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Fatiikaŋ
Fatiikaŋ kɛna Erɔpɩ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Room, Italii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 605 nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 0,44km2 yɔ.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛyaa taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ kɩlɩna weʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ walanzɩ taa nɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔzɩna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Fatiikaŋ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ kɛʊna krɩstʊ katolika-tʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛkɛʊna Papa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Papa François. Ɛnʊ lɛɣzɩna Papa Benoit hiu nɛ looɖo weyi ekiza papa tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 2013.
Papa kɩfalʊ ɛnɛ palɩza-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naatozo pinaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ 2013.
Kunʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Fatiikaŋ yɔ, ɛnʊ lɛ: Fatiikaŋ taa kpem lɛ Itaalii kʋnʋŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ, piyele Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ kɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa, pɔuyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ fransɩ, caama, aŋgilisi nɛ ɛsɩpañɩ.


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Afrika kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ
Afrika kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ yaa nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ (UA) kɛna Afrika ajɛya ɖama nɩnaʊ, taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖɩñɔ Turbanii tɛtʊ taa, Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2002. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛɣzɩna nɖɩ payawaɣ-ɖɩ se OUA yɔ. Pasɩ ɖɩ-kpalɩtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003 kɛ Maputo tɛtʊ taa mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Afrika nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ñʊʊtʊ kaakɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Thabo Mbeki yɔ, nɛ ɛnʊ kaakɛŋna OUA yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Ŋgbɛzyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tamasɩ ɖɔwa nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: kɛlɛ se lɛɣzʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda ajɛya kpeekpe taa, ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ Afrika ajɛya kpeeke ɛsɩnda wobu pɩlɩɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NEPAD yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ pʊɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ pʊwɛɛ se kacalaɣ taa lɛ lanhɛzɩyɛ nɛ temokrasii pɛwɛɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa ɛnʊ yɔ: Angilisi, arabi, fransɩ, esɩpañɔɔlɩ, pɔrtiigalɩ nɛ swahilii.

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Opera
Opera pɩkɛ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tanaʊ amʊza pɩcɛlɩna soo maɖʊ nɛ payaa, pɩkɛ takayaɣ cikpelaɣ nakɛyɛ ŋga ka-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ nɛ paa weyi lɛ nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlakɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa lɛ keɣa mʊsɩ. Ɛyaa mba peteɣ hendu ndʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna paa weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ makɩna ɛ-cɩmʊʊ.
Minziiki ŋgʊ kɩlɛzʊʊ pɩlɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ nɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɔlɔ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna paa hɔɔlʊʊ lɛ kɩ-tɛ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tʊma ana palakɩ-yɛ opera kuduyiŋ tɛɛ, pɩkɛna tanaŋ amʊʊza tʊmɩyɛ kɛ amʊʊza kuduyiŋ taa. Serge Dorny ɛlɛ ñaakɛna Lyon opera ñʊʊ tʊ ɛ-cɔlɔ lɛ se pɩlʊʊ takayaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, opera waa kpɛndɩ kudokiŋ loɖo, nɛ pa-taa peeɖe lɛ mba mba pamakɩ-wɛ tam yɔ pamaɣna mɩnʊʊ yeke koŋ.
Opera wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩŋʊ ñɔ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Florence kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1598 kɛ Mantoue, Jacopo Peri ma Dafne, nɛ pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ opera nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ payaɣa-kʊ se dramma per musica. Heinrich Schütz ma pɩnaɣ 1627, kajalaɣ opera nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa, Dafne kɛlɛ kɩ-tɛ soo kɔɔ pile.
Angletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Georg Friedrich Haendel (pɩnzɩ 1685 ŋtalɩ 1759) kaamʊ niiye, ɛnʊ pakɩlaɣ sam. Ɛma opera waa 40 nɛ Itaalii yɔɔdaɣ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ 120 ŋtalɩ 1730, pʊwayi yɔɔ ekisana oratorio yɔɔ kiŋ.


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Francis Bacon
Palʊna Francis Bacon kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1561 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taanɛ ɛsɩ tɛtʊ kʊdʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1626 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 65. Francis Bacona kɛ Aŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ ñʊʊtaa maɣzɩm lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ.
Ɛñɩnʊ taa lɛ ɛlɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩɩnna lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlʊʊ kpalaahosi nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩŋna nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛna mbʊ ɛñɩnʊ yɔ camɩyɛ yɔ. Kacalaɣ lɛ ɛwɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ maalikanaa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ pʊcɔ ɛkɛʊ ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɔmhʊya ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 57 lɛ paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Nicholas Bacon (1509 - 1579) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Nichalas halʊ kɩlɛlʊ nɛ payaɣ Anne Cooke.


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Kpaŋ kʊɖɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa lɛ, psukhê, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kalɩzaɣ nɛ pathos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kʊdɔŋ) pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ fɛɖaa tɛ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna fetenum taa kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ (ñʊʊ cɔʊʊ) pɩtɩŋna maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Philippe Pinel takayaɣ kisuzaɣ nakayɛ tɔm yɔɔ papɩza patɩlɩ cɛyɩtʊ ndʊ se sɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ.Piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kɔcɔna nɛ kalɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ ɛzɩma kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza yɔ, nɛ pehiɣ patʊɣʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pɩtɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pazɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma kʊɖɔŋ yɔ mbʊ yekina nɛ papɩzɩ pañɩnɩ kɩ-kɔyɛ hayʊ nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ.
Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɩwɛ kɩbam nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ hɛkʊ taa kɔna tɔm pɔzɩyɛ sakɩyɛ, kpaɣ paa weyi tɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ piŋ se palɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ. Piyaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɑlɑkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, nɛ pɩɣa evelaɣ pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pa-laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ kʊdɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɛzɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ se ɛkpaɖa lɛlʊ lɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ ɛɛtasɩɣ ñam ɛ-kɩkpaɖa.
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa sakɩyɛ kɔna paa weyi lɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ mbʊ ɛzɩ mbʊ papazɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ calʊʊ, kɩɖɔnɛ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpaɣna nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ yɔ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ pa-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Sigmund Freud, Daniel Widlöcher, Georges Canguilhem, Bergeret, Roussillon, Minkovski.


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PH
Mbʋ payaɣ se potansɩyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ yɔ, pu-kumoɖe pamaɣ se ‘pH’. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee ɛyʋ ɛna ‘pH’ yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ potansiyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ.
Pɩkɛ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ H+ tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ iyɔɔ waa tɛ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ wonuu. Paɖʋʋ-wɛ lɩm taa lɛ, mba ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se protɔɔ waa.
Yee paɖʋ-wɛ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm taa kɔyɔ, iyɔɔ waa mba, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ oksoniyɔm tɛ iyɔɔ yɔ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se idroniyɔm tɛ iyɔɔ.
Potansɩyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ pakpakɩɣ nɛ pamaɣzɩna nɛ pana ɛzɩma mbʋ lɩm ñɩŋaa nɛ pɩsɩɩna yɔ. Potansɩyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ paɖʋʋ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm taa nɛ pana pu-yuŋ.


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Liidiye koozaɣ
Liidiye sɔsɔyɛ koozaɣ ɖɩsɩyɛ payaɣ se « Pankɩ ». Ɖooo lɛ, Togo ɛjaɖɛ kɛwɛna liidiye koozasɩ lʋbɛ ɖeke. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa yee pakalɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa kɔyɔ, sɩtalɩ hiu nɛ naadozo mbʋ yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Liidiye koozasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ :
- Société Générale
- BCEAO
- Coris Bank
- Bank of Africa
- Ecobank
- Orabank
- Diamond Bank
- UTB
- UEMOA
- Bank Atlantique
- BIA-Togo
- BPEC
- BSIC-Togo
- BTCI
Liidiye koozasɩ cikpesi lɛɛsɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Togo taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna naayɛ tʋlɩ ɖɔɖɔ liidiye koozasɩ nasɩyɛ Togo taa. Liidiye koozasɩ ńzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : Coris Bank International nɛ Société Générale. Loma tɛtʋ taa liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩpaɣzɩ sɩ-tʋma.
Liidiye koozasɩ naalɛ sɩnɛ, sɩ-taa lɛɛka tʋlɩ ka-tʋma ɖɔɖɔ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kootidiivʋwarɩ nɛ Maalii pa-ajɛya taa.
Yee ɛyʋ ɛtʋlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « compte » yɔ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ewokina e-liidiye nɛ ɛsɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla nabʋyʋ keem, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla tadɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa ɛla ɖiziye yaa ɛtʋlɩ faarɩ nakʋyʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo liidiye koozaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛtʋlɩ « compte » mbʋ yɔ nɛ pakɩndɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla e-liu ñɩm.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Industrial & Commercial Bank of China yɔ kakɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ka-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ pe-liidiya sɩʋ. Liidiye koozaɣ ŋ́ga ka-wayɩ lɛ, Britanique ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se HSBC yɔ, katɩŋɩɣna.


