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Claude Debussy
Claude Debussy kɛ Fransɩɩ hendu luɖuu yaa hendu lɩzɩyʊʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1862 taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 Saint-Germain-en-Laye tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 Paari tɛtʊ taa. Wɩsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɛsɩwaɣ pɩnaɣ 1894 taa kɛ kajalaɣ minziki kɩfalʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛ, Debussy caŋ ɛñɩɣ niiye kpaagba ɛtʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛsɩnda miziki ɖoŋ. Tobi taa lɛ, ɛkɛ Wagner ɛgbaɣdʊ pɩnaɣ 1889 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, ɛkɛ kʊɖʊɖʊm kaɖɩnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ e-fezuu caɣʊ tɩŋga taa, nɛ ekizi ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ cɔlʊtʊ lɩmaɣza tɩŋɛ payi.
Piyano kaakɛnɩ ɛ-tʊma taa kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ (ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Fransɩɩ minziki taa nɛ Gabriel Fauré ñɩŋgʊʊ taa) nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tayʊʊ kitiluu nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ kiseɣtuu ɛyʊ siŋ yɔ. Claude Debussy kɛnɛ minziki ŋgʊ kɩhɛzɩɣ ɛyʊ laŋɩyɛ nɛ helim kɩbam yɔ pɩ-lɩzɩyʊ. Kɩwɛtʊ caɣ ɖeu pɩtɩfɛyɩ miziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa siŋ. André Boucourechliev cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛnʊ kaanɩ kɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa miziki kɩlʊʊ keeke.
Ɛ-caa Manuel-Achille, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɩbɩnʊ nɛ e-ɖoo Victorine Manuory, patɩŋa paakɛ cʊŋ ɖeɣsi pɛdɩyaa. Fenasɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊmaɣ wayɩ lɛ, hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1860 taa, palʊlɩ ɛ-kɔɔ Adèle loniye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɔsɔ Claude Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1864 taa kɛ Saint-Germain Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa nɛ ɛ-tɛ kpaŋgbamɩŋ kɔyɔ kozaɣ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ ɛnɛyɔ Achille Arosa nɛ halʊʊ ñɩnʊ yɔ ɛ-caa neŋ Clémentine Debussy.
Debussy labɩ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ Paari nesi tɛɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ. Ɛsʊ pɩta nɛ ɛla pɩnaɣ lɛ, Ambroise Thomas kaakɛnɩ sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ. Powona-ɩ pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ piyano ɖaŋ taa Antoine Marmontel, aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ pʊkɔma kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ powona-ɩ henduu ɖɩ-kpɛlɛkɩyɛ ɖaŋ taa kɛ Albert Lavignac cɔlɔ. Ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔŋ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa kpansʊyʊ nɛ paa ɖoye lɛ, ɛcakɩ wayi kɛ sukuli. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, e-ɖoo kpɛyɩ nɛ ɛsa laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛ lɛɛzɩ pʊyʊ pʊɖɔ. Kɔyɔ ɛ-tɛ wɩlɩyaa ñɔtɔŋ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɛcɛyɩɣ katɩ yɔ.
Henduu natʊyʊ Debussy teɣa kɔla fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1873 alɩwaatʊ Marmontel tɛ, Alphonse Duverrnoy koo ɛ-nɔɔ taa se tɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ. Marmontel ñɔsɔzɩ pɩyɔɔ pɩsɩŋa pɩnaɣ lɛ, tɔm natʊyʊ ɖɩhʊyɛ se pɩɣa kɩbaŋa, camɩyɛ henduu teyu kɩbanʊ, ɛkaɣ kɛʊ henduu lɩzɩyʊ siŋ, lidaʊ wɛ e-fezuu kɩyakɩŋ kɩkɔmɩŋ taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛ-sukuli ɖaŋ taa lɛ, pahʊna-ɩ se ɛlaɣsɩ yaa ɛ-yɔɔdaɣ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda tacaɣ kpoyi. Ɛcɛɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛñɔɔzɩ nɛ Marmontel ma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1874 taa se pɩwɛ ɖeu, ñɛ-tɛ kalɩtʊ taa nɛ tɔm yaʊ matʊ taa nɛ nɔ-yɔɔdaɣ taa.


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Pɩcɩka
Pɩcɩsɩ wɛ aŋjaʊnaa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩcɩsɩ wɛna naŋgbanzɩ yʊʊʊ. Pɩcɩsɩ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna, aŋjaʊnaa, hɛkʊ taa tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ lɛ se naŋgbanzɩ ɖeɖe. Pɩcɩka naŋgbanzɩ wɛna kpama ɖoŋ ñɩna; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩcɩka sʊʊ tɛyɩ keɖe keɖe nɛ ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ taa wɛ kpeyi nɛ pɩtɛsɩna cʊŋŋŋ. Ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna sɔtʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Ŋ̃ɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ maɣzɩɣ se lɩm taa pɩcɩsɩ liɖe taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nzɩ lɩnaa. Ɖooo kacalaɣ pɩcɩsɩ lɩwa pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 450 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Nzɩ kɛŋna kacalaɣ aŋjaʊnaa mbaɛ sɩɩxɛna ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩcɩsɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ lɩm taa nɛ sɩɩwɛna ɛsa wena yɔ aawɛ ɛsɛ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ.
Lɩm taa pɩcɩka ŋga kamaɣzaɣ mɛtanaa naalɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ kɛ pɩcɩsɩ paazɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ silotu yɔɔ sɩtʊwaɣ, ɛlɛ sɩtatalɩ ɖaɣlɩɣʊ ɛzɩ sɩɩwɛʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Pɩjɩka ɖʊʊ yala kʊɖʊʊ, pɩcɩsɩ tiyee naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩ ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ abali ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ halɩñɩnzɩ ɖeke ɖʊʊna yala; pɩkazɩ naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩñɩnzɩ nɛ abalɩñɩnzɩ sɩɖʊʊ yala.
Pɩcɩsɩ tiɣa tɩŋa ñasɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩkɔŋa sɩm nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ mba pasɩkɩna pɩcɩsɩ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ. Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa 80 sɩba mbʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 nɛ Mɛkɩsiki taa lɛ sɩɖaa talɩ ɛzɩ 1 000 yɔ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩcɩsɩ ñasɩ eyaa ɛzɩ 45 391 kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ ɛyaa 62 sɩ.

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Papa
Papa kɛ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se cɔjɔ sɔsɔ kɛ Room tɛtʊ taa yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔkɩna katoliki cejewiye, nɛ ɖɩsɩma mbʊ se ɛnʊ lɛɛzɩna Petro lone taa Ɛsɔ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda (wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɛlɛ lɛ ɖɩnaɣ-ɩ ɛlɛ yɔ Yesuu Krɩstʊ), ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ Fatikaŋ tɛtʊ wiyaʊ yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔm takayasɩ taa nɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ ɖɩ nɛ pɩtɛkɛ pɔ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Paa mbʊ ɖɩtɩlɩ paya ɛyʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ katoliki cejewiye ñʊʊ tʊ.
Ɛzɩ théodore naalɛ tʊ weyi palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Roma ɖoŋ yɔɔ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ. 2012. Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɔ keeke pɩnaɣ ŋga episikɔpʊ waa kpeɣla kedizaɣ ɖeɖe Nicée tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 325 yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ episikɔpʊ Roma tɛtʊ taakpaɣ nɛ Grégoire 7 tʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kpaɣɖʊ 11. Ɛlɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakpa Petro se ɛkɛ katoliki cejewiye ñʊʊ tʊ Yesuu Krɩstʊ wɛɛ taa.
Nɔɔnɔɔ tɛ papa hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ Jorge Mario Bergoglio nɛ ɛsɛʊʊ se François, palɩza-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 2013, ɛnʊ lɛzɩna Benoît 16. Ɛkɛ papa 266 tʊ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ tɔmpiye papa kaakɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa πάπaς / papas) hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ yem, pɩɩkɛ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ nɛ ñamtʊ yɔɔ payaɣ ɛyʊ mbʊ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɩɣa yaʊ ka-caa se paaba yɔ. Halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 6 mbʊ yɔ mbʊ payaɣa episikɔpʊ waa tɩŋa nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ weyi ɛnʊ ɛsɔsaa yɔ.
Kajalaɣ Roma episikɔpʊ weyi pɛcɛla hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se papa yɔ, kpaɣɖʊ 4 wɛɛ taa yɔ, pɩlɩna cubiculum cɔjɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔɔ pakpa-ɩ nɛ paya-ɩ se Severus ɛnʊ payaɣ Marcellin (pɩnzɩ 296 ŋtalɩ 304), kɛlɛ panaɣ matʊ jussu pp [papae] sui Marcellini. Patʊʊ nɛ pama se PP tɔmpiye papa yɔ pɩwɛɛ ɖeu kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nesi ñɩɣ ɖeɖe takayasɩ taa (ɛzɩ papa Benoît 16 yɔ ɛñɩkaɣ takayasɩ taa lɛ ɛmaɣ tʊnɛ yɔ Benedictus PP XVI), pakatɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ matʊ ndɩ ndɩ tɔmɩŋ ɛ nɛ yɔ ɛzɩ Papa urbis Romae (aeternae) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma tɛtʊ taa papa (maatɛŋ).


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Eswatini
Eswatini kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛna kʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Mozambiki ayajɛ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena atatɩɩwalɩɣ yɔ a-taa. Kpaɣna hayi pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna hadɛ payɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛɛ kilomɛtanaa 200 nɛ pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ piholo pɩsɩɩna xɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 130 mbʊ yɔ. Hɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɛ pʊŋ maɣza wɛʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ, pɩmaɣza wɛʊ landammm.
Lʊŋɩyɛ taa wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nikaɣ wɛɛ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpem lɛ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ, soŋgaɣ wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ wisɩ hohowu pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 400C yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yolim taa tɛʊ tɔŋ se kɩnɩɣ lɛ kɩnɩʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Suwazilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Sisuwazi nɛ Aŋgilisi kɛlɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ.
Suwazilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛdɩ kutokiŋ 95 nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Mbabanɩ. Ɖooo lɛ Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣ nɛ Suwazilandɩ nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1968 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Peeɖɛ awiya kandɩɣna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ ɖɩ-wiyao se Mswati III.


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Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Englɩsɩɩ tɔm kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ Caamaniki kʊnʊŋ. Kɩtɛ lɛ Angleterre, kʊñɔ lila kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa, tɛtʊ ŋdʊ tɩtɛ Angles nɛ Saxons nɛ Frisons. Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ Normand tʊ yebi na se Englisɩɩ tɔm yɔɔkʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tʊzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Roma taa kʊnʊmɩŋ wɩzii Englisɩɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Latɛŋ masɩ nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩ palakina tʊmɩyɛ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ (Royaume-Uni) ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Irlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena lɩm cɔyɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ a-daa ɛzɩ Man lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Anglo-Nɔrɩmandɩɩ lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩtaa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna yɔ ɖɩnaɣ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa, ɛzɩ doo canaʊ yoma kpaʊ alʊwaatʊ taa ajɛyɛ wena Britaanikɩɩ mba kaa-ɖʊ ayɔ nesɩ yɔ, a-daa kɔyɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Kanadaa nɛ Ositraalii nɛ Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ (Nouvelle-Zélande), pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɛ lɛ payaa-yɛ se anglo-saxon ɛjaɖɛ, ɛlɛ padalɩzɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ kaʊ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yaa kɩlɛɛzɩɣ taa kʊnʊŋ kɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa pɩlɩna canaʊ Britaanikɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ paa ajɛyɛ ana ada anglo-saxon taa ñɩma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ana yɔɔ Keniya nɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Hɔŋkɔŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Pakisɩtanɩɩ. Ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yɔ agbɛnda ɖama kɛ Commonwealth taa, pa yee lɛɛna taa pɩtɛkɛ kɩyeke kɩkɛna kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɔyɔ. Kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaŋza weyi ɛkɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɛtaa lɛ Englɩsɩɩ kɛ naadozo ŋgʊ yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba palʊlɩwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ yɔ, Siinɩɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ nɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Pamaɣzɩ se nɔnɔ taa kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ tɩŋga kʊnʊŋ mbʊ lɛ papaazɩɣ kʊ wɩlɩʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Englisɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ siŋ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ loɖo taa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ kɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ tʊmɩyɛ taa.
A TRADUIRE: Kabɩyɛ tɔm kpou taa, il y a 36 mots empruntés à l’anglais :[1]
- ↑ CLNK & SIL-Togo. 1999. Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale et de la Recherche, Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè et SIL-Togo.


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Kootidiivʊwarɩ
Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ afrika ɛjɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Uniyɔɔ Afrikɛnɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛta agbaba 322 462 yɔ. Ajɛya wena awɛ kamasɩ yɔɔ yɔ ana yɔ: hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Maalii nɛ Purkina Fasoo ajɛya, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Liibeeriya nɛ Kiinee ajɛya, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlɩyɛ taa lɛ Kana tɛtʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛ hadɛ kɩŋ kɔyɔ Atɩlantiiki lɩm kamʊʊ ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pamaɣza Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛzɩ 25 232 905 yɔ. Kootidiivʊwarɩ ejaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Yamusokro (Abɩɩjaŋ) nɛ akʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ peeɖe ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ fransɩ. Piyele pe-liidiye kʊtɔɔyɛ kɔyɔ fraŋ-seefa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ afrika liidiye ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩtaa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1843 kɛ Fransɩɩ paɣza Kootidiivʊwari ɛjaɖɛ kpacayʊ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1960 lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ kacalaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Félix Houphouët-Boigny.
Pahayɩɣ kɔfɩ nɛ kaakawoo nɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɩtɔtɔyɩna-ɖɩ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1990 taa lɛ, you nakʊyʊ lɩ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩfɛyɩ tɛm pɩkkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Félix Houphouët-Boigny sɩba pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2000 taa pɔtɔ caca lɛ, palɩzɩ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se ɛsɔ ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ pɩhɛɛ ɛlɛ pɩɩsaŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se salaŋ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 2002 lɛ, sɔɔjanaa nɛ samaɣ pakʊyɩ ɖama yɔɔ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ nanza wiye lɛ, pekpeelɩ Purkiina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ ta kɛ Wagaadugu tɛtʊ taa se pakpaɣ paɣtʊ nɛ peyele you. Peeɖe ɛya kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa 25,2 kɛ mbʊ yɔ.


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Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you
Kɩpaazɩɣ tɔm: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 5 pɩnaɣ 1946
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 5 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ Westminster College de Fulton, Missouri taa kɛ Winston Churchill kpaɣ tɔm nɛ ɛyɔɔtɩtʊ taa kɛ ɛlɩza kacalaɣ taa kɛ tɔm ndʊ payaƴ se "Rideau de fer" yɔ tɩlɩwa. Britannique ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛyɔɔda se kpaɣ nɛ Stettin, Baltique taa nɛ ŋgɔɔ ŋsɩɩna Trieste, Adriatique taa; rideau de fer nakʊyʊ tɩba nɛ kɩkaɣ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Ɛyɔɔda tɔm nɛ eseɣti Europe tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa samaɣ se kañaɣ pana nɛ kalʊbɩna ko-koyindu pale nɛ kɛwɛɛ ka-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ tɛmokraasii wɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Paa nɛ Churchill tatasɩ kɛʊ Premier ministre kɔyɔ, ɛ-tɔm ŋdʊ tɩtala pale nɛ pɩkɛna kacalaɣ Pombo kɛ Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you tɔm.
Harry Truman lɩmaɣza: salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 12 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1947 kɛ ajɛya ñɔɔŋ tɩnaa ketiizaɣ sɔsɔwa nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Amerika taa kɛ Harry Truman lɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɔɔ se pɩwɛɛ se pala mbʊ ɛnʊ yaɣ se "containment" (endiguement) yɔ. Ɛla lɩmaɣza ɖɔɖɔ se pɩwɛɛ se pasɩna Europe ajɛya taa ñɩma nɛ paha-wɛ liidiya sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, URSS wɛna ɖoŋ weyi ajɛya sakɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ Europe ñɩna kɛ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋgɩɣ payɩ mbʊ yɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pañɩɣ nesi nɛ paɖʊ mbʊ payɑɣ se plan Marshal yɔ. Kpaagba mbʊ lɛ, URSS ñalɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩkɩlɩ Amerika ñɩma ñɩnɖɛ yɔ, nɛ payaa-ɖɩɖɩ se rapport Jdanov.
Jdanove tɔm: salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947
Truman kɔsɔɔlaa se pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɛwɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ palʊbɩna koyindu lɛ, Jdanov ñama ɛ-takayaɣ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ kaɣlaɣ URSS wɛ wɛɖɩɣ ŋgʊ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana, patatɩɩmʊ-yɛ paa ñɩɩ nɛ pɩwɛɛ se lɛlɛɛ yɔ ɛɖaɣnɩɣ naayɛ lɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ Soviyetiki wɛ mbʊ pɩ-taa yɔ. Se pɩwɛɛ se mbʊ payaɣ se PC waa yɔ, pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ tuuɖe taa peeɖe cɛyɩ camɩyɛ cɩŋ nɛ piwobina nɛ Kominform yɔɔ.
Palɩzɩɣ Kominform: aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947
Europe nɔsɩ yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa mba payaɣ se PC waa yɔ, paya-ɖama nakʊ nɛ pekpeɣli Pɔlɔɔñɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpaɣ lɩmaɣza se pala ndʊ nayʊ Jdanovɩ yɔɔda yɔ nɛ pana, nɛ petizi nɛ palɩzɩ Kominform. Ɖooo lɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣa se Komintern; nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ nɛ pakpaɣ Kominform. Paa ndɩ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʊ Jdanov lɩmaɣza ñɔɔ.Kominform kʊnɛ, kɩ-lɩmaɣza tʊ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Pɩtatasɩ kɛʊ se ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ yem kɩ-kpɛndɩɣna. Ajɛya wena apɩzɩɣ nɛ awɛɛ pɩ-taa yɔ pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɖɩkɛ Erɔpʋ keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ. Weyi ɛlɩza lɩmaɣza ana yɔ, ɛ-taa taawɛɛ leleŋ nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛcoɔŋna se ajɛya ana, ana ajɛya lɛɛna akpeliɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ndʊ pɩɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛ pɛ-tɛ mɛɛzaɣ tɛɛ tɔm yɔ. Komintrn ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna Staline sɩba. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kaakɛnaa se pɔcɔna camɩyɛ nɛ pana se Erɔpʋ ajɛya tɩŋga ɖɔŋ ɖeu kɛ Mɔsɩkʋʋ tɛ politka yɔɔ yaa we. Palɩzɩɣ Kominformyɔ, pɩtɛma, lɛɛlɛ pɔtɔsɔɔlɩ se pana pɛ-ŋg bɛƴɛ taa kɛ Yougoslave yaa mba pɛwɛɛ nɛ paɖɩɩna lɔŋ tʊ Tito lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yɔ.


