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Tɔnɔ kʋlʋ Pooli na pʋpʋnɩ o pa
TITI tɩn
Tɔnɔ kʋlʋ Pooli na pʋpʋnɩ o pa Titi tɩn na brɩ dɩbam kʋlʋ tɩn mʋ tɩntʋ
Titi yɩ Zezi karabu mʋ o na daɩ Zwifu. O dɛɛn tɔgɩ dɩ Pooli o tʋŋɩ Wɛ tɩtʋŋa yam. Maŋa kalʋ Pooli na pʋpʋnɩ tɔnɔ kʋntʋ o pa-o tɩn, o wʋ Krɛtɩ nɩ mʋ, mɛ o na maŋɩ sɩ o nii Zezi nɔɔna bam baŋa nɩ sɩ woŋo maama taa yɩ lanyɩranɩ tɩn.
Pooli dɛ yigǝ o brɩ Wɛ nɔɔna yigǝ tiinǝ na maŋɩ sɩ ba taa yɩ te tɩn (pɔɔrɩm 1).
O ma ta brɩ Titi, o na wʋ́ kwe Wɛ nɔɔna bam dwi tǝri tǝri te tɩn, kʋ na yɩ nankwɩn dɩ kazɩna (sɩ bantʋ dɩ zaasɩ ka-dʋnnʋ tɩm), kʋ na yɩ bu-dʋnnʋ dɩ gambɛ maama (pɔɔrɩm 2).
O laan ma brɩ Wɛ nɔɔna bam na maŋɩ sɩ ba taa kɩ te tɩn, sɩ ba wanɩ ba taa zʋʋrɩ daanɩ dɩ ywǝǝni, sɩ kantɔgɔ dɩ kampwara yɩ zʋ ba tɩtarɩ (pɔɔrɩm 3).
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1 Amʋ Pooli wʋlʋ na yɩ Wɛ gamba-sono dɩ Zezi Krisi tɩntʋŋnʋ tɩn mʋ pʋpʋnɩ tɔnɔ kʋntʋ sɩ a pa nmʋ Titi. Wɛ mʋ pɛ sɩ a pa balʋ DƖ na kuri sɩ ba taa yɩ DƖ nɔɔna tɩn taa jɩgɩ wʋ-dɩdʋa dɩ DƖ, sɩ ba kwǝri ba lwarɩ DƖ cɩga kam. Cɩga kam kʋntʋ nan mʋ paɩ nɔɔna ŋwɩ nɩ Wɛ na lagɩ te tɩn, 2 sɩ ba wanɩ ba taa jɩgɩ tɩɩna nɩ baá na ŋwɩa kalʋ na ba ti tɩn Wɛ tee nɩ. Kʋ na loori lʋgʋ pulim tɩn, mʋ Wɛ maŋɩ DƖ go ni sɩ DƖ pa dɩbam ŋwɩa kam kʋntʋ, yɩ DƖ bá kwanɩ DƖ ni. 3 Kʋ daarɩ ka maŋa kam na yi tɩn, Wɛ ma pa dɩ́ lwarɩ DƖ taanɩ dɩm kʋntʋ kuri jaja. Kʋ yɩ kwǝrǝ kam kʋntʋ mʋ Wɛ na yɩ dɩbam Vɩrnʋ tɩn pɛ amʋ ni sɩ a taa tɔɔlɩ a brɩ nɔɔna.
4 Nmʋ Titi yɩ nɩnɛɛnɩ amʋ tɩtɩ bu mʋ te, dɩ́ maama na jɩgɩ wʋ-dɩdʋa dɩ Zezi tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
Dɩ́ Ko Wɛ dɩ dɩ́ Vɩrnʋ Zezi Krisi wʋ́ pa nmʋ yazurǝ dɩ yu-yoŋo.
Zezi kɔgɔ kʋm nakwa na maŋɩ sɩ ba taa yɩ te tɩn
5 Amʋ dɛɛn na yagɩ nmʋ Krɛtɩ nɩ tɩn, kʋ yɩ sɩ n kwaanɩ n kɩ wǝǝnu tɩlʋ na daarɩ sɩ n kɩ tɩn mʋ. Zezi nɔɔna bam na wʋ tɩʋ kʋlʋ maama nɩ tɩn, sɩ n lɩ nakwa tiinǝ da, nɩnɛɛnɩ a na maŋɩ a ta dɩ nmʋ te tɩn. 6 Nmʋ na lɩ nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ tɩn, o maŋɩ sɩ o taa yɩ wʋlʋ nɔɔna na bá ta jɩgɩ o yɩra taanɩ tɩn mʋ. O nan maŋɩ sɩ o taa jɩgɩ kaanɩ dɩdʋa yɩranɩ mʋ. Kʋ maŋɩ sɩ o biǝ dɩ sɛ Wɛ, sɩ ba yɩ taa yɩ nɔn-kayɛ dɩ banɩ-nyɩna. 7 Bɛŋwaanɩ kʋ maŋɩ sɩ wʋlʋ na nii Zezi nɔɔna bam tɩn taa yɩ wʋlʋ nɔɔna na bá ta jɩgɩ o yɩra taanɩ tɩn mʋ, Wɛ na kɩ DƖ nɔɔna bam wʋntʋ jɩŋa nɩ tɩn ŋwaanɩ. O wʋ maŋɩ sɩ o taa yɩ bɩyɩrɩ-nyɩm, naa nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ banɩ na lʋmma tɩn, naa sa-nyɔrʋ naa najajarʋ, naa wʋlʋ na kɩ kampinǝ sɩ o ma na wǝǝnu tɩn. 8 Kʋ nan maŋɩ sɩ o taa yɩ nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ na jeeri vǝrǝ lanyɩranɩ tɩn. O maŋɩ sɩ o taa yɩ nɔn-ŋʋm wʋlʋ na cʋ o tɩtɩ yɩ o tɔgɩ Wɛ dɩ cɩga yɩ o waɩ o tɩtɩ o jaana tɩn. 9 O maŋɩ sɩ o yɔɔrɩ o taa tɔgɩ taanɩ dɩlʋ na yɩ cɩga, nɩ dɩbam na maŋɩ dɩ́ brɩ abam te tɩn. Kʋntʋ, oó wanɩ o brɩ nɔɔna badonnǝ sɩ ba taa tɔgɩ Wɛ cɩga kam kʋntʋ, yɩ o daarɩ o pa balʋ na vɩn Wɛ cɩga kam tɩn lwarɩ nɩ ba tusi mʋ.
10 Bɛŋwaanɩ banɩ-nyɩna zanzan mʋ wʋ abam tee nɩ, ba na yǝni ba ŋɔɔnɩ bɩtarɩ sɩlʋ na ba jɩgɩ kuri tɩn ba ma ganɩ nɔɔna. Ba zanzan mʋ yɩ balʋ na tiini ba sɛ ba Zwifǝ bam cullu tɩm tɩn. 11 Abam nan maŋɩ sɩ á pa ba pu ba niǝ mʋ dɩ ba zaasɩm dɩm kʋntʋ, bɛŋwaanɩ ba zaasɩm dɩm yǝni dɩ paɩ nɔɔna dɩ ba sɔŋɔ tiinǝ maama mʋ tusi Wɛ cwǝŋǝ kam wʋnɩ. Ba yǝni ba brɩ kʋlʋ na wʋ maŋɩ sɩ ba brɩ nɔɔna tɩn mʋ, ba ma ganɩ-ba ba joŋi sǝbu. 12 Krɛtɩ tiinǝ bam tɩtɩ yiyǝn-yeenu dɛɛn mʋ tagɩ o wɩ: «Krɛtɩ tiinǝ yǝni ba fɔ vwan mʋ maŋa maama. Ba nyɩ dɩ varɩ-balwaarʋ mʋ te, yɩ ba ta yɩ yawɔrɩ-nyɩna dɩ nɔn-kwǝǝlu dɩ.»
13 O nan na tagɩ kʋntʋ tɩn, kʋ yɩ cɩga mʋ o taga. Kʋntʋ ŋwaanɩ mʋ n maŋɩ sɩ n tiini n kaanɩ Krɛtɩ tiinǝ bam, sɩ kʋ pa ba yɔɔrɩ ba taa tɔgɩ Wɛ cɩga kam lanyɩranɩ, 14 sɩ ba daa yɩ sɛ Zwifǝ bam sɩnswalɩ sɩlʋ na ba jɩgɩ kuri tɩn, naa ba sɛ nabiinǝ tɩtɩ wʋbʋŋa cullu tɩm ba na yagɩ cɩga kam yɩ ba daarɩ ba tɔgɩ tɩn. 15 Wʋlʋ maama na jɩgɩ wʋ-poŋo tɩn, kʋlʋkʋlʋ ba jɩgɩ digiru wʋntʋ tee nɩ. Kʋ daarɩ wʋlʋ na vɩn Wɛ yɩ o ba jɩgɩ wʋ-poŋo tɩn, kʋlʋkʋlʋ tǝrǝ kʋ na lana wʋntʋ tee nɩ. Kʋntʋ tu wʋbʋŋa cɔgɩ mʋ, yɩ o daa yǝri kʋlʋ na maŋɩ tɩn. 16 Nɔɔna bam kʋntʋ donnǝ nan tɛ ba wɩ, ba ye Wɛ mʋ, yɩ ba tɩtʋŋa laan yagɩ ya ba tɔgɩ Wɛ wʋbʋŋa. Ba yɩ banɩ-nyɩna mʋ, yɩ ba tiini ba kɩ lwarɩm kʋ ja gaalɩ. Ba warɩ kʋlʋ na lana tɩn ba kɩ.


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Jacques Lacan
Jacques Lacan, palʊla ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1901 Paarii tɛtʊ naatozo ndʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1981 Paarii tɛtʊ loɖo ndʊ taa, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ kpaaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ fɛɖʊ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sukuli piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ kɛ kpaaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛmʊ takayaɣ sɔsɔ ŋga kawɩlɩ se tovonum lɛ ɛkpɛlɛka tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-mʊna-ɩ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1932.
Palaba kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ wayi yɔɔ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kpa ɖoŋ keekee. Ɛpɩɣyɩɣ pɩlɩna mbʊ se ɛyaa ɛpɩsɩ Freud lɩmaɣza yɔɔ. Ɛɖɩna ñɩnʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ ɛlakɩ kedizasi kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1953 ŋtalɩ 1979 wɛɛ taa nɛ halɩ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ.
Jacques Lacan ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ ɛlɛ paakɛ ñɩm tɩnaa. Ɛ-caa liɖe taa ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ pɛdɩyʊ wondu ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ taa, ɛlɛ halʊ Julie Dessaux kaakɛ weyi ɛkpɛlɛkaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɔɔ.
Jacques Lacan laba e-sukuli kɛ Stanislas kɔlɛɛzɩ taa pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ kɩkɛ katoliki ŋgʊ, peeɖe ɛlaba kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1907 ɛ-tɛ ɖamɩŋ cikpeŋ nɛ hɛkʊ ñɩŋ, ŋgʊ pɩwɩɣa-ɩ paa ɛzɩmta nɛ ɛtapɩzɩɣ sukuli wobu kɩyakɩŋ tɩŋa. Palʊla ɛ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1902 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1904 pɩlɩna hɔyɛ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ. Ɛ-kɔɔ Madeleine Marie Emmanuelle, walɩ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ nɔɔyʊ Jacques Houlon, kɛlɛ ɛcaɣ pɔ-cɔlɔ Indochine alɩwaatʊ sakɩyɛ kpem, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1903. Marc Marie ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɛ wɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ, ñapɩsɩ pʊwayi yɔ maacɔ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ François.


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Niwu Hamsirii
Niwu Hamsirii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpayɩ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Meeni nɛ Atlantikii Lɩŋamʋʋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Fɛɛrmɔɔn, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Masacusɛtsi nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Keebɛkii.
Pamaza Niwu Hamsirii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 24 239 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 23 415 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 824 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Niwu Hamsirii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Concord nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Maazɛstɛɛrɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 316 470 yɔ.
Payaɣ Niwu Hamsirii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ fɛyɩ nɛ weyi ɛcaɣ e-ɖeɖe yɔ se Chuck Morse (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Maggie Hassan (D) nɛ Jeanne Shaheen (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi.


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Siitruwii
Siitruwii kɛna tɩʊ piye nɖɩ ɖɩcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ kaabʊ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Siitruwii nɛ kela ɖɔɖɔ pe-tiiye kɛ kʊɖɔm nɛ awɛ kamaɣ tiiye taa. Siituwii wɛ kuluŋgulu nɛ kɩcaɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ kela yɔ yaa tɩmaatɩ yɔ; nɛ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yɔ. Siitruwii toka wɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛ hola cacaɖɩɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ lɛbɛlɛbɛ. Tɩʊ piye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ leleŋ mɩnɩmɩnɩ.
Siitruwii yʊn taa pɩzʊ pɩtalɩ yaa pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kilonaa kagbaanzɩ yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla yʊŋ kpem yɔ paahayɩ-kʊ Napaa egeetiye taa, Kaliifɔrnii tɛtʊ pɩnaɣ 2013 taa nɛ pamazɩ-kʊyʊŋ lɛ pɩɩkpɛnda kilonaa 922. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla hʊŋ yɔ paamaɣza kʊkʊ lɛ, paanaa se kʊ-yʊŋ taa ñaawɛ kilonaa 821.
Kpaagbaa siitruwii kʊnɛ Kris Stevens kaahayina-kʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla yʊŋ yɔ kɩɩñɔna avema129 nɛ pamaɣza-kʊ lɛ kɩɩmaɣnza kilonaa 617. Mʊzʊŋ weyi paaɖʊ-yɔ ɛlɛ ñaatala ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Siitruwii waɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ sʊyɛ yɔ.


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Stendhal
Palʊla Henri Beyle kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyuakʊ 23 wiye pɩnaɣ 1783 kɛ Kreznoblii tɛtʊ taa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 59.Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ kɛlɛ Stendhal. Ɛkɛ ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayɩsɩ mayʊ nɛ nzɩ pakɩlina-ɩ sɩm yɔ nzɩ lɛ Sɛmɩŋ nɛ Kpɛdɩŋ (Le Rouge et le Noir ) nɛ La Chartreuse de Parme. Ɛtaasɔɔlɩ ɛ-caa pɩtalɩ e-ɖoo ɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñasɩbɩna nɛ eyele-i nɛ ɛ-caa nɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ weyi ɛna-ɩ paasɔɔla ɖama camɩyɛ yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Beyle nɛ e-ɖoo hɩɖɛ yɔ Henriette Gagnon. E-ɖoo sɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1790 nɛ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ Henri Beyle yaa Stendal kaawɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ yeke.
E-efebutu taa kɛ ɛ-ɖɛdʊ, Daru, heyi-i se ɛsʊʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1800 taa powona-ɩ Milaŋ se ɛla you. Pɩnaɣ 1819 taa ɛma takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ nakayɩ, De l'amour, pɩlɩɩna sɔɔlɩm mbʊ pɩɩwɛ ɛna Matilde Dembowski yɔɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 40 lɛ ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩɩ camɩyɛ maɣzɩm takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ maʊ.
Ɛma takayɩsɩ nzi yɔ sɩ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Armance, Le Rouge et le Noir, Souvenir d'égotisme, Vie de Henry Brulard, Lucien Leuwen, Lamiel, La Chartreuse de Parme. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1842 kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 59.


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Muzulee tɔlɩm
Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ yɔ, pʊwɛ muzulee. Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pɩ-taa wɛ tɔlɩm hakuu ñɩmbʊ sakɩyɛ.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma wondu sakɩyɛ wɛna kɛdaɣ lɩm tɔlɩm. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ weyi payaɣ se Van Dyck yɔ, ɛsaɣ sumaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Urisi (Ours) yɔ ka-sɩʊkpelaɣ nɛ kɔ-tɔlɩm wɛɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ.
Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem. Ñɔsɩ hʊm yaa ñɔsɩ hɔkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, payaɣ-pʊ se «châtain» nɛ pɩla se tɔlɩm mbʊ, pɩfɛyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ payaɣ se «châtain», nabʊyʊ wɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ yulee. Ɛlɛ, ñɔsɩ nzɩ sipiyi kini kini yɔ, nzɩɩ pɔtɔŋ se sɩwɛ «brun».
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ nɛ katazɩɣ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ yɔ, ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa yɔɔdʊʊ se tɔlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pʊwɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kaakii (kaki) yɔ pɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa. Tɔlɩm mbʊ, pʊwɛ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm nɛ kɛdaɣ lɩm . Tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ pɩ-taa wɛɛ ɛzɩ leemuu yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩ-taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ calʊlʊ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa tɔŋ se tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se «brun» yɔ. Ɖajaa panɛ, Berlin nɛ Kaɣ pañɩnɩna nɛ pana mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ pɩkɛɣ tɔlɩm.


