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Itaalii kʊnʊŋ
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbeelaa taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ kɛ Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se Romanɩɩ nɛ Italii yɔɔdasɩɩ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Dante kʊma Italii kʊnʊŋ kɛ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-kʊ se Si kʊnʊŋ nɛ pamaazɩ kʊ nɛ Oc (Occitan) kʊnʊŋ nɛ Oil (Fransɩɩ) kʊnʊŋ, mbʊ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na se ɛɛɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩdozo ʊnʊ ɛ-daa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa yɔ.[1][2]
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ kɛ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kehiya nɛ kacaɣa ageeta lɛɛna taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ a-da pɩkɩlɩ kɩmaɣma kɩ-tɛ egeetiye taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩ-kɛ Toskaŋ kʊnʊŋ Florence kʊnʊŋ Pisa nɛ Sienne kʊnʊmɩŋ.
Toskaŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Dante Alighieri nɛ Pétrarque nɛ Boccace pama nɛ pɛ-takayɛsɩ nɛ pamaazɩ se panaadozo pɛkɛna takayɛsɩ mayaa sɔsaa kɛ Italii kɛ hɛkʊ pɩnzɩ alʊwaatʊ taa. Kɩkɛ Florence tɛtʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwɛna samtʊ kɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ keɖeya taa. Kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ keɖeɣa nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔmpe lɩzɩʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Italii kʊnʊŋ wɛna tɔm sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ʊnʊ ɛ-taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Paɣtʊ taa lɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ lɛɛzɩʊ kɩfam taa kɛ Pietro Bembo lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ.
Bibliographie[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Simone, Raffaele (2010). Enciclopedia dell'italiano. Treccani.
- Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition. Lengu. ISBN 9788894034813.
- Palermo, Massimo (2015). Linguistica italiana. Il Mulino. ISBN 9788815258847.


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Kaabɔɔ
Kaabɔɔ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ kɩwɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili wɛna Kaabɔɔ kamaɣ yɔɔ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ; piyele nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ. Kameruni ñɛwɛna kɩ-kamaɣ yɔɔ kɛ hayʊ kiŋ kpataa. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacaɣna Kaabɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ kɩwɛʊ kɩwɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960. Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ laŋ nɛ lakʊ ɛjaɖɛ.
Peeɖɛ lakɩŋ nɛ laŋ weyi komina ñɩʊ nesi nɛ pɔcɔŋna ɛyɔɔ yɔ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ hiu nɛ naatozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbayɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna sukili, ñɩnɩʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-nesi tɛɛ.
Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔɖɔɔ, laŋ nɛ lakɩŋ ɖɔsɔ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaɖazɩm tɔya mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrika taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ wobu nɛ ɛsɩnda yɔɔ. Afrika nɛ kɩ-kañɩmbʊsaɣ ajɛya tɩŋa taa lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgɛyɛ ñɩna nɛ ɖɩna se Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpem ɛyaa kɩlɩ wɛʊ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa.

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Gard tɛ kondoloko
Gard tɛ Kondoloko kɛna kondoloko aqueduc Roma mba hɔɔlʋʋ lone taa n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna lona naadozo yɔ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kʋwɛna Pont-du-Gard kɛ ajɛɛ anɛ Uzès nɛ Nîmes pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa. Ki-lone nɖɩ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ Gard.
Kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ calaʋ kɛ Garbon yaa Gard. Paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔɔ yɔ, pama-kʋ kɔɔnɔɔ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kpaɖʋ taa kɛnɛ nɛ. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, peyeba kʋ labɩnaʋ yaa peyeba kʋyɔ ɖɔm pɩgbaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ paɣzɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ.
Hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ tɛ wɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, poɖe kɩ-tɩnɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ taa kɔʋʋ yebina nɛ kondoloko kʋnɛ, kiyele kɩkɛ yaa pakpaɣ-kʋ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ pɩsɩʋ lɔɔɖa saɣʋ nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ sʋsɔtʋ kɩbandʋ tʋnɛ, ndʋ yekaɣna kpeɖem ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩhɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-yɔ kɩ-yɔ kiŋ.
Ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna wokaɣ kɩnaʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ pɩŋŋ. Samaɣ sakɩyɛ lɩmazaɣ wokaa na kɩyɔ siŋŋ, kɛ pɩgbaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) taa mbɩ yɔ. Pɩ-tɩŋgana pɩyɔ nɛ ki-hikuu kʋjɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ pɩsɩɣna ɖoŋ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔn̄ɔzʋna-kʋ. Kɩ-n̄ɔɔzʋtʋ ndʋ tiyekina nɛ kɩwɛʋ camɩyɛ mbʋ cɩŋgɩlɩm, kiɖetu ɖaɣnɩ wɛʋ cɔnɔʋ pɩŋŋ.
Nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖa saya kondoloko nakʋyʋ kpɩtɩnɛ-yɩ pɩnaɣ 1743 pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1747 taa. Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ŋgʋ kaakɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩkɩla kʋyʋʋ kpeɖem yɔ. Ŋgʋ pakɩlaɣ sɩm kʋkʋyʋmɩŋ yaa ɖalakɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Roma mba tɛ peɖe.
Gard tɛ Kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ mbɩ yɔ, yee pewila cee wayɩ tɔm tɔzʋʋ kpom taa kɔyɔ, pana kʋ-tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛkpɛnda na-kʋ nɛ pakalɩ caanaʋ wondu kpeɣkpe taa. Nɛ pama kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjɛɛ n̄ɩm tɔsʋ cɛŋga UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1985 taa.


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Krɩkɛtɩ
Krɩkɛtɩ kɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ kɩkɛna kpɛm tɛ aleɣya yɔ. Pamakɩ-kʋ nɛ ɖaʋ. Kɩ-pɔza maɖaa hɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ, paa hɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ maɖaa kpɛnda hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm. Pamakɩ kʋ kadaɣ taa, nɛ kadaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yɔ. Kawalana kɛ-hɛkʋ taa kiŋ, nɛ kahayi kiŋ nɛ kahadɛ kiŋ wɛɛ lɔɔ.
Kadaɣ kanɛyɔ, kɔyɔ nɛ n̄ɩtʋ ndʋ paya tʋ size kaazɔɔ yɔ. Kɛ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩwalanzɩ tala mɛta waa nɛɛlɛ ɖalakɩŋ taa mbʋ yɔ. Nɛ paa kama ŋga lɛ, ɖɩna saɣtʋ natʋyʋ ɛzɩ tɩʋ ɖeewa yɔ, koli nɔnɔ.
Papazʋʋ aleɣya anaa lɛ, paa hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-cɛyʋ kɩ-tɩ se kʋɖʋsɩ lɛkʋʋ kpaaɖɛ. Paa hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋʋ lɛ, kɩwɛna mabɩyaa naalɛ kadaɣ taa.
Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋɖʋzʋʋ kpaala a-ɖɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʋ wabɩna.


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Mɔɔ sʊndʊ
Mɔɔ sɔʊndʊ kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɖɔkʊ tomnaɣ yɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kpɛndʊ kɛ tomnaɣ taa. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: sʊndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ ñɛwɛna pɩ-taa kiŋ. Mɔɔsʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ panaɣ-tʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ mukuuliŋ, caafela yaa lɩm taa kamayɩŋ yɔ. Pɩkzɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pɩ-taa yɔ, pakatʊ-tʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ nɛ nimvela mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɔ camɩyɛ. Mɔɔ sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ.
Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɔyɔ, ɛwɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ. Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam.
Mɔɔ wɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ mɔɔ sʊndʊ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.
Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.


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Abraham Lincoln
Palʊla Abraham Lincoln kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1809 kɛ Hardino egeetiye taa, Kɛntuki tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakʊ-ɩ Wasiŋtɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1865 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 56. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlʊba ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ kɛŋna Etazuni taa wiyau 16 tʊ. Pɔtɔʊ caca peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ, palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ñʊʊtʊ yɔ pɩlaba tɔm nabʊlɛ lɛ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 1860 nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 1864. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, Abraham Lincoln kɛŋna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi pɔtɔ caca nɛ samɣ maɣmaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ.
Eɖii Etaazuni alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kaawɛɛ tʊcɔʊ pɩkpaɣ nɛ pitiki yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩzaatʊ ñam ñam lakasɩ kaawɛ nɛ sɔɔjanaa kpakʊʊ hɔzɩŋ ɖama yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Abraham Lincoln ñaɣna pana nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛhɛzɩ yɔŋ ɩnʊ nɛ ɛkɔna ɖama kpeɣu nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛpɩza nɛ lanhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ kɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ kɛ ɛpɩza nɛ ɛñɩʊ nesi se Etaazuni taapapaɣzɩ ɖɔm paɣtʊ hiu nɛ naatozo ñɩndʊ yɔɔ mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɩzɩ yomtu.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛlʊba kpem nɛ yomaa wɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ kɛ yoma yaɖaa ɛtɛlɛmwaa nabayɩ laba nɔɔ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ kɩyakɩŋ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ. Piyebina nɛ ɛyapɩzɩ ɛtɛzɩ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ, pʊtɔbʊ se ɛkpaɣʊ kewiyaɣ yɔ ɛlaba pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ kɩyakɩŋ 11. Ɛsɩbʊ yɔ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 56. Weyi ɛlɛɣza-ɩ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Andrew Johnson nɛ weyi ɛnʊ ñaalɛɣzaa yɔ ɛlɛ lɛ James Buchanan.


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Maɣnɛ kpaŋ
Maɣnɛ kpaŋ (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ πapάvoιa, paranoïa alɩna tɔmpee anɛ a-tɛ πapά (para) nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ, nɛ voύς (noos) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se fezuu, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɔ-tɔbʊʊ yem se pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtalɩna ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kpaɣnɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩwa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se ñʊʊ taa kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ ŋcɔŋna pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ yɔ ɛ nɛ lalaa paakpɩtɩna ɖama, ɛwɛtʊ caɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem tɔm ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ wazaɣ yɔ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɔ-tɔm caɣ ɖoŋ piŋ pe-evebitu alɩwaatʊ taa yaa ɛsʊtɩyʊ pazɩ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, kɛlɛ paasɩma-ɩ nɛ tʊ ɖooo lɔŋ. Palakɩ kʊñɔŋ yaa nabʊyʊ taa paalakɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa mba kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ yɔ talɩ ɛyaa 0,3 ŋtalɩ 2,5 mbʊ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ natʊ taa lɛ ɛyaa pʊwɛ-wɛ kaɖɛ se pasʊzɩ pa-tɩ ɛyaa taa, paayeki pa-tɩ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa yem kɛlɛ mba maɣzɩ se pɛwɛna tovonum paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛyaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa lalaa kʊyɩnaʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɔsɔɔlɩ yoŋ kɛlɛ pɔ-yɔɔ ɛɛlazɩɣ hɛʊ.
Kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 nɛ 40 tɩnaa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem. Yɔɔdaɣ kɩfɛyɩ tovonum kaawazɩɣ pɩyʊ, ɛyʊ ɛsɩŋ mbʊ pɔ-tɔm ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ taa wɛɛ leleŋ nɛ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɩla ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ eyeke. Pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ mbʊ yɔ paa ŋheyi-ɩ se ɛcɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɩ eetisi kpem.


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Calɩm fɩɣa (Cœur)
Calɩm fɩɣa yekina nɛ ɛyʊ calɩm cɔʊ e-tomnaɣ taa. Hola naayɛ wɛ calɩm fɩɣa taa. Calɩm fɩɣa kaɣ wɛʊ kulubi tɩyɛ, ɛlɛ, ɖɩtapazɩ ɖɩwɛɛ kulubi. Ɖɩwɛ sɔɔɔ tɩyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖɩlaba ɖalʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɔʊ nɛ calɩm yaɣna pɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa.
Ɛyʊ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ. Ñʊʊ wɛɛ, nesi wɛɛ, naŋgbanzɩ wɛɛ, lotu wɛɛ nɛ laŋɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Laŋɩyɛ taa calɩm fɩɣa wɛɛ. Hʊzɩŋ hɛkʊ taa calɩm fɩɣa wɛɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɖi-yuŋ kpilina hʊzɩŋ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ laŋgɩyɛ nɛ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ɛyʊ calɩm fɩɣa kpilinaa.
Pʊ-yɔɔ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛɖʊ kaŋgalafu e-toko kabaɣ taa ɛ-laŋɩyɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ, yee ɛɖʊ-kʊ mbʊ nɛ pʊtʊʊzɩna se nɔɔyʊ yaɣ-ɩ kɔyɔ, kiselesiɣ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ yɔɔ peeɖe. Kiselesiɣ mbʊʊ yɔ, piciidiɣ ɛ-calɩm fɩɣa nɛ pɩkɔna-ɖɩ kaɖɛ kpem.
Hʊzɩŋ cɔ calɩm fɩɣa pɩta. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se diaphragme yɔ, pʊwɛna calɩm fɩɣa tɛɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se sternum yɔ, pʊbʊ ñɛwɛɛna calɩm fɩɣa ɛsɩndaa kiŋ. Likiyuu (oesophase) ñɛwɛna calɩm fɩɣa wayɩ kiŋ nɛ mba payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se troncs artériels waa yɔ, paba ñɛwɛɛna calɩm fɩɣa hayi kiŋ.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ calɩm fɩɣa ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa hiu nɛ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣna ɖɩ-hadɛ nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ ɖi-hayi kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ santimɛtɛnaa nakʊ. Kaaɣʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ santimɛtɛnaa loɖo. Abalʊ calɩm fɩɣa kɩlɩ paɣlʊ halʊ ñɩnɖɛ.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ abalɩñɩ hɔyɩ huŋ kɛ kilonaa 300. Piyele halɩñɩnʊ calɩm fɩɣa yuŋ ñɛkɛ kilonaa 250. Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ abalɩñɩnʊ yuŋ ɛkɛ kilonaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ, ɛ-calɩm fɩɣa yuŋ kɛɣ 0,45. Ɛlɛ, yee pɩkɛ ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ halɩñɩnʊ yɔ, e-yuŋ kiloonaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛ-calɩm fɩɣa yuŋ kɛɣ 0,40 ɖei ɖei.


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Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ
Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ kɛna Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖi-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ekɔsɩ yɔ ɖɩwɛnɑ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Macɛsɩ yɔ ɖɩwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, teŋgunaa sakɩyɛ cɔ-ɖɩ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩta nɛ teŋgunaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: tɛngʊ hayʊ kiŋ ñɩŋgʊ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Iiritalandɩ teŋgu; hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Sɛltiki yɔ kɩwɛna piyele pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Mansɩ yɔ kɛwɛna nɛ ŋga kɛtɛyʊna Ɩŋilitɛɛrɩ nɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔ.
Lɔndrɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ajɛyaa taa lɛ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 paakala-wɛ lɛ, patala ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 53 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 131 760 km2. Ɛzɩ ajɛyaa lɛɛna taa ɛyaa huyuu kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ñɩnɖɛ taa pɩvɛyɩ mbʊ. Peeyeba kewiyaɣ ŋga yaa komina taa ɛyaa lɩzɩʊ kɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707.
Weyi ɛcɔŋna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se David Cameron. Pɩwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛ nabɛyɩ wɛɛ nɛ pasɩŋna-ɩ tʊma labʊ nɛ paq-taa kɔyɔ Gordon Brown. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa tɔsʊʊ kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, nɛ yee pakpaɣ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm hiku yaa ɛtɔkɩ efemiye taa kɔyɔ, pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 22 907 livres sterling yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ kɩla Erɔpʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 ɖɔɖɔ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɩkɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩm keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ pɛsɛʊ yɔ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ: krɩstʊ mba ŋgbɛyɛ, malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ, Ɛnduyismi, Sikiyismi, Sudayismi, Pudiyismi nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔdɔ.