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Emeroodi
Mbʊ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se silikatɩ yɔ a-taa naɖɩyɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ se siklosiliikate waa. Pɛ ana awɛ ɛzɩ pɛ wena payaɣ se peerili waa yɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se kromi nɛ fanadiyɔɔm yɔ peyebina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fɛɛrɩ yɔ kiyekina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɣna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ kpɛndɩ naanza. Emeroodi kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ana a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, ɖɩ-tɔm
Weyi ɛya pɩyɛ nɖɩ hɩɖɛ se «emeroodi » yɔ nɛ tɔmpiye emeroodi ɖɩlɩyɛ
Tɔmpiye emeroodi lɩna tɔmpiye smaragdus cɔlɔ. Tɔmpiye smaragdus kɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye. Ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, laatɛɛ ñɩma taayaana Pɛrɩsɩ ñɩma tɔmpiye tɔmpiye zamarat camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ se smaragdus. Pɛɛrɩsɩ ñɩma ya pɩyɛ nɖɩ se zamarat, pʊ-tɔbʊ se «pɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ». Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna yɔ, mbʊ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaa se «emeroodi» yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pana pɩyɛ nɖɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ kudoku nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Pakpaɣ emeeroodo ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa peeɖe nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩma tadɩyɛ liidiye pɔɔyɛ. Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa naayɛ kɛwɛ Egipitii ɛjaɖɛ taa, teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ cɔlɔ kpam. Emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa mba pakpakaɣ nɛ polukina Egipiti kewiyaɣ taa sɔsaa ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ payaɣ se piijuu waa (bijoux).


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Tii
Tii kɛ sɔzɩŋ sʊlʊm mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ tii tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ pɔñɔɔ-kʊ nɛ miŋ yaa niikaɣ. Kɩ-taa wɛ epikalokatesiini nɛ kalatɩ nɛ tiiyaniini nɛ kɔfɩ nɛ tii tɛ nɩm. Pɔsɔɔlɩ-kʊ kɩ-leleŋ yɔ nɛ mbʊ kɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋ kɛ ɖoŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tii.
Tii tɛ lɛ Yunnan pʊŋ taa ɖenɖe paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo canaʊ taa yɔ. Kɩyɛlɩ wɩsɩ ɖooo hayɩ kiŋ taa pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyaa taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ taɖɩyɛ laɖaa yɔ. Britaniiki mba paazɩ-kʊ hayʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ mba nɛ-paɣzɩɣ-kʊ hayʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Neeyerɩlandɛ waa nɛ-hayʊ-kʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tii walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kpem nɛ kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔɔ sʊlʊm mbʊ pakɩlɩɣ-pʊ paale kɛ lɩm wayɩ. Tii naa mba pɔɖɔɔ piŋ ɛjaɖɛ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kɩ-hayɩyaa cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpakʊʊ-kʊ hayɩm taa lɛ, pɔjɔŋna kʊ-yɔɔ yɔ. Nɛ pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyeba se ɖɩwɛna tii naa sakɩyɛ sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpɛdɩŋ pindim nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ caʊʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ ŋgʊ wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ yeki se patɩlɩ kɩ-leeleŋ nɛ kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩwɛtʊ.
Tii ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tɩzʊʊ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa paɖʊʊ naalɩm nɛ pesidi nɛ sikiri Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa. Patɩzɩ pɩ-leɖi nɛ pozoki yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa kɛ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Magrɛbɩ ajɛyaa taa lɛ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ mantɩɩ (menthe) tɩŋ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ-kʊ Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, patɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊʊ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa nɛ naalɩm nɛ patɩzʊʊ-kʊ tii ñanzɩ cikpesi taa.
Tii tɩŋ (Camellia sinensis) kɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖooo hayi kiŋ taa yɔ kɛ tii tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Tii ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛ tɔm nabutozo taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna Camellia sinensis assamica (Asam) nɛ Camellia sinensis sinensis (Yunnan) nɛ Camellia sinensis cambodiensis. Ajɛya wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-na yɔ, Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sriilanka nɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam nɛ Tayɩwanɩ nɛ Japɔŋ nɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ Tuurkii nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzani. Ɖɩtɔɔzʊʊ se Sriilanka nɛ Tayɩwanɩ tii mbʊ yɔ pɛpɛɖɩɣ-kʊ nɛ canaʊ hɩla nɛ payaɣ se Ceylan et Formose.


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Otirisi
Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ akeɣta sakɩyɛ kpɛnda nɛ awɛɛna kehiyaɣ kʊɖʊma kpayɩ yɔ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩtɩñɔtɩna teŋʊ nakʊyʊ kaʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kpɛndɩɣ yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ eeroo yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣna nɛ ɖɩhayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, ɖɩsɩna Caama nɛ Cɛɛkɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Sloovakii nɛ Hɔŋgrii kɛ kamaɣ sɩnaa; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Siloveni kɛ kamaɣ wɛɛ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Itaali kɛ ɖɩsɩnaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suwiisi nɛ Liechtenstein kɛ kamaɣ ñɛwɛɛ.
Otirisi wɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1995 nɛ pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ Eeroo yɔ a-taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1999. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa mba yɔɔdɩɣ caama kʊnʊŋ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ Krowasii, Hɔŋirii nɛ Siloveni. Vɩyɛnɩ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ
Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa pɩnaɣ sɔsɔ kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa avema kpɛnda 366 yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ ɛɛtalʊʊ mbʊ nɛ sɩsɩɣʊna avema 365. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga papɩsʊʊ payaa ɖɔɖɔ se nabʊlɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa looɖowaa naalɛ tɛyʊʊ pɩnaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ nodozowaa naalɛ pɩnaɣ. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔ, lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga avema nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ kɩkɩla wɛnaʊ. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ kɔŋ paa pɩnzɩ naanza nzɩ wayɩ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩpɩzʊ pucɖi. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnzɩ taa kɔyɔ: 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032 mbʊ mbʊ.
Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ tɛ tɩlʊʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yee pɩnaɣ ɛwɛna avema 366 yɔ, pɩkɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa ɛyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ se pɩnaɣ tɛŋna avema 366 yaa 365 lɛ, ɛkpaɣ pɩnaɣ nɛ ɛtɛyɩ-kɛ tɔm naanza taa nɛ yaa tɔm 400 taa nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pɩkɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ. Mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 2008 tɛkɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɛtɛyɩ 2008 kɛ tɔm 400, pɩɩtɔlʊʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2000 kɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papɩzʊ pɛtɛyɩ-kɛ tɔm naanza taa nɛ tɔm 400 taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ kanɛ kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga kɛkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ kpakʊʊ nɛ tʊcɔɔ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ kɛ wɩsɩ nɛ tɩta yɔ.


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Vishnu
Vishnu (saniskriti kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, विष्णु / Viṣṇu, tamuli kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ விஷ்ணு / ), ɖɩkatɩɣ vichnou ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ-ɩ se Hari, Padmanabhi yaa Padmanabha), kɛ ɛsɔ naalɛ tʊ trimūrti (ɖɔɖɔ paya-ɩ se hindu ɛsɔ naa naatozo), ɛ nɛ Brahma nɛ Shiva. Pasɩma Vishnu pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ ɛyʊtʊ pɩsɩtʊ yɔɔ. Vishnu ɛyaa tɛ lɛ ɛnʊ kɛna ɛsɔ keeke, pɩkɛ sukuli nakʊyʊ kɛ sukuli naa naalɛ mba pɛtɛyɩɣ Vishnu ɛsɔ tɔm yɔ ɛ nɛ sɩvayɩsm.
Palɩzɩɣ Vishnu ɛzɩ abalʊ yuulee nɛ ɛcaɣ ɛzɩ wiyaʊ, ɛwɛna nesi naananza, sakɩyɛ taa lɛ ɛɖɔkʊʊ pɔpɔɖɛ yaa Chakra, nɛ pɛɖɩyɛ (gada), yambɔyʊʊ yaa shankha, hɛɖʊʊ (padma) kɛ e-nesi taa. Ɛpaŋ hulaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ, nɛ paya-ɩ se kirita-mukuta. Pɛkɛdɩɣ ɛ-tɔm se ɛcakaɣ ɖʊm yɔɔ Shesha. E-cuɖe taa wɛɛ hɛɖʊ nakʊyʊ, Brahma ñalɩna hɛɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa, ɛkɛ Dharma nɛ Ahimsa pɩɣa.
Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patʊʊzɩ keeke Vishnu ɛsɔ tɔm kiɖe. Veda waa taa lɛ, Vishnu kɛ ɛsɔ cikpelu yem, pɛkpɛndɩ-ɩ nɛ Indra, ŋgʊ Varuna, Mitra nɛ Aryaman kaakɛna kajalaɣ ɛsɔ naa sɔsaa mba Vayu, Agni nɛ Surva kaalɛza yɔ. Ɛsɔ Mitra yebina-ɩ ɛ-wɛtʊ tɩŋa, papazɩna e-tomnaɣ (wɩsɩ) nɛ kpegbeka. Pʊwayi yɔ hindu waa tɛ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa kɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ trimūrti taa nɛ ɛsɔ siŋ nɔɔyʊ pɛ-tɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ taa.
Tɛtʊ, Bhūmi yaa Bhû Devi, ɖɔɖɔ wɛʊ yɔ pakpa-ɩ ɛkɛ ɛ-halʊ. Vishnu lɩza-ɩ lɩm taa pɩtɩŋna ɛ-Varaha lɛzɩtʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-lʊlʊʊ tɔm ñɔna ɛsɔ kewyaɣ, Tɛtʊ (Bhūmi) nɛ liidiye ɖoŋ (Lakshmi) kɛna wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔna wiyaʊ kpam. Keeke taa lɛ, sankrit kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ payaɣ wiyaʊ se bhūpati, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se wɩlɩyʊ yaa tɛtʊ walʊ.


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Tɛtɛɛ miŋ
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna tɛtɛɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩlɩɩna lɩm sɔsɔm tɛɛ yaa pʊŋ tɛɛ. Pɩkɛna momoɖe naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩyaɣ kpu lɛ miŋ kolonzi lɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ. Miŋ kolonzi nzɩ si-taa nɛ feveku nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊkʊ-taa nɛ gaazɩ, teefraas nɛ pɩlɩgna hidromagɩmatiki taa.
Miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ mbʊ yɔ, siniidiɣ yaa sɩhɛɣ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ nɛ pɛkɛɣ pʊŋ yaa lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Kaaŋ ɛnʊ ɛpaɣlʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɛzɩ ɛmaɣna. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ lakɩ nɛ kaaŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ, miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ yɔ sɩ-ɖɔʊ taa nɛ sɩ-ɖoŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ sɩkpakɩɣna nɛ sɩhɛɛna yaa siniidina yɔ nɛ pʊŋ ndɩ nɖɩ weyi ɛwɛɣ na pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pɩtɩŋga payɩ pɩwɩlɩɣna se tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ tɔm lɛ, mba pañɩnɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nɛ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlabɩnaa yɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panɩɣ mɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ.
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kɛlɛʊ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa lɔŋ yɔ yaa camɩyɛ kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛna tɛtɛɛ mɩŋ weyi ɛlɩɣna tɛtɛɛ yem tuda nɛ e-hola lɩɣ momoloku tɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ kolonzɩ nzɩ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ sɩtɩnɩɣ ɖama yɔɔ pɩlaaɣ pɩlaaɣ yaa sɩkakɩ kɩkaawʊ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, e-miŋ kolonzi wɛtʊ yaa sɩlɩɣ pɩzɩɣ pɩlɛɣzɩ wɛtʊ yem ndɩ ndɩ. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se tɛtɛɛmiŋ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa:
Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ sɛ kpaʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ hɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, e-miŋ weyi ɛtɔʊ fiŋŋ fiŋŋ yɔ ɛfɛyɩ kʊŋgʊlʊm yaa ɛtakpɩndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kɛ oseyaŋnaa cɔlɔ nɛ lɩm tɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ mɩzɩɣ kpaaa kpaaa yɔ nɛ e-miŋ wɛ laabɩɩ laabɩɩ tɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-taa sida tɔlɩma. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩɩ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ hiŋ looɖo yɔ (60).


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You sɩɣa
You sɩɣa kɛna mbʋ pʋwɛ tɛlɛm tɩyɛ yɔ. Sɩɣa kanɛ, kɛkɛ you sɩɣa sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ. Kɛkɛ you wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna tɔlɩm kʋʋlʋmʋm yɔ. You sɩɣa yaa wonuu kʋnɛ, nabɛyɛ yaɣ kʋ size hɔzʋʋ yaa malɩfa. You sɩɣa kanɛ, kɛwɛna nɔɔsɩ naalɛ kɛ cemiŋ ce.
You sɩɣa kanɛ, kɛwɛ lɔŋ cemiŋ ce nɛ kɔ-nɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛ. Kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ you sɩɣa lɛɛka yaa nesi you sɩɣa. Payaɣ kaka nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "sabre". Kanɛ kaka fɛyɩ lɔŋ cemiŋ ce ɛzɩ lɛɛka yɔ. Kɛwɛna kɛtɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ kiŋ kɛ kpeŋgbeluu yaa huyuu.
Huyuu ŋgʋ, ŋgʋʋ pohuuza you sɩɣa ŋga kɔtɔbʋʋ yɔɔ. Payaɣ kɔtɔbʋʋ size toɖe. Peeɖe pɔɖɔkʋʋ nesi nɛ palabɩna you. Tɔm biye yaa hɩɖɛ size "You sɩɣa" wɛna tɔbɩŋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
You sɩɣa kanɛ, kɔtɔbʋʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ size kɛkɛ you sɩɣa lɔŋ ŋga yaa kɩbɩbɩwaɣ.
You sɩɣa kanɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoo kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ sɩɣa ŋga kɔhɔʋ kɛ you sɩɣa hɔʋ yɔ.


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Bahayɩsɩm
Bahayɩsɩm pɩkɛ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɛɛ luŋuu tɛ ɛyaa mba posusuu maɣzɩm kʊyʊmʊm tɛ tɔm yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ pɩ-tɛ mʊyaa yɔ tɔŋ pa-tɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛyaa wɛ paale nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ.
Persan ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ Mīrzā Ḥusayn-ʿAlī Nūrī kɛna pɩ-tɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ (pɩnzɩ 1817 ŋtalɩ 1892) kɛ pɩnaɣ 1863 alɩwaatʊ taa. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɖɩ paaha ɖi-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ Bahāʾ-Allāh (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Ɛsɔ samtʊ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ kiɖeɖeu. Baha’is kɛ Bahāʾ-Allāh tɔm mʊyaa.
Sayyid Kāẓim sɩba lɛ, ɛlɛzɩyʊ Šayḫ Aḥmad mʊ e-kewiyitu kɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ, kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ tɔm mʊyaa taa lalaa ɖɛɛ se pañɩnɩ ɛyʊ kɩfalʊ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛɖɛɛ nɔɔ pɛ-ɛŋgbɛyɛ yɔ. Pe-cejewiye paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pa-taa mʊyʊ lɛlʊ Mullā Ḥusayn lɩɩna pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza kɛ Chiraz tɛtʊ taa ɛla kɩyakɩŋ hiŋ nanaanza nɛ ɛwɛɛ atɩma yɔɔ nɛ ɛhɔkɩ nɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ.
Ɛlɩna ɛ-nɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛtalɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1844 lɛ, Mullā Ḥusayn talɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ tɛ nɛ ɛlɛ mʊyɩ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñɔpɔzɩ-ɩ se ɛnɩɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛnʊ ñɩnʊʊ yɔ. سيد علی محمد شیرازی (Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad Šīrāzī0) (aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1819 ŋtalɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1850) lɛ, nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ ñalɩna Chiraz Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔɔ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 25 nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ ɛyʊ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Mahdi. Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊ paya-ɩ se باب (Bāb0) (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nɔnɔɔ) kɛlɛ pakʊyɩ nɛ hɔzʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Iran sɔsaa yɔɔ.


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Kpɔnɔ
Kpɔnɔ kɛnɛ sɔnzɩ tɛ kiɖe tɛ tɔnaɣ ɛzakuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ wondʊʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ lɛ, mʊlʊm nɛ lɩm. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩ-taa wɛʊ ɖɔm. Wɔndʊʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩzʊʊ tɩ-sʊzɩɣ pɩlɩna kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ palakɩ yɔ yaa lakasɩ nzɩ pañɩnʊʊ se palabɩ-kʊ yɔ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ pɩdʊʊ lɛ, kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ pɩlɩna nɛ se kɩpɩɣʊ. Pɔhɔkɩ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩɣ kpɔnɔ. Pɔhɔkɩ-kʊ canaʊ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa kpɔnɔ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mɩza pɛyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛla kpɔnɔ yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɔnɔ laɖʊ. Pɛpɛɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ kpɔnɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa.
Kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ tɩŋ pee wena a-daa wɛ mʊlʊm yɔ ɖɩkpaɣ kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee kɩkɩla, weewe ñɩna papɩzɩ pɔzɔzɩ-yɛ pɩmana nɛ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee lɛɛna weyi ɛwɛyɩ pɩdaa yɔ ɛzɩ samɩla nɛ kpaakpa nɛ sarazɩn nɛ satɛɛñɩ. Mʊlʊm pee wena awɛ pɩda yɔ wɛ ndɩ a-daa wɛ yaɖɛ tɛ leleŋ pɩkɛ yaɖɛ taa leleŋ kpeekpe weyi ɛwɛ sotuu yɔ nɛ ɛzɩna nɛ pa-ɖɩkɩ nɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-yeki nɛ kpɔnɔ pɩɣʊ yɔ nɛ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ nɛ kpɔnɔ kɩ-kpakpaʊ yɔ nɛ pʊɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ hɔɔlʊʊ. Pɩtɛ pɩɣʊ mbʊ payaɣ se sʊlʊm pɩɣʊ yɔ lɩzɩɣ ñɔsɩ nɛ etanɔlɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɔzɔʊ tɩzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɔtɔsɔzɩɣ pɩdʊʊ kɔyɔ yɔ payaɣ kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ se kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ kɩbɩwa ɛlɛ pɩdʊʊ fɛyɩ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ sɔnɔ ɖɩtɔkɩ yɔ kɛkɛ ɖooo canaʊ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Pana kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ padaɖʊ kɩ-taa pɩdʊʊ yɔ lonaa nayɛ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 30000 pɔcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesʊ Krɩstʊ, pana tɩŋ pee tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm kaŋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna saɖaŋ nɛ sɔɔ. Pɩdɛ tɩŋ pee ana akʊ mbʊ lɛ, pakayʊʊ panaŋkɩ nɛ patɩzɩɣ.
Kpaɣnɛ haɖaʊ paazɩɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 8000 pɔcɔ Yeesʊ lɛ, mʊzʊŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ ageetaa taa lɛ, cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖooo canaʊ kpanɛ Mediteranee ɛzakuuliye alɩwaatʊ kɔmtʊ (Sumerɩyɛnɩ nɛ Egipiti nɛ Krɛkɩ nɛ Romanɩ) mba alɩwaatʊ lɛ kpɔnɔ tɔm pɩsa pɩmalɩna kpaagba kpam ɛzakuuliye wonduu ɛzɩ tɩŋ pee nem.


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Kuwatemala
Kuwatemala kɛna Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyaa wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Mɛkiziki, Peeliizi, Karayiibi teŋgu, Hɔndʊrasɩ, Salvaadɔɔrɩ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʋʋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Amerika Latini taa. Kuwatemala tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se « Ɖenɖe tɩŋ ɖɔɔ yɔ». Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se kuwatzalɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna sumaɣ sacré, Mayasɩ, ŋga pakpakaɣ ko-suu taa kalɩhʊndʊ nɛ pacanɩɣna yɔ.
Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán kaakɛŋna Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ 1951 nɛ 1954, pʊwayɩ lɛ Álvaro Arzú (1956 -2000). Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛna Caama nɛ Suwisi tʊ.


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Pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ yaa lɛɛzɩtʊ (Réforme protestante)
Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ ɖɩpaɣza tʊda kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩwa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ yaa pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩkɛ sɔlɩm tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpɔza se papɩsɩ kiɖe tɛ Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tisiɣ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋna pɩtɛ walʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ etisi Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛzɩɣ ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊʊ. Pɩkɛ ɛyʊ lakɩzaɣ tɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ pɩɩkɛ lɛɛzɩyaa yaa cɔlɩyaa mba pɛ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ. Mbʊ pɩkandaɣ ɛyʊ yɔɔ komulum hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛɣlɛ pɩlɩna kʊlʊma tadɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Cɔlɩyaa tɩŋgɩna taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛyɛlɩna Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ nɛ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (kɔzɩ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Martin Luther lɩzɩɣ kajalaɣ lɩzɩtʊ tɔm taa yɔ), nɛ pawɩlɩɣ se tɩtalɩna kiɖeɖema cɔlɔ yaa Kele kele tʊ cɔlɔ yaa mɩŋ cikpeŋ taa yɔ. Ɛsɔ tɔm yɔɔ tɩŋgɩnaʊ kɛna kajalaɣ setuu mbʊ cɔlɩyaa kɔsɔla yɔ. Sola scriptura wɛtʊ wɩlɩna-wɛ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ patɩŋgɩ yɔ.
Pɩpaɣzɩna Martin Luther Ampiri Kiɖeɖeʊ taa nɛ Ulrich Zwingli Zurich taa nɛ Martin Bucer Stasbourg halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna wayi wayi Jean Calvin Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa, pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ talɩ Erɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ. Mazɩm mbʊ se pololuu ɛyaa yɔ tɔla lɛ, pʊkɔna tɛyɩtʊ Room Katoliki Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa Ɛsɔ ŋgbɛyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ kɔma pɩlɩna lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ. Alɩwaatʊ sakɩyɛ taa takayasɩ taa tɔm maya sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se kɩpaɣla tɔm kaɖɛ ñɩndʊ yebina se lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛwɛ. Fatanaa nɛ mʊwanɩ waa tɛ tʊda wɛʊ nɛ ɖama kpaŋgba yaa ɖama ñɔnaʊ, ɛyaa pɛnɛ papɩsa pɛwɛ ñɩm cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa tɛ liidiye. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ pɩtɛ lɩmaɣza yɔ keeke kɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩwa katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ cɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ se ɖɩɖɩzɩ lɩmaɣza ana.


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Pikolo
Pikolo kɛna hɩlaɣ nakayɩ nɛ pohosu ka-taa kuhosu nɛ wendu lɩʊ heelim ɛzɩ mbʊ hʊlʊyʊ sɔɔla yɔ. Itaali kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pikolo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se mbʊ pɩwɛ ñɩɩɩ yɔ. Poluba-kɛ nɛ kpoŋgbolo nɛ hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ kɛwɛ hɩsɩ kɩkaɣsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa. Pikolo hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ katatalɩ ɖɑalʊ kɛ hɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ. Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ hɩlaɣ ŋga payaɣ se halɩ hɩlaɣ kɛ timɖe cɔlɔ yɔ.
Hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ kaapɩzʊ heelim mbʊ payaɣ wɛndu teu taa se do yaa do. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kaatɩlʊ nɛ kewuu hoŋŋ. Ɛzɩ hɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ wɛʊna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, pikolo fɛyɩna mbʊ. Hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɖeke kɛwɛna: nɔɔ nɛ hɔɔyɛ. Pasaɣ-kɛ nɛ kpoŋgbolonaa yaa tɩŋ pɩkɩlɩna tɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se ebɛnɩ, nɛ kɛwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ nɛ kibi pindimm, ñɩɣtʊ pɩkɩlɩna liidiya ñɩɣyʊ.
Yee pɩkɛna ɛzɩ kpɛlɛkʊ taa kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ pasaɣ-kɛ nɛ tɩʊ pɩndʊ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 200 yɔ pikolo hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ kɔtɔyʊ yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla se elu wendu natʊyʊ nɛ petee-tʊ pikolo taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma-tʊ cɛcɛyaɣ lutoozo ŋga yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pikolo-tʊ nɛ hɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ tɩnaa papɩzɩ pakalʊ nɛ petisuna-ɖama camɩyɛ.
Hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ kewu hoŋŋŋ yaa pɩɩbɩɩ nɛ mbʊ yekɩna nɛ paa ɛyʊ ɛɛwɛ aŋganda sakɩyɛ yaa cɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ, pikolo taŋ kɛ ŋnɩʊ camɩyɛ.


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Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa tɔbʊʊ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size: Khalifa koloŋga sɔsɔwa. Pʊcɔ nɛ patʊlʊʊ kɔ-nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, payawa-kɛ se: Burj Dubaï. Pɩkɛna koloŋga ŋga kakʊya kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ nɛ kɛwɛ à Dubaï tɛtʊ taa kɛ Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii waa tɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa kɛ pana se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩkɛna ɖɩɣa ŋga wɩɖɩɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛma-kɛ yɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pamaɣza ka-kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ taa lɛ, pana se pɩmaɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 828 mbʊ yɔ. Burj Khalifa yaa Burj Dubaï ŋgʊ kiyeba nɛ peeɖe yele pɩpɩsɩ egeetiye kɩfaɖɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Downtown Burj Khalifa. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naanza wiye kɛ patʊla Burj Khalifa nɔnɔsɩ ɛlɛ paɖaŋgaa se wiɖii lɛ pakaɣ kʊ-nɔnɔsɩ tʊlʊʊ kpaagba tʊlʊʊ.


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Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki (Basilique Saint-Pierre)
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki tɛ hɩɖɛ keɣkeɣ kɛlɛ Fatiikaŋ tɛ Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu, kɛna kuduyuu feveɖe n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ ɖoomu kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm ɖɩn̄ɩnɩyɛ kuduyuu yɔ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩwɛna Fatiikaŋ kiŋ nɛ pɔɔ yaa puwa kidiliŋ yɔɔ kɛ Tibre nɛ kɩtɛ nɩwaŋ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Nɛ ɛsɛ yɔɔ naʋʋ taa n̄ata lɛ, ɛnɔɔ hana loniye yaa ɖɩwɛyɛ Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu. Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, paama-ɖɩ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖoo lɔndaa kpalaaʋ woɖa kɔŋga nɛ palaɣ pakɩlaŋ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin kaahawana sɔlɩm waɖɛ nɖɩ size palaɣ kɩlaŋ ɛnɩ.
Kɩlaʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩlɛɛsaɣna Néron samaɣ ɖɩcayɛ ɖileeyiye. Ɛzɩ pabɩzʋʋ nɛ pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa nɩ̄m lʋlɩya ɛyʋtʋ kpata yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna UNESCO yɔɔ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, pakpa-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ɖeu matʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ pataana pana yɔ. Pɩkɛna kiɖeke koŋ kɩɩkɩlɩna ɖeu matʋ ndʋ wɛnaʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki nɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩtaasɔ size nɖɩɩ sawɩlaa yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna kɩlɩ sɔlʋʋ. Powoki ɖɩnayɩ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛsɩyɛ egbena wondu lɛɣtʋ lona taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩmaʋ lɛɣsana paasiliki kɩbɩnʋ lone taa, kɛ wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin hɩɖɛ taa.
Paabaza matʋ tʋnɛyɔ evemiye hiu nɛ nutozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye. Pɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1506. Nɛ pɛtɛ matʋ ndʋ pɩnaɣ 1626 taa. Ɖɩmazɩɣ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ size pɩnzɩ, mɩnʋ nɛ hiŋ naalɛ pamana Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ.
Kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ mayaa feveɖe mbaɣ sʋsaa nabayɛ hɩla kɔyɔ: Bramante, nɛ Michel-Ange nɛ pɩtasɩna Bernin. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbɩ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kɛ hɛkʋ sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa powoki kpalaaʋ yɔ. Pakalɩɣ kɩ-lone taa kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ ŋga yɔ katalɩɣ kudokiŋ mɩnɩŋ nɩɩnɩwa mbɩ yɔ, kɛ paa kujuka ŋga lɛ, kɩlaʋ ɖɩlaɖɛ. [[Category:Krɩstiyaniism]


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Triipoolii (Liibii)
Triipoolii kɛna Afrika keteŋa taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ payaɣ se Liibii. Triipoolii kɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ t-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛŋaʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Tadɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ taɖɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɛ camlɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ wɛɛ. Triipoolii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 600 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 600. Pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 682 000.
Triipoolii tɛtʊ wɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ kañimbusaɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩhɔ-lʊʊ nakʊyʊ sʊ Mediteranee teŋgu taa.
Ɛzɩ ɛjɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñʊntɩnaa ñɩnʊʊ se pana lɛɛtʊ taa ñɩma paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pala taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Triipoolii tɛtʊ taa ñɩma nɛ ajɛya nayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ se pɛ-tɛtʊ ewobina camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Saraajevoo (Pɔsini Hɛrizigooviini), Pɛlɩgiraadii (Sɛribii), Alizee(Alizeerii), Pelo Horizonte (Pɛliziki), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Tasikɛntɩ (Usibekisitani) nɛ Naaplɩ (Itaalii).


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Keɖeya ñɩzɩm (l'esthétique)
Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se esthétique. Mbʊ pɩkɛ ɛstetiki wondu yɔ, pʊɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii yɔ, ke-piliŋa lɛɛka lɛ keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ. Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ piliŋa cɔŋna wondu sakɩyɛ yɔɔ filozofii pɩlɩʊ taa. Piliŋa ŋga ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa cɔŋnana ɛzɩma mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ yaa ɛyʊ cɔŋna kedeŋa cɔnaʊ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kanaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pʊwɛ kajʊka siŋŋ yaa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kɔtɔzʊʊ wena akɩlɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XVII ñɩŋgʊ taa pakpaɣ ɛstetiki se kɩkɛ mbʊ piɖe siŋŋ yɔ pɩtɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa. Ɛstetiki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kaɖɩɣna mbʊ payaɣ se nzʊlʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ leleŋ nɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XIX ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, ɛstetiki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa pɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ tɛ filozofii. Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛsaɣ sɩʊkpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛsɩɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ cɔŋna-kɛ lɛ, peheyi-i natʊyʊ koko. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛɛsakɩ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ yem nɛ kɛfɛyɩna tʊbʊʊ. Ɛsakɩ-kɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ ɛna samaɣ taa pɩtɛkɛdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna wɛtʊ ndʊ ɛnaa yɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna nabʊyʊ yaa ɛna natʊyʊ samaɣ taa nɛ pɩkɛdɩna-ɩ pɩŋŋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa na yaa polosi ɛ-lɩmaɣza. Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɔzɩ Caabiyuu se ɛha-ɩ wezuu kɩɖaɣlʊ siŋŋ kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ akpadɩyʊ koŋgo nɔɔyʊ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɔnɔɔ taa. Ɛyʊ naɣ-kɛ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ekpe nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm.


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Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ
Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne palatale)
Nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa yɔɔdʋʋ se nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ kɛna abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-sɩ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ siɣye yekina nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ-sɩ.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ wɛ nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ naalɛ ɖeke : hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ halɩmayaɣ [j] tɔmpiye « yourte » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ nɛ mɔɔʋ tɛɛ mayaɣ [ɲ], tɔmpiye « gnon » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɩnaa nɛ kana nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ payaɣ se
- Kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmaɣ : [c], nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ tandam.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kooree kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye 잘 [jal]. Tɔmpiye ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « pʋwɛ ɖeu ».
- Kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmayaɣ [ɟ], nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ hɔŋgrʋwa kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye nagy [nɑɟ]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « sɔsɔ ».
- Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ [ɲ]
Ɖɩkpaɣ Ɛspañɔɔlɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye mañana [ma'ɲana]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « cee ».
Ɖɩkpaɣ Pɔɔrɩtigɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye minhoca [mi'ɲokɐ]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « ataɣ nikaɣ »
- Hʋlʋyaa abalɩmasɩ [ç], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ tandam. Ɖɩkpaɣ Caama kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye ich [ɪç]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ma, mo, me, mɔ… ».
[ʝ], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ
- Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se « sipirantɩ » abalɩmasɩ. Ɛzɩ [j], mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ Angɩlɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye « yes [jɛs] ; ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ɛɛɛ ».
[ʎ], kpɛŋga yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ. Ɖɩcɔnɩ Itaalii kʋnʋŋ masɩ taa, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye gli [ʎi].


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Arɩkɔŋ
Arɩgɔŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 18 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋga yɔ Ar. Ɛkɛ fefekiŋ kɩtɛɖɩŋ taa lɛɛkʊ halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, kɩ nɛ hɛlɩyɔm nɛ nɛyɔɔ nɛ krɩptɔnɩ nɛ sɛnɔŋ nɛ raɖɔŋ.
Tɔmʊʊ arɩkɔŋ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ἀpYός / argós pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se felentu, kaalʊlaɣ, pama nɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ ἀ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ἔpYov / ergon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tʊmɩyɛ, tɔmɩŋ ɛɖɩlɩyɛ yekina nɛ nɛ pɔtɔ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ.
Arɩkɔŋ tɛ wɛʊ kɛ helim taa mbʊ yɔ ɖajaa Henry Cavendish nana tʊ pɩnaɣ 1785 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ Lord Rayleigh nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay ñɛwɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1894 pana tʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tɩnaa mba pa naalɛ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔdaɣ tɔm pɩlɩna pɩ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1895.
Patasɩ arɔkɔŋ naʊ pɩnaɣ 1882 pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ tʊma yɔɔ mba yɔ H. F. Newall nɛ W. N. Hartley. Arɩkɔŋ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ar lɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1957, pɩsaɣ ɖooo hohoo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛ kɛlɛʊ yem se A. palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ nɛ pasɩna nandʊ kɛ tɔɔnasɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ laatriki miŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩsaɣ miŋ piŋ yɔ kɛlɛ mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmʊyɛ pazɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩɩlakɩ pɩyʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖɩtanɖɛ TIG. Plakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ mɩnɩ mɩnɩ kpɛlɩ tɛ palakɩna tʊma naayɛ paa okɩsɩzɛnɩ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ. Fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ miŋ ɖiɖiziye ɖeɖe. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ panaɣ ɛwaɣsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ yɔ sɩ-pɩnzɩ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba petiki lɩŋgamɩŋ taa nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ, ɛhazɩɣ helim pɩ-taa.


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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong kɛna Sinii ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔdʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊtʊ. Palʊla-ɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1893 kɛ Sinii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1976 kɛ Pekɩŋ tɛtʊ taa, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Sinii ɛjaɖɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛkɛna ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kpaɣna pɩnɑɣ 1949 pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ 1976.
Sinii ɛjɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kpɛndɛ ŋgbɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ kewitu yɔ, ɛwɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ lɩzɩyaa taa. Mao Zedong yaa Mao Tsé-Toung kɛna weyi ɛmaba ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ taa nɛ ɛtɔ se Sinii ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ɖɩkɛna samaɣ lɩzʊ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ aloma fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye Pekɩŋ tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1949. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛɖɔka Sinii ɛja:d:e nɛ payaɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1954 nɛ 1959.