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Hɛɛ
Hɛɛ kɛna tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊʊ-kɛ ke-lila yɔɔ yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se hɛɛ sʊʊ tɛɛtɛɛ kɛna nɛ ɖɩɖaalɩ lʊʊʊ. Hɛɛ wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: hɛɛ abalaa wɛɛ, alʊsɛɛnaa, sɛntɛɛnaa, yɛɛsɩ, kabanzɩ, yɛɛma, ŋgbaŋñɔka, sʊmɩŋ, tiyiŋ, atɛɣnaa nɛ hɩla ɖɔɔ nɛ paale lɛ hɩla lɛɛzʊʊ. Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Keebɛkɩ ajɛya taa lɛ payaɣ awiya hɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se hɛɛ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, awɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɛɛ yɔ.
Paatɔkɩ hɛɛ nɛ lɛŋ pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-ɖɩ camɩyɛ pʊcɔ yaa poɖoŋi-ɖɩ nʊm taa, papɩzʊʊ pɔhɔbɩ-ɖɩ yaa padɩzʊʊ-ɖɩ lɛ pɔsɔbɩ-ɖɩ tɔmbɔlʊʊ. Kabɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖozi nzɩ pakɩlʊʊ tɔmbɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ tɔɔnaʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbɔzɩ se sɩwɛɛ sotu yaa sikii. Ɛlɛ loso hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ mbʊ pɔsɔɔlaa. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ hɛɛ nɛ ɖileɖi ɖɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-ɖɩ yem kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-ɖɩ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-ɖɩ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛsɩɩ-ɖɩ ɖenɖe soŋgaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pakayʊ hɛɛ yɔɔ hʊndʊ ndʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se hɛdɛyɩsɩ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa taa lɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjɛyɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ hɛɛ hayʊ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ: Naajeriya, Kana, Kotidiivuwarɩ, Penɛɛ nɛ Togo. Togo taa lɛ Paasɛɛ egetiye taa pakɩlʊʊ hayʊ nɛ peeɖe mba tɔkɩ hɛɛ kasandʊ salaŋ fenaɣ taa.


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Everest pʋʋ
Everest pʊʊ wɛ Himalaya pʊŋ hɛkɩŋ taa; kpaɣna Nepaalɩ, ɖenɖe payaɣ se Sagarmatha yɔ nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna Siini hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊpayaɣ se Tibet yɔp. Eerɔpʋ mba na-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1847 nɛ pamaazɩ-kʊ lɛ pana se kʊ-kʊkʊyɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 8848; nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ, pɩnaɣ 1865 taa kɛ paya-kʊ kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ papaɣzɩkʊ-yɔɔ kolokaɣ seu.
Ɛlɛ, pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-nikaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ sɩkɩ paa ɛsɩmtaa. Pɩnaɣ 1924 taa mba payaɣ se George Mallory nɛ Andrew Irvine yɔ, pakpawaɣ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ pehiu sɩm nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ se papɩzaa patalɩ kɩ-taa yaa patatalɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1950 taa kɛ Népal ha nʊmɔʊ se weyi ɛsɔɔla se ɛkpaɣ kɩ-taa ɛpɩsɩɣ ɛkpa yem faaa. Paakpaɣ kɩ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ patɩŋgɩna pɩtɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ pɩhadɛ kɩŋ; ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ ɛtʊlɩ kɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ mlɛ, pɩnzɩ nasɩtozo wayɩ lɛ, Edmund Hillary nɛ Tensing Norgay papɩzaa nɛ pakpa kɩ-taa nɛ patʊlɩ.
Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊyɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ kpaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ n ɛ pɩkpaɣ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1996 taa kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ sɔsɔwa nakɑyɛ laba nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyʒe hiu sɩm; nɛ kpaʊ nɛ mbʊ nɛ sɔnɔyɔ ɛyaa ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ sɩba. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ɛyaa eeyeki kɩ-taa kpaʊ se pala ɛsɩyɛ egbena. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ kudokiŋ hiu nɛ naanza taka se pakpa kɩ-taakpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1922 taa nɛ pa-taa lɛ, kudokiŋ naanza pɩzɩna nɛ patʊlɩ kɩ-taa hem; ɛlɛ sherpas mba wɛna nɛ pasɩŋna-wɛ nɛ patʊlɩɣ kɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1847 taa anasaayɩnaa nabɛyɛ lɩ kʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayɩ lɛ, pamaɣzɩ kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ nɛ pana se kɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 8 848. "Everest" pʋʋ kɩlɩna kʋyʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ kɩpɩsɩ ɛsɩyɛ egbena lone nɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, anasaayɩnaa sakɩyɛ , kɔzɔ kɔzɩ "iŋkilisi" n̄ɩma, powoki nɛ pakpaɣ kʋ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ 200 mbʋ yɔ hiɣ sɩm pʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-kpaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa mbʋ yɔ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛyʋ tʋlɩ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1924 taa ɖajanaa panɛ George Mallory nɛ Andrew Irvine pakpaɣ nʋmɔʋ se powoki nɛ pakpa kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ patapɩsɩ, ɛyʋ tana mbʋ pɩtɛmna-wɛ yɔ.
Everest pʋʋ wɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa, Neepalɩ tɛtʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, Xigazê egeetiye taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛyʋ ɛtalɩ Neepaalɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɛkpaɣ "Col Sud" nʋmɔʋ yɔ, ɛlɩɣ kʋ-yɔɔ tobi. Kaaŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi payaɣ se "roches sédimentaires" yɔ, ɛnʋ wɛnɩ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se "roches métamorphiques" yɔ, ɛlɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ ki-liu tɛɛ.


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Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii
Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii kɛna ajɛya cɩkpena nayɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1971 taa.
Ɖɩwɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa kɛ Kɔlɩfɩ-Pɛrɩsikɩ nɛ Omanɩ-Kɔlɩfɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Ajɛya cikpena wena akpɛnda nbɛ payaɣ se Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii yɔ, ana ya:
- Abuu Dabi
- Ajimanii
- Sarija
- Dubayɩ
- Fujayira
- Ras ɛl Kayima Uumm al Qayiwayɩŋ.
Ajɛya anɛ cikpena kɩkpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ payaɣ se Abuu Dabi.
Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii tɛ kɩgaʊ aŋgba ɛnɛ awɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖɩzɩm wɛɛ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ-pʊ nɛe ajɛya lɛɛna yɔ a-taa.
Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se kaɖɩzɩm yɔ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OPEP yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Abuu Dabi yɔ, ɖɩɖɩ ñaatɛma OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa wɛʊ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii yɔ ɖɩñɔʊ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ se Dubayɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ñɩm pakɩlaa.


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Tɔʋ
Tɔʋ kɛ you wonuu yaa lakʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kʋlɔʋ n̄ɩma yɔ. Tɔʋ wɛ kotaɣ nɛ kɩwɛna nimiye, nɛ nimiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɖʋ n̄ɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɔhɔŋ nimiye lɛ n̄ɩmɩyɛ lɩɩ fɩyaʋ ɛzɩ pɔlɔʋ pɩyɛ yɔ. Patʋʋzɩna mbʋ yɔ, mbʋ n̄ɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyakɩ. Tɔʋ ɖaʋ wɛ tanɩɩ tanɩɩ wɛtʋ.
Ɛyʋ yaa weyi ɛtɔʋ tɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ payaɣ size sɔɔja tɔʋ n̄ɩnʋ yaa tɔʋ yoyu abalʋ n̄ɩnʋ. Ɛlɛ, yee halʋ ɛtɔʋna tɔʋ kɔyɔ, payaɣ ɛlɛ size, sɔɔja tɔʋ n̄ɩnʋ yaa tɔʋ yoyu halʋ n̄ɩnʋ. Tɔʋ yoyu yaa sɔɔja tɔʋ tʋ kɛna tɔm piye nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛna nabʋyʋ taa kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛlʋkɩ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ naʋ yɔ yaa ɛkɛ ɛyaa waɖɛ yɔ yoyu yɔ.
Pɩtɛ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛ-malɩfa yaa ɛ-hɔzʋʋ kɛlɛ tɔʋ n̄ɩma ŋgʋ. Ɖoo lɔnda yen kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1346 kɛ paalaba tɔŋ you nakʋyʋ kɛ Iŋglɩsɩ kʋnʋŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa.
Tɔŋ you ŋgʋ, kɩwɩla tɔŋ waza. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ yaa pɩcaa kaɖa size ɖeɖe tɔm n̄ɩnɩyaa ɛtɩlɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ keekee palɩza yaa poluba tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩma yɔ. Mbʋ piyeba nɛ, paapɩzʋʋ size patɩlɩ kɛlɛʋ kɛ tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩma palɩ pɩnaɣ yɔ, mbʋʋ lɛ size tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ n̄ɩma pɛwɛkʋ lɔŋ kpeɖem.
Tɔʋ ŋgʋ pɛlɛya kʋʋnaʋ yɔ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pana kʋ pɩnaɣ 10800 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩtaasɔɔ size nabɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ size, panaʋ tɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, pɩlaba pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ (20 000) kɛ mbɩ yɔ.


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Neebraskaa
Neebraskaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Iyowa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Wayiyomiŋ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koloraadoo nɛ Misuurii tɛtʊ wɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Takotaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Lincoln nɛ ndʊ tɩtaa tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Omaha.
Pamaza Neebraskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 200 520 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 199 273 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ1 249 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 38 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 37 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1867. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 826 341 yɔ.
Payaɣ Neebraskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Pete Ricketts (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Deb Fischer (R) nɛ Ben Sasse (R).
Neebraskaa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Linkɔlnii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Omahaa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Eŋgilisi.


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Newton ciiduu paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ
Lɔŋsɩnɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Isaac Newton. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Pɩnaɣ 1687 taa ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga.
Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋa yaa tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ticiidiɣ yɔ. Sɔsɔ Newton caɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ pɩŋŋ lɛ, ɛkaɖɩ kpayɩ se tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna paɣtʋ natʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ tɩpɩzɩɣ ticiidiɣ yaa tɩɖɔŋ. Newton tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Newton tɛ mekaniki.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ weyi ɛmʋnaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛña ɛ-paɣtʋ yɔ. Ciiduu paɣtʋ ńdʋ sɔsɔ Newton ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ tomnasɩ yaa wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩɖɔŋ yaa ticiidiɣ yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ ñɩnɩʋ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ piyeki nɛ yee pɔlɔ wonuu nakʋyʋ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ peyele-kʋ yɔ kɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ.


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Liiberiya
Liiberiya kɛna Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛwɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siyeera –Leyɔnɩ, pɩyele hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kinee, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kootidivuwarɩ. Liiberia kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa se ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1847.
Kpaɣ ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ looɖo pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ palɩza Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛnʊ kɛna kacalaɣ halʊ Afrika kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩtasɩ ɛlɛ, ɛmʊ Lanŋhɛzɩyɛ samtʊ nimiye pinaɣ 2011. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena keteŋa kpeekpe taa kʊñɔntʊtʊ wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ a-tɛ hiu taa. Ɖɩwɛ CEDEAO ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ Amerika yoma mba peyeba-wɛ pacaɣ peeɖe nɛ pɩla se pɔsɔza mba paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ.
Paatɔ caca lɛ, Amerika-tʊ kpaɣnaɣ kewiyaɣ nɛ Amerika mba mba palaba tɛɛ peeɖe yɔ, pɔtɔyɩtʊ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa. Tʊmɩyɛ kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ pɩlɩɩna ketu labʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1931 kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩpayaɣ se SDN yɔ ɖikizi tɔm ndʊ.
Pɔtɔʊ cacanaa yɔ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa ɛɛtɔʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1945 nɛpʊcɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ William Tubman ha-wɛ waɖɛ se papɩzɩɣ papaazɩ tɔʊ caca.


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Antananarivo
Antananarivo yaa Tananarivo tɔbʊʊ kɛ malɩgasɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ haɖaa tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna Madagasɩkarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa komina tʊma sʊsɔna nɛ politiki kewiisi lona sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔ. Antananarivo wɛ Madagasɩkarɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa mɩliyɔonaa 2 200 000 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ peʈɛyɩ-tʊ kominaawaa litoozo taa nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ 192 taa. Antananarivo tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ ɖoɖoo Lalao Ravalomanana. Ɛnʊ kɛɛŋna Maligasɩ komina taa kacalaɣ halʊ weyi palɩza se ɛkɛna komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔ. Pɔtɔ caca hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2015 taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ kɛ aloma fenaɣ loɖo pɩnaɣ 2015.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ paliza-tʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 17 taa nɛ awiya mba payawaɣ-wɛ se merina yɔ, mba lɩzɩna-tʊ. Tɩɩkɛ-wɛ loniye nɖɩ ɖi-taa wiyau cakaɣ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1790 taa. Wiyaʊ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Radama yɔ, ɛnʊ cɔŋgaɣna malika tɩŋga yɔɔ.


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Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert kɛna fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ takayɩsɩ mayʊ. Palʊla-ɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 wiye pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ Rouen, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ Croisset yɔ kɛ agoza fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʊla Gustave Flaubert ñɩm tɩnaa nabayɩ tɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Achille Cléophas Flaubert (1784-1846) nɛ ɛkɛ fɛɖaa mba palakɩ kʊdɔndɩna tʊma yɔ pa-ñʊʊdʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anne Justine Caroline Fleuriot (1793-1872).
Flaubert kɛna pɩɣa naatozo ŋga pɩya naanza taa nɛ pa-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ ɛ-ɖalaa sɩba nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛnɛ e-neu halɩñɩnʊ. Sukuli taa Gustave Flaubert kaakɛna weyi ɛ-ñʊʊtaa wɛlɛɛtʊ kpem yɔ, mbʊ yebina ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ fɛɖaa mba palakɩ kʊdɔndɩna tʊma yɔ pa-ñʊʊdʊ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa yɔ. Ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ ɛɛsɔɔla maɣzɩm caɣyɛ kɛzɩyɛ lɩmaɣza takayɩsɩ mawʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1834 taa ɛna Ernest Chevalier nɛ ɛna-ɩ pama takayaɣ nakayɩ, Art et progrès.
Takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa kɛ ɛcala maʊ ɛ-tɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔm. E-ɖoo sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1872 kɛ Rouen tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-sɩm pazɩ nɛ pɩcaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ, piyebina ɛpɛdɩ ɛ-tɛ hayɩm nɛ ɛkʊyɩ Rouen tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Paarii.


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Ketu ɖoho
Ketu ɖoyo yaa mbʊ pakpakɩɣ nɛ palakɩna wonuu ŋgʊ kʊhɔŋ tanɩɩ yɔ, pu- ɖoyo payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se élastomère. Pʊyʊ kɩhɔm mbʊ potolu-pʊ kulubu yɔ, pʊwɛna 99,9 % pɔɔyaɣ yaa piye 1,A-cis. Pɔɔyasɩ ya ape 1,4-cis yɔ pɛkpɛndɩ 20 000. Ketu hɔŋ camɩyɛ tanɩɩɩ. Tɩwɛna ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ wɛtʊ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se reziliyɛnsɩ (résilience) yɔ sakɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se sɔŋ ɔkɩziizɛɛnɩ (ozone) nɛ tiɔkɩziizɛɛnɩ (dioxygène) yɔ paataŋna ketu ɖoli, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se peyeki nɛ ketu cɛkɩ yaa tɩwɛɛkʊʊ lɔŋ.
Ketu ɖoo kɛ pʊyʊ kulubum yaa wondu kulubutu sakɩyɛ ɖoo. Ketu ɖoo wɛna mbʊ pʊhɔŋ camɩyɛ tanɩɩ yɔ pʊ-wɛtʊ yaa pu-ɖoŋ. Piyuu tɩyɛ tʊ (réticulation) pakpakɩɣ nɛ palakɩna ketu ɖoo. Papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ ketu ɖoo yaa pɔcɔzɩ-ɩ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛlɛ, pɩɩcɛkɩ. Payaʊ se ketu yɔ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ payaɣ se ketu ɖoo (élastomère) yɔ. Ketu pakpakɩɣ nɛ palakɩna mbʊ pʊhɔŋ yɔ pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ, ɛzɩ pɔpɔla mbʊ yɔ. Ketu ndʊ palakɩna wondu ndʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, tɩ-mayaɣ kɛlɛ «NR».
Ketu ndʊ patolubi-tʊ kulubu yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ palɩ tɩ-yɔɔ tɛtʊ tɛɛ yem yɔ, tiɖeke koŋ pasɩma sɔnɔ se ndʊʊ lɛ ketu ɖoo.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩnɩyʊ, sɔsɔ Charles Hanson Greville Williams wɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 1860 ñɩŋa taa se ketu ɖoo kɛ mbʊ payaɣ se poli-isoprenoyiidi (polyisoprénoïde) yɔ. Ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ Ŋgilisi tʊ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1909 ñɩŋa taa palɩzɩ kajalaɣ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se «brevet» yɔ se pɛcɛlɩ weyi ɛsɩma ketu kɩbandʊ labʊ yɔ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ Fritz Hofmann lɩzɩna kajalaɣ takayaɣ ŋga. Ñɩnɩyʊ ɛnɛ, ɛlɛ kɛ Caama tʊ.
Paapɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ ketu ɖoonaa nɛ palabɩna aŋwanaa.