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Karl Marx
Palʊla Karl Heinrich Marx kɛ agoza fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ wiye kɛ Trèves tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1818 nɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1883 kɛ Lɔndrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ Caama tʊ nɛ ɛlaba tʊma wena yɔ, afɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ: ɛkɛ caanaʊ taa tɔm ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ tɩkɛtɩyʊ, ɛkɛ aseɣɖe tɔm kɛtɩyʊ, philosophe nɛ tɔsʊʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sociologue nɛ socialiste, takayasɩ mayʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Komunisti. Pasɩma-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛ-lʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlʊba tʊmɩlaɖaa yɔɔ yɔ, ntʊ ɛyɔɔda pɩlɩna ɛzɩma liidiye cɔʊ cɔʊ mbʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ɛ-lɩmazɩyɛ kɛ ɛzɩma ɖooo caanaʊ taa mba nɛ sɔnɔ mba ɖɔɖɔ pacɔzɩɣ pa-ñɩm cɔzɩɣ mbʊ yɔ.
Anɩɩ payaɣ se Karl Marx[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Palʊla Karl Heinrich Marx kɛ pɩnaɣ 1818 kɛ Trèves tɛtʊ taa, ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Rhénanie-Palatinat yɔ nɛ ɛkɛ naalɛ-tʊ pɩya litoozo taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Heinrich Marx (1782–1838) nɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ yɔ Herschel Marx Levi Mordechai. Ɛ-caa ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tɔm-hʊyʊ weyi payaɣ se avocat yɔ nɛ ɛkɛ Yuuɖa tʊ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ sɔsɔ payawa se Heinrich Meier Halevi Marx, nɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛɛkɛ Trèves cejewiye layaa tɛ nɔɔyɔɔ ɖɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ pɩnaɣ 1723. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1816 yaa 1817 taa kɛ Karl Marx pɩsa Protestant se pɩsamɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛla ɛ-tʊmaa camɩyɛ kaalɛyɩtʊ; mbʊ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Heinrich. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Henriette Pressburg, palʊla ɛlɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 20 wiye pɩnaɣ 1788 nɛ ɛsɩ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ hiŋ naatozo ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 75. Ɛkɛ Yuuda mba mba palɩna Hollande yɔ. E-newaa kɔyɔ Gerard Philips nɛ Anton Philips. Pɔsɔ Karl Heinrich Marx kɛ ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm pɩnaɣ 1824 Luther cɔɔcɩ taa nɛ pakpazɩ-ɩ ɖoŋ pɩnaɣ 1834 kɛ Trinité de Trèves cɔɔcɩ kpaaŋ taa. Pɩwɛ mbʊ se Karl Marx caa ɖoŋgaɣ yuuɖa mba paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ ɛnʊ (Karl Heinrich Mordechai) patalabɩ-ɩ yuuɖa mba sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ, pɔtɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm ɖɔɖɔ nɛ nabʊyʊ ɛwɩlɩɣ kaɣlaɣ se Karl waa mba pɔɖɔŋ Yuuɖa mba paɣtʊ yɔɔ yaa Luther ñɩndʊ yɔɔ.
Karl Marx sukuli labʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Ɛlaba sukuli nɛ ɛsʊʊ Friedrich-Wilhelm tɛ Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Trèves tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ peeɖe ɛmʊ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Abitur yɔ nɛ pɩha-ɩ nʊmɔʊ nɛ ɛsʊʊ Bonn tɛ sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1835 nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ droit labʊ. Universite taa peeɖe paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɛ-tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ ɛ-abalɩtʊ nimiye. Pʊwayɩ lɛ ewolo Friedrich-Wilhem universite taa kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1836 nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ filozofii nɛ caanaʊ taa tɔm kpɛlɛkɩʊ sɩŋŋŋ. Ɛtama e-sukuli pɩnaɣ 1841 nɛ ɛma ɛ-tɛ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlʊ se ɛkɛ dɔkɩtɛɛrɩ yɔ nɛ ŋga lɛ Différence de la philosophie de la nature chez Démocrite nɛ Épicure yɔ. Pʊwayɩ pukɔma ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, pamʊ-ɩ Iéna tɛ universite taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ philosophie wɩlɩʊ.
Karl Marx hɔʊ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pɩnaɣ 1843 kɛ Karl Marx kpaɣ ɛ-ɖaŋ Jenny von Westphalen kɛ Bad Kreuznach tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ taa peeɖe ɛna-ɩ pana ɖama nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama. Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ ñapɩsa minisiɖi weyi ɛcɔŋna ɖiu ɖiu caaʊ yɔɔ yɔ kɛ Prusse tɛtʊ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1850 nɛ 1858 sɩ-taa. Pɛwɛna pɩya lʊbɛ ɛlɛ halɩ-piya naatozo ɖeɖe kaɣna wɛnaʊ nɛpe-weziu nɛ papɩɩ; mba lɛ: Jenny Caroline (1844-1883), Laura (1845-1911) nɛ Jenny Julia Eleanor (1855-1898). Laurat wala Paul Lafargue kɛ pɩnaɣ 1868; ɛ-walʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ Fransɩ tʊ nɛ ɛma Karl Marx yɔɔ tɔm kpem nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma Marx kɛ philosophe yɔ. Paul ɛnʊ ɛya ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga se Souvenirs personnels sur Karl Marx. Jenny Caroline yɔ, ɛwalɩ Parɩ tɛtʊ taa weyi pazyaɣ se Charles Longuet. Jenny Eleanor ɛlɛ yɔ, ɛwala Britannique tʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Edward Aveling.


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Añɔsɩtisiizim (agnosticisme)
Maɣzɩm tɔmbiye kʊpɔzɩyɛ kɛ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ su we Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yaa Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ se ɛsɔnaa cikpema, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se agɔlɩma wɛɛ yaa afɛyɩ. Maɣzɩm mbʊ pʊ-ñʊʊ payaɣ se añɔsɩtisiizim (agnosticisme). Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ maɣzɩm mbʊ yɔ, payaɣ-wɛ se Añɔsɩtiki waa (agnostiques).
Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ, paba ñɔtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ, agɔlɩma fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Aatee waa. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se agnosticisme yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se «athéisme» yɔ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ papʊtʊʊ pɩtɩŋɛ pɩ-taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paatisiɣ siŋŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yaa agɔlɩma wɛɛ. Payaɣ ɛyaa mba se pʊtʊyaa (sceptiques). Paba tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «scepticisme». Añosɩtiki waa (Agnostiques) tɔŋ se nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ nɛ pʊwɩlɩɣ siŋŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yaa agɔlɩma wɛɛ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ toovenum siŋŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yaa se agɔlɩma wɛɛ.
Añɔsɩtiki waa eetisiɣ se lɛɣtʊ natʊyʊ yaa lɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛcɛzɩ ɛyʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paatisiɣ se nabʊyʊ wɛ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ. Patakpaɣ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se lɔɔyɩsɩ tɩnaa yaa nayaa yɔ nɛ payaa se pʊyʊ. Paatisiɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Ɛsɔ ta nɔɔyʊ num nɛ ɛkɛ ɛ-tɛ Mɛsiyaa. Paatisiɣ ɖɔɖɔ se takayɩsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ sɩkɛ Takayɩsɩ kiɖeɖesi. Toovenum lɛ, takayɩsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se Takayɩsɩ Kiɖeɖesi. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ tama-sɩ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, ɛlɛ, ɛma-sɩ pɩlɩɩna Ɛsɔ sɔɔlɩm taa. Ɛsɔ heyina tɔm ndʊ pama-tʊ yɔ. Patakpaɣ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ palakɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaamɩŋ taa yɔ nɛ payaa se pʊyʊ. Patakpaɣ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ paɖʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaamɩŋ taa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaa se pʊyʊ. Añɔsɩtiki waa tɔŋ se ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ lubina Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɖʊna paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛyaa nɩɩna ɖama yaa pala nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ yɔ nɛ yoŋ yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm lɛɛbʊ ɛtaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Añɔsɩtiki waa yɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ lubina tɔm se ɛsɔdaa koboyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ miŋ wɛɛ.


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Sriilanka
Sriilanka kɛna ɛndɩ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Ɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ.
Pamaza Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 65 610 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 22 235 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 339 yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1948 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɖɩpɩsa ɛjaɖɛ siŋŋŋ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ camɩyɛ se Srilanka tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1972. Payaɣ Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Maithripala Sirisena nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Ranil Wickremesinghe.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ siŋgaalɛɛ, taamʊʊli nɛ aŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sriijavawardenapura nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Kolomko. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +94 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruupii sriilankɛɛzɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: Puudizimi, Ɛnduyizimi, Malɩŋ, Krɩstʊ mba nɛ Protɛsɩtaŋ.


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Tower Kondoloko
Tower Bridge kɛna kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩkɛ kondoloko ŋgʋ ki-leŋgbetuu yaa kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ pombo yaa tɔkaɣ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-cɛzʋʋ yaa kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Tamise yɔ. Kɩ-kʋya siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ lɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ hɛkʋ taa.
Kɩ-wɛ tɔm hʋyʋ waɖɛ tʋ tɛ Southwark nɛ Tower Hamlets pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩ-n̄ɔtɩna kpam kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Peeɖe ehiɣ hɩɖɛ yaa payaɣɩ size Tower Bridge. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kondoloko nanaazawaa taa nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ tʋma laɖaa ŋgbɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ se Lord-Mayor yɔ ɖɩ-cɔŋana a-tʋma labʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ Pool of London egeetiye taa. Kɩ-sɩʋ tɩnaɣ yaa kamaɣ kɛ Upper Pool lone nɛ kɩ-lɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa ɖɩbazɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, palɩzɩɣ pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi yem size lɩm kiɖe nɛ Lower Pool lone nɛ kɩ-pɔɔ ɖɩgbenɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Pɔtɔ kɛlɛʋ yem size hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kpeŋna yɔ.
Kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ matʋ taa lɛ, Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩɩkɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩɩkɩla paɣlʋ siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩ-kɩlɩ kɛʋʋ kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpem ŋgʋ pakɩla-kʋ maʋ camɩyɛ kpem yɔ. Patatɩɩ ma-taa matʋ ndʋ kaʋ kɛ wiɖina nɛ pana.
Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩ-ndɩ matʋ yebina nɛ, patɩlɩ-kʋ pɩŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kamasɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ payɩ. Ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-wɛna kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɩɩ naalɛ. Nɛ kuduyuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩlɩna yaa ɛɖɔkɩna-kʋ.
Nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʋ, ɛyɔ posusaɣ yaa popuza n̄ɩɣma wena a-wɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ yɔ, afɛyɩ gotuu kaʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣma ana, paakotuu n̄ɛ kaʋ. Salala (tablier) nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ, mɛlɛ waa mba pakɩla kʋyʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ, patɩŋgʋ-kʋ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, naŋgbanzɩ tɩna kondoloko waa naalɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ, pɛwɛ kandɩ maŋgandɩ cɛŋga tɩyɛ nɛ cʋlʋ cʋlʋ ɖeɖe yɔɔ kiŋ.
Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩ-tʋmɩyɛ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kpeekpe kaawɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1982 taa. Pɩɩkɛ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩɣtʋ. N̄ɩɣyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma n̄ɩɣyɩŋ, mbʋ yɔ, palakanayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma kɛ pɩnaɣ 1886 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1894.Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa, Sir John Wolfe-Barry nɛ Horace Jones kamawa kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ ŋgʋ.
Kɩjatɩnaʋ walanzɩ taa katala mɛtɛwaa 273 mbɩ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛzɩ ɛnʋ sɩzɩ kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩkʋya siŋŋ yɔ lɛ, pɩcɔ nɛ patalɩ ɖɔo kʋ n̄ʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩɩpɔza n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩkpazʋʋ yaa ɛzɩ tendema.


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Adam Smith
Adam Smith kɛ Ekɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1723 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛwɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, ɛwɛ maɣzɩm taa kɛnɛ.
Ɖajaa Adam Smith sɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1790 n̄ɩŋga taa. Kirkcaldy tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Kirkcaldy tɛtʋ kɛ Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ. Ɛ-lakasɩ taa fɛyɩ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ weyi ɛtʋʋza yɔ. Ɛlakɩ mɛnfɛyɩ n̄ʋʋ lakasɩna. Toovenum lɛ, ɛ-lakasɩ kɛkɛ kɩbanzɩ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, sɩkɩla ɖoŋ samaɣ. Mbʋ yebina nɛ samaɣ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛ kpandʋ.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣza cukaŋ n̄ɩna siŋŋ kɔyɔ se ɛtɩlɩ ɛyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ mbʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ yɔ siŋŋ. Ɖɩzɩma mbʋ size paa weyi ɛkɛ filozɔɔfʋ, ɛlɛ, ɖajaa Adam Smith lɩmaɣza kɩlɩ yuŋ nɛ atɛ awɛɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ lalaa ñɩna.
Paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, ɖajaa Adam Smith wɛ lim lim maɣzɩm taa kɛnɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ n̄ɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Adam Smith kɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɔsʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Ekosi ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ n̄alɩmɩyɛ. Ekula samaɣ ɛsɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛwɩla ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma lɔnzɩnɖɛ nɛ lɛɣtʋ pa-nʋmɔŋ. Ɖajaa Adam Smith tɔm pama caanaʋ takayaɣ taa size, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ lɔŋ tʋ weyi, pʋmʋnaa size payaɣ size Tɔsʋʋ Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ yaa sɔnɔ n̄ɩndʋ Caa yɔ.
Ɖajaa Adam Smith Ekosi tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ soliɣa. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɔŋ, ɛtasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛlɛ sɩkɩ. Ɛlɩzɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Paya ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga se The Wealth of Nations (Pʋtɔbʋʋ se "Ajɛɛ n̄ɩm"). Pɩnaɣ 1776 ñɩŋa taa ɛlɩza-kɛ.


