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ÑƲƲ HIU NƐ NAANZA
Ñɔ-hɔʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩwɛɛ koboyaɣ taa
1, 2. Ɛbɛ Yehowa sɔɔlaa se pɩwɛɛ hɔŋ tɩŋa taa?
YEHOWA Ɛsɔ kaalabɩnɩ kajalaɣ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ sɔnzɩ. Bibl heyiɣ-ɖʋ se ɛlɩzɩ kajalaɣ halʋ nɛ “ewoni abalʋ.” Peeɖe pɩlabɩ Aɖam leleŋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Mɔ-mɔɔ taa mɔɔyɛ yɔ nɛ mon-tomnaɣ tomnaɣ kɔyɔ!” (Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 2:22, 23) Pɩwɩlɩɣ se Yehowa sɔɔlaa se mba palabɩ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, pehiɣ koboyaɣ.
2 Pɩlabɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ se hɔŋ sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ koboyaɣ taa. Ɛlɛ paɣtʋ kila sakɩyɛ wɛ Bibl taa, nɛ apɩzɩɣ nɛ asɩnɩ paa hɔʋ taa ɛyʋ weyi nɛ ɛla mbʋ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ, nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ wɛɛ koboyaɣ taa.—Luka 11:28.
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3, 4. (a) Wɛtʋ ndʋ pɩwɛɛ se walʋ ɛwɛɛnɩ ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se abalʋ nɛ ɛ-halʋ pekpeɣ ɖama faaa?
3 Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ se pɩwɛɛ se walʋ kɩbanʋ ɛwɩlɩ sɔɔlɩm nɛ ñamtʋ ɛ-halʋ. Ðitendi-ŋ kalɩ Efɛɛzɩ 5:25-29. Pɩpɔzʋʋ se paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, walʋ lakasɩ ɛwɩlɩɣ se ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-halʋ. Pɩpɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkandɩyɩɣ ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛtaalakɩ-ɩ kañatʋ.
4 Ɛlɛ ye halʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛlabɩ nabʋyʋ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛ-walʋ ɛla? Bibl heyiɣ walaa tɔm tʋnɛ: “Abalaa, ɩsɔɔlɩ mɩ-halaa, ɩtaalabɩ-wɛ ñaŋ.” (Koloosi 3:19) Walaa, ɩtaasɔɔ se nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, picoɖuu-mɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɛ ye ɩsɔɔlaa se Ɛsɔ ekpeɣ-mɩ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se mɩ ɖɔɖɔ ikpeɣ mɩ-halaa. (Maatiyee 6:12, 14, 15) Ye abalʋ nɛ ɛ-halʋ petisiɣ nɛ pekpeɣu ɖama faaa kɔyɔ, piyeki nɛ pɔ-hɔʋ wɛɛ koboyaɣ taa.
5. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se walʋ ɛɖʋ hɩɖɛ ɛ-halʋ?
5 Yehowa pɔzʋʋ abalʋ se ɛɖʋ ɛ-halʋ hɩɖɛ. Pɩpɔzʋʋ se abalʋ ɛmaɣzɩ ɛ-halʋ kɩcɛyɩm yɔɔ. Tɔm tʋnɛ tɩcɛyaa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ye abalʋ ɛɛɖʋʋ ɛ-halʋ hɩɖɛ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ, Yehowa eewelisiɣ ɛ-adɩma. (1 Pɩyɛɛrɩ 3:7) Yehowa ɛzɩdaa lɛ, abalaa fɛyɩ ñɩm nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ halaa, ɛlɛ paa ɛyʋ ɛkɛ abalʋ yaa halʋ yɔ, sɔɔlɩm mbʋ ɛwɛɣnɩ Yehowa yɔɔ yɔ, mbʋ yekina nɛ ɛmʋ ñɩm ɛ-ɛzɩdaa.
6. Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ se abalʋ nɛ ɛ-halʋ pɛkɛ “tomnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ” yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe?
6 Yesu lɩzɩ pɩ-taa se abalʋ nɛ ɛ-halʋ “patɩtasɩ kɛʋ naalɛ, ɛlɛ tomnaɣ kʋyʋmaɣ.” (Maatiyee 19:6) Pɩpɔzʋʋ peheyiɣ ɖama toovenim nɛ pataacɛtɩ ɖama kaaʋ. (Aduwa 5:15-21; Ebree 13:4) Pɩwɛɛ se abalʋ nɛ halʋ panɩɩnɩ ɖama kʋzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ paa weyi ɛmaɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɛlʋ kɩcɛyɩm yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. (1 Kɔrɛntɩ 7:3-5) Pɩwɛɛ se abalʋ ɛtɔzɩ se “nɔɔyʋ eeniŋ e-tomnaɣ, ɛlɛ ɛcalɩɣ-kɛ nɛ ɛsandɩɣ-kɛ.” Ye mbʋ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-halʋ nɛ ɛhɛndɩɣnɩ-ɩ. Mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ cɛyʋʋ halʋ ɛzɩdaa yɔ lɛ se ɛ-walʋ ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɩ sɔɔlɩm nɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ.—Efɛɛzɩ 5:29.
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7. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩpɔzʋʋ se ñʋʋdʋ ɛwɛɛ hɔʋ taa?
7 Pɩpɔzʋʋ se paa hɔʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, kɩwɛɛnɩ ñʋʋdʋ weyi eɖiyiɣ-kʋ se nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ ɛwɛɛ hɔʋ taa ñɩma hɛkʋ taa yɔ. Bibl yɔɔdɩ 1 Kɔrɛntɩ 11:3 taa se: “Paa ɛyʋ weyi lɛ, ɛ-ñʋʋdʋ lɛ Krɩstʋ; halʋ ñʋʋdʋ lɛ abalʋ; nɛ Krɩstʋ ñʋʋdʋ lɛ Ɛsɔ.”
8. Ɛzɩma halʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ñamtʋ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-walʋ?
8 Picoɖuu paa walʋ weyi. Ɛlɛ ye ɛ-halʋ etisiɣ faaa nɛ ɛɖʋʋ nesi lɩmaɣza wena ɛkpakɩɣ kɔyɔ, pɩwazɩɣ hɔʋ tɩŋa. (1 Pɩyɛɛrɩ 3:1-6) Bibl yɔɔdaa se: “Paa halʋ weyi lɛ, ɛña ɛ-walʋ.” (Efɛɛzɩ 5:33) Nɛ ye ɛ nɛ ɛ-walʋ pɛfɛyɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ɛgbɛyɛ kʋyʋmɖɩyɛ taa? Paa mbʋ yɔ, pɩcɛyaa se ɛñamɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ. Bibl yɔɔdʋʋ se: “Halaa, ɩña mɩ-walaa, nɛ ye pa-taa nabɛyɛ ikiziɣ se paamʋʋ Tɔm kɔyɔ, pa-halaa pɩzɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ, pɩtaakɛ nɛ yɔɔdʋtʋ, panaɣ mi-kele kele wɛtʋ nɛ mɩ-ñamtʋ lɛ.” (1 Pɩyɛɛrɩ 3:1, 2) Ye halʋ ɛhaɣ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ ɛ-walʋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ e-tisuu taa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛñamɩ-ɩ pʋyɔɔ.
9. (a) Ye halʋ taa ɛfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛ-walʋ kpaɣ yɔ, ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛla? (b) Lɔŋ weyi Bibl tasɩ halaa Tiiti 2:4, 5 taa?
9 Ye halʋ taa ɛfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛ-walʋ kpaɣ yɔ, ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛla? Pɩwɛɛ se eheyi ɛ-walʋ ɛ-lɩmaɣza nɛ ñamtʋ. Bibl heyiɣ-ɖʋ se alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ Saara kaaheyi ɛ-walʋ Abraham ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩtaakɛdɩnɩ Abraham. Ɛlɛ Yehowa heyi Abraham se: “Nɩɩnɩ-ɩ.” (Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 21:9-12) Ye abalʋ Krɩstʋ tʋ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩɩkaɖɩɣnɩ Bibl paɣtʋ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɛ-halʋ ɛɖʋ-ɩ nesi, paa pɩtɩkɛ tɔm ndʋ ɛmaɣzaɣ kɔyɔ. (Tʋma Labʋ 5:29; Efɛɛzɩ 5:24) Halʋ kɩbanʋ cɔŋnɩ ɛ-hɔʋ yɔɔ camɩyɛ. (Kalɩ Tiiti 2:4, 5.) Ye halʋ ɛlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ kpekpeka nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ ɛ-hɔʋ yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ nɛ e-piya pakaɣ-ɩ sɔɔlʋʋ nɛ pañamɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.—Aduwa 31:10, 28.
10. Tɔm ndʋ Bibl wɩlɩɣ ɖama yaʋ nɛ nesi cɛbʋ pɔ-yɔɔ?
10 Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, ye tɔm natʋyʋ ɛkɔm abalaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pa-halaa, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɛɖɛɣ ɖama cɔlɔ se pawɩɩ ɖama yaa halɩ pɛcɛkɩ pe-nesi ɖɔkʋʋ. Ɛlɛ Bibl ñɔyɔɔdʋʋ se: “Halʋ ɛtaakʋyɩ ɛ-walʋ yɔɔ . . . nɛ walʋ ɛtaaɖɔɔnɩ ɛ-halʋ.” (1 Kɔrɛntɩ 7:10, 11) Ɛlɛ kala sɔsɔna naayɛ pɩzɩɣ ayele nɛ halʋ ɖɛɛ eyele ɛ-walʋ se pɔñɔɔzɩ tɔm pʋcɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ, ɛlɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩtɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm. Nɛ nesi cɛbʋ yɔ? Bibl wɩlɩɣ se ye abalʋ ɛlɩnɩ awayɩ nɛ ɛcaa halʋ lɛlʋ yaa halʋ ɛlabɩnɩ mbʋ yɔ, pi-ɖeke koŋ pɩpɩzɩɣna nɛ pɩcɛ pe-nesi ɖɔkʋʋ.—Maatiyee 19:9, ABT.
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11. Ɛbɛ pɩcɛyɩ siŋŋ se ŋwɩlɩ ñe-piya?
11 Lʋlɩyaa, pɩwɛɛ se ɩkpakɩɣ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ nɛ mɩ nɛ mi-piya ɩlakɩ faawɩyɛ. Mi-piya sɔɔlɩ siŋŋ se ɩcakɩ sɩ-cɔlɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, mbʋ pɩ-tɔm cɛyaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ lɛ se ɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ-sɩ Yehowa tɔm.—Wayɩ Wayɩ Paɣtʋ 6:4-9.
12. Ɛbɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ se lʋlɩyaa ɩla nɛ pakandɩyɩ pe-piya yɔɔ?
12 Sataŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛkɩɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, nɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ ñɩnɩɣ se pala mi-piya kɩdɛkɛdɩm, halɩ pañɩnɩɣ se pasʋʋnɩ-sɩ. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ lʋlɩyaa nabɛyɛ se pawɩlɩ kʋzʋʋ tɔm pe-piya. Ɛlɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ se lʋlɩyaa iheyi pe-piya ɛyaa kɩdɛkɛdaa mba pañɩnɩɣ se pasʋʋnɩ-sɩ yɔ pɔ-tɔm, nɛ pawɩlɩ-sɩ ɛzɩma sɩla nɛ sɩtaatɔlɩ pa-kpacanaa taa yɔ. Lʋlɩyaa, pɩcɛyaa se ɩkandɩyɩ mi-piya yɔɔ. *—1 Pɩyɛɛrɩ 5:8.
13. Ɛzɩma pɩpɔzʋʋ se lʋlɩyaa ɩwɩlɩ pe-piya lɔŋ?
13 Pɩkɛnɩ lʋlɩyaa sʋʋtʋ se pawɩlɩ pe-piya mbʋ sɩla nɛ sɩwɛɛnɩ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ yɔ. Ɛzɩma ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋwɩlɩ ñe-piya lɔŋ? Pɩpɔzʋʋ se ŋfalɩsɩ ñe-piya. Nabʋyʋ taa pɩkaɣ pɔzʋʋ se ŋhɔ sɩ-nɩŋgbaaŋ, ɛlɛ hɔ sɩ-nɩŋgbaaŋ nɛ sɔɔlɩm. (Yereemii 30:11) Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ŋhɔ ñe-piya nɩŋgbaaŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ña-pana tɩhɛda yɔ. Taayele nɛ ñɔ-tɔm “loŋ ɛzɩ laɣɖɛ yɔ” nɛ tɩɖʋʋ heŋ ñe-piya. (Aduwa 12:18) Sɩnɩ ñe-piya nɛ sɩnɩɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se sɩñaŋ ɛyaa yɔ pɩ-taa.—Efɛɛzɩ 6:4; Ebree 12:9-11; kalɩ Tɩnaɣ yɔɔ tɔm 30.
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14, 15. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩpɔzʋʋ se piya ɩña sɩ-lʋlɩyaa?
14 Yesu ñam ɛ-Caa halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ kaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. (Luka 22:42; Yohanɛɛsɩ 8:28, 29) Yehowa sɔɔlaa ɖɔɖɔ se piya ɩña sɩ-lʋlɩyaa.—Efɛɛzɩ 6:1-3.
15 Piya, paa pɩwɛ-mɩ kaɖɛ se ɩña mɩ-lʋlɩyaa yɔ, ɩtaasɔɔ se ye ɩñam-wɛ yɔ, piyeki nɛ mɩ-tɔm kɛdɩnɩ Yehowa nɛ mɩ-lʋlɩyaa. *—Aduwa 1:8; 6:20; 23:22-25.
16. (a) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Sataŋ ñakɩ pana se etuyi piya evelisi nɛ sɩla mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se ŋwɛɛnɩ taabalaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ?
16 Eleeu pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɩŋnɩ ña-taabalaa yaa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ etuyi-ŋ se ŋla mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Ɛnawa se ye pañɩkɩɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩwɛ-ŋ kaɖɛ se ŋɖɔkɩ ña-tɩ. Ye ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Yakɔɔb pɛlɛ weyi payaɣ se Diina yɔ, ɛɛwɛnɩ taabalaa mba patɩsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ. Piyeba nɛ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɔɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ pɔ-yɔɔ. (Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 34:1, 2) Ye ŋwɛnɩ taabalaa mba patɩsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ potuyi-ŋ nɛ ŋla mbʋ Yehowa paɖɩɣ yɔ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ wɩzasɩ ña-maɣmaɣ, ñɔ-hɔʋ nɛ Yehowa. (Aduwa 17:21, 25) Pʋyɔɔ pɩcɛyɩ siŋŋ se ŋwɛɛnɩ taabalaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ.—1 Kɔrɛntɩ 15:33.
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17. Ɛbɛ pɩpɔzʋʋ se paa hɔʋ taa ɛyʋ weyi lɛ ɛla?
17 Ye hɔʋ taa mba ɩɖɔŋ Yehowa paɣtʋ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, paakaɣ katʋʋ kala sakɩyɛ. Ye mbʋ, ye ŋkɛ walʋ yɔ, sɔɔlɩ ña-halʋ nɛ ŋɖʋ-ɩ hɩɖɛ. Ye ŋkɛ halʋ yɔ, luzi ña-tɩ ña-walʋ tɛɛ nɛ ŋnɩɣzɩnɩ halʋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm Aduwa 31:10-31 taa yɔ ɛ-kɩɖaʋ. Ye ŋkɛ lʋlɩyʋ yɔ, sɩnɩ ñe-piya nɛ sɩsɔɔlɩ Ɛsɔ. (Aduwa 22:6) Ye ŋkɛ caja yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se ‘ŋtɩlɩ ña-ɖɩɣa ɖɔkʋʋ’ yaa ŋɖiyi ñɔ-hɔʋ camɩyɛ. (1 Timootee 3:4, 5; 5:8) Nɛ ye ŋkɛ pɩɣa yɔ, ña ña-lʋlɩyaa. (Koloosi 3:20) Ɩtaasɔɔ se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ picoɖi paa hɔʋ taa tʋ weyi, pʋyɔɔ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se iluzuu mɩ-tɩ nɛ ɩpɔzʋʋ ɖama kpaɣʋ nɛ kpeɣu. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Bibl paɣtʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩwazɩ paa hɔʋ taa tʋ weyi.
^ tay. 12 Ye ŋsɔɔlaa se ŋna ɛzɩma ŋkandɩyɩ ñe-piya yɔɔ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ, kalɩ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Écoute le grand Enseignant yɔ, ka-ñʋʋ 32.
^ tay. 15 Ye lʋlɩyaa ɩpɔzʋʋ pa-pɩɣa se kala mbʋ pɩkaɖɩɣnɩ Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se kewelisini-wɛ.—Tʋma Labʋ 5:29.


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HƆƆLƲƲ SƆSƆƲ 2
Yesu tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩbazɩyɛ
‘Ɛsɔ heɣa yɔ, ŋga hɩzɩɣnɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kɩwɛɛkɩm.’—Yohanɛɛsɩ 1:29
HƆƆLƲƲ KƲNƐ KƖ-TAA
ÑƲƲ 12
Pamɩyɩsɩ Yesu lɩm
Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pamɩyɩsɩ Yesu lɩm, ŋgʋ ɛtɩla kɩwɛɛkɩm wiɖiyi?
ÑƲƲ 13
Ɛzɩma Yesu ɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ takɩm taa yɔ, pɩkpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ we?
Takɩm mbʋ pɩkɔm Yesu yɔɔ yɔ, pɩñɩkɩɣ niye Eleeu yɔɔ toovenim tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ naalɛ yɔɔ.
ÑƲƲ 14
Yesu paɣzɩ wɛnʋʋ tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa
Ɛbɛ sini Yesu kajalaɣ tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa loɖo nɛ patɩlɩ se ɛnʋ kɛnɩnɩ Mesiya?
ÑƲƲ 15
Yesu labɩ ɛ-kajalaɣ piti lakasɩ
Yesu wɩlɩ e-ɖoo se lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, pɩtɩkɛ ɛnʋ pɩwɛɛ se eheyi-i mbʋ pɩwɛɛ se ɛla yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛ-Caa weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ.
ÑƲƲ 16
Yesu wɩlɩ kpekpeka toovenim ɛsɔ sɛtʋ yɔɔ
Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ kaaha nʋmɔʋ se ɛyaa ɛya kpɩna Yerusalɛm nɛ palaanɩ kɩlaŋ, ye mbʋ ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩwɩzɩ Yesu nɛ mbʋ tadɩyɛ laɖaa lakaɣ kpaaŋ taa?
ÑƲƲ 17
Yesu wɩlɩ tɔm Niikodɛm ɖoo naayɛ taa
Pɔtɔm se “paɖaɣnɩ ɛyʋ lʋlʋʋ” pɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe se?
ÑƲƲ 18
Yesu tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛɣnɩ ɛzɩdaa nɛ Yohanɛɛsɩ ñɩnɖɛ ñapasɩɣ
Yohanɛɛsɩ tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa wɛ sʋsɩ, ŋgʋ ɛnʋ ñɛfɛyɩ mbʋ.
ÑƲƲ 19
Yesu wɩlɩ tɔm Samaarɩɩ halʋ nɔɔyʋ
Yesu heyi halʋ tɔm ndʋ etaatiiheyiti nɔɔyʋ yɔ.

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Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ
Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yaa tɩŋ hɛtʋ natʋyʋ yɔ. Payaʋ se sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ pakɛdɩna sʋnɖʋlɩm wɛtʋ nɛ payaa tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɛtɛ wɛtʋ yɔ. Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzɩ kɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ yɔ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pabaɣ sɛmɩŋ nɛ leemuu lɩm nɛ pesidi kɔyɔ pɩɩlɩɣ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ camɩyɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ.
Tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya tɔm taa lɛ, pombo maɖaa nabɛyɛ sʋʋ tokonaa nɛ cokodonaa mbʋ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Togo taa pombo maɖaa wondu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Paamakɩ pombo ɖɔdɔ lɛ, yee pombo maɖʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛlaba mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pawɩlɩ-ɩ takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pʋtɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɛtaatasɩ mbʋ labʋ. Yee pɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se siidoo karatee ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tambaɖɛ kɛna nimiye nɖɩ pahaɣ-ɖɩ nabutozo ɖeɖe yɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjadɛ taa lɛ peseɣ kolokaɣ lɛ, weyi ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ pɛcɛlɩɣ toko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛna samtʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ pozu-i mbʋ yɔ.


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Kooree Hayɩ Kiŋ
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Piyaŋyaŋ.
Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩnɛ ɖama kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ ki lɛ Siini (ajɛya anɛ akpɛndɩ kamaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa yɔ), wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Rusii (kilomɛtanaa 19), Koree hadɛ ŋgʊ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ (kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 238). Koree hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ nɛ hadɛ ŋgʊ pɛhɛkʊ taa pʊwɛɛ se sɔɔjanaa ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ you nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa.
Ɛlɛ sɔɔjanaa ñɛwɛna nɛ pɔcɔŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakala ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 24 589 122. Koree nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa politiki aŋgba tɔɖɔɔn nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Koree taa tʊmlaɖaa ŋgbɛyɛ (KWP). Kim II-sung kaakɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛkɔma ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1994, ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-II caɣ e-loniye taa. Ɛtacaɣ se ɛnʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa Kɩm II-sung maɣmaɣ ɖɩŋna cɔnaʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
URSS koma nɛ kɩcɩɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ laba lɛ, ñɔɔsɩ haŋgaɣ nkakayɛ lɩɩ Koree taa nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 900 000 yaa miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ mbʊ yɔ hiu sɩm. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ Kim Jong-II lɛɣzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɛha sɔɔjanaa nɛ ɛsɩyɛ se mba pɩzɩɣna nɛ pɔna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ.
Kim Jong-II sɩba pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Kim Jong-un kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Koree nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔɔjanaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɔcɔna ɛyaa kjpeekpe nɛ pɔcɔna mba pɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa kɔ yɔ panɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩtɩfɛyɩ nɛ, nɛ sɔɔjanaa talɩ ɛzɩ 9 495 000 yɔ.


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Naajeeriya
Naajeeriya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛ miliyɔɔnaa 177 nɛ n:̀ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Afrika kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeek̂pe kɔyɔ ɖɩkɛlʊbɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Afrika taa lɛ, Naajeeriya taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ kɩlaa.
Paanɛ karasɩm ɛɛtɩ wɛ peeɖe ɛzɩma ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ mulum kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kpem. Takayasɩ nzɩ paɖʊsa wayi nɛ wayi kʊnɛyɔ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ Muhammadu Buhari kɛ palɩzaa se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnɛ ɛlɛɣza ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ se Abasanjo.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Abuja. Ɖɩwɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya wena aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ paya-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Iboowaa, Yurubawaa nɛ Fulaaniwaa, mba payaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlandinaa yɔ pakɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa palɩzɩ paɣtʊ se pakpa nabɛyɩ halaa ɖeke yaa abalaa ɖeke se pasʊʊna-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu. Nɛ yee halaa pa-taa peɖeke yaa abalaa pa-taa peɖeke ɖɔɖɔ se pɛwɛ ɖama cɔlɔ se pawala-ɖama yaa pakpaɣ-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza.


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Ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔkaɣ tomnaɣ tɛ kazandʋ yɔɔ, lɛɣtʋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ñɩnaa se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ wɛ wonuu taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pamaɣzaa nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.
Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ petisi pɔ-tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se higgs tɛ boson yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nawa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ papɩzɩ panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.


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Sapɔŋ
Japɔŋ kɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩkɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Japɔŋ teŋgu pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Siini nɛ Kooree nɛ Rusii pɛ-ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ Tayiwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Japɔŋ tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ lɩnaa yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ payaa Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ se «Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ».
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛnda nɛ pɛkɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩ 6 852. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 100 mɛɛtrɩ kaaree. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yaa walʊʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Honshū nɛ Hokkaidō nɛ Kyūshū nɛ Shikoku. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ taa yɔ, lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɩya mbʊ yɔ, tɩkpakɩɣ 95 hɔɔlʊʊ mpilim. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ naadozo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ pʊŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ sekiɣna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ kobulaɣ huɣu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ Fuji pʊʊ. Kʊkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa 3 776 mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707 ñɩŋga taa kɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔlɩkaɣ (volcan) yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya nakʊ ɖeke kɩlɩnɩ Japɔŋ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Japɔŋ samaɣ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 127 mbʊ yɔ. Japɔŋ tɛtʊ walɩ 377 488 kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ. Kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 377 wɛna. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pe-kidemiŋ nɔsɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.Japɔŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Tokiyoo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-samaɣ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiye kakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se ɖooo paleyolitiki (paléolithique) alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa pacalɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kpaɖʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1947 taa Japɔŋ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se weyi ɛkɛɣ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, ɛsɩkɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pasɩɩ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se palɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, papa cejewiye payaɣ se Tiyɛɛtɩ (Diète).
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya naadozo ɖeke kɩlɩna Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ wonaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa. Piyele nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ loɖo ñɩnɖɛ. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʊ-yɔɔ ɖi-liidiye kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya lɛɛna. Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna kɩmɩyɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩkɩndɩ ajɛya lɛɛna liidiye miiliyaaɖɩ waa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 325 000 yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Liidiye ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩna. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ ɛsɩnda pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tɔkɩ pahakɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yem fɛɛɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna wezuu caɣʊ pileɖiɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩñɩnɩna nɛ ɖisusi-tʊ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ yɔ cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ wɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ piya lʊlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɔyɩna kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ pakpɩlɩɣ kpɩlʊʊ yɔɔ sɔnɔdaa.
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋʋ pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.


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Plʊtɔnɩyɔm
Plʊtɔnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 94 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pu. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-nɔsɩ wɛɛ niikaɣ kɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem kɔyɔ alɩwaatʊ ŋñɩɩ mbʊ yɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ kpʊzɩyɛɛ puwokina tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ.
Palaba plʊtɔnɩyɔm nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 Kaliforni sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa Berkeley, ɛlɛ panaza kɩnazʊʊ ʊranɩyɔm 238 pɩtɩŋna dɛtɛrɩyɔm yɔɔ. Ɛtɩŋga ʊranɩyɔm nɛ nɛptʊnɩyɔm pawayi kɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa mbʊ lɛ, pɛkɛdɩna Plutin nɛ paya-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ, weyi ɛlɛ tɩŋa Uranisi nɛ Nɛptiinɩ wayi kɛ wɩsɩ wɛtʊ taa. Takɩɣ nɛ wiluu yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛɛ, ɛyʊ tɩtɩŋa lubina-ɩ, kɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ se paana-ɩ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa.
Plʊtɔnɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ nɛ akɩtɩnɩdɩ waa tɛ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa lalaa yɔ, e-tomnaɣ caɣ liidiye tɩyɛ, pɩñɩlɩsɩɣ ɛzɩ nɩkɛlɩ yɔ. Helim taa lɛ ɛtɩ pɩsɩɣ calʊʊlʊ, nɛ pana tɔlɩm pɩsɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ.


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Kɛdaɣ 61: Daviid Pɩsɩ Wiyaʋ
Sɔɔlɩ wɛɛ ɛɖaɣnɩɣ ñɩnʋʋ se ɛkpa Daviid. Ɛkpaɣ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa taa mba pakɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ 3000 nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Daviid ñɩnʋʋ. Daviid nɩ mbʋ lɛ, etiyi cɔŋɩyaa se powolo nɛ pana ɖenɖe Sɔɔlɩ nɛ ɛ-ɛyaa pɛwɛɣ ɖoo taa yɔ. Pɩ-yɔɔ Daviid pɔzɩ ɛyaa naalɛ se: ‘Asɔɔlaa se ma nɛ ɩ ɖiwolo ɖenɖe Sɔɔlɩ nɛ ɛ-ɛyaa pɛwɛɣ ɖoo anɛ yɔ?’
Peeɖe Abisayii cosaa se: ‘Mowoki.’ Abisayii kɛ Daviid kɔɔ Zeruyaa pɩyalʋ. Sɔɔlɩ nɛ ɛ-ɛyaa poɖowaɣ lɛ, Daviid nɛ Abisayii potuu ɖaa ɖaa nɛ powolo pɔ-cɔlɔ. Powoba lɛ, pakpaɣ Sɔɔlɩ kɩgbɛzʋʋ nɛ ɛ-lɩm kokoɖe, paawɛ Sɔɔlɩ ñʋʋ cɔlɔ kpam. Nɔɔyʋ tɩna-wɛ yaa nɔɔyʋ tɩnɩɩ pa-taŋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ poɖowaɣ kpem.
Cɔnɩ Daviid nɛ Abisayii lɛɛlɛɛyɔ. Pesewa nɛ pakpa piyaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ. Peeɖe Daviid kowa nɛ ɛyaa Izrayɛɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se: ‘Abnɛɛrɩ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ ŋtɩɖaŋ ña-tʋ wiyaʋ yɔɔ? Ɛ-kɩgbɛzʋʋ nɛ ɛ-lɩm kokoɖe pɛwɛ le?’
Peeɖe Sɔɔlɩ kʋyaa. Ɛnɩ Daviid nɔɔ lɛ, ɛsɩm-kɛ. Ɛpɔzɩ se: ‘Pɩcaɣ Daviid?’ Cɔnɩ Sɔɔlɩ nɛ Abnɛɛrɩ pɩ-tɛɛ peeɖe yɔ.
Daviid cosi se: ‘Ɛɛɛ, wiyaʋ.’ Peeɖe Daviid pɔzaa se: ‘Ɛbɛ yɔɔ ŋwɛɛ ŋñɩnɩɣ se ŋkpa-m? Kɩdɛkɛdɩm mbʋ malaba? Wiyaʋ, cɔnɩ ña-kɩgbɛzʋʋ. Tiyi ñɛ-ɛyaa taa nɔɔyʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛkpaɣ-kʋ.’
Sɔɔlɩ yɔɔdɩ se: ‘Malabɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm. Malabɩ kɩmɛlɛndʋ.’ Pɩlabɩ mbʋ lɛ, Daviid ɖɛɛ ɛ-nʋmɔʋ nɛ Sɔɔlɩ ñapɩsɩ ɛ-tɛ. Ɛlɛ Daviid maɣzɩɣ ɛ-taa nɛ ɛtɔ se: ‘Wiɖiyi Sɔɔlɩ pɩzɩɣ ɛkʋ-m. Pʋmʋnaa se mense nɛ mowolo Filisti mba tɛ.’ Nɛ ɛla mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Daviid la nɛ Filisti mba tisi se lɛɛlɛɛyɔ ɛwɛ pɔ-yɔɔ na.
Pʋwayɩ pɩlabɩ pazɩ lɛ, Filisti mba wolo se pala you nɛ Izrayɛɛlɩ.You ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pakʋ Sɔɔlɩ nɛ Yonataanɩ. Pɩɩwɩzɩ Daviid pɩŋŋ, pɩ-yɔɔ ɛma kʋñɔŋ hendu kɩbandʋ natʋyʋ nɛ ɛtɔ se: ‘Mewiɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ mon-koobu Yonataanɩ. Ŋŋkɛ-m ɛyʋ kʋsɔɔlʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ!’
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Daviid pɩsɩ Izrayɛɛlɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Ebrooni yɔ, tɩ-taa. You ɛɛwɛ mba paakpa Isbosɛɛtɩ se ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʋ nɛ mba paasɔɔlaa se Daviid ɛkɛnɩ wiyaʋ yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ Daviid ɛyaa wabɩna. Daviid ɛɛwɛnɩ pɩnzɩ 30 lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʋ. Ɛtɔɔ kewiyaɣ Ebrooni taa pɩnzɩ lʋbɛ. E-piya nasɩyɩ hɩla yɔ: Amooni, Absalɔm nɛ Adoniya.
Pɩkɔɔ pɩla se Daviid nɛ ɛ-ɛyaa pakpa tɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Yerusalɛm yɔ, tɩ-taa. Daviid kɔɔ Zeruyaa pɩyalʋ lɛlʋ, weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Yowaabʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ ɖɛnɩ nɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Pɩ-yɔɔ Daviid kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ, Daviid paɣzɩ tɔɔʋ kewiyaɣ Yerusalɛm tɛtʋ taa.
1 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 26:1-25; 27:1-7; 31:1-6; 2 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 1:26; 3:1-21; 5:1-10; 3 Awiya 11:1-9.
Tɔm Pɔzʋʋ
- Ɛbɛ Daviid nɛ Abisayii palaba alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Sɔɔlɩ ɖowaɣ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa hɛkʋ taa yɔ?
- Tɔm ndʋ Daviid pɔzɩ Sɔɔlɩ?
- Ɛɖɛwa nɛ eyele Sɔɔlɩ lɛ, le Daviid woba?
- Ɛbɛ laba nɛ Daviid laŋɩyɛ wɛɛkɩ? Nɛ hendu kɩbandʋ ndʋ ɛmawa?
- Pɩnzɩ ɛzɩma Daviid kaawɛnɩ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʋ Ebrooni? Payaɣ e-piya taa nasɩyɩ suwe?
- Pʋwayɩ lɛ, le Daviid tɔɔ kewiyitu?
Tɔm pɔzʋʋ lɛɛtʋ
- Kalɩ 1 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 26:1-25.
Daviid tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ 1 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 26:11 taa yɔ, tɩwɩlɩɣ lɩmaɣza wena teokrasi ɖʋtʋ yɔɔ? (keɣa 36:7; Rom. 13:2)
Ye ɖɩñakɩ pana se ɖɩla camɩyɛ lakasɩ ɛyaa nɛ piiheyiɣ-wɛ natʋyʋ yɔ, ɛzɩma Daviid tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ 1 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 26:23 taa yɔ, tɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana? (1 Aw. 8:32; Keɣa 17:21)
- Kalɩ 2 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 1:26.
Ɛzɩma Krɩstʋ mba pɩzɩɣ “pɔsɔɔlɩ lalaa pɩŋŋ” ɛzɩ Daviid nɛ Yonataanɩ paasɔɔlʋʋ ɖama yɔ? (1 Pɩy. 4:8; Kol. 3:14; 1 Yoh. 4:12)
- Kalɩ 2 Samɩyɛɛlɩ 5:1-10.
Daviid tɔɔ kewiyaɣ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩma? Ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ patayɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa? (2 Sam. 5:4, 5)
Daviid kɛ ɛyʋ sɔsɔ. Alaba nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ? Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩtɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ? (2 Sam. 5:10; 1 Sam. 16:13; 1 Kɔr. 1:31; Fil. 4:13)


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Meenii
Meenii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Brunswicki, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Keebɛkɩ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kanadaa yɔ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Meenii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Augusta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 86 542 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 74 859 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 11683 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,52 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1820. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 328 361 yɔ.
Payaɣ Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se ..piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Angus King (I) nɛ Susan Collins (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ nɛ fransɩɩ.


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Pierre-Simon de Laplace
Palʊla-ɩ Pierre-Simon Laplace liɖe taa kɛnɛ, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1749 Beaumont-en-Auge nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 1827 Paarii tɛtʊ, ɛkɛ tɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ɛyʊ.
Laplace kɛ tɩlɩya yaa lɛɣtʊ tɩna taa niye mʊyʊ lɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ Napoléon alɩwaatʊ taa. Siŋ taa lɛ, ɛɖʊ nisi sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ kpeu tɛ akɔnta lɩmaɣza taa. Ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛwaba siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛ-tɛ pɩɩtɛmaɖʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ ñʊʊ kam.
Pɩnaɣ 1799 wɛɛ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mɩnɩsɩtrɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔɔ. Napoléon Kajalaɣ tʊ yebina-ɩ Ampiiri kewiyitu pɩnaɣ 1808. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1817 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ wɛɛ wena Bourbon waa ɖanɩɣ pɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Normand tʊ nɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna tɛtʊ pazɩ yɔ yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, Pierre-Simon Laplace laba sukuli pɩtɩŋna ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛyɛ ɛyaa ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ pasɩma-ɩ se ɛwɛ nesi tɛɛ ñɩm nɛ ɛmʊna ñamtʊ yɔ. Ɛlaba sukuli pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1765 Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ Maur Kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩma mba pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ wazaɣ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa powona-ɩ Caen sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa. Pɔcɔ lɛ, ɛlaba nɔɔ leleŋ paɣtʊ sukuli kɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ sukuli taa, ɛpaɣzɩ ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza sukuli sɔŋgɔ alɩwaatʊ tɛma wayi lɛ pɩnaɣ 1766 ɛ-nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ Jean Adam kɛ Ɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ taa, anasaayɩ taa lɛ payaɣ se kollège du Bois. Ɛlaba sukuli ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-nɛ Christoph Gadbled, ɛlɛ kaakɛ lɩm kañaɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ Caen nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa sukuli taa, Pierre Canu ɛɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnaɣ Gadbled nɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa Mont kɔlɛzɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1769 paɣzɩtʊ taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1767 ŋtalɩ 1769, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1769 ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Paarii se ɛkatɩ tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛlɛ payaɣ d’Alembert, ɛ-tɛ talʊʊ peeɖe tɩŋna yɔɔ kɩɖɩnaʊ takayaɣ ŋga kalɩna Le Canu cɔlɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlaɣ kizi, d’Alembert kpɛdɛyɛ lɛ, ɛ-yɔɔ hɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛmazɩ takayɩ hatʊ naanaza nasɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ yaa pɩɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊ-tɔm kɛlɛ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ hɛɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlʊʊ sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli taa. Pɛhɛyɩ pɩnaɣ taa liviri naa 1400 nɛ pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, palabɩ-ɩ haya sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe.
Laplace ɖʊ ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi kewiyaɣ tɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩna tɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩya tɔm taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1770. Ɛyaa hiŋ nɛ naatozo cɔŋnɩna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊcɔ pɩwɛɛ se pala caca nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛyʊ wayɩ tʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1773 (ɛlɛ Desmarest ɛlɛza). Pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩnaɣ kɩhɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ yɔ 500 liviri kandɩya mba pɔ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1776 paɖɩza sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli nɛ papɩsɩ-kʊ ɛyaa kɩmaɣna camɩyɛ tɩna sukuli lɛ, pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liviri naa 600.


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Pɔlɩɩɩ Fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ
Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, pɩ-kɛna Tɔʋʋ mbʋ pɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa siŋŋ yɔ. Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Tɔʋʋ wɛ Yangzi Jiang kɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ Hubei yɔ. Paɣpaza Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ kɩkɛza huyuu ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ pɩnaɣ 2006 pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ yaa pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 2009. Paamaza size Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ lɛ, tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa makʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ 600 mbɩ yɔ.
Pɩwɛ size ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se, lɩm tɔmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, pɩ-kɩlɩna yaa kɛna sʋsɔtʋ. Ndʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɛ lɩm tɛ nazɩyʋʋ hɛkʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ sʋsɔtʋ yaa maŋgɩlaɣ n̄ɩndʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ pʋnɛ yɔ, kɛwɛ Sandouping. Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tɩ-n̄ɔtɩna Yichang, kɛ Hubei ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Hubei ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-ɖɩ wɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pʋʋ kʋkʋyʋʋ Haut-Yangzi hɔɔlʋʋ tɩnaɣ yɔ. Nɛ kɛɛdɛŋga yaa fɛɛʋ Moyen-Yangzi ŋgʋ kʋ-kʋ wɛna pɔɔ ɖigbene nɛ Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo kʋnɛ kɩyɔ kiŋ. Kɩwɛna yaa ki-posina pɔɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa lɩm ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ nɛ 38 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ Gezhouba Tɔtʋ yɔ. Peeɖe pɔɔ sʋsaɣ wɛna 14300 kɛ mɛtɛ pɩsɔzɩ pʋn̄ʋʋ yɔ naadozo mbɩ yɔ kɛ pazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa. Paabɩza pakpaɣ lɩmaɣza anɛ yɔ siŋŋ size pama Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ nɔɔ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1994 taa kɛ palakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ pɩcɔ lɩmaza anɛ yɔ pabazɩɣ yɛɛ lɛ, sakɩyɛ taatisi, ɛlɛ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kaaɖɔka patɩ kɛnɛ pɩcɔ petisi se pɩla mbʋ se pama Tɔtʋ ndʋ.
Pɔlɩɩɩ fɛɛʋ Naadozo Tɔʋʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tʋ-tʋmɩyɛ paza pɩnaɣ 1994 taa kɛnɛ. Nɛ pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ, pɔɔ sʋsaɣ ŋga paya-kɛ size Yangzi Jiang yɔ, paakɛza kɛ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Tɔtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ ɛzɩ 80 mbɩ yɔ kɛ kʋkʋyʋmɩŋ taa. Tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa lɛ, tɩ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ ɛzɩ 2309 yɔ. Tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ 185 yɔ.


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Arɩsɛnɩkɩ
Arɩsɛnɩkɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 33 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ As. Ɛkɛ pɩkɩtɔnɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu nɛ wondu ndʊ tɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩndʊ yɔ pakpaɣ ɖama, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ pakpaɣ arɩsɛnɩkɩ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ŋgʊ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pata-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ kileɖi caŋ yɔ ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonduu taa yɔ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna siriyaki ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa, ɖɩlɩna pɛrɩsanɩ زرنيخ zarnikh nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ kpɛndʊʊ mayaɣ (pɩɩkɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ keeke ŋgʊ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pataɣ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ ɛyaa yɔ). Pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se arsenikon (ἀpσevιkόv), nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔmɩŋ taa ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ krɛkɩ maɣmaɣ tɔm yɔ arsenikos (ἀpσevιkός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwakɩ kɩɖekɛdɩm yɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ).
Pʊrɔnzɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyaa na se kpɛndɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛ pʊrɔnzɩ taa pɩtɩŋna cuviri nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ, nɛ payaa wɛɛ ana se pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ wɛɛ. Palakanaɣ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wondu yɔɔ yɔ.
Scheele tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ pɩtɩŋna arɩsɛnɩkɩ cuwiviri tɛ ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele laba pɩnaɣ 1775 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, lɛɛza kuwiviri kaŋwa tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ kpanjaɣ. Akalɩŋ kpanjaɣ, ɛ sɛzɩɣ takayɩ hatʊ, piyaa aleɣya wondu nɛ pɛleʒɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Scweinfurt tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ yɔ.


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Ɖomba ɛwaɣ (glacier)
Ɖomba ɛwaɣ kɛ ɖombiye sɔsɔyɛ pilibili. Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ñʊŋ taa ɖɩmaɣ paɣyɛ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna huuye kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖomba ɛwaɣ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm yuŋ yeki nɛ ɖɩyɔkɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ heelim mbʊ pɩɩwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɩlɩɩ. Ɖomba mʊlʊm hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛlɩ mbʊ yɔ, ɛɖaɣnɩ ɖama taaɖɩnaʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɖombiye. Ɖombiye hɔŋ tanɩɩɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tɛtʊ hɔm ɖoŋ yeki nɛ ɖomba ɛwaɣ yoluu nɛ kekpeŋ cɔɔɔ kɛjɛlɛnzɩ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpilaaa yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Payaʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «glacier» yɔ, pɩlɩna fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «francoprovencal» yɔ tɩ-ŋsʊlʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩŋgʊ taa tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩwa. Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ kanton nakʊyʊ taa ɖɩlɩwa. Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye «Glacier» ñalɩna laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmbiye «glaciarium» cɔlɔ. Tɔmbiye glaciarium kɔmna ɖɩpɩsɩ tɔmbiye glacia. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩna tɔmbiye glacies («glace»,«glaçon»). Ɛlɛ, pɩkpana kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ lɛ, fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔsɔɔlɩ yaʊ tɔmbiye «glacière» nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ lɩm mbʊ payaɣ se leleŋ lɩm (eaux douces) yɔ, pɩ-mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖomba ɛwasɩ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ 70 mpilim. Ɖomba ɛwasɩ mʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kriosifɛɛrɩ (cryosphère) yɔ pʊ-hɔɔlʊʊʊ taa.


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Tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm kɛna keɖeɣya tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Pɩkɛna anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ n̄ɩnʋ tɔlɩm mbʋ pʋmʋna paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ ɛtaɣ kɩyɔ nɛ pʋmʋna-kʋ yaa kɩ-tasɩ kiɖe.
Tɔlɩm sɔsʋʋ ɖetuɣu wonu ŋgʋ pataɣ-kʋ yɔ. Tɔlɩm pʋnɛ, pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʋ kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nɛ pataɣ paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ. Ɛlɛ, anjaʋ waa lɩzɩyʋ tɩlɩʋna sɛmɩŋ mbʋ pʋmʋna se ɛtaɣ ɛtɛ anjaʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ.
Tɔlɩm tayaa tʋmɩyɛ lakɩnana nɛ wondunaa nabɛyɛ wɛʋ cɔnaʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, nɛ kaaʋ, nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kɔbɩ (verre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo (bois), nɛ liɖe (écorce), nɛ simaɣ tɛtʋ (béton), nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ hɔɔlaɣ (toile) yɔ.
Wondunaa mba ɖɩya hiyuu cɛnzɩ taa mbɩ yɔ, tɔlɩm mbʋ pataɣ pɔyɔɔ yɔ yeki nɛ pɩsɔzɩ keɖeyaɣ. Tɔlɩm taʋ pɩsʋʋ pɩkɛna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "figurative yaa abstraite" yɔ, nɛ "naturaliste" pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kedeŋa n̄ɩm yɔ.


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UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ɖʋ ɲgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se UNESCO. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ se sukuli labʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛsakuliye pa-tʋma ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16), pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋa taa paɖʋ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ yebina nɛ ɛyaa lɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛñɔ. Toovenum lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ wɔɖɔsa mbʋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʋʋ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ lesi pe-weziŋ. Piyele wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ yoŋ ŋ́gʋ kɩnaŋaa yɔ, tɩfɛyɩ kalʋʋ kpem. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɔsɩŋ tii kpakuu wiluu tɩyɛ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ siŋŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ pɛwɛɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se sukuli labʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Ɛyʋ ɛlaba sukuli nɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ, ɛtɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛna se you fɛyɩna kazʋwa nakɛyɛ. Pʋpɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se, pokuli ɛza siŋŋ lɛɣtʋ nɛ ɛzakuliye pa-tʋma nʋmɔŋ taa.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se taabalɩyɛ nɛ aŋgba pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe hɛkɩŋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩña siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ paɣtʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩña ɛyʋ waɖɛ paɣtʋ. UNESCO tamaɣ sɔsaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa tɛyɩtʋ sɩɩ tɩnaɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ anasaayɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tɩnaa. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ abalʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ halʋ. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ malʋʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ Krɩstʋ tʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sɩɩnaa layʋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ ɛ-tɛɛ tʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa ñʋʋdʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ minisi, ɛɛsɩŋ tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋndɩnaa, ɛɛsɩŋ kpaɣ ŋcɛlɛm. Tobi taa se, UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, ñɩm tʋ fɛyɩ, kʋñɔŋ tʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ paɣtʋ ñʋʋ yɔɔ, pʋwɛɛ se tɩmakɩ paa weyi kɩmaŋ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Paarii taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya 195 kɛwɛna UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ taa.


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Nɔɔ taa pɔʋ fuwa abalɩmayaɣ
Kabɩyɛ masɩ kpɛndɩ niidozo nɛ naanza (34). Sɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ masɩ nasɩyɛ se abalɩmasɩ nɛ lɛɛsɩ se halɩmasɩ. Abalɩmasɩ wɛ tindima ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna nɔɔ taa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛ-taa payaɣ sɩ-hɩla yɔ.
Ndoma tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p nɛ m. Abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ sɩsɩ se kela yɔɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : f nɛ v. Payaɣ lɛɛsɩ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔ pɔʋ fuwa taa abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : t, d, n, l nɛ ɖ.
Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛsɩ se nɔɔ kolaɣ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : c, j, ñ nɛ y. Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nasɩyɛ se nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : k, g nɛ ŋ. Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ nakɛyɩ se nɔɔ wiluu nɔɔnɔɔ kʋsʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ. Ŋgaa lɛ mayaɣ h. Payaa nasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ndoma tɛɛ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ cɔlɔ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ yɔ : kp, gb nɛ w.
Abalɩmasɩ nzɩ, paɖʋ-sɩ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma sɩlɩɣ ɛyʋ nɔɔ taa lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ.
Payaɣ abalɩmasɩ huuye naɖɩyɛ se plosifi waa huuye. Masɩ nzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : b, p, t, d, ɖ, k, c, j, k, g, kp nɛ gb. Hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɩ-taa abalɩmasɩ yɔ : f, v, s, z nɛ h. Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : m, n, ñ nɛ ŋ. Liu tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ huuye ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩɖɩ taa ñɩnzɩ yɔ : l, y, w nɛ r. Nnsʋlʋmɩyɛ kpɛnzɩ yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ kɔyɔ mayaɣ.


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Amazonii Pɔɔ
Amazonii kɛna pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Kɩ-lɩm kpem taa wɛ ɛzɩ 209000 m3/s yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Amazonii taa lɩm kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Paa pɩkpɛnda ɛzɩ pɔsɩ looɖo kpem kɔyɔ, pɩtaatɩɩtalɩda Amazonii pɔɔ taa lɩm. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 2992 yɔ. Ka nɛ Niili Pɔɔ nzɩ kɩlɩna paɣlʊ nɛ ɖɔʊ. Amazonii kɩlɩna walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Yee pɛkpɛndɩna Tacontins pɔɔ kɔyɔ, Amazonii ɖeke kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ 6112000 km2 yɔ yaa Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ 40% yɔ. Andɛɛzɩ waa taa kɛ Amazonii pɔɔ paɣzɩɣna kpem nɛ katɩŋna Peruu, Kolombi nɛ Breezil. Kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 6000 nɛ kɩkɔɔ kekpeŋ Atlantiiki teŋgu taa.
Amazonii pɔɔ wɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ ɛzɩ 1000 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna lɩm salala ɛzɩ 18% yɔ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɛtɛ pɔsɩ cikpesi nzɩ payaɣ se Madeira nɛ Rio Negro waa yɔ, sɩwɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pɔsɩ hiu naa taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se Amazonia paalaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ pɩwɛ nɩʊ; mbʊ pɩyɔɔ ƴɔ, kilomɛtanaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ŋŋnaɣ kondoloko. Kpɩyɩŋ yeke pɛtɛzɩɣna. Yee ŋtatalɩ ɖooo Maranon nɛ Ucayali kɔyɔ ŋŋnaɣ ɖɩtɛzɩyɛ. Mbʊ pɩɖaŋgʊ se paɖʊ kondolokonaa yɔ pɩɖɔɔ: kɩ-tɛ walaŋzɩ, kɩ-tɛ cukaŋ kɩ-lɩm holo, tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ, ki-kidiiliŋ eelou pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛʊ nɩʊ keŋjem nɛ kɩɩfɛʊ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, anasayɩ ñɩɩtʊ tatɩɩpɩzɩda nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩyɔɔ kɛ aŋgba ntɩ ntɩ wena acɔŋna kondolokonaa yɔ, aɖʊ lɩmaza kɛ Rio Madeira nɛ Rio Xingu pɔsɩ tɔm ɖeɖe yɔɔ. Peeɖe kpaagba mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Amazonii taa kpɩyʊ saʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Koɩyɩŋ cɩkpeŋ ɖoɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛsaɣ lɩm mbʊ pɩyɔɔ. Peeɖe nɛ pɩwayɩ mbʊ yɔ, mɛla naa cɩkpɛma kpaɣ nɛ petiki ŋkpaɣna Pongo de Mancheriche kɛ Maranon yɔɔ.
Amazonii pɔsɩ cɩkpesi kɔyɔ: Polivi, Kolombi, Ekuwatɛrɩ nɛ Fenezuyeelaa. Amazonii lɩm wadɩɣ ɛzɩ kedeŋganɛ ka-hayʊ n ɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ mbʊyɔ.


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Lɩm
Lɩm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ matʊ kɛlɛʊ taa pama se H2O nɛ pɩwɛ camɩyɛ kele kele nɛ pɩwɛ paa tomnaɣt kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ niikaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛcɔtʊ nɛ ɛ-taa yɔ tɩ-taa. Lɩm wɛ wazaɣ paa kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ. Pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu kɩjɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ. Pɩ-tɛ sakɩyɛ yeba nɛ pikii nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaʊ sɔsɔʊ ɛsɔtaa.
Lɩm wɛna wɛtʊ naatozo ndʊ lɛ cololo wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɔm pɩyɛ yaa helim mbʊ pɩwɛ kedeŋga taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ paa tomnaɣ kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩlɩna mbʊ pɩhaɣ wezuu yɔ lɛ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ tɛtʊ yɔ lɛ, pʊ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ pɩlɩna politiki tɔm cɔlʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɩm ɖɔnɛ (mbʊ pazɩma cɩnʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa se lɩm kajataɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa) ñɔtɩna lɩm kajataɣ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩm nɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ lɩm nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩm colɔlo wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pana-pʊ paa tɛtʊ lɩm mbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋguu naa nɛ kujomiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔsɩ taa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔ lɩm kpaɣ tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋga maɣmaɣ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ helim taa ɛzɩ muzuu tɩyɛ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ.


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TAKAYAƔ HUYUU YƆƆ TƆM | ƐBƐ YƆƆ PƖCƐYAA SE ÐƖWƐƐ TOOVENIM?
Toovenim Wɛʋ Wɛnɩ Wazaɣ
“Ðɩmaɣzɩɣ se ɖɩwɛnɩ laŋɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ, ɖɩtɛm ɖa-taa se ɖɩɖɔ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.”—Ebree 13:18.
Grɛɛkɩ tɔm piye nɖɩ pɛɖɛzɩ-ɖɩ cɩnɛ se “ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ” yɔ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ se toovenim wɛʋ yaa mbʋ pɩkɛ kɩbam yɔ.
Krɩstʋ mba ñakɩ pana se pakpaɣ apostoloo Pɔɔlɩ tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ palabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ: “Ðɩtɛm ɖa-taa se ɖɩɖɔ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.” Tɔm ndʋ, tɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe?
ÐƖLƲBƖNƖ KƖWƐƐKƖM MBƲ PƖWƐ ÐA-TAA YƆ
Paa tanaŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ lɛ, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ cɔŋnɩ pa-tɩ ñɩnʋʋ taa pʋcɔ nɛ palɩɣ ɛyaa taa. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ? Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɔsɔɔlaa se pɔñɔɔzɩ pa-tɩ nɛ peɖe. Ɛlɛ nabʋyʋ tɔm ñɛcɛyaa kpem nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖa-tɩ ñɔɔzʋʋ. Toovenim taa lɛ, ɛyʋ weyi ɖɩkɛnɩ pɩ-taa kiŋ yɔ, eyeki se ɖiɖe yaa ɖitaaɖe ɛyaa ɛzɩdaa.
Bibl wɩlɩɣ kpayɩ se ɖa-laŋɩyɛ tuzuuni-ɖʋ se ɖɩla mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 8:21 yɔɔdʋʋ se: “Ɛyʋ laŋɩyɛ taa lɩmaɣza tɩkɛdɩ ɖooo e-pitu taa.” Ye mbʋ, pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩlʋbɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm mbʋ pɩwɛ ɖa-taa yɔ. Apostoloo Pɔɔlɩ kɛdɩ ɛzɩma ɛlʋbɩnɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm yɔ nɛ ɛtɔ se: “Mɛ-ɛyʋtʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, mɔnsɔɔlɩ Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ. Ɛlɛ manɩɣ paɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ taŋ men-pilinzi taa nɛ tiyou man-taa lɔŋ paɣtʋ, nɛ tɩhɔkʋʋ-m nɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ men-pilinzi taa yɔ.”—Roma 7:22, 23.
Ye ɖa-laŋɩyɛ etuzuu-ɖʋ se ɖɩla mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yaa ɖɩtaawɛɛ toovenim kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩlʋbɩnɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ. Ða pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ mbʋ ɖɩsɔɔlaa se ɖɩlakɩ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩlɩzɩɣ se ɖɩlɔʋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim, paa mba pɔcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pata yɔ pɛfɛyɩ toovenim kɔyɔ.
ÐƖPƖZƖƔ NƐ ÐƖWA KƖWƐƐKƖM
Pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩɖɔ paɣtʋ kila wena asɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩcaɣ wezuu kɩbaŋʋ yɔ, a-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩlabɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ se ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kpakɩɣ pa-alɩwaatʋ nɛ pamaɣzɩɣ po-wondu suu yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩma pacaɣ wezuu kɩbaŋʋ yɔ. Piyeki nɛ pamaɣzɩɣ se hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɩ taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛcɛtɩ pazɩ. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ (La vérité (honnête) sur la malhonnêteté) yɔɔdaa se alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyaa cɛtɩɣ yɔ, pañakɩ pana se ɛyaa ɩtaakɩlɩ naʋ se pɛkɛ cɛtɩyaa. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩna se cɛtɩm nabʋyʋ fɛyɩ se pɩwɛ ɖeu na? Ɛɛɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛɛ se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ.
Bibl sɩnɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Paɣtʋ kila wena awɛ Bibl taa yɔ, awɛnɩ wazaɣ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ pɩtɩŋa. (Keɣa 18:8) Bibl sɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛzɩ hɔʋ taa, tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa, wezuu kɩbaŋʋ caɣʋ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, paɣtʋ nɛ paɣtʋ kila wena awɛ kɩ-taa yɔ, awazɩɣ ajɛɛ kpeekpe taa ɛyaa. Ye ɖɩkalɩɣ Bibl, ɖɩmaɣzɩɣ kɩ-taa tɔm yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩkpakɩɣ kɩ-lɔŋ tasʋʋ nɛ ɖɩlakɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩfalɩsɩ ɖa-laŋɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim.
Ɛlɛ, Bibl sɩmtʋ ɖeke ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim. Ðɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, ɖɩñɩkɩɣ ɖɔ-yɔɔ se ɖɩkpaɣ ɖi-mulum lakasɩ. Pʋyɔɔ pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩtɩmnɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛsɩnɩ-ɖʋ. (Filiipu 4:6, 7, 13) Ye ɖɩlakɩ mbʋ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ abalɩtʋ nɛ ɖɩla mbʋ pɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ, nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.
WAZASƖ NZƖ ÐIHIKIƔ TOOVENIM WƐƲ TAA YƆ
Hitoshi weyi ɖɩyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm kajalaɣ ñʋʋ taa yɔ, ɛkɔm nɛ ehiɣ wazasɩ sakɩyɛ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛ toovenim ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ ehiɣ tʋmɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ nɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ñʋʋdʋ taa lakɩ-ɩ nɛ leleŋ ɛzɩma ɛwɛ toovenim yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Hitoshi yɔɔdaa se: “Mɛwɛnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ kpem se manpɩzaa nɛ mehiɣ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ-m waɖɛ se mɛwɛɛnɩ ɛhʋyɛ kɩbanɖɛ yɔ.”
Ɛyaa lalaa ɖɔɖɔ kpaɣ Bibl paɣtʋ kiɖe nɖɩ ɖɩtɔŋ se “ɖɩɖɔ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa” yɔ nɛ palabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pɩwazɩ-wɛ siŋŋ. Iyele nɛ ɖɩna pa-kɩɖaŋ.
Ɛhʋyɛ kɩbanɖɛ
“Maawɛnɩ pɩnzɩ 13 lɛ, meyele sukuli nɛ ma nɛ mɩlaa ɖɩɖʋ ɛgbɛyɛ. Piyeba nɛ ñɩm mbʋ maawɛna yɔ, cɛtɩm nʋmɔŋ yɔɔ mantɩŋnaa nɛ mehiɣ pɩ-taa sakɩyɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, mawalɩ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ, nɛ ɖa nɛ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa ɖɩpaɣzɩ Bibl kpɛlɩkʋʋ. Ðɩkpɛlɩkaa se Yehowa * Ɛsɔ paɖɩɣ cɛtɩm lakasɩ. Peeɖe ɖɩkpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ɖɩlɛɣzɩɣ ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa, ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-tɩ nɛ ɖɩha Yehowa nɛ pamɩyɩsɩ-ɖʋ lɩm nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa.”—Aduwa 6:16-19.
“Ðooo lɛ, wondu ndʋ tɩɩwɛ man-ɖɩɣa taa yɔ, mamɩlɩ tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɩmɩlʋ. Ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, tɩtɩtasɩ wɛʋ. Piyeba nɛ mɛwɛɛnɩ ɛhʋyɛ kele kele ñɩnɖɛ. Mamaɣzɩɣ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩ-taa malakaɣ cɛtɩm lakasɩ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, mɛwɛnɩ ɛsɩmɩyɛ kpem se Yehowa na man-pʋtɔdɩyɛ siŋŋ. Paa ɖoo wena, mansʋʋ se mahɩnɩɣ lɛ, ma-laŋɩyɛ hɛ yem mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ manawa se lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ Yehowa taa wɛnɩ-m leleŋ.”—Cheryl, Irɩlandɩ.
“Nɔɔyʋ kaakɔm ɖa-tʋmɩyɛ taa nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ se ɛlabɩ-m kʋjɔʋ nɛ mala mulum lakasɩ, ɛlɛ menkizi. Man-tʋmɩyɛ ñʋʋdʋ kɔm nɛ ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ lɛ, eheyi-m se: ‘Ñɛ-Ɛsɔ yeba se ŋkɛ ɛyʋ weyi papɩzɩɣ nɛ pataa-ɩ liu siŋŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ wazaɣ sɔsɔɔ se ŋwɛ ɖa-tʋmɩyɛ taa.’ Ɛzɩma mɛwɛ toovenim pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa yɔ, pɩsɩɣnɩ-m se mɛwɛɛnɩ ɛhʋyɛ kɩbanɖɛ Yehowa Ɛsɔ ɛzɩdaa. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, pɩhaɣ-m waɖɛ se mansɩnɩ mɔ-hɔʋ taa mba nɛ lalaa nɛ pala mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ.”—Sonny, Hɔŋkɔŋ.
Laŋhɛzɩyɛ
“Malakɩ tʋmɩyɛ liidiye koozaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ taa. Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛzɩma ɛyaa sɔɔlaa se papɩsɩ ñɩm tɩnaa yɔ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, patɩkpaɣ toovenim wɛʋ nɛ payaa pʋyʋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ maɣzɩɣ se ye cɛtɩm lakasɩ pazɩ yem iyeki se ɛyʋ ɛpɩsɩ ñɩm tʋ yaa se tɔsʋʋ ehuu yɔ, pɩtɩwɛɛkɩ pʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɛzɩma mɛwɛ toovenim yɔ piyeba nɛ mehiɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ. Manɖʋ man-taa se paa ɛbɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ, mɛwɛɣ toovenim tam. Man-tʋmɩyɛ ñʋndɩnaa nawa se wiɖiyi maakaɣ-wɛ cɛtʋʋ yaa maakaɣ cɛtʋʋ se pɩwazɩ-wɛ.”—Tom, Etaazuunii.
Ðɩwɛɣ yuŋ lalaa ɛzɩdaa
“Pɔkɔm nɛ paanaɣ ɖa-tʋmɩyɛ taa wondu natʋyʋ lɛ, man-tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ heyi-m se ye pɔpɔzɩ-m lɛ mantaayɔɔdɩ toovenim, ɛlɛ menkizi. Pɔkɔm nɛ pana mba paamɩlɩ-tʋ yɔ lɛ, man-tʋmɩyɛ ñʋʋdʋ sɛ-m ɛzɩma maayɔɔdɩ toovenim yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ toovenim mulum ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɩpɔzaa se ɛwɛɛ abalɩtʋ. Ɛlɛ ye ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ toovenim yɔ, lalaa pɩzɩɣ nɛ pataa-ɖʋ liu nɛ pañam-ɖʋ.”—Kaori, Japɔŋ.
Ye ɖɩwɛ toovenim yɔ, ɖɩwɛɣnɩ ɛhʋyɛ kɩbanɖɛ, ɖihikiɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɣ yuŋ ɛyaa lalaa ɛzɩdaa. Ye mbʋ, toovenim wɛʋ wɛnɩ wazaɣ siŋŋ. Yaa pɩtɩkɛ mbʋ?
^ tay. 18 Bibl wɩlɩɣ se Ɛsɔ hɩɖɛ lɛ Yehowa.


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Mesopotami
Mesopotami (Krɛkɩ tɛ lɛ, Meσoπotauίa / Mesopotamíos, ueσo / meso hɛkʊ nɛ πotauός / potamós lɩm pɔɔ matʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ pɔsɩ hɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ tɛ tɔm, egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊzʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kɛ Tigre nɛ Euphrate pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kɛna nɔnɔ tɛ Irak.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ hayi yɔ kiŋ (hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Siiri nɛ nɔnɔ Irak nɛ hayi). Egeetiye lɛɛɖɛ kɛ pʊŋ kɩmaɣnɩŋ, weyi ɛ-taa tɛʊ nɩɣ nɛ pahayʊ yɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ pɔhɔ lɩm nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖe nɛ pahayɩna yɔ.
Mesopotami tɔmpiye tɛ nɩɣ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ alɩwaatʊ wɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Krɛkɩ cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ tɛ nɩɣ nɛ Room ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, Mesopotami kɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Djézireh kɛ ɖooo arabɩ ɛyaa tɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 637 kɛ Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayi), ŋgʊ haɖɛ yɔɔ niikaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se Sawâd kɛ arabɩ tɔm takayaasɩ taa.
Sɔnɔ tɛ kpaɣɖʊ taa tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa nɛ canaʊ taa wonduu taa wiliyaa tisiɣ nɛ ɖama se Mesopotami ɛyaa tɩna matʊ kiɖe. Palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ kpezelasɩ yɔɔ matʊ nzɩ sɩkɛ kɩwɩlɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣnɛ anasaayɩ taa se pictogramme waa nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, pʊkɔma ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Y-C lɛ, ɛya mba papɩsɩ Suma ɛyaa nɛ Akkad ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ mɛsaɣ tɛ wɩlɩɣ yɔ latɛŋ taa lɛ, cuneus pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɩcɔsɩyɛ.
Nɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa yɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye Mesopotami nɛ pamazɩna ɖooo egeetiye kɩbɩndɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye tɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ yaa pacaɣ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖɩŋ alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩnaɣ 637 Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ kɛɛkɛ pɩkpɛndɩna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ yoŋ wabɩtʊ.


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Pilim ñʊʊ
Pilim ñʊʊ, tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pilim ñʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ kalɩyaɣ ŋga keyeba se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ kʊɖʊm kʊɖʊm kalʊʊ. Pɩsaŋ nɛ pakalɩɣ wondu kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋ se kaʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, kaŋ naalɛ, takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, takayasɩ naalɛ. Pilim ñʊʊ ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pama-kʊ nɛ kalɩyasɩ pɩtɛ. Paa ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛwɛna ka-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa, nɛ kalɩyasɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ Richard Dekekind lɩza tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ paɖanɩɣ tɔm lɛɛtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊtʊ ñɔtɔŋ se mayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pɩdaa. Tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ a-tɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ tɔm wɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ.
Pilim ñʊŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖama taa wɛʊ, nɛ sɔzʊʊ akɔnta nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ huuduu, kaakɛna ɖooo krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tʊzɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ payaɣa se ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pekpeɣ pilim ñʊŋ maʊʊ tɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peano nɛ Dedekind pɔ-yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa padakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa ɛzɩ mayaɣ pilim ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, (ŋgʊ lalaa ñañɩkɩɣ niiye kɔyɔ), mbʊ yebina nɛ kpeɣtu kajalaɣ ñɩndʊ tɛlɛzɩ.
Pilim kalɩyasɩ kpeekpe, kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa wɛ sɩ-taa yaa kɛfɛyɩ, sɩ-tɩŋa payi payʊsa-sɩ mayaɣ N. Dedekind palɩzɩ mayaɣ ŋga pɩnaɣ 1888, nɛ payaɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ pasɩma mbʊ se pɩkɛ pilim masɩ kpeekpe tɔm.


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Angkor
Kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ nasɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ payaɣ sɩ-kpɛndʋʋ mbʋ se Aŋkor kewiyaɣ. Aŋkor kewiyaɣ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ payaɣ se Khmer.
Aŋkor tɛtʋ wɛ Siem Reap tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛzakuliye nɛ ñɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Aŋkor tɛtʋ taa. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1992 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, Aŋkor tɛtʋ taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ Ajɛya kpeejkpe kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔsʋʋ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ.
Aŋkor tɛtʋ pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩyɛ egbena ɖiwoɖe. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa tuutuma wokina ɛsɩyɛ egbena Aŋkor tɛtʋ taa. Powokuuna ɛsɛyɛ egbena yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm siŋŋ Aŋkor tɛtʋ.
Kpaɖʋʋ nakʋ (9) ñɩŋʋ taa pesiɣ Aŋkor tɛtʋ maʋ kpooluu.


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Parɩyɔm
Parɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 56 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ba. Pana parɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 pɩtɩŋna Carl Wilhelm Scheele yɔɔ kɛ maganɛzɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ naalɛ tʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Humphry Davy lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɛlɛ Guntz ñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1901. Pakpa tɔmpiye parɩyɔm nɛ ɖoŋ pɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛwɛ yuŋ.
Parɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔm ŋñɩɩ (asɛtatɩ, karɩbɔnatɩ, klɔratɩ, kɩlɔrɩ, hɩdrɔsɩdɩ, nɩtratɩ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, pɛrɩkɩlɔratɩ, pɔlɩsʊlɩfʊrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ), palakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ polukina wondu sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm takayɩhatʊ, foɖo foɖo num ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ, añɩnɩŋ caɖasɩ nzɩ ɖɩyaɣna anasaayɩ taa sɩzɩ fɛɛrɩ yɔ, cʊŋ ɖeɣsi, malaa ɖesiɣ nɛ fɛrɩnɩ nɛ mɩzasɩ tɛtʊ, palakɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm pɩtɩŋna parɩyɔm ŋgʊ kʊ-pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ, ɛzɩ yee ntiɣta parɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋʊ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peɖeziɣ miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊmʊʊ miŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩ.
Parɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛnɩɣ ɛ-tɩ taŋ kpaɣ ɛzɩ lotu ñɩŋanzɩ siŋ, calɩm kahʊyaɣ, ñamɩyɛ tɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩkɔna ɛyʊ sɩm, pɩkɛna pʊtʊma feziŋ ɛɛtalɩ-ɩ yaa pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ laŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Parɩyɔm wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pana-ɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɔm yɔ. Yee ŋliba parɩyɔm kɔyɔ, kʊyɔɔlɩɣ kɛlɛ parɩyɔm pɩsɩ kɩcaɣ ɛyʊ toma ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mɔɔ taa. Ɛzɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm naa sakɩyɛ yɔlʊʊ lɩm taa yɔ, kpɩna pɩzɩɣ nɛ añɔʊ pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ. INRS laba tʊmɩyɛ yuŋ yɔɔ, holaa nɛ anasaayɩ holaa lɛ, pana se pakɩlɩɣ dʊʊ parɩyɔm pɩ-tɛ kpɩna ana yɔ a-tɛ hɔ kɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔŋna sɩm sakɩyɛ.


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Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ
Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋ. Wonuu kʋnɛ yɔ, palaba-kʋ nɛ nima kɛnɛ. Nɛ nima anɛyɔ, an̄ɔtɩna ɖama nɛ asɛyʋʋ na ɖama arɩchɛ (archet) lakɩna nɛ nima anɛyɔ pɩn̄amasʋʋ yɛ) yaa ɛzɩ a-kpɩtʋʋ na ɖama. Awɛ fiyoolɔɣ waa hɔʋʋ taa kɛnɛ. Hɔʋʋ ŋgʋ ɖɩna kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ minziikɩ wonuu kɩmabʋʋ hayuu nɛ hadɛŋgʋ nɛ ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔl paya se alitoo yɔ.
Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ, wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩmaɖʋ cakɩ kɩ-caɣʋ nɛ ɛ-makɩ-kʋ. Ɛ-kpɛkɩ-kʋ nɛ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ pʋtɔbʋ size ɛ-ɖɔkʋ-kʋ nɛ ɛ-tala nɛ pɩcɔ ɛ-paɣzɩɣ-kʋ mabʋ. Maɖʋ ɛnɛ yɔ, pɩcɔ ɛ-paɣzɩ mabʋʋ ɛ-tɛ minziiki wonu fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kʋnɛ lɛ, ɛ-cakɩ kpelaɣ kikpiyaɣ nakayɛ yɔ kɛnɛ.
Ɛlɛ ɛ-ɖɔkʋ kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ ɛ-tala taa mbʋ. Ɖɩtaasɔ size palʋʋyɩ nɛ nimasi nanaaza. Sɩwiluu taa ɖɩnɩɣ do nɛ sol, nɛ ré nɛ pɩtasɩna la ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ alito taa yɔ. Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ wilitu yaa tilitu ndʋ payadʋ size ɔktavɩ yɔ wayɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ tɛɛ, yaa ɛzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ (ɔktavɩ ŋgʋ kɩ-kɩla pila kagbaanzɩ hɛkʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ) kɛ fiyoolɔɣ tɛɛ.
Minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-taa kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩwɛna tɛsitiiɖi kɩkɩlɩɣ. Kɩ-tɛɛ wilitu yaa tilitu kpaɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 65 Hz pɩsɩbna 1000 Hz (pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ 2000 Hz mbɩyɔ yee maɖʋ ɛwɛna mabɩtʋ niye mʋyʋ nimiye kɔyɔ. Mbʋ yɔ ɛtɩlɩɣ mabʋʋ camɩyɛ). Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nabʋyʋ taa kpem size, wonuu kɩmabʋʋ fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ kɩlɩna n̄ɔtɩnaʋ wondu teyaa kpam.
Tɛyʋʋ taa siŋŋ lɛ, fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ lakɩna ɖonɖoŋ kɛ clé maya fa kɛ wiluu yaa tiluu ɖeɖe. Ɖɩtaasɔ size fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-hɔʋʋ sʋsɔʋ siŋŋ kɛlɛ fiyoolɔɔ yɔ. Kʋkʋ lɛya lɩɣ kɔɔnɔɔ taa kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Pɩkɛ kpaɖʋ 16 taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, minziiki wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ rebec nɛ lira (Lira da braccio) kalɩwaa ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ.


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Mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm
Mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 101 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Md (wɛɛ kɩbɩna taa lɛ pɩɩkɛ Mv pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1957). Ɛ-tɛ agbele naa taa nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɖiɣɖiɣ. Weyi ɛlɛ caɣ wɛʊ ɖiɣɖiɣ yɔ 158Md wɛna titiɖe fezuu caɣʊʊ pɩsɩna kɩyakɩŋ nɩnʊwa nɛ kagbanzɩ. Paalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe nɛ ɛwɛna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ x cɛnzɩ tɔʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe yee palaba-ɩ ɛɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ kɔyɔ.
Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ paasɩma mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1955, Albert Ghiorso, Bernard Harvey (de), Gregory Choppin (en), Stanley Thompson (en) nɛ Glenn Seaborg. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ɖoŋ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ nɔmɔʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, palaba-ɩ pɩtɩŋna panazaɣ ayɩnstayɩnɩyɔm nɛ hɛlɩyɔm 4 tʊ hɛkʊ taa piye. Dmitri Mendeleïv hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ paha-ɩ-ɖɩ, ɛnʊ kɛna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata caa.
Mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm kɛ nakʊ tʊ weyi poluba-ɩ kulubu yɔ. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley G. Thompson nɛ Glenn T. Seaborg kaalɛna-ɩ labʊ pɩnaɣ 1955 Kaliforni sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa Berkeley tɛtʊ taa.
Nayaa kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se paya pʊtʊ 101 tʊ ɛnʊ se mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm pɩlɩna Ruusii kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Dmitri Mendeleïev yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɖʊ nesi siŋ nɛ pama kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pʊtʊnaaa caɣyɛ kpata yɔ. Pɩɩtʊzɩna niiikaɣ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ mbʊ lɛ, Seaborg peeziɣ Etaazuunii komina se hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ yɔ ɖɩlɩna Ruusii kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ yɔɔ.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tʊma kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (UICPA) tisi hɩɖɛ mɛndɛlɛvɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1955 pɩ nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Mv, ŋga pɛlɛza nɛ Md kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ketizaɣ lɛɛka ɖeɖe UICPA (pɩnaɣ 1957).


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Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ
Mbʋ payaɣ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩkɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ miŋ saʋ tɛ anasaayɩ tɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Nabʋlɛ lɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna wena awɛ kɩmaŋ yɔ, a-tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kajalaɣ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ kɛŋna soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ pʋnɛ pʋbʋ wayɩ kɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ludwig Boltzmann laba ñɩnʋʋ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna kɩmaŋ ñɩna tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ lɛɛlɛyɔ, kegbeɣlaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tomnaɣ tɛ wɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa. Lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩlakɩna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yɔ camɩyɛ.


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Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ
Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ kɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Sɩkandiinavɩ tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Ajɛya wena ɖɩnɛ-yɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Sʊyɛdɩ, Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa wɛ 385 199 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 307 860 km2.
Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa kagbanzɩ kɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 2015. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ Isilandɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kilomɛta yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Osɩloo nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ nɔɔrɩveezɩyɛɛ pɩyele liidiya kɔyɔ Nɔɔkɩ.
Keteŋa kpekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpazɩ ɖɩhɩʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu pazɩ pɩɖɛɛ; nɛ ɛsɩndaa kpem. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñɩm pʊnɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩlɩna kaɖazɩm nɛ helimaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa yɔ payaɣ-kɛ se kaazɩ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ temokirasii kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekp ajɛya taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ ajɛya wena acaɣ nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ.
ReferencesÑɔɔzɩ
- ↑ Arealstatistics for Norway 2020, Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway Accessdate=2020-03-11
- ↑ Population, january 1 2020, Statistics Norway Accessdate=2020-03-11


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Awuusa kʊnʊŋ
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ kɛ Caadɩ kiŋ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ, Peenɛɛ nɛ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kameruni nɛ Kotidiivʊwaari nɛ Kana nɛ [Nizɛɛrɩ (Niger)|Nizɛɛrɩ]] nɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Caadɩ nɛ Togo ajɛya taa yɔ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ ɛzɩ nɩnɩwa ntalɩ nɛ hiŋ loɖo halɩ ŋwolo ɛzɩ hiŋ lʊbɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩzʊʊ ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔɔdʊtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ. Mba paba palʊlɩ-wɛ kɩ-ta nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ patala miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ puwolo pɩtalɩ hiu waa naatozo nɛ naanza.
Awuusa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afro-Aziyatiki kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa payayɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se samito-sémitiki. Kɩlɩna Caadɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbela taa. Caadɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ agbela cɩkpena taa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Pɛtɛyɩ Caadɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔm naanza taa kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ cɩkpeŋ.
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keeke Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiŋ naatozo yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ. Nɩzɛɛrɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 9360000. Kana ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa naalɛ. Kotidiivʊwaari ɛyaa 121000. Kameruni ɛyaa 400000. Caadɩ ɛyaa 200000. Suudaŋ ɛyaa 600000. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wena a-taa palakɩ tadɩyɛ siŋ yɔ.
Sɔnɔ, Awuusa kʊnʊŋ pɩsa samaɣ hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ (tadɩyɛ) Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ Afrika Hɛkʊ taa. Awuusa kʊnʊŋ mɩza ajɛya hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, tʊma sakɩyɛ anaasayɩ ɖʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɩtʊ nɛ tɩyekɩ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩɣ ɖoo polɩŋ taa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔ tɔm.
Awuusa kʊnʊŋ kɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Hayi kɩŋ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-kɛ [Nizɛɛrɩ (Niger)|Nizɛɛrɩ]] ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ kɩmamaʊ lɩna kano yɔɔdɔɣ cɔlɔ. Pama Awuusa kʊnʊŋ ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ, kɔɔnaɣ taa lɛ, pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩ tɛ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ, nɛ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Latɛnɩ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ, ŋgʊ paɖʊ kpaɣɖʊ nɛɛlɛ ŋgʊ nɔɣ yɔ nɛ abalɩ masɩ naaza kʊsɔzɩsɩ.


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ÑƲƲ 52
Ɛkpaɣ kpɔnʋnaa pazɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ cabɩ nɛ ɛcalɩnɩ ɛyaa kudokiŋ sakɩyɛ
MAATIYEE 14:13-21 MAARKƖ 6:30-44 LUKA 9:10-17 YOHANƐƐSƖ 6:1-13
YESU CALƖ ABALAA 5000
Tɔm susuu tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ apostoloowaa 12 labɩ Galilee egeetiye taa yɔ, ɖɩha-wɛ taa leleŋ siŋŋ nɛ pɔkɔɔ Yesu “cɔlɔ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ-ɩ mbʋ mbʋ palaba nɛ ndʋ ndʋ pawɩlaa yɔ.” Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se tʋmɩyɛ kaanɩ-wɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛzɩma ɛyaa kɔŋaɣ pɔ-cɔlɔ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ yɔ, patɩna alɩwaatʋ se pɔtɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ. Pʋyɔɔ Yesu heyi-wɛ se: “Ɩkɔɔ mɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩjaʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɩhɛzɩ pazɩ ɖenɖe pɩcaɣ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ yɔ.”—Maarkɩ 6:30, 31.
Paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma, paañɔtɩnɩ Kapɛrnayum tɛtʋ. Peeɖe pakpa kpɩyʋʋ taa, se pamaa Yɔɔrdaŋ Pɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kiŋ, Betɛsda tɛtʋ wayɩ se pañɩnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ nɛ pɛhɛzɩ. Ɛlɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛm-wɛ naʋ nɛ lalaa ɖɔɖɔ ñanɩwa se peɖiɣni ɖɛʋ peeɖe. Pʋyɔɔ pakʋyaa pese nɛ pɔcɔlɩ pɔɔ, nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yesu nɛ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa patalaɣ peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa tɛm talʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Yesu lɩ kpɩyʋʋ taa lɛ, ɛna ɛyaa samaɣ nɛ pɔ-tɔm labɩ-ɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ heŋ weyi ɩfɛyɩnɩ ninɖiɣyu yɔ. “Nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ-wɛ” Kewiyaɣ tɔm. (Maarkɩ 6:34) Ɛlabɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mba paawɛnɩ kʋdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, “pɔ-yɔɔ cɛ.” (Luka 9:11) Alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩɖɛɣ lɛ, ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa ñɔtɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ peheyi-i se: “Pɩkɛ lakʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ tɛma. Ðɔɔnɩ ɛyaa samaɣ: Powolo tɛtʋ taa nɛ paya tɔɔnaɣ.”—Maatiyee 14:15.
Ɛlɛ Yesu cosi-wɛ se: “Pataawolo. Mɩ-maɣmaɣ ɩha-wɛ tɔɔnaɣ.” (Maatiyee 14:16) Yesu kaasɩm mbʋ ɛkaɣ labʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtakɩ Filiipu nɛ ɛpɔzɩ-ɩ se: “Le ɖɩnaɣ kpɔnʋnaa nɛ ɛyaa samaɣ kanɛ yɔ kɔtɔɔ?” Filiipu pɩmʋnaa se pɔpɔzɩ tɔm ndʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ kaañɔtɩnɩ Betɛsda tɛtʋ. Ɛlɛ paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se payakɩ kpɔnʋnaa mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, abalaa ɖeke kaakpɛndɩ 5000 nɛ pɩtasɩnɩ halaa nɛ piya; ye mbʋ pɔtɔma pakalɩɣ pa-tɩŋa yɔ, pɩcɛzɩɣ abalaa ɖɔʋ tam nabʋlɛ. Pʋyɔɔ Filiipu cosaa se: “Liidiye, nasɩlɛ [yaa kɩyakɩŋ 200 tʋmɩyɛ liidiye] ɛɛtalɩɣ se paa weyi lɛ ehiɣ kpɔnʋ hɔɔlaɣ.”—Yohanɛɛsɩ 6:5-7.
Pɩsa nɛ Yesu nɩɩ pɩ-taa se paapɩzɩɣ nɛ pacalɩ samaɣ ŋga lɛ, Andree cosaa nɛ eheyi-i se: “Evebu nɔɔyʋ wɛ cɩnɛ yɔ, ɛwɛnɩ kpɔnʋnaa kagbanzɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ naalɛ, ɛlɛ pɩtalɩ-we samaɣ kanɛ yɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ?”—Yohanɛɛsɩ 6:9.
Pɩkazɩ pazɩ se pɔtɔɔ pɩnaɣ 32 tɛ Paska kazandʋ nɛ ñɩtʋ lɛŋ ñɩndʋ kaawɛ piyisi yɔɔ. Pʋyɔɔ Yesu heyi ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa se pɔyɔɔdɩnɩ samaɣ nɛ ɛyaa kpeɣli ɖama nɩɩnʋwa nɩɩnʋwa yaa mɩnʋʋ mɩnʋʋ. Ɛkpaɣ kpɔnʋnaa kagbanzɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ naalɛ nɛ ɛtɩmɩ pɩ-yɔɔ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛtayɩ kpɔnʋnaa mba nɛ kpakpasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa. Yesu kpaɣ nɛ ɛcɛlɩ ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa se patayɩ ɛyaa. Maamaaci tɔm, ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔɔ nɛ pahaɣ!
Pɛtɛm tɔɔʋ lɛ, Yesu heyi ɛ-tɔmkpɛlɩkɩyaa se: “Ikpeɣli titilee wena akazaa yɔ nɛ ataale yem.” (Yohanɛɛsɩ 6:12) Pekpeɣli-yɛ nɛ asu ɖɔkɩŋ 12.


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Kanzasii
Kanzasii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Misuurii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Koloradoo hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Oklahoma yɔ tɩwɛna.
Pamaza Kanzasii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 2 13 283 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 211 900 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 196 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,96 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.Kanzasii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Topeka nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Wiziitaa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 34 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1861. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 853 118 yɔ.
Payaɣ Kanzasii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Jeff Colyer (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Pat Roberts (R) nɛ Jerry Moran (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ.


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Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ
Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ. Kɩ-mayaɣ lɛ Fe. Kɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ yusaɣ kɛlɛ mayaɣ 26. Ñɩɣlɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «métaux de transition». Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se ruteniyɔɔm nɛ osimiyɔɔm nɛ kobalɩtɩ nɛ nikɛɛlɩ (nickel) yɔ palɩ ɖama pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-mayaɣ kɛ 56 yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna yuŋ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ tɩŋɛ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se silisiyɔɔm yɔ poyolosaa nɛ palabɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ.
Payaɣ tɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ se tɩnzɩ kɩsɛmsɩ sɔsɔsɩ. Tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋgbɛzɩyaa taa. Mbʊ pʊcɔ wɩsɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-wɛ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «planêtes» waa yɔ, pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɩlɩna wazaɣ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa paa evemiye nɖɩ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ yɔ ɖɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ mbʊ payaɣ se «métal de transition ductile» yɔ. Yee pesidi ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ payaɣ se asiyee yɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tɛtʊ tɛɛ yɔ, petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ. Kolu nɛ ñɩɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ palakɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ huwaa pɩtalɩ miiliyaaɖɩ waa 2,4 pɩnaɣ 2010 taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ lɩzɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, panaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla 37,5 Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 17,5 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Biresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 15,4 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 10,8 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 4,2 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 3,0 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akaza tɛtɛɛ se papɩzɩɣ pohuyi yɔ, atalɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyaaɖɩ waa 180. Ajɛya wena a-taa papɩzɩɣ pehiɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akazaa tɛtɛɛ yɔ, anaa yɔ : Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Presiili nɛ Ruusii.


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Big Bang
Big Bang kɛna keteŋa paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊtʊɖɛ ndʊ lɔnsɩnɖɛ ñɩnɩya kpaɣ nɛ pañɩnɩna tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩnaa yɔ. Cacalaɣ taa lɛ Pɛlɩzɩ katolika-tʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Georges Lemaître yɔ ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna-tʊ maɣzɩɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1927. Ɛcalɩna yɔɔdɩɣ se tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ɛyaa kpeekpe naʊ mbʊ yɔ, pɩɩkɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pamɩzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ Amerika tɩnzɩ tɩlɩtʊ ñɩnɩyʊ weyi pa yaɣ-ɩ se Edwin Hubble ɛñɩɣʊ-tʊ yɔɔ nesi pɩnaɣ 1929 se ɛɛɛ mbʊ pɩlaba. Payaɣʊ se Big Bang yɔ kacalaɣ poombo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛna ɛzɩ woŋga pʊyʊ yɔ; nɛ aradiyo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se BBC yɔ, kɩ-taa kɛ pacala-tʊ nɩʊ pɩnaɣ 1950. Piritaaniiki-tʊ weyi pyayaɣ-ɩ se Fred Hoyle yɔ ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna-tʊ yɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe.
Ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ lɛ, Big Bang lɛ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm kɛ ñɩnɩɣ kpeekpe mbʊ pɩyɔɔdɩɣ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ wondu nɛ ɛyaa wɛtʊ yɔ. Nɛ pɛkɛtɩɣ kedeŋa ñɔʊ ɛzɩ pɩkɛna mbʊ pɩɩwɛ kʊŋgʊlʊm nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩyaɣ kpa nɛ pɩmɩzɩʊ kpɛdɛŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩlabʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miliyaaɖɩnaa 13,8 yɔ.
Payaɣ se Big Bang kpem nɛ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ yɔn pɩlɩna Ruusii ñɩnɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexandre Friedmann yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩ ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-nɔɔtaa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1922, pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ wayɩ fayɩɩɩ pʊcɔ nɛ Georges Lemaître yɔɔdɩɣ-tʊ. Papaɣzɩ-tʊ ñɔɔdɩɣ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1965. Albert Einstein kɛ pɩɩwɛ se ɛtasɩ nesiñɩɣʊ pʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛ kpɛm se keteŋa wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kaɣlɛɣzɩɣʊ yem.


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Kuwatemala
Kuwatemala kɛna Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyaa wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Mɛkiziki, Peeliizi, Karayiibi teŋgu, Hɔndʊrasɩ, Salvaadɔɔrɩ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʋʋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Amerika Latini taa. Kuwatemala tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se « Ɖenɖe tɩŋ ɖɔɔ yɔ». Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se kuwatzalɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna sumaɣ sacré, Mayasɩ, ŋga pakpakaɣ ko-suu taa kalɩhʊndʊ nɛ pacanɩɣna yɔ.
Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán kaakɛŋna Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ 1951 nɛ 1954, pʊwayɩ lɛ Álvaro Arzú (1956 -2000). Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛna Caama nɛ Suwisi tʊ.


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Soowa (Shoah)
Soowa (Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, שואה pʊtɔbʊʊ se azɛyʊʊ), pɩkɛ Yuda ɛyaa samaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ. Caama ɛyaa ɖɩzaɣna Yuda ɛyaa mba, nɛ ɛyaa mba pakʊwa yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ loɖo hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ yaa ɖɩkpaɣ Yuda ɛyaa natozo Eerɔpʋ taa kɔyɔ pakʊ ɛyaa naalɛ mbilim yaa kedeŋga taa Yuda mba mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiŋ nanza, kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Yuda ɛyaa mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Caama mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Eerɔpʋ taa Yuda mba kʊʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa yaa tɩlɩyaa hɛkʊ taa wɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ siŋ kɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ palabɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ.
Yuda mba, Caama maɣmaɣ wɩlɩ-wɛ niye se pɛkɛ po-koyondina mba pɩfɛyɩ palabɩ-wɛ pʊdɔdɩyɛ wɛɛ pɩkpɛndɩna pa-lɩmaɣza nɛ po-tomnaɣ, ñɔɔsɩ kpa-wɛ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pasɩ poloñi tɛtʊ cipketu ndʊ tɩ-taa kaawɛ Yuda mba yɔ nɛ soofiyetiki kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊ pʊɖɔkɩna-kʊ yɔ kɩ- taa.
Pakʊ-wɛ nɛ malɩfa naa kɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ paya hɩɖɛ se soowa malɩfa pɛɛ tɛ ŋgʊ. Tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa labʊ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩtalʊʊ pɩlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pakʊɣa-wɛ, pakʊɣa-wɛ nɛ fefekiŋ fefekiŋ lɔɔɖaa taa yaa fefekiŋ kuduyiŋ tɛɛ ɖenɖe pɔtɔyɩtaɣ-wɛ yɔ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tomnasɩ nzɩ pataapiŋ yɔ pañazaɣ-sɩ mɩŋ siɖaa tɔlɔɔŋ taa nɛ pamɩzɩɣ pɔ-tɔlɔma.
Yuda mba tɛ tɔyɩtʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɩna ɛzɩma tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpelasi taa tʊma laɖaa nɛ lɛɣtʊ laɣsɩ cɔlɔ, mbʊ piyeba nɛ Caama pɩzɩ kɩɖɩzɩ samaɣ ŋga, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩsɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kpoyi. Ɖama tɛyʊʊ kʊñɔŋ alɩwaatʊ, pɩtɛ you ŋgʊ kɩñɩnaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ samaɣ ŋga katafɛyɩna sɔɔjɔnaa yaa politiki nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖoŋ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ kʊyaa yaa pʊdɔdɩyɛ fɛyɩ tɩnaa kaamaɣzɩna tʊ.
Halaa, piyaa (halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna piyaa cɩɩ cɩɩ waa) nɛ akpadɩyaa pagba patɩŋga nɛ pakʊ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa sɔsaa. Piyaa ma-ñʊʊ sɩba waa mba patɔyɩtɩ-wɛ patalɩ piyaa 1500000. Pʊcɔ Yuda ɛyaa tɛ kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, pewilaɣ po-wonduu taa ɖoŋ nɛ paɖɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Tʊlɩyɔm
Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 69 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tm. Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩ heelim mbʊ pɩwɩɣ ɛyaa mɔŋ tɛɛ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Thule, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hayɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Pɩɩkɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ yatʊ kɩbɩndʊ natʊyʊ, peeɖe pehiɣ katɔlɩnɩtɩ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa Per Theodor Cleve lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1879, ɛ nɛ hɔlmɩyɔm. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kaakɛ Tu, pʊwayɩ kɛ nɩnaʊ nabʊyʊ lɩwa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Tm.
Pɩnaɣ 1789, Fɛɛlandɩ tʊ Johan Gadolin na ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ ʊ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖanɩ-ɩ yaʊ pʊwayɩ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔɔja sɔsɔ Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma kɛlɛ ɛyaa ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ se yttria.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1878 taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ ɛnɛyɔ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac na se erbine matʊ tɛkɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔyʊ, ɛlɛɛ ɛya se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm. Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Per Thodor Cleve kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛpazɩɣ ɛka ñʊʊ ɛrbɩyɔm ɖɔm mbʊ pɩzaɣa alɩwaatʊ pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ndɩ ndɩ kɛlɛ ɛpazɩ-ɩ takɩnaʊ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ. Kʊyʊmʊʊ mʊna ɛrbɩyɔm kɛlɛ paatɩlɩɣ naalɛ lalaa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛñɩnɩɣ se pʊɖʊ ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ lɛ, Cleve maɣzɩ payaa-wɛ hɔlɩmɩyɔm, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paya nɛ latɛŋ taa se Stockholm, nɛ tʊlɩyɔm pɩlɩna ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣa Sɩkandɩnavɩ yɔ.


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Lisbooni
Lisbooni kɛna Pɔrtiigaali ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Pamaza Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 83,7 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 545 733 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lisbooni yɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma + ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Alfred Nobel
Alfred Bernhard Nobel kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ tandʋʋ tʋ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye,pɩnaɣ 1833 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Sʋyɛdɩ (suède) ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1896 n̄ɩŋga taa. Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndʋ payaɣ tʋ size San Remo yɔ tɩ-taa ɖajaa Bernhard ɛnɛ ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ naadozo (63) ñɩnzɩ taa.
Ɖajaa Alfred Bernhard kɛ kpɛlɛ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ hɔzɩŋ luɖu.
Sɔsɔ Alfred Nobel lubina tɩm mbʋ payaɣna anasaayɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se 'dynamite' yɔ. Ɖajaa Alfred Nobel wɛna hɔzɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩm ndɩ ndɩ wondu ɖuluɖe kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se 'Bofors'.
Ɛtɛ cee tɔm takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛmaa size, ɛ-n̄ɩm tɩŋɛ payɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ nɛ palɩzɩna samtʋ yaa nimiye mʋʋ takayasɩ. Ɖajaa Alfred Nobel kɛ samtʋ takayɩsɩ mayʋ. Ɛ-samtʋ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pakpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ 'Nobel' nɛ payaa se kpɛlɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ ɖaɣ.
Ɖajaa Alfred Bernhard Nobel kɛ pɩɣa naadozo ñɩŋga ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Immanuel Nobel, nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ ɖoɖoo Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. Ɛ-ɖalʋ lɛ Ludvig Nobel.


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Nimviɖe
Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, nimviɖe kɛna nesi tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna noŋgoloŋa nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛɛ yɔ, nimviɖe kɛŋna hamʊ tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna ɛcɩɖɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊ yɔ. Paa ɛyʊ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛ yɔ, nimvela naalɛ wɛna: lɩmɩyɛ nimviɖe nɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ.
Ɛyʊ nesi wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo: nimviɖe, nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka. Noŋgoloŋga tamna nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nimviɖe, nesi ajɔɔ ñɛwɛna avnt-bras nɛ nandaka pɛhɛkʊ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɩnʊ ɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, nimviɖe kɩlana kpeetʊʊ. Nimviɖe kpeetaa, ɛlɛ, nɛŋgbɛŋga kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ.
Ɛyʊ wɛʊ toma taa ɖɔŋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛ-mɔɔ cɛyaa yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna e-nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ. Nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ kɩla wɛʊ ɛyʊ nesi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ yaa eseu yɔ, pɩlɩna e-nesi fiiduu yɔɔ.
Ɛyʊ nesɩ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: hamʊ, nimviɖe, noŋgoloŋga, nɛŋgbɛŋga, nesi ajɔɔ taa, nɛ nandaka.
Hamʊʊ taa wɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naatozo. Nimviɖe taa ñɛwɛna mɔɔyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe ɖɔdɔ tomnaɣ nandʊ kɩla wɛʊ kɛ nesi yɔɔ, piyele noŋgoloŋga ñɛwɛna nimviɖe nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga pɛhɛkʊ taa; noŋgoloŋga ŋga, kɔyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ekoti yaa eposi e-nesi. Nɛŋgbɛŋga taa nɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naalɛ. Nesi ajɔɔ taa peeɖe wɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ noŋgoloŋga yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se nesi ajɔɔ yekina nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka pɔcɔʊ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɔma; pɩkazɩ nɛ nandaka yɔɔ kɛ nee kagbaanzɩ wɛɛ. Paatɔŋ se mbʊ paale pɩwɛɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛna nee pɩɖɛɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔɔ yaa pɩtatalɩ mbʊ.


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Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire Romain)
Room Kiɖeɖeu ajɛjɛ pajaɣ mañʊʊ yɔɔ anaa ɖɩyaɣ se Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu, pɩkɛ politiki tɛtʊ kikpelitu Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ hɛkʊ taa kɛ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ Room Wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kaakɛna ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩɖɩma.
Ɖɩgbakaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 10 alɩwaatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɖɩmtʊ pɩlɩna Napoléon yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzɩ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnʊ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɛnɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ampiiri yɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ Room Ampiiri. Yʊsʊʊ tɔmʊʊ Kiɖeɖeʊ paɣzɩna Frédéric Barberousse kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ( petisi tʊyɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1157 taa) se pɩsa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ taa Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ paɣtʊ.
Payawaɣ-kʊ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa se Room tetoniki tɛtʊ Kiɖeɖetu tɛ Ampiiri (nationis Teutonicae), nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ Caama yɔ, yaa kɩɖɩma wayɩ lɛ, canaʊ takayaasɩ taa kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-kʊ se Room nɛ Caama tɛ Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, latin Sacrum Imperium Romanum nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Heiliges Römisches Reich nɛ Itaali taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero nɛ Néerlandais kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero.
Paañɔɔza Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ kamasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ sɔsɔtʊ wɛɛɛ taa Ampiiri ŋgʊ kaatɩna sɔnɔ Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa ŋgʊ nɛ [[Peeyibaa][ nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ nɛ Lukizambuuri nɛ Suwiisi nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ Itaali. Kɩ-caanaʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ kɩ-ɛsakuluye kɛ ñɩm mbʊ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tayʊʊ nɔnɔ yɔ.
Kpaɣna 18 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ taa Ampiiri ɛtasɩɣ pɩzɩɣ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-ɛyaa yɔ pɩlɩna politika lɩmaɣza mbʊ se pɩtaa nɛ pɩwayi ajɛyɛ ɛwalɩ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɩtɔla. Napoléon yoŋ wabɩtʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ labʊ Rhin pɔɔ yɔɔ wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma Ampiiri hɩɣ ɛjandʊ yɔ.
Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu mʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1806 [[kɩyɛna fenaɣ[[ kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ Francois 2 tʊ hɔza e-kewiyitʊ hʊla nɛ ɛsɩ yɔ se ɛtatasɩ kɛʊ [[Otirisi][ wiyaʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩ Ferdinand Lot ñamaʊ, pɩnaɣ 1806 kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye kɩyɛna fenaɣ taa se kɩyaakʊ ŋgʊ Francois 2 kɩza ɛ-maɣmaɣ Room Ampiiri kewiyitʊ, pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ evemiye ndɩ kɛ Room Ampiiri sɩba.


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Ɖom
Ɖom, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pʊkɔŋa pɩ-tɩ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza naʊʊ yɔ (kɛlɛ pɔtɔtɔ se ɛɛnɩɣ) nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩlakɩ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ hola hɛzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ pazɩ yɔ. Ɖom tɩtɩŋga wɛ ndɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛwɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ pɔsɔkɩ-ɩ ñɩmɩyɛ nɛ edou mbʊ yɔ, ɖom pʊpʊ lɛ paa ŋyaɣ ɛɛnɩɣ, ŋtukuna-ɩ pusuma, ɛɛyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛɛcidiɣ.
Halaa nabayɛ ɛɛdou camɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛwɛʊ pa-fenasɩ taa yɔ (paaɖou kpem ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ) nɛ pa-taa peɖee lɛ pɩkɔzɩna halaa mba patasɩɣ fenaɣ labʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pakpadɩyaa. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛyaa sʊtɩyaa yaa akpadɩyaa eedou pɩtalɩɣ evepiyaa.
Platon ñalɩzɩɣ tɔbʊʊ se kɛ fezuu lambu mʊyʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Théophraste kaatɛma maʊʊ takayaɣ nakayɛ paya-kɛ se ɖom nɛ ɖoziye (krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Πepὶ ὕπvou kaὶ ἐvuπvίwv ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 3 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, keɣa maɖʊ ɛlɛ latɛŋ tʊ Virgile ɛ-takayaɣ Énéide kɛtɩna kajalaɣ nabʊyʊ, se patɩlɩ se ɖom wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ. Kɛlɛ pɔkɔɔ polu anasaayɩ ñɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa ŋgʊ yebina nɛ patɩlɩ ɖom wɛtʊ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1937 lɛ hola tɛ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Alfred Lee Loomis ɖʊ tʊkaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩnza weyi ɖom wɛna yɔ, ɛnʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna anasaayɩ ñɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ, A nɛ B pɩkɛ ɖomɖomuu nɛ C ñɛkɛ ɖom ŋñɩɩ nɛ D nɛ E kɔyɔ ɖom sɔsɔm.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɔtɔŋ se pɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩ-ɛsɛ nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ eeɖou kɛlɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ ɛzɩ pɔɔ taa sumasi nɛ sumasi nzɩ sɩyɛlʊʊ kadatayaɣ yɔ tɛ lɛ pɩɩlakɩ mbʊ sɩ-sɩ eeɖou kpem. Ɛyaa nabayɛ pɛkɛ ñɩnɩyaa Californi sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Los Angeles pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔwɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Jerry Siegel, ñapɩzɩ nɛ ɛna se fenaɣ ŋga nɛ pʊcɔ sumasi nzɩ sɩɖʊ lɛ, halɩ ñɩnzɩ eeɖou sakɩyɛ pa nɛ pe-piyaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩsaŋ nɛ panaɣ pɔ-tɔyaa nɛ peseɣu.


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Niwu Yɔrkɩ (Tɛtʋ cikpetu)
Niwu Yɔrkɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Niwu Yɔrkɩ kɛna Etaazunii taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Etaazunii taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩla kɩlɩʊ sɛʊ yɔ tɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Etaazunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ cɔlɔ, peeɖe ñɔtɩna Niwu Yɔrkɩ tɛtʊ.
Pamaza Niwu Yɔrkɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 12 144 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 214,4 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 785 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ walanzɩ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 64,64 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñ ɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 429,4 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 35,36 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 537 673 yɔ.
Payaɣ Niwu Yɔrkɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Bill de Blasio (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ, Latɛŋ taa lɛ lingua Latīna ou Latīna lingua kɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa nɛ kiɖetɛ lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ nɛ Latium nɛ Room antique pa-da. Nɛ paa pamaazɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩsɩbʊ kɔyɔ kɩ-tɛ tɩlɩtʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ labɩnaʊ wɛɛ Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋzi nasɩyɛ tɛ laya kpeekpe cɔlɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ paɖɩna kʊ wɩlɩʊ sukuli na cɩkpema taa nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖoye se palɩzɩna tɔmpe kɩfana sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewaa sakɩyɛ taa. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-halɩbɩya, Romanɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ payaɣ nabʊyʊ taa se Latɛŋ waa kɩfama, eyeke koŋ ɛwɛna Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlɩŋga taa. Pɩlɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩɣ wɛɛ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ ɖooo pʊcɔ italii romanɩ alɩwaatʊ takayasɩ taa, ɛlɛ paɖʊ-tʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yaa paɖʊ-tʊ ajɛyɛ tamsʊ nɔɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ndʊ paya se Empɩrɩ.
Roma kɩbɩnɩʊ tɛ tɛtʊ walʊ wɩlɩʊ ɛzima Latɛŋ mɩza sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ pɩkpaʊ na kpaɖʊ naatozo ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ yɔ. kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ Empɩrɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ. kɩwalɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔlʊʊ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kɩŋ nɛ Azii cɩkpelʊʊ taa nɛ Danubɩ ageetaa taa. Empɩrɩ tɛɛ lɛ Latɛŋ kɛ waɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ komina tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛRomanɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩnɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ ageetaa taa kʊnʊmɩŋ.


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1870 you tɔm
Prusse Guillaume Ier kata Fransɩɩ Benedetti weyi ɛkɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa cayʊ kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩ ñʋʋdʋ Otto Von Bismarck. Ɛwɛ ɖooo Bad Ems lɛ etiyina-ɩ tɔm tʊnɛ se ɛnʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛ-ɖɛtʊ, le Prince Léopold de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ɛsɩɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ. Bismark tɩɩ nɩ tɔm ndʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɔ se pɛtɛ wiyau ɛnʊ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ ɛcam yɔ etiyina takayaɣ kpaagba mbʊlɛ nɛ ɛtɔ se: wiyau kiza se ɛtɔsɔlɩ se ɛna Fransɩɩ tɛ wiyaʋ nɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtasɩ-ɩ natʊyʊ heyu. Pɩlaba se Ems tʊ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ mbʊyɔ nɛ kpaagbaa mbʊyɔ lɛ Napoléon III tuli you kɛ Prusse kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ wiye.
Bismark weyi ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛ-tɛ Prusse ehuu yɔ, ɛnʊ esidina tɔm ntʊ payɩ nɛ ekuli Napoléon III pana. Peeɖe kpaagba mbʊ, ɛtatɩɩ ñɩnʊ se ɛna e-egbele lɩmaaza nɛ ɛtɩ tuli you ŋgʊ ɛ-tɛ soɔjanaa tatɩɩ ñɔɔzɩ patɩ. Prusse Caama tɛ sɔɔjanaa wɛ 800 000 ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ ñɩma kpɛnda 250 000. 1870 you ŋgʊ kɩna kɩndɩ kpem. Pɩlakaɣ ɛzɩ fenaɣ nɛ hɔɔlʊ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Prusse tɛ sɔɔjanaa tɔyɩ Fransɩɩ ñma nɛ panaŋgɩ Paris tɛtʊ caɣcaɣ.
Pawaba Napoléon III kɛ SedanÑɔɔzɩ
Salaŋ fenaɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye Prusse tɛ sɔɔjanaa nɛ Saxe mba pɔcɔ Sedan nɛ pata kolokoto. Pañɩnaɣ se paɖʊ nesi kɛ Bazaine kɛ Metz tɛtʊ taa pʊcɔ. Fransɩɩ sɔɔjanaa, tɛyɩ tam nabʊlɛ taa nɛ pɔtɔɔɖɔ mbʊ lɛ, patakpaɣ nabʊyʊ Prusse ñekima cɔlɔ. Pawabɛ wɛ mbʊ lɛ, Napoléon III kaawɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa nɛ patɩkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ paɖʊ salaka. Parɩs tɛtʊ taa samaɣ kpeekpe nɔsɩ ɖɛya caŋ pala kediizaɣ nɛ paɖɩzɩ Empire ŋgʊ nɛ République III ñɩŋgʊ paazɩ. Wiyaʋ se nɛ ewolo ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Angleterre nɛ peeɖe ɛkaɣ sɩbʊ pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ.
Prusse mba paɣzɩ Paris tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnaʊÑɔɔzɩ
Prusse mba cɔ Parɩs tɛtʊ kodolo nɛ pata lɛ, paaɖoye hɔzɩŋ kou na kpaa kpaa. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Gambetta yɔ, ɛna ɛyaa ɖɔŋ tɩnaa pɛcɛyʊ pa-tɩ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo se palɩzɩ Parɩs tɛtʊ tɩ-koyindinaa nesi tɛɛ ɛlɛ fenasi 5 wayi kɛ tɔm taa kaɣ yaʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Nikaɣ nɛ ñɔɔsɩ pakpata-wɛ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1871 lɛ, Fransɩɩ you laɖaa sɩɩ pɔ-hɔzɩŋ nɛ pɔtɔ size pɑñɩɣza you kɛ mbʊ.
Bazaine kpiyu ewondu kɛ MetzÑɔɔzɩ
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Maréchal François Achille Bazaine yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛɛkaɣ nabʊyʊ kpaɣʊ po-you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, ɛ-na ɛ-ɛsɔɔjanaa 180 000 pekpii pɔ-sɔɔjɛtʊ wondu kɛ Metz. Fenasi naalɛ ñɛtɛŋaɣ lɛ, pɩtalɩna Napoléon III kɛlɛ se ɛkpaɣ ɛ-ñɩndʊ kɛ Sedon. Ŋgʊ ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ, Bazaine sɔɔjana kɛkɛŋna Fransɩɩ tɛ kpagbaa lidaʋ. Pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ, pɩkɩla Bazaine kɛlɛ nɛ pakpa-ɩ se paɖʊ-ɩ sɩm ɛlɛ ñʊʊtʊ Maréchal MacMahon ñaya ɛ-ñʊʊ nɛ peyebi-ɩ.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Maréchal Moltke kɛ Belfort kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1871Ñɔɔzɩ
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Maréchal Moltke wɛ Belfort samaɣ ɛzɩ 40 000 nɔɔ yɔɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, sɔɔja sɔsɔ Colonel Denfert-Rochereau ñaɣ pana sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛkandayɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ 104 mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, Belfort kpii kɔ-tɔnaa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1871.
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma wana you nɛ kɩpaɣzɩ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ kpacayʊ. Paris ñaɣ pana se kɩlɩ pɩ-taa ɛlɛ kɩwɩ tɔnʊʊ. You nɛ ñɔɔsɩ pakɩla France lɛ, nɛ pahaba kʊ-ñʊʊ tʊ Trochu lɛ, Parɩs ɛjaɖɛ kpakɩɣ ɖɩ-wondu. Versailles tɛtʊ taa kɛ Prusse nɛ Fransɩɩ mba pañɩʊ takayaɣ taa nesi kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa se paatasɩɣ labʊ you. Takayaɣ kanɛ kɛ-tɛ nesi ñɩɩʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩlakɩ Paris mba ɛzɩ pɛkɛna fɛyɛ tɔm yaa kɔŋgɔmtʊ yɔ.


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Fanadɩyɔm
Fanadɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 23 nɛ Yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa V. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ pana-ɩ nɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa taa. Pakɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ taa. Fanatɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ, kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩɩpʊkɩ yɔ paa ɖʊʊyʊ wonduu kaawɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paa kɩlɔrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa yaa sʊfɩrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ.
Fanadɩyɔm hiɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Vanadis waa tɛ Dís, hɩɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ se Freyja, sɩkandɩnafɩ maamɩ keɖeɣa tʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ nɛ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna keɖeɣa wondu ndʊ tɩwɛna tɔlɩm sakɩyɛ. Andrés Manuel del Rio ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛkɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Mexico tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1801. Kɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Pʊlɔɔ huluu sɛmɩŋ ñɩŋʊ (ɛnʊ payaɣ nɔɔnɔɔ se fanadɩnɩtɩ). Ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa ɛna sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩna krom cɔlɔ, nɛ ɛya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ panchromium.
Ɛtakɩlɩ ɖoŋ, fanatɩyɔm kɛ ŋñɩɩtɩɩ pɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ kɩjɛyɩɣ tʊ nɔyʊ pɩdɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa. Yuŋ nɛ kelema wɛ cɛyɩtʊ piŋ nɛ palʊkɩn-ɩ nɛ pɛ-tɛ paɣlaka nɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ. Paɖɩna kpɛlɛkʊʊ se fanatɩyɔm ɛpɩsɩ kɔyɛ nɛ paalaʊbɩna sikiri kʊdɔŋ.
Fanatɩyɔm tatɩɩ ɖɔʊ teŋgʊ lɩm taa (kpaɣ kʊyʊm ŋtalɩ 3ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ), ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ 1,22 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ Laurent Kiɖeɖeu lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa nɛ 1,19 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ Atlantiki Hayi yɔɔ kiŋ taa yaa 1,2 ŋtalɩ 1,8 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Sargasse teŋgʊʊ taa, 1,53 ŋtalɩ 2,03 ug lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ taa.


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Haile Selassie
Tafari Makonnen, Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1892 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Ejersa Goro tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1975 taa Addis-Abeba tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛɛkɛ Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1936 ñɩŋga taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ kɛʋ ɖi-wiyaʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1941 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1974 ñɩŋga taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛɛkɛ wiyaʋ yɔ, payawaɣ-ɩ se Haïlé Sélassié.
Mba payaɣ-wɛ se ‘rastas’ waa yɔ, pa-taa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se wiyaʋ Haïlé Sélassié kɛ Tɛtʋ kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ wiyaʋ. Halɩ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Mɛɛsii, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi Ɛsɔ lɩzaa nɛ etiyi-i ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ.
Wiyaʋ Haïlé Sélassié kajalaɣ tʋ ɖiyaɣ Etiyopii lɛ, Italii ɛjaɖɛ tapɩzɩ ɖɩkpacɛyɩ-ɖɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1935 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1941 ñɩŋga taa.
Wiyaʋ Tafari Makonnen pɩjatʋ nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ
Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1892 taa Ejersa Goro tɛtʋ taa Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ ‘Täfäri’ tɔbʋʋ se weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Piyele ɛ-caa hɩɖɛ ‘Mäkännen’ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se ‘takayaɣ mayʋ sɔsɔ’.
Ɛlɛɣzɩ hɩɖɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛtɔɔ Etiyopii ɛjaɖɛ kewiitu yɔ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naadozo (3) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1930 ñɩŋga taa.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Lidj Tafari nɛ piyele payaa ɛ-caa se ras Makonnen. Ɛ-caa kɛŋna Hararghé tɛtʋ wiyaʋ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Woyzero Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar. E-ɖoo sɩbana kahʋyaɣ sɔsaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1894 taa. E-ɖoo sɩba lɛ, ɛtatɩɩtalɩda pɩnzɩ naalɛ.
Ɛ-caa ñasɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza (14). Ɛlɛ sɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1906 taa. Wiyaʋ Menelik II kekpiikina ɛ-caa ɛnʋ kpam nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-kpaakpaa kɩyakʋ wiye.


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Ruusii
Kewiyisi ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɛkɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walʊʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ ñʊʊ, nɛ pa-tɩlɩ se kɛkpɛndɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 146 nɛ ɛyaa kagbaanzɩ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii tɛtʊ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Erɔpʋ ñɩndʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Yee pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ mɩnɩʊ yɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza nɛ pɩsɔzɩ pʊ-yɔɔ pazɩ ( 74,5) wɛ Azii tɛtʊ taa nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ Nɩɩlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ pʊsɔzɩ pʊ-yɔɔ pazɩ (23,3) ñɛwɛɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ taa. Kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kpaɣna Kaliningrad tɛtʊ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ Vladivostok ñɩndʊ lɛ, Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ ɖaɣlaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 9000 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ.
Nɛ kɩwalɩ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa miiliyɔɔwaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ yɔɔ. Kɩwɛna alɩwaatʊ nimasi hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm. Ruusii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Mɔsɩkuu (Moscou). Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa. «Ruublɩ» (rouble) kɛŋna Ruusii liidiye pɔɔyaɣ. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pɔcɔ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩta.
Ruusii tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ mbʊ payaɣ se uuyi (houille) yɔ nɛ fɛɛrɩ (fer) nɛ nikɛɛli (nickel) nɛ tiyamaɣ (diamant) nɛ kaɖazɩm nɛ kaazɩ (gaz) nɛ latriki miŋ weyi palabɩna lɩm yɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖeke, tɛtɛɛ ñm lɛɛbʊ sɛɣa. Ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ pʊnɛ piyebina nɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖoŋ ñɩnɖɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ. Ɖoŋ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ mʊʊ tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1980 ɖɩtɛnɖɛ nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1990 kɔyɔ, ɖɩna se Ruusii kapaɣsa lɛɣzɩ. Kʊ-ɖoŋ lɩɣna tadɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ se nɖɩ kɛŋna Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ nɛ Azii ñɩndʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kondoloko. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ BRICS ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya wena awɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ ana yɔ : Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Presiili.
Pɩnaɣ 1913 ñɩŋga taa pañɩnaa se patɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya wena a-tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩ wobunaʊ ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pãnɩnaa lɛ, pana se ajɛya lʊbɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, ajɛya kagbaanzɩ ɖeke wɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɩndaa.


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Ɖomba mʋlʋm
Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛna kɔɔnaɣ taa tomnaɣ wɛɖʋ wonu. Wonu ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kiɖi kiɖi ɛsɔkaɣ wonu. Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛ wonu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɩŋɛ payɩ lɛ, kɩkɛ lɩm paɣyɛ yɔ. Pɩtɛ wonu ŋgʋ, kiniida ɖɩŋ dɩŋ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ heɣlim. Ɖomba mʋlʋm pʋnɛ pʋwɛ kristalɩ tɩyɛ.
Ɖomba ana, pekpeɣla-yɛ payɩ nɛ akpɛndɩ awɛ ɖomba amaya kpou taa. A-kpou ŋgʋ payaɣ size flokɔɔ. Ɖomba ana alɛɣzʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ kɛ n̄em. Afɛyɩna wɛɖʋ kʋɖʋmʋ kɛnɛ. Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ŋna size ɖomba mʋlʋm mbʋ, pʋwɛ ɛzɩ-ɩ nabʋyʋ piye yɔ.
Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ pɔcɔnaa nɛ paya hɩla anɛ yɔ : ɖomba pe n̄ɩna, nɛ ɖomba kuluŋgulu yaa putuula n̄ɩna. Lɩm soŋgaɣ n̄ɩɣdʋʋ ɖoŋ yekina nɛ ɖomba hɔkʋʋ a-tɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ ɖomba kɛ kideŋ yaa pʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖomba ana, a-wɛtʋ nɛ heɣlim palakɩna nɛ a-tɔlʋʋ pazɩ pazɩ kɛ tɛtʋ lɛɣ lɛɣ. Ɖomba payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sise na krezili.
Ɖomba mʋlʋm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoluu tɩyɛ. Lɩm mbʋ, pɩcakɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Ɖomba ana, awɛ Kpɛzɛlɛɛ tɩyɛ. Paa ɖombiye mʋlʋm mbʋ lɛ, pɩkɛ wonu naalɛ pʋyʋ.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Tɑcɑɑ cɔwɑ Soopu kɛ kɑcuculɑɣɑ tɑɑ sɩ:
2Aweɣelɛ pʋntʋ wei ɩnɩ ɩ kɔŋnɑ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ kɛ nti mɑ sɩɩwɑ nɑ mɑ́ lɑkɩ tɔ tǝ tɑɑ, nɑ tɔmnɑɑ mpɑ pɑ fɛɩnɑ hʋwɛɛ tɔ?
3Tɔʋ, tɔkɩ nyɑ́ tɩ ɩsɩɩ ɑpɑlʋ. Mɑɑ pɔɔsɩ-ŋ tɔm nɑ ń cɔ-m.
4Leɣe n kɑ wɛ wɑɑtʋ wei mɑ sɩɩkɑɣɑ ɑntulinyɑ kite tɔ. Ye n nyǝmɑ́ tɑmpɑnɑ n cɔ-m.
5Awe pɩɩwɑ ɑntulinyɑ ɩnɩ ɩ tǝnɑsɩ? N nyǝmɑ́ pʋntʋ nɑ? Yɑɑ ɑwe mɑɣɑsǝnɑ-ɩ nɑ ŋmǝnɑɣɑ?
6Awe cɑɑlǝnɑ kite tɛɛ pǝlɛ kɛ sɩɩʋ? Yɑɑ pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ kite ńtɛ́ tǝ sǝŋɑɑ?
7Wɑɑtʋ ɩnǝɣɩ tɑnɑŋ ɩsɔtʋlʋŋɑsɩ yookɑɣɑ yontu, nɑ ɩsɔtɑɑ yǝlɑɑ nɑ́ɑ́ wilitiɣinɑ lɑŋhʋlʋmlɛ.
8Awe tǝkɑ teŋku lʋm nɑ kɑmpʋnɑɑ kɛ sɑɑ wei pǝ lɩɩ tɛtʋ tɛɛ nɑ pǝ ŋmɑɑ tɔ?
9Wɑɑtʋ wei mɑ suu-wǝɣɩ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ kɛ toko, nɑ mɑ́ tɑkɩ-wǝɣɩ ɩhunte tɔ.
10Nɑ mɑ́ pɩɩ-wǝɣɩ tǝnɑɣɑ, nɑ mɑ́ tʋ kʋtǝkʋɣʋ nɑ kʋkɑlǝsʋɣʋ.
11Nɑ mɑ́ hʋlɩ-wɩ sɩ pǝ́ sǝŋ tǝnɑ, pǝ́ tɑɑ tuusi, tǝnɑɣɑ pǝ holɑ kɑlɑmpɑɑnɩ kɑ́ sɩɩnɑ.
12Too n wɛʋ tɔ, n tɛmɑ tɑnɑŋ kɛ ŋmɑkǝlʋɣʋ, yɑɑ ń hʋlɩ tefemle kɛ tǝ lonte nɑ?
13Yɑɑ tefemle ńtɛ́ tǝ kpɑ tɛtʋ ntompee nɑ tǝ́ ciɣiti ɑsɑɣɑɑ kɛ teu nɑ?
14Ɩlɛnɑ tɛtʋ lɑɣɑsɩ wɛɛtʋ ɩsɩɩ pɑ yʋsʋɣʋ cʋɣʋ tɔɔ tɔ, nɑ pǝ tǝnɑ pǝ́ wɛɛ kɑcɔkɑ ɩsɩɩ pʋʋɣʋ tɔɔ?
15Tefemle nyɑɑlǝm kɔŋ, ɩlɛnɑ ɑsɑɣɑɑ kʋlɑpʋtʋ fiɣini nɑ pǝ́ pɛlɩ pɑ niŋ.
16Too tɔ, n tɛmɑ teŋku tɑɑ kɛ́ tiiu hɑlǝnɑ ń tɑlɑ ɩ sɛɛlɑɑ tɑɑ? Yɑɑ n cɔɔwɑ ɩ lumɑŋ sɔsɔɔŋ tɑɑ?
17Pɑ tɛmɑ-ŋ sǝm nɔnɔɔsɩ kɛ hʋlʋɣʋ nɑ? Yɑɑ n nɑwɑ ɑtɛtǝlɛ nɔnɔɔsɩ?
18Yɑɑ n tɛmɑ mɑɣɑsʋɣʋ kɛ tɛtʋ wɑŋ tɔm nɑ? Ye n nyǝmɑ́ pǝ tǝnɑɣɑ mpʋ n kɛɛsɩ-m.
19N nyǝmɑ́ nyɑɑlǝm tǝcɑɣɑlɛ mpɑɑʋ nɑ? Nɑ leɣe sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ nɑ́ wɛɛ?
20N pǝsǝɣɩ nɑ ń ponɑ-wǝɣɩ pǝ lonte tɑɑ. Yɑɑ ń tɑnɑ-wǝɣɩ timpi pǝ wɛɛ tɔ?
21N nyǝmɑ́. Mpi tɔ, wɑɑtʋ ɩnɩ ɩ tɑɑ pɑ tɛmɑ-ŋ lʋlʋɣʋ. Pǝ́cɔ́ nyɑ́ pɩɩsɩ tɔɔwɑ.
22N tɛmɑ pote nɑ n nɑ́ tɛʋ tɔmpɛɛ nɑ ɑ kpɑɑkpɑɑcɑʋ tǝcɑɣɑlɛ nɑ?
23Lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ wɑɑtʋ, nɑ yoou kʋyɛɛŋ tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ sɩɩ-yɛɣɛ mpʋ.
24N nyǝmɑ́ mpɑɑʋ ŋku nyɑɑlǝm tǝŋǝɣɩ tɔ? N nyǝmɑ́ timpi tɔɔ ilim tǝlɩɩlɛ heelim mɑkǝnɑ tɛtʋ tɔɔ tɔ?
25N nyǝmɑ́ wei ɩ hɛɛwɑ tɛʋ kɛ kʋ mpɑɑʋ tɔ? Nɑ wei ɩ hɛɛ tɛʋ ŋmɛlǝsʋɣʋ nɑ kʋ cɑlɑnɑɑ kɛ pɑ nyǝŋkʋ tɔ?
26N nyǝmɑ́ wei ɩ yeki nɑ tɛʋ nɩɩkɩ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ nti tǝ tɑɑ nɔɣɔlʋ fɛɩ tɔ? Yɑɑ wei ɩ kɔŋnɑ tɛʋ kɛ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ nti tǝ tɑɑ yǝlɑɑ fɛɩ tɔ?
27Nɑ wei ɩ yeki nɑ lʋm hɑɣɑ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ, nɑ nyɩɩtʋ nɑ kʋnyɔnyɔm mpi pǝ wɛ tǝlɛkʋlɛkʋ tɔ pǝ́ nyɔ tǝ tɔɔ tɔ?
28Tɛʋ wɛnɑ cɑɑ kɛ? Yɑɑ ɑwe lʋlǝɣǝnɑ ɑŋkpǝlɛɛ?
29Lʋm tɔmpɛɛ*fɑ* yɑɑ cɔlɔʋ nyǝnɑ wɛnɑ too kɛ? nɑ pǝ́ niɣitɑɑ tɔ tɛtʋnɑɑ mpɑ pɑ tɑɑ wɛ wɑtʋ kɛ teu tɔ ɑŋkpǝlɛɛ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ kiiki ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́.
30Mpɩ pǝ pǝsǝɣǝnɑ pɔɣɔ lʋm ɩsɩɩ pǝlɛ, nɑ pǝ́ kii teŋku tɔɔ nyǝm tǝkpɑŋɑsɑŋ.
31N pǝsǝɣɩ nɑ ń hɔkɔ ɩsɔtʋlʋŋɑsɩ*fɑ* nsi pɑ yɑɑ sɩ kɑntuɣu nɑ kʋ piyɑ tɔ. Yɑɑ ń hɛtɩ nsi pɑ yɑɑ sɩ hɑɣɑ nɑ kpɑcɑ nɑ yʋlʋ tɔ.
32Nyɑ́ lǝsǝɣǝnɑ tʋlʋmɑlʋɣʋ kɛ kʋ wɑɑtʋ? Yɑɑ n tiikiɣi ɩsɔtʋlʋŋɑsɩ nsi pɑ yɑɑ sɩ ɩsɔtʋ ɩ́ sɩ nɑ mɑ́ tɔɣɔ tǝyɑɣɑ tɔ?
33N nyǝmɑ́ kiiŋ wei ɩsɔtɔnʋɣʋ tǝŋǝɣɩ tɔ? Nɑ ɩsǝnɑ tɛtʋ wɛɛ nɑ pǝ́ tɔŋ tǝ tɑɑ tɔ?
34Yɑɑ n yɔɣɔtǝɣǝnɑ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ nɑ tɛʋ nɩɩ kɑtɑtǝlɑɣɑ nɑ?
35Nyɑ́ yɑɑkǝnɑ tɛʋ ŋmɛlǝsʋɣʋ nɑ pǝ́ cɔɔkɩ-ŋ sɩ mpǝɣǝlɔ, nɑ ń tiliɣi-wɩ?
36Awe tʋnɑ lǝmɑɣɑsɛɛ kɛ hɑtoo yʋlʋ lotu tɑɑ? Nɑ ɑwe tʋnɑ lɑɣɑtʋ kɛ lǝmɑɣɑsɛɛ tɑɑ*fɑ*? nɩɩʋ wɛ kɑtɛ kɛ́, lɛlɑɑ nɑ́ hʋʋkɩ sɩ tɔlɑ nɑɑlɛ kɛ pɑ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ mpʋ. Ɩsɩɩ kɑmpɑɑʋ nɑ Icipiti tɛtʋ tɑɑ sumɑɣɑ ŋkɑ pɑ yɑɑ sɩ ipii tɔ.
37Awe kɑlǝɣɩ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ nɑ ɩ lǝmɑɣɑsɛɛ? Yɑɑ ɩ́ huti ɩsɔtɔnʋɣʋ tɑɑ lʋm huluŋ
38kɛ wɑɑtʋ wei tɛtʋ kiiwɑ ɩsɩɩ nyǝɣǝlʋɣʋ nɑ tɑmpɑɣɑ nyɔkǝlǝnɑ tǝmɑ tɔ?
39Nyɑ́ kpɑɑkǝnɑ tɔɣɔlɑɣɑ ɑlʋ nyǝŋkɑ kɛ kɑ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ, yɑɑ ń cɑlɩ tɔɣɔlɑsɩ piyɑ, nɑ sɩ́ hɑɣɑ?
40Wɑɑtʋ wei sɩ sopɑ sɩ lonɑ tɑɑ, yɑɑ sɩ pɑpɑ nyɩɩtʋ tɛɛ tɔ?
41Awe cɑlǝɣǝnɑ kɑtǝkɑtǝŋ kɛ wɑɑtʋ wei ɩ piiŋ lɑŋǝɣɩ tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ nɑ ɩ́ wiikinɑ-m nɑ ɩ́ yɛlǝmǝɣɩ tɔ?


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Kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyakɩ ɛyaa weziŋ ñʊŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1863 taa ɛyaa tikaɣ nakɛyɛ laba lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ palɩzɩ kamaɣkaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Pɛwɛ Suwiisi tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Genève yɔ tɩ-taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊ se pɛkɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa ñɩma. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɖɩna ɖajaanaa panɛ : Ɖajaa Gustave Moynier nɛ Ɖajaa Henri Dunant nɛ Ɖajaa Guillaume-Henri Dufour. Ɖajaa Henri Dunant kamʊ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lʊɖɛ samtʊ nimiye pɩnaɣ 1901 taa. Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ kɛŋna kedeŋa kpeekpe kajalaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se ɖɩya ɛyʊ wezuu ñʊʊ yɔ. Paha Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋŊgbɛyɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lʊɖɛ samtʊ nimiye pɩnaɣ 1917 nɛ Pɩnaɣ 1944 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1963 taa. Pɩnaɣ 1996 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, paha ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʊ wezuu yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ laŋhɛzɛyɛ yɔɔ lʊbʊ nɛ ayɛya kpeekpe ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ lʊbʊ samtʊ nimiye nɖɩ payaɣ se « Prix Balzan » yɔ.
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa tasɩ ɖɔʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa mba palɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ yɔ, pɔsɔzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ sɔɔlɩm tɩnaa lɛlaa. Paba ñɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa nɛɛlɛ (20). Ɛzɩma patɩlɩɣna Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ ? Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ mayaɣ kɔyɔ : pama kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ pɩsaʊ hɔɔlaɣ kʊhʊlʊmaɣ yɔɔ.
Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ wɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba kamaŋaɣ kɩsɛɛmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ sɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa kudokiŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ nɛ ɛyaa taŋga (12 500). Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa caɣ ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ ajɛya ana a-taa nɛ palakɩ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ tʊma paa evemiye nɖɩ. Palakɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo taa.
Kpaɣ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Ɖajaa Peter Maurer kɛŋnɩ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ Ŋgbɛyɛ ñʊʊdʊ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Ɖajaa Yves Daccord cɔŋnanɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʊma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Kamaŋaɣ Kɩsɛɛmaɣ N̈gbɛyɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ mba lɩzɩɣna ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nbdɩ ndɩ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa nɛɛlɛ (20). Patɩŋa pɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa.


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Michel-Ange
Ɖajaa Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Michel-Ange.
Abalʋ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛkɛ Florɛntiini (Florentine) ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʊ loɖo (6) ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1475 taa. Rooma kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɖajaa Michel-Ange sɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1564 taa. Rooma tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba.
Ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ siŋŋ se ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛlʊba siŋŋ se ɛsɩbaa lɛ, pataasɔɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kaʊ. Ɛlakaɣ tʋma wena yɔ, a-taa naayɩ kɔyɔ: sɩʋkpelasɩ saɣʊ, nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ tʊmɩyɛ, nɛ keɣsi maʊ nɛ matʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Michel-Ange caa payaɣ se Lodovica di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Franesca di neri del Miniato di Siena. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ tɔmhʋyʋ. Pɩɖɩɩzaɣ mba pa-tɩŋɛ paawɛ ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɔlɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe labʊ. Ɛkɛwɛ kpekpeka pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ siŋŋ.


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Lɩm
Lɩm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ matʊ kɛlɛʊ taa pama se H2O nɛ pɩwɛ camɩyɛ kele kele nɛ pɩwɛ paa tomnaɣt kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ niikaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛcɔtʊ nɛ ɛ-taa yɔ tɩ-taa. Lɩm wɛ wazaɣ paa kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ. Pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu kɩjɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ. Pɩ-tɛ sakɩyɛ yeba nɛ pikii nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaʊ sɔsɔʊ ɛsɔtaa.
Lɩm wɛna wɛtʊ naatozo ndʊ lɛ cololo wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɔm pɩyɛ yaa helim mbʊ pɩwɛ kedeŋga taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ paa tomnaɣ kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩlɩna mbʊ pɩhaɣ wezuu yɔ lɛ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ tɛtʊ yɔ lɛ, pʊ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ pɩlɩna politiki tɔm cɔlʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɩm ɖɔnɛ (mbʊ pazɩma cɩnʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa se lɩm kajataɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa) ñɔtɩna lɩm kajataɣ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩm nɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ lɩm nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩm colɔlo wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pana-pʊ paa tɛtʊ lɩm mbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋguu naa nɛ kujomiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔsɩ taa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔ lɩm kpaɣ tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋga maɣmaɣ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ helim taa ɛzɩ muzuu tɩyɛ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ.


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Sɩlɩsɩyɔm
Sɩlɩsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 14 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Si. Ɛkɛ ɖɔmbɛyɛ liɖe taa pʊtʊ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wayi lɛ, ɛtɔyɩ sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hilimiye kɔyɔ 25,7%, ɛlɛ tʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛtapazɩ ɛkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyɔ fezuu tɔm taa.
Ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɩyɛ kɩɩkpayʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ (SiO2) nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna tɛtʊ fekediŋ naalɛ tʊ tɛ yɔ, palakana-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo pitihiɣ kɛ ñɩɣlʊʊ ɖeɖe. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ taa lɛ, nazɩyʊ pee kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɩfam lɩɩ (hɔɔlʊʊ ɖɛzʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ), pɩsa nɛ pala wondu lɛɛtʊ ɛzɩ sɩlɩsɩyɔm naa wondu yaa ɛzɩ palabɩna laatriki miŋ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ wɩsɩ yɔ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ silex, silicis nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kaʊʊ yaa pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ piyiiduu, Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, silicon wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ sɩlɩsɩyɔm, silicone wɩlɩɣ sɩlɩsɩyɔm wonuu nɛ silica wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ. Sɩlɩsɩyɔm ŋgʊ ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ-tɔm yɔ pɩnaɣ 1824 palɩ kɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Berzelius yɔɔ.
Yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ sɩlɩsɩyɔm wɛɣ kpeŋgeyem, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛpɩzɩ eyoli lɛ, ɛtalɩɣ 1414°C nɛ wasɩɣ ɖeɖe kɔyɔ 3265°C. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɩm yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛkpɩndɩɣ lɩm ɖeɖe pɩkɩlɩɣ ɖenɖe ekpeŋela yɔ, ŋgʊ lɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ fɛyɩ mbʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ soŋgaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.


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Armenii
Armenii kɛna hɔɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kokaazɩ Cikpeluu nɛ kɩwɛ EEraazii yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Turkii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Zɔɔrzii; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Azɛrbayɩjanɩ piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ, Iiraŋ ɛjɛɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Azii keteŋga taa ɛlɛ yee pɔcɔna ɖɩ-tɛ poliotiki tɔm, ɖɩ-ɛsa kuliye tɔm, ɖɩ-caanaʊ tɔm payɩ k;poyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ papɩzɩʊ pɔtɔ se peeɖe kɛ krɩstʊ tɔm ñɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe aŋgba nɛ taabalɩyɛ kagaŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Aŋgba ana yaa kɩgaŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: ONU, Erɔpʊ tɛ Lɔŋpaasɩyɛ ŋgbɛɛ, Ajɛya wena awɛ a-tɩyɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ taabalɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 29 743 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,7 km2. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2016 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 2 998 600. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Erevaŋ nɛ liidiya nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ seTram. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩʊj sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Erevŋ nɛ Armenii.
Salaŋ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008 yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Serge Sargian nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ (pɩnaɣ 2016) payaɣ se Karen Karapetian. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa 131.


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Kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʊʊ
Kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ n̄ayaɣ size foto waa lɩzʋʋ yaa cɛbʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʋʋ yaa foto waa lɩzʋʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlakɩ nɛ pana ɛyʋ yaa tɛtɛ wonuu ŋgʋ palɩza yɔ ɛzɩ kɩmamaɣ kɩwɛʋ yɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ nesi palɩzʋʋna. Pɩkɛna n̄ɩɣʋ nakʋyʋ palɩzʋʋna. Ɛlɛ, n̄ɩɣʋ kɩlɩzɩnaʋ ŋgʋ kɩsɔɔla miŋ size pɩn̄andɩ wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɔna wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ.
Tɔm piye foto lɩzʋʋ yaa cɛbʋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ yaa tɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ kɔnaʋ. Pukutolu yaa pʋtɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ size, tʋma lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ. Tʋmɩyɛ lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ ŋga, kalakɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ kɔnaʋ lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ kɔnaʋ lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ size miŋ yaa n̄alɩmɩyɛ hɔm yaa kɔnaʋ. Payaɣ pɩtɛ pita lakasɩ nzɩ size «écriture de la lumière» nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa.
Lɩzʋʋ wɛ tɔm pe anɛ a-taa : taʋʋ, nɛ anjaʋʋ waa lɩzʋʋ, nɛ maʋʋ nɛ tɔlɩm nɛ pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbɩ yɔ pɩpɩsɩʋʋ kɩlɛmɩŋ. Matʋ size pakalɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ŋnɩʋ size tɔlɩm taʋʋ miŋ yaa n̄alɩmɩyɛ taa. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, pama size "peindre avec la lumière". Tɔm piye tobi n̄ɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɛyʋ nɩʋna kpaɣ kpaɣ size kɩlɛmʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yɔ, nɖɩ-ɩ lɛ foto, nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «photo». Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩmlɛmʋʋ yaa naʋ.


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Kanadaa
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ nɛ ageeta hiu kpɛndɩna nɛ ateɛyɩ ɖama tam naputozo taa. [Wp/kbp/Atlantique teŋgu|Atɩlantiki]] lɩm kamʊ wɛna kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Arkitiiki Teŋgu, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasiifiki Teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Yee wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ kɔyɔ, Etaazuunii tɛtʊ wɛna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa miliɔŋnaa kutokiŋ hiu yɔ. Kɩ-walanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Ruusii wayɩ lɛ, Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walanzɩ.
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɩndɩ miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 35 yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe kɔ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ 36 ñɩnɖɩ wena akɩla ɛyaa wɛnaʊ yɔ. Kanaada wɛna lɩm kucokiŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 31 700 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ eŋglɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Otawaa.
Kanaada dɔɔlaarɩ kɛ pɔtɔkɩ se liidiya.
Amerɩndɩɩwaa kacalɩna wɛwʊ kɛ Kanaada tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛjadɛ ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Julie Payette nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Justin Trudeau.
Peeɖe tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +1.


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Tayɩwanɩ
Tayɩwanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖooo lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna-tʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1683 nɛ 1895 taa nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Sapɔŋ paazɩ-ɖɩ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 23 550 077 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 644 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa pɩzɩʊ pakpadayɩ patalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 76 yɔ nɛ halaa ñapɩzɩʊ pɛɖɛɛ; pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 83 yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛlaazʊʊ kpadɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ paasɩkɩ lɔŋ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pe-efebiɖe yaa pɛ-pɛlɛtʊ tɔɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena a-taa halaa ɛɛlʊlʊ pɩya sakɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ peeɖe lɛ halʊ ɛɛlʊlʊʊ pɩɖɛɛ pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ Tayɩwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ anaa yɔ: Krɩstʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, Puudism ñɩnɖɛ nɛ malɩŋ ŋbgɛyɛ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ siinʊwaa.