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Urduu kʊnʊŋ
Urduu, egeetiye hɩɖɛ, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Ɛndo-Ɩranɩyɛ agbela taa nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Hayi kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩ-kɛ ajɛyɛ ana a-tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Ɛndi nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ devanagari masɩ wɛtʊ taa.
Urduu kɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa yɔ. Malɩŋ ñɩma mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ ha-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Urduu nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩ matʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pakɩsɩtanɩ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 165 lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Urduu kʊnʊŋ nɛ pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 60 pɩtalɩ miiliyɔ waa 80 lakɩ-kʊ nɛ tɩmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ.
Urduu kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ Pakɩsɩtanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ matʊ nɛ tɔm hʊɣʊ kpamɩŋ taa. Pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna malɩŋ ñɩma yɔ Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa tʊma sɔsɔna taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ muhadjir mba Karachi tɛtʊ taa ɖeeɖe nabʊyʊ taa kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ cɔzɩya yaa agɔma Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ tɛyɩyʊ wayɩ pɩnaɣ 1947 taa.
Ɛɛndɩ taa lɛ, pasɩma ɖɔɖɔ Urduu kʊnʊŋ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa. Urduu kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ ajɛya anɛ a-taa Andrhra Pradesh nɛ Bihar nɛ Jammu-et-Cachemire nɛ Uttar Pradesh nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Delhi yɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamazɩɣ se Urduu kɛ hɩɖɛ sɛʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Pɩkɛ tevenim tɔm Lucknow nɛ Aligarh nɛ Hyderaba tɛtʊ taa.
Ɛndi nɛ Urduu, kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi ɛmalɩna ɖama kpam yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 950 nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ ɛzɩ palʊlɩ-wɛ kɩ-ta yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ kedeŋga.


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Somory Touré
Palʋla Almamy Samory Touré pɩnaɣ 1830 ɩ̃ŋa taa mbʋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣa se Maniambaladougou yɔ tɩ-taa. Tɛtʋ ńdʋ, tɩkɛ sɔnɔ se Kinee ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ.
Samory Touré tɔlɩ Guélémou tɛtʋ taa. Guélémou tɛtʋ kɛ sɔnɔ Kootidivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ. Sɔsɔ Samory Touré wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1900 ǹɩŋa taa. Ndjolé tɛtʋ taa, tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩpɩsɩna sɔnɔ Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ.
Sɔsɔ Samory Touré ɖʋna Wassoulou kewiyaɣ. Samory Touré kaɖɩna Fransɩɩ waa mba pasʋwaɣ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ ajɛya taa se pakpacayɩ ajɛya ana a-taa ñɩma yɔ. Ɖajaa Ahmed Samory Touré kɛŋna Kiinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ payaɣa se Samory.
Ahmed Samory Touré ɖoo payaɣ se Sokhona Camara. Samory Touré ñɩma sɛwaɣ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ, ɛlɛ, pɔkɔɔ pekizi malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ńdʋ nɛ papɩsɩ sɩɩnaa layaa.
Yoŋ kɛwɛ Samory Touré alɩwaatʋ taa Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ cejewa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma kʋyɩ Samory Touré cejewiye yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1848 ñɩŋa taa nɛ papɩzɩ pakpa Samory Touré ɖoo, Sokhona Camara nɛ powona-ɩ pe-cejewiye taa nɛ papɩsɩ-ɩ po-yom. Youlaɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Sory Bourama yɔ, ɛnʋ ɖiyaɣna Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma youlaɖaa.
Ɖenɖe Ahmed Samory Touré tɛfɛyɩna liidiye sakɩyɛ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛhɛyɩ Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛmʋ e-ɖoo yɔ, ɛtɛzɩ wobu nɛ ɛcaɣ paba cejewiye taa ñɩma cɔlɔ nɛ ɛlakɩ-wɛ pa-tʋma. Cissé cejewiye taa peeɖe Ahmed Samory Touré kpɛlɛkɩ malɩfa tɔʋ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma sɔnzɩ pɔzʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ se Samory Touré lakɩ-wɛ tʋmɩyɛ pɩnzɩ lʋbɛ nɛ fenasɩ lʋbɛ nɛ kɩyakɩŋ lʋbɛ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛpɩzɩ ɛmʋ e-ɖoo weyi pakpa-ɩ nɛ ɛlɛ kɛ po-yom yɔ. Pɩnzɩ lʋbɛ nzɩ nɛ fenasɩ lʋbɛ nɛ kɩyakɩŋ lʋbɛ ɛnʋ Samory Touré caɣ Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma cɔlɔ nɛ pʋcɔ petisi pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ e-ɖoo.
Ɖenɖe Samory Touré kɛkpɛlɛka malɩfa tɔʋ Cissé cejewiye taa ñɩma cɔlɔ yɔ, ɛmʋ e-ɖoo wayɩ lɛ, ɛsʋʋ Saransware-Mori sɔɔjanaa tʋmɩyɛ taa. Saransware-Mori kɛkɛ Bérété cejewiye taa ñɩma sɔɔjanaa nɔɔɖɛyʋ. Bérété cejewiye nɛ Cissé cejewiye patanaɣ ɖama nɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpem. Samory Touré laba pɩnzɩ naalɛ sɔɔjatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa nɛ pʋcɔ ɛpɩsɩ e-cejewiye, Camara ñɩnɖɛ taa.
Samory Touré kɔma ɛpɩsɩ youlaɖaa ñʋʋdʋ pɩnaɣ 1861 taa. Ɛpɩsɩ youlaɖaa ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, eɖuu se ɛnʋ kaɖɩɣna Cissé nɛ Bérété pe-cejewa taa ñɩma nɛ piyele Camara cejewiye taa ñɩma caɣ ɖiɣɖiɣ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ taa.


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Lɔndrɩ
Lɔndrɩ kɛŋna Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Pireetaañɩ Sɔsɔʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ kaakɛŋna Pireetaañɩ kewiyaɣ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kɛ Commonwealth yɔ ɖi-kpelaɣ wɛɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Room mba kaalɩozɩna-tʊ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ naalɛ (2 000) yɔ nɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ kaakɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ peeɖe kɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩla wɛʊ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɩ-taa kɛ liidiye tɔsʊʊ koozaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 157 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 572. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊ peeɖe lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 787 892 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ 13 879 757 yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩɩza nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊʊ tɛɛ santaɖaŋ pɩnzɩ naatozo: 1908, 1948, 2012. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɩna mba powoki peeɖe yɔ, pɛɖe; ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 28 yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe lona naayɛ kpɛnda naanza nɛ awɛ kacuka sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Kondoloko nakʊyʊ wɛ peeɖe nɛ kɩwɛ camɩyɛ kʊlʊŋgʊlʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Mumbee nɛ Niwudeelii (Ɛɛndɩ), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Ruusii), Naaplɩ (Itaalii) nɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etaazuunii). Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊʊ se Sadiq Khan (PT).


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Ɖomba kpada kpada
Ɖomba kpada kpada kɛna lɩm falɩyɛ. Pʋwɛ tomnaɣ tɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada cɛkɩ nɛ atikina pʋʋ yɔɔ. Atiki kpilaa kpilaa. Awɛ paɣ paɣ. Anidiɣ ɖɩŋɖɩŋ.
Tɛŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɣ lɛ ɖomba kpada kpada ana atiki siŋŋ. Ɖomba lɩm falɩyɛ kɛna kodudaɣ pɩyʋ mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "aléa" yɔ. Ɖomba anɛ a-tɛ helim wɛ fiii fiii nɛ akɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada kɔŋna kaɖɛ siŋŋ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔɔ. Alɩɣna pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ cikpeŋ yɔɔ yem kiɖi kiɖi. Acaɣ ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Ɖomba kpada kpada n̄ɩna anɛ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɩlakɩ kiɖi nɛ pɩpazɩ tibu nɛ pʋŋ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩwɛɛkɩɣ wondu sakɩyɛ. Ɖomba kpada kpada kɔŋna kɛgbɛdasɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩɖɔ pɩŋŋ.
Ɖomba kpada kpada tɛ ɖoŋ pɩzɩɣ piseɣ tɩŋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pʋkʋ tɛtɛ kpɩna nɛ wondu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ.
Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ ɖomba kpada kpada tɔm lɛ, pɩcaɣ paa weyi lɛ sɔɔndʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɖomba kpada kpada kɛ pʋyʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩmbʋ siŋŋ. Ɖomba ana, akʋʋ ɛyaa mba pɩnaɣ taa yɔ, pɛfɛyɩ kalʋʋ. Kedeŋa n̄ɩm ɖɔɖɔ leki sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɖomba kpada kpada tibuu yɔɔ. Ɖomba kpada kpada anɛ, awɛ paa pʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-yɔɔ.
Pɩfɛyɩ tɛm paa wiɖiyi. Ɖomba anɛ, awɛ kpɛzɛlɛɛ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ kɩkpaɣm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩwadɩ nɛ puhuzi ɖɛsɩ yaa kuduyuŋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa tɛtʋ yɔɔ n̄ɩm tɔm tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa n̄ɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ cɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ pan̄ɩnɩ mbʋ palʋbɩna pɩtɛ kɛgbɛdasɩ nzɩ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, paapɩzɩɣ paɖɩɣ pɩ-tɛ lakasɩ nzɩ kaʋ.


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Piyaɣ (pyramide)
Piyaɣ kɛ sakɩyɛ n̄ayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size pʋʋ. Piyaɣ kɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ kʋlɔmʋʋ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ tʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "polyèdre" yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ kʋlɔmɩŋ ɛnɩ, palaba-ɩ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɖama kpam kpam nɛ ɛwɛ kʋlɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ hou tɩyɛ. Piɣa ŋga ka-kʋyɩ siŋŋ nɛ kɛfɛyɩ size pɔyɔɔdɩ. Piɣa ŋga, kekina yaa kegbeetina ɖoo kɔ-tɔbʋʋ tɛ nɛ kɛwɛ cʋlʋ cʋlʋ kpaɣʋ yɔɔ kpaɣʋ yɔɔ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ piɣa fɛyɩ camɩyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size kɛwɛʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ wonuu yaa taŋga-ɩ ŋgʋ kʋwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnza nɛ ɛɖalakɩŋ nɛ ɛwalanzɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmaŋ yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ pasa piɣa size kɛwɛ camɩyɛ tʋɖʋɖʋʋ lɛ, pʋwɛ size kɛwɛ kʋlɔmɩŋ naadozo tɩyɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "triangle" yɔ. Kɩwɛʋ mbʋʋ lɛ, kɩ-nɔɔ lɛɛka yaa kɩ-nɔɔ hayuu n̄ɩŋga wɛɛ; cʋlʋ cʋlʋ nɛ kakpana ɛsɔdaa kiŋ.
Piɣa kʋlɔmɩŋ kɩmaŋ tɩyɛ ɖalakɩŋ taa nɛ walanzɩ taa, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size "carrée" yɔ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ kolonzi kagbanzɩ tɛ yaa kʋlɔmɩŋ naalɛ nɛ pɔɔyaɣ tɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pentagonale" pɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ pamaʋ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ. Piɣisi lɛɣsɩ wɛɛ ɛzɩ "Johnson" tɛ wondu ɖon n̄ɩndʋ yɔ.
Piɣisi tɩŋgɛ payɩ kɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "auto-duaux" waa yo. Piɣisi kɛna hɔʋʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ kɩlɩna hɔʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ size "prismatoïdes" waa yɔ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ.


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Haɣ
Haɣ kɛ ɖiɣa taa kpɩnɛ. Kɛwɛ “Canis Lupus” pɩlɩʊ taa. Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɔdɔ panaɣ kpemtɔyaɣ. Kpemtɔyaɣ ŋga ke-liɖe taa nakayɛ pitolosaa nɛ kapɩsɩ ɖɩɣa haɣ. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se “Dingo” ñaakɛ ɖɩɣa haɣ nɛ pitolosi-kɛ nɛ kaka ñasʊ kpaaŋ nɛ kasʊ ñɩtʊ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ kɛ haɣ wɛ ɖɩɣa. Ɖooo “paléolitique” taa kɛ papaza haɣ ɖɔʊ.
Haɣ kɛna kacalaɣ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ calɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ɛna-kɛ palaɣkana lakʊ nɛ ŋga ɖaŋgana ɖɔɖɔɔ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔɔ. Pɩdɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛyʊ taasɩmda haɖaʊ yaa ɖɔɖɛ maamaɣ. Haɣ wɛ ntɩ nɛ kpemtɔyɔ kʊmʊlʊtaɣ , paa panɩɩzɩnɛ ɖamaa ɛzɩmaa yɔ. Panaʊ pɩtɛ tʊkaɣ yɔ pɩlaba pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ. Haɣ kpeziɣ. Kacalaɣ hasi nzɩ pɛlɛɣ ɖɔʊ yɔ, sɩ-tɛ mɔɔ wɛɛ. Mɔɔ ana alaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 33 yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se haɣ wɛʊ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ hiŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ ɛyʊ paazɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ ɖɔʊ ɛ-ɖaɣ. Ɛyʊ nɛ haɣ paawɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «préhistoire» yɔ tɩ-taa pʊcɔ pɔyɔɔdʊ haɖaɣ tɔm. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ paazi tɔʊ «amidon» pazɩ pazɩ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɖɩnaɣ-si sɔnɔ se hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɛ nɛ haɖaʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ paazaa yɔ, piyebina nɛ ɛyʊ paazɩ caaʊ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ɛɛtasɩɣ yotu yem yem. Ɛ-tɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm caaʊ wɛ ɛzɩ «canines» waa tɛ caaʊ yɔ. Haɣ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʊ; wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ. Kɛkɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ ɖooo kioɖe tɛɛ. Kɛ-wɛɖɩɣ, ka-lakasɩ nɛ ɛzɩma kamalɩɣ nɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ yɔ, pʊ yɔɔ kɛ paya-kɛ se «ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kʊsɔɔlʊ».
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kɩpanɖɛ nɖɩ haɣ wɛna yɔ, nɖɩ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɖɩhaɣ ɛyʊ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖɔɔ mbʊ ɛsɔɔla yɔ nɛ kaalɛyɩtu nɛ kpemtɔyasɩ ɛɛcɛ-ɩ. Ɖenɖe ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kikaʊ kpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se «Fédération cynoligique» yɔ, pɛwɛna paɣtʊ tɛtɛ wondu yɔɔ nɛ pañaŋ-tʊ ɖɔdɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Paakpɛŋgɛsʊ hasɩ, payaɣ-sɩ ɖɔdɔ nɛ ñamtʊ. Payaaʊ se anasayɩ haɣ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖenɖe anasayi ɛnʊ ɛkacalɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Ajɛya nayɩ taa lɛ pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ se paa weyi ɛsɔ ɛ-haɣ; Nayɛ taa lɛ, hasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ñaŋ yɔ, pʊwɛ se paɖɩ-sɩ kpasɩ. Ɛyʊ malasɩ haɣ nɛ pʊwɛna-kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se kaña dɩɣa taa wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ ɛɖɔʊ yɔ ɖeu. Kɛfɛyɩna waɖɛ wonu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kaʊ. Pʊ yɔɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa paa haɣ ŋga kɛwɛna takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ-kɛ waɖɛ se kɛyɛlɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, haɣ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ.


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Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ
Ɛyʋ tɛkɛ kpakpayaɣ se ɛsʋʋ lɩm tɛɛ. Ɛtɛkɛ sumaɣ se ɛsʋʋ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ tataa. Paa weyi ɛwɛnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛcakɩ ɖɩ-taa. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ yɔ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kañɩnɩɣ se kana mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɛcaɣ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ.
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pikliŋa ñɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyaa siŋŋ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ. Pɩtɩŋɩɣna ɛyʋ tɛ lakasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa ñɩnɩyaa pɩzɩ patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaaɣ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa wezuu tɩnaa tɩlʋʋ nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ-wɛ nɛ po-lona yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ payaɣ se ekosizitɛm. Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa sɔsaɣ nakayɛ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɩwalaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛɛ yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-lɛɣtʋ piliŋa.
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩnaɣ 1866 taa ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋ ñʋʋ. Wezuu kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ernst Haeckel lɩzɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Caama tʋ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se « Morphologie générale des organismes ». Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛmaa se ɖɩjaɣyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyaa nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pɛcaɣ wezuu yɔ.


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Alexandre Pouchkine
Alexandre Sergueïevitch Pouchkine kɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa Alexandre Sergueïevitch Pouchkine mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye,pɩnaɣ 1799 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Nabɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ size pɩtɛkɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa palʋla-ɩ, ɛlɛ, agoza fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1799 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Mɔsɩkuu tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-ɛsɩndaa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛna tandaʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1837 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛlɛ, lalaa ñɔtɔŋ size ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛnɛ pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
Saint-Pétersbourg tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ naadozo nɛ lutozo (38) mbʋ yɔɔ lɛ ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa Pouchkine kɛ takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ.
Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣsi yayʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ.
Sɔsɔ Alexandre Pouchkine hɔʋ kɛ ñɩm hɔʋ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Nadejda Ossipovna Pouchkina. Ɛlɛ kɛ halʋ keɖewa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.


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Voodu
Voodu ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, payaɣa se voodu laɣsɩ tɛ, pɩkɛ ɖooo Dahomey ɛjaɖɛ taa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ (Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa). Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ nabʊyʊ taa pisidina hama tɔm cejewaɣ naayɛ taa, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Peenɛɛ nɛ Togo ajɛyɛ taa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Loma agɔlɔma kɩyakʊ sɔsɔʊ taa.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mba paakpa-wɛ yomaa yɔ, kɩ-tɛ nɛ Afrika ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʊ lɛ kɩyɛlɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ Karayɩbɩ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Amerika tɛtʊ naa taa. Voodu kpaɣ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ Kuba nɛ Hayiti halɩ ŋtalɩ Presili ajɛyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ Etaazuunii nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Louisiane. Kɩyɛlɩ kɩtalɩ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa, a-taa peeɖe kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, kɛlɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ sɩm ŋgʊ yɔ lɛ Gnawa Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ peeɖe lɛ kizitina malɩŋ tɩna payɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛyaa mba palakɩ voodu tʊmɩyɛ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa nɩɩnʊwa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma wondu kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kaawɛ Essen kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa (ŋgʊ payaɣ se Soul of Africa Museum) nɛ Strasbourg Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Voodu ñɔɔ pɩlɩna yʊrʊba sɔnzɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɛ ahʊna ɛyaa tɛ sɩwaa ɖama katɩɣ yɔɔ, kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Abomey kewiyaɣ walaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 17 nɛ 18 wɛɛ taa yɔ. Kɩlɩna Taado ɛyaa cɔlɔ Togo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Aja (papa lɛ ahɔna ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se fɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ Goun ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ yʊrʊba tɛ mba nɛ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ ŋɖɛɛ, ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɛyaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ Peenɛɛ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Togo nɛ Kaana halɩ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ Niigeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se voodu kɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ, pɩkɛ ñɩm peyebinam, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm pɩyʊ, nesi tɛɛ laɣsɩ pɩyʊ, patʊ, yɔɔdaɣ nakayɛ, fɛbɩtʊ laɣsɩ pɩyʊ, miiziki soo mabʊ, tɔm hʊtʊ, ɖoŋ pɩyʊ, tɔm ɖɛzɩtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ pɩyʊ. Pɩlɩna yoma kpaʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, tɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwalɩɣ ɖɩtalɩ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Karayibi lɩm hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Hayiti.


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Max Weber
Max Weber, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1864 nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1920. Ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ weyi ɛlaba waɖɛ sukuli yɔ. Pakpaɣa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛnɛ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɔsɔɣ se ɛzɩma ɛla nɛ ɛlɛzɩ ɛyaa lɩmaɣza nɛ pakpaɣ wɛtʊ kɩfatʊ.
Emile Durkhein siɣye taa lɛ, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ pamaza se ɛkɛ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ caa mbʊ yɔ, Max Weber kaawɩla sukuli pazɩ ɛlɛ ɛtala a-alɩwaatʊ taa tɛ sukuli. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taasɩna ñɩnʊʊ yeke ɛlɛ, ɛsʊza ɛ-tɩ politiki nɔmɔʊ taa. Paya-ɩ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ se ɛɖʊ nesi nɛ pɔcɔlɩ tɔm Weimar ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1919 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Weber kaasɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ a-hɛkɩŋ taa tʊkasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wazaɣ. Pɩtasɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊma yeke ɛlɛ, Weber ñɩna ɖɔɖɔ cɔlɩtʊ pɩlɩna wondu lɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ ɛzɩ wabɩtʊ, Ɛjaɖɛ, waɖɛ nɛ minziiki nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ. Karl Emil Maximilian Weber, kajalaɣ pɩɣa piyaa lutozo hɛkʊʊ taa, palʊla-ɩ pɩɣyɩyaa cejewiye ñɩm nɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. E-neu nɔɔyʊ kaɣ kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ.
Ɛ-caa (Max ɖɔɖɔ paya-ɩ), kaakɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ paka-ɩ lɩzʊʊ se paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ Reichstag Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ wayi. E-ɖoo (Hélène, palʊla-ɩ Fallenstein liɖe taa kɛnɛ), ɛ-tɛ nɛ Huginoti pɩtɩŋna e-ɖoo liɖe yɔɔ (Souchay waa), kaakɛ halʊ mɛɛsakula nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyʊ nɔyʊ siŋ. Mbʊ lɛ, Max Weber paɣlɩ mɛɛsakula nɛ ñɩm hɔʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ peyebinam pɩɣa nɛ e-ɖoo kɛ lɔŋ ñɩm ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1869 hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɔɔ kɩcaɣ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa.
Pɩwɛyɩ alewondu nɛ ɛsɩŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ e-sukuli taa mbʊ lɛ, Max Weber sɔɔlɩ takayasɩ kalʊʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛñɩzɩɣ kaʊ nɛ kalɩtʊ ɛzɩ (Cicéron, Kant nɛ Machivel nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ) lɩzɩɣ aseɣɖe ɛzɩma ɛwɛ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ. Pɩtasɩna ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ yeke ɛlɛ, ehiɣ ñʊʊ leleŋ weyi se ɛkpɛlɛka loŋ sakɩyɛ politiki ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɔɔnaɣ lɔnsɩɖaa cɔlɔ mba ɛ-caa yawaɣ nɛ pɔkɔŋ ɛ-tɛ ɖɩɣa yɔ. Ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ Abitur wayi lɛ, ewona ɛ-tɩ kɛ Heidelberg waɖɛ sukuli ɖɩlaɖɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1883 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Max Weber wolo Straasbourg se ɛla sɔɔjɔnaa sukuli. Peeɖe ɛɖanɩɣ katʊʊ ɛ-hɔʊ lɛɛkʊ. Weber caɣ e-neŋ cɔlɔ (e-ɖoo kɔɔ), ɛsʊ ɛkpaɣdɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ e-neŋ walʊ nɛ ɛsɔzɩ-ɩ lɔŋ, tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Hermann Baumgarten, weyi ɛcɔlɔ ɛkpɛlɛka wezuu caɣʊ lɛɛkʊ tɩlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ. Mbʊ kpem ɛkɩlɩ nɛ ɛ-caa yɔ mbʊ lɛ Baumgarten kaakɛ ɛyʊ walaa tʊ nɛ e-nesi tɛ lɩɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtasɔɔlɩ Bismark tɛ politiki tɔm.


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Kambii
Kambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ wena akɩlɩ ñɩɩɩ walanzɩ taa Afrika kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ aŋglisi tɔm. Ajɛya wena awɛ kɩ-kamasɩ yɔɔ yɔ anaa lɛ: hayʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ lɛ Senegaalɩ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ atɩlantiki teŋu ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ. Kambii kamasɩ wɛɛ Kambii ŋgʊ k-pɔɔ sɔsɔ taa lɩm kpeŋkpem mbʊ yɔ.
Kɩ-pɔɔ ŋga kɩlɩm kpɛŋ ayɩlantiiki teŋu taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa akpaba 10689 yɔ nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 1 882 450. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Panzuli nɛ lɛɛtʊ yɔ Serekuundaa nɛ Pɩrɩɩkamaa.
Kambii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tɩŋɛ wɛ haɖawʊ, kpakpasɩ kpaʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ-egbena tɔm taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya tɔsʊʊ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛzɩ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya kpeekpe yɔ, Kambii ɖɔɖɔ sɩma ɖooo lɔŋ taa pɩlɩ ɛyaa pɛdɩɣ nɛ pakpaɣ Afrika mba nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ nɛ payakɩ-wɛ nɛ paɖʊʊ-wɛɛ kʊñɔŋ yɔ.


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Krishna
Krishna (Krichna, Krsna, कृष्ण, cɩkpɛndʊʊ, yulee-pidimm sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa) kɛ Ɛsɔ siŋ Ɛndɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɛndɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ, ɛkɛ lutozo tʊ weyi ɛwɛ Vishnou taa yɔ. Gaudiya Vaishnavsme tɩnaa tɛ lɛ ɛkɛ kɩlɩm kɛ lalaa kpeekpe taa. Sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛmʊna samtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ poluŋkuu ɛ-tɛɛ.
Ɛ-ɖalʊ na-ɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛlakɩ nɛ ɛsɩɣna ɛnɛ ɛnʊ, pala sakɩyɛ hama laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩɖaŋɩɣ feziŋ kɩtɛkɛdɩŋ weyi ɛhaɣa nɛ ɛsɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ Balarama pɩlɩna Kamsa yɔ. Kɛlɛ Krishna la lɩmaɣ za mbʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ tɔm naa mba, Krishna Balarama, pɩkɛna-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ se pakandɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Krishna kʊyɩ Yamuna pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛcaɣ ɛ nɛ ɛ-samaɣ Dvaraka kɛ Gujarat tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛkata nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʊ Rukmini. Pʊwayɩ kɛlɛ ɛñɔtɩna Arjuna nɛ Pandava nɛ ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ Kurukshetra yoŋ ɖeɖe, yoŋ weyi ɛɛlɩ Mahâbhârata (Mahâbhârata Gita taa yɔ) peeɖe ɛkpɛlɛka-wɛ Krishna, kɛlɛ ɛ-kɔɔ Subhadra walɩ Arjuna.
Ɛsɔ naa heyi-ɩ kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye se etekizi Dvârakâ ɛ nɛ ɛ-samaɣ kɔyɔ pe-liɖe nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩŋ yaa ɖɩmʊkɩ. Ŋgʊ pasɩŋʊʊ hapɩyɛ yɔɔ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa niidiɣ pa-tɩ nɛ you paɣzɩ. Krishna nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ pɛhɛzɩɣ you aayɩ pawɩɩ. Pese pɔsʊʊ laʊ nɛ patɩmɩɣ se hayɩ ɛsɔ yɔ pɩhɛɛ, peeɖe ɛgbam nɔɔyʊ ñamapa-ɩ ɛ-kɩkpɛzɩŋ ɛlɛ payaɣ Jâras pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ kɩbɩnʊ, ɛlɛ kpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ yɔ. Ɛ-natalʊʊ taa ehiɣa ɛsɔ, kiyeke ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɩzaɣ ehiɣ, ɛsɩbɩna-kʊ nɛ patana e-tomnaɣ kɛlɛ patapɩzɩɣ pepimi-ɩ.


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Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Amarika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ nutozo (8) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1935 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Tupelo tɛtʋ taa Mississippi egeetiye taa.
Ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1977 ñɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Elvis AAaron Presley pakʋma hɩɖɛ se «The King». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ Wiyaʋ. Ɛmʋ samtʋ nima ndɩ ndɩ minziki mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Rock and roll sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa tɩŋa. Kpaɖʋʋ hiu (10) ñɩŋgʋ taa Ɖajaa Elvis kɛkɛŋna hendu teyu kɩkpaɖʋ. Ɖajaa hendu teu Elvis Presley ɛnɛ, pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, ɛpɛdɩ hendu tatasɩ sɩtalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛlaba tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa mba pa-taa yɔ, patalɩɣ hiŋ nadazo nɛ kʋɖʋm (31).
Ɛlaba ɖama nɩnaʋ kedizasi nzɩ yɔ, sɩɖɔ siŋŋ. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛlaba nzɩ yɔ sɩtalɩɣ 1156 mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlaba-sɩ egeetiye 525 ñɩnɖɛ taa. Egeetiye nɖɩɩ payaɣ size Las Vegas. Hendu teyu ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ hendu teu maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ weyi ɛlɛyɩ labʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pana-ɖɩ poliŋ taa yɔ.
Pɩɩkɛ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1973 ñɩŋga taa Hawaï egeetiye taa.
Hendu teyu sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛɛkɛ ñɩm tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kpem. Ɛsɩba nɛ pewili e-liidiye kozaɣ taa lɛ, e-liidiye kpɛndɩ tɔɔlaarɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa 150 mbʋ yɔ.


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Mahatma Gandhi
Weyi payaɣ se, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi yɔ, ɛkɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖiyiɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ. Palʋla-ɩ "Porbandar" tɛtʋ taa aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1869 taa. Pakʋ-ɩ "Delhi" tɛtʋ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ niidozo n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1948 taa. Payaɣ-ɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa se, Mahatma Gandhi. Hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩmna-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. "Sanskrit" kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se, mahatma, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "ciyam sɔsɔʋ". Ɛlɛ, Gandhi kisi hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ tɩŋa. Ɛɛndɩ kʋnʋmɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ yem se, Gandhi yaa Gandhiji yaa Bapu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "Caa"
Gandhi kɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛn̄ɩnaɣ toovenim tɔm ɖeke koŋ yɔ. Ɛtaasɔɔlɩ cɛtɩm tɔm kaʋ. Ɛɛkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se, "satyagraha" yɔ, pʋ-yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ. Eyekaɣ se, ɛyaa ɛɖɔ habɛ yɔɔ nɛ pawɩlɩ se, pɔsɔɔlɩ yomiye taa lɩʋ. Ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ heluhelu lakasɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛtɩŋna hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ yomiye taa. Gandhi ɖʋ aŋgba sakɩyɛ wena alʋkɩ se, ajɛɛ ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ paa weyi ɛwɛɛna ɛ-waɖɛ yɔ. Aŋgba ana an̄ɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Sɔsaa nabɛyɛ sakɩyɛ lʋba tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Gandhi yɔ. Mbaa yɔ : Albert Schweitzer nɛ Martin Luther King nɛ Nelson Mandela nɛ Steve Biko nɛ Dalaï Lama nɛ Aung San Suu Kyi. Ɛlʋkaɣna lɛɣzɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ ansaayɩnaa kɔŋkaɣna yɔ. Ekizaɣ komina n̄azʋʋ n̄azʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kedeŋa yɔɔ sɔsaa nabɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɩŋna Gandhi maɣzɩm yɔɔ nɛ palʋkɩ ɛ-lʋɖɛ pa-ajɛɛ taa.
Gandhi laba ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandʋʋ sukuli Angleterre ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ tɔmhʋyʋ. Eseɣtaɣ ɛyaa Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa se palɩɩ pɔɖɔ habɛ yɔɔ nɛ pawɩlɩ se, pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se, pɔyɔkɩ nabʋyʋ yaa pala heluhelu lakasɩ kaʋ. Ɛpɩsɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, eseɣti haɖaa nɛ kʋn̄ɔndɩnaa se, pekisi lambuu ŋgʋ pamʋwa-wɛ yɔ. Eheyaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se, pekisi ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlʋbɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ɛjadɛ taa paɣtʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩndʋ ndʋ Brimaanɩ waa kaɖʋwa yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Congrès national indien" yɔ, ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛlʋ se pasɩna kʋn̄ɔndɩna. Ɛlʋba ɖɔɖɔ se, Ɛɛndɩ halaa ɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ se, taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ pɛwɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa, se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛsɔɔlaa se, kʋnʋmɩŋ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu aŋgba pa-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa kaʋ. Ɛsɔɔlaa se, paa anɩ ɛtɔɔ nɛ ɛhaɣ. Ɛlʋba "Swaraj" ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlʋkɩna se, ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛtaan̄azɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ.
Gandhi lɩmaɣza yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ lakɩ mbʋ sɔnɔ ɖɩlakɩ yɔ. Ɛtacaɣ wezuu ɛzɩ ɛyʋ n̄ɩm tʋ yɔ kaʋ. Ɛlakaɣ mbʋ payaɣ se, "ashram" yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛcakaɣ lakʋ taa yaa pʋʋ taa. Ɛnʋ n̄ɩyaɣna e-wondu ndʋ esuwaɣ yɔ. Esuwaɣ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wondu ndʋ payaɣ se, "dhoti" nɛ kpootu wondu ndʋ halaa laɣyɩɣ pa-hazasɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ehuwaɣ kuntu ŋgʋ palʋna kpootu pɩzatʋ yɔ. Ɛlʋkaɣ se pahayɩ hatʋ ɖozi sakɩyɛ. Ɛhɔkaɣ nɔɔ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ lɩŋŋŋ se, ɛwɛɛ kele kele. Ɛlɛ, ɛhɔkaɣ nɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ se, ɛtɩŋna pʋ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ wɛtʋ nɛ lakasɩ mba ɛyaa lakɩ nɛ patamʋna kpem yɔ.
Gandhi kɛŋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ maʋ yaa lɩzɩyʋ. Ɛnʋʋ lɛ, ɖɩ-caa. Ɛ-lʋlʋʋ kazandʋ kɩyakʋ kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kazandʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Evemiye ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ kpɛndʋ ŋgbɛyɛ agbeɣla lɩza pɩnaɣ 2007 taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se, "Kedeŋa kpeekpe helu helu lakasɩ fɛfɩ evemiye".
E-wezuu caɣʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-pɩcatʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa(1869-1888)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
E-sukuli labʊ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa(1888-1891)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛpɩsʊʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pʊ-tɔm(1891-1893)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛkɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ nɛ Britaniki komina pa-kajalaɣ you=[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛlabʊ lɩmaɣzɛ se eseɣ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛwɛʊ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ(1893-1915)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-pɩsaʊ hulaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Suluku nakʊyʊ tɔm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛlʊbɩnaʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩɩ̃nɔɔzʊʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛtɛlɛm waa nabɛyɛ kʊyʊʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ samaɣ se nɛ kaɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna kʊyʊʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛɖʊʊ nesi Bowɛɛrɩsɩ (Boers) waa you naalɛ ̃nɩŋgʊ ɖeɖe yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kɩkalʊʊ paɣtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛlʊkɩ se tɛyɩtʊ ɛwɛɛ Ɛɛdɩ ̃nɩma nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʊ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛɖʊ nesi siŋŋ nɛ palʊbɩna Zoulou samaɣ ŋga kakʊyɩ Ɛɛndɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Hermann Kallenbach[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛlʊba nɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ yomiye taa(1915-1945)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Champaran nɛ Kheda[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛgbadɩyɛ fɛyɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Swaraj nɛ ɖɔm ɖɔnɛ (nɖɩ payaɣ se satyagraha)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʊʊ nɛ ===«QuitIndia»[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ Ɛzɩma mbʊ pɛtɛyɩ-kʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ(1945-1947)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-kʊʊ(1948)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tolstoï nɛ Ruskin pa-lɩmaɣzɛ ɖukuni-i[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tisuu[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Toovenum[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛfɛyɩ kaɖɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɩŋ pe nɛ ɛ-hatʊ yɔ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ kɩbaŋga[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Brahmacharya[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ helu helu lakasɩ(Ahimsâ)[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛwaɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Satyagraha[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ekisi Anasaayɩnaa ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ nɛ pɔ-tɔsʊʊ nʊmɔŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛsɔɔlaa se samaɣ ɛwɛɛ ka-tɩ yɔɔ, kataawɛɛna komina, kɛwɛɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Palʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ñɩm mbʊ eyeba yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kedeŋa yɔɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-ɖoŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mbʊ pʊtɔcɔlɩ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Mba payaɣ se «Dalits» waa yɔ pa-lɩmaɣzɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Samaɣ kʊyʊʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʊ kɛtɛyɩ ɖama yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-tʊma[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pasɩma-ɩ samaɣ sɔnzɩ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
E-wezuu caɣʊ filim waa taa=[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-takayɩsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Minziiki[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ fideyoo taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-agbele naa : Indira nɛ Rajiv Gandhi[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ sɩm[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
E-wezuu caɣʊ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
E-wezuu caɣʊ Iŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩ-taa tazʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛ-takayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ ɖenɖe panaɣ-tʊ yɔ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Tɔm lɛɛtʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Awayɩ kpasɩ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
41.207.160.90 13:01, 17 February 2016 (UTC)


text:
Alaskaa
Alaskaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Alaskaa nɛ Etaazuni tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kamaɣ nakayɩ fɛyɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Awayii hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ pasɩna-ɖamaa kamasɩ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Yukɔŋ nɛ Kolombii, Alaskaa wɛna Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Pasifiki lɩŋamʊʊ piyele nɛ Peeriŋgi ñɛwɛna Alaskaa nɛ Rusii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Pamaza Alaskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 1 717 854 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 236 548 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,77 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 1 81 305 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alaskaa kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ Alaskaa tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 49 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1959. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 731 449 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 3 060 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 6 190 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Teenalii. Payaɣ Alaskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se: Bill Walker nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayaa kɛpayaɣ se Lisa Murkowski (R) nɛ Dan Sullivan (R).
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Anchorage.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛɖoɔ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ:
- Eŋgilisi
- Inupiaq
- Yupik
- Alutiiq
- Unangan
- Denayina
- Holikacuk
- Koyukon
- Koljan
- Tanana
- Atna


text:
Ciŋili
Ciŋili pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa malɩŋ ɛyaa kpeɣluu nɛ patɩmʊʊna pe-kpeekpe yɔ. Ɛyaa mba po-kuduyiŋ ɛnʊ pama-ɩ ɛzɩma yɔ pʊkʊya leeleɣ nɛ kuduyiŋ ɖɔɔ pɩcɔɔ pɩta, nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa yayʊ kpaɣ ɛsɩŋʊʊ nɛ ɛyaɣ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ kalʊʊ. Po-kuduyiŋ ñʊŋ taa taa lɛ ŋnaɣ se pɩwɛ kulu kulu. Kuduyuu ñʊʊ taa yayʊ (mouadh-dhan) kpaɣ nɛ ɛyaɣ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩtalɩ sɛtʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛ adhan wɛɛ taa.
Halɩ yatʊ taa payana hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se ciŋili, petisa ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1550 fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, kɛlɛ pamila-ɖɩ kɩmɩlʊʊ Itaalii tʊ cɔlɔ moschea. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna ɖooo Azii sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se potukuna kiɖe nɛ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ pilimu. Arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔmpiye masjid nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔ lɩna lakaɣ sajada cɔlɔ (kiɖe kɔyɔ s-j-d nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ eluŋi) nɛ pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ palakɩ atɩma alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋna tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɔyɔɔda-kʊ Mahomet yɔɔ, se tɛtʊ tɩŋa kenkeŋ kɛ ciŋili kɛlɛ pɩlaŋ nɛ ɖenɖe koboyaɣ tɔyaa yɔ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa. Malɩŋ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ kajalaɣ ciŋili kaakɛ masjid al-Haram, paasɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ Kaaba kɛ Mɛkɩ tɛtʊ taa, pɔtɔŋ se pʊwɛʊ ɛzɩ Aɖam kaamana-kʊ, nɛ pʊwayi yɔ Abraham ɖanɩɣ-kʊ maʊ ɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ sɔsɔ Ismaël pɩlɩna Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ. Ciŋili kɩbɩnʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ kɛlɛ al-Aqsa ñɩŋʊ.
Malɩŋ nɔsɩ hɔkʊʊ fenaɣ nakʊ ñɩŋa tɛ lɛ, (arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ رمضان), fenaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩna kele kele malɩŋ tɩnaa tɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ ñɩmba hɔkʊʊ nɔsɩ nakʊ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ, ciŋili naa mʊ ɖanaɣ tɔɔnasɩ (iftar) alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ yɔ nɛ atɩma naananza evemiye taa, maghrib.


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Pɩlɔmbɩ
Pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊtʊ natʊyʊ tɛ wonuu nɛ kɩcɛcɛyaɣ kɔyɔ 82 piyele ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmayaɣ ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ lɛ Pb. Pɩlɔmbɩ tomnaɣ sɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ yɔ, kɩpɩzʊʊ kɩpɩsɩ ɔkɩzɛnɩ wonuu nɛ kɩwɛɛ kʊlʊmʊm kpalʊlʊʊ tɩyɛ, papɩzʊ polubuku nɛ kɩwɛɛna wɛɖʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ.
Pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊkʊ ɛyʊ yɔ, kɩlɛɛzʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ maɣmaɣ kɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ kɩlɩzɩ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ tʊkʊ ɛyʊ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pi-pee paɣla kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1980 taa ñɩnɩya naa size pɩlɔmbɩ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩhaɣ pɩcɛɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ tɛtɛ wondu.
Pɩlɔmbɩ wɛ ɛzɩ heelim yɔ nɛ yee pɩwɛ ɛsɔtaa yem paa pazɩ yem kɔyɔ pipisiɣ heelim mbʊ ɛyʊ fezuu yɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi pɩlɔmbɩ kɔŋna yɔ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋga nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se satiirinii kʊdɔŋ.


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Sɩkandɩyɔm
Sɩkandɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 21 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa Sc. Ɛkɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ɖɔfɩɩ ŋgʊ, e-tomnaɣ hʊlɩma kpʊzɩyɛɛ. Pana-ɩ nabʊyʊ taa tɛtɛɛ nabɛyɛ nabɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ nɛ Sɩkandɩnafɩ kiŋ. Ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm nɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɛwɛna tɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ taa.
Sɩkandɩyɔm (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, scandia pɩwɩlɩɣ se Sɩkandɩnafɩ), Lars Fredrik Nilson lɩna ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1879 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩna tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa pañɩnaɣ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa yɔ. Nilson ɖʊ se ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-wɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu tɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ esenite nɛ gadolinite pɔ-yɔɔ.
Dmitri Mendeleïev kaayɔpɔdɩ pɩnaɣ 1869 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ sɩkandɩyɔm tɔm naa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-wɛ se ekabore waa, ɛlɛ ɛlabɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ paɣtʊ. Per Teodor Cleve lɩ sɩkandɩyɔm kalɩkɔdaɣ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛlɛ tɩwɛɛ ndɩ Nilson ñɩntʊ, Cleve ñawɩlɩɣ se sɩkandɩyɔm nɛ ekabo pɛkɛ kʊyʊm.
Pɩnaɣ 1937, kajalaɣ ɖeɖe palaba ñɩɣlɩm sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ pɩtɩŋna pɔtasɩyɔm nɛ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm kalɩkɔdaɣ pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ yɔlʊʊ ɖeɖe yɔ 700 ŋtalɩ 800°C. Kajalaɣ sɩkandɩyɔm liviri ñɩlɩm ŋgʊ keeke pɩtalɩ 99% wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ paalaba-kʊ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1960 wɛɛ.


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Zarathustra ŋgbɛyɛ
Zarathoustra ŋgbɛyɛ yaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖuluŋguu ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɛɛ yɔ kɛ ɖooo Iran kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pamazɩ-ɖɩ nɛ mazdɛyɩsmɩ nɛ payaa-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɖɩ-tɛ nayʊ yaa ɖi-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ Zarathoustra yɔɔ, kɛlɛ pama hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ Zoroastre taa pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ tɛ ɛyaa yɔɔ mbʊ se (Zwpoάσtpnς, Zōroastrēs). Lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩkɔma Zarathushtra ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa maɣzɩm kaakɛ se peɖiyi mazde ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tisi ɛsɔ kʊyʊm yɔɔ ɛnʊ lɛ ɛsɔ Ahura Mazdâ (pehlevi : Ohrmazd), weyi ñʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ cɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ. Ahura Mazda yeke kɛnɛ lɩzɩna ɛsɔ nɛ tɛtʊ.
Hɩɖɛ Zoroatre ŋgbɛyɛ lɩna Zoroastre maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, Zarathushtra yaa Zarathoustra (persan taa lɛ ز , رتشت, Zaraϑuštra, avestiki kʊnʊŋ taa, krɛkɩ kɩbvɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Zwpoάσtpnς pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nayʊ, ɛnʊ ɖʊna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖi-kiɖe. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Zoroastre maɣzɩm taa lɛ, pɛɖɛzaɣ ɖama tɔm ɛzɩ caja kɛdʊʊ pɩɣa tɔm yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lalaa tɛ yɔ. Pʊwayi yɔ matʊ paɣtʊ paɣza ndʊ payaa se Avesta, pama tɔm kiɖeɖetu takayasɩ kpeekpe.Ɛlɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ takayaɣ maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ tɔm kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ yem pɩzɩna pɩwɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Takayasɩ sakɩyasɩ sakɩyɛ leba yaa mʊwa alɩwaatʊ Alexandre Sɔsɔ lakaɣ you yɔ nɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe arabɩ kɔma you ɖɔɖɔ lɛ.
Zoroastre tisa se ɛyʊ sɩm wezuulɛɛkʊ ɖanɩɣ wɛʊ, tɔm hʊnaʊ wɛɛna nɛ kalɩzasɩ, se ɛyʊ weyi lɛ pahʊna-ɩ tɔm ɛzɩ ɛ-kʊwɛkɩm mʊnaʊ yɔ yaa ɛ-camɩyɛ laɣsɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se fezuu lɩna piyele kalɩzaɣ wɛɛ ɛsɔ nesi tɛɛ. Yee ɛyʊ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ewiza kɩtɛkɛdɛsɩ kɔyɔ pʊtʊ woki ɛsɔ ɖɩɣa taa pɩtɩŋna kondoloko nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa peeɖe mʊntʊsʊʊ tɛ ɛsɔ ɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ. Piyele pɩkɛ kɩtɛkɛdʊʊ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ ɖɛʊʊ miŋ maatɛŋ maatɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ patasɩɣ sɔzʊʊ se tovonum lɛ kalɩzasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ miŋ nɛ pɔhɔŋ sɩ-nagbaŋɩŋ yɔ pʊwayɩ ɛzɩ sɩtɛm labʊ kʊñɔŋ yɔ lɛ sɩwoki ɖɔɖɔ koboyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa.


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Palɩtiki teŋgu
Palɩtiki teŋgu kɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ketenzi hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ mɩtaɖɛ wɛ 364 800 km2 nɛ kɩ-hɔɔyɛ taa maɣna 24 000 km3. Ki-cukaŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 459 nɛ kɩɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛna kilomɛtanaa 1 600 km. Kɩwɛ Eerɔpʊ nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Hayʊ kiŋ teŋgu wɛna kɩnɛ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʊʊ ñɩŋgʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Kategati nɛ Sigaageraki teŋgunaa pa-lɩm kpeŋna ɖama taa. Lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlʊma naadozo kpɛndʊna nɛ pɩkpɛŋ teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-taa.
Awada nzʊlʊma anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlʊmɩyɛ piyele Pɔtnii ñɩnɖɛ ŋ̃ɛwɛna hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Riga lɩm kpɛŋna. Ajɛya wena acɔ Paltiki teŋgu nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Fɛɛlandɩ, pɩkazɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Ruusii nɛ Ɛsɩtoonii; Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Lituyanii, Rusii nɛ Polɔɔñɩ ajɛya pɩkazɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hakiŋ lɛ Caama nɛ Tanimarikɩ ajɛya wena teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Palɩtiki teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩkɩlɩna kɛʊ kɩfalʊʊ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩɩkɛna pɔɔ cickpelaɣ pʊcɔ nɛ kawalʊ nɛ kawalʊ.
Mer Baltique


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Asɩmara
Asɩmara kɛŋna Eriitree ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa makʊɣna kilomɛtanaa agbapa ɛzɩ 12 158,1 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛ 564 000 ɛlɛ tɩ-taa maɣmaɣ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛcɛzɩ ɛzɩ 1 147 000 yɔ.
Asɩmara wɛ Hamasaŋ pʊʊ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ pʊʊ sʊsɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ lɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lubu tʊma taa, wodu kʊzusʊtʊ yaa tɔɔla ñɛyʊ, naakomnaa, pɩzatʊ lʊʊ nandʊ nɛ kpalabanaa taa sʊlʊm kɛ pakɩlʊʊ naʊ peeɖe.


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Tantalɩ
Tantalɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 73 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ta. Tantalɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ yuulee cɛzʊʊ, ɛwɛ yuŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ manɩɩ, ɛɛpʊkɩ siziŋ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm naa taa, ɛsaɣ miŋ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ anasaayɩ miŋ ɖɛzɩyʊ kpem. Pana-ɩ tantalɩtɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa nabayɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩcaɣ ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdasɩ tɩyɛ, pɩkpɛndɩna nɩyɔbɩyɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɔlɩtan taa, ɛlɛ epiyii pindimm.
Palakɩ tantalɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ nɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ sɔzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Pasɩma-ɩ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ nazɩyʊ tʊma taa nɛ polukina nazɩyʊ ñɩɣdɩyʊ. Pakɩnda ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ leɣtʊ kɩfatʊ cɔlɔ tantalum, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paha-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1802 pɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Anders Gustaf Ekeberg Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1801, Charles Hatchett ɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ ɛna ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ (pɩnzɩ 1765-1847) pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɩkpɛɛdɩtʊ natʊyʊ tɩlɩna Connecticut komina cɔlɔ nɛ paya-ɩ Columbia. Ɛya-ɩ se kɔlɔmbɩyɔm, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiileɖuu mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna tʊma kɩbɩna yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1802 lɛ, Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767- 1813) ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ Uppsala sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩcaɣ-ɩ kaɖɛ piŋ se ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 1809 lɛ, William Hyde Wollaston ɖaɣnɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɔlɔmbɩyɔm nɛ tantalɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ paakɛ kʊyʊm kɛnɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1820 lɛ, Jöns Jacob Berzelius ñalɩzɩ tantalɩ kiyeke. Pɩnaɣ 1844 lɛ, Heinrich Rose ñatʊʊ tantalɩtɩ taa kɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ, tantalɩ, sɛrɩtɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ ɛyaa se nɩyɔbɩyɔm, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Niobe cɔlɔ Tantalɩ halɩpɩɣa kɛlɛ mbʊ krɛkɩ pɔpɔtʊ tɔm kɛdʊʊ.


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Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ
Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ cɔɔkɩ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ, Ɛnglɩsɩ pasɩtɔɔr waa pazɩna-ɖɩ mba yɔ John Smyth kɛ Hollande pɩnaɣ 1609 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛyɔ Thomas Helwys kɛ Angletɛrɩ pɩnaɣ 1612. Ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ pasɩma-ɖɩ nɛ mbʊ petisi Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ, lʊlʊʊ kɩfam, Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊʊ kɛ ɛyʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛkɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyʊ, ɛwɛna ɛ-tɔm susuu tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm taa yɔ. Pɩtalaɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ ɛyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩtalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 100 mba pɛkɛ sɔɔlɩyaa.
Johanɛsɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩyaa se baptɩstɩ cɔɔcɩ, cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ Ɛŋglɩsɩ nindiyu yaa pasɩtɔɔr John Smyth, ɛɛkɛ aŋglɩkan fada kɩbɩnʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi pɩhayɩ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖaɣnɩ paɣzɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Smyth ɛnʊ pakpa-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ aŋglɩkan fada pɩnaɣ 1594 kɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piteleɖi ɛzɩ pakpa-ɩ cɔjɔtʊ lɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛɖaɣnɩ paɣzʊʊ ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisuu tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ seɣta-ɩ mbʊ lɛ ekizi aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛcaɣ Hollande pɩnaɣ 1607 ɛ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛ-tɔm ndʊ yɔ.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1609 pɩnaɣ pakpaɣ ɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ yɔ, lɛ ɛsɔ ɛyaa lɩm patalɩ ɛyaa hiŋ natozo nɛ loɖo. Thomas Helwys tʊlɩ kajalaɣ baptɩstɩ cɔɔcɩ kɛ Angletɛrɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaa se Spitalfields yɔ tɩ-taa, tɩwɛna Londre nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1612. Baptɩstɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ nɛ paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ wɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ nɛ papɩzɩ pakalɩ ɛyaa patalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 38,8 kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2002.


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Leonardo Fibonacci
Leonhard Fibonacci, (palʊla-ɩ 1175 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Pise tɛtʊ taa ŋtalɩ pʊcɔ 1250 cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ). Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Payaɣ-ɩ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa se Leonhard Pisano nɛ kpaɣ nɔɔnɔɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ pasɩma-ɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hɩɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɖɩnɛ se Pise Leonhard. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛsɛɛ ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ se Leonardo Bigollo (bigollo tɔbʊʊ se Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa woɖu).
Palʊla-ɩ Pise tɛtʊ taa, skɩyɛ taa ɛlabʊ e-sukuli yɔ Béjaïa ɛkɩlɩ-kʊ labʊ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Alzeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɛ-caa kaakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe wondu pɛdɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se Pise tɛtʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ, nɛ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Guglielmo Bonacci. Mɛlɛnaa ɖɩzɩŋɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖenɖe kaakɛ canaʊ taa taɖɩyɛ siŋ lone nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖɛ lone yɔ kɛ Fibonacci paɣza ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ sukuli labʊ. E-sukuli kaakɛ koŋ Al-Khwarizmi ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Ɛwoba ɖɔɖɔ Egipiti nɛ Siiri nɛ Sisiili nɛ Provence pɩtɩŋna ɛ-caa yɔ mbʊ lɛ, nɛ ɛkatɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩna sakɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, Fibonacci pɩzɩ ɛkɔna Pise tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1198 aloɩwaatʊ taa kɛ arabɩ kalɩyasɩ nɛ ñʊŋ lɛɛzʊʊ kalɩtʊ matʊ. Mbʊ pɩwɩla tadɩyɛ fezuu ɛgbadɩyɛ nɛ Itaalii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ canaʊ taa nɛ lɛɣtʈu tɩlʊʊ nɛ nesi tʊma pɛ-ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɛɣlɛ.
Pɛkɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ se kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1228 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ patatasɩ sɩm Fibonacci fezuu caɣʊ yɔ tɔm natʊyʊ. Takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ nakayɛ taa tɔm yeke kɛdʊʊna ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm. Pɩkɛ takayaɣ ŋga kɔ-tɔm leɖa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1241 taa, nɛ panaɣ ka-taa liidiye ɛzɩma Pise ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa hɛyaɣ-ɩ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ. Liidiye nɖɩ lɛ, liiri naa nɛɛlɛ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ leonardo Bigollo ɛkɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɩ kpam. Pɛhɛyɛ-ɩ liidiye pɩlɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ wena ɛlaba Pise tɛtʊ nɛ Pise ɛyaa a-yɔɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe Fibonacci sɩba pʊwayɩ.
Pɩtɩŋna takayaɣ nakayɛ taa tɔm suzuu yɔɔ lɛ, Fibonacci kɔna Ɛndɩ nɛ Arabɩ matʊ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩcaɣ kɛlɛʊ pɩkpaɖɩ Room ñɩndʊ nɛ Fibonacci maɣmaɣ tisi pʊyɔɔ kpem. Pɩtɛ lubitu ndʊ tɩkɔna kaɖɛ ɛyaa mba patatɩlɩɣ akɔnta labʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1280 taa lɛ, Florɛnsɩ ɖʊ kaʊ koozasi tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa se patatasɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arabɩ kalɩyasɩ.


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Kitaari
Kitaari kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ palabɩ-kʋ nɛ nimasi yɔ. Nimasi ńzɩ, palaba-sɩ nɛ sɩkpɩtɩna ɖama. Sɩwɛ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ sɩwɛɛ kandɩmaŋgandɩ tɩyɛ. Sɩwɛ sɩ-mabʋ kpata yɔɔ ɖama taa kɛ tisuu weŋgalaɣ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɩyɛ ɖɩɖɔkɩyɛ taa. Wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɛsɛtɩ-wɛ fɩrɛtɩ tɩyɛ.
Pɔ-yɔɔ peeɖe pan̄ɩkɩɣna nee nimaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nee nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu ndɩ ndɩ. Nesi lɛɛsɩ kpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu. Cɩkpaŋ pakpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nzɩ. Kitaari waa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna nimasɩ loɖo.
Kitaari kɛna anasaayɩwaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛ nsʋlɩmɩyɛ taa lɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩla tɔyʋʋ yɔ minziiki tʋma wondu hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Kitaari kʋnɛ, kɩ-tʋkaɣ nɛ minziiki wondu lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-wɛtʋ wɛ mbʋ yɔ tɩtaa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ: balalaïka, nɛ bouzouki, nɛ charango, nɛ luth, nɛ mandoline, nɛ oud, nɛ théorbe, nɛ pɩtasɩna ukulele nɛ ɛ-wɛɖʋ, nɛ nabʋlɛ taa lɛ nimaɣ wena wena palʋ n̄ɛ kitaari taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : viola, violão, cavaco nɛ cavaquinho (Piresviili), nɛ tiple, nɛ requinto (Amerika taa nɛ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ taa). Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pɛ-tɛ ambitus yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ suye tɔnɛ yɔɔ.


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Lakʊ
Lakʊ kɛna tɛkpɩna kpaʊ nɛ a-kʊʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna yɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pacaɣ-yɛ tɔɔʊ yaa pacaɣ se pɔɖɔɔ-yɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ agbama sɔɔla se pɔɖɔɔnɩ-yɛ nɛ ataañɔtɩna ɖɩsɩ yaa hayɩm. Palakɩ lakʊ yem, paɣtʊ wɛɛ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lakʊ laɖa ɩɩñaŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ kominana ɖʊwa yɔ pɩtɛ lakasɩ payaɣ se milɩm lakʊ yaa mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ lakʊ. Weyi ɛlakɩ mɩlɩm ɛgbandʊ ndʊ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se mɩlɩm ɛgbam. Agbama wɛ agbama taa, pakɩlɩ ɖama.
Ɖoo lɛ pɛla kɛ palakaɣna ɛgbandʊ. Pɩkɔɔ lɛ, pɩjɔla; nɛ lɛɛlɛ yɔ malɩfana kɛ palakɩna- Tɔm hʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, lakʊ labʊ kɛna lakayaɣ ŋga pɩha waɖɛ kɛ paa anɩ se ɛtɩɩ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena afɛyɩna tɩnaa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ J. Perrève tɔma se yee lakʊ ɛkɛna pɩyʊ tɩyʊ kɔyɔ, kɩkpaɣm siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ pʊwɛ se ɛyʊ ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ nɛ ɛsʊʊ lakʊ nɛ ɛñɩnɩ lakʊ wendu tɩŋga nɛ ɛkpa-tʊ nɛ ɖoŋ, paa pɩkɛna kpacana ɖʊʊ, lɛɛtʊ, wendu maɣma ndʊ ɛɖoɣa yaa malɩfanaa kɔyɔ, pʊwɛɛ se ɛkpa awayɩ wendu nɛ ekpena ɖɩɣa nɛ tɩwazɩ-ɩ.


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Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn kɛ Pɛliziki ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ halʋ weŋkalɩyʋ tʋ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-nɔɔ taa wɛ leleŋ pɩfɛyɩ pɔyɔɔdɩ. Palʋla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1929 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, Bruxelles tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Audrey Hepburn kɛkɛ pɛlɔ ñekele tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɛsɩba[[ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, 1993 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Suusi ɛjaɖɛ taa, Tolochenaz tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Ɖoɖoo Audrey Hepburn pɛsɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se Audrey Kathleen Ruston. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ ɛɛkɛ minziki payʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ pɩdɩɩfɛ. Ɛɛwɛna pɑyɛ lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɖoɖoo Audrey Hepburn kɛ aleɣya takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛma aleɣya takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : Gigi, pɩnaɣ 1951 ñɩŋga taa ɛlɩzɩ-kɛ Broadway tɛtʋ taa. Ɛ-takayaɣ kanɛ katʋlɩna-ɩ sinimaɣ waa labʋ nɔnɔsɩ. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ aleɣya takayaɣ lɛɛka nɛ payaɣ-kaka se Sabrina et Ariane de Billy Wilder. Ɛ-aleɣya takayaɣ lɛɛka payaɣ se minziki tanaʋ, Culte My Fair Lady de George Cukor. Ɛ-takayaɣ lɛɛka ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se Guerre et Paix.
Aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ labʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ''Vacances romaines'' yɔ, ɖɩcɛlɛ-ɩ aleɣya takayɩsɩ maʋ samtou nimiye pɩnaɣ 1953 taa.
Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1967 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, Ɖoɖoo Audrey Hepburn yeba minziki payɛ nɛ aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ labʋ nɛ ɛsʋʋ kedeŋa kpeekpe piya yɔɔ cɔnʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se UNICEF yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Halɩ ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ tʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1988 ñɩŋga taa.


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Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)
Tʊma sɔsɔna kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ, tɔmpiye ndɩ Adolphe Blanqui lɩzɩna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, Friedrich Engels nɛ Arnold Toynbee palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ ɖɩ-wazaɣ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩyeba nɛ pɩlɛɛzɩ kiɖi yaa kpɛlɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ nɛ ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ cɔlɔ, ɛyaa mba paasɩma se haɖaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa yɔ pɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa. Pɩ-tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ, tɩlɩna suluku kpaya wazaɣ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 taa nɛ pɩtana yaa putukina ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tʊma politiki tʊma nɛ ɛyaa nɛ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ pɩta kpɛɣɛ yɔ.
Canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa nabɛyɩ etisuu tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Werner Sombart cɔlɔ lɛ, (liidiye yeke lakɩna lɩmaɣza tɛ kɩfam pɩnaɣ 1902) kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ canaʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩpaza Florence yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ taa maŋgɩla waa tɛ ɛsakuliye. Fernand Braudel yeki se ɖɩna kiɖi wɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlakɩ yɔ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpɛm taa yeke.
Pasɩma kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ mbʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se paasɩma ɛyaa mba nɛ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma yɔ, papɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ maɣzɩm tɩŋga kɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa nesi tɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnaa nɛ awɛ camɩyɛ cɔlɩɩ. Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,) pɩkɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa wɛɛ kɩfana taa yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩna tevenim tibu yɔɔ pɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ nɛ lona cɔlɔ yaa ajɛyɛ cɔlɔ.
Lona yaa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɛlɛ pazɩɣ tʊma ana yɔ ana yɔ Grande-Bretagne kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Suwisi kpaɣɖʊ 19 paɣzʊʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ ajɛyɛ. Caama nɛ Etaazuunii paɣzɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ana alabʊ kpaɣna 19 hɛkʊ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ Ruusi kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa. Ajɛyɛ ana akɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɩna.
Kpaɣna hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18, ɛyaa ɖɔʊʊ kaawɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛ haɖaa yeke. Ɛlɛ lona nayɛ taawɛ pɩta ɛzɩ Flanfre, haɖaʊ taakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ peɖe hayim sɔsɔm tɩna kaatɩna tɛtʊ. Hayim yebuu pɩnzɩ naalɛ yaa natozo kaakɛ-wɛ paɣtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndaɣ pahayɩɣ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ, pata cɔzɩ hayɩm naa kolonzi nɛ pɩzɩwanaɣ nɛ wonduu yɛlɩɣ paa le.


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Sidinee tɛ kondoloko
Sidinee tɛ kondoloko kɛna kondoloko sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ sidine tɛtʊ taa, Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩkota konɖaŋŋŋ ɛzɩ tɔʊ yɔ. kɩwɛna Ositiraalii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-taa kɛ Sidinee pɔɔ taa lɩm kpeŋ nɛ pɩtʊʊzɩna se peeɖe lɩm mbʊ pɩ-nzʊlʊmɩƴɛ ɖɛʊna. Sidinee tɛ kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ kɛ sulukuŋ, lɔɔɖa, kpokponaa, cɛɛcɛɛnaa yaa naŋgbanzɩ tɩna tɩŋgʊna nɛ pɛtɛzʊ powoki kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Kɩkɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa manzʊmalɩɩ waa nɔmɔʊ sɔsɔʊ.
Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩwɛ kajʊka kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ositiraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ mbʊ pɩkɛna ɛzɩ kumoɖe yaa kawɩlaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ. Kpalahusi lʊyaa sɔsɔɔ mba paɖʊ kondoloko kʊnɛ yɔ, kɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ J.G. John Bradfield nɛ lalaa kɔyɔ: R. Freeman, G. Roberts nɛ G.C. Imbault. Papaaza tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1923 nɛ pinzɩ nakʊ taa pɛtɛka-kʊ. Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 134 nɛ ŋgʊ kaakɩlɩna kʊkɩyɩmɩŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtaa pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnzɩ 1967 taa. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ŋgʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ walnzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 48,8 yɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna wɛnaʊ kaɖaɖa ñɩɣtʊ kɛ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɖaalakɩŋ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ loɖo ŋgʊ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa kondolikonaa mba pokotaa yɔ pa-taa.
Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩwɛna kɩ-taa ɖeyi ɖeyi kɛ haba loɖo wena a-yɔɔ pasaɣ lɔɔɖa yɔ. Paaɖʊ suluku kpayaɣ haba sɔsɔna naayɛ kɛ naalɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ, peyeba papisina haba nɛ lɔɔɖa ɖɔŋna a-yɔɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ, paɖʊ nɔmɔʊ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ tɩnaa ɖɔŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɛ peyeba pɛzɩ suluku kpayaɣ nɔmɔʊ. Suluku kpayaɣ haba ana alɛ kpɛnda naalɛ. Hɔɔlɔɔ kʊɖʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ paɖʊ habɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɛ cɛɛcɛɛ tɩna saɣ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa haba ɖɔɔ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩkɩlɩna lɛɛkʊ walanzɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtana ɛzɩ 30,5 yɔ.


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Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ (Révolution russe)
Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ kɛ wɛtʊ naa mba patɩŋga payɩ pɔkɔma pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ potuzina ɖoŋ ɖoŋ Tsar kewiyitu Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛɣla fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ aloma fenaɣ Bolchevik ɛyaa kpaɣ kewiyaɣ nɛ pasɩ Lenin kewiyitu (kpɛndɛ ŋgbɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewitu). Pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩna you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa.
You ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Bolchevik ɛyaa nɛ sɔɔjanaa kʊlʊma ɛyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛyaa lalaa (Makhnovchtchina nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ sɔɔjanaa). Pɩ-tɛ you ŋgʊ kɩtɩna se Ruusi tɔsʊʊ huu ɛpasɩ yaa ɛtɔlɩ, ŋgʊ kɩɩpazɩna you ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ sɩm ñɔɔsɩ nasɩyɛ. You ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩna se bolchevik ɛyaa wabɩna nɛ pɩtɩŋna tɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, URSS tɛ ɖoŋ yɔɔ lɛ, paɖanɩɣ maʊ canaʊ Ampiri ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ. Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ yeba nɛ pasɩ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu aŋgba ɛzɩ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩnɩɣ tɔmpiye ndɩ yɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, you sɔsɔʊ tɩna tɔm ndʊ, Ruusi kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ 20 kpaɣɖʊ tobi tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keem nɛ kiɖe ndɩ ɖɩtʊla ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ pɩlɩna Erɔpʊ taa you pɩnaɣ 1914 taa nɛ ɖɩtɛmna pɩnaɣ 1991 se URSS mʊwaa.
You ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔnɛ nɛ kɩ-laɣsɩ tɩŋga payi kɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɔna ɛyaa tɔm pɔzʊʊ nɛ kpeɣtu ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa yaa mayaa tɛyaa nɛ pɔpɔzɩɣ pa-tɩ se lɛɣla fenaɣ tɛ lɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ pɔzaɣ koŋ kɛ aloma tɛ lɛzɩtʊ yaawe. Aloma fenaɣ tɛ wɛtʊ ( kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ, kewiyaɣ tuzuu yaa pa-naalɛ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ yaawe), Ruusi ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ Soviyetiki paɣtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ pazɩtʊ kɔna ɖɔɖɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ.
Pagbaɣa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pasɩ-wɛ awiyaa sɔsaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩta wɛɛna waɖɛ se pala pɔsɔɔlɩm yɔɔ tʊma. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ pɩtɩŋna wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Alexandre 2 tʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1861 alɩwaatʊ taa kɔna ɖooo canaʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ. Patɩ caŋga pɛtɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, mba pɔɖɔwaɣa-wɛ mbʊ yɔ pɛɖɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ anasaayɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa tʊma laɖa siŋ.
Pɩkpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Ruusi tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ, nɛ ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ taa piŋ nɛ pʊkɔna ɛsakuliye siŋ. Sɔndʊʊ paɣzɩ kpaʊ canaʊ paɣtʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ tanɩm taa tɩnaa. Tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa keeke.


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Kaŋgalaafu
Poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ payaɣ se kaŋgalafu. Poliŋ taa kɩyɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ tɔm heyuu wonuu wazaɣ ñɩŋgʋ siŋŋ.
Poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yekina nɛ paa ɛyʋ ɛɛtɩ wɛ ɖooo le kɔyɔ, tɔm kiheyitu talɩ pʋtʋ kɛlɛʋ nɛ lɛlʋ nɔɔ. Paa payaŋ yaa ŋya kaŋgalafu taa kɔyɔ, cosiyu calɩɣna cosuu nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Allô"! Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ size yɔɔdɩ mewelesiɣ.
Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pocosi ɖama nɛ poliŋ kɛlɛʋ yem pɩtɩŋna poliŋ taa yɔɔdɩnaʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Paa ɛyʋ kaatɩ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩna e-kuubo ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna kaŋgalafu nimaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛyʋ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ yɔɔdʋ nɛ e-kuubo se lɛlaa kanɩɩ pa-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, pʋdʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛma kɩmaʋ tɔm ndʋ ɛcaɣ heyuu e-kuubo yɔ kaŋgalafu taa nɛ eyekina e-kuubo ɛnʋ ɛlɛ tɛ kaŋgalafu taa.
Ɖɩɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ size, pʋcɔ nɛ kaŋgalafu la kʋtʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ siŋŋ size, kɩwɛɛna wondu natʋyʋ ndɩ ndɩ kɩ-taa. Kajalaɣ kɩwɛʋna kɩ-mayaɣ. Nɔɔyʋ tɛ kaŋgalafu mayaɣ nɛ lɛlʋ tɛ ñɩŋga paataŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa naalɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɛkpɛndɩ mayaɣ; paa weyi ɛ-mayaɣ wɛʋ ndɩ nɛ lɛlʋ ñɩŋga. Nabɩlɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛɖʋ ɛ-kaŋgalafu mayaɣ taa liidiye nɛ pʋcɔ pɩya-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛyaa e-kuubo poliŋ taa. Nabudozo ɖeɖe lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɖenɖe ɛyʋ wɛɛ se ɛcaɣ yɔɔdɩnaʋ e-kuubo weyi ɛlɛ ñɛwɛ poliŋ yɔ, lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ mbʋ payaɣ se reezoo (réseau) yɔ.


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Georges Brassens
Palʊla Georges Brassens kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 wiye pɩnaɣ 1921 kɛ Sɛɛtɩ tɛtʊ taa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1981 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 60. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ keɣsi mabʊ yaa lubu, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpalahusi lʊyʊ-wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ, nɛ ɛyaa lala yɔɔ eseɣla tɔm kɛdɩyʊ yaa amaazɩyʊ. Ete hendu sakɩyɛ nɛ tɩɖɛ ɛzɩ 200 yɔ ɛlɛ ɛnaɣ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛlɛ makɩ-ɩ kitarɩ yaa aɖakaɣ cɩmʊʊ nɛ ɛnʊ teu. Hendu ndʊ ɛmaɣmaɣ eluki nɛ eteɣu yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛkpakɩɣ de François Villon, Victor Hugo, Paul Verlaine, Paul Fort, Antoine Pol, yaa ɛzɩ Louis Aragon kɛɣsi nɛ eteɣu.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jean-Louis nɛ ɛkɛ kʊdʊyɩŋ mayʊ yaa mɔsɔŋ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Elvira nɛ e-ɖoo ɛnɛ ɛɛtɛma walʊ nɛ ɛlʊlɩ Simone Comte. Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa payaɣ se Jules nɛ Marguerite. Georges Brassens ɖoo wona-ɩ sukuli lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa lɩzɩ-ɩ katolika sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ ewona-ɩ komina ñɩŋgʊ taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ lɛ ɛsʊ hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla sukuli labʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛɛkɩla sɔɔlʊ aleɣya, you, lɩm yaʊ nɛ nʊmɔŋ haʊ yaa ɖɩwa caɣʊ. Nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ehiu sukuli taa lɛ, e-ɖoo kizina-ɩ soo mabʊ sukuli.
Pɩnaɣ 1936 taa kɛ ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ kpem kɛ keɣsi mabʊ yaa lubu pɩtɩŋga ɛ-wɩlɩʊ weyi ɛwɩlaɣ-wɛ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnaɩ 16 lɛ ɛsʊʊ kpanzɩyaa nabayɩ cɛŋga taa nɛ pamɩlʊ pazɩ pazɩ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩna paɖʊ-ɩ salaka. Salaka ŋga ka-taa ɛlɩnaa nɛ etee ɛ-caa kɛ hendu natʊyʊ se ɛsamna-ɩ ɛlɛ eyeba nɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ kɛ été-tʊ.


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‘ƖÑƖNƖ LAŊHƐZƖYƐ’!
2022 Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa kigbeɣluu
Ðiseɣtiɣ-ŋ kpem se ŋcɔnɩ pɩnaɣ kanɛ kɛ-tɛ kɩyakɩŋ naadozo kigbeɣluu ɖʋtʋ ndʋ Yehowa Aseɣɖe Tɩnaa ñɔɔzaa yɔ.
COVID-19 kʋdɔŋ yɔɔ lɛ, jw.org yɔɔ pakaɣ ɖʋʋ pɩnaɣ kanɛ ke-kigbeɣluu ɖʋtʋ tɛ videowaa. Pakaɣ ɖʋʋ videowaa mba Juillet nɛ Août fenasɩ taa.
Ŋŋhɛyɩɣ pʋcɔ nɛ ŋcɔnɩ ɖʋtʋ. Paapɔzʋʋ-ŋ se ŋma ñɔ-yɔɔ tɔm yaa ŋɖʋ code nakʋyʋ.
Lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna
Kemeɣa ɖʋtʋ: Kpɛlɩkɩ ɛzɩma sɔɔlɩm yeki se ɛyʋ ehiɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛ nɛ lalaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ. Na mbʋ pʋyɔɔ papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa lɔŋ weyi Bibl tasɩɣ nesi ɖɔkɩyaa, lʋlɩyaa nɛ piya yɔ se “habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiwokini hɔʋ koboyaɣ taa yɔ.”
Mazaɣ ɖʋtʋ: Ɛzɩ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛ koboyaɣ taa paa ɛwɛ kʋdɔŋ taa, liidiye kɛdɛɖaɣ taa, asɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa yaa ɛkatɩɣ kala lɛɛna yɔ? Cɔnɩ mbʋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ palakɩ se pɩsɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ koboyaɣ taa yɔ video nakʋyʋ taa nɛ pɩkpazɩ-ŋ ɖoŋ.
Kujuka ɖʋtʋ: Toovenim se ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩkɛ Ɛsɔ taabalaa na? Ðɩcakɩ yem nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Ɛsɔ taabalaa na, yaa pɩpɔzʋʋ se ɖɩla nabʋyʋ pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛ-taabalaa? Na ɛzɩma pakaɣ tɩŋnʋʋ Bibl yɔɔ nɛ pocosi tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm ñʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ: “Taabalɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɛyaa nɛ Ɛsɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa—Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ?”
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Meenii
Meenii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Brunswicki, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Keebɛkɩ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kanadaa yɔ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Meenii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Augusta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 86 542 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 74 859 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 11683 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,52 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1820. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 328 361 yɔ.
Payaɣ Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se ..piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Angus King (I) nɛ Susan Collins (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ nɛ fransɩɩ.


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Pierre-Simon de Laplace
Palʊla-ɩ Pierre-Simon Laplace liɖe taa kɛnɛ, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1749 Beaumont-en-Auge nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 1827 Paarii tɛtʊ, ɛkɛ tɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ɛyʊ.
Laplace kɛ tɩlɩya yaa lɛɣtʊ tɩna taa niye mʊyʊ lɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ Napoléon alɩwaatʊ taa. Siŋ taa lɛ, ɛɖʊ nisi sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ kpeu tɛ akɔnta lɩmaɣza taa. Ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛwaba siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛ-tɛ pɩɩtɛmaɖʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ ñʊʊ kam.
Pɩnaɣ 1799 wɛɛ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mɩnɩsɩtrɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔɔ. Napoléon Kajalaɣ tʊ yebina-ɩ Ampiiri kewiyitu pɩnaɣ 1808. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1817 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ wɛɛ wena Bourbon waa ɖanɩɣ pɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Normand tʊ nɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna tɛtʊ pazɩ yɔ yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, Pierre-Simon Laplace laba sukuli pɩtɩŋna ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛyɛ ɛyaa ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ pasɩma-ɩ se ɛwɛ nesi tɛɛ ñɩm nɛ ɛmʊna ñamtʊ yɔ. Ɛlaba sukuli pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1765 Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ Maur Kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩma mba pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ wazaɣ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa powona-ɩ Caen sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa. Pɔcɔ lɛ, ɛlaba nɔɔ leleŋ paɣtʊ sukuli kɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ sukuli taa, ɛpaɣzɩ ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza sukuli sɔŋgɔ alɩwaatʊ tɛma wayi lɛ pɩnaɣ 1766 ɛ-nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ Jean Adam kɛ Ɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ taa, anasaayɩ taa lɛ payaɣ se kollège du Bois. Ɛlaba sukuli ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-nɛ Christoph Gadbled, ɛlɛ kaakɛ lɩm kañaɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ Caen nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa sukuli taa, Pierre Canu ɛɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnaɣ Gadbled nɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa Mont kɔlɛzɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1769 paɣzɩtʊ taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1767 ŋtalɩ 1769, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1769 ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Paarii se ɛkatɩ tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛlɛ payaɣ d’Alembert, ɛ-tɛ talʊʊ peeɖe tɩŋna yɔɔ kɩɖɩnaʊ takayaɣ ŋga kalɩna Le Canu cɔlɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlaɣ kizi, d’Alembert kpɛdɛyɛ lɛ, ɛ-yɔɔ hɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛmazɩ takayɩ hatʊ naanaza nasɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ yaa pɩɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊ-tɔm kɛlɛ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ hɛɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlʊʊ sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli taa. Pɛhɛyɩ pɩnaɣ taa liviri naa 1400 nɛ pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, palabɩ-ɩ haya sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe.
Laplace ɖʊ ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi kewiyaɣ tɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩna tɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩya tɔm taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1770. Ɛyaa hiŋ nɛ naatozo cɔŋnɩna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊcɔ pɩwɛɛ se pala caca nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛyʊ wayɩ tʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1773 (ɛlɛ Desmarest ɛlɛza). Pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩnaɣ kɩhɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ yɔ 500 liviri kandɩya mba pɔ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1776 paɖɩza sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli nɛ papɩsɩ-kʊ ɛyaa kɩmaɣna camɩyɛ tɩna sukuli lɛ, pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liviri naa 600.


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Amazonii Pɔɔ
Amazonii kɛna pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Kɩ-lɩm kpem taa wɛ ɛzɩ 209000 m3/s yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Amazonii taa lɩm kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Paa pɩkpɛnda ɛzɩ pɔsɩ looɖo kpem kɔyɔ, pɩtaatɩɩtalɩda Amazonii pɔɔ taa lɩm. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 2992 yɔ. Ka nɛ Niili Pɔɔ nzɩ kɩlɩna paɣlʊ nɛ ɖɔʊ. Amazonii kɩlɩna walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Yee pɛkpɛndɩna Tacontins pɔɔ kɔyɔ, Amazonii ɖeke kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ 6112000 km2 yɔ yaa Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ 40% yɔ. Andɛɛzɩ waa taa kɛ Amazonii pɔɔ paɣzɩɣna kpem nɛ katɩŋna Peruu, Kolombi nɛ Breezil. Kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 6000 nɛ kɩkɔɔ kekpeŋ Atlantiiki teŋgu taa.
Amazonii pɔɔ wɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ ɛzɩ 1000 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna lɩm salala ɛzɩ 18% yɔ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɛtɛ pɔsɩ cikpesi nzɩ payaɣ se Madeira nɛ Rio Negro waa yɔ, sɩwɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pɔsɩ hiu naa taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se Amazonia paalaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ pɩwɛ nɩʊ; mbʊ pɩyɔɔ ƴɔ, kilomɛtanaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ŋŋnaɣ kondoloko. Kpɩyɩŋ yeke pɛtɛzɩɣna. Yee ŋtatalɩ ɖooo Maranon nɛ Ucayali kɔyɔ ŋŋnaɣ ɖɩtɛzɩyɛ. Mbʊ pɩɖaŋgʊ se paɖʊ kondolokonaa yɔ pɩɖɔɔ: kɩ-tɛ walaŋzɩ, kɩ-tɛ cukaŋ kɩ-lɩm holo, tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ, ki-kidiiliŋ eelou pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛʊ nɩʊ keŋjem nɛ kɩɩfɛʊ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, anasayɩ ñɩɩtʊ tatɩɩpɩzɩda nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩyɔɔ kɛ aŋgba ntɩ ntɩ wena acɔŋna kondolokonaa yɔ, aɖʊ lɩmaza kɛ Rio Madeira nɛ Rio Xingu pɔsɩ tɔm ɖeɖe yɔɔ. Peeɖe kpaagba mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Amazonii taa kpɩyʊ saʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Koɩyɩŋ cɩkpeŋ ɖoɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛsaɣ lɩm mbʊ pɩyɔɔ. Peeɖe nɛ pɩwayɩ mbʊ yɔ, mɛla naa cɩkpɛma kpaɣ nɛ petiki ŋkpaɣna Pongo de Mancheriche kɛ Maranon yɔɔ.
Amazonii pɔsɩ cɩkpesi kɔyɔ: Polivi, Kolombi, Ekuwatɛrɩ nɛ Fenezuyeelaa. Amazonii lɩm wadɩɣ ɛzɩ kedeŋganɛ ka-hayʊ n ɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ mbʊyɔ.


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Niwu Mɛksikii
Niwu Mɛksikii kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Tɛkzasii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ, Ariizona hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Sonora piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Koloradoo.
Pamaza Niwu Mɛksikii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 315 194 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 314 590 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 607 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0,2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 36 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 47 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1912. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 059 179 yɔ.
Payaɣ Niwu Mɛksikii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Susana Martinez (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Tom Udall (D) nɛ Martin Heinrich (D).Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi nɛ ɛspañɔɔlɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Alimiiniyɔɔm
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu nakʊyʊʊ payaɣ se alimiiniyɔɔm. Kɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ mayaɣ kɛ 13. Ki-kumoɖe kɛ Al. Pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa takɩlɩ wɛʊ camɩyɛ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Alimiiniyɔɔm wɛ tindimiye 13 ñɩnɖɛ taa.
Alimiiniyɔɔ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ enuuti-kʊ yem kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se arɩzaɣ yɔ kɩ-tɔlɩm. Alimiiniyɔɔm ɛɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ yem. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩfɛyɩna kpɩndʊʊ (densité) pʊɖɔɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu taa payɩ lɛ, ɔkɩsiizɛɛnɩ nɛ siliisiyɔɔm pa-wayɩ lɛ, alimiiniyɔɔm kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɖɛ-tɛtʊ ilemiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, yee pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tɩŋa payɩ tam mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ, alimiiniyɔɔm kpakɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ lutozo mpilim.
Paapɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ alimiiniyɔɔm ɖeke nɛ palabɩna pʊyʊ, mbʊ yɔ kɩkɩlɩɣ yoluu. Pesidiɣ-kʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pʊcɔ palabɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Pesidiɣ-kʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ yɔ, tɩtalɩɣ 270 mbʊ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se pɔkɩsiti yɔ ndʊ kɩlɩɣna ɖɔʊ alimiiniyɔɔm taa. Alimiiniyɔɔm taa lɛ, pɔkɩsiti ŋgʊ kɩwɛɣ ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ wonuu nakʊyʊ yɔ. Kalɩkɔdaɣ wonuu ŋgʊʊ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se alimiini yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ alimiini ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ɖɔɖɔ ñɩlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se nefeliini (néphéline) yɔ kɩ-taa. Papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊnɛ tɩ-taa. Ndʊʊ yɔ : lesiiti (leucite) nɛ silimaniiti (sillimanite) nɛ andalusiiti (andalousite) nɛ misikoviiti (muscovite).


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Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ (Cour supreme)
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ ha kpaaŋ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa yaa kpaaŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ yɔ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ kɩ-taa wɛ tʊma a-nɛ yɔɔ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna ɖeyi ɖeyi paɣtʊ wɛtʊ naa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ lakasɩ yɔ (tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ tɛ feŋɩntʊ).
Kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ kpaagba kpaaŋ ŋgʊ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kewiyaɣ tɔm hʊʊ yɔ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ yaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee pɩpɔzʊʊ se petisi ñʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ yaa wiyaʊ nɔɔyʊ e-kpelaɣ yɔ yɔ.
Tɔm hʊyʊ kajalaɣ nimiye mʊyʊ kɛna kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ taa nʊʊ tʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ pagba-ɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaɣʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa mba ɖɩyaɣ se minisitiri waa tɛ lɔŋ pasʊʊ kpeeliye taa pɩlɩna tʊm hʊtʊ lɔŋ pasʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔ. Tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ ɛ-nʊ, pʊcɔ ɛpaazɩɣ ɛtʊmɩyɛ lɛ, eɖuki paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɩnda.
Pɩtɩŋna paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa hɔɔlaɣ 121 yɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ tɛ ñʊtʊ ɛkɛ tɔm hʊyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɛ. Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ñʊtʊ kɛ kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ taa lɔŋ pasɩyaa ñʊtʊ (C.S.M).
Kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ wɛna kuduyɩŋ nɩɩlɛ, kajalaɣ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ kuduyuu nɛ kewiyaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kuduyuu. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛna tɩ-yɔɔ waɖɛ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ kuduyuu ñʊtʊ nesi tɛ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa wɛ lɔŋ tasɩyaa naalɛ.
Ɛlɛ pɩɩpɔzaɣ paa pʊdɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ lɔŋtasɩyaa nanza kuduyuu kʊyʊmʊʊ tɛɛ. Pakpaɣ-wɛ pɩtɩŋna kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa kediizaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ kɩlakɩ yɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ndʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ ɖʊwa yɔ.
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ lakɩ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ waɖɛ haʊ takayaɣ mʊyʊ kajalaɣ tʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa sɔsaa palakɩna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ lɩm ɖʊyaa kpana ɛyaa panɛyɔ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ pagbaɣ pe-kidizaɣ taa yɔ tɩ-cɔlɔ.


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Waaɣ
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa:
- Waaɣ kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ;
- Waaɣ falaŋga kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ kʊɖʊm;
- Waaɣ cosi kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naalɛ;
- Waaɣ tozo kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naatozo;
- Waaɣ naza kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naanza.
Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ nɛ pɛtɛɛ lɛ, paatasɩɣ pɩnzɩ kalʊʊ, ɛlɛ waasɩ papaɣzɩɣ kalʊʊ. Kabɩyɛ sɔnzɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ talʊʊ waasɩ hiu lɛ, yee ɛsɩba yɔ papaɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ɛsʊtʊyaa.


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Kɔŋgo Kinsasa
Koŋo Kinsasa kɛna Afrikɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Afriki taa payɩ lɛ Koŋo Kinsasa kɛna nanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa samaɣ ɖɔʊ taa. Payaɣ Koŋo Kinsasa yem se Koŋo yaa Demkarasii Koŋo se paɖʊ tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Koŋo Pirazaviili pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.
Kpaɣ pinzi 1908 nɛ 1960 taa lɛ payawaɣ-ɖɩ se Koŋo Pɛlɩzɩ yaa Koŋo-Lewopolidivili pikɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1966. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ Kɩnsasa pɩsa ɛjaɖɛ dɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pikɔma pɩtalɩ 1971 nɛ 1977 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ patʊʊ-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ se Sayiiri. Afriki kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alizeeri wayi lɛ Koŋo kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaɣna Atilantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩna Koŋgo Pɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ lakʊ sɔsɔʊ ɖeɖe wɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlyɛ taa lɛ pʊŋ nɛ piyasi ɖeɖe ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ pʊŋ weyi ɛ-ñʊŋ taa wɛ landammm yɔ nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖooo wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 40 mbʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ ñɛwɛna.
Kabindaa (Aŋgola ɛjaɖɛ) nɛ Koŋo Pɩrazaviili ajɛya wɛna koŋo Kinsasa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa piyele nɛ Santirafriki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Sudanɩ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna hayi kiŋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ ajɛya wena awɛɛ yɔ anaa yɔ: Ugandaa, Purundi nɛ Tanzanii; pɩkazɩ Sambii nɛ Aŋola kiŋ ajɛya wɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Koŋo Kinsasa wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ aŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1977. Fransɩɩ kɛna kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɣ sukilinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊmaa taa yɔ.
Fransɩɩ wayɩ lɛ, kʊnʊmɩŋ naanza nɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛnʊ yɔ: kiKoŋo, Liŋala, Tisiluba nɛ kiSiwahilii.


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Mark Twain
Mark Twain hɩɖɛ keekee kɛlɛ Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mark Twain kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1835 n̄ɩŋga taa.
E-egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ payaɣ size Florida egeetiye. Egeetiye nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣtʋ size Missouri yɔ tɩ-taa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Samuel Langhorne Clemens sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1910 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Redding. Redding tɛtʋ wɛɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣtʋ size Connecticut yɔɔ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ pɩtɩnɩ pʋ yɔ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ (75) mbʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mark Twain kɛna maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ, takʋʋ nɛ tɔm ɖɛzʋʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ lɛɛn taa takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ masɩma matʋmɩyɛ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Amerika tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛnɛ ɖɔɖɔ, aleɣya tanaŋ nɛ woŋa lakasɩ laɖʋ. Ɛlaba sɔjɛɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ..


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Tɛrɩbɩyɔm
Tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 65 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tb. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ lantanɩ waa tɛ kiŋ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɛerɩbɩyɔm lɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pʊñɔtɩna Stockholm kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɖenɖe pana ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-taa patɩla kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lalaa yɔ. Ɩtrɩyɔm, Ɛrɩbɩyɔm nɛ Ɩtɛrɩbɩyɔm pa-yatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ pɛcɛsɩɣ tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ monazite kañɩŋga taa kɛnɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩ waa lalaa yɔ.
Tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ paalɛzɩɣ-pʊ yɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩyaa kaatɛma maʊ takayaɣ kusuzaɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ka-taa kɛ tɛrɩbɩyɔm tɛmtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 2012. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1789 lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Johan Gadolin lɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) Ɩtɛrɩbɩtɩ ŋñɩɩ cɛbɩyaɣ taa (patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ pʊwayɩ se kadɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ). Kaʊ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɛ Sʊyɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Ytterby. Pɩnaɣ 1797 Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣ nesi ɛ-tʊma takayasɩ taa pɩwɩlɩ se etisaa nɛ ɛyaa ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ se yttria.
Kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ wayɩ, paɖanɩ paazʊʊ tʊm pɔzɩtʊ Mosander natʊ tʊma yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1860, ɛɛgbaɣtʊ Nils Johan Berlin ɖanɩɣ paazʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yttria ŋgʊ palɩzɩ-kʊ kpata yɔ kɩyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ waa naalɛ. Ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛkpaɣ lɛlʊ se ɛkɛ ɩtrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kem nɛ ɛna lɛlʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛɛrbɩnɩ Mosander tɛ ŋgʊ. Pɩtɛ ñɩnɩtʊ ndʊ paɖanɩ-tʊ paazʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1864 kɛ Göttingen pɩtɩŋna Friedrich Otto Popp nɛ Genève ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Marc Delafontaine papa ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣza kɩtɛza tata.
Kajalaɣ tʊ ñatana pʊtʊ nɔyʊ pɩtasɩna ɩtrɩyɔm kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa lalaa wɛʊ yɔ pɛkɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ waa mba paatɛma-wɛ tɩlɩɣ (kɛ sɛrɩyɔm nɛ tɩdɩmɩ taa yɔ), ŋgʊ lɛlʊ ñɔtɔŋ se ɛrɩbɩnɩ nɛ tɛrbɩnɩ pa naalɛ pɛwɛɛ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1866 lɛ, pɩtalɩna Robert Bunsen nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ sɩŋɩyʊ Johan Bahr Heidelberg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa se ɛɖanɩ paazʊʊ pɛ-tɛ tɛyɩtʊ tɔm.


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Nɩyɔbɩyɔm
Nɩyɔbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 41 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Nb. Nɩyɩbɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ɖɛzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ wɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ ɛcaɣ tɛyɩŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1801 pɩna kajalaɣ kɛ nɩyɔbɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Charles Hatchett yɔɔ.
Pʊwɛɛ se ɖɩtɔzɩ se nɩyɔbɩyɔm wɛtʊ caɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tantalɩ wɛtʊ. Berzélius kaaya alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa kɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Cb. Alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ kɔɔ lɛ, Charles Hatchett lɛɛzɩ tʊmɩyɛ, kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ ɛnʊ eyele ɛsʊ pasɩnja naa kpɛdɛtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊsʊzʊʊ liidiye piŋ nɛ pɛkɛna wazaɣ siŋ, nɛ ɛlakaɣ lɔɔɖa pɔyɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-ɖalʊʊ Hatchett tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ.
Pama tɔm kpou ŋgʊ payaɣ se Larousse pɩnaɣ 1868 lɛ kɩ-taa kaawɛ Rose tʊma, nɛ petisi nɩyɔbɩyɔm anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1905 mbʊ yɔ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ payaka-ɩ kpem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ palakaɣ-ɩ nɛ laatriki miŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1911. Ɛɛkɛ ɖoŋ sɔzɩyʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ñɩɣyɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ taa.
Pɩɩwɛ se paɖaŋ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ wayi pɩnaɣ 1946 nɛ pʊcɔ papɩzɩ palɩzɩnɩyɔbɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyuu. Etaazuunii waa nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ ɖooo pitihiɣ palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ hɩɖɛ kɔlɔbɩyɔm ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ maya kɔyɔ Cb, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔsɔ mbʊ yɔ ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɔyɩ tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyiŋ taa.


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Ɖɔnɛ
Ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɔnɛ yaa ɖɔmtʊ kɛna ɖoŋ weyi mbʊ pifezu yɔ pɩwɛna se pɩkʊyɩna cɩnɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖenɖe ɛyʊ yaa kpɩnɛ woki yɔ, lona ana a-taa wɛ kaɖɛ. Paa pɩɩkɛ tataa, ɛsɔtaa yaa lɩm tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Ɖɔnɛ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛkpɛ kpɩna naayɛ ɖɔŋna naŋgbanzɩ naanza lɛɛna wɛɛna naalɛ. Naayɛ wɛna keŋ nɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛna lɩm kɩyanaʊ yaa pɛbɛtʊ.
Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛfɛyɩna nabʊyʊ nɛ awɛ yem muzu muzu nɛ a-taa kɛlɛ ɖoma. Pɩsa nɛ ɖɔnɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hola, mɔɔ nɛ hola wondu ɖɩlɩyɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊna nɛ ɖɔmtʊ la. Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛwɛna pɔɔyɩŋ kɛ a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa nɛ aɖɔ lɛ, alɩzʊ hɩlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ atʊʊna. Ɛyʊ ɖeke wɛna lɔŋ se elu naŋgbangaɣ yaa ɛla kalakalasɩ cɛɛcɛɛ nɛ ɛɖɔmna alɩwaatʊi ndʊ pɩcama-ɩ yɔ. Ɛcandʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛlɛ kʊdɔmɩoŋ weyi ɩkpaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pɔ-hɔɔlɩŋ sɩkɩ yaa kɛkpɛdɛsaɣ laba-ɩ nɛ ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋgaɣ yaa ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ pɛlɩ yɔ.


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Mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ (Siècle des lumières)
Ɛsakuliye yaa tɩlɩtʊ yaa mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ, pɩkɛ lɔŋsɩɖaa nabɛyɛ wɩlɩyɛ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa (1715 ŋtalɩ 1789 pɩnzɩ taa) nɛ pamaɣzɩm kaakɛ se palʊbɩna cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ lɔŋ. Lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖaa seɣtana tɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna lɩmaɣza lɛɛzʊʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ pʊlʊkaɣna maɣzɩm kɩdɛkɛda nɛ kɩɩkpeɣtʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba tɛ kañatʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ kewitu kajatʊ cɔlɔ.
Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1688 alɩwaatʊ kaakɛna kajalaɣ maŋgbaŋgaɣ. Ɛlɛ, Fransɩɩ tʊ nɔyʊ yeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ Louis 14 kewiyutu tɛmtʊ tɛ wɛɛ (pɩnzɩ 1670 ŋtalɩ 1820 taa). Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ ɖɩzɩna tɔm ndʊ.
Keɖeɣa tʊmɩyɛ wondu laɖaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ cɔɔlɩɩ nɛ rokoko nɛ miiziki pɛhɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ, barok nɛ miiziki nɛ cɔɔlɩɩ alɩwaatʊ tɛ miiziki. Tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛzɩma ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobinaʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛyaa tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Mʊntʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɔɔla mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩtakɛ Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kikpeɣtu mbʊ pɩlɩna maasɩŋ pɩyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ. Mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yeke koŋ mbʊ se pɩɩkɛ canaʊ tɔm ndʊ paawɩla yɔ. Pʊlʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ pʊwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, ɖenɖe keeke ɛyʊ ɛsakula yɔ.
Palʊkɩ se paha siɣye cɩkpɛndʊʊ yaa mbʊ payi pʊwɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ. Maɣzɩm pɩɩwɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ pʊwɛ ɖɔɖɔ paale. Pɩlɩna lɔnsɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɛ kalɩhʊnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, mʊtʊsʊŋ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ masɩma lɔŋ waa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊlɩna kɩfam wondu ndʊ tɩyɔɔ. Pɩkɛ mʊtʊsʊʊ takayasɩ ɛjaɖɛ.


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Kwame Nkrumah
Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Kwame Nkrumah yɔ, palʋla-ɩ [[salaŋ fenaɣ]] kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1909 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Nkroful tɛtʋ taa [[Kanaa]] ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba [[ɖomaɣ fenaɣ]] kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1972 taa. Bucarest tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. [[Ruumaanɩ]] ɛjaɖɛ taa Bucarest tɛtʋ wɛɛ.
Ɖajaa Kwame Nkrumah kɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Kanaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛɛkɛ Kanaa ɛjaɖɛ taa Minisi waa nɔɔ yɔɔ tʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1957 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1960 ñɩŋga taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ Kanaa ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1966 taa.
Yeesuu ŋgbɛyɛ taa tɩnaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Yeezuwiti waa yɔ, pɔ-cɔlɔ Ɖajaa Kwame Nkrumah calɩ e-sukuli labʋ. Ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga ka-ñʋʋ taa ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ sukulinaa yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ wona-ɩ Akɩra tɛtʋ taa se ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli peeɖe. Akɩra tɛtʋ kɛŋna Kanaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa ɛtɛma e-sukuli sɔsɔʋ Akɩra tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ewolo [[Etaazuunii]] ɛjaɖɛ taa se ɛtasɩ labʋ sukuli kɩkpaɖʋ. Ɛlaba kʋkʋ Lincoln tɛtʋ taa.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛlakaɣ e-sukuli ŋgʋ yɔ, ɛɛwɛɛ ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʋma cikpena cikpena naayɛ sɛ ɛpɩzɩ ehiɣ piye nɛ ɛcɔna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛ-kʋñɔŋ sukuli labʋ mbʋ pɩ-taa ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se ‘Kʋñɔŋ pɩnzɩ alɩwaatʋ’.
Pɩnaɣ 1939 ñɩŋga taa ɛtɛma tɔsʋʋ sukuli labʋ nɛ ɛmʋ ka-takayaɣ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛmʋ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ tɩlʋʋ takayaɣ.
Ɛtʋlɩ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnʋ kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ekpeɣla Afrɩka tɛ sukuli piya sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ sɩkpɛndɩ nɔɔ nɛ sɩɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Eɖiya ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1942 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa.
Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɛ sukuli piya sɔsɔsɩ ɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Kwame Nkrumah wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɛ sukuli piya nzɩ sɩwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ nzɩ sɩsɩ wɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ sɩ-ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖajaa Kwame Nkruma kɛkɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋ-ñʋʋdʋ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1942 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa.


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Mɛɛrkiiri
Mɛɛrkiiri (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga. Tɩyɩŋga kɛna ŋga kɩlɩna wɩsɩ ñɔtɩnaʊ kpam. Mɛɛrkiiri kɛŋna wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam yɔ pɩ-tɩyɩŋga ŋga pʊtɔyɩna-kɛ hɩlɩmaɣ yɔ.
Katakɩlɩ tɛtʊ posinaʊ nɛ ɛzɩma kɔñɔtɩna tɛtʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3075 nɛ 0,4667 UA yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma tɩyɩŋga ŋga koposinau nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ O,2056 yɔ. Posinau pɔnɛ pɩɖaɣla pɩkɩlana tɛtʊ kɛ tam hiu nɛ naalɛ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ papɩzɩɣ pana-kɛ nɛ ɛsɛ pee anɛ ɖooo tataa cɩnɛ pɩsɩna ɖaɣlakɩŋ hɛkʊ taa faaʊ ciŋga nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ tɛlm kɛlɛmwaa 4,5 nɛ 13 yɔ.
Tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ ka-ñɩlɩnzʊʊ taa talɩ ɛzɩ 5,7 nɛ 2,3 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ se pana-kɛ paa ɛzɩm taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩŋga kanɛ kakɩla wɩsɩ ñɔtɩnaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ calasɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɛ. Merkuri wɛna kɩ-nɖɩ nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋzɩ lɛɛsɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-tɛ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ taa cɔɔʊ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ afema 87,646 yɔ.
Tɩyɩnga kanɛ kɛ-tɛ sizika taa kɩlɩna wɛʊ kpɛɛlɛ kpɛɛlɛ tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ cɔʊ taa ɛɛtalɩɣ camɩyɛ kɛ cɛcɛsɩ naalɛ. Mɛɛrkiiri wɛna tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ cɔʊʊtɩyɩŋzɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Feeniisi, Tɛtʊ nɛ Maarsi yɔ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Tɛtʊ yɔ kakɩla Mɛrkurɩ kɛ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ tam naputozo yɔ nɛ tam nɛɛlɛ kɛ hɩlɩmaaɣ tɔm taa. Mɛrkurɩ wɛ kuluŋkulu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊtaŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Feenuusi yɔ.
Room mba tɛ sɔdɩŋ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ taa lɛ, wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-hɩɖɛ lɩna sɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mɛɛrkiiri yɔ kɩ-taa. Sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔŋnana tadɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ nɛ sɩwaa lalaa yɔɔ tɔm tɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga cɛlɩna ka-hɩɖɛ kɛ kpɩtaʊ taa kɩykʊ naatozo ŋgʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩ taa se mɛɛrkredii.