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Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King Jr. kɛ kedenzi naalɛ hɛkʋ taa pɩɣa. Kedenzi nzɩ-ɩ lɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika. Ajɛɛ anɛyɛ yɔ a-naalɛ a-hɛkʋ taa pɩɣa kɛlɛ Martin Luther King Jr. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, e-liɖe lɩnɛ Afrika nɛ palʋla-ɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1929 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Atlanta Géorgie tɛtʋ taa yɔ, tɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛwɛna lɔŋ siŋŋ ɛ-tabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ size ɛɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ lalaa. Ɛlakasɩ nɛ ɛ-n̄ʋʋ taa hʋhʋyɛ kaawɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ. ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kamaɣzɩm ɖɔwa kpeɖem nɛ kaatɛŋ maɣzɩm wiɖi yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ pasamam nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɖajaa Martin Luther King sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1968 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɩlaba size ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ naadozo nɛ nakʋ (39) lɛ ɛsɩba. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ size Memphis. Ɛlɩmaɣza kam kɛlɛ size ɛla ɛzɩma nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Luther King lʋkaa siŋŋ lanhɛzɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛlʋkɩ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe lɛ, ɛnʋ kɛna yoyu yaa lʋbɩyʋ ka-hɛza tʋ weyi ɛ-kandɛyʋ Afrika samaɣ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlʋkaɣ siŋŋ size tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛ. Ɛlɩmaɣza taa lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaɣ nɛ anasaayɩwaa pɛhɛkʋ taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Martin Luther King mʋ pɩnaɣ 1964 n̄ɩŋga taa samtʋ takayaɣ. Samtʋ takayaɣ kanɛ, pɛcɛlɛyɩ kɛ nɛ kamʋna-ɩ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma ɛnʋ ɛzɩ, ɛlʋkɩ ka-hɛzaa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛʋʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa payaɣ size Martin Luther King Sr., nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Alberta Williams King. Ɛ-caa kɛ Ɛsɔ lɩm sɔʋʋ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɩyʋ.
Martin Luther King tɛ ɖoziye[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
« Monɖozaa se... » Martin Luther King Kɩyɔɔdɩm Washington D.C. tɛ Lincoln Memorial, Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 28, 1963.
Pɩwɛ-m leleŋ ɛzɩ ma nɛ mɩ ɖɩwɛʋ sɔnɔ̄ kigbeeluu kʋnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ, weŋgu kɩwɛɣ tam se pɛɛyɛɛyɔɔlʋbʋ tɔm taa kɩkɩlʋʋ yɔɔ ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩlaba waasɩ nɛɛlɛ kɔyɔ Amerika tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ, weyi sɔnɔ ɛ-kɩlɛmʋʋ weluu huzuu ɖɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, ñɩkaɣ nesi ɖɛ-pɛɛyɛɛtaawɛʋ takayaɣ taa. Kubukamabʋ kɔɔnɔɔñɩmbʋ pʋmbʋ pʋtʋsa lidaʋ ñalamɩyɛ̄ yomaa kɩkpɛdaa miliyɔɔwaa ɛsɩndaa, ɛzɩ miŋɛsɩyɛ yɔ, pamba wemba kɩɩtʋʋzʋtʋ mamala tɔndɔlɩŋ wɛ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛwɛ ɛzɩ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ tɛbɩyɛ kefemna se yomiye ɖoho kɩɖaɣla ɛtɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Kɛlɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋ, pʋdɔdɩyɛ tɔm, tatɩɩwɛda pɛɛyɛɛ taa. Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ mɔɔŋseɣumɔndɔndʋ, tʋkaɣlabʋñɩŋgbasɩ, padɩɣ Ɛyʋ Kɩkpɛdʋ e-fezuu caɣʋ taa ; pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kpɛndɩ ɛwɛ kʋñɔndʋtʋ tɛtʋ yɔɔ, tʋtʋ wɛ ti-ɖeke solō ñɩmkoboyaɣ taa kɛ lɩmwadaɣ hɛkʋ taa; pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ ɖɛwa nɛ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ fezuu ɖɔna tɛm Amerika samaɣ taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ hʋyʋʋɖʋyʋ̄ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʋ-yɔɔ̄ ɖʋkɔmna seya sɔnɔ̄ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa se ɖikoo fɛyɛ tɔm tʋndʋ. Piyebina nɛ ɖɩkɔɔ ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Ɖoŋɖoŋgiye taa se ɖɩmʋ nɔɔ haʋ takayaɣ. Ɖa-paɣtʋ ɛjaɖɛ mayaa hɛwaɣ tɔmbe kajʋkañɩnā ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʋʋ paɣtʋ takayaɣ nɛ ɖa-tɩyɔɔwɛʋkubukamabʋ takayaɣ taa lɛ, lidaʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ pañɩɣ nesi se paa Amerika pɩɣa weŋga kakʋyaa’lɛ, pɩwazɩ-kɛ.
Meheyi-mɩ sɔnɔ cɩnɛ, man-taabalaa: paa ɖɩtasɩɣ kʋñɔmɩŋ tɔɔʋ sɔnɔ nɛ cee, monɖoza natʋyʋ. Mon-ɖoziye lila wɛ Amerika ɖoziye taa.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kaɣ kʋyʋʋ nɛ ɖɩna toovonim taa tʋtʋʋyɛ kaɣlaa kɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʋ taa se : « Ɖo-toovenim lɩna toovenim pʋmbʋ pɩ-maɣmaɣ pu-ɖoŋ cɔlɔ se ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ wɛ kɩmaŋ pa-mayʋ cɔlɔ. »
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, Georgie piyisi kɩsɛmsɩ yɔɔ, yomaa kɩbɩma pɩyalaa nɛ yomadɩnaa kɩbɩma pɩyalaa pakaɣ saŋgʋʋ ñanâ kʋɖʋmaɣ taa.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, Mississipi tɛtʋ maɣmaɣ, ɖenɖe mulum miŋ mʋʋ pelupelu yɔ, ɖenɖe kʋñɔŋɖʋʋmiŋ mʋʋ pelupelu yɔ, tɩkaɣ pɩsʋʋ pɛɛyɛɛ nɛ siɣsiɣtʋ kaɖaɣ.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, halɩ Alabama tɩtɩŋgɛ, ɖenɖe tomnaɣ tɔlɩm kañatʋ cɔlʋʋna ɛyaa yɔ, ɖenɖe tɔmbe « Nɔɔɖʋʋ » nɛ « Kaawazatʋ » su Tɛtʋ wiyaʋ nɔɔ taa co yɔ, wiɖii, Alabama peeɖe, Kɩkpɛdaa piya cikpesi abalibiya nɛ halɩbiya kaɣ pɩzʋʋ, pa nɛ Kʋhʋlʋmaa piya cikpesi abalibiya nɛ halɩbiya pɔɖɔkɩ ɖama nesi taa ɛzɩ kɔɔnaa nɛ ɖalaa yɔ.
Monɖozuu ɖoziye sɔnɔ.
Monɖozaa se, wiɖii, paa kɛdɛŋga weŋga kakʋyʋʋ ñaba, paa pʋʋ yaa piyaɣ weŋga ketiki tɛɛɛ, lona tokomtokom kaɣ suu, lona kotaakotaa kaɣ tʋʋzʋʋ nɛ Ɛsɔ samtʋ lɩɩ kaɣlaa nɛ tomnasɩ tiŋgɛ kpɛndɩ-tʋ̄ naʋ. Pʋmbʋ kɛnɩna me-lidaʋ. Pʋmbʋ kɛnɩna tisim wembu mɛnkpɛndɩɣna se menkpemna mɛn-tɛ hadɛ yɔ.
Kɩyakʋ weŋgu ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla nɛ pɛɛyɛɛñɩɣyʋʋ ma, kɩyakʋ weŋgu ɖiyeki nɛ kɩhʋlɩ paa fɩlanzɩ weŋgu kɩ-taa, paa cokiye wenɖi ɖɩ-yɔɔ, paa tɛtʋ wendu tɩ-taa nɛ paa ɖoŋgiye wenɖi ɖi-taa yɔ, ki-wiyē ɖɩnaɣ se kɩyakʋ ñɔtaa se Ɛsɔ piya, Kɩkpɛdaa nɛ Kʋhʋlʋmaa, Yudaañɩmba nɛ Maasɛɣɛsɔwaa, Pilimaanɩwaa nɛɛ Krɩstʋʋñɩma pɔɖɔkɩ ɖama nesi taa nɛ petee Kɩkpɛdaa tɛ Ɛsɔsamtʋhendu kɩbɩndʋ natʋyʋ se : « Ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! Ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! Ɛsɔ Ɖoŋtɩŋgɛdʋ Ŋlaba’lɛ, sɔnɔ ɖihiɣ pɛɛyɛɛ kɛlɛ ! »
Liens externes[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- Martin Luther King, Jr. "I have a dream" Full speech (1963 Washington) on Youtube (13 min., English)


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ÑƲƲ 39
Pɩtɔɔ kpanɖaʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-ñʋʋ taa wɛ ɖoŋ yɔ
MAATIYEE 11:16-30 LUKA 7:31-35
YESU HEYI AGEETA NAAYƐ TAA ƐYAA SE PƐ-WƐTƲ TƖTƲƲZƖ
ƐSƆƆLAA SE ƐMƲ PA-SƲƲTƲ NƐ ƐHƐZƖ PA-LAŊA
Yesu kaawɛnɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ Lɩm Mɩyɩsɩyʋ yɔɔ ñamtʋ siŋŋ. Ɛlɛ lɩmaɣza wena samaɣ ñaawɛnɩ Yohanɛɛsɩ ɛnʋ ɛ-yɔɔ? Yesu yɔɔdɩ “ɛyaa kpanɖaʋ” ŋgʋ kɩ-tɔm se kɩwɛ “ɛzɩ piya taŋayaa mba pacaɣ kajasɩ taa nɛ payaɣ lalaa” yɔ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se: “Ðɩya hɩlaɣ nɛ ɩtɩpaa! Nɛ ɖiwii leɣa nɛ ɩtɩtaɣ nandaka!”—Maatiyee 11:16, 17.
Yesu tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe? Ɛlɩzɩ pɩ-taa se: “Yohanɛɛsɩ kɔma, ɛɛtɔkɩ, ɛɛñɔʋ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se: ‘Ɛkɛ eliikenu.’ Ɛyʋ Pɩyalʋ ñɔkɔma nɛ ɛlɛ tɔkɩ nɛ ɛñɔʋ nɛ pɔtɔŋ-ɩ se: ‘Hulisinaa nɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm laɖaa ɛgbaɣdʋ lɛ.’” (Maatiyee 11:18, 19) Yohanɛɛsɩ kaacaɣ wezuu kɛlɛʋ, ɛzɩ Naziireya tʋ yɔ, pɩ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi eɖuwaa se ɛha ɛ-tɩ Ɛsɔ, nɛ ekizi sʋlʋm yɔ, ɛlɛ kpanɖaʋ ŋgʋ kiheyi-i se ɛkɛ eliikenu. (Kɩgalʋʋ 6:2, 3; Luka 1:15) Yesu ñɔkɔma lɛ, e-wezuu caɣʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ. Ɛtɔkaɣ nɛ ɛñɔʋ nɛ pɩmakɩna, ɛlɛ pakʋyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ se ɛkɛ hiluu tʋ. Ye mbʋ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se paa ɛyʋ kaacaɣ wezuu ɛzɩma yɔ, samaɣ ñɩnaɣ tɔm kɩdɛkɛdɩtʋ natʋyʋ se kɔyɔɔdɩ.
Yesu kpaɣ kpanɖaʋ kʋnɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩnɩ kajasɩ taa piya taŋayaa mba pa-taabalaa teɣ-wɛ hendu ɛlɛ pekizi se paapaɣ yaa pa-taabalaa wiliɣ nɛ pekizi se paanɩɣ pa-taabalaa mba pa-wɩzasɩ yɔ. Nɛ ɛtɛzɩna se: “Ɛlɛ peɖezi Lɔŋ tɔm tʋma yɔɔ.” (Maatiyee 11:16, 19) Toovenim, Yohanɛɛsɩ nɛ Yesu ‘pa-tʋma,’ pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se mbʋ mbʋ palaba yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɛcɛtaɣnɩ pa-taa kɩcɛtʋʋ.
Yesu yɔɔdɩ kpanɖaʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-ñʋʋ taa ɖoŋ tɔm nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ wɛtʋ kɩdɛkɛdɩtʋ ndʋ Koraazɛɛ mba, Bɛtsayɩda mba nɛ Kapɛrnayum mba paawɛna yɔ, tɩ-tɔm, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛɛlabɩ piti lakasɩ sakɩyɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, ɛlɛ pekizi tisuu. Yesu tɔm se ye ɛɛlabɩ piti lakasɩ nzɩ Kanaŋ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Tiiri nɛ Sidɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-taa yɔ, ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ, paalɛɣzɩ pa-lakasɩ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ Kapɛrnayum tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛlɩɣaɣnaɣ nɛ ɛɖɛɣ esusuu tɔm alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ taa yɔ, tɩ-tɔm. Halɩ pɩkpɛndɩnɩ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɩmʋ ɛ-tɔm. Pʋyɔɔ Yesu lɔ nɔɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ se: “Tɔm hʋʋ wiye lɛ, Sodom tɔm kaɣ wɛʋ weewee pɩkɩlɩ ñɛ ndʋ.”—Maatiyee 11:24.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Yesu sa ɛ-Caa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛmɛsɩ fezuu taa toovenim tɔm ndʋ tɩmʋ ñɩm siŋŋ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ “lɔŋ tɩnaa nɛ lɛɣtʋ tɩnaa,” nɛ ɛwɩlɩ-tʋ mba poluzuu pa-tɩ nɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛɛ ɛzɩ piya taŋnaa yɔ. (Maatiyee 11:25) Peeɖe ɛya tɩ luziyaa mba nɛ nɔɔ kɩbaŋa nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ se: “Ɩkɔɔ mɔn-cɔlɔ, mba mɩ ɩlakɩ kʋñɔŋ nɛ pɩnɩɣ-mɩ yɔ, nɛ mankaɣ-mɩ labʋ nɛ ɩhɛzɩ. Ɩkpaɣ man-sʋʋtʋ nɛ ɩsɩɣlɩ nɛ ɩkpɛlɩkɩ mɔn-cɔlɔ se: Mɛnkɛ laŋɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ tʋ nɛ hɛɛɛ tʋ; nɛ ihiɣ hɛzʋʋ mi-ciyamnaa taa. Ɛɛɛ, man-sʋʋtʋ wɛ hʋnjaŋ nɛ tɩ-sɩɣlʋʋ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ.”—Maatiyee 11:28-30.
Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yesu yeki se ɛyaa ihiɣ hɛzʋʋ? Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ñʋndɩnaa yeba nɛ ɛyaa pɩsɩ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yomaa, ɛzɩ Sabaatɩ yɔɔ paɣtʋ ndʋ paaɖʋwa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ sʋʋtʋ samaɣ yɔ. Yesu yeba nɛ ɛyaa hiɣ hɛzʋʋ pɩtɩŋnɩ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ toovenim tɔm ndʋ ɛwɩlɩ-wɛ nɛ cɛtɩm sɔnzɩ nasɩyɩ tipisi-tʋ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, mba pɛwɛ kʋñɔŋ taa pa-kɩdɛkɛdɩm yɔɔ, nɛ mba politiki ñʋndɩnaa kañatʋ nɩ-wɛ yɔ, ɛwɩlɩ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma pala nɛ pehiɣ hɛzʋʋ yɔ. Toovenim, Yesu wɩlɩ-wɛ ɛzɩma pala nɛ pekpeɣ-wɛ pa-kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ ɛzɩma pala nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛɛ pa nɛ Ɛsɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ.
Mba payɩ petisiɣ Yesu sʋʋtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ hʋnjaŋ yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛcɛlɩ pa-tɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ pɛsɛɛ-ɩ; ɛnʋ weyi ɛkɛ Caa pʋtɔdɩyɛ nayʋ nɛ ɖa-wɩzasɩ nɩyʋ yɔ. Pɩ-labʋ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ fɛyɩ yuŋ paa ññɩɩ.—1 Yohanɛɛsɩ 5:3.


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Mañɩzɩyɔm
Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 12 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mg. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nakʊ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɩna tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛndʊʊ hɛlɩyɔm taa pee naatozo nɛ karɩbɔnɩ piye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩ-tɛ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩmɩzɩɣ gbiyii lɛ, mañɩzɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ lɛɛkʊ tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe ɛɖanɩɣ tasʊʊ cɔzʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ kɩfam taa. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ lutozo weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ pʊtʊ naanaza tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ (ñɩɣyʊʊ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ sɩlɩsɩyɔm pa-wayi), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔlʊʊ taa kɛ pɔɔ taa lɩm taa yɔ, sɔdɩyɔm nɛ kɩlɔrɩ pa-wayi.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ keeke mʊʊ miŋ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ (yee ŋɖʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩñɩlɩsʊʊ nakʊyʊ, kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, yʊlʊnzɩyʊ). Kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ kpɛdʊʊ taa alɩmɩnɩyɔm nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm (nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya se mañalɩyɔm). Mañɩzɩyɔm takpɩndɩ ɛzɩ alɩmɩnɩyɔm yɔ nɛ pasa kpɛndʊʊ camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ tɛyɩŋ ɖeu.
Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ hilimye ñʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa holaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩdɩŋ 300 cɔlɔ. Mañɩzɩyɔm nasɩyʊ sɩlɩyaa ciɣduu ɖama taa pa-nɛ fɔsɩfatɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ ATP, ADN nɛ ARN. Palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖenɖe pɛhɛzɩɣna holaa ɖenɖe añaŋ ɛzɩma pʊtɔpɔzɩ yɔ.
Mañɩzɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa pɩtɩŋna Thessalie egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣa se Magnesia yɔ. Egetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaawɛ mañɩzɩyɔm sakɩyɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Joseph Black tɩlɩna mañɩzɩyɔm se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ pɩnaɣ 1755, nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ Humphry Davy ñalɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm hɔɔlʊʊ keeke pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnaʊ pɩnaɣ 1808 pɩlɩna mañezi MgO nɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ HgO kpɛndʊʊ yɔ.


