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Pɩnaɣ
Pɩnaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɛna fenasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ 52 wɛna. Yee pɛtɛyɩ pɩnaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ nabʊlɛ taa kɔyɔ fenasɩ looɖo wɛna nɛ yee pɩkɛ nabʊnza taa pɛtɛyaa kɔyɔ panaɣ fenasɩ naadozo. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ kɔyɔ:
Pʊtɔbʊʊ se, pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ naadozo wɛ tɔm naanza taa. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ looɖo ñɛwɛ tɔm nabʊlɛ ɖeke. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ wɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʊ se yolum nɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ evebu yaa pɛlɔ pɩnzɩ pakalʊ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ.


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Nɛptiini
Neptune kɛŋna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga litoozo ŋga, yee pakpaɣ ɛzɩma tɩyɩnzɩ poinaʊ wɩsɩ yɔ yɔ. Nɛptiini cɔɔʊ wɩsɩ kpee yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 30 UA yɔ nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga kɔcɔɔʊ wɩsɩ nɛ kosulukuu yɔ pɩmaɣna pɩnsɩ ɛzɩ 164,79 yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ kɔyɔ, Nɛptiinɩ kɛŋna naatozo ñɩŋga. Ɛlɛ tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ kakɩlɩ Tetʊ tɩyɩŋga yʊŋ tam 17 taa nɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ tam 19 taa. Tɩyɩŋga Nɛptiini kɛnɛ kɛkɛ nanza ŋga tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ paɣlʊ yɔ. Planɛɛtɩ kanɛ kɩ-tɛ demi-grand axe maɣna kilomɛtanaa 4 503 443 661. Planɛɛtɩ kanɛ kɛ-tɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 7,6408×109 km2 yɔnɛ kɛ-tɛ volume taawɛ ɛzɩ 62,526×1012 km3 yɔ.
Nɛptiini tɩyɩŋga taa nɛ hidrozɛɛnɩ, heliyɔm. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ iidrokarbiiri, azɔɔtɩ, lɩm, amoniyakɩ nɛ metanɩ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ keekpe taa lɛ Neptiini ɖeke ñɩnɩya naa pɩlɩɩna akɔnta labʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Fransɩɩ taa tʊ weyi ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩyɩnzɩ wɛtʊ yɔ, Alexis Bouvard, kaawɛɛ ɛlakɩ tɩyɩŋga Iiranisi yɔɔ akɔnta nakʊyʊ lɛ, ɛna se pɩɩcakɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ tɩyɩŋga nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ko-yuŋ makɩ.
Ñɩinɩyaa mba paalɛɣ plutɔɔ naʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Greg Buchwald, Michel DiMario nɛ Walter Wild. Pɩɩkɛ Siikagoo sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ taa pɩnaɣ 1909 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ na-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔm hiu nɛ naanza (14) mbʊ yɔ nɛ pa-taa kɛlɛ Heidelberg kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1914. Pɩnaɣ 1930 taa siŋŋŋ kɛ pana plutɔɔ nɛ panya-kʊ se planɛtɩ X. Patana-kʊ yem ɛlɛ Percival Lowell ñɩnaɣna se ɛna mbʊ piyiiduu tɩŋga ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se nɛptunɩ yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, astronaute weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tombaugh yɔ ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzʊ fotonaa kpaɣ kɔlɑɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1930 Taa. Ɛcɛkaɣ fotonaa mba tɔm naputozo taa ɖama yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ kʊɖumaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛ-lɩmaaza wolo nɛ ɛna se nabʊyʊ ciidiɣ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Lowell ñɩnɩyaa lala tasɩ ñɩnɩʊ kɛ Harvard College Observatory taa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ fotonaa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ panacamɩyɛ nɛ petizi se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛpayaɣ-kɛ plutɔɔ. Tɛʊ fema lɛ, Union Astronomique Internationale susaa kpaaa kɛ tɔm kɩfatʊ tʊnɛ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexis Bouvard yɔ ɩnʊ kaalɛɣna naʊ se nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ piyiidu akontanaa mba paawɛ palakɩ Uranusi tɩŋga cɔlɔ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ ŋga yiiduna akɔnta ŋgʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1843 taa ŋgilisi tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se John Couch Adams yɔ, ɛla akɔnta nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛna mbʊ, pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ Urbain Le Verrier ñatɩŋna nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛla ɖɔɖɔ akɔnta nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛna siŋŋŋ se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ tovenim taa. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ salaŋ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1846 lɛ, Caama tʊ, Johann Gottfried Galle, cɔna ñɩɩtʊ taa nɛ ɛna Nɛptuni camɩyɛ.
Pɛkɛdɩɣ se ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1612 taa Galilée kaatɛma naʊ kɛ tɩŋga kanɛ ɛlɛ tɩŋga payaɣ-kɛ Siipitɛrɩ yɔ, ŋga ɛ-taa kaawɛɛ se ɛcɔŋna. Fenaɣ lɛɛka taa, Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1613, ɛtasa cɔnaʊ lɛ, ɛna se tɩŋga ŋga kecida pazɩ. Ɛna pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtaamaɣzɩ se pɩkɛna tɩŋga sɔsɔɣa nɛ ɛtatasɩ-tʊ yɔɔdʊ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna Nɛptuni naʊ. Pɩla ɛzɩ ɛlabʊ Tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛnʊ kaalɛɣna naʊ se Tɛtʊ kɛna tɩŋga ŋga kɔcɔʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩsa miŋ lɛ, ekizi-tʊ.

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Youssou N'Dour
Youssou Madjiguène N'Dour kɛna Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, ɛkɛ hendu luɖu, tɩ-mayʊ, keesi maɖʊ, maŋzʊmalɩ yaa politki tʊma laɖʊ nɛ ɛpɩzʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkpaɣ nɔɔyʊ hendu nɛ ɛtasɩ-tʊ ñɔɔzʊ nɛ ete. Palʊla-ɩ Taakarɩ tɛtʊ taa, Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1959.
Youssou Madjiguène N'Dour kɛ payaɣ se mbalax wiyao nɛ ajɛya kpeekpe sɩma-ɩ nɛ e-hendu teu taa. Kpaɣ pɩknaɣ 2003 kɛ ɛpɩsa Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa aseɣde tɔm heeya nabayɩ takasɩ mayaa nɔɔyɔɔ-tʊ. Komina taa, ɛlaba tʊma ndɩ ndɩ: kpaɣ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 2012 lɛ ɛkɛ minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩyɛ egbena, kpaɣ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 2012 pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ 2013 ɖɔɖɔ, ɛkɛna minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛsɩyɛ egbena nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛkɛna Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Macky Sall yɔ, ɛ-tɛ lɔŋ tasiyɩʊ.
Youssou N'Dour kɛŋna kacalaɣ pɩɣa nɛ palʊla-ɩ Medina egeetiye taa kɛ Takarɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ payaɣ se Eliman N'Dour nɛ ɛlɛ kɛ Serɛre-tʊ piyele e-ɖoo yɔ, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛna wolof-tʊ. E-ɖoo kɛ keesi maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ payaɣ--ɩ se Ndeye Sokhna Mboup. Ɛkɛna malʊʊ nɛ ɛwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se muridi yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩya naalɛ nɛ halaa ndɩ ndɩ halɩ pɩɣa nɛ abɩlɩ pɩɣa, Birane nɛ Thioro. Pʊwayɩ kɛ ɛkpaɣ Mami Camara nɛ ɛna-ɩ pɛwɛɛna pɩya naanza pɩnzɩ 17 taa. Pɩnzɩ 17 sɩwayɩ kɛ Youssou Madjiguène N'Dour nɛ ɛ-halʊ Mami Camara paya-ɖama. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛkpaɣ halʊ naaza-tʊ nɛ payaɣ ɛlɛ Aïda Coulibaly. Aïda ɛnɛ ɛñɩma ɛ-ñɩnʊ lɛlʊ kɛna Senegalɩ-tʊ nɛ lɛlʊ Fransɩ-tʊ. Aïda Coulibaly nɛ Youssou N'Dour palʊla piya naanza ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩnɩʊ ñʊʊtaa ñɩnʊ payaɣ se Nelson Mandela.
Ɛpaɣza hendu teu ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 nɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛsʊ sukili kɩtɛzʊ taa.Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Ibrahima Sylla yɔ, ɛnʊ lɩzɩna ɛ-kacalaɣ tataɣ kɛ Studio Golden Baobab taa. Ɛna hendu teya sɔsɔ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ Peter Gabriel, Paul Simon, Manu Dibango, Alan Stivell yɔ palaba tʊma. Ɛtataɣ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ kɩla sɛʊ yɔ, ŋgalɛ 7 Seconds, nɛ ɛna Neneh Cherry petena-kɛ.


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Lakaɣ
Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, lakaɣ kɛŋna tɔm loyaɣ ñʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔm loyaɣ taa tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Lakaɣ yekina nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ tɔm loyaɣ tɔbʋʋ.
Kabɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, tɔm loyaɣ yaa tɔm caŋga ŋga kɛwɛ tobi yɔ, kɛwɛna tʊkasɩ naadozo.
Ɖɩcɔnɩ tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna:
Abalʋ /tɔkɩ/ mʋtʋ.
Abalʊ =laɖʊ
tɔkɩ =lakaɣ
mʊtʊ =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʊ
Yee pɔɔyɔdɩ yem se « Abalʋ, mʋtʋ. » Tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ kataawɛɛnɩ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se kɛwɛɛnɩ « lakaɣ ».
Ɖɩtasɩ cɔnaʋ tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna
Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pamakɩ pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa.
Mon-ɖoo sɔkɩ kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa.
Pɔyɔɔdɩ yem se « Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa », ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛnɩɩ ndʋ pacaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paatɔma yem se « Mon-ɖoo kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa », pɩɩwɛɣ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ.
Yee mbʋ, lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔmpiye keem paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
Paɣtʊ
Laɖʊ nɛ lakaɣ paakpɩtɩɣna ɖama, pɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke.


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Alexandre Sɔsɔ
Alexandre Sʋsɔ ɛnʋ, se Alexandre naadozo n̄ɩnʋ. Ɛkɛ Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩla pɩnzɩ 356 nɛ pʋcɔ Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɔɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ Pella tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 323 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye ɛsɩba Babilooni tɛtʋ taa. Alexandre Sʋsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ. Alexandre naadozo n̄ɩnʋ ɛnʋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ siŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛyaa sɔsaa lɛlaa yɔ.
Ɛkɛ Philipe naalɛ tʋ pɩyalʋ nɛ Aristote sukuli pɩɣa. Ɛpɩsa Maaseedʋwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ pɩnaɣ 336 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛkɛ mba pakɩlɩ sɔɔlʋʋ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ mʋʋ yɔ pa-taa lɛlʋ. Ɛlaba nɛ ɛ-tɛtʋ cikpetu pɩsɩ Perse achéménide ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ. Ɖɩwalɩ mbʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Indus pɔsɩ nɔsɩ. Alexandre Sɔsɔ ɛnʋ ɛɖʋ ageeta ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Atalɩ ɛzɩ nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Payaɣ a-taa sakɩyɛ se "Alexandre".
Mbʋ pɩtɛzɩ yebu nɛ Alexandre Sɔsɔ hɩɖɛ kɩlɩ sɛʋ kpem yɔɔ lɛ se, ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛmʋ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʋ ndʋ ndʋ paasɩŋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩcaɣ kaɖɛ nɛ sɔɔndʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, ɛlɛ, ɛpɩzaa ɛla ḿbʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩ. Ɛ-pɩnzɩ niidozo nɛ naalɛ (32) ñɩnzɩ taa ɛsɩba. Tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ ɛmʋwa yɔ, yebina nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛya akpɛndɩ lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma politiki labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɖooo yɔ, wiɖiyi patana ḿbʋ.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana ayebina nɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa sɔsaa ñekpeɣli ageeta ndɩ ndɩ nɛ akpɛndɩ kʋɖʋma kpaɣ ɛjɛya ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nɛ a-mʋʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna Room n̄ɩma alɩwaatʋ.


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Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ (Peste noire)
Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kalɩmʊlaɣ tomiye kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Yersinia pestis ŋñɩɩ kʊdɔŋ cɩkaɣ cɔlɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kutukina Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa pɩnzɩɣ 1347 nɛ 1352 pɛ-hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛkɛ kajalaɣ yaa nabʊlɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ, ɛlɛ, kiyeke koŋ kɩkpana hɩɖɛ ndɩ. Ɛlɛ ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ kɩkɛ kajalaɣ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ tɔm kɛɖʊʊ taa, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ canaʊ saawɩla tɔm mayaa pɩzaɣ nɛ patɩlɩɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ sɩkaɣna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kɛ pɩnzɩɣ kɩgbanzɩ taa. Kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaza kʊkɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ Erɔpʊ samaɣ ɛsakuliye nɔmɔʊ taa kɛ kajalaɣ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Kudɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊkɔɔ kɩtasɩ lɩɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ajɛyɛɛ wena pʊtʊkɩna yɔ a-taa pɩnzɩɣ 1348 nɛ 1355 alɩwaatʊ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩɣ 1360 nɛ 1369 alɩwaatʊ taa keeke.
Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ sɩma kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛɖɛŋ sakɩyɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kʊdɔŋ lɩɣ sakɩyɛ. Mbʊ lɛ, Justinien kɩzɩkʊ hazɩɣ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ pajamɔyɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ loɖo alɩwaatʊ. Kʊdɔŋ kɩtɩna se ɛyaa kɩɩɖɔʊ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa Hayɩ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa. Kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ yaa ɛmaɣna nɛ ɛwɛ lonaa kʊyʊma taa yɔ paɣzɩ lɩɣ yem yem nɛ ɛtɔyʊʊ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛ-tɩŋga mbʊ yɔ ɛlɩna tɔɔnasɩ kɩɩtalʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩhaɣ ɛjandʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ.
Kalɩmʊlaɣ tomiye kʊdɔŋ cɛyaɣ siŋ Azii hɛkʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Mongolɩ nɛ Siini ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa you kaatɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ lɩɣ. Kɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩnaɣ 1334 alɩwaatʊ taa Siini kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ cikpena taa ɛzɩ Hubei nɛ kɩwalɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ ajɛyaa wenaa añɔtɩna yɔ a-taa Jiangxi nɛ Shanxi nɛ Hunan nɛ Guangdong nɛ Guangxi nɛ Henan nɛ Suiyuan nɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩpɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ kaawɛ tɔm kɛ Mongolɩ ɛyaa nɛ Siini ɛyaa pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊ tuda kɩzɩkʊ ŋgʊ kɩwalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa ɖooo haɖɛ nɛ hayʊ nɛ lonaa wenaa a-taa kɩpɩzɩɣ se kɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa taafɛyɩnaa tomnasɩ taa kaɖɩnayʊ yaa kɔyɛ ndɩ palʊbɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛma camʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ pɩtɩŋna ñɔɔsɩ yɔ nɛ niikaɣ kadadayaɣ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩwɛ kpaɣɖʊ 13 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ yoŋ yɔ.
Mbʊ pɩkpaɣna nɛ pɩtalɩ malɩŋ ajɛyɛ nɛ mʊzʊŋ tɛtʊ kɩkpaɖɩtʊ ageetaa pɩnaɣ 1345 nɛ 1350 alɩwaatʊ taa. kɩkpaɣ nɛ ɖooo Hayi Egipiti nɛ pɩtalɩ Alexandrie nɛ Caire ageetaa pɩnaɣ 1348 aloma fenaɣ taa. Kɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ Palestine ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ Acre, Sidon, Beyrouth, Tripoli nɛ Damas kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kilesa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ weziŋ ajɛyaa a-naa a-taa.


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Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (féminisme)
Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pɩkɛ lʊbɩyɛ tɔm nɛ politiki lɩmaɣza, ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɔm, patɩŋa mbʊ yɔ pa-maɣzɩm kɛ kʊɖʊm. Tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ, lɩmaɣza labʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɖatɩŋa ɖɩwɛɛ kɩmaŋ politiki nɔmɔʊ taa, tɔsʊʊ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa, ɛzakuliye ñɩɣnɩɣ tɔm taa, tɩ yɔɔ tɔm, samaɣ taa nɛ tɔm hʊʊ tɛ kɛ abalaa nɛ halaa hɛkɩŋ taa. Halʊ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ maɣzɩm kɛlɛ se palʊ nɛ paɖɩzɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ abalaa nɛ halaa hɛkɩŋ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patakpaɣ halʊ nɛ paya nabʊyʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa kpoyi nɛ palʊ nɛ palɩzɩ halʊ waɖɛ paɣtʊ takayasɩ ɛyaa taa nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ fezuu labʊ taa.
Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1792, Fransɩɩ sʊ you taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ youna ɖama kamasɩ yɔɔ, ŋgʊ mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1793 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, halɩtʊ canɖaʊ nakʊyʊ ñapalaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, ɛlɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa halaa kaatɩna tʊ pʊñɔtɩna cokodo fɛyɩ tɩnaa tɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ lɛɣzɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1793, pɩtɩŋna Claire Lacombe nɛ Pauline Léon, taa halaa nasɩlɛ, mba ɖɩyaɣ sindiɖiki yaa piyuu pɩsaŋ lʊya caɣ kʊjɔŋ kpeɣa tendemee tɩŋa yɔɔ nɛ pahʊtʊʊ tɔm paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa. Claire Lacombe ñɔtɔŋ se pɛcɛlɩ malɩfanaa halaa.
Nasɩɩ lɛ, you ŋgʊ sakɩyɛ taa wɛna-kʊ nɛ leleŋ kpem alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, abalaa etisiɣ halaa kewiyitu tɔm pɛ hɛkʊ taa. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tisuu lɩmaɣza wena awɛ Emile yaa Rousseau wɩlɩtʊ taa yɔ, se halʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ mbʊ paya-ɩ se ɖoo nɛ ɛlʊlɩ piyaa, pazɩɩ yem ɛzɩ Condorcet yeke ñɩŋɩɣna se pɔtɔ caca halʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kedeŋga wɛtʊ ɛsɩnda ɖatɩŋa ɖɩkɛ ɛyaa, pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ kʊɖʊma ana a-taa peeɖe maɣzɩm lɛɛbʊ lɩɩ nɛ pʊlʊkɩna kañatʊ kewiyitu tɔm nɛ yomtʊ tɔm.
Paa-ñɩŋa alɩwaatʊ wayi lɛ, halaa naɣ se papazɩ-wɛ haʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ, patʊlɩ-wɛ nesi tɛɛ kɩlabɩm tʊma, ɛlɛ pɩtala lɔŋ, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10. Pehiɣ paɖɩŋ kajalaɣ ɛyʊtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa ɖɩlɩzɩyɛ tɔm ɖeɖe Luxemboug, nɛ pamazɩɣ lɛɣzɩtʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pa-tʊma labʊ cɔlɔ, patʊlɩ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩtɔyɛ faalɛ.
Patɩlɩ lɔŋ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa tɩ-yɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, peeɖe halaa mba pamazɩ se pɛkɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔ kaakɩlɩna ɖɔʊ halaa ñɩma mba palʊkaɣ halʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, palakaɣ kʊñɔŋ pazɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pada kpasɩ camɩyɛ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɔɖɔna-wɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Queen’s College for Women nɛ Bedford College Elizabeth Jesser Reid ñɩnba, patʊlɩ-wɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 tɛmtʊ taa se pɩsa nɛ halaa wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛna tɩlɩtʊ sɔsɔtʊ piŋ.
Takayasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nee mʊya kɩfama mʊ nimiye nɛ peseɣtu halʊ sukuli tɔm yɔɔ. North London Collegiate School (pɩnaɣ 1850) nɛ Cheltenham Ladies' College (pɩnaɣ 1853), Bedford sukuli piya kɩbɩma naalɛ kaawɛna pɔ-nɔsɩ yɔɔ, mba yɔ Frances Buss nɛ Dorothy Beale.
Halaa mba palʊkɩ halʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ pekitina patɩ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ yɔɔ kiŋ. Emily Davies ɖɛna nɔɔ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se halʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo santaɖaʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, ñɩŋʊʊ se patʊlɩ halɩbiya santaɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ se pɛtɛma hɛkʊ taa sukuli (The Cambridge and Oxford Local Examination), pataka nɛ pana pɩnaɣ 1863 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ha-wɛ waɖɛ takayaɣ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ kɩtɩŋʊʊ kaakɛ ɛzɩma patʊlɩ halɩbiya santaɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ waɖɛ halʊ nɛ ɛsʊʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ (Matriculation Examinations). Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa tɔm hʊyaa kiziɣ mbʊ lɛ, Davies tɔlɩ, paa ɛtaafɛyɩna wondu tɩŋa kɔyɔ, halaa sukuli nakʊyʊ, pama-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Hitchin abalɩbiya kɔlɛzɩ Hertfordshire tɛtʊ taa yɔ (pɩnaɣ 1869), nɛ pʊcɔ ɛñɔtɩ ɛtɩ Cambridge nɛ ɛcaɣ Girton tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ kɩtɩŋaɣ taa. Tʊmɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ caŋ ɖɩlɩɩ kpaagbaa ɖɩnɛ yɔ ɖɩ wayi Cambridge peeɖe ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ, patʊlɩ Newnham kɔlɛzɩ pɩtɩŋna yɔɔ huuziyaa pa nɛ yɔ pɔyɔɔ Henry Sidgwick nɛ Anne Clough.


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Plʊtɔɔ
Plʊtɔɔ kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga nakɛyɛ. Tɩŋga ŋga kakɩla paɣlɩka yɔ ŋga lɛ Eris. Plʊtɔɔ kɛna tɩŋga cikpelaɣ nakayɩ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ nabʊyʊ taa se 134340 ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩŋga kanɛ kɩ-tɛ diamètre maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 372 pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ fenaɣ tɛ diamètre nɛ pɛtɛyɩ-kʊ tɔm naputozo taa kɔyɔ, Plʊtɔɔ kpakɩɣ napʊlɛ. Plʊtɔɔ kɛna wonuu nakʊyʊ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ wondu ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛ wɩsɩ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ kɩ-tɛ hilimiye kɔyɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ hiu ŋgʊ. Ñɩnɩya ñɩnaɣ se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ pɩwɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Plʊtɔɔ pɛlɛɣ naʊ nɛ tɩŋga kanɛ koposina wɩsɩ ɛzɩ 30 nɛ 49 kɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊ ɛgbamɩyɛ taa. Kɩwɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kuiper tɩyɩnzɩ nʊmɔʊ yɔ kɩ-taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Amerika taa tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Clyde Tombaugh yɔ ɛna caɩyɛ Plʊtɔɔ tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa nɛ ŋgʊ kaakɛŋna tɩŋga nakʊ ñɩŋgʊ. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX nɛ XXI taa pana tɩŋga nakayɩ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Eris. Eris tɩŋga kanɛ pamaazɩ-kɛ lɛ, kɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ pazɩ kɛ Plʊtɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakpaɣ Eris ɛzɩ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩkɛ tɩŋga. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pɔcɔna se ndʊ paamaɣza Plʊtɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ siŋŋŋ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ Plʊtɔɔ kpaaʊ se kɩwɛɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛɛ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ yɔ tɩ-taa pʊyɔɔ kɛ pamaɣzɩɣ-kɛ nɛ cɛcɛsɩ sɩnɛ: 134340. Plʊtɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa wondu ndʊ pakɩlɩɣ naʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ kaaŋ, metani (méthane) ɖɔm pɛ, lɩm pɛ nɛ azotɩ kiniidu ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Ñɩinɩyaa mba paalɛɣ Plʊtɔɔ naʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Greg Buchwald, Michel DiMario nɛ Walter Wild.
Pɩɩkɛ Siikagoo tɩɩnzɩ kpeekpe ité taa pɩnaɣ 1909 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ na-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔm hiu nɛ naanza (14) mbʊ yɔ nɛ pa-taa kɛlɛ Heidelberg kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1914. Pɩnaɣ 1930 taa siŋŋŋ kɛ pana Plʊtɔɔ nɛ panya-kʊ se planɛte X. Patana-kʊ yem ɛlɛ Percival Lowell ñɩnaɣna se ɛna mbʊ piyiiduu tɩŋga ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se nɛptunɩ yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tombaugh yɔ ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzʊ fotonaa kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1930 taa. Ɛcɛkaɣ fotonaa mba tɔm naputozo taa ɖama yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ kʊɖumaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛ-lɩmaaza wolo nɛ ɛna se nabʊyʊ ciidiɣ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Lowell ñɩnɩyaa lala tasɩ ñɩnɩʊ kɛ Harvard College Observatory taa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ fotonaa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ panacamɩyɛ nɛ petizi se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛpayaɣ-kɛ Plʊtɔɔ. Tɛʊ fema lɛ, Tɩyɩnzɩ Ñɩnɩyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ susi kpaaa kɛ tɔm kɩfatʊ tʊnɛ. Tɩŋga kanɛ, pʊcɔ nɛ kapɩsɩɣ ka-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ nɛ pɩtɛlɛ, kaɖʊ avema looɖo nɛ ñɩɩtʊ nakʊ nɛ cɛccɛsɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ.
NASA lɔ ɛsɔtaa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ loyuu kɩluzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɩnɩɣ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ taa yɔ, New Horizons, nɛ kɩtalɩ Plʊtɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 2015. Ki-seɣa taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 11 095 nɛ loyuu kiluzuu ŋgʊ lɛ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzaa kɩsʊʊ Pliitɔɔ taa camɩyɛ yɔ. Kɩkʊyɩna tɛtaa nɛ kɩtalɩ Pliitɔɔ lɛ kilomɛtanaa miliyaarɩwaa 6,4 kɩlaba.


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Pɩcɩka
Pɩcɩsɩ wɛ aŋjaʊnaa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩcɩsɩ wɛna naŋgbanzɩ yʊʊʊ. Pɩcɩsɩ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna, aŋjaʊnaa, hɛkʊ taa tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ lɛ se naŋgbanzɩ ɖeɖe. Pɩcɩka naŋgbanzɩ wɛna kpama ɖoŋ ñɩna; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩcɩka sʊʊ tɛyɩ keɖe keɖe nɛ ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ taa wɛ kpeyi nɛ pɩtɛsɩna cʊŋŋŋ. Ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna sɔtʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Ŋ̃ɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ maɣzɩɣ se lɩm taa pɩcɩsɩ liɖe taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nzɩ lɩnaa. Ɖooo kacalaɣ pɩcɩsɩ lɩwa pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 450 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Nzɩ kɛŋna kacalaɣ aŋjaʊnaa mbaɛ sɩɩxɛna ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩcɩsɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ lɩm taa nɛ sɩɩwɛna ɛsa wena yɔ aawɛ ɛsɛ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ.
Lɩm taa pɩcɩka ŋga kamaɣzaɣ mɛtanaa naalɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ kɛ pɩcɩsɩ paazɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ silotu yɔɔ sɩtʊwaɣ, ɛlɛ sɩtatalɩ ɖaɣlɩɣʊ ɛzɩ sɩɩwɛʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Pɩjɩka ɖʊʊ yala kʊɖʊʊ, pɩcɩsɩ tiyee naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩ ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ abali ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ halɩñɩnzɩ ɖeke ɖʊʊna yala; pɩkazɩ naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩñɩnzɩ nɛ abalɩñɩnzɩ sɩɖʊʊ yala.
Pɩcɩsɩ tiɣa tɩŋa ñasɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩkɔŋa sɩm nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ mba pasɩkɩna pɩcɩsɩ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ. Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa 80 sɩba mbʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 nɛ Mɛkɩsiki taa lɛ sɩɖaa talɩ ɛzɩ 1 000 yɔ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩcɩsɩ ñasɩ eyaa ɛzɩ 45 391 kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ ɛyaa 62 sɩ.


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ÑƲƲ 63
Yesu yɔɔdɩ nʋmɔʋ kɩdɛkɛdʋʋ wɩlʋʋ nɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm pɔ-tɔm
MAATIYEE 18:6-20 MAARKƖ 9:38-50 LUKA 9:49, 50
NƲMƆƲ KƖDƐKƐDƲƲ WƖLƲƲ YƆƆ LƆŊ TASƲƲ
ALƖWAATƲ NDƲ KOOBU NƆƆYƲ LABƖ KƖWƐƐKƖM YƆ
Yesu tɩŋnɩ kɩɖaʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ pɩwɛɛ se ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa ɩwɛɛna yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɛ-wɛtʋ ɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ piya yɔ, pɛwɛɛnɩ tɩ luzuu nɛ pataakɛnɩ lone sɔsɔɖɛ ñɩnɩyaa. Pɩwɛɛ se tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa ‘ɩmʋ piya ajamaa Yesu hɩɖɛ taa nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ɛ-maɣmaɣ pamʋʋ.’—Maatiyee 18:5.
Apostoloowaa you sɔsɔtʋ yɔɔ yɔ pitileɖi. Ye mbʋ panɩ pɩ-taa se Yesu tɩŋɩɣnɩ kɩɖaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ se ɛsɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ, apostoloo Yohanɛɛsɩ caɣ se eheyi Yesu natʋyʋ. Eheyi Yesu se: “Ðɩna ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɔnaɣ aleewaa ña-hɩɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɩɖaŋɩ-ɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ ɖa nɛ ɩ ɖɩtɩŋɩɣnɩ ña-wayɩ.”—Luka 9:49.
Ɛzɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ maɣzɩɣ se apostoloowaa ɖeke wɛnɩnɩ waɖɛ se pawaa ɛyaa kʋdɔmɩŋ yaa pɔɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa yaa we? Nɛ ye pɩkɛ mbʋ, ɛzɩma pɩlaba nɛ Yuda abalʋ ɛnɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖɔɔnʋʋ aleewaa? Paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma Yohanɛɛsɩ maɣzaɣ se pɩtaapɔzɩ se abalʋ ɛnʋ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛla piti lakasɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛtɩkɛ Yesu wayɩ tɩŋɩyʋ.
Tɔm ndʋ Yesu cosaa yɔ, tɩɖɩɣzɩ-ɩ siŋŋ. “Taakizini-i, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ weyi ɛlakɩ hama lakasɩ ma-hɩɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ ma-wayɩ lɩʋ. Weyi ɛɛlɩɣ ɖa-wayɩ yɔ, ɛtɩnɩɣ ɖɔ-yɔɔ na. Weyi ɛha-mɩ lɩm caɖaɣ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɩkɛ Krɩstʋ mba yɔ, tʋtʋyɛ taa meheyiɣ-mɩ se ɛ-kɩhɛyʋʋ ɛɛlɛzɩɣ yem.”—Maarkɩ 9:39-41.
Toovenim, pɩtaapɔzɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa se ɛyʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩŋ Yesu wayɩ pʋcɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se etisiɣ Krɩstʋ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa Krɩstʋ ɛgbɛyɛ tɩñɔta. Ye mbʋ, ɛzɩma abalʋ ɛnʋ ɛtaatɩŋɩɣ Yesu wayɩ yɔ, pɩtɩwɩlɩ se ɛkaɖɩɣnɩ-ɩ yaa eɖiɣni cɛtɩm wɩlɩtʋ natʋyʋ susuu. Abalʋ ɛnʋ ɛɛwɛnɩ tisuu Yesu yɔɔ, nɛ ndʋ Yesu yɔɔdaa yɔ, tɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛkaɣ hiɣu ɛ-kɩhɛyʋʋ.
Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ye apostoloowaa yɔɔdaɣ yaa pa-lakasɩ kaayeba nɛ abalʋ ɛnʋ ɛla kɩdɛkɛdɩm nabʋyʋ yɔ, pɩɩkɛnɩ-wɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm siŋŋ. Pʋyɔɔ Yesu heyi-wɛ se: “Piyele nɛ weyi elesi mɔ-yɔɔ tisiyaa panɛ yɔ pa-taa kʋɖʋm kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩ-ɩ ɖeu se pahʋyɩ namɩyɛ pɔʋ nɛ pɛlɛɛ e-liu tɛɛ nɛ potuzi-i pɛpɛɖɩ lɩm sɔsɔm taa.” (Maarkɩ 9:42) Ye mbʋ, Yesu heyiɣ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa se pɩwɛɛ se petisi nɛ pɛsɛtɩ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ mbʋ pɩ-tɔm cɛyɩ siŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ nesi, ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yaa ɛ-ɛzɩyɛ mbʋ yɔ, nɛ pɩtaakɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ nʋmɔʋ kɩdɛkɛdʋʋ nɔɔyʋ. Pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu se ɛyʋ elesi hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛsʋʋ Ɛsɔ Kewiyaɣ taa se ɛwɛɛnɩ-ɩ, ɛlɛ pakpaɣ ɛ-tɩŋa nɛ pɔlɔ Geheena taa (yaa miŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ Hinɔɔm fɛɛʋ taa yɔ, ɩ-taa). Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se apostoloowaa kaana miŋ ɛnʋ Yerusalɛm tɛtʋ cɔlɔ, fɛɛʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Pɩɩkɛ huɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ miŋ kaawɛ tam yɔ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, panɩ pɩ-taa se lone nɖɩ ɖɩsɩŋnɩ tam tam ɖɩzʋʋ.
Yesu heyi-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se: “Ɩɖaŋ mɩ-tɩ nɛ itaani piya ajamaa taa nɔɔyʋ: Meheyiɣ-mɩ se si-tiyiyaa sɩŋ tam ɛsɔdaa, man-Caa weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ ɛ-ɛzɩdaa.” Ɛsɔ ɛzɩdaa lɛ, ɛzɩma “piya ajamaa” mba pamʋ ñɩm? Yesu kɛdɩ-wɛ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ, weyi ɛwɛnɩ heŋ 100 nɛ ɩ-taa heu kʋɖʋm le yɔ, ɛ-tɔm. Ɛkɛdɩ-wɛ se abalʋ ɛnʋ eyebi heŋ 99 nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛñɩnɩ heu weyi eleba yɔ, nɛ ɛkɔm nɛ ɛna-ɩ lɛ, ɛnɩɩ ɛ-yɔɔ leleŋ siŋŋ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ heŋ 99 weyi ɩɩkazaa yɔ. Nɛ Yesu tɛzɩnɩ se: “Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔdaa mɩ-Caa cɔlɔ patɩsɔɔlɩ se ajamaa mba yɔ pa-taa paa kʋyʋm ele.”—Maatiyee 18:10, 14.
Pɩtɩla, Yesu maɣzaɣ ɛzɩma apostoloowaa wɛɛ poyou sɔsɔtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ eheyi-wɛ se: “Ɩwɛɛnɩ ɖɔm mɩ-taa maɣmaɣ nɛ ɩwɛɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖama.” (Maarkɩ 9:50) Ðɔm yeki nɛ tɔɔnaɣ wɛɣ leleŋ. Ye mbʋ, ye fezuu taa ɖɔm ɛwɛ pa-taa kɔyɔ, pɩɩkɔŋnɩ you, ɛlɛ piyeki nɛ tɔm ndʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ yɔ, tɩwɛɛ ɖeu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.—Koloosi 4:6.
Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, tɔm kaɖɛ ñɩndʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩkɔɔ. Yesu wɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se pɔñɔɔzɩ-tʋ yɔ. “Ye ño-koobu ɛlabɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm kɔyɔ, wolo, ŋna-ɩ nɛ ŋñɔɔzɩ-ɩ, ye ɛnɩnɩ-ŋ kɔyɔ, ŋyabɩ ño-koobu ñʋʋ.” Nɛ ye ɛtɩnɩɩnɩ-ŋ? Yesu tasɩ lɔŋ se: “Wolo ŋcaa ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ yaa naalɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩñɔɔzɩ aseɣɖe tɩnaa naalɛ yaa naadozo ɛzɩdaa.” Ɛlɛ, ye tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ mbʋ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se peheyi-tʋ “cejewiye” yaa ɛgbɛyɛ, pɩ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛgbɛyɛ taa ɛzʋtʋyaa nɛ paba pɩzɩ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ tɔm ndʋ. Ɛlɛ ye weyi ɛlabɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm yɔ, etiwelisini ɛgbɛyɛ kɔyɔ, “ɛkɛ ñɛ-ɛzɩdaa ɛzɩ sɩɩnaa layʋ yɔ, ɛyʋ kɩdɛkɛdʋ.” Yuda mba taaɖʋʋ taabalɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ sɩɩnaa layaa.—Maatiyee 18:15-17.
Pɩcɛyaa se ɛgbɛyɛ taa ɛzʋtʋyaa iyele nɛ Ɛsɔtɔm ɖiyi-wɛ. Ye panawa se nɔɔyʋ labɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ se pɔhɔ ɛ-nɩŋgbaaŋ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ pahʋʋnɩ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ tɔm ɛsɔdaa. Ɛlɛ ye panawa se ɛfɛyɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm nabʋyʋ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛfɛyɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm ɖooo ɛsɔdaa. Lɔŋ tasʋʋ pʋnɛ pɩkaɣ wazʋʋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Krɩstʋ ɛgbɛyɛ kaɣ ñɔʋ yɔ. Yesu yɔɔdɩ tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ tʋnɛ nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛtɔ se ɖenɖe “ɛyaa naalɛ yaa naadozo ikpeɣli ma-hɩɖɛ taa kɔyɔ, mɛwɛɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.”—Maatiyee 18:18-20.