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Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ
Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ. Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ, pɩkɛ kpaŋɩyɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩɣ samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna kpaŋɩyɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ pɩsʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ samaɣ taa fɛyɩna hɛzʊʊ paa ŋñɩɩɩ. Tɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa, kɛlɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kañaɣ kewiyaɣ kpa ɖoŋ kpaɣ tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe you kaanaɣ ŋgʊ wayi ɛlɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1920 wɛɛ taa Mussolini nesi tɛɛ, pʊwayi pɩkpa ɖoŋ kpaagbaa kpem kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkpɛndɩna sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ pɩnzɩ 1930 wɛɛ taa kɛlɛ Hitler alɩwaatʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ kewiyaɣ kekiziɣ kɩmaŋ wɛtʊ tɔm, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa kɩla ɖama, palɩzɩɣ sɔsɔtʊ lɩmaɣza, palɩzɩ ɛyaa ajama lalaa hɛkɩŋ taa, ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wena awɛ ɖoŋ yɔ se añazɩ wena alɛ ñɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa nɛ kʊhʊlɩma.
Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna le nɛ ŋna pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ pɔtɔŋ se fa.ʃism, patɩzɩna Itaalii mba yɔɔdaɣ faˈʃizmo. Tɔmʊʊ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ taa fascismo lɩna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa fascio nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se minimini pɩyʊ yaa hɔɔyɛ pɩyʊ, nɛ pɩkɛ fasces lictoriae, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Roma ɛyaa sɔsaa pɩyʊ, pʊwayɩ yɔ pɩɖanɩ ɖoŋ kpaʊʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩnaɣ 1919 pɩtɩŋna Benito Mussolini sɔɔjɛtʊ seɣtuu yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi eekpeɣla sɔɔjanaa kɩbɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ pakpa-wɛ nɛ pɔtɔɔ fɛɛ piŋ yɔ.
Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ Mussolini ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa hɩɖɛ mbʊ se kañasɩ kewiyaɣ. You sɔsɔʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ papaza tɔm ndʊ pɩtɩŋna Mussolini ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩna Fasci italiani di combattimento ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa hɔɔyɛ.


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Lugizamburi
Lugizamburi kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye snɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖi se Pɛlɩziki yɔ ɖɩsɩna kamaɣ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna, pɩkazɩ hadɛkiŋ lɛ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ.
Pamaza Lugizamburi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 2 586,4 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pan ɛyaa ɛzɩ 590 667 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 228,4 yɔ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 9 pɩnaɣ 1815 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Lugizamburi ɛjaɖɛ Grand-Duc kɩfalʊ se Henri nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Xavier Bettel.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ lugizamburzʊwa, fransɩɩ nɛ caama kʊnʊŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Lugiamaburi inɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +352 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pocosuu se Ɖɩsɔɔlaa se ɖɩkɛ mbʊ ɖɩkɛnaa yɔ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.


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Hoye
Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hoye (base), pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ yɔ payaɣ se hoye. Mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Siŋŋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tʋmɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ tɛ pɩ-tɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ pʋwɛna tomnaɣ yɔ pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ pɩ-tɛɛ ñɩŋʋ.
Akɔntɔ labʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwazʋʋ kʋɖʋm kʋɖʋm matʋ nʋmɔʋ taa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, mbʋ wazɩɣna nɛ palakɩ kɛgɛdaɣ ñʋʋ tʋma.
Piyele tomnasɩ lɩmaɣza hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɔŋ lɛɛzʋʋ kalɩtʋ pʋyʋ kɩwazʋ siŋŋ.


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Christophe Colomb
Palʊla Christophe Colombe kɛ kpaɣ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 25 nɛ aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1451 kɛ Zɛɛnɛsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1506 kɛ Faladolidi, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Christophe Colombe kɛ kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ takʊʊ woɖu. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlakaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ tɩnaa Isabelle Castille nɛ Ferdinand Aragon.
Christophe Colombe kɛna ɖooo canaɣ taa weyi ɛlɛɣa tɛzɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩnaɣ nʊmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ se kɩɖɛɛna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛñɩnaɣ se kiwolo tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Sipaŋgoo nɛ Sapɔŋ yɔ tɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛ Amerika nɛ Eerɔpʋ. Christophe Colomb kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ awiya nɛ paba ñayaa-ɩ se amiralɩ, Ɛndɩ wiyao tɛɛ-tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ ɛkaɣ lɩɣʊ--tʊ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Christophe Colombe lɩ Karayiibɩ tetʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkpaaɣna mbʊ lɛ Eerɔpɩ tɛtʊ paɣzɩ Ameriki tɛtʊ kpacayʊʊ. Piyebina nɛ Christophe Kolomb pɩsɩ ñɩnɩyaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Paa ɛzɩ paañɩnaa nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana se ɖooo Eerɔpʋ taa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Fikiiŋsɩ waa yaa kpakpasɩ kpayaa kaatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe kɔyɔ, Christophe Kolomb kɛ paa anɩ ɛsɩma sɔnɔ se ɛnʊ lɛ Eerɔpʋ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ Ameriki taa aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɖoo taa pɩnaɣ 1492.
Christophe Colombe nana ɛ-ɛsɛ maɣmaɣ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsɩkɩ se ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ feyɩ kamaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tamaɣŋga ɛɛɖʊwa se ɛtalɩɣ-kɛ yɔ, ɛtalɩ-kɛ: ɛlɩ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm se ɛkɛna kpɩyɩŋ sayaa taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔ nakʊyʊ halɩ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna. Ɛkɛ weyi ɛwɛna Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɩsɩm sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ politiki taa lɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ nabʊyʊ. Esusaɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm paale nɛ ɖenɖe pakʊʊ ɛ-tɔm yɔ lɛ se ɛtɔyɩtaɣ Amerika taa ɛyaa mba palɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-wɛ yoma.


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El Niño
Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe naɖɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖooo lɔŋ se El Niño. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Peruu nɛ Ekuwatɛrɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ hakuu. Ɖɩpaɣzɩɣ kpem lɛ, kpakpasɩ kpaʋ yaa piyiŋ lɔʋ sɩɣ tɩnaɣ.
Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ keveŋka nakɛyɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ndɩ kpem yɔ. Keweŋka ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ kewensi lɛɛsɩ. Keweŋka ŋga, ke-feveku soŋaa pɩkɩlɩ kewensi lɛɛsɩ fevekiŋ. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, panɩɣ ka-taŋ Pasifiki lɩŋamʋʋ hadɛ kiŋ taa.
Lɩm keveŋga ŋga kɛwɛ mbʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna Peruu tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, katamsɩna ɛsɔkaɣ tɛ kpaɣ Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ puwolo Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Paya pɩ-tamsɩnaʋ mbʋ se wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ aviɣda.


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Akon
Akon hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Alioune Badara Thiam. Palʊla-ɩ Saint-Louis tɛtʊ taa, Misurii tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 wiye pɩnaɣ 1973. Alioune Badara Thiam kɛna Amerika nɛ Senegalɩ hendu teyu nɔyʊ. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna hendu teya taa weyi ete eɖeke nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ nɛ naal-tʊ kɛ Billboard Hot 100 taa yɔ.
Palʊla Akon kɛ Saint-Louis, Misurii taa nɛ ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pɛkɛ Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa mba. Ɛ-ɖaɣ taa paa-anɩ ɛsɔɔla hendu teu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ cɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ mabʊ. Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɛcaɣ ɛpalɩ nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ lɛ ɛɖɛ Etazunii taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ Niujɛrsii taa. Efemiye naɖɩyɛ aseɣɖe tɔm heyiyaa posaɣ-ɩ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, ɛkɔɔ eheyi-wɛ se siŋŋŋ taa lɛ ɛ-hɩdɛ maɣsemaɣ kɛlɛ Alioune Badara Akon Thiam ɛlɛ ɛ-tatasɩ yɔɔ lɛ pamaɣ yɛ se Aliaune Thiam.
Akon tɔbʊ kɛlɛ nɛ aŋgilisi taa se: weyi paɖʊ-ɩ salaka yɔ. Yee ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ yem; paaɖɩɣ-ɩ salaka ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ ɛɛmɩla lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɛ pakpa-ɩ. Salaka taa peeɖe kɛ ɛɛwɛɛ (pɩnzɩ naatozo) nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ wɩlʊ. Hendu ndʊ ndʊ etewaɣ yɔ ɛɖʊ-tʊ ñɩɣyʊ yɔɔ ɛcɛlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SRC/Universal yɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩ ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ tataɣ, Trouble, pʊtɔbʊ se: cɛyɩtʊ mɩsɩkum fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 2004.
Akon kɛ malʊ nɛ eɖiu aseɣla paale se ɛ-ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩna-ɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa taa. Ɛyɔɔdʊ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ wolofi nɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ fransɩ tɔm yɔɔdʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛsɔ-tʊ kpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwoba ɛcaɣ Etazunii taa yɔ. Ɛsɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛwɛɛna pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ yeke nɛ ewolo peeɖe. Akon luba tatasɩ sakɩyɛ.


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Pombe
Pombe yaa Mumbayɩ kɛna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa weyi payaɣ se Maharashtra yɔ ɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa kɩgalʊʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ, panaa se ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 12 478 447. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Pombe tɛtʊ kɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ nɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna Mumbayɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ageeta cɩkpɛna payɩ kɔyɔ ɛyaa pɛnaɣ peeɖe yɔ pakɩla ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 18 414 288 yɔ. Mumbe tɛtʊ taa ageeta cɩkpena, anaa yɔ: Navi Mumbayɩ, Piwandɩ, Kaliyanɩ, Ulasinagarɩ nɛ Tani.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Mumbaɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ looɖo ñɩndʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sʊzʊtʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Mumbaɩ tɛtʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna tadɩyɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Mumbayɩ wɛ tɛtʊ hiu ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiya kɩlʊʊ sʊ yɔ a-taa. Ɛzɩma Mumbayɩ tɛtʊ taa liidiya nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ, Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa nɛ piya yaa sʊsaa maɣmaɣ kʊyʊʊ polona taa nɛ peseɣ powoki tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa se pɩwɛ ɛzɩma kɔyɔ pɛhɛzɩ kʊñɔŋ tɔɔʊ pazɩ.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa lɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ. Payaɣ Mumbayɩ maalika ñʊʊdʊ se Shraddha Jadhav nɛ kɔmɩsɛɛrɩ sʊsɔ kɔyɔ Jairaj Phatak.


