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Charles Quint
Charles Habsbourg ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Charles Quint, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1500 Gand tɛtʊ taa Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1558 Yuste (Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa) kɛ mʊwanɩ waa, ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Habsbourg ɖɩɣa taa. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Philippe le Beau, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Jeanne la Folle.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzasɩ naanza tʊ. Charles Téméraire tʊ sɛyɩ kɛlɛ, Otirisi Maximilien pɩɣa cikpeɣlaɣ, Isabelle katoliki tʊ, Castille tɛ abiɖe nɛ Ferdinand Aragon wiyaʊ nɛ Naples wiyaʊ ɛkɩlɩ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yuŋ Bourgogne tɛtʊ taa Charles 2 tʊ hɩɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ kɛnɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ wiyaʊ pɩtɩŋna Charles kajalaɣ tʊ yɔɔ. Quint tɔbʊʊ se kɩgbaanzɩ tʊ.
Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ lʊbɩyɛ kaɖɛ nɖɛ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛ-tɛ tɔlʊʊ Fransɩɩ ɛsɩnda nɛ Luther ɛyaa ɛsɩnda yɔɔ lɛ, elesi wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ kɛ e-kewiyutu ɖoŋ. Pɩtɩŋna nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza naayɛ yɔɔ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Ferdinand lɛ, eyebina-ɩ Otrisi ñɩm nɔnɔsɩ tɩŋga. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1555, kɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ taa ekiziɣ ɛ-paɣtʊ Peyibaa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, kɩkpɛndɩ nɛ pasɩm-kʊ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa se kɩtatasɩ kɩwɛ Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu taa pɩtɩŋna ɛ-pɩyalʊ Philippe yɔɔ. Eyebina-ɩ e-ɖoŋ tɩŋga Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1556 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩatsɩ pazɩ lɛ, ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-sɩm kpam lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ e-nesi Bourgogne tɛtʊ yɔɔ.
Palʊlɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, nabʊyʊ taawɩlɩɣ se wiyaʊ pɩɣa ŋga kɩlɩɣ ɖoŋ kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa. Ɛ-caa Philippe kaakɛ evebupɩɣa yem nɛ ɛnʊ tɔkaɣna ɛ-caa ñɩm pʊtɔbʊʊ se peyebina-ɩ, ɛ-caa ɛnʊ yɔ Maximilien. E-ɖoo Jeanne la Folle wiyaʊ pɩɣa yem Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛwɛna kou nɔyʊ Miguel Paz tʊ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ cabɩ pɩtɩŋga pɩlakɩ camɩyɛ yem. Katoliki Isabelle sɩ pɩnaɣ 1504, eyebina Jeanne abitu kɛ Castille tɛtʊ taa. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayi lɛ, Philippe ɖɛɛ ewolo Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ nɛ ɛ-halʊ yebina-ɩ ɛ-ñɩm, ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ sɩ. Charles pɩsɩ Bourgogne ñɩm tʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Peeyiba nɛ Franche Comté. Ɛsɩma piŋ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ midinaʊ nɛ ɛjɔzɔ Ferdinand 2 Aragon wiyaʊ se ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi. Ɛlɛ ñɔtɩna ɛ-sɩm ɛlɛɣʊ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ ɛ-pɛlɛ cɔlɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ kpelaɣ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ Bourgogne evebu ɛnɛyɔ.


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Puligari
Pulgari kɛna Erɔpɩ hadɛ kiŋnɛ wsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ; ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palikantiki tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa kpem. Puligari nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, teŋu Kɩkpɛdʊ wɛna, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɩrɛsɩ nɛ Tuurkii, hayʊ kiŋ Tanubi nɛ Rumani nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Sɛribi nɛ Masedoni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pulgari ɛjaɖɛ ñɔ pɩnaɣ 680 nɛ 681 taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Pulgari Sɔsɔʊ taa; nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɛna Erɔpɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɖiyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɛɣ ñɔʊ yɔ Ɛjaɖɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1800 taa kɛ Puligari hɔɔlɩɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 1908 kɛ mbʊ yɔ Pulgari nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Socialiste taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ URSS ɖiya pɩnaɣ 1946 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa kɛ URSS kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔlaa nɛ Puligari pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtatasɩ wɛʊ Commusiste waa taa yɔ.
Puligari wɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe tadɩyɛ laɖaa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Politiki tɔm taa Puligari kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɖiyuuna yɔ nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ñɔcɔŋnana minisiriwaa waa yɔɔ yɔ. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ lɛ, komina nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖinɛ, pɩkazɩ tɔm hʊya ñɛwɛna pa-ndɩ. Peeɖe pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ samaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ kɛʊ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ ɖeɖe.
Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛnʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ̃ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ñazɩɣna sɔɔjanaa tɩŋga; yee paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛlɩzɩ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩtacaɣ camɩyɛ eɖeke ɛpɩzɩɣna nɛ ekizi-tu nɛ paasʊsʊʊ-tʊ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩɣna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Puligari ɛjaɖe ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Rossen Plevneliev; ɛlɛɣzɩ Gueorgui Parvanov kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2012. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ- ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ ɛnɛ, paatɔʊ caca se palɩzɩ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ palɩzɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kpaagbaa.

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Peehiruti
Peehiruti kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 363 033 yɔ, ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa wɛʊ ɛzɩ 2000000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walaanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 2 000 yaa 20 km2.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Azii, Afrika nɛ Eerɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ tʊma ɖɔŋ camaɩyɛ. Malɩŋ ajɛyaa taa, ɛzɩ Kɛɛrɩ yɔ, a-taa lɛ, peeyirutɩ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋb camɩyɛ kpem yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsɛkuliye nɛ sukuli pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩyaa-tʊ se Takayaɣ tɛtʊ.


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Mɛkɩsiiki (Ɛjaɖɛ)
Mɛkɩsiiki kɛna Amerika nɛ hayʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsɩna kamaɣ kɛ Kuwatemala nɛ Peelizi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Etaazuunii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mɛkɩsiiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Karayiibi teŋgu piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Pasɩfiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa. Ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 2 000 000 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 11 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Keteŋa kpeekpe liidiye koozaɣ sɔsɔwa tɔŋ se pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna 123,8 nɛ pa-taa lɛ sakɩyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ. Mɛkɩsiiki taa ajɛya cɩkpena wɛ hiuwaa naatozo nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖenɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Mɛkɩsiikoo wɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1521 taa kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ paɣzɩ Mɛkɩsiiki kpacayʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 300 yɔ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1810 ɛlɛ Mɛkɩsiiki ñɩnɩʊ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1813 taa lɛ, M;kɩsiiki se kɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ pɔkɔma papɩzɩ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔlɔ yelie.
Kpana mbʊ yɔ, yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ fɛyɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩla se Porfirio Diaz kpaɣ kpelaɣ lɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ wɛɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa kɛ pakʊ Porfirio Diaz.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ Ameriki-latiini taa se ɖɩsʊʊ OCDE taa. Mɛkɩsiiki wɛ ONU taa, OMC taa, G20 taa nɛ keteŋa yɔɔ aŋgba sɔsɔna taa. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛna hiu nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu yɔ.


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Nevadaa
Nevadaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Nevadaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Carson City nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Las Vegas.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Utaa nɛ Arizonaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Kalɩfɔrnii piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Oregɔnii ne Idahoo.
Pamaza Nevadaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 286 351 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 284 378 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 973 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 36 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1864. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 940 058 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 35 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Payaɣ Nevadaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Brian Sandoval (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Catherine Cortez Masto (D) nɛ Dean Heller (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Fransɩɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ-Ɛropa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩnɛ Romanɩɩ cejewaa taa yɔ. Fransɩɩ ñɔɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ doo caanaɔ luwarɩ yɔɔdasɩɩ ndi-ndi taa, kɩ-kɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ kʊnʊŋ, nɛ mbʊ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ naalɛ hɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ nanaaza kedeŋa yɔ cɩna yɔɔdʊʊ kɛ, nɛ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa mɩnɩʊ nɛ hɩʊ nɛ naalɛ yɔɔdʊʊ kɛ paaɖoye nɛ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ nɛ panɩʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɛ yɔ papa kɛ miiliyɔɔ naa hɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ nzina miiliyɔɔ waa hɩŋ lʊbɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 ɖɩnaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ sukulɩ pɩya cɩkpema nɛ sɔsɔsɩ mba pɛkpɛlɛkʊ anɩsaayɩɩ taa yɔ pɛkɛ miiliyɔɔ waa hɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ lʊbɛ.
Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖoŋ waɖɛ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1992 kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kʊnʊŋ, ɖɩnaɣ-tʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʊʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ hɔɔlaɣ naalɛ ŋga taa. Kɩ-kɛ ɖama lɩmaazaɣ lɛɣzɩʊ pʊyʊ pɩɩŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛzakʊliye nʊmɔʊ taa kedeŋga taa. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔzɩ ñɩnʋʊ sakɩyɛ kɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa mbʊ kihiɣ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 3 wiye pɩnaɣ 1996 taa paɣtʋ. Tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe kʊnɩmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ loɖo taa lɛ Fransɩɩ wɛ, ajɛyɛɛ kigbɛndʊʊ nɔɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa lɛ kɩ-nɛ Englɩsɩɩ tɔm palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ, kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ tʊma ndɩ-ndɩ taa paa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa paa ekeetiye ndɩ ɖɩtaa, kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Eerɔpʋ ajɛyaa kigbɛndʊʊ nɔɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa. Ɖoo pʊwayi caanaʊ Fransɩɩ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa tɔm hʊʊ pɩlɩŋ nɛ awiya piya kʊnʊŋ, Wp/kbp/Ruusii (Russie)|Ruusii]] tɛtɛ ñʊŋtɩnaa sɔsaa, Ɛspaañɩɩ nɛ Ɛŋglɛtɛɖɩɩ awiyaa nɛ Caama pɛtɛ awiyaa piyaa, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩyeba se Ɛŋglɛtɛɖɩɩ, Caama nɛ Ɛspaañɩɩ pɛwɛna ɖama nɛ tabalɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ pɩŋ.
Fransɩɩ wɛtʊ, kʊ-hʊʊ taa nɛ kɩ-paɣtʊ takayasɩɩ kɛ lɔŋzɩndaa nabɛyɛ tʊmɩyɛ, ɛzɩ lɔŋzɩndaa sɔsaa yaa tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ sʊkʊlɩ naa, yaa Académie Française, paya-kʊ se akademii kʊnʊŋ. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kɔyɔ kɩ-yɔɔdʊʊ wɛna waɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔlɩ- kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ lɛlɛɛyɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ Rabelais nɛ Molière pɛtɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ, ɖoŋlɛɖɛ lɛ Molière kʊnʊŋ maɣmaɣ kɛlɛ.


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Albert Einstein
Palʋla Albert Einstein lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 14 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1879 taa Ulm, Wurtemberg tɛtʋ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 18 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1955 taa Princeton tɛtʋ taa, Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Einstein laba mbʋ payaɣ se "Fiisiki" yɔ nɛ ɛtazɩ kɩ-taa kpayɩ kpayɩ.
Ɛkɛ Caama tʋ nɛ Apatriidi tʋ pɩnaɣ 1896 taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛla Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkɛ Suwiisi tʋ, pɩnaɣ 1901 taa. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɛla ɖɔɖɔ Helivetiki nɛ Amerika pa-ajɛya takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɛkɛ a-n̄ɩnʋ, pɩnaɣ 1940 taa.


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Krowasii
Krowasii kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzɩʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe. Ajɛya wena acɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Silovenii, Sɛrɩbii, Pɔsɩnii-Hɛɛɖɩzigoovini nɛ Montenogroo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sagɛbi nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ taa ɖooo hasɩ yaɖɛ fɩyaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2013.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ krowati nɛ latɛŋ. Ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ, krowati. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 56 594 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ ɖɩnɛ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ 31 067 km2 yɔ.
Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛtʊ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 ŋga taa ɛlɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1992 ŋga taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ɖɔkʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lwayɩ nɛ wayɩ kʊnɛ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 225 316. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Kuna. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ ɛmaɣ +385 nɛ pʊcɔ ɛma weyi ɛcaɣ yaʊ yɔ ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafʊ mayaɣ. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ se Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović nɛ kewiyaɣ ñɩnʊ lɛ Andrej Plenković.


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Charles Darwin
Palʋla Charles Darwin lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1809 taa Shrewsbury tɛtʋ taa Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 19 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1882 taa Downe tɛtʋ taa, Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Darwin kɛ Britaniiki tʋ. Ɛlaba wezuu lɛɣtʋ (Biologie) yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-halʋ se Emma Wedgwood. Ɛ-pɩɣa hɩɖɛ lɛ George Darwin. E-koou kɛlɛ Francis Galton. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Robert Darwin. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Susannah Wedgwood. Ɛ-cɔzɔ payaɣ se Erasmus Darwin.
Ɛ-takayɛsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Darwin ma takayɩsɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :
- De l'origine des espèces (1859)
- La Filiation de l'homme et la sélection liée au sexe (1871)
- L'expression des émotions chez l'homme et les animaux (1872)


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Bapi bayɔkɔlaaka kacaacaa - ARAKAA 2016
Kiɖe ma, bapi tǝb-n'ʊɖǝn mbaɖee ba lee caacaa ɖe ma bayɔkɔɩ ba laa ma.
"Yɔ̂ naa aɖa" na "Ʊshilè" ba lee ka asǝ asǝ kafaawɩɩ kabʊpa nɖee ɩ sǝba aɖa atɩgɩkrǝ anii nɩ naa GʊGʊ aye a tɩ kpa ma. Kɩ̂ɖe ma abʊpa ɖe kagɩlopɩ́ atʊr.
GʊGʊ 8, ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra atʊr ɖaa gɩ ŋɔn ma. Kîɖe ma mbʊsaʊ 1 na mbʊsaʊ 2. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe : abʊsaʊ 1+2 (mp3) (ɩ saa cei)
Atakɔ́lɩ ɩ tǝbǝ gaɖuɩ ɩ cee ɖa ma, ace kaaɖuɖaka kpaakpaa :
revue-gugu.org/proverbes
Anii kǝbayarɩ baŋunii bɩfoto gaja kotoku-banyɩʊ-na-tǝb-n’ɩriu (2013) kaŋɔrɔ aboŋoka nɩ. Kîɖe ma mbʊsaʊ 4 na mbʊsaʊ 5 laŋ, ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra atʊr bayarɩ bʊwalʊ Saramaŋga kampá nɩ kafaawɩɩ. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ̂ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 4+5 (mp3)
Atǝbʊmaŋkǝli, baa gapaŋa jɩ ga wʊɖa kǝbakiɖeka mbaɖee ba pɩ GʊGʊ kaatǝnleeɖu atɩ cam ʊyɔʊ naa ba naa sǝ̂ra na kaŋa na GʊGʊ kaŋkulo na tʊr abɔ na shee bɛrɛ ma. Ŋǝ̂ ma bɩfoto.
Ɖaɖaa kɩjɩʊ kʊfaŋʊ kabʊsaʊ kɩfoto tuutuuma mbaɖee ba ɖa apele na ɩ ma, ba noo. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra atʊr abʊsaʊ ɖe atɩya : mbʊsaʊ 6 na mbʊsaʊ 7. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 6+7 (mp3)
Ɩkaɖɩyɔmpi kabʊsaʊ kɩfoto tuutuuma mbaɖee ba ɖa apele na ɩ ma, ba noo. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra atʊr abʊsaʊ ɖe tɩya : mbʊsaʊ 4 na mbʊsaʊ 5. Ɩ tɩɩ sǝ́ra arǝŋǝ abʊsaʊ ɩnyɩʊ ɖe atɩya : abʊsaʊ 4+5 (mp3)
Atǝbʊmaŋkǝli mbʊɖee gɩ cǝ anii kapá ɩŋunii nɩ na para GʊGʊ kabʊsaʊ ma, kɩfoto ba ɖa ɛntɛrnɛt laŋ nnyǝmǝ. Arɛ̀ nɖee a na yɛɛ a ŋǝ̂ ma, a taa sǝ̂ra akiɖe bʊ. Bʊmaŋkǝli bʊɖe nɩ, ɩkoloji ba ɖa ncǝn apele na seemija baja bagaɖuyiɖeka. Bʊmaŋkǝli bʊ pa akoo-n'ɩnʊn, ɩkoloji ba pa tǝb-n'ʊɖǝn.
Kíɖe ma GʊGʊ kǝbatǝnleeja bɩfoto na bayɩɖa.
Aɖɩtɛnɛɛ afɔnɔ 'aŋɔrɔ 10 kaja 'ʊshile 17 kʊja gaja 2011, na gɩ tine GʊGʊ kagʊbɔ SIL kaatǝnleeɖu Bashɩɖɩ, ŋkǝlǝ Ajegulɛ. AtaMɛɛr ATA Amiiɖu a tǝɖǝ ka ɖambara nɖee ba tǝʊ ashee ʊtinu ma. GʊGʊ kaŋkulo na bɛrɛ tuutuuma ba pɩ ʊtinu ɖe. Ataraɖiyoo Ɛfɛm Kufɛ kǝbaja baɖǝn ba pɩ. Bashɩɖɩ kaamaŋkǝli gasǝbaka jɩ gɩ tine n'ataGʊGʊ.