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Tokiyo
Tokiyo kɛŋna Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se « Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ». Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 13 622 267; yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 42 794 714.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa akeeta 47 wɛna nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ Tokiyo ñɩnɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tɩunɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ.
Peeɖe palakɩ politiki kediizɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caayʊ wɛɛ, komina ñʊʊtʊ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ pɩna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, minisinaa tɩŋga mba pɛwɛ kewiyaɣ taa yɔ patɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ajɛya lɛɛna lone taa caɣya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Tokiyo kaakɛŋna kpakpasɩ kpayaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ payawaɣ-tʊ se Edo nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se lim pɔɔ ɖɩkatɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ kaya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ se Tokiyo yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se wiyao Tokugawa Ieyasu.


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Rʊpɩdɩyɔm
Rʊpɩdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ amyaɣ kɔyɔ 37 nɛ mayaɣ mayaɣ Rb. Ɛkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ ɛwɛ liidiye sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ eyoli lɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɛsa miŋ ɛtalɩ 39,3 °C. Papɩzɩɣ peyele-ɩ helim taa nɛ eeyoli, Sɛzɩyɔm nɛ kalɩyɔm, merɩkɩrɩ yeke kɛna lɩm ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ paa kɩɩwɛ helim taa ɛzɩma yɔ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se rubidus (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ), pɩlɩna lɩtɩyɔm mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu sɛmɩŋ cɩɩɩ cɛnzɩ. Pɩnaɣ pɩsa lɛ, palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩtɩŋna Bunsen yɔɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖʊʊyʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ, ɛ nɛ helim pakatɩ ɖama kpa ɛmʊ miŋ nɛ padʊ-ɩ lɩm taa pɩwasɩɣ.
Rʊpɩdɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɔrɩ (RbCl) kɛ pʊtʊ weyi pakɩlɩ-ɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma ɖeɖe. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kaŋwa lone taa caɣyʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Rʊpɩdɩyɔm pʊtʊ naa lalaa kɔyɔ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm hɩdrɔzɛnɩ tɛ ŋgʊ ɛlɛ pʊʊzʊʊ pɩkɩlɩɣ sɔdɩyɔm nɛ kaŋwa maɣmaɣ. Rʊpɩdɩyɔm kaŋwa (RbCO3) palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ ñɩlɩŋ ɛzɩ kuwiviri nɛ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm (Rb2SO4•CuSO4•6H2O).
Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ajana mʊntʊsɩŋ weyi pɔtɔ-ɩ ɛsɔta yɔ, palakɩ-ɩ kɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa taa, palakɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ wɩlɩɣ ñɩɣyʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ calɩm ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yaa sɛrɔm naa ɖʊ ɖeɖe,


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Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ
Ositraali Lɩŋgamʊʊ kɛna lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ, Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Ɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊʊ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ, paayɔda kʊ-tɔm nɛ pasɩɩ kɩ-kamasɩ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ tɛ kediizaɣ nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Antaritiki yɔɔ.
Lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖi se Ositraalii yɔ. Ositraali ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraali kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasiifiki nɛ Indɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Ositraali lɩngamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛŋna keteŋa kpeekpe lɩŋgamʊʊ lɩŋgamʊʊ nanza ŋgʊ nɛ ŋgʊ pɩɖɩɣna tɩlɩɣ se kɩkɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ. Kɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2 000 taa nɛ payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Antartiki lɩŋgamʊʊ. Tɔm tʊnɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa mba palɩza-wɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna lɩm yɔɔ yɔ mba lɩzɩna-tʊ. Ɛyaa pɛnɛ payaɣ ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: kacalaɣ lɛ, papɩzɩɣ payaa lɩŋ,gamʊʊ ŋgʊ se ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ Antarkitiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yaa kpaagbaa taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Antarkitiki teŋgu.
Teŋgunaa ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla Ositraali lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ. Teŋgʊnaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: Amuindisɛni teŋgu, Pelinisihausini nɛ Dirakɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nakʊyʊ, Sikitiya teŋgu, Wedɛlɩ teŋgu, Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Haakon VII teŋgu, Lazarev teŋgu, Riiser Larsen teŋgu, Cosmonautinaa teŋgu, Entente teŋgu, Davis teŋgu, Mawson teŋgu, Dumont d'Urville teŋgu, Somov teŋgu, Ross teŋgu.
Ositraali lɩngamʊʊ kɔnɛ kɩ-walnzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 20 327 000 km2 yɔ nɛ kɩ-daalakɩŋ taa ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 17 968 yɔ.


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Guillaume le conquérant
Guillaume wabɩyʊ kɛ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ wiyaʊ nɛ paya-ɩ Guillaume Kajalaɣ tʊ, Normandii ɛyaa tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ papa ya-ɩ se Guillaume 2, patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Bâtard Guillaume, palʊla-ɩ Falaise tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1027 yaa 1028 nɛ ɛsɩ Rouen salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1087, ɛɛkɛ wiyaʊ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ kpaɣ 1066 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ kɛ 1087 nɛ Normandii waa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1035 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm ɖɔɖɔ.
Robert Magnifique nɛ Falaise Arlette (Herleva) pɩɣa kɛlɛ, Guillaume pɩsa Normandii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wiyaʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 8, mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-caa kaasɩba. Yoŋ alɩwaatʊ sakɩyɛ wayi kɛ ɛpɩza ɛɖanɩ kpaʊ kewiyaɣ kpaɣ Val-ès-Dunes you wayi kɛ pɩnaɣ 1047 taa. Ɛla halʊ Flandre Mathide kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1050, nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Normandii ɛjaɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖoŋ nɖɛ, ɛsɔndʊʊ Fransɩɩ wiyaʊ Henri 1 (pɩnaɣ 1031 ŋtalɩ 1060) nɛ Philippe 1 (pɩnaɣ 1060 ŋtalɩ 1108).
Fada Edouard sɩm wayi lɛ, ɛfana kewiyaɣ lɛɛzɩtʊ you nɛ ɛkpa ɛcaɣ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwaba Hastings you yɔ pɩnaɣ 1066. Wabɩtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi paakuluu nɛ-ɩ nɔɔ Eerɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɔna lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pʊmʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Normandie sɔsaa tiba pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ labʊ yoŋ nɛ e-koyondina sakɩyɛ, paa Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa peeɖe maɣmaɣ yaa (kʊyɩnɩyaa mba paawɛ Edgar Atheling wayi yɔ, Danois ɛyaa nɛ Ecɔsɩ ɛyaa) yaa ɛjaɖɛ mba (Foulque Réchin kɩpaɣlʊ, Flandre kɩpaɣlʊ Robert 1, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ Philippe 1). Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛsɩ Rouen tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1087 alɩwaatʊ taa ndʊ ɛɖʊ Mante kabʊɣa taa, ewoba you nɛ Philippe 1kɛ Vexin tɛtʊ taa. Pepimi-ɩ Abbaye ɛzɩ Caen ɛyaa yɔ.
Robert Magnifique pɩsa Normand tɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1027 kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ Richard 3 tʊ sɩba yɔ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 20 yeke. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛlɛzɩ pa-caa Richard 2 tʊ lone taa, ɛlɛ sɩba puwoba ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ mbʊ yɔ. Richard 3 tʊ tɛ tuda sɩm waza Robert, weyi pahuna-ɩ tɔm pɩtɩŋna takayasɩ maya yɔɔ se ɛnʊ ɖʊna kɔyɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ. Richard yele evebupɩɣa nakayɛ kalɩmpaɣnɩ ñɩŋa, Nicola koposɩna kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa.


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Bayɩkalɩ Kujomuu
Bayɩkalɩ Kujomuu kɛ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Siberii nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ Ruusii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩkyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɩ-tɛ wɛ leleŋ nɛ pʊwɛ kekele nɛ ŋna pɩtɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta waa 40. Payaɣ-kʊ nabʊyʊ taa se Siberii ciiyaɣ. Moŋgolɩ ñɩma mba palɛwɛʊ kʊ-cɔlɔ yɔ payaɣa-kʊ se Ɛsɔ teŋguu.
Kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛta waa 636 nɛ walanzɩ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 24 ntalɩ kilomɛta waa 79 nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɛʈʊ yɔ walanzɩ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 31722 kpɛɛ ko nɛ kɩ-pɩsɩ kujomuu loɖo ŋgʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɩkɛ kujomuu ngʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ liŋguu yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ liŋguu talɩ mɛta waa 1642 nɛ kɩcaɣ ahɔya wena a-yɔ yɔ a-talɩɣ Mɛta waa 7000. Kɩwɛ Iablonovy nɛ Bargouzine pɔŋ hɛkʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Bayikalɩ pɔŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kʊmʊʊ 336 pɔsɔ lɩm paa ɛzɩmtaa pada kɛlɛ Selenga kɩ-tɛ nɛ Mongolii ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ. Tɛʊ lɩm mbʊ kɩmʊʊ yɔ lɛɛzɩɣ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga nɛ pɩtalɩ miilimɛta waa 200 ntalɩ 500 nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ lɛ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ miilimɛta waa 500 ntalɩ 900. Papɩzɩɣ pasaɣ mɛlɛnaa kʊ-yɔ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ taa yeke. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa lɛ, ɖɔmpɛɛ huuzina kɔyɔ nɛ a-tɛ kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ kpaɣ niika alɩwaatʊ pɩzɩɣ talɩ mɛta kʊyʊmʊʊ ntalɩ 1,5 nɛ halɩ mɛta waa waa naalɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩiyɛ taa nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ ɛyaa nɛ lɔɖaa se pɔɖɔ.
Ɛyaa kudokiŋ nɩnɩwa wɛna kujomuu ŋgʊ kʊ-nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ wɛ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɛtʊ sɩba. Kpakpasɩ nɛ pɔm waa kɛnɛ pɔdɔna. Kpɛlɩ taa lɛ ɛyaa ɖɔɔ pɩŋ pɩtɩŋna Bayɩkalɩ Amour Magistral suuluku kpɛyaɣ ŋga pama yɔ kɔyɔ. Papɩsɩ pakpa kpakpasɩ pɩnaɣ tɩŋga mbilim. Ɖɔmpɛɛ niika alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pohuyuu pɔʊ sɔsɔʊ ɖɔmpɛɛ taa.
Paa egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛ pʊŋ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩma yɔ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩkɛ mɛlɛnaa nʊmɔʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ ɖɔmpɛɛ kpaɣ hɛkʊ hɔɔlʊʊ mbilim pɩnaɣ tɩŋga. Niika alɩwaatʊ wayi aloma nɛ kamɩŋ fenasɩ taa lɛ, kpakpasɩ kpaɣʊ mɛlɛnaa tɩŋga nɛ ñɩnʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ mɛlɛnaa nɛ yɛlʊʊ mɛlɛnaa wɛna ɛjandʊʊ sɩpɔrɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Bayɩkalɩ kujomuu yɔ. Nʊmɔʊ kɩ-ta ɖɔnɛ ɖanɩɣ pazɩɣ agoza nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenasɩ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔmpɛɛ yɔlʊʊ. Pɩwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, teŋguu ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔ mɛlɛnaa ɖɔm wɛ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ helim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ makɩ nɛ pɩhazɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩtɩŋga payi.


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Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Arabɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Semitiki cejewiye taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ kɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ nɛ Afrɩka kedeŋga taa. Alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-daa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kacaɣlaɣ yaa naalɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ mɩnʊʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ yɔɔdʊʊ Arabɩɩ nɛ Yuda mba tɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Arabɩɩ ajɛyɛ wena lɩm cɔyɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ a-daa kɩŋ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ kpaɖʊ lʊbɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa kɛ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ŋbɛyɛ nɛ malɩŋ takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea taa kʊnʊŋ. Paamʊ nɛ ɖoŋ kɛ Arabɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ajɛyɛ kɛ wɛɛ hɛkʊ taa ñɩna taa lɛ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩmɩza nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɛkʊ egetiye taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Ɛrɔpʊ hɔlɩŋ naayɛ taa kiŋ.
Kɔɔnaɣ lɛ kɩ-kɛ Arabɩɩ mba kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwalɩ kedeŋga sɩm taa ajɛyɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa mbʊ hɔlɩŋ lɛɛna wena atɛkɛ arabɩɩ ajɛyɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kedeŋga yɔ cɩna. Arabɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ajɛyɛ aŋgba sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ loɖo weyi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊ nɔɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ lakɩna tʊmɩyɛ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ wɛna waɖɛ nɛ yuŋ nɛ kɩtɛyɩ kɩ-dɩ. Ɖɩnaɣ arbɩɩ ŋgʊ pamaɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkʊ yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ paweyi ɛnɩʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ. Pamaɣ ŋgʊ yɔ ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-ta doo canaʊ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩfalʊʊ. Arabɩɩ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ pɩlɩna paa egetiye ndi lɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa tɛ ɖama tɔm nɩʊ cɔlɔ.
Pʊtʊnaa mba peyeba nɛ patɩlɩ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ mba yɔɔ, malɩŋ ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ matʊ nɛ canaʊ taa ñɩyɩŋ weyi eyekaa nɛ panɩʊ doo polɩŋ taa tɔm, ʊnʊ yɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm nɛ Ɛntɛrɩɩnɛtɩ. Ɖoo canaʊ pʊdʊ weyi eyeba se arabɩɩ tɔm sakɩyɛ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩfaŋ lɛŋ yɔ yɔ ʊnʊ yɔ matʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ rɔmanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdʊʊ taa wɛna abalɩ masɩ sakɩyɛ sɩkpɛnda nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo kɛ matʊ taa, nɛ halɩ ñɩŋzɩ ñɩʊ sɩkpɛnda cɩkpesɩ nadozo nɛ kɩɖaalasɩ naalɛ kɛ nabʊyʊ taa yɔɔdɔɔ taa. Pama Arabɩɩ tɔm nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩɩ taa.


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Fefeku
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se tɛɛrɩmodinamiki (thermodynamique). Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ taa pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panaɣ ɖeɖe fefeku lɩɣna yɔ. Fefekiŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Fefeku nakʊyʊ taa saɣ miŋ kpaaŋ. Nakʊyʊ taa miŋ ñamaɣna. Nakʊyʊ taa pɩwɛɛ tɛɛm. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yaɣ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-taa sa miŋ kpaaŋ yɔ se «température élevée». Payaɣ fefeku lɛɛkʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «chaleur latente». Payaɣ lɛɛkʊ se «capacité thermique» nɛ payaa lɛɛkʊ se «équation de la chaleur».


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Kpema
Kpema kɛna ɖozi nzi payayɩɣ sɩ-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Tuluŋga taa lɛ, tɩmaatɩ ñɛkɛna ɖozi nzi pahayɩɣ-sɩ sɩ-pee yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ademɛɛ yɔ, kpema tomnaɣ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋhatʊ lɩm yɔ. Ɖenɖe pakɩlʊ kpema hayʊ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛna ɖenɖe wɩsɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖozi sɩnɛ tɩ-taa anaɣm ɖɔɣa kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ anaɣm mbʊ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ: fɛɛrɩ nɛ bʊ pɩhaɣ ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka nɛ alaafɩya camɩyɛ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɩŋ lɛɛŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, mbʊ kpema wɛɛ nɛ kpema tɩŋ yaa tikiŋ nɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ a-yɔɔ kɛ abalaa wɛɛ nɛ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ kɛ halaa ñɛwɛɛ. Pee wɛ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nɛ apʊʊ pɩtɛ lɛ pɩyaɣ nɛ heelim kpakɩɣna-yɛ nɛ piwona lɛɛna yɔɔ. Kpema ɛɛkɩlɩɣ tɛtɛ wondu yaa yaa nakaŋ hɔm nɛ heelim kɩl;;una pee anaa yɛlɩnaʊ.
Ɖooo kiɖetɛɛ lɛ, Pɛrsɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ paalɛɣa kpema tɔɔʊ yaa hayʊʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XII taa kɛ a-tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ tala Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ Catherine de Médicis yɛlɩna kpema tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ kɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-ɛ pɩnaɣ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa pɩlɩɩna tɛʊ cɔlɔ yaa nikaɣ cɔlɔ. Kpema naayɛ wɛ nɛ apɩzʊ atalɩ pɩnzɩ naalɛ nɛ lɛɛna lɛ, alakɩ camɩyɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ lɛ, a-ɖoŋ tɛma. Pacaɣ kpema kɩcaʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ahɔʊ nɛ a-hatʊ kpa camɩyɛ fɛlɛfɛlɛ lɛ pɛsɛtɩ-tʊ nɛ pʊcɔ aɖaanɩ hɔʊ.


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Tisuu you (Croisades)
Tisuu yotu kɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩmaɣnatʊ taa pɩkɛ kɩgbalaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔkʊʊ you wonduu. You ŋgʊ papa haɣna nɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm heyiyu sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ Krɩstʊ mba taa yɔ ɛzɩ Bernard Clairvaux tʊ, yaa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ Frédéric Barberousse. Palakaɣ you ŋgʊ se pɩsa nɛ pehiɣ pasʊʊ Krɩstʊ kɩgbalaŋ lonaa tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa. Abasidi Arabɩ ɛyaa hana waɖɛ ndɩ ɛlɛ, Turiki Seldjoucide mba ɖaŋgɩ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1071 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pamʊ Arabɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɛ Jerusalem.
Tɩpaɣzɩna pɩnaɣ 1095 alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ petisuu Pɩzansɩ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩɖɩzɩyɛ pɩlɩna Turiki ɛyaa yɔɔ. Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ, paakɛ Krɩstʊ mba ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1054 patʊʊ patɩ nɛ Room ɛyaa (siɣu siɣu tɩnaa pɩtɛkɛ Room Katoliki ɛyaa). Tisiɣ yotuwabɩtʊ takpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩɖalɩ nɛ pata tafɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ Saladin lɩmaɣzɩyɛ mbʊ se ɛɖana ɛ-tɩ cɛyʊʊ nɛ ɛha waɖɛ kɩgbalaŋ yɔ, ŋgʊ mba paawɛ lonaa taa yɔ taasɔɔlɩ mbʊ nɛ pacaazɩ Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa nɛ paatasɩɣ-wɛ sɩnaʊ.
Sɔnzɩ tɛ tɔmpiye taa yɔkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, ndɩ pɔɖɔka pɩlɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ yɔ, kpɛndɩna pɩnzɩ 1095-1291 tɛ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Epɩsɩkɔpʊ waa kedɩɣza kɛ Clermont alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Johanɛsɩ Arc kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩnʊ yɔ, nɛ ɛsɩɣna nɔmɔŋ wobu tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa yɔ. Natʊ lɛɛtʊ ñawalɩ pɩtalɩ Lépante you (pɩnaɣ 1571 taa) pɩkpɛndɩna Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ Reconquista ŋgʊ nɛ mba petitisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ tɛ yoŋ tɩŋga.
Kajalaɣ tisiɣ yotupazɩna pɩnaɣ 1096 taa pɩnɛ kɩgbalaŋ naŋgbanzɩ tɩnaa kpaɖaŋ kpaɖaŋ se papɩzɩ paɖanɩ mʊʊ pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paalesa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ arabɩ mba walaɣ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 9. Mbʊ lɛ Jerusalem pɩsa kɩgbalaŋ tɛtʊ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ paɖʊ Latɛŋ Ajɛyɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ñɩna kiɖe, nɛ a-yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ tɩna tisuu yoŋ lʊbɛ kajalaɣ nɩŋ, pɩnzɩ 1147-1291.


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Reich naatozo ŋgʊ (Troisième Reich)
Reich naatozo tɛ ŋgʊ, pɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ Adolph Hitler ɖɩyaɣ yɔ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1933 ŋtalɩ 1945 taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtakizi paɣtʊ mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1933 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye Reich wɛɛ mbʊ nɛ ɖɩkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ hɩɖɛ, kɛ kewiyaɣ nɛ politiki takayasɩ kpeekpe taa nzɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ ma pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1945 taa yɔ. Paa ɖoye, kpaɣna tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1943, tɔmpiye Grossdeutsches Reich sakɩyɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa kaakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ.
Adolf Hitler kaakɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɛ samaɣ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊma laɖaa ŋgbɛɣɛ nʊʊ tʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Caama kʊnʊŋ taa kɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se NSDAP). Tɔmpiye ɛjaɖɛ nɛ samaɣ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ kɛlɛʊ taa Hitler nɛ e-kewiyaɣ tɛ politiki lɩmaɣza wena palaba yɔ nɛ peɖiyuu nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Palɩzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza takayaɣ taa nɛ pɩpɩ ŋgbɛɣɛ hɩɖɛ.
Pɩtɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kaɖala katalɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ, kpaɣna Hitler ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1933 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pagba Reich agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1945 taa, pʊwayɩ lɛ, pagba Karl Dönitz kewiyaɣ kpaagba ŋga.
Fʊlɩsɩ Ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kpaŋgɩyɛ kewiyaɣ, nɛ kɛtɛ kɛkɛ cɛjɛyɛ kewiyaɣ yeke koŋ mbʊ lɛ, Adolf Hitler ɖiyaɣna-kɛ, natozo kewiyaɣ ŋga ɖɩyaɣ se Reich natozo ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ tɩna kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pʊkɔna yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm sakɩyɛ, Yuda ɛyaa ɖɩzɩtʊ (soowa) nɛ Tsigane waa Erɔpʊ taa. Pakʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kalakasɩ yaa ɛyaa ajama.
Sɔndʊʊ kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkaɣ. Kpɩtaŋ naalɛ wayi lɛ, Göring yele nɛ pakpa kpɛnɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa tɛ ɛyaa 10000. Ɛyaa padaa peeɖe lɛ, Ernest Thälmann, KPD ñʊʊ tʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo ŋgʊ wiye. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, salaka tɩna talɩ ɛyaa 30000. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1933 nɛ 1939 hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa 150000 ŋtalɩ 200000 salaka kuduyuŋ taa. Pakʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 7000 nɛ 9000 mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ seɣ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Kabuli
Kabuli tɛtʋ kɛna Afganistanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kabuli tɛtʋ wɛ Afganistanii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakalɩ Kabuli tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 543 700 yɔ nɛ yee pakalʊʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 3 378.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ haɖaa ndɩ ndɩ, kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ mba lɛ Tajiki nɛ patalɩ ɛzɩ kpaɣ 40 nɛ 45 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ, pɩtɩŋna Hazarasii mba (25 %), pɩkaza mba yɔ palɩna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ, tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna wena aɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Peeɖe palakɩ komina kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ.


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Charles Darwin
Palʋla Charles Darwin lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1809 taa Shrewsbury tɛtʋ taa Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 19 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1882 taa Downe tɛtʋ taa, Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Darwin kɛ Britaniiki tʋ. Ɛlaba wezuu lɛɣtʋ (Biologie) yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-halʋ se Emma Wedgwood. Ɛ-pɩɣa hɩɖɛ lɛ George Darwin. E-koou kɛlɛ Francis Galton. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Robert Darwin. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Susannah Wedgwood. Ɛ-cɔzɔ payaɣ se Erasmus Darwin.
Ɛ-takayɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Darwin ma takayɩsɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :
- De l'origine des espèces (1859)
- La Filiation de l'homme et la sélection liée au sexe (1871)
- L'expression des émotions chez l'homme et les animaux (1872)


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ÑƲƲ 4
Maarɩɩ tɩwalɩta, ɛlɛ ɛ nɛ hoɣa
YOSƐƐFƲ NƖWA SE MAARƖƖ NƐ HOƔA
MAARƖƖ PƖSƖ YOSƐƐFƲ HALƲ
Maarɩɩ haɣʋ hoɣa yɔ, pɩlakɩ fenasɩ naanza yɔ. Tɔzɩ se ɛhaɣ hoɣa nɛ pitileɖi lɛ, ewobi ɛ-ɖɛdʋ Elizaabɛɛtɩ weyi ɛɛwɛ Nazarɛɛtɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, Yudee egeetiye taa yɔ, ɛ-cɔlɔ. Ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, Maarɩɩ pɩsɩ ɛ-tɛ Nazarɛɛtɩ. Pɩkazɩ pazɩ pɩkaɣ naʋ kaɣlaa se ɛ nɛ hoɣa. Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna ɛzɩma wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ, tɩwɛɛ nɛ tɩhaɣ-ɩ lɩmaɣza siŋŋ yɔ!
Mbʋ pɩkɩlɩɣ Maarɩɩ haʋ lɩmaɣza yɔ mbʋ yɔ: Peeɖe kafɩnda weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Yosɛɛfʋ yɔ, ɛɖanɩ-ɩ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛnawa se Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ wɩlɩɣ se ye halʋ nɔɔyʋ etisaa nɛ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖanɩ-ɩ nɛ pʋwayɩ eyele ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛ nɛ abalʋ lɛlʋ pasʋʋ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se payaɣ-ɩ kaaŋ nɛ ɛsɩ. (Wayɩ Wayɩ Paɣtʋ 22:23, 24) Pɩkɛ toovenim se Maarɩɩ tɩla acɛyɛ, ɛlɛ pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛwɛɛ ɛpɔzʋʋ ɛ-tɩ se ɛzɩma ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-taa Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ ɛbɛ kaɣ-ɩ talʋʋ?
Maarɩɩ ɖɛ nʋmɔʋ fenasɩ naadozo, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Yosɛɛfʋ wɛɛ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ kpem se ɛna-ɩ. Pɔkɔm nɛ pana ɖama lɛ, Maarɩɩ heyi Yosɛɛfʋ wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ, nɛ ɛñaɣ pana siŋŋ se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa se Ɛsɔ fezuu kiɖeɖeu yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ ɛhaɣ hoɣa. Ɛlɛ pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se pɩwɛɣ kaɖɛ se Yosɛɛfʋ etisi tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ.
Yosɛɛfʋ nawa se Maarɩɩ kɛ halʋ kɩbanʋ nɛ ɛwɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ hɩɖɛ kɩbanɖɛ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛlɛ paa Maarɩɩ ɛñaɣ pana se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ tɔm taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩlakɩ Yosɛɛfʋ ɛzɩ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖʋnɩ-ɩ hoɣa yɔ. Yosɛɛfʋ taañɩnɩɣ se payaɣ Maarɩɩ kaaŋ nɛ ɛsɩ yaa paɖʋ-ɩ fɛyɛ samaɣ ɛzɩdaa, pʋyɔɔ ɛlabɩ lɩmaɣza se ekiziɣ-i mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ye abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛwɛ ɖanɩyɛ taa yɔ, samaɣ ɛzɩdaa lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ palabɩ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ye pacaɣ se ɖanɩyɛ ɛsɩɩ tɩnaɣ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pɛkpɛzɩ nɩŋgbanzɩ nzɩ sɩwɩlɩɣ se pekizi ɖama yɔ.
Yosɛɛfʋ wɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖoo kɔɔ ayu. Ðom kpaɣ-ɩ lɛ, Yehowa tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ɖoziye taa nɛ eheyi-i se: “Taakizi kpaɣʋ ña-halʋ Maarɩɩ se ŋsɩ-ɩ ñɔ-cɔlɔ, ɛhaɣ hoɣa ŋga yɔ, kalɩnɩ fezuu kiɖeɖeu cɔlɔ na. Ɛkaɣ lʋlʋʋ pɩɣa evelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ŋyaa-kɛ se Yesu, . . . mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ŋga kaɣnɩ lɩzʋʋ ka-samaɣ kɩwɛɛkɩm taa.”—Maatiyee 1:20, 21.
Yosɛɛfʋ kʋyɩnɩ ɖom yɔɔ lɛ, pɩlabɩ-ɩ leleŋ siŋŋ se lɛɛlɛɛyɔ, ɛnɩ tɔm taa kpayɩ kpayɩ. Ɛkpaɣ tɔm ndʋ tiyiyu heyi-i yɔ, nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ kpaagbaa. Ɛkpaɣ Maarɩɩ nɛ ɛkɔnɩ ɛ-tɛ. Lakasɩ nzɩ, sɩwɛ ɛzɩ palakʋʋ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ sɔnzɩ yɔ, nɛ nzɩ wɩlɩɣna se lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, Maarɩɩ pɩsɩ Yosɛɛfʋ halʋ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, Yosɛɛfʋ tɩsʋʋnɩ Maarɩɩ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛlɛ kaawɛnɩ Yesu hoɣa yɔ.
Pɩlabɩ fenasɩ cabɩ lɛ, pɩɩwɛɛ se Yosɛɛfʋ nɛ Maarɩɩ weyi ɛwɩzɩ lʋlʋʋ yɔ, pɔñɔɔzɩ pa-tɩ nɛ pakʋyɩ Nazarɛɛtɩ nɛ pɔɖɔ nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pɩɩpɔzaa se pɔɖɔ nʋmɔʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Maarɩɩ wɩzɩ lʋlʋʋ yɔ?


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Tanimarikɩ
Tanimarikɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ hayʊ kiŋ peeɖe ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Sikandinaavi yɔ a-kpeekpe a- taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩ-kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ payaɣ se Kopɛnɩhaagɩ.
Tanimarɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɩyɩ ɖɩ-tɩ tɔm naputozo: kacalaɣ lɛ Tanimarikɩ maɣmaɣ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩ-kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Ferowee yɔ nɛ kpaagbaa hɔɔlʊʊ; kɔyɔ Krowelandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 210 573.
Salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ taa pagalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ pana ɛyaa 5 724 456. Palitiki teŋu nɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hayʊ kiŋ yɔ ɩ-lɩm wadʊ Tanɩmarikɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ piyele ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Suyɛɛdi yɔ, Tanɩmarɩkɩ ɛjaɖɩnɛ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1972 kɛ Abiɖe nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Margrethe Naalɛ-tʊ yɔ ɛɛwɛʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ yɔ; pɩnzɩ 2001 nɛ 2009 taa lɛ, pɩtalɩna Wiyao Anders Fogh Rasmussen se ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ.


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Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ
Tɔmpiye kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ ɖɩkɛ ɖooo kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa. Ɖɩnɩɣ keeke kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ Krɛkɩ kɩlɛɣzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩɩ tɛ Krɛkɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ tɛ Athènes. Tanɩm nɛ sɔndʊʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ, Platon nɛ Aristote pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ lɔŋ laɣsɩ paɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Takayasɩ maʊ taa kɩpaɣlaa panɛyɔ Iliade nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Odyssée kpaɣnɛ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ. Ɛsakuliye ndɩ ɖɩsɩɣ ɖoŋ siŋ kpaɖɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋgaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩ-wala sakɩyɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛnaa taa.
Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Alexandre kɩkɩlʊʊ tʊ yoŋ wabɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye sʊ ɖooo kɩbɩm ñɩnɖɛ taa se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ Room kewiɣsi tɛ ɛsakuliye.
Hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ tɛ fɛʊ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye laba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩza nɛ ɖɩhiɣ yuŋ yaa ɖoŋ weyi Roma taa yɔ, ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa tɩlɩyɛ tɛ ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ arabɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ ñalɩzɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Krɛkɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Pamazɩɣ se mba kɛna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kɩɖe tɩnaa (ɛyaa mba pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ yɔ, Socrate maɣmaɣ nɛ Platon nɛ Aristote nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛ mbʊ yɔ). Mba lubina cɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pamaɣzɩɣ se mba tʊlɩna lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm piye piye ñɩnʊʊ (tomnasɩ dɔnɛ tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ akɔnta labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma). Krɛkɩ matʊ hiɣ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo tɩlasɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɩtatalɩ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ pamazɩyaa Room mba yɔ.
Yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛpʊdʊʊ yuŋ tʊ weyi ɛtɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ paɣlaka kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga taa. Krɛkɩ taa maɣzɩm tɩnaa laɖaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ Aristote mbʊ yɔ tɔŋ se yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe tɛ kaʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna Krɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, ŋgʊ lalaa ñɔtɔndʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɛ.


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Kɔnɛtɩkuti
Kɔnɛtɩkuti kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Kɔnɛtɩkuti taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Hartford nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Bridgeport.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Kɔnɛtɩkuti nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩɖɔɔ nɛ ajɛya wena-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Rood Ayilandi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Masacusɛtɩ piyel Niwu Yɔɔrki ñɛwɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.
Pamaza Kɔnɛtɩkuti ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 14 371 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñbɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 12 560 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 181 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 12,60 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ kagbaanzɩ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 3 574 097 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 29 yɔ.
Payaɣ Kɔnɛtɩkuti ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Dan Malloy (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Chris Murphy (D) nɛ Richard Blumenthal (D). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ: Eŋgilisi.


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Hatʊ ɖozi
Ɖozɩ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ kɛ ɖozɩ hatʊ ñɩɣʊʊ kɩtɔɔʊ tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Kpayɩ tʊʊzʊtʊ taa lɛ, paɖanɩɣ-tʊ cɔlʊʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, tɔm kpoŋ sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩwalɩ pɩtalɩ kpɛŋgbɛsɩ kɩtɔɔsɩ, nɛ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, pahayʊʊ-sɩ (Paarii kpɛŋgbɛka nɛ shii-také, nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ) nɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ naayɛ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ sakɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɖooo hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ liɖe (karɔtɩ), camɖɩyɛ (céleri), hayʊʊ (saladɩ ñɩɣʊʊ hayʊʊ), hɛɖʊʊ (artichaut), tɩŋ piye (kpɛnzʊʊ kizokuu), añɔm (kaabʊ), hɛyɛ (tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ) yaa piye (samɩɖɛ).
Tɔm piye ndɩ ɖɩwɩlɩkɣ pɩlɩnɛ mbʊ ɖozi hayʊʊ ñɩɣʊʊ kɩhayʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ hatʊ yɔ. Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ ha ɛsɛ nɛ tɩŋ piye ɛlɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, patɩzɩɣ yaa pɔtɔkɩ ɛzɩ ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ yaa tɩŋ piye. Kɩhaɣ ɛsɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖozi taa yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ ñɩɣtʊʊ ndʊ palakɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa ɛlɛ pɛtɛ pawazaɣ tɛkɛ kʊyʊm, paa pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖozɩ hatʊ ñɩɣtʊʊ kɩtɔɔtʊ.
Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɔnasɩ kɩbanzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖozi ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ hɩlaa walaa. Pɩkɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa fɛyɩ nandʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋgʊʊ nandʊʊ yaa kpakpasɩ ñanaɣ tɔɔnaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa tɩŋ pee kɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔŋ taa pɩsɩnɛ kɩtɩŋgʊʊ tɛlɛm naa mba pa-taa wɛ ɖɔm yɔ. Payaɣ-wɛ se leleŋ-ɖɔm (leleŋ-ɖɔm ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ). Ɛlɛ tɔm piye ɖozi hayʊʊ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛna tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊʊ tobi alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-tɛkɛ pɩyʊʊ ɛzɩ tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ yaa mɔʊ, nandʊʊ nɛ kpakpasɩ yeke koŋ tɩŋgʊʊ nɛ ɖozi hatʊ ñɩɣʊʊ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ ŋnɛʊ tɛ wonduu.
Tɔm piye hatʊ ñɩɣtʊ tɔɔnaɣ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pasɩma-ɖɩ Fransɩɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1531 pɩlɩnɛ canaʊ tɔm kɛdʊʊ Robert nɛ kɩlɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa legumen tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hatʊ nɩɣtʊʊ tɛ pee yɔ. Kɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ kɩkɛ halʊʊ. Kɩwɩlɩɣ kajalaɣ taa kɛ hatʊ ñɣtʊʊ pee nɛ mʊlʊm pee tɩŋ weyɩ ɖooo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, pɩkɛ tɩŋ kɩtɔɔŋ. Hatʊ ñɩɣtʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ lɛɛŋ yaa patɩzʊʊ. Kɩkɛ kɩtɩŋgʊʊ tɛlɛm taa nɛ papɩzɩɣ pakpɛndɩ patɩzɩnɛ nandʊʊ yaa patɩzɩɣ hɔlʊʊ hɔlʊʊ.
Ɖozi hatʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ, wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ, paa sɩ-tɛ tɔɔʊ ɛwɛ keeke nasɩyɛ yɔ kɛnɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ tʊʊzʊʊ taa tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ nɛ ŋbaŋtɩŋ nɛ awihɛyɛ nɛ tɩmatɩ nɛ suu nɛ kaabʊ. Nɛ yee ɖɩmaɣzɩna Eerɔpʋ kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se paasɩma ɖozi hatʊ natʊyʊʊ nɛ pɔtɔkaɣ-tʊ ɖooo canaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Kɛntuukii
Kɛntuukii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Firziinii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Misuurii ; piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Ilnuwa, Ɛndiyaanaa nɛ Ohiyo. Louisville Kɛntuukii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Frankfɔrtɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Luwiivil.
Pamaza Kɛntuukii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 104 749 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 102 989 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 760 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 1,7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 15 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1792. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 339 667 yɔ.
Payaɣ Kɛntuukii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Matt Bevin (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Mitch McConnell (R) nɛ Rand Paul (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ.


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Adam Smith
Adam Smith kɛ Ekɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1723 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛwɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, ɛwɛ maɣzɩm taa kɛnɛ.
Ɖajaa Adam Smith sɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1790 n̄ɩŋga taa. Kirkcaldy tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Kirkcaldy tɛtʋ kɛ Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ. Ɛ-lakasɩ taa fɛyɩ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ weyi ɛtʋʋza yɔ. Ɛlakɩ mɛnfɛyɩ n̄ʋʋ lakasɩna. Toovenum lɛ, ɛ-lakasɩ kɛkɛ kɩbanzɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, sɩkɩla ɖoŋ samaɣ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ samaɣ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ kpandʋ.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣza cukaŋ n̄ɩna siŋŋ kɔyɔ se ɛtɩlɩ ɛyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ mbʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ yɔ siŋŋ. Ɖɩzɩma mbʋ size paa weyi ɛkɛ filozɔɔfʋ, ɛlɛ, ɖajaa Adam Smith lɩmaɣza kɩlɩ yuŋ nɛ atɛ awɛɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ lalaa ñɩna.
Paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, ɖajaa Adam Smith wɛ lim lim maɣzɩm taa kɛnɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ n̄ɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Adam Smith kɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɔsʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ n̄alɩmɩyɛ. Ekula samaɣ ɛsɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛwɩla ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma lɔnzɩnɖɛ nɛ lɛɣtʋ pa-nʋmɔŋ. Ɖajaa Adam Smith tɔm pama caanaʋ takayaɣ taa size, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ lɔŋ tʋ weyi, pʋmʋnaa size payaɣ size Tɔsʋʋ Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ yaa sɔnɔ n̄ɩndʋ Caa yɔ.
Ɖajaa Adam Smith Ekosi tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ soliɣa. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɔŋ, ɛtasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛlɛ sɩkɩ. Ɛlɩzɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Paya ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga se The Wealth of Nations (Pʋtɔbʋʋ se "Ajɛɛ n̄ɩm"). Pɩnaɣ 1776 ñɩŋa taa ɛlɩza-kɛ.


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Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1970 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Mouammar Kadhafi. Palʋlɩ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1942 taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʋlʋm pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛlɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-caa calɩ labʋ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ lɛ, eɖeke ɛlʋlaa. E-ɖoo payaɣ Fatiha al-Nuri. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɔʋ taa ɛ-ɖalaa lɛlaa yɔ, Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba Liibii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba tamaɣ lɩzʋʋ tɛ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ ka-takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋga taa. Liverpool tɛtʋ taa ɛlaba e-sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛkɛŋna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ kaŋgalafunaa ndɩ ndɩ lɩzʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ.
Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-tʋma yɔɔ cɩnɩyʋ. Ɛkataɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe pombo mabʋ aleɣya ñʋndɩnaa nɛ ɛ wɛ palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza pombo mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Pa-katʋʋ mbʋ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɛkɔma ehiɣ tɔm nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ hɔʋ taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-ɖalʋ ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Saadj. Ɛlɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pombo mabʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.


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Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza
Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza, pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kewiyitu tɛyɩtʊ nɛ aŋgba hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ɛkɛ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ piyeke. Nɔɔnɔ wɛɛ wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ ñɩkɩɣ niiye ɛzɩma ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ kpɛnda ɖama taa (ɛzɩ, ɛyaa mba pakʊyɩ pa-ajɛyɛ taa pɛɖɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ pacaɣ peeɖe yaa ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊcɔ lɛɣzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ɛyaa mba paba ñɩkɩɣ niiye yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔɔdaɣ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ).
Ɛzɩ ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki tɔm, palɩzɩ pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena ñɩndʊ. Amerika taa kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ politiki tɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ kpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnaza nɛ naalɛ. Pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena taa lɛ, wena a-tɔm kɩlɩɣ kɩjɛyʊʊ yɔ ana yɔ. Ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, ɛgbaadɩyɛ yaa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm, tʊkaɣ politiki tɔm, caca naa wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, samaɣ tʊma tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɛ politiki tɔm.
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 5 nɛ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa papazɩ politiki tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩɣ da-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna ɛzɩ Platon (pɩnzɩ -427 ŋtalɩ -347) nɛ Aristote (pɩnzɩ -384 ŋtalɩ -322) yaa canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa ɛzɩ Thucydide pɩnzɩ -460 ŋtalɩ -395) mba pazɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naa tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ, nɛ pɩwalɩɣ halɩ pɩñɔtɩna komina tɩlɩyɛ.
Siini samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛna kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ mandarinat, nɛ wɛɛ ana ataa tɩpaza. Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki kɩndɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm laɣsɩ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm, waɖɛ yaa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm
Rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 104 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rf. Pɩnaɣ 1964 pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ sukuli kɩkpɛndʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa (JINR) Doubna tɛtʊ taa wɩlɩɣ palaba kajalaɣ pʊtʊ 104. Labɩnaʊ pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ Soviyetiki ñɩma ñanaza plʊtɔnɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yɔɔ, mba pɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ 113-115 Mev yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1969 lɛ, Berkeley sukuli ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Kaliforni kɩtɛzʊʊ yɔ kɩ-taa ñɩnɩyaa la pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩna kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm -249 nɛ karɩbɔnɩ -12. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ se paapɩzɩ paɖanɩɣ paɣzʊʊ mbʊ Soviyetiki lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa kaalaba.
Pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ haʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ. Soviyetiki ɛyaa papa se mba kaalɛna-ɩ naʊ kajalaɣ Doubna nɛ pɔpɔzɩ se paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se dubnium (Db) yaa kurchatovium (palɩzɩ frasɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kourchatovium yaa ɖeyi ɖeyi taa lɛ kourtchatovium, Ku), Igor Vassilievitch Kourtchatov hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kaakɛ Soviyetiki pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Amerika ɛyaa papa se rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm (Rf), pɩlɩna Ernest Rutherford hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ.
UICPA kpaɣ mbʊ hɩɖɛ se unnilquadium (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Unq), pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1997 nɛ lɩmaɣza lɛɛzɩ kpɛlɩ mbʊ nɛ paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se rʊtɛrfɔrdɩyɔm nɛ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ 105 kɛlɛ pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-ɩ se dʊbnɩyɔm


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Triipoolii (Liibii)
Triipoolii kɛna Afrika keteŋa taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ payaɣ se Liibii. Triipoolii kɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ t-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛŋaʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Tadɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ taɖɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɛ camlɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ wɛɛ. Triipoolii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 600 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 600. Pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 682 000.
Triipoolii tɛtʊ wɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ kañimbusaɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩhɔ-lʊʊ nakʊyʊ sʊ Mediteranee teŋgu taa.
Ɛzɩ ɛjɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñʊntɩnaa ñɩnʊʊ se pana lɛɛtʊ taa ñɩma paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pala taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Triipoolii tɛtʊ taa ñɩma nɛ ajɛya nayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ se pɛ-tɛtʊ ewobina camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Saraajevoo (Pɔsini Hɛrizigooviini), Pɛlɩgiraadii (Sɛribii), Alizee(Alizeerii), Pelo Horizonte (Pɛliziki), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Tasikɛntɩ (Usibekisitani) nɛ Naaplɩ (Itaalii).


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Ladibiye
Ladibiye kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɛna ɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ yɔ. Ladibiye wɛ ladɩyɛ yaa hɩnɛ cɔlɔ kpam. Ladibe kpɛnda naalɛ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ladibiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɖɩtasɩ kpaʊ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛpɛlɩ ɛ- kpɩnɛ nɖɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna kpaʊ yekɛ, ɛlɛ ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛ-kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɛlɩɣ-ɖɩ. Ladibe wɛna waɣzaɣ sɔsɔwa sɩŋŋŋ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wezu caɣʊ taa.
Ladibe taa kɛ kɩjɛbɛyʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩsaŋ se ɛyʊ ɛsʊna halʊ lɛ, ɛna ɛhalʊ ɛnʊ pakɩjɛbɛyɩŋ kpɛndɩɣ lɛ, pɩla se hɔɔ kɔma pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ palʊilɩu pɩɣa. Pɩtasɩɩna pɩya lʊlʊʊ yeke. Ladibe taa kɛ hɩm cakɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩɩ-pʊ. Ñɩnɩya ñɩna nɛ pana se, ɛyʊ calɩm taa lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɩtasʊ-ɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, ladibe hɔŋna-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ nɛ pisidi hɩm taa.


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Hʊyʊʊ ɖʊʊ (Assurance)
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ (Assurance) kɛnɛ ɛyʋ pɩyʋ fevere n̄ɩm keem sɔsɔm. Pɩkɛ mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ siŋŋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ yaa cɛɣtʋʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ taa yɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ size ɛmɛɛsɩ ɛn̄ɩm yaa ɛtɔsʋʋ kɛ ceeɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɛyʋ kpakʋ nɛ ɛsɩɩɖɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size wiɖii yaa kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ wiye natʋyʋ ɛtalɛyɛ yaa ehuu kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ lɛ pɩɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʋ wezuu kɩpaŋgʋ camɩyɛ caʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
ʋ kʋyʋʋ ɖoli size cee Ɛyʋ ɖʋpɩɩsɩna-yɔ nɛ eehuu n̄ʋʋ yabɩtʋʋ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛ-taalɛyɛ kɔyɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna liidiye yaa n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ ɖʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size ɛɛmʋʋɖɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛʋ kɛdɛɖaɣ taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyakʋ labʋ, yaa kɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄ɩm.
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa liidiye cɔʋʋ ɖʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ pɔcɔʋʋ ɖɩ-taa liidiye nɛ pɛcɛlʋʋ cɔyaa takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩʋ size, yee wiɖiye nabɩyʋ yaa tɔm natʋyʋ ɛtala pa-taa nɔyʋʋ kɔyɔ paɖʋyɛ nesi yɔ. Paayeki ɛyʋ yeɣyeɣ nesi kpɛɖɛ kɛ ɛcɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Liidiye cɔʋʋ tamaɣ yaa lɩmaɣza kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size, paaɖʋyɩ nesi alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kaɖɛ tɔm yaa kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ talɩ-ɩ lɛ yɔ. Yee ɖɩkpakʋʋ tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ ɖɩnɩʋ walanzɩ kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩm yaa tɔsʋʋ ɖɔkʋʋ camɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ; nakʋyʋ kɩkɛwa.


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Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg kɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ amʊza tʊ Amerika, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 Cincinnati tɛtʊ taa (Ohio). Ɛwɛ kpaɣɖʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa kɛ Hollywood kɩfalʊʊ taa pɩnzɩ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛla kajalaɣ blockbuster sɩnɩma tɔm. Teŋgu kela. Ɛ-tɛ hiɣ tɩŋɩ ɖama lɔŋ lɔŋ (E.T. l'extra-terrestre, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park) nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ehiɣ tɔsʊʊ huu camɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se The Entertainment King pʊtɔbʊʊ se tanaʊ wiyaʊ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlana Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education nɛ pɛ-tɛ lɩmaɣza kɔyɔ se pehiɣ Shoah ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɛ-ɛsa yɔ tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peheyi-tʊ piyaa cikpema, nɛ pɩɩpɩsɩ kɩɩsɔʊ ndʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ ɛtatasɩ wɛʊ kaʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛmʊ mɔnɔ yɔɔ samtʊ nimiye Piritaniiki Ampiiri (KBE) ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001. Palaba pɩtɛ sɔnzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 2001 Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ loniye taa caɣya tʊmʊyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Wasiŋtoŋ tɛtʋ taa.
Spielberg mʊ ɛ-tɩɩtɩŋa kɩhɛyɩŋ niitozo ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ se Osɩcarɩ waa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ lɩzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ ñɩma naalɛ pɩnzɩ 1994 nɛ 1999. Steven Allan Spielberg, palʊla-ɩ Cincinnati (Ohio) saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ Yuda ɛyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Arnold Spielberg ɛnʊ lɩzɩna anasayɩ ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Orɩdɩnatɛrɩ GE-225 yɔ. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Leah Posner. Ɛwɛna kɔnaa natozo Anne Spielberg nɛ Sue Spielberg nɛ Nancy Spielberg.
Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛwɛɛ New Jersey tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Arizona tɛtʊ. Ɛtawazɩɣ pɩyʊ sakɩyɛ sukuli ɛlɛ ɛpazɩɣ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɩnɩma tɔm, ɛlɛ masɩ nzɩ pahayɩ-ɩ ɛtakayɩ hatʊ kɩmazɩtʊ yɔɔ yɔ taahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛsʊ sɩnɩma sukuli ŋgʊ e-liu sɔɔla yɔ, pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛsʊ Arcadia maɣzʊʊ tɛ sukuli taa, Phoenix. Ɛkalɩ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ palɩzɩ anjaʊ naa yɔ, nɛ ɛyɩkɩɣ mba EC Comics kaasusi pɔ-tɔm.


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UE ŋgbɛyɛ
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya wɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE ŋgbɛyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlakɩ politiki tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩlʋkɩ siŋŋ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya tɔsɩŋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) nɩŋna ɖama nɛ aɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Ajɛya ana, a-walanzɩ tɩŋɛ kɛ km2 waa 4,5 miiliyɔɔ. Ajɛya ana, a-tɩŋa a-taa ɛyaa yaa samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 510. UE ŋgbɛyɛ ajɛya tɔzɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɛʋ ɛsɩndaa kedeŋa yɔɔ.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya laba kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ naalɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2009 ñɩŋa taa. Palaba nakɛyɛ Maastriche tɛtʋ taa nɛ pâla lɛɛka Room tɛtʋ taa. Kedizasɩ naalɛ nzɩ sɩkpaɣna paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se UE ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ piɖena ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ajɛya tɩŋa yɔ. UE ajɛya laba ɖɔɖɔ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Lisbonne tɛtʋ taa nɛ patasɩ paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛtʋ kpaɣʋ se UE ajɛya ɛtɩŋna tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. UE ajɛya kewiisi taa ɛyaa tɔʋ caca nɛ palɩzɩ UE ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. UE ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ labʋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. UE ŋgbɛyɛ ajɛya tɛ Minisi waa wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ labʋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛlɛ, UE ŋgbɛyɛ kedizaɣ taa pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa ḿba, pɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ nɛ palɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. UE ŋgbɛyɛ tɔm hʋʋ pɩlɩʋ lʋkɩna nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩña UE ŋgbɛyɛ tɛ waɖɛ camɩyɛ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pa-taabalɩyɛ ɖʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, ɛyɔɔda tɔm natʋyʋ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1950 taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Minisi ɛnʋ, payaɣ-ɩ se Robert Schuman.
Toovenum lɛ, tɔm ndʋ Minisi ɛnʋ ɛyɔɔdaa yɔ tiyebina nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa politiki laɖaa sɔsaa nabɛyɛ tɛsɩna seɣtuu Eerɔp tɛtʋ taa ajɛya siŋŋ nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ kpa ɖoŋ. Ɖajaanaa ḿba, pa-hɩla yɔ : ɖajaa Konrad Adenauer nɛ ɖajaa Jean Monnet nɛ ɖajaa Alcide De Gasperi. :Dajaanaa panɛ peyebina nɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ ñɔ. Pa-hɩla sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1951 taa Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya loɖo naayɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya loɖo ana, akpɛndʋʋ nɛ alakɩ aka nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se asiyee (acier) yɔ pʋ-tʋma.
Ajɛya wena ayeba nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ yɔ, anaa yɔ : Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɛlɩziiki nɛ Fransɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Lukizambuuri ne Peyibaa. Pɩnaɣ 1957 taa UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 1973 taa lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya naadozo naayɛ sʋʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ [[Irilandɩ[] nɛ Kewiisi kpɛndʋʋ.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ tasɩ walʋʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩlɩɩna ajɛya naayɛ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya naayɛ tasɩ sʋʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Krɛɛsɩ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Pɔɔrɩtigaal. Krɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1981 ñɩŋa taa nɛ piyele Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔɔrɩtigaalɩ alɛ sʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋa taa.


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Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ kɛna pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm tɛ lɛɣzɩtʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakasɩ yeki nɛ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm lɛɣzɩ wɛtʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm lɛɣzɩɣ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ñɩɩɩ waa mba pɛwɛ pʋyʋ kɩlɩzɩm taa yɔ, pɛlɛɣzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ wɛtʋ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ lɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ñɩɩɩ waa mba pɛwɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa nabɛyɛ ñakɩ nɛ pa-taa lɛlaa ñɛwɛɛ. Pa-taa mba pañakɩ yɔ, mbaa payaɣ se kɔ kijoza.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛlɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ lɛ, tomnasɩ kidesiduu waa lɩɣ. Tomnasɩ kidesiduu waa mba payaɣ se kɔ kijoza tɛ wondu.
Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Lavoisier laba tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ lɛɣzɩtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛ-tʋma hana nʋmɔʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ tɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖaa tɩlɩ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ wɛtʋ lɛɣzʋʋ lakɩ, ɛlɛ, hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛlɛɣzɩɣ.
Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Lavoisier kaɖa kpayɩ se ‘Nabʋyʋ eeleki, paalɩɣzɩɣ nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ; pɩtɩŋɛ pɩlɛɣzɩɣ wɛtʋ kɩlɛɣzʋ.’


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Mark Twain
Mark Twain hɩɖɛ keekee kɛlɛ Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mark Twain kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1835 n̄ɩŋga taa.
E-egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ payaɣ size Florida egeetiye. Egeetiye nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣtʋ size Missouri yɔ tɩ-taa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Samuel Langhorne Clemens sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1910 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Redding. Redding tɛtʋ wɛɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣtʋ size Connecticut yɔɔ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ pɩtɩnɩ pʋ yɔ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ (75) mbʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mark Twain kɛna maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, takʋʋ nɛ tɔm ɖɛzʋʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ lɛɛn taa takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ masɩma matʋmɩyɛ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Amerika tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛnɛ ɖɔɖɔ, aleɣya tanaŋ nɛ woŋa lakasɩ laɖʋ. Ɛlaba sɔjɛɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ..


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Arikitiki Lɩŋamʊʊ
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛna lɩŋamʋʋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩɩ kɛ Lɩŋamɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 14 000 000 km2 ɖeke yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ lɛɛŋ kpeekpe ta. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna teŋgʊnaa mba pɛwɛ Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, teŋʊnaa mba pɛwɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ haʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Lɩŋamɩŋ mba pɛwɛna Azii taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩnɛ mba paba wɛ Amerika yɔ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Atilantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, pielen Barents teŋgʊ nɛ fram lɩm ɖɔɖɔ tiki kɩ-taa.
Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se beriŋgi yɔ kɔyɔɔ. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 038 km2 yɔɔ nɛ ki-cukaŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 000 yɔ. Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ taa lɛ nikaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɩ wɛ peeɖe kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ ɖeke paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ yolim taa lɛ, ɖoluu ñɛwɛna paa ɖooye nɛ wɩsɩ ñɛwɛɣna ñaɣʊ yɔɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa.
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-kitiiliŋ yɔ nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ atalɩɣ ɛzɩ 400 yɔ. Tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ taa se (ours) Urisi yɔ. Krɛkɩ taa lɛ, urisi tɔbʊʊ se Arikitosi mbʊ yebina nɛ payaɣ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ se Arikitiki. Urisinaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pamaɣza kʊɖʊm kɛ kɩlo yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛtalɩɣ kilonaa ɛzɩ 800 yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩɣ taa payɩ lɛ, urisi kɩlɩɣna nandʊ tɔɔʊ kɛ tɛtɛt kpɩna kpeekpe taa. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ fokinaa nɛ kpagbasɩ, ɛlɛ yee kitehiu pɩ-taa nabʊyʊ kɔyɔ, lɩm huluu kɛ kɩtɔkɩ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ wɛ Arikitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi.


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Haɖaʋ
Haɖaʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa hayɩm tɔmɩyɛ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "agriculture". Haɖaʋ kɛna samaɣ paa ŋga lɛ ka-tʋmɩyɛ. Haɖaʋ kɛ tɛtʋ yɔ tʋmɩyɛ kajalaɣ nɖɛ. Ɛyʋ wezuu keekee wɛ haɖaʋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Hayɩm tʋmɩyɛ taa pehikuu wezuu caɣʋʋ tɔɔnaɣ.
Paa egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ŋtala kɔyɔ, ŋna size haɖʋ yaa hayɩm tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Pɩkɛna tɛtʋ yɔ tʋmɩyɛ. Papɩsʋʋ tɛtʋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ nɛ poɖuu yaa pɔsɔ tɔɔnaɣ kʋtɔwaa. Ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa n̄ɩm kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna kɛ tɔɔnaɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ lone kajalaɣ nɖɛ.
Pahayʋ nɛ pehuu tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pɔcɔnana ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ yɔ n̄ɩm wazʋʋ ɛyʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ n̄ɩtʋ nɛ cɔka mbɩ yɔ, pɩkɛna mʋzʋŋ kɛ haɖaʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Tɛtɛ kpɩna kpeekpee pɩndʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛna mʋzʋŋ kɛ haɖaʋ yaa hayɩm tʋmɩyɛ taa.
Haɖaʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukili kɛ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa nɛ tʋma yaa kɩkpɛndʋ kɩ-taa tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ kɛ pɩkpaʋ nɛ ɖoo kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa yɔ. Haɖaʋ sukili ŋgʋ kɩ-taa peeɖe pɛkpɛlɛkʋʋ haɖaʋ lɛɣtʋ, tɛtʋ mʋzʋŋ ɖʋʋ, tɛtʋ kɩ-pandʋ tɩlʋ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ haɖaʋ.
Haɖaʋ kɛ tɔɔnaɣ paa ŋga kaɖɩn̄ɩnɩyɛ. Peyeba haɖaʋ kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ kɔyɔ, nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ size ɛpɩzʋ nɛ ɛ-danɩ caɣʋʋ yaa ɛwɛ wezuu. Tɔɔnasɩ kɩhayɩsɩ nasɩyɛ hɩla kɔyɔ : saamɩla, sona, mɔʋ, mɩsɩ, sooja, hɛɛ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ sakɩyɛ.


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Polivi
Polivii kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Pirezili, Paraguwe, Arizantini, Siilii nɛ Peruu. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖifɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ na kʊyʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ Erɔpɩ mba pazɩɣ-ɖɩ kpacayʊ lɛ, Polivii kaakɛna Inkaawaa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ kɛ Amrika nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Kolombʊtʊ kɔɔ yɔ. ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩna 1809 lɛ, you laba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 16 yɔ fayɩɩ pʊcɔ nɛ payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Simon Bolivar.
Polivii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa keyiyaɣ kpelaɣ wɛ tɛtʊ ñnʊʊtʊ nesi tɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nakʊ. Peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ nɛ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 43 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Tʊma wena palakɩ yɔ a-taa kɔyɔ haɖaʊ, tɩŋ sɔʊʊ nɛ piyiiŋ lɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ: étain, argent, yaa litiyɔm. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa Amerika ilemiye taa ɛndɩ mba waa wɛɛ, pisidam waa ɖɔɖɔ, Erɔpɩ mba, Aazii mba nɛ Afrika maba ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-kʊ komina tʊma taa peeɖe yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛzɩ aymara nɛ kesua yɔ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komɩna tʊma taa yaa pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɛkpɛndɩ 37, an yɔ: ayimara, arawɔna, bɔrɩ, besiro, kanisana, kavineña, kayubaba, saokobo, simaŋ, ese ɛja, ɛsɩpañɩ, kuarani, kuarasuwe, kuarayu, itonama, kalawaya, leko, masineri, maropa, mojeño-trinitario, mojeño-iñasiano, more, moseteŋ, movima, pakahuara, pukina, kesua, siriono, takana, tapiyete, toromona, uru-sipaya, wisi, yaminahua, yuki, yurakare nɛ zamuco.


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Astatɩ
Astatɩ, paasɩma-ɩ ɖooo alɩwaatu natʊyʊ taa nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ eka-iode yaa alabame, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 85 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ At. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Astatɩ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ astatine, pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ yɔɔ astatos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩ ɖiɣɖiɣ). Pɩnaɣ 1869, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Dimitri Mendeleïv susaɣa ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa tɛ caɣyɛ kpata lɛ, ɩyɔdɩ tɛ kaawɛ hooo. Pʊcɔ posusi keelee ɛ-tɛ natʊ tɔm lɛ, paaya-ɩ se éka-iode (eka-iodine Ɛnglɩsɩ taa), nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛɛwɛ ɩyɔdɩ tɛɛ kɛnɛ. Lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa takɩ cɛyɩ pa-tɩ se paana-ɩ kedeŋga taa, ɛzɩma ɛtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, natʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ cɛtɩm tɔm.
Kajalaɣ pɩɣyɩɣ pɩlɩna éka-iode yɔɔ yɔ paalaba-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1932 pɩtɩŋna Fred Allison nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩnaa mba paawɛ Alabama laɣsɩ sakɩyɛ sukuli taa (ŋgʊ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ Auburn sukuli sɔsɔʊ). Ɛyaa mba paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se alabame (alabamine Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa) pɩlɩna Alabama nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɛ Am, pʊwayɩ yɔɔ pɛlɛza nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Ab.
Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ab kaakɛ pʊtʊ 85 takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 lɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Rajendralal De yɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ 85 natʊ tɔm pɩtɩŋna monazite ŋgʊ ɛyaa se dakin yɔ (pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Dacca yɔ) nɛ dekhine.


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Pɛliziki
Pɛliziki kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Fransɩ, Peeyii-Baa, Caama, Lugizamburi nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ teŋgu. Politiki hɔɔlɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ajɛya cikpena nayɛ kpɛndaa nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ kpɛm yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya looɖo wena acalɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ se aɖʊ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Pɛlɩzɩkɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa, Burukisɛɛlɩ, kɛ ketiizasi sɔsɔsɩ ɛzɩ Erɔpɩ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya ketiizaɣ, Erɔpɩ lɔntasɩya ketiizaɣ nɛ Erɔpɩ taa tɔm heyiyaa akpeɣla palakɩ-sɩ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ OTAN ketiizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ tɩɩtɩŋɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ walanzɩ kilomɛta akpaba naalɛ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 30 528 yɔ nɛ ɖi-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaahiu nɛ kʊɖʊm yɔ.
Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Erɔpɩ hɔɔlɩɣ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ caama tɔm yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɛwɛ Romani yɔ ɛ-hɛkʊ taa; pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ wɛɛ kpayɩ: mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ neyeeɖɛrilanɖi yɔ nɛ fransɩ mba. Kacalaɣ taa mbaw wɛ ɛzɩ 57 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ fransɩ mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ 43 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ caama yɔ pɔdɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ komina sima mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo caanaʊ taa lɛ, Pɛlɩzɩkɩ, Peeyii-Baa tɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ Lugizamburi ajɛya anɛ aawɛ kpɛ̂ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Peeyii-Ba nɛ pɩɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ Penelukisi yɔ zalanzɩ.
Pɛlizk nɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ kpeelina nɛ alɩzɩ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ Benelux kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kagbanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1944, pɩtasɩna Erɔpɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna charbon nɛ acier yɔ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ litoozo pɩnaɣ 1951 nɛ Roma ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kɛ lakɩŋ fena 25 pɩnaɣ 1957.
Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ awiya ɖiyuna nɛ ɖi-wiyau kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩzɩkɩ Philippe; ɛkɛna wiyau lʊbɛ ñɩnʊ ɖooo hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 2013. Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ɖɔɔ ɛlɛ katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyɩɣ, pʊwayɩ lɛ, malɩŋ, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kaɖɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ Yuɖa mba ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, krɩstʊ mba ŋgbɛyɛ, Puudaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ Yehova aseɣɖe ñɩindɛ.


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Kinaŋ acɛyɛ
Kinaŋ acɛɣɛ, Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Ödipuskomplex, pɩkɛ tɔm keem natʊyʊ maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Sigmund Freud lɩzɩna-tʊ kɛ ɛ-kajalaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩtʊ kɔɔ ɖeɖe, pɩkɛ maɣzɩm fɛyɩ tɛ kʊzʊʊ tɔm mbʊ se ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-caa yaa e-ɖoo pasʊʊ yɔ (kinaŋ acɛɣɛ nɛ pɩlakɩ pʊ-tʊ ɛzɩ ɛɛkʊ ɛ-caa weyi ɛyaɣ-ɩ se ɛpaɖaa yɔ. Roger Perron cɔlɔ lɛ, siduu siduu tɛ kinaŋ kʊzʊʊ yɔ pɩkɛ kpeekpe cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛɛ laɣsɩ nɛ ɛyaa ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pɛkɛ caa yaa ɖoo, kɛlɛ pʊhɔŋ. Kɛlɛ Freud cɔlɔ lɛ, yee abalɩpɩɣa ñʊʊ taa ɛfɛyɩ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛsʊʊna e-ɖoo nɛ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ kʊʊ ɛ-caa kɔyɔ ɛkɛ kiŋaŋ tɛ acɛɣɛ ɛyʊ.
Siduu siduu kʊzʊʊ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɔna ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tʊma pilinzi hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa. Kɛlɛ tɔmpee naalɛ yɔɔ keekee kɛ pañɩɣ nesi, kajalaɣ lɛ palaba ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ peyeba nɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwalɩ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa nɛ naalɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ peyeba nɛ pekiziɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Roger Perron cɔlɔ lɛ paya mbʊ se siduu siduu kʊzʊʊ yɔ tɔm ndʊ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩtɛma wɛʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ taa cɔʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1895 yɔ peeɖe Freud ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna ñʊʊ taa cɔʊʊ kʊdɔŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ, peeɖe ɛñɩɣ niiye ɛzɩma piseɣtiɣ pɩɣa kʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ka-caa wɛɛ yɔ.
Siduu siduu tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛʊ mbʊ yɔ tɩwɛ pɩɣa cɔlɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kaɖɩna palʊʊ yɔ, mbʊ tɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖoŋ. Mbʊ Freud cɔnɩna nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛna nɛ pɩtɩŋna takʊʊ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ pɩcɛlɩna ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kajalaɣ lɛ pɩɣa kisiɣna kɔ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa yɔɔ nɛ ŋcɔna kɔyɔ pɛ-tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ taa lɛ, kʊzʊʊ tɔm eekiziɣ wɛʊ kɛlɛ piwokina-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñɩma yɔɔ kiŋ.


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Aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ
Aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩtʊɣʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ Room yɔ pɩnaɣ 1534, nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ pɩkɩlɩna Ɛŋglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kaacaɣ ajɛyɛ wena a-ñʊŋ yɔɔ yɔ a-taa. Yee ɖɩlɩ Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔyɔ patasaɣ yaʊʊ ɛyaa mba se episkopalɩyɛɛ waa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Angletɛrɩ wiyaʊ Henri 8 tʊ yɔɔ, kpaɣɖʊ 9 alɩwaatʊ taa, se patʊɣʊ pa-tɩ nɛ papa pɩlɩna politiki lɩmaɣza naayɛ yɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩmaɣza naayɛ yɔɔ mbʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm kpaɖʊʊ ɛyaa lalaa kpeekpe keŋ keŋ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa tɔm pɩnaɣ 1534 yɔ.
Tɔmpiye aŋglɩkan lɩna latɛŋ hɛkʊ taa tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ se ecclesia anglicana, pañɩɣ niiye ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1246, nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se Ɛŋglɩsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Yʊsʊʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ se aŋglɩkan yɔ wiyaʊ Henri 8 lubina-tʊ. Pʊwayɩ mbʊ yɔ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ patalakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ siŋ ɛzɩ kpaɣ paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa Angletɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ-kʊ kɛlɛʊ se Church of England.
Wiyaʊ Henri 8 tʊ kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛɛ ekizi papa tɔm, ɛɛkpaɣ halʊ kɛ Cathérine Aragon tʊ pɩnaɣ 1509. Halʊ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩna-ɩ nɛ pɩɣa abalɩ pɩɣa, kɛlɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ɖaŋ Anne Boleyn, kɛlɛ etiyina takayaɣ nakayɛ papa pɩnaɣ 1527 nɛ ka-taa peeɖe lɛ ekizi ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ pɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm. Ŋgʊ ɛɛhɛza kpataa Clément 7 tʊ lɩmaɣza ɛ-ñʊʊ taa pɩlɩna politiki tɔm ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛkpa ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ cɔɔcɩ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛlɛ ekizi ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ ɛ nɛ Room taa ɛyaa.


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Nevadaa
Nevadaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Nevadaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Carson City nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Las Vegas.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Utaa nɛ Arizonaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Kalɩfɔrnii piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Oregɔnii ne Idahoo.
Pamaza Nevadaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 286 351 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 284 378 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 973 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 36 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1864. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 940 058 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 35 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Nevadaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Brian Sandoval (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Catherine Cortez Masto (D) nɛ Dean Heller (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Sɛɛribii
Sɛɛribii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se palɩkaŋ yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzʊʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, anaa yɔ: Pɔsinii-Hɛɖɩzigooviini, Krowasii, Hɔŋgirii, Rumanii, Pulugarii, Masedonii, Kosovo nɛ Montenegro. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩgradɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ 1166. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Aleksandar Vučićnɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔ Ana Brnabić.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kominanaa tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛsɛrɩbɩ nɛpɛlɛgradɩ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ Sɛɛribii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 7 111 973 yee pɛtɛkpɛndɩna Kosovo koyɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna-kʊ yɔ, palɩʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 916 917 yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ yaa lɛlʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +381 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Taŋkanika kujomuu
Taŋkanika kujomuu, kujomuu kɩkɩlɩɣ lɛɛkʊ Afrika taa kujomɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ taa, walanzɩ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Fikitoriya wayi nɛ liŋgʊʊ taa nɛ palaka taa lɛ kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ kedeŋga taa Bayɩkalɩ ŋgʊ wayi nɛ kɩkɩlɩ ɖalakɩŋ leleŋ lɩm taa pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 677. Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ŋgʊ kɩta kpakpasɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ. Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm talɩɣ Koŋgo fɛɛʊ nɛ Atɩlantɩkɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ. Peyekɩ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-tɛ wɛʊ talɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Kɩ-walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 32900 kpɛɛ ko yaa kɩwalanzɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pɛlɛzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ walanzɩ nɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ talɩ kilomɛta waa 677 Tanzaani kamaɣ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ mɛwɛ madɩ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɛ-tɛ kiɖe yɔ nɛ hayi yɔ tɛyɩna ajɛyaa ana nɛ Purundi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ke-kiɖe yɔ nɛhaɖɛ yɔ tɛyɩna nɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ. Pana nɛ Koŋgo wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ Mitumba pʊŋ.
Taŋkanɩka fɛɛʊ walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 250000 kpɛɛ ko. Kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɔyɔ Malagarazi nɛ Rusizi nɛ Ifume nɛ Lufubu nɛ Lunangwa nzɩ sɩ-tɛ lɩm ɖɔʊ kɩ-ta talɩ kilomɛta kubu waa nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza yɔ pɩnaɣ taa nɛ tɛɛŋ ñɔzɔzʊ kɩ-lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kilomɛta kubu waa pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ hiŋ nɩnza nɛ kʊyʊm mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Malagarazi pɔɔ kɩkpɛdaɣ kɛwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ nɛ kɩɩkɛ Koŋgo pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ ɖooo canaʊ taa.
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-hɩɖɛ, Étanga 'ya ni'a ebembe taa yaa kibembe taa tɔbʊʊ se siduu lone. Richard Francis Burton nɛ John Hanning Speke kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ Erɔpʊ ɛyaa mba pɛlɛ-kʊ naʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1858 nɛ Burton kpaɣ lɩmaza ɛzɩ pediyuu-wɛ yɔ tɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pakpaɣ kiɖedɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa padalakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Sɩʊ
Siʊ yaa sɩwaa kɛna agɔlɔma wena akandayʊʊ ɖeɣwa yaa cejewiye, kooka, kookasi nɛ ɛzɩ kantɔɔ kpeekpe yɔ. Paasɩʊ sɩʊ yaa sɩɩnaa yem, tɩŋ nɔnɔɔ taa kɛ pasɩʊ-kʊ nɛ pɩkɛna teluu yaa teliŋ tɛ. Paa sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩnɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ. Lama-Ñaŋgbadɛ tɛ sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩkandɩɣ egeetiyenɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se Abɛɛsɩʊ. Egeetiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa cejewa naayɛ wɛna a-sɩwaa a-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ asɩŋna Abɛɛsɩʊ nɛ anaa yɔ Siŋjalɩm nɛ Cedeli. Kawɩlasɩ ɛwɩlaa kɔyɔ cɔjɔ yaa cɔjɔnaa kpɛyʊna yaa pɩkɛ cejewiye taa kɔyɔ, tamaɣ tɔɔyʊ yaa weyi pɛtɛma-ɩ sɔnzɩ labʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ eliziɣna yaa ɛwazʊʊ.
Sɩʊ yaa sɩɩnaa mba peheniɣna samaɣ se kɩpam yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm caɣ labʊ. Sɩʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ, kɩpɩsɩɣ sumaɣ nɛ kiwii. Ɖoŋ ɖɔŋ taa lɛ, kpiziyuu kɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ nɛ kiwii. Yee pɩkɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm kɔyɔ tɛʊ feŋ ca lɛ, ɖɩwa taa sɔsɔ kpakɩɣ pɔ;oyasɩ nɛ ɛyɛlɩ tɩwaa nɛ ɛna se ɛbɛ lakɩ yaa ɛbɛ ɛɛlakɩ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, paa sɩʊ ɛɛwɩlɩɣ kawɩlaɣ yaa kawɩlasɩ kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se palaa-kʊ, mbʊ yebina nɛ pɔtɔŋ kʊtɔmɩyɛ se Sɩʊ eewɩɣ, paalaɣ-kʊ?


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Bollywood
Bollwood (बॉलीवुड) kɛnɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paha Ɛɛndɩ sinimaɣ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa yɔ. Bombey tɛtʊ taa koŋ kɩwɛɛ nɛ peeɖe palaba kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa nɛ hɛndɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa ŋga kɛkɛna sɩnɩma tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba palaba nɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩŋ yɔ pʊyɔɔ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba pamɩzɩ yaa pɛyɛlɩ yaa pɔtɔyɩ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Azii nɛ Hadɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, Afrika nɛ Hayi nɛ Moyen-Orient ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Bollywood kɛ Bombay nɛ Hollywood tɛ tobi yaa kɛlɛʊ yɔɔdaɣ. Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, bollywood kɛ tiŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ hɩla ɛ-tɛ nɛ tɩŋ pee wena ayaɣ hɔɔlasɩ naalɛ kpa yɔ piliŋga taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ajɛyɛ tɛ Bollywood kɛ Ɛndɩ sinimaɣ tʊma. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩwazaɣ kɔyɔ se pawɩlɩ ɖooo poliŋ taa kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ hendu teyaa nɛ tɩ-payaa yɔ nɛ pɩkɛ tanaʊ miziiki.
Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, sɩnɩma kɩlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna tɩŋa payɩ, pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ, fezuu caɣʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɛ Ɛndɩ ɛyaa tɛ fezuu labʊ taa pɩyʊ keem, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-laɖaa sɔsaa (wabɩya kɩkpaɖa) nɛ kɩ-wazaɣ yaa kʊ-ɖoŋ weyi kɩwɩlɩ ajɛyɛ yɔ. Kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kelaa yɔɔ sɩnaʊ yɔ, mbʊ Shahrukh Khan tɔma se pɩfɛyɩ se pɔcɔɔna kɩwayɩ.
Mʊntʊsʊʊ ɖalaa ñɩma woŋna sɩnɩma tɔm Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pawɩlɩ pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm Paarii tɛtʊ taa kɛ takayasɩ mayaa akɔma ɖɩɣa kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ Ɛndɩ ɛyaa ñɔʊ kɔfɩ yɔ. Fenasi cabɩ wayɩ lɛ, pɛ-tɛ sɩnayʊ Maurice Sestier ñala kpaɣ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1896 kɛ Watson’s akɔma ɖɩɣa taa kɛ Bombay tɛtʊ Mʊntʊsʊʊ ɖalaa tʊma naayɛ a-taa kɔyɔ suluku talɩɣ La Ciotat suluku ɖɩsɩŋɩyɛ nɛ Lyon Mʊntʊsʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa lɩɣ.


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Senegaalɩ
Seneegaalɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya ; wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ : ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩhayi kiŋ ŋe ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Moritaanii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Maalii, Kinee Konakrii nɛ Kinee Pɩsaʊ.
Pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Kambii yɔ ka-lɩm kpeŋ Senegalɩ tɛtʊ taa. Payaʊ se Senegaalɩ yɔ, pɩlɩna pɔɔ sɔsɔwa ŋga kekpeŋ peeɖe nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Senegaalɩ Pɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɔɔ kanɛ kakpakɩɣ nɛ Kinee pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Futa-Jalɔŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Peeɖe lʊŋgɩyɛ nɛ yolim pɛtɛyɩ ɖama.
Senegaalɩ wɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se UA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtasɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena akpɛnda nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ faransɩɩ nɛ payaɣ se Frankofonii a-ŋbgɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Mackɩ Sall nɛ palɩza-ɩ ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa.


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Sidinee
Sidinee kɛna Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Kaalɩ Kɩfalʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛ tɛnu ŋgʊ payaɣ se tasmani yɔ ki-kitiiliŋ cɔlɔ kpam. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 840 000 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 12 300. Ositiraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Mɛɛlibɔrnii tɛtʊ nɛ Prisibani ñɩndʊ wayɩ lɛ, Sidinee tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Nɛ paa pɩɩkɛna Oseyani keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Sidinee tɛtʊ wɛ Ositiraalii ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ taa: Kumbɛrilandi kataŋga nɛ Hɔrnsibii pʊʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ pɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ tɛŋgʊna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Weyi payaɣ se James Cook yɔ, ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣtʊ weyi ɛlɛɣ naʊ kɛ Sidinee tɛtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa-tʊ se Jakson kidiiliŋ.Pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1770. Ɛyaʊ-tʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ ɛñɩnaɣ se ɛɖʊ hɩɖɛ kɛ Piritaaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se George Jakson yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1788 kɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi Arthur Phillip yɔ ɛya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ tɩ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paɖɩɩna-tʊ yaʊ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖʊ hɩɖɛ kɛ Piritaaniki minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ taa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Thomas Towshend yɔ.


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Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie)
Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ mʊyɩsʊʊ yaa fɛbɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tomnaɣ taa yaa tomnaɣ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna yasʊʊ nɛ ñɛyɩtʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Yasʊyʊ kɛ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ ɛsɩma nɛ ɛyasʊʊ ɛyaa (fɛɖʊ keeke nɛ kela tɛ fɛɖʊ nɛ kpɩna tɛ fɛɖʊ). Palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna yasʊʊ yɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se palaba-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, yasɩyaa lakɩna yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩɣ tɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Ɖɩlɩna Krɛkɩ taa xeιpoupYιa (kheirourgia) xeιp (kheir) nesi nɛ epYov (ergon) tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm nɛ mɔɔ hʊyʊʊ tɛ labɩyɛ nɛ tɩpaɣlɩɣ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ kaahiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩɖala siŋ kɔyɔ yasɩyaa pɛkɛsɩ-wɛ kɩjaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa hɛkʊʊ taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖɔnʊʊ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa taawɛ ɖeu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Kpaɣna kpaɣdʊ 19 kɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ kɔma asʊʊ pɩtŋna alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ nɛ politikii tɔm nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ nɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Ɛyaa mba pahʊŋ tandɩŋ yɔ mba hʊŋna ñɔsɩ, saŋ nɛ cɛɛŋ, palakɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ. payasʊʊ mʊyaa, palakɩ calɩm tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛŋ wiliɣ nɛ ɛna yɔ.
Jean Pitard, ɛkɛ ñɔsɩ hʊndʊʊ sɔsɔ, ɛmʊ samtʊ nimiye paarii, Etinne Boileau, pahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ patɩ yɔɔ kɛ ɖuutu loɖo taa, se pɩha nɔmɔʊ nɛ pala saŋtaɖaʊ ñɔsɩ hʊndaa mba pɛwɛna sɔlɩm se pala yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (na tʊma tɛ takayaɣ).
Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa yasɩyʊ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-kʊdɔndɩnaa kɛ kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ palakɩ ɛyaa tʊma yɔ. Kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wondu sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba pasɩna pɛwɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ padaa kɔyɔ ɖɔkɔtɔ weyi ɛsɔkɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩsɩ yɔ nɛ sɩm yɔ fezuu tɩnaa nɛ yasʊʊ kuduyuu tɛ fɛɖaa. Pɩtaa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ papɩzɩɣ palakɩ fɛbɩtʊ tʊma lɛɛna hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa.
Kelaa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ weyɩ ɛlakɩ-ɖɩ paya-ɩ se kelaa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, ɛcakɩ kpagba kpelaɣ nakayɛ yɔ ɛlɛ, ɛwɛna sɩnayaa pʊɖɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ weyɩ ɛlakɩ nɔɔ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɖɩ-lʊlɩyɛ taa palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ pawalanzɩɣ halɩtʊ kɛ lʊlʊʊ wiye ɛlɛ weyi ɛcɔŋna halɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa halʊ lʊlʊsɩyʊ. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpagba kɛ halʊ weyi ɛ-nɛ hɔɔ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ, pahɩzɩ-ɩ kpeŋgbeluu ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Laatriki miŋ
Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe yaa hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi nasɩyɛ wɛɛ. Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe ana alakɩna nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma laatriki miŋ ɖɔŋ ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ yɔ.
Laatriki miŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛya wena aɖɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ, a-taa laatriki miŋ kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ. Ajɛya ana alakɩna laatriki miŋ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ palakɩna tʊma anasaayɩ ñɩndʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ɛntɛɛrɩnɛɛtɩ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Poluba anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ pala ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ paapɩzɩɣ pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ : laatriki mootinaa (moulins électriques) nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔtʊʊ wondu kuzusutu (lavage à sec) yɔ.
Minziiki yɔɔlʊʊ ; taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se sonorisation yɔ, yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ. Anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se imprimante. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lakɩ oridinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, imprimante ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛyʊ lɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba yɔ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ laatriki miŋ lɩɣ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ yebina nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se révolution industrielle yɔ pɩtasɩ lɩʊ nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lubu tɛzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.


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Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu wɛ cʋlʋ cʋlʋ. Kɩkɛ piyaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ ŋga kakʋyaa n̄abaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɛkɛ Inka tɛtʋ kɩbɩndʋ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) alɩwaatʋ taa Peeru ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Machu Picchu kʋnɛ, kɩbama kɔmtɛɛ kaaʋ pʋʋ kʋkʋyʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔ. Kaaʋ piyaɣ ŋga kɛkpɛnda Machu Picchu nɛ pɩtasɩna Huayna Picchu pʋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pʋʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size piyaɣ yɔ, wɛ Andɛɛzɩ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ kɛjɛlɛŋga hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Caanaʋ piyaɣ kanɛ, ka-hɩɖɛ keɣke kɛlɛ, Pikchu yaa Picho. Yee ɛzɩ, ɖɩgbaɣ aseɣɖe ɖɩn̄ɩnɩyɛ takayaɣ kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩɣ size, pɩgbaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) taa mbɩyɔ yɔ, kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʋ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Hiram Bingham n̄ɩnɩ Machu Picchu ŋgʋ kɩyɔ tɔm.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tʋ. Ɛn̄ɩnʋʋ taa ɛlɩzaɣ nɛ ɛyaa tɩlɩ size, Machu Picchu kʋnɛ kɩɩkɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cayʋʋ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Pachacútec ɖɩcayɛ. Mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnɩɩ size paama matʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ sɔnzɩ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ lone kaakɛ pʋʋ ŋgʋ. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kuduyuu. Peeɖe Krɩstʋ mba n̄ɩna ɛsɔ tɔm.


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Sakɩsofonɩ
Sakɩsofonɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩ-hʋlʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa Adolphe Sax lɩsaɣna-kʋ, ɛkɛ Pɛliziki tʋ. Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa ndʋ paya-tʋ size Paarii yɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ yaa ɛmʋ sɩmtʋ takayaɣ kɛ evemiye 21 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamazɩnayɩ yaa pamazɩ size ɛwɛzɩɩ saxhorn yɔ.
Mbʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ wɛ mba palakɩ wɛ nɛ kuwiviɖi yɔ pɔ-hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa kʋɖʋm weyi ɖɩtɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩlɩɣ size Adolphe Sax yɔ ɛlɩza kʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ( laiton) kɛnɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩɖeke koŋ palakɩna-kʋ. Pabɩzɩɣ pala-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kuwiviɖi, yaa liidiye, yaa wonuu ŋgʋ pabɩzɩɣ pɛmɛɛdɩ yɔ, yaa sika liidiye pɔɔyaɣ.
Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, kʋ-tɔnʋʋ yaa kɩ-labɩnaʋ wonuu wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo. Sakɩsofonɩ ŋgʋ, ɖɩtɛma tɩlɩɣ size palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton). Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo ɛnʋ, patʋlayɩ pɔŋ yaa pataaɖɩɩ kɩtaaɖɩŋ kɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton) kʋnɛ kʋ-yɔ.
Kɩ-yɔ kɩlabɩm naadozo mbʋ yɔ: kɔɔrɩ koniki (conique), nɛ kɩ-kpekeduu, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɩ-suluu ŋgʋ kʋ-ɖʋkʋʋ yaa kɩ-kpɩtɩna lɛɛba mba panaalɛ yɔ. Soo nimaɣ lakɩna nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ka-n̄amsʋʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.


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Ɛrbɩyɔm
Ɛrbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 68 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Er. Ɛrbɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛrbɩyɔm wɛ sɛmɩŋ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ cʊndʊlʊm nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa helim taa. Ɛwɛ helim taa yem kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩɩ yem.
Payaɣ-ɩ se ɛrbɩyɔm yɔ pɩlɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pɩñɔtɩna Stockholm Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana pɩ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pana kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ. Ɛzɩ payaʊʊ hɩla anɛ yɔ ɩtrɩyɔm, tɛrbɩyɔm nɛ ɩtɛrɩbɩyɔm yɔ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pakpaɣna nɛ paya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1789 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Fɛɛlandɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Johan Gadolin na ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ ɩtɛrbɩtɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakɛyɛ taa (nɛ pʊwayɩ paya-ɩ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ naʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ pɩñɔtɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Petisi ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797 ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Anders Gustaf Ekeberg yɔɔ ɛnʊ weyi ɛya ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊ ŋgʊ se yttria.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1870 taa lɛ, mʊntʊsɩŋ weliŋ tʊma laɣsɩ wɩlɩɣ se ɛrbɩnɩ kɛ lɩm kisidim mbʊ papɩzɩɣ patɩŋna pɔyɔɔ nɛ pana pʊtʊnaa lalaa yɔ. Pʊtʊnaa mba yɔ sɩkandɩyɔm, hɔlɩmɩyɔm nɛ tʊlɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1879), pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1886) nɛ kpaagba ɖeɖe kɔyɔ lʊtɛsɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1907). Georges Urbain nɛ Charles James papɩzɩna palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1905.


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Mooti
Mooti kɛ anɩsaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaŋʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ pe ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ mʊlʊm yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se pɛñɛyɩ kɩñɛyʊ, mooti naŋɩyʊ ñɛyɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ kɩñɛʊ. Mootinaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mootinaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ lɛ Laatriki miŋ panaŋʊʊna. Lɛlaa lɛ, lɩm paɖʊʊ toonoonaa taa nɛ pɩñɔʊ nɛ panaŋʊʊ. Lɛlaa ñɛcɛyɩɣ num kɩcɛyʊʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se panaŋɩɣ tɩŋ pe naayɛ nɛ palɩzɩ num nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Mootinaa nabɛyɛ lɛ, ɖozi paba naŋʊʊ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ naŋʊʊna soojaa pe nɛ palakɩ waagasɩ.
Ɖooo caanaʊ taa lɛ, ɛyʊ doŋ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ ɖoŋ mooti naŋʊʊna. Payawaɣ mootinaa mba se « calɩm mootyinaa». Pʊwayɩ lɛ, polu mootinaa mba pɔñɔʊ lɩm nɛ panaʊʊ yɔ. Pʊpʊ wayɩ lɛ polu mootinaa mba heelim cɔzʊnaa pe-keŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ panaŋʊʊ yɔ. Mootinaa panɛ papa wayɩ poluba mba panaŋʊʊna laatriki miŋ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, caanaʊ mootinaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ. Pasɩ mootinaa mba nɛ palakɩna-wɛ nɛ tʊma lɛɛna. Pakpakɩɣ mootinaa mba po-wondu natʊyʊ nɛ lalakɩna laatriki miŋ.


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Asɛyʊʊ
Asɛyʋʋ (Catastrophe)
N̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size azɛyʋʋ. Tɔm piye azɛyʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩwɩlɩɣ kaŋŋ size azɛyʋʋ laba yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ laba nɛ pʋyʋ wɛɛkɩ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ ɛlaba ca kɔyɔ, pʋyʋ kɩwɛɛkɩm lɩɣ. Azɛyʋʋ kɛna pʋyʋ kiɖi n̄ɩm lakasɩ kɩwɩzɩsɩ nasɩyɛ. Azɛyʋʋ tɛkɛ pʋyʋ yaa lakasɩ kɩbanzɩ. Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ leɖiɣ, nakʋyʋ ñɛwɛɛ tobi.
Ñʋʋzɩkɩyɛ lakasɩ lɩɣna ɛyʋ lakasɩ cɔlɔ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba yɔ, wondu sakɩyɛ leki,Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lesiɣ pe-weziŋ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, putukuuna samaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa samaɣ seɣ lɔŋ nɛ powolo pasɩna samaɣ ŋga azɛyʋʋ talɩ-kɛ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, raadiyoonaa taa ɛyʋ nɩɣ-tʋ. Paɖʋ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛntɛɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ. Pawɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ azɛyʋʋ-kʋ televiziyɔɔnaa taa.
Azɛyʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se kɛkpɛdɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ. Haba yɔɔ azɛyʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɩɣ labʋ pɩlɩɩna habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ paɣtʋ kɩɩñamtʋ cɔlɔ.


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Antɩmʊwanɩ
Antɩmʊwanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 51 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sb. E-tomnaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɛwɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ɛwɛ sʊtʊ piŋ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ pɩcɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ (weyi pɛkpɛndɩ ɛ nɛ-ɩ nabʊyʊ naa taa, ɛzɩ hɔzɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna pʊlɔŋ yɔɔ yɔ).
Yee paya-ɩ tobi se Sb kɔyɔ Berzélius lɩzɩna hiɖɛ nɖɩ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se stibium yaa pɩlɩna krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa se stibi yaa krɛkɩ (s)timmi, ɖɩ-lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa σtίϐι / stibi nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kpeekpe, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ stibine maɣmaɣ.
Kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ pɛtɛm lʊlʊʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayi yɔ, Celse nɛ pline kɩbɩnʊʊ laba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmʊʊ sɩtɩbɩyɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ se yʊsaɣ, cɛjɛyaɣ (ɛzɩ ɛsa kila kpɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa ñɩnɩyʊ Jöns Jakob Berzelius lɩza tobi yatʊ se Sb, mbʊ pɩsɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ antɩmʊwanɩ yatʊ.
Pline pɩzɩ ɛya hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, ɛlɛ ehiɣ ɛlɩzɩ abalʊ nɛ halʊ. Abalʊ kɔyɔ sɩtɩbɩnɩ, halʊ kɔyɔ weyi ɛkɩlɩ paɣlʊ yɔ, ɛkɩlɩ yuŋ, ɛñɩlɩsɩɣ nɛ papɩzɩɣ papɩsɩ-ɩ mʊlʊm. Pline la tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpee anɛ stimi, larbaris, alabastre, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ platyophthalmos i.e. pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsa sɔsɔna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Khôl ajana wondu cɔlɔ lɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1990 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ajɛyɛ wena akɩlaɣ huyuu antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ anaa yɔ, Siini, Ruusi, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ejaɖɛ, Bolivi, Mɛkɩsɩkɩ, Kanaada nɛ Ositralii. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1658, Louis 14 hiɣ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkpakaɣ Bergues Hayɩ yɔɔ kiŋ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ Guénaut, Anne Autriche ɖɔkɔtɔ ha-ɩ tɔtʊ kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛlaba-ɖɩ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ vɩn sʊlʊm nɛ ɛwazɩ-ɩ hama yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ wiyaʊ ha waɖɛ se papazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ kɔ taa nɛ pawazɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ.


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Kɔndɔtʋ
Ɛvalʋ tɛŋ ɛ-lʋɖɛ pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ lɛ, ɛkayɩ. Pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma ɖizi-i waaɣ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖeu se ɛhɔzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ nɔɔyʋ se pʋdʋ ɛlabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ yɔ, ɖɩcɛyɩɣ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ ɖɩla ɖɩ-tɩ sɔnzɩ ńzɩ. Kabɩyɛ taa pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ kɩtɔtɔɔzʋʋ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyʋ ɖiɣ waaɣ yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ sɔsɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩkaza-ɩ sɔnzɩ kpaakpaa ñɩnzɩ se ɛtɛ ɛ-sɔnzɩ tɩŋa. Sɔnzɩ nzɩ lɛ ñʋhʋmɩŋ. Ɛyʋ eɖiɣ waaɣ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla you. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee you nakʋyʋ etulaa yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ eyoo-kʋ. Kɔndɔ caɣ ɛzɔkpaa ɛzɩ e-ɖoŋ pɩzʋʋ yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, ɛzɔkpaa cakɩ kpɩtaʋ mpilim kɔndɔ tɛ. Ɛ-tɛ pɔtɔkɩ, ɛ-tɛ pɔñɔʋ. Ɛzɔkpaa sɛyɩɣna kɔndɔ lɩgbaɖɛ nɛ ɛ-kɔkɔɖʋʋ. Ɛzɔkpaa kɛna kɔndɔ yɔɔ kandɩyaa. Kɔndɔ eewoki ɖoli nɛ esuu toko, ɛɛyɔɔdʋʋ yem yem, ɛɛtɔkɩna awayɩ. Ɛlɛ, yee kɔndɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛfɛyɩ alaafɩya yɔ, paɣtʋ tʋnɛ ɛɛñaŋ-tʋ. Kɔndɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛsʋʋ kɔndɔ lɛlʋ tɛ yem nɛ etetiyi ɛ-ɛzɔkpaa se pasʋʋ nɛ pɔpɔzɩ nʋmɔʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔ-kɔndɔ sʋʋ. Yee kɔndɔ nɔɔyʋ ɛsʋ kɔndɔ lɛlʋ tɛ nɛ ɛtɔpɔzɩ-ɩ nʋmɔʋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsʋʋ kɔyɔ, ɛ́lɛ siki-i ɛgbayɛ ɛ-ɖɩɣa nɔnɔɔ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pesiki-i ɛgbayɛ yɔ, ɛɛtasɩɣ pɩzʋʋ ɛlɩɩ nɛ ɛ-ɛzɩkpaa tama kɔndɔ weyi pasʋ ɛ-tɛ yɔ kubuka.
Pamakɩ kubuka ŋga se Yooboboyi! Youwoo! Kpou, tɔɔyʋʋ! Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se petendiɣ kɔndɔ weyi pasʋʋ ɛ-tɛ yɔ se ɛtaatɔɔ-wɛ. Toovenum lɛ, kɔndɔ kɛ kpou ɛtɛ ɛkɛ tɔɔyʋʋ. Peseɣ-i kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Kɔndɔ wɛna sɔmtʋ siŋ. Kɔndɔ ewoki ɖoli yɔ, eesuu toko, ɛɖɔkʋʋ cɔŋkɩyɛ, nɖɩɩ lɛ ɛ-malɩfa, ɛlɛɛ kɔkɔɖʋʋ e-nesi yɔɔ. Ɛlɛɛ lɩgbayaɣ e-liu tɛɛ. Kɔndɔ wondu lɛɛtʋ yɔ :
- ŋgbanɛ
- wɩnjanzɩ
- ɖooku
- celekaɣ
- ñɩɣñɩɣ tɔnɛ
- siziku
Wondu tʋnɛ tɩtɩŋa kɔndɔ sandɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ewolo kooka sʋsɔɔ taa nɛ ɛma ŋgbanɛ. Kpaŋgbamʋ hayɩsɩɣna ɛ-kɔndʋ, ɛnʋ kpɛlɛkɩɣna-ɩ ŋgbanɛ mabʋ ɖeu nɛ ɛ-kɔndʋ ɛtaacoɖi kookasɩ nzɩ pɔcɔʋ sɩ-taa payɩ yɔ sɩ-taa nakɛyɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɔndɔ poɖe yɔɔ. Toovenim lɛ, pɩkɛ fɛyɛ tɔm kpem se kɔndɔ nɔɔyʋ ecoɖi ŋgbanɛ mabʋ kɔndɔ poɖe yɔɔ.


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Ernest Lubitsch
Ernest Lubitsch kɛ Amerika tɛtʊ laɖʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ, ɛcɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ pazʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1892 Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1922. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1947 Bel Air (Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ huu lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, ɛlaba kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩtalɩ nɩnɩwa mbʊ yɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ natozo taa.
Ernest Lubitsch kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa tɔlɩ ñɛyɩyʊ, Simon Lubitsch kaakɛna Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa abala wondu kususutu kuduyuu ñɩma ɖɔkɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Simon Lubitsch kaakɛ Hofjuden waa liɖe taa ɛyʊ (yuda ɛyaa pɛkɛwa). Ernesrt, ɛgbamɩyɛ pɩɣa, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1892, eyeba sukuli lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ loɖo yeke.
Ɛ-caa maɣzɩ nɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ liidiye kpou yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ tʊmɩyɛ, mbʊ hana ɖoŋ Ernest se tam nabʊlɛ fezuu caɣʊ. Teu feŋ lɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɖoo yuu lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ amʊʊza tʊmɩyɛ labʊ. Pɩtɩŋna Victor Arnold weyi wɛɛ ana a-taa pɩnaɣa-ɩ ɖeu yɔ yɔɔ lɛ, Ernest hiɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛlakɩ amʊza sʊlʊm naa ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ taa nɛ pʊmʊna-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖeu. Kɛlɛ kpaɣ lɩmaɣza nɛ ewona-ɩ ɛwɩlɩ-ɩ Max Reihardt, ɛlɛ kaakɛna Caama amʊʊza tʊma ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ ɛ-ɛyaa ɖenɖe kaatɛma wɛʊ Emil Jannings yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1914 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tanaŋ tɩnaa kaaɖɩna lɩmaɣza labʊ, nɛ Lubitsch kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩyɔɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ kpɛlɩ seɣtiyu, laɖʊ nɛ tɩyɩnayʊ kɛ pa-tʊma labʊ taa. Wɛtʊ tiyebina nɛ pɩpasɩ Davidson, nɛ ɛha-ɩ yaa ɛsʊzɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ ɛhɛya-ɩ yɔɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ nanza nzɩ you kaalaba yɔɔ sɩ-alɩwaatʊ taa Lubtsch la kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa sakɩyɛ, mba pasɩɣana se Caama ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɛzɩ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣza yɔ.
Kɔzɔɖɔ kʊyʊmʊ wayi ɛzɩ ewobu Etaazuunii pɩnaɣ 1922 nɛ pɩtalɩ-ɩ pɩyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛkʊyɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1923 mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30, se pɩsa ewolo ɛcaɣ Hollywood pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma Mary Pickfort ya-ɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ kaasɔɔla se ediyi Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall taa. Ɛnʊ kizi nɛ eyele ɛla Rosita pɩnaɣ 1923, kɛ ɛ-kajalaɣ Amerika kɛlɛm kɛlɛm nɛ kɩwa ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe mbʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1935 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ tisi ɛ-haŋ tɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛkɛ Caama ɛyʊ. Pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa, ɛpɩsɩ Paramount hendu kɩlɩzɩtʊ ñʊʊ tʊ, eyeke koŋ Hollywood laɖʊ weyi ɛcɔŋa hendu lɩzʊʊ tʊma yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1935 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpaɣ halʊ Vivian Gaye, palʊla ɛlɛ, Sanya Bezencenet pɩnaɣ 1908, ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlaɖʊ. Pɛwɛna pɩɣa kʊyʊmaɣ koŋ halɩpɩɣa, Nicolas Lubitsch, palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1938.