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Maɣzɩm fɛyɩ tʊ
Maɣzɩm fɛyɩ, pɩkɛ maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ nɖɛ, nɛ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩɖʊna maɣzɩm tɔm, maɣzɩm fɛyɩ kɛ mbʊ paasɩŋ maɣzɩm cɔlɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ ɖoli ɖoli tʊmɩyɛ labʊ kɔyɛ tɛ nɖɩ Sigmund Freud laba yɔ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ maɣzɩm taa tɔmɩŋ nɩɩtozo (maɣzɩm fɛyɩ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe, nabʊlɛ mbʊ pɩɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ maɣzɩm yɔ, nabutozo lɛ maɣzɩm tɩtɩŋa) ŋgʊ ɖoli ɖoli tʊmɩyɛ labʊ kɔyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ yem, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ma nɛ mbʊ pɩkpaɖa ma yɔ. Jacques Lacan cɔlɔ lɛ, maɣzɩm fɛyɩ laɣsɩ lɩna ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ.
Maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ tɛ lɛ, maɣzɩm fɛyɩ kɛna ɛyʊ wɛtʊ yaa laɣsɩ, e-fezuu caɣʊʊ wɛtʊ naa, pɩkɛna mbʊ ɛyɩ liu sɔɔlʊʊ yɔ yaa ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ laba ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ piŋ kɛ tʊma lɛɛna paɣtʊ taa ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ nɛ hola wondu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kajalaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɩ-tɛ nɩtʊ ɛzɩ pʊwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza fɛyɩ yaa lɩmaɣza lebitu yɔ kaalɩna Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖɩlɩna tɔm hʊyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛkɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ tʊ, ɛnʊ payaɣ se Henry Home Kames, pɩnaɣ 1751. Pʊwayɩ yɔ Suwiisi takayasɩ mayʊ nɔɔyʊ ɖʊ-tʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Henri-Frédéric Amiel kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1860 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Pɩkɔma kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pɩtɩŋna Schelling nɛ Arthur Schopenhauer pɔ-yɔɔ lɛ pana kpaŋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛyʊ kalɩzaɣ taa nɛ kɩɩlakɩ mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu yɔ, Von Hartmann susi pɩnaɣ 1868 kɛ lɩmaɣza fɛyɩ tɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm. Pɩ-tɛ kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɔŋ, kɔɔ ñɩnɩyɛ nɛ ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ lɩ piŋ, pɩtɩŋna Johan Friedrich Herbart, Hermann von Helmholtz, Gustav Fechner, Wilhelm Wundt yaa Carl Gustav Carus, mba kɛna kajalaɣ ɛyaa mba palɩzɩ kʊzʊʊ wazaɣ tɔm ɛyʊ maɣzɩm taa.


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James Watt
James Watt kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ekɔsɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʋla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiu (19) nɛ nakʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ yɔɔ payaɣ size Greenock tɛtʋ Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa evemiye nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ (25) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1819 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʊla James Watt kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 1736 kɛ Greenock tɛtʊ taa, Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1819 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 83 Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛna tomnasɩ lɛɣzɩtʊ ñɩnɩyʊ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ pɩsɩʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ.
James ɖoo kɛ payaɣ se Agnes Muirhead nɛ ɛ-halaa kɔyɔ Ann MaGregor nɛ Peggy Miller nɛ e-piya kɔyɔ Margeret Watt nɛ Gregory Watt. Ɛnʊ kaawɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lunar Society nɛ ɖɩwɛ Birmingham yɔ. Ɛzima ɛlaba tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ ñɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda ɖɔɖɔ yɔ kɛ pakpaɣa ɛ-hɩɖɛ se ɖɩkɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ɖoŋ ñɩnɩʊ kɩmaɣzʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Watt.


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Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Cambridge tɛtʊ taa Angleterre ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1209 pɩlɩna kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna wiyaʊ Henri 3 tʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1231, Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnɩɣʊ yɔ Ɛnglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ kɩkɛ naananza ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnɩɣʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ. Sukuli ŋgʊ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ cabɩ tʊlɩna-kʊ, palɩna Oxford sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩlɩna pa nɛ-wɛ patanɩna ɖama camɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-naalɛ paakpɛnda wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ tɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, nabʊyʊ taa pɛkpɛndʊʊ-wɛ nɛ payaɣ se Oxbridge.
Cambridge taa wɛ sukuli naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pa-taa wɛɛ kɔlɛzɩ waa 31 nɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa hɔɔlɩŋ 100, pɛkpɛndɩ pɩtɩŋga sukuli naa 6. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna sterling takayasɩ miiliyaarɩ waa 1,64 nɛ pa-taa wɛɛ takayasɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 398 papa lɩna ɛyaa haɖɛ cɔlɔ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ ñɩnɩɣ ɖama nɩnaʊ paɣtʊ naa yɔɔ.
Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ weewe ñɩŋʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Sukuli ŋgʊ kɩcɛyɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kɩkpɛlɛkɩ sukuli piyaa kɩbɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛ-taa, lɛɣtʊ tɔm, akɔnta labʊ, politiki tɔm, tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa, ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tɔm, takayasɩ mayaa, ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ tɩnaa ɛzɩ , Stephen Hawking, Charles Darwin, James C. Maxwell, Ernest Rutherford, Bertrand Russell nɛ Alan Turing.
Patʊlɩ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1209 pɩtɩŋna Oxford sukuli piyaa nzɩ sɩsewa yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩna mbʊ pa nɛ pa-ñʊŋ tɩnaa patanɩna ɖama. Kɛlɛ paa ɖooye lɛ, kɔlɛzɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Cambridge yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Peterhouse, patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1284. Cambridge tɔbʊʊ se Cam kondoloko, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga katɩŋɩɣna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ. Mbʊ pɩtɛyɩ kɩ nɛ Oxford ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ pɩcɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ wɛɛ yɔ, Cambridge taawɛda alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pʊcɔ patʊlɩ sukuli ŋgʊ.


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OMS ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ONU. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OMS yɔ, ɖɩñɔ. OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɔyɔ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1948 ñɩŋa taa OMS ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) koozaɣ cɔŋnana OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ koozaɣ taa palɩzɩ liidiye nɛ palakɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ Genève tɛtʋ taa. Genève tɛtʋ kɛŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kajalaɣ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya ɖeu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɩhɩnʋʋ ɖeke pɔtɔŋna se ɛyʋ wɛ alaafɩya. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ alaafɩya ɛ-tɩŋa mpilim, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛ-calɩm taa. Ɛ-maɣzɩm tɩŋa ɛcaɣ pi-ɖeɖe camɩyɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛwɛɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pa-taa ɛ-samaɣ taa.
Yee ḿbʋ, ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩfa yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ yɔ, Ɖoɖoo ɖakʋta sɔsɔ Margeret Chan. Ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2007 palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OMS ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ sɔnɔ.


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Ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ (existence)
Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ «existence» tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se wɛʊ yaa wezuu caɣʊ. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wezuu yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ cakʊʊ nɛ pileɖiɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, halɩ wezuu caɣʊ kɔɔ pɩlɩɩ-ɩ sɔŋ.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ piliŋa ŋga se metafiiziki (métaphysique). Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ tɔmbiye «Essence» patɩlɩɣ ɖama.
Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa. Laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se «existere» yaa «exis-tance», pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ e-keem yɔ yaa se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wondu cɔlɔ yɔ. Tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ pʊnɛ pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɖeke cakɩna wezuu. Wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem. Tɔm tʊnɛ, ɖajaanaa panɛ Jean-Paul Sartre nɛ Martin Heidegger nɛ Emmanuel Lévinas pɔkaɖɩna-tʊ. Ɖajaa Heidegger yɔɔdaa se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ caɣna wezuu, wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ nɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem, patacaɣ wezuu.


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Nandaka
Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, nandaka kɛna nesi tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna nesi ajɔɔ taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna cɩkpaŋ yɔ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna taa lɛ, ahʊwaa nɛ tɩgbayɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ cabɩ yeke wɛŋna nandasɩ. Paa ɛyʊ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna ana a-tɛ tɛ yɔ, nandasɩ nasɩlɛ wɛna: lɩmɩyɛ nandaka nɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ ñɩŋga.
Ɛyʊ nesi wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo: nimviɖe, nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka. Noŋgoloŋga tamna nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nimviɖe, nesi ajɔɔ ñɛwɛna avnt-bras nɛ nandaka pɛhɛkʊ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɩnʊ ɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, nimviɖe kɩlana kpeetʊʊ. Nimviɖe kpeetaa, ɛlɛ, nɛŋgbɛŋga kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Ɛyʊ wɛʊ toma taa ɖɔŋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛ-mɔɔ cɛyaa yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna e-nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ. Nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ kɩla wɛʊ ɛyʊ nesi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ yaa eseu yɔ, pɩlɩna e-nesi fiiduu yɔɔ.
Ɛyʊ nesɩ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: hamʊ, nimviɖe, noŋgoloŋga, nɛŋgbɛŋga, nesi ajɔɔ taa, nɛ nandaka. Hamʊʊ taa wɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naatozo. Nimviɖe taa ñɛwɛna mɔɔyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ, pʊtɔbʊ se peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tomnaɣ nandʊ kɩla wɛʊ kɛ nesi yɔɔ, piyele noŋgoloŋga ñɛwɛna nimviɖe nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga pɛhɛkʊ taa; noŋgoloŋga ŋga, kɔyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ekotiɣu yaa eposiɣu e-nesi.
Nɛŋgbɛŋga taa nɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naalɛ. Nesi ajɔɔ taa peeɖe wɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ noŋgoloŋga yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se nesi ajɔɔ yekina nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka pɔcɔʊ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɔma; pɩkazɩ nɛ nandaka yɔɔ kɛ nee kagbaanzɩ wɛɛ. Paatɔŋ se mbʊ paale pɩwɛɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛna nee pɩɖɛɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔɔ yaa pɩtatalɩ mbʊ. Nee ana a-taa kɔyɔ: abalɩ niye, niye ɛzaɣʊ, hɛkʊ taa niye, cʊcʊlɩ paŋga nɛ kɔcɔlɔ ñɩndɛ.
Abalɩ niye wɛna ɖiɖeke kpayɩ nɛ nabayɩ tɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛlaba nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ kɔyɔ, pakpazɩɣ-ɩ abalɩ niye nɖɩ tʊʊʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pasama-ɩ. Niye ɛzaɣʊ yaa paɣtʊ niye lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛlaba mbʊ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ ɖeu kɔyɔ, nɖɩ pawɩlɩɣna-ɩ nɛ papaɣ-ɩ paɣtʊ se wiɖii ɛtaatasɩ mbʊ labʊ yaa pakalɩ-ɩ.
Pɩwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, niye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ: nɖɩ ɛyʊ ɛtɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ e-nesi kɔyɔ, ekonuuna ñanaɣ taa camɩyɛ. Paakpazʊʊ nee ana mbʊ yɔ, pokotuu lɛɛna. Hɛkʊ taa niye kɩlɩna nee ana atɩŋgaa ɖaalʊʊ. Nee taa ɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ paa niye nɖɩ lɛ, ɖikotuu tɔm nabutozo taa ɛlɛ abalɩniye ɖeke kotuuna tɔm nabʊlɛ nɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna toboyuu. Paa niye nɖɩ ɖɩtɛzɩna cikpalʊʊ.


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Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm
Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 70 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Yb. Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm tɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ cʊndʊlʊm nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ. Pasɩ-ɩ ɖenɖe heelim fɛyɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ niikaɣ taa. Payaɣ-ɩ se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm pɩlɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pɩñɔtɩna Stockholm kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, peeɖe pana ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ nɛ halɩ palɩ pʊtʊnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1789 lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin tɩlɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ ɩtɛrbɩtɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖaɣnɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pʊcɔ pɩtɩŋna sɔɖʊʊ sɔɔja Carl Alex Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma takayasɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1797.
Tʊma ana paɖaɣnɩ-yɛ paɣzɩɣ pɩnaɣ pɩsaa lɛ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Lars Fredrik Nilson yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛñɩɣ niye nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩsʊzʊʊ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛɖaɣna labʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛya-ɩ se sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna Sɩkandɩnavɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ. Fransɩɩ tɛ Georges Urbain, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach nɛ Amerika tʊ Charles James paca kpɛndɩ naʊ ɛlɛ nɖeke nɖeke pɩnaɣ 1907 se Marignac tɛ ɩtɛrbɩnɩ taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ ɛlɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1907, Urbain wɩlɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɩla ɖeu se payaa pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ se néo-ytterbium, nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩtaatasɩ yiɣdinaʊ nɛ Marignac pʊtʊ kɩbɩnʊ, nɛ lutécium, ɛlɛ hɩɖɛ lɩna Paarii hɩɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ. Pɩkɔma saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 lɛ, sɔsɔ von Welsbach, pɩtalɩna-ɩ kɛlɛ ɛkɔŋna mbʊ tʊma wena ɛpaɣza-yɛ alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1905 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.


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Ɛsɔ Tɔm kɩbandʊ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ
Ɛsɔ Tɔm kɩbandʊ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Tɔmpiye ɛsɔ tɔm kɩbandʊ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ lɩna yʊsɩyʊ tɔmʊʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ se Ɛsɔ Tɔm kɩbandʊ tɔmpiye cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔɔ pɩtɩŋna pɩɣyɩyaa lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ cɔlɔ pɩtɩŋna Luther yɔɔ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1520 wɛɛ taa nɛ kɩkɛ pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ. Ɛsɔ Tɔm kɩbandʊ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ, ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyaa kɛ agbeɣla sɔsɔna ɛsɩnda. Pa-paɣtʊ taa lɛ ŋmʊwa nɛ ŋtisi kɔyɔ pʊmʊna se pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm kiɖeɖem kɛlɛ pamɩsɩ-ŋ lɩŋamʊʊ taa nɛ pɩñalɩ ñɔ-yɔɔ kʊwɛkɩm tɩŋa. Pɩkɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɛ nɛ cejewa lɛɛna pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɔ.
Kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɛwa, kɛlɛ mekizaa waa mba, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩɣyɩyaa pekpeli agbeɣla sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ nɛ payaa-yɛ se Ɛsɔ Tɔm kɩbandʊ tɩŋɩyaa tɛ ɛyaa, pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ fɛɛɛ, pɔ-tɔm wɛɛ ndɩ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ pʊtɔdɩyɛ naʊʊ tɔm pɩkɩlɩ cɔɔcɩ naa lalaa. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2014 mbʊ yɔ pakalɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩ tɔm mʊyaa ɛzɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 600 kedeŋa kpeekpe taa.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ taatukuna cɔɔcɩ naa yaa politiki tɔm, pɩɩkɛ ɛsɔ tɔm yɔɔ maɣzɩm piŋ tɔm. Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisuu lɩmaɣza kaakɛna Luther (pɩnzɩ 1483-1546) ɛnʊ weyi ɛgbaɣ lila huɖe taa yɔ, huɖe nɖɩ Pierre Valdo kaatɛma ñɔɔzʊʊ yɔ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 12 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, Itaalii nɛ Suwisi, John Wyclif (pɩnzɩ 1320 ŋtalɩ 1384), Angletɛrɩ nɛ Jan Hus (pɩnzɩ 1369 ŋtalɩ 1415) kɛ Prague nɛ Bohême. Kɛlɛ ɖacaa papa kizi cɛlʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ Luther kɛlɛ ɛlɛ nɛ ɛ-tɔm sɔɔlɩyaa papɩsɩ pa-tɩ Luther ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa.


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Cuuba
Cuuba kɛna Sʊdani nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ Nili Kʊlʊmʊʊ kitiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ nimɩyɛ yɔɔ.Tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ Ugandaa pazɩma ɖɑma kamaɣ nɛ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 110 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, pɩnaɣ 1973 taa pakalɩ kɩkalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛndakutokiŋ 56 737. Pɩnzɩ hiu wayi patasa-wɛ kalʊ lɛ palɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 83 787; piyele pɩnaɣ 1993 taa kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ pana ɛyaa 114 980.
Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ palɩ 163 442 nɛ pʊcɔ patalɩ 250 000 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008. Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɩkalʊ ŋgʊ yɔ pana ɛya mba pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 350 000 mbʊ yɔ.


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Sɛnɔɔ
Sɛnɔɔ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 54 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Xe. Ɛkɛ fefeku kɩbaŋʊ ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ sɔŋ nɛ kɩfɛyɩna sɛmɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Miŋ kandʊ naa taa lɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ yuulee ŋgʊ. Tɔmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, sɛnɔɔ tɔmpiye lina krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se Eέvoς (xenos), nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgɔm. Paya hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paalɩ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ patatɩɩ tɩlɩta-ɩ, kɛlɛ paya-ɩ ɛgɔm fefeku kɛ krypton alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣa hɩla kɛ fefekiŋ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩŋ (arɩkɔŋ, krɩptoŋ, sɛnɔɔ) kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa.
Palɩ sɛnɔɔ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1898 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna William Ramsay yɔɔ nɛ Morris William Travers alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patakaɣa helim caajasɩ nɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu yɔ kɛlɛ paalɩzɩɣ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ azɔɔtɩ. Posoŋa helim miŋ saʊ nɛ palɩzɩɣ sɛnɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ posoŋi helim lɛ, pɩpɔzʊʊ se pañazɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm (ɛsaɣ miŋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ fefeku, ɛlɛ paɖɩna-ɩ ñazɩɣ nɛ pe-niidi-ɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩɣ lɩm.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa William Ramsay nɛ Morri Travers kaalɩna sɛnɔɔ yɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fena;g kɩyaku 12 pɩnaɣ 1898, ɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ piteleri ɛzɩ paatɛm lɩɣ krɩpɔnɩ nɛ nɛyɔɔ yɔɔ. Ramsay tɔmna se payaa fefeku kɩfalʊ ŋgʊ hɩɖɛ sɛnɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ Eέvov nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgɔm.
Pɩnaɣ 1939 wɛɛ taa Albert R. Behnke Jr laba tʊmɩyɛ se ɛna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lɩm yayaa mba pɛɖɛʊ lɩŋgamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa ɛbɛ yebina nɛ pa-ñʊʊŋ taa cɔʊʊ, se papɩzɩɣ paɖʊ helɩm kpaɖaba taa ɛyʊ feziɣ-pʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu ɛzɩ awayɩ helim yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, ɛna ɖɔɖɔ se papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ pʊtʊ pɔsʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɩsɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ.


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Yʊlʊnzɩ
Yʊlʊnzɩ kɛ ɛsɩyɛ tɛ ɛjandʊʊ mbilim. Tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩlɩna cɔlɩɩ latɛŋ alɩwaatʊ taa caecitas nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛsɩyɛ kɩɩnaʊ mbʊ payaɣ se yʊlʊnzɩ. Yʊlʊnzɩ kɛ ɛjandʊʊ ndʊ tutukuna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna. Yʊlʊnzɩ nzɩ pɩzɩɣ pʊkɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ ɛwɛ sɔndʊʊ taa tam nɛ ɛfɛyɩ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ (ɛzɩ Hongrie Bela naalɛ tʊ yɔ nɛ Enrico Dandolo nɛ yʊlʊm Yohanɛsɩ yaa Žižka Yohanɛsɩ).
Ɖɩ-tedaa nɛ ɖɩna yɔ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa yʊlʊnzɩ wɛ ɛzɩ nɔnɔ taa nesi tɛ kɩkpaɣʊm fɛyɩ tɛ ajɛyaa natozo tɛ nzɩ yɔ yaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm nɛ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ kʊdɔŋ, kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ yaa ɛsɩyɛ yɔkʊʊ.
Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ eniziye ɛzɩ kɔnzɛtɩ yaa tanaʊ laɖaa mba powoŋguu yʊlʊm. Yʊlʊma wɛ patɩnaa cɔlɔ nɛ palakɩ pɛtɛ fezuu caɣʊ. Papɩsɩ ham waa nɛ pɔɖɔŋ Ɛsɔ nɔmɔʊ se tɛtɛ paahɩɣʊ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ sooci. Nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, sɔlɩm tʊma naayɛ kpaɣkʊʊ-wɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna pɔ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊma nɛ haɖɛ yʊlʊmaa yɔɔ cɔnaʊ tʊma nɛ akpadɩyaa yaa ajama ɛzɩ yʊlʊma mbʊ yɔ ɖɩɣa ŋga paya nɛ anasayɩ taa se hospice des Quinze-Vingts ŋga kɔñɔ pɩnaɣ 1260 alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ pɩtɩŋna Louis kiɖeɖeu yɔɔ yɔ nɛ kɩlakɩ camɩyɛ lakasɩ nɛ kɩsɩna yʊlʊmaa yɔ.
Ɛyaa niizaɣ yʊlʊmaa samaɣ ɖikpeɣliye taa. Pɩtɩŋna Diderot takayaɣ suzuu yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1749 mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 9 ŋgʊ wiye pɩlɩna yʊlʊmaa yɔɔ, takayaɣ ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ yʊlʊm weyi ɛmʊ niye akɔnta labʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ ɛ-tɔm Nicholas Saunderson nɛ pɩlɛzɩ yʊlʊm tɛ wɛtʊ ɛyaa taa.
Otirisi yʊlʊm weyi ɛmakɩ cɩmɩŋ yɔ Maria Theresia von Paradis kaawoba Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩna Valentin Haüy (layʊ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm heyiyʊ yʊlʊma tɛ) ɛtʊla kajalaɣ yʊlʊmaa sukuli nɛ kɩpaɣzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ pɩnaɣ 1786.


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Rugbii
Rugibi 15, kɛ patasɩɣ yaʋ size rugby union kɛ ajɛɛ wena ŋgilisi kʋnʋŋ yɔ. Pombo kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ paa hɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ maɖa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ. Lɛzɩyaa n̄acakɩ kadaɣ nɛ kawayɩ. Labɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ rugibi lakɩ lɛ.
Tɔm piye Rugibi kɛna sɩpɔɖɩ hɔɔʋ taa mabʋ kpɛm piliŋa ŋga kalɩ kpaɖʋ 19 taa yɔ. Pamakɩ kʋnɛ nesi nɛ naŋgbanzɩ. Maɖa cɔɣʋ ɖamataɣ yem. Po-pombo wɛ ɛzɩ kelimiye yaɖɛ yɔ.
Kɩ-leeyuu patɣʋ siŋŋ kɔyɔ size, hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ ɛcɛyɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kʋɖʋsɩ kpaɣla sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛkʋ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tʋyɔ lɛ, rugibi pombo mabʋ taa, mbʋ paya se essais yɔ, ɛ-kʋɖʋmbʋ tɔkɩ kpaɣla kagbansɩ.
Nɛ yee pɛlɛɛzɩ lɛ ɛtɔɔ kpaɣla lʋbɛ. Penaliti tɔkɩ kpaɣla naadozo. Rugibi hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kikiɖe lɩna ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ. Nɛ kɩ-pazɩ tɔyʋ kpaɖʋ 19 taa ŋgilisi ajɛɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa (Ɔsɩtɩɖalɩ, nɛ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ, nɛ Nuvɛlɩ zelandi, nɛ Ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩtasɩna Fransɩ).
Wɩlɩtʋ natʋyʋ tɔŋ kaɖʋ kpaɣɩ size caanaʋ taa rugibi tʋ lɛ soule (suuli), Sɩpɔɖɩ ŋgʋ palakaɣ siŋŋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ wɛɛ taa. Sɔnɔ lɛ, tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩ-yɔ pɔsɔzɩɣ hɔlɩŋ mabʋtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ: -Rugibi maɖa hiu nɛ naalɛ ŋgʋ. -Rugibi maɖa lʋbɛ ŋgʋ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. -mini Rugibi piɣa n̄ɩŋgʋ. .Rugibi 19 ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1895 taa.


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Prɔmɛtɩyɔm
Prɔmɛtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 61 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pm. Ɛ nɛ tɛkɩnɩsɩyɔm, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ taa nɔyʊ mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ pɩsɩmʊtɩ, mba pɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbele naa. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ cazʊ cazʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna prométhée, pɩkɛ krɛkɩ pɔpɔtʊ tɔm kɩɖalatʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ pɔtɔŋ se tɩmɩla miŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ naa cɔlɔ. Paalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩtasɩna mʊntʊsɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ cɛkasɩ tɔʊʊ yɔɔ. Palaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku pɩyʊ kɛ Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Powers nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ palabɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ sɛzɩyʊ ɖeɖe.
Bohuslav Brauner kaayɔɔda prɔmɩtɩyɔm wɛʊ tɔm ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1902. Ɛlakaɣa tʊmɩyɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa yɔɔ se ɛpazɩ ɛtɩlɩ tɩ-wɛtʊ piŋ lɛ, ɛna tʊkaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ samarɩyɔm hɛkʊ taa kakɩlɩ lantanɩdɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba paañɔtɩna kpɛyɛ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ ɖoziye tɔm ndʊ Henry Moseley tasɩ sazʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1914, ɛnʊ weyi pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛna se pʊtʊ nɔyʊ taafɛyɩna ñʊʊ mayaɣ 61.
Posusa kajalaɣ natʊ takayaɣ lɛ Italii ɛyaa labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mba yɔ Luigi Rolla nɛ Florence Fernande tɛ Lorenzo. Ɛtɛma tʊʊ tɩdɩm ñɩmɩŋ lɩm mbʊ kɩkɛ Preesiili tɛ monasiti yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmpɩyɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛna lɩm nabʊyʊ pɩ-taa nɛ samarɩyɔm. Lɩm mbʊ pɩcɛlɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛŋga X ŋga kɛkɛ samarɩyɔm ñɩŋa nɛ 61 pʊtʊ yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ pʊɖʊ hɩɖɛ pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ lɛ, paya pʊtʊ 61 ɛnʊ se flɔrɛnsɩyɔm. Ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1926 wɛɛ taa lɛ, lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nabayɛ kɛ Illinois sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Urbana-Champaign tɛtʊ taa yɔ, Smith Hopkins nɛ Len Yntema posusi pʊtʊ 61 natʊ tɔm. Paya-ɩ se ɩlɩnɩyɔm pɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔɔ.


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Hʊʊlʊʊ abalɩmayaɣ
Hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne fricative)
Nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kɛ abalɩmayaɣ ŋga ke-witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ witu yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-kɛ lɛ, Feziŋ lɩɣna kela hɛkɩŋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɩɩlɩɣna nɔɔ tɩŋa taa waaa ɛzɩ payaʋ mayaɣ « a » yɔ.
Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩ-yatʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ yɔ. Ndoma nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ nɛ kela nɛ liŋ tɛ koŋgo pa-tɩŋa palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ payaa hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ ńzɩ.
Payaɣ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmaɣ lɛ, hayi ndomiye nɛ hadɛ ñɩnɖɛ pɔñɔtɩɣna ɖama. Kabɩyɛ masɩ taa lɛ, hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ kpɛndɩ naanza. Masɩ ńzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : f, j, s nɛ v.
Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʋ ɛkpaɣ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ nɛ ɛkɛdɩna abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ. Sɩsɩ yatʋ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ. Ɖooo caanaʋ lɛ, kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa cɔlɔ lɛ, tokaɣ nakɛyɛ taawɛɛ abalɩmasɩ hɛkʋ taa. Paakpaɣ sɩ-tɩŋa se sɩ-yatʋ kɛ kʋɖʋmtʋ.


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Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ
Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ wɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ yuulee sɛmɩŋ pɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Paa tomnasɩ lɛɛsɩ ɛlɛɣzɩɣ hɩla yee pesida tomnasɩ lɛɛsɩ sɛsmɩŋ sɩ-taa kɔ yɔ, ɛzɩ sɛmɩŋ tomnaɣ pɩsɩɣ caʊʊ yaa hʊlʊʊ tɩyɛ yɔ, tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ ɛɛlɛɣzɩ hɩdɛ paa pesida tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ.
Tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ wɛ tomnasɩ sɛmɩŋ kɩkpɛdɩɣ lʊbɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kaayʊ yɔ kɩ-taa. Ɛsɛkuliye sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ taa lɛ, tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ kɛna-wɛ laŋhʊlɩmɩyɛ sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ pɛ-tɛ kɩɖaŋ kɛtɛɛkasɩ yɔɔ. Tɩŋ pe nayɛ pʊʊ lɛ, ɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ yɔ.


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Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ
Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 71 740 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 6,3 yɔ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ ata yɔ, ana yɔ: Kinee nɛ Liibeeriya ajɛya wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ, pɩkazɩ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ wɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya wena akpɛnda tɔsʊʊ nɛ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Pɔcɔna sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, yeee pakpaɣ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm wɛna ñɩm mbʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ kɔyɔ, Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kʊñɔntʊtʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊ kpem yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Friitawɩnɩ yɔ, Priitaaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa mba lɩzɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1787 nɛ pasɩʊ yomaa mba payakaɣ se pɛɖɛnɛ yɔ.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ ɛlɛ ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ fɛyɩ yɔ, ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1964 taa lɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Milton Margaï, yele nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Albert Margaï mʊ-ɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ.
Pɔtɔ caca kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1967 lɛ, Siaka Stevens wabɩna ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩnɛ ɛcaɣ kɔ-yɔɔ lɔŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 1968 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yoŋ wɛɛ. Agoza fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya hiu nɛ naanza lɛɛna caɣa nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ.


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Cibuuti
Cibuuti kɛna Afrika hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ pazɩ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Cibuuti ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Lɩŋamʋʋ Kɩsɛɛmʋʋ nɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Kɩnɛ ajɛya anɛ asɩ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ: Soomaali, Etiyoopii, Eeriitiree nɛ Yeemɛɛnɩ. Cibuuti kɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ naanza pɩnaɣ 1859 kɛ pakʊ sɔdɩɣʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ, Henri Lambert, kɛ Taajuraa pɔɔ nɔɔ. Pɩlabɩ mbʊ lɛ, sɔɔjanaa tɩ kʊyʊ nɛ panɛ pɔ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔmandaŋ Alphonse Fleuriot de Langle pañaɣ pana nɛ pakpa mbamba pakʊyɩ-ɩ mbʊ yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, powona-wɛ nɛ paɖʊzɩ Tuurkii sɔsaa nesi tɛɛ nɛ kɔmandaŋ ɛnʊ etiina tɔm ndʊ kɛlɛʊ yem Paarii.
Pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayɩ lɛ,Taajuraa wiyaʋ tiyina e-lone taa caɣyʊ Diny Ahmed Aboubekr nɛ Napoléon naatozo ñɩnʊ, Édouard Thouvenel, pañɩɣ takayaɣ nakayɛ taa nesi se pawɩlɩ taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩwɛɛ ajɛya ana anaalɛ a-hɛkʊ taa yɔɔ. Pɩɩkɛlakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1862. Taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖiyebina nɛ Fransɩ pɩzɩ kɩya tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Obɔkɩ yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Raasɩ-Biir cɔlɔ yɔ. Peeɖe kɛ mɛlɛnaa nɛ kpɩyɩŋ papɩzɩɣ pasɩŋgɩ. Fransɩɩ yabɩ ɖɔɖɔ kataŋga ŋga kɛwɛ Raasɩ-Ali pɩwolo pɩsɩɩna Raasɩ-Dʊmeyira nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʊyɔ liidiya kutokiŋ Marie-Thérèse tɛ taalɛɛsɩwaa 10 000 mbʊ yɔ.
Ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1884 kɛ Fransi paazɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊyɔ kpacayɩɣ; pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɔmandaŋ Léonce Lagarde talaa yɔ nɛ pɩɩkɛna kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye. Pɩɩpɩ-wɛ ɖinɖe pɛhɛzɩ yɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, palɩɩwaɣ nɛ ɖooo Madagasɩkarɩ nɛ Indoosiini.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ Léonce Lagarde wɛɛ nɛ ɛmʊʊ tɛtʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɖooo Obɔkɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Taajuraa yɔ kpaɣ aloma fenaɣ ne mɩnzɛma fenaɣ taa. Paa nɛ pañɩɣ takayasɩ taa nesi kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 1885 kɔ yɔ, pɩkɔɔma pɩtalɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 26 pina kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Koobalɩ sɔsɔ nɛ Isa naa nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya kpaɣ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣ tɩŋga nɛ paɖʊzɩ Fransɩɩ nesi tɛɛ. Pɩkɔɔma kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2 nɛ 9 pɩnaɣ 1888 lɛ, Krandɩ-Biretaañɩ paɣ Fransɩɩ mba mba nɛ patatasɩ mʊʊ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga pama Cibuuti kidiiliŋ pɔɔ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ mba tɛ kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Soomalii yɔ pɩnaɣ 1896. Cibuuti taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ kutkiŋ 5 000 nɛ kɩ-ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Bourhan Bey, ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ Zeila, Abu Bakr Ibrahim pɩyalʊ.


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Siirii
kɛna ɛndɩ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Prɔɔsɩ Ooriyaŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ Siirii naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ.
Pamaza Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 185 180 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmakʊɣna ɛzɩ 0,06 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 17 534 083 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 98 yɔ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bachar el-Assad nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Imad Khamis.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ araabʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taamaasɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +963 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Liivri siiriyɛnɩ.