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Peruu
Peruu kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔèɖɩ nɛ ata y; oana yɔ: Ekuwatɛɛrɩ, Kolombii, Pireziili, Polivi, Silii nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ dɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ 1 285 220 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakɩlɩ peeɖe ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa 29,1.
Peruu ɛjaɖɛ ta tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ paaɣ se Lima nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖeke ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa nakʊ. Lima tɛtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩntaa wobu kɩla wɛʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ɖɔŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ paaɖʊ-tʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1993. Peruu kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ 24 ɛlɛ komina cɩyɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ paa egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ Kesuwa nɛ Ayimara.


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Payɛ
Payɛ kɛ ɛtyʋ tɩ ciɣduu. Ɛyʋ tomnaɣ yaa ɛ-yɔɔ pilinzi ciɣduu lakɩ nɛ pɩcɔlɩ minziiki mabʋ taa. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ peteu hendu yɔ taa yaa pamakʋ soo ndɩ ndɩ yɔ taa kɛ pɩlakɩ ɛyʋ size ɛpaɣ. Paʋ taa peɖe kɛ eciɣduu e-tomnaɣ.
Patʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna soo mabʋ ɖeɖe yaa hendu teu taa mbɩ yɔ. Soo mabʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ hendu ndʋ peteu yɔ, tɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ patʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna soo mabʋ nɛ hendu pɛkpɛndʋ taa.
Payɛ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ, ciɣduu kpɛm, pʋtɔbʋʋ size, ɛyʋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛpaɣ yɔ, ŋna-ɩ kɔ yɔ ŋna size e-tomnaɣ tɩŋkɛ woki kpɛm kɛ hɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yaa hɔlɩŋ tɩŋkɛ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ tɩŋkɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ, payʋ pɩzɩɣ eciɣdi e-tomnaɣ pilinzi ɖɔɖɔ.
Yendu ndʋ pɛwɛ peteu tʋ yɔ ndʋ pewelesuu nɛ papaɣ yaa soo wena pɛwɛ pamakɩ yɛ yɔ, ana panɩʋ nɛ papaɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛyaa com yaa sakɩyɛ payɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ ɖɩ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size ballet. Anasaayɩ sɔnzɩ yaa wazasɩ payɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛyʋ pɩzɩʋ eciɣduu e-tomnaɣ pilinzi yem alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsaŋ Ɛsɔ yɔ yaa ɛsiŋkʋ kumoɖe naɖɩyɛ tɛɛ lɛ mbɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ payɛ. Pɩtɛ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ ŋnɩʋ eteu yendu natʋyʋ, ŋnɩʋ soo nayɛ taŋ. Pɩkɛna kaayɔɔdaɣ maɣzɩtʋ payɛ yaa kaayɔɔdʋtʋ tɛ maɣzɩm payɛ. Payɛ kɛna aleɣya yaa taɣ leleŋ pɩyʋ.
Kaayɔɔdʋtʋ maɣzɩm payɛ kɛ Aazii ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ kɩlɩʋ paʋ. Paya nabʋyʋ taa papayɛ naɖɩɩ size sɩɣgbelasɩ saɣʋʋ payɛ. Sɩɣgbelasɩ saɣyaa nɛ koosi maɖaa nabɛyɛ nɩ yatʋ siŋŋ kɛ payɛ yaa patʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Pataɣ nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔ yɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux pɩlɩɩna payɛ nɖɩ paya ɖɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size Opéra Garnier kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payatʋ size Paarii yɔ tɩ-taa.


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Siloveni
Siloveni kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛdɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ŋɖɩ payaɣ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkamaɣ yɔɔ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ: Itali ɛjaɖɛ, Otirisi ñɩnɖɛ, Hɔŋgiri ɛjaɖɛ kurowasi nɛ Adiriyatiki teŋgu.
Pɩnzɩ akpagba mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa kɛ Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ pɩsa Yʊgɔsɩlavi hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Siloveni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩzʊ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Silovɛnɩ.


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Filipini
Filipini kɛna Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ lɩm taa kacasɩ yɔ sɩtala 7 107. Lɩm taa kacasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa lɛ 90 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 2 000 taa kɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ. Peeɖe lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna hɩla yɔ tɩtɖɛ ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ.
Filipini taa tɛtʊ wɛtʊ wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo: Liisɔnɩ, Fisayasɩ nɛ Mindanaʊ. Liisɔnɩ kɛna kɛna lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ walʊʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛnaʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Peeɖe kɛ Filipini tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Manili wɛɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ, Keezɔnɩ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛ;kʊ taa lɛ Fayasɩ wɛna nɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ nɖʊ lɛ: Negroo, Sebuu, Poholɩ, Panee, Masɩbatɩ, Samarɩ nɛ Leyitɩ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mindanaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ñɛwɛna. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ: Tavaʊ, Marawii, Sambowaŋga nɛ Oro tɛ Kagayaŋɩ. Mindanaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Suuluu tɛtʊ wɛna, nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Pazilanɩ, Soloo nɛ tawi-tawi tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔyɩna Pɔɔrɩnewoo yɔ.
Fayasɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa kacaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Palawanɩ yɔ kɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖeke lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 1 700 yɔ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Pasifiki lɩm fɛʊʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutoku yɔ. Azii taa lɛ Filipini kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa krɩstʊ mba kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ.


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Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze)
Cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa Pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ yaa pɩnzɩ pɩkɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ kɩbɩŋjaazɩ tɔm nɛ canaʊ tɔm pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ laɣsɩpɩtɩŋna cɩnjŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊrɔnzɩ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa yatʊ ndʊ ɖɩsɩma se pɩkɛ kuwiviɖi nɛ ɛtɛŋ pɛtɛ ɖama taa siduu yɔ.
Sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩsɩma se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tʊmʊna yaa tɩlɛzɩna kuwiviɖi wɛɛ yaa kalikolitiki wɛɛ ɛlɛ, tɩɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ nɩɣtʊ alɩwaatʊ talɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa a-tʊma tɔm kaakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ lɛɛna pɩlɩna Pʊrɔzɩ yɔ yɔ takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa tɔm taa wɩlɩɣ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kamasɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛzɩtʊ lɩ sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ tɩcɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ nɛ pɛkpɛka kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋ yɔ (ajɛyɛ wena añɔtɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpam yɔ nɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ [[Azii[[) Pʊrɔnzɩ alɩwaatʊ kaatalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ, kpaɣ 3000 ŋtalɩ 1000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ɛlɛ, paa lɛzɩtʊ ɛkɔma sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ yɔ. Pɩɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Ameriki latini nɛ ɖenɖe pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ lɛ, paasɩma sika nɛ kuwiviɖi ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ, patatɩlɩ Pʊrɔnzɩ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm mayʊ Nicolas Mahudel pɩlɩna ɛtʊma kɩbɩnjaazɩ ñɩnaa pɩlʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛtasɩ walanzɩ Antoine Jussieu lɩmaɣza wena ɛlɛ kaalaba yɔ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1734 taa, ɛkalɩ ɛ-tɛ ñɩnʊʊ lɩmaɣza takayaɣ nakayɛ kɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda kɛ Keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩmayɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ŋga ka-taa ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛkɛtɩ se alɩwaatʊ wɛna wɛɛ natozo.
Wɛɛ ana yɔ kaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ yaa cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wɛɛ pɩlʊʊ yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛwɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ yaa ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, pɔlɔtʊ pɩtalɩ halɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖenɖe pɔkɔma pɛtɛzɩ-tɩyɔɔ tisuu nɛ posusi tɩ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1740 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pasɩmtʊ-tʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛyaa tʊma sɔsɔnaa kumolaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma wena pasɩma-yɛ nazɩyɛ kaŋ taa yɔ.


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Alimiiniyɔɔm
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu nakʊyʊʊ payaɣ se alimiiniyɔɔm. Kɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ mayaɣ kɛ 13. Ki-kumoɖe kɛ Al. Pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa takɩlɩ wɛʊ camɩyɛ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Alimiiniyɔɔm wɛ tindimiye 13 ñɩnɖɛ taa.
Alimiiniyɔɔ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ enuuti-kʊ yem kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se arɩzaɣ yɔ kɩ-tɔlɩm. Alimiiniyɔɔm ɛɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ yem. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩfɛyɩna kpɩndʊʊ (densité) pʊɖɔɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu taa payɩ lɛ, ɔkɩsiizɛɛnɩ nɛ siliisiyɔɔm pa-wayɩ lɛ, alimiiniyɔɔm kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɖɛ-tɛtʊ ilemiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, yee pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tɩŋa payɩ tam mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ, alimiiniyɔɔm kpakɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ lutozo mpilim.
Paapɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ alimiiniyɔɔm ɖeke nɛ palabɩna pʊyʊ, mbʊ yɔ kɩkɩlɩɣ yoluu. Pesidiɣ-kʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pʊcɔ palabɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Pesidiɣ-kʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ yɔ, tɩtalɩɣ 270 mbʊ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se pɔkɩsiti yɔ ndʊ kɩlɩɣna ɖɔʊ alimiiniyɔɔm taa. Alimiiniyɔɔm taa lɛ, pɔkɩsiti ŋgʊ kɩwɛɣ ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ wonuu nakʊyʊ yɔ. Kalɩkɔdaɣ wonuu ŋgʊʊ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se alimiini yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ alimiini ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ɖɔɖɔ ñɩlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se nefeliini (néphéline) yɔ kɩ-taa. Papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊnɛ tɩ-taa. Ndʊʊ yɔ : lesiiti (leucite) nɛ silimaniiti (sillimanite) nɛ andalusiiti (andalousite) nɛ misikoviiti (muscovite).


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Kanzɩ pɔɔ
Kanzɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ pɔɔ. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ lɩna kɛ-tɛ ɖɩñɔyɛ taa kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 2500 nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 3000. Ka-walanzɩ makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa 907000 nɛ kɛ-tɛ handala fɛɛʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊ nɛ Bramaputra ñɩŋgʊ. Kanzɩ pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛŋna pɔɔ kiɖeɖeya kɩlaʊ pɔsɩ lʊbɛ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊwayi lɛ, kɛtɛzɩɣ Haridwar pɔɔ. Kaka tɛ kʊkʋyʋmʋŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 300 nɛ kekpeŋ nɛ katɩŋɩɣna Ɛndɩ-Kanzɩtiki kɛdɛŋa taa. Kɛfɛyɩna kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, kɛwɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ. Pɔsɩ nzɩɩ yɔ nɛ sɩ-ɖalakɩŋ: Yamʊna pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1300 nɛ karnalɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1080 Chapra tɛtʊ taa nɛ Gandak pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Hajipuur tɛtʊ taa nɛ Ramganga pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 640 pʊcɔ ŋtalɩ Allahabad nɛ Sone ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 784 Patna tɛtʊ taa, nɛ Koshi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Bhagalpuur cɔlɔ nɛ Gomtɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 675 Varanasi cɔlɔ nɛ Damodar pɔɔ ɑlakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 541 Kalkuta nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ.
Kanzɩ pɔɔ woki nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Bengale yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɩkpɛndɩɣ pɩpɩsɩ handala fɛʊʊ sɔsɔʊ. Fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Sundarbans yɔ kɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre fɛɛʋ pesidiɣ ɖama taa yɔ. Ɛndɩ pɩlɩŋa nakɛyɩ, handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩsɩna Hooghly, ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩɣ Kalikuta pɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlɩŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ ŋga kekpeŋ Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ taa yɔ, ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ Padma, pɔcɔ kɛkpɛndɩ kadɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Meghna.


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Nimiye
Nimiye patasaɣ payaɣ yaa pɛcɛla hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ size mɩnʋʋ. Mɩnʋʋ yaa nimiye kɛna tomnaɣ yaa wonuu kɩɖaɣlʋʋ nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kɩwɛtʋ taa wɛ kulukulu yɔ. Nimiye nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛ pɩzatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ mɩlɩtʋ lʋtʋ yɔ.
Mɩnʋʋ yaa nimiye nɖɩ, ɖɩlɩtʋ tɩŋgɛ payɛ kɛ pɛgbɛnda nɛ payaɣ size "toron". Ɛwadɩyɛ yɔɔ nʋmɔʋ woɖa tɛ mɛlɛ tɛ nima paya size "filin" nɛ "cordage". Nima yaa mɩnɩŋ ɛnɛ, akɛna n̄ɩɣlɩm nima sɔsɔna nayɛ.
Mɩnʋʋ yaa nima ana, palʋ n̄ɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu, nɛ palakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ woɖa tɛ mɛlɛ taa kɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ nima ana payaɣ size "câble" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Nima lʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "corderie". Weyi ɛlɛ lʋʋ nima yɔɔ payaɣ size "cordier".
Nima wondu kʋlʋtʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔyɔ : puuyu pɩzatʋ (coton), nɛ pɩtasɩna taŋgbaka (sisal), nɛ pɩtasɩna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "chanvre commun" nɛ "chanvre de Man" ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.


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Aɖaɖa
Aɖaɖa kɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna hɩila yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊlʊʊ kʊlʊlʊ yɔ, ɖɩɩɖʊʊ yala kʊɖʊ. Aɖaɖa wɛna kpakpakɩŋ naalɛ kinziiye wayɩ nɛ kpakpakiŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛta tɛ mɩnɩʊ hɔɔlaɣ 75 yɔ (75 cm). Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛta 1,85 yɔ (1,85 m) nɛ yee pakpaɣna kɩ-naŋgbanzɩ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna kɩ-kpakpakɩŋ kɔyɔ pɩtalɩɣ mɛtanaa naalɛ. Aɖaɖa pɩzɩɣ kɩkpadayɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 60 yaa 70 mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ seu siŋŋŋ ɛzɩ kɔŋgɔmʊʊ yaa aɖaɖa ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ (dromadaire).
Aɖaɖa pɩzɩɣ kise ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa nɛɛlɛ yɔ kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩsɛ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa hiu kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖɔmʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩɩsɩŋgʊʊ. Aɖaɖanaa mba pɛwɛna kpakpakɩŋ naalɛ yɔ patatalɩ paalɩka kɛ aɖaɖa ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩtatalɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ninvila ɛlɛ kɩkɩla-kʊ hʊndʊ pʊndʊlʊm wɛnaʊ.
Aɖaɖana lɩna Azii keteŋga hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɖooo kacalaɣ mba kaakɛ ñɩtʊ taa kpɩna nɛ paawɛ Kobi kañɩmbusaɣ taa. Azii hɛkʊ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ aɖaɖa labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ Azii hadɛ kiŋ taa nɛ Azii cikpeluu taa lɛ aɖaɖana mba pɛwɛna kpakpakɩŋ kʊɖumʊʊ yɔ, mba palakɩna tʊma. Ɛya maɣzʊʊ se aɖaɖana mba pɔyɔɔdʊ pɔ-tɔm cɩnɛ yɔ, pɛwɛ Afrika taa ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ. Aɖaɖana mba pɛwɛ Afrika taa yɔ, pawɛna kpakpakʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ.


