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Kʊrɩyɔm
Kʊrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 96 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cm. Mendeleiv tɛ pʊtʊnaa pɩlɩyɛ tɛ kpata taa lɛ, ɛcaɣ akɩtɩnɩdɩ tɛ lone taa. Paya kʊrɩyɔm hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Pierre Curie nɛ Marie Curie pɔ-yɔɔ. Kʊrɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɔʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ eleɖiɣ piŋ.
Palaba kʊrɩyɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ yɔ plʊtɔnɩyɔm. Ɛ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ potosusi-tʊ kpa. Kɛlɛ palakaɣ tanaʊ nakʊyʊ Amerika raadiyo taa pɩcɛlɩna piyaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiɖeɖe yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, Glenn T. Seaborg, ɛnʊ kaanana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ esusi ɛ-tɔm, mbʊ pɔyɔɔ ecosa tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ pɩɣa lɛɛka kaapɔza-ɩ se kana se yee pana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabɛyɛ, nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm.
Pana kʊrɩyɔm tesoŋiye wɛɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1944 pɩtɩŋna Glenn T. Seaborg yɔɔ nɛ ɛgbaɣtɩnaa Ralph A. James nɛ Albert Ghiorso. Pɛ-tɛ tɩlɩyɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, palaba tʊmɩyɛ siklotroŋ waa mba pɛwɛ Berkeley Kaliforni sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛptʊnɩyɔm nɛ plʊtɔnɩyɔm pa wayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 pana-ɩ. Papɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɛ labɩtʊ pʊcɔ amɛrɩsɩyɔm, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɛ cikpelaɣ ɛnʊ ñɩŋʊ ɛsɩndaa.
Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kedeŋga kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ kaawɛ kɩsaɣ miŋ saʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, patapɩzɩ posuzi pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-natʊ tɔm. feŋuu yɔɔ feŋu yɔɔ ɛyaa pɩza patɩlɩ-tʊ, Amerika raadiyoo Quiz Kids taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1945 pewelesa-tʊ, evebiyaa taa nɔyʊ ɛkɛ welesiyu pɩzɩ pɔzʊʊ tɔm Glenn Seaborg, ɛnʊ weyi paaya-ɩ tɔm ndʊ tɩ ɖeɖe yɔ se ɛna yee patana pʊtʊnaa kɩfama nabayɛ yaawe.


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Ɖeeɣa
Petiŋ tɩʊ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ ki-pilinzi lɛ, pɩsakɩɣ ɖeeɣa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩʊ tiku. Tɩʊ tiku ŋgʊ pasakɩ nɛ pɩla kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa mbaa palakɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ. Tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʊ-yɔɔ e-tikiŋ pɔɔya wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖajaa Pierre Gole ñɩnɩna kpaɖʊʊ 17 taa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tɩŋ tikiŋ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.
Petiŋ tɩʊ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ ki-tiku lɛ, pɛhɛɛ kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa kɩlɩna wazaɣ tɩʊ pilinzi taa. Cɩyɩm tɩʊ ñɔʊ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se cɩyɩm kɩñɔʊ nɛ kɩwɛʊ lɛŋ nɛ kɩlɩɣ hatʊ. Ɖeeɣa taa cɩyɩm tɩŋɩɣna nɛ pʊcɔʊ tɩʊ tɩŋa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ calɩm tɩŋɩɣna ɛyʊ hola taa nɛ pʊcɔʊ e-tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ cɩyɩm tɩŋɩɣna ɖeeɣa taa nɛ pʊcɔʊ tɩʊ tɩŋa taa nɛ kɩhɔʊ hɛtʊ.
Tɩʊ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naadozo. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊʊ yɔ : lila nɛ tiku nɛ pilinzi. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, tiku petiŋ nɛ pɛhɛɛ-kʊ nɛ palɩzɩ kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kpoŋgbolonaa kɩwalaa wɛɛ. Paba palakɩna tablɩnaa nɛ kpelasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ pɛhɛɣ nɛ pawazɩɣ lɔbʊtʊ sʊndʊ. Kpoŋgbolonaa palakɩna kuduyiŋ pɔɔyɩŋ nɛ mondola.
Kpoŋgbolonaa ɖoŋ ñɩma wɛɛ, paba payaɣ se kpoŋgbolonaa kɩsɛmaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa mba patakɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, paba ñɛwɛɛ, paba lɛ kpoŋgbolonaa kʊhʊlʊmaa. Nabɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ, paba kɩlɩna ɖoŋ kpem. Tɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se ekalitusi yɔ, ŋgʊ pɛhɛɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ kpoŋkpolonaa mba. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ fɛyɩ ɖoŋ kɩmaŋ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ tɩŋ tɩŋa pɛhɛɣ kpoŋgbolonaa. Tɩŋ weyi pɛhɛɣ-ɩ kpoŋgbolonaa yɔ, ɛ-taa nɩɩyɛ kɔyɔ : sɩnjaʊ, tamtʊʊna, ekalitusi...
Wondu sɔsɔtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, kpoŋgbolonaa kɩlɩna wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pañɩnɩɣ kpoŋgbolonaa tʊma sakɩyɛ taa.

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Payaɣ mbʋ se Facebook yɔ, pɩkɛ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɖomaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ poɖuu wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ : kɩlɛmɩŋ nɛ fotonaa nɛ fidewonaa nɛ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ peyekiɣna ɖama tɔm Facebook yɔɔ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ yaa pâla tikasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pâla tʋma naayɛ Facebook yɔɔ.
Mbʋ payaɣ se « site web » yɔ, pɩtɛ sɔsaa kpɛndɩ naanza kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se Google yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Google taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ sʋʋ.
Google wayɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se YouTube yɔ pɩtɩŋ Youtube wayɩ lɛ, Facebook tɩŋ nɛ wilaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Yahoo ñatɩŋ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,59 lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ wilaŋ sɔsɔŋ naanza ḿba paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,04 labɩna tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaza ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ laba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ wilaʋ ŋgʋ payaa se Facebook yɔ, kɩlɩʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ ɛyaa mba palaba-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ taa yɔ patalʋʋ miiliyarɩ yɔ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa Facebook kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lakli-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋa taa Facebook lɩwa. Harvard sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa kʋñɔwa. Kɩɖa lɩʋ lɛ, sukuli ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-taa sukuli piya ɖeke lakaɣna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ Amerika sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa sukuli piya se palabɩna-kʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Paba wayɩ Facebook pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hakuu nɛ paa anɩ ɛhayɩɣna-kʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa kɩpɩsa ḿbʋ.


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Lawɔsɩ
Lawɔsɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna ilemiye nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɔɔ, kujomuu, teŋgu yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣyɔ a-taa kɔyɔ: Tayɩlandɩ, Kambɔjɩ, Fɩyɛtɩnam nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ.
Pamaza Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 236 800 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 492 400 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ lawɔsɩyɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +856 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kipi.


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Ɖomba mʋlʋm
Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛna kɔɔnaɣ taa tomnaɣ wɛɖʋ wonu. Wonu ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kiɖi kiɖi ɛsɔkaɣ wonu. Ɖomba mʋlʋm kɛ wonu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɩŋɛ payɩ lɛ, kɩkɛ lɩm paɣyɛ yɔ. Pɩtɛ wonu ŋgʋ, kiniida ɖɩŋ dɩŋ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ heɣlim. Ɖomba mʋlʋm pʋnɛ pʋwɛ kristalɩ tɩyɛ.
Ɖomba ana, pekpeɣla-yɛ payɩ nɛ akpɛndɩ awɛ ɖomba amaya kpou taa. A-kpou ŋgʋ payaɣ size flokɔɔ. Ɖomba ana alɛɣzʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ kɛ n̄em. Afɛyɩna wɛɖʋ kʋɖʋmʋ kɛnɛ. Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ŋna size ɖomba mʋlʋm mbʋ, pʋwɛ ɛzɩ-ɩ nabʋyʋ piye yɔ.
Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ pɔcɔnaa nɛ paya hɩla anɛ yɔ : ɖomba pe n̄ɩna, nɛ ɖomba kuluŋgulu yaa putuula n̄ɩna. Lɩm soŋgaɣ n̄ɩɣdʋʋ ɖoŋ yekina nɛ ɖomba hɔkʋʋ a-tɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ ɖomba kɛ kideŋ yaa pʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖomba ana, a-wɛtʋ nɛ heɣlim palakɩna nɛ a-tɔlʋʋ pazɩ pazɩ kɛ tɛtʋ lɛɣ lɛɣ. Ɖomba payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sise na krezili.
Ɖomba mʋlʋm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoluu tɩyɛ. Lɩm mbʋ, pɩcakɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ pɔ-yɔɔ. Ɖomba ana, awɛ Kpɛzɛlɛɛ tɩyɛ. Paa ɖombiye mʋlʋm mbʋ lɛ, pɩkɛ wonu naalɛ pʋyʋ.


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Ɖɩɣa
Kabɩyɛ taa, pʋcɔ ɛyʋ ma ɖɩɣa lɛ, esiki kpooluu lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ maʋ ɛ-ɖɩya yɔ. Kpooluu ŋgʋ kɩwɛɛ peeɖe pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɛtɛma ɖɩɣa maʋ yɔ.
Pacalɩɣna kuduyuu kʋsʋsʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ maʋ nɛ abalʋ sʋʋ kɩ-tɛɛ ɖoho naayɛ cabɩ. Yee eɖo camɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsʋʋ kɩ-tɛɛ yɔ, pʋbʋ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛma kuduyuŋ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se lone nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɖeu. Feziŋ kɩdɛkɛdɩŋ fɛyɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, paa ɖɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna ka-kpaaŋ.
Kpaaŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kabɩyɛ kuduyuŋ maʋ taa. Kpaaŋ taa ɖɩnaɣ hakiŋ nɛ kitiɣu. Yolum taa pɛmɛɛzɩɣ kitiɣui kpaaŋ taa. Ndene wɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kpaaŋ taa. Yee tɛʋ ɛkpa ɛyʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛtalɩ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ cɔlɔ yɔ, kpaaŋ taa ɛcɔzʋʋ.
Hɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛɛ ɖɩɣa sɔsaɣ taa. Payaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga ka-taa nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ yɔ se njɛyɛ.


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Riiyoodee Saanayiroo
Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo ñɩndʊ tɩŋgɩna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 126 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 260 nɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 6 093 472; ɛlɛ yee pekpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa kpɛnda mɩliyɔɔnaa 12 620 000.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɩɖɛ yaʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka aleɣya wena palakɩ-yɛ peeɖe paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ, peeɖe kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ Yeesu Kristu anjaʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩ-kʊ Kɔrikovadoo yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔdɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Eduardo Paes (PMDB).
Riiyoodee Saanayiroo nɛ ajɛyaa nayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Setifi (Alizeerii), Pariseeloni (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Havanɩ (Kuubaa), Isitambuli (Turki), Turubaŋ nɛ Kaaap (Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ), Lisiboni (Pɔritigaalɩ), Lɔsɩ Aŋzeelɛsɩ nɛ Miyami (Etaazuunii), Yuunii (Liibaŋ), Niteeroyi nɛ Santosi (Piresiili), Niisi (Fransɩɩ), Sewuuli (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), [[Sidinee] (Ositraalii), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Pogotaa (Kolombi), Ceedaa (Arabii-Sahʊditi) nɛ Fankuva (Kanadaa).


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Alɩkɔɔlɩ
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, payaɣ mbʊ se alɩkɔɔlɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ nɩɩ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ lɩm hoka OH yɔ. Ɛnɛyɔ ɛwɛna karɩbɔnɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ tɛ kɩɖaʊ tɩmʊʊ liɖe, alɩkɔɔlɩ waa tɛ ŋgʊ. Hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ kpayaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ sɩ-kiɖe num kpayaɣ kɩ-hɛɖaɣ cɛŋga ŋga kɩtɛtɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ matʊ yɔ CnH2n+1OH. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ alɩkɔɔlɩ num kpayaɣ kɩ-hɛɖaɣ.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩkʊʊ taa wɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ naa pʊɖɔɔ padaa kɔyɔ furfuryliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ benzyliki tɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ nɛ amyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ coniféryliki ŋgʊ nɛ vératyle tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ paracoumaryliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ polyvinyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ cétyliki tɛ ŋgʊ yaa hexadécanol tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ cyclohexyliki tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ pinacoliki tɛ ŋgʊ yaa panicol ŋgbaɣ nɛ ndɩ.
Payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se alɩkɔɔlɩ lɛ pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ pɩtaa wɛ pʊdʊʊ weyi payayɩ-ɩ se etanɔɔlɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ yekina se sʊlʊm ɛwɛ ɖoŋ siŋ. Ɛlɛ Eerɔpʊ kɔ lila ɖɩlaɖɛ taa lɛ, etanɔɔlɩ ŋgʊ kʊ-hoɖe sɩna 94 payaɣ-kʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ ŋgʊ etanɔɔlɩ mbilim lɛ payaɣ-kʊ etanɔɔlɩ.
Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtasɩ yaʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ se sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ nɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɔtɔŋ se pɩwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ pɩ-taa wɛ etanɔɔlɩ. Kɩ-haɖaʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Siidiri tɛ alɩkɔɔlɩ yaa Calvados nɛ pɩyɛɛrɩ sʊlʊm nɛ malɩtɩ yaa wɩsɩkɩ nɛ ɔrɩgɩ sɩ ʊlʊm nɛ tɛtɛɛ hɛyɛ sʊlʊm yaa pee mʊlʊm ñɩnaa nɛ ŋvɛ sʊlʊm nɛ fɩŋfɩŋ sʊlʊm ɛzɩ rɔm nɛ mɔʊ sʊlʊm ɛzɩ Sapɔŋ tɛ saké.
Samɩla sʊlʊm nɛ pam sʊlʊm nɛ kpaakpa sʊlʊm nɛ tɩŋ pee tɛ sʊlʊm. Tɔmʊʊ alɩkɔɔlɩ kɛ tɔm piye kɩkɩndɩyɛ. Ɖɩlɩnɛ latɛŋ hɛkʊ pɩnaɣ taa pɩtɩŋna lɔŋ sɩnɖʊʊ alkohol nɛ romanɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ Ibériki tɛtɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ (Kasɩtɩllan yaa katalan alcohol lusitanien álcool), arabɩ tɛtɛ ɛwadɩyɛ الكحول al-kohol ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa patʊʊ ɖɩ-taa nɛ paya se al-kôl.


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Winston Churchill
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill kɛ Angletɛɖɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ efemiye niidozo wiye kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1874 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ɖaɣ taa kɛ Blenheim. Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye nɛɛlɛ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1965 taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ Ɩŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ tʋ.
Churchill kakɛ kaanaɣ minisi kɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 pɩkɔ pɩ-sɩnaɣ 1945 pʊtɔbʊ se waaɣ mbilim. Ɛwaza kaɖɔ siŋ kɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Ɛkɛ mañɩ mañɩ tʊ weyi patɩlɛ-ɩ nɛ ɛlakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɛya ɛsɩndaa camɩyɛ yɔɔdɩyʊ yɔ nɛ samaɣ sakɩyɛ welesanɛ-ɩ. Mbʊ yebinaɣ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ politiki ɛyʊ susɔ kɛ waasɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ. Ɛtaawɛnaɣ ñɩm tɩ yɔ ɖeke tɛ, ehikaɣ ɛ-ñɩm kɛ ɛ-soŋaɣ nɔɔ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ taa mayʊ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ susɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ taa lɛ, lɩzʊ hɛzʊ na ɛhɔyɛ. Ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill nɛ ɛ-ɖoo payawaɣ se Lady Randolph Churchill. Ɛ-caɣ wayɩ kɛ halɩkpayɛ hɔlʊ taa, ɛ-kpakaɣ halʊ lɛ, ɛwɛnaɣ pɩnsɩ niidozo nɛ naanaza mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ lɛ Clementine.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛgbaɣ tʊ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ ɛtɩ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ peleyi nɛ tʊ ɛtɛ politiki labʊ hɔlʊ taa. Pʊɖɔnaɣ pɩnsɩ ɛsɩ hiŋ loɖo mbɩ yɔ,nɛ ɛtɔɣ minisi kewitʊ ɛsɩ pɩnsɩ niidozo mbɩ yɔ. Pʋcɔ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kajalaɣ you pazɩɣ lɛ, ɛlabaɣ tʊmaɣ wena yɔ anaɣ yɔ : ɛɛkɛ tadɩyɛ minisi, takayasɩ mayʊ Home Office, nɛ kɔɔnɔɔ Lɔrd kɛ ɛwadɩyɛ yɔ magɩla wa tomnaɣ (Lord de l’Amirauté) kɛ komina kɔjɔʊ tɛ kɛ d’Herbert Henry Asquith tɛ yɔ. Pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ekewobaɣ kajalaɣ samaɣ paɣtʊ ɖɩlɩsɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛcaa ɛ-tʊma nɔɔ mbʊ, pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ñʊʊ sɩkɩyɛ. Ɛsamaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ taa tɔm hʊyaɣ lɩsaɣ nɛ pawɩlɩ se ɛcɔlɔ pɩlɩnaɣ nɛ pawaɣ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ. Pʋyɔɔ palɩsayɩ komina taa. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɩʊ lɛ, Churchill tɛ politiki ŋgbɛ kɩfaɖɛ yɔ nɔkɔyʊ maʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋgɩɣ, nɛ pʋcɔ ɛ-pɩsɩɣ kpɛɣlɛ kpɛɣlɛ wɛʊ ñʊʊ sɩɖɛ aleeya ɖɩɖɔyɛ. Ɛwaza tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ taa kakɛ leeleŋ ɖʊʊ yaa yɔɔyɔ pɩsʊʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ you susɔʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɩ-caɣ lɛ, Churchill ɖanɩ pɩsɩɣ minisi. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, susɔ Neville Chamberlain ka-seɣ kpelaɣ ŋgaɣ kɔyɔ kɛlɛ. Efemiye hiu agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1940 taa lɛ ɛ-pɩsaɣ ŋilisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kajalaɣ minisi.


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Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm
Ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ, akpalasɩɣ tɩŋ piye (pada kɛlɛ Vitis vinifera). Ɛrɔpʊ ajɛya taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ keeke kɛlɛ se ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pɩdʊʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ, akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ lɛɛŋ yaa ɖɔfɩ ŋgʊ. Paalakɩ ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm lɛ, anasaayɩ yaɣ se vinification. Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ anasaayɩ ya se œnologie.
Mbʊ piyeba ŋvɛɛ waa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se hayɩm naa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛ tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtɛ labʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ yaa pɩlɩna ɖɔɖɛ cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pala ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ yaa kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ŋvɛɛ naa taa wɛ leleŋ ndɩ ndɩ (nakʊyʊ wɛ ñaŋ, nakʊyʊ taa wɛ leleŋ), nakʊyʊ wasɩɣ nakʊyʊ ɛɛwasɩɣ. Akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ haɖaʊ mʊ hayɩm siŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ hayʊʊ-kʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ pee tɛ lɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pudukuna tomnaɣ. Walaaa tɛ ɖɔnɛ taa lɛ, akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palakɩna ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ ɛlɛ, ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm kɩsɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ sampañɩ ɖenɖe akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palabɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ŋvɛɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛnɛ. Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ŋvɛɛ kɩkpɛdʊʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye sʊlʊm ŋgʊ payaɣ se akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ. Kɩlɩna Vitis vinifera tɩŋ pee tɛ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ kɩ-hayɩŋ ɖɔ pɩŋ. Tɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛkɛ Vitis (Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris ou Vitis berlandieri) ñasɩna nɛ patamsʊʊ ɛ-pilinzi. Akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ tɔbʊʊ maɣmaɣ wɛ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩsaɣ piliŋga ŋga patamsa yɔ kɔhɔ. Ŋvɛɛ
ŋgʊ patatamsɩɣ kɩ-pilinzɩ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ kɩkɛtɩna ɛyʊ.


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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet sɛna hɩɖɛ yaa paɖana yaʋ hɩɖɛ size Voltaire kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa ɛyʋ yaa ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ. Ɛsɔɔla n̄ɩnʋʋ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛɛ tovonum nɩmɔʋ. Ɛwɛ lɔŋ ɛzɩ pʋyʋ yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Samaɣ yaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size, plʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Voltaire ɛnʋ kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ yaa hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ yaa lone ɖeɖe ndɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Paarii.
Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ François-Marie Arouet tɔŋ ɛ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɛ-kaŋ n̄ʋʋ size, tovonum taa lɛ, palʋla ɛnʋ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ ŋgʋ nɛ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ, sakɩyɛ tatɩlɩ. Ɛ-tɔŋ size keeke taa lɛ, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ yaa hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1694 n̄ɩŋga taa.
E-egeetiye yaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tɛtʋ Paarii peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba agoza fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ niidozo yaa hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1779 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pakalaɣ lɛ, pakpa size ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ naadozo (83). Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩkʋ kpem nɛ piya lɛɣsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔŋ nɛ ɛpaɣlʋ mbʋ yɔ, ɛlakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ wɛnɛyɩ tʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ François-Marie Arouet yaa Voltaire kɛ filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Voltaire ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-n̄amsa kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ lutozo (18). Sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ tɩla-ɩ lɛɣlɛ yaa lɔŋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma kɩbana ana a-labʋ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ size ɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʋ ɖɔɖɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋʋ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe.


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Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, psukhê, kalɩzaɣ, nɛ logos, tɔmʊʊ) pɩkɛ maɣzɩm laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, wɛtʊ naa nɛ feteenim ɖɔnɛ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɔnsɩɖɛ tɩlɩyɛ yaa ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛtʊ, lɩmaɣza, ɛyʊ wɛtʊ naa, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ maɣzʊʊ, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ, nɛ ɛ-laɣkasɩ mbʊ piyeki nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ yɔ yaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ piliŋga ŋga kɛwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tɔm pɩlʊʊ taa. Pɛtɛyɩ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔmpiye lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa psychologia, tɔmpiye ɖɩ maɣmaɣ pama-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ kʊnʊŋ taa ψuxή (psukhē ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ ciyam, kalɩzaɣ) nɛ -λoYίa (-logia, lɛɣtʊ, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, ñɩnɩɣʊ) pɩtɩŋna croate ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Marko Marulić (pɩnaɣ 1450 ŋtalɩ 1524 alɩwaatʊ).
Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ tovonum lɛ, ɖɩtɔyɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ ɛyaa tɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Philippe Melanchthon takayasɩ maʊ yɔɔ weyi ɛɖaɣnɩ kpaʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛ-tɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna Aristote ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm taa. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩnaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kaɖɛ yɔɔdasɩ.
Pasɩŋ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna laɣsɩ nzɩ pakpaɣ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ (ɖɔkɔtɔ mɛwɛ mantɩ yɔɔ yaa takʊʊ piŋ), yaa pʊtɔma yɔ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ (tʊmɩyɛ, lɛɣtʊ, natʊ yaa losuu, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, camɩyɛ ɖɔkʊʊ, wɛtʊ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ taa com). Nabʊyʊ lɛ, pʊtɔma maɣzɩm tɩlʊʊ, kpaaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, ɛyaa tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩɣa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ paɣlaka, maɣzɩm ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔnɛ yɔɔ laɣsɩ, kpɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ.


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Naalɩm
Nalɩm yaa hɩlɩm pɩkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɩm mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ. Lɩm mbʊ pʊhʊlʊma nɛ palɩzɩɣ-pʊ kpɩnaa halɩñɩna wena awɛna hɩlaa yɔ a-taa. Hɩlaa a-naa a-taa wɛ nalɩm sikiri, mbʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ kɛ mbɔsɩ nɛ pɔcɔ paapɩzɩɣ papazɩɣ tɔɔʊ tɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ. Pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ hɩlɩm maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ hɩlɩm alɩwaatʊ lɛ, hɩlɩm taa wɛ tɔmnaɣ kaɖɩnayʊ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa mba palʊkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ mbɔka cikpelaɣ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Hɩlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ ñɩm tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ naalɩm mbʊ ɖɩɣa kpɩnaa haɣ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, ñɩtʊ ajɛyɛ wenaa ahaɣ hɩlɩm yɔ, hɩlɩm mbʊ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa miliiyɔɔ naa 730 pɩnaɣ 2011 taa nɛ ajɛyaa wenaa akɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga yɔ a-naa yɔ Ɛndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʊ nɛ Ositralii nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Siini nɛ Ruusii.
Naalɩm lɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ kpɩnaa halɩ ñɩnaa yeke koŋ pɩzɩɣ yɔ. Palɩzɩɣ hɩlɩm kɛ kpɩnaa halɩ ñɩnaa hɩlaa taa yaa ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se halʊ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hɩla taa. Kajalaɣ hɩlɩm mbʊ palɩzɩɣ hɩlaa taa payaɣ se kɔɔnaɣ hɩlɩm nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ tomnaɣ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ lʊbɩnayʊ.
Kajalaɣ naalɩm tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se pacalɩ-pʊ pʊdʊ weyi palʊla-ɩ cɩɩɩ yɔ. Tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kamɩna nɛ kɛwɛ ɖeu se pahaɣ-kɛ weyi palʊla-ɩ cɩɩɩ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ka-taa ñɩm sakɩyɛ mbʊ piyeki se cɩɩɩ ɛnʊ ɛpɩsɩɣ sɔsɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma ɛɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ tɔɔʊ alɩwaatʊ. Nalɩm lɩzɩɣ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɛ hɩlaa kpɩnaa tɛ pɩyʊʊ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlʊlʊʊ pɩɣa yɔ.
Naalɩm hʊlʊma nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ pɩyɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ sotu. Mbʊ pɩwɛ pɩ-taa nɛ pɩwɛna tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ kpɩnaa tɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpɩnaa liɖe cɔlɔ. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ naa mba palɩɣna kajalaɣ hɩlɩm lɩɣ alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ nɛ mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ.


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Saɖakawaɣ, 21 mars
Ɛ-tɔm yɛlɩɣ lɛɛ lɛɛ tataa.—Keɣa 147:15.
Yehowa tɩŋɩɣnɩ ɛ-tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ Bibl taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ eɖiyiɣ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ. Nɛ “ɛ-tɔm yɛlɩɣ lɛɛ lɛɛ” mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩwɛɣ nɩɣzɛ naayɛ taa yɔ, ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ nʋmɔʋ fezuu taa. Pɩtasɩnɩ taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ña nɛ Krɩstʋ ñɩma lalaa mɩ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ lɛ, maɣzɩ wazasɩ nzɩ ŋhikiɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ŋkalɩɣ Bibl nɛ yom siɣsiɣ tʋ nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖʋ takayɩsɩ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ŋwelisiɣ JW Tɔm Ðɩyɔɔdɩyɛ yɔɔ tɔm, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ŋwoki jw.org yɔɔ yaa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛgbɛyɛ taa ɛzʋtʋyaa sɩnɩ-ŋ tɔm natʋyʋ taa yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ŋna! (Mat. 24:45) Pɩɩwɩlɩɣ-ŋ kpayɩ kpayɩ se Yehowa “tɔm yɛlɩɣ lɛɛ lɛɛ” yaa ɛfɛyɩ ninika nɛ ñe-ɖiyuu fezuu taa yaa we? Keɣa maɖʋ kaana sɔɔlɩm mbʋ Yehowa kaawɛnɩ caanaʋ taa ɛ-samaɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Samaɣ ŋga ke-ɖeke koŋ Yehowa kaakuli “ɛ-tɔm” nɛ “ɛ-paɣtʋ” yɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ. (Keɣa 147:19, 20) Sɔnɔ, pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ wazaɣ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, tɛtʋ kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, ɖe-ɖeke koŋ ɖɔ-yɔɔ Yehowa hɩɖɛ wɛɛ. Ɛzɩma ɖɩsɩm Yehowa nɛ ɖɩɖɔŋ ɛ-paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, pɩha-ɖʋ waɖɛ se taabalɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖa nɛ ɩ ɖɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛzɩ weyi ɛmabɩ Keɣsi 146 nɛ 147 yɔ ɛlabʋ yɔ, ŋwɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana wena a-yɔɔ ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋyɔɔdɩnɩ nɔɔ kɩkʋyaɣ se “Aleluyah! [yaa ɩsa Yah!]” yɔ nɛ ŋseɣtini lalaa nɛ pasa Yehowa. w17.07 20 § 15-16; 21 § 18
Kemeɣa, 22 mars
Sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa lɛ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛsʋzʋʋ ɛ-tɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɔm taa, ye e-liu ɛsɔɔlaa se eɖeni weyi ɛmʋ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ taa yɔ yɔ.—2 Tim. 2:4.
Sɔnɔ, alɩwaatʋ tɩŋa Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋmlaɖaa mba pɛcɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔ nɛ Yesu wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa lalaa pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔɖɔŋ Pɔɔlɩ lɔŋ tasʋʋ mbʋ pɩwɛ sɔnɔ evemiye mayaɣ taa yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. Pañakɩ pana se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtaawɛɛnɩ ɖoŋ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ Bibl paɣtʋ kiɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa: “Weyi pakɩndɩɣ-ɩ yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ weyi ɛkɩndɩ-ɩ yɔ e-yom.” (Adu. 22:7) Nabʋyʋ ɛɛhaɣ Sataŋ taa leleŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ se ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-alɩwaatʋ nɛ ɖo-ɖoŋ kpeekpe nɛ ɖɩlabɩnɩ tadɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ ye ɖɩtɩtɩlɩ lɩmaɣza naayɛ kpaɣʋ yɔ, ɖɩpɩsɩɣ kɩmtɔɔyaa pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ. Ye ɖɩtɔɔ kɩma sɔsɔna nɛ ɖɩla haya ɖamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ, yaa ɖɩhɛyɩ sukuli yɔɔ, yaa ɖɩya lɔɔɖa wena awɛ liidiye pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ, yaa ɖɩla nesi ɖɔkʋʋ mbʋ pɩmʋʋ liidiye kadadayaɣ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ-ɖʋ kaɖɛ. Ye ɖɩcakɩ wezuu kɛlɛʋ, ɖɩñakɩ pana se ɖɩtaatɔkɩ kɩma sɔsɔna nɛ ɖɩɩwɛɛkɩɣ ɖe-liidiye yɔ, pɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩha ɖa-tɩ faaa nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Ɛsɔ yomaa. Pʋbʋ lɛ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩwɛnɩ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ.—1 Tim. 6:10. w17.07 10 § 13
Mazaɣ, 23 mars
Mbʋ mɔnɖɔŋ ñapaɣtʋ yɔɔ nɛ mantɩkatɩ cɛtɩm nʋmɔʋ.—Keɣa 118:128.
Yehowa wɛnɩnɩ waɖɛ se ɛtɔɔ kewiyitu kɩkɩlɩtʋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛtɔkɩ kewiyitu nɛ siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩtalɩ pilim yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ kpayɩ se: “Mɛkɛnɩ [Yehowa], manaɣnɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ, mahʋʋna nɛ menɖezi [siɣsiɣ] tɔm tɛtʋ yɔɔ; mbʋ pɩkɛdɩnɩ-m lɛ lɛ.” (Yer. 9:23) Yehowa ɛɛcɔŋnɩ ɛyaa mantɩtalɩ pilimwaa paɣtʋ natʋyʋ se pɩsɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛna mbʋ pɩtʋʋzaa yaa mbʋ pɩwɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ. Ɛtalɩ pilim, nɛ ɛsɩm mbʋ pɩwɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ ɛɖʋʋ ɛyaa paɣtʋ. Ðɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtaa liu Yehowa paɣtʋ, ɛ-paɣtʋ kila nɛ lɩmaɣza wena ɛkpakɩɣ yɔ a-tɩŋa se awɛ siɣsiɣ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, “tʋtʋyɛ nɛ siɣsiɣ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋnɩ [e]-kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ.” (Keɣa 88:15) Paa Sataŋ ɛkaɖɩnɩ Yehowa se E-kewiyitu tɩtʋʋzɩ yɔ, Sataŋ maɣmaɣ tɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɛla nɛ siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ wɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ eɖiyiɣ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. w17.06 28 § 5


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Orɩgɩ
Orɩkɛ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ, kɛ wɛtʋ sakɩyɛ taa. Patɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛyʋsaɣ knɛyɔ, kaka yɔ size patɩlɩɣ ewilitu yaa etilitu nɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-kɔɔkasɩ kpɛndʋ ɖeɖe. Ewilitu yaa etilitu camɩyɛ lɩɣna ɛ-nimasɩ ɖɩhɔnɖɛ ɖeɖe nɛ e-heɣlim ɖi-hasiye cɔlɔ.
Orɩkɛ kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɛ nimasi yɔ kɛ tɛlɛŋga nakɛyɛ yɔ. Nɛ nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ tɛ sɩm wilitu yaa tilitu natʋyʋ yɔ kɛnɛ. Minziiki wonuu orɩkɛ kʋnɛ yɔ kʋwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩlɩɣ wondu lɛɣtʋ kɩsɩmtʋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paya tʋ se orɩkɛwaa ɖɔɖɔ.
Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɔɔka yaa hɩlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pʋwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ size wilitu yaa tilitu tʋnɛ tʋ-wɛ ɖoŋ kpem. Nɛ tɩ-ɖoŋ kpaʋ wɛna wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-lɩɣna (tilimiye, yaa kpɛzɛlɛɛɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, yaa kaɖɩtɩ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋ taŋayɩ) pɔcɔlɔ kɛnɛ.
Orɩkɛwaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛwɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ ɛzɩ lɛɛba yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩsɩ wɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ pɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yaa pɩtatalɩ lɛɛsɩ. Tɔm biye orɩkɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ calɩna lɩɣ pomm bo kɛ krɛsɩ taa kɛnɛ size (organon) nɛ latɛɛŋ taa lɛ paya se (organum). Pɩtɩŋa pʋtɔbʋ lɩ ,kamm size wonuu.


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Tokiyo
Tokiyo kɛŋna Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se « Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ». Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 13 622 267; yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 42 794 714.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa akeeta 47 wɛna nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ Tokiyo ñɩnɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tɩunɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ.
Peeɖe palakɩ politiki kediizɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caayʊ wɛɛ, komina ñʊʊtʊ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ pɩna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, minisinaa tɩŋga mba pɛwɛ kewiyaɣ taa yɔ patɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ajɛya lɛɛna lone taa caɣya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo lɛ, Tokiyo kaakɛŋna kpakpasɩ kpayaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ payawaɣ-tʊ se Edo nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se lim pɔɔ ɖɩkatɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ kaya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ se Tokiyo yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se wiyao Tokugawa Ieyasu.


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Keniya
Keniya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Suudanɩ nɛ Hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ Etiyɔpi, wɩsɩ ɖlɩyɛ taa lɛ Somali, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Uganda wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Tanzaani pɩzɩnaa. Wɩsɩ ɖʊlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ kpeŋna. Payaʊ se Keniya pɩlɩna peeɖe pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kɛniya yɔ. Kamba kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se taataa pʊʊ.
Keniya mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ lɛ, Jomo Kenyatta kɛ pacala lɩzɩɣ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Keniya walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 580 367 km2 nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɩlɩ kuyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Keniya. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩnda maɣna mɛtanaa 5 199. Lɩm-pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩ ɖaalɩɣ kɛ keniya taa yɔ ŋga payaɣ se Taana nɛ ka-ɖaalakɩŋ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 700. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nayiroobii.


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Kpakpayaɣ
Kpakpasɩ kɛ lɩm-daɣ kpɩnaa wena avezuna 'branchies' yɔ, kɔyɔ nɛ mbu payana anasaayɩ ta se nagɛrɛ waa yɔ nɛ po-tomnaɣsɩ yɔ lɛ pɔɔɖɛ huzɩnɩ payɩ. Kpakpasɩ tɔya yem lɩm cikpem nɛ teŋgunaa taa: sɩlɩnaa pʊŋ weyi lɩm lɩʊna ɛtaa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa. Kpakpasɩ wɛ hɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ yem, nɛ cabɩ wɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa ɖeŋɖe paalakɩ pɩyʊ nɔʊ yɔ. Sɩwɛna waza pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ sɩŋŋ kɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɩkɛʊ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, paɣ ɛjaɖɛ ŋɖɩ lɛ ɖɩtaa lɛ; pʊwɛ se kpakpasɩ nzɩ pɔɖɔɔ sɩ yaa pakpaazɩ lɩmdaa nɛ pɔɔ cɔlʊʊ.
Kpakpaysɩ nzɩ sɩwɛna waza sɩŋŋ, haɖaʊ taa, ɛsɔ nɩmaʊ taa, mʊya hɔlʊʋ taa, pɩtasɩna takayɩsɩ maʊ ɖeɖe nɛ filim naa labʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ .


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Nepaalɩ
Nepaalɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ wadɩna. Nepaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nikaɣ wɛ camɩyɛ Terayɩ hɔɔlʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖenɖe keteŋa kpeekpe taa pʊŋ kɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pʊŋ hiu weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ ɛ-taa lɛ panaɣ litozo Nepaalɩɛjaɖɛ taa; ɛ-taa kɔyɔ Everɛstɩ, pʊ kʊnɛ nɛ Tibɛtɩ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Nepaalɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna kajʊka kpem ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɔm taa pɩlɩɩna mbʊ pɩwɛ peeɖe yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ taa :es:indaa wobu kɩlaa yɔ lɛ Katɩmandʊ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ: Pokara, Lalipiiri, Paktaapiiri, Pirandranaagaari, Hɛtoda, Piitiwaali, Paratipuuri, Sidaritanagari, Pirigaani, Sankipuuri, Nepaaligaani, Taraŋ, Taŋgadɩ nɛ Mahɛndranagaarɩ.
Nepaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1768 nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se ɖo-ɖoo Bidhya Devi Bhandari, piyele kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa yɔ lɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ liidiye yɔ nepaalɩ rʊpii. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩnaa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ.


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Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkpɛdɩna tomnaɣ maʊ tɛ (tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi maʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩzaŋ nɛ patʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ taa ñɩnaa. Tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, anthrôpos tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ pɩlɩna kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ taa nɛ logos tɔbʊʊ se tɔmʊʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɔm kɛdɩɣ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ maɣzɩm taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ cɔŋna sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ agbeela yɔɔ. Mbʊ Claude Lévi-Strauss tɔŋ se papɩzɩɣ patʊʊ ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ cɔŋna nɛ kikpeluu mbʊ pɩtɛma ɖɛʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ wiluu nɛ pɩɖɩna ŋgʊ ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɛyɩɣ, ɖɩtakɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣ. Ɛlɛ sɛtʊʊ mbʊ piiyeki yaa pɩɩsaŋ se pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ camɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa, Caama tɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ social anthropology kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa nɛ cultural anthropology kɔzɩk kɔzɩ Amerika tʊ, pɛkpɛdɩ tɔmpee ana pɩtɩŋna ñɩnɩya sɔsaa yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ.
Ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lakɩ keeke sɔnzɩ nɛ tisuu tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, liɖe wɛtʊ nɛ hɔŋ ɖʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ maʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke lɛ, maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa pɩlɩna wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1838, pɩtɩŋna William Edwards, ekpeɣli ndɔnjɔɔlaa ana pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm nɛ ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tam sakɩyɛ taa. Lɩmaɣza ana amʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1848 alɩwaatʊ taa.


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Tɛtʋ
Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ payɩ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, Tɛtʋ kɛna pʋyʋ naadozo tʋ weyi ɛmaɣzɩ Wɩsɩ nzɩɩ n̄ɔtɩnaʋ yɔ. Paɣlaka nɛ huŋ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɛ wonuu naanza n̄ɩŋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ nɛ yuŋ yɔ. Lona sɔsɔna payɩ wena awɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ acɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ ata yɔ, a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ lona wena payaɣ se, "Mercure" nɛ "Vénus" nɛ "Mars" yɔ. Lona ana a-tɩŋa payɩ a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ wezuu.
Tɛtʋ wɛʋ yɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba agbaba 4,54 yɔ . Nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩlakaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba kʋɖʋm lɛ, wezuu wɛɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Ɛyaa nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ pacaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Lona wena ɛyaa caɣ a-taa yɔ, ayeba nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩlɛɣzɩ kpem. Nɛ wɛtʋ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tiiyeki se pʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcaɣ wezuu nɛ tiyeki nɛ mbʋ pʋn̄ɔʋ heelim yɔ, pʋtɔyʋʋ nɛ mbʋ puhuzuu ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ pʋwɛɣ. Pɩ nɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩkandɩɣ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pʋn̄ɔʋna Wɩsɩ mʋntʋsʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ piyeki se nabʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-tʋ sɩm mbʋ yɔ nɛ pama-tʋ maʋ mbʋ yɔ piyebina nɛ nabʋyʋ pɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ pɩɩwɛɛ se Tɛtʋ ɛpɩzɩ tɩɖɔkɩ wezuu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ 500 yɔɔ́.
Pɛtɛyɩ Tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɩŋa ɛwɛ ɖoŋ cɩŋcɩŋ. Payaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ se plaques tectoniques waa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkpakɩɣ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ nɛ ɛcɔʋ. Teŋunaa huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɛzɩ 71% mbʋ yɔ. Teŋunaa ḿba, pa-lɩm taa wɛ ɖɔm. Ḿba kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se hydrosphère. Lɩŋkamɩŋ lɛɛŋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛzɩ lacs waa yaa nappes phréatiques waa yɔ. Ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ yɔɔ. Payaɣ-yɛ se, inlandsis de l'Antarctique waa yaa de banquises waa. Nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ sɔsɔʋ tɩyɛ yɔ, n̄ohuuzi Tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa. Pɛ sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye yɔ, ɛlɛ puyolaa nɛ lɛɛbʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ, pʋbʋ n̄ɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yɔ, pɩtɩŋɛ mbʋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pʋwɛɛ pɩsaʋ tɩyɛ nɛ puhuuzi Tɛtʋ yɔɔ.
Tɛtʋ nɛ Wɩsɩ nɛ Fenaɣ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ peciidiɣ. Kɩyakɩŋ 365,26 yaa pɩnaɣ kɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋna Wɩsɩ. Pɩlɩɣna mbʋ payaɣ se, plan de l'écliptique pikpili kpiluu mbʋ pʋ-cɔlɔ nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ nɛ tɩwɛlɩ tɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ 23,44°6 yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ yolim alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ n̄ɩndʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Fenaɣ ɖeke pasɩma se, kɔcɔʋ Tɛtʋ. Pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 4,5 yɔ, kapaɣzʋʋ cɔʋ Tɛtʋ yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ lɩm hola kpaɣ nɛ atiki nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ ḿbʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ ti-ɖeɖe ɖiɣɖiɣ. Pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 3,8 yɔ, pɩɩn̄amsɩ Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ nabʋyʋ nɛ halɩ pɩlɛɣzɩ tɩ-wɛtʋ.
Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke tɛtɛ kpɩna nɛ ɛyaa papɩzɩɣ pacaɣ wezuu. Ɛyʋ tɩŋna ɛ-sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛsɔnaa nɛ eluŋuu pɛ-tɛɛ. Etisaa se, Tɛtʋ walaa nɛ tɩwɛɛ kedeŋa hɛkʋ taa. Se, Tɛtʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛ se, pɔcɔna ɖɩ-n̄ɩm ɛzɩ pʋmʋnaʋ yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ nɛ kanaɣ mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, payaɣ-kɛ se, géologie. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ wezuu wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa hukuu yɔ, ŋ́ga sɩŋnana lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se, géologie ka-n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Ɛzɩma tɩwɛɛ yɔ
- 2 Alɩwaatʊ lɛɣzʊʊ
- 3 Ɛzɩma mbʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ
- 3.1 Tɩ-wɛtʊ
- 3.2 Siimii wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 3.3 Mbʊ pʊwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ
- 3.4 Ti-soŋaɣ
- 3.5 Tɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ɖoŋ ̃nɩŋ
- 3.6 Tɩ-kadaɣ
- 3.7 Ɛzɩma tɩwalʊʊ nɛ tɩwalʊʊ yɔ
- 3.8 Lɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 3.9 Pilimiye nɖɩ ɖɩcɔ-tʊ nɛ ɖɩta yɔ
- 3.10 Tɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩhɔŋ yɔ
- 4 Mbʊ pʊcɔ-tʊ pɩta nɛ ɛzɩma mbʊ tɩcɔʊ yɔ
- 5 Mbʊ pʊcɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ yɔ
- 6 Papɩzɩʊ se pacaɣ wezuu tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 7 Mbʊ payaɣ se filosofii yɔ nɛ ɛzakuliye
- 8 Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ ɖenɖe panaɣ-tʊ yɔ
- 9 Ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ


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Polivi
Polivii kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Pirezili, Paraguwe, Arizantini, Siilii nɛ Peruu. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖifɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ na kʊyʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ Erɔpɩ mba pazɩɣ-ɖɩ kpacayʊ lɛ, Polivii kaakɛna Inkaawaa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ kɛ Amrika nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Kolombʊtʊ kɔɔ yɔ. ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩna 1809 lɛ, you laba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 16 yɔ fayɩɩ pʊcɔ nɛ payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Simon Bolivar.
Polivii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa keyiyaɣ kpelaɣ wɛ tɛtʊ ñnʊʊtʊ nesi tɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nakʊ. Peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ nɛ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 43 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Tʊma wena palakɩ yɔ a-taa kɔyɔ haɖaʊ, tɩŋ sɔʊʊ nɛ piyiiŋ lɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ: étain, argent, yaa litiyɔm. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa Amerika ilemiye taa ɛndɩ mba waa wɛɛ, pisidam waa ɖɔɖɔ, Erɔpɩ mba, Aazii mba nɛ Afrika maba ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-kʊ komina tʊma taa peeɖe yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛzɩ aymara nɛ kesua yɔ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komɩna tʊma taa yaa pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɛkpɛndɩ 37, an yɔ: ayimara, arawɔna, bɔrɩ, besiro, kanisana, kavineña, kayubaba, saokobo, simaŋ, ese ɛja, ɛsɩpañɩ, kuarani, kuarasuwe, kuarayu, itonama, kalawaya, leko, masineri, maropa, mojeño-trinitario, mojeño-iñasiano, more, moseteŋ, movima, pakahuara, pukina, kesua, siriono, takana, tapiyete, toromona, uru-sipaya, wisi, yaminahua, yuki, yurakare nɛ zamuco.


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Kondoloko
Kondoloko kɛnɛ matʋ ndʋ, tɩwazʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Tɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size paɖɩʋ kaʋ nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ kaɖɛ n̄ɩm yɔ. Kondoloko wazɩ lɩm kikpem cikpem nɛ sɔsɔm hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ yɔ.
Pɩtasɩɩna lɩm ɖikpenɖe ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖeke ɛlɛ, kondoloko wazɩʋ ɖɔɖɔ polindaa tɔm heyuu nɛ tɔm susuu hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Palakɩ kondolokonaa ɖɔɖɔ fɛɛŋ nɛ kɛdɛnzɩ taa.
Kondoloko wazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔm, nɛ lɔɔɖa saʋʋ ɖeɖe, nɛ pɩsɩʋna kɩyaɣkʋ pɛtɩyaa nɛ pɛɖɛzɩɣnaa po-wondu pɛpɛdʋʋ yɔ nɛ ajɛɛ ajɛɛ. Kondoloko matʋ wɛ kaɖɛ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ size pɔyɔɔdɩ.
Pɩtɛkɛ paa weyi ɛpɩzʋʋna nɛ ɛma kondoloko. Pɩcɔ nɛ ŋpɩzɩ ŋwɛɛna waɖɛ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩtasɩna lɛɣtʋ size ŋpɩzɩ ŋma kondoloko sɔsɔʋ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ size ŋla pɩtɛ sukuli. Pɩtɛ sukulii payaɣ size genii siiviili.
Ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ nɛ kondolokonaa matʋ huu. Ɛlɛ, kondolokonaa matʋ tɛya pɩtɩ tam naabʋlɛ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, wɛɛ kɩpanɖɛ nɛ nabʋlɛɛ lɛ wɛɛ kɩfaɖɛ.


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Kɛɛrɩ
Kɛɛrɩ kɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛʈʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩnja walanzɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 15 452 409. Mʊwayɛ-Oriyaŋ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩŋgʊʊna Leegɔsɩ wayi. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ ndʊ kaakɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa.
Kɛɛrɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ Araabi taa se Waɖʊ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Niili Pɔɔ ka-ñʊʊtaa kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ, nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna nɛ piposinaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 220 yɔ; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa lɛ Suɛz Hɛŋa wɛna nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 150 yɔ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 21 000 yɔ yaa kilomɛtanaa 210. Ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩ-tɛ ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, pɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 149 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 492.
Pɩnaɣ 641 taa kɛ malɩŋ woba Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pacaɣ nɛ ɖenɖe paawɛɛ yɔ, payaa tɛtʊ ndʊ se Fusitaatɩ nɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Amru ben al-As nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tʊ-tʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ Paabiiloni. Pɩnaɣ 969 taa kɛ papaazɩ Fusitaati tɛtʊ yaʊ se Kɛɛrɩ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa 36 taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Atɛɛnɩ (Krɛɛsɩ), Roomi (Italii), Sao-Poloo Pireeziili), Sitaatigraadɩ nɛ Hamburigi (Caama), Tunisi nɛ Kayiruwanɩ (Tuniizii), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ), Toronto (Kanadaa), Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuunii), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Amstɛrɩdam (Peyibaa), Peyiiruu (Liibaŋ), Aamaŋ (Yɔɔridani), Isitambuli (Turki), Pagidaadɩ (Irakɩ), Lɔndrɩ (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ).
Payaɣ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdel Qawi Khalifa.


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Ɛndonezi
Ɛndonezi (Englɩsɩɩ: Republic of Indonesia; Ɛndonezi: Republik Indonesia) kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ketenzi naalɛ hɛkʊ taa. Indonezi kɛna Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩsʊ Oseyanɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakalɩɣ peeɖe ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ 250 miliyɔnaa kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naaza nɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Indonezi wɛna mbʊ payaɣ na fransɩ taa se iili waa yɔ nɛ pakalɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ patalɩɣ 17 508. Pɩkɛna malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ kɩlɩ xɛʊ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Cakarta.
Pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Kristu lɛ Ɛndonezi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Ɛndɩ mba nɛ Siini mba payakaɣ kɩyakʊ yɔ nɛ palɛɛzɩɣ kɩlɛɛzʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ peeɖe pɛpɛdɩɣ tɔna yɔ. Ɛndonezi nɛ Ɛndɩ palakɩ tadɩyɛ nɛ ɖama pɩtasɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pa-tadɩyɛ taa lɛ malɩŋ kɩlɩɣna pɛdɩʊ. Piyebina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaa sɔsɔaa pɩsɩɣ palaŋa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ malɩŋ.
Lɩm yɔɔ tadɩyɛ tɔm taa lɛ Malaka kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1511 Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba woba nɛ pamʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Malaka yɔ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1605 lɛ Neeyɛrɩlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wolo nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba nɛ pɩha-wɛ waɖɛ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma lɛ powolo pacaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Zaava. Yo ŋndɩ ndɩ wɛ peeɖe pɩlɩna kewiyaɣ tɔm taa nɛ pɩkɩlaa lɛ Mataram tɛzɩ cɩyʊ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɛtɛzɩ cɛlɩɣ Neerɩlandɩ mba.
Pɩnaɣ 1950 kɛ Soekamo nɛ Mohammad Hatta maba palaŋa taa nɛ pamʊ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1965 nɛ 1966 taa kɛ Soeharto kpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ɛkɛwɛ ñaŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1998 lɛ, evemiye naɖɩyɛ yem ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kpaka. Pɩlabɩ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ lɛɛzʊ kɩfam mbʊ payaɣ se temokarasi yɔ pɩwɛ peeɖe.


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Mbʋ payaɣ se « WhatsApp » yɔ, mbʋʋ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se « WhatsApp Messenger ». Pɩkɛ tʋma naayɛ sakɩyɛ kaŋgalafu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa papɩzɩɣ pala « WhatsApp » tʋma. Kaŋgalaafu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla « WhatsApp » tʋma yɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se « android ».
Ɛyʋ ɛtamsɩ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ Kaŋgalafu nɛ « Android » yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se eheyiɣ e-koobu yɔ, paa ɛlɛ ɛfɛyɩ ɛlɛ ñɩŋʋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛñɩŋʋ nɛ ekuli « WhatsApp » lɛ, ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋ e-koobu heyi-i yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ ña nɛ ño-koobu ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩna ɖama « WhatsApp » yɔɔ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se mɩ-naalɛ ɩwɛɛna paa weyi lɛ kaŋgalafu ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Android » yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛwɩna kaŋgalafu « Android » nɛ ɛwɛɛ « WhatsApp » nimaɣ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛnɩɩ tɔm tɩŋa payɩ ndʋ tɩlakɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ. Yee ɛnɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ tɩkɛdɩna-ɩ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩ etiyina-tʋ e-koobiya tɩŋa payɩ mba pɛwɛna kaŋgalafu « Android » yɔ. Paba ɖɔɖɔ panɩ natʋyʋ kɔyɔ papɩzɩ petiyina-ɩ-tʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɩzɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ etiyina-yɛ e-koobiya mba ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ pɩtɩŋna « WhatsApp » yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Jan Koum nɛ Ɖajaa Brian Acton patʋlɩ « WhatsApp » tʋma. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa patʋla-yɛ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ palakaɣ « site web » ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Yahoo » yɔ kʋ-tʋma sɔsɔna. Halɩ papɩzɩ pɔtɔ se ḿba lɩzɩna-kʋ. Palɩzɩ « WhatsApp » se kɩlɩzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « SMS » waa yɔ kaŋgalafunaa taa. « WhatsApp » tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Mountain View tɛtʋ taa Californie ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Facebook yaba « WhatsApp » tʋma lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa liidiye dollars waa 19 miiliyarɩ. Dollars waa ḿba pa-taa miiliyarɩ waa hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ (15) ɖɛɣ « Facebook » tʋma ɖeɖe. Tɔbʋʋ se pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tʋmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyɔɔ waa 350 yaa dollars waa 40 paa nesi ɖʋyʋ weyi lɛ.
Paɖaɣnɩ sɔzʋʋ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖaa liidiye yɔɔ. Nɔɔnɔɔ pɛhɛyɩɣ « Facebook » taa tɔmlaɖʋ liidiye miiliyarɩ waa.


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Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 道教, pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ dàojiào, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɔmɔʊ wɩlʊʊ, pɩkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naatozo taa paɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ tɩ nɛ Confucius nɛ Pudaa, patɩŋa keŋkeŋ pɔɖɔŋ Tao lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛnɛ.
Tɔmpiye Tao maɣzɩm kpeɣluu takayasɩ sakɩyɛ, tɑkayasɩ mayaa, ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisitu nɩ ndɩ nɛ laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ halɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ ndʊ tɩha ɖama nɛ ɛsɛ lɛlʊ nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ, pɛkɛdʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2500 mbʊ yɔ. Tao waa liɖe lɩna Han waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ (pɩnzɩ -206 ŋtalɩ 220).
Sima Qian (pɩnzɩ -145 ŋtalɩ -86) ɛkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kɛtɩtʊ caa. Ɛñɩnaɣ ɛɖanɩ maʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɔm pɩcɛlɩna ɛyaa mba pama pɔ-yɔɔ kpeuu yaa cɛtɩm tɔm yaa tovonum tɔm ɖooo wɛɛ kɩbɩna taa nɛ, pa-taa kɛlɛ ɖooo awiyaa sɔsɔna tɔm, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kɛ nɔmɔʊ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kiɖeɖema (Zhuangzi, Laozi).
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1934 lɛ Marcel Granet ma se ɛna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ Siini maɣzɩm, pana aseɣɖe tɔm kɩbandʊ, kɛlɛ patapɩzɩɣ se pama tɔm kɩkɛtɩtʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm yɔɔ ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pamaʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ ɛzɩ Siini yɔ.


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Paarii
Paarii kɛna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Paarii yɔ ka-lɩm ɖivalɩyɛ nɛ pɔsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se maarnɩ nɛ ʊwaazi yɔ sɩ-lɩm ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ. Paarii kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Fransɩɩ yɔ, tɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ tam nɛɛlɛ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ Liiyɔɔ nɛ Maarisɛɛyɩ.
Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 12 475 808 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa; piyele tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊlmaɣ, nga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 2 229 621. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ eɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa; pʊtɔbʊʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ lɛ Mɔsɩkʊʊ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ lɛ Isitambuli.
Yee pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ lɛ 29 ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Paarii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 105,40. Payaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Anne Hidalgo (PS). Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2020 taa ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ tɛŋ.
Paanɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛñɩnɩʊ se tɩna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma kɔyɔ, Paarii maɣmaɣ ɛɛtɛŋ kɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ paɖʊʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ yem. Paarii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩna tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ yeke pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Room. Papaaza tʊma ana alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1956 nɛ pɔ-tɔm piye kɔyɔ se: Paarii yeke mʊŋna Room nɛ Room yeke mʊŋna Paarii.


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Ɛndɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ
Inde lɩngamʊʊ
Ɖooo lɛ paywaɣ Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋamʊʊ se Oriental liŋamʊʊ. Kɩ-ɖaalɩkɩŋ nɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 75 000 000 km2. Inde lɩŋamʊʊ sɩna hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ, Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Iran, zɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Birmanie, Tayilandɩ, Malaisie, Ɛndonezi nɛ Ositraalii, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ. Piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩna Afrika nɛ péninsule arabiki.
Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩɩna Atlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap des Aiguilles tɛ longitude ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 20e méridien est yɔ; Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap South Eastitude tɛ lon nɛ Tasmanie tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; pɩtasɩna Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 60e parallèle sud yɔ.


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Kpɛɛnzʊʊ
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, se ku-puu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɛɛnzʊʊ tɔm pire (tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yea leemu sɛmɩŋ yea kɩsɛmɩŋ) kɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ taa yatʊ nɛ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye kɛ Kapisikum (Capsicum) tɩŋ kɩkpanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, weyi ɛ-hatʊ tɛkʊʊ ɖama taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩʊ piye ndɩ pehiliɣ nɛ ɖozi yɔ yaa palakɩ nɛ tɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Kanadaa kpɛɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖozi pɩyʊ ɛlɛ kɩpaɣla, Kapɩsɩkum kpɛɛzɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɛɛzɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ.
Kpɛɛzɩŋ weyi ɛpuu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ yɔ ɛlɩna Amerika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyaa taa ɖeeɖe pahayaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kaɖaɣ taa ɖozi pɩlɩna kʊɖozi labɩnaʊ nɛ kʊ-sʊzɩŋ tɔnaɣ taa yɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa yɔ ajɛyɛ 64 hayʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ pʊkɔzɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ ndɩ wɛ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩwɛna waza siŋ fɛbʊʊ kpɛɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ kʊwɛ tindime kɩkpanzɩ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ paa ŋgʊ lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-hɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɩm nɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊʊ taa kɩsɛmɩŋ. Pɩkɛ Amerika mba tɔnaɣ taa nakayɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩɣ 9500 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Peyeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-haɖaʊ talɩɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pɩtɩŋnɛ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa yɔ kɛnɛ. Goa egeetiye Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩlanaɣ tɔʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ.


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Pɩyaʊ
Pɩyaʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ ɖɔ ɖɩɣa yɔ. Kɩwɛna naŋgbazɩ naanza nɛ nandʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ. Pɩyaʊ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛkpaadʊ kɩpanʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pɩyaŋ wɛ hʊwa ntɩ ntɩ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ hʊwa hiŋ kakpaanzɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɖɩɣa wondu taa lɛ, pɩyaʊ nɛ haɣ pakɩlɩɣna nandu tɔɔʊ. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena amaɣna pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sumasɩ aya kpakpasɩ.
Pɩyaʊ wɛna wiliŋ ntɩ ntɩ, nɛ paa wiliɣ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩnɛ kɩ-tɔbʊʊ. Pañɩna pɩnaɣ 2006-2007 nɛ pana se ɖɩɣa pɩyaʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩlɩna Afrika taa. Afrika taa kɛ awayɩ pɩyaʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se celeɣ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩwɛʊ-kɛ yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 130.000. Kacalaɣ pɩyaŋ weyi papazɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɖooo “Néolitique” tɛ alɩwatʊ taa; pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 8.000 yaa 10.000 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ alɩwatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ hayɑɣ nɛ ɛɖʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ kpou taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ naa se celesi kɔŋ ɛ-tɛ nɛ sɩkpaɣ holaa nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛɛkaɣ ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ lɛ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛkpa-kɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-kɛ ɖɔʊ.
Egypti mba eeleeyu nɛ pɩyaʊ: kɩkɛ-wɛ sɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ, nɛ poluŋguu kɩ-tɛɛ. Ɖooo Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ taa mba ñapɩsɩ-kʊ kpaɣʊ ɛsɩ sɩʊ yɔ. Pɩyaʊ tɔm fɛyɩ se pɔyɔɔdɩ: Aazii taa lɛ, piyaʊ kɛna kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ fezuu kɩfalʊʊ nɛ ñʊʊ leleŋ yɔ yaa ñɩm sakɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩsɩ ɛyʊ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ. Nabɛyɛ tɛ lɛ, kɩkɛ sɩʊ yaa ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɛɛ pʊwɛɛ se poluŋ nɛ paɖʊ hɩɖɛ tam yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ se pɔcɔna pɩyaʊ yɔɔ camɩyɛ. Pʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛɛ se paɖaa pɩyaʊ nɛ kɩ-kʊdɔŋ ɛtaaɖɛ ɛyʊ.


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Kalɩsɩyɔm
Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 20 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ca. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm kagbanzɩ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa (ɛcɛza 3%) nɛ ɛcaɣ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ tomnaɣ taa fezuu labʊ taa. Ɛsɩɣna mɔɔ paɣlaka, kelaa nɛ yambɔyɩŋ. Kalɩsɩyɔm sɩɣna piŋ ɖɔɖɔ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa.
Room ɛyaa kaatɛma labʊ akalʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1808 papɩza patɩlɩ pʊtʊ weyi paya-ɩ se kalɩsɩyɔm. Panɩwaɣ se Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Magnus Martin Pontin kaatɛma situu kalɩsɩyɔm nɛ akalʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ taa, Humphry Davy pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ keeke.
Papɩzɩɣ pala kalɩsɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna kalɩsɩyɔm tɛ fʊlʊyɔrɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɛlɛʊ lɛ papasɩɣ akalʊʊ kpɛɖɛ tɛɛ (CaO) pɩlɩna alɩmɩnɩyɔm mʊlʊm yɔɔ. Ɛmʊ miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ caʊʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ kpaɣ , pasɩ-ɩ helim taa yem ɛlakɩ nɛʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkandʊʊ yaa kɩlʊʊkɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛsɩɣna nɛ palɩzɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm lɛɛbʊ ɛzɩ uranɩyɔm, zirɩkɔnɩyɔm nɛ tɔrɩyɔm.
Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ kɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ mɔɔ taa, peeɖe mbilim kɛ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɛnʊ lakɩna nɛ apaɣlʊʊ camɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kelaa nɛ ɛkandɩɣ pa-alaafɩya yɔɔ. Kalɩsɩyɔm lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ calɩm kiɣ nɔmɔʊ taa, calɩm huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ holaa kpaʊ yaa holaa tʊma ndɩ ndɩ labʊ taa, tʊma ana a-taa kɔyɔ hɔyɛ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩfɛyɩ ciɣduu ɛyʊ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.


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YouTube
YouTube kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔ, pɩ-hayɩm tɛ wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Kɩkɛ « site web » nakʋyʋ. Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa wɛ fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ YouTube yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasʋʋ wilaʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ petiyini ɖama pe-fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ.
Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pala ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fideyinaa mba petiyiɣni ɖama yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pama YouTube kpou. Ɖajanaa panɛ : Steve Chen nɛ Chad Hurley nɛ Jawed Karim pamana-kʋ. Ɛyaa naadozo panɛ, paakɛ PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmlaɖaa kɩbɩma nabɛyɛ.
Aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa Google yaba PayPal pɩlɩʋ. Liidiye dollars waa 1,65 miiliyarɩ kɛ Google hɛyaa nɛ kɩtɩɣyɩ PayPal pɩlɩʋ. San Bruno tɛtʋ taa PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ. San Bruno tɛtʋ kɛ Californie ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 350 mbʋ yɔ sʋʋ YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo ñɩŋʋ (28) wiye, pɩnaɣ 2010 taa, pɔcɔnaa lɛ, ɛyaa mba patamsɩ pa-kpasɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ.
Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pɔcɔnaa lɛ, kpasɩ nzɩ sɩtamsɩnɩ sɩ-tɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɩɩnɩwa (50) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ wɛ PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ. YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa fideyonaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Ɖajaa Wiz nɛ Ɖajaa Charlie Puth pɛ-tɛ fideyoo ŋgʋ payaɣ se See You Again (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se 'Pɩlabɩ tasɩ' kabɩyɛ taa) yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ cɔnaʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa palɩzɩ See You Again tɛ fideyoo nɛ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 2,9 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ cɔŋna fideyoo ŋ́gʋ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa YouTube kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ cɔŋna fideyinaa paa evemiye nɖɩ.


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Peyibaa
Peeyibaa kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩnɛ Pɛlɩziki pasɩna-ɖama nɛ kamaɣ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ. Peeyibaa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Amsɩterɩdam nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe talɩɣ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ yɔ. Komina nɛ paɣtʊi lɩzɩyaa ñɛwɛ Haayɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya cɩkpena naayɛ kɛ Karayiibi taa.
Peeyibaa wɛ ajɛya wena aɖʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se palɩzɩ ŋgba ɛzɩ: Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ, OTAN nɛ OCDE yɔ.
Payaɣ se Peeyibaa yɔ fransɩ taa lɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtakʊyɩ yɔ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩna pʊŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩkɛ Holandɩ taa kɔyɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ kulubi. Peeyibaa taa lɩm wadɩɣ paa ɛzɩmtaa nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ.
Peeyibaa kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiitu kaawɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1815 yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛnda pʊwɛɛ alɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1806 nɛ 1815 ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊntɩnaa kɛ palɩzaɣ.
Mba pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ awiya yɔ pʊwɛɛ se pɛkɛ protɛsɩtaŋwaa yɔ nɛ halʊ yaa abalʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ wiyau yaa abiɖe. Mba mba pacaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1815 pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ mba yɔ: Guillaume Ier (1815-1840), Guillaume II (1840-1849) nɛ Guillaume III (1849-1890). Wiyau fɛyɩ ɛlɛ Emma nɛ abila Wilhelmine (1898-1948), Juliana(1948-1980) nɛ Beatrix (1980-2013).Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ hiuwaa naatozo pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛ Willem-Alexander pɩsa wiyau. Ɛwayɩ ɛlɛ ɛ-pɛlɔ Catharina-Amalia, kaɣna kewiyaɣ tɔɔʊ.


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Tuurkii
Tuurkii (Turquie) kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ Azii mɩŋŋ-mɩŋŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ajɛya wena asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamas,i yɔ ana yɔ: Kɩrɛsɩ, Pulubaarii, Sɔɔrzii, Arimeenii, Azɛɛrɩbayɩjaŋ, Iraŋ, Irakɩ nɛ Siirii.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukkulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Turki. Turkii ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩm nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ankara nɛ teɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ yɩ kpaɣ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1923 taa.
Teŋu Kɩkpɛɛdɩɣ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ piyele nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ezee teŋgu wɛna. Ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩŋʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tɩrasɩ nɛ Anatoli pɛwɛna.
Sɔɖʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mustafa Kemal Atatürk yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pltɩŋgɩnaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1923.


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Takayaɣ hayʋʋ
Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kɛ payaɣna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size "papyrus". Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yaa kɩlabʋʋ ŋgʋ palaba kʋnɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "fibres cellulosiques végétales".
Ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖɩtɛm n̄ɔɔdʋʋ nɛ hayu kiŋ cɛnzɩ taa yɔ, takayaɣ hayʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʋ tɩyɛ. Hatʋ ndʋ, tɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ. Heelim ɛfɛtʋʋ kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzʋʋ pɩkpaɣdʋ pɩlɔ ɛzɩ ɖoo polinda mbɩ yɔ.
Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Ki-ɖeke koŋ kɩ yɔɔ papɩzʋʋ pama paa tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋʋ lɛ. Takayɩ hatʋʋ tʋnɛ, pɛkpɛndʋ tʋ kʋʋ nɛ pama tɩyɔ tɔm kɩkalɩtʋʋ lɛ, kɛ pɔtɔŋ size takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ (livre).
Takayɩ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwazʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ size papɩzɩ palɩzɩ anjaʋ waa paa mba. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, takayɩ hayʋ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tɔm ɖanʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yaa maʋ n̄ɩɣʋ lakɩ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tɔm ndʋʋ naʋ takayɩ hayʋʋ kɩfalʋʋ lɛɛkʋ yɔ.
Takayɩ hayʋʋ wazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ size paɖʋ nabʋyʋ. Kɩwazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ size pama tɔlɩm tɔm yaa pataɣ tɔlɩm kɛ kɩyɔ nɛ pataɣɖɩ ɖoli yaa nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Sakɩyɛ kpakʋʋ takayɩ hatʋ ndʋ nɛ polikina yaa palɩzʋʋna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "filtres" waa yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Pirmaanii
Pirmaanii kɛna Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛnawɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ pazɩ ɖama kamasɩ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Paŋgladɛsɩ, Siini, Ɛndɩ, Lawɔsɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ cɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ hadɛ kiŋ Andamanɩ Teŋgu nɛ Pɛŋgalɩ Teŋgu ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Lɩm kolonzi kpeekpe ɖaɣlakɩŋ tala ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Neyipidʊ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛ wezuu ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖi-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: Ɖɩkaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ Pirmaanii paa ɖooye. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa clɛ, paakpɛnda 51 419 420. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kiyati. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pirmaanɩ.


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Tayɩwanɩ
Tayɩwanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖooo lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna-tʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1683 nɛ 1895 taa nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Sapɔŋ paazɩ-ɖɩ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 23 550 077 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 644 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa pɩzɩʊ pakpadayɩ patalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 76 yɔ nɛ halaa ñapɩzɩʊ pɛɖɛɛ; pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 83 yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛlaazʊʊ kpadɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ paasɩkɩ lɔŋ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pe-efebiɖe yaa pɛ-pɛlɛtʊ tɔɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena a-taa halaa ɛɛlʊlʊ pɩya sakɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ peeɖe lɛ halʊ ɛɛlʊlʊʊ pɩɖɛɛ pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ Tayɩwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ anaa yɔ: Krɩstʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, Puudism ñɩnɖɛ nɛ malɩŋ ŋbgɛyɛ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ siinʊwaa.


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Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ
Englɩsɩɩ tɔm kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ Caamaniki kʊnʊŋ. Kɩtɛ lɛ Angleterre, kʊñɔ lila kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa, tɛtʊ ŋdʊ tɩtɛ Angles nɛ Saxons nɛ Frisons. Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ Normand tʊ yebi na se Englisɩɩ tɔm yɔɔkʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tʊzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Roma taa kʊnʊmɩŋ wɩzii Englisɩɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Latɛŋ masɩ nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩ palakina tʊmɩyɛ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ (Royaume-Uni) ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Irlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena lɩm cɔyɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ a-daa ɛzɩ Man lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Anglo-Nɔrɩmandɩɩ lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩtaa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna yɔ ɖɩnaɣ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa, ɛzɩ doo canaʊ yoma kpaʊ alʊwaatʊ taa ajɛyɛ wena Britaanikɩɩ mba kaa-ɖʊ ayɔ nesɩ yɔ, a-daa kɔyɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Kanadaa nɛ Ositraalii nɛ Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ (Nouvelle-Zélande), pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɛ lɛ payaa-yɛ se anglo-saxon ɛjaɖɛ, ɛlɛ padalɩzɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ kaʊ.
Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yaa kɩlɛɛzɩɣ taa kʊnʊŋ kɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa pɩlɩna canaʊ Britaanikɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ paa ajɛyɛ ana ada anglo-saxon taa ñɩma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ana yɔɔ Keniya nɛ Naajeeriya nɛ Hɔŋkɔŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Pakisɩtanɩɩ. Ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ wena Englisɩɩ tɔm kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ yɔ agbɛnda ɖama kɛ Commonwealth taa, pa yee lɛɛna taa pɩtɛkɛ kɩyeke kɩkɛna kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɔyɔ. Kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ kɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaŋza weyi ɛkɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ɛtaa lɛ Englɩsɩɩ kɛ naadozo ŋgʊ yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba palʊlɩwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ yɔ, Siinɩɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ nɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Pamaɣzɩ se nɔnɔ taa kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ tɩŋga kʊnʊŋ mbʊ lɛ papaazɩɣ kʊ wɩlɩʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Englisɩɩ kɛ kʊnʊŋ siŋ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ loɖo taa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ kɩ-nɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ tʊmɩyɛ taa.
A TRADUIRE: Kabɩyɛ tɔm kpou taa, il y a 36 mots empruntés à l’anglais :[1]
- ↑ CLNK & SIL-Togo. 1999. Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale et de la Recherche, Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè et SIL-Togo.


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Ɖɔɖɛ
Ɖɔɖɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖiziye wɛɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna : naŋ nɛ kpaŋanzɩ nɛ aɖaɣɖaɣnaa nɛ heŋ nɛ pʋŋ nɛ afanaa pɔɖɔʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se naŋgbanzɩ naanza tɩnaa pɔɖɔʋ. Piyele ɖiziye lɛ, mbʋ pʋwɛna keŋ yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tolotoloonaa nɛ uwanaa nɛ kpaŋkpafɩɩnaa nɛ suŋ nɛ kelema peɖiziɣ.
Ɖɔɖɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ tɩŋa taa. Ajɛya wena a-taa palakɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɩlɩɣ yɔ, a-tɔsʋʋ kɩlɩna ɛsɩndaa ɖɛʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ hukuu nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ kpaŋanzɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se sɩlakɩ sɩɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Nsɩ sɩɩlɩɣna wondu yuŋ ñɩndʋ. Pɩɩpɔzaa se ɛyʋ ɛhɛyɩ liidiye nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ wona-ɩ wondu natʋyʋ nɛ pʋdʋ wɛna kpaŋaɣ kɔyɔ, kowokina-ɩ-tʋ kɛlɛʋ yem. Ɛɛcazɩɣ lɩzɩʋ liidiye wondu wonaʋ mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ. Kpaŋaɣ nandʋ taa wɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɔ-mɔɔ taa. Kpaŋaɣ mɔɔ kɛ kɔyɩ naɖɩyɛ siŋŋ. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛnɩ niikaɣ kʋdɔŋ kɔyɔ, kpaŋaɣ mɔɔ patɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛñɔʋ pu-yom.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ naŋ ɖɔʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ ɛ-wazaɣ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa. Naŋ nɩɩyɛ hayɩɣ. Ɛyʋ tapɩzɩɣ se ɛhayɩ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɖenɖe yɔ, yee ɛwɛna naŋ kɩhayɩŋ kɔyɔ, ɛhayɩɣ pɩcɛzɩ ɖenɖe ɛɛɖʋwa se ɛhayɩɣ nɛ pɩtalɩ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛ-naŋ yeki nɛ ɛ-tɔsʋʋ huu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Pañazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ naŋ hɩlɩm nɛ palakɩna tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɔñɔʋ-pʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɛŋ. Pɔñɔʋ nʋ naalɩm nɛ lɛŋ yɔ, pɩkɔŋna ɛyʋ tomnaɣ taa alaafɩyɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Yee pahaɣ pɩɣa afolom nakɛyɩ nɔ naalɩm ɖoŋ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, ka-paɣlɩka nɛ piya lɛɛsɩ paɣlaka pɩɩtaŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kapaɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ piya lɛɛsɩ. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kekpeɣtiɣ camɩyɛ, kʋdɔmɩŋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ-kɛ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ.
Nɔ tɔnʋʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɔhɔɔʋ-kʋ nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ kɩkpɩzɩ camɩyɛ nɛ palakɩna-kʋ nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ. Nɔ tɔnʋʋ kɩkpɩzʋʋ palakɩna naataŋgbala ndɩ ndɩ. Nɔ nandʋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛyʋ tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔʋ taa. Tɩwɛna ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʋ ɛtɔkɩ nɔ nandʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, ɛwɛ alaafɩyɛ camɩyɛ.
Ɖɩcɔna heŋ nɛ pʋŋ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se paba wɛna ɖɔɖɔ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa. Heŋ nɛ pʋŋ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kabɩyɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pʋŋ tɔnɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ pɔhɔɔʋ nɛ papaŋna so ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋŋ nɛ heŋ pa-nandʋ taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩm nabʋyʋ sakɩyɛ.
Afanaa ɖɔɖɔ kɔŋna ñɩm pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔɔ afanaa halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛma ɖɩɣa nɛ pe-liidiya.
Ɖɔɖɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ tɩŋa taa. Ɛyʋ ɛɖɔʋ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ siŋŋ kɔyɔ, anasaayɩ huɖe ɛɛtazɩɣ-ɩ wɛnaʋ kɩjɛyʋʋ. Ŋgʋ anasaayɩ huɖe kʋʋna tɛtʋ mʋzʋŋ. Nɖɩ kɔŋna-ɖʋ kʋdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔ-tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se anasaayɩ huɖe kʋʋ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɖɩhayɩɣ-sɩ nɛ kʋ yɔ sɩ-taa ñɩm sakɩyɛ.


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Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ
Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ kɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Sɩkandiinavɩ tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Ajɛya wena ɖɩnɛ-yɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Sʊyɛdɩ, Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa wɛ 385 199 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 307 860 km2.
Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa kagbanzɩ kɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 2015. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ Isilandɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kilomɛta yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Osɩloo nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ nɔɔrɩveezɩyɛɛ pɩyele liidiya kɔyɔ Nɔɔkɩ.
Keteŋa kpekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpazɩ ɖɩhɩʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu pazɩ pɩɖɛɛ; nɛ ɛsɩndaa kpem. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñɩm pʊnɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩlɩna kaɖazɩm nɛ helimaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa yɔ payaɣ-kɛ se kaazɩ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ temokirasii kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekp ajɛya taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ ajɛya wena acaɣ nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ.


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Pɩyɛɛrɩ
Anasaayɩ sʊlʊm mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ se pɩyɛɛɖɩ, pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ niŋvidiŋ tɩŋ pee yɔ. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm pɩtɩŋnɛ pɩdɩŋ tɛ lakasɩ nɛ ŋñɩɩ wa nɩɣyʊʊ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Pɩkɩlɩna ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa palakɩ-kʊ nɛ lɩm nɛ malɩtɩ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩya ɖɔɖɔ se kpamla mʊlʊm (mʊlʊm pee wena pahʊzaɣ yɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɔsɔzɩ pee lɛɛna) nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ houblon. Pɩkɛ sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩɣ wɛʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa nɛ pakɩlɩ-pʊ sɔɔlʊʊ nɔʊ yɔ.
Pɩyɛɛrɩ sʊlʊm tɛ canaʊ tɔm tamsɩna wondu yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wondu tɩna se sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ sɔnɔ. Kajalaɣ mʊlʊm pee tɛ haɖaʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɔrɩgɩ nɛ épeautre (pɩkɛ pilee nakʊyʊ) lɩna Mésopotamie ɖooo pɩnzɩ 8000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa tɩŋga kaawɛ mbʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛyʊ la pɩyɛɛɖɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ papazɩɣ-kʊ labʊ pɩnzɩ 6000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-krɩstʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, payawaɣ pɩyɛɛrɩ se sikaru (pʊtɔbʊʊ matʊ taa se lɩm kpɔnɔ) kaakɛ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ sɔssɔɔ. Palakaa-kɛ kɛkɛndɛyɩŋ kɩhɔbɩŋ pɩlɩnɛ pilee nɛ ɔrɩgɩ mba ɛyʊ ɖʊwaɣ lɩm taa se pɩñɩŋgɩ nɛ pehɩɣ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ yɔ. Paɖʊwaɣ pɩ-taa peeɖe canelle nɛ tʊŋ num yaa sɔzɩŋ wondu ndʊ tɩkɛna yaɖʊ yɔ.


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Karayiibɩ Teŋgu
Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kɛ patasa yaʋ yaa paya ɖɔɖɔ size Antiiyiwaa Teŋgu. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna lɩm fɛɛʋ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Kɩ-wɛna yaa panaɣ kʋnɛ Ameriki hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Nɛ paɣpɩzɩɣ pana kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki kɔlfɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣkʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2415 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ taa mbɩ yɔ.
Pamaza ɛ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2640002 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku kaare mbɩ yɔ, kɛ ɛ-hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ walanzɩ taa pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna yaa nɛ ɛzɩ yɔ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tikiɖe wɛ Karayiibɩ taa.
Karayiibɩ kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna samaɣ ŋga kaawɛ peɖe yɔ yaa ŋga kɛ-tɛ kaawɛ peɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɔcɔlɔ. Samaɣ kanɛɛ yɔ, kaawɛ peɖe nɛ pɩcɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba talɩɣ, kpaɖʋ 15 kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Lɩm kan̄aɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ cɔɔlʋʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkʋʋ taa nesi tʋmlaɖa kpeekpe ŋgbɛ, ɖʋna Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-kamasɩ ɛzʋ nɔ yɔ:
Cɛŋga miŋ n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ kpɩtɩna nɛ cap Catoche kɛ lɩm kiteŋ Yucatan,nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, pɩkpaɣna cabeza Chiquita nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, nɛ pɩtɩŋ cɔlɩɩ kɛ kapɩ ŋgʋ tɛ meridiyɛ(méridien).
Hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, punta Baja pɩkpaɣna pɩɖɛ pʋwolo, Fenezuyeelaa pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Ameriki hadɛ ŋgʋ kiŋ.


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Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ wandamm
Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm tɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ. Amerika nɛ hayi wɛɛ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ ñɛwɛɛ.
Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʋʋ cɩnɛ. Lɩŋamɩŋ cɔ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ pɩta. Ɖɩnaɣ Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Amerika nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Piyele nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩ-hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩna Arɩtiki teŋgu. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Atlantique teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Amerika hɛkʋ tɛ tɛtʋ tɔnaɣ yaa tɛtʋ pɩlɩŋaɣ natʋyʋ tamasɩna Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ.
Ageeta wena payaɣ se Karayiibɩ waa (Caraïbes) yɔ, awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ taa.
Ajɛya wena awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ : Groenland nɛ Kanada nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Bermudes nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki nɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ : Vancouver nɛ Reine-Charlotte nɛ Prince-Édouard nɛ Terre-Neuve nɛ Cap-Breton nɛ Ellesmere nɛ Baffin nɛ Victoria nɛ Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon nɛ Aléoutiennes nɛ Alaska.
Amerika hɛkʋ taa ajɛya wena awɛɛ yɔ, alɛɛ yɔ : Kuwatemala nɛ Belize nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador nɛ Nicaragua nɛ Costa Rica nɛ Panama nɛ Kuubaa nɛ Jamaïque nɛ République Dominicaine …


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Liibii
Liibii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena awɛ Maagrɛbɩ taa yɔ. Liibii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Mediteraanee teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alzeerii nɛ Tunizi, Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Niizɛɛrɩ nɛ Caadɩ, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Liibii sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Egipiti.
Walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩŋɖɛ Afrika taa nɛ 18 ñɩnɖɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna 1 759 540 km2. Peeɖe ɛyaa makɩɣna ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa looɖo yaa litoozo yɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Tiripoolii nɛ ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ kutokiŋ litoozo. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Pɛŋgazɩ (650 000), Misirata (350 000) nɛ Ɛlɩ-Beyida (250 000). Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñɩm kpilina karazɩm yɔɔ.
Liibii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1949. Weyi ɛɛɖa kelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʊ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Wiyao Idris Ier. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Sidi Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanoussi.
Pɩnaɣ 1969 kɛ Ɖiiyu Mouammar al-Kadhafi kʊ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Idris Ier nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eɖiyu ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ñɩnʊ Gamal Abdel Nasser yɔ.
Kpaɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 2011, mba pakaɖɩɣna kewiyaɣ yɔ papazɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩmaa yɔ Kadhafi kʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Ñam ñam lakasɩ la nɛ minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna tɔm hʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ pasɩ-ɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ se ɛcɔna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɛñɔɔzɩ takayasɩ ɖʊzʊʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ pɔkɔɔ pehiu Mouammar al-Kadhafi pakpa-ɩ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ aliwaatʊ ndʊ ɛcaɣ se ese nɛ ɛmɛlɩ Siriti yɔ.


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Zarathoustra ŋgbɛyɛ
Zarathoustra ŋgbɛyɛ yaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖuluŋguu ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɛɛ yɔ kɛ ɖooo Iran kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pamazɩ-ɖɩ nɛ mazdɛyɩsmɩ nɛ payaa-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɖɩ-tɛ nayʊ yaa ɖi-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ Zarathoustra yɔɔ, kɛlɛ pama hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ Zoroastre taa pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ tɛ ɛyaa yɔɔ mbʊ se (Zwpoάσtpnς, Zōroastrēs). Lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩkɔma Zarathushtra ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa maɣzɩm kaakɛ se peɖiyi mazde ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tisi ɛsɔ kʊyʊm yɔɔ ɛnʊ lɛ ɛsɔ Ahura Mazdâ (pehlevi : Ohrmazd), weyi ñʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ cɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ. Ahura Mazda yeke kɛnɛ lɩzɩna ɛsɔ nɛ tɛtʊ.
Hɩɖɛ Zoroatre ŋgbɛyɛ lɩna Zoroastre maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, Zarathushtra yaa Zarathoustra (persan taa lɛ ز , رتشت, Zaraϑuštra, avestiki kʊnʊŋ taa, krɛkɩ kɩbvɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Zwpoάσtpnς pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nayʊ, ɛnʊ ɖʊna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖi-kiɖe. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Zoroastre maɣzɩm taa lɛ, pɛɖɛzaɣ ɖama tɔm ɛzɩ caja kɛdʊʊ pɩɣa tɔm yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lalaa tɛ yɔ. Pʊwayi yɔ matʊ paɣtʊ paɣza ndʊ payaa se Avesta, pama tɔm kiɖeɖetu takayasɩ kpeekpe.Ɛlɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ takayaɣ maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ tɔm kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ yem pɩzɩna pɩwɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Takayasɩ sakɩyasɩ sakɩyɛ leba yaa mʊwa alɩwaatʊ Alexandre Sɔsɔ lakaɣ you yɔ nɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe arabɩ kɔma you ɖɔɖɔ lɛ.
Zoroastre tisa se ɛyʊ sɩm wezuulɛɛkʊ ɖanɩɣ wɛʊ, tɔm hʊnaʊ wɛɛna nɛ kalɩzasɩ, se ɛyʊ weyi lɛ pahʊna-ɩ tɔm ɛzɩ ɛ-kʊwɛkɩm mʊnaʊ yɔ yaa ɛ-camɩyɛ laɣsɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se fezuu lɩna piyele kalɩzaɣ wɛɛ ɛsɔ nesi tɛɛ. Yee ɛyʊ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ewiza kɩtɛkɛdɛsɩ kɔyɔ pʊtʊ woki ɛsɔ ɖɩɣa taa pɩtɩŋna kondoloko nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa peeɖe mʊntʊsʊʊ tɛ ɛsɔ ɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ. Piyele pɩkɛ kɩtɛkɛdʊʊ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ ɖɛʊʊ miŋ maatɛŋ maatɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ patasɩɣ sɔzʊʊ se tovonum lɛ kalɩzasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ miŋ nɛ pɔhɔŋ sɩ-nagbaŋɩŋ yɔ pʊwayɩ ɛzɩ sɩtɛm labʊ kʊñɔŋ yɔ lɛ sɩwoki ɖɔɖɔ koboyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa.


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Nimviɖe
Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, nimviɖe kɛna nesi tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna noŋgoloŋa nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛɛ yɔ, nimviɖe kɛŋna hamʊ tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna ɛcɩɖɛ nɛ pɩsɩɩna hamʊ yɔ. Paa ɛyʊ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɛ yɔ, nimvela naalɛ wɛna: lɩmɩyɛ nimviɖe nɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ.
Ɛyʊ nesi wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo: nimviɖe, nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka. Noŋgoloŋga tamna nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nimviɖe, nesi ajɔɔ ñɛwɛna avnt-bras nɛ nandaka pɛhɛkʊ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɩnʊ ɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, nimviɖe kɩlana kpeetʊʊ. Nimviɖe kpeetaa, ɛlɛ, nɛŋgbɛŋga kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ.
Ɛyʊ wɛʊ toma taa ɖɔŋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛ-mɔɔ cɛyaa yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna e-nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ. Nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ kɩla wɛʊ ɛyʊ nesi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ yaa eseu yɔ, pɩlɩna e-nesi fiiduu yɔɔ.
Ɛyʊ nesɩ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: hamʊ, nimviɖe, noŋgoloŋga, nɛŋgbɛŋga, nesi ajɔɔ taa, nɛ nandaka.
Hamʊʊ taa wɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naatozo. Nimviɖe taa ñɛwɛna mɔɔyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe ɖɔdɔ tomnaɣ nandʊ kɩla wɛʊ kɛ nesi yɔɔ, piyele noŋgoloŋga ñɛwɛna nimviɖe nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga pɛhɛkʊ taa; noŋgoloŋga ŋga, kɔyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ekoti yaa eposi e-nesi. Nɛŋgbɛŋga taa nɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naalɛ. Nesi ajɔɔ taa peeɖe wɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ noŋgoloŋga yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se nesi ajɔɔ yekina nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka pɔcɔʊ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɔma; pɩkazɩ nɛ nandaka yɔɔ kɛ nee kagbaanzɩ wɛɛ. Paatɔŋ se mbʊ paale pɩwɛɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛna nee pɩɖɛɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔɔ yaa pɩtatalɩ mbʊ.


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Han Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Han yɔ, e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ. Ɛmʋ kewiyaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 206 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛtɔɔ kewiyaɣ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 220 Yeesu-Krɩstʋ tɛ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Sɔsɔ Qin kewiyaɣ wayɩ Ɖajaa Han tɔɔ kewiitu. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔsɔ Qin lɛɣna tɔɔʋ kewiyaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖajaa Qin tɔɔ kewiyaɣ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 221 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 206 taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-ñʋʋ yaɖʋ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɖajaa Han tɔɔ kewiyaɣ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛyɩ kewiisi naadozo taa.
Ɖajaa Liu Bang yebina nɛ Han kewiyaɣ ñɔ. Ɖajaa Liu Bang kɛkɛ you laɖaa ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛkɛ haɖaa. Ɖajaa Liu Bang kʋyɩ ɖajaa Qin kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛkʋsɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Han kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa ɛsɩ awiya nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo. Ɖajaa Han kewiitu kɩlɩna leɖuu kewiisi lɛɛsɩ. Ɖajaa Han tɛyɩ e-kewiyaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Han wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ wɛɛ nɛ Han wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Han wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se wayɩ kiŋ Han. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ payaɣ se Chang’an. Payaɣ Han wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ñɩŋgʋ se ɛsɩndaa Han. Han hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ, kʋkʋ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ yɔ, Luoyang. Han wayɩ hɔɔlʋʋ ñɔ pɩnaɣ 206 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-ñʋʋ yaɖʋ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Kɩsɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ nakʋ ñɩŋa taa Yeesu-Krɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Piyele Han wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ñɔñɔ pɩnaɣ 25 pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ nɛ kɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 220 ɖa-ñʋʋ yaɖʋ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Kewiisi naalɛ nzɩ sɩ-hɛkʋ taa lɛ, kewiyaɣ cikpelaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛɛ. Payaɣ kaka se Xin kewiyaɣ. Ɖajaa Wang Mang yebina nɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɔñɔ, ɛlɛ, keteleɖi.
Siini ɛjaɖɛ caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, Han kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ ɖɛʋna ɛsɩndaa. Halɩ paya alɩwaatʋ ndʋ se «Sika pɩnzɩ» (âges d’or). Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, samaɣ ŋga kalɩna Han kewiyaɣ taa yɔ, payaɣ pa-tɩ se « Han samaɣ ».


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Wasɩŋtɔŋ
Wasɩŋtɔŋ kɛna Etaazuunii keteŋa taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna Etazuunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ keteŋa ŋga nɛ ka-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Alasika. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ-tʊ nɛ tɩtaa yɔ, ndʊ yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kanadaa tɛtʊ nɛ Piritaaniiki tɛ Kolombii, hadɛkiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Oregɔŋ yɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Idaho tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Pasifiki teŋgu wɛna.
Pɩtɔpɔzɩ se piyiidi ɛyʊ, yee ɛnɩɣ payaɣ se Wasɩŋtɔŋ kɔyɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Wasɩŋtɔŋnɩwaa wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ kʊkʊ wɛ Etazuunii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ; piyele naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊ-tɔm yɔ nɛ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna Etazuunii nɛ kɩwɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ.
Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩnatʊlɛ mbʊyʊ yɔ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se George Washington yɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ pɛcɛla tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋa. Sɔdʊ kɔnɛ, George Washington, ɛnʊ kɛŋna Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm ta wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛttanaa 184 824. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 6 724 540. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pana se tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛna 13 ñɩndʊ kɛ Etazuunii tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa pakalɩ piya mba palʊlaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 12,9 kɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ pa-taa lɛ oiya ɛzɩ 4,5 sɩkɩ; nɛ ɛyaa mba pazɩba yɔ papa kpɛnda ɛyaa 7,2kɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.


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Tɔnʊʊ
Tɔnʊʊ kɛŋna tɛtɛ kpɩna wɛna awɛna mɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ kacalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhʊʊzɩɣʊ a-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ yɔɔ pilinzi payɩ taa lɛ, tɔnʊʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ yʊŋ. Ɛyʊ halʊ ñɩnʊ tɛ lɛ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ yʊŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilogaramnaa naatozo yɔ nɛ abalʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yɔ.
Tɔnɩŋ wɛna tomnasɩ yaa sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa kɩsɛma wɛɛ nɛ po-tomnasɩ sɛwa ɖɔɖɔ, ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa wɛɛ, nɛ patomnasɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʊlʊmaa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛda ñɛwɛ, mba payaɣ se tomnasi kɩkpɛɛdasɩ tɩna. Aazii mba, Siini mba nɛ ɛyaa menzidaawaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kanaɛ kɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tomnaɣ. Tɔnʊʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛna sɛŋgɛlɩtʊ yaa tɩnɩ-mayɔɔ waa naatozo: kacalaɣ tomnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ, ŋga lɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ. Pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ nɔsɩ yaa hʊndʊ wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ soŋgaɣ wɛɛ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɛɛ tɔnʊʊ wɛɛ nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɔnʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ kʊkʊ tɛ kɛ kpaakpa sɛŋgɛlʊʊ wɛ.
Yee ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɛ sɛŋgɛlʊ kacalaɣ ñɩŋʊ ɛfɛyɩtɔnʊʊ kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩna mba pɛkpɛzɩɣʊ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, paa pɩwɛɛ se palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛñɛ-ɩ e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ ɖoli kɔyɔ, pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kacalaɣ tɔnʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba paacɔŋna po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ, ɛzɩ akpnja yɔ, nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔmnasɩ nɛ ɩɩtaŋna-sɩ ɖoli.


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Kambɔjɩ
Kambɔjɩ kɛna Asii wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taaɛyaa wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Phnom Penh. Kambɔjɩ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖam nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayu kiŋ lɛ Tayilandi, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Lawɔsɩ pɩkazɩ wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ wɛna.
Payaɣ Kambɔjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa se Kambɔjɩ mba yaa Kimɛɛrɩ mba. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɛzɩ 96 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lakɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pudisiti Tɛravadaŋ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ mɩnʊ yɔɔ kɛ malɩŋ pɩkazɩ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ krɩstʊ tʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1975 taa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Kɩmɛrɩ Kɩsɛɛmaa yɔ, pakpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ lɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ la nɛ ɛyaa kutokiŋ kutokiŋ hiu sɩm fala.
Haɖaʊ kɛŋna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Kambɔjɩ ɛyaa kilɩɣ labʊ se pehiu nɛ pɔtɔɔ yaa pehiuna pa-tɩ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 57,6 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ haɖaa. Peeɖe ɛsɩyɛ egbena sɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hikɩɣ ɖɩ-tɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pana kaɖzɩm nɛ gaz. Paa nɛ peeɖe kʊñɔntɩtʊ ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, ajɛya lɛɛna wɛɛ nɛ ateŋ-ɖɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1990.
Kambɔjɩ wɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999.
Cheng Heng kaakɛna Kambɔjɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa salakanaa yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kɛŋna Kɩmɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ-tʊ.


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Sapɔŋ
Japɔŋ kɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩkɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Japɔŋ teŋgu pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Siini nɛ Kooree nɛ Rusii pɛ-ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ Tayiwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Japɔŋ tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ lɩnaa yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ payaa Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ se «Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ».
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛnda nɛ pɛkɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩ 6 852. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 100 mɛɛtrɩ kaaree. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yaa walʊʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Honshū nɛ Hokkaidō nɛ Kyūshū nɛ Shikoku. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ taa yɔ, lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɩya mbʊ yɔ, tɩkpakɩɣ 95 hɔɔlʊʊ mpilim. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ naadozo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ pʊŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ sekiɣna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ kobulaɣ huɣu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ Fuji pʊʊ. Kʊkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa 3 776 mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707 ñɩŋga taa kɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔlɩkaɣ (volcan) yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya nakʊ ɖeke kɩlɩnɩ Japɔŋ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Japɔŋ samaɣ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 127 mbʊ yɔ. Japɔŋ tɛtʊ walɩ 377 488 kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ. Kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 377 wɛna. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pe-kidemiŋ nɔsɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.Japɔŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Tokiyoo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-samaɣ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiye kakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se ɖooo paleyolitiki (paléolithique) alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa pacalɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kpaɖʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1947 taa Japɔŋ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se weyi ɛkɛɣ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, ɛsɩkɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pasɩɩ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se palɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, papa cejewiye payaɣ se Tiyɛɛtɩ (Diète).
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya naadozo ɖeke kɩlɩna Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ wonaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa. Piyele nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ loɖo ñɩnɖɛ. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʊ-yɔɔ ɖi-liidiye kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya lɛɛna. Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna kɩmɩyɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩkɩndɩ ajɛya lɛɛna liidiye miiliyaaɖɩ waa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 325 000 yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Liidiye ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩna. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ ɛsɩnda pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tɔkɩ pahakɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yem fɛɛɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna wezuu caɣʊ pileɖiɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩñɩnɩna nɛ ɖisusi-tʊ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ yɔ cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ wɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ piya lʊlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɔyɩna kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ pakpɩlɩɣ kpɩlʊʊ yɔɔ sɔnɔdaa.
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋʋ pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.


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Ski
Ski kɛ aleɣya wena ɛyʋ tuu ɖombe naataŋgbala yɔɔ kutuu yɔ. Naataŋgbala wena etuu a-yɔɔ yɔ, a-tɛɛ nɛ ketu pɔpɔɖɛ lʋʋ lʋʋ nɛ pɩmakɩɣna weyi ɛlakɩ-yɛ nɛ aleɣya yɔ ɛ-nataŋ ɖalakɩŋ. Ɖooo lɔŋ pasɩma aleɣya anɛ yɔ a-labʋ.
Pɩtɛkɛ paa le palakɩ aleɣya anɛ yɔ. Papazɩ aleɣya anɛ yɔ labʋ anasaayɩ waa tɛ kiŋ pʋŋ n̄ɔŋ taa kpaɖʋʋ 19 n̄ɩŋgʋ taa ɖomba ɖɩwɛyɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ. Nɛ pʋpɔzʋʋ se lɩm ɛtɔyɩ lona ana a-taa. Ski amʋʋza anɛ yɔ, papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ palabɩ-yɛ lona wena wena a-yɔɔ tuu yɔ a-taa nɛ lona ana, awɛ camɩyɛ, yee lɩm yɔɔ pɔtɔŋ se nɔtiki yɔɔ tuu. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kaaʋ yɔɔ yaa loniye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kpilaa se papɩzɩɣ pepilimi ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ. Ski amʋʋza anɛ yɔ, papazɩ-yɛ labʋ ɖooo lɔŋ. Pakpaɣ-yɛ ɛzɩ wazaɣ pʋyʋ siŋŋ yɔ ɛyʋ weziu caɣʋ taa. Asɩɣna ɛyʋ size ewolo ɖenɖe ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛtaaɖɔ kʋɖɔm yaa ɛtaasʋʋ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yaa ɛcaɣ kpokpo. Ɛyʋ weyi etuu mbʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ pʋyʋ yaa etuu pʋyʋ nɛ ewona ɖoli. Amʋʋza anɛ yɔ atɔya lɛɛlɛɛyɔ yem ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa.


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Henry Purcell
Henry purcell (salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1659 ŋtalɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1695 alɩwaatʊ taa), ɛkɛ miziiki maɖʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Purcell ɖʊ ɛtɛ miiziiki taa kɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ wɛtʊ ɛlɛ, tɩpaɣlɩ piŋ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba kɛ Westminster kooka taa.
Ɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hendu sɔsɔtʊ lɩzɩyaa taa nɔyʊ. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Henry Purcell ɛkɛkɛ abalʊ kɩbanʊ yaa camɩyɛ ɛyʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ kpaŋ taa nɛ ete hendu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papaŋa hula kɛ wɩyaʊ Charles 2 tʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Henry kɛnɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa nɛ ɛlʊlɩ pɩyaa natozo, Edward, Henry nɛ Daniel. Wayɩ wayɩ tʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛpɩsɩ hendu lɩzɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛnɛ ɛsɩnda lɔŋ lɔŋ.
Purcell caa sɩm wayɩ pɩnaɣ 1664 taa lɛ, evebʊpɩɣa Henry caɣ egbeele cɔlɔ. Paya-ɩ se Thomas Purcell nɛ ɛlɛ ɖɔkɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Thomas kaakɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ kɩbanʊ kɛ Pelham Humfrey cɔlɔ (ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1674), ɛnʊ kaalɛzɩna Cooke.
Ɛlaba miziiki sukuli kɛ abbaye Westminster tɛ sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa, peeɖe pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ pɩnaɣ 1676 alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ hendu ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ Aureng-Zebe tɛ ndʊ, John Dryden tɛ hɔɔla lɛɛka, Epson Wells nɛ The Libertine, nɛ Thomas Shadwell tɛ hɔɔla lɛɛka.
Pɩnaɣ 1680 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Blow weyi ɛɛkɛ abbaye Westminster taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1669 taa yɔ kizi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ eyebina e-sukuli pɩɣa, ŋga kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 22 yeke. Purcell kpaɣ ɛtɩ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ mbilim kɛ miziiki kiɖeɖeu tɛ ŋgʊ pɩnzɩ loɖo nɛ ekizi woŋga amʊza labʊ.
Ɛtɩlaba nesi ɖɔkʊ tɛ sɔnzɩ wayɩ kpa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1682 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Edward Lowe sɩm alɩwaatʊ, pakpa Purcell se ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ-ɩ se ɛkpɛndɩ ɛɖɔkɩ-ɖɩ nɛ Westminster tɛ nɖɛ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ɖɔɖɔ palʊla ɛ-pɩyalʊ kajalaɣ tʊ. Purcell tɛ kajalaɣ hendu kɩlɩzɩtʊ ndʊ pataɣ-tʊ yɔ Twelve Sonatas posusa tɩ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1683 taa.


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Kanadaa
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ nɛ ageeta hiu kpɛndɩna nɛ ateɛyɩ ɖama tam naputozo taa. [Wp/kbp/Atlantique teŋgu|Atɩlantiki]] lɩm kamʊ wɛna kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Arkitiiki Teŋgu, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasiifiki Teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Yee wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ kɔyɔ, Etaazuunii tɛtʊ wɛna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa miliɔŋnaa kutokiŋ hiu yɔ. Kɩ-walanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Ruusii wayɩ lɛ, Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walanzɩ.
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɩndɩ miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 35 yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe kɔ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ 36 ñɩnɖɩ wena akɩla ɛyaa wɛnaʊ yɔ. Kanaada wɛna lɩm kucokiŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 31 700 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ eŋglɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Otawaa.
Kanaada dɔɔlaarɩ kɛ pɔtɔkɩ se liidiya.
Amerɩndɩɩwaa kacalɩna wɛwʊ kɛ Kanaada tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛjadɛ ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Julie Payette nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Justin Trudeau.
Peeɖe tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +1.


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Krɛsɩ
Payaɣ Krɛsɩ nɛ caanaʊ Krɛkɩ taa se «République hellinique». Payaɣ-kʊ se «Kr ɛkɩ démocratique» nɛ katharévousa kʊnʊŋ taa. Dhimokratía kɛ Eerɔɔpʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔɔpʊ ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Krɛsɩ wɛ Balkans hɔɔlɩŋ nɛ hadɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se «Athènes».
Krɛsɩ walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛɛtɩ waa 131 957. Ɖɩ-samaɣ n̄ʊʊ kɛ nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm. Krɛsɩ nɛ ajɛya anɛ yɔ pasɩŋna ɖama kamasɩ. Ajɛya anaa yɔ : Alɩbanii nɛ Yukosɩlaavʊ ɛjhaɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ (Yukosɩlaavʊ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Maseduwaanɩ tɛtʊ taa) nɛ Puligaarɩ nɛ Turikii. Teŋgu lɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ nɛ Alɩbanii nɛ Italii nɛ Liibii nɛ Egipiti nɛ Turikii.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ sɩna Iyoniyɛɛnɩ teŋgu. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ sɩna Eejee teŋgu. Mediteraanii teŋgu lɩm cɔ Krɛsɩ kpɛɛɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ wɛna tɛtʊ cikpetu cikpetu ndʊ tɩwɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ sakɩyɛ. Tɛtʊ cikpetu cikpetu ndʊ tɩtala ɛzɩ kudokiŋ nakʊ mbʊ yɔ. Krɛsɩ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ cikpetu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kɔzʊʊ kpem nɛ lɩm cɔɔ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ sakɩyɛ. Tʊtʊ talɩ ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Ɛyaa wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Pɛtɛyɩ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ yɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ nɩɩdozo wɛna pʊŋ sakɩyɛ. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yɔ payaɣ-kʊ se Olimpɩ pʊʊ. Kʊ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 2917.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1952 taa Krɛsɩ sʊ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Krɛsɩ sʊ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1981. Pɩnaɣ 2001 taa lɛ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ «Zone euro» ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖi-liidiye kɛ «zone euro».
Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ caanaʊ tɔm wɛ huŋ camɩyɛ. Caanaʊ Krɛsɩ sɔnzɩ nɛ kɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ kɩ-tanaʊ yaa ɛzɩma mbʊ kɩcalɩzɩɣ ɛyaa ɛza yɔ piyeba nɛ Roma tɛtʊ lɛɣzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Roma ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋna Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ lakasɩ yaa ɖɩ-wɛtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩlɛɣzɩ ɖɩ-lakasɩ nasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Halɩ pɩkɔma pɩla se Roma ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ pɩsɩ Krɛsɩ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlaba hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Trebizɔɔndɩ nɛ Epiiri nɛ Misitra yaa Dorosɩ pɛ-tɛtʊ pɩsɩ Krɛsɩ n̄ɩndʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1830 taa Krɛsɩ tɛtʊ pɩsɩ komina ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kɩlaba you nɛ Otomanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʊcɔ kɩpɩzɩ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Otomanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ.


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Tibɛtii
Tibɛtii kɛna Aazii taa egeetiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Iimalaya yɔ kɩ-tɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Tɩ-ɛyaa maɣmaɣ wayɩ lɛ, mba payaɣ-wɛ se Monba yɔ pɛwɛ peeɖe pɩna Kiyaŋ nɛ Lobasɩ mba pɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe. Ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Hansɩ nɛ Huwisi yɔ pɛwɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa siŋŋŋ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa Tibɛtii kɛŋna pʊʊ tɛndɛyɛm ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ nɛ kʊyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla wɛʊ. Kʊ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 4 900. Tibbɛtii kɛna egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ ageeta cikpena naatozo yɔ. Ageeta anaa yɔ: Ucaŋ, Amdo nɛ Kam. Tibɛtii walanzɩ taa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yee pakpaɣ egeetiye nɖɩ payawaɣ-ɖɩ se Tibɛtɩi kɩpɩnɩʊ yaa Tibɛtii sɔsɔʊ kɔyɔ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 2 500 000 km2 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ Tibɛtii kʊnɛ kɔyɔ, kʊkʊ walanzɩ taa ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 1 221 600 km2 yɔ.
Tibɛtii egeetiye taa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ pɛsɛʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Pudiyizimɩ nɛ Bön. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ nɛ kristʊ mba pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Henry Ford
Henry Ford kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Etaazuunii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Palʋla-ɩ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1863 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Henry Ford ɛnɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Dearborn, ɖɩwɛ Michigan ɛjadɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ kɛna Etaazuunii tɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naaɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnʋ, ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Dearborn ɖenɖe paalʋla-ɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa Henry Ford ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe.
Kɔnɔɔ kpaɖʋ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkɛkɛna ndɩ ndɩ tʋma laɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi patawayɩ liuu siŋŋ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnʋ kaakɛna lɔɔɖa ɖɩlaɖɛ lone tʋmɩyɛ tʋ. Ɛtʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ size Ford. Ɖɩsɩma mbʋ size ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ Ford, nɖɩ pakpaɣ nɛ patamasɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ fɔrdɩsɩm.
Poluki wendu ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ pɩlɔɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɛzɩma ɛnʋ sɩzɩ poluki ɖɩ-taa wondu kahɛza kɛ tam mbɩ yɔ lɛ, pɛhɛyaa tʋma laɖaa liidiye nsakɩyɛ tɔyɩ.


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Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ kɔcɔŋna ɛzɩma kedeŋa wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ se katɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ wɛtʋ nɛ kama nɛ katʋʋzɩ kedeŋa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ takayɩsɩ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keyekina se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ pɩlakɩ nɛ yolum yoluu nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keheyiɣna ɛyʋ soŋaɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʋ. Kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɛ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kasɩma se, Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, yolum yoluu alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ ñalʋŋ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ. Kasɩma se, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ yolum yoluu nɛ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ.
Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kasɩma ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ nɛ yolum ñoyoli yɔ. Tobi se, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm wandamm waa tɩŋa taa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga katʋʋzʋʋna paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ ti-lone nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ nɛ tɩ-laŋ nɛ tɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ tɩ-ajɛya ñʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katʋʋzɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖi-lone nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm tɩŋa lona.
Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ ageeta sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa egeetiye nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pɩtŋa nɛ katʋʋzɩ ɛyaa takayɩsɩ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ haba sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ cikpena wena pɛhɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɩ payɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.


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Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ ñaɖaɣna yaʋ size, n̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ yaa ñɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna lɛɣtʋ yaa lɔŋ kpɛm weyi ɛwazʋʋ yaa ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pʋlʋlɩ coo yaa kuu yɔ. Pɩkɛna taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size ɖɩla nɛ pɩyʋ huu yɔ. N̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ yekina nɛ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ samtʋ mʋna tʋ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖʋʋna hɩɖɛ yaa samtʋ kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩmayʋ.
Pamaa tɔm nɛ posusi tʋʋ lɛ, tɩhɩɖɛ kʋyʋʋ nɛ pasamtʋ poliŋ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔm mayaa ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivains" waa kɔyɔɔ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ size tɩlɩɩ nɛ tɩtɔyɩ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋʋ lɛ, pama tʋ takayaɣsɩ taa nɛ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ takayaɣsɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalɩna paa tɔm kalɩyʋ weyi lɛ.
Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, pɩcɔ nɛ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ size ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu yaa kɩlabɩnaʋ fevere n̄ɩŋgʋ lɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ payɩ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔŋ tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size ɖɔnɛ yaa lɛɛzʋ mayaɣ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paya size "chaîne graphique". Pɩcɔ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔza size pama tɔm nɛ pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ takayɩ hatʋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Pama tɔm kɩkalɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ lakasɩ sɩnɛɛyɔ kɛ takayaɣ taa : takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ hɔkʋʋ (reliure) tɩyɛ. Tɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ tɩwɛ takayaɣsɩ kɩkalasɩ hatʋ kpiyuu (pliure) tɩyɛ. Matʋ natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke (brochure) tɩyɛ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp tɛ naalɛ you sɔsɔʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ, pɛlɛɛza hɩɖɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ
(imprimerie) nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size «industries graphiques».


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Amazon.com
Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa palakɩ tadɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ yɔɔ. Tadɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. ». Tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ Seattle tɛtʋ taa. Takayɩsɩ tadɩyɛ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ labʋ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, papaɣzɩ pɛdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʋ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ.
Wondu ndʋ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ nɖɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. » yɔ ɖɩpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩyɔŋ pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ɛsa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ñɩnɩɣ se po-wondu ndʋ pɛpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩkɩlɩ kajʋka nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tadɩyɛ wondu.
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ1994 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Jeff Bezos tʋlɩna tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1997 taa patʋlɩ tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ Nasdaq tɛtʋ taa.
Piyele nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2000 taa ɖɩlɩwa. Nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amaon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ pɩsɩ kajalaɣ tadɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ wondu pɛdɩɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ waa sɔsaa naanza mba pɛwɛɛ yɔ, nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ wɛ pa-taa. pa-taawɛna. Ɛntɛrɩnɛɛtɩ waa kɩkpaɖaa naanza ḿba, mbaa yɔ : Apple nɛ Google nɛ « Facebook.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa, ɛyaa 132 600 lakaɣna tʋmɩyɛ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tadɩyɛ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tʋmɩyɛ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ.


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Everest pʋʋ
Everest pʊʊ wɛ Himalaya pʊŋ hɛkɩŋ taa; kpaɣna Nepaalɩ, ɖenɖe payaɣ se Sagarmatha yɔ nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna Siini hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊpayaɣ se Tibet yɔp. Eerɔpʋ mba na-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1847 nɛ pamaazɩ-kʊ lɛ pana se kʊ-kʊkʊyɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 8848; nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ, pɩnaɣ 1865 taa kɛ paya-kʊ kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ papaɣzɩkʊ-yɔɔ kolokaɣ seu.
Ɛlɛ, pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-nikaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ sɩkɩ paa ɛsɩmtaa. Pɩnaɣ 1924 taa mba payaɣ se George Mallory nɛ Andrew Irvine yɔ, pakpawaɣ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ pehiu sɩm nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ se papɩzaa patalɩ kɩ-taa yaa patatalɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1950 taa kɛ Népal ha nʊmɔʊ se weyi ɛsɔɔla se ɛkpaɣ kɩ-taa ɛpɩsɩɣ ɛkpa yem faaa. Paakpaɣ kɩ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ patɩŋgɩna pɩtɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ pɩhadɛ kɩŋ; ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ ɛtʊlɩ kɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ mlɛ, pɩnzɩ nasɩtozo wayɩ lɛ, Edmund Hillary nɛ Tensing Norgay papɩzaa nɛ pakpa kɩ-taa nɛ patʊlɩ.
Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊyɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ kpaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ n ɛ pɩkpaɣ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1996 taa kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ sɔsɔwa nakɑyɛ laba nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyʒe hiu sɩm; nɛ kpaʊ nɛ mbʊ nɛ sɔnɔyɔ ɛyaa ɛzɩ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ sɩba. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ɛyaa eeyeki kɩ-taa kpaʊ se pala ɛsɩyɛ egbena. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ kudokiŋ hiu nɛ naanza taka se pakpa kɩ-taakpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1922 taa nɛ pa-taa lɛ, kudokiŋ naanza pɩzɩna nɛ patʊlɩ kɩ-taa hem; ɛlɛ sherpas mba wɛna nɛ pasɩŋna-wɛ nɛ patʊlɩɣ kɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1847 taa anasaayɩnaa nabɛyɛ lɩ kʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayɩ lɛ, pamaɣzɩ kɩ-kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ nɛ pana se kɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 8 848. "Everest" pʋʋ kɩlɩna kʋyʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ kɩpɩsɩ ɛsɩyɛ egbena lone nɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, anasaayɩnaa sakɩyɛ , kɔzɔ kɔzɩ "iŋkilisi" n̄ɩma, powoki nɛ pakpaɣ kʋ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ 200 mbʋ yɔ hiɣ sɩm pʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-kpaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa mbʋ yɔ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛyʋ tʋlɩ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1924 taa ɖajanaa panɛ George Mallory nɛ Andrew Irvine pakpaɣ nʋmɔʋ se powoki nɛ pakpa kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ patapɩsɩ, ɛyʋ tana mbʋ pɩtɛmna-wɛ yɔ.
Everest pʋʋ wɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa, Neepalɩ tɛtʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, Xigazê egeetiye taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛyʋ ɛtalɩ Neepaalɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɛkpaɣ "Col Sud" nʋmɔʋ yɔ, ɛlɩɣ kʋ-yɔɔ tobi. Kaaŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi payaɣ se "roches sédimentaires" yɔ, ɛnʋ wɛnɩ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ nɛ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se "roches métamorphiques" yɔ, ɛlɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ ki-liu tɛɛ.
Tɔm keem
- 1 Ɖenɖe tɔmpiye «Everest» lɩnaa yɔ
- 2 Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩwɛɛ ?
- 3 Kɩ-tɔm
- 3.1 Ɛzɩma patɩlɩɣ-kʊ
- 3.2 Pacalʊʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kpaʊ yɔ
- 3.3 Kedeŋa kpeekpe sɩm-kʊ yɔ nɛ pɩ-kazʊwa
- 4 Kɩ-samaɣ nɛ ndʊ pɔyɔɔdɩ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 5 Kɩ-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ
- 5.1 Palakʊʊ sipɔɔrɩ nɛ pakpaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ́́
- 5.1.1 Nʊmɔŋ weyi patɩŋʊʊ nɛ pakpaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 5.1.2 Mbʊ payaɣ se sitatisitiki (statistiques) yɔ
- 5.1.3 Mbʊ payaɣ se kɔntrofɛɛrɩsɩ(controverse) yɔ
- 5.2 Pakandʊʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kandʊʊ mbʊ yɔ
- 5.1 Palakʊʊ sipɔɔrɩ nɛ pakpaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ́́
- 6 Ndʊ paa anɩ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ
- 7 Takayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ


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Tɩŋ piye
Tɔmʊʊ tɩŋ piye lɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa fructus nɛ kɩwɛnɛ kpaɣ latɛŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, tɔbɩŋ nɩʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛyʊ sɩma nɛ-ɩ yɔ sɔnɔ. Pɩɩkɛ fluor tɛ pɩdaa wɛɛʊ tɔmʊʊ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, piye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊtʊ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ ɖooo yala fʊwa taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ pɩɣʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kɔyɔ se kohuzuu pee yɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛ kawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pee ɛmɩzɩɣ yɔ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wɛ paatɔkɩ-yɛ nɛ halɩ naayɛ ñɛwɛ agʊʊ.
Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ piye wɩlɩɣ pee wenaa awɛ mʊtʊ yɔ ɛlɛ, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔɔna lɛɛŋ nɛ ɛmʊna se palabɩna leleŋ tɔɔnasɩ ɛzɩ frɛzɩ waa yaa adɔtɔ naa yaa ɖɔɖɔ pee wenaa pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ tokasi (rhubarbe).
Ŋdɛŋgbɛzaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɛzɩ tɩmatɩ nɛ kelaa yaa agbisaa yaa kpɛnzʊʊ kisokuu, patɩzʊʊ-wɛ paaɖʊʊ sikiri nɛ pasʊʊ paa ɛzɩmtaa ɖɔm tɔɔnasɩ kɩlabɩsɩ taa. Pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ hatʊ ɖozi, yaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi pee. Mbʊ lɛ, tɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzʊʊ kɩkɛ piye yee ɖɩwɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɔyɔ, paa patɩzʊʊ-kʊ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi yɔ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʊ paɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ piye nɛ hatʊ ɖozi pɩsaa pɩwɛ kaɖɛ. Pee naayɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi, ɛzɩ melon mbʊ yɔ, piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɖɩtɔɔyɛ kajalaɣ yɔ, yaa pee kɩtɩza naayɛ paɖʊʊ-yɛ nandʊʊ tɛlɛm naa taa ɛzɩ leemuu. Tuluŋga yɔ lɛ, hatʊ ɖozi nasɩyɛ taa wɛ leleŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-sɩ hɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ awihɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɩzʊʊ tɛ lɛ, piye wala tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ leleŋ tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pamazʊʊ kajalaɣ taa se kɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kɔkɔŋna ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa fitamini naa nɛ mɔndɔndʊʊ yɔ. Erɔpʊ yaa Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ payaɣ se ɛkɩzɔtɩkɩ pee tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pee wena pɔkɔŋnɛ-yɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa pɩlɩɩna nɩnʊʊ nɛ naʊ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔm ɛzɩ adɔtɔ, ɛyabɩyɛ, kiwi, maŋgʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ.
Tɩzʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, piye kɛ mbʊ keŋkeŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛlɛ pamazɩɣ se tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ hatʊ ɖozi (kelaa, sonaa, samɩla, kɔŋkɔmbɩrɩ, tɩmatɩ, payaa, olive). Lɛlaa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kusokuu (muscade kpaakpa, kpɛnzʊʊ kuzokuu, vanille nɛ kpɛnzʊʊ). Pɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ ɖaɣ pee (pilee nɛ mɔʊ) kɛ ɖɔɖɔ pee keeke nɛ pɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ siŋ.


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Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ
Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ kɛna lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla walɩɣ lɛɛŋ payɩ keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa makʊʊna 166 241 700 km2; yaa ɛzɩ pɛtɛya keteŋga kpeekpe tam nautozo kɔ yɔ, kɩ-ɖeke kɩkpakɩɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kpem. Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwadɩɣna Océanie tɩŋga nɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ natʊyʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩtaa yɔ pɩna tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa nɛ tɩtakɩlɩ poliŋ nɛ ɖama yɔ; ɛzɩ: Asia taa yɔ (Japɔŋ, Filipini, Insulinde). Asia, Ositraalii nɛ Amerika pɔpcɔna Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtaa. Hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Ostraali Lɩŋgamʊʊ pɩzɩnaa. Hadɛ kɩŋ peeɖe ɖɔdɔ lɛ, caŋga ŋga ka-wayɩ alɩwaatʊ lɛzɩɣ yɔ, kɛwɛ meridien 180 ñɩŋgʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi.


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Laatriki miŋ
Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe yaa hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi nasɩyɛ wɛɛ. Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe ana alakɩna nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma laatriki miŋ ɖɔŋ ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ yɔ.
Laatriki miŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛya wena aɖɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ, a-taa laatriki miŋ kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ. Ajɛya ana alakɩna laatriki miŋ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ palakɩna tʊma anasaayɩ ñɩndʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ɛntɛɛrɩnɛɛtɩ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Poluba anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ pala ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ paapɩzɩɣ pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ : laatriki mootinaa (moulins électriques) nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔtʊʊ wondu kuzusutu (lavage à sec) yɔ.
Minziiki yɔɔlʊʊ ; taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se sonorisation yɔ, yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ. Anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se imprimante. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lakɩ oridinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, imprimante ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛyʊ lɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba yɔ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ laatriki miŋ lɩɣ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ yebina nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se révolution industrielle yɔ pɩtasɩ lɩʊ nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lubu tɛzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.


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Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ (métal)
Ñɩɣtʊ pakpakʊʊ nɛ polukina wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ: kʊdʊyʊŋ maʊ taa (lɔbʊtʊ taa, kafintanaa mba pɔlɔkɩnañɩɣtʊ yɔ), pʊlɔmʊ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɔmpɩnaa, lɔɔɖa lubu (kpaɣ cɛɛcɛ pɩtalɩ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ), tʊma ndɩ ndɩ sɩm tʊma taa, malɩfanaa nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se polubina ñɩɩyasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: laadiɖiki miŋñɩɣyasɩ nɛ nzɩ sɩkaɖuʊ nɛ tɛʊ yɔ, kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa wondu, kanɖʊnaa, kpelasi nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ. Ñɩɣtʊ waɣzaɣ ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1980 lɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩdaa wɛ ñɩɣlɩm yɔ pohuyuu-tʊ yem.


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Lɛɣtʋ
Lɛɣtʋ (Fransɩɩ taa payaɣ se science, Latɛɛ taa ’lɛ scientia, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ) kɛna wembu ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkaa nɛ ɛsɩm-pʋ yɔ, wembu ɛyʋ sɩma se pɩkɛ toovenim, ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pɩkpɛndaa pɩkɛna sɩmtʋ, kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa tazʋʋ. Patazɩɣ se pañɩnɩ nabʋyʋ, tazʋʋ pʋmbʋ, pɩwɛna nɩmaʋ kɩtɩŋgʋʋ lɩŋŋŋ. Nɛ wembu pɔtɔŋ-pʋ se ɛɛɛ yɔ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛna nɛ etisi se toovenim ɛɛɛ.
Wembu mansɩmawaa cejewiye (communauté savante), ɖɩnɖɩ kandayɩɣna sɩyansɩwaa yɔɔ, ñɩnɩɣ yɔɔ ’lɛ se sɩyansɩtʋ sɩmtʋ (connaissances scientifiques) ɛkɛna wembu ɛyaa ñɩnaa, pakpa petii, pɛlɛlɩ, paɖʋ tozo, nɛ paa anɩ ɛɖʋ pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa ɛlɩɩ sɩmltʋ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ, nɛ paa pɩkakɩlɩ we, weyi ɛɖɔma pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa paa le, ɛkalɩɩ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ’ɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ nʋmaŋɖɔm nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ tɔm taa wɛtʋ yɔ, paba kɛna sɩmtʋ lʋlʋʋ wembu yɔ, nɛ wembu ɛyaa lakɩna tʋmɩyɛ se pʋlʋlɩ sɩmtʋ yɔ. Wembu pasɩmna-wɛ yɔ kɛna wembu pañɩnɩɣ yɔ. pʋbʋʋ yɔ se pasɩna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɛ pɩsa nɩʋ kɛlɛʋ - pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ wendu tɩlɩɣ yɔ, tɩ nɛ wembu pɩwɛ keekee yɔ, ndɩwɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɛdaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Ɛzɩ kpalɩtʋ (dogmes) tɔŋgʋʋ se toovenim tɔm ɖɔɖɔ tɩñɩnɩɣ yɔ, sɩyansɩ ñɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔmɛndɛma tɔm taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kʋ-tɔm ɛdamaɣ weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩɣyɩ. Sɩmtʋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔŋɖɔm, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ enii-wɛ nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ-wɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɩyansɩwaa ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wɛtʋ, nɛ pana pɩ-taa wembu pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla ceewayɩ yɔ, nɛ pala-pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ wazaɣ nakɛyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ taa ɛnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋmbʋ kpɛzɩɣnɩna sɩyansɩwaa pamba. Sɩmtʋ tʋndʋ tɩkɛna tɛkɩniki ɛsɩndaa wobinaʋ tigiɖe nɛ tɛkɩniki kʋkʋ ñɛwɛɛ wazaɣ sɔsɔa ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.
Ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ ’lɛ, sɩyansɩ kamalɩna filozofii sɛɛsɛɛ. Dominique Lecourt ma pʋmbʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa se : ñɔkɔyɩnaʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖitamsɩ sɩyansɩwaa nɛ lɩmaɣza labʋ tɔm wendu payaɣ se filozofii yɔ. Wembu pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ñʋʋ taa maɣzɩyaa nabɛye kɛqɛ Ionie pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ VII ñɩŋga taa pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋʋ. Pamba labɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se wembu pɩlakɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pu-kubuuzutu wɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ sɩyansɩ tɔm taa sɩmtʋ wɩla pʋmmbʋ na. Dominique Lecourt ñɔtɔma se filozɔfʋwaa kajalaɣñɩma ñalakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ (ɛlɛ pedesidiɣ filozofi nɛ sɩyansɩ).
Sɩyansɩ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa weŋga’lɛ, kapama ɛsɛ nɛ sɩyansɩ sɩmtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ solo. Ɛzɩ matematikiwaa, simii, fiziki, piolozii, mekaniki, ɔpɩtiki, farɩmasii, asɩtronomii, arɩkiyolozii, tɔsʋʋ, sosiyolozii, ppw. Paatɔŋ se patʋʋ tʋʋʋ wembu yɔ, pɩtɛma, yaa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ pɩ-taa tʋʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ patasɩ tʋʋʋ paa sɩyansɩ piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ ka-taa, pɩpɩzaa pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpeɣu taa. Paa piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ tem.