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Albrecht Dürer
Ɖajaa Albrecht Dürer kɛ Caama tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ eeyeba ɛ-ñɔsɩ cimm ɛ-ñʋʋ taa. Palʋla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1471 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Nuremberg tɛtʋ taa.
Nuremberg tɛtʋ ńdʋ, tɩ-taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1528 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa, ɛɛsɔɔlɩ anjaʋnaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩʋ kpelesi saɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Toovenum lɛ, Ɛsɔ yele ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ tʋma ana a-naalɛ a-laɖʋ nɛ ɛ-taa la leleŋ siŋŋ.
Ɖajaa Albrecht Dürer kɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣsɩ mayʋ nɛ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ. Ɖajaa Albrecht kɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ lɩzɩyʋ wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Mbʋʋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "théoricien de l'art".
Ɖajaa Dürer kɛ ɖɔɖɔ cee siŋŋ maɣzʋʋ lɩmaɣza laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se "géométrie de la perspective'. Ɖajaa Albrecht Dürer payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Albertus Dürer Noricus. Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se Dürer Alemanus. Nabɛyɛ ñayaɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ 'keɖeya tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ cɩkpalʋʋ tʋ'.
Payaɣ Ɖajaa Albrecht Dürer nɛ Caama kʋnʋŋ taa size 'Albrecht Dürer der Jüngere'.
Ɖajaa Albrecht Dürer kɛ naadozo pɩɣa ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa ɛnʋ se Albrecht Düre. Ɛ-caa ɛnʋ ɛkɛ liidiye yaa sika wendu luɖu tʋmɩyɛ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-kpaŋgbamʋʋ payaɣ size Anton Koberger, ɛlɛ kɛ sika yaa liidiye wondu luɖu tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ.


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Iguwazu lɩmfalɩyɛ
Arzantiinii tɛtʊ nɛ Prezilii ñɩndʊ hɛkʊ taa limfalɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Iguwazu. Nɛ Iguwazu tɔbʊʊ nɛ guwaranii kʊnʊŋ taa se Lɩm sɔsɔm. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwada Arzantiinii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ 80 % nɛ Preezilii ñɩndʊ 20 % yeke. Lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩwɛ UNESCO pɩlʊʊ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1984.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVI taa kɛ Erɔpʊ tʊ, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, lɩ lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩn ɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ajɛya naalɛ wena a-hɛkʊ taa lɩmfalɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛɛ yɔ, paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩtʊla tɛtɛ wondu kaɖaɣ: Prezilii tɛ tɛtɛ wondu kaɖaɣ payaɣ se Iguwacu tɛtɛ wondu kaɖaɣ piyele Arzantiinii ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Iguwazu tɛtɛ wondu kaɖaɣ.
Pɛtɛkɛ lɩmfalɩyɛ siŋŋŋ ɛlɛ lɩmfala 275 kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩdaɣlakɩŋ taa talɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa naatozo yɔ. Lɩmfala ana a-taa nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ ɖɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 80 yɔ, nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eleeu likiyuu yaa ɛspaañɔɔlɩ taa lɛ Garganta del Diablo. Lɩmfala ana a-lɩm tikuu pʊʊlʊʊ yɔ, kɛlɛm kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ pɩtalʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa miliyɔɔnaa looɖo yɔ yaa 360 000 000 cɛcɛyaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ yɔɔ.
Lɩmfala ana acɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ kaawɛ naayɩ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se lɩmfala lʊbɛ, nɛ aawɛ kacʊka kamaɣ fɛyɩ ɛlɛ pɩnzɩ 1982 taa lɩmfala ana asɔɔ yem pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pohuyi Iitayipuu lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ.


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Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere, palʋla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1922 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Butiama tɛtʋ taa. Butiama tɛtʋ wɛ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Londres tɛtʋ taa Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere sɩba aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1999 ñɩŋga taa. Londres tɛtʋ kɛŋna Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere kɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɩna Zanaki samaɣ liɖe taa.
E-politiki labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ Minisi waa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1961 taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kpaɣna aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1964 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1985 taa.
Sɔnɔdaa, Katolika Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma ɖɔŋa ñɩnʋʋ se pana se Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere kɛ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu yaa ɛtɛkɛ-ɩ.
Payaɣ Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere caa se Burito Nyerere. Ɛlɛ kɛ Zanaki liɖe taa ñɩma tɛ wiyaʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-caa kpaɣ halaa sakɩyɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa ɛnʋ ɛ-pɩɣa lɛɛka se Julius Mugaya.
Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacɛyɩna Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ. Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma sɔɔlɩ kpem se powona piya tɩŋa sukuli. Sukuli wɩlʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Ɖajaa Julius Kambarage Nyerere sɩma pɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.


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Maputo
Maputo kɛna Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛndɩ teŋgu wadɩɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ tɩna Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ pazɩna ɖama kamɑɣ ɛzɩ kimlomɛtanaa 77 yɔ. Payaɣʊ se Maputo yɔ, ɖooo lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 3 pɩnaɣ 1976 taa; payaɣa se Telagowa.
Ɖooo lɛ Maputo kaakɛŋna teŋʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ tuuɖe taa wondu kɩlaɣ kʊm yɔ kɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa; kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ Turibaŋ. Mbʊ pakɩlʊ pɛdɩɣ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna yɔ mbʊ lɛ: pɩzatʊ, sikiri, kromiiti, taŋgbak nɛ nikaɣ tokonaa.
Pɩnaɣ 1858 paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 888 ɖeke nɛ pa-taa lɛ yomaa kaakɩla ɛzɩ 400 yɔ, pɩnzɩ hiu wayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kaawɛ 2 401 nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 90 yɔ; pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda kaaɖɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛnda 9 445 nɛ kʊlʊmaa kɛ 8 304. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 099 102 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa patasɩ-wɛ kalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda 1 870 000.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔɖɩɣ peeɖe yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: Pɔrɩtiigɛɛ, ikisizaŋganaa, rɔŋga, sopii nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩyɛ. Payaɣ Maputo malika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se David Simango (Frelimo).


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Sɩkɩsmɩ
Sɩkɩsmɩ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩma Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm koŋ, patʊlɩ-ɖɩ nɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 15 pɩtɩŋna Gurû Nanak yɔɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ਸਿੱਖ (Sikkh) kɛ Punjabi tɔmpiye ɖɩ-ɖɩ lɩna sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se शिष्यः (śiṣya) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tɔm mʊyʊ yaa sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ yaa शिक्ष (śikṣa), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sukuli yaa kpɛlɛkɩtʊ. Matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ taa se ɛsɔ kalɩzaɣ.
Guru Nnak (1469-1539), ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Sɩkɩsmɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, palʊla-ɩ Talwandi haɖaa taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Nankana Sahib, pʊñɔtɩna Lahore, nɔɔnɔɔ Pakɩstan tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ punjabi ɛyaa nɛ palɩna tadɩyɛ laɖaa cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa kɛnɛ kɛlɛ paya-wɛ se Punjab Khatri waa. Ɖooo Guru Nanak pɩcatʊ taa lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔlɩ ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ ɛwɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɛ ɛhʊʊyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ ɖɛ sakɩyɛ ɛ-nɔmɔŋ ɖɔm taa mbʊ Guru Nanak kpeɣli ɛyaa nabayɛ com nɛ pɩpɩsɩ haɖaa tɛtʊ, Kartarpur, pɩkɛ kiɖe tʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛyaa piŋ nɛ pɩɩka-ɩ kaʊʊ kɛlɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔŋ ɛ-tɔm ɖɩkpɛkɩyɛ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ pikpeɣluu ɛyaa yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛna se peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ nɛ ɖama, pɩlakɩ yoŋ, nɛ ɛyaa cɩyʊʊ ɖama, patʊkʊʊ ɖama halaa nɛ abalaa, cejewa, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ lɩɣ, pɩyasɩɣ mɩzasɩ.
Guru Nanak ha ɛsɛ cejewa wɛtʊ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa ñatɩŋ-ɩ se ɛɛɛ ɛnʊ kɛna pa-wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Guru. Pʊcɔ ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ Guru kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ, weyi ɛkaɣ-ɩ lɛɛzʊʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi se eɖiyi ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Hiu nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ tɛ guru, ɛlɛ yɔ Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) ɛlɛ ñɔsɔzɩ lɩm sɔʊ paɣtʊ Sikh waa tɛ pɩnaɣ 1699.


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Emily Brontë
Palʊla Emily Jane Brontë kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1818 kɛ Tɔmtoni tɛtʊ taa, Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 1848 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30 kɛɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ keɣsɩ maɖʊ yaa si-luɖu nɛ ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʊ nɛ aŋglisi kʊnʊŋ taa kɛ ɛmaɣna ɛ-takayɩsɩ. Ɛma ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ, Les Hauts de Hurlevent, nɛ kɛkɛna nɛ kapɩsɩ cɔlɩɩɩ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ mayaa kɛ wɛɛ naayɛ taa takayɩsɩ kɩmamasɩ taa kɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ taa nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɛlɛ keɣsɩ lɛ, ɛma-sɩ sakɩyɛ. Ɛnɛ ɛ-kɔɔ alɩ ɖɑma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛna-wɛ ytɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɖoma yɔ nɛ ɛna-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ powoba Gondal hayɩsʊʊ ɖeɖe. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Patrick Brontë nɛ ɛkɛ ɛsɔ tɔm wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛlʊla-wɛ ɛyaa looɖo nɛ Emily Brontë kɛŋna pʊwa kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga. Ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ e-ɖoo sɩba nɛ hiliu taa pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdɔŋ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa naalɛ ñasɩbɩna nɛ kpeziwilaɣ kʊdɔŋ.
E-ɖoo sɩm wayɩ kɛ ɛ-caa Patrick Brontë nɛ ɛ-neŋ Elizabeth Branwell pakpaɣ lɩmaɣza se papazɩ aha-wɛ waɖɛ kpem nɛpɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Piyebina pɩya sɩnɛ, Charlotte, Emily, Anne nɛ sɩ-ɖalʊ Branwell, sɩpaɣzɩ maɣzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ kaʊ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tɔm. Sɩma tɔm ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɩlakɩna amʊʊza. Sɩma ɖɔɖɔ kɛɖuʊ tɔm sakɩyɛ, silu keɣsɩ yaa sɩmabɩ-sɩ, sɩma aseɣla tɔm heyu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ amʊza maɣzʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Charlotte yeba-wɛ se ɛtɛzʊ e-sukuli lɛ Emily nɛ Anne peyele nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-jaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ paya-ɖɩ se Gondal. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ halʊ nɔɔyʊ, Augusta Geraldine Almeda, kɛŋna ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ Emily kɩla ɛtɛ keɣsi lubu yaa sɩmabʊ maʊ.


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Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ
Ositraali Lɩŋgamʊʊ kɛna lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ, Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Ɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊʊ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ, paayɔda kʊ-tɔm nɛ pasɩɩ kɩ-kamasɩ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ tɛ kediizaɣ nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Antaritiki yɔɔ.
Lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖi se Ositraalii yɔ. Ositraali ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraali kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasiifiki nɛ Indɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Ositraali lɩngamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe lɩŋgamʊʊ lɩŋgamʊʊ nanza ŋgʊ nɛ ŋgʊ pɩɖɩɣna tɩlɩɣ se kɩkɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ. Kɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2 000 taa nɛ payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Antartiki lɩŋgamʊʊ. Tɔm tʊnɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa mba palɩza-wɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna lɩm yɔɔ yɔ mba lɩzɩna-tʊ. Ɛyaa pɛnɛ payaɣ ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: kacalaɣ lɛ, papɩzɩɣ payaa lɩŋ,gamʊʊ ŋgʊ se ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ Antarkitiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yaa kpaagbaa taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Antarkitiki teŋgu.
Teŋgunaa ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla Ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ. Teŋgʊnaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: Amuindisɛni teŋgu, Pelinisihausini nɛ Dirakɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nakʊyʊ, Sikitiya teŋgu, Wedɛlɩ teŋgu, Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Haakon VII teŋgu, Lazarev teŋgu, Riiser Larsen teŋgu, Cosmonautinaa teŋgu, Entente teŋgu, Davis teŋgu, Mawson teŋgu, Dumont d'Urville teŋgu, Somov teŋgu, Ross teŋgu.
Ositraali lɩngamʊʊ kɔnɛ kɩ-walnzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 20 327 000 km2 yɔ nɛ kɩ-daalakɩŋ taa ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 17 968 yɔ.


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Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ
Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ tɔmpiye, pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ kɛ se pɔcɔna nɛ pana ɛzɩma ɛyaa paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛlɛdɩɣ ɖama taa tadɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa, pʊ-tʊʊ tobi taa se ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa sʊʊ, liidiye lɛɛzʊʊ nɛ ɖama, tʊma, ɛyaa tɩtɩŋga taa ɖama sʊʊ, lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɖama cɔlɔ welesiɣ. Pɩkɛ nɔmɔʊ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛyaa sʊʊ ɖama hɛkɩŋ paa le tʊ yɔ, kpaɣ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tadɩyɛ tɔm taa, ɛyaa ɖama cɔtɩnaʊ, mbʊ pɩkɛ se paa weyi lɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ ɛtaamaa nɛ lɛɛlʊ tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa wobu, se pɩsa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔcɔna haba yɔɔ ɖɔnaa ɖeɖe ɛyaa nɛ pa-kɩyakɩŋ wondu ɖeɖe.
Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ palaba-ɖɩ nɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ Pierre Courbertin tʊ kaalɛna-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, kɛ Figaro takayɩ hɔɔlaɣ taa ŋga pama-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1904 saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ kaayɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ Vincent Capdepuy. Tɩlɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ Paul Otlet takayaɣ nakayɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1916. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɖi-tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ keekee kɛlɛ mbʊ se ɛyaa ɛsʊʊ ɖama taa paa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi taa paa ajɛyɛ wena lɛ taa kɛ you sɔsɔʊ wayi mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩɩwɛ sɔndʊ ɛyaa nɛ lalaa tɛ tɛzʊʊ.
Tɔmpee naalɛ naayɛ anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛlɛ kabɩyɛ taa akɛ kʊyʊm ana kpɛm tɛ nɛ kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpeekpe tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ (palɩzɩɣ tɔmpiye nɖɩ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ mundus pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe) nɛ globus ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʊʊ se kpeekpe nɩɣ taa) yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se awɛʊʊ yɔ akɛ kʊyʊma anasaayɩ taa kɔyɔ mondialisation nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kɔyɔ globalization.
Yee tɔmpiye ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩfaɖɛ yɔ, tɔm kɛdʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ ɖɩɩwɛɛ halɩ ɖooo hoho. Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ tɔmʊʊ, pɩkɛ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kiyeba se ɛyaa ɛsʊʊ ɖama taa nɛ kedeŋa paɣlɩ pɩlɩna tʊma ndɩ ndɩ labɩtʊ taa ɛzɩ tɔm kpoŋ lɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔm ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ pileɖa. Pɩnzɩ kaaɖɔ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩcɔ papazɩ nɩɣ ɖɩtaŋ wayi wayi wɛɛ anɛ a-taa.


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You
You, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ kaɖɛ tɔm natʊyʊ ndʊ poyouna you wondu yɔ. Pɩkɛ you ŋgʊ kʊwɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa pɩtɩnŋa politiki lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ koyondiye kpem ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa. You pɩzɩɣ kɩla ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kʊyʊma hɛkɩŋ taa lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa, mbʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yaa payaɣ you ŋgʊ se ɖama hɛkʊ taa you, kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩna pɩzɩɣ poyo, ɛyaa kʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ lalaa yɔɔ, ajɛyɛ you naa ɖama ɖɔɖɔ.
Yoŋ nɛ ɛ-tɛ wondu wɛna paɣtʊ yaa waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ keeke, you paɣtʊ, pɩsana kedeŋga samaɣ kiɖe. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩɖʊna ɛzɩma pɩkɛna yɔ, pazɩtʊ, wondu ndʊ palana you ŋgʊ. Pʊcɔ you pazɩ lɛ, ñɩŋʊʊ nabʊyʊ wɛʊ, pana paɣtʊ takayaɣ wɛɛ, pazɩtʊ takayaɣ wɛɛ.
Ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩ pɩcaɣ yem pɩtɩŋna kizitu natʊyʊ yɔɔ, ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ, tɩ pɩsɩnaʊ, nɩnaʊ takayasɩ labʊ ɛzɩ tisuu yaa kizuu yaa wabɩtʊ ajɛyɛ lɛna yɔɔ, kɩma kɩhɛyɩŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ labʊ kɔɔ pʊwayi.
Lɛɣtʊ ndʊ palakɩ nɛ pʊcɔ papazɩ you yɔ payaɣ se lɔŋ, wabɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ payaɣ se tɩlɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ you paɣzɩ yɔ payaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa polemos nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se you nɛ tɩ yɔɔ kadɩnaɣ logos tɔbʊʊ se kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Carl von Clausewitz cɔlɔ lɛ, you kɛ wɛtʊ lɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɖɛʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna laɣsɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ Carl Schmitt ñɔtɔŋ se politiki ŋgʊ kʊtɔsɔɔlɩ you lɩɣna ɛzɩma ɖɩtɛyɩɣ ɛgbaadɩna nɛ koyondina yɔ.
Gaston Bouthoul cɔlɔ lɛ, you kɛ ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ nɛ pɩwɛna laɣsɩ nzɩ pasɩma-zɩ pɩlɩna mba pacaɣ labʊ you ŋgʊ nɛ mba pacaɣ-kʊ labɩnaʊ yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, pɩwɛna lone nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ yɔɔ palakɩ you ŋgʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɛna paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna tɔm hʊya cɔlɔ. Paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɛzɩɣ pɩtɩŋna lona wena a-taa palakɩ yɔu nɛ wɛɛ wena a-taa palakɩ you ŋgʊ yɔ. Kpaagba ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ pasɩma-kʊ nɛ calɩm kpɛɖʊʊ sakɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ patɩkʊ ɛyaa kɔyɔ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɛkɛzɩɣ ɖama kɩkɛzɩɣ nɛ tɔm.


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Misisipii
Misisipii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Alabaamaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Luwiiziyanaa nɛ Arkanzaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mɛksiikii kidiiliŋ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tenesii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Jaksɔŋ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Misisipii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 125 546km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 121 606 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ. 3 940 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3,10 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 20 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1817. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 984 926 yɔ.
Payaɣ Misisipii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Phil Bryant (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Thad Cochran (R) nɛ Roger Wicker (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Simbaabuwee
Simbaabuwee kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa ɛjaɖɛ pɛwɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ piyele nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ.
Simbaabuwee nɛ Sambɛɛzɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa kamaɣ lɛ, kɛwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Sambɛɛzɩ pɔɔ tɛyɩna ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Harare nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 1,6 yɔ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: Aŋgilisi, Sonaa, Sindebele. Liidiye nɖi ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tɔkaɣ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Simbabuwee tɔɔlaarɩ pʊcɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 2009, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ amerika tɔɔlarɩ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo lɛ Grandɩ-Pretaañɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔdɔ mbʊyɔ ɖɩwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩlɛɛzɩɣ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ kpaɣna ɖooo ɖɩwɛʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1965. Paɖa-ɖɩ yaʊ se Rodeezii nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ pʊwayɩ lɛ, Rodeezii, pɩtasɩ lɛ payaa-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se Simbaabuwee-Rodeezii.
Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1980 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa ñɩnɖɛ se Simbaabuwee. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Robert Mugabe nɛ ɛwɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo 1087 piyele nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Morgan Tsvangirai. Kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛwɛ kpalaɣ yɔɔ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2009.


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Ñɩɣlɩm tɔʊʊ
N̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ (mine) N̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛ nabɛyɛ yaa sakɩyɛ n̄ayaɣ size n̄ɣlɩm tɔɔʋ. N̄ɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɣlɩm ɖihuyiye pɩzʋʋ pʋwɛɛna kutoliŋ yaa tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʋ yɔ, panaɣ yaa pɔyɔɔdʋ n̄ɩɣlɩm mbʋ pʋtɔm kɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ taa. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "industrie" yɔɔ lɛ, n̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛna lone yaa hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pɛcɛsʋ pɔʋʋ wandamm nɛ pɩwalɩ tɛtʋ tɛɛ cʋlʋlʋ.
Pɩtɛ pɔʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa kɛ pohuyuu nɛ palɩzɩʋʋ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "minerai" yɔ tɛ wondunaa. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ (minerai) wondunaa mba, mba ɛyaa yaa n̄ɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ sɩma yaa tɩlaa nɛ payaɣ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ ndʋʋ yɔ : n̄ɩɣtʋ ñɩɣɖɛ, nɛ ñɩɣlɩm sika, nɛ kwivri, nɛ pɩtasɩna uraniyɔm. Pɔʋʋ ŋgʋ, papɩzʋʋ pohuyi kɩ-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ, mala yaa mamacɩɣɖɛ.
Mala yaa mamacɩɣɖɛ kɛ payana nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size (charbon), nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu lɛɛkʋ ŋgʋ paya-kʋ size tiyama nɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ-kʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "diamant" yɔ, pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wondu wazaɣ n̄ɩndʋ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɔm ɛzɩ payaʋ size "sel" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ, kɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wonuu. N̄ɩɣlɩm tɔɔʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm ɖihuyiye kɛna n̄ɩɣlɩm kpɛm yaa sakɩyɛ lone taa ɖenɖe pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kan̄aɖa yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm wɛɖʋ yɔ.
Sɔɔjɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ŋnɩwa yaa pɔtɔma size "mine" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa taa kɔyɔ, caŋgɩ ŋnɩ size pukutolu size, kɩmɛzʋʋ kuɖoɖou yaa malɩfa yaa hɔzʋʋ kɩmɩzʋʋ. Pepiŋ kɩmɩzɩŋ lɛɛŋ tɛtɛ nɛ lɛɛŋ lɛ, pɛpɛɖʋ ɛlɛ tɛtʋ yɔɔ yem. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size kɩmɩzɩŋ ɛnʋ, lɔɔɖa ɛlɛdʋ kɔyɔ amɩzʋʋ kaahɛzaɣ. Kɩmɩzɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, ɛlɛ n̄ɛwɛʋ lɩm tɛɛ nɛ panana-ɩ yaa ɛsɩʋna nɛ pana lɩm tɛɛ mɛlɛnaa sɔsaɣ you mba. Tɔm matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, "mine" kɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ tɔlɩm kɩmamanam mbʋ pɩlʋʋ takayɩ hayʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Nakaŋ sɩm yaa yɔɔ tɔm tɩlʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa "mine" pʋmʋna size ɛyʋ ɛnɩɩ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "mineuses" was pɔ-tɔm. Lɔŋ yaa lɛɣtʋ sɩɣzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ sɔsɔʋ taa kɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, patʋla sukuli naa sɔsaɣ sakɩyɛ kɛ fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa nɛ palakɩ matʋ sukuli (écoles des mines).


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Samaɣ piyuu nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se « Twitter ». Twitter Inc. tʋmɩyɛ cɔŋnana samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ weyi ɛlakɩna samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ etiyina ɛ-taabalaa tɔm ndɩ ndɩ falaa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se etiyina-wɛ tɔm ɛɛhɛyɩɣ paa piye. Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ lɛ, payaɣ tɔm ndʋ ɛyʋ tiyina pɩtɩŋna Twitter yɔɔ yɔ se « tweets ». Tɔm ndʋ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ etiyina nɛ pɩtɩŋna Twitter piyuu yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-masɩ ɛɛɖɛɣ mɩnɩʋ nɛ hiŋ naanza yɔɔ (140)
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21), pɩnaɣ 2006 taa Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ kɩlɩwa. Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Jack Dorsey nɛ Evan Williams nɛ Biz Stone nɛ Noah Glass palɩzɩna Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ. Ɛlɛ, hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa papaɣzɩ labɩnaʋ Twitter samaɣ piyuu ŋ́gʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
Piteleɖi nɛ Twitter samaɣ piyuu pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hakuu ŋgʋ paa anɩ ɛhayɩɣna-kʋ yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ taa, pɩnaɣ 2012 ñɩŋa taa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa taŋga (500) nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lakaɣna Twitter samaɣ piyuu nɛ tʋmɩyɛ.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kakpaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pewilaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 313 lakaɣna Twitter samaɣ piyuu nɛ tʋmɩyɛ paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛyaa ḿba, petiyina pɔ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna Twitter piyuu yɔɔ takayɩsɩ taŋga (500) paa evemiye nɖɩ ; pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se petiyina tweet waa taŋga paa evemiye nɖɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pama tɔm ndʋ petiyiɣna pɩtɩŋna Twitter samaɣ piyuu yɔɔ yɔ nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Papɩzɩɣ pamana kʋnʋmɩŋ hiŋ naanza (40) taa halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Twitter samaɣ piyuu tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ San Francisco (Etaazuunii) taa. Twitter samaɣ piyuu tʋmɩyɛ wɛna ɖɩ-tʋma lɛɛna lona atalɩ 35 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɔrɩdinatɛɛrɩ lɛɣtʋ tʋma pilinzi New York (Etaazuunii) taa.


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Yawunde
Yawunde kɛna Afrika keteŋa nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ Kameruni nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kameruni nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Yawunde tɛtʊ taa wɛ pʊŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa sɔsɔŋ kpɛnda lʊbɛ pʊyɔɔ kɛ paya-tɛtʊ ndʊ se Pʊŋ lʊbɛ tɛtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 765 568 tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 18 300 yaa kilomɛtanaa 183. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ Tuwala ñɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1987 taa paacɔnaa nɛ pana se Yawunde tɛtʊ taa mba pɛwɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɛkʊ taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 37,8 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe ŋɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2005 taa lɛ, patala ɛyaa 48,8 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Peeɖe pɔcɔnaa se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa kaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1960, pɩnaɣ ŋga Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ wɛwaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ lɛ, Yawunde tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda kutokiŋ looɖo (6 000) ɖeke.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pɔcɔnaa se ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ nɛ pasɩma fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ maʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, pɛkpɛnda 60,5; piyele ɛyaa 75,6 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ sɩma kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ ñɩnɩɣ se ana lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Yawunde ñɩŋdʊ ajɛya naatoozo taa tɛtʊ palakɩ tʊma kɩɖʊma. Ajɛya ana yɔ: Lamalou-les-Bains (Fransɩɩ), Edesaa (Krɛsɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2007) nɛ Udini (Itaalii, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008).


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Ɛsɩtoonii
Ɛsɩtoonii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣwiye pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN yɔ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 2004 kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palɩtiki Teŋgu kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suyɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Fɛɛlandɩ yɔ kɛwɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔo wɛu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Kersti Kaljulaid; piyele nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɔyɔ Jüri Ratas.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 45 339 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,56 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 1 323 271. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Taliŋ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eeroo. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ yaʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +372 pʊcɔ ɛma ɛ-ɛyʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ Ɛsɩtoonii nɛ Rusii.


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Camayiki
Camayiki kɛna kɛna tɛtʊ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Karayibi yɔ, kɩ-taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ajɛya naayɛ asɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: ɖɩwɛna Kuuba ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele ɖiwɛɛna Ispaaniyolaa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ Tominika.
Pamaza Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 11 425 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 950 210 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 245 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1962 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Camayiki kewiyaɣ yɔɔ caɣyʊ kɩfalʊ se Elisabeth II nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Andrew Holness.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kiŋgistɔnɩ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +1-876 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Camayiki, ŋkɛ ɛjaɖe; nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlaa yɔ peteɣ-tʊ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɖɩtɛtɛyɩ, ɖɩkɛ samaɣ kʊɖumaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Camayaiki tɔɔlaarɩ.


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Somboɖe
Somboɖe kɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ payaɣ ɖɩ-tɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ se Somboɖe tɩŋ (Carica papaya) tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Mɛkɩsiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee wili wili nɛ ɖɩ-taa mʊtʊ wɛna leleŋ tɩŋga, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yaa kulukulu nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna ɛzɩ sentɩmɛta naa 21 ntalɩ 31 nɛ pɔtɔkɩ pɩtaa mʊtʊ. Ɖɩyuŋ kɔyɔ kiilo kʊyʊmʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa kiilo naa kɩgbanzɩ. Ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee kɩkpɛda sakɩyɛ. Somboɖe pɩɣʊ lɛ ɖɩwɛʊ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-lɩm wɛ sʊtʊ lɩm leemuu tɩyɛ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛna sɛmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sombolaa naayɛ wɛ pɛlɛza alʊlʊʊ pɩlɩna ɖɛzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ se awɛ ɖoŋ nɛ Ringspot kʊdɔŋ. Pasɩma soŋpolaa a-naa nɛa-hɩɖɛ se Rainbow yaa SunUp nɛ pahaɣ waɖɛ se Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yeke pahayɩ-yɛ, nɛ powokina Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pamazɩ hayɩm naa nabɛyɛ Tayilandɩ nɛ Ositraalii ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pahaɣ waɖɛ se pahayɩ soŋpolaa a-naa peɖe. Sompolaa a-naa a-tɛ hiɣ kpeekpe kedeŋga tɩŋga taa kɛkɛ ɛzɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 12,4 pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pɩkɩlɩ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ pɩtɩŋ Piresiili nɛ Ɛndonezi. Lɩm kʊlʊmʊm nabʊyʊʊ lɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pafakɩ soŋpoɖe kɩdapɩbʊʊ yɔ. Cɩɩyɩm mbʊ pɩkɩɣ lɛɛlɛ ɛlɛ ŋpɩzɩ ŋnabʊ ɛlɛ ŋkayʊʊ yaa ŋleeŋ wɩsɩ yɔɔ pɔcɔ.


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Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ
Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ, Krekɩ taa lɛ, veo eλλnvιkή Yλώσσa / (neo)ellinikí glóssaa yaa yem se vέa eλλnvιkά / (néa) elliniká. Grɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ tɛ lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ miliiyɔɔ waa 10,7 wɛ Krɛsɩ. Kɩ-kɛ Krɛsɩ nɛ Sipri ajɛya taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Krɛsɩ wɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ cɩkpeŋ nɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ ɛlɛ Albanie nɛ Turki ajɛyɛ taa.
Kɩwɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩlɩŋga taa Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ lɩna koinè taa. Kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩlɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ taa.
Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔdɔɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ Siirii nɛ Libaŋ ajɛyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Krɩstʊ mba tɛ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1960. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖɩma ajɛyɛ ana ada mbʊ pʊyɔ ɛsakuliye liwa. Sukuli wɩlɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wiziuu nɛ pɩñɩkʊʊ nice Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ yʊsʊ lakayaɣ Fransɩɩ waɖɛ haʊ Siirii ɛjaɖɛ taa wayi nɛ Libaŋ pɩnaɣ 1943 pɩnɛ yem yem Arabɩ mba kɔmtʊ pɩnzi 1950 nɛ 1960.
Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɛ ɖɛzɩ kaawɛ Krɛsɩ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ siuu siuu ŋgʊ taa. Egipiti taa pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1956 lɛ, Alexandrii egetiye taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nabɛyɛ nɩwaɣ Krɛkɩ tɔm. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peɖe lɛ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naanza ŋgʊ Arabɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Englɛsɩ nɛ Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ wayi. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ ñima mba pɛwɛ peɖe yɔ pɛkɛ tadɩyɛ tɩna nɛ manzʊmalɩ waa.
Kpagba taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Krɛkɩ ɛyaa kpaɖaŋ sakɩyɛ mɩza paale nɛ ɖɩkatʊwɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Chicago nɛ Sanfransiskoo nɛ Melbourne nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Caama nɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpam ajɛyɛ taa.


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Nuwakicɔɔtɩ
Ɖooo lɛ Moritaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kaakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ paya;waɣ se Louis kiɖeɖeu yɔ. ƐLɛ pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1957 yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ Nuwakicɔɔtɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atlantique lɩŋgamʋʋ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, kpaŋkuɖumwaa lɩzɩ-tʊ, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ pacakaɣ peeɖe nɛ ɛzɩma pɔɖɔɔ yɔ lɛ, paa ɛzɩmtaa powoki n; epacakɩ lone nɖɩ ɖi-taa.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ pazɩ pazɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɔɔ tɩpɩsɩ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 100 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 000 nɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 958 399. Nuwakicɔɔtɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ lɩɣna somtu ndʊ pasaɣ peeɖe nɛ payaa-tʊ se Mafci yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Somtu ndʊ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tʊlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ peeɖe.
Payaɣ Nuwakicɔɔtɩ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Ahmed Hamza. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Nuwakicɔɔtɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Tukisɔnɩ (Etaazuunii), Lanzuu (Siini), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpañɩ), Amanɩ (Yɔridaanii), Bamako (Maalii) nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa yɔ, tɩ-taa lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ.


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Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ
Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpaagbaa yɔ. Ɖɩ-tɛ politika tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ kɛ payaɣ se Piretoriya. Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ pɩsɩna Namibii, Pɔcɩwaanaa nɛ Simbaabuwee ajɛya; ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki nɛ Suwaziilandɩ ñina. Lesoto kɛna ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖo yɔ.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlkɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɩ ndɩ, ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pinde pɩnaɣ taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda millionaa 54 nɛ pa-taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kpɛndɩ ɛzɩ 80,2 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa kɩsɩdaa ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,8 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kʊʊlʊmaa wɛɛ ɛzɩ 8,4 yɔ nɛ piyele Aasɩɩ mba ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 2,5. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ; Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ naʊ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ; ɛzɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda, kʊlʊmaa kɩsɩdaa nɛ Ɛɛndɩ mba kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ layʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Archevêque Desmond Tutu yɔ, ɛkʊma Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ, yaa kaaɣyʊʊ mbʊ pʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyaa sidaa nɛ pɛwɛ peeɖe. Ɛsɔtaa Tɩŋgaɣyʊʊ Ɛjaɖɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɛɣzɩna mbʊ payawaɣ se pɩnzɩ 1948 nɛ nzɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1991 taa yɔ.
Paa nɛ Apartheid hɩɖɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ yaʊ kaʊ kɔyɔ, tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩɩtɩɩwɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlʊmaa nɛ kɩkpɛɛdaa pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ, tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ tam. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, Afrika ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ huu kɩlɩna ɖɛwʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ laatriki mɩŋ, habɛɛ yaa mbʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ taa payɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa kɛ peeɖe.
Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna naalɛ ñɩndɛ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa Afrika kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Nɖɩ tɩŋgʊna Naajeeriya ñɩnɖɛ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm wɛɛ sakɩyɛ; ɛzɩ: oorɩ, tiyaamaŋ nɛ saarbɔɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ tuuɖe taa ajɛya ñɔɔna-ɖɩ kpam pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋtɛŋga tɛɛ you kalakaɣ kpem lɛ yɔ. Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ kɩlɩlna wɛʊ ɖoŋ kɛ paa politika yaa sɔɔjɛɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔ yɔ.


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Hatʊ ɖozi
Ɖozɩ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ kɛ ɖozɩ hatʊ ñɩɣʊʊ kɩtɔɔʊ tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Kpayɩ tʊʊzʊtʊ taa lɛ, paɖanɩɣ-tʊ cɔlʊʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, tɔm kpoŋ sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩwalɩ pɩtalɩ kpɛŋgbɛsɩ kɩtɔɔsɩ, nɛ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, pahayʊʊ-sɩ (Paarii kpɛŋgbɛka nɛ shii-také, nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ) nɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ naayɛ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ sakɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɖooo hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ liɖe (karɔtɩ), camɖɩyɛ (céleri), hayʊʊ (saladɩ ñɩɣʊʊ hayʊʊ), hɛɖʊʊ (artichaut), tɩŋ piye (kpɛnzʊʊ kizokuu), añɔm (kaabʊ), hɛyɛ (tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ) yaa piye (samɩɖɛ).
Tɔm piye ndɩ ɖɩwɩlɩkɣ pɩlɩnɛ mbʊ ɖozi hayʊʊ ñɩɣʊʊ kɩhayʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ hatʊ yɔ. Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ ha ɛsɛ nɛ tɩŋ piye ɛlɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, patɩzɩɣ yaa pɔtɔkɩ ɛzɩ ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ yaa tɩŋ piye. Kɩhaɣ ɛsɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖozi taa yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ ñɩɣtʊʊ ndʊ palakɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ pɛtɛ pawazaɣ tɛkɛ kʊyʊm, paa pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖozɩ hatʊ ñɩɣtʊʊ kɩtɔɔtʊ.
Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɔnasɩ kɩbanzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ hɩlaa walaa. Pɩkɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa fɛyɩ nandʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋgʊʊ nandʊʊ yaa kpakpasɩ ñanaɣ tɔɔnaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa tɩŋ pee kɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔŋ taa pɩsɩnɛ kɩtɩŋgʊʊ tɛlɛm naa mba pa-taa wɛ ɖɔm yɔ. Payaɣ-wɛ se leleŋ-ɖɔm (leleŋ-ɖɔm ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ). Ɛlɛ tɔm piye ɖozi hayʊʊ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛna tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊʊ tobi alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-tɛkɛ pɩyʊʊ ɛzɩ tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ yaa mɔʊ, nandʊʊ nɛ kpakpasɩ yeke koŋ tɩŋgʊʊ nɛ ɖozi hatʊ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ ŋnɛʊ tɛ wonduu.
Tɔm piye hatʊ ñɩɣtʊ tɔɔnaɣ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pasɩma-ɖɩ Fransɩɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1531 pɩlɩnɛ canaʊ tɔm kɛdʊʊ Robert nɛ kɩlɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa legumen tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hatʊ nɩɣtʊʊ tɛ pee yɔ. Kɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ kɩkɛ halʊʊ. Kɩwɩlɩɣ kajalaɣ taa kɛ hatʊ ñɣtʊʊ pee nɛ mʊlʊm pee tɩŋ weyɩ ɖooo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, pɩkɛ tɩŋ kɩtɔɔŋ. Hatʊ ñɩɣtʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ lɛɛŋ yaa patɩzʊʊ. Kɩkɛ kɩtɩŋgʊʊ tɛlɛm taa nɛ papɩzɩɣ pakpɛndɩ patɩzɩnɛ nandʊʊ yaa patɩzɩɣ hɔlʊʊ hɔlʊʊ.
Ɖozi hatʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ, wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ, paa sɩ-tɛ tɔɔʊ ɛwɛ keeke nasɩyɛ yɔ kɛnɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ tʊʊzʊʊ taa tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ nɛ ŋbaŋtɩŋ nɛ awihɛyɛ nɛ tɩmatɩ nɛ suu nɛ kaabʊ. Nɛ yee ɖɩmaɣzɩna Eerɔpʋ kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se paasɩma ɖozi hatʊ natʊyʊʊ nɛ pɔtɔkaɣ-tʊ ɖooo canaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Irakɩ
Irakɩ kɛna Prɔɔsɩ-oriyaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna hayi kɩŋ. Irakɩ tɔbʊʊ se pɩdɛɛ pɩdɛɛ tɛtʊ nɛ patasɩɣ-tʊ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pɔsɩ nasɩlɛ ɛjaɖɛ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pagidaadɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 435 052 km2 yɔ.
Irakɩ wɛna Iranɩ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ Sorɩdanɩ nɛ Arabi-Sawudiiti hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɩŋ. Piyele Siiri wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Kowɛtɩ hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Tuurkii hadɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Irakɩ taa kɛ karazɩm kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeeekpe taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena a-taa karazɩm wɛɛ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ-pʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP yɔ ɖɩ-taa .
Papaazɩɣ takayaɣ taa maʊ peedɛ yɔ pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbanzɩ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you wayɩ kɛ Kewiisi-Kpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa woba nɛ pacaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ pakpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ paɖʊzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndɩɣ nɛsi tɛɛ. Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩktalɩ pɩnaɣ 1920 lɛ you nakʊyʊ tuli ajɛya ana a-hɛkʊ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩ ɩna Irakɩ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1932. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiyaɣ tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ: hɔzɩŋ pakʊna ɖama nɛ pakpakɩɣ-kɛ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pinaɣ 1979 lɛ pɩtalɩna Saddam Hussein kɛlɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩ-taa kristu mba tɔɖɔɔ pɩyɔɔ kɛ nbʊyʊ taa yoŋ nɩyɛ lakɩ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se pɛtɛzɩ seu nɛ pɛɖɛɛ ɖoli. Haïder al-Abadi kɛna Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ niitozo: Kuuridi ùba, Siitɩ mba nɛ Suuniti mba. Pɩsa nɛ ɛjaɖɩ wɛ camɩyɛ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ se kiwiyaɣ nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya ɛwɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩŋa ɛ-taa. Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Fouad Massoum nɛ ɛkɛ Kuridi-tʊ, kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Haïder al-Abadi ñɛkɛ Siiti ñɩnʊ. Piyele paɣtʊ lɩzɩya ñʊʊtʊ tɛ kɛlɛ Suuniti. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ palɩzɩɣ ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɛkɛ pawayɩ tɩŋgɩyaa. Ɛyaa sʊsaa naalɛ nabɛyɩ wɛ nɛ pɛkɛ Siiti mba, mba yɔ: ayatollah Ali al-Sistani nɛ Moqtada al-Sadr.


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Tuublɛɛ
Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ kɛna Iirlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ wɛ Iirlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa paakalɩ Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 527 612 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 4 588 yɔ. Pamaza tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ lɛ, pana se tɩ-walanzɩ taa talɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 11 499 pʊtɔbʊʊ se kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 114,99 km2 yɔ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ nɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩyɛ egbena, tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsa kuliye kɩla wɛʊ.
Payaɣ Tuublɛɛ maaliki tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Mícheál Mac Donncha. Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2017.


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Amharikii kʊnʊŋ
Amharikii kʊnʊŋ kɛ Sɛmɩtɩkɩ kʊnʊŋ, cejewiye ndɩ ɖɩda yee ɖikpaɣ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ kɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɛ Arabɩɩ wayi. Pɩlɩna politiki kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ pʊcɔ Derg tɔlɩ lɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ-kʊ Etiyoopii ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛzɩ Amhara waa sakɩyɛ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa, yaa ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama yɔ.
Ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʊʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1994 paaza ka tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ kpeɣtaɣ mbʊ lɛ Amharikii kʊnʊŋ leɣsɩ kɩwaɖɛ mbʊ se kɩɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, hɔɔlaɣ 5-1 tisiʊ se komina sɩma waɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ [Wp/kbp/Etiyoopii (Ethiopie)|Etiyoopii]] kʊnʊmɩŋ kpeekpe taa, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ hɔɔlaɣ 5-2 haɣ Amharikii kʊnʊŋ waɖɛ se kɩkɛ komina tɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa kʊnʊŋ kɛ ajɛyɛ wena anɩna ɖama kɛ politiki nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ.
[Wp/kbp/Etiyoopii (Ethiopie)|Etiyoopii]] wayi lɛ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa 2,7 yɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ pɛwɛ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Izrɛɛlɩ taa nɛ Cibuuti taa nɛ Yemeŋ taa nɛ Sudaanɩ taa nɛ Etaazuunii taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Eriitree ajɛyɛ taa ɛlɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ʊnʊ ɛda ɛyaa sɩma tɩɩyɔ wɛʊ alɩwaatʊ cɩkpetʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 tɛ tɔm.


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ÑƲƲ HIU NƐ LUTOZO
Ɛmaɣzaɣ tɔm ndʋ “tɩ-yɔɔ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa”
1, 2. Kɛdɩ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ Maarɩɩ ɖɔŋaɣ yɔ kɩ-tɔm, nɛ ŋyɔɔdɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɔm kaawɛ-ɩ kaɖɛ yɔ.
MAARƖƖ caɣ kpaŋaɣ yɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ, nɛ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛkɛzɩɣ ɛ-tɩ. Pɩlabɩ ñɩɣtʋ cabɩ yɔ, ɛcaɣʋ kpaŋaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣ yɔ. Yosɛɛfʋ kaawɛ ɛzɩdaa nɛ ɛhɔŋ kpaŋaɣ nɛ powokini Bɛtɩlɛhɛm, tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo poliŋ yɔ tɩ-taa. Pɩkɛdaa lɛ, Maarɩɩ nɩɣ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ e-lotu taa yɔ ka-taŋ, keɖiɣni ciɣduu.
2 Maarɩɩ kaawɩzɩ lʋlʋʋ; Bibl kɛdaa se alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ “ɛɖɔŋaɣnɩ ɛ-tɩ.” (Lk. 2:5) Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɔɖɔŋaɣ nɛ pɛtɛzɩɣ hayɩm ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, pɩtɩla yɔ pɩɖɩɣzɩ haɖaa nabɛyɛ nɛ peyele hayʋʋ yaa ɖuu nɛ pɔcɔŋnɩ-wɛ, nɛ pɔpɔzʋʋ pa-tɩ se ɛzɩ ɛbɛ yɔɔ halʋ hoɣa tʋ ɛnʋ ɛkʋyaa nɛ ɛɖɛɣ nʋmɔʋ ɛ-wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa? Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Maarɩɩ kʋyɩ Nazarɛɛtɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɣ nʋmɔʋ ɖooo poliŋ mbʋ?
3. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ paaɖʋ Maarɩɩ? Nɛ ɛbɛ ɖɩkaɣ kpɛlɩkʋʋ ɛ-yɔɔ?
3 Pɩtɩŋa pɩpaɣzʋʋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ fenasɩ cabɩ yɔ; alɩwaatʋ ndʋ paɖʋ pɛlɛ Yuda tʋ ɛnʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ pataaɖʋtɩ ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ wiɖiyi yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ lɛ se ɛkaɣ lʋlʋʋ pɩɣa nɛ kapɩsɩ Mesiya, Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ. (Lk. 1:35) Pɩwɩzɩ talʋʋ se ɛlʋlɩ lɛ pɩkɔm nɛ pɩcɛyɩ se ɛɖɛɛ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ. Nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɔm taa lɛ, Maarɩɩ katɩ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩtakɩ e-tisuu. Yele nɛ ɖɩna mbʋ pɩsɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ fezuu taa yɔ.
Powoki Bɛtɩlɛhɛm
4, 5. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ pakʋyaa nɛ powoki Bɛtɩlɛhɛm? (b) Sezaarɩ ɖʋ paɣtʋ ndʋ yɔ, tiyeba nɛ natʋ tɔm ndʋ la?
4 Pɩtaakɛ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ pe-ɖeke paakɛnɩ nʋmɔɖɔnaa. Pɩlakɩ pazɩ yɔ, Sezaarɩ Ogustɩ lɩzɩ paɣtʋ se pakalɩ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ pɩɩwɛɛ se paa weyi lɛ ewolo tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋlɩ-ɩ yɔ nɛ ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ peeɖe. Ɛbɛ Yosɛɛfʋ laba? Bibl kɛdaa se: “Mbʋ Yosɛɛfʋ lɩ Nazarɛɛtɩ, Galilee tɛtʋ taa, se ɛkpa Yudee nɛ ewolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm, Daviid tɛtʋ taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛkɛ Daviid ɖɩɣa taa tʋ nɛ e-liɖe taa ɛyʋ.”—Lk. 2:1-4.
5 Pɩtɩkɛ yem nɛ Sezaarɩ ɖʋ paɣtʋ ndʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Paama natʋ tɔm natʋyʋ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 700 mbʋ yɔ, nɛ tɩtɔŋ se Mikee 5:1.) Ɛyʋ ɛkʋyɩ Nazarɛɛtɩ nɛ ɛtɩŋnɩ Samaarɩɩ piyisi nʋmɔʋ se ewoki Bɛtɩlɛhɛm peeɖe yɔ, ɛɖɔŋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 130 mbʋ yɔ. Bɛtɩlɛhɛm tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɩɩwɛɛ se Yosɛɛfʋ ewolo, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe Wiyaʋ Daviid ɖɩɣa kaawɛɛ. Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ ɛ-halʋ pa-naalɛ paakɛ Daviid hɔʋ taa mba.pakaɣ lʋlʋʋ Mesiya Bɛtɩlɛhɛm tɛtʋ taa na. Nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣaɣ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ se Bɛtɩlɛhɛm nɛ tiiposini Nazarɛɛtɩ ɛzɩ cɛɛkɛ kilomɛtanaa 11 mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ natʋ tɔm ndʋ tiicuuzi camɩyɛ se “Bɛtɩlɛhɛm Efrata” taa pakaɣ lʋlʋʋ Mesiya. (Kalɩ
6, 7. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ pɔɖɔŋaɣ se powolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm yɔ, kɩɩwɛ Maarɩɩ kaɖɛ? (b) Maarɩɩ pɩsɩ Yosɛɛfʋ halʋ lɛ, ɛzɩma pɩlɛɣzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kpaɣʋ? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.)
6 Maarɩɩ kaɣ ɖʋʋ nesi Yosɛɛfʋ se ɛɖɔ Sezaarɩ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ? Nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ pɩwɛɛ se pɔɖɔ yɔ, kɩkaɣ-ɩ wɛʋ kaɖɛ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, pɩɩkɛ lʋŋɩyɛ nɔɔ nɛ salaŋ tɛʋ pɩzaɣ se kɩkpa-wɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se “ɛkpa Yudee” yɔ, pʋmʋnɩ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm kaawɛ pʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkʋyɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 760 mbʋ yɔ. Nɛ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛyʋ kpa pʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɛtalɩ peeɖe lɛ, pɩɩpɔzɩ-ɩ se ɛɖɔ kɩyakɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ paakpaɣ kɩyakɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ Maarɩɩ hoɣa yɔɔ lɛ pɔɖɔŋaɣnɩ hɛzʋʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ asɛyɩbɩɣa ŋga tɩsɔɔlɩ se kɔñɔtɩnɩ kɔ-hɔʋ taa mba nɛ ka-taabalaa, nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ pasɩnɩ-kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ka-lʋlʋʋ wɩzasɩ paɣzɩɣ yɔ?Ye mbʋ, pɩɩpɔzɩ Maarɩɩ abalɩtʋ pʋcɔ nɛ etisi nɛ ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ.
7 Paa mbʋ yɔ, Luka mawa se Yosɛɛfʋ “nɛ ɛ-asɛyʋ Maarɩɩ” powobina se “pama pa-hɩla takayaɣ taa.” (Lk. 2:4, 5) Ye mbʋ, Maarɩɩ kaapɩsɩ Yosɛɛfʋ halʋ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ pɩwɛnɩ ɖoŋ lɩmaɣza wena Maarɩɩ kpakɩɣ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ yɔ, a-yɔɔ. Ɛ-walʋ pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛɖɛɛ nɔɔ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa, nɛ ɛnʋ Maarɩɩ lɛ ɛkɛ ɛ-sɩnɩyʋ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ pɔzʋʋ halaa yɔ, nɛ ɛsɩnɩ-ɩ lɩmaɣza kpaɣʋ taa. * Ye mbʋ, Maarɩɩ ñam ɛ-walʋ faaa nɛ ɛwɩlɩ se ɛwɛnɩ tisuu.
8. (a) Ɛbɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩzaa nɛ pituzi Maarɩɩ nɛ etisi se ɛ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ powolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm? (b) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ wazɩɣ ɛyaa siɣsiɣ tɩnaa?
8 Ɛbɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩzaa nɛ pituzi Maarɩɩ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ñamtʋ? Ɛzɩ ɛɛsɩm natʋ tɔm ndʋ tɩtɔŋaɣ se Bɛtɩlɛhɛm pakaɣ lʋlʋʋ Mesiya yɔ? Bibl ticosi tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ se ɖɩkɛzɩ lɩmaɣza ana hɔɔlʋʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ agbaa ñʋndɩnaa nɛ samaɣ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kaasɩm tɔm ndʋ. (Mat. 2:1-7; Yoh. 7:40-42) Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Maarɩɩ kaasɩm Masɩ camɩyɛ. (Lk. 1:46-55) Paa pɩtɩɩkɛ se ɛ-walʋ yaa wiyaʋ paɣtʋ yaa Yehowa natʋ tɔm ɛñama, yaa lɩmaɣza ana a-tɩŋa ayebina nɛ etisi se ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, Maarɩɩ ha-ɖʋ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ siŋŋ. Yehowa sɔɔlɩ abalaa nɛ halaa mba pɛwɛnɩ ti-luzuu nɛ ñamtʋ lɩmaɣza yɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Nɛ paa sɔnɔ ɛyaa ɩtɩkpaɣ ti-luzuu nɛ payaa pʋyʋ yɔ, Maarɩɩ kɛnɩ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ siŋŋ Yehowa sɛyaa kpeekpe.
Krɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ
9, 10. (a) Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ pɔñɔtaɣnɩ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm lɛ, pɩtɩtɩlɩ ɛbɛ yɔɔ pamaɣzaɣ? (b) Le Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ paasʋwa? Nɛ ɛbɛ yɔɔ?
9 Pʋtɔma, Maarɩɩ tisi fezuu fʋʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛna Bɛtɩlɛhɛm tɛtʋ poliŋ taa yɔ. Nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ pakpaɣaɣ piyisi nɛ pɛtɛzɩɣ Oliivi tɩŋ weyi pɛtɛzaɣ koyuu i-pee pɩnaɣ taa yɔ lɛ, pɩtɩla yɔ paawɛɛ nɛ pamaɣzɩɣ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ, tɩɩkɩlɩ ññɩɩ nɛ tɩtaamʋna se pakalɩnɩ-tʋ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩɩwɛɛ Yudee yɔ tɩ-taa, ɛzɩ nayʋ Mikee kaayɔɔdʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ peeɖe paalʋlɩ Bowaazɩ, Nawomii nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ Daviid, pɩcɛzɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudoku mbʋ yɔ pʋcɔ nɛ palʋlʋʋ Yesu.
10 Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ patalaa lɛ, pana se ɛyaa su tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kpem. Ɛyaa lalaa kaalɛyɩ-wɛ talʋʋ se pala kɩgalʋʋ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ patihiɣ lone agɔma kuduyuu tɛɛ se pacaɣ. * Mbʋ labɩna nɛ pɛtɛzɩ sʋʋ kalakʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Ðɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩmaɣzɩ nɛ ɖɩna ɛzɩma Yosɛɛfʋ kaawɛ nɩɣzɛ yɔɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛnaɣaɣ ɛ-halʋ wɛɛ nɛ epeendiɣ nɛ ɛnɩɣ siziŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛtɩnɩɩ wiɖiyi nɛ ɛna yɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma siziŋ ɛnɩ ɩwɛɛ nɛ ɩtɛzɩɣ kpaʋ ɖoŋ kɩkpaʋ yɔ. Pɩlabɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ se kalakʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa Maarɩɩ paɣzɩ e-hoɣa wɩzasɩ taŋ nɩʋ.
11. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ halaa sakɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ panɩɩ siziŋ weyi Maarɩɩ nɩwa yɔ ɩ-taa? (b) Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi taa Yesu kɛ “kɔɔnɔɔ pɩyalʋ”?
11 Halaa sakɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ panɩɩ siziŋ weyi Maarɩɩ nɩwa yɔ, ɩ-taa. Pɩnzɩ 4000 pʋcɔ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ mbʋ lɛ, Yehowa kaatɔm se paa halʋ weyi lɛ ɛkaɣ nɩʋ siziŋ pɩŋŋ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa pɩlɩɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm mbʋ pɛɖɛzɩ-ɖʋ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. (Kiɖe 3:16) Nabʋyʋ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se Maarɩɩ tɩnɩɩ siziŋ ɛnɩ. Luka tɩkɛdɩ ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ nɩ siziŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛlʋlaɣ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtɔm yem se: “Ɛlʋlɩ ɛ-kɔɔnɔɔ pɩyalʋ.” (Lk. 2:7) Toovenim pɩɩkɛ “ɛ-kɔɔnɔɔ pɩyalʋ” mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ Maarɩɩ kaalʋlɩ piya sakɩyɛ, nɛ piya nzɩ sɩ-tɩŋa sɩkpɛndɩ ɛzɩ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. (Mk. 6:3) Ɛlɛ pɩɣa kanɛ lɛ, kakaɣ wɛʋ ndɩ nɛ e-piya lɛɛsɩ. Nɛ pɩtaakɛ Maarɩɩ kajalaɣ pɩɣa ɖeke kaakɛnaa, ɛlɛ kaakɛ ɖɔɖɔ “weyi palʋlɩ-ɩ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ kpeekpe taa yɔ,” Yehowa Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ ɛgbamɩyɛ.—Kol. 1:15.
12. Le Maarɩɩ kaahɛzɩ ɛ-pɩɣa? Nɛ ɛzɩma tɩyɛ mbʋ pɩlabɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔ, pɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ Yesu lʋlʋʋ kazandʋ aleɣya nɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛyaa lakɩ yɔ?
12 Bibl kɛdɩ Yesu lʋlʋʋ tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, kɩsɔzɩ tɔm ndʋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩm sɔnɔ yɔ se: “Ɛɖʋ-kɛ pɩsaʋ taa nɛ ɛhɛzɩ-kɛ ɖenɖe paɖʋʋ wondu tɔɔnaɣ yɔ.” (Lk. 2:7, ABT) Tɔm ndʋ pɛkɛdɩ cɩnɛ yɔ, Yesu lʋlʋʋ kazandʋ wiye ɛyaa lakɩ aleɣya nɛ palɩzɩɣ kɩlɛmɩŋ pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛlɛsɩɣ niye se pitukuni ɛyaa laŋa. Ɛlɛ, yele nɛ ɖɩna ɛzɩma pɩɖɔm ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔ. Tɔzɩ se hɔʋ kʋnɛ kɩsʋ kalakʋ nakʋyʋ taa na. Paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yaa sɔnɔ yɔ, kalakʋ kɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa helim kɩbam ɛɛmakɩ yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe pɩfɛyɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yɔ. Lʋlɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ etisi nɛ ɛlʋlɩ ɛ-pɩɣa kalakʋ taa ye lone kɩbanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ yɔ. Lʋlɩyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔlaa se piɖeni pe-piya. Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ pañɩnaɣ kpem se piɖeni Ɛsɔ Pɩyalʋ.
13. (a) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ pakpaɣ mbʋ pɛwɛna yɔ nɛ pala mbʋ papɩzɩɣ yɔ? (b) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ sɔnɔ lʋlɩyaa kɩbama pɩzɩɣ nɛ pamaɣzɩnɩ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ, nɛ patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩwɛɛ se pasɩɩ kajalaɣ lone taa yɔ?
13 Ɛlɛ patiyele se wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa paawɛɛ yɔ, titibi-wɛ yɔɔɔ. Pakpaɣ mbʋ pɛwɛna yɔ nɛ pala mbʋ papɩzɩɣ yɔ. Maarɩɩ maɣmaɣ cɔnɩnɩ pɩɣa yɔɔ nɛ ɛhɔkɩ-kɛ pɩsaʋ taa camɩyɛ se pisoŋi-kɛ, nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ ɛhɛzɩ-kɛ ɖenɖe paɖʋʋ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ se koɖoo, nɛ ɛcɔnɩ kɔ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ se nabʋyʋ ɛtaalabɩ-kɛ. Maarɩɩ tiyele se wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛɛwɛɛ yɔ, tɩha-ɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ eyele labʋ mbʋ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ se ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-pɩɣa yɔɔ. Ɛ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ paanawa ɖɔɖɔ se mbʋ pɩɩkɩlɩ cɛyʋʋ se pala pɩɣa ŋga yɔ lɛ se pɔcɔnɩ ke-fezuu taa kɩcɛyɩm yɔɔ. (Kalɩ Wayɩ Wayɩ Paɣtʋ 6:6-8.) Sɔnɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ lʋlɩyaa kɩbama sɩɣ fezuu taa kɩcɛyɩm kajalaɣ lone taa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ paacɔŋnɩ pe-piya yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ.
Nabɛyɛ woba pana-wɛ nɛ pɩkpazɩ-wɛ ɖoŋ
14, 15. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ ninɖiɣyaa ñɩnaɣ kpem se pana pɩɣa ŋga? (b) Ninɖiɣyaa na pɩɣa ŋga kalakʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, ɛbɛ palaba?
14 Piisum lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sum mbʋ yɔ, pɩkɛdɩ tuda lɛ, panɩɣ kɔkɔɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taŋ peeɖe. Ninɖiɣyaa nabɛyɛ sʋʋ kalakʋ taa kpidi kpidi, pañɩnaɣ kpem se pana hɔʋ ŋgʋ, nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩɣa ŋga. Pa-taa kaawɛ leleŋ kpem nɛ pɛ-ɛzɩdaa kaahʋlʋmɩ yem. Pese kiseu nɛ piyisi yɔɔ, ɖenɖe pa nɛ pa-kpɩna paawɛɛ yɔ, nɛ patalɩ. * Peheyi Maarɩɩ nɛ Yosɛɛfʋ se pana maamaaci lakasɩ nasɩyɩ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ. Paawɛ piyaɣ yɔɔ peeɖe lɛ, Ɛsɔ tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ lɩɩ pɔ-yɔɔ tuda ɖoo hɛkʋ taa. Yehowa mintʋsʋʋ ñandɩ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ, nɛ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu heyi-wɛ se palʋlɩ Krɩstʋ yaa Mesiya Bɛtɩlɛhɛm. Pakaɣ naʋ pɩɣa ŋga, pɔhɔkɩ-kɛ pɩsaʋ taa nɛ pɛhɛzɩ-kɛ ɖenɖe paɖʋʋ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, nabʋyʋ tasɩ labʋ nɛ pɩɖɩɣzɩ-wɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa canɖaʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ lɩwa nɛ kiteɣ hendu nɛ kɩsaŋ Ɛsɔ.—Lk. 2:8-14.
15 Ye mbʋ, pɩɩlakɩ-ɖʋ piti se ninɖiɣyaa panɛ pakʋyɩ lɛɛ lɛɛ nɛ powolo Bɛtɩlɛhɛm. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se pa-taa kaalabɩ leleŋ siŋŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pana pɩɣa cɩɩɩ pɛhɛzɩ-kɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu kaaheyuu-wɛ yɔ. Pataasɩɩ tɔm kɩbandʋ ndʋ pa-tɩ. Ɛlɛ “pɛkɛdɩ ɛyaa ndʋ paaheyi-wɛ . . . yɔ. Nɛ pɩɖɩɣzɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe yem nɛ ndʋ ninɖiɣyaa kɛdaɣ yɔ.” (Lk. 2:17, 18) Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ agbaa ñʋndɩnaa mba paawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, patɩkpaɣ ninɖiɣyaa nɛ payaa nabʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ kaɣlaa se Yehowa ɛlɛ ñaaɖʋ hɩɖɛ ninɖiɣyaa siɣsiɣ tɩnaa mba. Ɛlɛ ɛzɩma tɩyɛ tɔm ndʋ tiitukuni Maarɩɩ?
Pɩnaɣ kaɣlaa se Yehowa ɖʋ hɩɖɛ ninɖiɣyaa siɣsiɣ tɩnaa mba
16. Ɛzɩma Maarɩɩ wɩlaa se ɛmaɣzaɣ tɔm yɔɔ camɩyɛ? Nɛ ɛbɛ sɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔkɩ e-tisuu kpam?
16 Lʋlʋʋ ñɩŋanzɩ kaawɛ Maarɩɩ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ewelisi ndʋ payɩ ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdaɣ yɔ. Halɩ ɛlaba nɛ pɩkɩlɩ mbʋ: “Maarɩɩ ɖɔkɩ tɔm tɩŋa nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa.” (Lk. 2:19) Toovenim, asɛyɩbɩɣa kanɛ kamaɣzaɣ tɔm yɔɔ camɩyɛ. Kaanawa se tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu yɔɔdaa yɔ, tɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ. Yehowa Ɛsɔ ñɩnaɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʋ weyi ka-pɩyalʋ kɛnaa yɔ, nɛ kanɩɩ pɩ-taa se ɛkaɣ kɛʋ ɛyʋ sɔsɔ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ Maarɩɩ taawelisiɣ kiwelisuu yem, ɛlɛ ɛɖɔkaɣ tɔm ndʋ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa se ɛɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ tɩ-yɔɔ fenasɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayɩ. Mbʋ sɩnɩnɩ Maarɩɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔkɩ e-tisuu kpam e-wezuu caɣʋ taa.—Kalɩ Ebree 11:1.
17. Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩɖɔ Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ yɔɔ pɩlɩɩnɩ Bibl taa toovenim tɔm yɔɔ?
17 Ŋkaɣ maɣzɩnʋʋ Maarɩɩ kɩɖaʋ na? Yehowa yeba nɛ pama toovenim tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ sakɩyɛ Bibl taa. Ɛlɛ pʋcɔ nɛ toovenim tɔm ndʋ tɩwazɩ-ɖʋ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩkpaɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ ɖɩla mbʋ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩkalɩɣ Bibl ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ ɖɩtaakpaɣ-kʋ ɛzɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yem, ɛlɛ ɛzɩ takayaɣ ŋga kalɩnɩ Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ yɔ. (2 Tim. 3:16) Nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩɖɔkɩ Ɛsɔtɔm ɖa-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ye ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ tɔm ndʋ ɖɩkalɩɣ Bibl taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ, nɛ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɩ-taa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkpaɣ Yehowa lɔŋ tasʋʋ nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ yɔ, pɩsɩɣnɩ ɖe-tisuu nɛ pɩpaɣlɩ.
Tɔm ndʋ ɛtasɩ ɖɔkʋʋ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa yɔ
18. (a) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ pɔɖɔm Moyizi paɣtʋ yɔɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yesu kaakɛ pɩɣa cɩɩɩ yɔ? (b) Haɖɛ nɖɩ paha Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ yɔ, ɛbɛ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ pɔ-yɔɔ?
18 Palʋlɩ pɩɣa ŋga nɛ pɩtalɩ kɩyakʋ lutozo ŋgʋ wiye lɛ, Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ peyele nɛ pɛpɛlɩ-kɛ ɛzɩ Moyizi Paɣtʋ pɔzʋʋ yɔ, nɛ paha-kɛ hɩɖɛ se Yesu ɛzɩ Gabrɩyɛɛlɩ kaaheyuu-wɛ yɔ. (Lk. 1:31) Nɛ kɩyakʋ 40 ŋgʋ wiye lɛ, pakpaɣ-kɛ nɛ Bɛtɩlɛhɛm nɛ pɔɖɔ kilomɛtanaa 10 mbʋ yɔ nɛ powoni-kɛ Yerusalɛm Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ. Powobi peeɖe se paha azuluma kpizuu haɖɛ, ɛzɩ Moyizi paɣtʋ pɔzʋʋ yɔ. Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ paakɛ kʋñɔndɩnaa, pʋyɔɔ paha haɖɛ nɖɩ pɩwɛɛ se kʋñɔndɩnaa ɩha yɔ: Hoomataŋ naalɛ yaa ahoo naalɛ. Paa pɩɩwɛ-wɛ fɛyɛ se patɩpɩzɩ nɛ paha ɛyaʋ nɛ hoomataʋ ɛzɩ lʋlɩyaa lalaa yɔ yɔ, pañaɣ pana nɛ pɔɖɔ paɣtʋ yɔɔ. Paa pɩtɩɩkɛ suwe yɔ, pehiɣ ɖoŋ kpazʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ paawɛ kpaaŋ taa peeɖe yɔ.—Lk. 2:21-24.
19. (a) Siimeyɔɔ tɔm ndʋ Maarɩɩ ɖɔkɩ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa? (b) Ana na Yesu lɛ, ɛbɛ ɛlaba?
19 Paawɛ kpaaŋ taa peeɖe lɛ, abalʋ akpadɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ payaɣ-ɩ se Siimeyɔɔ, ɛñɔtɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ eheyi-wɛ tɔm kɩbandʋ sakɩyɛ, nɛ Maarɩɩ ɖɔkɩ-tʋ kpam ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa. Paata-ɩ liu se ɛkaɣ naʋ Mesiya nɛ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛsɩ, nɛ Yehowa fezuu kiɖeɖeu wɩlɩ-ɩ se Yesu kɛnɩ ñʋʋ yaɖʋ weyi ɛ-tɔm paayɔɔdaa yɔ. Siimeyɔɔ heyi ɖɔɖɔ Maarɩɩ se ɛkaɣ nɩʋ siziŋ nɩɩyɩ wiɖiyi. Eheyi-i se ɛkaɣ nɩʋ siziŋ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ pɔsɔbɩ-ɩ Luka 2:36-38.laɣɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ. (Lk. 2:25-35) Paa pɩtaakɛ taa leleŋ tɔm yɔ, tɩsɩnɩ Maarɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kaɖɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩlaba pɩnzɩ niidozo nɛ naadozo wayɩ yɔ. Siimeyɔɔ wayɩ lɛ, halʋ nayʋ nɔɔyʋ payaɣ-ɩ se Ana, ɛna Yesu nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-tɔm kɛdʋʋ mba paaɖaŋ Yerusalɛm holuu tɔm yɔ, pe-kpeekpe.—Kalɩ
20. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔtɔ se powonuu Yesu Yerusalɛm Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ yɔ, pɩkɛnɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ?
20 Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ palabɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ kpem se powoni pa-pɩɣa Yehowa kuduyuu tɛɛ Yerusalɛm. Pa-lakasɩ nzɩ sɩwɩlɩ Yesu Yehowa kpaaŋ taa wobu nʋmɔʋ kɩbaŋʋ, nɛ mbʋ ɛkaɣ labʋ e-wezuu caɣʋ kpeekpe taa. Ɛsɔ kuduyuu tɛɛ peeɖe paha Yehowa mbʋ paawɛna yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ patasɩ-wɛ lɔŋ nɛ pakpazɩ-wɛ ɖoŋ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se puwiye Maarɩɩ lɩɣaɣ kpaaŋ taa lɛ, e-tisuu kaakpa ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ, nɛ lidaʋ tɔm ndʋ ɛkaɣ tɩ-yɔɔ maɣzʋʋ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ lalaa yɔ, tiisu ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa ɖo.
21. Ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ, ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩla nɛ ɖe-tisuu kpa ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ?
21 Pɩwɛ ɖeu kpem se lʋlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, pa-taa nabɛyɛ tɩŋɩɣ kɩɖaʋ ŋgʋ. Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa mba pɛkɛ lʋlɩyaa yɔ, pañakɩ pana nɛ powokini pe-piya kediɣzisi. Lʋlɩyaa mba, palakɩ mbʋ papɩzɩɣ yɔ nɛ pakpazɩɣ po-koobiya ɖoŋ. Nɛ paalɩɣnɩ kediɣzisi nzɩ sɩ-taa nɛ pekpeŋ lɛ, pehiɣ ɖoŋ nɛ koboyaɣ pɩkpaɖɩ, nɛ tɔm kɩbandʋ sakɩyɛ ndʋ paakɛdɩ lalaa yɔ. Pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ taa leleŋ kpem se ɖa nɛ ɛyaa mba ɖikpeɣliɣ. Ðɩɩlakɩ mbʋ lɛ, ɛzɩ Maarɩɩ yɔ, ɖɩkaɣ naʋ se ɖe-tisuu kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
^ tay. 7 Cɔnɩ tʋkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɔm ndʋ pɛkɛdɩ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ nɛ kajalaɣ nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ Maarɩɩ kaaɖɔma yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa: “Maarɩɩ kʋyɩ . . . nɛ ɛkpa” se ɛna Elizaabɛɛtɩ. (Lk. 1:39) Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, Maarɩɩ taawalɩtɩ Yosɛɛfʋ, pʋyɔɔ ɛkʋyaa se ewoki nʋmɔʋ lɛ, etiheyi ɛlɛ natʋyʋ. Pʋwayɩ pɔɖɔkɩ nesi lɛ, pɔtɔm se Yosɛɛfʋ kpaɣnɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pakʋyaa se powoki nʋmɔʋ yɔ, pɩtaakɛ Maarɩɩ.
^ tay. 10 Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, paa tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, paañɔɔzɩ kuduyuu kʋɖʋmʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ pasɩɩ se nʋmɔɖɔnaa nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa papɩzɩ nɛ pasʋʋ kɩ-tɛɛ.
^ tay. 14 Pɛkɛdʋʋ se ninɖiɣyaa nɛ pa-kpɩna paawɛ awayɩ yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se tɔm ndʋ Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ Yesu lʋlʋʋ alɩwaatʋ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩkɛ toovenim. Kɩwɩlɩɣ se patɩlʋlɩ Yesu Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ paɖɩkɩ kpɩna kalakɩŋ taa ɖɩsɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ palʋlɩ-ɩ Aloma fenaɣ ɖɩbazɩyɛ mbʋ yɔ na.


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Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ (Constitution)
Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ, pɩkɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛjaɖɛ yaa ŋgbɛɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛ ɖɔnɛ, ɛlɛ, sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ nakʊyʊ tɛ paɣtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɛ wazaɣ lɩɣna ɖɩ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kaɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa cɔlɔ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ka-wazaɣ paɣla pɩkɩlɩ paɣtʊ tɩtɩŋga.
Kɛkɛ politiki takayaɣ nɛ paɣtʊ keem ndʊ tɩtamsa nɛ tɩlɩna cɔlʊʊ taa tɩwɛ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ yɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa tɔm, ɛyaa mba patɩna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Paɣtʊ takayaɣ kandʊʊ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ komulum tɩnaa cɔlɔ (ajɛyaa nʊndɩnaa kewiyaɣ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kewiyaɣ nɛ tɔm hʊyaa kewiyaɣ).
Yee tɔm hʊyaa ɛmaɣzɩɣ se paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa tɔm ɛkɛ pamaɣmaɣ palɩmazaɣ yɔɔ ɖɩnaɣ se polotiki tɔm tɩŋgɩɣna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ yaa ɖoŋ ka-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɩla mbʊ. Politiki tɔm paɖʊ-tʊ waɖɛ takayaɣ taa nɛ paya se kajalaɣ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ (kewiyaɣ tɛ wiyaʊ weyi ɛlakɩ paɣtʊ takayaɣ kɩfalaɣ yɔ). Ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ tisuu nɛ pɔɖɔkʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩm nɛ evemiye nɛ pɔtɔkɩ kazandʊʊ evemiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɔzʊʊ yɔ (ɛjaɖɛ kazandʊʊ yaa tɩyɔɔ kazandʊʊ yaa paɣtʊ takayaɣ evemiye Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Constitution Day.
Tɔmpiye paɣtʊ takayaɣ, palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñamtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɛ kewiyaɣ ajaɛyaa sɔsɔnaa aŋgbaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Mbʊ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ OIT paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɔm, Eerɔpʊ tambɔɔ paɣtʊ takayaɣ yaa ɛyaa sɔsaa paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, kɛwɛ camɩyɛ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yaa kpayɩ kpayɩ aŋgbaa a-naa a-taa se pɔyɔɔdɩ nɩnaʊ tɔm yaa kiɖe tɛ tɔm kɩlabɩtʊ.


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Moŋgolii
Moŋgolii kɛna Aazii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩhayʊ kɩŋ piyele Siini nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Pamaza Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 1 564 116 km² nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 031 330 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km² taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 1,94 yɔ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Khaltmaagiyn Battulga nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Jargaltulga Erdenebat.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Mɔŋgɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ulaŋ Potɔɔrɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +976 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ petee wendu ndʊ petɛɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Moŋgolii kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wendt. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Tugriki.


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Dalai Lama
Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ se Dalai Lama ñɩma. Samaɣ ŋga ka-ñʋʋdʋ payaɣ se Dalai Lama. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se 'Puudizim'. Payaʋ kabɩyɛ taa se kɩlɩʋ lɩʋ yɔ, Dalai Lama liɖe taa ñɩma kɩlɩna pʋ-yɔɔ tisuu.
Dalai Lama lʋlʋkʋ taa ɛyaa panɛ, mba, pakɩlɩna wɛʋ feveɖe kɛ lʋlʋkʋ kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ yaa tomnasɩ tasʋʋ kpaɣʋ kɛ Tibet ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Puuda Ɛsɔ tɔm tisiuu nʋmɔʋ taa. Tibet ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, ɖɩ-taa pana kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.
Ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma mba pɔcɔ-ɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pata yɔ, patɩlaa size pɩkɛna lalaa kʋn̄ɔmɩŋ naʋ yaa pʋdɔdɩyɛ nayaa kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ. Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma panɛ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ siŋŋ kalɩzasɩ tɩlɩʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1952 n̄ɩŋga taa lɛ, Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma taa hiu nɛ naanza (14) tʋ n̄ɩnʋ kpaɣ lɩmaɣza size ɛlɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size samaɣ yɔɔ waɖɛ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ kandɛyʋ yaa samaɣ lɩmaɣza mʋnaʋ. Pɩ-taa peeɖe palɩza ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ cɔŋnana takayɩsɩ maʋ tʋma kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1959 ñɩŋga taa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa sakɩyɛ paɣzɩ kʋyʋʋ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnʋʋ. Sɔnɔdaa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa mba palɩ Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 100 000 mbʋ yɔ.
Toovenum lɛ, paaɖɔɔnɩ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma nɛ powolo paɖʋ kʋyʋʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ sɔnɔ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma wɛnɩ pe-kewiyaɣ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Taaniibi pɔɔ
Taaniibi, yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se da.nyb kɛ lɩm pɔɔ naalɛ ŋga ŋga kakɩlɩɣ ɖalɩɣ Erɔpʊ yɔ Fɔlɩka wayi ŋga kegbeŋ mvilim Ruusii taa yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kalɩna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa lakʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔsɩ naalɛ kpɛndʊʊ ɖama, Brigash nɛ Breg pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɖama Donaueschingen yɔ. Pɩlɩna lone ndɩ ɖɩyɔ nɛ paya pɔɔ ŋga hɩɖɛ se Taaniibi. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ se kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, Taaniibi lɩna Breg kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɛlɛ Brigach wɛ ñɩɩ nɛ kɛkɛ kajalaɣ pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ yuŋ ŋga Taaniibi pɔɔ taa.
Pamaɣza Taaniibi pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ lɛ, ɛ-maɣna kilomɛta 2875 kpaɣna Donaueschingen nɛ kilomɛta 3019 kpaɣna ka-ɖɩlɩyɛ. Kekpeŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ nɛ kafaɣzʊʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sakɩyɛ Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ taa kɩŋ ana yɔ Fɩyɛɛnɩ nɛ Bratislava nɛ Pudapɛsɩtɩ. Kɛkpɛdʊʊ tenguu kɩkpɛdʊʊ pɩtɩŋna handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛyɩ [[Rumaanii] nɛ [[Ukurɛnɩ] yɔ. Wezuu kañaɖaɣ kandɩna Taaniibi handala fɛʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʊlʊʊ tɛ ñɩm taa.
Taaniibi pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛ pɩyʊʊ sɔsɔ siŋ nɔmɔŋ wobʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa pazaɣ kɔyɔ mɛlɛnaa. Paasɩma-kɛ ɖooo canaʊ taa se wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kamaɣ nɛ Romanɩ ajɛyɛ pajaɣ mɔyɔɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛtɛzɩɣ ajɛyɛ hiu Caama nɛ Otirisi nɛ Sɩlɔfakɩ nɛ Hɔŋirii nɛ Krowasii nɛ Sɛrɩbɩ nɛ Puligari nɛ Ruumanii nɛ Mɔlɩdaavii nɛ Ukurɛnɩ.
Taaniibi pɔɔ ŋga kɛ-tɛ fɛʊʊ kitibuu wala kɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ nakʊ Itaalii nɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Siloovaakii nɛ Pɔsɩnɩ-Hɛrɩzokofɩnɩ nɛ Mɔntɛnɛkro nɛ Masɩtʊwanɩ nɛ Alɩbanɩ.
Caama taa lɛ, payaɣ pɔɔ ŋga se Donau, Sɩlɔfakɩ taa lɛ, Dunaj, Hɔŋkuwaa taa lɛ, Duna, Korowatɩ taa lɛ, Danuv, Sɛrɩbɩ nɛ Pulɩkarɩ pa-taa lɛ, ДyHaB Ruumanɩ taa lɛ, Dunărea,Ruusi nɛ Ukrɛnɩ taa lɛ, ДyHaй, Ɛnglɩsɩ yaa Fransɩ taa lɛ, Danube, Turiki taa lɛ, Tuna. Hɩla ana a-tɩnɛ payɩ mbʊ yɔ a-lɩna latɛŋ Danubius ndɩ ɖɩkɛwaa ɛsɔ hɩɖɛ yɔ.


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George Washington
George Washington, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1732 kɛ Pope's Creek (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛsɩ saŋayiŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1799 Mount Vernon (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛɛkɛ Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ you kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1775 nɛ 1783 nɛ kajalaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ñʊʊtʊ sɩʊ, tʊma labʊ pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ 1797.
Wachington kaakɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa pɩlɩna Mount Vernon yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛɖʊ nesi Pɩnzɩ Lʊbɛ you taa yɔ pɩnzɩ 1756 ŋtalɩ 1763 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ kpɛɖɛɛ kpɛɖɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ Atilantiiki ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsʊ politiki tɔm taa. Ɛzɩma ɛlʊba se Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊya yɔ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ Amerika sɔɔjɔna nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, ɛcɔlɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖeu nɛ halɩ pɔkɔɔ pawa, pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ ɛyaa tɛ sɩnaʊ yɔɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ.
You ŋgʊ kɩtɛma lɛ, ɛsʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɔm cɔlʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ caaja yɔ. Kpaɣ e-kpelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩnzɩ tɔm nabʊlɛ mbʊ yɔ Washington wɩlaa se ɛkɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ keeke nɛ ɛpɩza paa yoŋ kaawɛ ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kɔyɔ nɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kɔyɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ wɛ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ paakaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ sɔʊ kaʊ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Amerika ɛyaa maɣzɩ se ɛnʊ kɛnɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ, Washington laba tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ amʊna ñamtʊ ɖooo kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa. Pakpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ paha Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ se Washington. Ɛ-tɛ anjaʊ wɛɛ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1932 kɛ liidiye pɔyaɣ 25 yɔɔ nɛ agbaba hatʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo lɛ kɛ, ɛ-caa sɩba. E-ɖalaa hɛkʊ taa mba kpaɣ ɛ-caa ñɩm sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ, Lawrence Washington, kpaɣ Little Hunting Creek hayim ɛlɛɣzɩ-pʊ hɩɖɛ se Mount Vernon pɩlɩna Piritaniiki ɛyʊ nɔyʊ yɔɔ Edward Vernon. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛjɔŋna George sukuli labʊ yɔɔ halɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ Ohio ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩŋaɣ Appalaches wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. George kɔɔ ɛkpaɣ Rappahannock tɛtʊ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ-tʊ, ɖenɖe ɛ-nɛ e-ɖoo paawɛɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa, ɛlɛ hayɩm mbʊ pɩta kɔkɔnaɣ taatalɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla Aristote fezuu caɣʊ.


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Ariizonaa
Ariizonaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Ariizonaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Foniksii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Ariizonaa nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩɖɔɔ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Kaliifɔrnii, Nevaadaa, Utaa, Niwu Mɛkɩziikii, Paasɩ Kaliifɔrnii, Sonooraa. Ariizonaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Wɩsɩ tambaɖɛ yɔ a-taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, peeɖe tɩŋ hɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔŋna wɩsɩ paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ, ɩwɛɛ sakɩyɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ peeɖe ajɛya wena a-taapʊŋ ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ.
Pamaza Ariizonaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 295 254 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñbɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 294 309 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 945 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,32 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 48 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1912. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 6 931 071 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ -wɛ ɛzɩ 23 yɔ.
Payaɣ Ariizonaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Doug Ducey (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: John McCain (R) nɛ Jeff Flake (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Keɣa matʊ tɔm
Keɣa matʊ tɔm pɩkɛ matʊ paɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ tɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pama-tʊ cɛnzɩ com com ɛlɛ tɩwɛɛ tobi tobi nɛ panaɣ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ keɣa fɛyɩ yɔɔdaɣ ɖɔɖɔ, pacatɩɣ tɩ-tɔmpee kɩcatʊ nɛ acaɣ leleŋ pɩtɩɩ fɛyɩ (tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ nɛ wiluu) nɛ tɩ-tɛ ɖama taa ɖʊʊ (ɖɔnɛ, keɣa cɛnzɩ maɣzʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ laɣsɩ). Keɣa tɔm tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ caɣ kaɖɛ nɛ tɩlɛɛzʊʊ paa alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paa kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩlɩzɩɣ kɩ-tɔm nɛ tɩ-wazaɣ, tɩ-yɔɔ sɔzɩna ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ paa keɣa maɖʊ weyi maɣmaɣ ñɩndʊ.
Tɔmpiye keɣa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1878 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ pama-ɖɩ se poësie (putula naalɛ wena awɛ e ñʊʊ taa yɔ kaakɛna tʊkaɣ halɩmasɩ o nɛ e pɛ-hɛkʊ taa). Tɔmʊʊ keɣa matʊ tɔm nɛ e-tompee lɛɛna se keɣa maɖʊ, keɣa lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa πoίnσις (poiesis), lakaɣ πoιeῖv (poiein) tɔbʊʊ se labʊ, lubu. Mbʊ lɛ keɣa maɖʊ kɛ luɖu, yɔɔdaɣ lɩzɩyʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ paa keɣa maɖʊ weyi lɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ cɩmʊʊ tɔm nɛ tɔmpee ɖɔnɛ.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ keɣsɩ ɖɩma, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se papazɩ keɣsɩ tɔm cɔlʊʊ paa caanaʊ ɛyaa mba lɛ pɛ-tɛ (krɛkɩ Egipiti nɛ Ɛndɩ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ nɖɛɛ). Panaɣ se yɔɔdɩtʊ kʊyʊm ndʊ, ɛzɩ Afrika keɣsɩ maɖaa lɩna keɣsɩ tɔm tɛ.


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CAƔ WEZUU ƐZƖ KRƖSTƲ TƲ YƆ
Tʋma sɔsɔna wena fezuu kiɖeɖeu sɩnaa nɛ pala yɔ
Yehowa samaɣ paɣzʋʋ tʋma sɔsɔna labʋ yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ sɔnɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩtɩkɛ lɛɣtʋ ndʋ pɛwɛna yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ papɩzaa nɛ pala tʋma ana; Yehowa ɖoŋ taa papɩzaa nɛ palabɩ-yɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1954 taa, Yehowa ɛgbɛyɛ lɩzɩ filim ŋgʋ payaɣ se Ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɛgbɛyɛ ɖiɣni wobinuu ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Betɛɛlɩ taa koobiya mba pɛfɛyɩnɩ filimwaa labʋ lɛɣtʋ yɔ, mba labɩnɩ-kʋ. Yehowa fezuu kiɖeɖeu sɩnɩna nɛ pala tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ. Piyeba nɛ ɖa-taa tɛ se ye ɖɩtaɣ Yehowa liu yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩla tʋma wena payɩ paɖʋʋ-ɖʋ yɔ.—Zek 4:6.
CƆNƖ VIDEO ƐZƖMA PALABƖ “ƐJAÐƐ KƖFAÐƐ ƐGBƐYƐ ÐIƔNI WOBINUU ƐSƖNDAA” YƆ, NƐ PƲWAYƖ LƐ ŊCOSI TƆM TƲNƐ TƖ-YƆƆ:
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Ɛbɛ yɔɔ paakpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se palakɩ ɖa-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ sɔsɔɖɛ tɛ video nakʋyʋ?
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Ɛzɩma filim ŋgʋ kɩwɩlaa se Betɛɛlɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ tomnaɣ yɔ?—1 Kɔr. 12:14-20
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Kala wena koobiya mba palakaɣ filim ŋgʋ yɔ pakataa? Ɛzɩma papɩzaa nɛ pawabɩ-yɛ?
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Lɔŋ weyi tɔm tʋnɛ tɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ Yehowa fezuu kiɖeɖeu yɔɔ?


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ÑƖM MBƲ PƖWƐ ƐSƆTƆM TAA YƆ
Lɔŋ weyi ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ ɖama kɩɩnɩnʋʋ tɔm natʋyʋ taa yɔ
Cejewe wena aawɛ Yɔɔrdaŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, ama altaaru sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ (Yoz 22:10)
Cejewe lɛɛna kʋyɩ a-yɔɔ se atɩɖɔkɩ a-siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ (Yoz 22:12, 15, 16; w06 15/4 5 § 3)
Ɛzɩma pocosini nɔɔ kɩbaŋa yɔ, piyeba nɛ calɩm tɩkpɛdɩ (Yoz 22:21-30; w08 15/11 18 § 5)
Ye pakʋyɩ ɖɔ-yɔɔ ɖulum se ɖɩlabɩ nabʋyʋ yɔ, lɔŋ weyi tɔm tʋnɛ tɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ? Nɛ ɛzɩma tɔm ndʋ tɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩfɛyɩ se ɖɩkɔʋ tɔm ñʋʋ lɛɛ lɛɛ ye ɖɩɩsɩŋ tɔm natʋyʋ camɩyɛ yɔ?—Ad 15:1; 18:13.