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Fiktooriya lɩmfalɩyɛ
Fiktooriya lɩmfalɩyɛ wɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩmfala wena akɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ a-taa. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Sambɛɛzɩ yɔɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taatɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Livingstɔnɩ yɔ nɛ Simbabwee pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛ walanzɩ talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 700 yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛzʊ nɛ pɩfalʊʊ ɖenɖe yɔ ɖɩnɛ talɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 108 yɔ. Lɩm pʊnɛ pʊʊ hɛɛʊ nakʊyʊ taa pɩfalʊʊ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzʊ nɛ ɛna-pʊ yem kpam kɛ ɛcɔlɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se etuzi ɛ-tɩu ɛzɩ mɛtanaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ pʊcɔ nɛ pulosi-pʊ camɩyɛ.
Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖooo lɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mosioatuniya, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ñɔsɩ nzɩ si-tiluu yɔ; pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa-tʊ, David Livingstone, Ekɔɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ weyi ɛkɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔyʊ nɛ ti-miidiyu yɔ ɛkɔma ɛlɩɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1855 yɔ. Ɛna-ɖɩ nɛ ɛcɔna-ɖɩ camɩyɛ lɛ, ɛyaa-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ se Fiktooriya. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɩɩkɛna-ɩ se ɛɖʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ samtʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ tɛ Abiɖe Victoria yɔ. Piyebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ kpam yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Livingstoonii nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ David Livingstone anjaʊ kɛ lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩcɔlɔ kiŋ, Simbabwee hɔɔlʊʊ.


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Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɛsɩpan̄ɔlɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1547 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Alcalá de Henares tɛtʋ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1616 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Maadiriidi. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma sakɩyɛ sɔsɔna kɩlaba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ koowa maɖʋ siŋŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ ta peeɖe. Ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ kpim kpim.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʋyɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛmaɣzɩm takayaɣsɩ kɩkalaɣsɩ yɔɔ. Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga patɩla sɩze, kɛkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ wɛɛ kɩfaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes kaasɔɔla n̄ɛlʋʋ siŋŋ. Ɛsʋʋwaa n̄ɩtʋ pɩtatɩ-ɩ fɛyɩ naʋ. Ɛlaba sɔɔjɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ ɛla you ŋgʋ payaɣ size Lépante tɛ you yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1571 n̄ɩŋga taa. You ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes lɩmɩyɛ nesi camaɣ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛ-lɩmɩyɛ nesi yeba tʋmɩyɛ labʋʋ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1575 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛpɩsaɣ ɛ-jaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ pakpa-ɩ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ Rodrigo.
Mba pakpa wɛ yɔ, mba payaɣ size mɛzadokuli waa tɩnaa nabɛyɛ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ pɛcɛya pa-tɩ tam naanaza se peseu, ɛlɛ, patapɩzɩ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ caɣʋ Alger peeɖe mbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1580 n̄ɩŋga taa peyeba ɛna salaka tɩnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-jaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ.


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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, payaɣ e-cejewiye se, "Madiba". Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1918 taa Mvezo Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kiyakʋ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa Yowanɛɛsɩbuur tɛtʋ taa. Nelson Mandela kɛkɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki laɖʋ nɔɔyʋ. Kajalaɣ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa se palɩzɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ, ki-ɖeɖe lɛ, tɛyɩtʋ taafɛyɩ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Caca ŋgʋʋ pɔtɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩ Nelson Mandela nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋ tʋ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1999 n̄ɩŋa. Ɛkɛ ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩnaa mba palʋba siŋŋ se, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛlʋ. Toovenim lɛ, tokaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ kɛwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ansaayɩnaa takpakaɣa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa nɛ payaa se pʋyʋ. Tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ndʋʋ payaɣ se, apartɛyɩdɩ.
Nelson Mandela sʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Congrès National Africain" (ANC) yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1943 taa. Ɛsʋ ɖɩ-taa se, pɩsa nɛ ɛlʋbɩna tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ. Ŋcɔna Afrɩka nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ansaayɩnaa tɔɖɔɔ patalɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa, ɛlɛ, ḿba ɖʋna tɛyɩtʋ pa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ ponuutuu-wɛ siŋŋ. Ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ tɔmhʋyʋ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ mba palʋkɩ se, ɛyaa ɛtaatɩŋɩɣna heluhelu lakasɩ yɔɔ se, pekisi tɛyɩtʋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖɔm yɔ, pa-taa. Ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ paɣtʋ ńdʋ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Partie nationale" yɔ, ɖi-kewiyaɣ ɖʋna-tʋ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1948 taa. Pekizaa se pataatasɩ ANC ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋkɩ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa yɔ ɖɩ-taŋ nɩʋ pɩnaɣ 1960 taa. Mbʋ labɩna nɛ lʋɖɛ nɖɩ palʋkaɣ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, ɖɩtawazɩ pʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, Mandela ɖaɣnɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1961 taa nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋ tʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma lʋbɩna paɣtʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩndʋ ndʋ komina nɛ sɔɔjanaa paɖʋwa yɔ siŋŋ, halɩ pakʋyʋʋ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩn̄azʋʋ. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ polisinaa kpa-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Ɛlɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "CIA" yɔ, ńɖɩ yebina nɛ pakpa-ɩ. Pahʋ ɛ-tɔm "Rivonia" tɛtʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, paɖʋ-ɩ salaka. Pɩkpaɣnɩ mbʋ yɔ lɛ, Mandela pɩsɩ mba palʋkɩ se, ɛyaa kɩsɛmaa nɛ kʋhʋlʋmaa nɛ kɩkpɛdaa nɛ sʋtʋ lɩm n̄ɩma pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ yɔ, pa-kɩlɛmʋʋ. Peeye kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ sɩna-ɩ ɛ-lʋɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-lʋbʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ kɩlʋʋ yɔɔ.
Ɛcaɣ salaka taa pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ mpilim nɛ ɛtɔɔ kʋn̄ɔŋ siŋŋ. Ɛ-lʋɖɛ nɖɩ ɛlʋkaɣ yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, ekizaa se, ɛɛlɩɣ salaka taa yee, patanɩɩna-ɩ kɔyɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1990 taa patɔla-ɩ nɛ peyebi-i. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wena ɛwɛna ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣlɩ yɔ, a-yɔɔ lɛ, etisi se ɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɩ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ, Ɖajaa Frederik de Klerk tɛ komina pacaɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ nɛ peceyi. Paha ɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ Frederik de Klerk ɛnʋ Laŋhɛyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa samtʋ nima pɩnaɣ 1993 taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ nɛ ɩ panɩnɩ ɖama ɖɛfɛɛ yem nɛ tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ tɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ. Peeye papazɩ sɩʋ loma kaɖasɩm Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfɑɖɛ tikiɖe.
Kewiyaɣ ŋga keɖiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ se pʋcɔ pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ, pʋkɔna-kɛ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Peeye ɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ de Klerk palʋba se, you ɛtaalɩɩ aparɩtɛɛdɩ taa n̄ɩma nɛ ANC nɛ "Inkhata" pa-aŋgba pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Suluu cejewiye taa n̄ɩma wɛna "Inkhata" ŋgbɛyɛ taa sakɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1994 n̄ɩŋa taa pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ Nelson Mandela nɛ ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ weyi ɛkɛ Afríka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ yɔ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ se, ceyuu nɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ pɛwɛɛ ansaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlʋba se, ɛyaa ɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ tɔzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ patanada kɩ-hayʋʋ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se, siidaa yɔ, ɛtɔcɔna ki-ɖeɖe, ŋgʋ kɩsa miŋ siŋŋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnzɩ nzɩ pʋpɔzʋʋ se, ɛyʋ ɛla Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ lɛ, eyele-kɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ e-nesi politiki tɔm taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛwɛɛ ɛsɩŋna "ANC" ŋgbɛyɛ kaɣlaa nɛ ekiziɣ mbʋ ɖɩlakɩ nɛ pɩɩcɔlʋʋ yɔ.
Ɛkɔma lɛ, ɛsʋʋ aŋgba sakɩyɛ wena alʋkɩna kʋn̄ɔŋdʋtʋ nɛ siidaa kʋdɔŋ yɔ a-taa. Mbʋʋ pɩlaba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm. Ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ weyi kpedeŋa kpeekpe welesiɣna siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kʋhʋlʋmaa nɛ kɩsɛmaa nɛ kɩkpɛdaa nɛ sʋtʋ lɩm n̄ɩma pɛkpɛndaa pacaɣ ɛjaɖɩ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ loma kaɖasɩm lɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pakpaɣ-ɩ se, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-caa. Pɛɖɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ se, " kaɣʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ". Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, cɛyɩtʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩndʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɩ-taa. Mulum wɛ tɔzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛyaa kʋyʋʋ komina yɔɔ nɛ helu helu lakasɩ labʋ.


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OIF ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya kpeekpe wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, awɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ potobi yaʊ taa nɛ payaa se OIF. Ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo (80) pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ paɖʊ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ajɛya ana a-taa lɛ, ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ lʊbɛ (57) kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma siŋŋ. Piyele ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) ñɛkɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya yɔɔ feŋiyaa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se feŋiyaa ajɛya ana acɔŋnana nɛ ana se OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya ñaŋ yaa ɖɔŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ pa-tɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ yaa paaɖɔŋ.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe wena ayɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛyɛ wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-tɔzʊʊ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa paa nɖɩ ɖɩcɛyɛ ɖɩ-tɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔzʊʊ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɩŋa ehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pɔñɔɔ ɛzɩ pe-liu wɛʋ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ siŋŋ se ɖama nɩnaʋ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ a-hɛkʋ taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya kpeɣlaa nɛ pala kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ tʋma. Tʋma naanza paɖʋwa se pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ɛlʋ yaa aɖʋ nesi siŋŋ a-labʋ taa. Tʋma naanza ana, anaa yɔ :
- Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ kandɩylʋʋ yaa kʋ-yɔɔ lʋbʋ se kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
- Ɛyʋ yɔɔ waɖɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ temokrasii pɔ-yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ.
- Sukuli labʋ nɛ ɛsakuliye nʋnɔʋ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ lʋbʋ.
- Ajɛya wena awɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, a-ɖama sɩnnaʋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa ñʋʋ wɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se Paarii. Ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ payaɣ se ACCT. ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ se sɔnzɩ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ lɛɣtʋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1970 taa paɖʋ ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ. Nizɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa palaba kedizaɣ sɔsɔɣ nɛ palɩzɩ ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ. Nizɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palaba kedizaɣ ŋga yɔ payaɣ se Ñamɛɛ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma tɩŋa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. Ajɛya wena awɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, akpeɣli Senegaalɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ weyi palɩzaa yɔ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɖajaa Michaëlle Jean.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ lɩzɩɣna weyi ɛcɔŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖajaa Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Adama Ouane cɔŋnana OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma lakɩ pe-kedizaɣ sɔsaa.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ nɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɔɔ nɛ kahaɣ cmɩyɛ. Ɛzɩma ɛyaa tɩŋa pɩzɩɣ pehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pahaɣ camɩyɛ? OIF ŋgbɛyɛ sɩŋna paa weyi se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ ɛla nɛ ehiɣ ɛ-mamaɣ e-nesi yɔɔ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩɣna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna naanza yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɩnna ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ.


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Joseph Staline
Joseph (Iossif) Vissarionovitch Djougachvili (géorgien kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი, Iosseb Bessarionis dze Djoughachvili, Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Иocиф BиccapиoHoBич ДжyraшBили), hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pasɩmana-ɩ Joseph Staline (Иocиф CTaлиH) pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ yɛlɩɣ yɔɔ lɛ, paya-ɩ se vojd (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖiyiyu), yaa ɛyaa samaɣ caa. Palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1878 ɛlɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ hɩɖɛ taa lɛ, saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1879 Gori (Ruusi Ampiiri taa, nɔɔnɔɔ Géorgie ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1953 Moscou, ɛɛkɛ kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛzɩyʊ nɛ soviyetiki ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ géorgienne kiŋ.
Ɛɛkɛ takayaɣ mayʊ Soviyetiki kpɛndɛ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1922, e-ɖiya soviyetiki samaɣ kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣza tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ (URSS) kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1920 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm. Ɛlaba ñazʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm ɛ-maɣmaɣ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa ha-ɩ kpaɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm ndɩ ndɩ nabʊyʊ mbʊ se ɛnʊ tɩna ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa naatozo ŋtalɩ nɩɩlɛ tɛ sɩm tɔm.
Pakʊmɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Sosso (Iossef yaa Iosseb tɔm pee yɔɔ patʊwa) ɛ-pɩjatʊ wɛɛ taa, pʊwayi lɛ, peyele payaɣ-ɩ se Koba (géorgien sɔdʊʊ ɛyʊ nɔyʊ tɔmna mbʊ) ɛ-tɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ politiki kajalaɣ pɩnzɩ taa nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣtɩnaa. Pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ ɛɖaɣnɩ hɩɖɛ sɛʊ se Staline, Ruusi tɔmpiye cTaлb (stal) yɔɔ pama-ɖɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kaɖaɖa ñɩɣyʊ.
Staline caa, Vissarion Djougachvili, kaakɛ nataŋgbalaa ñɛyɩyʊ nɛ ehiɣ ñɩm camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ sʊlʊm. Ɛ-tɛ Géorgie nɛ Hayi yɔɔ haɖaa nabɛyɛ taa, Djougha (ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ, peeɖe). E-ɖoo Ekaterina Gavrilovna Gueladzé, ñaakɛ tɔɔlɩ ñɛyɩyʊ Ossétie tɛtʊ taa. Krɩstʊ tʊ siŋ, ɛ-walʊ kiza-ɩ, eseɣti ɛ-pɩyalʊ se ɛkɛ fada nɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ hɛyʊʊ e-sukuli yɔɔ. Staline evebutu taa, ɛ-ñɩma sʊʊ 10 Gori cɔjɔ naŋ habɩyɛ.
Agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1907 lɛ ewolo Londre ajɛyɛ samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊŋ tɩnaa kediizaɣ. Ɛpɩsaɣ lɛ, ɛtɩŋna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛkatɩ Lénine Leipzig. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1908 taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ Bakou, paɖʊyɩ salaka peeɖe pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908 nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, pɛkɛzɩɣ Vologda egeetiye. Pɩnaɣ 1908, pɛɖɛna-ɩ Solvytchegodsk tɛtʊ taa, pʊnɔʊ taa tomnaɣ yɔɔ takɩŋ takɩŋ kʊɖɔŋ kpayi. Ese lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1909. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1912 pakpa-ɩ Saint-Pétersbourg. Pɛɖɛna-ɩ Sibérie, Narym tɛtʊ taa. Ese peeɖe salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Moscou.


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Saamɩɖɛ
Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ saamɩɖɛ se Ɛɛdɩ tɛ bilee. Saamɩɖɛ kɛ tɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hatʋ n̄ɔɔɔ yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɩsɩ n̄akɩ yɔ, pakɩlɩɣ saamɩla hayʋʋ. Pahayɩɣ saamɩla a-pe yɔɔ. N̄ɩm ndɩ ndɩ wɛ saamɩla pe taa sakɩyɛ. Saamɩla hatʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ huɖe. Pɩkɛ tikuu, payaɣ se saamɩɖɛ tiku, pɩkɛ piye, payaɣ se saamɩɖɛ pijen.
Saamɩɖɛ lɩna Mɛkɩsiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Saamɩla kɛkɛŋna Amérindiens waa tɔɔnaɣ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋga nɛ pʋcɔ ɖajaa Christophe Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hɛkʋ taa hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa n̄ɩma pakpaɣ saamɩɖɛ se ɖɩkɛ-wɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ pɩtɩŋa. Waasɩ hiu nɛ loɖo taa papazɩɣ saamɩla haɣʋ Eerɔɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Sɔnɔ, pahayɩɣ saamɩla kedeŋa kpeekpe. Mɔʋ pakɩlɩɣ haɣʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, patɩŋ bilee, pʋwayɩ lɛ saamɩla tɩŋɩɣna tɩŋ pe haɖaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Lɛɣtʋ ndʋ tɩlɩ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ pe kɩbana kɩbana nɛ pesidiɣ-yɛ nɛ lɛɛna nɛ poɖuu yɔ, piyebina nɛ pahayɩɣ saamɩla pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Siini pa-ajɛya taa. Pahayɩɣ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pahayɩɣ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ Argentine nɛ Eerɔpʋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Lusakaaa
Luzakaa kɛŋna Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 7 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 70. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ; lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda 1 742 979. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa hʊkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Luzakaa tɛttʊ taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ aŋgilisi nɛ niyanja. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sambii komina kpelasi wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tadɩyɛ kɩlʊʊ yabʊ. Luzakaaa tɛtʊ wɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ñʊʊtaa wɛ landammm yɔ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 300 yɔ nɛ pɩwɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ habɛɛ ɖɩ-katɩyɛ taa; pɩkpaɣna hayʊ pitii pɩsɩɩna hadɛ, pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ piwolo pɩtalɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Luzakaaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Tʊsambee (Taajikisitani) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 nɛ Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ (Etaazuni) ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 7 pɩnaɣ 1968. Payaɣ Luzakaaa tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Stephen Chilatu.


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Kaŋgbɩsɩ
Kaŋgbɩsɩ Kaŋgbɩsɩ kɛ kuludasi tomnasi tɩnaa sɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ yaa sɩkɛ kʊyʊmaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛñɔʊʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe mʊzɩŋ ɛtɔkɩ. Ɛkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩna kpɛdɩŋ kpanjaɣ yɔ, ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛ-tɛ ñɔʊʊ ɛzɩ payaɣ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩka yɔ ɛtɛkɛ tɩŋ ɛfɛyɩna hatʊ ɛfɛyɩna ɖɔɖɔ lila ɛfɛyɩ mɔɔyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋga nakayɛ wɛɛ nɛ kalakɩ kaŋgbɩsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛna yatʊ sakɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna kaŋgbɩka yɔɔ, kɛlɛ ɖooo hoohoo canaʊ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔtɔkɩ camɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ. Mbʊ lɛ, palɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ Ötzi yɔɔ lɛpanaɣ se pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛwɛɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kpeŋanaɣ e-huyuu taa kaŋgbɩsɩ naalɛ, kʊlʊmaɣ pɔŋ kifeziŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ ñɩŋa ŋga palakɩna ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔɔ nɛ ŋga payaɣ se amadou kʊkʊ paɖʊɣanaɣ miŋ, mbʊ wɩlɩna se pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba patɔkaɣnaɣ lakʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee yɔ pɔtɔkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kaŋgbɩsɩ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɔnɔ wɛɛ anɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Hɩɖɛ champignon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kabɩyɛ taa kaŋgbɩka lɩna Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa champignuel (pɛlɛɛza pʊyɔɔ tɩnɩyʊ -on) pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se campinolius nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakɩŋ taa caɣyaa tɔɔnaɣ cikpelaɣ yaa ŋga kɩñɔʊʊ hayɩm naa taa yɔ (ɛlɩna –ŏlu campania), ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ ñalɩna latɛŋ taa campus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakʊ, ŋgʊ haɣna hayɩm, kɛdɛnzɩ.
Ɛyaa kaaɖɔ sakɩyɛ mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pa-taa kɔyɔ Persoon, Rudolphi (pɩnaɣ 1807), Link, Nees, Unges (pɩnaɣ 1833) nɛ Naegeli (pɩnaɣ 1842) nɛ E.M.Fries. Elias Magnus Fries kʊyʊm ɛnʊ (pɩnzɩ 1794 ŋtalɩ 1878) pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩsɩ Linné, kaalɩzɩna kajalaɣ kɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ cɔlɩtʊ tɔm mycologicum (1821-1832) pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm paaza.


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Harvard sukulɩ kɩtɛzʊʊ
Harvard sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ (Harvard University), yaa kɛlɛʊ taa payaɣ se Harvard, kɩkɛ Amerika mɛwɛ mantɩyɔɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛɛ Cambridge tɛtʊ taa, Boston kɩjaʊ yɔɔ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ lɛ mbʊ yɔ, Massachusetts taa. Patʊlɩ-kʊ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1636, pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pawɩlɩɣ sukuli sɔsɔʊ tɔm, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ yɔ kɛ Amerika taa. Kɩ-taa sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ 70 mbʊ yɔ hiɣ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyʊʊ.
Sukʊlɩ kɩ-taa wɩlɩyaa kpɛnda 2497 nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukuli piyaa 6715 kɛ kajalaɣ tindimiye (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa undergraduate) nɛ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ tindimiye naalɛ tɛ kɛ ɛyaa 12424 (graduate). Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2004 lɛ pakalɩɣ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa sukuli piyaa nzɩ sɩkɔma kɩ-taa kɔyɔ pɛkpɛndɩ sukuli piyaa 132, palɩna ajɛyɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Kɔlɛɛzɩ ŋgʊ keekee ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩm-kʊ sɔnɔ yɔ, patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1636, pɩtɩŋna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa caja nakʊyʊ yɔɔ Massachusetts tɛtʊ taa (Massachusetts Bay Colony). Paya-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Harvard pɩlɩna mbʊ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ John Harvard, Charlestown tʊ, ɛɛkɛ pastor siɣsiɣ tʊ weyi pɩnaɣ 1638 eyebina ɛ-takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛ-ñɩm hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ sukuli kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ kaakpɛnda nakʊ yeke nɛ wɩlɩyʊ kʊyʊm, Nathanel Eaton.
Sukuli ɖɩna paɣlʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, wɩlɩtʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ wɩlɩyaa sɔsaa kɔŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ, pa-taa kɔyɔ keɣsi tʊ Henry Longfellow (1807-1882) nɛ James Russell Lowell (1817-1891), ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza wɩlɩyaa William James (1842-1910), George Santayana (1863-1952) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ Louis Agassiz (1807-1873).


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Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm
Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Tɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pasiifiki lɩŋamʋʋ wɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Piyele hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Atɩlantiki lɩŋamʋʋ. Amerika hɛkʋ tɛ tɛtʋ tɔnaɣ tamsɩna Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ tɛtʋ. Piyele Karayiibu waa ñɛwɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Pɔɔrɩtigɛɛ kʋnʋŋ nɛ ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ kʋnʋŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1507 ñɩŋa taa paya tɛtʋ ndʋ se Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ. Anjaʋ naa lɩzɩyaa, ɖajaanaa panɛ, Martin Waldseemüller nɛ Mathias Ringmann, mba hana Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ. Saint-Dié-des-Vosges tɛtʋ taa paha-tʋ hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ.
Toovenum lɛ, ɖajaa Amerigo Vespuci calɩna yɔɔdʋʋ se Amerika tɛtʋ kɛ tɛtʋ kɩfatʋ ndʋ Eerɔpʋ ñɩma tasɩmda-tʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Amerika tɛtʋ fɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɖajaa Amerigo kɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa tʋ.
Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ walanzɩ kɛ 17 840 000 km2. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ pɩkpɛndɩna lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɛ 11,9.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa ñʋʋ kɛkɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 410. Payaɣ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ñɩma se Amerika nɛ hadɛ taa ñɩma. Tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɛ walanzɩ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋna. Tʋtʋ wyɩ lɛ, Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ tɩŋ.
Ɛyaa ɖɔʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ. Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋ nɛ tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm ñatɩŋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm wayɩ lɛ, Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa ñatɩŋ.


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Azɔɔtɩ
Azɔɔtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pʊtʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga 7 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ N (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, nitrogenium). Ɛnʊ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ pnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa caŋga taa. Yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, azɔɔtɩ kɛ kɛlɛʊ tomnaɣ N2 (azɔɔtɩ naa naalɛ), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ heɣlim taa, heɣlim taa ɛtalɩ kagbanzɩ yɔɔ lɛ eyeke ɛkpakɩɣ naanaza (ɖɔʊ taa lɛ 78,06%).
Azɔɔtɩ kɛ pʊtʊ hiŋ niitozo nɛ naanaza tʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa pɩlɩna wazaɣ pɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ. Tɛtɛɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa wɛ azɔɔtɩ kɛ azɔɔtɩ siziŋ ɖɔm ñɩndʊ koŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm KNO3 (ɛwɛ salɩpɛtrɩ taa) yaa nitri, ŋgʊʊ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa palakanaɣ malɩfanaa kɩmɩzaa mʊlʊm, nɛ sodɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm NaNO3 (kɩwɛ siili salɩpɛtrɩ taa).
Antoine Lavoisier ɛlɩzɩ hɩɖɛ se azɔɔtɩ kɔyɔ, pama-ɖɩ nɛ a-(palɩzɩ) nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ kiɖe taa lɛ, Zwt (wezuu tʊ) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se palɩzɩ-ɩ fezuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ siɣye taa yɔ azɔɔtɩ ɛɛdɔkɩɣ kpɩna wezuu. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ N lɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa nitrogenium ndɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se nitron gennan nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛnʊ lakɩna salɩpɛtrɩ (potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm). Ɛnglɩsɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ, pasɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ nɛ payaɣna azɔɔtɩ ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ tatasɩ wɛʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ.
Joseph Priestley labɩna azɔɔtɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ N2O pɩnaɣ 1772. Amoniyaki NH3 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, J. Priestley labɩna-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1774. Kajalaɣ hɔɔlaɣ ŋga kamʊʊ-kɛcɛlɩɣ nɛ keyeki nɛ azɔɔtɩ sʊʊ pɩ-taa H3N.BF3 yɔ Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac labɩna-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1809.
Hɔɔlaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa ŋga kɔkɔna tamsʊʊ nɛ azɔɔtɩ nɛ halozɛnɩ yɔ, azɔɔtɩ tɛ kɩlɔrɩrɩ naatozo NCL3, Pierre Louis Dulong labɩna-kʊ nɛ pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa ɛ-ɛsɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ yɔkɩ nɛ e-nee naatozo sɛtɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ fɛyɩ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmɩzɩɣ ɖoŋ tʊ.


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Mɛkɩsiiki (Ɛjaɖɛ)
Mɛkɩsiiki kɛna Amerika nɛ hayʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsɩna kamaɣ kɛ Kuwatemala nɛ Peelizi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Etaazuunii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mɛkɩsiiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Karayiibi teŋgu piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Pasɩfiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa. Ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 2 000 000 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 11 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Keteŋa kpeekpe liidiye koozaɣ sɔsɔwa tɔŋ se pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna 123,8 nɛ pa-taa lɛ sakɩyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ. Mɛkɩsiiki taa ajɛya cɩkpena wɛ hiuwaa naatozo nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖenɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Mɛkɩsiikoo wɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1521 taa kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ paɣzɩ Mɛkɩsiiki kpacayʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 300 yɔ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1810 ɛlɛ Mɛkɩsiiki ñɩnɩʊ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1813 taa lɛ, M;kɩsiiki se kɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ pɔkɔma papɩzɩ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔlɔ yelie.
Kpana mbʊ yɔ, yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ fɛyɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩla se Porfirio Diaz kpaɣ kpelaɣ lɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ wɛɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa kɛ pakʊ Porfirio Diaz.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ Ameriki-latiini taa se ɖɩsʊʊ OCDE taa. Mɛkɩsiiki wɛ ONU taa, OMC taa, G20 taa nɛ keteŋa yɔɔ aŋgba sɔsɔna taa. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛna hiu nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu yɔ.


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Laɖɩyɛ
Laɖɩyɛ kɛ wonuu ŋgʋ palakɩna kʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ fɛlɛfɛlɛ hɔɔlaɣ yɔ. Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ n̄ɩɣɖɛ tɩyɛ. Ŋna laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ tɩyɛ. Kpoŋgbolo ɖaʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ patama laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size, nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, nɖɩ pafakɩna ɖasɩ nɛ pɛcɛsʋʋna kpaɣkpa ɖɔɖɔ. Palakɩna laɖɩyɛ nɛ you ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Powokina lakʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ laɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwazʋʋ ɛyʋ mbʋ kpem kɛ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ size pɔyɔɔdɩ.
Laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ miŋ ɖiziyaa kpaɣkʋʋ nɛ patʋlʋʋna kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ miŋ asɛɣyʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩ ɖolii lɛ yɔ.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ tɔmɑ Ɩsekiyɛɛlɩ mɑ́ sɩ:
2Yʋlʋ nyɑ́, wii Tiii ɩcɑtɛ tɔɔ sɩ:
3Hei, Tiii, nyɑ́ wei n wɛ teŋku nɔɣɔ, nɑ nyɑ́ nɑ teŋku tɑɑ tɛtʋnɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ ɩ́ lɑkɩ tɑɑtǝlɛ tɔ. Tɑcɑɑ Ɩsɔ mɑ́ mɑ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ sɩ: N tɔŋɑɣɑ sɩ n tewɑ tǝmɑmmɑm ɩlɛ?
4Nyɑ́ toosi ntɛ́ hɑtoo teŋku hɛkʋ tɑɑ. Nyɑ́ sɑɑkǝlɑɑ sɑɑkɑ-ŋ teu kɛ́.
5Senii pʋɣʋ tɩɩŋ kʋpɑŋ kɛ ɩ́ sɑɑkǝnɑ kpɩɩlʋɣʋ. Ɩ́ cɑɑ Lipɑŋ tɩɩŋ kʋpɑŋ nɑ ɩ́ lɑ́ tesikɑ sɔsɑɣɑ.
6Pɑsɑŋ tɛtʋ tɩɩŋ kʋpɑŋ kɛ ɩ́ sɑɑkɑ kpɩɩlǝŋ lɔɣɔlɑsɩ nsi pɑ hɑtǝɣǝnɑ lʋm tɔ. Ɩ́ sɑɑkɑ kʋcɑcɑɣɑŋ nɑ Kǝlɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ tɩɩŋ nɑ ɩ́ tʋ pǝ tɔɔ kɛ́ tuu kelɑ*fɑ*. sɔsɔɔm kɛ́.
7Icipiti kpoŋkpontu toŋ nyǝntʋ kɛ ɩ́ lʋʋnɑ mǝ kpɩɩlǝŋ pɔɔŋ nɑ ɩ́ sɔ. Mǝ pɔɔŋ ɩnǝɣɩ pɑ nyǝŋnɑ-mɛɣɛ pooluŋ. Sipili tɛtʋ pɔɔŋ wei pɑ sɛɛsɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ lii ɑkpɑɑyɑlɑ tɔɣɔ ɩ́ tɑkɑ mǝ kɑtɑɑtɑɣɑ wontu tɔɔ.
8Sitɔŋ nɑ Alǝfɑtɩ pǝ ɑcɑlɛɛ yǝlɑɑ ntɛ́ mǝ kpɩɩlǝŋ sɑɑlɑɑ. Tiii nyǝntɑɑ sɔsɑɑ ntɛ́ kpɩɩlʋɣʋ pɑɑsǝnlɑɑ.
9Pipǝlɔsɩ ɩcɑtɛ yǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ nyǝ́mɑ niŋ tǝmɑ lɑpʋ nɑ pɑ́ wɛ cɑŋǝm kɛ teu tɔ. Mpɛ pɑ pɑɑsɑɣɑnɑ kpɩɩlʋɣʋ pɔɣɔlʋɣʋ kɛ tɑɣɑnʋɣʋ. Teŋku kpɩɩlǝŋ sɔsɔɔŋ kɔŋɑɣɑ mǝ tɛɣɛ. Ɩ tɑɑ yǝlɑɑ yɑkɩ mǝ kɑtɑɑtɑɣɑ wontu.
10Pɛɛsɩ nɑ Lutɩ nɑ Puti pǝ yoolɑɑ lɑkɑɣɑ nyɑ́ yoolɑɑ kɛ tǝmlɛ. Mpɛ pɑ pusɑɣɑnɑ kpɑlǝŋ nɑ yoou kɑhusi kɛ tǝsikilenɑɑ tɑɑ. Mpʋ pǝ kʋsɑɣɑnɑ nyɑ́ nyʋɣʋ.
11Mǝ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ mǝ yoolɑɑ nɑ Alǝfɑtɩ ɩcɑtɛ yǝlɑɑ pɑ feŋɑɣɑnɑ mǝ koloosi. Nɑ Kɑmmɑtɩ yǝlɑɑ nɑ́ɑ́ feŋiɣi ɑtɛ nɑ ɩsɔ kutuluŋ. Ɩ́ pusɑɣɑ mǝ kpɑlǝŋ kɛ koluŋɑ ŋkɑ kɑɑ cɔɔnɑ-mɛ tɔ kɑ tɔɔ kɛ́. Pɛlɛ pɑ lɑkɑɣɑnɑ nɑ mǝ teu sɔɔsǝɣɩ.
12Tiii, nyɑ́ nɑ Tɑɑsisi tɛtʋ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ lɑkɑɣɑnɑ tɑɑtǝlɛ. Mpi tɔ, n kɑ wɛnɑ kʋpɛɛtǝm kɛ tuutuumɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɛlɛ pɑ́ pɛɛtǝɣǝnɑ-ŋ liɣitee nyǝɣǝtʋ, nɑ nyǝɣǝlʋɣʋ nɑ kʋsɛɛmʋɣʋ nɑ kʋhʋlʋmʋɣʋ sǝlǝpɑ nyǝŋkʋ.
13Hɑlɩ Tiii nyɑ́ nɑ Kǝlɛɛsɩ nɑ Tupɑɑlɩ nɑ Mesɛkɩ pǝ tɛtʋ yǝlɑɑ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ ɩ́ lɑkɑɣɑ tɑɑtǝlɛ. Pɛlɛ pɑ lɑɣɑsɑɣɑnɑ-mɛɣɛ yomɑɑ nɑ nyǝɣǝlʋɣʋ kʋsɛɛmʋɣʋ wontu.
14Tokɑɑmɑ nyǝ́mɑ nɑ́ kɔŋɑɣɑnɑ kɛɛkɛnɑɑ kpɑɣɑnǝŋ nɑ ɑsewɑ nyǝŋ. Nɑ kpɑŋɑsɩ cɑmnɑnɑɑ*fɑ* nɑ pɑ́ pɛɛtǝɣǝnɑ-mɛ. pǝ́ lʋlɩ mpi tɔ.
15Mǝ nɑ Tetɑŋ tɛtʋ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ lɑkɑɣɑnɑ tɑɑtǝlɛ. Nɑ tɛtʋnɑɑ mpɑ lʋm cɔɔnɑɑ tɔ pɑ pɑɣɑlɛ nyǝ́mɑ tɔtɔ. Pɛlɛ pɑ fɛlǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ tuuŋ kelɑ nɑ tɑɑsɩ kʋkpɛɛtɑsɩ nɑsǝlɩ.
16Ɩtɔm nyǝ́mɑ yɑkɑɣɑ mǝ wontu pɑɣɑlɛ kɛ́, nɑ pɑ́ fɛlǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ liɣitee pɛɛ tiŋ ɑtɔntɔɔtɛ nɑ kʋsɛɛmlɛ, nɑ pɔɔŋ wei pɑ lii ɑkpɑɑyɑlɑ tɔ. Nɑ wei pɑ sɔpɑ tɔ, nɑ kpoŋkpontu toŋ nyǝntʋ pɔɔŋ, nɑ pɔɣɔlɑsɩ.
17Yutɑ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ pǝ yǝlɑɑ pɛɛtɑɣɑnɑ-mɛɣɛ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ pee kɛ́, nɑ tɩɩŋ nɑ nim, nɑ kɔɔlɛ.
18Tɑmɑsɩ ɩcɑtɛ nyǝ́mɑ yɑkɑɣɑ mǝ wontu pɑɣɑlɛ nɑ mǝ kʋwɛnɑm pɑɣɑlɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ fɛlǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ Hɛlǝpɔŋ nyǝ́mɑ sʋlʋm, nɑ Sɑhɑɑ nyǝ́mɑ heeŋ hʋntʋ.
19Hɑtoo Usɑlɩ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ kɛ́ tɑŋ nɑ Yɑfɑŋ pɑ piitimnɑɑ pɑ yɑkɑɣɑ mǝ kiŋ nɑ pɑ pɛɛtǝɣǝnɑ-mɛɣɛ nyǝɣǝlʋɣʋ ŋku pɑ lupɑ tɔ. Nɑ tulɑɑlʋ nɑ nyɩɩtʋ sɔɔsʋŋ nyǝntʋ.
20Kpɑɣɑnǝŋ pɔɔŋ kɛ Tetɑŋ nyǝ́mɑ pɛɛtɑɣɑnɑ-mɛ.
21Mǝ nɑ Lɑɑlupunɑɑ nɑ Ketɑɑ tɛtʋ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ lɑkɑɣɑnɑ tɑɑtǝlɛ, pɛlɛ pɑ yɑkɑɣɑ mǝ wontu nɑ pɑ́ fɛlǝɣɩ-mɛɣɛ ɩwɛɛsɩ, nɑ heeŋ nɑ pǝŋtʋlʋŋ.
22Mǝ nɑ Sɑpɑ tɑɑtǝlɑɑ, nɑ Lɑkǝmɑ nyǝ́mɑ ɩ́ tɑɑtɑɣɑɑnɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ lɑɣɑsǝɣɩ-mɛ nɑ tulɑɑlʋnɑɑ kʋpɑmpɑmɑ, nɑ liɣitee pɛɛ wɑɑnɩ wɑɑnɩ, nɑ wʋlɑ.
23Mǝ nɑ Hɑlɑŋ nɑ Kɑnne nɑ Ɩteni pɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ yǝlɑɑ ɩ́ lɑkɑɣɑnɑ tɑɑtǝlɛ. Hɑlǝnɑ Sɑpɑ nɑ Asuu nɑ Kilimɑtɩ pɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ nyǝ́mɑ tɔtɔ.
24Ɩ́ pɛɛtɑɣɑnɑ-wɛɣɛ kɑcɔkɑ wontu. Nɑ wontu nti pɑ lii ɑkpɑɑyɑlɑ tɔ. Nɑ nti pɑ sɔpɑ tɔ. Nɑ pɔɔŋ wei pɑ pɔɔkɩ ɑtɛ tɔ ɩ kʋcɔlɔcɔlǝŋ, nɑ ŋmɩɩsɩ nsi pɑ lʋʋ teu tɔ.
25Tiii kɑtɑɑtɑɣɑ wontu kɛ Tɑɑsisi kpɩɩlǝŋ sǝɣǝlɑɣɑ. Wontu kɑ su mǝ tɛɣɛ ɩsɩɩ kpɩɩlʋɣʋ kɛ teŋku tɑɑ.
26Mǝ kpɩɩlǝŋ sɑɑlɑɑ ponɑ-mɛɣɛ teŋku lumɑŋ tɑɑ kɛ́. Ɩlɛnɑ ilim tǝlɩɩlɛ heelim wɑkǝlɩ-mɛɣɛ tǝnɑ.
27Mǝ kʋwɛnɑm, nɑ mǝ kɑtɑɑtɑɣɑ, nɑ mǝ kʋpɛɛtǝm, nɑ mǝ kpɩɩlǝŋ sɑɑlɑɑ, nɑ ɩ tǝmɑ lɑtɑɑ, nɑ mpɑ pɑ pɑɑsǝɣǝnɑ-ɩ nɑ pɑ tɑɣɑnǝɣɩ-ɩ tɔ. Mǝ tɑɑtǝlɑɑ nɑ mǝ yoolɑɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛ mǝ tɛ nɑ mǝ sɑmɑɑ tǝnɑ. Pɑɑ hoti teŋku lumɑŋ tɑɑ kɛ́ kʋyɑkʋ ŋku ɩ́ kɑ hoti tɔ.
28Kpɩɩlǝŋ sɑɑlɑɑ kɑ́ wii nɑ teŋku nɔɣɔ cɑɣɑlɑɑ nɑ́ɑ́ seliɣi.
29Ɩ sɑɑlɑɑ tǝnɑ kɑ́ lɩɩ pɑ kpɩɩlǝŋ tɑɑ, nɑ ɩ tɑɑ tǝmɑ lɑtɑɑ tǝnɑ tii ɑtɛ.
30Ɩ́ kɑ́ wii Tiii ɩcɑtɛ tɔm nɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ sɔsɔɔlɛ. Ɩ́ kɑ́ pǝlɩ mǝ nyɔɔŋ tɑɑ kɛ́ tɛtʋ, nɑ ɩ́ pilimi tɔlʋmɑ tɑɑ.
31Ɩ́ kɑ́ looli mǝ nyɔɔŋ, nɑ ɩ́ suu mǝ lǝyɑɣɑ wontu nti tǝ wɛ ɩsɩɩ fɔlǝtɔnɑɑ tɑkɑ tɔ. Ɩ́ kɑ́ wii mǝ ɩcɑtɛ tɔɔ, nɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ sɔsɔɔlɛ.
32Ɩ́ kɑ́ wii lǝyɑɣɑ wulɑ nɑ lɑŋpǝsǝlɛ sɔsɔɔlɛ. Ɩ́ kɑ mɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ kɑwǝyɑɣɑ sɩ: Tiii ɩcɑtɛ nyɑ́ n tɑɑ fɛɩnɑ sɑɑlɑ. Amɑ nɔɔnɔɔ pǝ wɑkǝlɑ-ŋ teŋku hɛkʋ tɑɑ.
33Wɑɑtʋ wei nyɑ́ tɔɣɔnɑsɩ lɩɩkɑɣɑnɑ teŋku tɑɑ tɔ, piitimnɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ kɛ pǝ cɑlǝsɑɣɑ. Nyɑ́ kʋwɛnɑm nɑ nyɑ́ tɑɑtǝlɛ kɑtɑtǝlɑɣɑ tɔɔ, ɑtɛ ɑwulɑɑ sʋʋ toŋ.
34Nɔɔnɔɔ teŋku tɔɣɔ Tiii ɩcɑtɛ nɑ tǝ kɑtɑɑtɑɣɑ wontu. Pǝ kpɛŋnɑ pɑ tǝnɑ mpɑ pɑ kotiɣi tǝ tɑɑ tɔ.
35Teŋku nɔɣɔ yǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ wɛ sɔɣɔntʋ sɔsɔɔntʋ tɑɑ. Pɑ ɑwulɑɑ seliɣi nɑ pɑ ɩsɛntɑɑ wɑkǝlɑɑ.
36Piitimnɑɑ tɑɑtǝlɑɑ kɑ́ kpɛɛtǝɣɩ nyɔɔŋ nɑ sɔɣɔntʋ kɛ Tiii tɔm. Mpi tɔ, mpi pǝ mɑɣɑnɑ-tɛ tɔ pǝ tɔm wɛ sɔɣɔntʋ. Pǝ wɑkǝlɑ-tɛɣɛ tɑm tɔɔ kɛ́.


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Ɛsɩyɛ
Ɛyʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ. Ɛsɛ wɛ kpaɣmɔɔʊ, lɩkpaɣzasɩ nɛ ɛyʊ kɩɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Hʊɖʊŋ naalɛ nɩyɩ hʊʊzʊʊna ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ-tɔndʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ maɣmaɣ lɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se ɛsɩyɛ piye. Tɔndʊ ndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ñɛwɛna hadɛ; tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɛ hʊndʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ yaa fɩtɩla yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɩyɛ wɩlɩɣna ɛyʊ se pʊnɛ pɩsɛwa yaa pipiya, pɩpaɣlaa yaa pɩwɛ ñɩɩ, pɩwɛ poliŋ yaa pɩñɔtinaa, pɩkpeetaa yaa pɩwɛ caŋgaliii.
Ñɩnɩya ñaɣ pana nɛ pañnɩ nɛ polu nabʊyʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛsɩ ɛsɩyɛ yɔ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩyɛ lɛɛɖe ɛfɛyɩ se kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ taa kɛ ɖɩyɔka yaa nbʊyʊ labɩna-ɖɩ yɔ, paaɖʊ ɖɩ-lɔne taa. Ɛlɛ mbʊ pɩkazɩna yɔ lɛ se, ɛsɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɩnaɣ. Ɛyaa wɛʊ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa hʊlʊmaa yaa asɛwa, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa sɛʊ caʊʊʊ yaa awɛ yuuleee.
Kʊtɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ akpaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ kelaɣ yaa ɛsɩyɛ taa caɣyʊ. Ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ papɩzɣ nɛ pawaa kʊtɩŋ ɩnʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛʊ yɔ, ɖɩwɛna huyiŋ yaa aŋwanaa naatozo nɛ mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ. Aŋwana mba pɛwɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm nabʊyʊ wɛ aŋwanaa mba pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ pɩsɩŋna ɛsɩyɛ se ɖɩcɔʊ.
Tɛtɛtɛ kpɩna naayɩ tɛ lɛ, ɛzɩ pɩyaʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, aŋwanaa mba pɩnaɣ-wɛ camɩyɛ. Wɩsɩ taa lɛ, aŋwanaa mba pakpɩɩsɩɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye ñɩɩɩ nɛ ɖoo taa lɛ, huyiŋ ɩnʊ ekpiyu nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye kikpɛdɩyɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ pɩna poliŋ yaa cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa.


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Hiluu
Ɛyʊ hiluu payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «estomac». Payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se poche estomacale. Ɛsɩtomaakɩ wɛ ɛzɩ kabaɣ tɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔkɩ mbʊ payɩ yɔ, e-hiluu taa pitiki. Hiluu wɛ likiyuu (oesophase) nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se duodénum pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Nɔɔ taa ɛyʊ tɔkɩ tɔɔnaɣ. Mbʊ ɛtɔwaa yɔ, pitii e-liu tɛɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋna e-likiyuu taa nɛ pɩtalɩ e-hiluu taa.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ tɛ hiluu tɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ kpaɣna santimɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ santimɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ. Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ tɛ hiluu pɩzɩɣ kʊñɔɔ lɩm litri waa naanza mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ lotu taa ñama ñama naa ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Hiluu wɛɛ, hɔyɛ wɛɛ, lotu wɛɛ, hozaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ wondu natʊyʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se pancréas nɛ lɛɛtʊ se diaphragme nɛ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ se mésocôlon. Paba ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛyʊ lotu taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tiyekina nɛ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-taa nɛ pɩyaɣ-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛcakɩ wezuu. E-hiluu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ tɔɔ ɛ-nɔɔ taa ketiki nɛ kacaɣ. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛdɩ ɛyʊ hiluu nɛ mooti kpomuu. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mooti kpomuu yɔ, hiluu taa tɔɔnaɣ kʊtɔwaɣ cakɩ. Peeye kacakɩ nɛ kaɖaɣnɩ yɔlʊʊ ɖeu nɛ ka-taa ñɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ tomnaɣ wazaɣ yɔ, pɩcatɩ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se nɛɛrɩ (nerfs) waa yɔ pa-taa nɛ pɩcɔɔ tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa nɛ pɩyaɣ tomnaɣ ɖoŋ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa wɛʊ alaafɩya.
Tɔɔnaɣ kʊtɔwaɣ ŋga, ka-taa mbʊ pɩɩwazɩɣ tomnaɣ yɔ, pʊbʊ cɔlɩ ɛyʊ lotu kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ tɩ-taa. Pɩkɔŋ nɛ pʊɖɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ sobi nɛ ɛlɩzɩ-pʊ nɛ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ.


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Niili Pɔɔ
Niili kɛ Afrika lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ. Kaɖalakɩŋ maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛta waa 6700, kɛnɛ Amazonii Pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩɣ ɖalɩɣ kedeŋga tɩŋga yɔ yɔ. Kalɩna Niili kʊhʊlʊmʊ nɛ Niili yuulee pɔsɩ ɖɩkatɩyɛ taa. Niili kʊhʊlʊmʊ (Nahr-el-Abiad ) lɩna Fikitoriya Kujomuu taa (Ugandaa nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzani). Niili yuulee pɔɔ (Nahr-el-Azrak ) lɩna Tana kujomuu taa Etioyoopi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Kɛ-pilinzi naalɛ kpɛndʊʊ ɖama Kaartum, Suudanɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɔnɔ, Niili kpɛndʊʊ Mediteranee teŋgu taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ handala fɛʊʊ Egipiti nɛ hayi kiŋ. Pagbaɣ kɩ-pɩlɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛ yɔ Niili pɔɔ tɛzʊʊ Ruwandaa nɛ Purundi nɛ Tanzaani nɛ Uganda nɛ Etiyopi nɛ Sudaanɩ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ Sudanɩ nɛ Egipiti ajɛyɛ. Kaɖalakɩŋ talɩ Keniya nɛ Koŋgo waɖɛ tɛ ŋgʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Fikitoriya teŋguu nɛ Albert teŋguu ɖɔɖɔ kɛkɛ. Kɛ-tɛ fɛʊʊ kitibuu kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Eriitree ɛjaɖɛ pɩlɩna Tekezé pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ yɔ.
Niili pɔɔ kɛkɛ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ Egipiti ñɩma tɩŋga nɛ pɛyɛlɩɣ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga katɩna Egipiti tɛtʊ mʊzʊŋ nɛ mbʊ katɩna pɛ-tɛ ñɩm. Kaa-tɩna ɖoŋ sɩŋ Egipiti kɩpɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kpaɣ ñim ñnʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ samaɣ tɛ (piikɛ kɔjɔlɔ kpɛɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛwɛ) nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna mʊzʊŋ weyi lɩm wadɩyɛ kɔŋgɔnaɣ yɔ nɛ Esɔ kɩlaʊ hɔɔlɩŋ taa payi mbʊ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kajalɩɣ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ paha-kɛ samtʊ hɩɖɛ se Hâpy nɛ pamazɩ pa-ta se pa-kɔlɔma ɖoŋ yɔ yɔ pɔɔ wadɩ.
Sɔnɔ ɖa-kɩyakɩŋ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɩkpaɣ Niili pɔlʊʊ tɛtʊ lɩm nɛ pɩ-ɖanʊʊ pʊʊ tɛyʊʊ hayɩm naa taa pɩlɩna lɩm kɩkam pɔsɩ sɩ-nɛ sɩ-yɔ Ziftah nɛ Assiout nɛ Hammadi nɛ Esna pɩkɩlɩna lɩm kɩkam pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩ-nɛ yɔ Assouan kɩpɩnʊʊ nɛ kɩkpaɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ matʊ pɩnzɩ 1970 kɛpɔza se pakʊsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kuduyiŋ sakɩyɛ yɔ pada kɛlɛ Abou Simbel ñɩŋ weyi lɩm kpayɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖɩkaɣ Nasser teŋgu lɩm yɔ.
Niili lɩm kajataɣ fɛʊʊ walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 3254555 kpɛɛ ko pɩmakʊna 10 % kpam Afrika kedeŋga. Niili pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ naalɛ ɛzɩ yɔ Niili kʊhʊlʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ tʊtʊ kijeɣa tɛ yɔ nɛ Niili yuulee ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Etiyopi yɔ. Paa pɩlɩŋga ŋga lɛ, kɛwɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpɛŋga yɔ kɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Atbara kɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔɔ kɩkpɛnda Niili taa ɛlɛ kɔ-tɔm tɛcɛyɩ nɛ kegbeŋna tɛʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛnɛ nɛ kalazɩɣ wɩlʊʊ.


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Tɩŋ piye
Tɔmʊʊ tɩŋ piye lɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa fructus nɛ kɩwɛnɛ kpaɣ latɛŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, tɔbɩŋ nɩʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛyʊ sɩma nɛ-ɩ yɔ sɔnɔ. Pɩɩkɛ fluor tɛ pɩdaa wɛɛʊ tɔmʊʊ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, piye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊtʊ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ ɖooo yala fʊwa taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ pɩɣʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kɔyɔ se kohuzuu pee yɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛ kawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pee ɛmɩzɩɣ yɔ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wɛ paatɔkɩ-yɛ nɛ halɩ naayɛ ñɛwɛ agʊʊ.
Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ piye wɩlɩɣ pee wenaa awɛ mʊtʊ yɔ ɛlɛ, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔɔna lɛɛŋ nɛ ɛmʊna se palabɩna leleŋ tɔɔnasɩ ɛzɩ frɛzɩ waa yaa adɔtɔ naa yaa ɖɔɖɔ pee wenaa pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ tokasi (rhubarbe).
Ŋdɛŋgbɛzaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɛzɩ tɩmatɩ nɛ kelaa yaa agbisaa yaa kpɛnzʊʊ kisokuu, patɩzʊʊ-wɛ paaɖʊʊ sikiri nɛ pasʊʊ paa ɛzɩmtaa ɖɔm tɔɔnasɩ kɩlabɩsɩ taa. Pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ hatʊ ɖozi, yaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi pee. Mbʊ lɛ, tɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzʊʊ kɩkɛ piye yee ɖɩwɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɔyɔ, paa patɩzʊʊ-kʊ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi yɔ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʊ paɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ piye nɛ hatʊ ɖozi pɩsaa pɩwɛ kaɖɛ. Pee naayɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi, ɛzɩ melon mbʊ yɔ, piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɖɩtɔɔyɛ kajalaɣ yɔ, yaa pee kɩtɩza naayɛ paɖʊʊ-yɛ nandʊʊ tɛlɛm naa taa ɛzɩ leemuu. Tuluŋga yɔ lɛ, hatʊ ɖozi nasɩyɛ taa wɛ leleŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-sɩ hɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ awihɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɩzʊʊ tɛ lɛ, piye wala tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ leleŋ tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pamazʊʊ kajalaɣ taa se kɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kɔkɔŋna ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa fitamini naa nɛ mɔndɔndʊʊ yɔ. Erɔpʊ yaa Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ payaɣ se ɛkɩzɔtɩkɩ pee tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pee wena pɔkɔŋnɛ-yɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa pɩlɩɩna nɩnʊʊ nɛ naʊ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔm ɛzɩ adɔtɔ, ɛyabɩyɛ, kiwi, maŋgʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ.
Tɩzʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, piye kɛ mbʊ keŋkeŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛlɛ pamazɩɣ se tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ hatʊ ɖozi (kelaa, sonaa, samɩla, kɔŋkɔmbɩrɩ, tɩmatɩ, payaa, olive). Lɛlaa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kusokuu (muscade kpaakpa, kpɛnzʊʊ kuzokuu, vanille nɛ kpɛnzʊʊ). Pɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ ɖaɣ pee (pilee nɛ mɔʊ) kɛ ɖɔɖɔ pee keeke nɛ pɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ siŋ.


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Sufɩlɛɛrɩ
Ñɩyʊ kʊtɔɔʊ yaa ñɩtʊ kʊtɔɔtʊ kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ ka-ñɩtʊ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ñɩtʊ kʊtɔɔʊ ndʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tʊ-tɔm cɩnɛ yɔ payaɣ-tʊ se suu-hɛtʊ. Suu ñɩyʊ kʊtɔɔʊ kʊnɛ pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ tɩ-hatʊ yɔɔ pahayɩɣ-kʊ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ tɩŋ cɔka kʊtɔɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, ñɩtʊ kʊtɔɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-wɛ camɩyɛ lɛfɩɩɩ nɛ lɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ.
Ñɩyʊ kʊtɔɔʊ yaa ñɩtʊ kʊtɔɔtʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ suu-hɛtʊ kaakɛ huuye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ huwa naatozo wɛna. Kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ yɔ, tɩɩkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ nɛ pɩwayɩ yɔ lɛɛtʊ lɩwa nɛ tʊtʊ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ lɩm yɔ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ñɛwɛɛ kɩsɛɛmɩŋ caʊʊʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ papɩzɩ pɔtɔɔ suu-hɛtʊ tʊnɛ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se pɔsɔʊ-tʊ nɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa piye nɖi ɖɩlɩʊ kuŋgulum yɔ ɖɩpɑɣlɩ lɛ, pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊʊ se pɛsɛtɩ-ɖɩ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ suu ŋgʊ kɩpɩsʊʊ tɔɔnzɩ yaa ŋgʊm. Agoza fenaɣ yaa mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa kɛ pakɩlʊʊ yaa pɩwɛɛ se pahayɩ suu-hɛtʊ kʊnɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩsɔɔla lɩm czmɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi suu taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, kaabʊ, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Papɩzʊʊ pasɩɩ suu nɛ kileɖi. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛsɩɩ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛhɔkɩ-kʊ anwa huyuu taa nɛ ɛzɩ ɛlɛ pɩtaakɩlɩ leɖʊʊ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛɛlɩzɩ se ɛtɔkɩ. Ɛlɛ ɛyʊ ɛfɛyɩna nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ kɔyɔ ɛpɩzʊ ɛsɩɩ ɖenɖe nɩkaɣ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ pɩtaa wɩlɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, lɛŋ ɖeke pɔtɔkɩ.
Papɩzʊ pesidi paa nandʊ ndʊ, lɩm ñɩndʊ yaa kuɖoŋgutu yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ kɩwɩsɩ yaa lɩm ñɩnzɩ; sɔsɔsɩ yaa cikpesi. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ nandʊ ndʊ poɖoŋga yɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnzɩ 2003-2004 taa lɛ ajɛya naatozo kacalaɣ ñɩna wena a-taa pakɩla hayʊ suu yɔ ana lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩtɩŋ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ
naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Itaalii. Ɛlɛ yee pɔcɔna keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɔɔnɩnaa pɩsʊʊ patalɩ ɛzɩ 16 183 119 yaa 16 383 583.


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Pʊʊ haɣ
Pʊʊ haɣ kɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yuŋ talɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 130 ŋtalɩ 700 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-tɔm paɣzʊʊ kɩpaɣzʊʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ŋgʊ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖɩzɩɣ-ɖɩ Liban nɛ Suwisi ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Luxembourg, Pɛlɛziiki, Peeyiibaa, ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔ piŋ kɔyɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ keekee taa lɛ ɖɩɩwɛ Rɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa.
Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ lakʊ taa ɛzɩ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla ɖɩ-fezuu caɣʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 ŋgʊ yee pɔɖɔ-ɖɩ kɩɖɔʊ kɔyɔ ɖɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 40. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ hʊndʊ caɣ yɔɔlɩɩ, kpʊzɩyɛɛ pɩwɛɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ, yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se ɛ-yɔɔ tɔlɩm hʊndʊ ɖɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ kpeɣtɩna hayi kiŋ gazasɩ tɛɛ mbʊ haɣna-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛpɩzɩɣ ehuyuu tɛtʊ. Ɖɩ-ñʊʊ paɣlaa, kʊwɛɛ kulukulu, nɛ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ wɛɛ tokom tɩyɛ. Ɖɩkʊkʊyʊmɩŋ talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛta naa 1,5 halɩ ŋtalɩ 3,5. Ɖɩpaɣlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖise pɩtalɩ kilomɛta ɛzɩ kpaɣ 55 mbʊ yɔ ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ ɖɔŋ ɛ-cɩkpaŋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩndaa acɩyaa yɔɔ kɛlɛ wayi ñɩnzɩ yɔɔ lɛ ɛsɩɣ ɛ-naatalɩŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ taa lɛ, esiki ɛ-cɩkpaŋ nɛ pʊcɔ nantaka nɛ wayi naŋgbanzɩ potukina tɛtʊ.
Polosa ɖɔɖɔ se abalaa naalɛ you halʊʊ kʊyʊm yɔɔ yaa nabʊyʊ taa ɖɩcaɣyɛ yɔɔ. Waɖʊ wakɩ lɛ ɛkpa halɩ ñɩnʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñaɖʊ piyaa, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ ɖiɣɖiɣ eyeke ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcɔna e-piyaa. Ɛwɛna hɩla loɖo nɛ awɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ e-lotu taa, nɛ ɛhaɣ hɩlɩm kɩbam nɛ leleŋ ñɩmbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa yaɖɛ nɛ ñɩm tɩŋa nɛ nʊm nɛ katamɩnɩ naa tɩŋa yɔ. Halɩ ñɩnʊ ɛnʊ ɛɖaŋɩɣ e-piyaa nɛ kpentɔyasɩ ɛɛtɔkɩ-sɩ kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩnɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ se abalɩ ñɩma pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se pakʊ-sɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pacaɣ pakpa po-ɖoo naa, tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔyɩŋ cɔlɔ nɛ lakɩŋ taa hasɩ lɛɛsɩ naa cɔlɔ.
Pɩpɔzɩ-ɩ se sɔŋaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛna tomnaɣ taa num pɩtalɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 180 ŋtalɩ 200 mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛkapɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɛlʊbɩna niikaɣ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa eɖou pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɩba yɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ caɣʊʊ ɖɩmɛlɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ pɔŋ taa nɛ kaŋ tɛɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʊ naa taa. Ɛkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩktɔkɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ, ɛtɔkɩ tɩŋ hatʊ, tɩŋ lila, nɛ tɩŋ anɛɣda, kpɛŋgbɛsɩ, nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpakpasɩ, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ nɛ kpina cikpena lɛɛna.


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Peenɛɛ
Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ payawaɣ ɖooo se Ɖahʊma nɛ kɩkɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwalanzɩ kpayɩ taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 114 763 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana 670 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 10 008 749 yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Peenɛɛ sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Togo tɛtʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pɩsɩna Najeeriya, nɛ hayi kɩŋ lɛ, Nigerɩ nɛ Purkina Fasoo. Peenɛɛ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagba wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ payawaɣ-kʊ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ se Ɖahʊma.
Kɩmʊwaɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ mbʊ lɛ, Fransi sɔsɔ weyi payaɣa-ɩ se Louis Jacquinot yɔ, ɛnʊ ɖʊsɩna kewiyaɣ kɛ Ɖahʊma nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɖa-caa Hubert Maga se ɛnʊ yɔ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩlabɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ lɛ, Mathieu Kérékou mʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 lɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ Ɖahʊma nɛ payaɣ se Peenɛɛ. Eɖiyaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Kɔmiinizim paɣtʊ pɔzʊ yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛlɛ pɩkɔma ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kagbanzi wayɩ lɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ, kɩlɛɛzɩ komina paɣtʊ tɩŋga. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ pawa Mathieu Kérékou nɛ ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pipɔzɩɣ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1996 paɖaɣnɩ tɔʊ caca lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩ Mathieu Kérékou se ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Wayɩ mbʊpʊnɛ pɩ-taa lɛ ɛtatasɩ kɩñazɩɣ tɔm nɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩɩnaʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ 2006 pɩnaɣ taa.
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlɛ, Kotonu kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ fraŋseefa. Yayi Boni kɔyɔ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛnʊ wabina Mathieu Kérékou kɛ caca ŋgʊ paatɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 yɔ; pɩwayɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmʊ pɩnaɣ 2011 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ se ɛtasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩɣ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ mbilim. Ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzɩɣ yɔ, Yayi Boni kaɣ kʊyʊʊ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖiu ɖiu kɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 nɛ ɛkazɩ kpeelaɣ kɛ lɛlʊ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, peeɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ ɛɛɖɛʊ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ lɩŋŋŋ. Kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ Ɖahʊma pɩsɩʊ Peenɛɛ yɔ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩla kaɣlaa se temokraasii wɛ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖenɖe kɩwɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-kamasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊ-pʊŋ nɛ ki-piyasɩ pɛ-wɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Feveku[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ pʊcɔ-kʊ kpɛɛɛ pɩta yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʊ-tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ huuu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma pɩɩwɛ caanaʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Paribaawaa kewiyisi=[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yurubawaa kewiyisi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ajaa Eveewaa kewiyisi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anasaayɩnaa ̃nazʊʊ-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩpɩsɩʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ(1974-1990)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Temokrasii calʊʊ lɩʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yayi Boni ɖoŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma peɖiyiɣ-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛzɩma pɔ̃nɔɔzʊʊ kɩ-tɛtʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa nɛ samaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sukuli labʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Televisiyɔɔaa nɛ raadiyonaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Spɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩʊkpelesi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔɔnasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kasandʊ kɩyakɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ̃nɩnɩɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ lɩʊ tɔm yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩyakʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-mayaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Kotonu
Kotonu kɛŋna Peenɛɛ yaa Ɖahʊma ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ pakalɩ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ pɛkpɛŋdɩ ɛyaa 679 012. Ɛyaa panɛ, pɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛzɩma ɖɩcaɣyɛ tatasɩ kazʊ se ɛyaa ɛma lɛ, Abome-Kalavi, Sɛmɛ-Kpoji nɛ Wiidaa tɛtʊ pɩsa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Peeɖe nɛ Kotonu taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 720 105 pɩnaɣ 2013 taa ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2002 taa paakalɩ-wɛ lɛ, paawɛ ɛyaa 1 088 083.
Kotonu walanzɩ taa makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa agbaba 79. Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Kotonu taa kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Tantokpa yɔ, ŋgʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ; ekɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ hɛkɩtaarɩnaa nɛɛlɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɛŋ weyi ɩnɩʊ yɔ, lɩm sʊʊ nɛ pɩlɩzʊʊ ɛyaa kɛ kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1960 taa lɛ Kotonu taa ɛyaa kaawɛ kutokiŋ 70 000 ɖeke.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ Kotonu tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa ɛzɩ 57,3 mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ pazɩma fransɩ yɔɔdʊ nɛ kɩ-maʊ pɩkazɩ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 58,6 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ sɩma kɩ-yɔɔdʊ. Kotonu tɛtʊ taa kɛ ñɩɩtʊ kilubutu skɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛzɩma tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩnɛ Naajeeriya pɛwɛ ɖama cɔlɔ yɔ mbʊ yebiina nɛ tɩ-taa tadiyɛ tɛzɩ kpaʊ ɖoŋ siŋŋŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖɛnɖe payakɩ kɩyakʊ nɛ payaɣ peeɖe se Tantokpa yɔ, evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa liidiya wena asʊ yɔ awɛɣ ɛzɩ fransɩ liidiya miliyarɩ yɔ yaa eeroo kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ.
Afrika kpeekpe taa pasɩma Kotonu tɛtʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe teŋu kidiiliŋ yɔ pɛpɛdʊlɔɔɖandɩ ndɩ wena akɔŋna nɛ Eerɔpʊ yɔ.Kotonu tɛ malika nɛ malikanaa nabɛyɛ panɩʊ nɛ ɖama nɛ palakɩ tʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Kretayilɩ (Fransɩɩ) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1986, Salvadɔrɩ (Pirezili) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1987 nɛ Rosini-Sʊ-Pʊwa (Fransɩɩ).


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Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ
Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ, pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɛ pañɩkɩɣ niiye tɔmpee naatozo yɔɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, naalɛ tɛ lɛ ɛyaa caɣyɛ nɛ nabutozo tɛ lɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kɔyɔ kajalaɣ tɛ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ wɛtʊ tɔm kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ paatɛma-ɖɩ katʊʊ kajalaɣ Fransɩɩ tɔmpee lɩzɩyaa tɔm kpou pɩnaɣ 1696 wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa nabayɛ komina kɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa nakayɛ paɣtʊ tɛ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ samaɣ ŋga kɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ wɛtʊ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna nɛ ɖama, patɩŋɩɣna ɖama nɛ pawzɩɣ-wɛ yɔ. Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa nabayɛ mba panɩna ɖama se paɖʊ ɖama paɣtʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣ-tʊ yɔ. Paɣtʊ kpaɣʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wɛna kewiyitu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ patayɩ-sɩ ɖama nɛ pɩkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna tɩ-yɔɔ se pawazɩ paa anɩ nɛ samaɣ ŋga ka-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɩɖɛna-wɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa status, ɖɩlɩna lakaɣ stare nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kajalaɣ se yiɣyiɣ sɩŋʊʊ, nabʊlɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ caɣyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ nɛ 16 nɛ 18 wɛɛ taa, ŋgʊ tɔmpiye kʊyʊnɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ wɛtʊ samaɣ taa. Hannah Arendt cɔlɔ lɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbilim status rei publicae (tɔmpiye tɔmpiye nɩɣ taa pɩkɛ pɩyʊ wɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ yaa komina wɛtʊ.


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Jules César
Jules César kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ Room tɛtʋ kɛ Itaalii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛnaadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ (100) nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ sɔsɔ (Général) nɛ politiki laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ takayɛsɩ mayʊ sɔsɔ tɛtʋ taa Room, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 44 nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.
Ɛ-ɖoo payaɣ se Aurelia Cotta nɛ ɛ-caa hɩɖɛ lɛ Caius Jules César naatozo tʊ. Ɛ-halʊ kɔɔnɔɔ tʊ lɛ Cossutia, ɛlɛ wayɩ kɛlɛ panɛ paba : Pompeia Sulla nɛ Calpurnia Pisonis. Ɛkawɛna pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ. Payaɣ-kɛ se Juliya, ɛkɔɔnɔɔ halʊ ɛlʊlɩna-kɛ. Piya sɩnɛ : Ptolémée hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ tʋ nɛ Auguste lɛ, paba yawaɣ-ɩ se pa-caa cikpelu. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ nɩɩnaza nɛ naanza (44) taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ, Room tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba.


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Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm matʊ
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm kɛdʊʊ (fezuu) krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa Bίoς tɔbʊʊ se fezuu nɛ Ypaφή tɔbʊʊ se matʊ, pɩkɛ matʊ tɔm ndʊ pɛkɛdɩɣ-tʊ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ yɔɔ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yee pʊtʊ ɛlaba nabʊyʊ amʊʊza naayɛ taa yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ.
Pʊtʊ maɣmaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɛma ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ tɔm yaa nɔɔyʊ pɩzɩna ɛma ɖɔɖɔ. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩzɩna piseɣti ɛyʊ nɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm, nabʊyʊ taa pʊtɔma ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-tɩtɩŋa ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm mbʊ ɛlaba e-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ, kɛzɛɣa ŋga ɛɛwɛna pɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛma nɛ ɛtaasɔɔ wiɖii.
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm matʊ wɛtʊ kaawɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ (kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ Grɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa), kɛlɛ tɔmpiye tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm maʊ lɩɩ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ, tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm maʊ kaawɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ nɛ ɖɩkɛdɩna tɔm kpeekpe ndʊ paasuza ɖooo kpaɣ taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩɣ pɩnaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 20 hɛkʊ wɛɛ, pʊwɛ kaɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa 150 yeke tɔm pɔyɔɔda ŋgʊ paatalɩ ɛyaa 25000 mba pɩɩwɛɛ se pɛkɩtɩ pɔ-tɔm yɔ
Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ paa anɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yaa pɩtɛ sɛɛ ɛlɛ ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ ɛtaŋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, pɔpɔzʊʊ-wɛ se paa anɩ lɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ ɛsɩɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ taa nɛ pʊwɛɛ. Pɩkɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm fezuu labʊ yaa tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm ndʊ pakpaɣ-tʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayaa tɔm kɩkɛtɩtʊ paa anɩ cɔlɔ, lɔŋ tasɩɣ maʊ yaa mayaa kʊɖʊm.


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Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance)
Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ wɛɛ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda matʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ canaʊ taa lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ hɩɣ pɩtɩ pɩtɩŋna nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa tʊma yɔɔ, mba papɩzaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛyaa po-wonduu tɔm yɔ.
Pʊcɔ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ lɩɩ Itaalii tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 13 ŋtalɩ 14 alɩwaatʊ (Duecento nɛ Trecento) pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Itaali hɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ taa nɛ ERɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ nɩɩyɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛzɩ mbʊ ɛyʊ yaɣ se kajalaɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ (Quattrocento) nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa (Cinquecento).
Pɩtɩŋna Jean Delumeau weyi ɛkɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɛ tɩlɩyʊ niye mʊyʊ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnɩɣ se lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔmpiye lɩna Itaali nɛ nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɖaa cɔlɔ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa (Itaalɩ ɛyaa tɔŋ se sɔnɔ se Rinascimento). Tɔmpiyen lʊlʊʊ kɩfam walɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ.
Tɔmpiye lʊlʊʊ kɩfam ndɩ ɖɩkɛ wɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ se matʊ nɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu lɛɛzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Jean-Jacques Ampère pɩnaɣ 1840 taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkɛdaɣ Fransɩɩ canaʊ matʊ tɔm pʊcɔ kpaɖʊ 12 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛ Jules Michelet pɩnaɣ 1855 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ mbilim kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm pɩlɩna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɔmpiye ndɩ Suwiisi nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma canaʊ tɔm kɛɖɩyʊ ɖaɣnɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kpaɣʊ pɩnaɣ 1860 ɛyʊ ɛnʊ lɛ, Jacob Burckhardt (pɩnzɩ 1818 ŋtalɩ 1897) kɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ kɔlɛzɩ ɖaŋ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1942-1943 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Lucien Febvre wɩlɩɣ se Jules Michelet labɩna tɔmpiye ndɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmazaɣ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ Jules Michelet lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɩyaʊ Louis 14 yɔɔ kɛnɛ ŋgʊ pɩwɛyɩ pɔdɔdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊʊ tɛ sɩm.


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Ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔkaɣ tomnaɣ tɛ kazandʋ yɔɔ, lɛɣtʋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ñɩnaa se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ wɛ wonuu taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pamaɣzaa nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.
Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ petisi pɔ-tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se higgs tɛ boson yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nawa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ papɩzɩ panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.


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Hafɩnɩyɔm
Hafɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 72 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Hf. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ hafɩnɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ [[sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm[[ yɔ nɛ pana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Hafɩnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔnsɩtɛnɩ yozuu ɖeɖe nɛ polukina ñɩɣsasɩ nɛ nazɩyʊ ñʊŋ.
Ɛwɛ manɩɩ, ɛñɩɣlɩsɩɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Ɛɛpʊkɩ nɛ pɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛwɛ ɛzɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm yɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛkpɩndaa kpem pɩkɩlɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm. Pɩnaɣ 1917, ɖɔkɔtɔ sɩnɩyʊ Vladimir Vernadski, Konstantin Avtonomovich Nenadkevich maɣzɩ se ɛlɩza pɩtɩŋna ɔrɩtɩtɩ yɔɔ kɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ hilimiye ñʊʊ kɔyɔ 178, kɛlɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ pʊtʊnaa 71 nɛ 73 mba paatɛma-wɛ sɩm hɛkʊʊ taa.
Ɛ-nɛ Vernadski palɩmaɣza kɛ kʊyʊma, kɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛtɔŋ se payaa pʊtʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ se assium. Paasusa pʊtʊ 72 natʊ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ pɩnaɣ 1907 pɩtɩŋna Geoges Urbain yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi esusa ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 1911 yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛsɩma-ɩ pɩtɩŋna lʊtɛsɩyɔm ɖɔmbɩyɛ kɩmaŋ pɩsʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se sɛlɩtɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ct) pɩlɩna sɛlɩtɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ.
Ɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ Urbain kpaɣ sɛlɩtɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ, peeɖe Niels Bohr ñɔtɔŋ se pʊtʊ kpaagba tʊ kɛ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ pʊtʊ 71 nɛ pʊtʊ 72 tʊ ñɛkɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛgbaɣtʊ. Hevsy tɛ George nɛ Dirk Coster, pɛkɛ Bohr tabalaa, ñɩnɩ pʊtʊ 72 kɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa nɛ posusi ɛnatʊ tɔm ɖooo Copenhague (Danemark) kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1923.


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Carl von Linne
Carl Linnæus, pʊwayi ɛpɩsɩ sɔsɔ lɛ, Carl Von Linné, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1707 Råshult nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1778 Uppsala tɛtʊ taa, kedeŋga yɔɔ kɩlɩzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛnʊ tɩna tɔmɩŋ hɩla pɩlɩtʊ nɛ wondu hɩla yaʊ laɣsɩ. Ɛmaɣzɩna Edward Coke matʊ ndʊ se Nomina si nescis, perit cognitio rerum pʊtɔbʊʊ se wondu naa tɩlɩyɛ leki yaa mʊkɩ pɩlɩna hɩla kaatɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ 18 mbʊ yɔ, Suede ɛyaa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩna liɖe taa hɩɖɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Linné cɔzɔ, ɛzɩ sikandinave sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ payaɣa-ɩ se Ingemar Bengtsson (pʊtɔbʊʊ se Ingemar, Benggt pɩyalʊ) nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-pɩɣa, Linné caa, paasɩma-ɩ kajalaɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-nɛyɔ Nils Ingemarsson (pʊtɔbʊʊ se Nils Ingemar pɩyalʊ).
Ɛcaŋa ɖeu Sʋyɛdɩ wiyaʊ weyi samaɣ kaakɩlɩ-ɩ sɩm yɔ tɛ alɩwaatʊ Karl 12 (1682-1718), Nils ha wiyaʊ hɩɖɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ ɛzɩ hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe yɔ, nɛ papazɩ-ɩ yaʊ mbʊ se Carl Linnæus.
Carl caa, Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus (1674-1748) kɛ fada cikpelu Luther cɔɔcɩ taa nɛ e-ɖoo Kristina Brodersonia (1688-1733) Stenbrohult Ɛsɔ kpaŋ tɛ pasɩtɔr pɛlɔ, Samuel Brodersonius. Nils wɛɛ ɛsɩna Pasɩtɔr tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ ɛtalɩɣ Rashult pɩnaɣ 1705, ɛlɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1709 lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɛtɩ sɩba yɔ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛpɩsɩ pasɩtɔr kpaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛlɛ e-liɖe tuzi kɩtɩ pazɩ nɛ fada ɖɩsʊyɛ Stenbrohult, Möckeln kujomuu nɔɔ yɔɔ kpam.
Nils sɔɔlɩ tɩŋ kpem kɛlɛ ɛdɛzɩɣ sɔɔlɩm mbʊ ɛ-pɩyalʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛcɔna ɛkaɖaɣ yɔɔ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ yeke. Ɛlɛ ɛ-caa pasɩtɔr, ɛcɔzɔ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩtɔr mbʊ lɛ, Carl sɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtɩŋɩ pa-naŋgbanzɩ se ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ pasɩtɔr mbʊ. Kɛlɛ ɛlɩɩ ɛ-hɔʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 9, agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ pɩnaɣ 1716, se ɛsʊʊ Växjö sukuli taa pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛta naa 40 nɛ Stenbrohult tɛtʊ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛlaba hɛkʊ taa sukuli pɩnaɣ 1723 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 nɛ ɛlɩɩ kɩ-taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1727.
Mbʊ lɛ, pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ wɩlɩyʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ lɔŋ tasɩɣ Växjö tʊ, ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊmɩyɛ niye mʊyʊ Johan Stensson Rothman yɔɔ lɛ, ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Uppsala sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1728, ɖenɖe ɛkpɛlɛka lɔŋ sakɩyɛ weyi ɛmʊna-ɩ yɔ. Ɛkpaɣ halʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1739 nɛ pɛlɔ Sara Elisabeth Moræa (1716-1806), ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Falun ɛyʊ.
Ɛyaa mba yaa hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊlɩ piyaa lʊbɛ, halɩpiyaa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ abalɩpiyaa naalɛ. Carl (1741-1783), Elisabeth (1749-1839), Sara Christina (1743-1782), Sara Magdalena (1744, ɛlɛ ñasɩ ɛ-kɩyakɩŋ hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ taa) pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa cɩɩɩ, Lovisa (1749-1839), Sara Christina (1751-1835), Johan (1754-1757) nɛ Sofia (1757-1830).


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Ugandaa
Ugandaa kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ.Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ anaa yɔ: Koŋgoo, Keniya, Ruwandaa, Suudanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ ñɩŋʊ nɛ Tanzani. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ payɩ lɛ Fikitoriya Kujomuu ɖeke wɛna. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ yʊŋ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Kampala.
Ugandaa wɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖenɖe yɔ pʊŋ wɛ kpem nɛ peeɖe pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ kɩtalɩɣ; ezɩ mɛtanaa 1 100 mbʊ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ lɛ Turikaana lɩŋgamʊʊ wɛna nɛ fɛɛŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɣa. Ugandaa hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ Niili lɩm ɖɩfalɩyɛ taa. Niili Pɔɔ lɩɣna Fikitoriya Kujomuu nɛ kiwolo kɩkpɛndɩ Kiyokaa lɩŋgamʊʊ taa pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ Alɩbɛrɩ ñɩŋgʊ taa kɛ Koŋo Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa.
Ugandaa walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 241 038 km2 yaa ɛzɩ Kewiyaɣ-Kpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛe yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ nɔɔyʊ tatɩɩ paɣzta-pʊ huyuu; mbʊ lɛ: Kwivri nɛ koobalɩtɩ.


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Tɛnɛsɩ
Tɛnɛsɩ, nabʊyʊ pya-ɩ nɛ ɛ-tɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se tennessine, kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 117 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ts. Ɛ nɛ ʊnʊnsɛpɩtɩyɔm (Uus) palɩ ɖama kɛ IUPAC yatʊ taa, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 117 matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2010 kɛlɛ pesida-ɩ nɛ 249Bk(48Ca,3n)294Ts et 249Bk(48Ca,4n)293Ts kɛ pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ (OИЯИ ou JINR) taa Doubna, Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
IUPAC tisi ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ paha-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 ɛ-Ɛnglɩsɩ hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa nɖɛ pɩlɩna Tennessee, pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ, ɖenɖe Oak Ridge takʊʊ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ bɛrɩkɛlɩyɔm weyi eyeba nɛ pala pʊtʊ 117 yɔ wɛɛ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ taa wɛ latɛŋ tɔm lila naatozo kʊyʊm-kʊyʊm-lʊbɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ kadɩnaɣ ɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ payaʊ pʊtʊnaa lalaa yɔ. IUPAC ñɩɣ niye pʊtʊ 117 natʊ tɔm yɔɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2015. Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 2016 lɛ, IUPAC hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔɔdɩ se ɛ-hɩɖɛ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa) ɛkɛ se tennessine, nɛ ɛ-yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɛ Ts. Kɛlɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ nabʊyʊ paɣzɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 2016. IUPAC kpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 2016.
Mbʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa yɔ kɔna kaɖɛ piŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa yatʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtaa tɛzɩɣna ɩyɔm ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa hɩla yɔ. Pɩlɩna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016 paɣtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ lɛ, IUPAC wɩlɩ se keeke taa lɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛɛ pɩlʊʊ 17 tɛ hɩla kaapɔza se atɛzɩna –ine.


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Fikitoriya Kujomuu
Fikitoriya kujomuu payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Niyanza yaa Ukerewe yaa Nalubaale Afrika kedeŋga taa kujomuu kɩ-kɩlʊʊ nɛ ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, kɩ-kɛ naanza yaa naalɛ ŋgʊ kedeŋga tɩŋga taa pɩlɩna kɩ-walanzɩ yɔ kilomɛta waa 68100 kpɛɛ ko. Kɩcɛlɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ Britanikii ɛjaɖɛ takɩyʊ Speke pɩnaɣ 1858 weyi ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɩyʊ weyi ɛɛlɛɣ talʊʊ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖeɖe nɛ ɛha-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Abiɖe Fikitoriya tɛ ŋgʊ yɔ.
Kɩwɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɖɩnaɣ pada peeɖe Keniya ɛyaa nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, Uganda ñɛwɛnɛ hayi nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ Tanzani haɖɛ yɔ nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Fɛɛŋ nɩɩlɛ kɩ-kɩdeŋ cɔ-kʊ nɛ pɩta kitibu taa. Kɩkɛ Niili kʊ-hʊlʊmʊʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ n ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ ɖalʊʊ Niili pɔsɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ taa yɔ.
Fikitoriya wɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɛtʊ kijeɣa tɛzɩna kʊ-yɔ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Kɩ-tɛ ajɛyɛ kpɛɛ ñɩna kɔyɔ Keniya ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ Uganda hayi yɔ nɛ hayi yɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ Tanzaanii haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ. Kɩtɩkɩlɩ liŋguu pɩmana mɛta waa 40 pɩkɩla kɔyɔ mɛta waa 83.
Fikitoriya kujomuu paɣlɩ ɖalakɩŋ taa nɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛta waa 320 nɛ hayi yɔ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ taa nɛ walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛta waa 275 wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ fɛɛʊ wɛna pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ sakɩyɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ Kagera ŋga kɩlɩna, kalɩna Tanzaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ kujomuu taa. Lɛɛsɩ lɩɣna Purundi nɛ Ruwanda nɛ Keniya.
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ kidemɩŋ pɩsa lonaa wena a-taa lʊʊlʊʊ taa ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ katɩɣ ɖama, hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Suudanɩ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɛyaa (niilo-sahariyɛnɩ) Keniya nɛ hayi nɛ Uganda nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mba pɛwɛ kujomuu ŋgʊ nɛ hayi yɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ (Luo nɛ Kalenjin) nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ, Pantuu ɛyaa Afrika nɛ haɖɛ yɔ nɛ ntalɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pa-kamaɣ yɔ (Ganda nɛ Sukuma nɛ Soga nɛ Luhya). Kujomuu pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔ caɣyaa yɔɔdʊʊ (Pantuu waa kʊnʊŋ) nɛ pɩtasɩna Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ ɛzɩ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Ɛyaa mba patɩŋgɛ mbʊ yɔ pɛsɛɣ Ɛsɔ.


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Lesoto
Lezoto kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ-taa nɛ pʊŋ nɛ teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖɩ-cɔlɔ. Ɖooo lɛ Piritaniki kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1966. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɔyɔ Letsie III nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Pakalitha Mosisili. Tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Maseru. Lezoto taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔna naalɛ nɛ kristu mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe: Angilisinɛ lezoto.
Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ mba lɛ Puusmɛɛnɩwaa, Ŋgʊniwaa nɛ Pozoto mba pɛkɛ Pantʊʊwaa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1820 kɛ wiyau Moshoeshoe Ier nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Sotowaa cejewa kpeekpe se pɩwa-ɩ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkaɖɩna Suuluuwaa. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ Moshoeshoe Ier pɩyalʊ lɛɣzɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1995 lɛ Moshoeshoe IIer kpaɣ kpelaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛ-sɩm Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1996. Ɛlɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 sɔɔjana kpaɣ hɔzɩŋ nɛ pakʊ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Mbʊ yebina pe-ɖe kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Thomas Thabane se nɛ ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛmakɩ kobuka se pasɩna-ɩ. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩya nakʊyʊ salaŋ fena kɩyakʊ naalɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Krɛsɩ
Payaɣ Krɛsɩ nɛ caanaʊ Krɛkɩ taa se «République hellinique». Payaɣ-kʊ se «Kr ɛkɩ démocratique» nɛ katharévousa kʊnʊŋ taa. Dhimokratía kɛ Eerɔɔpʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔɔpʊ ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Krɛsɩ wɛ Balkans hɔɔlɩŋ nɛ hadɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se «Athènes».
Krɛsɩ walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛɛtɩ waa 131 957. Ɖɩ-samaɣ n̄ʊʊ kɛ nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm. Krɛsɩ nɛ ajɛya anɛ yɔ pasɩŋna ɖama kamasɩ. Ajɛya anaa yɔ : Alɩbanii nɛ Yukosɩlaavʊ ɛjhaɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ (Yukosɩlaavʊ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Maseduwaanɩ tɛtʊ taa) nɛ Puligaarɩ nɛ Turikii. Teŋgu lɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ nɛ Alɩbanii nɛ Italii nɛ Liibii nɛ Egipiti nɛ Turikii.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ sɩna Iyoniyɛɛnɩ teŋgu. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ sɩna Eejee teŋgu. Mediteraanii teŋgu lɩm cɔ Krɛsɩ kpɛɛɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ wɛna tɛtʊ cikpetu cikpetu ndʊ tɩwɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Tɛtʊ cikpetu cikpetu ndʊ tɩtala ɛzɩ kudokiŋ nakʊ mbʊ yɔ. Krɛsɩ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ cikpetu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kɔzʊʊ kpem nɛ lɩm cɔɔ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ sakɩyɛ. Tʊtʊ talɩ ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɛyaa wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Pɛtɛyɩ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ yɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ nɩɩdozo wɛna pʊŋ sakɩyɛ. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yɔ payaɣ-kʊ se Olimpɩ pʊʊ. Kʊ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 2917.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1952 taa Krɛsɩ sʊ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Krɛsɩ sʊ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1981. Pɩnaɣ 2001 taa lɛ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ «Zone euro» ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖi-liidiye kɛ «zone euro».
Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ caanaʊ tɔm wɛ huŋ camɩyɛ. Caanaʊ Krɛsɩ sɔnzɩ nɛ kɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ kɩ-tanaʊ yaa ɛzɩma mbʊ kɩcalɩzɩɣ ɛyaa ɛza yɔ piyeba nɛ Roma tɛtʊ lɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋna Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ lakasɩ yaa ɖɩ-wɛtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɩ-lakasɩ nasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Halɩ pɩkɔma pɩla se Roma ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ pɩsɩ Krɛsɩ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlaba hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Trebizɔɔndɩ nɛ Epiiri nɛ Misitra yaa Dorosɩ pɛ-tɛtʊ pɩsɩ Krɛsɩ n̄ɩndʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1830 taa Krɛsɩ tɛtʊ pɩsɩ komina ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kɩlaba you nɛ Otomanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʊcɔ kɩpɩzɩ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Otomanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ.


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Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel García Márquez kɛ Kolombi tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yaa kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Gabriel García Márquez ɛnʋ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1927 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ yɔ, nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Aracataca. Aracataca egeetiye nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ koolɔmbi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Gabriel García Márquez sɩba aloma fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ lʋbɛ (87) lɛɛ ɛsɩba. Lone yaa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Mɛksiko yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa Gabriel García Márquez kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ masɩma matʋmɩyɛ tʋ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Kolombi nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Ɛmawaa maɣzɩm takayasɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩkɛdaana ɛyaa yaa sɩɩwɛ kalɩyaa ɖeu siŋŋ. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ laba hʋnʋm nɛ pɩkɩlɩ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ mayaa nabɛyɛ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Gabriel García ɛnɛ, pɩtasɩɩna-ɩ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖeke, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, politiki tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ pana n̄ayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ koolɔmbi ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖajaa Gabriel García Marquez kɛ ɖɔɖɔ yaa lakɩ ɖɔɖɔ saawɩla yaa cɩmmla takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ kɛɛkʋ taa tɔm takayaɣ mayʋ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1982 n̄ɩŋga taa mbʋ yɔɔ lɛɛ, pɛcɛla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Gabriel García Márquez kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋʋ samtʋ takayaɣ. Ɛkɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋmɩyɛ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ pasʋʋ hɩɖɛ size «Gabo», kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Ɛkɛ wɛɛ yaa kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ yaa hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa maɣzɩm takayasɩ mayʋ weyi samaɣ yaa sakɩyɛ kaasɩma kpem yɔ. Pamasa-ɩ yaa e-ɖoŋ n̄ɩtɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes, nɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Victor Hugo. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Gabriel Eligio García, nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iguarán.


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Sayɩnɩsmɩ
Sayɩnɩsmɩ (Jaïnisme) yaa sɩnɩsmɩ (Jinisme) (sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, जैनमतम्, IAST : jainamatam ɛlɩna Jina tɛ, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se waɖʊ nɛ mata pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩñɔʊʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 10 alɩwaatʊ yaa 9 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ yɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ papɩzɩɣ pakalɩɣ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa pɩtalɩ miliiyɔɔ naa hiu mbʊ yɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa, mʊyaa nɛ mantamʊta waa pisida yem, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa (Erɔpʊ taa lɛ patalɩ ɛyaa 30000 nɛ 100000 ñɛwɛɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa).
Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kuɖum wɛ ɛzɩ Ɛndʊyɩsmɩ ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa ɖɔɖɔ yaa pudaa ɛyaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ sɩkɩsmɩ tɛ mba yɔ, kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊwa nɛ etisi yɔ pʊwɛ se eyele e-ciyam nɛ kɩhɛzɩ ɛtaawɛɛ fɛyɛɛ nɛ lɛlʊ tɛ wobu mbʊ payaa se moksha yaa nirvana. Palɩmaɣza taa lɛ ɖɩnɩɣ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ ɛyʊ wokʊʊ lɛlʊ tɛ pɩkɛ fɛyɛ tɔm mbʊ lɛ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpazɩ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ taa yɛlʊʊ nɛ lɛlʊ tɛ wobitu tɔm, mbʊ payaa se samsara, pɩlɩna ɛyʊ tɛ kɩbaɣzɩm cɔlɔ nɛ pɩ-taa kɛlɛ kakalaɣ taa ndʊ tɩtamsɩɣ tɩ-tɩ nɛ lɛɛtʊ yɔ lɛ, paale you ɛtaawɛɛ ndʊ payaa se ahimsâ, ñʊʊ taa maɣzʊʊ nɛ nɔɔ hɔkʊʊ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ paɣtʊ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ paɣza kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 10 kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɛ pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊ nɛ yɔ, tɩ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kʊyɔ wɩlɩyʊ Rishabhanatha patasɩ-ɩ yaʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Adinâtha pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛŋ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpa ɖoŋ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 6 alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ pɩtɩŋna Mahâvîra, kpaagbaa tʊ Tirthankara.
Wɩlɩyaa lalaa mba pɛ-ɛsɛ cɛba ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paaɖɔŋaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ nabayɛ kaakɛʊ Ɛndɩ sɩɣwaa kaawɛ ɛyaa mba pa-naalɛ hɛkʊ taa mba yɔ Ajita, Sambhava, Abhinandana,Sumati, Padmaprabha, Suparshava,Candraprabha,Suvidhi, Shhitala,Shreyamsa,Vasupujya,Vimala,Ananta, Dharma, Shanti, Kunthu, Ara, Malli, Munisuvrata, Nami, Nemi,Parshava.


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Neebraskaa
Neebraskaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Iyowa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Wayiyomiŋ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koloraadoo nɛ Misuurii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Takotaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Lincoln nɛ ndʊ tɩtaa tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Omaha.
Pamaza Neebraskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 200 520 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 199 273 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ1 249 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 38 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 37 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1867. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 826 341 yɔ.
Payaɣ Neebraskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Pete Ricketts (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Deb Fischer (R) nɛ Ben Sasse (R).
Neebraskaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Linkɔlnii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Omahaa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Eŋgilisi.


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Mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ (Siècle des lumières)
Ɛsakuliye yaa tɩlɩtʊ yaa mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ, pɩkɛ lɔŋsɩɖaa nabɛyɛ wɩlɩyɛ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa (1715 ŋtalɩ 1789 pɩnzɩ taa) nɛ pamaɣzɩm kaakɛ se palʊbɩna cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ lɔŋ. Lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖaa seɣtana tɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna lɩmaɣza lɛɛzʊʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ pʊlʊkaɣna maɣzɩm kɩdɛkɛda nɛ kɩɩkpeɣtʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba tɛ kañatʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ kewitu kajatʊ cɔlɔ.
Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1688 alɩwaatʊ kaakɛna kajalaɣ maŋgbaŋgaɣ. Ɛlɛ, Fransɩɩ tʊ nɔyʊ yeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ Louis 14 kewiyutu tɛmtʊ tɛ wɛɛ (pɩnzɩ 1670 ŋtalɩ 1820 taa). Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ ɖɩzɩna tɔm ndʊ.
Keɖeɣa tʊmɩyɛ wondu laɖaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ cɔɔlɩɩ nɛ rokoko nɛ miiziki pɛhɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ, barok nɛ miiziki nɛ cɔɔlɩɩ alɩwaatʊ tɛ miiziki. Tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛzɩma ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobinaʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛyaa tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Mʊntʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɔɔla mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩtakɛ Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kikpeɣtu mbʊ pɩlɩna maasɩŋ pɩyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ. Mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yeke koŋ mbʊ se pɩɩkɛ canaʊ tɔm ndʊ paawɩla yɔ. Pʊlʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ pʊwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, ɖenɖe keeke ɛyʊ ɛsakula yɔ.
Palʊkɩ se paha siɣye cɩkpɛndʊʊ yaa mbʊ payi pʊwɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ. Maɣzɩm pɩɩwɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ pʊwɛ ɖɔɖɔ paale. Pɩlɩna lɔnsɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɛ kalɩhʊnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, mʊtʊsʊŋ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ masɩma lɔŋ waa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊlɩna kɩfam wondu ndʊ tɩyɔɔ. Pɩkɛ mʊtʊsʊʊ takayasɩ ɛjaɖɛ.


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Ɖatʊ kɔyɛ yaa Sɔbɩtʊ (Vaccination)
Sɔbɩtʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ nakɛyɛ taa pɔɖɔŋ se ɖatʊ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɔsɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa se pɩhaɣ-kɛ ɖoŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛɖɛʊ yɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Kɔyɛ lɩm mbʊ pɔsɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa, pɩkɛ mayaɣ kaɖɩnayʊ weyi ɛkʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛtʊmɩyɛ lɛ, se ɛlʊbɩna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛsʊʊ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔŋ lʊbɩnayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ se ɛlʊbɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi ɛkaɣ sʊʊ ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ taa se ɛhayɩ ɛjandʊʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ kʊdɔŋ kaɖɩnayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ. Pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa ɖatʊ kpɛnda naaza. Pʊdʊ weyi ɛɖɛʊ ɛlɛ, ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ pʊdʊ weyi ɛwɛna wezuu ɛlɛ ɛtakɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ ɖatʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ kɔyɛ fɛyɩ sɔtʊ yɔ.
Kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-lʊkɩ tɔnʊʊ taa alaafiya yɔɔ yɔ, ndɩ ɖɩ-yaa se OMS yɔɔdʊʊ se ɖatʊ kɛnɛ nɔmɔʊ tobi ŋgʊ kɩɩpɔzʊʊ liidiye sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖatʊ kɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-sɩna nɛ pakaɣ kaʊ ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ kɔyɔ hiŋ nakʊ nɛ nakʊ sɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa kalɩkalatʊ kʊdɔŋ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ pasaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kaapɩsɩtʊ sakɩyɛ pasɩ nɛ sɩm sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna liu tɛ fayʊ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tetenusi kʊɖɔmɩŋ nɛ kɔŋ kɔŋ kpezuu nɛ kizim kʊdɔŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2003 yeke koŋ pɔtɔŋ se kɔyɛ ɖatʊ ɖɔna ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa naalɛ pɩcɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɖajaa Louis Pasteur nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ tʊma laɖaa Roux nɛ Duclaux yebina se patɩlɩ ɖatʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɣsɩ pɩtɩŋna Robert Koch tʊmaa labʊ yɔ, weyi ɛtamsa ŋñɩɩ wezɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ maɣmaɣ yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɩlɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-sɩnɛ-ɩ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɖoŋ ɛ-tʊmaa labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ ɖatʊ kaakɛ heŋ tɛ kɩɖaʊ se ɛlʊbɩna aka kʊdɔŋ agozaa feznaɣ kɩyaakʊʊ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1881 taa.
Kajalaɣ ɛyʊ tɛ kɩdaʊ (ɛlɛ, Jenner tɛ ŋgʊ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa), kaakɛ piyaa cikpesi tɛ kɩɖaʊ pɩlɩna kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ pɩnaɣ 1885 kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyaakʊʊ loɖo ŋgʊ wiye. Ɛlɛ ɖɩ-tasɔɔ se ɖatʊ pewila nɛ pana nɛ pʊcɔ se pɩɩlakɩ ɛyʊ nabʊyʊ. Haɣ kpandʊ ñasa evebʊpɔɣʊ Joseph Meister (kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ kaawɛ hɛɛɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa).


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Ɛndɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ
Inde lɩngamʊʊ
Ɖooo lɛ paywaɣ Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋamʊʊ se Oriental liŋamʊʊ. Kɩ-ɖaalɩkɩŋ nɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 75 000 000 km2. Inde lɩŋamʊʊ sɩna hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ, Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Iran, zɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Birmanie, Tayilandɩ, Malaisie, Ɛndonezi nɛ Ositraalii, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ. Piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩna Afrika nɛ péninsule arabiki.
Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩɩna Atlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap des Aiguilles tɛ longitude ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 20e méridien est yɔ; Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap South Eastitude tɛ lon nɛ Tasmanie tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; pɩtasɩna Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 60e parallèle sud yɔ.


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Pɩlɔmbɩ
Pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊtʊ natʊyʊ tɛ wonuu nɛ kɩcɛcɛyaɣ kɔyɔ 82 piyele ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmayaɣ ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ lɛ Pb. Pɩlɔmbɩ tomnaɣ sɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ yɔ, kɩpɩzʊʊ kɩpɩsɩ ɔkɩzɛnɩ wonuu nɛ kɩwɛɛ kʊlʊmʊm kpalʊlʊʊ tɩyɛ, papɩzʊ polubuku nɛ kɩwɛɛna wɛɖʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ.
Pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊkʊ ɛyʊ yɔ, kɩlɛɛzʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ maɣmaɣ kɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ kɩlɩzɩ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ tʊkʊ ɛyʊ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pi-pee paɣla kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1980 taa ñɩnɩya naa size pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩhaɣ pɩcɛɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ tɛtɛ wondu.
Pɩlɔmbɩ wɛ ɛzɩ heelim yɔ nɛ yee pɩwɛ ɛsɔtaa yem paa pazɩ yem kɔyɔ pipisiɣ heelim mbʊ ɛyʊ fezuu yɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi pɩlɔmbɩ kɔŋna yɔ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋga nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se satiirinii kʊdɔŋ.


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Aŋgoola
Aŋgoolaa ɛjaɖɛ kɛna Afrika kedeŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ajɛya naanza cɔna-ɖɩ nɛ ata ko, anaa yɔ: Kɔngoo-Pirazaaviili, Kɔŋgoo Kinsasa, Namibi nɛ Sambii. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖaɣla nɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ nɛ Afrika hadɛ kɩŋ ñɩna wena alɛ yɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm yɔ ahɛkʊ taa. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖikɛna naatozo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, Pɔrɩtigaalɩ ñɩma kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩwɛʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ 1975. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. Pʊcɔ nɛ kɩwɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1975 taa mbʊ yɔ, Aŋgoolaa taa ɛyaa tɩŋa taa taahɛ nɛ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se kɩhɛʊ koministi taa yɔ nɛ yoŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pʊtʊlʊʊ paaɛzɩmtaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 25 yɔ.
Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ sɩba nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɛsaam mbʊ pʊkʊ ɛyaa yɔ, pʊpʊ ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɩɖɩɩna ɛyaa kʊʊ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ wɛ Aŋgoolaa taa yem fɛɛɛ.


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Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ
Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ, Krekɩ taa lɛ, veo eλλnvιkή Yλώσσa / (neo)ellinikí glóssaa yaa yem se vέa eλλnvιkά / (néa) elliniká. Grɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ tɛ lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ miliiyɔɔ waa 10,7 wɛ Krɛsɩ. Kɩ-kɛ Krɛsɩ nɛ Sipri ajɛya taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Krɛsɩ wɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ cɩkpeŋ nɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ ɛlɛ Albanie nɛ Turki ajɛyɛ taa.
Kɩwɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩlɩŋga taa Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ lɩna koinè taa. Kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩlɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔdɔɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ Siirii nɛ Libaŋ ajɛyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Krɩstʊ mba tɛ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1960. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖɩma ajɛyɛ ana ada mbʊ pʊyɔ ɛsakuliye liwa. Sukuli wɩlɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wiziuu nɛ pɩñɩkʊʊ nice Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ yʊsʊ lakayaɣ Fransɩɩ waɖɛ haʊ Siirii ɛjaɖɛ taa wayi nɛ Libaŋ pɩnaɣ 1943 pɩnɛ yem yem Arabɩ mba kɔmtʊ pɩnzi 1950 nɛ 1960.
Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɛ ɖɛzɩ kaawɛ Krɛsɩ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ siuu siuu ŋgʊ taa. Egipiti taa pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1956 lɛ, Alexandrii egetiye taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nabɛyɛ nɩwaɣ Krɛkɩ tɔm. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peɖe lɛ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naanza ŋgʊ Arabɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Englɛsɩ nɛ Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ wayi. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ ñima mba pɛwɛ peɖe yɔ pɛkɛ tadɩyɛ tɩna nɛ manzʊmalɩ waa.
Kpagba taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Krɛkɩ ɛyaa kpaɖaŋ sakɩyɛ mɩza paale nɛ ɖɩkatʊwɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Chicago nɛ Sanfransiskoo nɛ Melbourne nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Caama nɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpam ajɛyɛ taa.


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Yuudaayism
Yuuda n̄ɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se Yuudayism. Patɩlɩ Ɛsɔ tɩlʋʋ mbʋ nɛ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ pɔɖɔŋ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ palakɩ yɔ, pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɩkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Yuudayism. Yuuda samaɣ kɛ Izirɛɛlɩ piya liɖe taa n̄ɩma. Yuuda n̄ɩma mba pɛkɛ "orthodoxe" taa ɛyaa yɔ, ɛzɩ weyi payaɣ se Daaniyɛɛlɩ Boyarin mbʋ yɔ, ɛtɔŋ se Yuudayism tɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lidaʋ wɛnaʋ nabʋyʋ, ɛlɛ, pɩkɛ Izirɛɛlɩ n̄ɩma tɛ sɔnzɩ nɛ pa-lakasɩ lɛɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna piɖeke, Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ paɣtʋ taa natʋyʋ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɔ kaɖʋ Nɔɔ Haʋ ɛ nɛ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Nɔɔ Haʋ mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Izirɛɛlɛ cɔzɔnaa nɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma mba pɛkɛ pe-liɖe taa n̄ɩma yɔ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ kɛlɛ. Pɛwɛna paɣtʋ takayɩsɩ, nzɩɩ payaɣ se Tooraa nɛ Nevi'im nɛ Ketouvim. Takayɩsɩ nzɩ sɩkpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Taanaakɩ yaa Migra yaa Hebra n̄ɩma Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa yaa pɛ-tɛ Biibili. Ka-taa pama pa-paɣtʋ tɩŋɛ nɛ pe-lidaʋ ŋgʋ pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ kʋ-tɔm. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ ɖʋ Nɔɔ Haʋ mbʋ ɛ nɛ Mooyiizi pɛ-hɛkʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Yee mbʋ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ Yuuda n̄ɩma tɩŋnaa nɛ palɩzɩ Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɛsɔ cɛlɩ Mooyiizi paɣtʋ ndʋ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ pɔɖɔŋ.
Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ sɩma Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ Abrɩham tɛ Ɛsɔ, Iizaakɩ tɛ Ɛsɔ, Yaakɔɔbʋ tɛ Ɛsɔ. Paaleɣyi nɛ Ɛsɔ ɛnʋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yem. Ɛkɛ Maatɛŋ Ɛsɔ payaɣ-ɩ se "Yaave" (YHWH). Ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ Ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ tʋ, payaɣ-ɩ se "Elohim". Ɛnʋ kɩlɩna pɩtɩŋɛ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ kɩpaɣlaa taa KƖPAƔLƲ, payaɣ-ɩ se "Adonaï". Ɛkɛ kʋɖʋm koŋ, eɖeke ɛwɛna. Ɛkɛ Ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ tʋ. Ɛsɩma pɩtɩŋɛ. Natʋyʋ fɛyɩ-ɩ mɛsaɣ tɛɛ. Ɛwɛ siɣsiɣ nɛ ɛkɛ pʋdɔdɩyɛ nayʋ.
Pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖisusuu se ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ kpeɣli "Eloohim" cɔlɔ. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋɛ. Ɛnʋʋ lɛ kiɖeɖeu. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna Izirɛɛlɩ piya Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa.Yerusaalɛm Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ cɔjɔnaa lizaɣ Ɛsɔ kelizasɩ. Cɔjɔnaa mbaa payawaɣ se "Kohanim waa". Ɛlɛ, Yuuda n̄ɩma nabɛyɛ, Esseeni liɖe taa n̄ɩma kʋyaɣ cɔjɔnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɔhɔkɩ Ɛsɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ, ɛlɛ paɖaɣnɩ-kʋ kʋsʋʋ. Nabʋlɛ n̄ɔkʋʋ ɖeɖe Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma mɩzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe. Mbʋ yebina nɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe.
Izirɛɛlɩ samaɣ taa n̄ʋndɩnaa payaɣ se "rabbanim waa". Mba kpeɣlina nɛ pama pa-paɣtʋ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ. Ŋgaa payaɣ se "Talmud". Ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se "Karayisme" ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma n̄ekizi paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔm. Mba payaɣ paba se "Beta Izirɛɛlɩ waa" nɛ pɛwɛ Etiopii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, paba n̄aasɩŋ paɣtʋ takayaɣ ŋga.
Yuudayism ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ aŋgba wena alɛyɩ n̄ɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna yɔ a-taa. Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩma. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ. Yuuda n̄ɩma sɔnzɩ nɛ pɔ-tɔm yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Krɩstianism nɛ Iizilaam pɛ-aŋgbɛ n̄ɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Akɛ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɛ aŋgba. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ pʋ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ "Samaritanism" nɛ Zoroastrism" aŋgba n̄ɔn̄ɔ. "Zoroastrism" n̄ɛkɛ "Mazdéism" ŋgbɛyɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ.