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Pablo Picasso
Palʊla Pablo Ruiz Picasso kɛ Malaga kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lutozo wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1973.
Mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ nakʊ fɛyɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kɛ Mougins kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ tɔlɩm tayʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩʊ kpelasɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ saɣyʊ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ ɛ-laba ɛ-tɛ feziʊ caɣʊ pʊɖɔ. Ɛkɛ keɖewa tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ ɛwɛna ɛ-cɛyʊa tɛ ɖoŋ ɛkɛ keɖewa tʊmɩyɛ laɖa ñɔtʊ ɛnɛ Georges Braque nɛ ɛ-taabalʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ yuŋtʊ kɛ waɣ nɛɛlɛ ŋga taa ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ sɩm nɛ ɛ-tɛ polɩtɩkɩ lɔŋ yɔ lɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ labʊ tʊma kʊdokɩŋ nɩnɩwa. Palʊla Pablo kɛ ɖoo taa ñɩtʊ nɛlɛ nɛ natozo nɛ cɛcɛsɩ hiʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ kɛ Malaga. Ʊnʊ kɛna José Ruizy Blasco pʊwa kajalaɣ ñɩŋga, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛna wɩlɩyʊ kɛ tɔlɩm taʊ sʊkʊlɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ ŋdʊ payaɣ se San Telmo, ɛ-ɖoo payaɣ se Maria Picasso Lopez. Payaʊ se Picasso pitɛkɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa yatʊ ɛlɛ takayɩsɩ maya napɛyɛ yɔdʊʊ se yatʊ ŋdʊ tɩtɛ nɛ ɩtallɩɩ kɩŋ. Paalʊlɩ pɔjɔzɔ nɔyʊ kɛ Sori, Genes eketiiye taa. Mbʊ Robert Maillard cɔlɔ lɛ, hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛkɛ Itaallɩɩ tɛtʊ taa mba mamaɣ. Pablo kɩwɛna kɔnaa naalɛ, kɔnaɣtʊ paya se Maria de Los Dolorès, nɛ ɛ- sɛ se Lola, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1884, naalɛtʊ kɔyɔ sɛ hɩɖɛ se Conchita, ɛlɛ patafɛɩna abalʊ pʊwa kaʊ.


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Mʊɖɛ lɩm
Mʊɖɛ lɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩcatʊna ɖenɖe puhuwa yɔ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊʊna yɔ nɛ kʊɖɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ nasɩyɛ haɣna lɩm mbʊ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛ yaa naalɩm tɩyɛ nɛ naayɛ taa sida calɩm nɛ pee. Pʊcɔ nɛ mʊɖɛ kpa ɛyʊ lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna heŋ nɩɩyɛ labɩna-ɩ, piye naɖɩyɛ lɩna ñɩɩɩ yaa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ ɖɛna-ɩ. Lɩm cakɩ ɖenɖe yɔ, sonzo naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ apʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kʊlʊtasɩ nɛ sɩɖazʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛʊ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊna yɔ.
Mʊɖɛ paazʊʊ lɛ, peeɖe saɣ miŋ nɛ peeɖe wɛɛ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ piyele puhuu pazɩ. Mʊya wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kpa ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔ. Mʊɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa lɩm ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ naanim yɔ. Mʊya lɛɛna taa lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila caɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊindɔndʊ yɔ. Fɩtɩyɩm huɖu ñɩŋganzɩ kʊdɔŋ mʊɖɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mʊɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖi-lɩm wɛ kele kele nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila ɖɔɖɔ. Agbanja mʊya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Hʊzʊŋ ñɩŋganzɩ kʊɖɔŋ mʊya wɛɛ. Mʊya ana a-lɩm caɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Naayɛ lɩm wɛ huluu sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ mʊya ana lɛ, ɖalaa kʊɖɔŋ ñahaɣna-yɛ.
Pɔcɔna ñɩnʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaɣ kʊlʊdasɩ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ wa yɔ kɩ-taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ se mʊya taa tomnasi sakɩyɛ. Kʊlʊdasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ mʊya lɩm taa yɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna mʊya ana aɖɩlɩyɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩɣna kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sonzo wena ahaɣ mʊya ana yɔ. Pɛkɛdʊ mʊya nɛ ɖama kɔyɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mʊya taa kʊlʊtasɩ nasɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩnamɩyɛ ɖalaa, calɩm hokasi kʊhʊlʊmasɩ yaa tomnaɣ taa ajɔɔla ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖenɖe lɩm caɣ mbʊ yɔ, peeɖe ɖazʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩzɔɔtʊʊ.
Pɩwɛɛ se mʊɖɛ ɛkpa nɔɔyʊ lɛ, eyele pañazɩ-ɩ ɖɩ yaa patʊlɩ-ɩ ɖɩ nɛ palɩzɩ lɩm mbʊ pɩtɩŋga. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩzʊ pɩwɛɛ ɖazʊ yɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩɖazɩ yaa piyele pɩpɩsɩ eyʊ taa nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖol i nɛ pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ.

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Alto
Alto kɛna minziiki wonuu. Kɩwɛ minziiki wondu pɩlɩʋ taa. Kɩkɛ minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ palakɩ-kʋ nɛ nimee yɔ. Kɩ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ payaɣ size vɩɔlɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛlɛ, alto paɣlaa pɩkɩlɩ viɔlɔɔ. Ki-witu lɛɛzɩɣ sakɩyɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 128 Hz nɛ pɩsɩna 2600 Hz mbʋ yɔ.
Katɔrɩ nimaa n̄ɩŋgʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ (2 Vɩɔlɔɔ yaa alto yaa vɩɔlɔsɛlɩ). Alto witu wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛkɛ ɛzɩ abalʋ kɩlɩm nɔɔ witu wɛʋ yɔ wiliŋ tɩŋɛ taa (sɔpranɔ, yaa alto, yaa abalʋ kɩlɩm nɔɔ witu nɛ witu hɛɛɛ ñɩndʋ).
Ki-loyaɣ ɖasam loniye wala siŋŋ.
Soo n̄ɩɣyʋ kʋnɛ, kʋ-tʋma sɔsɔna kpaɣna ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ 18 ŋgʋ taa nɛ Georg Philipp Telemann tɛ konserto maʋ yɔ. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Symphonie concertante kɛ vɩɔlɔ nɛ alto Mozart hɩɖɛ taa. Stamitz nɛ Hoffmeister nɛ pɩtasɩna Rolla ɖɔɖɔ pa-tʋma taa.
Kpaɖʋʋ 20 taa lɛ, minziiki wondu luɖaa sakɩyɛ kama ɖɔɖɔ konserto waa kɛ alto hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛyaa panɛ ɖɔɖɔ : Béla Bartók, nɛ Paul Hindemith,nɛ pɩtasɩna William Walton.
Alto kɛ minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ kaŋ kɛ soo n̄ɩyɩŋ ɖɩjaɣyɛ loyaɣ ɖasam loniye taa yɔ.
Alto kɛ minziiki ɖandɛ n̄ɩŋʋ.


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Pɛnsilvaanii
Pɛnsilvaanii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Niwu Jɛrsii, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Ohiyo, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Tɛlawɛrɩ, Marilandii nɛ Firziinii ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Niwu Yɔrki.
Pamaza Pɛnsilvaanii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 119 283 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 116 074 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 3 208 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2.69 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna looɖo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Pɛnsilvaanii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Harrisburgh nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Philadelphia.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1787. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 12 805 537 yɔ.
Payaɣ Pɛnsilvaanii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Tom Wolf (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Bob Casey, Jr. (D) nɛ Pat Toomey (R).


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Tɔm kpou
Tɔm kpou, pɩkɛ taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ tɔmpe ndɩ ndɩ yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɩyɛ nɛ papazɩna kajalaɣ mayaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩɖɩna kɩtɛzaɣ, nɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ palɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ, patazɩ ɖɩ-taa kpayɩ kpayɩ, pɛkɛtɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɛ mbʊ yɔ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Takayaɣ pɩwɛ ɖɩɖʊ tʊkaɣ nakayɛ nɛ tɔm poŋ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ, kanɛ yɔ kɛkɛ ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ kʊyʊmʊʊ tɔm yaa pama-kɛ nɛ nzʊlɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ.
Malɩyʊ abalʊ ñɩnʊ tɔm kpou kɛ takayaɣ kɩkɩndaɣ kɛ latɛŋ hɛkʊ wɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa dictionarium ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se dictio. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pama-ɖɩ nɛ n kʊyʊm, ɛlɩna latɛŋ dictio cɔlɔ. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kaawɛ ɖooo Jean Garlande tɛ Dictionarius cum comm ɛlɩ ñalɩ pɩnaɣ 1220.
Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ paɣzɩna Fransɩɩ tɔm kpoŋ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ ñɔɔ yɔ (pɩnaɣ 1650), Ménage weyi yeke nɛ maɣzɩm taa pɩza ɛna Fransɩɩ tɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ kiɖe. Caama kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Friedrich Christian Diez (pɩnzɩ 1794 ŋtalɩ 1876) sɩna lɛɣtʊ tɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kiɖe. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ sɔnɔ yɔ Walther von Wartburg kumoɖe tʊmɩyɛ huzina ɖɩ-yɔɔ (pɩnaɣ 1888 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1971), nɖɩ yebina nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩwɛna aseɣɖe tɔm sakɩyɛ ndʊ paacɔɔlʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩlɩna Fransɩɩ tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ.
Kajalaɣ pɩlʊʊ takayasɩ lɩna Sumer, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Pala-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ tʊma naa taa, se pɩsa pɛkpɛlɛkɩ mayaa, pɩɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kpem nɛ pɩkɛ wazaɣ ñɩnɖɛ. Mbʊ lɛ panaɣ papɩla tabɩlɩ naa cikpema 42 nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ hɩla 14000, papɩlɩ-yɛ pɩlɩna paa weyi ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊ kajalaɣ tʊ yɔɔ.


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Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1858 n̄ɩŋga taa. Lone nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Lucques yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ .
Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Grand-duché de Toscane yɔ, ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ nakʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1924 n̄ɩŋga taa. Bruxelles egeetiye tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa Michele Puccini ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peɖe.
Itaalii tʋ ɛnɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɖʋ hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ yɔ mbɩ yɔ. E-liɖe lɩna hɔʋʋ kɩbɩnʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Hɔʋʋ kɩbɩnʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-taa kajalaa mba lakaɣ minziiki cɩmɩŋ siŋŋ.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, hɔʋʋ ŋgʋ, soo mabʋ ndɩ ndɩ tam kagbanzɩ mbɔ yɔ, kɔŋ nɛ pɩɖɛʋ waa nɛ waa taa mbɩ yɔ.
Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa cɔzɔnaa cɔzɔ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, palʋla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1712 n̄ɩŋga taa, nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1781 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Michele Puccini. Giacomo Puccini wezu caɣʋʋ, nɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ ɛ-sɔlɩm ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ha nʋmɔʋ ɖajaanaa panɛ yɔ : Paolo Benvenuti, nɛ Paola Baroni size pala filim nɛ pɔcɔna-kʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm n̄ɩyʋʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa kɛ palaba filim ŋgʋ. Kɩwɛɛ mbʋ nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ na ɛyɔ.


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Peruu
Peruu kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔèɖɩ nɛ ata y; oana yɔ: Ekuwatɛɛrɩ, Kolombii, Pireziili, Polivi, Silii nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ dɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ 1 285 220 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakɩlɩ peeɖe ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa 29,1.
Peruu ɛjaɖɛ ta tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ paaɣ se Lima nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɖeke ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa nakʊ. Lima tɛtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩntaa wobu kɩla wɛʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ɖɔŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ paaɖʊ-tʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1993. Peruu kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ 24 ɛlɛ komina cɩyɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ paa egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ Kesuwa nɛ Ayimara.


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Piresiili
Amerika nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ ajɛya taa lɛ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ɖɩ-samaɣ kɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔʋ. Ɖɩwalaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtakakɩnaa 8 515 767 mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɛkɛ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa 201 yɔ pɩnaɣ 2013 n̄ɩŋa taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ taa lɛ, Piresiili kɛnɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʋʋ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 n̄ɩŋa taa lɛ, Piresiili kɛkɛnɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩŋɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʋʋ huwaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Ɖɩ-ɛsɩndaa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ. Preziili kɛwɛna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa dɔɔlaarɩ waa ɛgbaŋ 2 243. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ tɛtʋ tɔm naalɛ yɔ, Piresiili kpaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mpilim. Ɛ nɛ Siilii nɛ Ekowatɛɛrɩ pa-ajɛɛ ɖeke tasɩɩna nɛ ɖama kamasɩ. Piyele ɛ nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɛna kpeekpe pasɩna ɖama kamasɩ.
Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ kɛwɛ yomiye taa waasɩ sakɩyɛ Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba nesi tɛɛ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, ɖi-ɖeke ɖɩkɛnɩna Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba n̄ɩm Amerika tɛtʋ taa. Mbʋ yebina nɛ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Pɔrtigaalɩ n̄ɩmba kʋnʋŋ Preziili ɛjaɖɛ tʋma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdʋʋ. Piresiili wɛ ajɛɛ wena ayɔɔdʋʋ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋnʋŋ yɔ, a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛɛ taa lɛ, Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ, pʋwayɩ lɛ, Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʋnʋŋ. Paakɩlɩɣ-kʋ yɔɔdʋʋ Amerika Laatiini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Piresiili nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ lɛɛna pɛwɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ : ŋgbɛyɛ Katolika taa n̄ɩma kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ, ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖama n̄ɩɣdʋʋ tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ taa, sakɩyɛ wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, 84 wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa (84 %).
Kominawaa ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ ɛyʋ tɩyɔɔwɛʋ. Pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖamanɩnaʋ wɛɛ ndɩ yɔ. Laʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ huuzi Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ yɔɔ, ɛyaa fɛyɩ laʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ : "Sao Paulo" nɛ "Rio de Janeiro" nɛ ageta sɔsɔna taa naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔ "Belo Horizonte" tɛtʋ nɛ ɖɩta yɔ. Tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛɛ wena a-taa mulum kɩla wɛʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ a-taa. Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ a-taa. Ajɛɛ ana, anaa yɔ : Siini, Ɛɛndɩ, Afrɩka hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Ruusii.


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Tuniizii
Tuniizii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Mediteranee teŋgu wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alɩzeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ nɛ kamaɣ kanɛ katalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 965 yɔ, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Liibii nɛ a-hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 459 mbʊ yɔ.
Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩlɩɣ yaʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se Tuniisi nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa ɛzɩ 30 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊŋ nɛ fɛɛŋ weyi ɩ-taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩwɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣza ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ kpacayʊɣ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956; pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.
Ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ payawaɣ se Habib Bourguiba. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiŋ naatozo lɛ, peeɖɛ komina ñʊʊ, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, ñaɣ pana hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛkɛzɩ-ɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ, ɛlɛ ñalaba pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naatozo lɛ ɛyaa ɛnɩɣ pɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kpem nɛ paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pakʊsɩ Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali kɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 201.
Béji Caïd Essebsi kɛŋna Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ komina ñɩnʊ kɩfalʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ Habib Essid.


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Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ
Tɔsʊʊ (Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, oἰkovouίa / oikonomía « tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ hɔʊ taa »), pɩkɛ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɔza labʊ, tɛyʊʊ, kɩlɛzʊʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ. Tɔsʊʊ kɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ tɔsʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ piŋ nɛ ɖɩñɩkɩɣ niye tɔsʊʊ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ ɖɔkʊʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ kudoku tɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, Sumer ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa hiɣ tadɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ piŋ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pɛdɩɣ yɔɔ. Pakpaɣ Sumer tɛ kajalaɣ paɣtʊ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ tɔsʊʊ takayɩsɩ kɩmamasɩ yɔ, nɛ sɩ-taa peeɖe sakɩyɛ wɛɛ paɖɩnɩɣ-sɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ liidiye hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ sɔnɔ kɩlɛzʊʊ tadɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ paɖʊ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ masɩ yɔ (kɛzɛɣa ɖo ñŋa).
Ɖajaa Adam Smith cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ yaa huu tɩna ñɩm huu ɖɔɖɔ. Thomas Malthus, ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ ɖiyiyu weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛsɩŋna kʊñɔndɩnaa ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa, nɛ kʊñɔŋ kpa-ɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma tɔɔnasɩ taala pɩnzɩ 1794 nɛ 1800 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ mbʊ se pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ nɛ ñɩm huu. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ takayaɣ ŋga yɔ maɣzɩɣ pɩlɩna samaɣ wɛtʊ yɔɔ, ɛyaa pazɩ pɔsɔɔlɩ piŋ nɛ piseɣti nɛ papazɩ kɩgalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 nɛ Kenneth Arrow tʊma pɩlɩna ɖeyi ɖeyi wɛtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩnzɩ 2008 nɛ 2010 tɔsʊʊ ñɔɔsɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tɩɖanɩ pɩsʊʊ Keynési ñɩndʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛ FMI ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1750 nɛ 1850 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba paawɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ kaawɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ pɔcɔŋna pɩyakʊʊ nɛ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩlʊʊ nɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩ-tɛ liidiye ɖʊʊ nɛ pɩ-kɛsɛsɩ.
Papɩzɩɣ payaa tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yem tobi se tɔsʋʋ. Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ yaa kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ katɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ ɖɔŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa John Maynard Keynes ñɩnɩ siŋŋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se payaʋ se tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ. Tɔsʋʋ cikpeluu wɛɛ nɛ tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔsɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔnɛ.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ liidiye sɔsɔna sʋʋ nɛ alɩɣ lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ hukuu huuu mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma ɛyaa ɖʋʋ pe-liidiya tɔsɩŋ koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.
Piyele tɔsɔɔ cikpeluu ñɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyaa wɛtʋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa lakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɣ kɩkpɩlʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma palakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ehukuu kuhuu kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩcɔŋna nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɩɣ kɩkpɩlʋʋ kɔyɔ.
Kɩcɔŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ehukuu huuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ lakɩ lɩmaɣza kɩlabʋ ɛzɩma mbʋ papɩzɩɣ pâla nɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda yɔ.
Kɩɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu yaa kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛlɛ, kɩlɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza kɩbana wena a-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa tɔsʋʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Piyele labʋ tɔsʋʋ ñalakɩ pʋyʋ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu.
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ tʋlʋʋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyaa lakɩ-yɛ nɛ liidiye sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩla tada ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩlakɩ tɔma sakɩyɛ wena akɔŋna liidiye ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya nʋmɔʋ taa, yaa sukuli labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa Ɛlɛ, lɩmaɣza tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yɔɔ kɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ kɩlakɩ kʋ-tʋma kpeekpe.


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Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze)
Cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa Pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ yaa pɩnzɩ pɩkɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ kɩbɩŋjaazɩ tɔm nɛ canaʊ tɔm pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ laɣsɩpɩtɩŋna cɩnjŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊrɔnzɩ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa yatʊ ndʊ ɖɩsɩma se pɩkɛ kuwiviɖi nɛ ɛtɛŋ pɛtɛ ɖama taa siduu yɔ.
Sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩsɩma se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tʊmʊna yaa tɩlɛzɩna kuwiviɖi wɛɛ yaa kalikolitiki wɛɛ ɛlɛ, tɩɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ nɩɣtʊ alɩwaatʊ talɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa a-tʊma tɔm kaakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ lɛɛna pɩlɩna Pʊrɔzɩ yɔ yɔ takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa tɔm taa wɩlɩɣ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kamasɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛzɩtʊ lɩ sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ tɩcɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ nɛ pɛkpɛka kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋ yɔ (ajɛyɛ wena añɔtɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpam yɔ nɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ [[Azii[[) Pʊrɔnzɩ alɩwaatʊ kaatalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ, kpaɣ 3000 ŋtalɩ 1000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ɛlɛ, paa lɛzɩtʊ ɛkɔma sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ yɔ. Pɩɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Ameriki latini nɛ ɖenɖe pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ lɛ, paasɩma sika nɛ kuwiviɖi ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ, patatɩlɩ Pʊrɔnzɩ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm mayʊ Nicolas Mahudel pɩlɩna ɛtʊma kɩbɩnjaazɩ ñɩnaa pɩlʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛtasɩ walanzɩ Antoine Jussieu lɩmaɣza wena ɛlɛ kaalaba yɔ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1734 taa, ɛkalɩ ɛ-tɛ ñɩnʊʊ lɩmaɣza takayaɣ nakayɛ kɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda kɛ Keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩmayɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ŋga ka-taa ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛkɛtɩ se alɩwaatʊ wɛna wɛɛ natozo.
Wɛɛ ana yɔ kaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ yaa cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wɛɛ pɩlʊʊ yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛwɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ yaa ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, pɔlɔtʊ pɩtalɩ halɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖenɖe pɔkɔma pɛtɛzɩ-tɩyɔɔ tisuu nɛ posusi tɩ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1740 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pasɩmtʊ-tʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛyaa tʊma sɔsɔnaa kumolaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma wena pasɩma-yɛ nazɩyɛ kaŋ taa yɔ.


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Kana
Kana kɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩlyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Kiinee kolɩfɩ cɔlɔ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Kana n,e ata ytɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Togo, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kootidivʊwaarɩ, hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Purkina Fasoo.
Kana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Akra nɛ Kana wɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ peeɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Twi, pɩkazɩ nɛ liidiya ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ Seedi. Frankofonɩ tɔm taa lɛ, Kana eeleyuu mbʊ pɩ-yɔo yɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ ajɛya wena alʊkɩ kpem se Frankofoni ɛwogina nɛɛsɩnda yɔ a-taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ Kana se Côte d'Or (Gold Coast) nɛ kɩkɔma nɛ kɩhɩɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, pɛlɛdɩ nɛ paya-kʊ se Kana se paɖʊna hɩɖɛ kɛ peeɖe sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Kwame Nkruma yɔ.
Kana taa lɛ, sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlʊba se laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiu ɖiu caaʊ ɛwɛɛ yɔ ɛ-taa kɛlɛ Kwame Nkruma ɛnʊ. Ɛbɛ kaalaba nɛ payaɣ se Côte d'or, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo lɛ pɩcɔ nɛ Caama mba, Angɩlɩsɩ mba, Peyibaa mba nɛ [[Fransɩɩ mba kpacayɩɣ Kana lɛ, Azantɩ kpakaɣ sɩkasɩ nɛ palakɩ lɩtʊ nɛ pɩɩkɛ-wɛ ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ kpataa yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe sika ŋga payaɣ se oorɩ yɔ kɛwɛ kpem.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ-se John Agyekum Kufuor yɔ patasa tɔʊ cacalɛ, ɛnʊ palɩza. Pɩkɔma saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pinaɣ 2008 lɛ, patasaɣ caca tɔʊ lɛ, nɛ pɩtaatasɩ John Agyekum Kufuor kɛ warɛ se ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ ɛlɛ, ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖaaa. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ, palɩzɩ John Atta-Mills se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ.


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Malɛɛzii
Malɛɛzii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Prueyi, Indoneezii nɛ Tayilandɩ. Pamaza Malɛɛzii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 329 750 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 30 417 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 86 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1957 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Malɛɛzii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Faris Petra nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Najib Razak.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ maalɛɛziyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kuwalaa Lumpuuri nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ komina tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Putrazaava. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +60 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rinziiti.


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Amazonii Pɔɔ
Amazonii kɛna pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Kɩ-lɩm kpem taa wɛ ɛzɩ 209000 m3/s yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Amazonii taa lɩm kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Paa pɩkpɛnda ɛzɩ pɔsɩ looɖo kpem kɔyɔ, pɩtaatɩɩtalɩda Amazonii pɔɔ taa lɩm. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 2992 yɔ. Ka nɛ Niili Pɔɔ nzɩ kɩlɩna paɣlʊ nɛ ɖɔʊ. Amazonii kɩlɩna walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Yee pɛkpɛndɩna Tacontins pɔɔ kɔyɔ, Amazonii ɖeke kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ 6112000 km2 yɔ yaa Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ 40% yɔ. Andɛɛzɩ waa taa kɛ Amazonii pɔɔ paɣzɩɣna kpem nɛ katɩŋna Peruu, Kolombi nɛ Breezil. Kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 6000 nɛ kɩkɔɔ kekpeŋ Atlantiiki teŋgu taa.
Amazonii pɔɔ wɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ ɛzɩ 1000 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna lɩm salala ɛzɩ 18% yɔ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɛtɛ pɔsɩ cikpesi nzɩ payaɣ se Madeira nɛ Rio Negro waa yɔ, sɩwɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pɔsɩ hiu naa taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se Amazonia paalaa kamaɣ fɛyɩ pɩwɛ nɩʊ; mbʊ pɩyɔɔ ƴɔ, kilomɛtanaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ŋŋnaɣ kondoloko. Kpɩyɩŋ yeke pɛtɛzɩɣna. Yee ŋtatalɩ ɖooo Maranon nɛ Ucayali kɔyɔ ŋŋnaɣ ɖɩtɛzɩyɛ. Mbʊ pɩɖaŋgʊ se paɖʊ kondolokonaa yɔ pɩɖɔɔ: kɩ-tɛ walaŋzɩ, kɩ-tɛ cukaŋ kɩ-lɩm holo, tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ, ki-kidiiliŋ eelou pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛʊ nɩʊ keŋjem nɛ kɩɩfɛʊ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, anasayɩ ñɩɩtʊ tatɩɩpɩzɩda nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩyɔɔ kɛ aŋgba ntɩ ntɩ wena acɔŋna kondolokonaa yɔ, aɖʊ lɩmaza kɛ Rio Madeira nɛ Rio Xingu pɔsɩ tɔm ɖeɖe yɔɔ. Peeɖe kpaagba mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Amazonii taa kpɩyʊ saʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Koɩyɩŋ cɩkpeŋ ɖoɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛsaɣ lɩm mbʊ pɩyɔɔ. Peeɖe nɛ pɩwayɩ mbʊ yɔ, mɛla naa cɩkpɛma kpaɣ nɛ petiki ŋkpaɣna Pongo de Mancheriche kɛ Maranon yɔɔ.
Amazonii pɔsɩ cɩkpesi kɔyɔ: Polivi, Kolombi, Ekuwatɛrɩ nɛ Fenezuyeelaa. Amazonii lɩm wadɩɣ ɛzɩ kedeŋganɛ ka-hayʊ n ɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ mbʊyɔ.


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Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ
Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kɛ Viet Nam ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩlɩna Mon-Khmer pɩlɩŋga taa osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kɛ osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩnɩyaa ɖɔɣ sakɩyɛ nɛ kɩcɛzɩ tam hɩʊ kɛ Khmer ŋgʊ ngʊ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kiyeke yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna nɔɣ tomiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna nɔɣ tiliʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ tam loɖo.
Ɖɩkpaɣ Fɩyɛtɩnaam samaɣ kɔyɔ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛzɩ hiʊ waa lutozo nɛ kɩgbanzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa naalɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kewiyaɣ maɣmaɣ tɩla se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ maʊ kpata lɩna Jésuite Alexandre de Rhode pɩnaɣ 1651 kɛ Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum taa.
Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ wɛ Viet-muong kʊnʊmɩŋ tɛ agbeela taa mon-khmer pɩlɩŋga taa osɩtroazɩyatɩkɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Patɩlɩʊʊ Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ se kɩ-kɛ mon-khmer yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɩnʊwa. Kɔnaɣ tʊ weyi ɛtamsɩ Vɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ mon-khmer kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, James Richardson Logan pɩnaɣ 1852. Sɔnɔ yɔ tʊma sakɩyɛ wɛ pɩlɩna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa.


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Televiziyɔɔ
Polindaa kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "Télévision". N̄ɩnɩyaa laba tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ polindaa kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩlaɖɛ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ lɛɣtʋ kpɛm ndʋ tɩgbaɣ alɩwaatʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Televiziyɔɔ kʋnɛ, kɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size, kɩmʋ nɛ kitiyina yaa kɩyɛlɩna lɛlʋʋ lɛlʋʋ wayɩ ɛzɩ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "séquence" yɔ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kiyekina nɛ ɛyʋ naŋgbaŋgʋʋ nɩʋ tɔm nɛ kɩ-ɛsaɣ na kɩlɛmɩŋ.
Kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ nɛ tɔm nɩʋ paya hɩɖɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "audiovisuelle". Kɛlɛʋ lɛ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size tamaɣ kɩwɩlaɣ nɛ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "programme télévisé". Televiziyɔɔ kʋnɛ kɩwɛna yaa kɩlakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ, ŋgʋ tiyiyunana yaa yɛlɩnana kɩlɛmɩŋ, kɩ-taa pɔcɔŋna filim waa, kɩ-yɔ ɖɔɖɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ pawɩlɩʋ lɛlʋʋ lɛlʋʋ wayɩ susuu nɛ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "séquences publicitaires".
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ yekina nɛ panɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ polindaa nɛ pɩcɔlɔ. Kɩkɛ Televiziyɔɔ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩfɛyɩna ɖaʋʋ yɔ yaa maɣzɩyʋ yɩ. Kɩtamasɩ tʋma hɩla nayɛ kɔ yɔ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ matʋ taa : Televiziyɔɔ yaa métonymie, nɛ télévision yaa apocope télé, yaa siglaison TV.
Televiziyɔɔ lɩzɩyaa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔ yɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Paul Nipkow, nɛ ɖajaa John Logie Baird, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖajaa Karl Ferdinand Braun, nɛ lɩmaɣza sɔsʋyʋ sɔsɔ ɖajaa Hovannes Adamian.


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Tu
Tu kɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋlʋʋ piya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ-sɩ hɩɖɛ yɔ. Kpɩna sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛna tatasɩ wɛʋ nɔɔnɔɔ.
Tuŋ weyi ɛwɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ yɔ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩŋ nɛ laʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Afrɩka tuŋ nɛ Aazii tuŋ. Ɖooo lɛ payaɣaɣ-ɩ se Ɛɛndɩ tuŋ. Tuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩŋa ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Aasii tuŋ tapaɣlɩ ɛtalɩ tuŋ lɛɛŋ, ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋɩŋ tawalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtalɩ lɛɛŋ n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋa lʋbʋ se tuŋ weyi ɛtatasɩ wɛʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ nɛ weyi ɛlɛ wɛɛ yɔ pakaɣdɩ ɛlɛ yɔɔ ɖeu.
Tɔmpiye "éléphant", Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ. Ɖɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "elephantus". Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋkʋ taa se, se "ἐλέφaς", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ivoire" yaa "éléphant".
Pasɩma tu sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa. Aazii sɔnzɩ taa lɛ, pan̄ɩɣzɩnɩ tu nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ. Pɔtɔŋ ɛyʋ weyi ɛɛsɔʋ tɔm kaʋ yɔ se ɛwɛna tu fɩtɩyɩm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tu n̄ʋʋ taa mbʋ pʋwɛɛ yɔ, pʋɖɔɔ. Lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ tʋ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ, ɛtɔma se kpɩna tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, tu kɩlɩna lɛɣtʋ sɩm nɛ ɛkɩlɩ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣzɛ.


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Keɖeya ñɩzɩm (l'esthétique)
Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se esthétique. Mbʊ pɩkɛ ɛstetiki wondu yɔ, pʊɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii yɔ, ke-piliŋa lɛɛka lɛ keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ. Keɖeya ñɩzɩm tɛ piliŋa cɔŋna wondu sakɩyɛ yɔɔ filozofii pɩlɩʊ taa. Piliŋa ŋga ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa cɔŋnana ɛzɩma mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ yaa ɛyʊ cɔŋna kedeŋa cɔnaʊ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kanaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pʊwɛ kajʊka siŋŋ yaa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛstetiki piliŋa cɔŋnana nɛ kɔtɔzʊʊ wena akɩlɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XVII ñɩŋgʊ taa pakpaɣ ɛstetiki se kɩkɛ mbʊ piɖe siŋŋ yɔ pɩtɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa. Ɛstetiki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kaɖɩɣna mbʊ payaɣ se nzʊlʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ leleŋ nɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ XIX ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, ɛstetiki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa pɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ tɛ filozofii. Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛsaɣ sɩʊkpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛsɩɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ cɔŋna-kɛ lɛ, peheyi-i natʊyʊ koko. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛɛsakɩ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ yem nɛ kɛfɛyɩna tʊbʊʊ. Ɛsakɩ-kɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ ɛna samaɣ taa pɩtɛkɛdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna wɛtʊ ndʊ ɛnaa yɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna nabʊyʊ yaa ɛna natʊyʊ samaɣ taa nɛ pɩkɛdɩna-ɩ pɩŋŋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩlɩɩna kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa na yaa polosi ɛ-lɩmaɣza. Yee nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɔzɩ Caabiyuu se ɛha-ɩ wezuu kɩɖaɣlʊ siŋŋ kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsaɣ akpadɩyʊ koŋgo nɔɔyʊ sɩʊ kpelaɣ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɔnɔɔ taa. Ɛyʊ naɣ-kɛ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ekpe nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm.


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Kaborɔnɩ
Kaborɔnɩ kɛna Pɔcɩwaanaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Nɔtiwani yɔ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ (15) nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa azuluma wɛɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊ taa alafiya yɔɔ cɔnaʊ yɔ, ɖɩtɔŋ se tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛna natʊlɛ ndʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ndʊ tɩ-taa kɩla wɛʊ azuluma yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 19,6 yaa ɛkɩtaarɩwaa 1 960. Pɩnaɣ 1971 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 18 799, pɩnzɩ hiu wayɩ lɛ palɩ ɛyaa 59 657, pɩnaɣ 1991 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 133 468 pʊcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2001 taa patalɩ ɛyaa 186 007. Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ lɛ palɩ ɛyaa 208 411. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 220 000.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ panɩɣna ɖama nɛ palakɩ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Västerås (Sʊyɛdɩ), Puribanki (Etaazuunii), Zhejiang, (Siini), Chongqing, (Siini). Payaɣ Kaborɔnɩ malika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Haskins Nkayigwa.


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Bahayɩsɩm
Bahayɩsɩm pɩkɛ Abrɩham Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɛɛ luŋuu tɛ ɛyaa mba posusuu maɣzɩm kʊyʊmʊm tɛ tɔm yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ pɩ-tɛ mʊyaa yɔ tɔŋ pa-tɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛyaa wɛ paale nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ.
Persan ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ Mīrzā Ḥusayn-ʿAlī Nūrī kɛna pɩ-tɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ (pɩnzɩ 1817 ŋtalɩ 1892) kɛ pɩnaɣ 1863 alɩwaatʊ taa. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɖɩ paaha ɖi-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ Bahāʾ-Allāh (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Ɛsɔ samtʊ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ kiɖeɖeu. Baha’is kɛ Bahāʾ-Allāh tɔm mʊyaa.
Sayyid Kāẓim sɩba lɛ, ɛlɛzɩyʊ Šayḫ Aḥmad mʊ e-kewiyitu kɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ, kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ tɔm mʊyaa taa lalaa ɖɛɛ se pañɩnɩ ɛyʊ kɩfalʊ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛɖɛɛ nɔɔ pɛ-ɛŋgbɛyɛ yɔ. Pe-cejewiye paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pa-taa mʊyʊ lɛlʊ Mullā Ḥusayn lɩɩna pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza kɛ Chiraz tɛtʊ taa ɛla kɩyakɩŋ hiŋ nanaanza nɛ ɛwɛɛ atɩma yɔɔ nɛ ɛhɔkɩ nɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ.
Ɛlɩna ɛ-nɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛtalɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1844 lɛ, Mullā Ḥusayn talɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ tɛ nɛ ɛlɛ mʊyɩ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñɔpɔzɩ-ɩ se ɛnɩɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛnʊ ñɩnʊʊ yɔ. سيد علی محمد شیرازی (Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad Šīrāzī0) (aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1819 ŋtalɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1850) lɛ, nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ ñalɩna Chiraz Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔɔ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 25 nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ ɛyʊ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Mahdi. Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊ paya-ɩ se باب (Bāb0) (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nɔnɔɔ) kɛlɛ pakʊyɩ nɛ hɔzʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Iran sɔsaa yɔɔ.


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1Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ tɑsɑɑ sɩ: Yʋlʋ hətɛ yɑɑkʋɣʋ tɔ, pə kəlɑ teu kɛ tulɑɑlʋ kʋpɑŋ. Pəyele ɩ səm kʋyɑkʋ kəlɑ teu kɛ ɩ lʋlʋɣʋ nyəŋkʋ.
2Pə kəlɑ teu sɩ yʋlʋ ɩ́ sʋʋ ləyɑɣɑ təyɑɣɑ tɑɑ, nɑ mpi ɩ́ kɑ sʋʋ ɑcimɑ təyɑɣɑ tɑɑ tɔ. Mpi tɔ, ləyɑɣɑ tɔɔsəɣənɑ-tʋ sɩ səm ntɛ́ pɑɑ yʋlʋ wei ɩ tomle. Ɩlɛ pə wɛɛ sɩ yəlɑɑ ɩ́ mɑɣɑsɩ pə tɔm nɑ pɑ́ wɛnɑ pɑ ɩsɛ.
3Lɑŋwɑkəllɛ kəlɑ teu kɛ woŋɑ. Mpi tɔ, tə pəsəɣɩ nɑ tə́ nyəŋsɩ ɩ ɩsɛntɑɑ, ɩlɛnɑ tə́ tɑɣɑnɩ ɩ tɑɑ.
4Ləyɑɣɑ təyɑɣɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ puki, ɩlɛnɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ fɛɩ tʋ nɑ́ɑ́ polo təyɑɣɑ ŋkɑ kɑ tɑɑ pɑ ŋmɑɑləɣɩ tɔ.
5Pə kəlɑ teu sɩ ń nɩɩ ɩsənɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ kpɩɩləɣɩ-ŋ tɔ nɑ mpi n kɑ́ nɩɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ fɛɩ tʋ yontu tɔ.
6Pə tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ fɛɩ tʋ woŋɑ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ sɔwɑ yɑɑkʋɣʋ kɔkɔ tɑɑ kɛ tiipile tɛɛ tɔ. Təlɛ tə wɛ kɑtɛ tɔtɔɣɔ.
7Nmɑkəlʋɣʋ sʋsəɣɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ kɛ kpɑŋʋɣʋ kɛ́, nɑ kʋhɑʋ ɑsilimɑ nyəŋkʋ nɑ́ɑ́ pəsɩ-ɩ ɩsɑɣɑʋ.
8Təmlɛ tɛm kəlɑ teu kɛ tə cɑɑlʋɣʋ. Pəyele suulu kəlɑ teu kɛ kɑlɑmpɑɑnɩ.
9Tɑɑ hulinɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ mʋɣʋ, pə tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ fɛɩ nyə́mɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ wɛɛ.
10Tɑɑ yɔɣɔtɩ sɩ: Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ lɔŋtɑɑ kəlɑ teu kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ? Pə tɑɣɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ kɛ tənɑ.
11Ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ wɛ teu kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ kpɑncoou, yəlɑɑ tənɑ pəsəɣɩ nɑ pɑ́ wɑɑ ɑ tɑɑ.
12Pə tɑɣɑ pʋlʋ, ɑ kentiɣi yʋlʋ nɑ pə́ kəlɩ liɣitee. Nɑ nyəm kɑwɑɑɣɑ ntɛ́ sɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ hɑɑkɩ weesuɣu kɛ mpɑ pɑ wɛnɑ-yɛ tɔ.
13Nyənɩ Ɩsɔ kʋlɑpəlɛ, ɑwe pəsəɣənɑ nɑ ɩ́ siɣisi mpi ɩ kuntilɑɑ tɔ?
14Yɔɔlənɑ lɑŋhʋlʋmlɛ kɛ tə kʋyɑkʋ wule. Ye pə tɑlɑ lɑŋwɑkəllɛ kʋyɑkʋ ɩlɛ n pəsənɑ lɑɑkɑlɩ. Mpi tɔ, Ɩsɔ lɑpənɑ pə tɔm nɑɑlɛ sɩ yʋlʋ ɩ́ tɑɑ cɛkənɑ mpi pɩɩ mɑɣɑnɑ-ɩ tɔ.
15Mɑ nɑwɑ pə tənɑɣɑ ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ mɑ weesuɣu kʋtopuluɣu kʋnɛ kʋ tɑɑ. Tɑmpɑnɑ təŋlʋ pəsəɣɩ nɑ ɩ́ sɩ ɩ tɑmpɑnɑ təŋʋɣʋ tɑɑ, nɑ ɩsɑɣɑʋ nɑ́ɑ́ wɛɛnɑ weesuɣu kɛ ɩ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ tɑɑ.
16Tɑɑ nyənɩ nyɑ́ təɣɩ siɣisilu, pəyele tɑɑ hʋlɩ nyɑ́ tɩ sɩ n kɛ́ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ nɑ ń tɛləsɩ mpəle kɛ pə tɑɑ. Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ n kɑ wɑkəlɩ nyɑ́ tɩ?
17Pəyele tɑɑ hɑ nyɑ́ təɣɩ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ tɑɑ yɑɑ ń pəsɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ fɛɩ tʋ. Pepe tɔɔ kɛ́ n kɑ́ sɩ nɑ nyɑ́ wɑɑtʋ tɑtɑtɑ?
18Pə wɛ teu kɛ́ sɩ yʋlʋ ɩ́ təŋ lɑɣɑtʋ tɑsʋɣʋ pənɛ pə tɔm nɑɑlɛ. Mpi tɔ, wei ɩ nyɑŋnɑ Ɩsɔ tɔ, ɩ kɑɑ sʋʋ mpəle tɛləsʋɣʋ tɑɑ.
19Ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ hɑɑkɩ ɑ tʋ kɛ toŋ kɛ́ nɑ pə́ kəlɩ ɩcɑtɛ nte tə tɔɔ kʋfənɛɛnɑɑ nɑɑnʋwɑ kentɑɑ tɔ.
20Siɣisilu fɛɩ ɑtɛ cənɛ nɑ ɩ́ lɑkɩ kʋpɑntʋ nɑ ɩ kɑɑ pəntɩ.
21Tɑɑ ke ŋkpɑŋŋ sɩ n nɩɩkɩ yəlɑɑ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tənɑ. Ye nyɑ́ təmlɛ tʋ tʋʋ-ŋ tɑɑ mʋ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́.
22Mpi tɔ, nyɑ́ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ n nyəmɑ́ nyɑ́ tɑɑ sɩ wulee wulee n tʋʋkɩ lɛlɑɑ.
23Mɑ mɑɣɑsɑ pə tənɑɣɑ mpʋ nɑ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ, hɑlənɑ mɑ́ tɔ́ sɩ: Mɑɑ sɔɔsɩ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ. Ɩlɛ mɑ tɑ pəsɩ.
24Pʋlʋpʋ cɛkənɑʋ tɔm tɛɛ mɑ tɔɔ kɛ́. Pə tɔm kəlɑ lumɑŋ təcuɣucuɣu, nɔɣɔlʋ kɑɑ pəsɩ nɑ ɩ́ tɑlɑ pə tənɑɣɑ.
25Ɩlɛnɑ mɑ́ sʋʋ pɛɛkʋɣʋ nɑ ɩsəlɛ kʋsɛɛmlɛ sɩ mɑ́ cɛkənɑ, nɑ mɑ́ hiki ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ, nɑ mɑ́ mɑɣɑsɩ mɑ tɑɑ nɑ mɑ́ nyɩ sɩ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ kɛ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ lɑŋʋɣʋ kɛ́, nɑ kpɑŋʋɣʋ nɑ́ɑ́ kɛ́ kʋmɛlɛntʋ.
26Mɑ cɛkənɑɑ sɩ ɑlʋ wei ɩ kpɑɑkɩ ɩsɩɩ kɑtɔkɑ tɔ ɩ kəlɑ səm kɛ nyɑŋ. ɩ sɔɔlʋɣʋ wɛ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ puluɣu nɑ ɩ ŋkpɑlɑsɩ nɑ́ɑ́ wɛɛ ɩsɩɩ ɑlukpɑlɑ. Yʋlʋ wei ɩ lɑkɩ Ɩsɔ luɣu nyəntʋ tɔ ɩnɩ ɩ fitiɣinɑ ɑlʋ ɩnɩ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ kpɑ ɩsɑɣɑʋ.
27Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ləmɑɣɑsɛɛ tʋ tɔmɑ sɩ: Mɑ nyənɑ yɑɑsinɑɑ kɛ kʋlʋm kʋlʋm sɩ mɑ́ cɛkənɑ-wɛ.
28Mɑ tɩɩ tɔŋɑ pɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ pɛɛkʋɣʋ mɑ tɑ hikitɑ. Apɑlɑɑ iyɑɣɑ (1000) tɑɑ mɑ hikɑ ɑpɑlʋ kʋlʋm wei ɩ kɛ́ ɑpɑlʋ nɑ tɑmpɑnɑ tɔ. Amɑ mɑ nyənɑ ɑlɑɑ tənɑ tɑɑ, ɩlɛ mɑ tɑ hiki pɑɑ kʋlʋm.
29Ɩlɛ nti mɑ nɑwɑ tɔɣɔlɛ sɩ Ɩsɔ lɑpɑ yʋlʋ kɛ́ nɑ ɩ́ siɣisɑɑ, ɩlɛnɑ yʋlʋ nɑ́ɑ́ lɑ́ nɑ pə tənɑ pə́ lɑ́ kɑtɛ.


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Etɛŋ
Mbʊ payaɣ se etɛŋ yɔ, pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛklʊʊ tɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ. Kɩ-pɩyʊ n̄ɩɩɩ mayaɣ kɛlɛ 50. Ki-kumoɖo yaa kɩ-mayaɣ ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔɔ lɛ Sn. Payaɣ kɩ-mayaɣ (Sn) ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ mbʊ yɔ nɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa stannum. Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ se krɩstalozɛɛnɩ waa. Etɛŋ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa natʊyʊ. Etɛŋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩm sakɩyɛ yɔ. Etɛŋ yuŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nakʊyʊ yuŋ kɛ 120, nakʊyʊ yuŋ ñɛkɛ 118 nɛ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ yuŋ ñɛkɛ 116.
Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ se kasiteriti (cassitérite). Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊʊ ponuutuu nɛ palakɩ etɛŋ. Etɛŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ payaɣ se okɩsiidi (oxyde) SnO2 yɔ. Ɖooo caanaʊ pasɩma etɛŋ. Ŋgʊʊ polukaɣna ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. Etɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ palakaɣna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se pɩrɔɔzɩ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ etɛŋ pɔɖɔɔna labɩnaʊ pɩrɔɔzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Pesidiɣ etɛŋ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ.


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Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu
Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa mono pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yeke, arke pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋa payi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kʊyʊm yeke kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ) pɩkɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke tɩɣya kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛnʊ payaɣ se monark pʊ-tɔbʊʊ menɖeke matɩna kewiyaɣ. Siŋŋ taa lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kewiyitu ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɛkɛ peyebinam kewiyaɣ, kaawɛ ɖooo lɔŋ menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ kɩlɩzasɩ tɛ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ Gaulois waa awiyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ, yaa Feeniizi awiyaa tɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Montesquieu tɔm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ pɩtɛ kewiyaɣ pasɩma-kɛ nɛ mbʊ yɔ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ ñazɩna, kɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna paɣtʊ nɛ pamakɩ-ɩ.
Menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu sʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ taa, palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza nɛ paɣtʊ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyaa cɔŋna tɩsɩndaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patayɩɣ peeɖe paa weyi lɛ nɛ ɛ-paɣtʊ kpaɣ ɛzɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛsʊʊ you nɛ ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛwɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yaa Mars paɣtʊ natʊyʊ haɣ-ɩ kewiyitu kpeekpe yɔ, mbʊ lɛ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ e-kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ kɩbɩndʊ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ (ɛzɩ Room sɔdɩŋ kaalakʊ tɔm naa sɔsɔtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ).
Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñɩŋa lɛ yee kewiyaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ñalɩza ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ, kɛna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛʊna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ, tɔm yasɩyʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛsɩndaa wobinau yɔɔ lʊɖaa yeke tɩyɩɣna paɣtʊ tɔm (kpaɣ ɛzɩ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Pɛlɛzɩɩkɩ ajɛyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ.
Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ menɖeke me-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ñɩŋa yɔ lɛ se keekee taa lɛ payaɣ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ ñɩŋa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ñazɩna paa ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛnʊ tɩna kewiyitu kpeekpe kpaɣ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ, paɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ tɔm hʊtʊ paɣtʊ kewiyaɣ ɛtɩya tɩ-tɩŋna payi. Eɖiyuu ɛjaɖɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛ-lɩm ɖʊyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-lɔŋ tasɩyaa, ɛhʊʊ tɔm nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa nɛ kpamɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa (mbʊ payaɣ se tɔm hʊtʊ kɩtɛyɩtʊ, paa nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔm tɔm ndʊ yɔ wiyaʊ lɩzɩna pɩ-paɣtʊ, nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ naa lalaa naa mba kpaɣ ɛyaa weewee tɩnaa, hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ tɩnaa nɛ pɩkɔzɩnam waa pa-tɩŋa payi pɔcɔŋna kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe yɔ.


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Seɣtiyaɣ
Seɣtiyaɣ, kɛ takʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe nɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, pɩkɛ pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ weyi palakɩ-ɩ se pehiɣ pana fezuu kpɩnɛ tɛ laɣsɩ yɔ.
Nɩŋgbaŋʊʊ taa tɛ nɩtʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ seɣtiyasi sakɩyɛ, nɩŋgbaŋʊʊ nɩʊ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔɔaɣ nakɛyɛ yeki se ɛyʊ ɛña yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ lɛ natʊ pɩlɩna ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ nabʊyʊ taa ɛyʊ naɣ nabʊyʊ kɛlɛm yaa mʊntʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ, tomnaɣ yɔɔ tukinau nabʊyʊ taa pɩyʊ ɛsɔba-ŋ ŋñaŋ, tomnaɣ taa nɩʊ ɛzɩ soŋaɣ lakʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ nɩʊ yee ɛyʊ nɩʊ sɔŋ nɩɩyɛ yaa kpɩnɛ nɩʊ sɔŋ yɔ.
Losuu tɛ seɣtiyaɣ kɛ; alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papɩzɩɣ pala se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ pɩɩtakɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-fetenum cɔlɔ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛɛpɩzɩ se ɛna mbʊ pɩlaba yɔ. Ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe lɛ, papɩzɩɣ polu seɣtiyaɣ (ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ takʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖeɖe mbʊ yɔ yaa pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Tiibaa
Tiibaa kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ size kɩwɛɛ hɔʋʋ yaa kɩhɔʋʋ kɛlɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ. Ɛsɩma ɛnʋzɩ ɛ-saɣʋʋ wɛ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛ-kɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ cikpeluu tʋ. Tom piye tiibaa ɖɩnɛ, ɖikiɖe keɣke lɩna Laatɩnɩ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Wɛɛ wɛɛ ɖoomuu n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɛ, tiibaa kaɣkɛ ŋgandɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ siŋŋ.
Ŋna-ɖɩ ndɔ, ŋna size ɖɩ-kotaa. Nɛ palakɩna-ɖɩ kpem yaa pa-hʋlʋʋ ɖɩ-kpem kɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlʋʋ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ hɩla ɖɩmayɛ ɖɩɖʋyɛ tɛ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, «tiibaa» wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, ki-kpeluu kɩ-taa kɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ soo wonduu ndɩ ndɩ.
Ɛlɛ tɩ-wɛna tʋkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩɣna tʋ camɩyɛ, yaa papazɩɣ pasɩŋ-tʋ lɔŋ tɩ-mabʋʋ taa yaa tɩ-tɛyɩtʋ taa. Yʋsaɣ keɣleee naʋʋ kɩjaʋ yɔɔ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ kpɩtɩna labʋtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taatɩ caɣʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ. Tiibaa lubutu lɩna yekuyu nɔɔyʋʋ cɔlɔ. Wɛtʋ lɛɛɣzɩtʋ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, wonuu kʋnɛ kɩ-hɔʋʋ kwivri kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpaɖʋ 19 kʋnɛ taa.
Pɩ-kpaʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1835 taa lɛ, ɖa-caa Wieprecht, weyi ɛ-kɛkɛ minziiki wondu tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ cɔnayʋ sʋsɔ kɛ Prussie ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛpɔzaɣ tamaɣ lɩzʋyʋ caama tʋ ɖa-caa sʋsɔ Johann Gottfried Moritz size ɛlabɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩ.
Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ size ɛcɔlɩ minziiki wondu ndʋ palaba kuwiviɖi yɔ camɩyɛ pa ndʋ lɛ ti-wilitu yaa ti-tilitu taa. Nɛ paɣ pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, paɣbɩzɩ pɛwɛna tʋkaɣ kɩpaŋga nakayɩ kɛ wilitu yaa tilitu taa. Nɛ tɩ-tɛ tɩ-wɛna ɖɔɖɔ matʋ kʋyʋmtʋ tɩ-kɛnayʋ taa.
Hɔlʋʋ lɛɣkʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ se sʋsɔ ɖa-caa W. Schuster ɛ-cɔlɩ pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ 1835 mbɩyɔ kɛ tiibaa ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɔŋgɔŋ cikpeŋ naadozo yɔ. Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size soo wondu luɖu wɛna wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-pɩzɩɣ tɩsɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lubutu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.