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Fernand de Magellan
Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan kɛ Pɔrɩtɩgalɩ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Pɔrɩtɩgalɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1480 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩba Filipini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1521 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan cɔ tɛtʋ kpeekpe ɛta. Mɛlɛ taa ɛcaɣa nɛ ɛcɔɔ-tʋ nɛ ɛta.
Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1522 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛtɛma tɛtʋ cɔʋ nɛ ɛta. Ɖajaa Fernand de Magella kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naadozo mpilim nɛ ɛcɔɔna tɛtʋ.
Ɖajaa Juan Sebastián Elcano cɔŋna Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan nʋmɔʋ ɖɔm tɩŋa yɔɔ. Ɖajaa Fernand de Magellan kʋyɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtɛmna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Wagaadugu
Wagaadugu kɛŋna Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Patasʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ yaʊ kɛlɛʊ taa se Wagaa. Wagaadugu tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɖenɖe pahaɣ ɛyʊ samtʊ yɔ yaa ñamtʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-walanazɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 280 500 yaa kilomɛtanaa 2 805.
Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa paakali ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 59 126, nɛ pɩnaɣ 2006 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 475 223. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊyʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa 1 062 000. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ komina tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ kediisasi wɛɛ, pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ aleɣya wɛɛ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-taa tʊma ndɩ ndɩ lubu ñɩɩtʊ tɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ wondu kususutu kɛ pakɩlɩɣ pɛdʊʊ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ komina tʊma taa peeɖe yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ fransɩɩ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Marin Casimir Ilboudo (2012 -).
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Wagaadugu tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Luduŋ, Liiyɔɔ, Liiyɔɔ Sɔsɔʊ, Kireenoblɩ nɛ Pɔridoo (Fransɩɩ), Saŋ Maaniyato, Turɛɛ (Itaalii), Kowɛtɩ (Kowɛtɩ), Keebɛkɩ (Kanadaa), Kumasi (Kana), Seenɛɛvɩ (Suwiisi), Maraakɛsɩ (Marɔkɩ), Tayipaayɩ (Tayiwaanɩ) nɛ Pɛlɩziki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ (Leuze-en-Hainaut).


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Pablo Picasso
Palʊla Pablo Picasso kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1881 kɛ Malaga tɛtʊ taa, Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ litozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1973 kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 91. Ɛkɛna saɣyʊ, kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩyʊ, aŋjaʊnaa luɖu nɛ kayɩyʊ. Palʊla Pablo Picasso nɛ hila wena paya-ɩ yɔ, aɖɔɔ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, María de los Remedios, Crispín Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso.
Ɛ-wilɩya kɔyɔ Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, María de los Remedios, Crispín Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso. Pablo wɛna hala naalɛ nɛ payaɣ kajala-tʊ se Olga Khokhlova (1918 - 1955) nɛ naalɛ tʊ yɔ Jacqueline Roque (1961- 1973). Picasso piya kpɛndɩ naatozo: Claude Picasso, Maya Widmaier-Picasso nɛ Paloma Picasso.


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Victor Hugo
Palʊla Victor Hugo kɛ Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 26 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1802 kɛ Besançon nɛ ɛsɩ Agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1885. Victor Hugo kɛ takayaɣ mayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ politique tʊ nɔɔyʊ kpam. Pɩnzɩ XIXe taa lɛ, ɛñamsa ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza.
Victor Hugo ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ mba pakɩlɩ takayasɩ maʊ yɔ pa-taa. Ɛkɛ poète lyrique nɛ takayasɩ nzɩ yɔ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Odes et Ballades (1826), Les Feuilles d'automne (1831) nɛ Les Contemplations (1856), ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣa maɖʊ weyi ɛtɛma ɛ-taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛba fɛyɩna nɔɔyʊ. Ɛyɔɔda Napoléon III tɔm takayaɣ Les Châtiments (1853) taa. Yaa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ poète épique nɛ ɛma La Légende des siècles (1859 nɛ 1877).
Victor Hugo kɛ takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Roman waa yɔ sɩ-mayʊ nɛ ɛmaʊ taa lɛ pɩɖʊkɩna paa-anɩ. Ɛma Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) nɛ Les Misérables (1862). Théâtre taa lɛ, ɛwɩlaa se ɛkɛ nɔyʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se drame romantique yɔ takayaɣ Cromwell (1827) taa. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ Hernani kɛ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ Ruy Blas kɛ 1838; Lucrèce nɛ Le Roi s'amuse.
Ɛma politique tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kɛ Chambre des pairs taa, Assemblée constituante nɛ Assemblée législative. Ɛma takasɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma paɖʊʊ ɛyʊ sɩm yɔ pɩyɔɔ tɔm, sukuli taa tɔm yaa nʊmɔʊ wobu tɔm: (Le Rhin, 1842, ou Choses vues, posthumes, 1887 et 1890), pɩna correspondance naa sakɩyɛ.


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Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ pɩ-matʊ kɛ kʊyʊmɩm yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pacɩyɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ, pɩkɛ pʊyʊ kʊɖʊm.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ tɛkɛ ɖɔmbɩyɛ yem. Pasɩŋ ɖɔmbɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kpɛlɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖɩ-pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ tɩnaa lɛɣtɩ ɖama taa lɛɣtʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ. Ɖɔmbɩyɛ pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ weyi ɛlɛkɩɣ wɛʊ yɔ, e-lone wɛ ndɩ nɛ pʊyʊ ñɩɩɩ waa lɛlaa mba pɔsɔzʊʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ wayɩ wayɩ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se mɛɛrɩkiiri (mercure) yɔ, yee ki-miŋ saʊ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 39 °C yɔ, pakpakɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ se kɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Pɛ naayɛ tɛ wɛtʊ yeba nɛ pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Pɛ ana, anaa yɔ : pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaaɣ se opalɩ (opale) yɔ nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se ambrɩ (ambre) yɔ. Ɛlɛ, patakpaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩnɩŋ nɩɩyɛ se ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ.
Pʊyɛ kpem se mbʊ pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, pɩ-matʊ ɛkɛ kʊɖʊmʊm yeli. Wonuu nakʊyʊ yem ɛtaasidi kɩ-matʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, mbʊ pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu natʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ pʊwɛɛ ndɩ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ.
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndʊʊ kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ. Kaaŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɛŋna tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ. Tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam ŋgʊ payaɣ se teliriki (tellurique) yɔ.


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Nandʊ
Nandʊ kɛ tɔnaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnaa nayɛɛ tɛ nimfila nɛndɛtʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ naŋgbanzɩ nanzaa tɩnaa nɛ simaasi nɛ rʊmaa ɛlɛ, kpakpasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ pɩtaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ŋga payaɣ se requin. Payaʊ se nandʊ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ num nɛ holaa nɛ calɩm nɛ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ nɛndɛtʊ nɛ mɔɔ nɛ a-taa num nɛ a-ñʊʊ yɔ num.
Ɖooo kpaɣdʊ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se nandʊʊ pamazɩɣ se pɩkpɛndɩnɛ kpakpasɩ nɛ paa tɔnaɣ ŋga. Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ se nandʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɔɔnaɣ, vivenda tɔbʊʊ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se mbʊ pʊwaazʊʊ wezʊʊ yɔ. Nandʊ kɛ kpɩnɛ nɛndɛtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlaɣ nɩtʊʊ natʊyʊʊ taa se pɩkɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa yatʊʊ, karnɛ (carne) pʊtɔbʊʊ se nandʊʊ kɩdɛkɛdɩtʊʊ.
Erɔpʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, nandʊ kɛ taata cɩnɛ kpɩnaa tɛ pʊyʊʊ mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ calɩm. Fransɩɩ lambʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ nandʊʊ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se abas yɔ pɛhɛkʊʊ taa. Pɩlɩnɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, onglet kɛ abat ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ nandʊʊ. Hɔɔyɛ kɛ nandʊʊ nimfiɖe ɛlɛ ɖoo pitihiɣ pɩkɛ abat pɩtɛkɛ nandʊʊ. Payaɣ se abat mbʊ pɩkɛ kpɩnaa ɖɩkʊ hɔɔlʊʊ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ. Pawɩlɩɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ abat kʊlʊmʊʊ lɛ, pɩkɛ ñʊʊ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ nɛ hiluu. Abat kɩsɛmʊʊ kɔyɔ hɔɔyɛ nɛ hʊzʊʊ nɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ fiteenim nɛ calɩm fʊwaa nɛ hʊzɩŋ nɛ pondone nɛndɛtʊʊ.
Nandʊʊ ndʊ tɩ-wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, kɩsɛmtʊʊ yaa ndʊ pakʊwa yɔ, naŋ nandʊʊ nɛ kpaŋnʊ nandʊʊ nɛ afa nandʊʊ nɛ heeŋ nɛ pʊŋ nandʊʊ pɩwɛ ŋkpaɣ ndɛ. Nandʊʊ kʊlʊmʊtʊ ndʊ kelemiye nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ kɩkpɛdɩtʊʊ ndʊ lɛ lakʊʊ kpɩnɛ nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ kɩwɩtʊʊ nɛ lakʊʊ taa nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ natɩyʊʊ wɛ tɩzɔzʊʊ ɛyʊʊ tɔmnaɣ taa ɖoŋ ndʊ yɔ kpakpasɩ nɛ sɛyaa nɛ pɩcɛɛnɛɛ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊʊ hʊndʊʊ ñndʊʊ nɛ lɔbɩ lɔbɩ kpɩna ɛlɛ pɛ-nɛndɛtʊʊ fɛyɩ ɛzɩ nandʊʊ yɔ.