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Tɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa mʊsɩ
Tɩlɩyɛ soo yaa cɔlɩɩ minziiki pɩkɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa taa kiŋ tɩlɩyɛ tɩnaa minziiki ŋgʊ kɩlɩna ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba cɔlɔ, kɩwɛɛ ndɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ ŋgʊ kpaɣ ɖooo hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩna sɔnɔ ɖa-kɩyakɩŋ. Paya-kʊ se cɔlɩyɛ minziiki kɔyɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ kɩlɩ cɔɔlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1820 alɩwaatʊ. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (pɩnzɩ 1756 ŋtalɩ 1791) kaakɛna ɛyʊ weyi ɛɛkɩlɩ minziiki ŋgʊ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ.
Kamaɣ ŋga kaawɛ yaa katʊkaɣ cɔlɩɩ minziiki (nabʊyʊ taa payaɣa ɖɔɖɔ se minziiki sɔsɔʊ yɔ) nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛ minziiki yɔ kaawɛ mɩzɩzɩ yaa taaɖɔɔ. Mbʊ lɛ hendu kalɩyaa nabayɛ ɛzɩ Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Sebastian Bach yaa Joseph Haydn maɣa pa-tʊma pɩcɛlɩna wɛɛ naayɛ keekee, (kujukasi cɔɔcɩ kɩlaŋ yaa wiyaʊ pɩɣa Esterhazy tɔɔnaɣ tɔɔʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ).
Paa nɛ nesi kɩbanzɩ yɔɔ yaa lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ, kajalaɣ wulaɣu taa Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler nɛ Serguei Prokofiev, naalɛ ŋgʊ Maurice Ravel, Jean Sibelius nɛ Igor Stravinski, naatozo ŋgʊ taa Maurice Ravel, Jean Sibelius nɛ Igor Stravinski.


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Hoye
Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hoye (base), pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ yɔ payaɣ se hoye. Mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Siŋŋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tʋmɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ tɛ pɩ-tɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ pʋwɛna tomnaɣ yɔ pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ pɩ-tɛɛ ñɩŋʋ.
Akɔntɔ labʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwazʋʋ kʋɖʋm kʋɖʋm matʋ nʋmɔʋ taa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, mbʋ wazɩɣna nɛ palakɩ kɛgɛdaɣ ñʋʋ tʋma.
Piyele tomnasɩ lɩmaɣza hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɔŋ lɛɛzʋʋ kalɩtʋ pʋyʋ kɩwazʋ siŋŋ.


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Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Donald Trump nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 44 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Mike Pence.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Ki-kiɖe
- 2 Caanaʊ tɔm
- 3 Politiki
- 4 Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛya
- 5 Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ
- 6 Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politiki
- 7 Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋ
- 8 Tɔsʊʊ
- 9 Samaɣ
- 10 Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ
- 11 Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ
- 12 Ɛyaa sɔsaa
- 13 Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ
- 14 Ki-nimaɣ
- 15 Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ
- 16 ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ
Ki-kiɖe[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Caanaʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɔcɔ Christoph Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ (pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1492 talɩ)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yomiye taa alɩwaatʊ(1492-1775)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yomiye taa lɩʊ nɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ(1775-1800)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ̃nɩnʊʊ nɛ ̃nɩɣtʊ lubu nɛ yomiye taa lɩʊ (1800-1917)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yoŋ yeba nɛ patɩlɩ ki-ɖoŋ(1917-1991)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔnɔdaa alɩwaatʊ(1991-2016)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ patɩlɩɣna-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɖenɖe ɛyaa wɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ pʊwɛɛ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔsʊʊ politiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.[1]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ nɛ filosofii[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kuduyuŋ maʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki nɛ aleɣya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sɩpɔɔrɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kazandʊ nɛ avema kɩhɛza[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kʋnʋmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛyaa sɔsaa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ki-nimaɣ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm lɛɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Awayɩ kpasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- ↑ Modèle:En Current Population Clock - U.S. Census Bureau. Pakalʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ paa cɛcɛyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.


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Azɛrbayɩjanɩ
Azɛrbayɩjanɩ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kookaazɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖenɖe Erɔpʊ nɛ Azii pɛtɛyɩ-ɖama yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Paaku yɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ liidiya nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se manatɩ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ, Armenii nɛ Turki; hayu kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Zɔɔrzii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. Yee pɩkɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɔyɔ, Rusi nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Iiraŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩʊɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ azeri. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 86 600 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ wqalɩɣ lɛ, paacazɩɣ natʊyʊ yɔɔdʊ. Hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 9 867 250.
Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ- ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ payaɣ se Ilham Aliyev nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ payaɣ se Artur Rasizada.


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Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ
Tɔmpiye kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ ɖɩkɛ ɖooo kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa. Ɖɩnɩɣ keeke kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ Krɛkɩ kɩlɛɣzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩɩ tɛ Krɛkɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ tɛ Athènes. Tanɩm nɛ sɔndʊʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ, Platon nɛ Aristote pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ lɔŋ laɣsɩ paɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Takayasɩ maʊ taa kɩpaɣlaa panɛyɔ Iliade nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Odyssée kpaɣnɛ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ. Ɛsakuliye ndɩ ɖɩsɩɣ ɖoŋ siŋ kpaɖɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋgaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩ-wala sakɩyɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛnaa taa.
Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Alexandre kɩkɩlʊʊ tʊ yoŋ wabɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye sʊ ɖooo kɩbɩm ñɩnɖɛ taa se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ Room kewiɣsi tɛ ɛsakuliye.
Hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ tɛ fɛʊ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye laba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩza nɛ ɖɩhiɣ yuŋ yaa ɖoŋ weyi Roma taa yɔ, ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa tɩlɩyɛ tɛ ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ arabɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ ñalɩzɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Krɛkɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Pamazɩɣ se mba kɛna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kɩɖe tɩnaa (ɛyaa mba pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ yɔ, Socrate maɣmaɣ nɛ Platon nɛ Aristote nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛ mbʊ yɔ). Mba lubina cɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pamaɣzɩɣ se mba tʊlɩna lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm piye piye ñɩnʊʊ (tomnasɩ dɔnɛ tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ akɔnta labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma). Krɛkɩ matʊ hiɣ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo tɩlasɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɩtatalɩ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ pamazɩyaa Room mba yɔ.
Yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛpʊdʊʊ yuŋ tʊ weyi ɛtɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ paɣlaka kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga taa. Krɛkɩ taa maɣzɩm tɩnaa laɖaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ Aristote mbʊ yɔ tɔŋ se yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe tɛ kaʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna Krɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, ŋgʊ lalaa ñɔtɔndʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɛ.


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Moŋgolii
Moŋgolii kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩhayʊ kɩŋ piyele Siini nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Pamaza Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 1 564 116 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 031 330 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 1,94 yɔ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Khaltmaagiyn Battulga nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Jargaltulga Erdenebat.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Mɔŋgɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ulaŋ Potɔɔrɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +976 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ petee wendu ndʊ petɛɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Moŋgolii kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wendt. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Tugriki.


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Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ (Variole)
Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ kɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ sɔtʊ yɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ piŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa varus, i nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mʊɖɛ piye nɛ varius, a, um ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se takɩŋ tʊ. Pasɩŋ ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mʊyaa pee pɩwɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ.
Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpasa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1977 kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 26 (evemiye kpaagbaa ndɛ ndɩ ɖi-wiye pana ɛyʊ nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ Somaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛkɛ tɩzɩyʊ nɛ pasɩ-ɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ, pɩlɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ (kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ yɔ), pʊsɔzɩna sʊbɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa kpeɣluu sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1958 paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ feŋguu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kaawɛ pɩda peɖe kpanɛ pɩnaɣ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 21 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ pasɩɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ hɔɔlasɩ kɩɖɛzɩsɩ tʊma wena atakɩɣ nɛ a-na kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔ, wena OMS sɩma-yɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kaatɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ sɩm Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩcɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɩna Louis 14 lʊlʊkʊ tɛ sɩm pɩnaɣ 1712. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa paya kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ pamasɩ-kʊ nɛ casaɣ kʊdɔŋ, ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kɩ-nɛ-kʊ payaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ.
Pɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛyaa yeke koŋ hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Kɩfɛyɩ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɩna hɛkʊ taa yaa kɩɖɛʊ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ. Kʊdɔŋ sʊtʊ lɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa kɩcɩkpɩŋ mʊʊna cɔlɔ nɛ liuu tɛ tomnaɣ yɔɔ kɩcɩkpɩŋ cɔlɔ. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kʊɖɔŋ kpaɣ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩɖɩkɩ ɛ-tomnaɣ pɔŋ.
Ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɖɩhɩnɩyɛ nɛ e-wonduu kɩsʊsʊtʊ tɩya ɖɔɖɔ kʊdɔŋ ɖɛtʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se powona-tʊ momoluku ñɩɣyʊʊ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, wonduu ndɖu palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɛ-nʊ yɔ, pakpaɣ-tʊ nɛ palabɩna weyi ɛfɛyɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ weyi patɩɩ sɔba-ɩ piteleɖi yɔ nɛ ɛwɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ. Nɔnɔsɩ nzɩ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɩŋgɩnaʊ nɛ kɩkpaɣ ɛyaa yɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ feziŋ nɔnɔsɩ paa nɔmɔŋ lɛɛŋ ɛwɛ kɔyɔ.


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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, sɔsɔ von Bismarck, palʊla-ɩ Schönhausen tɛtʊ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1898 Friedrichsruh, ɛkɛ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ Caama. Peyeba se ɛkɛ cɛjɛ Bismark pɩnaɣ 1865, nɛ pʊwayɩ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Bismark-Schönhausen awimpɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ wiyaʊ kɛ Lauenburg pɩnaɣ 1890.
Ɛkɛ cenje taa Prusse Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ pɩnaɣ 1862 ŋtalɩ 1890, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Caama nɛ Hayi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm hʊya ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1867 ŋtalɩ 1871, pʊcɔ ɛsʊ kajalaɣ tɔm hʊya tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe Caama Ampiiri kɩfalʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1871, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛɖɔka ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ mbʊ Prusse tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Bismarck la ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛkandɩɣ Junkers waa ñɩm yɔɔ, pɩkɛ Prusse tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ ɖooo politiki labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pakpa-ɩ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1862. Prusse ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ maʊ taa lɛ ɛlʊbɩna tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɩna se ɛha ɖoŋ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu lɩmaɣza.
Palʊla Otto von Bismarck ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 Schönhausen. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Ferdinand von Bismarck, ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɛ ɛwɛna tɛtʊ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Wilhelmine Mencken ɛlɛ kaakɛ politiki abalʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau tɔm yɔɔ tisiyu yaa ɛgbaɣtʊ. Otto kaawɛna ɖalʊ kʊyʊm Bernhard (pɩnzɩ 1810-1893) nɛ kɔʊ kʊyʊm Malwina (pɩnzɩ 1827-1908).
Pɩnaɣ 1816, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ pɛɖɛɛ nɛ Kniephof Poméranie nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, ɛlɛ petikizi pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paawɛna-tʊ Schönhausen yɔ. Otto la ɛ-pɩjatʊ peeɖe. E-ɖoo sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1839 lɛ, Bismarck kpaɣ ɛ-ñɩma tɛtʊ Kniephof. Ɛpɩsɩ haɖʊ, ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Bernhard weyi ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔ pahayɩ Kniephof, Külz nɛ Jarchlin tɛtʊ Poméranie wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, Naugard kantɔɔ taa. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1841 lɛ palɩzɩ Berbhard se ɛkɛ Nauguard egeetiye lɔŋ tasɩya ñʊʊ tʊ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɛtɛyɩ pazɩ tɛtʊ, Bernhard cɔŋnɩna Jarchlin tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ Otto cɔŋna Külz nɛ Kniephof tɛtʊ yɔɔ. Pa-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1845 taa lɛ, Otto ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ cɛjɛtʊ ɖɩɣa taa Schönhaussen, Stendal kantɔɔ taa.
Pɩtɩŋna Moritz von Blanchenburg yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ɛtabalʊ nɔyʊ weyi ɛkatɩ-ɩ Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, Bismarck ɖʊ tabalɩyɛ ɛ-nɛ pɔtɔdɩyɛ tʊ Adolf von Thadden-Trieglaff. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ kɛlɛ Marie Blanckenburg, Moritz pɛlɔ. Paa Marie nɛ Otto pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama kɔyɔ, Marie tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛyɔdɩ ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊ ɖʊnaʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ ɛwalɩ Trieglaff aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1844. Nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ wiye lɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛtabalʊ Johanna von Puttkamer Bismarck cɔlɔ. Otto nɛ Johanna pakpaɣ pawalɩ ɖama nɛ palʊlɩ piyaa naatozo. Marie (1848-1926), ɛlɛ walɩ Kuno zu Rantzau, Herbert (1849-1904), ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Marguerite von Hoyos nɛ Wilhelm (1852-1901) ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Sibylle von Arnim-Kröchlendorff.


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Fransɩɩ
Fransɩ ɛjɛɖɛ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖʊyɛ taa kpem yɔ. Fransɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Paarii nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Liidiye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ndɩ lɛ Eeroo.
Fransɩɩ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna tɔlɩm nabutozo nɛ pɩpɩɩ tibu yɔɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ mbʊ yɔ: pʊlɔɔ, kʊhʊlʊmʊm nɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm. Kpaɣnɛ pɩnzɩ 1950 lɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna ajɛya wena alɩzɩ Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖeke, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ G7 taa, G20 taa, ajɛya wena atɔkɩ Eeroo se liidiya yɔ a-taa, UNESCO taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ aŋgba kɩkaŋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔpɖɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ yɔ: kɩwɛna ɖɔŋ kɛ ajɛya wena awɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ, pɩnɛ ketenzi nasɩlɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Fransɩɩ ɖʊʊ kɩ-nɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe politiki tɔm taa nɛ paale lɛ, kɩwɛna sɔɔjanaa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ ɖɔŋ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋunaa yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ politiki tɔm nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma kɩ-ta ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Fransɩ wɛna ɖɔŋ sɔsɔŋ kpem ɖɔɖɔ politiki tɔm taa, tɔsʊʊ taa, sɔɔjɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ, Fransɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa; Caama nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ajɛya ɖeke ɖɛna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa François Hollande nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Manuel Valls.


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Koobu paɣtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe
Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ Krɩstʋ mba tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-taa mba payaɣ kɛlɛʋ yem size Fransɩskɛ waa. Ɖɩkɛ katolika krɩstʋ mba paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcalɩ lɩʋ kajalaɣ taa pombo kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖajaa weyi ɛlɩza-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔɔ payaɣ size François kiɖeɖeu Assise tʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1210 taa.
Ɛzɩ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Ɛsɔ yɔ, koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ krɩstʊ yɔ nɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ ajamaa sɔsaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Pe-wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ mɛnvɛyɩ pɩyʋʋ waa yɔ. Pa-tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛlɛ size posusi Ɛsɔ tɔm paale. Pɔsɔlɩm kʋɖʋmʋm yɔɔ pɛcɛla pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ hɩɖɛ size " koobu ", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛʋ size mɩzaɣ kʋyʋmaɣ yɔɔ piya hɛkʋ taa koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ.
Ɛlɛ yee ɖɩcɔna camɩyɛ sɔnɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pakpa cɔjɔ naa sakɩyɛ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size fadanaa yɔ. Maɣzɩm tɩnaa nanza nabɛyɛ yeba nɛ pa-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, patɩlɩ Fransiskɛ waa camɩyɛ. Pa-hɩlaa yɔ, kiɖeɖeu Bonaventure Bagnoregio tʊ, nɛ Roger Bacon, nɛ Duns Scot, nɛ pɩtasɩna Guillaume d'Ockham.
Papɩ François yeba nɛ sakɩyɛ tɩlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ. Mbʋ yɔ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, ɛlaba atɩma sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna lanhɛzɩyɛ taa wɛyʋ yaʋʋ mba mba pakʋwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ Ɛsɩpagnɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ you alɩwaatʋ taa. Koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖiilesa ɖɩ-ɛyaa mba yɔ, paakpɛnda nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩlɩzɩ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu François Assise tʊ kaakɛ evebu pɩɣa ŋga kaalɩna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩwɛ weewee siŋŋ yɔ.


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Liibaŋ
Liibaŋ kɛna Prosɩ-Oriaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Liibaŋ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siirii ɛjɑɖɛ wɛna nɛ kilomɛtanaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 376 yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kilomɛtanaa 79.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ bassin levantiŋ pɔlɔkʊ yaa fɛɛʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 220 kɛ pɩmaɣnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Beyiiruti. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ arabe; fransɩ ñatatasɩ kɛʊ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ siŋŋŋ kɛ peeɖe, kɩcadaa. Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ libaŋ pɔɔyaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1926 taa kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖʊ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ minisiriwaa kediizaɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ yɔɔdɩɣ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛkɛna krɩstʊ-tʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna-ɩ nɛ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo ɛlɩzɩna-ɩ; ɛlɛkɩ pɩnzɩ looɖo. Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 2014, Liibaŋ tatɩɩlɩzɩta ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.


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Ɛndusɩ Pɔɔ
Ɛndusɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ Sɩnd yaa Sɩnduu, Tibetain taa lɛ Senge khabab pʊtɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛlɩna tɔyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Ɛndusɩ kɛ Aazii lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kaha ka-hɩɖɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kegbeŋ nɛ Himalaya nɛ hadɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Arabii teŋgʊʊ taa. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛ Ɛndɩ kɩlaŋ pɔsɔ lʊbɛ taa.
Ɛndusɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ Kailas yaa Kankri pʊŋ taa kɛ Tibɛtii ageetaa taa. Mbʊ yɔ kagba hɩɖɛ se kpaɣ nɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛdɩyɛ kpolo kpolo taa Sengge nɛ Gar pɛ-tɛ, mba mba palɩna Himalaya nɛ patɩŋgʊʊ Nganglong nɛ Gangdise Shan pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ. Pʊwayi lɛ, Ɛndusɩ tɩŋgʊna hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Kasɩmɩrɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ Karakoram pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ nɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ lɛ kapɩsɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ nɛ keyeki Peshawar nɛ Rawalpindi piyisi. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ lɩm kɩkam nabʊyʊ pɩsɩ Tarbela ŋgbaŋ. Kpana kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ taa nɛ Kabuul lɩm pɔɔ lɛ, Ɛndusɩ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ pɩsɩ mɛlɛna nɔmɔʊ.
Ka-nɔmɔʊ ɖɔnɛ taa nɛ teŋguu yɔ kiŋ pɩsɩna nɛ Pendjab nɛ Sind fɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɔɔ ŋga kekpeŋ peɖe hɛɛ. Kɛ-tɛzɩɣ Hyderabad nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Oman tenguu taa nɛ hanala fɛɛʊ kɩwɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 7770 kpɛɛ ko yɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ pɔɔ nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 200 Karasɩ nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, lɛlɛyɔ taa pakpa-kʊ se kɩ-kɛ ɖɩkɛ ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ egeetiye yuŋ tɛ ndɛ ajaɖɛ kpeekpe taa.


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Alɛkɩsandrii
Alɛkɩsandrii kɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ miliyɔɔnaa 4 300 000 mbʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩŋŋŋ taa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 4 388 219 hab. Ɛyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alexandre Sɔsɔ yɔ ɛnʊ kaalɛɣna peeɖe caaʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ -331 taa pʊcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu, mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ pasʊʊ-tʊ hɩɖɛ se Alɛkɩsandrii.
Pʊcɔ nɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa tɔm kɔŋ lɛ, Alɛkɩsandrii kaakɛna Egipiti tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ. Peeɖe palakaɣ tadɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa lɛ, peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ Mediteranee mba yɔ pɛkpɛndaɣ nɛ palakɩ amʊʊza ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kɛɛrɩ yɔ ndʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ natʊlɛ ndʊ. Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ wɛ Niili Pɔɔ ka-ɖɩyasɩyɛ cɔlɔ, lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Mareyotisi yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ Farɔsɩ yɔ tɩ-hɛkʊbtaa. Alɛkɩsandrii maalika ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Abdel Fattah Saïd Hussein Khalil al-Sissi.


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Kedeŋa yɔɔ kajalaɣ you
Kajalaɣ you ŋgʋ, kɩlɩ Erɔpʊ tɛtʋ taa sɔɔjanaa hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kʋkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ. Kɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 1914 nɛ kɩwolo kɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1918. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛcɔna yɔ, ɛnaɣ se kɩtɛtɛ kpataa ajɛɛ naayɛ hɛkʋ taa, kɩwɛ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ mbʋ a-hɛkʋ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1923 taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Lausanna tɛtʋ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza n̄ɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1923 taa nɛ pan̄ɩɣ takayɩsɩ taa nesi nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se you tɛma ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa.
You ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩlaba waaɣ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋga taa yɔ. Ɖooo yɔ, patana kɩ-ɖaɣʋ kaʋ. Kɩnaŋa pɩtɩŋɛ naŋa naŋa. Sɔɔjanaa yona-kʋ siŋŋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩba nɛ wondu sakɩyɛ wɛɛkɩ. Sɔɔjanaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 60 yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ labana you ŋ́gʋ.
You ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nakʋ mbʋ yɔ sɩba nɛ pʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɛzaɣtʋ tɔm lɛɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ laba ɖɔɖɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-ɖɩlaɖɛ : paɖɩzɩ Aarɩmeenii n̄ɩma pɩnaɣ 1915 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1916 n̄ɩŋga taa. Poyo ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ you lɩŋgamʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Atlantique" yɔ kɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩma kʋyɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ ka-taa n̄ɩma nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ sɔsɔ Lénine kpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eyele nɛ Rueeii ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ Komiinism ɛjaɖɛ. Kʋdɔŋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ n̄alɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 taa nɛ pakʋm-kʋ hɩɖɛ se "Grippe espagnole". Kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa niidozo mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ piyeba nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɛzɩ liu lɔʋ kpem, pitiba paa anɩ ɛ-nandʋ taa yem yɔɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba paawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔsɔɔ you ŋgʋ kʋ-tɔm kaʋ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pa-sɩm wiye. You ŋgʋ kiyeba nɛ lɛɣzʋʋ sɔsɔm sakɩyɛ lɩɩ ajɛɛ kominanaa taa.
Kɩcɩyɩ ajɛɛ naayɛ hɔɔlɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ajɛɛ ana yɔ "Austro-hongrois nɛ Russe nɛ Ottaman pa-ajɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣaɣ se "Empire allemand" yɔ, pɩtatasɩ wɛʋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ tatasɩ walʋʋ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ. Paɖaɣnɩ lɩzʋʋ Erɔɔpʋ nɛ "Proche-Orient" pɛ-tɛtʋ aŋjaʋnaa kɩfama. Komiinism yaa Temokraasii lɛɣzɩ "Monaarɩsii. Ɖooo mbʋ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe taafɛyɩna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpɛm. Kajalaɣ you lɩna nɛ kɩ-wayɩ kɛ ajɛɛ laba lɩmaɣzɛ se paɖʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩkandɩɣ ɖɩlʋ laŋhɛyɛ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Société des Nations (SDN).
Mbʋ piyeba nɛ you ŋgʋ kɩlɩɩ yɔ, pʋtɔɖɔɔ, pʋwɛ mamatʋka tɩyɛ. Mɩsɩ kʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 28, pɩnaɣ 1914 n̄ɩŋga taa Bosnie ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, ɛwɛ Serbe tɛtʋ taa, payaɣ-ɩ se Gavrilo Princip. Evebu ɛnɛ, ɛkʋ François-Ferdinand nɛ ɛlɛ halʋ. Ŋgʋ abalʋ ɛnɛ ɛkaɣna "austro-hongrois ɛjaɖɛ kpelaɣ kpaɣʋ ɖɩɖɩ n̄ʋʋdʋ sɩm wayɩ. Peeye Caama ɛjaɖɛ seɣti Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ se ɖitaasu tɔm ndʋ. Se ɖɩkʋyɩ Serbe tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ajɛɛ ɖoŋ n̄ɩna ndɩ ndɩ paɣzɩ ɖʋʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama. Naayɛ n̄atɩnɩɣ Autriche-Hongrie ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ lɛlaa n̄atɩnɩ Bosnie n̄ɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʋʋ pɩlaba nɛ you kɔɔ kɩlɩɩ ajɛɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa. Ŋgʋ ajɛɛ ana a-taa sakɩyɛ kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ yɔɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩkɔma kɩtaɣna kedeŋa kpeekpe.


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Pɔɔlɩ maɖʋ
Pɔɔlɩ maɖʋ kɛ kpɛndʋ tɛ amʋʋza kpɛm n̄ɩna. Paalɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size pom pom. Paalɩ kʋnɛyɔ, kɩ-taa nɛ helim ɖo, pamakɩ kʋ nɛ naŋgbaŋzɩ. Kadaɣ nakayɩ yɔɔ maɖaa tɛyʋ ɖama hɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ hadɛ nɛ hayi, hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛna n̄ɩtʋ kadaɣ ŋga pɛhɛ-kɛ kɩhɛʋ nɛ tɔlɩm yɔ. Pʋpɔsaɣ mbʋ siŋŋ yɔ, mbʋ yɔ size paɣ hɔlʋʋ maɖaa mb́a lɛ, pɛcɛɩ pa-tɩ nɛ paɖʋ kooli ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size kpaaɖɛ yɔɔ maɖaa hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ. Paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛyɔ, kɩlɛɛ pazɩɣ ɖoo lɔŋ Iŋglɩsɩ mba tɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2006 taa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔ maɖaa katɛma talʋʋ ɛzɩ 264 miiliyɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa payɩ kɔyɔ, naŋgbaŋzɩ paalɩ kɛna kɔɔnɔɔ tɛ spɔɔɖɛ aleɣya n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ sɩpɔɔrɩ sɔsɔʋ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ kedenzi sɩnɛ yɔ : kedeŋa Afrika tɛtʋ, nɛ kedeŋa Amerika tɛtʋ, nɛ kedeŋa Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ kɔyɔ, sɩkɛ kedenzi nsɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ pom pom mabʋʋ spɔɖɛ tɔyɩɩna pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ kʋtɔyaa mbʋ yɔ kɩmabʋ fɛyɩ na tʋkasɩ pʋɖɔɔ nɛ mbʋ ŋwɛna nɛ pɩcɔ ŋma yɔ pʋtɔɖɔ kuu. Ɖɩkpaɣ fenaɣ takayaɣ kɔyɔ, ɖɩ-naɣ size pɛtɛyɩ ka-mazɩtʋ hɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ : maɖaa akpeɣla hɔlʋʋ nɛ ajɛɛ maɖaa hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ ŋgʋ mabʋ kʋjɔʋ ajɛɛ kpeekpe tɛ mazɩtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩlaɣ leleŋ pɩŋŋ yɔ. Paa pɩnsɩ nanaaza nsɩ wayɩ lɛ pamakaa paalɩ naŋgbaŋzɩ n̄ɩŋʋ kʋjɔʋ ŋgʋ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1930 (ɛlɛ pataama pɩnzɩ sɩnɛyɔ 1938 nɛ 1950 sɩ-taa).
Mazɩtʋ ndɩ nɖɩ wɛ nɛ pɩcɛlɩnaɣ nɩnaʋ angba wena akpelaɣ ɖama hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ajɛɛ taa nɛ amakɩ paalɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ paalɩ maɖaa akpeɣla, wɛna masɩtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ payaɣ tʋ size wabʋtʋ ŋgbɛ nɛ ɖiloyisi kɔyɔ : UEFA. Ɛzɩma ɛnʋsɩ Erɔpɩ ɖɛ nɔɔ paalɩ mabʋ hɔlʋʋ taa yɔ lɛ, peɖe pamakɩ kʋ. Spɔɖɛ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, samtʋ nimiye nɖɩ paa maɖaa mba lɛ pakɩlʋ n̄ɩnʋ.


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Caama kʊnʊŋ
Caama kʊnʊŋ payaɣna Caama taa se Deutsch [ˈdɔʏtʃ ] kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Germanique hɔʊ piliŋa ŋga kalɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ yɔ. Pɩlɩna kɩtɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ yɔɔdasɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɩwalɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ caanaʊ tɔm, kɩ-wɛ ndɩ Caama wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ mbʊ lɛ pɩpazɩna doo hayʊ wɛɛ cɩkpetʊ taa, matʊ lɛɣzɩtʊ naalɛ ndʊ.
Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ taa lɛ, mba panɩɩ-kʊ yɔ paya-wɛ se germanophone waa, pɛdɛ ɖama tɛyɩʊʊ taa lɛ padalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩʊ,mbʊ yebina nɛ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Ɛɖɔpa ajɛyɛɛ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ kɩgbɛndʊʊ taa.
Kedeŋga sɩm tɛyʊʊ taa, Eerɔpʋ taa lɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ kɛnɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Caama Ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Otirisi taa nɛ Lɩɛstɛnstɛɛnɩ taa nɛ [Wp/kbp/Suwiisi (Suisse)|Suwiisi]] taa nɛ Lukizambuuri taa, nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ taa nɛ Itaalii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaa se Tɩɩrɔl (Tyrol) nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ yɔɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ ana yɔ Fransɩɩ nɛ Taanemarki nɛ Cɛɛkɩɩ nɛ Sɩɩlɔvakii nɛ Pɔlɔñɩɩ nɛ Rumaanii, ɛlɛ komina tahaɣ waɖɛ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ ana a-daa.
Afrika kedeŋa taa lɛ ajɛyɛ naalɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Caama kʊnʊŋ, Namibii nɛ Tanzaani. Amerika taa lɛ Amerika nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa hɛkʊ nɛ pɩdɛ Caama mba mba pɛwɛna canaʊ lakasi ɛzi kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ paya se Pennsylvanien, ɛlɛ Amish cejewiye lakina-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Paraguay nɛ Chili nɛ Arzantiini nɛ Brezilii nɛ Venezuela pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Caama tɔm. Caama tɛkɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa yɔ.


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Mɔɔyɛ
Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Ɛyʊ wɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ. Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam.
Mɔɔ wɛna wazaɣ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔyɛ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.
Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.


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Zɔɔrdaanii
Zɔɔrdaanii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siirii nɛ Akaba pɔɔ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Palɛstinii, Israɛlɩ, Yɔrdaŋ pɔɔ nɛ teŋgʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se mɛɛrɩ mɔɔrtɩ yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Araabii Sawuditi.
Tʊkaɣ nakayɩ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ pɔɔ nakayɩ ŋɛ ŋga payaɣ se Yɔrdaŋ. Yɔrdaŋ kɛŋna pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wokaɣ polu lɩm nɛ pɔsɔʊ pɩya ajama yɔ yaa palakɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm kpeɣyu sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Yahanɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kaasɔ Yesu Krɩstʊ lɩm. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm kiɖeɖem. Pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe tɛ kazandʊ paa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛtɛ kɩyakʊ 13.
Pamaza Zɔɔrdaanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 89 342 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,8 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 531 712 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 107 yɔ. Agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Zɔɔrdaanii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdalla II nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Hani al-Mulki.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ araabʊ ɛlɛ aŋgilisi ñɛkɛna kʊènʊŋ ŋgʊ paanɩ ɛkɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ aseela tʊma taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Amaanɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +962 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se tiinaarɩ zɔɔrdaanɩyɛ.


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Soowa (Shoah)
Soowa (Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, שואה pʊtɔbʊʊ se azɛyʊʊ), pɩkɛ Yuda ɛyaa samaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ. Caama ɛyaa ɖɩzaɣna Yuda ɛyaa mba, nɛ ɛyaa mba pakʊwa yɔ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ loɖo hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ yaa ɖɩkpaɣ Yuda ɛyaa natozo Eerɔpʋ taa kɔyɔ pakʊ ɛyaa naalɛ mbilim yaa kedeŋga taa Yuda mba mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiŋ nanza, kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Yuda ɛyaa mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Caama mɩŋ ñaɣzɩɣ kɩlaʊ yaa Eerɔpʋ taa Yuda mba kʊʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa yaa tɩlɩyaa hɛkʊ taa wɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ siŋ kɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ palabɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ.
Yuda mba, Caama maɣmaɣ wɩlɩ-wɛ niye se pɛkɛ po-koyondina mba pɩfɛyɩ palabɩ-wɛ pʊdɔdɩyɛ wɛɛ pɩkpɛndɩna pa-lɩmaɣza nɛ po-tomnaɣ, ñɔɔsɩ kpa-wɛ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pasɩ poloñi tɛtʊ cipketu ndʊ tɩ-taa kaawɛ Yuda mba yɔ nɛ soofiyetiki kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊ pʊɖɔkɩna-kʊ yɔ kɩ- taa.
Pakʊ-wɛ nɛ malɩfa naa kɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ paya hɩɖɛ se soowa malɩfa pɛɛ tɛ ŋgʊ. Tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa labʊ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩtalʊʊ pɩlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pakʊɣa-wɛ, pakʊɣa-wɛ nɛ fefekiŋ fefekiŋ lɔɔɖaa taa yaa fefekiŋ kuduyiŋ tɛɛ ɖenɖe pɔtɔyɩtaɣ-wɛ yɔ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tomnasɩ nzɩ pataapiŋ yɔ pañazaɣ-sɩ mɩŋ siɖaa tɔlɔɔŋ taa nɛ pamɩzɩɣ pɔ-tɔlɔma.
Yuda mba tɛ tɔyɩtʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɩna ɛzɩma tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpelasi taa tʊma laɖaa nɛ lɛɣtʊ laɣsɩ cɔlɔ, mbʊ piyeba nɛ Caama pɩzɩ kɩɖɩzɩ samaɣ ŋga, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩsɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kpoyi. Ɖama tɛyʊʊ kʊñɔŋ alɩwaatʊ, pɩtɛ you ŋgʊ kɩñɩnaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ samaɣ ŋga katafɛyɩna sɔɔjɔnaa yaa politiki nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖoŋ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ kʊyaa yaa pʊdɔdɩyɛ fɛyɩ tɩnaa kaamaɣzɩna tʊ.
Halaa, piyaa (halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna piyaa cɩɩ cɩɩ waa) nɛ akpadɩyaa pagba patɩŋga nɛ pakʊ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa sɔsaa. Piyaa ma-ñʊʊ sɩba waa mba patɔyɩtɩ-wɛ patalɩ piyaa 1500000. Pʊcɔ Yuda ɛyaa tɛ kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kʊʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, pewilaɣ po-wonduu taa ɖoŋ nɛ paɖɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ.


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Arzantiini
Arzantiini kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamɣ yɔ, ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Siilii, hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Pooliivi, hayi kiŋ kpataa lɛ Paraaguwe, Pireziili nɛ Uruguwe ajɛya ñɛwɛna hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖʊlkɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛna hadɛ kiŋ.
Dooo lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ kpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊkɔma aloma fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1810 lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmaɣmaɣ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1816 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɖ-tɩ yɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ San Miguel de Tucumán taa.
Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Buenos Aires nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ piyele lidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛarizantiini peezoo.
Arizantiini taa katoliki cɔɔcɩ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ labʊ nɛ Amerika Latini taa payɩ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Erɔpɩ sɔnzɩ kɩlɩ wɛʊ.
Latiino-Amerika taa payɩ lɛ, Arizantiini kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wobu nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩm yɔ. Ameriki Latini taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩkɛna naatozo ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nɛ ɖɩwɛ Pireezili nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki ajɛya wayɩ.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Seneralɩ Manuel Belgrano yɔ, ɛnʊ lɩzɩna Arizantiini kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛta ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1810, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊkaɣ se pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛɛlɩza-kɛ mbʊ lɛ, kɩ-hɛkʊ taa taawɛɛ wɩsɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1818 taa kɛ pɔsɔza wɩsɩ mayaɣ.


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Mahomet
Mahomet (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa محمد, paɖɩnɩɣ maʊ se Muḥammad), ɖɔɖɔ pɛɖɛyɩ se Muḥammad yaa Mohammed, ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩŋa yɔ Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyʊ, ɛlakɩ politiki tɔm nɛ arabɩ sɔɔja, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Quraych kiŋ. Ɛnʊ tɩna malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kiɖe, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ nayʊ siŋ. Malɩŋ ɛyaa kpekiɣ se pʊwɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Mecque pɩnaɣ 570 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛsɩ Medine pɩnaɣ 632.
Malɩŋ tɛ ñɔʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-wazaɣ pazaɣ pɩcaɣ ɛyaa fezuu caʊʊ yɔɔ piŋ pɩ-tɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa, yebina nɛ Mahomet pɩsɩ sɩʊʊ siŋ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩtʊ caɣ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, aseeɖe tɔm natʊyʊ tɔɖɔɔ ɛ-yɔɔ siŋ, pɩwɛɛ kaɖɛ se pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm keeke ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ndɩ yɔ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ tʊ. Ceu tɔm takayaɣ maɣmaɣ taa, pɔyɔɔda ɛ-tɔm ŋñɩɩ yem. Tɔm naananza yeke koŋ pɔyɔɔda ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ŋgʊ ɛnʊ ɛzɩ Yesuu weyi paya-ɩ se 'Īsā, yɔ pɔyɔɔda ɛlɛ tɔm halɩ tam hiu nɛ naalɛ taa mbʊ yɔ halɩ pacʊnɩ-ɩ kpem pɩkɩlɩ Mahomet tɩtɩŋa ɛzɩ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Messi, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu (sourate ñʊŋ 4 ŋtalɩ 91).
Ceu takayaɣ taa lɛ paya Mahomet se ummî, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩsɩŋɩlʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛtaatɩlɩ kalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛɛsɩŋ maʊʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ nabayɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, petekizi se ɛɛsɩŋ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm nɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ matʊ. Lalaa cɔlɔ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se ummî tɔbʊʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ paasɩŋ kalɩtʊ nɛ matʊ yɔ yaa ɛyaa mba matʊ kiɖeɖetu yɔ. Pʊwayi payɩ yɔ, tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Mohamed Talbi tɔŋ se ɛɛsɩma kalɩtʊ piŋ nɛ matʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛsa kaakula camɩyɛ.
`Abdullâh ibn `Abd al-Muttalib nɛ Amina bint Wahb palʊlana-ɩ. `Abdullah kaakɛ `Abd Al-Muttalib pɩyalʊ, ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ kɛ Hachîm pɩɣa, Quraychite waa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa, ɛnʊ kɛna Mecque komina ñʊʊ tʊ, ɛnʊ cɔnɩna Kaba ɖɩɣa ñɩm yɔɔ. Amina ñaakɛ Whab ibn `Abd Al-Manaf, ɛlɛ ñaakɛna tamaɣ tɔyʊʊ kɛ Banu Zuhrah cejewiye taa.


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Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie)
Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ mʊyɩsʊʊ yaa fɛbɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tomnaɣ taa yaa tomnaɣ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna yasʊʊ nɛ ñɛyɩtʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Yasʊyʊ kɛ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ ɛsɩma nɛ ɛyasʊʊ ɛyaa (fɛɖʊ keeke nɛ kela tɛ fɛɖʊ nɛ kpɩna tɛ fɛɖʊ). Palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna yasʊʊ yɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se palaba-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, yasɩyaa lakɩna yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩɣ tɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Ɖɩlɩna Krɛkɩ taa xeιpoupYιa (kheirourgia) xeιp (kheir) nesi nɛ epYov (ergon) tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm nɛ mɔɔ hʊyʊʊ tɛ labɩyɛ nɛ tɩpaɣlɩɣ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ kaahiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩɖala siŋ kɔyɔ yasɩyaa pɛkɛsɩ-wɛ kɩjaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa hɛkʊʊ taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖɔnʊʊ alaafɩya ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa taawɛ ɖeu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Kpaɣna kpaɣdʊ 19 kɛ tʊma sakɩyɛ kɔma asʊʊ pɩtŋna alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ nɛ politikii tɔm nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ nɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Ɛyaa mba pahʊŋ tandɩŋ yɔ mba hʊŋna ñɔsɩ, saŋ nɛ cɛɛŋ, palakɩ kɩcɩkpɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ. payasʊʊ mʊyaa, palakɩ calɩm tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛŋ wiliɣ nɛ ɛna yɔ.
Jean Pitard, ɛkɛ ñɔsɩ hʊndʊʊ sɔsɔ, ɛmʊ samtʊ nimiye paarii, Etinne Boileau, pahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ patɩ yɔɔ kɛ ɖuutu loɖo taa, se pɩha nɔmɔʊ nɛ pala saŋtaɖaʊ ñɔsɩ hʊndaa mba pɛwɛna sɔlɩm se pala yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (na tʊma tɛ takayaɣ).
Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa yasɩyʊ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-kʊdɔndɩnaa kɛ kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ palakɩ ɛyaa tʊma yɔ. Kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wondu sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba pasɩna pɛwɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ padaa kɔyɔ ɖɔkɔtɔ weyi ɛsɔkɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩsɩ yɔ nɛ sɩm yɔ fezuu tɩnaa nɛ yasʊʊ kuduyuu tɛ fɛɖaa. Pɩtaa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ papɩzɩɣ palakɩ fɛbɩtʊ tʊma lɛɛna hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa.
Kelaa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ weyɩ ɛlakɩ-ɖɩ paya-ɩ se kelaa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, ɛcakɩ kpagba kpelaɣ nakayɛ yɔ ɛlɛ, ɛwɛna sɩnayaa pʊɖɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ weyɩ ɛlakɩ nɔɔ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɖɩ-lʊlɩyɛ taa palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ pawalanzɩɣ halɩtʊ kɛ lʊlʊʊ wiye ɛlɛ weyi ɛcɔŋna halɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa halʊ lʊlʊsɩyʊ. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpagba kɛ halʊ weyi ɛ-nɛ hɔɔ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ, pahɩzɩ-ɩ kpeŋgbeluu ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer)
Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ lɛ, pasɩma-tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩ-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛɛzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papɩzɩ pamaɣzɩ se ñɩɣtʊ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ yaa canaʊ pɩyʊ.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ paɣza ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1100 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ kɛ ɛwaɖɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa, kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 800 ŋtalɩ 700 pʊcɔ Y-K kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-K Afrika ajɛyɛ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pɔza miŋ sɔsɔŋ pɩkɩlɩ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ pakaa mɩzaɣ miŋ ŋga kemiŋ saʊ ɛtalɩ 1 500 °C2 mbʊ yɔ.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ tɔmʊʊ lubutu pɛcɛlɩ tanʊwa ñɩnɩyʊ C. J. Thomsen. Ɖɩlɩna ɖooo lɩmaɣza kɩbɩna cɔlɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ canaʊ tɔm mayʊ Lauritz Schebye Vedel Simonsen ñɩnaa cɔlɔ, ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Kopɛnhaagɩ, weyi etɔma pɩnaɣ 1813 alɩwaatʊ se sɩkandɩnavɩ ɛyaa kɩbɩmaa wondu kaakɛ ɖeɣa nɛ pɩyɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩ kuwiviɖi nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ.
Thomsen maɣzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1816 taa se ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ pɩɩwɛ se paɖʊ tanʊwa ɛjaɖɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu kɛ pɩ-taa. Peeɖe esusuu ɛtʊmɩyɛ tɔm pɩlɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ana a-natozo a-yɔɔ. Pɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ wɛɛ pɩnaɣ 1836 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed taa (pʊtɔbʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ hayi yɔɔ ajɛyɛ tɔm kɩbɩndʊ yɔ).


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Genghis Khan
Gengis Khan kɛ Moŋgolɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ pɩnzɩ 1155 yaa 1162 waaɣ taa.mbʋ yɔ Mongolɩ. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1227 Xian de Qingshui tɛtʋ taa. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ kakpanzɩ taa. Ɖajaa Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. Ɖajaa Gengis Khan lɩna wiyaʋ Bordjigin hɔʋ taa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ kpeɣlini kewiyisi sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nzɩ sɩwɛ Aazii hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa yɔ sɩtɩŋa payɩ nɛ sɩkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Mongol ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛnʋ kɛkɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ. Eɖiyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Sogdiane tɛtʋ.
Palʊlɩ-ɩ lɛ pahayɩ hɩɖɛ sise Temú́djin. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Yesǔgei nɛ ɛ-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Hǒ’elú́n. Pɛkpɛndɩ piya kagbaanzɩ pa-caa cɔlɔ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖaɣnɩ walʊʋ siŋŋ, mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-wayɩ ñɩma kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛsɩba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-pɩya nakɛyɩ caɣna e-lone taa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa yawaɣ-ɩ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ caa. Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ tɩŋa ñaŋkaɣ Ñʋʋdʋ Gengis Khan pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, pakpaɣa halaa nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ abalaa. Ñʋʋdʋ Gengis Khan lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ paɖɩɣ kaʋ pɩ-tɛ lakasɩ nzɩ Moŋgoli ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Sɛɛribii
Sɛɛribii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se palɩkaŋ yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, samaɣ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ palɩzɩ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patɩŋgʊʊna takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔʊ-kʊ yɔ kɩwɩʊ ɖiu ɖiu nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛɣzʊʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa yɔ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ, pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, anaa yɔ: Pɔsinii-Hɛɖɩzigooviini, Krowasii, Hɔŋgirii, Rumanii, Pulugarii, Masedonii, Kosovo nɛ Montenegro. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩgradɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ 1166. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Aleksandar Vučićnɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔ Ana Brnabić.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kominanaa tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛsɛrɩbɩ nɛpɛlɛgradɩ. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ Sɛɛribii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 7 111 973 yee pɛtɛkpɛndɩna Kosovo koyɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna-kʊ yɔ, palɩʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 916 917 yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ yaa lɛlʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +381 pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Tɛʋ
Tɛʋ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ tɛ pʋyʋ, ɛyʋ talɩzɩna yaa tolubina-kʋ. Tɛʋ lɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ kitiki tataa ɖoyi ɖoyi. Tɛʋ ɛyʋ kɩlɩɣ naʋ nɛ ɛza keɣlee mbʋ pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣna ɛsɔdaa nɛ pitiki yɔ pɩ-taa. Tɛʋ kɩlɩnɩ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ lɩm yɔɔ lɛ, lɩm ḿbʋ, pɩpɩsɩ fefeku nɛ pɩɖaɣnɩ kpaʋ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ mɩndʋ taa. Mɩndʋ ńdʋ, tiniɣdi kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Heelim makɩ lɛ, fefeku ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔmpe nɛ kɩcɔʋ mɩndʋ taa kpɛɛɛ kpɛɛɛ. Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ mɩndʋ ńdʋ siŋŋ lɛ, ɖɔmpe ana, ayoli nɛ atɔlʋʋ tataa nɛ payaɣ se tɛʋ. Tɛŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ esoŋa kpaŋŋ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, ɛ́lɛ niɣdi ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna wɩsɩ n̄aɣʋ nɛ mɩndʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Yee mɩndʋ ɛcɔɔ nɛ tɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ weyi eniɣdaa yɔ ɛ-taa yɔ, ɖɔmpe wena atiki yɔ, aniɣdiɣ ɖɩŋɖɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, yee wɩsɩ ɛn̄aɣa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ niikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔɔ yɔ, tɛʋ ŋgʋ kitiki yɔ, kɩ-taa wɛɣ kakuu.


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UE ŋgbɛyɛ
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya wɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE ŋgbɛyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlakɩ politiki tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩlʋkɩ siŋŋ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya tɔsɩŋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) nɩŋna ɖama nɛ aɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Ajɛya ana, a-walanzɩ tɩŋɛ kɛ km2 waa 4,5 miiliyɔɔ. Ajɛya ana, a-tɩŋa a-taa ɛyaa yaa samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 510. UE ŋgbɛyɛ ajɛya tɔzɩŋ kɩlɩna ɖɛʋ ɛsɩndaa kedeŋa yɔɔ.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya laba kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ naalɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2009 ñɩŋa taa. Palaba nakɛyɛ Maastriche tɛtʋ taa nɛ pâla lɛɛka Room tɛtʋ taa. Kedizasɩ naalɛ nzɩ sɩkpaɣna paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se UE ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ piɖena ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ajɛya tɩŋa yɔ. UE ajɛya laba ɖɔɖɔ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Lisbonne tɛtʋ taa nɛ patasɩ paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛtʋ kpaɣʋ se UE ajɛya ɛtɩŋna tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. UE ajɛya kewiisi taa ɛyaa tɔʋ caca nɛ palɩzɩ UE ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. UE ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ labʋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. UE ŋgbɛyɛ ajɛya tɛ Minisi waa wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ labʋ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛlɛ, UE ŋgbɛyɛ kedizaɣ taa pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa ḿba, pɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ nɛ palɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. UE ŋgbɛyɛ tɔm hʋʋ pɩlɩʋ lʋkɩna nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩña UE ŋgbɛyɛ tɛ waɖɛ camɩyɛ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pa-taabalɩyɛ ɖʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, ɛyɔɔda tɔm natʋyʋ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1950 taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Minisi ɛnʋ, payaɣ-ɩ se Robert Schuman.
Toovenum lɛ, tɔm ndʋ Minisi ɛnʋ ɛyɔɔdaa yɔ tiyebina nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa politiki laɖaa sɔsaa nabɛyɛ tɛsɩna seɣtuu Eerɔp tɛtʋ taa ajɛya siŋŋ nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ kpa ɖoŋ. Ɖajaanaa ḿba, pa-hɩla yɔ : ɖajaa Konrad Adenauer nɛ ɖajaa Jean Monnet nɛ ɖajaa Alcide De Gasperi. :Dajaanaa panɛ peyebina nɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ ñɔ. Pa-hɩla sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1951 taa Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya loɖo naayɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya loɖo ana, akpɛndʋʋ nɛ alakɩ aka nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se asiyee (acier) yɔ pʋ-tʋma.
Ajɛya wena ayeba nɛ UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ yɔ, anaa yɔ : Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɛlɩziiki nɛ Fransɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Lukizambuuri ne Peyibaa. Pɩnaɣ 1957 taa UE ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 1973 taa lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya naadozo naayɛ sʋʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ [[Irilandɩ[] nɛ Kewiisi kpɛndʋʋ.
UE ŋgbɛyɛ tasɩ walʋʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩlɩɩna ajɛya naayɛ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya naayɛ tasɩ sʋʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Krɛɛsɩ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Pɔɔrɩtigaal. Krɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ UE ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1981 ñɩŋa taa nɛ piyele Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔɔrɩtigaalɩ alɛ sʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋa taa.


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Temokraasii
Tɔmbiye Temokraasii lɩna Krɛkɩ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa se dēmokratía, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se samaɣ tɩna kewiyaɣ. Tɔmbe naalɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ apɩsɩ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ. Kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ "dêmos", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "samaɣ". Naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ "krátos", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ɖoŋ" yaa kewiyaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ se "kratein", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ñazʋʋ".
Temokraasii kɛna politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔŋ se samaɣ tɩna kewiyaɣ, se pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖeke pʋwɛɛ se ɖɩɖɔkɩ kewiyaɣ. Toovenum lɛ, payaʋ yem se ɛyʋtʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ samaɣ mmi pahaɣ ɛyʋtʋ ndʋ.
Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ hiu nɛ loɖo dʋ, Ɖajaa Abraham Lincoln, tɔŋ se, "Temokraasii kɛ samaɣ tɩtɩŋɛ lɩzʋʋ ko-komina ka-tɩ yɔ. Etats Unis ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛnʋ, ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1860 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1865 ñɩŋga taa. Mbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ kewiyaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga tɔma se tɔmbiye Temokraasii kɛnaa. Pɩnaɣ 1958 ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ lɩzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa Fransɩ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɔtɔma mbʋ. Toovenum lɛ, tɔmpiye "Temokraasii" tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ.
Paa mbʋ yɔ, Temokraasii wɛnɩ tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɛna ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣza. Pʋ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ keɣlee se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ tɔŋ ka-tɩ se, Temokraasii lɩmaɣzɛ yɔɔ kɔɖɔŋ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, tɔmbiye "Temokraasii" wɛɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkɛna se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ'lɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋnɩʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mayʋ Jean-Jacques Rousseau yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩnɩɣzɩna kewiyaɣ, pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, nabʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ piciɣdi-kɛ. Ɛtɔŋ se Temokraasii kɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa sɔɔlɩm nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩkɛna ɛyaa tɩŋa sɔɔlɩm.
Mbʋ pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛɖɔkɩ yɔ kɛlɛ se, Temokraasii lɩmaɣzɛ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "monaaɖɩsii" yɔ. Monaaɖɩsii lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɔyɔ se, pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm ɖɔkʋna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se e-liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛɖɔkɩna-kɛ. Temokraasii wɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ politiiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɔŋ se pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyaa tikaɣ nakɛyɛ ɖeke ɛɖɔkɩna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ, se nɔɔfɛyɩ se esokuu pa-taa. Paa mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔ ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se Temokraasii wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ politiiki lɩmaɣzɛ lɛɛna ana, mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔdaa moonaaɖɩsi wɛna paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa. Weyi payaɣ se Karl Popper yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se Temokraasii kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "dictature" yaa "tyranie" yɔ po-koyindu. Mbʋ yɔ, Temokraasii yeki se samaɣ ɛcɔna mbʋ kewiyaɣ taa n̄ɩma lakɩ yɔ. Yee kewiyaɣ taa n̄ɩma ɛlakɩ nabʋyʋ nɛ pʋtɔcɔlɩ yɔ, Temokraasii haɣ waɖɛ samaɣ se kɔyɔɔdɩ nɛ pʋn̄ɔɔzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyaa ɛla heluhelu lakasɩ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ.
Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɖɔkʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖeke pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Temokraasii tɔm. Yee ɛyaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛsɔɔlaa se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla mbʋ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ, payaɣ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Temokraasii. Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ weyi payaɣ se Alexis de Tocqueville ɛn̄ɩɣ nesi kpem pɩkɩlɩna sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Paa agbeɣla ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa yaa paa tʋma cikpena yaa sɔsɔna wena a-taa yaa paa komina tʋma yaa tʋma wena ɛyaa tʋlɩ-yɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ a-taa, Temokraasii pɩzɩɣ kɩwɛɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋwɛɛ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa. Mulum nabʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʋ ɛna natʋyʋ nɛ tɩtɔcɔlɩ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa ɛyaa kʋɖʋmaa ɛwɛɛna nɔsɩ yɔɔ mbʋ paa ɖooye. Temokraasii sɔɔlaa se ɛyaa ɛcakɩ kewiya kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pakazɩɣ ɖama. Pʋwɛɛ se pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa yaa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ ɖɔkɩyaa yaa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa kɩfama.


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Tɔm susuu
Tɔm susuu kɛna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm heyuu. Pɩkɛna pɩyʋ keem tɩlɩʋ. Yee nabʋyʋ yaa natʋyʋ ɛwɛ size samaɣ ɛnɩɩ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ size posusi kususu nɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩtalɩ paa weyi. Paasusuu tɔm ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa nɔɔyʋ ɖeke.
Tɔm kususutu tɛkɛna mɛsaɣ tɛɛ n̄ɩndʋ. Tɔm kususutu natʋyʋ kɔyɔ : ɖikpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ tɔɔnaɣ kɩfalaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔɔʋʋ taa kɛ mbʋ yɔ, nɛ wondu kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ kɛ mbɩ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩna pɩɖeke, ɛlɛ caca tɔʋ nɛ lɩzʋʋ yaa takayɩsɩ ɖʋzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Posusuu tɔm ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pasɩɩzɩna samaɣ yaa ɛyaa ɖɔɖɔ size pataatɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ nakɛyɛ yaa kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkʋʋ yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm natʋyʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ pazɩ pazɩ tɔsʋ. Posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ kɛɛkɩŋ taa wondu naa kɩpama mba palɩza yɔ.
Tɔm kususutu taa patɩlɩʋ tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wena a-wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ a-lona nɛ a-hɩla. Pɩzɩʋna nɛ patɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ lona. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ, lɔɔɖa yaa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size posusuu lɛɣ yaɖaa tɩlɩʋ lɔɔɖaa masɩ kɩpanzɩ.


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Kooree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ
Kooree Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sewuli. Kooree hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ se koore; pɩkazɩ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ wooŋ. Kooree hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ sɩna Kooree hayʊ nɖɛ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 238 yɔ. Yeee pakpaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe kɔ yɔ, Kooree hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɩ-ñɩm tɔm taa.
Kooree hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa lɛɛlɛyɔ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɖooo lɛ yɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1961 taa lɛ mba paawɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ 28 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa mba talɩɣ ɛzɩ 83 yɔ. Kooree hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ya wɛ miliyɔɔnaa 49 nɛ pa-taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 22 wɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 750 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 yɔ, mbʊ yɔ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɔ yɔ: Sewulɩ (10 350 000), Pusaŋ (3 680 000), Inzeyɔŋ (2 580 000), Tayeguu (2 565 000), Tayezeyɔŋ (1 475 000), Kɩwanzuu (1 415 000), Suwɔŋ (1 240 000), Koyaŋgɩ (1 200 000), Seyɔŋñam (1 030 000), Ulsaŋ (960 000), Puuseyɔŋ (830 000).
Mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 2000 ŋgʊ wiye kɛ Kooree Hadɛ kiŋ ñʊʊtʊ Kim Dae-jung nɛ Kooree Hayɩ kiŋ ñɩnʊ Kim Jong-Il pekpeelaɣ nɛ panɩɩna ɖama se you nakʊyʊ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ pɛhɛkɛʊ taa pɩcɩyʊ-wɛ mbʊ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛlɛ, lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 wiye pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛ Kooree Hadɛ ñɩma kpaɣ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ yem tuda se Kooree Hayʊ ñʊʊtʊ Roh Moo-hyun ɛɛtaatasɩ naŋgbaŋa fɛyʊ kɛ pɛ-tɛ ɛlɛ pɩkɔma nɛ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ fenasi naalɛ mbʊyɔ lɛ, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga kewiye lɛ, paɖɩzɩ paɣtʊ ndʊ.


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Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ
Tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ na kpɛnda 5. Pa-taa kɛ ɖɩnaɣ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ kɛ 106.000.000 km2. Pʊyɔ kɛ kɩkɛ teŋgu na mba pakɩlɩ walʊ yɔ pa-taa naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ. Kacalaɣ ñiŋgʊ yɔ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ. kɩwɛʊ yɔ pɩleɖaa pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ million waa 180 kɔyɔ. Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ kacɩɩna nɛ pɩkazɩ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛɛ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʊ, kɩwazaɣ na tuuɖe taa mba mba pɛyɛlaɣ nɛ patɩlɩɣ ajɛya nɛ a-yɔɔ nɛ a-taa ñim yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɩkɛ nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa pɩzɔ patiŋɩgɔnɛ pɛtɛzɩɣ ɖama tɛ yɔ.
Lee kɩwɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ, ɛzɩma Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wɛ Amerika nɛ Afro-Eurasie pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Afro-Eurasie tɔbʊʊ se Afrika nɛ Eerɔpɩ nɛ Aasii pakɩkpɛndʊʋ. Tɛtʊ kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩŋgamʋʋ na kpɛnda 5. Pɛdɛ 5 taa lɩm wɛ salala. Lɩŋgamɩŋ mba pɛtɛ kamasɩ tɔm laba kadɛ nɛ pɩkɔna kɔkɔɖɛ pɩtɩfeyɩ. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ Arktiki pɛyɛkʊ taa tɔm yɔ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ñatama nɛ pɩyɔɔ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ Pasifiki ñiŋgʊ kɛna mba mba pana nanza ñinba patamna ɖama. Kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna kedeŋga yɔ lɩm yɔ yɔ, ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩsɩʊ kamasɩ lɩm taa.
Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ɖalakiŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Biresiili nɛ Liiberiya pɛhɛkʊ taa-lɛ pɩwɛ 2848km nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Marɔkɩ lɛ pɩmaɣna kɩlomɛtaa waa 4830.
Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ walanzɩ wɛ 82400000km2. Ɛlɛ, yee pɛkpɛdina kɩ-tɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ na cikpema kɔyɔ, 92.400.000 km2.
Papaazɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ yɔɔ tɔm alɩwaaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa paazɩ kɩ-tɛ kɩtiiliŋ yɔɔ caaʊ yɔ ɛlɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩtɛzʊ tapaazɩ lɔŋ. Pɩnaŋ mɩnɩʊ ŋga taa kɛ ɛyʊ paazɩ tɛzɩɣ. Eerɔpɩ tɛ hayʊ kiŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Groeland yɔ kɩhɔɔlʊ kɛ mɛlɛna saya mba pɛkɛ Fayikiŋ mba yɔ, mba mabɩ na palaŋa taa nɛ papazɩ tɛzɩɣ. Pañaɣ pana patalɩ Amerika hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ pamamaɣ pakʊma hɩɖɛ se Terre–Newe (L’Anse aux Meadows) yaa Vinland.
Afrika kɩliilinŋ yɔɔlɛ, pɩɩsaŋ tɛzɩʊ. Kpɩyɩŋ saya mba palina Cap Bojador Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjadɛ ta yɔ, pɩwɛ wɛɛ kaɖɛ se pɛtɛzɩ. Hɔɔlɩŋgʊ patʊʊ kʊ hɩɖɛ se Teŋga Cɩkpendʊ ñiŋgʊ yaa "Mer des ténèbres". Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1434 taakɛ Pɔritigaalɩ kpɩyʊ sayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Gil Eanes yɔ ɛcalɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ yɔɔ lɩm tɛzɩy nɛ ɛ-mɛlɛ. Ɛpɩza ɛsaa-kʊ nɛ ɛwolonɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛnʊ calina Afrika keteŋa cɔʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ ɛta nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ Indes tɛtʊ taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ Christophe Colomb nɛ ɛ-taabala pacalɩna pombo tɛzɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1492.


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Christophe Colomb
Palʊla Christophe Colombe kɛ kpaɣ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 25 nɛ aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1451 kɛ Zɛɛnɛsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1506 kɛ Faladolidi, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Christophe Colombe kɛ kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ takʊʊ woɖu. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlakaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ tɩnaa Isabelle Castille nɛ Ferdinand Aragon.
Christophe Colombe kɛna ɖooo canaɣ taa weyi ɛlɛɣa tɛzɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩnaɣ nʊmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ se kɩɖɛɛna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛñɩnaɣ se kiwolo tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Sipaŋgoo nɛ Sapɔŋ yɔ tɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛ Amerika nɛ Eerɔpʋ. Christophe Colomb kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ awiya nɛ paba ñayaa-ɩ se amiralɩ, Ɛndɩ wiyao tɛɛ-tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ ɛkaɣ lɩɣʊ--tʊ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Christophe Colombe lɩ Karayiibɩ tetʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkpaaɣna mbʊ lɛ Eerɔpɩ tɛtʊ paɣzɩ Ameriki tɛtʊ kpacayʊʊ. Piyebina nɛ Christophe Kolomb pɩsɩ ñɩnɩyaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Paa ɛzɩ paañɩnaa nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana se ɖooo Eerɔpʋ taa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Fikiiŋsɩ waa yaa kpakpasɩ kpayaa kaatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe kɔyɔ, Christophe Kolomb kɛ paa anɩ ɛsɩma sɔnɔ se ɛnʊ lɛ Eerɔpʋ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ Ameriki taa aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɖoo taa pɩnaɣ 1492.
Christophe Colombe nana ɛ-ɛsɛ maɣmaɣ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsɩkɩ se ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ feyɩ kamaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tamaɣŋga ɛɛɖʊwa se ɛtalɩɣ-kɛ yɔ, ɛtalɩ-kɛ: ɛlɩ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm se ɛkɛna kpɩyɩŋ sayaa taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔ nakʊyʊ halɩ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna. Ɛkɛ weyi ɛwɛna Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɩsɩm sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ politiki taa lɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ nabʊyʊ. Esusaɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm paale nɛ ɖenɖe pakʊʊ ɛ-tɔm yɔ lɛ se ɛtɔyɩtaɣ Amerika taa ɛyaa mba palɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-wɛ yoma.


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Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ
Palaba ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ kedizaɣ slosaɣ nakɛyɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa, agoza fenaɣ, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa. Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Palɩza paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Lɩmaɣzɛ sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ se, pʋwɛɛ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ɩwɛɛna kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se « Conseil de l’Europe ».
Ajɛya nɩɩnaza nɛ lʋbɛ (47) wɛna « Conseil de l’Europe » taa. Ajɛya ana, a-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 820.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya nɩna ɖama se akandɩyɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ɛyʋ weyi ɛnaɣ se pomuluu-ŋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo nɛ ɛlʋ ɛ-waɖɛ yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ lʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ taa.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa, Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ. Paɖʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa : minisii waa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ wɛɛ. Paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ajɛya akpeɣla ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, a-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ana, a-ɖɩlaɖɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʋʋ caama kʋnɩŋ, pɔyɔɔdɩ, pɔyɔɔdɩ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛtɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.


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Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ
Sansɩkratɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ ɛndɩ-aryɛnɛ cejewiye taa, ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɣ Ɛɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ yɔ. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tɩlɩyaa sɔsaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩnaɣ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pɔsusuu tɔm lɩzɩya ŋgbɛ tʊma nɛ pɔɖɔkʊ ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ yaa naʊ Sansɩkrɩtɩ taa.
Sansɩkratɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Puda Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyaa tɛ takayaɣsɩ taa kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm kɩmamatʊ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ lɛ, paɖɩna-kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Latɛŋ yɔ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ kedeŋga taa ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣsɩ taa kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɛzakuliye kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1981 ɛyaa kɩgalʊʊ wɩlʊʊ se kɩnɩyaa kɩɩtalɩ ɛyaa kudokiŋ 6100 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1961 lɛ ɛyaa ñɔtɩna ɛzɩ 194400 mba pa-lakɩnɛ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ Ɛndɩ ɛjadɛ taa. Sansɩkrɩtɩ tɔmpe cɔlʊʊ wɛna tɔmɩŋ kpiyiyu camɩyɛ.
Sansɩkrɩtɩ lɩna Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa, Ɛndɔ-Ɩranɩyɛnɩ pɩlɩŋga taa, Ɛndɩ-Arɩyɛnɛ (indo-aryenne) tɛ pɩtɛ pɩlɩŋga taa. Sansɩkrɩtɩ caɣ siŋ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Hindi nɛ Urduu nɛ Bengalɩ nɛ Marathii nɛ Kasemɩrɩyɛ nɛ Punabɩ nɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Romanɩ (tsigane).
Sansɩkrɩtɩ kɩ-hɩɖɛ keeke kɛlɛ, saṃskṛtam pʊtɔpʊ se camɩyɛ tɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖeɖe ɖeɖe tɔm. Ɖooo pitihiɣ lɛ, payaɣa-kʊ yaa pasɩma-kʊ nɛ matʊ tʊnɛyɔ भाषा (bhāṣā), वाच् (vāc) yaa शब्द (śabda), tɔmʊʊ, kʊnʊŋ, panɩ sansɩkrɩtɩ taŋ ɛzɩ kɩwɛ kiyeke kɛlɛʊ lɛ, tɔmʊʊ tɔbʊʊ kɩndʊʊ ɛzɩ गीर्वाणभाषा (gīrvāṇabhāṣā), Ɛsɔnaa tɛ kʊnʊŋ wɩlɩɣ pɩŋ se kɩ-kɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ.
Kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Sansɩkrɩtɩ kɛ tɩlɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ ɖɔɖɔ kpagba matʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ lɔnzɩzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩ-kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa wala yɔɔdɔɣ Ɛndɩ nɛ Azii Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ kʊnʊŋ ɛlɛ, Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ wɛ kɩɖɔnʊʊ-kʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ malɩŋ you laɖa kɔŋ lɛ.


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Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Kabɩyɛ kɛ gur kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keekee Togo nɛ Hayi kiŋ. Kɩ-kɛ kabɩyɛ samaɣ mba kʊnʊŋ. Kpaɣna kpaɖʊ 20 ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-tɛ yɛlʊʊ siŋŋ nɛ Togo hɛkʊ taa nɛ Togo nɛ hadɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kana ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ.
Loma kpeɣliye kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, peheyi-ɖʊ se ɖɩkpaɣ Togo samaɣ kpeekpe yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiu nɛ naatozo yeke nɩɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Tɩmʊʊ wɛɖʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, tɩŋɩna SIL ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1998 taa nɛ ɛyɩɣyɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mba panɩɣ kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛwɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 700 000 nɛ ɛyaa 30 000 wɛɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ Togo taa pɩnaɣ taa 3,2 mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɔzɩ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɛ lɛ, kabɩyɛ samaɣ talɩɣ miiliyɔɔ 1,2 pɩnaɣ 2014 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ weyi palɩzaa se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-maʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ palɩzaa. Togo tɛ sɔnɔ lɩmaɣza paɣtʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ wɩlɩɣ se pakpaza-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma wena ayeki nɛ ɛyʊ welesi nɛ ɛnɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɔm (raadiyoonaa nɛ televisiyɔɔnaa pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ komina sukulinaa taa nɛ pakpa-kʊ kɔɔlɛzɩ ɖamɩŋ naanza nɛ naadozo kɛ BEPC ɛzɩ kɩtɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ hayɩsʊʊ takayaɣ yɔ.
Papaɣzɩ Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ maʊ pɩnaɣ 193O taa, ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 taa ɛjaɖɛ taa kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, nɖɩ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ kabɩyɛ tɔm maʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, kɩkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ tɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɛ piliŋa ŋga kɛkɛdɩna yaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ.
Pamaɣ kabɩyɛ tɔm nɛ Romanɩ masɩ kɩñɔɔzɩsɩ. Masɩ tʊzʊʊ lɩna Afrika maʊ kpata kɩtʊzɩnaʊ yɔɔ. Matʊ lɛɛzʊtʊ kɩbandʊ Fada sɔsɔ Adjola Raphael ñɔzɩna nɛ ɛwɩlɩ nɛ palakɩna-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ Katoliki mba hɛkʊ taa.
Kabɩyɛ maʋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 1930 kabɩyɛ maʋ pazaa. Anasaayɩnaa cɛbɩna kɩjɛkʋ nɛ pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋtakayaɣ. 1932’lɛ, Fada Antoine BRUNGARD, lɩzɩ kɔɔnɔɔ masɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ takayaɣ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1960 lɛ, Togo Kewiyaɣ maɣmaɣ kpaɣ kʋnʋmɩŋ tɔm nesi naalɛ. Wɩlʋʋ nɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ minisinaa labɩ ɛsatʋyaa tɔm yɔɔ tɔmɖonaataa tazʋʋ kediizaɣ Teeraŋ (Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ paɖʋ tamaɣ ɛsatʋyaa sukuli wɩlʋʋ tɔm yɔɔ lɛ, Togo lɩzɩ kɔmisiyɔ nakʋyʋ nɛ tʋma naayɛ se pala lɩmaɣza nɛ pana se kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi ɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala ɛsatʋya asukuli Togo taa. Pʋbʋ taa palɩza Ahʊna kʊnʊŋ Panaɣ nɛ Kabɩyɛ Kʋnʋŋ Panaɣ, palɩzɩ Imprimerie de l’Alphabétisation se kɩwɛɛna Togo kʋnʋmɩŋ maʋminziininaa, kɩlɩzʋʋ Ahʋna nɛ Kabɩyɛ takayɩsɩ ñɩlɩñɩlɩ. Mbʋ pɩɖɔma woɖeyɔɔwoɖeyɔɔ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1977 nɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ panzɩ pɩsɩ kɔmiteewaa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 kiŋ, kawiya takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩsɩna kɔmiteewaa mba akademiiwaa.
Pɩdɩɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1930 yɔ, pama takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ ɛyʋ fezuu caɣʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ taa. Kabɩyɛ ñɩmba mawa, Togo ñɩmba mawa, Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mawa, Anasaayɩnaa mawa. Pama masɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ takayɩsɩ, Ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ, kʋnʋŋ paɣtʋ takayɩsɩ, lakasɩ cɔlʋʋ takayɩsɩ, romaɣwaa, tɔm kpou, akɔnta takayɩsɩ, sɩyansɩ takayɩsɩ, tɔsʋʋ tɔm takayɩsɩ, ppw. Sɔnɔ yɔ, Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ maʋ masɩ wɛ ɔrdinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ. Kabɩyɛ mɔlaa kɩkpa Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ yɔ. Akademii wɛna Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ ɖɛɣa. Ɖɛɣa ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ yɔ, www.academiekabiye.jimdo.com. Pakalɩɣ-kʋ wilipedia yɔɔ.
Kɛlɛ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛna kabɩyɛ ŋgʋ kɩ-kalʋʋ. Pɛtɛma tɔm ndʋ maʋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pakalɩɣ-tʋ lɛ, pɩwɛ cacarɩɩ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yɔ, maya, kalɩyaa, ñɩnɩyaa nɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa, pɛwɛɛtɩɣ-tʋ ɖama, ɛlɛ nɔɔyʋ ɛɛkaŋ ñʋʋ se esiɣ-tʋ kpeŋgbeluu yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔɔlɩ. Kabɩyɛ Akademii cɔnaa se pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ se tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩhɛɖɩ. Mbʋ labɩna nɛ kɩpazɩ-pʋ-tɔm yɔɔdʋʋ pɩnaɣ taa kenjemkediizasɩ taa.
Panañaɣʋ wɛɛ. Sukulikɩ tɛzɩŋ nɛ Sukulinaa sɔsaa taa wɩlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ Akademii taa yɔ, palakɩ lɩmaɣza nɔɔ pañɩnɩɣ, pewiliɣ ñɩnɩyaa lalaa takayɩsɩ taa, pewelesiɣ kʋnʋŋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnɩyaa, panɩɣ samaɣ taa ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa tɔm, nɛ pakpakɩɣ pɩ-tɩŋgɛ palakɩna tʋmɩye. Akademiidaa ñɩmba cɔɔlʋʋ ñɩnɩyaa tɔm taa yasʋʋ lɛ, pɔɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ tɩmaɣ-wɛ yɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣba ɛsɩndaa.
Akademii ɖɔkʋʋ ndʋ se pɩsɩna kabɩyɛ kalʋʋ, nabɛyɛ naɣ-tʋ lɛ, tɩkalʋʋ tamalɩna pɔ-nɔsɩ, ti-welesuu tamalɩna pa-nɩŋgbaŋgɩŋ. Ɛlɛ, tɩsɩɣna nɛ kalʋʋ wɛɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ tɔm taa nɩʋ ñala ɖɔɖɔ tobi. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, paa weyi, kabɩyɛ ɛsɩndaa woninaʋ lɩmaɣza ɩwɛɛ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa, wondu kɩvatʋ lɩɣ, lɩmaɣza kɩfana ñɔʋ. Pʋmʋnaa se kʋnʋŋ ɛwɛɛ kpegbeka, kɩfam ɛdaaɖɛɛ kɩ-yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩfam mbʋ pɩ-wayɩ kpam nɛ kɩ-nandʋ taa hɛɖɩ. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩpɩsɩɣna kɩdɩ kɩ-pɔɔyʋʋ taa yɔ, kɩsɩkɩ. Yee kiyebi kɩ-nandʋ taa, helim fɛtɩɣ-kʋ, kɩpaɣlɩ paɣlaka sɔsɔɔ, nɛ ɛyaa sɔɔlʋʋ-kʋ sɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɖɩnɛ pɔtɔŋ se kʋnʋŋ wɛ kpegbeka. Kolokaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ wɛɛ, kɩcaɣ se kɩkɛ ɛɖɩɣyɛ. Kɩhɛɖɩ kɩ-kalʋʋ kaɖɛtoma se piɛena-kʋ.


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Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ
Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋ. Wonuu kʋnɛ yɔ, palaba-kʋ nɛ nima kɛnɛ. Nɛ nima anɛyɔ, an̄ɔtɩna ɖama nɛ asɛyʋʋ na ɖama arɩchɛ (archet) lakɩna nɛ nima anɛyɔ pɩn̄amasʋʋ yɛ) yaa ɛzɩ a-kpɩtʋʋ na ɖama. Awɛ fiyoolɔɣ waa hɔʋʋ taa kɛnɛ. Hɔʋʋ ŋgʋ ɖɩna kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ minziikɩ wonuu kɩmabʋʋ hayuu nɛ hadɛŋgʋ nɛ ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔl paya se alitoo yɔ.
Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ, wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩmaɖʋ cakɩ kɩ-caɣʋ nɛ ɛ-makɩ-kʋ. Ɛ-kpɛkɩ-kʋ nɛ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ pʋtɔbʋ size ɛ-ɖɔkʋ-kʋ nɛ ɛ-tala nɛ pɩcɔ ɛ-paɣzɩɣ-kʋ mabʋ. Maɖʋ ɛnɛ yɔ, pɩcɔ ɛ-paɣzɩ mabʋʋ ɛ-tɛ minziiki wonu fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kʋnɛ lɛ, ɛ-cakɩ kpelaɣ kikpiyaɣ nakayɛ yɔ kɛnɛ.
Ɛlɛ ɛ-ɖɔkʋ kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ ɛ-tala taa mbʋ. Ɖɩtaasɔ size palʋʋyɩ nɛ nimasi nanaaza. Sɩwiluu taa ɖɩnɩɣ do nɛ sol, nɛ ré nɛ pɩtasɩna la ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ alito taa yɔ. Fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ wilitu yaa tilitu ndʋ payadʋ size ɔktavɩ yɔ wayɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ tɛɛ, yaa ɛzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ (ɔktavɩ ŋgʋ kɩ-kɩla pila kagbaanzɩ hɛkʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ) kɛ fiyoolɔɣ tɛɛ.
Minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-taa kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩwɛna tɛsitiiɖi kɩkɩlɩɣ. Kɩ-tɛɛ wilitu yaa tilitu kpaɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 65 Hz pɩsɩbna 1000 Hz (pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ 2000 Hz mbɩyɔ yee maɖʋ ɛwɛna mabɩtʋ niye mʋyʋ nimiye kɔyɔ. Mbʋ yɔ ɛtɩlɩɣ mabʋʋ camɩyɛ). Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nabʋyʋ taa kpem size, wonuu kɩmabʋʋ fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ kɩlɩna n̄ɔtɩnaʋ wondu teyaa kpam.
Tɛyʋʋ taa siŋŋ lɛ, fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ lakɩna ɖonɖoŋ kɛ clé maya fa kɛ wiluu yaa tiluu ɖeɖe. Ɖɩtaasɔ size fiyoolɔnsɛɛlɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-hɔʋʋ sʋsɔʋ siŋŋ kɛlɛ fiyoolɔɔ yɔ. Kʋkʋ lɛya lɩɣ kɔɔnɔɔ taa kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Pɩkɛ kpaɖʋ 16 taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, minziiki wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ rebec nɛ lira (Lira da braccio) kalɩwaa ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ.


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Soojaa
Soojaa yaa sonaa tɩŋ num ñɩŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛlakɩ pɩnaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɩnɛ hatʊ ɖozi tɩŋ tɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Soojaa ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ cɔlɔ, lɛɛŋ kota nɛ pee sɛmɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ñɔtɩ kpam nɛ kɩɖe tɛ ñɩŋ nɛ kɩmaɣna nɛkɛdɛm nɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ. Kɩ-piliŋzi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna mɛta naa 30 ntalɩ 130 mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-hatʊ tɛɣ ɖama taa natozo natozo. Kɩ-tɛ pee wɛ hʊndʊʊ pɔyɩŋ taa, ɛ-ɖalɩ tʊzɛɛ yaa ɛ-koti ɛzɩ tɔʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛʊ pee naalɛ yaa natozo. Padakpaɣnɛ-kʊ ɛzɩ ɖozi hayʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ yɔ, ɛlɛ,ɛzɩ num tɩŋ kɛ ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩjɔŋna tɔnasɩ nɛ haɖaʊ pɔyɔ yɔ ndɩ payaɣ se FAO.
Soojaa kɛ ñɩm sɔsɔɔm tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ kɩ-pee pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm nɛ kɩ-tɛ num yɔ, ɛyaa tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pehilii-kʊ ɖozi kɩ-tɛ nalɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ num wɛna wazaɣ sɩŋ tʊma sɔsɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ajɛyaa wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-naa yɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Preeziili nɛ Arɩzantɩnɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Ɛndɩ.
Soojaa tɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ pahayɩ-kʊ kɩhayʊʊ nɛ kɩlɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ taa Soojaa cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Soojaa tɩŋ tɩŋga yɔ wɛ (hatʊ pɩlɩnzɩ nɛ pɔyɩŋ) hʊndʊ tɩsɛ caʊʊ yaa huluu sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-hatʊ tɛ ɖama taa nɛ pʊtɔzʊʊ ɛzɩ sonaa hatʊ yɔ. Hatʊ cɩkpetʊ ndʊ tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna sentɩmɛtaa naa 6 ntalɩ 15 walanzɩ kɔyɔ 2 ntalɩ 7. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sonaa yɔ kajalaɣ hatʊ ha ɖama nɛ siiye hatʊ ndʊ tɩtɔʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ pɔyɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ.


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Lɩm
Lɩm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ matʊ kɛlɛʊ taa pama se H2O nɛ pɩwɛ camɩyɛ kele kele nɛ pɩwɛ paa tomnaɣt kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ niikaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛcɔtʊ nɛ ɛ-taa yɔ tɩ-taa. Lɩm wɛ wazaɣ paa kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ. Pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu kɩjɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ. Pɩ-tɛ sakɩyɛ yeba nɛ pikii nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaʊ sɔsɔʊ ɛsɔtaa.
Lɩm wɛna wɛtʊ naatozo ndʊ lɛ cololo wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɔm pɩyɛ yaa helim mbʊ pɩwɛ kedeŋga taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ paa tomnaɣ kpɩnɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩlɩna mbʊ pɩhaɣ wezuu yɔ lɛ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ tɛtʊ yɔ lɛ, pʊ-tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ pɩlɩna politiki tɔm cɔlʊʊ cɔlɔ.
Lɩm ɖɔnɛ (mbʊ pazɩma cɩnʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa se lɩm kajataɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa) ñɔtɩna lɩm kajataɣ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩm nɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ lɩm nɛ tɛtɛɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩm colɔlo wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pana-pʊ paa tɛtʊ lɩm mbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋguu naa nɛ kujomiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔsɩ taa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna yɔ lɩm kpaɣ tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋga maɣmaɣ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ helim taa ɛzɩ muzuu tɩyɛ. Lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ.


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Walt Disney
Palʊla Walter Elias Disney kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ 1901 kɛ Chicago nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1966 kɛ Puribanki, Kalifɔɔrɩnii tɛtʊ taa. Pasɩma-ɩ se ɛkɛ weyi eluki wondu nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ tatasɩ nɛ lakɩ lakɩ waa mayʊ. Ɛ-tʊma ɖɔɔ: lɩzɩyʊ, luɖu, lakɩ lakɩ waa mayʊ, lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ laɖʊ nɛ tɔmnaɣ taa hʊnʊm hayʊ pɩtasɩna se ɛkɛ Amerika taa kɩlɩzɩm kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa tʊ. Ɛtʊla ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-ɖɩ se Walt Disney Company nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɛkɛ mba palɩza filmwaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ.
Walt Disney kɛna kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɩza tɔm pii nɖi payaɣ se tɔm pɩlɩʊ. Walt kɛna ɛyʊ weyi ɛɛsɔɔla mʊya mʊyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ ɛpawaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa taa. Waly Disne nɛ ɛtaabalaa poluba hɩla naayɛ nɛ payaa tatsɩ nzɩ palɩzaa yɔ sɩ-taa nɛ keteŋga taa ɛyaa kpekpe sɩma-wɛ. Pɛ-ɛyaa mba pa-taa nɔyʊ kɛ aseɣɖe tɔm heeyiyaa tɔŋ se ɛnʊ lɛ Mickey Mouse kɩlɩʊ kpem.
Mickey House ɛnɛ payawaɣ-ɩ se Mortimer House nɛ pʊcɔ Lillian Disney kɔɔ ɛpayaɣ-ɩ se Mickey House. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ, Mickey House, paɣzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cikpema labʊ nɛ ɛzɩ Walt Disney tɛ filimnaa taa yɔ, pɩwɛ tandamɩɩ tɛɛ yem ɖiu ɖiu. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛyɩnɩɣ nɔɔyʊ se ɛpɛdɩ-ɩ e-filimnaa nɛ ɛɛnaɣ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ ɛna mbʊ se nabʊyʊ kazɩ pazɩ kɛ pa-taa se pɩtɛzɩ wɛʊ ɖeu.
Pɩnaɣ 1927 taa lɛ, Warner Bros ñañaɣ pana nɛ ɛlɩzɩ film nakʊyʊ, Wondu jass teyu, nɛ kɩtatasɩ kɛʊ ndamaa ñɩŋgʊ: kɩ-taa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ. Disney ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛmakɩ kobusi se pasɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɩza kʊɖɔmaa kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa ɛzɩ Mickey ŋgʊ taa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛlɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛnɩɣna-ɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ emaɣzɩ ɛ-ñʊʊtaa nɛ ɛpɛdɩ ɛ-lɔɔɖɩyɛ se ewiu piyee. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, manzʊʊ malɩɩ nɔɔyʊ, Pat Powers, ha-ɩ mbʊ pɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ: mbʊ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ pewelesɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa mba palɩzaa yɔ.


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Caŋgayɩ
Caŋgayɩ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Payaʊ se caŋgayɩ yɔ, kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se « teŋu yɔɔ ». Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 18 500 000 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 634 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 6 340.
Caŋgayɩ wɛ lɩm pɔɔ nakayɩ cɔlɔ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Yaŋgɩ Jiyaŋgɩ nɛ pɔɔ ŋga ka-lɩm pɩyʊʊ siini teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Payaɣ Caŋgayɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Yang Xiong nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɔyɔ Han Zheng.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 nɛ 20 taa lɛ, Caŋgayɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, ndʊ kaakɛŋna Azii Pasiifiki taa ɖenɖe tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔma nabɛyɩ kɔma nɛ pawadɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ pasʊ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 nɛ 1930 taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsakuliye kaakɩla wɛʊ camɩyɛ.


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César Auguste
Auguste, palʊla-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-nɛyɔ Caius Octavius, salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Octave nɛ pʊwayɩ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Octavien. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ Nola tɛtʊ taa. Ɛnʊ kaakɛna Room ɛyaa tɛ kajalaɣ wiyaʊ kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 27 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi.
E-ekpeɣle Jules César pɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩɣa, e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ e-ɖoo lʊlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛkɛna, pɩlakʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 44 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem nɛ pakʊ e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ. Ɛnɛ Marc Antoine nɛ Lépide, paɖʊ naatozo tɔm hʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ se pɩsa nɛ palʊbɩna César ɛyaa kʊyaa.
Pawaba philipes wayi lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ Room ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pañazɩɣ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ. Pa-naatozo pɔtɔla pɩlɩna pa-taa paa weyi tɛ cɛjɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɛwɛna yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Lépide ñeseɣa ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Marc Antoine ñakʊ ɛ-tɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ August wabɩ-ɩ Actium yɔ nɛ piyele ɛnɛ yɔ eyeke Roma Ampiiri yɔɔ yɔ.
Auguste lɛɣzɩ liidiye ɖʊ, ɛñɔɔzɩ haba, ɛmʊ sɔɔjɔnaa sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛ paaɖoye nɛ paale. Ɛtʊlɩ fulisi naa tʊma Room ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pama yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ komola tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Auguste sɩ pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 75. Pɩtɛkɛ nɔyʊ kʊnɛ-ɩ ɛlɛ nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se kɔyɛ paɖʊ-ɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Tibère mʊ e-kewiyaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ Ampiiri ñʊʊ yɔɔ.
Palʊla Octave kɛ Room ñɩm nabʊyʊ taa, pɩwɛ Palatin tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ (ad Capita Bubula) pɩfɛyɩ poliŋ nɛ Via Sacra kɛ pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 alɩwaatʊ taa. Octave kpaɣ ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ Caius Octavius.


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Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ
Hɛbra kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna hɛkʊ nɛ hayi kɩŋ pilinzi nzɩ sɩ-dɛ nɛ sémitique mba kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɛ Canaa mba agbeɣlaa taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩñɔtɩna kpaagba kpam nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ phénicien ŋgʊ nɛ araméennes kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ. kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ patalɩɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lutozo nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Amarna yaa Tel-Amarna, wɛna ɖama nɛ Egipiti kpaɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza pʊcɔ ɖakpaɖʊ tɛ ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ. Masɩ nasɩyɛ lɩna nɛ Canaan. Pamazɩ nɛ Akkadien taa, canaʊ taa ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɔm nɛ tɔmpee sakɩyɛ kɛ sémitique wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Canaan yɔ.
Ɖɩkatʊ yɔɔdaasɩɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩmakɩ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ paɣtʊ, mbʊ pʊwɩlɩʊ se pʊcɔ matʊ alʊwatʊ lɛ yɔɔdɔɔ wɛtʊ kɛwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Hɛbra tɔm kɛ Canaan ɛjaɖɛ pʊcɔ Hɛbra mba maɣmaɣ caɣʊ Canaan taa.Masɩ nzɩ sɩdalɩna Hɛbra mba cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ pʊdɔma Apirou wɛtʊ taa, Apirou mba kɛ ɛyaa mba padasɩm-wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ paya-wɛ hɩla wena awɛzɩ Hɛbra mba hɩla yatʊ yɔ.
Hɛbra mba takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea taa tɔm kɛ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kɛ tɔm kpɩtʊ alʊwatʊ taa yaa Hɛbra paɣtʊ hɔkʊ taa kɛ Synagogue kɛ payaɣ se massorétique tɔm. Massoret tɔbʊʊ se polɩŋ taa cɛlʊʊ. Kɩ-tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ tɔmɩyɛ sɩɩŋ kɛ kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo canaʊ awɩyaa sosaa kɛ kpaɖʊ lutozo pʊcɔ palʊlʊ Yeesu pʊwolo pɩtalɩ Maccabées waa, Daniel tɔm takayaɣ 167 pʊcɔ Krɩstʊ mba kpaɖʊ kɛ pʊwɛ kaɖɛ se paɖʊ hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ ndɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Ɖɩkatʊ koŋ tɔm pe wena ɛzɩ palakɩnɛ yɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɩlaʊ hɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩnaɣ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɩlasɩ kɛkɩlaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea wɛna tɔm pe kudokɩŋ lutozo nɛ kudokɩŋ naalɛ kɛ hapax, (tɔm pe wena alɩɣ tɔm kʊyʊm yɔ), pamaɣ tɔm pe anaa kɛ Hɛbra lɩla 500 yeke yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩ kɔyɔ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ lɛ Krɛsɩ yɔɔdaɣ kɛwɛna tɔm pe 120000.
Mbʊlɛ, ɖɩkpa se Hɛbra kɩlaʊ sɩma tɔlɩm pazɩ mbʊ yɔ kʊhʊlʊmʊ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdʊ nɛ kɩsɛɛmʊ nɛ pɔlɔɔ. Tɔm tɔɔbʊʊ lɩzɩʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Hʊyʊʊ ɖʊʊ (Assurance)
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ (Assurance) kɛnɛ ɛyʋ pɩyʋ fevere n̄ɩm keem sɔsɔm. Pɩkɛ mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ siŋŋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ yaa cɛɣtʋʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ taa yɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ size ɛmɛɛsɩ ɛn̄ɩm yaa ɛtɔsʋʋ kɛ ceeɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɛyʋ kpakʋ nɛ ɛsɩɩɖɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size wiɖii yaa kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ wiye natʋyʋ ɛtalɛyɛ yaa ehuu kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ lɛ pɩɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʋ wezuu kɩpaŋgʋ camɩyɛ caʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
ʋ kʋyʋʋ ɖoli size cee Ɛyʋ ɖʋpɩɩsɩna-yɔ nɛ eehuu n̄ʋʋ yabɩtʋʋ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛ-taalɛyɛ kɔyɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna liidiye yaa n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ ɖʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size ɛɛmʋʋɖɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛʋ kɛdɛɖaɣ taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyakʋ labʋ, yaa kɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄ɩm.
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa liidiye cɔʋʋ ɖʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ pɔcɔʋʋ ɖɩ-taa liidiye nɛ pɛcɛlʋʋ cɔyaa takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩʋ size, yee wiɖiye nabɩyʋ yaa tɔm natʋyʋ ɛtala pa-taa nɔyʋʋ kɔyɔ paɖʋyɛ nesi yɔ. Paayeki ɛyʋ yeɣyeɣ nesi kpɛɖɛ kɛ ɛcɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Liidiye cɔʋʋ tamaɣ yaa lɩmaɣza kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size, paaɖʋyɩ nesi alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kaɖɛ tɔm yaa kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ talɩ-ɩ lɛ yɔ. Yee ɖɩkpakʋʋ tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ ɖɩnɩʋ walanzɩ kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩm yaa tɔsʋʋ ɖɔkʋʋ camɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ; nakʋyʋ kɩkɛwa.


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Tii
Tii kɛ sɔzɩŋ sʊlʊm mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ tii tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ pɔñɔɔ-kʊ nɛ miŋ yaa niikaɣ. Kɩ-taa wɛ epikalokatesiini nɛ kalatɩ nɛ tiiyaniini nɛ kɔfɩ nɛ tii tɛ nɩm. Pɔsɔɔlɩ-kʊ kɩ-leleŋ yɔ nɛ mbʊ kɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋ kɛ ɖoŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tii.
Tii tɛ lɛ Yunnan pʊŋ taa ɖenɖe paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo canaʊ taa yɔ. Kɩyɛlɩ wɩsɩ ɖooo hayɩ kiŋ taa pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyaa taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ taɖɩyɛ laɖaa yɔ. Britaniiki mba paazɩ-kʊ hayʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ mba nɛ-paɣzɩɣ-kʊ hayʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Neeyerɩlandɛ waa nɛ-hayʊ-kʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tii walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kpem nɛ kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔɔ sʊlʊm mbʊ pakɩlɩɣ-pʊ paale kɛ lɩm wayɩ. Tii naa mba pɔɖɔɔ piŋ ɛjaɖɛ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kɩ-hayɩyaa cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpakʊʊ-kʊ hayɩm taa lɛ, pɔjɔŋna kʊ-yɔɔ yɔ. Nɛ pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyeba se ɖɩwɛna tii naa sakɩyɛ sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpɛdɩŋ pindim nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ caʊʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ ŋgʊ wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ yeki se patɩlɩ kɩ-leeleŋ nɛ kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩwɛtʊ.
Tii ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tɩzʊʊ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa paɖʊʊ naalɩm nɛ pesidi nɛ sikiri Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa. Patɩzɩ pɩ-leɖi nɛ pozoki yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa kɛ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Magrɛbɩ ajɛyaa taa lɛ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ mantɩɩ (menthe) tɩŋ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ-kʊ Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, patɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊʊ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa nɛ naalɩm nɛ patɩzʊʊ-kʊ tii ñanzɩ cikpesi taa.
Tii tɩŋ (Camellia sinensis) kɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖooo hayi kiŋ taa yɔ kɛ tii tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Tii ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛ tɔm nabutozo taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna Camellia sinensis assamica (Asam) nɛ Camellia sinensis sinensis (Yunnan) nɛ Camellia sinensis cambodiensis. Ajɛya wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-na yɔ, Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sriilanka nɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam nɛ Tayɩwanɩ nɛ Japɔŋ nɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ Tuurkii nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzani. Ɖɩtɔɔzʊʊ se Sriilanka nɛ Tayɩwanɩ tii mbʊ yɔ pɛpɛɖɩɣ-kʊ nɛ canaʊ hɩla nɛ payaɣ se Ceylan et Formose.


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Tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm kɛna keɖeɣya tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Pɩkɛna anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ n̄ɩnʋ tɔlɩm mbʋ pʋmʋna paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ ɛtaɣ kɩyɔ nɛ pʋmʋna-kʋ yaa kɩ-tasɩ kiɖe.
Tɔlɩm sɔsʋʋ ɖetuɣu wonu ŋgʋ pataɣ-kʋ yɔ. Tɔlɩm pʋnɛ, pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʋ kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nɛ pataɣ paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ. Ɛlɛ, anjaʋ waa lɩzɩyʋ tɩlɩʋna sɛmɩŋ mbʋ pʋmʋna se ɛtaɣ ɛtɛ anjaʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ.
Tɔlɩm tayaa tʋmɩyɛ lakɩnana nɛ wondunaa nabɛyɛ wɛʋ cɔnaʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, nɛ kaaʋ, nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kɔbɩ (verre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo (bois), nɛ liɖe (écorce), nɛ simaɣ tɛtʋ (béton), nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ hɔɔlaɣ (toile) yɔ.
Wondunaa mba ɖɩya hiyuu cɛnzɩ taa mbɩ yɔ, tɔlɩm mbʋ pataɣ pɔyɔɔ yɔ yeki nɛ pɩsɔzɩ keɖeyaɣ. Tɔlɩm taʋ pɩsʋʋ pɩkɛna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "figurative yaa abstraite" yɔ, nɛ "naturaliste" pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kedeŋa n̄ɩm yɔ.