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Wikipediya
Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ kɩjaŋ www.wikipedia.org taa yasʋʋ, pɩwɩlɩɣ Wikipediyaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tɔm maʋ yɔ
Ɛntɛrnɛtɩɖɛɣ weŋga Kɩwɛ ɛbɛ taa sɔnɔ = Kʋɖɔna tʋmɩyɛ labʋ
Wikipediyaa kɛna keŋwadaɣ ansiklopedii tamaɣ nakɛyɛ, pama-kʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ taa (Pɩnaɣ 2017 tɛyaɣ kɩmaŋ lɛ, pama-kʋ kʋnʋmɩŋ 299 taa). Kɩ-waɖɛmayaɣ kɛna CC-BY-SA. Jimmy Wales nɛ Larry Sanger palɩzɩna-kʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 ñɩŋgʋ wiye’e pɩnaɣ 2001 wiki hɩɖɛ taa kɛ wikipedia.org ɖɛɣ taa. Amerika samaɣ ñʋʋyabʋ mɛwɛmandɩyɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ Wikimedia Foundation, wenɖi ɖɩtɩna Wikipediyaa yɔ, ɖinɖɩ hɛyɩna nɛ paɖʋ wiki’i ɛntɛrnɛtɩ yɔɔ.
Paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsʋʋ Wikipediyaa taa, ɛlɛɣzɩ yaa ɛñɔɔzɩ takayaɣhatʋ tɩŋga. Wikipediyaa kɛna ɛntɛrnɛtɩ ɖɛɣ loɖo ñɩŋga weŋga ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ ka-taa sʋʋ yɔ. Ɛntɛrnɛtɩ tʋma wena akɩlɩɣ naʋ yɔ a-taa lɛ, Wikipediyaa taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu nɛ kʋŋgʋ kɩlɩna tɔɔyʋʋ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 2014 taa patɩma kɩ-tɔm lɛ pana se paa fenaɣ weŋga, ɛyaa miliyɔɔwaa 500 wokina Wikipediyaa ɖɛɣ taa. Ɖɛsɩ miliyɔɔwaa 22 wɛna Wikipediyaa yɔɔ. Pɩ-taa’lɛ, ɖɛsɩ 73000 taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tʋmɩyɛ’ɛ labʋ’ʋ ɖoŋɖoŋ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa patɩma nɛ pana se pʋmbʋ pɩwɛɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 2001, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 ñɩŋgʋ wiye Jimmy Wales nɛ Larry Sanger palɩza Wikipediyaa. Eŋgilisi taa palɩzɩna-kʋ. Kɛlɛ, Wikipediyaa tʋlɩ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ talʋʋ nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ tɩsʋʋ kɩ-taa. Kʋnʋmɩŋ yʋʋʋ ɩnʋ ɩ-ɖɛsɩ kpaɣ ɖama ɛzɩ ɖomaa yɔ, ɛlɛ wembu paɖʋʋ sɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ajanaa wena palakɩ sɩ-taa yɔ, pɩdɛkpɛndɩ.
Aŋgilisi taa Wikipediyaa pɩsaa kɩwɛɛ Wikipediyaawaa lalaa nasɩlɛ (200) hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ kʋŋgʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Kɩ-taa artikiliwaa ɖɛ 5.5 mɩliyɔɔwaa.


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Kalɩyɔm
Kalɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 31 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ga. Pʊtʊna caɣyɛ pɩlɩɣ kpata taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ egbeliye 13 nɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ ñɩm yɔ tɩ-tɛ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-tomnaɣ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖeɖe mbʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ se eyoli yɔ lɛ 29,76 °C nɛ mbʊ lɛ paa nɖɔkɛ-ɩ nesi taa kɔyɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔlɩ yem. Pana-ɩ pazɩ pazɩ bɔkɩsɩtɩ taa nɛ zɛŋkɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa.
Mendeleïev kaayɔɔda ɛ-tɔm ɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se ekaaluminium, pɩnaɣ 1875 palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛñɩna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ yɔ hana-ɩ ɖɩ, ɛlɛ yɔ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ tɔm se hɩɖɛ kalɩyɔm lɩna ɛ-nayʊ cɔlɔ (mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ coq latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se gallus), ɛlɛ Lecoq Boisbaudran ñamaba ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ ñɔtɔŋ ɛha hɩɖɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Fransɩɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʊ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɖama kpaʊ taa kɛ paya hɩla zermanɩyɔm nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɛ-tɛ ajɛyɛ hɩla yɔ Germani nɛ Scandi pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa mba papa ñɩna nɛ pana-wɛ pɔ-yɔɔ, Caama tʊ Clemens Winkler nɛ Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ nɛ kalɩyɔm laatriki wondu sakɩyɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ patɩlɩ pa-taa peeɖe nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ arseniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ ŋgʊ (GaAs), antimoniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ (GaSb), kalɩyɔm fɔsɩfʊrɩ (GaP) nɛ kalɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm GaN). Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, pʊtʊ weyi pakɩlɑ-ɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ arseniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ ŋgʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛnʊ tɩŋɩɣna sɩlɩsɩyɔm wayi.
Kalɩyɔm nɛ etɛŋ nɛ ɩndɩyɔm pɛ-tɛ kpɛndʊʊ mbʊ payaɣ se kalɩnsɩtanɩ yɔ pakɩlaɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ miŋ saʊ kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ taa ɖooo ɛzɩ pekiziɣ mɛrɩkɩrɩ yɔ. Paana se kalɩyɔm fɛyɩ sʊtʊ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ ɛɛkɔŋna kaɖɛ tɔm natɩyʊ kedeŋga taa yaa ɖɔ-tɔɔnasɩ taa. Ɛlɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ pɩla heŋ.


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Pythagorus
Pythagore (Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ΠuθaYόpaς / Pythagóras), ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lɛɣzɩyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɔnsɩnɖʊ pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 580 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛ Samos, Egée teŋgʊ tɛ lɩm taa tɛtʊ kɛ hadɛ yɔɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ Athènes tɛtʊ taa. Palaba ɛsɩm takayaɣ kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 495 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ, mbʊ lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 85. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩlɩyɛ ɛyʊ, mbʊ wayi wayi paɣtʊ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kɛdʊʊ.
Paasɩŋ ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ e-fezuu caɣʊ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ pɩŋ se patɩlɩ ɛ-tɔm ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lɛɣzɩyʊ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊ nɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ hama tʊ mbʊ yɔ. Wɩɖɩ ɛtama tɔ natʊyʊ kaʊ, nɛ nɩɣlɩm cɛnzɩ hiu waa lʊbɛ nɛ kʊyʊm nzɩ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ wɛ kabʊtaɣ tɩyɛ nɛ tɩkɛ kadɩnaɣ tɔm ndʊ pɔsɔza ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋna sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, putukina Pont tɛ Héraclide n ; eɛtɔŋ se tovonum lɛ, pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ Pythagore kɛnɛ Krɛkɩ kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛtɔma ɛ-tɩ se ɛkɛ ɛyʊ lɔŋ tʊ yɔ yaa lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʊ yɔ. Cicéron tasɩ tɔm kiseɣtu pɩlɩna tɔmʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩzʊʊ yɔ φιλόσoφoς (philosophos), kɩ-tɔbʊʊ se lɔŋ siŋ sɔɔlɩyaa, pɩtɩŋna Pythagore kʊyʊm ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna tovonum mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛɛɛ mba payi paañɔna ɖiŋ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm paakɛ lɔŋ tɩnaa.
Palʊla pithagore kɛ Samos pɩnaɣ -569 yaa -606, ndʊ Ératosthène nɛ Diogène Laërce pɔtɔma yɔ, -590 ndʊ Jamblique ñɔtɔma yɔ, Porphre cɔlɔ lɛ, se pɩnaɣ -580 nɛ ɛsɩ -494 yaa -497 kɛ Métaponte, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Mnésarque, ɛɛkɛ kokowaa luɖu. E-ɖoo Parthénis, nɛ peheyuu-ɖʊ kpeɣu taa se ɛnʊ kaakɩlɩ keɖeɣa Samos halaa tɩŋnɛ payi.
Ɛ-halʊ kaahaɣ hoɣa nɛ ɛlʊlɩ-ɩ pɩɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ kɩkɩlɩ keɖeɣa nɛ lɔŋ. Kpaɣ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛlɛzɩɣ ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se Parthénis yɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se Pythaïs. Kɛlɛ ɛya ɛ-pɩɣa se Pythagore ΠuθaYόpaς.


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Vous pouvez retrouver ici les anciennes actualités du collège.
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Tɩmaatɩ
Tɩmaatɩ kɛna ɖozi nzɩ sɩlɩna Amerika ilemiye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hʊʊlʊʊ taa yɔ.Papɩɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ tɩmaatɩ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehili. Tɩmaatɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ: natʊyʊ wɛ kpataaɖaa kpataɖaa nɛ payaa-tʊ se kabɩyɛ tɩmaatɩ, lɛɛtʊ wɛ lɔbɔɔ lɔbɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se heu yaa haɣ ladɩyɛ, natʊyʊ wɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum nɛ natʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ payaɣ se gbooboo yaa.
Tɩmaatɩ ndʊ tɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se akoya nɛ paapɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ-tʊ yaa pehilina ɖozɩ. Ndʊ pehiluu yɔ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se tɩpɩɩcamɩyɛ nɛ tɩsɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ tɩwɛʊ ñɩmɩŋ yaa siziŋ.Tɩmaatɩ ɖizi fɛyɩ sotu tɩwɛ yadaʊ nɛ tɔmbɔlʊ yaa mɔʊ kɛ pakɩlɩɣna ɖozi nzɩ tɔɔnaʊ. Pahayʊ-tʊ yɔ pamɩzʊ tɩ-pee añɔ pʊcɔ pɔsɔ-tʊ. Tɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi pɔsɔʊ yɔ, papɩsʊʊ pɔsɔ-ɩ ayaama taa yem yaa fɛɛnʊʊ taa yaa paa ɛzɩ kuzontu taa ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se heelim nɛ wɩsɩ pikeŋ pazɩ pazɩ. Tɩmaatɩ naʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛkɩɣ yem: papɩzʊ patɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ tɔɖɩɩɩ nɛ paɖʊ nʊm nabʊyʊʊtɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pasɩɩ fenasi cabɩ pɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ. Tɩmaatɩnaa wɛna pɩlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ
ɩwɛɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɖeke tɩlʊlʊʊ.


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Fransɩɩ
Fransɩ ɛjɛɖɛ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖʊyɛ taa kpem yɔ. Fransɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Paarii nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Liidiye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ndɩ lɛ Eeroo.
Fransɩɩ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna tɔlɩm nabutozo nɛ pɩpɩɩ tibu yɔɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ mbʊ yɔ: pʊlɔɔ, kʊhʊlʊmʊm nɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm. Kpaɣnɛ pɩnzɩ 1950 lɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna ajɛya wena alɩzɩ Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖeke, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ G7 taa, G20 taa, ajɛya wena atɔkɩ Eeroo se liidiya yɔ a-taa, UNESCO taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ aŋgba kɩkaŋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔpɖɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ yɔ: kɩwɛna ɖɔŋ kɛ ajɛya wena awɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ, pɩnɛ ketenzi nasɩlɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Fransɩɩ ɖʊʊ kɩ-nɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe politiki tɔm taa nɛ paale lɛ, kɩwɛna sɔɔjanaa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ ɖɔŋ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋunaa yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ politiki tɔm nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma kɩ-ta ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Fransɩ wɛna ɖɔŋ sɔsɔŋ kpem ɖɔɖɔ politiki tɔm taa, tɔsʊʊ taa, sɔɔjɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ, Fransɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa; Caama nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ajɛya ɖeke ɖɛna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Emmanuel Macron nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Édouard Philippe.


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Puzumbura
Puzumbura kɛna Purundi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Taŋganika yɔ kɔcɔlɔ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla walʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se Payikalɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ Taŋgnika lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ kɩ-cɔlɔɔ Puzumbura wɛɛ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 taa paakala ɛyaa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa kutokiŋ hiuwaa loɖo (60 000) ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pɔtɔwaɣ caca lɛ, patasɩ-wɛɛ kalʊʊ nɛ pana se lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ palɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ taŋga (500 000). Pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pana po-ɖoŋ yaa pɛlaa nɛ evebiya pɛɖɛ ɛyaa mɩnɩŋ hiŋ niitozo.
Puzumbura komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɛ payaɣ se Freddy Mbonimpa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa wɩsɩ ñakɩ sɩŋŋŋ ɛlɛ mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna Purundi ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔsɔtʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ pɩtasɩna ɛsɩndaa wobu nɛ tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ peeɖe nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa tiki pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ peeɖe teŋu kidiiliŋ wɛɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ evebiya nɛ pɛlaa yaa Purundi ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖoŋ tɩnaa seu pɛ-tɛ nɛ powoki Puzumburi tɛtʊ taa. Powoki se pehiu tʊma nɛ pala nɛ pe-wezu caaʊ lɛɛzɩ.


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Kpakpayaɣ
Kpakpasɩ kɛ lɩm-daɣ kpɩnaa wena avezuna 'branchies' yɔ, kɔyɔ nɛ mbu payana anasaayɩ ta se nagɛrɛ waa yɔ nɛ po-tomnaɣsɩ yɔ lɛ pɔɔɖɛ huzɩnɩ payɩ. Kpakpasɩ tɔya yem lɩm cikpem nɛ teŋgunaa taa: sɩlɩnaa pʊŋ weyi lɩm lɩʊna ɛtaa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa. Kpakpasɩ wɛ hɔlɩŋ tɩŋgɛ yem, nɛ cabɩ wɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa ɖeŋɖe paalakɩ pɩyʊ nɔʊ yɔ. Sɩwɛna waza pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ sɩŋŋ kɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɩkɛʊ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, paɣ ɛjaɖɛ ŋɖɩ lɛ ɖɩtaa lɛ; pʊwɛ se kpakpasɩ nzɩ pɔɖɔɔ sɩ yaa pakpaazɩ lɩmdaa nɛ pɔɔ cɔlʊʊ.
Kpakpaysɩ nzɩ sɩwɛna waza sɩŋŋ, haɖaʊ taa, ɛsɔ nɩmaʊ taa, mʊya hɔlʊʋ taa, pɩtasɩna takayɩsɩ maʊ ɖeɖe nɛ filim naa labʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ .


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Emeroodi
Mbʊ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se silikatɩ yɔ a-taa naɖɩyɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ se siklosiliikate waa. Pɛ ana awɛ ɛzɩ pɛ wena payaɣ se peerili waa yɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se kromi nɛ fanadiyɔɔm yɔ peyebina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fɛɛrɩ yɔ kiyekina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɣna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ kpɛndɩ naanza. Emeroodi kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ana a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, ɖɩ-tɔm
Weyi ɛya pɩyɛ nɖɩ hɩɖɛ se «emeroodi » yɔ nɛ tɔmpiye emeroodi ɖɩlɩyɛ
Tɔmpiye emeroodi lɩna tɔmpiye smaragdus cɔlɔ. Tɔmpiye smaragdus kɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye. Ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, laatɛɛ ñɩma taayaana Pɛrɩsɩ ñɩma tɔmpiye tɔmpiye zamarat camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ se smaragdus. Pɛɛrɩsɩ ñɩma ya pɩyɛ nɖɩ se zamarat, pʊ-tɔbʊ se «pɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ». Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna yɔ, mbʊ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaa se «emeroodi» yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pana pɩyɛ nɖɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ kudoku nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Pakpaɣ emeeroodo ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa peeɖe nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩma tadɩyɛ liidiye pɔɔyɛ. Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa naayɛ kɛwɛ Egipitii ɛjaɖɛ taa, teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ cɔlɔ kpam. Emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa mba pakpakaɣ nɛ polukina Egipiti kewiyaɣ taa sɔsaa ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ payaɣ se piijuu waa (bijoux).


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Ɛsɩtoonii
Ɛsɩtoonii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣwiye pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN yɔ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 2004 kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palɩtiki Teŋgu kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suyɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Fɛɛlandɩ yɔ kɛwɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔo wɛu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Kersti Kaljulaid; piyele nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɔyɔ Jüri Ratas.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 45 339 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,56 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 1 323 271. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Taliŋ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eeroo. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ yaʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +372 pʊcɔ ɛma ɛ-ɛyʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ Ɛsɩtoonii nɛ Rusii.


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Payaɣ mbʋ se Facebook yɔ, pɩkɛ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɖomaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ poɖuu wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ : kɩlɛmɩŋ nɛ fotonaa nɛ fidewonaa nɛ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ peyekiɣna ɖama tɔm Facebook yɔɔ. Ɛyaa pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ yaa pâla tikasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pâla tʋma naayɛ Facebook yɔɔ.
Mbʋ payaɣ se « site web » yɔ, pɩtɛ sɔsaa kpɛndɩ naanza kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se Google yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Google taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ sʋʋ.
Google wayɩ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se YouTube yɔ pɩtɩŋ Youtube wayɩ lɛ, Facebook tɩŋ nɛ wilaʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Yahoo ñatɩŋ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,59 lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ wilaŋ sɔsɔŋ naanza ḿba paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 1,04 labɩna tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naaza ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyarɩ laba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Facebook evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ wilaʋ ŋgʋ payaa se Facebook yɔ, kɩlɩʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛ ɛyaa mba palaba-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ taa yɔ patalʋʋ miiliyarɩ yɔ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa Facebook kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ lakli-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ paa evemiye nɖɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋa taa Facebook lɩwa. Harvard sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa kʋñɔwa. Kɩɖa lɩʋ lɛ, sukuli ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-taa sukuli piya ɖeke lakaɣna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ Amerika sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa sukuli piya se palabɩna-kʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Paba wayɩ Facebook pɩsɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hakuu nɛ paa anɩ ɛhayɩɣna-kʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa kɩpɩsa ḿbʋ.


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Claude Ptolémée
Palʋla Claude Ptolémée Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 90 waa taa. Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ e-wezuu Alexandrie tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 168 n̄ɩŋga taa. Paa pɩɩla we ɛkɛɣ Room tʋ. Ɛlaba mbʋ payaɣ se "Asitronomii" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se "maatematiki" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se "jeyografii" yɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛla ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ payaɣ se "asitroloogii" yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, patapazɩ patɩlɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ siŋŋ.
Claude Ptolémée ma "siyansɩ" takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ. Anasaayɩnaa tɩŋna ɛ-takayɩsɩ naalɛ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ pa-"sɩyansɩ" naa sakɩyɛ. Ɛma lɛɛka nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ka-taa "asitronomii" tɔm nɛ lɛɛka taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ kaka taa "matematiki" tɔm. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛka nɛ ɛtazɩ kaka taa Grɛɛkɩ nɛ Room pɛ-tɛtʋ wɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.


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Hɩm
Hɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna pahɩʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛna kacalaɣ asuluma wena tomnaɣ lɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Calɩm catʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ tɩŋga lɛ, asuluma ana alɩʊ nɛ kɩyaɖɛ yaa abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ pa-taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɛɛtasʊ hɩm hɩʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, paɖʊʊ-ɩ hɩm catɩyɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Hɩm tɛkɛna asuluma yaa mbʊ pɩvɛyɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɛlɛ kʊdʊmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hɩm waɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, hɩm taa nɛ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ ɩkʊʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena azʊʊ ɛyʊ taa pɩtɩŋna tomnaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔŋna ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ, hɩm kɛ fɛɖaa maɣzʊ nɛ pana-yɛ.
Mbʊ pɩwɛ hɩm taa yɔ mbʊ lɩm nɛ hɩm mʊzʊŋ. Hɩm mʊzʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩlɩna calɩm cata tɔɔnasɩ payɩ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ asuluma wena payaɣ-ɛ se azɔtɩ yɔ. Kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ hɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna nimvila taa, calɩm taan nɛ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga tɛ asuluma taa. Kɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se nimviɖe siziŋ pɩndʊ. Weyi ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɖɩcatʊ clɩm taa lɩm ɛzɩ litanaa 180 yɔ nɛ hɩm maɣmamg ɛzɩ mililitanaa ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pahɩʊ hɩm nɛ pɩɖɛʊ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩkɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ paizʊ payaa se hɩm kadadayaɣ hɩʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ yaa pɩlɩɩna sikiɖi kʊdɔŋ yɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩtɛkɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ nikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ. Nabayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, po-hola wena awɛɛ nɛ acɔŋna hɩm hɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ahʊwa kɔyɔ, hɩm pɩzʊ pɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yem yem. Ñɩnɩya naa se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa hɩʊ hɩm ɛzɩ miliyaaɖinaa hiu yɔ kɛ evemiye taa. Hɩm hɩʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ palɩka yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩʊ ɛzɩ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yaa litanaa naalɛ kɛ evemiye taa nɛ haɣ lɛ, lita hɔɔlʊ nɛ naatozo pa-taa, piyele afa lɛ, lita kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ litanaa litozopa-taa. Kpaŋnʊ hɩm wɛ litanaa 5 nɛ 15 taa kɛ evemiye taa nɛ nɔ lɛ, litanaa 10 nɛ 25 pa-taa nɛ tuu ñahɩʊ litanaa 40 nɛ 80 pa-taa kɛ evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɛɛ taa.


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Ingmar Bergman
Ernst Ingmar Bergman kɛ tanaŋ laɖʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɩlaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɛzɩma patɩŋgɩ nɛ tanaʊ yaa amʊza laɣsɩ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛnʊ labɩna Sʋyɛdɩ sinemaɣ naa, palʊla-ɩ Uppsala tɛtʊ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1918 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2007 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Fårö lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ taa.
Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ kɩhɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛwaba nɛ ɛmʊ Ours sika kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, ɛmʊ sika tɔɔyʊʊ pɩlɩna, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Venise tɛtʊ taa, jury liidiye nɛ tanaʊ labʊ liidiye kɛ Cannes, Oscar tɛ weewe liidiye kɩhɛyʊʊ nɖɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ taa yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ sinema tʊma laɖʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ palme naa palme alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ Cannes kazandʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Ingmar Bergman palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛkɛ piyaa natozo liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa pɩɣa tɩnʊʊ ŋga pɩyalʊ. Ɛ-ɖalʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɔyɔ Dag, nɛ kɔʊ yaa ɛ-kɔɔ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Margareta, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnzɩ nanza wayi. Ingmar tala pɩjatʊ kɩbandʊ yaa tanɩɩ leleŋ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊ nɛ e-ɖoo pɛ-hɛkʊ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ yaa padanɩɩna ɖama camɩyɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ pʊpɔzʊʊ yɔ se pɩha-wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ pɩɣa yɔ.
Ɛ-caa kaakɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ɖʊyʊ weyi ɛñɩnaɣ kɛzɛɣa piŋ yɔ. Ɖenɖe pasɩtɔɣɔ waa sʊwaɣ yɔ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-piyaa paawɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paaha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa samaɣ tɩŋɛ mba paakɛ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pa-caa ɖʊ-wɛ paɣtʊ ɖɔŋ ndʊ kpem. Piyaa paɣlɩ k apsom laɣsɩ taa kɛnɛ nɛ poluzuu pa-tɩ paa ɛzɩmta. Nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔmtʊ wɛɛ kakama yaa paa ɖoye yaa paa ɛzɩmta nɛ pʊwɛɛ sɔnzɩ tɩyɛ.
Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣza wena ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-nɛ ɛyaa pɛtɛyɩ ɖama lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɖɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Thuringe tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1934 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kpɛnɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛyaa kaacana ɖɩ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yaa wona-ɩ se ɛna Adolf Hitler haɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm kɛ Weimar tɛtʊ taa. Pɩɖɩzɩɣ ɛyʊ evebu ɛnɛyɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tɔm ndʊ. Ɛpɩsɩ Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛyaa lɩmaɣza sʊ-ɩ fiŋ fiŋ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-ɖalɩ maɣmaɣ kɛ pɩtɛ ɛyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ-wɛ seu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ haja haja laɣsɩ yeba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛlɩɩ ɛyaa ɖɩkʊyɛ lona yɔɔ. Ingmar pɩsɩ nɛ ɛlɔ nɛ ese politiki tɔm ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe taa.


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You
You, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɛ kaɖɛ tɔm natʊyʊ ndʊ poyouna you wondu yɔ. Pɩkɛ you ŋgʊ kʊwɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa pɩtɩnŋa politiki lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ koyondiye kpem ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa. You pɩzɩɣ kɩla ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kʊyʊma hɛkɩŋ taa lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa, mbʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yaa payaɣ you ŋgʊ se ɖama hɛkʊ taa you, kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩna pɩzɩɣ poyo, ɛyaa kʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ lalaa yɔɔ, ajɛyɛ you naa ɖama ɖɔɖɔ.
Yoŋ nɛ ɛ-tɛ wondu wɛna paɣtʊ yaa waɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ keeke, you paɣtʊ, pɩsana kedeŋga samaɣ kiɖe. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩɖʊna ɛzɩma pɩkɛna yɔ, pazɩtʊ, wondu ndʊ palana you ŋgʊ. Pʊcɔ you pazɩ lɛ, ñɩŋʊʊ nabʊyʊ wɛʊ, pana paɣtʊ takayaɣ wɛɛ, pazɩtʊ takayaɣ wɛɛ.
Ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩ pɩcaɣ yem pɩtɩŋna kizitu natʊyʊ yɔɔ, ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ, tɩ pɩsɩnaʊ, nɩnaʊ takayasɩ labʊ ɛzɩ tisuu yaa kizuu yaa wabɩtʊ ajɛyɛ lɛna yɔɔ, kɩma kɩhɛyɩŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ labʊ kɔɔ pʊwayi.
Lɛɣtʊ ndʊ palakɩ nɛ pʊcɔ papazɩ you yɔ payaɣ se lɔŋ, wabɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ payaɣ se tɩlɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ you paɣzɩ yɔ payaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa polemos nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se you nɛ tɩ yɔɔ kadɩnaɣ logos tɔbʊʊ se kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Carl von Clausewitz cɔlɔ lɛ, you kɛ wɛtʊ lɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɖɛʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna laɣsɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ Carl Schmitt ñɔtɔŋ se politiki ŋgʊ kʊtɔsɔɔlɩ you lɩɣna ɛzɩma ɖɩtɛyɩɣ ɛgbaadɩna nɛ koyondina yɔ.
Gaston Bouthoul cɔlɔ lɛ, you kɛ ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ nɛ pɩwɛna laɣsɩ nzɩ pasɩma-zɩ pɩlɩna mba pacaɣ labʊ you ŋgʊ nɛ mba pacaɣ-kʊ labɩnaʊ yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, pɩwɛna lone nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ yɔɔ palakɩ you ŋgʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɛna paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna tɔm hʊya cɔlɔ. Paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɛzɩɣ pɩtɩŋna lona wena a-taa palakɩ yɔu nɛ wɛɛ wena a-taa palakɩ you ŋgʊ yɔ. Kpaagba ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ pasɩma-kʊ nɛ calɩm kpɛɖʊʊ sakɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ patɩkʊ ɛyaa kɔyɔ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɛkɛzɩɣ ɖama kɩkɛzɩɣ nɛ tɔm.


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Mɩndʋ
N̄ɩnɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ kɛna mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛ-ɛsa pe yɔ. Pɩkɛna ɖoluu tɩyɛ yaa ɛzɩ ɖɔm pe sɔsɔna kpeeliɣ na nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛsɔtaa nɛ pɩcɔʊ keteŋga nɛ pɩtaŋ.Ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ tɛ hʊlʊnzɩ yaa wɛtʊ lɩɣna wɩsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛɛ yɔ yaa hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩtaa tɩwɛɛ yɔ. nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩlɩɣna tɩtɛ posiɣ nɛ tɛtʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ nɛ mbʊ pɩwɛ tɩtaa yɔ.
Ɖolu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ taa yɔ, kɩlɩna lɩm pɛ wena awɛ ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ ndʊ tɩtaa yɔ. Lɩm pɛ ana, ana ayɔlɩɣna nɛ piniidiɣ keteŋga yɔɔ ɛzɩ ɖolu tɩyɛ yɔ. Lɩm feveku ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kɩwɛ ɛsɔtaa mɩndʊ taa yɔ, kɩtɛ ɖɔʊ lɩɣna wɩsɩ feveku ŋgʊ kɩwɛ yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ: Soŋgaɣ ɛwɛɛ, ɛsɔtaa mɩndu pɩsɩɣ tɩwɛna feveku pɩɖɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Feniisɩ
Feniisɩ kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋga naanza ŋga kɔyɔɔ wɛ tɛtʊ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga lɛ naalɛ ŋga kɛ nzɩ siposina wɩsɩ yɔ nɛ ŋga kɛŋna looɖo ŋga hɩlɩmaɣ tom taa yaa tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yɔ sɩ-taa.
Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ roma mba sɔdɩŋ kpeɣu kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊʊ-kɛ hɩɖɛ se Feniisɩ ɛsɔ halɩ ñɩnʊ.
Feeniisɩ kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋga nakayɩ nɛ ɛzɩ koposina wɩsɩ yɔ pʊwɛ O,718 nɛ 0,728 UA. Feeniisɩ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ taa cɔʊ cɔʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna afema 224,7. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛwɛna tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Mɛɛrkiiri, Tɛtʊ nɛ Maarɩsɩ yɔ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛfɛyɩna tɩŋga cikpelaɣ kɩmalaɣ nakayɩ.
Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Iiranisi yɔ sɩ ɖeke koŋ kɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa se sɩcɔʊ kiliŋgili. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ keɖeke kɔcɔʊna ka-tɩ tam kʊɖʊm taa kɛ kɩykɩŋ 243, ŋgʊ kaacɔ; wɩsɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ kataŋ lɛ kalaba afema 224,701.


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Andorɩ
Andorɩ kɛna Eeropʊ ilemiye nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Fransɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ pirenee pʊŋ hɛkʊi taa nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pamaza Andorɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 468 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.
Payaɣ Andorɩa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi ɛmalɩna Episkɔpʊ yɔ se Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília nɛ weyi ɛlɛ ñɔcɔŋna Fransɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ yɔ Emmanuel Macron nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Antoni Martí.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Katalaŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Andorre-la-Vieille nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 85 580 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +376 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.


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Takayaɣ hayʋʋ
Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kɛ payaɣna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size "papyrus". Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yaa kɩlabʋʋ ŋgʋ palaba kʋnɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "fibres cellulosiques végétales".
Ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖɩtɛm n̄ɔɔdʋʋ nɛ hayu kiŋ cɛnzɩ taa yɔ, takayaɣ hayʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʋ tɩyɛ. Hatʋ ndʋ, tɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ. Heelim ɛfɛtʋʋ kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzʋʋ pɩkpaɣdʋ pɩlɔ ɛzɩ ɖoo polinda mbɩ yɔ.
Takayaɣ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Ki-ɖeke koŋ kɩ yɔɔ papɩzʋʋ pama paa tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋʋ lɛ. Takayɩ hatʋʋ tʋnɛ, pɛkpɛndʋ tʋ kʋʋ nɛ pama tɩyɔ tɔm kɩkalɩtʋʋ lɛ, kɛ pɔtɔŋ size takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ (livre).
Takayɩ hayʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwazʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ size papɩzɩ palɩzɩ anjaʋ waa paa mba. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, takayɩ hayʋ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tɔm ɖanʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yaa maʋ n̄ɩɣʋ lakɩ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tɔm ndʋʋ naʋ takayɩ hayʋʋ kɩfalʋʋ lɛɛkʋ yɔ.
Takayɩ hayʋʋ wazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ size paɖʋ nabʋyʋ. Kɩwazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ size pama tɔlɩm tɔm yaa pataɣ tɔlɩm kɛ kɩyɔ nɛ pataɣɖɩ ɖoli yaa nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Sakɩyɛ kpakʋʋ takayɩ hatʋ ndʋ nɛ polikina yaa palɩzʋʋna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "filtres" waa yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Kalaharii kañɩmbʊsaɣ
Kalaharii kañɩmbʊsaɣ kɛna Afrika ilemiye taa hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Kalaharii tɔbʊʊ nɛ cɩwanaa taa se: lɔkɔtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa ɖenɖe lɩm fɛyɩ kaʊ yɔ. Kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ kɛwɛ Sambɛɛzɩ nɛ Ɔranzɩ pɔsɩ cɔlɔ. Kalaharii kpaɣna ɛzɩ Pɔcɩwanaa yɔ nɛ kawadʊʊ Namibii, Aŋgolaa, Sambii, Simbabwee, Kɔŋgo Kinsasa pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ.
Pamaɣza kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ ka-walanzɩ ɛlɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 900 000 km2 yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ kanɛ ka-taa kɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ kanɩŋga kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɛtalʊʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Patɩɩ yaʊ Kalaharii se kañɩmbʊsaɣ yɔ pʊkazɩ talʊʊ pazɩ. Teevenim taa lɛ tɛŋ takilɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ ʊ-taa ɛlɛ tɩŋ nɛ laŋ ɖɔɔ.
Kpaɣna hadɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩŋ talʊʊ ɛzɩ 600 000 km2 yɔ. Hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ laŋ weyi ɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ ɛca wɩlʊ ɛtɩŋga nɛ tɩŋ weyɩ pakɩlʊ-ɩ naʊ yɔ ɩnʊ lɛ rodezii tamtʊnanaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se akasiyanaa yɔ. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ laŋ weyi ɩ-tɛɛ hasɩ kpɩlɩŋgbɩlɩ yɔ nɛ pamaza ɩ-walanzɩ kɔyɔ, pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 300 000 km2yɔ.


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Keniya
Keniya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩ-tɛ hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, Suudanɩ nɛ Hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ Etiyɔpi, wɩsɩ ɖlɩyɛ taa lɛ Somali, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Uganda wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Tanzaani pɩzɩnaa. Wɩsɩ ɖʊlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ kpeŋna. Payaʊ se Keniya pɩlɩna peeɖe pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kɛniya yɔ. Kamba kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se taataa pʊʊ.
Keniya mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ lɛ, Jomo Kenyatta kɛ pacala lɩzɩɣ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Keniya walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 580 367 km2 nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɩlɩ kuyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Keniya. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩnda maɣna mɛtanaa 5 199. Lɩm-pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩ ɖaalɩɣ kɛ keniya taa yɔ ŋga payaɣ se Taana nɛ ka-ɖaalakɩŋ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 700. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nayiroobii.


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Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ
Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ. Kɩ-mayaɣ lɛ Fe. Kɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ yusaɣ kɛlɛ mayaɣ 26. Ñɩɣlɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «métaux de transition». Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se ruteniyɔɔm nɛ osimiyɔɔm nɛ kobalɩtɩ nɛ nikɛɛlɩ (nickel) yɔ palɩ ɖama pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-mayaɣ kɛ 56 yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna yuŋ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ tɩŋɛ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se silisiyɔɔm yɔ poyolosaa nɛ palabɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ.
Payaɣ tɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ se tɩnzɩ kɩsɛmsɩ sɔsɔsɩ. Tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋgbɛzɩyaa taa. Mbʊ pʊcɔ wɩsɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-wɛ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «planêtes» waa yɔ, pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣla kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ kɩlɩna wazaɣ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa paa evemiye nɖɩ. Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ yɔ ɖɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ mbʊ payaɣ se «métal de transition ductile» yɔ. Yee pesidi ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ payaɣ se asiyee yɔ.
Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ palɩzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tɛtʊ tɛɛ yɔ, petesidi ɖɩ-taa nabʊyʊ. Kolu nɛ ñɩɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ palakɩna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ huwaa pɩtalɩ miiliyaaɖɩ waa 2,4 pɩnaɣ 2010 taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa pakɩlɩɣ lɩzɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla. Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, panaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla 37,5 Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 17,5 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Biresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 15,4 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 10,8 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 4,2 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pana 3,0 ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akaza tɛtɛɛ se papɩzɩɣ pohuyi yɔ, atalɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyaaɖɩ waa 180. Ajɛya wena a-taa papɩzɩɣ pehiɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣla wena akazaa tɛtɛɛ yɔ, anaa yɔ : Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Presiili nɛ Ruusii.


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Albert Camus
Palʊla Albert Camus kɛ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ lʊbɛ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ Mondovi, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩñɔtɩna egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Bône yɔ. Esɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naanza ñɩŋgʊ wiye kɛ Villblevin, Yonne, Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Albert Camus kɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛk ɛkɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ lɛɛtʊ-tʊ ; ɛmaɣ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ ; ɛkɛ weyi ɛyɔɔdɩɣ toovenim tanaʊ taa yɔ. Nɛ ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa weyi ɛmaɣ ndʊ tɩlakɩ nɛ ɛnɩyʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa aseeɖe tɔm kɛdɩya taa mba mba palʊba se Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ ɛwɛɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpataa yɔ. Albert Camus wɛ mba palʊba se pasɩna mba kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yoŋ kaalaba nɛ pɩcɔɔ pa-ñʊŋ taa yɔ.
Ɛ-takayasɩ nzɩ nzɩ ɛma yɔ, sɩ-taa tanaʊ tɔm wɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɩmaza tɔm wɛ, aseela tɔm nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm ñɩndʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Keesi nɛɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lɔŋ tasɩɣ tɔm wɛ sakɩyɛ. Ɛ-takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa, ɛyɔɔda ɛyʊtʊ nɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛna yɔ pɩ-tɔm. Eyɔɔdɩɣ pana wena pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩtɩkɩ-ɩ yɔɔɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔ. Pana ana a-tɛ pana ñaʊ taa ɛyʊ wɩlɩɣna ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ se kedenga wɛ ɖɔɖɔ wazaɣ e-fezu caaɣ taa. Mbʊ lakɩna nɛ laŋhʊlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛcaɣ wezu kɩpangʊ nɛ ɛɛkɔɔ ɛsɩ sɩm kɩpambʊ.
Paha-ɩ takayaɣ maʊ samtʊ nimiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1957 nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣla kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Bertrand Poirot-Delbech yɔɔdɩɣ se Albert Camus takayasɩ tɔyɩ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ kɛnɛ, ŋgʊ e-wezu caaʊ taa lɛ nɔɔyʊ taasɩmɩ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ. Pasɩma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm sɩŋŋŋ kɛ pɩnzɩ 18 kɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ. Takayasɩ sɩnɛ si-taa lɛ, ŋga kakɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ ŋga lɛ Herbert R. Lottman ñɩŋga. Ɛnɛ ɛkɛ Amerika-tʊ weyi ɛcɔŋna Ɛrɔpʋ takayasɩ maʊ nzɩ payaɣ se The New York Times ne Publishers Weekly yɔɔ yɔ.
Aseeɖe tɔm takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Combat yɔ ka-taa lɛ, ɛkama ñʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣ kaŋganaaa ndʊ ɛnawaɣ yɔ ; paa ɛzɩ Alizeerii tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ palakaɣ-ɩ mbʊ mbʊ ɛ-tɛɛ politika ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se Parti Communiste Français yɔ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ ɖekɛ ɛlaba politiki ŋbgɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ ese-ɖɩ. Camus lɩza kaalaa ɛwɛɖɩɣ kɛ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛkɛna aseeɖe tʊ. Ɛtaasɔɔlɩ kundum tɔm natʊyʊ nɛ ɛkaɖɩna Jean-Paul Sartre nɛ kɩpɩma sakɩyɛ tɔm ndʊ pɔyɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛcɔŋna se tɩtɔcɔlɩ yɔ. Herbert R.Lottman yɔɔdɩɣ Camus yɔɔ se ɛkɛkɛ weyi ɛtaatɩɩ wɛʊ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yeli yɔ ; paa ɛɛwɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se Parti Communiste Alizeerɛɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩnzɩ naalɛ yɔ. Eeseu sɔɔndʊ you nakʊyʊ ɛsɩndaa : ɛlʊba se tɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ ɛtaawɛɛ nɛ peniŋ malɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ mba yɔ ; pɩtasɩna Afrika mba mba anasayɩ tʊʊ nɛ ɛyaɣ-wɛ se Naŋgbanzɩ kɩkpɛdaa tɩnaa yɔ.
Ɛ-pɩcatʊ nɛ e-wezuu caɣʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Payaɣ Albert Camus caa se Lucien August Camus. Palʊlayɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1885 kɛ egetiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Ouled-Fayet yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Alizeerii tɛtʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-cɔzɔ se Claud Camus. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ 1809 ; nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdaɣ taa yɔ, palɩna Alsace. Lucien Camus lakɩ anasayɩ sʊlɩm tɩzʊ nɛ pɩ-kpalaba naa taa ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-caa kpaɣ Catherine Hélène Sintès kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 13 wiye pɩnaɣ 1909 Alger tɛtʊ taa. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ Birkhadem kɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakʊ kakpanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1882. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ, ɛkɛ Minorque tɛtʊ taa tʊ, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ palʊla kacalaɣ pɩɣa nɛ paya-kɛ se Lucien Jean Etienne nɛ pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ kamiŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ, palʊlɩ Albert Camus.
Malɩfa pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ hiɣ-i nɛ pɩcaŋ pɩpɩsɩ-ɩ yʊlʊnzɩ nɛ Sacre-Cœur sukuli ŋgʊ papɩsɩna-kʊ ɖakʊta cikpelu yɔ. Pɩtatɩɩlabɩta kpɩtaʊ lɛ, ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ 11 wiye pɩnɑɣ 1914. Camus tasɩ ɛ-caa ; e-foto naa nabɛyɛ ɖeke pawɩla-ɩ. Pɛsɛyɩ-ɩ ɛsɔ se ɛ-caa ɛnʊ, ɛtaatɩɩsɔɔlʊ se ɛna nɛ ɛsa pakʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ. E-ɖoo taanɩɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛɛsɩŋ takayaɣ taa kaliɣ nɛ maʊ : ɛcɔŋna camɩyɛ weyi ɛyɔɔdɩɣ na-ɩ yɔ pɩcɔ ɛnɩɩnndʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ pamʊ ɛ-halʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ lɛ, ɛna e-piya paawoba nɛ pacaɣ ɛ-tɛ kɛ e-ɖoo nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa pɔ-cɔlɔ. Etienne kɛ kaayɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛlakɩ kolaa tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛnɛ e-ɖoo ɛnʊ, pataanɩɣna ɖamaa tɔm-pee nayɛ yɔɔ.
Camus ma ɛ-takayaɣ L’envers et l’endroit taa size : ‘‘Halʊ nɔɔyʊ kɛwɛna mbʊ nɛ ɛ-walʊ sɩba lɛ pɩsʊzɩ-ɩ kʊñʊntʊtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ siŋŋ taa. Ɛɛwɛna piya naalɛ. Ɛɛcaɣ e-ɖoo cɔlɔ ; ɛlɛɛ kʊñɔŋ tʊ lɛlʊ ; ɛ-ɖalʊ ñaakɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɛɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ se ehiɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ. Ɛlaba taɣ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛɛɖʊza e-piya lɔŋ sɩzʊ kɛ e-ɖoo nesi tɛɛ. Ɛɛwɛ laŋgɩyɛ taa ɖɔŋ nɛ ɖoɖoye nɛ ɛɛwɩla e-piya lɔŋ nɛ ɖoŋ’’.
Camus kacaɣ e-kpele Gustave Acault cɔlɔ pɩɖɔɔ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛ-lɔŋ. Ɛwɛ francs-maçons waa ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ kʊlaa. Ɛsɩna e-koowu se ɛcɔna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ-ɩ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kpou kɩpaŋgʊ taa.
Ɛ-falɩsʊʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Camus laba e-sukili Alger tɛtʊ taa Alizeerii ɛjaɖe taa. Pɩnaɣ 1923 kɛ ɛ-tɛɛ wɩlɩyʊ Louis Germain na-ɩ se ɛ-ñʊʊ taa ɖɔŋ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛpaazɩ-ɩ wɩlʊʊ sukili falaa. Pɩsɩŋa ɛlɛ, ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ se paha-ɩ liidiye (bourse). Cɩca ɛnʊ, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja nɛ ɛɖɛɛ hɛzɩɣ. Ɛɛlaba kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kacalaɣ you. Ɛkala e-sukuli piya Roland Dorgelès takayaɣ Les de bois nɛ ka-taa tɔm pazɩ nɛ pɩɖʊkɩna Albert Camus pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔyɔ peeɖe ɛɖa naʊ se you fɛyɩ ɖeu paa ñɩɩɩ.
Camus tɔzɩɣ natʊyʊ : ‘‘Fɛyɛ kpawaɣ-m nɛ kʊñɔntʊtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ma nɛ mɔ-hɔʊ taa ñɩma ɖɩɩwɛ yɔ […] ɖooo lɛ, paa anɩ ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩ ma yɔ nɛ manaa kɛlɛ se kʊñɔŋ tɩna tɛtʊ. Hɛkʊ taa sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa masɩma-tʊ mbʊ’’. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛpaaza pombo mabʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ pombo kpayʊ sɩŋŋŋ. Ɛtɩlɩ ñʊʊ taa lɩmaza lɔŋ weyi payaɣ se fiilosofii yɔ.
Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaazɩ calɩm tɔʊ lɛ, ɖakʊtanaa na pɩnaɣ 1930 se ɛwɛna kpaŋnɩkpofoo kʊdɔŋ nɛ pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊ se pasɩ-ɩ Mustapha ɖakʊta taa. Peeɖe pɩzɩnaa nɛ eyele pombo mabʊ. E-ekpele Acaust nɛ e-neŋ paakɛ aliikiizaŋnaa nɛ pɛwɛɛ Michelet egeetiye taa ; peeɖe pɛtɛza-ɩ wonau nɛ paha-ɩ kuduyuu. Jean Grenier naa se Camus wɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣ takayasɩ lɛ ; ɛwɛɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ hʊnʊm nɛ ɛsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ Nietzsche.


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Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1905 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ piya lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛpaɣlɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɛ-lakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ tʋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa Sartre sɩba agoza fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1980 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (85). Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛna Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ.
Ɖajaa Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛcɛla ɛ-tɛ mbilim e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Filizoofii lɛɣtʋ piliŋ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, ɛkɩsistansiyaliizism (existentialiste) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :
- L'Être et le Néant (1943)
- L'existentialisme est un humanisme (1946)
- Critique de la raison dialectique (1960)
nɛ nouvelles (Le Mur), nɛ romans (La Nausée, Les chemins de la liberté), nɛ lɩmaɣza canaŋ takayasɩ sɩnɛ : Les Mouches, nɛ Huis clos, nɛ La putain respectueuse, nɛ Le Diable et le Bon Dieu, nɛ Les Séquestrés d'Altona.


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Alizeerii
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Maagrɛɛbʊ yɔ a-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Alizee. Tɩwɛ Alizeerii nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ Mediteranee teŋgu cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna samaɣ wɛnaʊ. Afrika kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alizeerii tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩwalaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba ɛzɩ 2 381 741 mbʊ yɔ.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sɩna Tuniizii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Liibii ɛjaɖɛ; piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Nizɛɛrɩ nɛ Malii ajɛya. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Alizeerii taa ɛyaa laba kʊñɔŋ siŋŋ. Palʊba lʊbɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ poyoo yoŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ, wiye pɩnaɣ 1962 taa.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se Union africaine yɔ ɖɩ-taa, pɩ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩtɩŋɩɣ nɔɔyʊ wayɩ nɛ kpaɣnɛ ɖooo kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1962 taa yɔ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ sʊ Ligue arabe ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1989 taa kɛ Alizeerii nɛ Maagrɛɛbʊ ajɛya palaba nɔɔ nɛ patʊlɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Union du Maghreb arabe (UMA) yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Mediiteranee ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa.
Alizeerii kaŋgalafʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +213 nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe yɔ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se Alizeerii Dinar.


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Teluuri
Teluuri kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 52 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Te. Teluuri pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pamaɣzɩ ɛ-tɔm pɩkɩlɩ pana-ɩ yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1782 pɩtɩŋna Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein kɛ Transylvan ñɩɣlɩm sika tɛtʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sylvanite. Pɩtɩŋna Pál Kitaibel weyi ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ, palɩza-ɩ ndeke lɛ pɩtɩŋna Martin Heinrich Klaproth, ɛnʊ weyi ɛya-ɖɩ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ se tellurium pɩnaɣ 1798. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paya-ɩ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ se Tellurium. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ halɩñɩŋʊ kʊnʊŋ taa se tellus, telluris, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Tɛtʊ.
Yee ŋfeza teluuri helim kɔyɔ pʊkɔŋnaŋ ɖonɖomuu kʊdɔŋ, ñʊʊ holuu nɛ ɖakʊʊ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna ndoma wɩlɩɣ nɛ pɩlakɩŋ ñɩɣlɩm sɔɔlʊʊ tɩyɛ. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛyʊ efeza-ɩ ŋñɩɩ, ɛ-tɛ feziŋ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, e-tomnaɣ lɩɣ sɔŋ ɛzɩ ayoo yɔ. Etukina ɛsɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɛsɩyɛ sɛʊ cɩɩɩ nɛ ɛsa wɩɣ. Ɛyʊ eliba yɔ e-lotu wɩɣ, pusuyu-ɩ nɛ pɩtamna tɔtʊ.
Pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛwazɩ ɛyaa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ makɩna 0,1 mg/m3 helim taa (ACGIH 1999). Ɛ-tɛ wondu sakɩyɛ wɛ sɔtʊ, nɛ pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ hɔyɛ nɛ ɛyʊ hɛkʊ taa fitenum. Palakaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ waa 250 pɩnaɣ taa nɛ tɔnɩ waa 1000 pɩnaɣ taa, ɛlɛ pʊlɔŋ nɛ kuwiviri nɛ sɛlɛnɩyɔm cajaasɩ taa palɩza-ɩ.
Pɩnzɩ 1990 taa lɛ, ajɛyɛ naanza cɔŋanaɣ teluuri tʊma labʊ yɔɔ, ana yɔ Etaazuunii, Kanadaa, SJapɔŋ nɛ Peruu. Pɩnaɣ taa kɩlabɩm yee pɩkpɛndɩna sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɔyɔ, pɩlʊʊ taa ɖɩnaɣ se pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ waa 1000, ɛlɛ tɔnɩ kʊyʊmʊ yakaɣ liidiye 1200. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ lʊɖaa, Elias Anton Cappelen Smith wayi tɩŋyaa, papa lɩza-ɩ kuwiviri nazɩyʊ peɣɖe ahʊya ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ mununu taa.


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Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ wandamm
Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm tɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ. Amerika nɛ hayi wɛɛ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ ñɛwɛɛ.
Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʋʋ cɩnɛ. Lɩŋamɩŋ cɔ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ pɩta. Ɖɩnaɣ Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Amerika nɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Piyele nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩ-hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩna Arɩtiki teŋgu. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Atlantique teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Amerika hɛkʋ tɛ tɛtʋ tɔnaɣ yaa tɛtʋ pɩlɩŋaɣ natʋyʋ tamasɩna Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ.
Ageeta wena payaɣ se Karayiibɩ waa (Caraïbes) yɔ, awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi tɛtʋ taa.
Ajɛya wena awɛ Amerika nɛ hayi yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ : Groenland nɛ Kanada nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Bermudes nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki nɛ tɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ : Vancouver nɛ Reine-Charlotte nɛ Prince-Édouard nɛ Terre-Neuve nɛ Cap-Breton nɛ Ellesmere nɛ Baffin nɛ Victoria nɛ Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon nɛ Aléoutiennes nɛ Alaska.
Amerika hɛkʋ taa ajɛya wena awɛɛ yɔ, alɛɛ yɔ : Kuwatemala nɛ Belize nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador nɛ Nicaragua nɛ Costa Rica nɛ Panama nɛ Kuubaa nɛ Jamaïque nɛ République Dominicaine …


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Wɩsɩ
Wɩsɩ (payaɣ-sɩ 'sol' nɛ Latɛŋ taa, nɛ 'Heλιoς' (Helios) Krɛkɩ taa) kɛ mbʋ mbʋ pʋcɔ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-tɩɩŋa. Wɩsɩ kɛ mbʋ mbʋ pʋcɔɔ pɩta ḿbʋ yɔ, pɩ-taa kaabʋwaɣ. Sɩ-tɔlɩm wɛ ɛzɩ sʋtʋ lɩm yɔ. Panaɣ mbʋ payaɣ se, Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ nɛ hélium yɔ sɩ-taa. Si-yuŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpaɣ 74% yaa 92,1% sɩ-maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hélium n̄akpaɣ 24% si-huŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yaa 7,8% sɩ-maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa[1]. Tɛtʋ nɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ pʋdʋnaa lɛlaa lʋbɛ pɔcɔʋ-sɩ nɛ pataŋ. Pʋtʋnaa cikpema nabɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se, asɩtɛrowidi nɛ kɔmɛɛtɩ waa yɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ mʋzʋʋ nakʋyʋ pɔcɔʋ-sɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩŋ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ payɩ yɔ, pɩ-taa lɛ, wɩsɩ kpaɣ si-ɖeke 99,86% pu-huŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ mbʋ pɩkazaa yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ pu-yuŋ tam naadozo taa yɔ, pʋdʋ weyi payaɣ se, Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ n̄akpakɩɣ pɩkɩlɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ nɛ ɖoŋ weyi sɩhaɣ yɔ, ɛnʋ yekina nɛ ɛyʋ caɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛlɛ, mʋntʋsʋʋ tɛ ɖoŋ nɛ soŋaɣ n̄ɩŋ peyekina nɛ lɩm wɛɣ nɛ tɩŋ lʋlʋʋ pe. Mbʋ payaɣ se, UV solaire yɔ, yee lɩm mbʋ pikpeŋ lɔɔŋ taa yem yaa pɩcakɩ habɩŋ taa yɔ, pɩtakɩlɩ cʋʋʋ yɔ, ḿbʋ kʋʋna kʋdɔmɩŋ pe pɩ-taa. Tɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ n̄ɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ patɩŋɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ Fenaɣ yaa lɩm peyeki nɛ mʋntʋsʋʋ ŋgʋ wɩsɩ haɣ yɔ kɩlɛɣzɩɣ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ nɛ papaɣlɩɣ.
Wɩsɩ n̄akɩ n̄aɣʋ mbʋ yɔ piyekina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ soŋaɣ nɛ niikaɣ pa-alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Toovenim lɛ, n̄alɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩn̄andɩɣ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖi-miŋ 99,97% yaa 99,98% lɩɣna wɩsɩ cɔlɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wondu lɛɛtʋ tɩŋa yɔ, ḿbʋ ɖɔɖɔ n̄alɩmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ɛnɩ ɛlɩɣ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ miŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ weyi paanaɣ-ɩ yɔ ɛ-tɩyɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ Tɛtʋ wɛ ti-ɖeɖe ɖiɣɖiɣ.
Wɩsɩ kɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʋ taa payɩ yɔ pɩ-taa lɛɛbʋ. Tɩɩnzɩ ńzɩ sɩkpɛndɩ ɛzɩ kudokiŋ agbaba 234 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pan̄ɩnaa nɛ pana ḿbʋ: Ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ tɩɩnzɩ wayɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se parallaxe-seconde yɔ pʋ-tam 15 nɛ siposina tɩɩnzɩ ɛzɩ parallaxe-secondes waa 8.500 yɔ (pʋwɛ ɛzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se année-lumière yɔ tam 26.000.
Wɩsɩ posina Tɛtʋ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 149.597.870 ḿbʋ yɔ [2]. Pʋmʋʋ cɛcɛsɩ 8 nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa 19 nɛ pʋcɔ Wɩsɩ tɛ n̄alɩmɩyɛ talɩ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ lɛ.


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Hɩlɩmɩyɛ
Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Hɩlɩma wɛ ndɩ ndɩ : pʋyʋ kpaakpaa kɔñɩɩɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « masse atomique ».
Wɩsɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ ɖɔnɛ tɛ tɩɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ nakʋyʋ. Haɣnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Kɔtɩɩ waa tɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « spectrométrie » yɔ.
Laatriki miŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ pee kpɛlɛklʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ lɛɣtʋ tɩlɩtʋ pɔ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ pʋyʋ keem.
Hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ hama nɛ pɔhɔkʋʋna pɛ. Malɩfa hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ mbʋ se « masse » yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa saawɩlɩ ndɩ ndɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kaka ɖɔɖɔ se « The masses ».
Takayaɣ ŋ́ga kalɩ pɩnaɣ 1911 taa nɛ kasɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1917 ñɩŋa taa. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa payaɣ piliŋa nakɛyɛ se « Mass-Observation ».
Takayɩsɩ maʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, piliŋa ŋ́ga kɔcɔŋnana nɛ katɩlɩɣ samaɣ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa piliŋa ŋga kɔñɔwa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 taa kɔñɔwa.


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Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovitch Nabokov kɛ Ruusi tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yaa kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ kɛ Ɖoma fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ yaa hiŋ naaalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋga taa. Lalaa n̄ɔtɔŋ size ɖomaɣ fenaɣ efemiye yaa kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋga kʋɖʋma ŋga ka-taa. Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe kɛ kooka yaa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe palʋla ɖajaa Vladimir ɛnʋ.
Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ naalɛ (2) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1977 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Lausanne kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ nɛ lutozo (78) kɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimir Vladimirovitch Nabokov kɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ, ɛtɛ ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ, nɛ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ, nzʋlʋma lɛɛna taa lɩzɩyʋ yaa payaʋ size nzʋlʋma lɛɛna taa ɖɛzɩyʋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimir kɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ tazɩyʋ. Ɛ-tɔma ana, a-kpeekpe payɩ mbɩ yɔ, Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlakɩyɛ, ɛlɛ, ɛkɛ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa. Iglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛlaba ɛtɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ sukuli nɛ Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) mbɩ yɔ.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Vladimirovitch Nabokov ɛnɛ, pɩnaɣ 1940 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ, ɛtala Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa, nɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm wɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛta tamaɣ size ɛpɩsɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa tʋ yaa nesi ɖʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ wobɩnaʋ ɛsɩnda.


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Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ
Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ, akɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩlɛŋgbɛlɛm mɔɔ kpɩna. Kpɩna ana pasɩma-yɛ nɛ mbʊ yɔ kɛna se pamʊzʊʊ pe-piyaa cikpesi nɛ hɩlɩm. Piya nzɩ paɖʊʊ yɔ pɩpɔza piŋŋ sɩ-ɖoonaa nɛ sɩ-caanaa pɔcɔna sɩ-yɔɔ nɛ hɩlɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ si-lotu tɛcɛyɩta (kɛlɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se hɩlɩm pɔcɔna nɛ sɩ-yɔɔ). Wɛtʊ naa lalaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ patɩlɩɣ nɛ kpɩnɛ lɛɛna, pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtɛɛ wondu kɩbɩndʊ.
Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ paɣtʊ paɣlʊʊ taa lɛ, kajalaɣ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna ana tɛtʊ yɔɔ aawɛɛ. Kpɩna ana acaŋ ahuu lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ a-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ (sɛmʊʊ) kʊkʊ ñakʊyʊʊ ɛsɔdaa. Tɩmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa peeɖe sakɩyɛ pɩsɩ lɩm taa ñɩna hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Ñɩtʊ taa kpɩna hɩla ñɩna sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna pɩlɩna palɩzɩ paɣtʊ ndʊ se pakandɩ a-yɔɔ yɔ, sakɩyɛ wɛ takayasɩ kɩsɛmasɩ yɔɔ wena pañaŋasɩɣ-yɛ yɔ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ wena atɔkɩ nandʊ) palakɩ a-taa lɛɛna nandʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ tiiye naayɛ taa kpɩna wena ɛyʊ ɖɔɣa yɔ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (pɩlɩna kpɩnɛ hɔm, nandʊ, naalɩm, kpɩnɛ nɖɩ pakʊwa yɔ tɔnʊʊ) mʊwa yaa pasa siŋŋ pɩlɩna pɔtɔza sakɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna pɛ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ.
Po-tomnasi mɔɔ tɩŋa taa lɛ pe-kela kɩlana ɖoŋ, mbʊ labɩna nɛ patɩlɩ tɛtɛɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna, pe-kela yɔɔ nɛ nabʊyʊ pɩkpɛdɩna tamasɩ yaa ñʊʊ pɔyɩŋ. Paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-kela kɛlɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ patɩlɩɣ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɔɔnaɣ. Ɖooo krɛtasɩ alɩwaatʊ, Maastrichti wɛɛ taa, pakalɩ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna lɛ aatalɩ 150 halɩ 300 kɛlɛ pekpeeli-yɛ tindima nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʊbɛ.
Pɩlɩna wɩyaʊ Maor kpɛlɛkɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɛ Tel Aviv sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ndʊ posusa tɩ-tɔm yɔ yɔɔ lɛ, kpɩna hɩla ñɩna anɛ aakɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa kpɩna ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ papaɣzɩ labʊ pa-tʊma wɩsɩ kpaɣ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kpɩna sɔsɔna wena atuu a-lotu apaɣza ɖɩm yɔ, alɩwaatʊ talɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliiyɔɔ naa 66 mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩna hɩla ñɩna ana a-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ sɔndʊ ñɩna, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ cɔzɔnaa.


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Keniya pʊʊ
Wakamba n̄ɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Keniya pʊʊ tɔbʊ se « taataa pʊʊ » » Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Afrika tɛtʊ tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Kilimanjaro pʊʊ wayi lɛ, Keniya n̄ɩŋʊ tɩŋna kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ taa. Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa samaɣ nakayɩ wɛ Keniya pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-liu tɛɛ kpɛɛɛ. Kpaɣ ki-liu tɛɛ ŋkpa ŋtalɩ “Batian” mbʊ yɔ, mɛtanaa 5 199 wɛna. Kpaɣ ki-liu tɛɛ nɛ ŋwolo “Nelion” lɛ, mɛtana naa 5 188 n̄ɛwɛna pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Keniya ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Kiwɛ “Equateur” nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kiposina Nairobi tɛtʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtaa naa 150 mbʊ yɔ.
Tɛtɛɛ pɩɩn̄amsaa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ piseɣ nɛ kaaŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ tɛtʊ pɩlɩʊ nɛ pɩkpaɣ nɛ pɩkpeeliu nɛ pikɔɔ pɩpɩsɩ Keniya pʊʊ. Mɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɛ kalɩna nɛ tɛtɛɛ kɩŋ helu helu nɛ pɩlɩzɩɣ kaaŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʊ tɛtɛɛ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ miliyɔɔ waa naadozo yɔ keniya pʊʊ ŋgʊ kikpaʊ sʊʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se “Calotte glaciaire” yaa lɩm pɛɛ yɔ mbʊ pamna pʊʊ ŋgʊ ki-yɔɔ kpi. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ kpaʊ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ kɩwɛɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ pʊʊŋ lɛɛŋ. Kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɩm kujomɩŋ sakɩyɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Kujomiŋ ɛnʊ ɛfaɣna ɖooo pʊʊ n̄ʊʊ taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖooo kataŋa taa. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-n̄ʊʊ taa lɩm lɩʊna nɛ piniɣdiɣ Keniya ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ. Eurɔpʊ tuuɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩnɩyaa n̄ana tɛtɛɛ n̄amsʊʊ mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1 849 taa. Pɔ-nɔyɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ ɖa-caa Johann Ludwig Krapt. Ɛlɛ, pɩŋaɣ 1883 kɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnɩyaa n̄ɩɣ nesi se toovonim lɛ, tɛtɛɛ n̄amsɩna nɛ miŋ sɔsɔŋnɩɩyɛ lɩɩna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ kaaŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩkpa pembem nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩpɩsɩ pʊʊ sɔsɔu yelu yelu. Pɩnaɣ 1 887 taa kɛ pacalɩ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kpaʊ ɛlɛ patatalɩ kɩ-n̄ʊʊ takaɣ taa hem. Ɖa-caa Halford John Mackinder nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pan̄aɣna pana nɛ pɔɖɔ nɛ patʊlɩ kʊ- n̄ʊʊ taa yeli. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, nʊmɔŋ ɖɔ yem nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖɔ yem lɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛkpa Keniya pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa.
Tɩŋ nɛ n̄ɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɔ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ yɔɔ kpaɣ kɩ-liu tɛ nɛ nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ kʊ- n̄ʊʊ taa. Laʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɛ ɖɔdɔ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩhɔɔlʊ; nakʊyʊ yɔɔ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna sɔsɔna nayɛ wɛ keniya pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɔcɔzɩ-kʊ kaɖaɣ nɛ pata kpɛɛɛ se pakandɩ kpɩna an a-yɔɔ ɖeu nɛ a-taa na ɖiyɛ ɛtaale yem. Kaɖaɣ ŋga ka-taa kpɩna ana apɩsɩ ketenga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ ŋɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se “UNESCO” yɔ ɖɩ-n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ. Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, ɛyaa ,ɛzɩ 15 000 yɔ panaɣ powoki Keniya kaɖaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ patʊlɩ-wɛ nɛ pasʊʊ nɛ pana kpɩna sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ana.


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Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ ɖaɣna yaʋ size sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa poluki yaa palɩzʋʋ anjaʋ waa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna wondu kɩsaɣtʋ labɩnaʋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ yaa pɩcɛlɛ wɛɖʋ kam nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ kɩpaɣlaka pɔzʋʋ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ ,ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩwɛ sɩɣgbelasɩ tɩyɛ ɛzɩ pamaʋ yaa payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "ronde-bosse (statuaire)".
Saɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩlɩzɩ yaa ɖʋlʋ wondu nɛ tɩwɛɛna wɛtʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "haut-relief", nɛ "bas-relief", nɛ pɩtasɩna "modelage" ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩsaɣyʋ kɛ paya size saɣyʋ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ saɣyʋ. Ɛsaɣkɩ paa wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ pʋmʋna kʋ kɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ yaa kʋkʋkʋyɩmɩŋ taa nɛ kʋɖɔkʋʋ kpɩtʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Kɩ-hɔɔlasɩ tɛ kpɩnaʋ tɛ camɩyɛ size pɩpɩsɩ wonuu kam kɛ payana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "soudure yaa assemblage".
Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ wɩlɩʋ yaa tʋkʋʋna kpaɣgba kɛ saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu kɩlabʋʋ. Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ kiɖe yaa ɖɩlɩyɛ keekee wɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Tɔm piye nɖɩ, pama ɖɩ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se «sculpture» nɛ ɖɩlɩɩna latɛŋ matʋ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋgʋ kʋkʋ taa size «sculpere» yɔ. Kʋnʋmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɛ-naalɛ e-tomba : fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpture» nɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpere» tɔbɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ.
Yee ɛyʋ ɛnɩ n̄ata kɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpture» nɛ ɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpere» kɔyɔ, ɛkpakʋ kpaɣgba size kutoliŋ yaa tɔbɩŋ kɛlɛ size saɣʋʋ yaa kaʋ hɔɔlasɩ lɩzʋʋ yaa kaʋ faʋʋ hɔɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm pe ana a-naalɛ (sculpere, nɛ sculpture) a-kutoliŋ yaa a-tɔbɩŋ wɩlɩʋna tɛyɩtʋ kɛ saɣʋʋ (sculpture) nɛ lɛzɩŋ lɩzɩtʋ yaa katɩzɩnaʋ (modelage) pa-naalɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ size wondu kɩsaɣtʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ kaaŋ yaa pɛ (pierre), nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ (os).
Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ wɩlʋʋna ɖoo lɔndaa pɛ yaa kaaŋ saɣtʋ wazaɣ fevere n̄ɩŋga kɛ ɖoo ɖomuu tɛ ɛzakuliye alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkpaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdaɣ tɔm piye nɖɩ payaɣna yaa pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «ymagier» yɔ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖeke. Tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ pɛlɛɛzana nɖɩ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ (sculpteur) yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɖama kpɛndʋʋ yaa sakɩyɛ nɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kʋɖʋm ɖɩyɛ labʋ kpɛndʋʋ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛm ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna n̄ʋʋ tʋ kʋɖʋm nɛ paya-ɩ size wɩlɩyʋ.


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Sidaa
Sidaa kɛ kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ hikiɣ wɩsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔ. Kɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ tɩŋga kʊʊ ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa pʊtʊna mba palʊkɩna kʊɖɔmɩŋ yɔ,ɛlɛ, pɩtɩŋna VIH yɔɔ kɛnɛ. VIH kɛnɛ kpaagba lone ndɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ sidaa tɩŋgɩɣ nɛ kʊsʊʊ yɔ. Kʊkʊʊ ɛyʊ pɩtɩŋnɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛtɩŋna kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ weyi sidaa kpayɩ yɔ yaa ɛwɛna sidaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ payayɩ-ɩ se sidaa tʊ yaa sidaa ɛyʊ.
Nɔmɔŋ niidozo kɔdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋna nɛ kʊsʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Nɔmɔŋ ɛ-nʊ yɔ, kajalaɣ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ sɔsɔʊ yɔ kɛlɛ kʊzʊʊ. Naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ calɩm tɔbʊʊ se mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tabakʊyɔɔ ŋga pɔsɔkɩ ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa (sɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛmtʊ taa, mba paɖʊ-wɛ calɩm po-tomnasi taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mba pa-calɩm kiwa yɔ hiɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ calɩm mbʊ paɖʊʊ-wɛ pɩ-taa wɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ). Naatozo nɔmɔʊ kɛlɛ ɖoyo nɛ ɛ-pɔɔ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkpa pɔɔ ko-ɖoo lotu taa kɛ kpaagba kɔzɔɖɔ naa taa kɛ hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa yaa ɖɩ-lʊʊlɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-mʊzɩyɛ taa.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe kʊdɔŋ kʊnɛ kɩsɛɣ ɛsɩyɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩɣ 1970 taa nɛ kɩpɩsɩ sʊʊtʊ ajɛyɛɛ tɩŋga. Kʊsʊʊ hʊyʊʊ yeke koŋ ɖaŋgʊʊna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se kɩ-taa kpa ɛyʊ nɛ sɩɣsɩɣ yaa kele kele wɛtʊ pɩzʊʊna pɩɖaŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se ɖɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ ɖɩwaa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ. Ɛlɛ, kɔɔ naayɛ wɛɛ papɩzɩɣ pasɩɣna kʊdɔndɩnaa, ɛlɛ awɛ liiidiye.
Ajɛyɛ wena awɛna ñɩm yɔ a-yeke apɩzɩɣna ayakɩ pɩtɛ kɔɔ. Piyele wena awɛ tanɩm taa yɔ a-tɛ kʊdɔndɩnaa lakɩ kʊñɔŋ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ, hiŋ nakʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ lakɩ kʊñɔŋ (95%). Pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya ñɩnʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se ONU, pɩtɩŋna ɖɩ-lɩmaɣza yɔ pɩlɩna sidaa kʊdɔŋ ONU SIDA yɔ lɛ, lɩza lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kʊlʊkɩna sidaa kʊdɔŋ.
Nɔmɔŋ niitozo weyi VIH kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊna yɔ wɛna paa ŋgʊ kɩ-wɛtʊ. Kʊzʊʊ nɛ calɩm nɛ hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩɖɛʊ pɩkɩlɩna kʊzʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ paaɖʊʊ kʊzʊʊ hʊyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ yem taa se kɔndɔm. Kʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɩɖɛʊ ŋgʊ pɩtɩŋna sʊŋgɔɔ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣ kʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa (yaa calɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ sidaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ) nɛ mʊʊna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣ abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔŋ tɛ yaa nɔɔ taa. Kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ pʊtɔma kɩɖɛʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 0,005 % nɛ 0,5 % pɩtɩŋna kʊzʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ weyɩ ɛtɛma-kʊ wɛnaʊ yɔ pɩlɩna kʊzʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ kʊ-cɔlɔ.
Ɛyʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se kɩkpa-ɩ kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu nɛ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛsɔɔlɩ kʊzʊʊ hʊzʊʊ ɖʊʊ paa ɛzɩmta. Kiyeke koŋ kaɖaŋgʊna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se kɩ-taa ɖɛɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩna-kʊ yɔ. Ñɩnʊʊ nɛ Kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔŋ taa pɩwɩlɩɣ keele se kʊzʊʊ hʊyʊʊ yaba ɛyaa ñʊŋ nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpasɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ se hʊyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pɔza alɩwaatʊ kpaʊ pazɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ndʊ ɖʊkʊʊ camɩyɛ deyi deyi kɔyɔ pɩɩlakɩ.


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Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ (Laser)
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ kɛna anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size kɩlɩzʋʋ mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ yɔ. Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋ kʋnɛ, kiliɖe ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mba payaɣ size masɛrɩ nɛ pama size "maser" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kajalaɣ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pacalɩ haʋ hɩɖɛ seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnʋ size masɛrɩ naʋʋ nɛ mʋdʋsʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ pama size "maser optique".
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ anasaayɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ naabʋlɛ kpɛndɩm. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, ɖɩcɔnaɣ kɔ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size kɩ-taa nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩwalanzɩnaʋ yaa paɣlaka sɔzʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna naʋ kʋlɔmʋʋ yɔ. Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ wɛna kɩ-taa pɔʋ kɩɖaɣlʋʋ nakʋyʋ, nɛ kɩ-taa miŋ lɩʋ nɛ ɛwɛ tʋɖʋɖʋ yee ɛmʋwaa yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋgɛ payɩ mbɩ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ yʋsaɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɩzʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ pɔzʋʋ size, seɣtuu mʋdʋsʋʋ anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-tɛ mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ nzɩ kɩlɩzɩsɩ wɛna siɣ siɣ mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄azɩn̄azʋ. Pʋtɔbʋ size, pɩ-tɛ kɛɛkɩŋ wɛɛ. Mʋndʋsʋʋ weluu yaa mʋndʋsʋʋ n̄azɩn̄azʋ (spectre) wɛna kɩ-taa kɛ cɛnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ lɩɩ lɩɩ yɔ. Sɩ-tɛ, pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ (ondes) lɩɣna pɔŋ nɛ walanzɩ tasʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ (amplificateur) yɔɔ.
Seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ cɛnzɩ (raies) sɩnɛ, sɩ-tɛ mini mini pɩsʋʋ (finesse) wɛna nabʋyʋ taa kɛ kamasɩ. Pɩ-tɛ kamasɩ nzɩ, sɩwɛɛ pɩlɩɩna kɩ-tɛ pɔʋ (cavité) tɛ wɛtʋ ɖeyi ɖeyi yɔɔ nɛ walanzɩ tasʋʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tɛ kpɛdɛɛ kpɛdɛɛ wiluu cɛlʋʋ ɖeɖe. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ yeki yaa haɣ ɖoŋ size pehuu lɩzɩtʋ (émission) nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pɔcɔɔ pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Kpaɖʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ taa kɛ sakɩyɛ tɩlaa siŋŋ size seɣtuu mʋndʋsʋʋ kɛna cɛnzɩ (rayonnement) sɩpɩzʋʋ tʋma kpeekpe kɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmtʋ (électromagnétique) hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖenɖe miŋ wɛɛ payɩ yɔ. Pila ɖaɣlɩtʋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kaakɛ, kajalaɣ taa kɛ mbʋ payaɣwa size "maser" yɔ. Mba payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size "micro-ondes" waa nɛ palakaana wɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɛnzɩ X waa hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Mɛɛrkiiri
Mɛɛrkiiri kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga. Tɩyɩŋga kɛna ŋga kɩlɩna wɩsɩ ñɔtɩnaʊ kpam. Mɛɛrkiiri kɛŋna wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam yɔ pɩ-tɩyɩŋga ŋga pʊtɔyɩna-kɛ hɩlɩmaɣ yɔ.
Katakɩlɩ tɛtʊ posinaʊ nɛ ɛzɩma kɔñɔtɩna tɛtʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3075 nɛ 0,4667 UA yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma tɩyɩŋga ŋga koposinau nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ O,2056 yɔ. Posinau pɔnɛ pɩɖaɣla pɩkɩlana tɛtʊ kɛ tam hiu nɛ naalɛ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ papɩzɩɣ pana-kɛ nɛ ɛsɛ pee anɛ ɖooo tataa cɩnɛ pɩsɩna ɖaɣlakɩŋ hɛkʊ taa faaʊ ciŋga nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ tɛlm kɛlɛmwaa 4,5 nɛ 13 yɔ.
Tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ ka-ñɩlɩnzʊʊ taa talɩ ɛzɩ 5,7 nɛ 2,3 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ se pana-kɛ paa ɛzɩm taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩŋga kanɛ kakɩla wɩsɩ ñɔtɩnaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ calasɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɛ. Merkuri wɛna kɩ-nɖɩ nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋzɩ lɛɛsɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-tɛ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ taa cɔɔʊ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ afema 87,646 yɔ.
Tɩyɩnga kanɛ kɛ-tɛ sizika taa kɩlɩna wɛʊ kpɛɛlɛ kpɛɛlɛ tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ cɔʊ taa ɛɛtalɩɣ camɩyɛ kɛ cɛcɛsɩ naalɛ. Mɛɛrkiiri wɛna tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ cɔʊʊtɩyɩŋzɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Feeniisi, Tɛtʊ nɛ Maarsi yɔ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Tɛtʊ yɔ kakɩla Mɛrkurɩ kɛ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ tam naputozo yɔ nɛ tam nɛɛlɛ kɛ hɩlɩmaaɣ tɔm taa. Mɛrkurɩ wɛ kuluŋkulu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊtaŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Feenuusi yɔ.
Room mba tɛ sɔdɩŋ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ taa lɛ, wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-hɩɖɛ lɩna sɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mɛɛrkiiri yɔ kɩ-taa. Sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔŋnana tadɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ nɛ sɩwaa lalaa yɔɔ tɔm tɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga cɛlɩna ka-hɩɖɛ kɛ kpɩtaʊ taa kɩykʊ naatozo ŋgʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩ taa se mɛɛrkredii.


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Homère
Homère kɛ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kpaɖʋ lutozo (8) kɛdɛza alɩwaatʋ taa palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ.
Paa sʋyɩ hɩɖɛ size "koowa tʋ". Sɔsaɣ yanaɣ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ-ɩ mbʋ.
Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ sakɩyɛ kaɖɛ size patɩlɩ size, ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, keekee taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛ-tʋma n̄amsa tɛtʋ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋnaa cikpetu samaɣ wɛɛ nɛ pɛkɛʋna ɖama pɩlɩɩna ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔ.


text:
Kuduyuu tɛɛ minziiki
Kuduyuu tɛɛ minziiki, pɩkɛ hendu teuu tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ hikasi wondu pɩyʊ, ɖasɩ, kuwiviri yaa mabʊ kɛlɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ nɛ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tʊ. Nabʊyʊ taa tiluu nabʊyʊ ɛkpɛndɩ nabʊlɛ taa yaa nabutozo taa pɩcɛlɩna hikasi cɔlɔ kɔyɔ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ soo, pɩcɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ kɔyɔ pɛtɛzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ yem soo.
Ɛyaa naalɛ, naatozo, nananza, kagbanzɩ, loɖo, lʊbɛ, lutozo, nakʊ nɛ hiu tʊmɩyɛ laɣsɩ kaapɔza pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔɔlɩyɛ paɣtʊ, tiluu, mabɩtʊ pɩlɩna soo wondu cɔlɔ, kɛlɛ ɛyaa ŋñɩɩ pɩzɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Tɔmpiye kuduyuu tɛɛ soo lɩ kpaɣ baroki alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩkɛ tɩ-teyaa paɣtʊ se petee-tʊ pa-taa pa-taa yeke.


text:
1Wɑɑtʋ wei yǝlɑɑ kpɑ Amɑsiyɑ pǝyɑlʋ Osiyɑsɩ kɛ kɑwulɑɣɑ kɛ ɩ cɑɑ lonte tɔ, ɩ pɩɩsɩ wɛ nɑɑnʋwɑ nɑ nɑɑtoso.
2Ɩnɩ ɩ lɛɛkǝnɑ Ɩlɑtɩ ɩcɑtɛ kɛ ɩ cɑɑ sǝm wɑɑlɩ, nɑ ɩ́ tɑɣɑnɩ-tɛɣɛ ŋmɑʋ.
3Osiyɑsɩ lʋlʋɣʋ pɩɩsɩ nɑɑnʋwɑ nɑ nɑɑtoso nyǝŋkɑ tɑɑ kɛ́ ɩ tɔɣɑ kɑwulɑɣɑ kɛ Yosɑlɛm tɑɑ kɛ́ pɩɩsɩ nɩɩlɛ nɑ nɑɑnʋwɑ nɑ nɑɑlɛ. Ɩ too kɑ kɛ́ Yosɑlɛm tʋ kɛ́ nɑ pɑ́ yɑɑkɩ-ɩ sɩ Yekoliyɑ.
4Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Osiyɑsɩ lɑpɑ mpi pǝ mɑɣɑ Tɑcɑɑ tɔ ɩsɩɩ ɩ cɑɑ Amɑsiyɑ.
5Sɑkɑlɩ nɑ ɩ sǝm tɔ, ɩ sɛɣɛsɑɣɑ Osiyɑsɩ kɛ Ɩsɔ nɩɩnɑʋ kɛ́. Nɑ Osiyɑsɩ kɑɑsǝɣɩ ɩ tɩ sɩ ɩ́ cɛkǝnɑ Tɑcɑɑ luɣu nyǝntʋ. Nɑ Ɩsɔ nɑ́ɑ́ yele nɑ ɩ́ wɑɑkɩ.
6Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Osiyɑsɩ polɑ Filiisi nyǝ́mɑ kɛ yoonɑʋ nɑ ɩ́ yɔkɩ Kɑtɩ nɑ Yɑpǝne nɑ Asǝtɔtɩ pǝ ɑcɑlɛɛ koloosi. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ tɑɣɑnɩ ɑcɑlɛɛ kɛ Asǝtɔtɩ nɑ Filiisi nyǝ́mɑ hɔɣɔlʋɣʋ tɑɑ.
7Nɑ Ɩsɔ sǝnɑ-ɩ ɩ́ nɑ Filiisi nyǝ́mɑ nɑ Kuu-Pɑɑlɩ Lɑɑlupunɑɑ nɑ Meuni nyǝ́mɑ pɑ yoonɑʋ tɑɑ.
8Hɑlǝnɑ Amoni nyǝ́mɑ nɑ́ɑ́ fɛlǝɣɩ-ɩ lɑmpuunɑɑ. Osiyɑsɩ nyʋɣʋ kʋlɑɑ kɛ́ nɑ pǝ́ tɑlɑ Icipiti tɛtʋ toŋɑ.
9Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ ɩ ŋmɑ́ ɑtɛ nɑ ɩsɔ kutuluŋ sɔsɔɔŋ kɛ Yosɑlɛm ɩcɑtɛ koluŋɑ ŋkuluŋɑ nɔnɔɣɔ, nɑ tɛtɛkǝlɛ tɑɑ nyǝŋkɑ, nɑ koluŋɑ tǝkoŋlle, nɑ ɩ́ nyɔɔsɩ kutuluŋ ɩnǝɣɩ teu.
10Nɑ ɩ́ ŋmɑ́ tǝtɑŋlɛnɑɑ kɛ wʋlɑɣɑ tɛtʋ hɔɣɔlǝŋ tɑɑ. Nɑ ɩ́ huli lɔkɔnɑɑ pɑɣɑlɛ. Mpi tɔ, ɩ kɑ wɛnɑ kɑlǝkǝŋ pɑɣɑlɛ kɛ tɛtɛkǝlɛ nɑ tɛtʋ ɩhǝntɑʋ tɑɑ kɛ́. Pǝ́cɔ́ ɩ wɛnɑ hɑtɑɑ nɑ tɩɩŋ wei pɑ yɑɑ sɩ lɛsɛŋnɑɑ tɔ ɩ pɑɑsǝnlɑɑ. Mpi tɔ, ɩ kɑ sɔɔlɑ hɑlǝm kɛ́.
11Osiyɑsɩ pɑɑsɑɣɑnɑ yoolɑɑ mpɑ pɑ nyǝ́mɑ yoou tɔɣɔ. Nɑ ɩ́ fɑɣɑ-wɛɣɛ kpekɑ nɑ pǝ́ kɛɛsǝnɑ kʋkɑlʋɣʋ ŋku wulɑʋ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tɑɑ lɛlʋ Hɑnɑniyɑ kɑ tʋ tɑkǝlɑsɩ ŋmɑɑlʋ Yeiyɛlɩ nɑ tǝmɑ tɑɣɑnlʋ Mɑɑseyɑ tɔ.
12Yoolɑɑ tɑɑ yoolɑɑ mpɛ pɑ lʋlʋŋ nyɔɔŋ nyǝ́mɑ kɑ wɛ iyisi nɑɑlɛ nɑ nɑsǝtoso (2600) kɛ́.
13Mpɛ pɑ pɑɑsɑɣɑnɑnɑ yoolɑɑ iyisi ŋmʋnʋɣʋ nɑ nɩɩnʋwɑ nɑ nɑɑtosompɔɣɔlɑɣɑ nɑ nɑsǝlɛ nɑ nɩɩnʋwɑ (307500). Pɑ sɔɔlʋ pɩɩwɑ sɩ pɑ yookinɑ wulɑʋ kolontunɑɑ.
14Ye pɑ tɛɛkɩ yoou wulɑʋ cɛlǝɣɩ-wɛɣɛ kpɑlǝŋ kɛ́, nɑ ŋmɑntɑɑsɩ, nɑ yoou kɑhusi, nɑ pǝ tokonɑɑ, nɑ tɔɔŋ, nɑ pǝntɔlʋpɛɛ.
15Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ nyǝntʋ nɔɣɔlʋ ɩ lupɑ Osiyɑsɩ kɛ yoou mɑlǝfɔnɑɑ sɔsɑɑ nɑpǝlɩ tɑkɑ nɑ pɑ́ sɩɩ-wɛɣɛ ɑtɛ nɑ ɩsɔ kutuluŋ nɑ koloosi ŋkuluŋɑsɩ tɑɑ. Pɑ tɔɔkǝnɑ-wɛɣɛ nyǝ́mɑ́ nɑ pɑ lɔkǝnɑ pɛɛ kʋyɑsǝlɛɛ. Ɩsɔ sǝnɑ-ɩ teu kɛ́ nɑ ɩ toŋ sɔɔsǝɣɩ nɑ pǝ́ puki pooluŋ.
16Amɑ ɩ toŋ ɩnɩ ɩ sʋsɑ-ɩ tǝhɔm tɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ pǝ́ wɑkǝlɩ-ɩ nɑ ɩ́ yele ɩ Ɩsɔ Tɑcɑɑ tǝŋʋɣʋ kɛ teu. Hɑlǝnɑ kʋyɑkʋ nɑkʋlɩ ɩ́ sʋʋ ɩ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ sɩ, ɩ wɔkɩ tulɑɑlʋnɑɑ kɛ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ.
17Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kɔtʋlʋ sɔsɔ Asɑliyɑ, nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ nɩɩnɑɑsɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛnɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ kɛ teu tɔ, pɑ tǝŋɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ.
18Ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ sǝŋ wulɑʋ ɩsɛntɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ tɔmɩ-ɩ sɩ: Tɑ cɑɑ, n fɛɩnɑ mpɑɑʋ sɩ ń wɔ Ɩsɔ kɛ́ tulɑɑlʋnɑɑ. Alɔŋ lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ pɑ kpɑwɑ kɔtʋɣʋ tǝmlɛ tɔ, pɛlɛ pɑ tǝmlɛ kɛ́. Mpʋ tɔ, lɩɩ, n tɔŋɑ wɑkǝlʋɣʋ kɛ́. Pǝ kɑɑ kʋsɩ nyɑ́ nyʋɣʋ kɛ Tɑcɑɑ ɩsɛntɑɑ.
19Wɑɑtʋ ɩnɩ tɔ, nɑ Osiyɑsɩ tɔkɑ tulɑɑlʋ cofolo kɛ ɩ niŋ tɑɑ sɩ ɩ wɔkɩ. Tǝnɑɣɑlɛ ɩ mʋ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kʋtɔŋ ŋku kʋ pilisiɣi yʋlʋ tɔ kʋ lɩɩ ɩ tokuɣu tɑɑ kɛ́ kpɑkpɑɑ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Nɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ sǝŋɑ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ kite tǝnɑ nɑ pɑ́ nyǝnǝɣɩ.
20Kɔtʋlʋ sɔsɔ Asɑliyɑ nɑ lɛlɑɑ pɑ nɑ́ wulɑʋ kɛ mpʋ, ɩlɛnɑ sɔɣɔntʋ pɩɩ-wɛ nɑ pɑ́ lǝsɩ-ɩ kpɑkpɑɑ. Ɩ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ ɩ nɑwɑ sɩ Tɑcɑɑ tʋ-ɩ niŋ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ se lɔŋ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ.
21Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wulɑʋ Osiyɑsɩ pǝsɑ ɑsilimɑ kʋtɔŋ tʋ, hɑlǝnɑ ɩ sǝm. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ cɑɣɑnɑ ɩ tike kɛ ɩ kʋtɔŋ ŋkʋ kʋ tɔɔ. Ɩ fɛɩnɑ mpɑɑʋ sɩ ɩ́ mǝlɩ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Ntɛnɑ ɩ pǝyɑlʋ Yotɑm wei ɩ nyǝnɑɣɑ kɑwulɑɣɑ tǝyɑɣɑ tɔɔ tɔ, ɩ́ pɑɑsǝɣǝnɑ tɛtʋ yǝlɑɑ.
22Amɔtɩ pǝyɑlʋ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsʋlʋ Ɩsɑyii ŋmɑɑ Osiyɑsɩ tɔm kɑncɑɑlɑɣɑ nɑ tǝ tǝnɑɣɑ kɛ tɑkǝlɑɣɑ tɑɑ.
23Wɑɑtʋ wei Osiyɑsɩ sǝpɑ, ɩlɛnɑ pɑ́ pimi-ɩ ɑwulumpiyɑ pǝlɑɑʋ tɑɑ. Amɑ pɑ tɑ pimi-ɩ pɑ tǝyɑɣɑ nyǝŋkʋ tɑɑ kɛ́ ɩ ɑsilimɑ kʋtɔŋ tɔɔ. Ɩlɛnɑ ɩ pǝyɑlʋ Yotɑm lɛɛtɩ ɩ lonte.


text:
Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu
Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kɛna teŋgu kusuluu yaa ɛzɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ andoreyiki (endoréique) ŋgʋ kʋwɛ salaɣʋʋ yɔ yaa ɖɔm tosuu n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ. Kʋwɛna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ ki-liɖe lɩɣna yaa ki-kiɖe wɛ teŋgu kusuluu lɩm fɛɛʋ kefeŋaɣ kɩbɩnʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɛnɛ.
Nɛ paya-kʋ size lɩm fɛɛʋ yaa teŋgu Paratetizi (Paratéthys). Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ, taŋ kʋyʋmʋm tɔtʋ yuŋ yaa ɛzɩ taŋ kʋyʋmʋm ɛwadɩyɛɛ walanzɩ talɩɣ hayuu kiŋ hɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ kiŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna Azii hɛkʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa tɛ sɩtɛɛpɩ waa yɔɔ.
Nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɔyɔ, ɖɩna size Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ kɩ-wadaa pɩtɩŋgɩna kpasɩ nzɩ siliɖe wɛnana pʋŋ matʋ himalayo-alipini (himalayo-alpine) sɩnɛ yɔ: kokazɩ (Caucase), nɛ ɛlɩbrʋzɩ (Elbrouz).
Ajɛɛ wena awɛ yaa a-caɣ Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ ki-kidiliŋ yɔɔ yɔ; a-taa nayɛ hɩlaɣ nɛ alonaɣ yɔ; ɖɩcɔna hayuu yɔ kiŋ hɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩna ajɛɛ anɛ yɔ: Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ (Daghestan, nɛ Kalmoukie, nɛ pɩtasɩna oblast d'Astrakhan).
Ɖiwobana wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, ɖɩna Azerbaïdjan ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩna Kazakhstan ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩtɛmna Turkmenistan ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Iran nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna laatɛŋ ŋzʋlʋmɩyɛ taa. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kastie (kassite) mba, mba pɛwɛ piyaɣ yaa pʋʋ Zagros yɔɔ yɔ pɛtɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna.
Ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, paya Kasɩpɩyɛɛnɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ size, teŋgu ikanɩyɛɛnɩ (Hycanienne). Hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ wɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɛ teŋgu kɩhɩvalɩsɩyɛɛnɩ (khvalissienne). Ɖɩkpaɣ kiɖe tɛɛ malɩŋ ajɛɛ tɛ yatʋ taa kɔyɔ, payawa teŋgu kʋnɛ size Bahr el-Qazvin.