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© 1996 – 2009 The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
This HTML version prepared by the UDHR in Unicode project, http://www.unicode.org/udhr.
Yee ɖitisaa se pʊmʊna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ wala ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɛna wazaɣ pʊyʊ kɔyɔ, ɖitisaa ɖɔɖɔ se peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ, toovonum nɛ lahɛzɩyɛ palɩɣna;
Ɖɩnaa se ɛyʊ wala tɔm kɩɩsɩŋ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ kɩɩɖɔŋ palabɩna nɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm tɔyɩ nɛ pɩcɛyɩɣ ɛyaa. Mbʊ pacaɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ wɛtʊ, ɛyaa wɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yem faaa nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se palɩ kʊñɔŋ taa, sɔɔndʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ-wɛ kpaʊ;
Yee waɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɛkandayɩɣ ɛyʊ wala yɔɔ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, wiɖiyi pɩɩkaɣ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ kɛnaʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛkʊyɩ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ se kalakɩ-ɩ ñaŋ;
Pʊwɛ camɩyɛ se pasɩna ajɛya, akpeeti nɛ ala taabalɩyɛ ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeu nɛ puhuuna-yɛ;
Ɖinaa se ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tasɩ tisuu ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-wazaɣ pɔ-tɔm, nɛ pɔtɔ se abalaa nɛ halaa pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ wala ana a-ɛsɩndaa; mbʊ labɩna nɛ paka ñʊʊ se pekpeetiɣ samaɣ sɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ;
Ajɛya kɩgbɛdʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya tisaa se alakɩ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe ña ɛyʊ wala, ɛlɛ pʊwɛɛ se ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖʊ-yɛ nisi;
Yee ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ ɩwɛna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pɩsaŋ nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ.
MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE:
KEDEŊGA KPEEKPE YƆƆ ƐYƱ WALA TƆM tʊnɛ tɩkɛ ajɛya wena kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm wɛ a-ñʊŋ taa yɔ a-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ; nɛ pɩsa acɛyɩ a-tɩ, akuli ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖa-ajɛya ɛyaa nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna ɛyaa ɛsɛ nɛ paña ɛyʊ wala nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm.
Palʊlʊʊ ɛyaaa nɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kpaagbaa nɛ pɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ wala ɛsɩndaa. Palʊlʊʊ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-lɔŋ nɛ pa-maɣzɩm; mbʊ yekina nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama se pɛkɛ ɛyaa pa-tɩŋgɛ.
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛkɛ kɩsɛm, kɩkpɛdʊ, kʊhʊlʊm, ñɩmdʊ, kɛdɛyaɣ, paa ɛkɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tʊ, ɛlaɣ sɩɩnaa, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala wena pɔyɔɔdɩ a-tɔm cɩellnɛ yɔ, akɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ñɩna.
Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ paa ɛyʊ ɛlɩna le, ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩfɛyɩ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tʊ, yaa ɖɩ-poliitikii kɛ ŋgʊ, paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se ɛyʊ wala tɔm tʊnɛ tɩdataɣna-ɩ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna wezuu, ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛkandayɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ.
Pɩfɛyɩ se nɔɔyʊ ɛwɛɛ yomiye taa; ɛlɛ padaaɖʊ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kʊñɔŋ. Pekizi yomiye tɔm.
Pɩfɛyɩ se paɖʊ nɔɔyʊ kʊñɔŋ, pɛkpɛŋgɛsɩ-ɩ, yaa palabɩ-ɩ mbʊ pɩdamʊna se pala ɛyʊ yɔ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se paa le, paya-ɩ se caa akele.
Ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛ kɩmaŋ paɣtʊ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɛwɛɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paɣtʊ ɛkandayɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɩmaŋ. Yee palakɩ-wɛ nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, yaa pɩɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ nʊmaʊ ta, pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se pakandayɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɩmaŋ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pacaɣ-ɩ tɔm yaa pomuluu-i faŋŋŋ wala wena paɣtʊ ha-ɩ yɔ a-nʊmaʊ taa, ewolo eheyi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm hʊyaa.
Paapɩzɩɣ pakpa nɔɔyʊ faŋŋ paɖɩɣ yaa pɛkɛzɩ-ɩ tɛtʊ.
Yee pakpa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ se ɛlabɩ nabʊyʊ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pahʊʊ ɛ-tɔm fayɩɩ nɛ pana; tiɖeɣ yaa tɩsɩkɩ.
1. Ɛyʊ weyi pakpa-ɩ nɛ padahʊda ɛ-tɔm yɔ, pɔcɔŋna-ɩ se ɛdɛwɛɛkɩ pʊyʊ; a-aseɣɖe tɩnaa nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kandɩyaa pasɩŋgɩɣ ɛ-wayɩ, pahʊʊ ɛ-tɔm fayɩɩ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, nɛ pana toovonum.
2. Paakpaɣ ɛyʊ sɔnɔ ɖooo mbʊ ɛɛlaba nɛ pɩdaafɛyɩ paɣtʊ taa yɔ, pʊ-yɔɔ; yee pʊ-wayɩ pʊkɔma pɩlɩɩ se ɛɛlabɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm, nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ se pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ kɔyɔ, paɣtʊ kɩbɩndʊ yɔɔ patɩŋgɩɣ.
Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ lɛlʊ tɔm taa yem yem.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ewolo paa le, ɛcaɣ ɖenɖe e-liu wɛɛ yɔ paa ɛjaɖe nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa.
2. Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛkʊyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, paa pɩkɛ ɛ-ñɩnɖɛ, nɛ pɩmaɣ-ɩ ɖooye lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ.
1. Yee palɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ wayɩ ɖoli faŋŋŋ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ sɛ eñɩnɩ kʊyʊʊ ɖʊɖʊyɛ. Ɛtalɩ le, padaalɔ-ɩ.
2. Ɛlɛ, yee toovonum, ɛwɛɛkɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ-ɩ se pakpa-ɩ, ɛfɛyɩna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ ɖoli.
1. Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɛ-tɛ.
2. Pɩfɛyɩ se pekizina nɔɔyɔ se ɛdaayaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ se ɛ-tɛ yaa ɛdaa lɛɣzɩ tɛ.
1. Halɩbiya nɛ abalɩbɩya, paa pɛ-tɛ le, palakɩ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ, patalɩɣ pe-ɖeɖe lɛ, pɛwɛna waɖɛ se pawalɩ, pakpaɣ halaa nɛ papɩsɩ ɖɩsɩ nɛ sɩ-tɩnaa. Pa-wala wɛ kɩmaŋ halɩkpaɣyɛ ɖeɖe; abalʊ wɛna waɖɛ se ekizi ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛɖɔɔnɩ-ɩ; halʊ ñɛwɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ekizi ɛ-walʊ nɛ ɛkʊɩ ɛ-yɔɔ.
2. Pɛlɔ nɛ evebu, petisiɣ se pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama nɛ pʊcɔ palabɩ-wɛ halɩkpaɣyɛ sɔnzɩ. Pɩfɛyɩ pakpa pa-taa nɔɔyɔ nɛ ɖoŋ.
3. Mɩzaɣ kɛna samaɣ hoye; kɛwɛna waɖɛ se samaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ pakandayɩ kɔ-yɔɔ.
1. Ɛyʊ paa weyi, paa ɛwɛ e-ɖeke, paa ɛwɛ lalaa hɛkʊdaa, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna ñɩm.
2. Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se pɛlɛɣ nɔɔyʊ ɛ-ñɩm faŋŋŋ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se elɩzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza faaa, ɛtɩŋ ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ ŋgʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se waɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩ eyele ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛtɩŋ lɛɛkʊ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɩlɩ ɛsɔ tɔm nʊmaʊ ŋgʊ ɛtɩŋgɩɣ-kʊ yo kʊ-tɔm lalaa faaa; paa ɛwɛ e-ɖeke yaa ɛ nɛ lalaa, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ.
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛyɔɔdɩ faaa ndʊ ɛmaɣzɩɣ yɔ; pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔɔndʊ ɛdaakpa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ se ɛɛyɔɔdɩ natʊyʊ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ nabʊyʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ wɛna waɖɛ se ɛkɛdɩ lalaa ndʊ ɛsɩma, ɛnaa yaa ɛnɩwa yɔ.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ewolo kediɣzaɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛna ŋgbɛyɛ.
2. Pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛsʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa.
1. Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ ɛ-nɔɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔm taa. Ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla lɩmaɣza yaa ɛtɩŋna samaɣ lɩzɩ ɛyaa mba se pɔɖɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ.
2. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛla kewiyaɣ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ.
3. Samaɣ sɔɔlɩm kɛna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tigiɖe. Takayɩsɩ ɖʊzʊʊ panaɣna samaɣ sɔɔlɩm mbʊ.
Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se samaɣ ɛkandayɩ ɛ-yɔɔ. Kandayʊʊ mbʊ piyekina nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ, ɛhɛzɩ ñɩm nɛ ɛsɛkuliye pa-ñɩnʊʊ nʊmaʊ taa.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ehiɣ tʊmɩyɛ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ nɛ mulum ɛdaawɛɛ.
2. Ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛna waɖɛ se, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ kɩmaŋ, mulum ɛdaawɛɛ.
3. Ɛyʊ weui ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ, pɩtalɩ ɛ nɛ ɛ-mɩzaɣ nɛ padaala kʊñɔŋ samaɣ taa.
4. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛ nɛ lalaa paɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ; ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ɛkpɛndɩ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔɔ, aŋgba ana awɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ akandayɩ ɛ-yɔɔ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛhɛzɩ nɛ ɛcalasɩ ɛ-ɛsɛ, padaakɩlɩ-ɩ nazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa; ɛwɛna waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, paha-ɩ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ, ɛhɛzɩ nɛ pɛtɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ ke-liidiya.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛwɛɛna ñɩm nɛ pɩwazɩ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ñɩmba pe-wezuu caɣʊ taa; ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ, tɔɔla, ɖʊzʊyɛ nɛ kɔ yɔ. Ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛlakɩ kʊñɔŋ, pɩwɩɣ-ɩ, ɛlabi ɛjam, ɛpɩsɩ ɛɖanɛ yaa leluu, ɛkpadayaa, pala nabʊyʊ nɛ pasɩna-ɩ.
2. Asɔŋ nɛ piya pʊmʊnaa se pasɩna pɩŋŋŋ.
1. Paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se pokuli ɛ-ɛsɛ. Pɩdamʊna se pɛhɛyɩ kɔɔnɔɔ sukuli yɔɔ. Pɩkɛna paa anɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ewolo-kʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se lɛɣtʊ nɛ tʊma kpasʊʊ sukuli pɔtɔyɩ. Pʊpɔzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se patʊlɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɔnɔsɩ paa anɩ.
2. Ɛyʊ woki sukuli se ɛ-ɛsɛ ikuli, pɩwazɩ-ɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa, pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛña ɛyʊ wala. Kɩsɩɣna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɣna ɖama, pekpeɣu ɖama pa-kɩwɛɛkɩm, paɖʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Kɩsɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tʊma wena añɩnɩɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔ.
3. Piya ñɩmba wɛna waɖɛ se palɩzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ pɔsɔɔla se pepiya iwobi-kʊ yɔ.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛɖʊ nɔɔ faaa ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ sɔnzɩ tɔm taa nɛ mbʊ pɩlɩɣ pɩ-taa yɔ, pɩwazɩ-ɩ.
2. Paa anɩ ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛkandayɩ mbʊ ɛlaba nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ.
Paa anɩ, ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛñaɣ pana nɛ yɛɖɛyɛɖɛtʊ ɛdaawɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm takayaɣ taa yɔ.
1. Paa anɩ, ɛtɩlɩ ɛsɩɩ se ɛwɛ samaɣ ŋga ka-taa fɛɛɛ nɛ pɩkɛdɩɣna-ɩ yɔ, ɛtɔɔ-kɛ kɩmɩyɛ.
2. Paa ɛyʊ weyi, eɖiɣzina se ɛ-wala ñɩnʊʊ nʊmaʊ nɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ leleŋ nɩʊ pa-taa lɛ, kamaɣ wɛɛ; pɩfɛyɩ se ɛcɛzɩ-kɛ; paɣtʊ ɖʊna-kɛ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ ɛyaa ñaŋ ɖama wala; mbʊ haɣna mʊmaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se demookrasii samaɣ taa ɛyaa ɩnɩɩna ɖama.
3. Ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se ɛñaŋ wala ana nɛ pʊdɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ajɛya kɩgbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔlʊʊ yɔ.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛyʊ wala tɔm tʊnɛ, tɩ-taa tʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛtɔŋ se hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ, yaa ŋgʊ yɔ, kʊtɔŋna se padaaña wala naayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ,yaa nɖɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.


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Hʋndʋ
Hʋndʋ kɛna tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ mbʋ pