Mahalɔŋ yaa Nawomii pawɩlɩ Ruti Izrayɛɛlɩ tɛ Ɛsɔ Yehowa yɔɔ yɔ, tɩɖɩɣzɩ-ɩ yem. Pawɩlɩ-ɩ se Yehowa kɛ Ɛsɔ sɔɔlɩm tʋ nɛ pʋtɔdɩyɛ nayʋ. Nɛ Yehowa ɖiyiɣ ɛ-ɛyaa nɛ sɔɔlɩm na, ɛɛñazɩɣ-wɛ kɩñazʋ. (Kalɩ Wayɩ Wayɩ Paɣtʋ 6:5.) Pɩtɩla yɔ, sɩm mbʋ pɩtalɩ-wɛ yɔ piyeba nɛ Ruti tasɩ ñɔtɩnʋʋ Nawomii kpam. Nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ akpadɩyʋ ɛnʋ ɛkɛdaɣ Yehowa Ɛsɔ ɖoŋ tɩŋa tʋ tʋma kɩbana, ɛ-sɔɔlɩm nɛ ɛzɩma ɛnaɣ ɛ-samaɣ pʋtɔdɩyɛ yɔ pɩ-tɔm lɛ, Ruti kemsaɣni-i camɩyɛ.
9-11. (a) Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ Nawomii, Ruti nɛ Orpa paakpaɣ? (b) Ɛbɛ kʋñɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩtalɩ Nawomii, Ruti nɛ Orpa yɔ, kɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ?
9 Nawomii kaasɔɔlaa kpem se ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩlɩnɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ lɛ, ɛnɩɩ se ñɔɔsɩ tɛm Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩtɩla yɔ, ɛnɩ tɔm ndʋ nɛ kɩyakʋ kpayʋ nɔɔyʋ na. Yehowa tasɩ tɔzʋʋ ɛ-samaɣ yɔɔ. Bɛtɩlɛhɛm hɩɖɛ ɖaɣnɩ sɛʋ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-hɩɖɛ tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “Kpɔnʋ Ðɩɣa.” Peeɖe Nawomii kpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ɛpɩsɩɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.—Rut. 1:6.
10 Ɛbɛ Ruti nɛ Orpa pakaɣ labʋ yɔ? (Rut. 1:7) Kʋñɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩtalɩ-wɛ yɔ, kiyeba nɛ pɔñɔtɩnɩ Nawomii kpam. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Nawomii camɩyɛ lakasɩ nɛ e-tisuu pɔ-yɔɔ lɛ, Ruti kaasɔɔlɩ-ɩ kpem. Lelaa naadozo panɛ pakpaɣ nʋmɔʋ se powoki Yuda.
11 Ruti takayaɣ wɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ se pɩtɩkɛ ɛyaa kɩdɛkɛdaa yeke asɛyʋʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩtalɩ, ɛlɛ kɩtalɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kɩbama. (Ekl. 9:2, 11) Kawɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ ɖɔɖɔ se ye ɖilesi ɖɛ-ɛyʋ kʋsɔɔlʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔ, pɩkɩlɩɣ ɖeu se ɖɩñɩnɩ laŋɩyɛ hɛzʋʋ ɛyaa lalaa cɔlɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mba paɖʋʋ kʋyʋʋ Yehowa, Ɛsɔ weyi Nawomii sɛɣaɣ yɔ.—Ad. 17:17.
Ruti wɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ
12, 13. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Nawomii taasɔɔlɩ se Ruti nɛ Orpa patɩŋ ɛ-wayɩ? Nɛ suwe pocosi Nawomii?
12 Lelaa naadozo mba, pɔɖɔ kilomɛtawaa sakɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, Nawomii kaamaɣzaɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛmaɣzaɣ e-wolaa naalɛ mba paawɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ ɛzɩma paasɔɔlɩ ɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalaa yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛtɩsɔɔlɩ se ɛtasɩ-wɛ sʋʋtʋ natʋyʋ sɔzʋʋ. Ye halaa panɛ peyebi pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛpatɩŋ ɛ-wayɩ nɛ powolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm tɛtʋ taa, ɛbɛ ɛkaɣ pɩzʋʋ se ɛla nɛ ɛcɔnɩ pɔ-yɔɔ?
13 Pɩkɛdaa lɛ, Nawomii heyi e-wolaa se: “Ikpe mi-ɖoo ɖɩɣa taa, [Yehowa] ɛna mɩ-pʋtɔdɩyɛ, ɛzɩ ɩɖɔkʋʋ ma nɛ sɩɖaa yɔ.” Eheyi-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnʋ taɣ liu se Yehowa kaɣ-wɛ walaa haʋ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ caɣʋ wezuu kɩfalʋʋ. Nɛ “ɛkpɛlɩ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɛɛ-wɛ. Paba sʋʋ wiu yɔɔ ɖoŋ.” Pɩwɛ kɛlɛʋ se ɖɩna mbʋ pʋyɔɔ Ruti nɛ Orpa paasɔɔlɩ pa-waŋ kɩbanʋ ɛnʋ yɔ; ɛɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛñɩnɩɣ se piɖeni lalaa yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pasʋʋ e-tenduu yɔɔ se: “Ðɩtɩŋɩɣ ña-wayɩ ña-samaɣ cɔlɔ.”—Rut. 1:8-10.
14, 15. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Orpa pɩsɩ ɛ-tɛ? (b) Ɛzɩma Nawomii ñaɣ pana se ɛla nɛ Ruti kiti ɛ-tɛ?
14 Ɛlɛ pɩtaawɛɛ kɛlɛʋ se Nawomii etisi nɛ patɩŋɩ-ɩ. Eheyi-wɛ se ɛnʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩnɩ-wɛ Izrayɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛfɛyɩ walʋ; ɛfɛyɩnɩ pɩyalaa ɖɔɖɔ se paakɔɔ nɛ pawalɩ-wɛ. Lidaʋ nakʋyʋ fɛyɩ. Eheyi-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnɩɣ siziŋ ɛ-kaabɩzɩtʋ yɔɔ. Tɔm ndʋ Nawomii yɔɔdaa yɔ, tɩla tʋmɩyɛ Orpa yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ɛ-ñɩma wɛ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, e-ɖoo wɛ peeɖe, ɛwɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩɣa peeɖe. Ye mbʋ, pɩkɩlɩ-ɩ ɖeu se ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɛ. Peeɖe ɛkpɛlɩ ɛ-waŋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛzɩtɛɣlɩm nɛ ɛcaŋ ɛpɩsɩ.—Rut. 1:11-14.
15 Ruti yɔ, ɛbɛ ɛlɛ ñalaba? Tɔm ndʋ Nawomii yɔɔdaa yɔ, titukuni Ruti ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛlɛ Bibl tɔm se: ‘Ruti ñɔnɩ ɛ-waŋ.’ Pɩtɩla yɔ,Nawomii ɖɔm camm pʋcɔ nɛ ɛna se Ruti ɖiɣni ɛ-wayɩ tɩŋʋʋ. Peeɖe eheyi Ruti se: “Ŋnaɣ, ño-woluɖa pɩsɩ ɛ-ɛyaa samaɣ cɔlɔ nɛ ɛ-agɔlɩma cɔlɔ, wolo ña nɛ ɩ.” (Rut. 1:15) Nawomii tɔm tʋnɛ tɩwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ. Orpa tɩpɩsɩ ɛ-samaɣ ɖeke cɔlɔ na. Ɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ “ɛ-agɔlɩma” cɔlɔ. Ɛɛsɔɔlɩ Kemɔɔsɩ nɛ ɛsɔnaa lalaa sɛʋ. Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ Ruti kaasɔɔlaa se ɛla na?
16-18. (a) Ɛzɩma Ruti wɩlaa se ɛwɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ? (b) Ɛbɛ Ruti tɔm ndʋ tɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ-ɖʋ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ wɛnʋʋ yɔɔ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ halaa mba pa-naalɛ pa-kɩlɛmɩŋ.)
16 Ruti nɛ Nawomii pe-ɖeke pɛwɛnɩ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛɛlɛɛyɔ. Peeɖe Ruti wɩlaa se tɔm ndʋ ɛyɔɔdʋʋ yɔ, tɩlɩnɩ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa na. Ɛsɔɔlɩ Nawomii nɛ Ɛsɔ weyi Nawomii sɛɣ yɔ. Pʋyɔɔ ɛtɔm se: “Taacɛyɩ-m se meyebi-ŋ nɛ manpɩsɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ŋwoki ɖenɖe yɔ, mowoki, nɛ ŋcakɩ ɖenɖe yɔ mancakɩ: Ñɛ-ɛyaa samaɣ kɛ mɛ-ɛyaa samaɣ nɛ ñɛ-Ɛsɔ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɛ-Ɛsɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩmʋʋ-ŋ ña-sɩm wiye yɔ, tɩ-taa mankaɣ sɩbʋ nɛ peeɖe mankaɣ hiɣu lone man-pɩlaʋ. [Yehowa] ɛlabɩ-m kʋjɔʋ kʋnɛ yɔ nɛ lɛɛkʋ, nɛ sɩm ɖeke kaayasɩnɩ ma nɛ ŋ ɖɛ-hɛkʋ taa.”—Rut. 1:16, 17.
17 Ruti tɔm tʋnɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛyɔɔdʋʋ tɔm tʋnɛ yɔ, pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 3000 mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ tɩkpɛndɩ tɩwɛ ɖeu mbʋ. Tɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛwɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ. Ɛɛsɔɔlɩ Nawomii siŋŋ, pʋyɔɔ ɛñɔnɩ-ɩ kpam se ɛ nɛ ɩ powoki paa le. Sɩm ɖeke kaɣnɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yasʋʋ. Nawomii samaɣ kaɣ pɩsʋʋ ɛ-samaɣ. Ruti yebi mbʋ payɩ ɛɛwɛnɩ Mowaabʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ Mowaabʋ agɔlɩma. Ɛtɩla ɛzɩ Orpa kaalabʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛɛsɔɔlaa siŋŋ se Yehowa, Nawomii tɛ Ɛsɔ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-Ɛsɔ.
18 Pɩlabɩ mbʋ lɛ, pa-naalɛ pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ nʋmɔʋ kɩɖaɣlʋʋ ŋgʋ se powolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm. Akɔnta nakʋyʋ wɩlɩɣ se palabɩ ɛzɩ kpɩtaʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mbʋ yɔ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se pɛhɛzɩ ɖama laŋa takɩm mbʋ pɩ-taa.
19. Ɛzɩ Ruti yɔ, ɛzɩma ŋmaɣzɩɣ se ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ hɔʋ taa, taabalɩyɛ ɖʋʋ taa nɛ ɛgbɛyɛ taa?
19 Sɔnɔ, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩɣ siziŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ. Ðɩwɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Bibl yaɣ se “alɩwaatʋ kaɖɛ ñɩndʋ” yɔ, tɩ-taa, nɛ kigiluu tɔm ndʋ ɖɩnɩɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ yɔ, tiyeki nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ wɩzasɩ sakɩyɛ. (2 Tim. 3:1, ABT) Ye mbʋ, pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩwɛɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ ɛzɩ Ruti yɔ. Ye ɛyʋ ɛwɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ yɔ, pituzuu-i nɛ ɛñɔɔnɩ weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ yɔ kpam; wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ tɩcɛyɩ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ kaɖɛ ñɩndʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa. Pɩcɛyaa se halʋ nɛ ɛ-walʋ, hɔʋ taa mba nɛ taabalaa pɛwɛɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ. Sɔɔlɩm mbʋ pɩcɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ Krɩstʋ ɛgbɛyɛ taa. (Kalɩ 1 Yohanɛɛsɩ 4:7, 8, 20.) Ye ɖɩwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩñakɩ pana se ɖɩwɛɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm mbʋ yɔ, pʋbʋ lɛ ɖɩwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩɣnɩ Ruti lɛ.
Ruti nɛ Nawomii patalɩ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm
20-22. (a) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Mowaabʋ tɛtʋ taa caɣʋ kɔnɩ Nawomii kaɖɛ? (b) Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ nɖɩ Nawomii kaawɛnɩ kʋñɔmɩŋ weyi ɩtalɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɩ-yɔɔ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ Yakubu 1:13.)
20 Ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛwɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ; ɛlɛ ɛ-lakasɩ kaɣnɩ wɩlʋʋ se ɛwɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm mbʋ toovenim. Ruti kaawɛnɩ waɖɛ se ɛwɩlɩ sɔɔlɩm mbʋ Nawomii nɛ Yehowa, Ɛsɔ weyi ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlɩzaa se ɛsɛɣ yɔ.
21 Halaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pɔkɔɔ patalɩ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm. Bɛtɩlɛhɛm kaakɛ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ tiposini Yerusalɛm ɛzɩ kilomɛtawaa hiu mbʋ yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, Nawomii nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ pa-hɩɖɛ kaasɛ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ tɩ-taa; mbʋ yebina nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyaa nɩwa se ɛpɩsaa nɛ ɛkɔɔ lɛ, papaɣzɩ ɛ-tɔm ñɔkʋʋ paa le. Tɛtʋ taa halaa ñɔtɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se: “Nawomii kɛlɛ ɛnʋ yɔ?” Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛcaɣʋ Mowaabʋ yɔ, ɛlɛɣzaa kpem; ɛ-ɛzɩdaa nɛ ɛ-wɛtʋ pawɩlɩɣ se ɛtɔɔ kʋñɔŋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ siziŋ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ.—Rut. 1:19.
22 Nawomii kɛdɩ ɛ-hɔʋ taa mba nɛ ɛ-taabalaa kɩbɩma siziŋ weyi ɛnɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ. Halɩ eheyi-wɛ se pataatasɩ-ɩ yaʋ se Nawomii (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “maɣzaɣ”), ɛlɛ payaa-ɩ se Mara (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “siziŋ nɩyʋ”). Nawomii tɔm labɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ. Ɛzɩ Yɔb yɔ, Nawomii maɣzaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Yehowa cɔlɔ ɛ-kʋñɔmɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ lɩnaa.—Rut. 1:20, 21; Yɔb 2:10; 13:24-26.
23. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Ruti paɣzɩ maɣzʋʋ? Nɛ waɖɛ nɖɩ Moyizi Paɣtʋ kaaha kʋñɔndɩnaa? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.)
23 Halaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pehiɣ ɖɩjaɣyɛ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, Ruti paɣzɩ maɣzʋʋ ɛzɩma ɛla nɛ ɛcɔnɩ ɛ nɛ Nawomii pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛnɩwa se Paɣtʋ ndʋ Yehowa ha Izrayɛɛlɩ piya yɔ, tɩ-taa ɖʋtʋ kɩbandʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩsɩɣnɩ kʋñɔndɩnaa. Pɩha kʋñɔndɩnaa waɖɛ se powoki hayɩm taa kʋmtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa nɛ patɩŋɩɣ kʋnɖaa wayɩ nɛ pacazɩɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga peyebini pa-wayɩ yɔ, yaa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ hayɩm kpɛnzɩ nɛ kamasɩ yɔɔ yɔ. *—Lev. 19:9, 10; Wp. 24:19-21.
24, 25. Ɛbɛ Ruti laba alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛtalɩ Bowaazɩ hayɩm taa yɔ? Nɛ ɛzɩma tɔɔnaɣ cazʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛɛ?
24 Mɩla kʋm alɩwaatʋ talaa. Nɛ Ruti lɩɩ hayɩm taa se ɛna se ahaɣ-ɩ nʋmɔʋ se ɛcazɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɛ-hayɩm taa. Ɛ-ñʋʋ la leleŋ nɛ ɛtalɩ ñɩm tʋ nɔɔyʋ hayɩm taa. Payaɣ-ɩ se Bowaazɩ, ɛɛkɛ tɛtʋ tʋ nɛ Nawomii walʋ Elimelɛɛkɩ liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Paa Paɣtʋ kaaha Ruti waɖɛ se ɛcazɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, etikii waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ; ɛlɛ ɛpɔzɩ nʋmɔʋ evebu weyi ɛcɔŋnɩ tʋmlaɖaa yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pʋcɔ. Ɛlɛ ha-ɩ nʋmɔʋ lɛ, Ruti paɣzɩ tʋmɩyɛ kpaagbaa.—Rut. 1:22-2:3, 7.
25 Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna ɛzɩma Ruti wɛɛ nɛ ɛtɩŋɩɣ kʋnɖaa wayɩ yɔ. Pakʋŋ mɩla nɛ pɛɖɛɛ lɛ, Ruti tɩŋɩɣ pa-wayɩ nɛ eteɣziɣ wena atɔlaa yɔ yaa wena pɔsɔ a-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛhɔkʋʋ-yɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, etuli mɩhɔɔ ana nɛ ewoni ɖenɖe ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛmabɩ-yɛ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɩɖɔŋ lɛɛ lɛɛ, ɖɩnɩɣ ɛyaa nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ wɩsɩ paɣzɩɣ ñaɣʋ lɛ, ɖɩwɛ kaɖɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Ɛlɛ, Ruti ñɔnɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ kpam. Ye ŋna-ɩ ɛkʋyaa nɛ ɛsɩŋ yɔ, soŋaɣ ɛcaɣ kɔlʋʋ e-kiɖe taa yaa tɔɔnaɣ nakɛyɛ pazɩ yem ewobi tɔɔʋ cokiye nɖɩ palaba se tʋmlaɖaa ɩmʋʋ helim ɖɩ-tɛɛ yɔ.
26, 27. Wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ Bowaazɩ kaawɛna? Nɛ ɛzɩma tɩyɛ ɛcɔnɩ Ruti yɔɔ?
26 Pɩtɩla yɔ, Ruti taamaɣzɩ se ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ nɛ pasɩmɩ-ɩ; ɛlɛ paba ñɛtɛmɩ-ɩ sɩm. Bowaazɩ na-ɩ lɛ, ɛpɔzɩ evebu weyi ɛkɛ kʋnɖaa ñʋʋdʋ yɔ se anɩ lɛ. Bowaazɩ kaawɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ nɛ ɛtalaa lɛ, ɛsɛɛ ɛ-tʋmlaɖaa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se: “[Yehowa] Ɛsɔ nɛ mɩ.” Ŋgʋ pa-taa nabɛyɛ kɛ evemiye taa tʋmlaɖaa yem na nɛ lɛlaa ñɛkɛ agɔma. Pa-tɩŋa pocosi-i ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ. Abalʋ akpadɩyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛsɔɔlɩ Yehowa nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ Ruti siŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛ-pɩɣa yɔ.—Rut. 2:4-7.
Ruti 2:8, 9, 14.) Ɛlɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɛ, ɛsamɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkpazɩ-ɩ ɖoŋ. Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ?27 Bowaazɩ yaa Ruti se “mɛn-pɛlɛ” nɛ ɛsɔzɩ-ɩ lɔŋ se ɛkɔm ɛ-hayɩm taa tɔɔnaɣ cazʋʋ lɛ, ɛmalɩnɩ asɛyɩbiya nzɩ sɩwɛ ɛ-tɛ yɔ nɛ tʋmlaɖʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛtaacaa-ɩ tɔm. Ɛñaɣ pana kpem se Ruti ehiɣ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ wɩsɩ taa. (Kalɩ
28, 29. (a) Ɛzɩma Ruti hɩɖɛ kaasɛwa? (b) Ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋɖʋ kʋyʋʋ Yehowa ɛzɩ Ruti yɔ?
28 Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ruti pɔzɩ Bowaazɩ se ɛnʋ ɛgɔm, ɛbɛ ɛlabɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛhaɣ-ɩ waɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, Bowaazɩ cosi-i se ɛnʋ nɩ mbʋ mbʋ payɩ ɛlabɩ ɛ-waŋ Nawomii yɔ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Nawomii sam e-wolu kʋsɔɔlʋ Ruti Bɛtɩlɛhɛm halaa cɔlɔ, nɛ halɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩtalɩ Bowaazɩ. Ɛɛnawa ɖɔɖɔ se Ruti paɣzɩ sɛʋ Yehowa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔm se: “[Yehowa] ɛhɛyɩ-ŋ ña-tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ŋmʋ [Yehowa] Izrayɛɛlɩ tɛ Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ kɩhɛyʋʋ sɔsɔʋ, weyi ŋkɔm ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ ŋɖʋ-ɩ kʋyʋʋ yɔ.”—Rut. 2:12.
29 Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se tɔm ndʋ, tɩha Ruti ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Toovenim, Ruti kɔm nɛ ɛɖʋ kʋyʋʋ yaa ɛmɛlɩ Yehowa keŋ tɛɛ ɛzɩ sumaɣ mɛlʋʋ ko-ɖoo keŋ tɛɛ se nabʋyʋ ɛtaakpa-kɛ yɔ. Ɛsɛɛ Bowaazɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔm ndʋ eheyi-i yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Nɛ ɛwɛɛ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɖanaɣ kɔɔ kaɖanɩ.—Rut. 2:13, 17.
30, 31. Ɛbɛ Ruti tɔm kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, ɛsɩmɩyɛ, nɛ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ wɛnaʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa?
30 Ruti tisuu kɛnɩ-ɖʋ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ siŋŋ, ɖa mba ɖɩlakɩ liidiye kʋñɔŋ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛtɩɖaŋ se lalaa ɩcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ lelu, ɛlɛ ɛ-taa labɩ leleŋ nɛ mbʋ mbʋ paha-ɩ yɔ. Fɛyɛ tɩkpa-ɩ se ɛkpaɣ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛla tʋmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩnɖɛ se ɛcɔnɩ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ, paa tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtaalɩɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Etisi faaa nɛ ɛɖɔ lɔŋ weyi patasɩ-ɩ pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛ nɛ mba pala tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɩtaakɔnɩ-ɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ, ɩ-yɔɔ. Kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɛ, ɛtɩsɔɔ Yehowa Ɛsɔ weyi ɛkɛ ɛ-ɖɩmɛlɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ yɔ, ɛ-yɔɔ.
31 Ye ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Ruti kɩɖaʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ sɔɔlɩm siŋŋ, ti-luzuu, ɛsɩmɩyɛ nɛ kpekpeka tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa yɔ, ɖe-tisuu ɖɔɖɔ kaɣ kɛʋ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ ɛyaa lalaa. Ɛlɛ, ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yehowa cɔnɩ Ruti nɛ Nawomii pɔ-yɔɔ? Ðɩkaɣ-tʋ naʋ ñʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɔŋ yɔ, kɩ-taa.
^ tay. 23 Paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Nɛ pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se paɣtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ mbʋ Ruti ɛjaɖɛ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pataacɔŋnɩ lelaa yɔɔ camɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm se: “Ye halʋ nɔɔyʋ walʋ ɛsɩba yɔ, ɛ-pɩyalaa pɩwɛɛ se pɔcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ; ɛlɛ ye ɛfɛyɩnɩ pɩyalaa yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ yom, yaa ɛpɛdɩ ɛ-tɩ kʋzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa, pɩtɩkɛ mbʋ yɔ ɛtɛŋnɩ sɩm.”


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Keɖe
Keɖe kɛna ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa mɔɔyɛ naɖɛyɛ. Mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ nɖɩ kɩlɩna ɖoŋ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna mɔɔ kpeekpe taa. Ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa kela ɖɔɔ nɛ acɔ ɛ-kɩnandʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Keɖe hʊlʊmaa nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ hʊlʊmɩŋ yɔɔ tɩyɛ kɛnɛ.
Kela tosobi kusobu kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛt kpɩnɛ nɔɔtaa yem. Hokasi nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ nzɩ sɩtamna keɖe nɛ kɩnandʊ kpam nɛ pɩñɔɔ cɩŋcɩŋ. Ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa kele wɛ tɔm naputozo taa: nɔɔyɔɔ kela wɛɛ nɛ akpenda litozo (8), naanza hayʊ nɛ naanza hadɛ, ɛyʊ woŋgu lɛ ana pɩlɛkɩɣ naʊ; a-cɔlɔ kpam lɛ, naanza wɛɛ nɛ awɛ lɔŋ nɛ awɛ cɔŋŋcɔŋŋ, nɛ awɛ paa kalaaʊ ŋgʊlɛ kɩcɔlɔ; a-wayɩ lɛ kalaaʊ taa kela ñɛwɛna nɛ alɛ kpɛnda nɛɛlɛ (20). Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ sɔtʊyʊ nɔɔtaa nɛ kela hiuwaa naatozo nɛ naalɛ (32).
Pɛwɛ mbʊ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa tɩŋga nɔsɩtaa awɛ 32, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɩ nɔsɩtaa wɛ kela lɛɛtɩŋ nɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛya mba, pɔ-nɔsɩtaa kela ɖɛ 32 yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ ɛyaa yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna tɩŋga nɔsɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ kela wɛɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ nɔsɩ taa lɛ, kalaaŋ taa kela yeke wɛna.
Kela wɛna wazaɣ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa yaa ɛyʊ wezu cagʊ taa. Nɔɔ kela sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɛcaɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ, ɛsɛtɩɣ-sɩ keɖekeɖe nɛ yee pɩɩsaŋ kɔyɔ, e-kela wena alɛ ñɛwɛ kalaaʊ taa kela cɔlɔ yɔ, alɛ kɛ ɛcɩyʊɣna. Pɩkazɩ nɛ kalaaʊ taa kelɑ yɔ, alɛ kɛ ɛnaŋgʊna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, kela tɔsɔɔlɩ se nabʊyʊ ɛcɩɩ a-yɔɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɖipɩz:ɩɣ nɛ ɖɩlɔɔtɩ yaa ɖɩpʊtʊsɩ.


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Ɔrɩgɩ
Ɖɛ-hɛkʊʊ taa ɔrɩgɩ kɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kemaɣ, kɩkɛ pɩnaɣ taa ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ nɛ tɩŋ weyi e-pee wɛ pɔyɩŋ taa yɔ ɛ-tɛ. Kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo lɔnda tɩŋ weyi pahayaɣ-ɩ yɔ ɛ-taa. Kʊ-mʊna camɩyɛ ɛwaɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wɛtʊ pɩlɩnɛ ŋna paa wɩlɩŋ ɛgba pɩcɛyʊʊ-kʊ mbʊ lɛ, kɩkɛ kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɖooo canaʊ Krɛkɩ mba kɩlaɣ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɔtɔkaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ tindine yaa tɛɛʊ (maza). Ɔrɩgɩ ñɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ sɔŋgaɣ halɩ ntalɩ kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ taa mɛta naa 4500 Tibɛtii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pasɩma ɔrɩgɩ pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ lɔtʊ ɖʊ cɔm cɔm ɛzɩ tandʊʊ yɔ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ taa tɩŋ ŋgʊ paya-kʊ se pɩyaʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ kɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ yɔɔdaɣ taa. Ɖooo lɔnda kɩɩwɛ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ. Paasɩma-kʊ mʊzʊŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ taa ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 15000 cɔlɔ. Pakatɩ ɔrɩgɩ tɛ cajaasɩ canaʊ kiɖe tɛ nɛ palakɩnɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm kɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm tʊma kuduyuŋ cikpeŋ taa kɛ Egipiti nɛ Siini ajɛyɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 5000 mbʊ yɔ.
Ɔrɩgɩ tɛ haɖaʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nikaɣ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ kʊ-kʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ nikaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa halɩ pɩtalɩ −15 °C nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊɖʊ lʊtʊ tayɩ tayɩ kɩwɛna pee cɛnzɩ naalɛ yaa kɩwɛna lʊtʊ lɔɔ lɔɔ kɛ pee cɛnzɩ loɖo. Nikaɣ tɛ ɔrɩgɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ mba pɛwɛnɛ cɛnzɩ loɖo yɔ payaɣ-wɛ se escourgeon. Poɖuu-wɛ salaŋ fenaɣ tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩtalɩ aloma fenaɣ tɛ paɣzɩtʊ nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ peleŋ-yɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ nikaɣ alɩwaatʊ talɩ. Kpiziiɖe tɛ ɔrɩgɩ kʊkʊ sɔɔlɩ ɖɔm pɛɛ, tɩŋ lɩm ñɔʊ alɩwaatʊ tobi nɛ poɖuu-kʊ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛnɛ.


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Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms kɛ soo luɖu nɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Pɩtasɩɩna piɖeke, ɛmakɩ piyano ɖɔɖɔ ɖeu. Ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ caama soo tɩnaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ taa sɔsɔ nɔoyʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛna tandaʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1833 taa. Hambourg egeetiye taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ naadozo (3) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1897 taa. Fɩyɛɛnɩ egeetiye taa ɛsɩba.
Ɖajaa Johannes Brahms minziiki maɖʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ minziiki tʋmɩyɛ laɖaa tɩnaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛwɛ yuŋ yaa wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖajaa Ludwig van Beethoven yɔ.
Ɛ-kajalaɣ wendu lɩna ɖajaa Hans Guido von Bülow wɩlɩtʋ taa. E-weŋgalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ Beethoven tɛ hiu n̄ɩŋga. Brahms kɛ abalʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ alɩwaatʋ tɩŋa payɩ lɛ, lone kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla e-wendu teu tʋmɩyɛ. Lone nɖɩɩ lɛ Vienne egeetiye.
Vienne egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ wazaɣ tʋ siŋŋ minziiki mabʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Johannes Brahms ɛnɛ, ɛlɩza wendu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ ɛmabɩna piyano. Ɛlɩza ɖɔɖɔ ɖanda minziiki nɛ pɩtasɩna soo maɖaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ tɛ weŋgalaɣ nɛ nɔɔ wiluu yaa nɔɔ tiluu.
Minziiki labʋ tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ minziiki maɖʋ Johannes Brahms nɛ ɛ-tabalaa lɛlaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, ndʋ lɛ size, Johannes Brahms tatɩɩlabʋ paa wiɖi kɛ minziiki ŋgʋ paya size opera yɔ. Ɛlaba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ piyano maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi yɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ Clara Schumann, nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ fɩyɔlɔnsɛlɩ maɖʋ lɛ ɖajaa Joseph Joachim.


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Auguste nɛ Louis Lumière
Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière nɛ Louis Jean Lumière pɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa. Palʋla ɖajaa Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière. Ɖajaa Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière kɩlɩ ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière nɛ pɩnzɩ naalɛ.
Palʋla ɖajaa Auguste Louis Lumière kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1862 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Besançon tɛtʋ taa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1954 n̄ɩŋga taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba Lyon tɛtʋ taa.
Palʋla ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière ɖɔɖɔ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1864 n̄ɩŋga taa. Besançon tɛtʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ palʋla-ɩ. Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛlɛ sɩba mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1948 n̄ɩŋga taa Bandol tɛtʋ taa, Var egeetiye taa.
Ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pa-hɩla sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ pɩlɩɩna pa-tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wena palaba yɔ a-cɔlɔ. Pa-tʋma ana ayebina nɛ pɛsɛɛ-wɛ hɩla se "Mʋntʋsʋŋ tɩnaa".
Mʋntʋsʋŋ tɩnaa pana, pa-caa kʋɖʋm. Pa-caa ɛnʋ payaɣ size Antoine Lumière. Pa-caa kɛkɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ. Palʋla ɛlɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1840 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ormoy egeetiye taa palʋla-ɩ Haute-Saône tɛtʋ taa.


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Radɩyɔm
Radɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 88 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ra. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛhʊlʊmaa paɖa paɖa kɛlɛ peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem kɔyɔ epiyuu. Radɩyɔm kɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛtɔɖɔɔ ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Pɛcɛsaɣ pechblende, ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ lɛ Marie Curie nɛ ɛ-walʊ pana-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1898. Poluba radɩyɔm hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ mbʊ se radius (cɛŋga), ɖɔɖɔ kpaagbaa mbʊ tɔmʊʊ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ.
Pana radɩyɔm lɛ pɩtɩŋna Marie Sklodowska-Curie nɛ ɛ-walʊ Pierre Curie saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1898 pechblende ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛlɛkaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm yɔ Curie waa kaatɛma huyuu ʊranɩyɔm tɩŋa, se pɩsa nɛ pana se kagasaɣ ŋga kaawɛ kɔtɔwaɣ cɛnzɩ siŋ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1898 wɛɛ taa, palɩzɩ pechblende taa pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ pɩsɩmʊtɩ yɔ, pʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛlɩna pɔlɔnɩyɔm taa kɛnɛ.
Curie waa susi pɛ-tɛ natʊ tɔm lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1898. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paya-ɩ radɩyɔm kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1899 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. pama tɔmpiye nɖɩ latɛŋ taa mbʊ radius pʊ-tɔbʊʊ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ tɛ.
Paahuyuu radɩyɔm pʊɖɔʊʊ ŋnɔɔ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1918, Etaazuunii ɛyaa lakaɣ kikpeekpe lɛ pɩɩkɛ 13,6 g. Pɩnaɣ 1954, radɩyɔm 2,3 kg yeke ɖeke kaawɛna kedeŋga kpeekpe taa, nɛ mayaɣ kɛtɛlɛɣzɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ. Ajɛyɛ wena akɩlɩɣ labʊ radɩyɔm yɔ ana yɔ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ, Kanadaa, Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, Silovakii, Kewiisi kpɛndʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Ajɛyɛ kɩbɩna wena aawɛ Soviyetiki kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ.
Palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ radɩyɔm pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 1950, pɩlɩna mʊntʊsʊʊ tɔʊʊ wɛtʊ yɔɔ, tɔlɩm mbʊ palakɩ-pʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ alɩwaatʊ heyuu ñɩɣyʊʊ taa, palaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa tʊma ɖeɖe nɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ wazaɣ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ. Radɩyɔm kajalaɣ kɩlanaʊ ŋgʊ pɛlɛɣ naʊ ŋgʊ lɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ sɔsɔ George F. Kunz tɛ ñɩŋʊ, weyi ɛta ɛ-tɛ mɔntrɩ radɩyɔm tɔlɩm se pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛna-zɩ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa, kɛlɛ ɛsɩɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ pɩlɩna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1903.


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Yahoo!
Yahoo! kɛna nimasi nzi sɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa tɩŋgʊna nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊna ɖama kɛlɛʊ yem yɔ. Pɩkɛna Amerika kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ndɔncɔlɩyɛ nimasi nzi payaɣ se wɛbɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ palɩza-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2017 ɖɩsʊ aseɣɖe nɛ tɔm sʊzʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Verson Mediya yɔ ɖi-nesi tɛɛ. Yahoo! tikiɖe yaa kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ wɛ Suniyavale tɛtʊ taa, Kalifɔrni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ, David Filo nɛ Jerry Yang paalɩza Yahoo! kɛ Stanfɔrɩ sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 1994 lɛ, pɩɩkɛna se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ aseɣɖe tɔm kɛ tʊma sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔɔ yaa tada labʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔɔ. Pɔkɔɔ papaɣzɩ pa-lɩmaɣza ana kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1995.
Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Alexa yɔ, ɖɩyɔɔdʊ se pɩnaɣ 2004 taa mba powilaɣ wɛbʊnaa yɔ, Yahoo! taa pakɩlaɣ sʊʊ. Piyele takayɩsɩ hatʊ yɔɔ lɛ, palɩza siti Yahoo! ɛzɩ miliyaɖɩnaa naatozo yɔ kɛ efemiye taa aloma fenaɣ 2004 taa. Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1994 kɛ Yahoo! ñɔ Santa Clara piyele has;ki yaɖɛ fenaɣ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 2009 lɛ, Yahoo! kʊnɛ nɛ Mikrosoftɩ paɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. pʊkɔma hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ 2016 lɛ, aseɣɖe nɛ tɔm sʊzʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Verson Mediya yɔ, ɖɩya Yahoo! tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa Yahoo! pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩñɔɔ yɔ, sɩkpɛnda 8 600. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa liidiya nɖɩ Yahoo! tʊma sʊzaa yɔ, awɛ ɛzɩ miliyaɖɩnaa 4,7 USD yɔ. Pɩ-taa lɛ, pɩwɩlʊ se liidiye nɖɩ ɖitiba ɛzɩ looɖo yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ taa.


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Kpaŋnɔ
Kpaŋnɔ kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔkɩ n̄ɩtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩcakɩ wezuu yɔ. Kpaŋnɔ acaya tɛtɛyɩ a-hɛkɩŋ taa ɛzɩ ɖɩɣa kpɩna lɛɛna yɔ. Ɛcɩɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ wɛna kpam kpam ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ naanza yɔɔ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 45 yaa 55 yɔ, kpaŋnɔ lɩʋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ kpaŋnɔ kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna haɣ paɣlaka yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna ne yʋʋʋ yɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ sɔɔla caɣʋ yaa yɛlʋʋ com com, ɛlɛ, ɛ-taa kʋɖʋm ɖɛɣna-yɛ nɔɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ cakɩ wezuu ɛzɩ ɛyaa yɔ, mbʋ yɔ paa ɛ-taa weyi ɛwɛna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-ɖikpeɣliye taa. Kpaŋnaŋ sɩma seɣa tɔm siŋŋ, pʋ-yɔɔ nabʋyʋ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtʋlʋʋ ɛ-tɔɔyaa nesi tɛɛ. Pɩma kpaŋnaŋ maʋ nabʋyʋ né ndí kpem, mbʋ yɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ eɖoo ɛsɔdaa. Eeɖou ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɛzʋnɔɔ, e-ɖom wɛ ɛzɩ kozoŋa ɖom yɔ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ se "jument". Kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ kpakɩɣ hɩɖɛ lɛ, fenasɩ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmaɣ ɛlakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛlʋlɩ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ pɩɣa se "poulain". Kpaŋnɔ lʋlʋʋ piileɖiɣ nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa pɩzɩ kapazɩ seu.
Ɛyʋ kɔŋna kpaŋnɔ ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛɖɔɔ-ɩ. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ Aazii pɛ-tɛtʋ tɩŋa taa ɖooo caanaʋ taa. Sɔnɔdaa pɩdakasɩ kpaŋnɔ nɔɔyʋ se ɛwɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa nɛ pɩtasɩna "Przewalski" kpaŋnɔ weyi ɛyʋ pɩzɩoɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛkɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩnʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɣa kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩ lakʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ wɛna tɔmpe sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛdɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ kpaŋnaŋ wɛɛ yɔ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ nɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛcakɩ e-weziŋ yɔ. Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ yaa ɛla you yɔ. Kpaŋnʋ paɣlaka siŋŋ lɛ, pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa. Kpaŋnɔ cakɩ wezuu pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ yaa pɩnzɩ niidozo mbʋ yɔ.
Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnɔ se ɛlakɩ-ɩ ɛtɔma sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ nɛ ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛhayɩna kpaŋnɔ hayɩm lemmm. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Kpaŋnaŋ yeba nɛ tadɩyɛ wobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ n̄ɩm ajɛɛ sɔsɔna taa.
Ɖɩɣa Kpɩna tɩŋa taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ kɩlɩna wazaɣ siŋŋ. Ɛ-tɔm pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ naayɩ n̄ɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ mbʋ payaɣ se "sports hippiques" yɔ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se kpaŋnaŋ yebina nɛ tʋma ana aɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Sɔnɔdaa ɛyaa cakɩ kpaŋnaŋ yɔɔ ajɛɛ wena a-tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ yɔ se peleɣyi yaa se pala tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka hayɩsʋʋ tʋma. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa mbʋ yɔ ɛyʋ tɔkɩ ɛ-nandʋ nɛ ɛn̄ɔɔ ɛ-naalɩm. Ɛyʋ lakɩ naadaŋgbala nɛ Kpaŋnɔ tɔnʋʋ. Kpaŋnɔ hɩm wɛ ɛyʋ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛɛ sɔsɔna naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ lakɩna nɛ haɖaʋ nɛ tadɩyɛ powokina ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ. Ɖɩɣa kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ cɔnaʋ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Wondu ndʋ pakpakɩɣ nɛ pɔcɔŋnanɩ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ kpem. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasɩma kpaŋnaŋ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ, mba ɛkpɛlɛkɩna lɛlaa ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ.


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Pisawo
Pisawo kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kinee-Pɩsaʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 7700 ha yaa kilomɛtanaa 77.
Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna kɩgalʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ kɩtɔŋ se pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ paakpɛnda 400 000. Pɩnaɣ 1991 taa kɛ paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ sɔɔʊ nɛ ɛyaa kaawɛ 195 389.
Peeɖe kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ kpayɩ se ŋgʊ paanɩ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ ɛlɛ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊʊ lɛ fransɩɩ nɛ kisidina kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yem.
Ɛzɩ ajɛyaa lɛɛnaa taa tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Pisawo tɛtʊ ñɩnɩɣ se tɩna ajɛyaa naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ palakɩ tʊma nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Sɔnkiiŋ Chongqing yɔ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ.


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Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ (Avocat - métier)
Waɖɛ taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ paɣtʊ ɛyʊ yaa paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔmɩyʊ weyi paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛtasɩ lɔŋ nɛ ɛkandɩ ɛ-ɛyaa yɔ. Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tʊ yaa ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ yɔ, tɔm hʊʊ kpanda taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ lʊbɩnaʊ taa lɛ, ɛlʊkɩ se ɛwɛna kɛzɛwaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛ, ɛcakɩ polonaa taa. Tɔm yɔ kandɩyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna lɔŋ tasʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ nɛ lakasɩ wɛtʊ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ. Paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ cɔlɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mbʊ se ɛɖɔkɩ yɔɔ kandʊʊ tɛ paɣtʊ tɔm hɔm natʊyʊ naa ɛsɩndaa.
Ɖoo canaʊ taa Krɛsɩ nɛ Room kaaɖʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa ɛlɛ, tɔm tʊ maɣmaɣ lʊkaɣna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Solon paɣtʊ taa lɛ, tɔm lʊkaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ taa ɛlɛ, yee ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ, ewiluu canaʊ tɔm takayasɩ tʊma taa. Room taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩsɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ wayɩ wayɩ wɛɛ anɛ a-taa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, paɣtʊ taa ɛsɩndaa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ pɛhɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ. Paa ketiizaɣ sɔsɔɔ ɛsɩndaa yɔɔdɩyʊʊ weyi yaa tɔm hʊyʊʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɩyɔɔ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ. Kpaɖʊ loɖo alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ Justinien lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊɖɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe nɛ payaɣ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa paɣtʊ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, aseɣɖe kajalaɣ pɩlɩna tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa yɔ kaawɛ Charlemagne 802 takayaɣ taa. Fransɩ kewiyaɣ taa Philippe 3 Hardi tʊ ma takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1274 aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 23 se pasɩma se tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa cɔlɔ se pɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa (waɖɛ hɩɖɛ se wɩlɩyʊʊ. Pɛwɛna mɛɛsatɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔŋ nɛ pɔcɔlʊʊ pa-tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ. Paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se pɩkɛnɛ-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se eɖuu samaɣ ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛkandɩ tovenim yɔ nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ pɩ-maɣna (tʊmɩyɛ liidiye kɩhɛyɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ sɩna takayasɩ 30).
Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊʊ kaakɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kpelaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa nɛ posuu tokonaa kɩkpɛda nɛ kɩɩkɛwɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔlaɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa ɖɩjaɣyɛ (ndɩ payaɣ se ordo) paɣzɩna Paarii paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kedizaɣ tɛ ɖʊtʊ pɩnaɣ 1302 nɛ tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa tɛ kpata. Tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa cɛŋga ŋga pɩha-kɛ waɖɛ se palʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ kpaŋ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1327 pɩlɩna Valois tɛ Philippe cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, kajalaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔm paɣzɩ lɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1344 paɖʊ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ketizaɣ taa kɛ Paarii kewiyaɣ taa nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ mbʊ pɩwɛ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛla yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɩpɔzaɣ ɛyaa 51 pɩnaɣ 1340 taa.
Ɛyʊ weyi palɩza se ɛkɛ pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ ɛkɛna tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa lɔŋ tasʊʊ ŋgbɛɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛɖɔkaɣ ɖaʊ nakʊyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ kɩlaʊ ɖeɖe Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛkɛ se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-tabala hɛkʊ taa yee tɔm ɛlaba yɔ. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖʊ tʊkaɣ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ samaɣ.


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Jakarita
Jakarita (Englɩsɩɩ: Special Capital Region of Jakarta; Ɛndonezi: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) kɛna Ɛndonezi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 30 326 103. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa mba paalɛɣ wɛɣʋ yɔ mba payaɣ se Betawi waa nɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Batavia yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ñɩnɩya ñɩnaa nɛ pana se ɖooo lɔŋ taa tɔm natʋyʋ wɛ Jakarita tɛtʋ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Tugu. Tɔm tʋnɛ pana-tʋ Jakarta nɛ hayʋ kiŋ. Pama tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ palava kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ panaɣ kewiyaɣ nakayɩ hɩɖɛ. Kewiyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tarumanagara nɛ ke-wiyau kɛ payaɣ se Purnawarman. Wiyau ɛnɛ ɛɖʋ teŋu taa hɛŋga nakayɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana hiu yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 5taa, pana hɛŋga ŋga nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋ Yeesu Kristʋ. Payaɣ Jakarita tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Djarot Saiful Hidayat.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Jakarita tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kasablanka (Marɔkɩ), Jeda (Arabisaʋditi), Navimʋmbayi (Ɛndɩ), Tokɩyo (Sapɔŋ), Pɛrlɛɛ (Caama), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ).


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Pierre Curie
Palʊla Pɩerre Curie kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1859 Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1906. Ɛkɛna tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ pasɩmna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba pɩlɩɩna cɛkasɩtɔʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, nɛ ñɩɩtʊ hɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Pierre nɛ ɛ-asɛyʊ Marie Curie pɛkpɛndɩna nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pañɩnɩ cɛkasɩtɔʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mba ɖɔɖɔ pɛkɛŋna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-calaɣ mba. Piyebina nɛ pɩnzɩ 1903 taa paha-wɛ tomnasɩ pɩsʊ tʊma samtʊ nimiyɛ kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊ nɛpakazɩ lɛɛkʊ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-kʊ Henri Bequerel, ɛlɛ tɛ mamaaci tʊma sɔsɔna wena ɛlaba pɩlɩɩna cɛkasɩtɔʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ wiliʊ sɔsɔ Henri Beduerel yɔ.
Payaɣ Piere Curie caa se Curie. Ɛkɛlɛ ɖakʊta nɛ ɛwɛ ɛsɔdɔm taa pɩyɩyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1827 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1910. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Sophie-Claire Depouilly. Alʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1856 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1941. Pɩerre Curie tɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ sukuli nakʊyʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɛ-caanaa nɛɛ-ɖɩwaa taa ɛ-taabalʊ nɔɔyʊ, ɖa-caa Bazille. Pawɩlaɣ-ɩ akɔntanaa labʊ mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛpazɩ ɛsɔɔlɩ pɩtɛ lakasɩ nɛ pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ kɛ ɛwɛɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ looɖɔ lɛ, ewolo sukuli kɩtɛzʊ taa nɛ pahayɩsɩ-wɛ nɛ ehiu ɖɔɖɔ. Peeɖe pɩkpaɣnaa nɛ ɛwolo sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ pɩtɛ sukuli labʊ nɛ ɛmʊ takayɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna tomnasɩ pɩsʊ tʊma ñɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.


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Tɩŋgaɣyʋ (Arc-en-ciel)
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kaaʋ yaa kaɣyʋ. Pɩkɛna lakasɩ nzɩ, ɛyaa pɩzʋʋ pana-sɩ nɛ ɛsa yɔ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ wɛ ɛsɔdaa nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kɩlɩʋ lɛ, ɛyʋ ɛkpaza ɛɛsɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaa kiŋ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzʋʋ nɛ ɛna kaaʋ yaa kaɣyʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɛɛsɛ. Kɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ, lɩɣʋna kefeŋa wɛtʋ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Kefeŋa (climat) ŋga keyekina nɛ c (spectre de lumière du ciel).
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size wɩsɩ n̄akɩ tɛʋ nɩʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkɛna tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaaʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ. Ŋnaɣ kʋ caɣ lɛ, ŋnaɣ size kɩ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩŋ yaa cɩɩɩ tɔlɩm. Sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yaɣ pɩ-tɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʋ size calɩm sɛmɩŋ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ ŋgʋ nɛ kʋyɔ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ yuleee cɛzʋ sɛmɩŋ (violet).
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Isaac Newton, cɔlɩna tɩŋgaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ kɛ ɛwɛʋ wɛtʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɖajaa n̄ɩɣnɩʋ sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛtɔŋ size, tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ kpɛnda lʋbɛ. Kajalaɣ yaa kɔɔnɔɔ taa lɛ, cɩɩɩ yaa calɩm sɛmɩŋ, nabʋlɛ lɛ, leemuu sɛmɩŋ, nabudozo taa lɛ, sʋtʋ yaa caʋʋʋ sɛmɩŋ, nabʋnaza taa lɛ, sɛmɩŋ kɩkpɛdɩŋ ɛzɩ-ɩ pɔtɔŋgʋ size kpɛdʋʋ yɔ.
Kagbanzɩ sɛmɩŋ kɛlɛ, yuleee sɛmɩŋ, loɖo n̄ɩŋ kɛlɛ yuleee pɩŋŋ sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna lʋbɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛlɛ wɛ yulee cɩncɩŋ sɛmɛŋ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ lʋbɛ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Isaac Newton tɛyʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size sɛmɩŋ kʋɖʋmɩŋ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pɩsaɣ sɛmɩŋ loɖo n̄ɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, ɛwɛ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ yɔɔdaɣ taa. Ɖajaa tɩŋgaɣyɩŋ sɛmɩŋ tɛyɩyʋ ɛnɛ, ɛsɔza sɛmɩŋ yulee pɩŋŋ n̄ɩŋ ɛnɛ size, pɩsa nɛ pʋtʋʋzɩ minziiki wilitu yaa tiluu nɩʋ taa.


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Karolina Hadɛ Kiŋ
Karolina Hadɛ Kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Zɔɔrziyaa; piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Karolina Hayɩ Kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kolombiya nɛ tɩtaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Karolina Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 82 965 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 78051 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 4915 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ looɖo yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 8 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 625 364 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 24 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Karaolina nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ seHenry McMaster piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Lɩndsey Graham nɛ Tim Scott.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Benoît Nursie tʋ
Palʊla Benoît de Nursie kɛ Nursie tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 480 yaa 490 taa nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 543 yaa 547 taa kɛ monastère du Mont-Cassin taa. Katolika mba cɔlɔ nɛ Orthodoxe mba cɔlɔ lɛ, Benoît de Nursie kɛna weyi ɛtʊla monasitɛɛrɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ordre des Bɛnɛdɩctɩn yɔ. Katolika mba nɛ Orthodoxe mba cɔlɔ lɛ ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ ɛkɛŋna tuuɖe tɛtʊ taa kɛ muwaaninaa cɔzɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛtʊla ɛtɛ monasitɛɛrɩ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ yaa ɛɖʊ ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ pɩwɛɛ se muwaani ɛɖɔ yɔ lɛ, pɩcaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ monasitɛɛɖɩnaa wɛɛ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɛwɛ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ tɩ-yɔɔ.
Palɩzɩɣ Benoît de Nursie kiɖɛɖeu ɛlɛ, esu toko kɩkpɛdɩɣ waa ŋgʊ benedikitiŋwaa suu yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔka takayaɣ e-nee tɛɛ. Payaɣ Benoît de Nursie caa se Eutrope, Justinien Probus lʊlɩna-ɩ; nɛ e-ɖoo kɛ payaɣ se Abbondanza Claudia de' Reguardati di Norcia. Ɛyʊ kɩɖeɖeu ɛnɛ, ɛwɛna kɔɔ nɛ ɛlɛ payaɣ se Scholastique. Palʊla-ɩ krɩstʊ hɔʊ taa nɛ paya-ɩ Benoît, pʊtɔbʊʊ se nɔɔ kɩpaŋa lɔʊ yaa Ɛsɔ wazaɣ. Pɛwɛ Nursi tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɛzɩ paa pɔɔ ŋga lɛ, paɖʊzʊ-kɛ salaka tʊ nɔɔyʊ nesi tɛɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋna kɔ-yɔɔ, nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɛ-tɔm taa.
Peeɖe tɛtʊ taa lɛ, cɔɔcɩnaa yaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba naalɛ wɛnanɛ a-tɛ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema kɔyɔ: Eutychius nɛ Florentius. Benoît paɣlaa lɛ, ewolo Roma tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛla e-sukuli. Peeɖe ɛcɔna ɛyaa lakasɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ lɛ ɛna ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnayʊ Cyrilla pese peeɖe se pɩsamɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛnɔɔna Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa (Bible) camɩyɛ. Pesewa lɛ powolo Enfide tɛtʊ taa nɛ pacaɣ San Pietro cɔɔcɩ taa. Peeɖe Benoît cala ɛ-kacalaɣ hama lakasɩ labʊ: paasʊlɩma cankeɖe nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊyɔkɩ ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnayʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ Benoît tɩmɩ kɩtɩmɩɣ nɛ kɩkpa ɛzɩ kɩɩwɛʊ yɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ paɣzɩ yɛlɩʊ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ese nɛ ewolo Subiaco tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛpaazɩ lakʊ taa wɛʊ.
Evemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza woba halɩpɩɣa nakɩyɛ yɔɔ, ɛɛna-kɛ Rome tɛtʊ taa, ɛnɛ ɛ-taa ɖaɣnɩ wɩɣ nɛ ɛhɔzɩ e-wondu nɛ ɛhɩnɩ sɔɔ taa se ɛsɔ ɛkpaɣ ɛ-kɩwɛɛkɩm mbʊ nɛ ekpeɣ-i. Mbʊ ɖaɣnɩna labʊ nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ ñɩnɩʊ ɖenɖe nɔɔyʊ ɛtaatasɩ-ɩ naʊ kpem yɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ ehiu muwaani nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛlɛ wɩlɩ-ɩ kaaŋ nɩɩyɛ taa. Ɛlɛ hawaɣna-ɩ tɔɔnaɣ kɛ peeɖe nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ hana-ɩ e-toko kɩkpɛdɩɣ ŋgʊ esuu yɔ.


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Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama kɛ Pɔrtigalɩ tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1469 yɔ kɛ Sini tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 wiye pɩnaɣ 1524 kɛ Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛna lɩm yɔɔ nʊmɔwoɖʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛtalɩ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1498 yɔ. Ɛɛtɩŋna Kap de Pɔɔnɩ Ɛsɩperansɩ. Ɛ-caa kɛ Pɔrɩtigalɩ tʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Estêvão de Gama nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ d'Isabel Sodré nɛ ɛlɛ kɛ Aŋgilisi tʊ. Ɛ-ñɩma wɛna abalɩpɩya kagbanzɩ. Mbayɔ: Paulo da Gama, João Sodré, Vasco de Gama, Pedro da Gama nɛ Buenos da Gama nɛ halɩbʊwa kʊɖʊmaɣ: Teresa da Gama.
Mbʊ pasɩma Vasco da Gama pɩcatʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Pɔrɩtigalɩ caanaʊ tɔm mayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Teixeira de Aragão yɔ, ɛtɔŋ se Vasco da Gama laba akɔnta nɛ lɩm yɔɔ ɖɔm sukuli kɛ Evora tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkpɛlɩka tinzɩ ɖɔnɛ wɛtʊ kɛ Abraham Zacuto cɔlɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1480 taa Santiyago wiyao, Jean II ya Vasco da Gama nɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ se ewolo Setubali kitiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ Algravi nɛ ɛkpa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpɩyɩŋ weyi ɛwɛɛɛɖʊzʊ Pɔrtigalɩ lanhɛzɩ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔɔ. Kpɛdɛɛ taa mbʊ yɔ Vasco da Gama tɛma tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ labʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1497 taa Pɔrtigalɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyao, Henri le Navigateur tiya Vasco da Gama kaawɛ kpɩyɩŋ naanza nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ ewolo Afrika kitiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ ekuu ñɩm mbʊ ɛnaɣ yɔ. Ñɩm mbʊ pɩtaa kɔyɔ: sika, yomaa, tuŋ kela, tɩŋ kɔɖɩyɛ, sʊsɩ ndɩ ndɩ.


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César Auguste
Auguste, palʊla-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-nɛyɔ Caius Octavius, salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Octave nɛ pʊwayɩ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Octavien. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ Nola tɛtʊ taa. Ɛnʊ kaakɛna Room ɛyaa tɛ kajalaɣ wiyaʊ kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 27 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi.
E-ekpeɣle Jules César pɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩɣa, e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ e-ɖoo lʊlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛkɛna, pɩlakʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 44 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem nɛ pakʊ e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ. Ɛnɛ Marc Antoine nɛ Lépide, paɖʊ naatozo tɔm hʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ se pɩsa nɛ palʊbɩna César ɛyaa kʊyaa.
Pawaba philipes wayi lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ Room ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pañazɩɣ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ. Pa-naatozo pɔtɔla pɩlɩna pa-taa paa weyi tɛ cɛjɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɛwɛna yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Lépide ñeseɣa ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Marc Antoine ñakʊ ɛ-tɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ August wabɩ-ɩ Actium yɔ nɛ piyele ɛnɛ yɔ eyeke Roma Ampiiri yɔɔ yɔ.
Auguste lɛɣzɩ liidiye ɖʊ, ɛñɔɔzɩ haba, ɛmʊ sɔɔjɔnaa sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛ paaɖoye nɛ paale. Ɛtʊlɩ fulisi naa tʊma Room ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pama yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ komola tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Auguste sɩ pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 75. Pɩtɛkɛ nɔyʊ kʊnɛ-ɩ ɛlɛ nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se kɔyɛ paɖʊ-ɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Tibère mʊ e-kewiyaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ Ampiiri ñʊʊ yɔɔ.
Palʊla Octave kɛ Room ñɩm nabʊyʊ taa, pɩwɛ Palatin tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ (ad Capita Bubula) pɩfɛyɩ poliŋ nɛ Via Sacra kɛ pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 alɩwaatʊ taa. Octave kpaɣ ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ Caius Octavius.


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Wɛlɛsɩ
Wɛlɛsɩ kɛna Kewiyaɣ kikpɛndaɣ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Pretaañɩ Sɔsɔʊ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pristɔɔlɩ hɛnga wɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Irilandɩ teŋgu ñɛwɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna.
Pamaza Wɛlɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 20 779 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 063 456 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 147 yɔ. Payaɣ Wɛlɛsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Theresa May nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Carwyn Jones. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Kaalʊwaa nɛ Ɛŋglisi.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kardifi nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +44 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ petɛʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Man-caanaa tɛtʊ kɩpɩndʊ. Pɛtɛŋ-tʊ teu lɛ, pocosuu se Wɛlɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ paaɖooye.


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UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ɖʋ ɲgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se UNESCO. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ se sukuli labʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛsakuliye pa-tʋma ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16), pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋa taa paɖʋ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ yebina nɛ ɛyaa lɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛñɔ. Toovenum lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ wɔɖɔsa mbʋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʋʋ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ lesi pe-weziŋ. Piyele wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ yoŋ ŋ́gʋ kɩnaŋaa yɔ, tɩfɛyɩ kalʋʋ kpem. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɔsɩŋ tii kpakuu wiluu tɩyɛ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ siŋŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ pɛwɛɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se sukuli labʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Ɛyʋ ɛlaba sukuli nɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ, ɛtɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛna se you fɛyɩna kazʋwa nakɛyɛ. Pʋpɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se, pokuli ɛza siŋŋ lɛɣtʋ nɛ ɛzakuliye pa-tʋma nʋmɔŋ taa.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se taabalɩyɛ nɛ aŋgba pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe hɛkɩŋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩña siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ paɣtʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩña ɛyʋ waɖɛ paɣtʋ. UNESCO tamaɣ sɔsaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa tɛyɩtʋ sɩɩ tɩnaɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ anasaayɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tɩnaa. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ abalʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ halʋ. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ malʋʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ Krɩstʋ tʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sɩɩnaa layʋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ ɛ-tɛɛ tʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa ñʋʋdʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ minisi, ɛɛsɩŋ tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋndɩnaa, ɛɛsɩŋ kpaɣ ŋcɛlɛm. Tobi taa se, UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, ñɩm tʋ fɛyɩ, kʋñɔŋ tʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ paɣtʋ ñʋʋ yɔɔ, pʋwɛɛ se tɩmakɩ paa weyi kɩmaŋ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Paarii taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya 195 kɛwɛna UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ taa.


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Franz Schubert
Franz Schubert kɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ 31 ñɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1797 ñɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ nɖʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Lisitantalɩ yɔ tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Franz Schubert kɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo yaa cɩmʊʊ maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʋʋ siŋŋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Schubert ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, cɩmɩŋ mabʊ wɩlɩyʋ weyi paakpɛzɩɣna-ɩ kaʋ yɔ. Ɛ-caana cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛkɛ pɩɣa hiu nɛ naalɛ n̄ɩŋga ɛ-hɔʋ taa.
Schubert kɛŋna pɩɣa 12 ŋga kɛ pɩya 14 taa. Sɩ-tɩŋga payɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ sɩsɩba sɩdakpadayɩ ɛlɛ 5 ɖeke kpadayɩna. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Franz Theodor Florian Schubert (1763-1830), ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛlɛ ɖana-ɩ kpɛlɛkʊ cacalaɣ taa kɛ mʊsɩ labʊ wonu kɩmabʋʋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fiyolɔŋ yɔ. Piyele ɛ-ɖalʊ Ignaz ñɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ mʊsɩ labʊ wondu kɩmabɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ piyano yɔ. Schubert sɩkaɣ pɩnzɩ 31 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛmaba cɩmɩŋ 1 009, ɛlɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ kɛ palɩza cɩmɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ samaɣ nɩɩ.


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Teeli
Teeli tɛtʋ wɛna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ se Nɛw Teeli yɔ tɩwɛ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Yumana poo nɔɔyɔɔ nɛ peeɖe kiŋ habɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ patɩŋgʋna-ɖɩ nɛ powoki ɖenɖe payaɣ se Kanzɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ payakɩ kɩyakʋ.
Ɖooo lɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ. Mba kpaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ nɛ papɩsɩ-tʋ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna tɩ-kewiyaɣ nɛ tɩ-taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa kpelaɣ wɛɛ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ Teeli tɛtʋ kɛ kɛ tɔm kagbanzɩ (5) taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ (25). Mbʋ yebina nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɛtʋ ndʋ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʋ kɛ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Sikaago (Etazuni), Kuwala Lumpuri (Malɛɛzii), Lɔndri (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Mɔsiku (Ruusii), Sɛɛpetɛrɩsbuuri, (Ruusii), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ), Tokiyo(Sapɔŋ), Ulani-Patɔrɩ (Mɔŋgoli). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwayɩ lɛ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋma ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Paari (Fransɩ), Erefani (Armeni) nɛ Fukuwaka (Sapoŋ).


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Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze)
Cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa Pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ yaa pɩnzɩ pɩkɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ kɩbɩŋjaazɩ tɔm nɛ canaʊ tɔm pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ laɣsɩpɩtɩŋna cɩnjŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊrɔnzɩ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa yatʊ ndʊ ɖɩsɩma se pɩkɛ kuwiviɖi nɛ ɛtɛŋ pɛtɛ ɖama taa siduu yɔ.
Sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩsɩma se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tʊmʊna yaa tɩlɛzɩna kuwiviɖi wɛɛ yaa kalikolitiki wɛɛ ɛlɛ, tɩɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ nɩɣtʊ alɩwaatʊ talɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa a-tʊma tɔm kaakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ lɛɛna pɩlɩna Pʊrɔzɩ yɔ yɔ takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa tɔm taa wɩlɩɣ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kamasɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛzɩtʊ lɩ sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ tɩcɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ nɛ pɛkpɛka kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋ yɔ (ajɛyɛ wena añɔtɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpam yɔ nɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ [[Azii[[) Pʊrɔnzɩ alɩwaatʊ kaatalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ, kpaɣ 3000 ŋtalɩ 1000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ɛlɛ, paa lɛzɩtʊ ɛkɔma sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ yɔ. Pɩɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Ameriki latini nɛ ɖenɖe pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ lɛ, paasɩma sika nɛ kuwiviɖi ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ, patatɩlɩ Pʊrɔnzɩ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm mayʊ Nicolas Mahudel pɩlɩna ɛtʊma kɩbɩnjaazɩ ñɩnaa pɩlʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛtasɩ walanzɩ Antoine Jussieu lɩmaɣza wena ɛlɛ kaalaba yɔ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1734 taa, ɛkalɩ ɛ-tɛ ñɩnʊʊ lɩmaɣza takayaɣ nakayɛ kɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda kɛ Keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩmayɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ŋga ka-taa ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛkɛtɩ se alɩwaatʊ wɛna wɛɛ natozo.
Wɛɛ ana yɔ kaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ yaa cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wɛɛ pɩlʊʊ yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛwɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ yaa ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, pɔlɔtʊ pɩtalɩ halɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖenɖe pɔkɔma pɛtɛzɩ-tɩyɔɔ tisuu nɛ posusi tɩ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1740 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pasɩmtʊ-tʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛyaa tʊma sɔsɔnaa kumolaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma wena pasɩma-yɛ nazɩyɛ kaŋ taa yɔ.


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Kpema
Kpema kɛna ɖozi nzi payayɩɣ sɩ-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Tuluŋga taa lɛ, tɩmaatɩ ñɛkɛna ɖozi nzi pahayɩɣ-sɩ sɩ-pee yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ademɛɛ yɔ, kpema tomnaɣ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋhatʊ lɩm yɔ. Ɖenɖe pakɩlʊ kpema hayʊ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛna ɖenɖe wɩsɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖozi sɩnɛ tɩ-taa anaɣm ɖɔɣa kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ anaɣm mbʊ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ: fɛɛrɩ nɛ bʊ pɩhaɣ ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka nɛ alaafɩya camɩyɛ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɩŋ lɛɛŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, mbʊ kpema wɛɛ nɛ kpema tɩŋ yaa tikiŋ nɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ a-yɔɔ kɛ abalaa wɛɛ nɛ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ kɛ halaa ñɛwɛɛ. Pee wɛ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nɛ apʊʊ pɩtɛ lɛ pɩyaɣ nɛ heelim kpakɩɣna-yɛ nɛ piwona lɛɛna yɔɔ. Kpema ɛɛkɩlɩɣ tɛtɛ wondu yaa yaa nakaŋ hɔm nɛ heelim kɩl;;una pee anaa yɛlɩnaʊ.
Ɖooo kiɖetɛɛ lɛ, Pɛrsɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ paalɛɣa kpema tɔɔʊ yaa hayʊʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XII taa kɛ a-tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ tala Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ Catherine de Médicis yɛlɩna kpema tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ kɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-ɛ pɩnaɣ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa pɩlɩɩna tɛʊ cɔlɔ yaa nikaɣ cɔlɔ. Kpema naayɛ wɛ nɛ apɩzʊ atalɩ pɩnzɩ naalɛ nɛ lɛɛna lɛ, alakɩ camɩyɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ lɛ, a-ɖoŋ tɛma. Pacaɣ kpema kɩcaʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ahɔʊ nɛ a-hatʊ kpa camɩyɛ fɛlɛfɛlɛ lɛ pɛsɛtɩ-tʊ nɛ pʊcɔ aɖaanɩ hɔʊ.


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Lɔŋ pasʊʊ (morale)
Wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ nʊmɔʊ tɩŋʊʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se mooraalɩ. Pɩkɛ lɔŋ pasʊʊ nabʊyʊ. Palʊlʊʊ pɩɣa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-kɛ wezuu caɣʊ kɩbam. Pʊwɛɛ se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-kɛ ñamtʊ haʊ, ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ. Tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ taa leleŋ.
Ɖɩɣa taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-kɛ ka-ñɩma sɛʊ paa tanaŋ ŋgʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se kalɩɣna kuduyuu tɛɛ lɛ, kɔkɔ kɛ-ɛsɩndaa. Kɔkɔʊ kɛ-ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, kowolo kɛsɛɛ ka-caa nɛ ko-ɖoo. Kɛsɛɣ-wɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, kɛsɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ka-ɖalaa nɛ kɔ-kɔɔnaa.
Sɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, kala ka-tʊma cikpene wena paɖʊ-kɛ se kala yɔ.
Yee mbʊ mbʊ payaɣ se mooraalɩ yɔ yaa wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ yɔ, ɖɩɣa taa pɩpaɣzɩɣna nɛ pʊcɔ pɩlɩɩna awayɩ. Sukuli taa lɛ, pɛkpɛlɛkɩ pɩɣa ɛzɩma kaña ka-wɩlɩyaa nɛ ka-kɩkpaɖaa yɔ. Pɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ pɩɣa ɖɔɖɔ sukuli taa habɩyɛ yɔɔ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛña nɛ kɛkpɛdɛzaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛtaala habɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Yee pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ɛɖɔŋ habɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kaañaŋ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ paɣtʊ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩɣa ŋga kotowolo sukuli. Kɛkɛ kɩmɛlɛŋ. Patʊ pɩɣa nakɛyɛ mbʊʊ yɔ, pɩwɩzɩɣ ka-ñɩma siŋŋ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ɛwɛɛ nɛ kaasɩŋ sɛtʊ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ-kɛ se ka-ñɩma tɛkpɛlɛkɩ-kɛ wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ.
Wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɣna mooraalɩ cɔlɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kɩbandʊ tɩŋa hosi ñɔʊ. Fɩtɩyɩm taa maɣzɩm kɩbam tɩŋa lɩɣna.


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Sarah Bernhardt
Palʊla Sarah Bernhardt kɛ aloma fenaɣ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 1844 kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1923 kɛ tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛɛwɛna pɩonzɩ 78. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Sara-Marie-Henriette Bernhardt. Ɛ-lʊlʊʊ takayaɣ fɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔñɔta Paarii tɛtʊ taa lʊlʊʊ takayɩsɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ yɔ. Nabɩyɛ yɔɔɖʊʊ se palʊla Sarah Bernhardt kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 yaa 23 pɩnaɣ 1844. Lalaa sepɩkɛʊna hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa paa pɩnaɣ 1844, lalaa cɔlɔ kpem yɔ, pɩkɛʊna pɩnaɣ 1843 yaa 1841.
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛlɛ maɣzʊ yaa weyi ɛlakɩ tanaʊ yɔ. Ɛ-tʊma lɛɛna yɔ: ɛmaɣ maɣzʊʊ takayɩsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ, tɔlɩm taʊ nɛ sɩʊ kpelasɩ yaa anjaʊnaa saɣʊ. Pɩnzɩ 61 (1862-1923) kɛ ɛlaba ɛ-tʊma nɛ ɛna Edmond Rostand, Marcel Proust nɛ Oscar Wilde pakɩlɩna tʊma labʊ. Ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ kɔyɔ Jean-Baptiste Provost. Ɛwɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX nɛ XX taa mba pakɩlɩ tanaŋ labʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, pa-taa. Victor Hugo ñɛɖɛɣʊ-ɩ se nɔɔ nɩɩnɩ-tʊ yaa ɛ-nɔɔ taa wɛ leleŋ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm yɔ, lalaa se ɛsɔtaa abiɖe.
Ɛwɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba pakɩlɩ maʊ maɣzʊ takayɩsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ yɔ pa-taa kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX. Sarah Bernhardt kɛna kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa ñekele tʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ weyi ɛcɔ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ. Ɛwoba Afrika, Amerika, Azii, Oseyanii nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya taa. Ɛzɩ Victor Hugo nɛ lalaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Jean Cocteau ya Sarah Bernhardt se Kiliu sɔnʊʊ kɩɖeɖeu. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Judith-Julie Bernardt (1821-1876) nɛ ɛsɛɛ hɩɖɛ se Youle, nɛ ɛkɛ Neyɛrlandɩ tʊ. Nɔɔyʊ ɛsɩŋ e-ɖoo ɛnʊ ɛ-caa nɛ Sarah tɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-cɔzɔ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm natʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Lawɔsɩ
Lawɔsɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna ilemiye nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɔɔ, kujomuu, teŋgu yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣyɔ a-taa kɔyɔ: Tayɩlandɩ, Kambɔjɩ, Fɩyɛtɩnam nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ.
Pamaza Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 236 800 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 492 400 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ lawɔsɩyɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +856 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kipi.


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Nicolas Copernique
Palʊla Nicolas Copernic kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1473 kɛ Toruń, Prusse royale (Royaume de Pɔlɔɔñɩ) tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 1543 kɛ Frombork, Prusse royale (Royaume de Pɔlɔɔñɩ) ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖakʊta, chanoine nɛ astronome. Ɛnʊ ɛñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna se wɩsɩ wɛ sɩ-ɖeɖe nɛ sɩɩcɩɣdɩɣ ɛlɛ tɛtʊ cɔʊna-sɩ nɛ tɩtaŋ. Ndʊ ndʊ ɛñɩnaa nɛ ɛna yɔ, pɛɖɛyʊ-pʊkɛlɛʊ se révolution copernicienne.
Palʊla Nicolas Copernic kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1473 kɛ Hanséatique tɛtʊ taa kɛ Toruń egetiye taa. Ɛ-ñɩma wɛ ñɩm kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Nicolas nɛ ɛkɛ Cracovie tʊ. Powoba pɛwɛɛ Thorn tɛtʊ taa pɩtakɩlɩ leɖuu nɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ mba paɣzɩ-wɛɛ kpacayʊ. E-ɖoo kɛ Silésia tʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Barbara Watzelrode (yaa Watzenrode). Copernic caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1483 mbʊ yɔ nɛ e-egbele weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Lukas Watzelrode (yaa Lucas Watzenrode) yɔ; ɛlɛ kɛ Varmie tɛtʊ taa eevɛkɩ.
Pɩwayɩ kɛ ɛma takayasɩ sɩnɛ:
- Nicolaus Copernicus-Gesamtausgabe : 1974
- Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, De Revolutionibus : Faksimile des Manuskriptes ; hrsg. von Heribert M. Nobis. Hildesheim : A. Gerstenberg, 1974. (ISBN 978-3-8067-0331-3).
- Nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, De Revolutionibus libri sex [kritischer Text] ; hrsg. von Heribert Maria Nobis und Bernhard Sticker. Hildesheim : Gerstenberg, 1984. (ISBN 978-3-527-28326-2).
- Naputozo taa lɛ ɛma, Kommentar zu De revolutionibus ; hrsg. von Heribert Maria Nobis und Felix Schmeidel. Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1998. (ISBN 978-3-05-003123-1).
- Pɩwayɩ kɛ ɛtasa maʊ, Opera minora ; hrsg. von Stefan Kirschner und Andreas Kühne. Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1994. (ISBN 978-3-05-003498-0).
Copernic tʊma taa wɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ sɔɔlɩm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
E-egbele ɛnʊ ewona-ɩ sukuli nɛ pɩnaɣ 1491 lɛ, ɛsʊʊ Cracovie sukuli kɩ-tɛzɩɣ taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ mathématiques nɛ astronomie (quadrivium), droit nɛ trivium. Copernic pɩsa Pɔlɔɔñɩ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ e-egbele weyi ɛkɛ evɛkɩ yɔ ɛ-tɛ kɛ Lidzbark Warmiński. Ɛtɛŋgaɣ e-egbele ɛnʊ kɛ ɛtʊma sakɩyɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sɔsɔwa cɔlɔ; ɛlɛ wokaɣ Pɔlɔɔñɩ wiyau cɔlɔ ɖɔŋɖɔŋ. Mbʊ yebina ne ɛpaɣzɩ wiyau ɛnʊ e-tomnaɣ taa alafiya yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. E-gbele Lukas Watzelrode sɩm wayɩu ɖɔdɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋ na fadaanaa lalaa(ɛzɩ Maurice Ferber nɛ Johannes Dantiscus) tomnasɩ taa alafɩya yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.


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Toovenum (réalité)
Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «vérité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «réalité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pɔtɔma kabɩyɛ taa se toovenum, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «vérité» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «raison» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ. Cɩnɛ lɛ, mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ, pʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ. Mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» (toovenum) yɔ, pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ-pʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛza pe yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ se nɔɔyʊ ma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ka-taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se Togo ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ sɩba pɩnaɣ 2005 taa. Pɩkɛ toovenum. Pʊdʊ toɖozi kiɖozu nɛ ɛma-tʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ siŋŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ñama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ kaka taa se Togo ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ageta sɔsɔna yaa hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kagnaanzɩ : Martime egeetiye nɛ Plateaux egeetiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ (centrale) egeetiye nɛ Kayaɣ (Kara) egeetiye nɛ tuuye (savane) egeetiye. Tɔm ndʊ mayʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛdɩ ɛ-takayaɣ taa yɔ, tɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ toovenum, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ageeta ana ɖeyi ɖeyi awɛna Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣna ɛ-ɛza pe siŋŋ se pʊwɛɛ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ toovenum. Tɔm ndʊ ɛyʊ na siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɩlaba yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɩkɛ toovenum tɔm, pɩtɛkɛ pɔpɔtɔ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛcɛtɩ.