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Léon Tolstoï
Palʊla Léon Tolstoï kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1828 kɛ Lasɩnayiya, Poliyana tɛtʊ taa, Rusii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1910 kɛ Asɩtrapolo tɛtʊ taa, Rusii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ Lev Nikolaïevitch Tolstoï. Ɛkɛna roomamnŋ zʊlɩmɩyɛtaa takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ nɛ ɛ-tɛ saaʊla taakayɩsɩ. Ɛma takʊʊ takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɩ-taa lɛ ɛmayaɣ samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Rusii kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tɛɛ yɔ nɛ waɖɛ pɩwɛ se kɛwɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda ɛsɔsɛtʊ aŋgba tɔm ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛtʊsʊ mʊndʊsʊ kɛ kɛ ɛsakuliye yɔɔ.
Ɛma takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ nakɩyɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1869 nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se You nɛ Laŋhɛzɩyɛ Ɛkpaɣ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ ɛmana-kɛ. Kɛkɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɛ roomamnŋ zʊlɩmɩyɛtaa takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakayɩ. Ka-taa lɛ, ɛmaba kaŋɖaʊ kɛ caanaʊ taa ɛyaa pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ lakasɩ nɛ pɛwɛtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ (1812) Napoléon sɔɔjana cɔ Rusii kiliŋgili nɛ patayɔ. Tolstoï kɛna takayɩsɩ mayʊ weyi ɛyaa tɩla-ɩ lɔŋ yɔ pɩlɩɩna tyakayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛma ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda ɛ-pɩcatʊ tɔm, e-evebitu tɔm nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɛ Sebastopoli, Krime taa yɔ.


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Tao Te King
Dao de jing (Siini kɛlɛʊ taa lɛ道德经, Siini paɣtʊ taa lɛ, 道德經 ; pinyin Dàodéjīng ; Wade kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Tao⁴te²ching, EFEO Tao-tö-king, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔʊ nɛ wazaɣ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pama se Tao te king, kɛ cɔlɩɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa, paama-kɛ pɩnzɩ 60à pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ pɩtɩŋna Lao Tseu yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi paasɩŋ ɛ-yɔɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ.
Dao de Jing pas kɩɖɔkɩ kɩcaɣ ɛyaa yɔɔ piŋ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa pɩlɩna ɛzɩma palɩzɩ-tʊ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa sakɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1988 lɛ, pakalɩɣ kɔyɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa palɩzɩɣ nɛ tɔm ndʊ yɔ talɩ 250 nzʊlɩma ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pʊwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ paapɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ tʊ-ñʊʊ nɛ palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ keelee mbʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɛwa yɔ. Nabayɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ ndʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ cɔɔla nɛ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣza ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Tɔmpiye Tao (道, dào) tɔbʊʊ se ɖɩtɩŋɩyɛ taa nɔmɔʊ, kɛlɛ pɛɖɛzɩ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se kalɩzaɣ nɔmɔʊ yaa lɩmaɣza nɔmɔʊ, yaa laɣsɩ lɛɣtʊ kɛ ceu takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ taa kpaɣ Lao Tseu wɛɛ taa. Tö (德, dé), sakɩyɛ taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wazaɣ, nɛ Siini ɛyaa tɩtɩŋa cɔlɔ lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩmaɣza wazaɣ, kɛlɛ ɛkɔɔ ehiɣ ɛzɩ a-agbele Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se laɣsɩ yaa pɩzɩtʊ.
Mencius tɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm. Tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Sima Qian ñama ɛ-kajalaɣ takayaɣ pɩcɛlɩna ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm Shiji taa kpaɣɖɩŋ naananza ŋtalɩ kagbanzɩ ɛ-wɛɛ wayi, ɛlɛ ɛtɩla se pa-alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa tatɩlɩ tovonum sakɩyɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ nesi kpazɩyaa naalɛ nabayɛ tɔm. Papazɩ maʊ a-aseɣɖe tɔm kpaɣ nɛ Han alɩwaatʊ.

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Olimpiiki aleɣya tɛ tampɔɔ
Payaɣ Olimpiiki aleɣya ɖɔɖɔ se « Olympiades». Akɛ aleɣya sɔsɔna wena a-taa ajɛya tɩŋa ɖʊʊ nesi yɔ. Ajɛya tɩŋa tiyina pa-aleɣya laɖaa. Hayɩsʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ aleɣya ana a-taa. Aleɣya wena palakɩ lʊŋʊyɛ taa nɛ wena palakɩ yolim taa yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩɣ a-tɩŋa. Palakɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩnzɩ naanza ɖɛʊ lɛ, palakɩ-yɛ, pɩnzɩ naanza ɖɛɛ lɛ pala-yɛ. Palakɩ lʊŋʊyɛ aleɣya nɛ yolim ñɩna nɛ pɛlɛdɩɣ. Krɛɛsɩ caanaʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa palakɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana. Palakɩ-yɛ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Olimpii yɔ kɩ-taa. Pacalɩ-yɛ labʊ kpaɖʊʊ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Ɖajaa Pierre Coubertin ɖaɣnɩna aleɣya ana a-tʊma ñɔɔzʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1894 taa. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe aleɣya ŋgbɛyɛ; nɖɩ payaɣ se Comité International Olympique (CIO). Pɩnaɣ 1896 taa pacalɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana labʊ. Kpaɣna mbʊ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe aleɣya ŋgbɛyɛ cɔŋnana olimpiiki aleɣya yɔɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se charte olympique yɔ, mbʊ lɩzɩɣna olimpiiki aleɣya paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.
Revezamento da tocha olímpica
Kpaɣna kpaɖʊʊ nɛɛlɩ ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ patɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ olimpiiki aleɣya sɔsɔna ana. Pʊ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ evebiya olimpiiki aleɣya nɛ aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛna ñalɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Olimpiiki aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ ana a-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kedeŋa tɔsʊʊ nɛ politiiki nʊmɔʊ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu lɛɣtʊ lɛɣzɩ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kpaɖʊʊ nɛɛlɛ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa. Ɖajaa Pierre Coubertin weyi eyeba nɛ olimpiiki aleɣya ñɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ lɩmaɣzɛ kɛkɛ se pɩkɛ aleɣya yem. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ olimpiiki aleɣya tɛkɛ aleɣya yem, akɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ kedeŋa ɛsɩndaa wobu nʊmɔʊ siŋŋ.


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Yamusukro
Yamusokro kɛŋa Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ Kootidiivʊwarɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1983 taa kɛ Yamusokro pɩsa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwalanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 350 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 35 000 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pana ɛyaa 362 000.
Kotidiivuwari ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Yamusokro kɛŋna tɛtʊ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʊ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɖoʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊ se ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛjaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ: Abɩɩjaŋ, Puwake, Taalowa nɛ Korogo. Kottidiivuwaari ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpɛnda natʊlɛ: Abɩɩjaŋ tɛtʊ nɛ Yamusokro ñɩndʊ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Abɩɩjnaŋ kaakɛŋna Kotidiivuwaari ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩɩkɛ politiki tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1983 lɛ, Yamusokro pɩsɩna politiki nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ; piyele nɛ Abɩɩjaŋ kɛna ñɛkɛna tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Ɖooo lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payawaɣ sɔnɔ Yamusokro mbʊ yɔ, payawaɣ-tʊ se Ŋgokro. Payaʊ-tʊ hɩɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ, tetʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Pawule yɔ tɩ-tɛ Abiɖe nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Yamoussou yɔ, ɛnʊ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ payaatʊ nɛ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ; piyele kro tɔbʊʊ nɛ Pawule kʊnʊŋ taa se haɖaa yaa egeetiye.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kotidiivuwari ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ tɩñɔtɩna ɖenɖe payaɣ se payaɣ se Lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ. Pɩposina Abɩɩjaŋ tɛtʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 248 yɔ. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñɩnɩɣ se tɩɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ se paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ pala tʊma kʊɖʊma yɔ, Yamusokro tɛtʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩndʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Luzaricɛsɩ yɔ nɛ Purkina Fasoo ñɩnɖɛ taa ñɩndʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Kʊdʊgʊ yɔ, paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma.
Payaɣ Yamusokro maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Gnrangbé Kouakou Kouadio nɛ palɩsa-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2012 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa kɛ ɛkʊyʊ; e-kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɛlɛɛzɩ kɩfalʊ.


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Marlene Dietrich
Marie Magdalene Dietrich kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ lɔŋ tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Caama yɔ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlaba takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Pɛrɩlɛɛ egeetiye Caama tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɖoɖoo Marie Magdalene ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1992 n̄ɩŋga taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ size Paarii tɛtʋ. Ɛcalɩna ɛ-tɩ ɖʋzʋʋ minziiki tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 1920 n̄ɩnzɩ pazɩtʋ taa mbʋ yɔ lɛ, ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ maɣzɩm tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Kpakpaɣ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-ɖɩɩna labʋ sinimaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Marlene ɛnɛ, ɛna Audey nɛ von Sternberg pataabalɩyɛ nʋmaʋ taa palaba filim waa lʋbɛ.
Pʋyɔɔ yɔ paya-ɩ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Femme Fatale". Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛzɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ tanaʋ filim waa ɖɩlaɖɛ. Ɛna ɛ-taabalaa ndɩ ndɩ. Filim waa nɛ mba ɛna wɛ palaba yɔ pa-taa nabɛyɛ kɔyɔ : ɛna Ernst Lubitsch pe-filim kɛlɛ "Angel" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1937 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛna René Clair pala La Belle Ensorceleuse tɛ filim kɛ pɩnaɣ 1941 n̄ɩŋga taa yaa Billy Wilder tɛ filim "La Scandaleuse de Berlin" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1948 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Idahoo
Idahoo kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Idahoo taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Puwazii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Arakanzaa nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩkpɛnda looɖo nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Wasiŋtɔŋ nɛ Oreegɔnɩ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Nevadaa nɛ Utaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Montanaa nɛ Wayiyoomiŋ.
Pamaza Idahoo ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 216 499 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 133 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,98 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 214 499 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Idahoo kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ 14 nɖɛ kɛ walanaɩ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 43 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ ɛvalaa fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1890. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 567 582 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 524 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 3 859 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Poraa. Piyele pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩ yɔ, kʊkʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 216.
Payaɣ Idahoo ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se: David Ige (D) nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayaa kɛ payaɣ se Brian Schatz (D) nɛ Mazie HHirona (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Puwaawii nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.


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Sanfransiskoo
Sanfransiskoo wɛ Etaazuunii taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kalifɔrnii yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ,tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Pasifiki Teŋgu cɔlɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Sanfransiskoo pɔɔ ñɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩwaa 60 060 yaa 600,6 km2. Walanzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa lɛ, 121,4 km2 (20,21 %) kɛŋna tɛtʊ pɩkazɩ 479,2 km2 (79,79 %) taa lɛ, lɩm wadɩna. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa akalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 852 469.
Payaɣ Sanfransiskoo tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Edwin M. Lee (D). Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Lisibooni (Pɔɔrɩtiigaali), Abiijaŋ (Kooti D'Iivʊwaarɩ) Asiizi nɛ Kartazirɔɔnɩ (Italii), Kɔrkɩ (Irilandɩ), Hayifa (Israayɛlɩ), Pelɛm (Pireezili), Maniyi (Filipini), Osaka (Sapɔŋ), Sewuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ), Saŋgayɩ (Siini), Piyonozɛrɩ (Arzantini), Sidinee (Ɔsɩtraalii), Tayɩpayɩ (Tayiwanɩ), Tesaaloniki (Krɛsɩ), Zurisi (Suwusi), Hɔsiminivili (Fɩyɛtɩnam), Paŋgaalɔrɩ, (Ɛɛndi), Kraakoovii (Polɔñɩ) nɛ Fladiivɔstɔkɩ (Ruusii).


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Yuu
You anasaayɩ yɔɔda taa lɛ, ɛhɩɖɛ tukuunaa kpɩnaa wena awɛkʊ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ a-ñɩɣzʊʊ mbʊ mbʊ akatʊʊ payɩ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ po-suŋ wɛ kpɛɖɛ, pekela wɛ lɔŋ sɩŋŋ nɛ ñʊʊ yɔ kpayɩɩ kɛ nɔɔ nɛ mɔɔʊ pɛgbɛŋda nɛ pɛwɛ cʊlʊ cʊlʊ. Yuŋ kɛ Muridé́́́s tɛ cejewiye taa mba, mba pɛwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ yɔ: Rattus rattus, yuŋ kɩkpɛɛdʊʊ, nɛ Rattus norvegicus, yuŋ weyi ɛlʊlʊʊ ɖɩɣa yuŋ mba ɖɩ-yaa se agunaa yɔ, weyi pɔɖɔʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pʊwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ se tɔm be naayɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ atukuuna kpɩnaa wena awɛkʊ tɔnasɩ yɔ nɛ aavɛyɩ Muridés cejewiye taa, anaa-yɔ: yuu palmiste, yuu chinchilla… Ɛyʊ kpɛlɩkʊʊ kpɩnaa wena a-ñɩɣzʊʊ m-bɩyɔ yɔ ayɔ se ɛtɩlɩ-yɛ nɛ ɛɛkpayɛ nɛ awazɩ, ɛlakɩ nɛ kpɩnaa anaɣ amalɩnaɣ ɛyaa yaa ɛgbakʊ yɛ ɛzɩ kpɩnaa wena awɛkʊ sɩŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛkʊʊ-yɛ. Yuŋ kɛ pʊyʊ kem dɔɖɔ ɛyʊ caanaʊ tɔm taa, nɛ ɛzakuliye hɔlʊ taa, nɛ pɔdɔm tukunaa ɖɔɖɔ hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Virgile
Virgile kɛ paɖaɣna yaʋ nɛ Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa taa size "Publius Vergilius Maro". Abalʊ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Latɛŋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa ɛyʋ. Abalʊ sɔsɔ Virgile ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ yaa lɛɣtʊ siŋŋ tʊ nɔɔyʊ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ taa peeɖe.
Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ kɛ aloma fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ Pɩnaɣ 70 n̄ɩŋga nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-kɛ size Andes yɔ, ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ, payaɣ Andes kooka yaa egeetiye nɖɩ size Lombardie.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Virgile ɛnʋ, ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 19 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye yaa kooka ŋga ka-taa ɖajaa ɛnʋ ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ size Brindes.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Virgile kɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Latɛŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa yɔ. Sɔnzɩ tɔm yɔdʋʋ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩwɛ size ɖɩɖɔkɩ size, palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ kɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ size Andes yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɛ ɖeu tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɛ paya egeetiye tɛtʋ ndʋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ. Paya tʋ size Virgilio size paɖʋna-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɩsaɣ nɛ pasam nɛyɩ.
Ɖenɖe palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ yɔ, pɩn̄ɔtɩna Mantoue tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ Gaule cisalpine yɔ. Ɖeɖe tɔm mayaa yaa caanaʋ taa tɔm mayaa sakɩyɛ nabɛyɛ tɔŋ size, ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛ-hɔʋ yaa yee liɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛlɩnaa yɔ ɖɩwɛ n̄ɩm kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Latɛŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa koowa maɖʋ Virgile ɖoo kʋlʋlʋ payaɣ size Polla Magio, e-ɖoo ɛnʋ ɛ-walʋ lɛ Vergilius Maro, pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛ-caa.


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Purundi
Purundi kɛna Afrɩka wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ta ɛaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩtɑa. Ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna lɩm kucomuu maŋgazɩ nakʊyʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Taaŋanɩka (Tanganyika). Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Purundi nɛ Kɔŋgoo pazɩna ɖama nɛ kamaɣ, hayi kiŋ lɛ, Rʊwandaa ɛjaɖɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ŋtalɩ hadɛ lɛ Tanzaani. Purundi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Puzumbura.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1903 taa kɛ Purundi kɛwɛ afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Caamawaa nesi tɛɛ yɔ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you tɛma lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiyele ɖɩtɔlɩ Pɛɛlɩziiki mba nesi tɛɛ. Purundi mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ wiyao Mwambutsa naanza ñɩnʊ kacalɩna wɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ. Ɛɛwɛna paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩɩkɩla eyaa ɖɔŋ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, paɖɩzɩ-tʊ.
Ageeta wena payawaɣ se Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi yɔ pataanaɣ-ɖama nɛ ɛsɩyɛ nɛ ayou paa ɖooye. Ageeta ana aatɛma you ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 wayɩ lɛ, pɔkɔɔ patasɩ you kpem nɛ ɛyaa mba pehiu sɩm yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ kotukiŋ hiŋ sakɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi pɛ-tɛ ɖama kɩɩnɩnaʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɔma kɩtasɩ tuluu 1970 nɛ 1980 piyebina nɛ you nakʊyʊ ñalɩɩ samaɣ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1993. You ŋgʊ kɩɩpaɣzaa lɛ, Hutʊsi mba po-koyindina sakiyɛ ɛlɛ panɛ pakʊyɩ pasɩŋ pa-naŋgbanzɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɔtɔyɩtɩ Tʊʊtʊsɩ mba nɛ pɩcaɣ pʊdɔdɩyɛ: Huutusi mba sɩba ɛzɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 50 000 yaa 100 000 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ paa-anɩ ɛlaŋɩyɛ hɛɛ pazɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ se pɩnaɣ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ wayɩ lɛ Tʊʊtʊsɩ nɛ Huutusi waa lɛ pakpakɩɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pakazɩɣ ɖama.


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Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ
Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ, ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se nɖɩ wɛtʊ, mɛwɛ meɖeke lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ yaa laŋgbɛzɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa kiyii tɔm yaa laŋɩyɛ pɩsʊ tɔm nɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa lɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ hɛɛɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛfɛyɩ ɛyaa taa yɔ nɛ ɛtaafɛyɩ leleŋ ɛ-tʊma taa ɛzɩ ɛtɩɩ wɛʊ yɔ.
Laŋgbɛzɩyɛ kɛ ɛjandʊ tɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩlɩna ɖom, tɔɔnaɣ nɛ alaafɩya yɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ kaɖɛ piŋ nɛ hali pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ se ɛkʊ ɛ-tɩ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kʊñɔŋ ɛsɛñɩŋɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ). Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pɩlɩna laŋgbɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛyaa mba pakʊ pa-tɩ yɔ talɩ 3,4 kɛ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa 60 kʊ pa-tɩ pɩlɩna laŋgbɛzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yaa lɩmaɣza lɛɛna yɔɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛyʊ fɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ cɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ pe-fezuu caɣʊ eeleɖiɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ, kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ñakpaɣ-wɛ yem yem ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pa-maɣmaɣ pakʊ pa-tɩ. Kʊdɔntɩnaa mba ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩɩ wɛʊʊ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pesekiɣ-wɛ mɔɔŋ.
Kʊdɔŋ tɩnaa mba palakɩ-wɛ kɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nabʊyʊ taa maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa lakɩ-wɛ maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ kɔɔ. Pɛ-tɛ sɩɣ kɛ fɛɖaa tɛ wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakandʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pataa kʊ pa-tɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩɖaŋɩɣ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa ɛyaa yɔɔ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛm ɖʊ yɔ natʊ yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɔm kɔyɔ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm paɣla kpem nɛ pɩcaɣ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ. Pekpeɣ kɩlɩna ɖenɖenaa sakɩyɛ, kɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ pɩlɩna nabʊyʊ taa fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ maɣzɩm yaa ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛtʊ naa cɔlɔ. Ɖɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se nabʊyʊ kɔɔ kpaɣʊ kadatayaɣ nɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ nabʊyʊ naa kɔŋna tɩlɩsɩ nzɩ.


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Ɖʊm
Ɖʊmaa kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena afɛyɩna nɩŋgbanzɩ yɔ. Po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ loza kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ. Ɖʊmaa nabɛyɛ ɖaɣla siŋŋ nɛ lalaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ maɣna. Paaɖɔʊ ɖʊmaa ɖɩsɩ ɛzɩ pɔɖɔʊ sumasɩ yɔ. Ɖʊmaa sʊsaa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔyɔ:
- koɖe
- cakpada
- ɖalʊ
- ɖʋmanʋʋ
Pʊwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ sise ɖʊm wɛʋ mbʋ yɔ, ɛñasɩɣ. Ɖʊm ñazɩɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyʋ fɛyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖʋmaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pa-patʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖʋm weyi payaɣ se wɩsɩ kegbeŋga yɔ, ɛ-patʋ wɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se wɩsɩ kegbeŋga. Yee ɛñasɩ ɛyʋ nɛ potowona-ɩ lɔŋ ɖɔkɔta yaa kɔɔ pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, wɩsɩ kekpeŋ lɛ, pʋdʋ kpeŋ ɖɔɖɔ ; pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋdʋ sɩkɩ pʋcɔ tɛʋ fe.
Laŋ nɛ ñɩtʊ pa-taa ɖʋmaa kɩlɩɣ caɣʋ. Yee mbʋ pɛwɛ ɖeu se ɖɩhayɩ ɖa-ɖɩsɩ wayɩ nɛ ɖʋmaa ɛtaasʋʋ ɖa-ɖɩsɩ.
Ɖʊmaa nabɛyɛ huzuu ɛyaa ɛza taa. Yee ɖʋm ehuzi ɛyʋ ɛza pe taa kɔyɔ, pʋdʋ yʋlʋmʋʋ.
Ɖʊmaa wɛ paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛwɛ Eerɔpʋ, pɛwɛɛ Afrika nɛ Aazii, nɛ Amerika Hadɛ Tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika Hayi Tɛtʋ pa-taa. Ɖʊmaa wɛ teŋgunaa taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɛfɛyɩ Irɩlandɩ nɛ Ɩsɩlandɩ nɛ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ pa-ajɛya taa.


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Karɩbɔnɩ
Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 6 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ C. Ɛwɛna agbele naa naatozo, 12C, 13C nɛ 14C. Kajalaɣ naalɛ mba wɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ naatozo ŋgʊ kɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ ɖoŋ tɛ nɛ kɩwɛna fezuu hɔɔlʊʊ pɩnzɩ 5730.
Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ pʊtʊ nanza ñɩnʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kedeŋga taa nɛ ɛkɛ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩnʊ kɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ (aka yaa mamacɩɩɖɛ nɛ tɩyamaɣ), hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ tɛkɛ tomnasi (CO2 nɛ CH4) nɛ hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ karɩbɔnɩ tɩyɛ (piyomasi, karazɩm nɛ fefeku).
Tɔmpiye karɩbɔnɩ lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, carbo, carbōnis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mamacɩɩɖɛ). Plakʊʊ aka pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ hɔbʊ tɛtʊ poɖe taa yɔ, Room ɛyaa kaasɩma-tʊ. Karɩbɔnɩ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ tɩyamaɣ yɔ paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo lɔŋ Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa, paama-tʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Room ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ adámas, adámantis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ).
Karɩbɔnɩ lɩmaɣza lɩwa kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñɩɣyʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣyʊ, nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛnaa se pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ wɛ pɩ-taa nɛ ñɩɣyʊ tɔkɩ-ɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1772 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Antoine Lavoisier, ñala tʊmɩyɛ karɩbɔnɩ nɛ tɩyamaɣ pɛ-tɛ miŋ mʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛna se ñɔsɩ lɩɣ piŋ ɛlɛ ɛɛnaɣ lɩm nabʊyʊ kaʊ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ karɩbɔnɩ pɛkɛwa.
Kpaɣɖʊ 19 kɛna kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa karɩbɔnɩ wazaɣ kaapaɣla yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩhaɣa ɖoŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1865 alɩwaatʊ Antoine César Becquerel suzuu mbʊ karɩbɔnɩ kaakɛ keeke pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ ɖoŋ nzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ payakaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɖooo canaʊ yɔ.


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Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel kɛ Fransɩɩ hendu lɩzɩyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Ciboure lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1875 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Paarii saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1937 taa.
Pasɩma ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, Ravel tɛ miziiki ñaŋ cɔlɩɩ tɛ sɔnzɩ nɛ kɩɖaɣlɩ pɩtalɩ lɩzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiŋ nanza mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ lɛlɛɛyɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊ nɛ Fauré nɛ Debussy ñɩmba yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Stravinsky nɛ Prokofiev nɛ Bartok ne Gershwin yɔ. Ɛ-tʊma sakɩyɛ tɩŋa ɖama taa soo ɖʊʊ cɛŋa.
Maurice Ravel, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1875 alɩwaatʊ taa, Nivelle lɩm pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔ kideŋ kɛ Ciboure, pɩñɔtɩna Saint-Jean-de-Luz tɛ ñɩnʊ cɔlɔ kpam kɛ Pireenee pɔŋ taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Joseph Ravel (1832-1908), e-liɖe kɛnɛ Suwiisi nɛ savoyard, ɛɛkɛ tambaɣ lɩzɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ koŋ kɛ suluku kpasɩ ɖɩmayɛ taa nɛ lɔɔɖa tʊma sɔsɔna taa nɛ ɛtasɩ walanzɩ Etienne Lenoir lɔŋ yaa lɩmaɣza yɔ pɩlɩna mɩzʊʊ ciduu ñɩɣyʊ. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Marie Delouart-Ravel (1840-1917), ɛɛkɛ mɩzaɣ yɔɔ halʊ nɛ ɛtɛ kaakɛ nɛ basque kiŋ, ɖooo canaʊ ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ cejewiye kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa (Deluarte).
Ɛɛwɛna ɖalʊ nɔɔyʋ, ɛnʊ payaɣ Edouard Ravel (1878-1960), nɛ ɛpɩsɩ tambaɣ lɩzɩyʊ, weyi ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛlaba ɛ-tɛ wezuu caɣʊ tɩŋa yɔ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1875 alɩwaatʊ lɛ, Ravel cejewiye wolo ɖɩca mbilim kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ mba cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩɩwɛ se Ravel tɛ miziiki ɛkɛnɛ basque liɖe taa nɛ kɩpɩzɩ kɩtadayɩ, mbʊ piyebina nɛ Ravel tapɩzɩ ɛpɩsɩ basque ajɛyɛ taa pʊcɔ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 25.
Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛkɔŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛcakɩ ɛzɩ fenasɩ naalɛ nɔmɔŋ haʊ mbʊ yɔ Saint-Jean-de-Luz tɛ ñɩnʊ taa nɛ pɩcɔlɔ kpɛɣɛ lonaa taa nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ. Ravel pɩcatʊ wezuu caɣʊ kaawɛ ɖeu. Ɛ-caana kaakeŋaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɛ-ɛsa kaakula ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paasɩma nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma kɛlɛ peseɣti-ɩ ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣza taa. Maurice Ravel kapaɣza piyaanoo kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo yeke. Henry Ghys ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛkpɛlɛka 1839-1908).


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Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi, Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1945 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Rangoun tɛtʋ taa Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Ɖajaa Ang San. Ɛ-caa lʋbana siŋŋ nɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. Pakʋ ɛ-caa lɛ, ɛkɛwɛna pɩnzɩ naalɛ koŋ koŋ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ maɣzɩ wɛʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ temokrasii kɔɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1988 taa ɛ nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palʋba nɛ paɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ pɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se 'LND''. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba palʋkɩ se temokrasii ɛwɛɛ yɔ. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ temokrasii kɔɔ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖoɖoo Ang San Suu Kyi kɛŋna politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ''LND'' tɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ.
Toovenum lɛ, pʋcɔ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔʋ lɛ, Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖeke katɩna kewiyaɣ. Mba ɖʋɣaɣna paɣtʋ tɩŋa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔɔjanaa kpacayaɣna Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Ponuutaɣ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ pɔsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ lʋbɩna-wɛ siŋŋ nɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔɔ ɖɩlɩɩ sɔɔjanaa yomiye taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1990 ñɩŋga taa pɔtɔ caca se palɩzɩ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi politiki ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa samaɣ kɩlɩ lɩzʋʋ se pɛkɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa. Pɩlaba mbʋ lɛ, sɔɔjanaa kewiyaɣ sidi caca ŋ́gʋ nɛ pɩla se kɩtacazɩ caɣʋ. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, pakpa Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi nɛ pasɩɩ-ɩ ɖoli nɛ pefeŋiɣ-ɩ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ.
Ɛ-salaka kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ paɖʋʋ-ɩ hʋnʋm ɛ-lʋbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlʋkɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛ-lʋbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paha-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋbʋ samtʋ nimiye.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga taa Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi lɩ salaka kuduyuu tɛɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ.


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Maarɩsɩ
Maarɩsɩ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga nɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga kɛŋna naanza ŋga nzɩ sɩñɔtɩna wɩsɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ litoozo kpeekpe taa lɛ Maarɩsɩ kɛŋna naalɛ ŋga yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ tɔm taa nɛ paɣlɩka ɖɔɖɔ.
Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ koposina wɩsɩ ɛzɩ 1,381 nɛ 1,666 UA (pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalɩɣ kilomɛtanaa miiliyɔɔnaa 206,6 nɛ 249,2. Maarɩsɩ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ cɔʊ taa talɩ ɛzɩ afema 686,71 yɔ.
Ɛzɩ Mɛɛrkiiri, Feniisɩ nɛ Tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩyɩnga kanɛ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tɛtʊ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩkɩla Maarɩsɩ kɛ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam hiu yɔ ɛlɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kakɩla fenaɣ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam hiu ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩkpaɣʊ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa mba pɔsɔɔla wɩsɩ cɔɔu taŋgalam yɔ pɩ-tɛ wɛɖɩʊ nɛ pɩlakasɩ yɔ paha tɩyɩŋga Maarɩsɩ nɛ ɛsɛ pɩkɩlɩ tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ paa-anɩ ɛzɩma yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kanɛ tɛtʊ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga ɛyaa wɛ ka-taa yɔ, Tɛtʊ, pɛwɛna ɖama kpaɣʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩɖɔɔ pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa ñɩnɩyaa loyuu kiluzuu ŋgʊ pañɩnɩʊna lɩm nɛ cukaŋ yɔ, kɩwɩlaa se tɩyɩŋga Maarɩsɩ taa wɛ lɩm ɖomba pɩtɛɛ nɛ pɩtakɩlɩ cukaŋ. Panɛ ɖomba ana kɛ Fasititasɩ Poriyalisi tɛtʊ taa.
Salaŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 2015 Naza ñɩna nɛ kɩna se wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋa Maarɩsɩ taa nɛ anaam nabʊyʊ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se Soomiirɩ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ Kloratɩ nɛ Pɛrɩkloratɩ mbʊ pɩwɛ mañeziyɔmɩ taa yɔ pɩtasɩna pɛɗikɩloratɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ sodɩyɔmɩ taa yɔ nɛ pizidina lɩm pazɩ.


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Firziinii
Firziinii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Firziinii wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ñɩŋgʊ nɛ Kɛntukii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Karolinii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Tenesii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Marlandii nɛ Kolombii.
Pamaza Firziinii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 110 862 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 102 642 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 8 220 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 7,41 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ hiu ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 001 024 yɔ.
Payaɣ Firziinii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Ralph Northam (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Mark Warner (D) nɛ Tim Kaine (D).
Firziinii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Richmond nɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Firziiniyabisii.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ
Payaɣ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se pʋtʋ kʋdɔŋ. Kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ payaɣ se plazmodɩyɔm yɔ, nɖɩ haɣna wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ. Pɔɖʋʋ halɩn̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se anofɛɛlɩ yɔ n̄asɩɣna ɛyʋ nɛ kɩɖɛsɩ-ɩ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kɩn̄asɩɣ ɛyʋ weyi wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa-ɩ yɔ, kɩn̄ɔʋ ɛ-calɩm taa kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ nɛ kiwolo kɩn̄asɩ weyi wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ takpa-ɩ yɔ nɛ kɩɖɛzɩ ɛlɛɛ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ nɛ ɛlɛ tɔlɩ kʋdɔŋ kpaakpaa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ piye sʋʋ ɛyʋ calɩm taa yɔ, ɖɩkʋʋ ɛyʋ calɩm taa tooto pe wena alʋkɩna kʋdɔmɩŋ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 207 nɛ pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 627 000 hiɣ sɩm. Yee mbʋ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kɩlɩɣna ɛyaa kʋʋ kedeŋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Piya nzɩ sɩtatalɩda pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ yɔ nɛ halaa hosi tɩnaa wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kɩlɩɣ kʋʋ. Ajɛya wena awɛ Sahara nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ Afrɩka hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, a-ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa ɛyaa 80.


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Kadɩmɩyɔm
Kadɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 48 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cd. Kadɩmɩyɔm kɛ pɩlʊʊ 12 ŋgʊ taa pʊtʊ nɛ e-lone kɔyɔ 5. Stricto sensu kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩm nabʊyʊ yɔ, nɛ IUPAC heyuu-ɖʊ se ɛɖɔŋ ɖɛzʊʊ pʊtʊnaa tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-nɛ zɛŋkɩ pa-pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, IIB waa pɩlʊʊ nɛ pa-taa peeɖe panaɣ pɛ-tɛ ñʊŋ masɩ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ 30Zn, 48Cd nɛ 80Hg.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɛlɛ-ɩ naʊ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1809 pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-yɔɔ Magnus Martin af Pontin yaa Magnus Martin Pontin, pɩtɩŋna kajalaɣ nazɩyʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paha pʊtʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se das Cadmium yaa das Kadmium pɩnaɣ 1817 ɛlɛ Goettingen Friedrich Stromeyer sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa wɩlɩyʊ hana hɩɖɛ nɖɩ alɩwaatʊ ɛtɩzaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ weyi e-tomnaɣ wɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ kahʊlɩmɩ yɔ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna zɛŋkɩ kaŋwa ZnCO3 ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kaawɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ.
Petisiɣ kadɩmɩyɔm kpʈlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma yɔɔ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1818 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Caama kpɛlɩ tʊma tɩnaa natozo nabɛyɛ yɔɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ kɔɔ pɛdɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛlɛ yɔ Carl Hermann pɩtɩŋna zɛŋkɩ kaŋwa yɔɔ, Carl Karsten nɛ Paul Meissner yaa Paul Traugott Meißner.
Kadɩmɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ (ɛnʊ tɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Itai-itai yɔ) nɛ tɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe takɩɣ taa lɛ, panaɣ se hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa taa (ɛwadɩyɛ ajaɣa tɛ) taa kpɩnda kadɩmɩyɔm siŋ (kɛlɛ pɩɖɛʊ piŋ tɩŋ nɛ lɩm taa kpɩna). Anasaayɩ huɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ se fɔsɩfatɩ yɔ ɖɛzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ.
Tɔmpiye Kadɩmɩyɔm lɩ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa pɩnzɩ 1808/1809, ɛzɩ tomnaɣ yem weyi palɩzɩ-ɩ cadmia yaa cadmie, pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ lɔŋsɩndʊ Magnus Martin Ponti yɔɔ, weyi ɛlɩza-ɩ pɩtɩŋna nasɩyʊ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Latɛŋ tɔmpiye cadmia, nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se kadmeïa, kiɖe tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ zɛŋkɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ (kaŋwa yaa nabʊyʊ naa) pɛcɛsɛ-ɩ Thèbes cɔlɔ kpam, Kadmos yaa Cadmos kɩjaazɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖɩɩkɛ se cami.


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Iranɩyɔm cɛzɩyaa
Pʋdʋnaa mba payaɣ se ɩranɩyɔm cɛzɩyaa yɔ, pɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ wondu. Pɛ-tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ cɛzɩɣ mbʋ payaɣ se iraniyɔm yɔ pʋbʋ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se iraniyɔm tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ cɛzɩ 92. Pa-tɩŋa payɩ pɛkɛ cɛkasɩ tɔtʋ wondu. Pɛfɛyɩna ɖɩwɛyɛ kpɛndɩyɩ weyi eetuu kaʋ yɔ nɔɔyʋ. Pɛkɛ mbʋ ɛyʋ lakɩna e-nesi kɩlabɩnaʋ yɔ. Cɛkasɩ tɔtʋ wondu ndʋ tɩfɛyɩ yuŋ kpem yɔ palakɩ-tʋ hɔ ta ape tɛ heelim ñɔʋ tɛ luyuu ñɩɣyʋʋ taa. Piyele cɛkasɩ tɔtʋ wondu ndʋ tɩwɛ yuŋ yɔ, palakɩ tʋtʋ nɛ pe cikpena tɛ kpidisuu ñɩɣtʋ. Ɖiwiliye ɖamɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa palakɩ tʋma ana a-tɩŋa. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana se ɩranɩyɔm cɛzɩyaa 26 tamsɩna ɖama. Piyele mba payaɣ se neptiniyɔm waa yɔ, 93 ñatamsɩna ɖama. Nɛ mba payaɣ se oganɛɛsɔɔ waa yɔ, 118 waa ñatamsɩna ɖama. Pʋkɔm pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2016 ñɩŋga ŋga ka-taa yɔ, patanada ɖɩwɛyɛ kpɛndɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ se ɛ-tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ tɛ mayaɣ cɛzɩ 118.


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Léopold Senghor
Palʋla ɖajaa Léopold Sédar Senghor aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ (9) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1906 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Joal tɛtʋ taa. Sɔsɔ Léopold Senghor wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2001 taa. Verson tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Verson tɛtʋ wɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖajaa Léopold Senghor kɛkɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ Fransɩ nɛ Senegaalɩ pa-ajɛya taa. Ɛnʋ kɛŋna kajalaɣ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ ɖi-yomiye taa lɩʋ wayɩ.
Ñʋʋdʋ Léopold kpaɣ kpelaɣ pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1980 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛsɔɔlɩna nɛ etii kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ, Léopold Senghor kɛŋna Afrɩka tʋ kajalaɣ tʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Pʋcɔ nɛ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɣ yomiye taa nɛ ɖajaa Léopold Senghor kɛʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-kajalaɣ ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ Minisi nɔɔyʋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ wɛɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Afrɩka tɛ ajɛya wena Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kacaɣ a-ñʋŋ yɔɔ yɔ a-tɩŋa payɩ.


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Quakers
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa, payaɣ-ɖɔɖɔ se taabalɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ, pɩkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa mba palɩ aŋglɩkanɩ cɔɔcɩ taa yaa aŋglɩkanɩ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Pasɩma ɛyaa mba sakɩyɛ taa nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ se Quakers, pa-taa peɖeke lɛ payaɣ ɖama se taabalaa abalaa ñɩma nɛ taabalaa halɩñɩma.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔʊʊ yɔ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe yɔ, ɖɩwalaa sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ caɣ a-yɔɔ yɔ a-taa. Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɔm kakɛrɩ susiyaa tana-tʊ Amerika nɛ hadʋ kiŋ ñŋʊ taa nɛ Afrika ajɛyɛ taa. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa talɩ kudokiŋ mɩnɩŋ naatozo nɛ nɩnɩwa mbʊ yɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa.
Kpaɣna kajalaɣ pɩnzɩ taa mbʊ yɔ, kakɛrɩ waa naɣa pa-tɩ ɛzɩ mba kɛna Krɩstʊ cejewiye kɩbanɖɛ keekee, kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo papazɩ kiziɣ aŋgba lɛɛna tɔm yɔ. Ɖooo pɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa payaɣa ɖama hɩla wena ɖɩnaɣ a-taa lɛɛna se kiɖeɖeu, Children of the Light pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mʊntʊsʊʊ taa pɩɣa, lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ se Friends of the Truth ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʊʊ se taabalaa tovonum ñɩmba.
Hɩɖɛ Quaker (matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔndʊ tʊ yaa seliyu Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, palaba-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1650 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ George Fox, paaya-ɩ tɔm tɔm hʊyaa kpaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛlɩ Ɛsɔ Tɔm wayi yɔ yaa ɛtʊ Ɛsɔ yɔ pɔyɔɔ.


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Sɩʊ
Siʊ yaa sɩwaa kɛna agɔlɔma wena akandayʊʊ ɖeɣwa yaa cejewiye, kooka, kookasi nɛ ɛzɩ kantɔɔ kpeekpe yɔ. Paasɩʊ sɩʊ yaa sɩɩnaa yem, tɩŋ nɔnɔɔ taa kɛ pasɩʊ-kʊ nɛ pɩkɛna teluu yaa teliŋ tɛ. Paa sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩnɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ. Lama-Ñaŋgbadɛ tɛ sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩkandɩɣ egeetiyenɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se Abɛɛsɩʊ. Egeetiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa cejewa naayɛ wɛna a-sɩwaa a-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ asɩŋna Abɛɛsɩʊ nɛ anaa yɔ Siŋjalɩm nɛ Cedeli. Kawɩlasɩ ɛwɩlaa kɔyɔ cɔjɔ yaa cɔjɔnaa kpɛyʊna yaa pɩkɛ cejewiye taa kɔyɔ, tamaɣ tɔɔyʊ yaa weyi pɛtɛma-ɩ sɔnzɩ labʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ eliziɣna yaa ɛwazʊʊ.
Sɩʊ yaa sɩɩnaa mba peheniɣna samaɣ se kɩpam yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm caɣ labʊ. Sɩʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ, kɩpɩsɩɣ sumaɣ nɛ kiwii. Ɖoŋ ɖɔŋ taa lɛ, kpiziyuu kɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ nɛ kiwii. Yee pɩkɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm kɔyɔ tɛʊ feŋ ca lɛ, ɖɩwa taa sɔsɔ kpakɩɣ pɔ;oyasɩ nɛ ɛyɛlɩ tɩwaa nɛ ɛna se ɛbɛ lakɩ yaa ɛbɛ ɛɛlakɩ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, paa sɩʊ ɛɛwɩlɩɣ kawɩlaɣ yaa kawɩlasɩ kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se palaa-kʊ, mbʊ yebina nɛ pɔtɔŋ kʊtɔmɩyɛ se Sɩʊ eewɩɣ, paalaɣ-kʊ?


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Kalaharii kañɩmbʊsaɣ
Kalaharii kañɩmbʊsaɣ kɛna Afrika ilemiye taa hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Kalaharii tɔbʊʊ nɛ cɩwanaa taa se: lɔkɔtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa ɖenɖe lɩm fɛyɩ kaʊ yɔ. Kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ kɛwɛ Sambɛɛzɩ nɛ Ɔranzɩ pɔsɩ cɔlɔ. Kalaharii kpaɣna ɛzɩ Pɔcɩwanaa yɔ nɛ kawadʊʊ Namibii, Aŋgolaa, Sambii, Simbabwee, Kɔŋgo Kinsasa pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ.
Pamaɣza kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ ka-walanzɩ ɛlɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 900 000 km2 yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ ka-taa kɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ kanɩŋga kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɛtalʊʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Patɩɩ yaʊ Kalaharii se kañɩmbʊsaɣ yɔ pʊkazɩ talʊʊ pazɩ. Teevenim taa lɛ tɛŋ takilɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ ʊ-taa ɛlɛ tɩŋ nɛ laŋ ɖɔɔ.
Kpaɣna hadɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩŋ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 600 000 km2 yɔ. Hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ laŋ weyi ɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ ɛca wɩlʊ ɛtɩŋga nɛ tɩŋ weyɩ pakɩlʊ-ɩ naʊ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ rodezii tamtʊnanaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se akasiyanaa yɔ. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ laŋ weyi ɩ-tɛɛ hasɩ kpɩlɩŋgbɩlɩ yɔ nɛ pamaza ɩ-walanzɩ kɔyɔ, pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 300 000 km2yɔ.


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Prukisɛɛlɩ
Prukisɛɛlɩ kɛna Pɛlɩziki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa maalikanaa ɖɔɔ nɛ sɩtalɩ ɛzɩ maalisi hiu nɛ nakʊ yɔ nɛ sɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1.180.000 wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1830 lɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 98 279 nɛ pohuu pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩ-tɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kaatalɩ 183.686. Pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ wayɩl lɛ papɩsɩ tibu yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ 154.801 ɛlɛ kpaagbaa mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 lɛ ɛyaa talɩ 200.433. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tatasɩ ɖɔʊ paa ñɩɩ nɛ peyele papasɩɣ pasʊʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛyaa 133 859 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2000. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɔɖɔ pazɩ nɛ pɛwɛ 177 849.
Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna ajɛya lɛɛna taa yɔ pɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ: Fransɩɩ taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 60 751, Maarɔkɩ taa lɛe 38 297, Rumanii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɛwɛ 33.399, Itaalii taa lɛ 31.361, Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa lɛ, 27.466. Pɛwɛ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Prukisɛɛlɩ taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ wɛna ndɩ kpem nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ɛyaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ abalaa kpɛnda 50,77 nɛ halaa ñwɛɛ 49,23. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 32,61.
Prukisɛɛlɩ nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yaa kominanaa nabɛyɩ kpɛndɩɣ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma se piɖena-wɛ camɩyɛ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Atlanta nɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuni), Pɛrɩlɛɛ nɛ Pɔɔnɩ (Caama), Pireeziiliya (Pireziili), Kazablanka nɛ Naadɔɔrɩ (Maarɔkɩ), Peekɛɛ nɛ Maakao (Siini), Maadiriidi (Ɛsipaañɩ (Espagne)|Ɛsɩpañɩ]]), Alizee (Alizeerii), Kiyɛvɩ (Ukurɛnɩ), Kinsasa (Koŋgoo), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Rusii), Praagɩ (cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa).


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Homère
Homère kɛ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kpaɖʋ lutozo (8) kɛdɛza alɩwaatʋ taa palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ.
Paa sʋyɩ hɩɖɛ size "koowa tʋ". Sɔsaɣ yanaɣ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ-ɩ mbʋ.
Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ sakɩyɛ kaɖɛ size patɩlɩ size, ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, keekee taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛ-tʋma n̄amsa tɛtʋ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋnaa cikpetu samaɣ wɛɛ nɛ pɛkɛʋna ɖama pɩlɩɩna ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔ.


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Libreeviili
Libreeviili kɛna Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa politiki tʊma nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna kpelasi wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa 850 000 nɛ Kaabɔŋ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Libreeviili tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakali kɩgalʊʊ ŋgʊ Kaabɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa kɩla ɛzɩ 1 534 300.
Libreeviili tɛtʊ wɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Kaabɔŋ yɔ kɔcɔlɔ kpam nɛ pɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hatʊ kiŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Libreeviili tɛtʊ taa yɔŋgʊ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 71,9 yɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ nɛ pamaɣ-kʊ; piyele mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 76,8 nɩʊ-kʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa krɩstʊ mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ mba pɛkɛ malɩŋ yɔ pɔdɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñʊʊtʊ weyɩ payawaɣ-ɩ se Omar Bongo Ondimba ɛlɛ yɔɔ kɛ papɩsa malɩŋ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda1kɛŋna Libreeviili tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ kɩflʊ.


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Plʊtɔɔ
Plʊtɔɔ (kɩɖaŋ: [1] nɛ [2]) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga nakɛyɛ. Tɩŋga ŋga kakɩla paɣlɩka yɔ ŋga lɛ Eris. Plʊtɔɔ kɛna tɩŋga cikpelaɣ nakayɩ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ nabʊyʊ taa se 134340 ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩŋga kanɛ kɩ-tɛ diamètre maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 372 pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ fenaɣ tɛ diamètre nɛ pɛtɛyɩ-kʊ tɔm naputozo taa kɔyɔ, Plʊtɔɔ kpakɩɣ napʊlɛ. Plʊtɔɔ kɛna wonuu nakʊyʊ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ wondu ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛ wɩsɩ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ kɩ-tɛ hilimiye kɔyɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ hiu ŋgʊ. Ñɩnɩya ñɩnaɣ se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ pɩwɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ, Plʊtɔɔ pɛlɛɣ naʊ nɛ tɩŋga kanɛ koposina wɩsɩ ɛzɩ 30 nɛ 49 kɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊ ɛgbamɩyɛ taa. Kɩwɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kuiper tɩyɩnzɩ nʊmɔʊ yɔ kɩ-taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Amerika taa tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Clyde Tombaugh yɔ ɛna caɩyɛ Plʊtɔɔ tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa nɛ ŋgʊ kaakɛŋna tɩŋga nakʊ ñɩŋgʊ. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX nɛ XXI taa pana tɩŋga nakayɩ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Eris. Eris tɩŋga kanɛ pamaazɩ-kɛ lɛ, kɩkɩla paɣlʊʊ pazɩ kɛ Plʊtɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakpaɣ Eris ɛzɩ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩkɛ tɩŋga. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pɔcɔna se ndʊ paamaɣza Plʊtɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ siŋŋŋ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ Plʊtɔɔ kpaaʊ se kɩwɛɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛɛ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ yɔ tɩ-taa pʊyɔɔ kɛ pamaɣzɩɣ-kɛ nɛ cɛcɛsɩ sɩnɛ: 134340. Plʊtɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa wondu ndʊ pakɩlɩɣ naʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ kaaŋ, metani (méthane) ɖɔm pɛ, lɩm pɛ nɛ azotɩ kiniidu ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Ñɩinɩyaa mba paalɛɣ Plʊtɔɔ naʊ yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Greg Buchwald, Michel DiMario nɛ Walter Wild.
Pɩɩkɛ Siikagoo tɩɩnzɩ kpeekpe ité taa pɩnaɣ 1909 taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ na-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔm hiu nɛ naanza (14) mbʊ yɔ nɛ pa-taa kɛlɛ Heidelberg kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1914. Pɩnaɣ 1930 taa siŋŋŋ kɛ pana Plʊtɔɔ nɛ panya-kʊ se planɛte X. Patana-kʊ yem ɛlɛ Percival Lowell ñɩnaɣna se ɛna mbʊ piyiiduu tɩŋga ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se nɛptunɩ yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tombaugh yɔ ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lɩzʊ fotonaa kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1930 taa. Ɛcɛkaɣ fotonaa mba tɔm naputozo taa ɖama yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ kʊɖumaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛ-lɩmaaza wolo nɛ ɛna se nabʊyʊ ciidiɣ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Lowell ñɩnɩyaa lala tasɩ ñɩnɩʊ kɛ Harvard College Observatory taa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ fotonaa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ panacamɩyɛ nɛ petizi se tɩŋga nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛpayaɣ-kɛ Plʊtɔɔ. Tɛʊ fema lɛ, Tɩyɩnzɩ Ñɩnɩyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ susi kpaaa kɛ tɔm kɩfatʊ tʊnɛ. Tɩŋga kanɛ, pʊcɔ nɛ kapɩsɩɣ ka-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ nɛ pɩtɛlɛ, kaɖʊ avema looɖo nɛ ñɩɩtʊ nakʊ nɛ cɛccɛsɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ.
NASA lɔ ɛsɔtaa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ loyuu kɩluzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɩnɩɣ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ taa yɔ, New Horizons, nɛ kɩtalɩ Plʊtɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 2015. Ki-seɣa taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 11 095 nɛ loyuu kiluzuu ŋgʊ lɛ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzaa kɩsʊʊ Pliitɔɔ taa camɩyɛ yɔ. Kɩkʊyɩna tɛtaa nɛ kɩtalɩ Pliitɔɔ lɛ kilomɛtanaa miliyaarɩwaa 6,4 kɩlaba.


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Liŋgala kʋnʋŋ
Liŋgala kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Koŋgoo Kinsasa nɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili ajeya taa. Kɩwɛ Pantʊ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ taa. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ pɛkɛ liŋgala mba nɛ panɩʊ-kʊ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ yɔ nɛ mba pɛtɛkɛ liŋgala mba nɛ panɩʊ-kʊ kɩnɩʊ yem yɔ patalɩʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu yɔ.
Yee ɛyʊ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ siŋŋ kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ liŋgala kɛ Koŋgoo ɛjaɖɛ taa, Aŋgola nɛ Santraafriki ajɛya taa. Piyele nɛ mba liŋgala kɛwɛ pa-kʊnʊ; n yɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 15 yɔ kpaɣna Kinsaasa tɛtʊ taa, Prazaavili, Mbandaka nɛ Kisaŋginii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛjɛyaa lɛɛna taa mba panɩ-kʊ kɩnɩʊ yɔ paytalɩʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 50 yɔ.


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Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan kɛna kuduyiŋ maʊ kpalahusi lʊyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Kristu tʊ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ Mimar Koca Sinan ibn Abd al-Mannan. Palʊla Mimar Koca Sinan ibn Abd al-Mannan pɩnzɩ 1488 nɛ 1491 taa kɛ Kayizeri tɛtʊ taa, Anatoli egeetiye taa, peeɖe wɛ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba Kɔnsɩtantinoplɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1588 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 98. Ɛkɛ Amenii tʊ nɛ ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVI nɛ XVII taa. Pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa papaaza ciŋgilinaa kɩfama maʊ yɔ.
Nɔɔyʊ tapazɩ ɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ kɛ Mimar Sinan yɔɔ tɔm. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛtama ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm natʊyʊ kɛ ɖoli. Nabayɩ yɔɔdʊ se ɛkɛ Albanɛzi tʊ, Ameni tʊ, Gɩrɛkɩ tʊ yaa Turkii taa ɛyʊ. Pɔyɔɔdʊ-tʊ pɩlɩɩna takayɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ panaɣ yɔ, ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pamaɣmaɣ pɛkpɛna ɖama. Ɛ-ñma kɛ Kristu mba, ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 7 nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 17 lɛ, peeɖe malɩn ñʊʊdʊ nɔɔyʊ tɩɩ nɛ pakp-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pasʊzɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pɩɩkɛna-wɛ paɣtʊ kɛnɛ.
Ɛ-cɔlɔ kɛ ciŋgilinaa maʊ kɩfam lɩwa. Paatasʊʊ-wɛ maʊ nɛ ɩwɛɛna kolonzɩ yʊʊʊ yɔ ɛlɛ pamaɣ-ɩ lɛ, pɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ putuuɖe hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Ɛma ciŋgilinaa mba yɔ pɔɖɔɔ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛwɛɛ ɛmaɣ wɛ pʊɖʊɔʊ nɛ pʊɖɔʊ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ ɛcɔna se ɛpɩzʊ ɛlɛɛzɩ matʊ. Piyebina ɛɖʊ tamaɣ se ɛpɩzʊ ɛɖʊ keɣye sɔsɔyɛ nɛ etuzi kolonzi nɛ ɛsɔzɩ mondola pɔŋ. Mbʊ ɛlaba nɛ ciŋgilinaa taa mʊndʊsʊʊ tasɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɩdakɩlɩ cɩkpɛndʊ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ yɔ.
Mbʊ pɩtasɩ Mimar Sinam hɩɖɛ kpazʊ yɔ kɛlɛ se e-nisi tɛɛ kaawɛ yʊŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ, ɛwɛɛna ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, e-wezu caɣʊ tɩŋga taa ɛɛsɔɔla se ɛwɛʊ ɛsɔzʊ keɖewa kɛ mbʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ pɩtɩŋga pɩdaa. Mbʊ yebina kuduyuŋ maʊ kpalaahusi nzɩ palʊwaɣ ɖooo Otimanɩ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, ɛla nɛ tɩkpa nɛɛsɔdaa kɛ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ mba palʊlʊwaɣ kpalahusi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pakpaɣ ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ ndʊ nɛ pɩsɩŋna-wɛ. Ɛ-tʊmlaɖaa taa-taa kɔyɔ Sedefhar Mehmet Ağa. E-sukuli pɩɣa kɛnɛ, Turki kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ,Ahmet 1er pɔza se pama-ɩ ciŋgili nakʊyʊ lɛ, ɛnʊ mana-kʊ camɩyɛ yuulee kɛ Sophie Kiɖeɖeu kpaaŋ ɛsɩnda pɩnzɩ 1609 nɛ 1616 taa.


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Milton Hyland Erickson
Milton Hyland Erickson, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1901 Aurum Nevada) nɛ ɛsɩ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1980 Phoenix (Arizona tɛtʊ taa), ɛɛkɛ kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ ɖɔkɔtɔ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛyʊ ɖom lubitu hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpem. ́
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ ɛyaa nabayɛ palakaɣna, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛkpɛnda lɩmaɣza mba yɔ Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Lawrence Kubie, Aldous Huxley, John Weakland, Jay Haley nɛ Ernest Rossi. Ɛnʊ kɛna kɔɔ fɛbɩtʊ kɛlɛʊ cɛjɛ. Tʊma sakɩyɛ ñɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ kɔɔ labɩtʊ yaa fɛbɩtʊ sakɩyɛ lɩɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-yɔɔ. E-sukuli piyaa taa lɛ mba pa-hɩla pakɩlɩ sɩm yɔ mba yɔ Stephen Gilligan, William O'Hanlon, Stephen Lankton nɛ Jeffrey Zeig.
Palʊla Erickson saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1901 Aurum, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ cikpetu natʊyʊ tɩ-taa nɛ tataa ñɩm sakɩyɛ kɛ Nevada, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ tɛtʊ nddʊ tɩmʊwaa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Charles, ɛlɛ tɛ nɛ Chicago, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Clara, ɛlɛ wɛna Ɛndɩ ɛyaa tɛ calɩm kɛ e-hola taa, pawala ɖama kɛ Wisconsin pɩnaɣ 1881. Palʊla-ɩ kpa mbʊ yɔ ɛɛwɛna kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛlɩna tantamtʊ cɔlɔ, ɛtanaɣ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Palʊla-ɩ mbʊ lɛ nɛ pɔcɔna e-ɖeɖe lɛ, ɛlɛɛzɩ e-fitenum pɩsɩ camɩyɛ pɔcɔ ɛpaɣlɩ. Erickson nɛ ɛ-kɔɔ talɩ sukuli wonaʊʊ lɛ pa-canaa wolo pacaɣ Lowell, Wisconsin tɛtʊ, peeɖe paayaba tɛtʊ leem. Erickson nɛ ɛ-kɔɔ naa lʊbɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ patɩŋa palakɩ hayɩm taa tʊmɩyɛ ɖeu.


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Hadɛtʊ
Hadɛtɩnaa kɛna mba pɛtɛma sɩbʊ nɛ pakandayʊ ɛsɛndɩnaa yɔɔ yɔ. Paatasɩɣ-wɛ naʊ nɛ ɛsa. Ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ sɩɖaa tɩŋa kɛgna hadɛ tɩnaa. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, mba pasɩba sɩm kɩpam yɔ, peɖeke papɩzɩɣna pɩkɛ hadɛ tɩna. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se nabɛyɛ sɩkɩ sɩm kɩtɛkɛdɩm. Mba pasɩba camɩyɛ yɔ yaa pasɩba sɩm kɩpam yɔ, palakɩ pɛ-lɛsɩ kɩpanzɩ nɛ mba patasɩ sɩm kɩpam yɔ, palakɩ papa lɛsɩ kɩdɛkɛdsɩ.
Mba kɛ pɔtɔŋ se pasɩba sɩm kɩdɛkɛdɩm? Mba pasɩba sɩm kɩdɛkɛdɩm yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ pɩɣa kʊhɔlɩsaɣ yaa piya kʊhɔlɩsɩsɩ, pɩɣa afolom, halʊ hɔɔtʊ yaa halaa hɔsɩ tɩnaa, canaɣ yaa canasɩ,lɩumkpaɣʊ yaa lɩmkpaɣyaa, kaalʊlaɣ yaa kaalʊlasɩ, ɛɖanɛ yaa aɖama,tɩkʊyʊ yaa tɩkʊyaa.
Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se mba pakʊyaa nɛ pala tʊma ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ, pɛwɛna piya nɛ pasɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pa-sɩm tɔkɔna wiliu nɛ ɛsɩtɛɛlɩm yɔ nɛ pala pɛ-lɛsɩ nɛ taaleleŋ yɔ peeɖe pɛkɛŋna hadɛ tɩnaa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa ɛsɩndɩnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ pakandɩɣ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ pa-tʊmaa camɩyɛ nɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm nabʊyʊ ɛɛkaɣ-wɛ talɩʊ. Hadɛtʊ yaa hadɛtɩnaa panɛ pɛwɛʊ ɖɩɣa taa nɛ pamaɣ-wɛ kumola nɛ a-yɔɔ kɛ palaɣ nɛ palɔʊ nɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Siŋŋ ñʊŋ (tʊʊzʊʊ)
Tʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, siŋŋ ñʊʊ kɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga pama-kɛ mbilim. Siŋŋ ñʊŋ ñɔɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɛkɛdaɣ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ siŋŋ lɩzɩtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛlɛ tɩcaɣ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ keekee masɩ nzɩ ɖooo paalakaɣ-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Eudoxe Cnide cɔlɔ kpaɣɖʊ 4 alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesuu krɩstʊ. Kɛlɛ pasɩm siŋŋ ñʊŋ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ tɔm pɩtatɩɩtalɩda kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɔyɔ pɩtɩŋna Dedekind nɛ Cantor nɛ Méray pamatʊ yɔɔ.
Palakɩ siŋŋ ñʊŋ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ wondu liidiye, wɛɛ ɖalakɩŋ, kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ, pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa yuŋ, tɩyɩnka ŋga kakɩlɩ-ɖʊ ñɔtɩnaʊ yɔ tɛ posinau nɛ ɛyaa. Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ siŋŋ masɩ paa ɖooye kpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ tʊma taa, tʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa,tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa yaa tʊma sɔsɔna tambasɩ lɩzɩyaa hɔɔlɩŋ taa.
Pɩkpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 17 hɔɔlʊʊ kɩlɛlʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Isaac Newton nɛ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz poluba tʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Paya-ɩ mbʊ lɛ se wiluu nɛ takʊʊ tɛ, ŋgʊ ɖooo paayaɣa-ɩ kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ akɔnta. Pɩ-tɛ piliŋa ŋga katɩ caŋ kapaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ kapɩsɩ nɔmɔŋ kɩwɩlɩɣ nakʊyʊ siŋ kadeŋa kpeekpe taa, Newtone lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm. Pɩ-tɛ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tɔm pɔzɩtʊ yeba nɛ pehiɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ mbʊ se pana se tɛtʊ cɔʊna wɩsɩ naa yaa pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ.


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Najib Mahfouz
Najib Mahfouz kɛ Egipiti tʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛkɛ malɩŋ ajɛɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩya. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (11) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1911 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ pɩya ŋga kaawɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ kpekpekaɣ siŋŋ yɔ kɛ ka-pɩcatʋ taa. Pasaŋga kɛ siŋŋ kɛ ka-tabalaa ɛsɩnda. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2006 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɩlaba size ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbanzɩ (85) lɛ ɛsɩba.
Tɛtʋ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ patatɩlɩ ɖɩ keekee. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz kɛna ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Egipiti tɛtʋ taa maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ mayʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛmaɣ ɛ-takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ sɩnɛ nɛ ɛ-kʋnʋŋ arabɩ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ yaa lɛɣtʋ tʋ ma-hɩɖɛ sɛwa tʋ nɔɔyʋ Egipiti tɛtʋ taa nɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ.
Pɛcɛla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz Egipiti tʋ ɛnɛ, maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋ samtʋ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1988 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛmaɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ kaatʋzɩna ɖɔɖɔ, wɛɛ kɩfam nɛ caanaʋ tɔm alɩwaatʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Najib ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɔʋ wɛ n̄ɩm pazɩ. Pʋyɔɔ pɩsɩna-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛla ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ taa.


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Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ
Ɛyʊ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩna kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ kɩ-wazaɣ. Ñʊʊ wɛɛ, nesi wɛɛ, (pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ) nɛ naŋgbanzɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɩgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnɛ ɩwɛɛ: nɩŋgbaŋaɣ, ɛsɩyɛ, naatalʊʊ, naakiɖe, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hoɖe nɛ nimba pɛwɛɛ.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa mɔɔ wena awɛ yɔ akpɛnda 26. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se yee pɛtɩyɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kɛ tom naanza taa kɔyɔ, nɛ yee pɛkpɛnda nɩŋgbanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛɛ yɔ, sɩ-taa mɔɔ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kɛ naanza yɔɔ. Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa ɖenɖewaa pʊcɔʊ yɔ, pɩkpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ 16; nɛ hola kpɛnda 107 piyele nimvela ñɛkpɛnda nɛɛlɛ (20).
Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ fɛyʊ nɛ ɛsɩŋʊ yiu yiu, kɔ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛfɛyʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nimbee kagbanzɩ nɛ nimbiye sɔsɔyɛ kɛ payaɣ se nimbiye abalʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ cikpeɖe payaɣ se ccuculibaŋa. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔlɛ, ɛzɩ nandaka yɔɔ nee yɔ, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nimbe wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛna nimbe looɖo nɛ lalaa ñɛɛna pɩɖɛ mbʊ.


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Nɩkɛlɩ
Nɩkɛlɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 28, nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ni. Nɩkɛlɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ kobaltɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩ-caɣyɛ taa, ɛwɛɛ ɖeu piŋ ɖenɖe ɛ-tɛ tɩ kpɛndʊʊ wɛ camɩyɛ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ papɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ ɛnɛ sika nɛ kuviri mbʊ lɛ, sɔnɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ palakɩna cɛnjɩ naa nɛ kpɛndɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa.
Tomnaɣ kɛlɛʊ, ñɩɣyʊ kɩkpɩndɩɣ kʊlʊmʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ, kɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ ñɩɣyʊ maɣmaɣ, palɩzɩɣ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1751 pɩtɩŋna nɩkɛlɩ wonuu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ, ŋgʊ kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ kupfernickel Caama kʊnʊŋ taa, kopparnickel, Suyɛdɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ yaa nickeline fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ sɔsɔ Axel Frederik von Cronstedt yɔɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnʊʊ George Brandt, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ nana cobaltɩ, nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ cajasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ yɔɔ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1990 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wena a-taa panaɣa nɩkɛlɩ yɔ ana yɔ Ruusi, Kanadaa, Ositralii, Kubaa nɛ Etaazuunii. Kɩ-tɛ ɖihuyiye sɔsɔ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa, Norilsk egeetiye taa. Lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ ta cɛyɩtʊ kaakɛ se pataapɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ kobaltɩ. Piyele kaŋwa pakʊɣana ñɩmɩŋ ɖɔm lɩm palakaɣ pɩtɩŋna kobaltɩ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ yɔ.
Ɛtɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛkɛ wazaɣ pɩyʊ kpɩnɛ tomnaɣ taa, ɛkɛ pɩyʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ wondu tɔɔnasɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛsɩɣna tɩŋ paɣlaka. Nɩkɛlɩ tomnaɣ yem wɛʊ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ sɔtʊ, nɛ yee etukina ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ nandʊ kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna kitentelim, pɩlakɩ heŋ sɔsɔŋ, pɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kahʊyaɣ, tuutu, tɔtʊ.
Nɩkɛlɩ kɛ pʊtʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ nɔyʊ, nɛ pasɩma-ɩ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 3500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Prɔnzɩ naa mba paana Siiri yɔ taa kaawɛ nɩkɛlɩ lɩm halɩ pɩtalɩ 2%. Sini takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kuviri kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛ Sini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 pʊcɔ palaʊlɩ Yeesuu nɛ 15 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ ɖɔɖɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ hɛkɩŋ alɩwaatʊ taa. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, pɩlɩna nɩkɛlɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ nɛ sika tɛ ndʊ palɩ ɖama lɛ, ɛ-tɛ tɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛ-wazaɣ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩtaa pɩtaa cɩnɛyɔ pakpa ɖoŋ piŋ.


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Luwiiziyaana
Luwiiziyaaana kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Luwiiziyaaana taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se New Orleans nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Luwiiziyaana ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 2 275 940 km2.Luwiiziyaana kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ɛspañɔɔlɩ yɔ ɖɩhɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1764 taa kɛ Ɛspañɔɔilɩ mba kpacayaɣ Luwiiziyaana tɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1800. Pɩkpaɣʊna pɩnaɣ ŋga yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣna hayʊ kiŋ puwolo pɩsɩɩna hadɛ yɔ, pɩpaazɩna Kanadaa nɛ Mɛkiziiki piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-ɖʊlɩyɛ lɛ Misisipii Pɔɔ nɛ pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ñɛwɛna kaaŋŋ ɖeke.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ,ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ fransɩɩ nɛ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Ellen Sirleaf Johnson
Ɖoɖoo nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1938 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Monroviya tɛtʋ taa. Monrovia tɛtʋ kɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlʋba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2006 taa. Ɛkɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna sɔnɔ.
Ɛlaba tɔsʋʋ sukuli Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa. E-sukuli ŋ́gʋʋ ɛtɛma labʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ tɔsʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛŋna Afrika tɛtʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kajalaɣ halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ. E-ɖeke koŋ ɛkɛŋna Afrɩka ajɛya kpeekpe taa halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ.
Ɖoɖoo Ellen Jonson Sirleaf kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa pɔkɔma paha-ɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋbʋ samtʋ nimiye pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe nɛ e-sukuli labʋ.
Palʋla ɛ-cɔzɔnaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jahmale Carneɣ Johnson. Amerika tʋ nɔɔyʋ kakpaɣ Liberiya halʋ nɛ paɖʋ hɔʋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɔʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩcɔŋna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf caa yɔɔ nɛ ɛ́lɛ kɔɔ ɛla ɛyʋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʋ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ-ɩ.
Ɛ-caa laba e-sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ sʋsɔʋ Metoodisti waa sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa. Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ, Monrovia taa ɛlaba-kʋ. Ɛ-caa laba sukuli nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ tɔm temiyu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi ɛkandɩyɩɣ yaa ɛlʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ (avocat).
Payaɣ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Ɖacaa Hilary R. W. Johnson. Ɛ́lɛ kɛŋna Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɖɩcɔna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɛka halʋ kɩsɛm. Ɛ-sɛmɩŋ lɩna ɛ-cɔzɔ nɔɔyʋ cɔlɔ. Tɔbʋʋ se, e-ɖoo ɖoo kawalɩ caama tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf paɣlɩ ñɩm hɔʋ taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) lɛ, ɛwalɩ evebu weyi payaɣ se John Sirleaf yɔ. Ɛ́lɛ kɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnzɩ. Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, etisina-ɩ se ɛɖɛɛ ɛla e-sukulinaa sɔsaa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛ-walʋ kɛkɛ sʋlʋm ñɔyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛñɔʋ sʋlʋm nɛ ekpe ɖɩɣa lɛ, ɛkpɛŋkɛtɩɣ ɛ nɛ e-piya kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Halɩ ɛ-walʋ woba ɛ-wayɩ evemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa nɛ elu-i katanzɩ. Ɛmaba-ɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɔŋ se eekpeŋ ɖɩɣa lɔŋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johson Sirleaf lakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ liidiye tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Minisi tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, peeye ɛ-walʋ woba evemiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛmabɩ-ɩ.
Halɩ evemiye lɛɛɖɛ ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, ɛkpaɣ malɩfa ɛ-yɔɔ se ɛtɔyɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛsɩndaa. Pʋkɔma kɩkɩlɩ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf nɛ ɛ-walʋ kañatʋ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ kʋyʋʋ nɛ ekpe ɛcaɣ ɛ-tɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1961 ñɩŋa taa pɩlaba mbʋ yɔ.


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Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ yɔ, pɩkɛ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ nakɛyɛ. Tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ ŋga pɔsɔzʋʋ lakaɣ yɔɔ yaa kɩyʋsʋnaʋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩlɛɣzɩ-wɛ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ. Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɔzɩ tɔmpiye hɔɔlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ.
Yʋsʋyaa maalɛɣzɩɣwaa taa nabɛyɛ kɔyɔ : lɛɛlɛɛ (Ali ɖɔŋ lɛɛlɛɛ ), ɖɛfɛɛ (ɛlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɛfɛɛ ), tɛmm (Kpacaa ɖɔŋ tɛmm ), hɛɛɛ (sɔnɔ me-neze maɣzɩ lɩʋ hɛɛɛ) …
Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔmloyaɣ tɛzɩyʋ yaa hɩɖɛ tɛzɩyʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ ɖɩna : « Ñɔɔsɩ wɩwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pizaɖeɣmaɣ, ewoŋaɣ. » Tɔmpiye « pizaɖeɣmaɣ » kɛ yʋsʋyʋ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa.
Tɔmpiye pizaɖeɣmaɣ fɛyɩ kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ taa. Yee pɛɖɛzɩɣ tɔmloyaɣ ŋga nɛ kabɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se : « Ñɔɔzɩ wɩɣwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pɩɖɩɣzɩ ɛyaa se ewoŋaɣ. » Yee mbʋ, tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ, ka-taa tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ tɛkɛ yʋsʋyʋ tɔmpiye.
Tɔmpiy hɔɔlaɣ « ɛɛɛ » fɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpiye « aayɩ » ɖɔɖɔ fɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpiye « paa pɩɩkɩlɩ we yaa « pʋtɔma » fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ yʋsʋyaa taa. Tɔmpe wena ɖɩya-yɛ mbʋ nɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se afɛyɩ yʋsʋyaa taa yɔ, akɛ yʋsʋyaa modalisatɛɛrɩwaa.
Yʋsʋyaa ɛɛlɛɣzɩ kaʋ. Yʋsʋyaa kɛŋna tɔmpiye tɛ piye. Ɖɩkpaɣ tɔmloyaɣ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna : « Kolu talɩ ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋkʋ kʋ-yɔɔ ɛɖʋwa se ɛtalɩɣ yɔ. »


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Epistemolozii
Lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ sukuli labʊ yaa tɩ-kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeu payaɣ se epistemolozii. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye «épistémologie» lɩna caanaʊ krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɔmbe naalɛ cɔlɔ : kajalaɣ tɔmbiye kɛlɛ tɔmbiye «epistếmê». Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se tɩlɩtʊ siŋŋ (connaissance vraie) yaa lɛɣtʊ. Tɔmbiye naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ lɛ tɔmbiye «λόYoς/lógos». Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se yɔɔdaɣ yaa yɔɔdɩtʊ. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «discours». Tɔmbiye «épistémologie» pɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛɛna tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ:
Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ajɛya wena ayɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, atɔŋ se payaʊ se epistemolozii (épistémologie) yɔ, pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kakʊyʊʊ lɛɣtʊ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa mba palakɩ epistemolozii tʊmɩyɛ (épistémologistes) yɔ, pɛkpɛʊna lɛɣtʊ tʊma, paatisiɣ se lɛɣtʊ pɩzaa nɛ tɩwɛɛna tɩlɩtʊ siŋŋ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa ɛyaa ñɔtɔŋ se epistemolozii tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se ɖɩñɩnɩ yaa ɖɩtazɩ nɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ pɩtɩŋa kedeŋa yɔɔ. Ajɛya wena alɛ yɔɔdʊʊ iŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ (anglo-saxon) yɔ, alɛ tɔŋna mbʊ. Pʊyʊ kʊɖʊmʊm wɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ siŋŋ epistemolozii lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ taa : mbʊʊ lɛ se kɩla nɛ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ kʊɖʊm. Lɛɣtʊ pilinzi naanza yɔɔ epistemolozii tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣ nesi:
Kajalaɣ piliŋa lɛ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «sciences formelles yɔ». Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa palakɩ akɔntɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ.
Piliŋa naalɛ ñɩŋga lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «sciences physico-chimiques» yɔ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ nɛ palakɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa naadozo ñɩŋga lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «sciences du vivant» yɔ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa yaa pɩlɩʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa pañɩnɩɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ pifeziɣ payɩ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋa.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa naanza ñɩŋga ñañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʊ camɩyɛ nɛ kɛtɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ samaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ ka-lɩmaɣza camɩyɛ.
Tɔm paaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, epistemolozii (épistémologie) lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩɣ kajalaɣ taa se tɩna se le lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩɣ kpem se tɩtalɩ?
Nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe lɛ, epistemolozii ñɩnɩɣ se kɩna se anɩ yaa aŋgbɛ wena lakɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ ? Nabudozo ɖeɖe lɛ, epistemolozii ñɩnɩɣ se kɩtɩlɩ tʊma wena lɛɣtʊ ɖɔŋa labʊ yɔ. Naza ɖeɖe lɛ, kɩñɩnɩɣ se kɩna mbʊ pɩtamsʊʊ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖama yɔ. Nʊwa ɖeɖe lɛ, epistemolozii ñɩnɩɣ se kɩna se awɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ sukuli nɛ ɛzɩma wɩlʊʊ ɛwɩlɩɣ ? Kpaagbaa ɖeɖe lɛ, epistemolozii ñɩnɩɣ se kɩna ndɔŋjɔɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkʊ taa yɔ.


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Kaspɩyɛnii teŋgu
Kaspɩyɛnii teŋgu kɛna lɩm wadaɣsɔsɔɣa nakɩyɩ nɛ kɛwɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Vɔlga yɔ, ka-taa lɩm kpeŋna kɩ-taa. Wisi ɖɩlyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʊyɩ taa lɛ, Azii hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa kataŋga sɔsɔɣa nakɩyɛ kɛ teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩzɩna kamaɣ piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ, kokaazi nɛ Ɛlburzi piisi ñɛwɛna.
Ajɛya wena acɔ teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ kɩtaa yɔ, anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Kazakistanii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ Turkimenistanii piyele haɖɛ kiŋ kpaagbaa ɛlɛ Iiraŋ tɛtʊ pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ sɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ Azɛrbayijanii nɛ wɩ;sɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ sɩ-hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ, Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩkpɩyʊ nɛ kɩkpɩyʊ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, tɩŋ fɛyɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ñakɩlɩʊ ñaaʊ.
Kaspɩyɛnii teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ mɩtaɖɛ wɛ 371 000km2 piyele kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1030 nɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa ñɛwɛ kilomɛtanaa 435. Pamaaza-kʊ koko nɛ pata ɛlɛ pɩwɛ kilomɛtanaa 7 000 nɛ kɩ-tɛ cukaŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 1025. Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩpaɣlika taa wɛ ɛzɩ 78 200 km3 yɔ.


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Stonehenge
Stonehenge kɛna Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ cee wayɩ tɔm wonuu kʋtɔzʋtʋ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖikpeeluu ɖɩ-taa matʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tʋwɛ kuluŋgulu tɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.
Pama kumoɖe nɖɩ pɩgbaʋ hɛkʋ -2800 nɛ -1100 mbʋ yɔ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ pʋɖɔŋzɩ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ wɛɛ matʋ taa.
Nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna Amesbury egeetiye. Amesbury egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩna kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge pɛ-hɛkʋ taa mɛtɛ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa nanaaza (4) mbʋ yɔ.
Amesbury kɛna ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Wiltshire, nɛ pɩtasɩna Angletɛrɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge tɛtʋ tɩŋgɛ nɛ cromlech Avebury tɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛna ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛ waa ɛzɩ hiŋ naanaza mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pama pahɩla ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa UNESCO tɔsʋʋ kozaɣ takayaɣ taa.
Pɛkpɛnda payɩ lɛ, payaɣ takayaɣ n̄ʋʋ toi size Stonehenge, Avebury nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ tɛtʋ ɖɩgbɛndɩyɛ. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, samaɣ ŋga kowoki yɔ kɔn̄ɔtʋna talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ paasɩma-ɖɩ hooo hooo hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.


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Takotaa Hayɩ Kiŋ
Takotaa Hayɩ Kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Takota taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Bismark nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Fargo.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Minesootaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Montanaa hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa ageeta naayɛ ñɛwɛna.
Pamaza Takota Hayɩ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 183 272 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 178 839 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 4 432 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 39 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1889. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 756 927 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 46 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Takota Hayʊ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Doug Burgum (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Heidi Heitkamp (D) nɛ John Hoeven (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi.


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Tɛtʊ wondu cikpetu
Tɛtɛ wondu cikpetu wɛ wondu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna mɔɔ yɔ tɩ-pɩlɩŋ taa. Tɛtɛ wondu cikpetu tʊnɛ tɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naatozo: ñʊʊ, laŋgɩyɛ nɛ lotu. Ñʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛsa naalɛ, ŋjʊyɛ nɛ hɩlɩŋ naalɛ sɛŋŋŋ sɛŋŋŋ. Laŋgɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ acɩya looɖo wɛna, naatozo nʊwaŋ yɔɔ nɛ naatozo ɖɔɖɔ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ. Laŋgɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ keŋ naalɛ wɛɛ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ kɛŋ ɩnʊ ɩtɩkɩlɩ ɖaalʊ. Piyele laŋgɩyɛ huuzina lotu yɔɔ kam.
Tɛtɛ wondu cikpena wena atɛma wɛʊ yɔ aɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔnaa 1,3 yɔ nɛ wena ɑɖɩɩna lɩuʊ efemiye efemiye yɔ, alɛ talʊʊ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ hiu (10 000) yɔ. Wondʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ tataa cɩnɛ yɔ, tɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, tɛtɛ wondu cikpetu pɩlɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ pɔtɔma se pakalɩɣ pɩlɩŋ ɩnʊ yɔ, ɩtalʊ pɩlɩŋ 80 mbʊ yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mbʊ pifezuu ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋga pɩtaa lɛ, pakpaɣ-tʊ mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ, tɛtɛ wondu cikpetu ndʊ tɩtala ɛzɩ 80 yɔ (80 %). Yee pakpaɣ tɛtɛ wondu tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ pɩlɩŋ kpɛndʊ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛ ɛz ɩ ɛyaa tɛ tɔm 300 taa yɔ, nɛ naanza taa kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna sɔsɔna taa yɔ. Tɛtʊ wondu cikpetu ndʊ tɩwɛna keŋ nɛ tɩkʊyʊ wɛ tiɖeke tɩtala mbʊ pifezu yɔ pɩtɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ mɩnɩu yɔɔ. Tɛtɛ wondu cikpetu tʊnɛ, ndʊ kɛŋna ɖooo kacalaɣ wondu ndʊ tɩcala tɛtʊ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ tɩwɛʊ yɔ pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ 400 yɔ.


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Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ
Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Sapɔŋ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Pɩtaha- kʊ waɖɛ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ paa kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pamaɣ kʊ takayasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ sukulɩ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Yuda ñɩma mba pamɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piresiili nɛ Peruu ajɛyɛ taa ɖenɖe aŋgba yuŋ ñɩna wena awɛɛ peɖe yɔ ayɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ lima nɛ sao paulo nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Anguar lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Palaos taa.
Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sapɔŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩyeke yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɔm pe hiɣ a-tɩ kɛ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna matʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ndʊ pɩkɩlɩ naʊ ñaala yɔ kɛ Siinɩya kʊnʊŋ tɔm pe matʊ. Mbʊ yebina se ɖɩnɩɩ tɔɔbʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔ paya kʊ se Sinoxénique kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Hɔlʊ nakʊyʊ taa lɛ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa matʊ sakɩyɛ kpakʊ Ɛrɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ matʊ ndɩ ndɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
Ɖooo pitihiɣ lɛ paakpaɣ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ Altaïques cejewiye taa kɩ nɛ Mongol nɛ Turc nɛ Toungouze nɛ Kooree kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ Altaique wɛʊ kɔna ndɛŋkpɛzaɣ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Yɔɔdasɩ nasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se Sapɔŋ kɛ cenje kʊnʊŋ, kisidina Altaique kʊnʊŋ nɛ Austronésien waa tɔm pe.
Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ kʊnʊŋ cɛŋce kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ wɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ tɩñɔtɩna aïnou, tʊtʊ lɩna Jomon alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ wɛtʊ cɩkpetʊ, tɩñɔtɩna Kooree ŋgʊ tʊtʊ lɩna Yayoi alɩwaatʊ taa. Maɣzɩm taa lɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa sɔnɔ nɖeke kʊnʊŋ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩ nɛ nakʊyʊ patata. Ryukyu kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ pɛtɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛnɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɛkpɛnda cejewiye keke yɔ.


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Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1970 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Mouammar Kadhafi. Palʋlɩ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1942 taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʋlʋm pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛlɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-caa calɩ labʋ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ lɛ, eɖeke ɛlʋlaa. E-ɖoo payaɣ Fatiha al-Nuri. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɔʋ taa ɛ-ɖalaa lɛlaa yɔ, Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba Liibii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba tamaɣ lɩzʋʋ tɛ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ ka-takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋga taa. Liverpool tɛtʋ taa ɛlaba e-sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛkɛŋna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ kaŋgalafunaa ndɩ ndɩ lɩzʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ.
Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-tʋma yɔɔ cɩnɩyʋ. Ɛkataɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe pombo mabʋ aleɣya ñʋndɩnaa nɛ ɛ wɛ palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza pombo mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Pa-katʋʋ mbʋ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɛkɔma ehiɣ tɔm nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ hɔʋ taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-ɖalʋ ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Saadj. Ɛlɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pombo mabʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.


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Kedeŋa yɔɔ kajalaɣ you
Kajalaɣ you ŋgʋ, kɩlɩ Erɔpʊ tɛtʋ taa sɔɔjanaa hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kʋkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ. Kɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 1914 nɛ kɩwolo kɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1918. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛcɔna yɔ, ɛnaɣ se kɩtɛtɛ kpataa ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa, kɩwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ mbʋ a-hɛkʋ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1923 taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Lausanna tɛtʋ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza n̄ɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1923 taa nɛ pan̄ɩɣ takayɩsɩ taa nesi nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se you tɛma ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa.
You ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩlaba waaɣ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋga taa yɔ. Ɖooo yɔ, patana kɩ-ɖaɣʋ kaʋ. Kɩnaŋa pɩtɩŋɛ naŋa naŋa. Sɔɔjanaa yona-kʋ siŋŋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩba nɛ wondu sakɩyɛ wɛɛkɩ. Sɔɔjanaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 60 yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ labana you ŋ́gʋ.
You ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nakʋ mbʋ yɔ sɩba nɛ pʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɛzaɣtʋ tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ laba ɖɔɖɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ : paɖɩzɩ Aarɩmeenii n̄ɩma pɩnaɣ 1915 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1916 n̄ɩŋga taa. Poyo ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ you lɩŋgamʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Atlantique" yɔ kɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma kʋyɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ ka-taa n̄ɩma nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ sɔsɔ Lénine kpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eyele nɛ Rueeii ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ Komiinism ɛjaɖɛ. Kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ n̄alɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 taa nɛ pakʋm-kʋ hɩɖɛ se "Grippe espagnole". Kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa niidozo mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ piyeba nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛzɩ liu lɔʋ kpem, pitiba paa anɩ ɛ-nandʋ taa yem yɔɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba paawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔsɔɔ you ŋgʋ kʋ-tɔm kaʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pa-sɩm wiye. You ŋgʋ kiyeba nɛ lɛɣzʋʋ sɔsɔm sakɩyɛ lɩɩ ajɛɛ kominanaa taa.
Kɩcɩyɩ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɔɔlɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ajɛɛ ana yɔ "Austro-hongrois nɛ Russe nɛ Ottaman pa-ajɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣaɣ se "Empire allemand" yɔ, pɩtatasɩ wɛʋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ tatasɩ walʋʋ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ. Paɖaɣnɩ lɩzʋʋ Erɔɔpʋ nɛ "Proche-Orient" pɛ-tɛtʋ aŋjaʋnaa kɩfama. Komiinism yaa Temokraasii lɛɣzɩ "Monaarɩsii. Ɖooo mbʋ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe taafɛyɩna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpɛm. Kajalaɣ you lɩna nɛ kɩ-wayɩ kɛ ajɛɛ laba lɩmaɣzɛ se paɖʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩkandɩɣ ɖɩlʋ laŋhɛyɛ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Société des Nations (SDN).
Mbʋ piyeba nɛ you ŋgʋ kɩlɩɩ yɔ, pʋtɔɖɔɔ, pʋwɛ mamatʋka tɩyɛ. Mɩsɩ kʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 28, pɩnaɣ 1914 n̄ɩŋga taa Bosnie ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, ɛwɛ Serbe tɛtʋ taa, payaɣ-ɩ se Gavrilo Princip. Evebu ɛnɛ, ɛkʋ François-Ferdinand nɛ ɛlɛ halʋ. Ŋgʋ abalʋ ɛnɛ ɛkaɣna "austro-hongrois ɛjaɖɛ kpelaɣ kpaɣʋ ɖɩɖɩ n̄ʋʋdʋ sɩm wayɩ. Peeye Caama ɛjaɖɛ seɣti Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ se ɖitaasu tɔm ndʋ. Se ɖɩkʋyɩ Serbe tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ajɛɛ ɖoŋ n̄ɩna ndɩ ndɩ paɣzɩ ɖʋʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama. Naayɛ n̄atɩnɩɣ Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaa n̄atɩnɩ Bosnie n̄ɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʋʋ pɩlaba nɛ you kɔɔ kɩlɩɩ ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa. Ŋgʋ ajɛɛ ana a-taa sakɩyɛ kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe.


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Ɖɩɣa
Kabɩyɛ taa, pʋcɔ ɛyʋ ma ɖɩɣa lɛ, esiki kpooluu lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ maʋ ɛ-ɖɩya yɔ. Kpooluu ŋgʋ kɩwɛɛ peeɖe pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɛtɛma ɖɩɣa maʋ yɔ.
Pacalɩɣna kuduyuu kʋsʋsʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ maʋ nɛ abalʋ sʋʋ kɩ-tɛɛ ɖoho naayɛ cabɩ. Yee eɖo camɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsʋʋ kɩ-tɛɛ yɔ, pʋbʋ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛma kuduyuŋ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se lone nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɖeu. Feziŋ kɩdɛkɛdɩŋ fɛyɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Kabɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa lɛ, paa ɖɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna ka-kpaaŋ.
Kpaaŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kabɩyɛ kuduyuŋ maʋ taa. Kpaaŋ taa ɖɩnaɣ hakiŋ nɛ kitiɣu. Yolum taa pɛmɛɛzɩɣ kitiɣui kpaaŋ taa. Ndene wɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kpaaŋ taa. Yee tɛʋ ɛkpa ɛyʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛtalɩ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ cɔlɔ yɔ, kpaaŋ taa ɛcɔzʋʋ.
Hɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛɛ ɖɩɣa sɔsaɣ taa. Payaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga ka-taa nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ yɔ se njɛyɛ.


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1Ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ sɩ: Mɑ hʋʋwɑ mɑ tɑɑ sɩ mɑɑ yɔɔlənɑ weesuɣu nɑ mɑ́ nɩɩ leleŋ. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ mɑɣɑnɑ sɩ pəlɛ pə tɑ wɑɑsɩ pʋlʋ.
2Wei ɩ nyənəɣɩ weesuɣu tɔm kɛ yem tɔ pə kɛ́ kʋmɛlətɔm kɛ́. Yɑɑsi ɩnɩ ɩɩ wɑɑsəɣɩ pʋlʋ.
3Mɑɑ mɑɣɑsɑ mɑ tɑɑ sɩ mɑ́ hɑ mɑ təɣɩ sʋlʋm. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ tɔŋnɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ, nɑ mɑ́ pəsɩ mɑ təɣɩ kpɑŋtʋ. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ cɛkənɑ mpi pə kɛ́ kpɑŋʋɣʋ tɔ. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ mɑɣɑsɩ sɩ mɑ́ nɑ́ mpi pə kəlɑ teu sɩ yəlɑɑ ɩ́ lɑ pɑ weesiŋ wɑɑtʋ kɛ ɑtɛ cənɛ tɔ.
4Mɑ lɑpɑ təmɑ sɔsɔɔnɑ kɛ́. Mɑ ŋmɑwɑ mɑ təɣɩ kutuluŋ nɑ mɑ́ tuu tɩɩŋ wei pɑ yɑɑ sɩ lɛsɛŋ tɔ ɩ tɑwɑ.
5Mɑ tʋwɑ mɑ təɣɩ tɑwɑ nɑ mɑ́ sɔ tɩɩŋ kʋkʋləŋ wɑɑnɩ wɑɑnɩ.
6Mɑ hɛɛ pusi nɑ sɩ lʋm niɣitiɣi tɩɩŋ hɔtʋɣʋ ŋkʋ.
7Mɑ yɑpɑ yomɑɑ ɑpɑlɑɑ nɑ ɑlɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ lʋlɩ piyɑ kɛ mɑ təyɑɣɑ tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ wɛɛnɑ tɔlɑ kɛ sɔsɔm nɑ pə́ kəlɩ ɩsɩɩ mpɑ pɑ lɑɑlɑ-m Yosɑlɛm tɑɑ tɔ.
8Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ kuuwɑ tɔtɔɣɔ hɔɣɔləŋ ɑwulɑɑ kpɑŋcooŋ, pɑɑ pɑ wʋlɑnɑɑ, pɑɑ pɑ liɣitee. Mɑ kpɑɣɑ yonyoolɑɑ ɑpɑlʋnyəmɑ nɑ ɑlʋnyəmɑ. Mɑ kpɑɣɑ ɑlɑɑ kɛ tuutuumɑ nɑ pə́ kəlɩ ɩsɩɩ yʋlʋ kɑ́ nyɩɩlɩ tɔ.
9Hɑlənɑ mɑ nyʋɣʋ kʋlɩ nɑ pə́ kəlɩ mpɑ pɑ lɑɑlɑ-m Yosɑlɛm kɛ wɛɛʋ tɔ. Pɑɑ nɑ mpʋ, mɑ tɔkɑ mɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ kɛ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́.
10Mɑ tɑ kisinɑ mɑ ɩsɛ kɛ mpi mpi ɑ nyɩɩləɣɩ tɔ. Pəyele mɑ tɑ kisinɑ mɑ təɣɩ lɑŋhʋlʋmlɛ nɑtəlɩ. Mpi tɔ, mɑ yɔɔlɑɣɑnɑ mɑ təmɑ tənɑɣɑ. Mpi pə kɛ́ mɑ nyəm kɛ mɑ təmɑ tənɑ tɑɑ tɔɣɔlɛ.
11Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ nyənɑ mɑ təmɑ nɑ wɑhɑlɑnɑɑ mpɑ mɑ tɔɣɔ ɑ lɑpʋ tɑɑ tɔ. Pə tənɑ pə wɛ kɑtɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ yʋlʋ lʋkʋɣʋ sɩ ɩ́ tiiki heelim tɔ. Kɑwɑɑɣɑ fɛɩ pʋlʋpʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ ɑtɛ cənɛ.
12Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ cɑɑwɑ sɩ mɑ́ cɛkənɑ sɩ, ye yʋlʋ kɛ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ kɑwɑɑɣɑ ŋkɑɣɑ ɩ wɛnɑ nɑ pə kəlɩ kpɑŋtʋ nɑ kʋmɛlɛŋ? Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ pɔɔsɩ mɑ tɩ sɩ, wei ɩ kɑ́ tɔɣɔ kɑwulɑɣɑ kɛ mɑ lonte tɔ ɩ kɑ́ lɑ nɑ ɩ́ kəlɩ mpɑ pɑ lɑɑlɑ-m tɔ?
13Mɑ nyəmɑ́ sɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ kəlɑ kpɑŋʋɣʋ kɛ teu. Ɩsɩɩ nyɑɑləm kəlʋɣʋ səkpɛtʋɣʋ tɔ.
14Pə tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ nyəmɑ́ ɩ təpote kɛ́. Ɩlɛnɑ kpɑŋtʋ nɑ́ɑ́ yontiɣi yem. Ɩlɛ mɑ nyəmɑ́ sɩ pə kɔŋ pɑ tənɑɣɑ kpɑ́tʋ́ɣʋ́ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ kpɛntʋɣʋ kɛ́.
15Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ tɔ mɑ tɑɑ sɩ, ye pɩɩ kpɛntɩ mɑ nɑ kpɑŋtʋ kɛ kpɑ́tʋ́ɣʋ́ kʋlʋmʋɣʋ. Ɩlɛ pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ mɑ tɛɛ-ɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ. Təlɛ tə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ.
16Pɑɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ, pɑɑ kpɑŋtʋ, pɑ nɑɑlɛ pɑ səkɩ teitei kɛ́. Pə́cɔ́ pɑɑ tɔɔsəɣɩ nɔɣɔlʋ tɔɔ kɛ́ tɑm tɔɔ nɑ pə kəlɩ lɛlʋ. Ye kʋyɛɛŋ ɩ́ sikɑɑ pɑ sɔɔkɩ pɑ nɑɑlɛ pɑ tɔɔ kɛ́.
17Mɑ nyəɣəsɑ weesuɣu kɛ́. Mpi tɔ, mɑ tɑɑ kpɑɑnɑ mpi yəlɑɑ lɑkɩ ɑtɛ tɔɣɔ. Pə tənɑ pə wɛ kɑtɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ yʋlʋ lʋkʋɣʋ sɩ ɩ́ tiiki heelim tɔ.
18Mɑ tɑɑ kpɑɑnɑ təmɑ wenɑ mɑ tɔɣɔ wɑhɑlɑ nɑ mɑ́ lɑ tɔɣɔ. Mpi tɔ, wei ɩ kɑ́ lɛɛtɩ mɑ lonte tɑɑ tɔɣɔ mɑ kɔŋ yelinɑʋ.
19Pəyele nɔɣɔlʋ tɑ nyɩ sɩ ɩ kɑ́ lɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ yɑɑ kpɑŋtʋ. Pəyele pʋntʋ ɩnɩ ɩ kɑ́ pɑɑsənnɑ mpi mɑ tɔɣɔ wɑhɑlɑ nɑ mɑ́ lɑnɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ kɛ ɑtɛ tɔ. Təlɛ tə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ.
20Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ yɔɔlənɑ təmlɛ nte mɑ lɑpɑ ɑtɛ tɔ.
21Mpi tɔ, ye yʋlʋ lɑpɑ pʋlʋ nɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ nɑ ɩ́ wɑɑ pə tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ yelinɑ yʋlʋ wei ɩ tɑ wɩɩ pə tɔɔ tɔ. Pə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ, pəcɔ pə wɩɩkɩ.
22Ye mpʋ yəlɑɑ kɑɑsʋɣʋ pɑ tɩ nɑ pɑ́ tɔkɩ wɑhɑlɑ nɑ pɑ́ kɑɑkɩ yem tɔ, weɣe pɑ wɑɑkɩ ɑtɛ cənɛ?
23Pɑ kʋyɛɛŋ tənɑ kɛ cɔɔsɛɛ kɛ́. Pɑ təmlɛ kɛ wɑhɑlɑ nyəntɛ. Pɑɑ ɑhoo pɑɑ hɛɛsəɣɩ. Təlɛ tə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ.
24Mpi yʋlʋ pəsəɣɩ tɔɣɔlɛ tɔɣɔʋ nɑ nyɔɔʋ, nɑ ɩ təmlɛ kʋlʋlʋm yɔɔlənɑʋ. Pəlɛ pə kɛ́ Ɩsɔ kʋcɔɔʋ tɔtɔɣɔ.
25Mpi tɔ, ye Ɩsɔ tɑ́ hɑ yʋlʋ sɩ ɩ́ tɔɣɔ nɑ ɩ́ nɩɩ leleŋ ɩ kɑɑ nɑ́.
26Yʋlʋ wei ɩ wɛ Ɩsɔ kɛ́ teu tɔɣɔ ɩ hɑɑkɩ nyəm nɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ nɑ lɑŋhʋlʋmlɛ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ tʋ ɩsɑɣɑʋ sɩ ɩ́lɛ́ ɩ cɑləsəɣɩ nɑ ɩ́ kɑɑkɩ kʋpɑŋ. Təlɛ tə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ ɩsɩɩ yʋlʋ lʋkʋɣʋ sɩ ɩ́ tiiki heelim tɔ.


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Aɖam nɛ Ɛvɩ
Adam (hebra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, אָדָם, aramen nɛ siriyaki kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ܐܕܡ, arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, آدم) kɛ ɛyʊ weyi pɔyɔda ɛ-tɔm kiɖe tɛɛ takayaɣ taa nɛ ceu takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ weyi pɔyɔɔda ɛ-tɔm piŋ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa yɔ. Tɔm yɔɔdɩtʊ kikpeɣtu ndʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ yuda ñɩma, Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba nɛ malɩŋ aŋgba taa lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi Ɛsɔ tɩtɩŋa lɩzana e-nesi yɔ. Pekpeɣkiɣ se ɛsɩba lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 930 (kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa 5-5) ŋtalɩ pɩnzɩ 960 pɩlɩna kiɖe tɛɛ aseɣɖe tɔm takayaɣ nakayɛ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛvɩ ɛgbaɣtʊ, esinaɣ palɩza nɛ palabɩna halʊ ɛnʊ. Hɩɖɛ Adam pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊtʊ, tɩwɛɛ Azii Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ Afrika hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa.
Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa lɛ, nɛ kiɖe tɔm takayasɩ taa lɛ, Adam (hebra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, אדם, pɩlɩna tɔmʊʊ אדמה pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ) ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi Ɛsɔ maɣmaɣ lɩza kɩyakʊ loɖo pɩtɩŋna tɛtʊ mʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛzʊʊ tɩyɛ, nɛ pʊcɔ ehosi ɛ-mɔɔŋ tɛɛ nɛ ɛkpaɣ wezuu. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, eɖeke ɛnʊ yɔ abalʊ nɛ halʊ (Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ Adam ɛzɩ ɛ maɣmaɣ yɔ, ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ ɛnʊ ɛ maɣmaɣ yɔ, ɛlɩzɩ-wɛ halʊ nɛ abalʊ.
Ɛsɔ cɔna se pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ eyeke lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ kpɩna nɛ ewona-yɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ se ɛna se ɛyaɣ-yɛ hɩla suwe. Adam hɩɖɛ a-taa paa ndɩ lɛ, kɛlɛ ɛtanaɣ ɛlɛzʊʊ ñɩnʊʊ nɔɔyʊ pɩ-taa kaʊ weyi ɛmʊna-ɩ yɔ. Ɛsɔ yele nɛ ɖom kpaɣ-ɩ, kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ e-sinaɣ nɛ ɛlabɩna ɛ-halʊ. Adam tɩlɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ e-tomnaɣ tɛ tomnaɣ nɛ ɛ-mɔɔyɛ taa mɔɔyɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se palɩzɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Adam kpaɣ-ɩ ɛ-halʊ, kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ pɔzɩ-wɛ se palʊlɩ nɛ puhuu, se pañazɩ kpɩna nɛ atɔɔ ñɩtʊ. Kajalaɣ hɔʊ ŋgʊ Ɛsɔ tisi-wɛ Eden kaɖaɣ taa, se Adam ɛhayɩ nɛ ɛɖaŋ kaɖaɣ yɔɔ.
Adam ha ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ se Ɛvɩ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wezuu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ ɖoyo weyi ɛkaɣ tɩyʊ ɛyaa kpeekpe weziŋ yɔ. Pɛkɛdɩɣ-ɖʊ se ɛyaa mba pa naalɛ pɛlɛɣ wɛnaʊ kajalaɣ taa kɛ pɩyaa naatozo mba yɔ Caïen nɛ Abel nɛ Seth nɛ pɩyaa lalaa mba patayaa pa-hɩla yɔ. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 930. Ɛyaa mba pawayɩ lɛ kpaɣɖɩŋ nakʊ tɩŋa, palʊlɩ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ lɩm kpaɣ patɩŋna keŋkeŋ kɛlɛ pɩsaɣ Noé nɛ ɛ-hɔʊ (ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyaa Japhet nɛ Sem nɛ Cham nɛ papa halaa).


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Kamɩyɛ
Kamɩyɛ kɛna tɩʊ ŋgʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ tɩŋ piye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kamɩyɛ yɔ. Kamɩyɛ yaa kama wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: naayɛ sɛ kpaʊʊ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yɔ nɛ lɛɛna ñahʊlɩma kpalala. Ɛzɩ piye ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ kamɩyɛ hatʊ wɛɛ pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩpʊwa yɔ.
Pahayʊ kamɩyɛ tataa nɛ ɖɩlɔkɩ peeɖe ɛzɩ tɩmʊ yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ kamɩyɛ lʊlɩ lɛ ɛyʊ ɛnaa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se tɩmʊʊ piye ñɔna. Ɛzɩ tɩŋ pee lɛɛna sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, kamɩyɛ tɩʊ nɛ mbʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ yɔ payaɣ pɩtɩŋga mbʊ se kamɩyɛ.
Kamɩyɛ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ: naayɛ ɖaɣla lɔbɔɔ lɔbɔɔ nɛ lɛɛna wɛ kɔŋgʊlʊm kʊŋgʊlʊm. Kama tomnasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ: naayɛ saʊ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm yɔ nɛ lɛɛna tomnasɩ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Tɩʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-hayʊ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ caaa.
Papɩzʊ pahayɩ-ɛ paale pɩkɩlɩna ɖenɖe mʊzʊŋ wɛɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ saŋ taa mbʊ yɔ. Papɩzʊ pɔtɔɔ kamɩyɛ nɛ lɛŋ yaa patɩzɩ nɛ pɔtɔɔna nʊm yaa pʊsa yaa cambaɣbaɣ. Papɩzʊ poɖoŋgɩ-ɖɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ paɖʊzɩ nʊm taa. Kamɩyɛ lɩʊ sɔzɩŋ camɩyɛ. Palakɩ kamɩyɛ tɛ pɛtɛpɛtɛ papɩzʊ paɖʊ nandʊ kuɖoŋgɩtʊ yaa lɩm ñɩndʊ yaa waagasɩ.


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Ɖama tɛyʊʊ you (Guerre de Sécession)
Ɖama tɛyʊʊ you (pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ se Amerika ɛjaɖɛ pɩya hɛkʊ taa you nɛ paya-kʊ se ɖama tɛyʊʊ yaa tɩ lɩzʊʊ yaa tɩ yasʊʊ tɛ you. You ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Etaazuunii canaʊ tɔm taa. Pɩkɛ you ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Hayi ɛyaa nɛ Hadɛ ñɩma pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖooo canaʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩnaɣɔ ɖɩ-tɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ. Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ you wayi lɛ, Etaazuunii la ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖama nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza paɣtʊ hɔɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ, nɛ pala paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɛ lɩmaɣza yee paa a-taatalɩɣ kɔyɔ.
Paɣtʊ takayaɣ ŋga kaapɩzɩ kaha paɣtʊ lambuu yaa se kɔcɔna tadɩyɛ tʊma yɔɔ kɛ Ajɛyɛ Kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa. Pɩkɛ tabalɩyɛ kɛ Ajɛyɛ 13 wena aɖʊ ñʊŋ yɔ, pama-tʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ se paɖaŋ nɛ patɩ yɔɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mbʊ se palʊbɩna Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1787 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, nɩnaaʊ ajɛyɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ taafɛyɩ ɖoŋ mbʊ lɛ, pʊkɔna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ ta pɩtɩŋna Virginie nɛ Maryland hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ lɩɩ nɛ ɖɩtasɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa tɔm. Ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ paapɔza-ɖɩ yɔɔ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ lɛ, se ɖɩkaɣ ɖanɩɣ maʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga kakaɣ kɛʊ Amerika tɛ Etaazuunii paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ se pɩha nɔmɔʊ nɛ paɖɩzɩ yomtu nɛ paha paa Amerika pɩɣa ŋga kɩmaŋ waɖɛ ɛlɛ, Ajɛyɛ wena awɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ aatisuu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ aawɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ñɩm pɩtɩŋna tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊyɔɔ nɛ pekizi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Ɖama yasʊʊ you kɛ Etaazuunii tɛ Hayi kiŋ taa ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa hɔmtʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ yɔɔ se tʊma sɔsɔna ñɩm lakɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ liidiye nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ tɛ samaɣ lɛ, pasɩma kaka nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgʊ kʊñɔ taba tadɩyɛ yɔ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, yɔlɩtʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna cuuŋ kɔyɔ lɩmaɣza ana a-yɔɔ you ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza kajalaɣ ɖeɖe.
Piyile yomtu ɖɩzʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ wɛ poliŋ se pɔtɔ se a-yɔɔ. Ɖɩgbaɣ anasaayɩ cejewa miiliyɔɔ naa 1,8 kɔyɔ, hadɛ yɔɔ cejewa wena awɛna yoma yɔ akɛʊ 380000. Abraham Lincoln lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ se paɖaŋ tɛyʊʊ you ŋgʊ Hadɛ (mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩkɛ kewiyaɣ keeke pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ) nɛ pañazɩ nɛ pasɩ hayi yɔɔ tʊma sɔsɔna laɣsɩ.
Paaɖɩzaɣ yomtu Hayi yɔɔ Ajɛyɛ taa nɛ papazɩɣ kpaagba mbʊ kɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ. Ajɛyɛ ana a-taa kaawɛ nesi tɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ kaakʊ kaawɛ camɩyɛ. Hayi yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kaakɛ mba pohuzuu pa-ñɩm yɔɔ nɛ palakɩ pa-taa pe-ɖeke tadɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛna kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ.
Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛyaa lakaɣ tadɩyɛ paale nɛ paha ɛsɛ nɛ Erɔpʊ kedeŋga yɔɔ kiŋ pɩkɩlɩna yɔlɩtʊ nɛ wonduu yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ naa. Ɛyaa pɛwɛna Erɔpʊ tɛ sɔnzɩ lɩmaɣza pe-fetenum xɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ. Sakɩyɛ taa hadɛ ɛyaa (mba paawɛ lakɩŋ taa) yɔ, lɩmaɣza taa kaawɛ se paɖaŋ pɛ-tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patasɔɔlɩ hayi yɔɔ ɛyaa ɛsʊ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Kalɩsɩyɔm
Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 20 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ca. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm kagbanzɩ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa (ɛcɛza 3%) nɛ ɛcaɣ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ tomnaɣ taa fezuu labʊ taa. Ɛsɩɣna mɔɔ paɣlaka, kelaa nɛ yambɔyɩŋ. Kalɩsɩyɔm sɩɣna piŋ ɖɔɖɔ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa.
Room ɛyaa kaatɛma labʊ akalʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1808 papɩza patɩlɩ pʊtʊ weyi paya-ɩ se kalɩsɩyɔm. Panɩwaɣ se Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Magnus Martin Pontin kaatɛma situu kalɩsɩyɔm nɛ akalʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ taa, Humphry Davy pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ keeke.
Papɩzɩɣ pala kalɩsɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna kalɩsɩyɔm tɛ fʊlʊyɔrɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɛlɛʊ lɛ papasɩɣ akalʊʊ kpɛɖɛ tɛɛ (CaO) pɩlɩna alɩmɩnɩyɔm mʊlʊm yɔɔ. Ɛmʊ miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ caʊʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ kpaɣ , pasɩ-ɩ helim taa yem ɛlakɩ nɛʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkandʊʊ yaa kɩlʊʊkɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛsɩɣna nɛ palɩzɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm lɛɛbʊ ɛzɩ uranɩyɔm, zirɩkɔnɩyɔm nɛ tɔrɩyɔm.
Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ kɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ mɔɔ taa, peeɖe mbilim kɛ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɛnʊ lakɩna nɛ apaɣlʊʊ camɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kelaa nɛ ɛkandɩɣ pa-alaafɩya yɔɔ. Kalɩsɩyɔm lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ calɩm kiɣ nɔmɔʊ taa, calɩm huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ holaa kpaʊ yaa holaa tʊma ndɩ ndɩ labʊ taa, tʊma ana a-taa kɔyɔ hɔyɛ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩfɛyɩ ciɣduu ɛyʊ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.


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Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Joe Biden nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 46 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Kamala Harris.
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Samaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.[1]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ nɛ filosofii[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kuduyuŋ maʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki nɛ aleɣya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩpɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kazandʊ nɛ avema kɩhɛza[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa sɔsaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ki-nimaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm lɛɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Awayɩ kpasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- ↑ Modèle:En Current Population Clock - U.S. Census Bureau. Pakalʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ paa cɛcɛyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.


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Noé
Noé (hebra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, נֹחַ nōa'h ; Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɛ نوح nûh pʊ-tɔbʊʊ hɛzʊʊ yaa tɩ hɛzʊʊ) ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ taa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ takayaɣ taa nɔɔyʊ siŋ. Ɛsɔ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa peheyiɣ-ɖʊ Noé kaawɛna halʊ nɛ pɩyaa naaatozo, Sem, Cham nɛ Japhet. Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɛma tɩŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ se pɩsa nɛ lɩm ɛtaakpaɣ-ɩ. Ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyaa yeke koŋ paalɩna pɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ paɣtʊ wɩlɩɣ yee mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe tɛ ɛyʊtʊ kiɖe. Kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm tɔŋ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 950 pʊcɔ ɛsɩ. Ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ fɛyɩ takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa. Amʊya takayaɣ taa ɛyaa ñaya-ɩ se Emzara.
Tɔm takɩɣ taa lɛ kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm takayaɣ ñʊŋ kagbanzɩ heyuu-ɖʊ se palʊlɩ Noé pɩnzɩ 1056 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ɛsɔ kaatɛma lɩzɩ Aɖam nɛ ɛlɛ ñasɩ pɩnzɩ 2006 kɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ wayi yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ ɛyaa panɛ yɔ hɛkʊ taa Énok, Kénan, Mahalaleel, Yared, Mathusalem nɛ Lémec. Kpaɣ ɖooo Aɖam, ɛyaa tɩŋa kaakɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ la lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ ɛyaa tɩŋa kɩɖɩɖɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛla Noé lɩmaɣza se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa, eyeke koŋ ɛɛwɛna siɣsiɣ.
Kɛlɛ ɛha-ɩ paɣtʊ mbʊ ɛsaɣ ɛ-tɩ mɛlɛ sɔsɔʊ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kɩ-taa ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyaa nɛ papa halaa nɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-halʊ. Ɛsɔ tʊlɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ lɩm wadɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ, tɛʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɩɩ lɩm wadɩ pili pʊŋ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe nɛ kpɩna kpeekpe sɩ, ɛlɛ mɛlɛ yeke koŋ caɣ lɩm yɔɔ.
Noé pɩya kɛlɛ Sem, Cham nɛ Japhet. Kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye, Noé kɩlɩ ñɔʊʊ ɛ-tɩŋ pee sʊlʊm nɛ ɛcaɣ ŋtaakpeɖe e-kisinziku tɛɛ. Cham na-ɩ mbʊ ɛlɛ ɛ-ɖalaa tana-ɩ kɛlɛ esu-ɩ tɔɔla mbʊ lɛ ɛha-ɩ nɛ siɣye. Efema lɛ Noé lɔ nɔɔ kɩtɛkɛdaɣ Canaan, Cham pɩyalʊ, nɛ ɛtɔmɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ Sem lɩm ɖʊyʊ. Paalʊlʊʊ Noé ɛɛpaza ɛwɛna kajʊka piŋ, ɛsɩba se ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 950.


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Pantekoti ŋgbɛyɛ
Pantekoti ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ fezuu kiɖeɖeu tibitu apostoloo waa tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm Kibandʊ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Amerika pasɩtɔɔr waa pa nɛ yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ yɔ Charles Fox Parham nɛ William Joseph Seymour kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1906, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyaa mba papazɩna tɔm ndʊ.
Pasɩma ɛyaa mba nɛ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ mbʊ pɛcɛlɩ pa-tɩ siŋ Ɛsɔ Tɔm Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, ɖaɣnʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam, Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu lɩm sɔʊʊ, Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu kʊjɔŋ, lɩm sɔʊʊ sɔnzɩ kɛ ɛyʊ sʊtɩyʊ se pɩwɩlɩ ɛpɩsa tɔm kiɖeɖetu aseɣɖe tʊ, tɔm sʊsuu lɩmaɣza tʊ, ɛyʊ siɣsiɣ tʊ, weyi ɛtɛtyɩɣ cɔɔcɩ nɛ Kewiyaɣ pɔ-tɔm yɔ. Pew Research Center ñɩna nɛ kɩna se kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2011 wɛɛ taa mbʊ pakalɩɣ ɛyaa mba yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa 279 mbʊ yɔ.
Pantekoti aŋgba sakɩyɛ wɛna a-tɛ tɔm wɩlɩtʊ yaa kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndɩ nɛ lalaa, nɛ pañɩkɩɣ niye Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ tovonum yɔɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna Yeesuu Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tisuu. Ɖɔkɔtɔ sɔsɔ Jackie David Johns tɔŋ se siŋ lɛ pantekoti ɛyaa sɔɔlɩ pɩtɩfɛyɩ takayasɩ maʊʊ se mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ fezuu kiɖeɖeu lakɩ paa ɛzɩmta lɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa. Ɛyaa mba pɔ cɔlɔ lɛ ŋkatɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayasi kɩmamasɩ kɔyɔ pɔ-tɔbʊʊ ŋkatɩɣ Ɛsɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mbʊ yekina nɛ ɖa nɛ Ɛsɔ ɖikpɛndʊ kʊyʊm nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ ɛzɩma kedeŋa ɖɔŋ yɔ.
Ɖɩcɔna piŋ kɔyɔ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ tisim kpeekpe yɔɔ kɛlɛ se pɩlɩna Yeesuu Krɩstʊ sɩm nɛ e-femtu ɛzɩ pepimi-ɩ pɩlaʊ taa yɔ lɛ ɛha waɖɛ se pekpeɣ kʊwɛkɩm, se ɛyaa tɩŋa nɛ Ɛsɔ peceɣ pɩtɩŋna Tɔm Kiɖeɖetu yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ kɔyɔ se pɔcɔ ŋyaa na-tɩ se ŋkɛ Krɩstʊ tʊ lɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ se paɖaɣnɩ-ɩ lʊlʊʊ.


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Oseyanii tɛtʋ wandamm
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm pɩkpɩlɩna paɣlaka nɛ walanzɩ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Pasifiiki lɩŋamʋʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ walanzɩ kɛ km2 waa 8 525 989. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38).
Ajɛya hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kewiisi hiu nɛ loɖo (16) wɛna tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm nɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se archipel malais yɔ. Ageeta sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ taa. Ageeta ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Ositraalii egeetiye nɛ Mikroneezii egeetiye nɛ Melaneezii egeetiye nɛ Polineezii egeetiye.
Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm tɛ ageeta naanza ana a-taa lɛ, Ositraalii egeetiye kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Piyele lɩm ñɔcɔ ageeta lɛɛna nɛ pɩta. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ mʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ tɛtʋ nɛ Papuwasii-Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kinee tɛtʋ.
Ositraalii egeetiye wɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndɩ ndɩ natʋyʋ. Tʋtʋ hɩla yɔ : Fiiji nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ :
- Salomɔɔ
- Samao
- Toŋga
- Polineezii
- Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kaledonii
- Walisi-e-Futuna
- Hawayi
- Kuam
- hayi Mariyanɩ
Lɩm cɔ hayi Mariyanɩ nɛ pɩta.
Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖooo caanaʋ. Samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ, Ositraalii samaɣ nɛ Papuu (Papous) samaɣ. Englɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ pa-kʋnʋmɩŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kʋnʋmɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʋ, ɛ-wayɩ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ papuu kʋnʋŋ nɛ Ositraalii kʋnʋŋ.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ hiu wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Tɛtʋ hiu ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɛtʋ lutozo wɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Sidinee tɛtʋ nɛ Melbourne ñɩndʋ. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa naanza yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Brɩsbɛŋ tɛtʋ nɛ Perth tɛtʋ nɛ Oklandɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Adelayɩdɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Honolulu tɛtʋ. Tɛtʋ kagbaanzɩ tʋnɛ, tɩ-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ ɖɛ miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ.


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Kiyɛɛvɩ
Kiyɛɛvi kɛna Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 83 900 yaa 839 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 868 703 nɛ yee pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ɛyaa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa 3 419 wɛʊna kilomɛta agba taa (ɛyaa 3 419 /km2). Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛpɔɔ ŋga payaɣkɛ se Tiniipro yɔ kɔcɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Atɛnɩ (Krɛsɩ), Pratisilava (Silovaki), Prukisɛɛlɩ (Pɛɛlɩzik), Pudapɛstɩ (Hɔŋgrii), Sikaagoo (Etaazunii), Farsoovii nɛ Krakpovii (Polɔɔñɩ), Edimburi (Ekɔsɩ), Hɛlɩsinki (Fɛɛlandɩ), Kiyoto (Sapɔŋ), Leipzigi nɛ Muunisi (Caama), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Ruusii), Minski (Piyoloruusii), Odansɩ (Tanɩmarkɩ), Paarii nɛ Tuluusi (Fransɩɩ), Pretoriya (Afrika hadɛ kiŋ), Riigaa (Letoni) Room nɛ Floransɩ (Italii), Sofiya (Pulgaarii), Stɔkhɔlm (Suyɛɖɩ), Taliŋ (Ɛsitoonii), Toronto (Kanadaa), Fɩyɛɛnɩ (Otriisi), Filniyusi (Lituyanii) Erevaŋ (Armenii), Almatii (Kazakistaŋ).


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Mère Teresa
Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu hɩɖe kɩsɛsɛyɛ yaa cɔɔcɩ taa hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Mère Teresa. Patasɩɣ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se sainte Teresa de Calcutta. Ɛkɛ Albanɛɛ tɛtʊ taa pɩɣa nakayɩ. Ɛkɛ katolika tʊ weyɩ petiya-ɩ Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ taa se esusi ɛsɔtɔm yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ Masedonii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1910 nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 87. Ɛkɛ halʊ weyi ɛcɛlɩ ɛ-tɩ k̂pem kɛ ɛsɔ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɛ ɛyaa ɛya pa-tɩ ñʊŋ yee palakɩ ɛ-lakasɩ kɔyɔ.
Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛtʊla ɛsɔsɛtʊ pɩulɩʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ mba pɔsɔɔlaa se pakatɩ ɛsɔ yɔ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe nɛ patɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ ɛnʊ. Pewila ɛ-tʊma taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ payɩ nɛ pɔcɔna ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, aloma fenaɣ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 2003 Pape Jean-Paul II nɛ ɛna mba pɔpcɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ, pakpaɣ Mère Teresa se paɖʊ-ɩ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema ciŋga taa nɛ patɩmʊna-ɩ se ɛsɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛ ɛwɩlɩna-wɛ nɛ hama lakasɩ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pana se ɛkɛ kiɖeɖeu nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 Pape François ɖʊ Mère Teresa de Calcutta kɛ ɛyaa kɩɖeɖema taa.


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Kaŋgbɩsɩ
Kaŋgbɩsɩ Kaŋgbɩsɩ kɛ kuludasi tomnasi tɩnaa sɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ yaa sɩkɛ kʊyʊmaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛñɔʊʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe mʊzɩŋ ɛtɔkɩ. Ɛkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩna kpɛdɩŋ kpanjaɣ yɔ, ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛ-tɛ ñɔʊʊ ɛzɩ payaɣ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩka yɔ ɛtɛkɛ tɩŋ ɛfɛyɩna hatʊ ɛfɛyɩna ɖɔɖɔ lila ɛfɛyɩ mɔɔyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋga nakayɛ wɛɛ nɛ kalakɩ kaŋgbɩsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛna yatʊ sakɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna kaŋgbɩka yɔɔ, kɛlɛ ɖooo hoohoo canaʊ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔtɔkɩ camɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ. Mbʊ lɛ, palɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ Ötzi yɔɔ lɛpanaɣ se pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛwɛɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kpeŋanaɣ e-huyuu taa kaŋgbɩsɩ naalɛ, kʊlʊmaɣ pɔŋ kifeziŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ ñɩŋa ŋga palakɩna ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔɔ nɛ ŋga payaɣ se amadou kʊkʊ paɖʊɣanaɣ miŋ, mbʊ wɩlɩna se pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba patɔkaɣnaɣ lakʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee yɔ pɔtɔkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kaŋgbɩsɩ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɔnɔ wɛɛ anɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Hɩɖɛ champignon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kabɩyɛ taa kaŋgbɩka lɩna Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa champignuel (pɛlɛɛza pʊyɔɔ tɩnɩyʊ -on) pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se campinolius nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakɩŋ taa caɣyaa tɔɔnaɣ cikpelaɣ yaa ŋga kɩñɔʊʊ hayɩm naa taa yɔ (ɛlɩna –ŏlu campania), ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ ñalɩna latɛŋ taa campus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakʊ, ŋgʊ haɣna hayɩm, kɛdɛnzɩ.
Ɛyaa kaaɖɔ sakɩyɛ mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pa-taa kɔyɔ Persoon, Rudolphi (pɩnaɣ 1807), Link, Nees, Unges (pɩnaɣ 1833) nɛ Naegeli (pɩnaɣ 1842) nɛ E.M.Fries. Elias Magnus Fries kʊyʊm ɛnʊ (pɩnzɩ 1794 ŋtalɩ 1878) pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩsɩ Linné, kaalɩzɩna kajalaɣ kɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ cɔlɩtʊ tɔm mycologicum (1821-1832) pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm paaza.


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Yuda mba naŋ
Yuda mba naŋ (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ EuvaYwYή / Sunagôgê, pʊ-tʊbʊʊ se kpeɣluu pʊmʊna hebra mba tɔm בית כנסת (Beit Knesset), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɖi-kpeɣliye ɖɩɣa) pɩkɛ Yuda ɛyaa lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɛsɛʊʊ Ɛsɔ yɔ.
Yuda naŋ taa wɛʊʊ yɔ paa pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩma yɔ kɩ-taa wɛʊ kɩlaʊ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ lone sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pasɩɣ Tora yɔ, Tora kɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ sɔsɔ taa kajalaɣ takayasɩ kagbanzɩ, takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Moose takayasɩ. Kuduyiŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa wɛʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kedizasɩ lona. Ɛ-taa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ kuduyiŋ cikpeŋ. Yuda naŋ kɩ-taa peeɖe pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ nɛ hebra kʊnʊŋ paa piyaa yaa ɛyaa sɔsa.
Yuda naŋ pakɩlɩ sɩm sɔnɔ avema taa kɛna Massada ñɩŋʊ, ŋgʊ wabɩna Mer Morte taa, kɛlɛ ɖɩnɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩbɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛzɩ Herodion ñɩŋʊ yɔ, Hérode tɩna-kʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛta hiu nɛ naalɛ pʊcɔ ŋtalɩ Yerusalem, peeɖe pepima wiyaʊ ɛnʊ, nɛ Gamla ñɩŋʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Golan kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.


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Ñɩɩyʊʊ
Ñɩɩyʊʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɩla cɛcɛyaɣ ɖaalʊʊ. Cɛcɛsɩ 60 ñalakɩna ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, cɛcɛsɩ 60 wɛna nɛ ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa.
Kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ: tɛsoŋgiye, yolum yaa mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Latɩŋ taa lɛ, ñɩɩyʊʊ tɔbʊʊ se evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa hɔɔlaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ yaa ñɩɩyʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kɛ ñɩɩtʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza taa.


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Pɛteravi
Pɛteravi kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se marantace yɔ sɩ-tɛ pɩlɩʊ taa piliŋga nakayɩ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ ki-lila yɔɔ nɛ lila ana awɛ mʊlʊm ɛzɩ hɛɛ yaa awiihɛɛyɔ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ kɩ-wazaɣ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ: pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sikiɖi nɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pakpakʊ pɛteravi ŋgʊ pekpɛndʊ nɛ piyoetanɔlɩ nɛ pasaɣ sanzɩ. Pɛteravi pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtɛ wondu tɔɔnasɩ.
Pɛteravi ŋgʊ pasaɣ sikiɖi mbʊ yɔ kʊlɩkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ taa camɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖala kɩɖaaɣla kʊdɔŋ nɛ ediye taa ñɩŋ. Pɛteravɩ kʊnɛ kɩkɛ kʊlʊmʊ nɛ kʊsʊ tɛtɛɛ piliŋgi. Pɛteravɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ kɩɩkɩlɩɣ sʊʊ tɛtɛɛ nɛ kɩ-tɔnʊ
wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Kana
Kana kɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩlyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Kiinee kolɩfɩ cɔlɔ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Kana n,e ata ytɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Togo, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kootidivʊwaarɩ, hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Purkina Fasoo.
Kana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Akra nɛ Kana wɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ peeɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Twi, pɩkazɩ nɛ liidiya ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ Seedi. Frankofonɩ tɔm taa lɛ, Kana eeleyuu mbʊ pɩ-yɔo yɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ ajɛya wena alʊkɩ kpem se Frankofoni ɛwogina nɛɛsɩnda yɔ a-taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ Kana se Côte d'Or (Gold Coast) nɛ kɩkɔma nɛ kɩhɩɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, pɛlɛdɩ nɛ paya-kʊ se Kana se paɖʊna hɩɖɛ kɛ peeɖe sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Kwame Nkruma yɔ.
Kana taa lɛ, sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlʊba se laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caaʊ ɛwɛɛ yɔ ɛ-taa kɛlɛ Kwame Nkruma ɛnʊ. Ɛbɛ kaalaba nɛ payaɣ se Côte d'or, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo lɛ pɩcɔ nɛ Caama mba, Angɩlɩsɩ mba, Peyibaa mba nɛ [[Fransɩɩ mba kpacayɩɣ Kana lɛ, Azantɩ kpakaɣ sɩkasɩ nɛ palakɩ lɩtʊ nɛ pɩɩkɛ-wɛ ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ kpataa yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe sika ŋga payaɣ se oorɩ yɔ kɛwɛ kpem.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ-se John Agyekum Kufuor yɔ patasa tɔʊ cacalɛ, ɛnʊ palɩza. Pɩkɔma saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pinaɣ 2008 lɛ, patasaɣ caca tɔʊ lɛ, nɛ pɩtaatasɩ John Agyekum Kufuor kɛ warɛ se ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ ɛlɛ, ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖaaa. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ, palɩzɩ John Atta-Mills se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ.


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Kolombi
Kolombi kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna peeɖe wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Kolombi nɛ Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Panama pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, hayu ki:n lɛ Karyibi teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Fenezuwela nɛ Pirezli, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Ekuwatɛrɩ nɛ Peruu ajɛya.
Kolombi kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe ɛjaɖɛ 26 nɖɛ walanzɩ taa nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ñɩna taa lɛ, nɖi yɔ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛdɩ miliyɔɔnaa 48 pʊyɔɔ kɛ lɛ Kolombi kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 27 nɖɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ajɛya kpeekpe wena ayɔɔdɩɣ ɛsɩpañɩ yɔ; kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛlɛ Mɛkisiki.
Kolombi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmaɣzɩ wɛʊ ñɩm yɔ: ɖɩ-kɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ Amerika Latini taa nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Liidiye Koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se HSBC tɔŋ se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2050 lɛ Kolombi wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa tɔsʊʊ woba ɛsɩndaa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ.
Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ 2010 taa pɔtɔ caca lɛ, palɩzɩ Kolmbi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Juan Manuel Santos.


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Ɛsɛ ɖoziye
Ɛsɛ ɖoziye pɩkɛ wiluu nɛ takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ, nɛ pɩkɛ kpeekpe laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩna ɛyʊ fitenum cɔlɔ, lɩmaɣza kɩbana yaa kɩtɛkɛda pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣzɩm cɔlɔ. Pɩkpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pana tʊkaɣ ɛsɛ ɖoziye nɛ tɩlɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa yɔ Simund Freud yaa Carl Gustav Jung papɩza palɩzɩ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔmpiye. Tɔmʊʊ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ nɛ ɛsɛ ɖozitu tɔmʊʊ pɛkɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ.
Ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔmpiye lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ lakaɣ taa mbʊ se psukhein ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se hosuu, nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kalɩzaɣ tɔm. Aristote cɔlɔ lɛ, tɔmɩyɛ ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔm kɛ wezuu wɛtʊ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm tɔm.
Jung lɩza tɔmpee ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye nɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ se pɩsa nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tɔm nɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa fitenum tʊmɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yee maɣzɩm nɛ fitenum mba tɩnaa lɩmaɣza tɔm kɔyɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔm nɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ paɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ.


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Tʊlɩyɔm
Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 69 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tm. Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩ heelim mbʊ pɩwɩɣ ɛyaa mɔŋ tɛɛ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Thule, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hayɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Pɩɩkɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ yatʊ kɩbɩndʊ natʊyʊ, peeɖe pehiɣ katɔlɩnɩtɩ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa Per Theodor Cleve lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1879, ɛ nɛ hɔlmɩyɔm. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kaakɛ Tu, pʊwayɩ kɛ nɩnaʊ nabʊyʊ lɩwa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Tm.
Pɩnaɣ 1789, Fɛɛlandɩ tʊ Johan Gadolin na ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ ʊ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖanɩ-ɩ yaʊ pʊwayɩ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔɔja sɔsɔ Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma kɛlɛ ɛyaa ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ se yttria.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1878 taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ ɛnɛyɔ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac na se erbine matʊ tɛkɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔyʊ, ɛlɛɛ ɛya se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm. Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Per Thodor Cleve kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛpazɩɣ ɛka ñʊʊ ɛrbɩyɔm ɖɔm mbʊ pɩzaɣa alɩwaatʊ pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ndɩ ndɩ kɛlɛ ɛpazɩ-ɩ takɩnaʊ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ. Kʊyʊmʊʊ mʊna ɛrbɩyɔm kɛlɛ paatɩlɩɣ naalɛ lalaa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛñɩnɩɣ se pʊɖʊ ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ lɛ, Cleve maɣzɩ payaa-wɛ hɔlɩmɩyɔm, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paya nɛ latɛŋ taa se Stockholm, nɛ tʊlɩyɔm pɩlɩna ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣa Sɩkandɩnavɩ yɔ.


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Geoffrey Chaucer
Palʊla Geoffrey Chaucer kɛ pɩnzɩ 1340 taa kɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ Kewiyaɣ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnzɩ 1400 taa ɛwɛwaɣna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Geoffrey Chaucer kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛma takayɩsɩ pɩlɩɩna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɛma keɣsi nɛ cɩmɩŋ takayɩsɩ, kedeŋa yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnzɩ, tanaʋ takayɩsɩ, ŋɖuliña takayɩsɩ, ɛma ɖɔɖɔ aleɣya ñɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ mʋya takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛkɛ ñʊʊtaa lɔŋsɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛlɩzʊ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ nɛ lɛɛŋ pa-taa, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊma sɔsɔna taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Geoffrey Chaucer nɛ ɛ-taabalaa mba ɛnɛ-wɛ palakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : John Gower, William Langland nɛ Pearl Poet. Geoffrey Chaucer kɛŋna Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayɩsɩ mayaa kajalaɣ ñɩma taa tʋ nɔoyʋ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa size John Chaucer.
Geoffrey Chaucer caa kɛ payaɣ se John Chaucer (1312 – 1366). Ɛɛkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa. Paapɩla ɛzɩma kɔyɔ, haɖaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Fintri yɔ, peeɖe palʊla-ɩ. Paasɩŋ ɖeyiɖeyi ɖenɖe paaɖʊ-ɩ sukuli yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ peeɖe Katedralɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Paul Kiɖeɖeu yɔ kɩ-taa kɛ powona-ɩ yɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzʊ ɛñɩʊ niye se ɛlaba sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ yaa ɛtaala.


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Kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ
Maɣzɩm kiɖe yaa kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ, pɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna maɣzɩm taa takʊʊ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, Carl Gustav Jung ɛkɛ Suwisi tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1875 ŋtalɩ 1961) lubina tɔmʊʊ ngʊ.
Maɣzɩm kiɖe tɔm taa wɛ pɔpɔtʊ, tɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoza tɩyɛ, ndʊ tɩna sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ nɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tɔm nɛ puwokina nɛ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-paɣlaka yɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ mbʊ Jung tɔŋ ɛ-tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa.
Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ apxέtuπov arkhêtupon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kiɖe tɛɛ laɣsɩ, kɛlɛ pʊsʊʊ yɔɔdasɩ kɩfasɩ taa pɩtɩŋna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ archetypum yaa pʊ-tɔbʊʊ keekee tʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ keem yɔ.
Murray Stein yɔɔdʊʊ maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ tɔm kpou takayaɣ (pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa) nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kuɖum taa Jung lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩna kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ tɔm yɔɔ se kajalaɣ wonuu tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ kɛna se kɩñɔɔzɩ nɛ kɩcɔlɩ maɣzɩm nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-paɣlaka alɩwaatʊ.


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Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ
Kpɩnɛ tʋnʋʋ paɖaɣna yaʋ size kpɩnɛ huyuu ɛzɩ payaʋ ɖɔɖɔ size tɔnɛ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛna wazasɩ sakɩyɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ kpem. Kpɩnɛ huyuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ wonu ŋgʋ pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ kʋʋ kpɩnɛ kʋʋ wayɩ yɔ. Paapɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ tɔnʋʋ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩɖanɩ wɛʋ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛsa se wezuu wɛɛ. Tɔnʋʋ ɛfɛyɩ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ, ɖɩsɩba ɖɔɖɔ.
Kpɩnɛ huyuu kʋnɛ, kɩwazʋʋ tokonaa, nɛ pantalaŋ, nɛ cokodonaa, nɛ pɩtasɩna nataŋgbala labʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pakpakʋ kpɩna tɔna nɛ palakɩna wondu kususutu, nɛ tɔlaɣ suu sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kpɩna anɛ, a-tɔnɩŋ wazʋʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ wondunaa canʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖeɖe nɛ soo ɖɩlaɖɛ.
Kpɩna tɔnɩŋ ɛnʋ sakɩyɛ kpakʋ nɛ palakɩna ajana wondu sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Palakɩna keɖeɣya wondu sakɩyɛ siŋŋ nɛ paɖʋʋ ɖamɩŋ cikpeŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ sɔsɔŋ sakɩyɛ tɛɛ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa kpɩna huyuŋ weyi, ɛlɛ kpɩna hɩla n̄ɩna.
Kpɩna hɩla n̄ɩna nayɛ kɔ yɔ : nɔŋ tɔnɩŋ, nɛ afanaa tɔnɩŋ, nɛ ɛzɩ namɩŋ tɔnɩŋ. Tɔnɩŋ ɛnɛ, kɔɔnɔɔ taa lɛ, anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ taa powokina nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ. Ŋna kɔ yɔ, ŋtɔŋ size pɩtɛkɛ kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ. Piɖeu miŋ nɛ pɩn̄ɩlɩzɩ camɩyɛ yem.
N̄ɩɣyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛdɔkʋʋ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ ɛnɛ nɛ ɛtaawɛɛkɩ lɔŋ yɔ ɛ-taa nakʋyʋ hɩɖɛ kɔ yɔ taaneerii. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-ɖɔkʋʋ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ ɛnɛ ɖeu nɛ camɩyɛ paa nikaɣ nɛ soŋa paawɛ ɛzɩma yɔ.
Kpɩna tɔnɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɩna wɛʋ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Kpɩna nayɛ tɔnɩŋ n̄ɩŋna nayɛ hɩla nkɔ yɔ : nɔŋ, nɛ heŋ, nɛ pʋŋ, nɛ kpɩna wena aɖɔŋ a-lotu yɔɔ nɛ a-tuu ku-tuu yɔ n̄ɩna, nɛ kazayasɩ, nɛ pɩtasɩna taata waa.