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Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khuwārizmī, walaa taa lɛ, patʊɣʊ nɛ paya se Al-Khwarizmi. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ 780 wɛɛ taa, e-liɖe kɛ Khiva tɛ Khzarezm ageeta taa, peeɖe paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ. Lone nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Uzbɛkɩstaɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 850 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Bagdad tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ tʊzɩyɛ laɖʊ yaa ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ ɛyʊ, tɛtʊ wɛtʊ tʊzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ, tɩyɩnzɩ tɩyɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ niye mʊyʊ.
Ɛkɛ Bagdad lɔŋ sɩnɖaa ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ. Ɛma ɛ-takayasɩ tɩŋa payɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ palɩzɩ matʊ ndʊ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 12 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ palɩzɩ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ maɣna abbassidi waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ alɩwaatʊ yaa wɛɛ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩna se palɩzɩ tɔmʊʊ algorithme, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔŋ wɩlɩɣ takayaɣ (papɩsɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ nɖɛ nɛ paya se Algoritmi) nɛ ɛ-tʊma sakɩyɛ taa hɩɖɛ ñʊʊ tɩna palɩzɩ ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ. Arabɩ tɛ ñʊŋ kalɩtʊ nɛ pɩtɛ tɔm pɩtalɩ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ lɩna Ɛɛndɩ ñʊŋ kalɩyasɩ wɛtʊ nɩnaʊ cɔlɔ ɛ-takayaɣ lɛɛka, ŋga posusa kɔ-tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋ taa abbasside tɛ Ampiiri taa yɔ.
Pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pesidi yaa peyiidi lɛɣtʊ tʊ ɛnʊ nɛ pɛɖɩsɩ tʊ lɛlʊ Abu-'Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi, weyi ɛkɛ Mafâtih al-'Olum kiɖe ɖʊyʊ yɔ (lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɔnɔɔ ñɩma), ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pama pɩnzɩ 976-997 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Patatɩlɩ Al-Khawarizmi wezuu caɣʊ taa mbʊ pʊɖɔŋa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Kɛlɛ pekpekuu se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Khiva tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 780. Aseɣɖe tɔm sakɩyɛ wɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ ɛ-lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊma sakɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ wɛtʊ tʊzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ caa.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tʊzɩyɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ kɩɖe ɖʊyʊ. Tʊma ana adaa kɩkɩlɩyɛ paya se Kitābu 'l-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisābi 'l-jabr wa'l-muqābalah (كتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة) nɖɩ posusa ɖɩ-tɔm Al-Ma’mūn kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (pɩnzɩ 813-833), nɛ pamazɩ kɩkɛ kajalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalɩtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ. Takayaɣ ŋga kata wɛ ñʊŋ loɖo.
Pamaza se Diophante Alexandrie ñɩnʊ kɛnɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ, Al-Khwariwmi tasɩmɩ-ɩ pʊɖɔɔ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, kajalaɣ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ lɩ ɖooo tobi akɔnta labʊ pɩtɩŋna siɣsiɣ kitinau nɛ tʊkaɣ ɖʊʊ pɩnzɩ wayɩ, kpaɣɖʊ 9 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa, yaa Al-Khwarizmi sɩm wayɩ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ nɩnʊwa mbʊ yɔ. Nɛ mbʊ ɛsɔza pɩtasɩ kajalaɣ takayaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ yɔ yeba se pamazɩ se Al-Khwarizmi kɛnɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzɩtʊ kalʊʊ caa.


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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping yaa Teng Hiao-Ping yaa Teng Hsiao-Ping kaakɛŋna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa: dama nɩnaʊ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ mayʊ sɔsɔ. Palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1904 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 1997.
Ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ: ɛɛkɛ Siini taa weyi ɛcɔŋna sɔɔjana yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ñʊʊtʊ kpaɣ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1983 nɛ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ frnaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1990; pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa lɔnsɩnɖa yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ; pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩkpɛndʊ ɖɩ-taa tɔm taa nɩya ñʊʊdʊ naatozo ñɩnʊ kpaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ litoozo pɩnɑɣ 1978 nɛ pɩsɩɩna mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1953. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛɛkɛna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ tɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1977 pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ 1980.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kpaɣna lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1973 nɛ pɩsɩɩna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ lʊbɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1976 lɛ ɛɛkɛna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ tɛɛ-tʊ. Piyele salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1957 nɛ lakɩŋ ñɩŋga pɩnaɣ 1967 ɛɛkɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa takayɩsɩ maya ŋgbɛyɛ taa takayaɣ mayʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ. Ɛyɔɔda tɔm pee naayɩ nɛ acaɣ ɛyaa ñʊntaa, a-taa kɔyɔ se:
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Fɔsɩfɔrɩ
Fɔsɩfɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 15 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ P. Fɔsɩfɔrɩ tomnaɣ yem wɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ, kʊlʊmʊm caʊʊ, pɩsɛɛ cɩɩŋ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ. Camɩyɛ kele kele, fɔsɩfɔrɩ kʊlʊmʊʊ wɛ ñalala. Wɛtʊ kɩsɛmtʊ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdɩtʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mʊlʊm yaa ɖɔmbɩyɛ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se φώσφopoς (phosphoros), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩŋa Venus tɔm, ɖiyiyu tɩɩŋga. Kiɖe nɖɩ pɛcɛla-ɖɩ pɩlɩna mbʊ se fɔsɩfɔrɩ lɩzɩɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ kʊlʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwɛɣ helim taa yem yɔ, pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ taa pɩkɩlɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mbʊ lɛ, ONU nɛ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma tɩnaa tɔ mbʊ se ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pʊmʊnaa se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-tɔsʊʊ labʊ nɛ pʊcɔɔ camɩyɛ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩ fɔsɩfɔrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, pʊtʊnaa hiu nɛ naatozo yeke kaatɛmna wɛʊ ( ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ pɩtɛɛ kpata yɔɔ), ŋgʊ sɔnɔ yɔ pʊtʊnaa mɩnʊʊ nɛ hiu nɛ lutozo wɛna (ŋpɩzɩɣ ŋwili kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa pɩlʊʊ cɛŋga yɔɔ). Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛlaa yɔɔ pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna Lavoisier tʊma yɔɔ pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayi.
Pʊtʊnaa mba patɩla alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩ fɔsɩfɔrɩ yɔɔ yɔ mba yɔɔ, C patatɩlɩ ɛ-pɩnaɣ, S ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ, Cu pɩnaɣ -5000, Au pɩnaɣ -3000, Ag pɩnaɣ -3000, Fe pɩnaɣ -2500, Sn pɩnaɣ -2100, Sb pɩnaɣ -1600, Hg pɩnaɣ -1500, Pb pɩnaɣ -1000, As pɩnaɣ 1250, Zn pɩnaɣ 1500 nɛ Bi pɩnaɣ 1500. Ɛyaa mba palɩ pɔ-yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ paha-wɛ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ, Phosphorus fulgurans yaa Lumen conflans (Kunckel), Noctiluca aërea (Boyle), mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩkpɩndʊʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ Fɔsɩfɔrɩ igneus nɛ Fɔsɩfɔrɩ pyropus ɛlɛ Leibnitz cɔlɔ. Hɩla ana atɩŋga payi mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛhaɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛmʊ miŋ helim taa yem yɔ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm pɩsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Hennig Brandt ɛkɛ Caama tʊ pɩnaɣ 1669 pɩtɩŋna hɩm yɔɔ. Lɩmaɣza acaɣ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ pileɖi, ɛlɛ paa pɩɩkɛ ɛzɩma yɔɔ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Caama tʊ Jean Kunckel nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ tʊ Robert Boyle pɩza pañɩnɩ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ pʊ-nɔɔ nɔmɔŋ.


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Hɛŋga Sɔsaɣ Fɛɛʊ
Hɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ hɛŋga sɔsaɣ fɛɛʊ. Pɩkpaɣna hayi kiŋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, hɛŋga sɔsaɣ ŋga, ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 6 000. Piyele pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩtɩŋna teŋgu kɩsɛmʊʊ nɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa lɛ, ka-walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 40 hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 60 hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ. Payaɣ hɛŋga sɔsaɣ ŋga Afrɩka tɛtʊ taa se Afrɩka hɛŋga fɛɛʊ yaa Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa hɛŋga sɔsaɣ.
Afrɩka hɛŋga fɛɛʊ tɛyɩ Afrɩka hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ Afrɩka hɩlʊʊ (corne de l’Afrique) yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Payaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ se Afrɩka tɛ pɩlakɩ (plaque africaine). Kɩwɛŋna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ. Kiposina Somalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ pɩlakɩ (plaque somalienne) nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ. Kɩɖaɣnɩ faaʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ Ugandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, hɛŋga sɔsɔɣ ŋga katɩŋna Firuŋga (Virunga) nɛ Ruwɛnzonii (Rwenzoni) pa-ajɛya pʊŋ taa. Katɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka tɛtʊ taa lɩŋgamɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Peeye lɛ, lɩm su hɛŋga kiliŋgaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖo.


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Robert Frost
Palʊla Robert Frost kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko tɛtʊ taa, Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 wiye pɩnaɣ 1874 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1963 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 88 kɛ Pɔstonii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛna amerika taa keɣsi luɖu yaa maɖʊ. Robert Frost caa kɛ payaɣ se William Prescott Frost Junior nɛ ɛkɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ kɔyɔ nɛ e-ɖoo Isabelle Moodie nɛ ɛkɛ Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ wɩlɩyʊ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ aseɣɖe tɔm yeɣiyaa ñʊʊtʊ kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko.
Ɛ-tɛ hɛkʊtaa sukuli taa kɛ ɛcalɩ ɛ-kacalaɣ keeɣa lubu yaa cɩmʊ mabʊ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ litoozo wɩye pɩnaɣ 1894 kɛ ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ keeɣa yaa cɩmʊ, Mo-huuduhuyuu, kɛ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 15, ɛlɛ yee pɩɩkɛna sɔnɔ taa kɔyɔ pɩɩyaba ɛzɩ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 300 yɔ. Ɛ-taa laba leleŋ pɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mbʊ lɛ, esuu halɩpɩɣa nakayɩ, Elinor Miriam White (1873-1938), nɛ ɛlɛ kɔɔ ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ pɛwɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ kpaɣna saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 1895. Robert Frost tanɩɩ leleŋ kɛ ɛpɩcatʊ taa.
Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 11 lɛ ɛ-caa sɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ nɛ ñɩm mbʊ eeyeba pɩtalɩɩ lɩm; pɩɩmaɣna tɔɔlaarɩnaa litoozo yeke. E-ɖoo ñasɩbɩna pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdʊŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩnzɩ 1897 nɛ 1899 hɛkʊ taa kɛ Robert Frost yeba ɛtɛ sukuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩwɩwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋŋ. Piyebina ɛ-caa tʊlɩ-wɛ, Robert nɛ Elior, kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kadaɣ nakayɩ kɛ Teerii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔɖɔʊ wondu nɛ ɛkʊyʊ tɛba tɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣ ɛ-takayɩsɩ. Ɖɔɖɛ ɛɛɖɔŋna-wɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, eyele ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli wɩlʊʊ. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1963 nɛ pepimɩ-ɩ Peniŋtoonii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pama ɛ-pɩlaʊ yɔɔ se: Mɛwɛna sɔɔlɩm tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ.


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Ceu takayaɣ
Ceu takayaɣ (arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ُرْآن, al-Qor’ân pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm, pɩkɛ tɔm kiɖeɖetu Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ, nɛ pamazɩɣ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga kɩkɛ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa nɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ kɛ arabɩ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ sɔnɔ ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛkɛɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ.
Malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, Ceu takayaɣ taa wɛ Allah tɔm, nɛ tɔm kiheyitu (āyāt) ndʊ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu Mahomet kɔna yɔ (محمد, Muḥammad, ɛsamɩ-ɩ) kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 610 ŋtalɩ 612 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ 632 pɩtɩŋna tiyiyu Gabriel yɔɔ (جبريل, Jibrîl).
Nabʊyʊ taa payaɣ Ceu takayaɣ yem al-kitâb (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ), adh-dhikr (tɔbʊʊ se tɔzʊʊ) yaa ɖɔɖɔ encore al furqân (tɛyʊʊ). Tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ mbʊ pɩ-taa, ɛkɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa tɔm ndʊ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ Allah cɔlɔ potolubutu kulubu yɔ se tɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɔm yɔ.
Arabɩ tɔmpiye Qor'ân » (قُرَْآن) lɩna qara'a (قرا) liɖe taa nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Tɔmpiye Qor'ân kɛ laɣsɩ tɔmʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kalʊʊ, ñʊʊ taa kalʊʊ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyʊtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɔm ndʊ tiyiyu heyi Mahomet yɔ.


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Tamerlan
Tamerlan (Persan kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Timur Lang) yaa Timour naŋgbaŋa tʊ, Timour Kɩkɩlʊʊ (palɩla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1336 Kech tɛtʊ taa pɩñɔtɩna Chakhrisabz, nɔɔnɔɔ Ouzbékistan ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1405 Otrar nɔɔnɔɔ Kazakhstan ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛɛkɛ Turc nɛ Mongol ajɛyɛ yoyu kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa, waɖʊ sɔsɔ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa kiŋ, Timouride waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ, ŋga kacaɣ piliɖi pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1507 yɔ.
Tamerlan sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1405 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri ñʊʊ yɔɔ caɣya kaakɛ e-piya (Timouride waa), nɛ ajɛyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩna wena acɔ-wɛ ata yɔ ayɔkʊʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu Ampiiri pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Chaybanide waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ Ouzbek kpa-wɛ nɛ ɖoŋ kpaagba ɖeɖe. Tamerlan lʊlʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔ Timour.
Timour lang tɔbʊʊ se Timour naŋgbaŋa tʊ (lang lɩna Persan kʊnʊŋ taa lakaɣ kanɛ yɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ لنگیدن, langidān laŋidan, naŋgbaŋa ɖɔmtʊ). Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ Mongol kʊnʊŋ taa Dogolon Tömör (ДoroлoH TөMөp, Tömör, naŋgbaŋa ɖɔnʊ.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ se palʊla Tamerlan ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1336 Kech tɛtʊ taa, pɩkɛ haɖaa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ tɩñɔtɩna Shahrisabz tɛtʊ. Ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm samɩyaa ha-ɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñʊʊ leleŋ siŋ halɩ pɩcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ. Ɖɩcɔna ɛ-caa Taragay, ɛkɛ wiyaʊ akpadɩyʊ Turc ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ, malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛyʊ piŋ Barlas liɖe taa, weyi ɛɖaŋaɣ se ɛwɛna ɛyʊ weyi eyebina-ɩ ɛ-ñɩm yɔ, ɖozi kawɩlaɣ ɖoziye naɖɩyɛ. Ɛsɔ tiyiyu nɔyʊ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ evebupɩɣa keɖeɣa ñɩŋa nakayɛ lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ kɛcɛlɩ-ɩ you saɣ. Ɖoziye nɖɩ pe-egetiye taa shykh nɔyʊ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ mbʊ se ɛkaɣ wɛnaʊ abalɩpɩɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ kakaɣ wabʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe nɛ you saɣ ŋga.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se palʊla pɩɣa ŋga lɛ, ke-nesi yɔɔ nɛ calɩm kpem, nɛ pɩtɔzʊʊ Gengis Khan lʊlʊʊ tɔm, ɛzɩ pɛkɛtɩɣ-tʊ Mongol waa kɩbɩnjaazɩ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ tɔm taa yɔ. Ɛ-caa Taragay kaakɛna Barla waa ñʊʊ tʊ. Ɛɛkɛ Karachar Noyan sɛyɩ nɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ lalaa hɛkʊ pe-cejewiye ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi etisi malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ. Taragay pɩzɩ ɛcɔna sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna wena ɛ-caa kaayebina-ɩ a-yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa Burkul yɔ, ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlɩ sukuli labʊ tɔm.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ heelɑ Ɩsekiyɛɛlɩ mɑ́ sɩ mɑ́ mɑ kɑwǝyɑɣɑ kɛ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ ɑwulumpiyɑ tɔɔ sɩ:
2Mǝ too kɑ kɛ́ tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ ŋkɑ kɑ wɛnɑ kɑ mpɑɑ kɛ tɔɣɔlɑsɩ tɑɑ tɔɣɔ. Tɔɣɔlɑsɩ kʋfɑsɩ hɛkʋ kɛ kɑ hǝntɑɑ nɑ kɑ́ tɔɔkɩ kɑ piyɑ.
3Ɩlɛnɑ kɑ́ fɑlǝsɩ kɑ piyɑ tɑɑ lɛŋkɑ nɑ kɛlɛ kɑ́ pǝsɩ tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ ɩfɑtɛ nte tǝ kpɛlǝmɑ tǝ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ cǝlʋɣʋ, nɑ tǝ́ liki yǝlɑɑ tɔ.
4Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ piitimnɑɑ nɩɩ pɑ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ kɑ tɔm, ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ kpɑ-kɛɣɛ kɑtɔkɑ tɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ tʋ kɑ mɩɩnɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ kulɑɣɑ tɑkɑ, nɑ pɑ́ ponɑ-kɛɣɛ Icipiti tɛtʋ tɑɑ.
5Tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ ɑlʋnyǝŋkɑ ŋkɛ kɑ cɛkǝnɑɑ sɩ kɑ tɛɛlɑ kpɛtɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ kɑ́ lǝsɩ kɑ piyɑ tɑɑ lɛŋkɑ nɑ kɑ́ lɑ-kɛɣɛ tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ ɩfɑtɛ, kpelikpekɑ nyǝŋkɑ.
6Ɩlɛnɑ kɑ́ nɑ lɛŋsɩ pɑ́ tɔŋ. Kɑ kpɛlǝmɑ kɑ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ cǝlʋɣʋ, nɑ kɑ liki yǝlɑɑ.
7Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kɑ yɔkɑ pɑ ɑcɑlɛɛ, nɑ pɑ kɑwulɑɣɑ tɛɛsɩ. Tɛtʋ tɑɑ yǝlɑɑ ɩ́ nɩɩwɑ kɑ nyɩɩsʋɣʋ ɩlɛ pɑ sʋʋ seluɣu.
8Ɩlɛnɑ piitimnɑɑ mpɑ pɑ cɔɔnɑ-wɛ tɔ, pɑ́ lɩɩnɑ pɑ tɛtʋ hɔɣɔlǝŋ tɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ pɛɛlɩ nɔɣɔ kɛ kɑ tɔɔ. Pɑ nyǝpɑ-kɛɣɛ puluɣu nɑ pɑ́ kpɑ-kɛɣɛ pɑ kɑtɔkɑ tɑɑ.
9Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑ tʋ kulɑɣɑ tɑkɑ kɛ kɑ mɩɩnɑ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ sʋsɩ-kɛɣɛ tɔɣɔlʋɣʋ sɔsɔɔʋ nɑkʋlɩ kʋ tɑɑ. Pǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ pɑ ponɑ-kɛɣɛ Pɑpiloni wulɑʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ tǝkɩ-kɛɣɛ sɑlǝkɑ kɛ koluŋɑ ɩcɑtɛ tɑɑ. Sɩ pɑ tɑɑ tɑsɑ kɑ nɔɣɔ nɩɩʋ kɛ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ pulɑsɩ tɑɑ.
10Nyɑ́ too kɑ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ lɛsɛŋ tʋɣʋ. Pɑ sɔ-kʋɣʋ lʋm nɔɣɔ nɑ kʋ́ lɔ nɑ kʋ́ lʋlɩ sɔsɔm kɛ lʋm kɑtɑtǝlɑɣɑ tɔɔ.
11Kʋ piliŋɑsɩ kɑ wɛnɑ ɑlɑɑfǝyɑ kɛ́ nɑ sɩ́ pǝsɩ kɑwulɑɣɑ kpɑtǝŋ. Ɩlɛnɑ sɩ́ pɩɩ nɑ sɩ́ tɛɛ tɩɩŋ tɔɔ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pɑ sɑmɑ-kʋɣʋ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ pɑɣɑlɛ nɑ kʋ kʋŋkʋlʋmǝŋ tɔɔ.
12Tǝnɑɣɑ pǝ kpɛsɑ-kʋ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ nɑ pǝ́ pɛtɩ ɑtɛ. Ilim tǝlɩɩlɛ heelim mɑpɑ kʋ pee nɑ ɑ́ wʋlɩ. Ɩlɛnɑ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ kpelikpekɑ nyǝŋsɩ nsɩ sɩ́ pɛlɩ nɑ sɩ́ wʋlɩ nɑ kɔkɔ nyɑɣɑ-sɩ.
13Nɔɔnɔɔ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ tɑɑ timpi lʋm fɛɩ nɑ lʋkɔtʋ wɛɛ tɔɣɔ pɑ sɔ-kʋ.
14Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kɔkɔ lɩɩnɑ kʋ tɑɑ nɑ kɑ́ nyɑɣɑ kʋ piliŋɑsɩ nɑ kʋ pee. Kʋ fɛɩnɑ piliŋɑsɩ ɑlɑɑfǝyɑ nyǝnsɩ nsi sɩ kɛ́ kɑwulɑɣɑ kpɑ́tʋ́ɣʋ́ tɔ. Kɑwǝyɑɣɑ kɑnɛ kɑ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ wulɑ.


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Laŋhɩzɩyɛ
Laŋhɩzɩyɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ paya kɩ-hɩɖɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñaŋga ñaŋga fɛyɩ, ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ fɛyɩ, you fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm fɛyɩ. Pɩwɩlɩɣ se samaɣ hɛkʊ taa nɩnaʊ wɛɛ nɛ politiki wɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Ehoye ɖɔkʊ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ Olivier piliŋga mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se laŋhɩzɩyɛ wɛɛ.
Samaɣ ɛsɩnda nɛ kɛ-tɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, laŋhɩzɩyɛ tɔmpiye wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma nɩnaʊ wɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yaa samaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩcoɖuu se paayou, ɛlɛ panɩna ɖama camɩyɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ nɛ paayeki se natʊyʊ ɛkɔɔ pɩcaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna kajalaɣ taa lɛ, ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ. Pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paale ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛyʊ fetenum taa lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ maɣzɩm taa mbʊ pɩwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩ ɖɔkʊ pɩyʊ nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ, leleŋ wɛtʊ nɛ camɩyɛ hɛɛɛ wɛtʊ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ taa yɔ nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩha ɖoŋ se ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩsɛʊ ɖama Pax vobis Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ, Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, salaam, shalom Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa) yaa fezuu caɣʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔdɩtʊ nɛ ɛpaɖaɣ (you, ñaŋga ñaŋga laɣsɩ, tɔm, pana ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ politiki naa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza.
Wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩ-nɛ sɩ-taa, patʊlɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ ONU laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli Costa Rica (UPEACE), Brasilia sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ (UNIPAZ) yaa Namur sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ, kedeŋga kpeekpe samaɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Verdun.
Aŋgba sakɩyɛ ñɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa paale. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ mbʊ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1948 lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ONG Fransɩɩ taa, nɖɩ ɖɩhɛzɩɣ tɔm naa yɔ nɛ ɖiwiziɣ naa evebiyaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Hendu teyaa sakɩyɛ kpaɣ patɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ pɩlɩna pa-laɣsɩ nɛ pa-tʊma ɛzɩ Pablo Picasso nɛ ɛ-laŋhɛzɩyɛ ehoye, John Lennon nɛ ɛ-hendu ndʊ lɛ, maɣzɩ, yaa Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd nɛ ɛ-tɛ sɩɣkpeɣleɣ ŋga pasɩ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ ONU kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ taa mbʊ yɔ.


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Payaɣ mbʋ se Facebook yɔ, pɩkɛ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɖomaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ poɖuu wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ : kɩlɛmɩŋ nɛ fotonaa nɛ fidewonaa nɛ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ peyekiɣna ɖama tɔm Facebook yɔɔ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ yaa pâla tikasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pâla tʋma naayɛ Facebook yɔɔ.
Mbʋ payaɣ se « site web » yɔ, pɩtɛ sɔsaa kpɛndɩ naanza kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se Google yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Google taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ sʋʋ.
Google wayɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se YouTube yɔ pɩtɩŋ Youtube wayɩ lɛ, Facebook tɩŋ nɛ wilaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Yahoo ñatɩŋ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,59 lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ wilaŋ sɔsɔŋ naanza ḿba paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,04 labɩna tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaza ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ laba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ wilaʋ ŋgʋ payaa se Facebook yɔ, kɩlɩʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ ɛyaa mba palaba-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ taa yɔ patalʋʋ miiliyarɩ yɔ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa Facebook kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lakli-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋa taa Facebook lɩwa. Harvard sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa kʋñɔwa. Kɩɖa lɩʋ lɛ, sukuli ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-taa sukuli piya ɖeke lakaɣna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ Amerika sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa sukuli piya se palabɩna-kʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Paba wayɩ Facebook pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hakuu nɛ paa anɩ ɛhayɩɣna-kʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa kɩpɩsa ḿbʋ.


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Mañɩzɩyɔm
Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 12 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mg. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nakʊ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɩna tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛndʊʊ hɛlɩyɔm taa pee naatozo nɛ karɩbɔnɩ piye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩ-tɛ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩmɩzɩɣ gbiyii lɛ, mañɩzɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ lɛɛkʊ tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe ɛɖanɩɣ tasʊʊ cɔzʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ kɩfam taa. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ lutozo weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ pʊtʊ naanaza tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ (ñɩɣyʊʊ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ sɩlɩsɩyɔm pa-wayi), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔlʊʊ taa kɛ pɔɔ taa lɩm taa yɔ, sɔdɩyɔm nɛ kɩlɔrɩ pa-wayi.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ keeke mʊʊ miŋ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ (yee ŋɖʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩñɩlɩsʊʊ nakʊyʊ, kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, yʊlʊnzɩyʊ). Kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ kpɛdʊʊ taa alɩmɩnɩyɔm nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm (nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya se mañalɩyɔm). Mañɩzɩyɔm takpɩndɩ ɛzɩ alɩmɩnɩyɔm yɔ nɛ pasa kpɛndʊʊ camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ tɛyɩŋ ɖeu.
Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ hilimye ñʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa holaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩdɩŋ 300 cɔlɔ. Mañɩzɩyɔm nasɩyʊ sɩlɩyaa ciɣduu ɖama taa pa-nɛ fɔsɩfatɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ ATP, ADN nɛ ARN. Palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖenɖe pɛhɛzɩɣna holaa ɖenɖe añaŋ ɛzɩma pʊtɔpɔzɩ yɔ.
Mañɩzɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa pɩtɩŋna Thessalie egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣa se Magnesia yɔ. Egetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaawɛ mañɩzɩyɔm sakɩyɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Joseph Black tɩlɩna mañɩzɩyɔm se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ pɩnaɣ 1755, nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ Humphry Davy ñalɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm hɔɔlʊʊ keeke pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnaʊ pɩnaɣ 1808 pɩlɩna mañezi MgO nɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ HgO kpɛndʊʊ yɔ.


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Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa
Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa payana anasaayɩ taa size Musée Sainte-Sophie. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔbʋʋ palɩza kɛlɛ size «lɔndʋ yaa lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ kiɖeɖeu». Padasɩ paɣlɩzɩ ɖi-tɔbʋʋ ɖɔdɔ size«lɔndʋ yaa lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ ɛsɔ keem». Nɛ Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paɖanɩ keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa Sophie kɩɖeɖeu hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ yaʋ size krɩstʋ Ɛsɔ sɛʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kuduyuu tʋ Kɔnsɩtantiinɔplɩ.
Ɛsɔ sɛʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ Kɔnsɩtantiinɔplɩ ngʋ, pama-kʋ kajalaɣ taa keeke kɛ kpaɖʋ naanaza(4) alɩwaatʋ taa. Nɛ paɖaɣnɩ-kʋ maʋ kɛ nabʋlɛ ɖeɖe camɩyɛ kpoŋgozuu yaa kɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ kɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo (6) alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖɩɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ size matʋ ndʋ kɩwɛna halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Nɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ, tɩpɩsaɣ pɩwayɩ kɛ, cinŋili yaa malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu kɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mehmet 2 n̄azɩtʋ taa yaa malɩŋ ɖiɣiyuu tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛna lɩm nɔɔ yɔ kɛnkɛ kiŋ nɛ ɖooo canaʋ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size Isitambuli yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ size, kɩ-tatasɩ kɩkɛ ciŋili yaa malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu. Yaa ɛzɩ, kɩlaŋ lone yaa Ɛsɔ samtʋ lone naɖɩ, ɛlɛ, ɖɩpɩsaɣ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ Sophie Kiɖeɖeu keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩyaɣ.
Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖiyaɣ kanɛ, ka-kadaɣ wala wandam nɛ pɩkɛna, Pɩzansɩ kɛ samtʋ maɣzɩtʋ. Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, paɖaɣna keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖiyaɣ kanɛ hɩɖɛ sʋʋ size Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ. Paasiliki(basilique) kɛna krɩstʋ yatʋ ɖeke koŋ. Nɛ payaɣ tobi size Ɛsɔ lɔŋ.
Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩ tʋ sɔnzɩ kaaɣlɩza hɩɖe yaa yatʋ ndʋ tʋtɔbʋʋ. Kɔɔnɔɔ paasiliki kɛ krɩstʋ mba caanaʋ wɛɛ taa payaɣ n̄amtʋ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ size Ɛsɔ keem lɔŋ. Ɖajaa wiyau sɔsɔ, Constantin kaasɔlana size payaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 330 taa kɛ etisuu krɩstʋ yɔɔ wayɩ.


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Dominique Guzmán tʋ
Dominique de Guzmán kɛna ɛsɔ pʊɣa ŋga kɛcɛla ka-tɩ kɛ ɛsɔ sɩŋŋŋ ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa yɔ. palʊla-ɩ hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ leleŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1170 kɛ palʊla-ɩ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Poloñɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1221.
Ɛkɛ layʊ kɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩna layaa mba palaɣ paa kujuka ŋga nɛ pakpakɩɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ ɛsɔ kɛ ɛ-kɩy ŋgʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ posuzuu ɛ-tɔm ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pakpayɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1234. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, hɩɖɛ nɖɛ nɖɩ paa anɩ ɛsɩmna-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ se Dominiki kiɖeɖeu.
Dominique de Guzmán kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ, pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ kɛ tɔm naputozo taa: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, kɩyɛna fenaɣ naanza wiye pɩwayɩ lɛ, fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye nɛ kpaagbaa efemiye wiye kɛlɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ ŋga ka-kɩyakʊ litoozo wiye.
Dominique tɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ yɔɔ panaɣ-ɩ ɛɖɔka kamaŋgaɣ mayaɣ, takayaɣ ( kogulaa ) nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe pombo. E-kiɖe taa nɛ tɩŋga nɛ palɩzɩ haɣ nakayɩ (hʊlɩmɩŋ nɛ kpɛdɩŋ) tʊ tɔsɩ nɛ kɔ-nɔɔ nɛ katɩŋgʊ-ɩ. Haɣ ŋga kɔtɔbʊʊ se paahaɣ ɛ-hɔɔ lɛ e-ɖoo kaaɖoza pɩtɛ ɖoziye. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ palʊla Dominique nɛ pehe-i mbʊ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛnʊ lɛ haɣ ŋga kɔɖɔka tɔsɩ yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛtɔma se ɛnʊ wɩlɩɣ ɛyaa kɛ toovenim nɔmɔʊ.


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Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ
Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ wɛna nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛ nɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ panɩɩ ɖama tɔm yɔ. Yɔɔdaɣ kɛ pɩyʊ keekee weyi ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊna ɖama ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ wɛna lʊlʊʊ nɛ ɖɛzʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʊ lɩna ɛyaa agbeela ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ pɩlɩna yɔɔdaɣ ɛzɩ pɩkɛʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnʊʊ piliŋa. Kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnʊʊ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ ñɩnɩyaa sɔsɔ pa nɛ yɔɔ Saussure tɛ Ferdinand nɛ Noam Chomskey. Pɩlɩŋ lɛɛŋ ñɔsɔzʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ nɛ etiziɣ taabalɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ kpɛlɛkɩnaʊ mbʊ yɔ.
Pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ yɔ pɩpazɩna ɛyʊ kɛnɛ ɖooo ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛ nɛ ɛyaa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ siŋ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ, kɛlɛ pɩtasɩna yɔɔdaɣ yeke ɛlɛ kʊ-tʊma ɖɔ sakɩyɛ, patɩlɩ se ñɛ-tɛɛ le, ɛyʊ ɖɩcaɣyɛ lalaa hɛkʊ taa, ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa lɩmaɣza labʊ nɛ aleɣya.
Tɔmpiye yɔɔdaɣ lɩna ɖooo Ɛnɖɩ nɛ Erɔpʊ dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s, yaa dn̥g̑huhā, dn̥ǵ(h)wā- nɛ dhn̥ǵ(h)wā-, kɛlɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ (ajɔɔɖɛ), tɔmʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ. Kɛlɛ ɛha latɛŋ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se lingua (ɖɩɖɩ ñalɩna ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ latɛŋ taa se dingua), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ, kɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩ anasaayɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa se language.


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Fʊwa lakɩtee
Tɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa miiliyɔɔwaa kpeɣli com nɛ pɔcɔʊ wɩsɩ cejewiye nɛ pataŋ. Tɩnzɩ huuye nɖɩ payaɣ se kaalakɩsii, pɩkɛ ɖɛ-tɛ kaalakɩsii. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩnzɩ huuye nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa wɩsɩ cejewiye wɛɛ. Yee ɛsɔdaa ɛtʊ camɩyɛ ñamm yɔ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna tɩnzɩ huuye nɖɩ. Kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tropiki nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ kiŋ. Ɛyʊ naɣ-sɩ lɛ, sɩpɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔ lɩɩɩ nɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tambaɖɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, sɩpɩlɩ pɩlɩʊ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ. Ɖoho taa pakɩlɩɣ naʊ camɩyɛ tɩnzɩ huuye nzɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-wɛtʊ camɩyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, eposina-sɩ. Ɛyʊ tapɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ tɩnzɩ huuye nzɩ sɩ-wɛtʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi, ɛlɛ, ɛtɩlaa se sɩwɛ ɛzɩ Andromɛɛdɩ kaalakɩsii yɔ.
Pɩkɛ kaalakɩsii ŋgʊ kɩwɛ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kaalakɩsii ŋgʊ kpem. Ɛyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ se pɩkɛ kaalakɩsii mɩlɩ mɩlɩ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ yaa pɩkɛ kaalakɩsii mɩlɩ mɩlɩ ñɩŋgʊ kɩcɛbʊʊ. Nabʊyʊ wɛ ɛzɩ kɩkaaɣʊ yɔ ki-piye hɛkʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1991 taa pana piye nɖɩ. Tɩnzɩ huuye mɩlɩ mɩlɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma mbʊ nesi posuu yɔ. Payaɣ nasɩyɛ se Tɩnzɩ huuye mɩlɩ mɩlɩ A. Payaa lɛɛsɩ se Tɩnzɩ huuye mɩlɩ mɩlɩ B. Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛsɩ se Tɩnzɩ huuye mɩlɩ mɩlɩ C. Sɩ-tɩŋa sɩ-tɩlʊʊ wɛ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩnaɣ-sɩ yem kɛlɛʊ ɖa-kaalakɩsii taa.


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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1946 New York tɛtʊ taa, ɛkɛ mansʊʊ malɩ ɛyʊ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa tʊmɩyɛ taa ɛkɛ Amerika tʊ, ɛkɛ kpaɣ ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 2017 alɩwaatʊ kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tʊ. His president term ended on January 20, 2021. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-caa nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ɖeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ se Elizabeth Trump & Son, kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlakaɣ tadɩyɛ sukuli Wharton yɔ Pɛnsilvaanii sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ.
Pɩkpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 lɛ, ɛwɛna ɖɛsɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩ-hɩla sɛwa yɔ, ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ payaa-zɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ. Ɛ-ɖɩsɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa peeɖe ŋga kaakɩlɩ wɛnaʊ ɛsɔda kuduyiŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ ŋga yɔ Trump Tower kɛwɛ New York tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ lɛɛsɩ sakɩyɛ kaawɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Pazɩ pazɩ yɔɔ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣzɩ politiki tɔm taa ɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1980 wɛɛ taa.
Palʊla Donald Trump kɛ Jamaïka kooka taa, Queens egeetiye taa kɛ New York tɛtʊ taa. Pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ Lɩm nɛ pakpazɩ-ɩ ɖoŋ pɩɣyɩyaa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ kɛ e-kooka taa. Ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ lɛ ɛkɛ naanza tʊ kɛ piyaa kagbanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Fred Trump (palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1905 nɛ ɛsɩ 1999) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Mary Anne Trump palʊla-ɩ MacLeod cejewiye taa pɩnaɣ 1912 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 2000. Ɛwɛna ɖalaa naalɛ nɛ kɔɔnaa naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ Maryanne Trump Barry, Fred Jr., Elizabeth, nɛ Robert. Fred Trump Jr, ɛkɛ Donald Trump ɖalʊ sɔsɔ ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1981 pɩtɩŋna ɛ-sʊlʊm ñɔtʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ, kɛlɛ Donald Trump kpa ɛ-tɩ nɛ ekizi sʊlʊm tɩŋa keŋkeŋ ñɔʊʊ nɛ sɩgaa naa ñɔʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Donald Trump caa liɖe kɛ Caama ŋgʊ e-ɖoo liɖe kɔyɔ Ekɔsɩ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ naa kaalɩna Kallstadt. Frederick Trump, Donald Trump cɔzɔ kɛlɛ, pɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ ñɩm tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ akɔma tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ taa.


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Tʊ
Tʊ wɛ kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩwɛna keŋ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ pɩɖɛɛ naalɛ yɔɔ yɔ sɩ-taa. Tʊŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛtalɩɣ tiwa ɛzɩ kutokiŋ nɛɛlɛ (20 000) yɔ tɛtʊ kpeekpe yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ taa ɖeke tʊŋ talɩɣ kutokiŋnaalɛ (2 000) mbʊ yɔ.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tʊŋ talɩɣ tɩwa ɛzɩ kutoku (1000) yɔ. Erɔpɩ taa tiɣye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla tɔyʊʊ yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Apisi Melifera nɛ tiɣye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ tʊŋ weyi ɛwɛ Apisi tiɣye taa yɔ. Tʊŋ weyi ɛtɩŋga ɛwɛ Apisi tiɣye taa yɔ, ɛtɩŋga ɛɖʊʊ nʊm, nʊm mbʊ payaɣ se tʊŋ nʊm yaa tɩŋ nʊm. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ tʊŋ tɩŋga ɖʊna tɩŋ nʊm.
Weyi ɛɛɖʊ tɩŋ nʊm yɔ ɛ-tɛ pɩlɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Papɩzɩɣ pɛtɛyɩ tʊŋ kɛ pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwɛɛ yaa ɛɖɔŋ yɔ: ɖɩɣa tʊŋ wɛɛ, awayɩ tʊŋ wɛɛ, tʊŋ weyi ɛɖɔŋ eɖeke eɖeke yɔ, kɔɔlaɣ tʊŋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tʊŋ wɛ ndɩ nɛ tɛɛkpagbaŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-wɛɖɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-ɖɔnɛ taa.
Tʊŋ kɛna kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩtɔkɩ ñɩtʊ yɔ nɛ tʊŋ kɛ kekelikelasi nzɩ sɩsɩŋna nɛ tɛŋ hɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ ñɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɩɩkpakɩɣ ñɩtʊ pee se ɩmaɣna ɩsɛŋgɛlɩtʊ lɛ, nayɩ tɔlɩɣ nɛ pɩñɔʊ. Tʊ yʊŋ nɛ ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ lɩɣna ɛ-tiyee taa yaa e-liɖe taa. Ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ kpaɣ milimɛtawaa 9 nɛ 15 kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ e-yuŋ talɩɣ miligiraamwaa 60 nɛ 80 pɛhɛkʊ taa.


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Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ (Laser)
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ kɛna anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size kɩlɩzʋʋ mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ yɔ. Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋ kʋnɛ, kiliɖe ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mba payaɣ size masɛrɩ nɛ pama size "maser" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kajalaɣ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pacalɩ haʋ hɩɖɛ seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnʋ size masɛrɩ naʋʋ nɛ mʋdʋsʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ pama size "maser optique".
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ anasaayɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ naabʋlɛ kpɛndɩm. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, ɖɩcɔnaɣ kɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size kɩ-taa nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩwalanzɩnaʋ yaa paɣlaka sɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna naʋ kʋlɔmʋʋ yɔ. Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ wɛna kɩ-taa pɔʋ kɩɖaɣlʋʋ nakʋyʋ, nɛ kɩ-taa miŋ lɩʋ nɛ ɛwɛ tʋɖʋɖʋ yee ɛmʋwaa yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋgɛ payɩ mbɩ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ yʋsaɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɩzʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pɔzʋʋ size, seɣtuu mʋdʋsʋʋ anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-tɛ mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ nzɩ kɩlɩzɩsɩ wɛna siɣ siɣ mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄azɩn̄azʋ. Pʋtɔbʋ size, pɩ-tɛ kɛɛkɩŋ wɛɛ. Mʋndʋsʋʋ weluu yaa mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄azɩn̄azʋ (spectre) wɛna kɩ-taa kɛ cɛnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ lɩɩ lɩɩ yɔ. Sɩ-tɛ, pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ (ondes) lɩɣna pɔŋ nɛ walanzɩ tasʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ (amplificateur) yɔɔ.
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ (raies) sɩnɛ, sɩ-tɛ mini mini pɩsʋʋ (finesse) wɛna nabʋyʋ taa kɛ kamasɩ. Pɩ-tɛ kamasɩ nzɩ, sɩwɛɛ pɩlɩɩna kɩ-tɛ pɔʋ (cavité) tɛ wɛtʋ ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔɔ nɛ walanzɩ tasʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tɛ kpɛdɛɛ kpɛdɛɛ wiluu cɛlʋʋ ɖeɖe. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ yeki yaa haɣ ɖoŋ size pehuu lɩzɩtʋ (émission) nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pɔcɔɔ pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ taa kɛ sakɩyɛ tɩlaa siŋŋ size seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ kɛna cɛnzɩ (rayonnement) sɩpɩzʋʋ tʋma kpeekpe kɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmtʋ (électromagnétique) hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖenɖe miŋ wɛɛ payɩ yɔ. Pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kaakɛ, kajalaɣ taa kɛ mbʋ payaɣwa size "maser" yɔ. Mba payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size "micro-ondes" waa nɛ palakaana wɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɛnzɩ X waa hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Wayoomɩŋ
Wayoomɩŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Nebraskaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Idahoo, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koloraadoo nɛ Utaa tɛtʊ wɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Montanaa. Wayoomɩŋ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Zeyɛnii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Wayoomɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 253 338 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 251 706 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 851 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ0.73 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 44 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1890.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 563 626 yɔ.
Payaɣ Wayoomɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Matt Mead (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Mike Enzi (R) nɛ John Barrasso (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Kpɩnɛ laɣsɩ
Kpɩnɛ laɣsɩ pɩkɛ kɩɖɛzɩtʊ pɩyʊ yaa mbʊ palɩʊlɩna ɛyʊ, nɛ laɣsɩ kpeekpe wɛɛ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ lakʊ yɔ. Tɩwɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-cɔlɔ nɛ paa nɖɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-lakasɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩ-kpɛlɛkɩtʊ pɔzɩ lɛɣtʊ sakɩyɛ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm (kpɩnɛ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tomnasi liɖe ñɩnʊʊ), maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ, kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Ɖɩlɩzɩ kpɩnɛ laɣsɩ tɔbʊʊ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma sakɩyɛ taa palakɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛyʊ taa nɛ sɩkɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ wɛtʊ e-tomnaɣ taa. Kpɩnɛ laɣsɩ tɛ tɔbʊʊ se ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ, pɩcɔ lɩzɩɣ kɛlɛ ɛ nɛ mbʊ pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ yaa pɔsɔzʊʊ yɔ palʊkɩna ɖama ɛyʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se pañɩnɩ nɛ patɩlɩ kpɩnɛ wɛtʊ ɖɩ-lone taa, kiɖe tɛɛ tʊma ana Konrad Lorenz pɩnzɩ 1903 ŋtalɩ 1989, Nikolaas Tinbergen pɩnzɩ 1907 ŋtalɩ 1988 nɛ Karl von Friesch pɩnzɩ 1886 ŋtalɩ 1982 ɛyaa pa nɛ palabɩna tʊma ana kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ taa. Patɩŋga pɛkpɛndɩ mʊʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1973.
Pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɖɩnɩɩ se paɖʊ-tʊ tɔm ndʊ ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa yɔ kɛ tɩgbayɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm, palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ kɛ kpaɖʊ 20 hɛkʊ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa pɩtɩŋna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa pa nɛ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ Louis Leakey (1903-1972), Jane Goodall (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1934), Dian Fossey (1932-1985), Desmond Morris4 (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1928) nɛ Birutė Galdikas (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1946).


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Hendu
Hendu yaa hendu kitetetu ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "chanson" yɔ, kɛna minziiki tʋmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛna tɔm kɩmamatʋ mbɩ yɔ nɛ hendu teuu yaa weŋgalaɣ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Tɔm kɩmamatʋ nɛ hendu teuu yaa weŋgalaɣ ŋga, ɛyʋtʋ nɔɔ palɩzɩʋ na nɛ pɩwɛ hendu taa nɛ ɖɩnɩɩ.
Tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋnɛ, pateu tʋ hendu lɛ, papɩzɩʋ pama minziiki yaa papɩzɩʋ pamakɩ. Hɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʋlʋʋ mbɩ peyeki pɩtɩŋgɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna hendu teuu ɖeke. Pɩwɛʋ leleŋ nɩʋ taa nɛ paʋ taa ɛzɩ soo, nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ soo pamakɩ yɔ.
Papɩzɩʋ ɖɔɖɔ pama soo pɩtaɣ pɛtɛ pahʋlɩ hɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩwɛʋ leleŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Hendu teuu alɩwaatʋ taa, suye kʋɖʋm ɖɩyɛ mabʋ wɛ, soo sakɩkyɛ tɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa hendu ndʋ tɩ-taa pamakɩ soo sakɩyɛ yaa pahʋlʋʋ hɩsɩ sakɩyɛ.
Papɩzɩʋ peteɣ hendu pahʋlɩ loyuu cɩmʋʋ yaa aɖakaɣ cɩmʋʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ size kitaɖi yɔ ɖeke. Piyaanoo wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ pɩtasɩna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ matʋ taa hɩsɩ sɩnɛ : groupe, big band yaa orchestre symphonique.
Hendu teuu wɛna nɔɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ nɩʋ taa pɩwɛ leleŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm pɩsɩʋ ɛwɛna ɖoŋ se étéɣ nɔɔsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩŋgɛ. Ɛlɛ, Samaɣ ɛsɩnda yaa agbeela sɔsɔna nayɛ ɛsɩnda size peteɣ hendu lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ ɛyaa yaa teyaa sakɩyɛ kɛ nɔɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ teuu taa.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ hendu teyaa kpɛm taa, mba ɖɩyaɣ wɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "choral" yɔ. Hendu teuu hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : comptine enfantine yaa chanson de geste, nɛ La Chanson de Roland, nɛ couplet/refrain, nɛ strophe yaa laisse, nɛ canon, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mélodie accompagnée yaa lied allemand.
Hendu ndʋ tɩ-taa pamakɩ soo nɛ pahʋlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, yaa pahʋlʋʋ hendu kʋhʋlʋʋ yɔ, a-taa kɔ yɔ : minziiki traditionnelle yaa folklorique, nɛ minziiki classique yaa ethnique, rock 'n' roll yaa jazz, nɛ pɩtasɩna rap yaa slam.


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Pɔɔrto-noovoo
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsʊtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ndɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ (Peenɛɛ) se Ɖahʊma. Payaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Emmanuel Zossou.
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ ŋgʊ peeɖe yɔ, paana ɛyaa 264 320, nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-wallanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 11 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 110. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Pɔɔrto noovoo tɛtʊ taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: fransɩ, Kɛŋŋ nɛ Yuruba.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Pɔɔrto-noovoo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma ɛlɛ, lɛɛlɛɛ taa lɛ, tɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊy ndʊ payaɣ se Sɛɛrgii yɔ, peeɖeke palakɩna tʊma. Paliza-ɩ pinde pɩnaɣ 2015 taa nɛ paasɩŋ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛkaɣ tɛm yɔ.


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Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm
Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 40 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Zr. Martin Heinrich Klaproth ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, sɩrɩkoŋ taa ɛlɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1789 ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1824 Jöns Jacob Berzelius pɩza ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ keeke eyeke nɛ ɛwɛ Stockholm ñɩɣlɩm Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɛzɩɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka nɛ tɩtanɩ nɛ hafɩnɩyɔm pɛkpɛnda pɛwɛɛ Ivb loka taa kɛ pʊtʊna caɣyɛ kpata taa yɔ. Ɛdɔ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ tam nabutozo kwivri.
Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna sɩrkɔŋ, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pakp-ɖɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palɩza-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ ɛlɩna Caama tʊ cɔlɔ Zirkon pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm lɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Abraham Gottlob Werner luba pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Martin Heinrich Klaproth kaɣ ɖanɩɣ maɣzɩɣ se ɛkpaɣ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Caama tɔmpiye nɖɩ pama-ɖɩ caɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ nɛ pɔtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩlɩna arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se zarkûn, ŋgʊ ɖɩɖɩ lɩna pɛrɩsanɩ zargûn nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ sika sɛmɩŋ.
Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna pʊzɩtʊ mbʊ lɛ palakɩna sɩrkɔɩyɔm wɛɛ wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɖenɖe palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊzʊʊ wondu yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wonuu keeke ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pataɣ-ɩ ñamasɩɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Lɔŋ tasɩɣ wɩlɩɣ se pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ eliɣ yaa efezi sɩrkɔnɩyɔm, yaa ɛ-lɩm nabʊyʊ etukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ. Pamaza kpɩna lɛ yee efeziɣ helim mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɔyɔ, pʊkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ ɛ-hʊzʊŋ hokasi halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna ɛzɩ hʊzɔŋ huu yɔ, ɛtɛzɩɣ huluu yɔ, nɛ ɛsʊʊ hɩlɩm taa. Kedeŋga kpeekpe sɔtʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna takayaɣ heyuu-ɖʊ se ɖiyele mʊzʊʊ mɩzɩɣ, miŋ ñaɣzɩɣ, kpim kpim nazʊʊ, nɛ mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa yɔ posuu pe-nesi tokonaa, papa ɛsɛ ñɩlɩŋ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɔtɔɔ, pɔñɔɔ yaa pɔñɔɔ sɩka alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm ɖeɖe yɔ.


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Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ
Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ. Kɩ-mayaɣ lɛ Fe. Kɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ yusaɣ kɛlɛ mayaɣ 26. Ñɩɣlɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «métaux de transition». Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se ruteniyɔɔm nɛ osimiyɔɔm nɛ kobalɩtɩ nɛ nikɛɛlɩ (nickel) yɔ palɩ ɖama pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-mayaɣ kɛ 56 yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna yuŋ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ tɩŋɛ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se silisiyɔɔm yɔ poyolosaa nɛ palabɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ.
Payaɣ tɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ se tɩnzɩ kɩsɛmsɩ sɔsɔsɩ. Tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋgbɛzɩyaa taa. Mbʊ pʊcɔ wɩsɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-wɛ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «planêtes» waa yɔ, pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɩlɩna wazaɣ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa paa evemiye nɖɩ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ yɔ ɖɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ mbʊ payaɣ se «métal de transition ductile» yɔ. Yee pesidi ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ payaɣ se asiyee yɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tɛtʊ tɛɛ yɔ, petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ. Kolu nɛ ñɩɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ palakɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ huwaa pɩtalɩ miiliyaaɖɩ waa 2,4 pɩnaɣ 2010 taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ lɩzɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, panaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla 37,5 Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 17,5 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Biresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 15,4 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 10,8 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 4,2 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 3,0 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akaza tɛtɛɛ se papɩzɩɣ pohuyi yɔ, atalɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyaaɖɩ waa 180. Ajɛya wena a-taa papɩzɩɣ pehiɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akazaa tɛtɛɛ yɔ, anaa yɔ : Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Presiili nɛ Ruusii.


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Serge Prokofiev
Serge Prokofiev (yaa Ruusi kʋnʋŋ matʋ taa lɛ, Cepreй CepreeBич ПpokoфbeB), palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1891 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Sontsovka (Ekaterinoslav komina taa kɛ Ruusii tɛ Ampiiri taa) ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1953 Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ taa (URSS), ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ minziiki cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛmakaɣ piyano nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊ tʊ.
Ɛkɛ hendu sakɩyɛ lɩzɩyʊ, ɛlakaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa nɛ amʊʊza sakɩyɛ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛna lɩmaɣza siŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa tɛ lɩmaɣza. Ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa Saint-Pétersbourg samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ɛwa nɛ ɛmʊ Anton Rubinstein tɛ kɩhɛyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛnʊ kaawɛna weewe piyano mabʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1918 ŋtalɩ 1936, ɛlaba pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ etisi nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛtɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa URSS ɖenɖe paɖʊɣa-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɛcɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛnʊ nɛ Joseph Staline pasɩba kɩyakʊ kʊyʊmʊ.
Sontsovka kɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʊla Prokofiev yɔ, ɖɩwɛ Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa kɛ Ekaterinoslav komina taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ haɖaʊ lɔŋ tasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ sɔsɔ haɖaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. E-ɖoo, Maria Grigorievna, kɛ halʊ weyi ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ piyaa camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ piyaanoo mabʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ tɛ kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ. Serge pɩjatʊ kaawɛ ɖeu ɖɩɣa sɔsɔyɔ nakɛyɛ taa ɖenɖe e-ɖoo makaɣ-ɩ Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikowsky nɛ Rubinstein. Miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kʊjɔŋ kɔŋ pɩɣa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, e-ɖoo tɩlɛzɩɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛɖʊ-ɩ miziiki tʊmɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1900 taa lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ lutozo kɛlɛ, ɛtɩŋɩ e-ɖoo Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ taa ɖenɖe ewoba ɛna peteu laŋɩyɛ taa wɩzasɩ hendu yɔ. Ɛpɩsa Sontsovka lɛ, eteɣ natʊyʊ piyaa, kɩɖalʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1902, alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, e-ɖoo kɔɔ nɛ ɛnɛ-ɩ pɛwɛɛ Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli ɛ-nɛ wɩlɩya ma-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa waa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzɩtʊ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ Reinhold Glière, ɛlɛ kpɛlɛlɛkɩ-ɩ laɣsɩ nɛ cɔlɩtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1904 lɛ, e-ɖoo kpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ewokina-ɩ Saint-Pétersbourg se pɩsa nɛ e-sukuli ɖɛnɛ ɛsɩnda ɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 13.
Prokofiev tɩsʊ sukuli taa kpa lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ pɩɣa ŋga kɔtɔm wɛ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ ekizi mbʊ payi pɩtɛma wɛʊ yɔ pɩwɛtʊ, nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛna se ɛwɛ ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ ɛkɩlɩ lɛɛla yaa ɛ-tabala halɩ pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa. Prokofiev ñɩŋɩ sɔsɔtʊ ɖaʊ yɔ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋa taa. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛtalɩ evebu, egbeɣta nɛ esuu wonduu ɖeu nɛ pɩwɛ cɔnaʊ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛwɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza tɩŋa taa wɛ ɛzɩ hama ɛyʊ sɔsɔ, mbʊ mayʊ sɔsɔ Ruusii tʊ nɔyʊ tɔma lɛ yɔ.
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Ɖama hɔm ɖoŋ (gravitation)
Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « corps massifs » waa yɔ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛlakɩna nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔŋ ɖama. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛkpɛndɩ ɖoŋ naanza. Ɖoŋ naanza ɛnɩ ɛ-taa lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « gravitaion » yɔ. Yee mbʊ kravitasiyɔɔ (gravitation) kɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlakɩ nɛ tomnasɩ sɔsɔsɩ (corps massifs) waa hɔŋ ɖama yɔ.
Tɛtʊ yekina nɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlakɩ nɛ tomnasɩ sɔsɔsɩ hɔŋ ɖama. Tɛtʊ wɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛhɔŋ yɔ. Tɛtʊ ɖoŋ weyi ɛhɔŋ yɔ ɛlakɩ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛsɩŋɩɣ tɛtʊ yɔɔ hiɣhiɣ nɛ ɛɛtɔlʊʊ. Ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛlakɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛsɔtɔnʊʊ tɛɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ hɔŋ ɖama. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « marée » nɛ mba pɔcɔʊ wɩsɩ nɛ pataŋ yɔ, ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔʊ taŋgalam waa (planètes) tɛ « orbite » nɛ ɛsɔdaa tomnasɩ yaa pʊdʊnaa sakɩyɛ tɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «sphéricité » yɔ. Tɔm tobi taa se kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kravitasiyɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lakɩna nɛ ɛsɔtɔnʊʊ tɛɛ tomnasɩ yaa pʊdʊnaa ndɩ ndɩ cɔʊ nɛ pɔhɔŋ ɖama.
Ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ lɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kravitasiyɔɔ yɔɔ. Lɩmaɣzɛ ndɩ ndɩ ana a-taa lɛ, ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Albert Einstein yɔ, ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ labɩna nɛ paa weyi e-liu sɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paa weyi etisi ndʊ ɛyɔɔdaa nɛ pɩlɩɩna kravitasiyɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1915 ñɩŋga taa ɛlaba ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « relativité générale ».


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Puzumbura
Puzumbura kɛna Purundi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Taŋganika yɔ kɔcɔlɔ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla walʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se Payikalɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ Taŋgnika lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ kɩ-cɔlɔɔ Puzumbura wɛɛ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 taa paakala ɛyaa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa kutokiŋ hiuwaa loɖo (60 000) ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pɔtɔwaɣ caca lɛ, patasɩ-wɛɛ kalʊʊ nɛ pana se lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ palɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ taŋga (500 000). Pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pana po-ɖoŋ yaa pɛlaa nɛ evebiya pɛɖɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩŋ hiŋ niitozo.
Puzumbura komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɛ payaɣ se Freddy Mbonimpa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa wɩsɩ ñakɩ sɩŋŋŋ ɛlɛ mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna Purundi ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔsɔtʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ pɩtasɩna ɛsɩndaa wobu nɛ tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ peeɖe nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa tiki pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ peeɖe teŋu kidiiliŋ wɛɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ evebiya nɛ pɛlaa yaa Purundi ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖoŋ tɩnaa seu pɛ-tɛ nɛ powoki Puzumburi tɛtʊ taa. Powoki se pehiu tʊma nɛ pala nɛ pe-wezu caaʊ lɛɛzɩ.


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Santrafriki
Santrafriki kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 4 500 000 nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 623 000 km2. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ a-taa yɔ analɛ: Kameruni kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Caadɩ, wɩksɩ ɖɩlmiyɛ taa lɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ poiyelɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koŋgoo-Pirazaaviili nɛ Koŋgoo-Kiŋsasa.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa, Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgb,ɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛya we na awɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Santrafreiki ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖɔɔ: Iiraaniyɔm wɛɛ Ɔɔrɩ nɛ diyamaɣ pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna karasim.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, ñʊntɩnaa ntɩ ntɩ kaacaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Jean-Bedel Bokassa kaakɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi yɔ pɩtɩkɛ nɔɔyʊ lɩzɩna-ɩ ɛlɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛkpaɣna kewiyaɣ ŋganɛ ɖoŋ.
Kacalaɣ caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔɔlɩɩɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 yɔ, palɩza Ange-Félix Patassé se ɛkɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Patasɩ tɔwʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 lɛ François Bozizé wabɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛlɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ. Bozizé kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ paɖaɣna lɩzɩɣ pɩnzɩ 2005 nɛ 2010 ɖɔdɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ, nɖɩ lɛ Selka.


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Michael Jackson
Palʊla Michael Joseph Jackson kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 1958 kɛ Karii tɛtʊ taa, Ɛndiyana taa nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 2009 kɛ Lɔsɩ Anjelɛsɩ kɛ Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 51. Michael Joseph Jackson kɛna wendu teyu, kpalahuwa lʊyʊ, wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ, nɔɔyʊ yɔɔ aseɣɖe tɔm lɩzɩyʊ, ɛpaɣ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛ-naŋgbaanzɩ ɖʊʊ ɖama taa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛlɛ The King of Pop, Bambi. Ɛkɛna pʊɣa lʊbɛ ŋga kɛ pɩya nakʊ taa. Ɛnɛ ɛ-ɖalaa papaɣzɩ hendu teu lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ looɖo nɛ pɩnzɩ 11 kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ hendu teu camɩyɛ ɛ-ɖalaa hɛkʊ taa kɛ Jackson Five taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1971 taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ hendu kalʊ nɛ lalaa tisuu. Ɛ-tɛ hendu natʊyʊ wɛ lʊbɛ nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ tɩwɛ ndʊ pakɩlʊ yabʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛyɛ kɔyɔ Pop tɛ wiyau nɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpazaa ɛwa hendu teya sakɩyɛ nɛ tadasɩ nzɩ ɛpɛdaa yɔ sɩɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyaarɩ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ ɛkɛ naadozo-tʊ weyi ɛkɩla ɛ-tatasɩ pɛdɩɣ yɔ; kacalaɣ- tʊ yɔ Beatles nɛ naalɛ-tʊ yɔ Elvis Presley. Tataɣ ŋga pakɩla-kɛ pɛdɩɣ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ ŋga lɛ Thriller, nɛ pɛpɛda-sɩ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 66 yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Etazuunii taa lɛ Thriller kɛŋna tataɣ ŋga keɖeke kɔŋ RIAA, Amerika taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna hendu teu yɔɔ yɔ, sama camɩyɛ nɛ yele se palɩzɩ-kɛ tɔm 30 taa yɔ.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 taa padaɣna tataɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga lɩzʊʊ tɔm 32 taa. Michael Jackson kɩlɩna samtʊ nima ndɩ ndɩ mʊʊ hendu teu taa keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pɩɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2000 taa palakaɣ Mɔntɩ-Kaarloo hendu teyaa amʊʊza sɔsɔna lɛ, Monaakoo tɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ Albert II cɛla Mileniyɔm kʊjɔʊ kɛ Michael Joseph Jackson. Kʊjɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɩlʊ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna tatasɩ kɛ pɛdʊ. Michael Jackson.


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Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ
Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ nɔmɔŋ weyi ɛyʊ tɩŋʊʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛɖɩɣ kaʊ hɔɔ palaka kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ abalʊ abalɩtʊ nɛ halʊ tɛ halɩtʊ pakatɩɣ ɖama nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ yaɖɛ yɔ. Yaɖɛ maʊ wayi lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se pɩpɩsɩ feteɖaɣ tɩyɛ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ pɩɣa ŋñɩɩɩ. Pʊpʊ wayɩ pɩɖalʊʊ nɛ pɩɖalʊʊ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ ɛyʊ nɛ kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye lɛ, palʊlɩ pɩɣa kɩfalaɣ nɛ paya-kɛ ɛyʊ.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩtanɩ kpɩna wena alʊlʊʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ mbʊ pɩtɛma kɛʊ kpɩnɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ, heu, haɣ yaa pɩyaʊ mbʊ yʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pakʊ feteɖaɣ ŋga nɛ palɩzɩ-kɛ kpaagba. Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩtɛ nɔmɔŋ ɛnʊ ɛɖɔɔ. Payaɣ hɔɔ lɩwa pɩkɛ ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ ɖʊna nesi se kalɩɩ halʊ taa.
Piyele pɩkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ hɔɔ ŋga peyeba-kɛ yɔ kalʊlʊʊ lakɩ kaɖɛ piŋ pɩtɩŋna halʊ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ yaa feteɖaɣ ŋga caʊ fɛyɩ ɖeu yaa kʊdɔŋ mɛfɛyɩ kɔyɛ hayʊ nakʊyʊ tɛma-kɛ kpaʊ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ ɖɔkɔtɔ se ɛlɩzɩ-kɛ. Yee palɩzɩɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ pɔ-sɔɔlɩm taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ.
Piyele hɔɔ nakayɛ ɛlɩwa nɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ ɖɩyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm yɔ pɩtɛkɛ pɩtaa natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ. Piyele payaɣ se pɩmaba ɛtɩnaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ tɩlasɩ nasɩyɛ talɩnaɣ pɩtɛ halʊ ɛnʊ, pʊtɔma kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa kɩkpɛdɛsaɣ pɩlɩna halʊ tɛ Ɛsɔ tʊ cɔlɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ e-fenaɣ labʊ sɩŋa tuda. Pɩcɛzɩ tɔm naa mba pɔyɔɔ kɔyɔ ɖɩtɔŋ ɛlʊlɩ kɩtatalɩɣ fenasɩ lʊbɛ taa lʊlʊʊ.


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Wiyaʋ Louis 14
Louis XIV kɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɖaɣ nakʊ ñɩŋgaɣ taa kɛ Saint-Germain-en-Laye kɛ evemiye kagbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1638. Nɛ ɛsɩ kɔɔnɔɔ evemiye wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1715 kɛ Versailles kɛ Fransɩɩ peeɖe. Ɛɛ-kɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre pɛdɛ wiyau sɔsɔ. Pɩgbaʊ nɛ evemiye hiu nɛ naanaza agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1643 yɔ, Louis XIV ka-kɛnaɣ Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre paa-ɛjɛɛ kewiyaɣ ɖiuu pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛsɩm wiye kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ evemiye wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1715.
Ɛ-caa kɛ payaɣ se Louis XIII nɛ ɛ-ɖoo kɛlɛ Anne d'Autriche. Ɛwɛnaɣ halaa naalɛ nɛ piya loɖo. Ɛ-caa sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-pɩɣa Né Louis weyi ɛtasaɣ sɛʊ hɩɖɛ se Dieudonné, kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ lɛ Louis XIV, kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Fenasɩ pasɩ wayi lɛ, pɩcɔ ɛlakaɣ ɛtɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔɔ tɔsʊʊ lɛ, ɛ-kakɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ naanaza tʊ tʊ kɛʊ wiyau kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔ, nɛ hiŋ naanaza nɛ naanaza wiyau kɛ Navarrɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wiyau naadozo tʊ kɛ Bourbons waɣ hɔlʊ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Louis XIV caɣ kewitu pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʊbɛ nɛ naalɛ nɛ fenasɩ naadozo nɛ avema hiu nɛ lutozo. Ɛ-kewitu tʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛ pɩyʊ kem kɛ ɖeɖe tɔm hɔlʊ taa kɛ anasaayɩwaa tɛ.


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Hindi kʊnʊŋ
Hindi kʊnʊŋ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, हिन्दी hindī, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa yɔ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ, hɩŋ lʊbɛ yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yaa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ yɔɔdʊʊ Ɛndi kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɔsɩ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ yɔ nɛ pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa mba palʊla nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ patalɩɣ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ 230 nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Hindi kʊnʊŋ pɩsa ɖeeɖe nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ ageeta taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga sukuli naa taa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsa ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ canaʊ ɛjaɖɛ mancaɣ ñʊɣyɔ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se Britaniiki tɛ kʊnʊŋ, kʊ-kʊ payaɣ se Englɩsɩɩ.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keeke Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa, kɩ-kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩlɩna Ɛndo-aryennesk kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlɩŋga taa ŋga kɛnɛ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʊ yɔ. Kɩlɩna Sansɩkrɩtɩ nɛ prakrits waa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, pama-kʊ nɛ alfasilabɛɛrɩ devanāgarī tɛ masɩ ŋgʊ pakalɩɣ nɛ pamana paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɩmɩyɛ yɔ yaa nesɩ kɩbanzɩ yɔ.
Pakisitaanɩ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa payaɣna Hindi kʊnʊŋ se Urdu nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩ, lɩmɩyɛ yɔ yaa nɩwaŋ yɔ kɩ-tɛ lɛɛzʊ pɛrsanɩ taa yaa paa Pakɩsɩtanɩ taa yaa malɩŋ aŋgba taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ tɔm pee taa wɛna pɛrsanɩ nɛ arabɩ tɛ tɔm pee.
Ɛndi nɛ Urdu wɛna ɖama tɛ nɩɣʊ camɩyɛ nɩgbaŋgʊ nɛ nɔɣ tɛ nɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-ta, pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1947 tɛ tɛyʊʊ lɩɣ lɛ, Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakɩsɩtanɩ hɛɛkʊ taa kɛwɛ kʊnʊŋ kʊyʊmʊ nɛ kɩwɛ kiɖeke nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Hindusɩtanɩ.


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George Eliot
Palʊla George Eliot kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 wiye pɩnaɣ 1819 kɛ Nuneyatonii egeetiye taa kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 22 wiye pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Cɛlsii, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 61. George Eliot kɛna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛsɛ-ɖɩ kɩsɛʊ yɔ; ɛ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ Mary Anne Evans. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛna abalɩhɩɖɛ nɛ Krandɩ Preetañɩ taa Abɩɖɛ Victoria ɖɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, George Eliot kaawɛ takayɩsɩ maya sɔsɔɣa taa.
Ɛsɛ se George Eliot yɔ, pʊwɛ nabʊlɛ taa: kɔɔnaɣ lɛ ɛɛsɔɔlaa se takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaɣ yɔ papɩzɩ posusi sɩ-taa tɔm, nabʊlɛ taa lɛ ɛtaasɔɔlɩ se samaɣ ɩtɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ nɛ pɩkɩlɩna ɖukiye nɖɩ ɖɩɩsʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-walʊ, George Henry Lewes, pɛ-hɛkʊ taa pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ kpem taa yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Robert nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Christiana. Ɛ-caa kaatɛma halʊ kpaɣʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Harriet Poynton nɛ pɛwɛɛna pɩya naalɛ, halɩpʊwa nɛ abalɩpʊwa.
Tɛyɛ yɔɔ aleeya ɖaɣ sɔsɔɣa ŋga ka-taa paawɛɛ yɔ mbʊ hana George Eliot nʊmɔʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ takayɩsɩ kalʊʊ nɛ pɩkɩlɩna Walter Scott nɛ Shakespeare. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 13 lɛ powona-i sistaanaa tɛ sukuli nakʊyʊ taa se ɛkpɛlɛkɩ fransɩ tɔm nɛ peeɖe ɛkala Pascal takayasɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ ɖeu. Sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɔ tɔm lɛɛza-ɩ.
E-ɖoo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1836 nɛ pʊwɛɛ se Mary Anne pɩsɩʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛcɔna ɛ-hɔʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛlakɩ e-sukulɩ ŋgʊ mbʊ. Ɛ-wɩlɩʊ nɔɔyʊ, Maria Lewis, cɛlaɣna-ɩ sukuli taa ndʊ pawɩlaɣ yɔ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ. Ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ takayaɣ ŋga ɛmaa yɔ,ŋgalɛ Yeesu fezuu caɣʊ.


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Agɔnta yaa matematiki tɔm pazʋʋ yɔ
Akɔnta tɔm pazʋʋ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ ɛgbaŋ. Kedeŋga ajɛya ndɩndɩ taa pɩpazaa, ɛzɩ Siini, Hɛkʋ-nɛ-hɛkʋ Amerika taa ajɛya taa yɔ. Pɩsɩɩna pɩnzɩmɩnaɣ 17 ñɩŋga (XVIIe siècle) lɛ Akɔnta yaa matematiki sɩmtʋ kaakɛ ɛzɩ aho tɔm nɛ paa ahoye wenɖi kedeŋga hɔɔlʋʋ weŋgu kɩ-taa ’lɛ, kɩ nɛ kɩ-tɔm. Pɩkpaɣʋna pɩnzɩmɩnaɣ 19 ñɩŋga (XIX siècle), nɛ pɩkɩlɩna pɩnzɩminaɣ 20 ñɩŋga (XX siècle) yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa laba tʋma pʋ-yɔɔ pʋɖɔɔ nɛ weyi ɛsɩma wendu ’lɛ, ɛlɛ lakɩ se pɩyɛlɩ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛyaa lalaa. Pʋmbʋ hana ɛyaa lɩmaɣza se matematiki wɛna kʋlɔmɩŋ ndɩndɩ’ɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pekpeɣli kɩ-tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ nɛ patʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʋ’ʋ alɩwaatʋ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɔm ñɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ.


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KPƐLƖKƲƲ 5
Kalɩ tɔm camɩyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi
1 Timootee 4:13
LƖMAƔZƖYƐ SƆSƆÐƐ: Kalɩnɩ nɔɔ kɩkʋyaɣ tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ takayaɣ taa yɔ ɖeyi ɖeyi.
ƐZƖMA PƖWƐƐ SE ŊLA YƆ:
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Ñɔɔzɩ ña-tɩ camɩyɛ. Maɣzɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ pama tɔm ndʋ ŋcaɣ kalʋʋ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ. Kpɛlɩkɩ ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋkpɛndɩ tɔm pee nɛ ŋkalɩ yɔ, taakalɩɣ tɔm piye piye. Kpa ña-tɩ nɛ ŋtaasɔzɩ tɔm pee, ŋtaamaa tɔm pee naayɛ yɔɔ, yaa ŋtaakalɩ tɔm pee naayɛ lɛɛna lone taa. Ña masɩ tɩŋa ɛzɩ hɛzʋʋ mayaɣ, sɩŋʋʋ mayaɣ, yaa tɔm pɔzʋʋ mayaɣ mbʋ yɔ.
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Yaa tɔm pee tɩŋa camɩyɛ. Ye ŋŋsɩŋ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se ŋyaa tɔm piye naɖɩyɛ yɔ, ñɩnɩ-ɖɩ tɔm kpou taa, welisi takayaɣ ŋga ŋkalɩɣ yɔ kɔ-tɔm kɩnɩnɩtʋ, yaa pɔzɩ kalɩyʋ kɩbanʋ nɔɔyʋ se ɛsɩnɩ-ŋ.
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Yɔɔdɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Kʋsɩ ña-ñʋʋ nɛ ŋkuli ñɔ-nɔɔ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩsa nɛ ŋyaa tɔm pee camɩyɛ. Ñaɣ pana nɛ ŋyaa paa tɔm piye hɔɔlʋʋ (syllabe) ŋgʋ lɛ ɛzɩ pɩmʋnaʋ yɔ.


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Leemu sɛmɩŋ
Tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩsɛ ɛzɩ leemu sɛmɩŋ yɔ sɩwɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛkɛlɩɣ naʊ poliŋ taa yɔ. Leemu sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ sɛmɩŋ kpaŋ nɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm yɔ ɩhɛkʊ taa. Leemu sɛmɩŋ wɛ tomnasɩ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɩwɛ haŋŋ yɔ ɩ-taa nɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ mbʊ haŋŋ yɔ palɩzɩɣ pʊ-tɔbʊ ɛzɩ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ leemu lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ.
Tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩ-sɛmɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ leemʊ sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ sɩ-hɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ cɔnaʊ taa wɛ ɖeu ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩŋ pee nayɛ wɛ lɛ, apʊ lɛ paa aawɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ, apɩsɩɣ nɛ asɛɛ ɛzɩ leemu lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se apʊwa. Leemuu maɣmaɣ mbʊ yɔ, kɩpʊ lɛ kɩsɛɣ ɛzɩ pɛkɛdʊ kɩ-lɩm nɛ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ leemu ɛtapɩta yɔ kɩ-taa lɩm ɛɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ leemu sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ kɩ-taa lɩm ɛɛwɛʊ leleŋ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Samora Moisés Machel
Payaɣ Ɖajaa weyi se Samora Moisés Machel yɔ, palʋla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1933 ñɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa Madragoa tɛtʋ taa. Madragoa tɛtʋ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Chilembene tɛtʋ.
Ɖajaa Samora Moisés Machel wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋga taa. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩba Mbuzini tɛtʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Samora Moisés Machel kɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ tɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Frelimo yɔ, ɖɩ-taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɖajaa Samora Moisés Machel kɛŋna Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ. Eɖiya Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1975 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa.
Ɖajaa Samora Moisés Machel kɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ cejewiye kɩpɩɣyɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ Gaza tɛtʋ wiyaʋ pɩyalʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-caa ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se Shangaan.
Katolika Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ cejewiye sukuli ŋgʋ kɩñɔtɩna-ɩ kpam yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlaba e-sukuli cikpeluu. Kɩ-taa peeɖe pakʋma-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ payaa-ɩ se paɣtʋ kɩɩñamɩyʋ.
You nakʋyʋ kalaba Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɖajaa Samora Moisés Machel ɖalʋ sɩ kɩ-taa. Ɛ-ɖalʋ ɛnʋ ɛcɔŋkaɣna ɛ-yɔɔ sukuli taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛtaapɩzɩ se ɛtasɩ labʋ sukuli. Paa mbʋ yɔ, ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ pamʋ-ɩ ɖakʋtanaa tʋmɩyɛ taa Lourenço-Marquès tɛtʋ taa. Peeɖe ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ fɛɖʋ.


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Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ
Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊdʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 42 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mo. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa uόλuBδoς / molubdos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊlɔŋ, ɛɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ. Pesida ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɛɛla ɛzɩ karɩbɔnɩ yaa pʊlɔŋ. Carl Wilhelm Scheele pɩza ɛtɛyɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɛkɛzɩ kɩjaʊ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1782 kɛ Peter Jacob Hjelm hiɣ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ keeke alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩtɩŋa karɩbɔnɩ yɔɔ. Pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 mbʊ yɔ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ taa yeke palakaɣnaɣ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ na se mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba you wondu.
Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzʊʊ. Wonuu ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣmaɣ keeke kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa peyidi-ɩ nɛ kalɛnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Ɛhɔŋ siŋ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ piŋ.
Mɔlɩbɩbɩdɛnɩ leemiŋ kɛ kpanjaasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ hɛkʊ leemiŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ caʊʊ weyi palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ akalɩŋ taa, tɔlɩm naa taa, aŋwa naa taa nɛ ketu naa taa. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ tɛ sʊfʊrɩ waa naalɛ kɛ foɖo foɖo num kɩbam nabʊyʊ. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ se moly yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ tʊ yɔ.


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Kopɛnhaagɩ
Kopɛnhaagɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ -ɖɩ se Tanɩmarkɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa ɖeke lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 569 557 yɔ.
Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pana-wɛ ɛzɩ 1 295 686 yɔ ɛlɛ patamna koogasi nzɩsɩcɔ maalika kɛnɛ nɛ kata kɔyɔ, panaɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 950 430 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ewolo ɖenɖe payaɣ se malmoo yɔ yɔ, ɛtɩŋgʊʊna kondoloko ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔrɛsundi yɔ. Kopɛnhaagɩ tɔbʊʊ se tada laɖaa kondoloko.
Taanɩmarkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 8 825 yaa 88,25 km2 ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageɣtaa wena acɔ maalika kʊnɛ nɛ kɩtaa yɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 303 000 yaa 3 030 km2. Payaɣ peeɖe maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Frank Jensen.


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Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɛsɩpan̄ɔlɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1547 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Alcalá de Henares tɛtʋ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1616 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Maadiriidi. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma sakɩyɛ sɔsɔna kɩlaba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ koowa maɖʋ siŋŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ ta peeɖe. Ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ kpim kpim.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʋyɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛmaɣzɩm takayaɣsɩ kɩkalaɣsɩ yɔɔ. Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga patɩla sɩze, kɛkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ wɛɛ kɩfaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes kaasɔɔla n̄ɛlʋʋ siŋŋ. Ɛsʋʋwaa n̄ɩtʋ pɩtatɩ-ɩ fɛyɩ naʋ. Ɛlaba sɔɔjɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ ɛla you ŋgʋ payaɣ size Lépante tɛ you yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1571 n̄ɩŋga taa. You ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes lɩmɩyɛ nesi camaɣ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛ-lɩmɩyɛ nesi yeba tʋmɩyɛ labʋʋ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1575 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛpɩsaɣ ɛ-jaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ pakpa-ɩ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ Rodrigo.
Mba pakpa wɛ yɔ, mba payaɣ size mɛzadokuli waa tɩnaa nabɛyɛ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ pɛcɛya pa-tɩ tam naanaza se peseu, ɛlɛ, patapɩzɩ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ caɣʋ Alger peeɖe mbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1580 n̄ɩŋga taa peyeba ɛna salaka tɩnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-jaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ.


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Hɩpɔpʊ
Hɩpɔpʊ, pɩkɛ payɛ nɛ hendu teu tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ minziiki ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ ɛɖɩna hendu kalʊʊ nɛ ɛpaɣ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ nesi tɛɛ laɣsɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ New York, South Bronx kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖɩlɩna ɛyaa kɩkpɛda mba paawɛ ageeta cikpena taa New York yɔ. Minziiki ŋgʊ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩ paɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ halɩ pɩtana ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɛsa kuliye pɩyʊ paale. Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pilinzɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ yɔ rap yaa Mcing, Djing, break dancing yaa b-boying, graffiti nɛ beatboxing.
Hɩpɔpʊ tɔmʊʊ lɩɣ yɔ pɛcɛla se Keit Cowboy lɩzɩna-kʊ, ɛɛkɛ payʊ kɛ Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa Lovebug Starski, Keit Cowboy nɛ DJ Hollywood lakaɣna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paasɩma minziiki ŋgʊ payaɣa-kʊ se disco rap.
Hɩpɔpʊ minziiki paɣtʊ tɔm paɣzɩ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1970, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda paɣza ɖɔʊʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ New York ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Bronx hɔɔlʊʊ taa Afrika nɛ Amerika evepiyaa. Kɛlɛ ɛyaa mba pa-taa peeɖe wɛɛ DJ waa mba minziiki ŋgʊ ɛyaa tɩŋa kaasɔɔla yɔ pɩkɩlɩna funk nɛ soul.
Payɛ kɩsɛyɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se rap, payɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Afrika hɔɔlɩŋ taa pɩkɔzɩna keɣsi maɖa cɔlɔ kɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa.


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Taakaa
Taakaa kɛna Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ politiki tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Purigaŋga yɔ kɛ-tɛ kidiiliŋ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pacala kigalʊ kalʊ lɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 69 213. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ powoki peeɖe, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛyaa hʊkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1951taa pakalɑ kɩgalʊ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda 336 000. Ɛyaa paaza hʊʊ camɩyɛ kɛ peeɖe alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ1971. Pɩnaɣ 1974 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 680 000, pɩnaɣ 1981 lɛ palɩ 3 440 000, pɩnaɣ 1991 ɛyaa wɛ 6 150 000, pɩnaɣ 2004 taa lɛ ɛyaa talɩ ɛzɩ 10 403 957.
Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ Taakaa taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 200 taa pakala-wɛ lɛ paakpɛnda 7 000 940 nɛ pɩnɑɣ 2010 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15 000 000). Pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tɩŋa kɔyɔ, Taakaa kɛŋna nakʊ ñɩndʊ eyaa ɖɔʊ taa. ɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 153,84. Payaɣ Taakaa tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɔyʊ se Sadeque Hossain Khoka.


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Lɩtɩyɔm
Lɩtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 3 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Li. Pɩkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ kɩwɛɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa.
Lɩtɩyɔm tɛ hɛkʊ taa pee tɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ agbelenaa (6Li nɛ 7Li). Mbʊ tɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩtɩyɔm tɔtɔyɩ wɩsɩ laɣsɩ taa ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ. Lɩtɩyɔm wɛna wazaɣ siŋ hɔyɛ taa piye tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe.
Lɩtɩyɔm keeke kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɔfɩɩ, pɩwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye pɔyɔ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, kɩcalɩɣ nɛ kʊmʊʊ kalɩkɔtɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛnɛ helim nɛ lɩm potukuna ɖama yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ hʊlʊmɩŋ ɖɛʊ yɔɔ nɛ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpegelem yuŋ fɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ɖʊʊyʊ wondʊ naa lɛɛla yɔ, ñɩɣlɩm lɩtɩyɔm tɩ lɛzʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ heelim nɛ lɩm pɔ-cɔlɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm num taa se paɖaŋ-ɩ nɛ helim.
Palakɩ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ nɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ caɖasɩ nɛ cʊŋ tʊma taa, palakɩna piili naa nɛ paterii naa mba pɔɖɔkʊʊ laatriki miŋ yɔ, num, pɔñɔɔzʊʊ helim mbʊ CO2 wɛka yɔ, palakɩna ketu nɛ aŋwa naa, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ.
Lɩtɩyɔm lɛɣzɩɣ lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɖɩwɛyɛ taa yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛwɛɣ ɛzɩ nasɩyaa sɩɣlɩyaa wɛtʊ yɔ. Palɩzɩɣ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ kaŋ tɛ, cʊŋ tɛtʊ taa nɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpaagba pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩmɩŋ wondu yɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛtɛŋ kɛʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɔyɔ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ (55 % LiCl nɛ 45 % KCl, ŋtalɩ 400 °C).
USGS kaawila nɛ kɩna se kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩtɩyɔm ɖɔɔ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 13 pɩnaɣ 2010 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩtaa peeɖe lɛ Polivi yeke ñatɩna 58% nɛ Siini ñatɩɩ 27%. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016, USGS ɖaɣnɩ wɩlʊʊ lɛ, pʊsɔza, pɩpɩsɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 14, nɛ pɩ-peekpe mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ tɛtɛɛ yɔ talɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 40. Kedeŋga kpeekpe labʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa 25300 pɩnaɣ 2010 ɛlɛ Etaazuunii fɛfɩ pɩ-taa (USGS teyele se ɛyaa ɛtɩlɩ papa ñɩndʊ). Lɩtɩyɔm wɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ lɩngamɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ mbʊ payi pɩtɩŋa pɩ-fezuu pɩ-taa. Kɩɩwazɩɣ pɩyʊ kpɩnɛ yaa tɩŋ, paa kɩfɛyɩ palakɩ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ yem fɛyɛ, cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ kaʊ.


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Orɩgɩ
Orɩkɛ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ, kɛ wɛtʋ sakɩyɛ taa. Patɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛyʋsaɣ knɛyɔ, kaka yɔ size patɩlɩɣ ewilitu yaa etilitu nɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-kɔɔkasɩ kpɛndʋ ɖeɖe. Ewilitu yaa etilitu camɩyɛ lɩɣna ɛ-nimasɩ ɖɩhɔnɖɛ ɖeɖe nɛ e-heɣlim ɖi-hasiye cɔlɔ.
Orɩkɛ kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɛ nimasi yɔ kɛ tɛlɛŋga nakɛyɛ yɔ. Nɛ nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ tɛ sɩm wilitu yaa tilitu natʋyʋ yɔ kɛnɛ. Minziiki wonuu orɩkɛ kʋnɛ yɔ kʋwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩlɩɣ wondu lɛɣtʋ kɩsɩmtʋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paya tʋ se orɩkɛwaa ɖɔɖɔ.
Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɔɔka yaa hɩlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pʋwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ size wilitu yaa tilitu tʋnɛ tʋ-wɛ ɖoŋ kpem. Nɛ tɩ-ɖoŋ kpaʋ wɛna wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-lɩɣna (tilimiye, yaa kpɛzɛlɛɛɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, yaa kaɖɩtɩ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋ taŋayɩ) pɔcɔlɔ kɛnɛ.
Orɩkɛwaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛwɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ ɛzɩ lɛɛba yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩsɩ wɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ pɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yaa pɩtatalɩ lɛɛsɩ. Tɔm biye orɩkɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ calɩna lɩɣ pomm bo kɛ krɛsɩ taa kɛnɛ size (organon) nɛ latɛɛŋ taa lɛ paya se (organum). Pɩtɩŋa pʋtɔbʋ lɩ ,kamm size wonuu.


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Archimède
Syracuse tɛ Archimède (Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Ἀpxιuήδnς / Arkhimếdês). Palʊla-ɩ Syracuse pɩnaɣ 287 alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Ɛsɩ tɛtʊ kʊyʊm ndʊ tɩtaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 212 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Ɛɛkɛ tɩlɩyɛ tʊ Sicile tɛtʊ taa kɛ Krɛkɩ (Krɛsɩ Sɔsɔʊ) kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛkɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tambaɣ lɩzɩyʊ. Paa patɩtɩlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ e-fezuu caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɔyɔ pana se ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa taa niye mʊyʊ nɔyʊ canaʊ cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa.
Ɛɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛɖʊ ɖaʊ kiseɣnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-tʊma alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛla ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ caɣʊ kpɛlɛʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Walaa taa pamazɩ se ɛnʊ kɛnɛ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma laɖaa niye mʊyʊ canaʊ taa nɛ ɛnʊ kaakɩlɩ patɩŋa payɩ pɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa. Archimède hiɣ sɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pasɩwaɣ Syracuse pɩtɩŋna sɔɔja nɔɔyʊ malɩfa pɩyɛ ŋgʊ paaɖɩnɛ-ɩ haʊ paɣtʊ se ɛta camɩ-ɩ.
Mbʊ payɩ ɛdʊ nɛ e-nesi siɣye taa, patatɩlɩ piŋ Archimède lɛɣtʊ tʊma takayasɩ pʊɖɔɔ canaʊ taa.Alɛksandrii tɛtʊ taa lɛɣtʊ tɩna kalɩ-sɩ nɛ posusi sɩ-tɔm, ɛlɛ kajalaɣ palɩzɩ sɩ-tɔbʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Isidore Millet tɛ ñɩnʊ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 530 kɛ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayɩ.
Patatɩlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ ɛtɛ fezuu caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pʊɖɔɔ. Pasɩŋ se ɛɛwɛna halʊ yaa ɛtafɛyɩna. Ɖɔɖɔ patatɩlɩ se ɛwɛ pɩɣa yaa ɛfɛyɩna. Ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm ndʊ pasɩma tɩlɩna keeke Polyre cɔlɔ (202 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ŋtalɩ 127 pʊcɔ ɖɔɖɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ), Plutarque (46-125) nɛ Tite-Live (59 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ŋtalɩ 17 Yeesuu Krɩtʊ lʊlʊʊ wayɩ) yaa ɖɔɖɔ kʊtɔmɩyɛ tɔm ndʊ kuduyuŋ mayʊ sɔsɔ Vitruve tɔma yɔ.
Pɛkɛdɩ-ɖʊ se palʊla-ɩ Syracuse pɩnaɣ 287 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Ɛ-caa, pɔtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛɛkɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ niye mʊyʊ, Phidias, ɛlɛ kaapazɩnɛ-ɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pamazɩ se ɛtɛza e-sukuli kɛ Alɛxandrii sukuli mahɩkʊya taa kɛnɛ. Pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tovonum lɛ, ɛnɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa pasɩma ɖama mbʊ pɩyɔɔ pana takayasɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ ɛnɛ wɩlɩyaa mba pamaɣa ɖama yɔ. Archimède kaañɔtɩna kpam Syracuse wiyaʊ Hiéron 2 tɔm hʊʊ kadaɣ mbʊ lɛ, ɛcaŋ ɛpazɩ tmbaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kpaagba nɛ ɛsɩna nɛ ɛɖaŋgʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ puniki you naalɛ ŋgʊ. Archimède ɛnʊ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 212 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Marcellus Room ñɩnʊ mʊ ɛ-tɛtʊ yɔ.


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Huva lɩŋgamʋʋ
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna yuŋ kiɖe lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɛ Colorado pɔɔ yaa pʋwa sɔsɔwa ŋga kɛwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kɔn̄ɔtɩna Boulder City nɛ kɩwɛ Arizona nɛ Nevadaa pa-ɛjɛɛ hɛkʋʋ taa kamaɣ yɔɔ. Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ size pama-kʋ pɩnaɣ 1931 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1936 pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ kɛnɛ.
Pɩɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ yɔkʋtʋ sʋsɔtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa, nɛ pala Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ tʋlʋʋ sɔnzɩ kɛ evemiye niidozo ŋgʋ wiye kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1935 taa. Franklin Delano Roosevelt kaawɛna kewiya kpeɣla yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ ɛnʋ kaahana nʋmɔʋ yaa nɔɔ nɛ pala sɔnzɩ nzɩ.
Kaɖɛ nɛ kaɖɛ nɛ pɩcɔ pɛtɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ. Samaɣ kpeɣkpeka, nɛ ka-tɩ cɛlɩɣ siŋŋ wazɩna sakɩyɛ. Samaɣ kpaɣ ka-tɩ mpilim nɛ kɛ-cɛlɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ ɖeɖe siŋŋ. Tʋmɩyɛ laɖa miiliyɔɔ waa mbɩ yɔ kpaɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩ faala pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pe-wezu kamaɣ yɔ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ pɛtɛŋ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-maʋ yaa kʋ-tʋma lɛ, tʋmɩyɛ laɖa mba pehiuna pe-weziŋ lesuu yɔ yaa sɩɖaa, talaɣ ɛzɩ mɩnʋʋ nɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm(111) mbɩ yɔ. Tambaɣyɛ nɖɩ pabɩza pɔkɔna nɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ pama-kʋ yɔ, kɩ-tɛ tɔɔnɩ pɛtɔŋ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa lʋbɛɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Kpaɖʋ hiŋ naala (20) tɩɩlɩ n̄ata lɛ, kɛ pakpaɣ kpɛlɛkɩ-tʋ lɩmazaɣ kɛ Black Canyon nɛ Boulder Canyon pɔ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna po-ɖoŋ yɔɔ size pabɩzɩ pɔɖɔkɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-pɩzʋ kɩɖʋ nesi camɩyɛ Colorado yɔ. Nɛ kɩbɩzɩ kɩ-kɔna yaa kɩ-haɣ lɩm nɛ pɩsaɣ nɛ nazɩyʋ (électricité) wɛ ɖeu yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1928 taa kɛ Etaazuunii ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩna ŋgbɛ kedizaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ, kɛ paɣkpa lɩmazɩyɛ tamaɣ kanɛ yɔ.
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ, paɣkpaɣ kʋ-tʋma nɛ pɛcɛlɩ tʋma ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nɖɩ payawa size Six Companies. Nɛ ŋgbɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpaɣzɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1931 taa nɛ pɛtɛmɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1936 taa, pɩcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1938 n̄ɩŋga ŋga paaɖʋwa se pɛtɛŋ ka-taa yɔ ka-kalɩɣ. Pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ pamana Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ, patamada matʋ natʋyʋ nɛ pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ mbʋ.


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François Assise tʋ
Palʊla François d'Assise kɛ Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1181 yaa pɩnaɣ 1182. Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone kɛna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ Asiizi kɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖoŋiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ. Asiizi ɖoŋiye taa François ɛnɛ ɛsɩba aloma fenaɣ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1226 nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 44.
Ɛzɩma ɛkɔma ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ kɛlɛʊ yem. Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ lakasɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna evemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ eɖoza ɖɔziye naɖɩyɛ nɛ epaɣzɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ lɛɣzɩʊ n; ewoki Val di Spoleto cɔɔcɩ taa paaɖooye. François kɛna katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa layʊ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ-taa mba se franciscain waa yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sʊsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Atima, taaleleŋ, Kʊñɔndʊtʊ, Ɛsɔ-tɔm sʊsʊʊ nɛ Sɔɔlɩm kɛ lɛlʊ yɔɔ. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ naalɛ lɛ, Papa Grégoire IX- tʊ kpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1228 ɛlɛ Aloma fenaɣ naanza wiye kɛ pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kazandʊ.
François d'Assise kʊyaa lɛ, pɩnzɩ 1190 taa, ɛlaba sukuli kɛ San Gergio nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛlakʊ-kʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-caa ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taa. Pɩyenina ɛlɩɩ sukuli kɛ pɩnzɩ 14 taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ tadɩyɛ. E-sukuli lɩʊ wayɩ kɛ you nakʊyu ñalɩwa nɛ kɩ-taa kɛ pɔtɔ-ɩ salaka kɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1202. Peeɖe kɛ ɛwɛ nɛ ɛ-caa hɛyɩu liidiye nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ ka-taa.


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Mesopotami
Mesopotami (Krɛkɩ tɛ lɛ, Meσoπotauίa / Mesopotamíos, ueσo / meso hɛkʊ nɛ πotauός / potamós lɩm pɔɔ matʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ pɔsɩ hɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ tɛ tɔm, egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊzʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kɛ Tigre nɛ Euphrate pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kɛna nɔnɔ tɛ Irak.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ hayi yɔ kiŋ (hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Siiri nɛ nɔnɔ Irak nɛ hayi). Egeetiye lɛɛɖɛ kɛ pʊŋ kɩmaɣnɩŋ, weyi ɛ-taa tɛʊ nɩɣ nɛ pahayʊ yɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ pɔhɔ lɩm nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖe nɛ pahayɩna yɔ.
Mesopotami tɔmpiye tɛ nɩɣ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ alɩwaatʊ wɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Krɛkɩ cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ tɛ nɩɣ nɛ Room ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, Mesopotami kɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Djézireh kɛ ɖooo arabɩ ɛyaa tɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 637 kɛ Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayi), ŋgʊ haɖɛ yɔɔ niikaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se Sawâd kɛ arabɩ tɔm takayaasɩ taa.
Sɔnɔ tɛ kpaɣɖʊ taa tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa nɛ canaʊ taa wonduu taa wiliyaa tisiɣ nɛ ɖama se Mesopotami ɛyaa tɩna matʊ kiɖe. Palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ kpezelasɩ yɔɔ matʊ nzɩ sɩkɛ kɩwɩlɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣnɛ anasaayɩ taa se pictogramme waa nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, pʊkɔma ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Y-C lɛ, ɛya mba papɩsɩ Suma ɛyaa nɛ Akkad ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ mɛsaɣ tɛ wɩlɩɣ yɔ latɛŋ taa lɛ, cuneus pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɩcɔsɩyɛ.
Nɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa yɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye Mesopotami nɛ pamazɩna ɖooo egeetiye kɩbɩndɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye tɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ yaa pacaɣ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖɩŋ alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩnaɣ 637 Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ kɛɛkɛ pɩkpɛndɩna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ yoŋ wabɩtʊ.


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Hɔndurasi
Ɔndurasi kɛna Amerika ilemiye hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ karyiibu teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Kuwatemala nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Fɔseka pɔɔ, Salvadɔɔrɩ nɛ Nikaraguwa.
Pamaza Ɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 112 090 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 746 673 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 68 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Ɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Juan Orlando Hernández.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Tegusigalpa nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +504 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ Augusto Coello lubina-tʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ se ŋkɛ ɛsɔtaa mʊndʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se lampira. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa kpadayɩɣʊ pɩsɩɩna ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 72,3 yɔ nɛ halaa ñatalɩɣʊ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 77 yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: katolika mba ( 46 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 41%), ɛyaa yem yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 2 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.


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Tomas Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus, palʊla-ɩ Guildford cɔlɔ kpam Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1766 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ Bath tɛtʊ taa kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1834 taa. Ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩtɔr yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyu.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yeba nɛ yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ taa papɩsɩ payz-ɩ yem se malthusien. Nabʊyʊ taa pokoti-ɖɩ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɛ kɩsɩsɩna wena aha siɣye nɛ haɖɛ yaa aseu kɛɖɛɖaɣ pɩyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ Malthus politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samɣ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ yɔ yaa piyaa lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Thomas Robert Malthus kɛ pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga kɛ Daniel Malthus nɛ Henriette Graham pɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɛ-wayi lɛ, palʊlɩ piyaa loɖo ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ halɩpiyaa yeke koŋ. Ɛ-caa Daniel Malthus, ɛɛkɛ David Hume nesi yɔɔ tʊ kpem nɛ ɛtamsɩ ɛkpadɩyɛ nɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ɛɛcaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ pɩnaɣ 1766 yaa 1767 nɛ ɛnʊ eyebina ɛ-wayi wayi lɩmaɣza tɩŋga payɩ.
Thomas Robert Malthus laba ɛ-sukuli kɛ ɛ-caa tabalaa mba paakɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Richard Graves pɩnaɣ 1779 nɛ G. Wakefield weyi ɛɖʊyɩ Yeesuu kɔlɔgɛ taa kɛ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Peeɖe ɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kpelaɣ pɩnaɣ 1793 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛpɩsɩ aŋglikani pasɩtɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797.


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Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1885 Kopɛnhaagi, Tanemarkɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1962, ɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Danemark ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛɖʊ nesɩ ñʊŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ tɛ matʊ, pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, ɛmʊ samtʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ. Pɩtaa lɛ,ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyɩɣ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1922.
Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Christian Bohr, ɛlɛ kaakɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ sukuli wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa wɩlɩyaa ñʊʊ tʊ. Niel Bohr kaawɛna ɖalʊ Harald Bohr, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ ahelesa laɖʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛmakaɣ pombo ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ahelesa lɛna wena palakaɣ-yɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ). Ɛwɛna kɔɔ payaɣ ɛlɛ se Jenny. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛkɛ pombo maɖʊ sɔsɔ.
Niels sʊ sukuli kɩtɛzɩ tɛ Kopenhaagɩ pɩnaɣ 1903. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1906 tɛ pazɩ taa lɛ, ɛla tʊmɩyɛ lɩm seluu yɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ mʊna kɩhɛyɩɣ pɩlɩna Tanemarkɩ kewiyaɣ taa lɛɣtʊ nɛ takayasɩ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩya yaa tɔmɩŋ lɩzɩya yɔɔ. Ɛmʊ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa takayaɣ sɔsɔ ŋga payaɣ se dokitora yɔ Kopenhaagɩɩ peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1911. Fenasɩ labɩ cabɩ lɛ, ɛma ka-takayaɣ kɩtɩnaɣ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, ɛɖʊ tablɩyɛ nɛ Margrethe Norlung (pɩnzɩ 1890 ŋtalɩ 1984).
Ɛmʊ liidiye kɩhɛyɛ pɩlɩna Carsberg kiɖe yɔ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ kajalaɣ taa se ɛla tʊmɩyɛ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa ɛ-nɛ wɩlɩyʊ Joseph John Thomson pɩlɩna :nñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ ɖenɖe ɛ-kɔɖɛyɩ tasɩ yɔ. Bohr caŋ eyele ɛcatɩ Ernest Rutherfort weyi ɛkatɩɣ Manchester (Angleterre tɛtʊ taa yɔ).
Ɛsʊ Danemark pɩnaɣ 1912 nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊlɩ piya abalɩpiya loɖo, weyi pakɩlɩ sɩm ɛnʊ yɔ Aage Bohr, ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1975. Ɛpɩsɩ sɩnayʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Copenhague.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921, ɛmʊ Hughes tataɖɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1922, ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩlɩna ñɩɣyɩŋ ñʊŋ tɛ . Ɛpɩsɩ ɛyʊ ɛkɔm kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1926. Ɛmʊ ɖɔɖɔ Franklin tataɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1926 nɛ Faraday Lectureship Siini kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ Copley tataɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1938 alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Eiffel Tilimiye Sɔsɔɖɛ
Eiffel Tilimiye Sɔsɔɖɛ kɛna fer puddlé tɛ tilimiye sɔsɔʋ. Kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛwaa kudokiŋ nasɩdozo nɛ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naanaza (324) mbʋ yɔ. Nɛ kuduyuu kʋnɛ kʋ-n̄ʋʋda nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se antɛnɩɩ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩwɛ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ.
Ɖajaa Gustave Eiffel nɛ ɛ-sɩnɩyaa pamana Eiffel tilimiye kʋnɛ.
Pama-kʋ size palɩzɩ Paarii tɛtʋ nɛ pele kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɔsɔɔlɩ se kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya kpeekpe ɛtɩlɩ-kʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1889 ñɩŋa taa pelema Paarii tɛtʋ ndʋʋ kedeŋa ɛsɩndaa. Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, pacalɩ-kʋ maʋ lɛ, payaa-kʋ se mɛtɛwaa nasɩdozo (300) kuduyuu.
Kɩwɛ Paarii tɛtʋ nɛ hayi kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ kɩñɔtɩna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa awayɩ wondu kaɖaɣ ŋga payaɣ se ''lakɩŋ fenaɣ hayɩm'' yɔ kpam. Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ pɩsɩ Paarii tɛtʋ kumoɖe.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩyɛ egbena lona tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se ''Paarii tɛtʋ taa Ɖoɖoo'' yɔ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wonaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena. Kɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe caanaʋ wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɩ wɛʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩ-taa pasɩ caanaʋ wondu sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩnaɣ taa ɛyaa mba powokina ɛsɩyɛ egbena kɩ-taa yɔ, patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naadozo nɛ ɛyaa loɖo mbʋ yɔ.
Kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Eiffel kuduyuu tɩŋɩna. Kpaɣna patʋlʋʋ kɩ-nɔnɔsɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nasɩdozo nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ tɛmna sʋnaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena kɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lʋbɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm woŋna ɛsɩyɛ egbena Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa. Agɔma, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se mba pɛtɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩma yɔ pakɩlɩɣna wonaʋ ɛsɩyɛ egbena Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa, ɛyaa kpeekpe mba powoba ɛsɩyɛ egbena naʋ Eiffel kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ taa yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 75 kɛ agɔma.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se ''Paarii tɛtʋ taa Ɖoɖoo'' yɔ nɛ Eiffel kuduyuu peyeki nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Toovenum lɛ, ɛyʋ hɛyɩɣ liidiye nɛ pʋcɔ ewona ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, ɖɩtɛkɛ cikpeɖe.taa.


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Thérèse Avila tʋ
Palʊla Thérèse d'Ávila kɛ Gotarandura, Ɛsɩpañ ɛjaɖɛ taa, lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1515 nɛ ɛsɩ Alba de Tormes ɖoŋgiye taa , Ɛsɩpañɩ peeɖe kɛ aloma fenaɣ 14-15 pɩnaɣ 1582. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ ŋga kasʊ Karmɛlɩwaa tɛ kpaaŋ taa lɛ, ɛñɔɔzɩ payɩ mbʊ pɩtaawɛɛ ɖeu camɩyɛ yɔ. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna krɩstʊ mba tɛ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ.
Paɖʊ Thérèse d'Ávila kɛ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema pɩlɩʊ taa kɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ pɩnsɩ 40 taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ 1622. Pɔtɔkɩo ɛ-kasandʊ kɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛ-tɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 wiye. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ cɔjɔ kɛkpeyaɣ halɩñɩŋa ŋga kɛkɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa mbʊ payaɣ se tɔkɩtɛɛrɩ yɔ.
Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ e-tomnaɣ laba kʊñɔŋ: paa mba pañɩnɩɣ se pepim-kɛ pɛtɛ. Ɖenɖe palʊla-ɩ yɔ, 'Áviɩla, peeɖe cɔjɔ kɛkpeyɩsɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pepimi-i peeɖe, ɛlɛ Alba de Tormes, ɖenɖe ɛsɩba yɔ, peeɖe ñɩmba ñaatisiɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1760 taa kɛ pakpaɣ ɛ-tɛ aɖakaɣ nɛ powana-kɛ Alba de Tormes. Ɛsɩpañɩ cɔɔcɩnaa sakɩyɛ taa, pasɩ e-tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ. thérèse ɖo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1527,pʊtɔbʊʊ se Thérèse kawɛna pɩnzɩ 12 yeke. Mbʊ kɩlɩna pɩɣa peɣlaɣ kɛnɛ nɛ kakpaɣ ka-tɩ nɛ kɛcɛlɛ Maria kelekeletʊ se ɛkɛ e-ɖo.
Ɛlɛ ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ kalɩɣ yem lɛ, ɛsɔɔ fezuu kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ ɛ-taa nɛ kizeɣtu-i yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yelɩɣ nɛ ɛ-taabalaa lɛ, pɩkɔɔ pɩɖʊzɩ-ɩ acɛya tɔm taa nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛtɩlɩ abalʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩla ɛzɩ ppiposina-i nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔ. Ɛ-caa na mbʊ lɛ, ɛkpeɣ lɩmaɣza se ewokina-i Santa María de Gracia kɛ Ávila pɩnaɣ 1531 taa. Thérèse tekizi se pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa ɖɩɣna-ɩ lidiya hatʊ tiinau. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛcɔŋna se liidiya fɛyɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa, nɛ ɛwɛɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩtaa pinaɣ pilim.
Ɛzɩma pɩcalaa nɛ Thérèse pɩsɩ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, pɩkɔma lɛ pɩwɩ-ɩ siŋŋŋ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɛba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa wona-i ɛ-kɔɔ Marie de Cepeda cɔlɔ. Peeɖe ɛwɛɛ nɛ efemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛheyi ɛ-caa se ɛsɔɔla se ɛsʊʊ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɛtɛma naʊ se paa ɛ-caa eekizaa, ɛɛkɑɣ kitiu nɛ ɛ-wayɩ. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛ-caa kizina-i mbʊ se pɩɩlakɩ-ɩ sɔnɔ nɛ cee.
Efemiye naɖɩyɛ yem (kamɩŋ fenaɣ 2 pɩnaɣ 1533 yaa 1535) kɛ Thérèse kʊyɩ ɛ-caa ɖɛɣa nɛ ewolo cɔjɔkɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa kɛ Avila. Pɩlaba pɩnaɣ lɛ, ɛɖuu nɛ posu-i cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ toko. Ɛcaɣ peeɖe pɩnzɩ 27 nɛ ɛcɔŋna peeɖe tɛ paɣtʊ lɛ, pɩtacaɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ kɛ ɛkɔma ɛtʊʊzɩ-tʊ camɩyɛ. . Mbʊ piitukina ɛ-laŋiyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, sakrɩmɩnɩʊ tɛɛ luŋgu efemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛna Yeesu kɛ sakrɩmɩnɩʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛnɩɣ sɩzɩŋ kɛ ɛyaa kɩwɛkɩm yɔɔ nɛ pɩlabɩ-ɩ pʊtrɔdɩyɛ.


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Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ
Tɔsʊʊ (Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, oἰkovouίa / oikonomía « tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ hɔʊ taa »), pɩkɛ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɔza labʊ, tɛyʊʊ, kɩlɛzʊʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ. Tɔsʊʊ kɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ tɔsʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ piŋ nɛ ɖɩñɩkɩɣ niye tɔsʊʊ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ ɖɔkʊʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ kudoku tɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, Sumer ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa hiɣ tadɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ piŋ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pɛdɩɣ yɔɔ. Pakpaɣ Sumer tɛ kajalaɣ paɣtʊ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ tɔsʊʊ takayɩsɩ kɩmamasɩ yɔ, nɛ sɩ-taa peeɖe sakɩyɛ wɛɛ paɖɩnɩɣ-sɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ liidiye hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ sɔnɔ kɩlɛzʊʊ tadɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ paɖʊ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ masɩ yɔ (kɛzɛɣa ɖo ñŋa).
Ɖajaa Adam Smith cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ yaa huu tɩna ñɩm huu ɖɔɖɔ. Thomas Malthus, ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ ɖiyiyu weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛsɩŋna kʊñɔndɩnaa ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa, nɛ kʊñɔŋ kpa-ɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma tɔɔnasɩ taala pɩnzɩ 1794 nɛ 1800 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ mbʊ se pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ nɛ ñɩm huu. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ takayaɣ ŋga yɔ maɣzɩɣ pɩlɩna samaɣ wɛtʊ yɔɔ, ɛyaa pazɩ pɔsɔɔlɩ piŋ nɛ piseɣti nɛ papazɩ kɩgalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 nɛ Kenneth Arrow tʊma pɩlɩna ɖeyi ɖeyi wɛtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩnzɩ 2008 nɛ 2010 tɔsʊʊ ñɔɔsɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tɩɖanɩ pɩsʊʊ Keynési ñɩndʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛ FMI ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1750 nɛ 1850 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba paawɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ kaawɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ pɔcɔŋna pɩyakʊʊ nɛ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩlʊʊ nɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩ-tɛ liidiye ɖʊʊ nɛ pɩ-kɛsɛsɩ.
Papɩzɩɣ payaa tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yem tobi se tɔsʋʋ. Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ yaa kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ katɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ ɖɔŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa John Maynard Keynes ñɩnɩ siŋŋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se payaʋ se tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ. Tɔsʋʋ cikpeluu wɛɛ nɛ tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔsɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔnɛ.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ liidiye sɔsɔna sʋʋ nɛ alɩɣ lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ hukuu huuu mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma ɛyaa ɖʋʋ pe-liidiya tɔsɩŋ koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.
Piyele tɔsɔɔ cikpeluu ñɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyaa wɛtʋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa lakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɣ kɩkpɩlʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma palakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ehukuu kuhuu kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩcɔŋna nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɩɣ kɩkpɩlʋʋ kɔyɔ.
Kɩcɔŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ehukuu huuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ lakɩ lɩmaɣza kɩlabʋ ɛzɩma mbʋ papɩzɩɣ pâla nɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda yɔ.
Kɩɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu yaa kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛlɛ, kɩlɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza kɩbana wena a-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa tɔsʋʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Piyele labʋ tɔsʋʋ ñalakɩ pʋyʋ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ tʋlʋʋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyaa lakɩ-yɛ nɛ liidiye sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩla tada ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩlakɩ tɔma sakɩyɛ wena akɔŋna liidiye ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya nʋmɔʋ taa, yaa sukuli labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa Ɛlɛ, lɩmaɣza tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yɔɔ kɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ kɩlakɩ kʋ-tʋma kpeekpe.


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Turibani
Turbani kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Kʊwazʊlʊ-Natalɩ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖooo lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩɩkɛna Natalɩ hɔɔlʊ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Turibani tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ (5 500 000).
Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patalʊ ɛzɩ 68,5 yɔ nɛ ɛndɩ mba ñɛwɛ 20 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ; ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kpɛnda nakʊ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Mba pɩkazaa nɛ pɛwɛ 2,5 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, pɛkɛ aziya mba. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊyɔ ŋgʊ lɛ sulu, pɩwayɩ lɛ Englɩsɩɩ, afrikani nɛ hindi.
Turubani nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndʊ nɛ alakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma nayɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Alɛkɩsandrii (Egipiti), Brême, (Caama), Bulawayo (Simbaabuwee), Sikago (Etaazuunii), Daejeon, (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), Kantɔŋ (Sinii), Leeds (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Maputo (Mozambiki), Nantes (Fransɩɩ), Oraŋ (Alizeerii), Rotɛridam (Peyibaa), Libreeviili (Kaabɔɔ).


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Ñʊʊ (tʊʊzʊʊ)
Ñʊʊ (Tʊʊzɩtʊ) Ñʊʊ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiyeki se pakalɩ nɛ pɛkɛdɩna wondu yaa tɔm ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ, nɛ pɩsa nɛ patɩlɩ paa pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ pamaɣna mayaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa yaa masɩ sakɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ sɩwɛɛ, sɩwɛɛ ɖama taa nɛ papɩzɩ palakɩ-sɩ nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna akɔnta yɔɔ. Yee patapɩzɩda palɩzɩ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ keekee kɔyɔ lɛɣtʊ yaa tʊzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa maɣmaɣ lɩza ñʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ se pɩsa nɛ pawɩlɩna mbʊ panaɣ yɔ tɛ mazɩtʊ, kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ, nɛ halɩ pamazɩ pɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Ñʊŋ tɔmpiye lɩna kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, naalɛ naalɛ kpeɣlitu cɔlɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pekpeɣla com com pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ (kpaɣ ɛzɩ pazɩ ɛyaa hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ pasɩɩ namɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ). Yee ɛyʊ ɛmaɣza se ɛtɛyɩɣ-wɛ halʊʊ nɛ abalʊ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɔyɔ pɩwɛʊ ɛzɩ pasakʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa pʊtʊnaa pakɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ yaa pɩɩtalɩɣ yaa pɩkpaɖɩɣ. Pɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ pakpaɣna nɛ pɛtɛyɩɣ wondu yɔ ɛɛlɛɛzɩɣ nabʊyʊ.
Ɖɔʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ mbʊ papɩza nɛ paɖʊ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ mayaɣ kɩnanaɣ yɔ kaakɛ ɖooo hoohoo tɔm pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖoo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ matʊ kaalɩwa yɔ. Nɔmɔŋ sakɩyɛ kaawɛɛ pɩlɩna kalɩtʊ yɔɔ se pɩsa nɛ patɩlɩ kaŋamaɣ taa wondʊ ñʊʊ nɛ patɩlɩ tɩ-tɩ huuu, se patɩlɩ fenaɣ ɖɔnɛ yaa kɩyakɩŋ paɣtʊ nɛ patɩlɩ tɔɔnasɩ ɖomasi alɩwaatʊ yaa tɛʊ paɣtʊ.


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Kondoloko
Kondoloko kɛna nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ paɖʊʊ-kʊ se kɩta tomiye kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɛba yɔ. pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna lɔɔʊ, pɔɔ, kɩmalakʊ, pɔlɔkʊ yaa lɩm lɔɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Kondolokona wazʊ ɛyaa nɛ pacaɣ cɛɛceɛnaa, kpokpkonaa yaa lɔɔɖa kɔyɔ pɛtɛzɩ. Yee pɩkɛ lɩm maɣmaɣ kɛ pacaɣ se pikpe kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ paɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛ kondoloko. Kondolokonaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, paɖʊ-wɛ se tɛtɛkpɩna ɩtɩŋ nɛ atɛzɩ lɩm nɛ pɩtaakpaɣ-yɛ.
Paamaɣ kondolokonaa yem. Pʊpɔzʊ tɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɔnzɩɖɛ sakɩyɛ. Kondolokonaa maʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩlɩʊna wondu ndʊ pakpakʊna se pamana-kʊ yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛna ñɩɣtʊ ɖɔŋ ñɩndʊ nɛ kaaŋ ɖoŋ ñɩna nɛ peetɔŋ. Ɛlɛ ñɩnɩya lɩza wondu kɩfatʊ sakɩyɛ ndʊ papɩzʊ pamana kondolokona fɩfama mba pɛ ɖoŋ camɩyɛ nɛ papɩzʊ peleɖi pɩŋŋŋ yɔ.
Kondolokona wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ papɩzʊ pɛkpɛndɩ-ɩ tindima kagbanzɩ taa: kondolokonaa mba pɛwɛ tʊndʊndʊ kiɖe tɩyɛ yɔ, kpazandɩla kondolokonaa, kondolokonaa nabɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ tɔŋ yɔ, nɩyɛ wɛ cɛlɛsɛɛɛ nɛ kpaagbaa ñɩŋ lɛ, ɩwɛ ɛzɩ esusa ɛsɔtaa yɔ, ɛlɛ tilima yaa ɖaŋ kɛ pɛlabɩna-ɩ. Kondoloko ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖaalʊ yɔ, kɩtaŋ Hɔŋkɔŋgɩ nɛ Makao nɛ Siini. Kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 55 nɛ kaɖaɖa ñɩɣla wena pakpaɣ yɔ akpɛnda tɔɔnɩnaa 420 000.


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Taj Mahal
Tāj Mahal tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣlɩm kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ awiya hulaɣ yɔ. Tāj Mahal kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Āgrā, Yamunâ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ; Uttar Pradesh egeetiye taa, Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tāj Mahal kuduyuu ŋ́gʊ, wiyaʋ moghol Shâh Jahân kaamana-kʊ se ɛ-halʊ Arjumand Bânu Begam hɩɖɛ ɛtaasɔɔ kaʊ. Ɛma-kʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "maarɩbɩrɛ" yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-halʋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Mumtaz Mahal, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se "wiyaʋ kuduyuu mʊntʊsʊʊ". Ɛlʊla ɛ-pɩɣa 14 ñɩŋga lɛ ɛsɩba mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 17 ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1631 taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɖɛwaɣ pʊʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ se ɛmʋ heelim yɔ. Ɛsɩba mbʊ lɛ, pacaŋ pepimi-i kpaagbaa "Zainabad" kaɖaɣ taa, Burhanpur tɛtʊ taa. Pɩkɔma kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 31 wiye, pɩnaɣ 1666 taa lɛ, ɛ-walʊ ñatɩŋɩ ɛ-wayɩ nɛ pepimi ɛ́lɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ peeɖe.
Tāj Mahal kɛna mbʊ architecture moghole kpaɣ se pɩkɛ-wɛ mbʊ pɩɖʊ-wɛ hɩɖɛ kpem yɔ nɛ pʋwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ, mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, Iizilaam, Iranɩ, Ottomane nɛ Ɛndɩ n̄ɩma tɛ architecture wondu sidaa nɛ pamana-kʊ.
Papaɣza Tāj Mahal kuduyuu maʊ pɩnaɣ 1631 nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ ɖeyi ɖeyi se ɖooye kɩtɛma. Komina takayaɣ nakayɛ, Shâh Jahân, Abdul Hamid Lahori yɔɔdɩɣ se pɛtɛma Tāj Mahal kuduyuu maʊ pɩnaɣ 1643 yaa 1644 taa. Ɛlɛ kpaaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa lɛ, pamaa se pɛtɛma-kʊ maʊ pɩnɑɣ 1648 taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, sʋsɔ Uttar Pradesh ñala Tāj Mahal kuduyuu yɔɔ tɔzʊʋ kasandʊ tɛ pɩnzɩ 350 pɩnaɣ 2004 taa nɛ kʊtɔŋ se pɛtɛma kuduyuu ŋgʋ maʊ pɩnaɣ 1654 taa. Mba palaba tʋmɩyɛ peeɖe yɔ pɛkpɛnda kutokiŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pa-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma nɛ Azii ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛyaa. Arisiitɛɛtɩ weyi ɛɛwɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Ustad Ahmad Lahauri , ɛkɛ Lahore tɛtʊ taa tʊ nɔɔyʊ.


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Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ
Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa yɔ ki-liɖe kɛ Zingiber nɛ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Zingiberaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Palakɩ kililaa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa nɛ kabɩyɛ kɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Pɩtɛ tɛtɛɛ liɖe ɖɩkɛ sɔzɩŋ pʊyʊʊ weyi paɖʊʊ ɖozi taa ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Ɛɛndɩ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kɛ ginger ale ɖɩlaɖɛ nɛ cakam cakam naa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kpɔnɔ. Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kɛ sɔŋgaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɖazʊʊ lɔŋ nɛ kʊ-kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ maɣna mɛta naa 0,90 nɛ kɩñɔ liɖe yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ kɩgbɛzɛŋ tɩyɛ nɛ piyuu tɩyɛ, tɩɖalɩɣ nɛ tɩwɛ sɔzɩŋ. Ɖɩ-hɛtʊ hʊlɩma nɛ tɩwɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ takɩŋ takɩŋ cɩɩɩ ndomaa yɔ. Hatʊ cikpetʊ ndʊ tuhuzuu hoka ŋga kagba nɛ ɛsɔ yɔ tɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛɖɩŋ nɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ. Ɖɩ-tɛŋ hɛtʊ lɩzʊʊ lɛ, ñʊʊ kobi nakʊyʊʊ lɩʊʊ kɩ-taa nɛ pee kɩkpɛdaa. Pee a-naa awɛ pɔyɩŋ weyi ɛwɩlɩɣ lɛ, ɛyaɣ yɔ ɛ-taa kɛ pɔyaa camɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖɩsɔɔlɩ wɩsɩ nɛ niikaɣ tɛtʊ. Ɖɩ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ wɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ puhukuu sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋnɛ lilaa tɛ tɛyʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Ɛyʊ kaatɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ ndɩ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ mɩŋ ñakɩŋ yɔ, pɩlɩnɛ shogaol nɛ paradol nɛ zingérone tɛ wɛʊ kɛ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ taa. Gingérol tɛ kpeɣluu kɛ pɩyʊʊ siŋ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ lɛɛŋ ndɛ taa ɛlɛ, ɛwɛ ñɩɩɩ kɛ kɩwɩlɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ, shogaol ñɔsɔzɩ. Wɩsɩ lilaa kɩfanaa (wenaa akɛ lilaa pʊtɔbʊʊ se akɛ tɛtɛɛ lilaa) taa wɛ leleŋ lɩm nɛ mʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ.
Sapɔŋ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa lɛ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ kisidiye kɛ mɔʊ tɛ fɩnɛkɩrɩ nɛ gali padaa. Palakɩ-ɖɩ tʊmɩyɛ se pɛhɛzɩna agɔmaa ɖɩya sɔsɔɔ kɛ sushi nandʊʊ tɔʊ taa. Ɛɛndɩ ɖɩtɩyɛ ɖɩkɛ sɔzɩŋ pɩyʊʊ nɛ paɖʊʊ ɖozi ɛzɩ masala yaa vindalin. Siini ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa wɩsɩ kɔyɛ lilaa wazʊʊ se palʊbɩna sɔŋ nɛ mʊzʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩɣ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ teŋgʊʊ tɛ tɩŋ pee nɛ kelemaa nɛ heŋ (ɛ-nɛ yɔ, ouigour tɛ tɩzʊʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ lɛ, pɛlɛzɩɣ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ nɛ cumin).
Pɔtɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ tɛ hatʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ hosii nzɩ sɩñɔʊ lilaa. Paɖʊʊ tii taa nɛ pɩwɛʊ sɔzɩŋ kɛ Suwahilii nɛ Corée. Pɔyɔkɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛzɩ leleŋ lɩm kɩñazɩm (sikiri). Payaɣ-kʊ se gnammankoudji nɛ pamazʊʊ se pɩkɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ piseɣtuu ɛyʊ kʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ.
Wɩsɩ kɔyɛ tɛ anasaayɩ sʊlʊm (soda ŋgʊ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ) palaba-pʊ nɛ Jamaique nɛ pasɩm-pʊ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ginger beer. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Jarnac taa, Charente kuduyuu tɛɛ palakɩ wɩsɩ kɔyɛ sʊlʊm nabʊyʊʊ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se Domaine de Canton Ginger Liqueur .


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Kɩnatʋ
Kɩnatʊ kɛna wezuu yaa kalɩzaɣ caɣʊ tɛ wɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Kɩnaʊ wɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩha ɖoŋ kɛ weyi ɛwɛna kʊyɔ size, ɛpɩzɩ ɛna mbʊ paanana ɛza pee anɛɛ kpeɖem yɔ. Kɩnaʊ kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ pɩyʊ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛ ñɩm mbʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ kɩpɔzʊ nɛ pɩcɔ paha-ɩ kʋ yɔ.
Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ pʊʊ Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm weyi ɛhaɣ yɔ. Ɛsɔ haɣ ɛ-ñɩm mbʊ yaa kɩnaʊ ŋgʋ kɛ weyi ɛɖʊwa se ɛha-ɩ kʊ yɔ yaa weyi ɛsɔɔla se ɛha-ɩ kʋ yɔ. Weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ haɣʊʊ yɔ, ɛlʊlʊkʊ wiye yaa ɖoo e-ɖoo lotu taa ɛha-ɩ kʊ nɛ pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlɩ-ɩ.
Paa weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kɩnatʊ. Kɩnaʊ ɛɛtɩŋgʊ hɔŋ yaa cejewaa. Ɛsɔ haɣna ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, hɔʊʊ yaa cejewaa wena ɛsɔɔla yɔ. Halaa kɛʊ kɩnatɩnaa, abalaa kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩna tɩnaa, nɛ piya kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɩnatʋ tɛkɛna size, n̄ɔcɔzɔ kaawɛna yɔ yaa n̄ɔ-hɔʋ taa nɔɔyʋ kaawɛna yɔɔ lɛ pɩwɛ koŋŋ yaa pɩkɛna kɩcɛɣʋʋ size ŋwɛɛna. Kɩnatʋ ɛɛtɩŋgʋ hɔʋ yaa cejewiye liɖe. Nɔɔyʋ pɩzɩʋ ɛpɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ size yʋsaɣ ŋgaa patɩlɩʋna kɩnatʋ yaa weyi ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔ?
Tobi yaa kɛlɛʋ yem lɛ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzʋʋ ɛtɩlɩ kɩnatʋ yem n̄ata mbʋ, yʋsaɣ naka-ɩ fɛyɩ kɩnatʋ yɔ size patɩlɩna-ɩ. Kɩnatɩnaa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ aduudama yɔ; tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ pɛhɛkʋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩnatɩnaa nɛ aduudama patɩŋga pa-ɩ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ samaɣ taa.
Ɛlɛ yee kɩnatʋ mamaɣ ɛsɔɔla kɔyɔ, patɩlɩ-ɩ size ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size kawɩlaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩzʋʋ kala nɛ pɩwɩlɩna yaa patɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ kɩnatʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ sɩzɩ, lʋlʋkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɣa kʋlʋlaɣ ŋga, kɛwɛna yaa kɛfɛyɩna kɩnaʋ.
Masɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaɣ tɩlɩɣna. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ piɣa tɩŋgɛ wɩlɩʋna kawɩlasɩ nzɩ nɛ patɩlɩɣ-sɩ size sɩwɛna kɩnaʋ. Kawɩlasɩ yaa wɛtʋnaa mba patɩlɩʋna kɩnatɩnaa yaa mba pɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔɔ yɔ : Hala lʋlʋʋ wayɩ calɩm kpeŋ nayɩ sakɩyɛ, ɛyʋtʋ maɣzɩm taa. Kɩnaʋ kɛ ɖoŋ weyi paana-ɩ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ.
Kɩnaʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ. Pɩɩwɛɛ size palakɩna kɩnaʋ nɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ɖeke koŋ. Ɛlɛ ɛyaa tɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm sɔɔlʋ labʋ yɔɔ lɛ, pakpakʋ kɩnaʋ ŋgʋ nɛ palakɩna kɩdɛkɛdɩm sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ afelaa nɛ kʋdɔnɖɩyaa.


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Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ
Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 59 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pr. Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ kɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Ɛjaɖɛ taa yem lɛ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ nɛ peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem kɔyɔ ɛɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ lɔŋ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm paacaɣ ɖama mbʊ lɛ, num kɩtɔɔm taa pasɩɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa prason (πpάσov pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se naalɛ tʊ nɛ tɔmpiye lɛɛɖɛ yɔ didymos (δίδuuoς pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se rom) mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tɛ siziŋ ɖɔm wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ.
Kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaamaɣza ɖooo pitihiɣ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ paakɛ pɩyʊ yem pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ-wɛ pɩnaɣ 1885 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1841 Carl Gustaf Mosander tʊʊ didyme kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ nɛ lantanɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 1874 lɛ, Per Teodor Cleve lɩ tɔm tʊnɛyɔɔ tɩ-yɔɔ mbʊ se didyme taa wɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, Lecoq Boisbaudran lɩzɩɣ tɛtʊ kɩfatʊ, samarɩyɔm didyme tɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩɣ-kʊ samarskite ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1885 lɛ, Otirisi kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ didyme hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pa-lɩm sɛmɩŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, Leo Moser (Ludwig Moser pɩɣa kɛlɛ, ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Moser ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ Karlovy Vary, Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ piyidina Leo Moser ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛnɛ).
Takayasɩ mayaa kɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kaakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩtaayakɩ ɖeu, mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩtaafɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ nɛyɔdɩmɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Pataalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩmɩ-ɩ yɔ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ wɛʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ kɩ-yeke, pesidaɣna-kʊ nɛ lantanɩ nɛ sɛrɩyɔm. Pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ pesidaɣ yɔ payaɣa se LCP pɩlɩna pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ masɩ yɔɔ.


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Cɔlɩyɛ
Cɔlɩyɛ, krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ λoYιkή / logikê, ɖɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna λόYoς / lógos nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tovonum, yɔɔdaɣ nɛ hʊhɩyɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ, yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, tɔm ndʊ tɩmɩna yɔ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖeu paɣtʊ kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ Xénocrate kaalɛɣna-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Cɔlɩyɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ piliŋa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ, pɩnɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ) nɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kedeŋa kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ).
Kpaɣ ɖooo Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ keekee kɛ tɩ yɔɔ keɖeɣa wondu lʊbɛ taa (trivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ yaa tɔm tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ, quadrivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, siŋ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ).
Kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 wɛɛ taa, Leibniz ñɩna siŋ kɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ ndʊ palɩna piŋ Aristote cɔlʊʊ tɔm. Ɛñɩkɩɣ nesi Aristote tɔmpee naatozo naayɛ yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛtɛŋna se ɛkaɣ sɩbʊ kɛlɛ ɛtakɩɣ se ɛɖʊ-tʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-laɣsɩ taa. Ɛnʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ekpeɣa nɛ eyele kpayi kpayi cɔlɩyɛ lɩɩ. Emmanuel Kant ñalɩzɩɣ cɔlʊʊ tɔmpiye nɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ kpayi kpayi nɛ paɣtʊ nɛ siɣsiɣ caɣʊ kɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1847 posusa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm George Boole mana-kɛ payaa-kɛ se Mathematical Analysis of Logic, nɛ An Investigation Into the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. Ka-taa peeɖe Boole yɔɔdʊʊ cɔlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm, ɖɩwɛna kɛlɛmɩŋ nɛ tʊʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ.
Tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Aristote paɣtʊ naatozo ndʊ nɛ ɛzɩma pataka ɖooo Leibniz cɔlɔ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna akɔnta nɛ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalɩnaʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaza ɖɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Aristote yaa Stoïci ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ yaa Leibniz waa pɛ-tɛ mbʊ yɔ palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ.


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Charlotte Brontë
Palʊla Charlotte Brontë kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖumʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1816 kɛ Tɔmtonii tɛtʊ taa, Aŋgletɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1855 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 38. Charlotte Brontë kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʊ nɛ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ taa kɛ ɛmaɣna. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Patrick Brontë nɛ ɛnʊ kɛŋna naatozo-tʊ pɩya loɖo taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ e-ɖoo sɩba nɛ pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdɔŋ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa naalɛ ñasɩbɩna nɛ kpeziwilaɣ kʊdɔŋ.
Ɛ-caa ɖɔkɩna-wɛ kaaka nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ sukuli kjɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Pɛwɛ kʊñɔŋ taa nɛ ɛfɛyɩna liidiya sakɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛla esusi ɛtɛ keɣsi nɛ ɛ-kɔɔna ñɩma pɩnaɣ 1846. Pɩtɩŋɛ mbʊ yɔ, abala hɩla kɛ ɛɖʊwa. Ɛma takayaɣ sɔsɔwav nakayɩ, Jane Eyre, nɛ kapɩsɩ cɔlɩɩɩ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ mayaa kɛ wɛɛ naayɛ taa takayɩsɩ kɩmamasɩ taa kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ pala po-sukuli lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1824 pa-caa wona-wɛ Kowan Briiji sukuli taa.
Sukuli kʊnɛ kɩmʊʊ ɛsɔtɔm wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ tanɩm taa yɔ pepiya. Sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pawɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ ɛlɛ paalakɩ tɔɔnasɩ camɩyɛ, palakɩ-sɩ nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ-kɔɔnaa nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa naalɛ, Maria nɛ Elizabeth, pasɩbɩna kpeziwilaɣ kʊdɔŋ. Lɛlʊ sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye nɛ lɛlʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1824. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ palɩza Charlotte nɛ Emily nɛ powona-wɛ Hawɔrtii tɛtʊ taa.


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Mɩla
Mɩɖɛ kɛ tɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩyʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩlɩna tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛna pee yɔ ɛ-tɛ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩ-tɛ lɛ, Afrika taa nɛ pahayʊʊ-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-pee nɛ ɖɩ-hatʊ pɔyɔ yɔ. Mɩɖɛ kɛ mʊlʊm pee tɩŋ taa kagbanzɩ ŋgʊ samɩɖɛ nɛ mɔʊ nɛ kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm camɖɩyɛ nɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pahayɩɣ-ɖɩ kpɩna ɖʊʊ nɛ anasayɩ sɔlʊm puu hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se ɔrɩgɩ.
Pɩkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ makʊna mɛta kʊyʊmʊ yaa naatozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛ kulukulu kpaɣʊ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩ-ta sʊwa nɛ kɩyɔ wɛ hɛtʊ kpaɣʊ yɔ kpaɣʊ yɔ nɛ paa hayʊʊ tikuu cɩkpeluu ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ wɛ abalɩtʊ nɛ halɩtʊ kpakpa. Pakʊŋ mɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ taa paa ɛzɩmta nɛ ɖɩtɛ kʊmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ niika ɖɔɔ pazɩ nɛ pakʊŋ-ɖɩ pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɩŋ pelem-ɖɩ kpagbaa.
Mɩɖɛ tɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta wɛ lelemɩnaɣ nɛ durrhine ŋgʊ kʊ-kʊ nɛ kʊ-ɖoŋ pasɩ pazɩ pazɩ alɩwaatʊʊ ndʊ tɩŋ pɩɣ nɛ kʊɖʊ pee yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeʊ se patɩzɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pahayɩɣ mɩla pɩtalɩ ɛkɩtarɩ waa 100000 pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pɩkɩlɩna haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ pehiɣ mbʊ ɛkɩtarɩ kʊyʊmʊ taa talɩ kɩnto waa 58.
Mɩla lɩnɛ Etiyoopii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ amɩzɩ Afrika ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa. Pasɩma yɛ Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa Pline kɩpɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Xénophon kaakalɩnɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 401 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesʊ Chrɩtʊ Silisi fɛɛɩŋ taa nɛ Azii cɩkpelʊʊ taa nɛ nɔnɔɔ Turkii taa. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ pahayɩɣ-yɛ paa kedeŋga ŋga ka-ta. Pɩkɛ sʊŋga tɩŋ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ samɩla yɔ pewɩla nɛ pɔtɔzɩ ɖomasɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Erɔpʊ taa lɛ, ahaɖaʊ wɛ keeke Mediteranee ajɛyɛ taa.
Mɩla kɛ tɔnaɣ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa Afrika taa nɛ Azii ajɛyaa taa. Pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ pee ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mɔʊ yɔ yaa panaŋgʊ mʊlʊm. Erɔpʊ ajɛyaa taa lɛ, palakɩ-yɛ pɩsɩkɩtɩ naa nɛ pɔtɔkɩ. Pɔtɔkɩ a-camɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ fɩŋ fɩŋ naa yɔ. Popuu mɩla sʊlʊm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Siini ɛ jaɖɛ taa. Siini taa lɛ, mbʊ kɩlɩ nɛ ɖeʊ nɛ Pékin sɔsɔɔ er guo tou 二锅头酒 yaɣ se mɩla sʊlʊm kʊhʊlɩmʊm nɛ paɖʊ pɩta tilali kɩsɛmʊʊ caʊʊ. Dolo nɛ cakpalo sɔnzɩ sʊlʊm hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa popuu-pʊ nɛ mɩla nɛ patɩzɩ-pʊ lɩm taa pɩpɩɩna tɛɛtʊ.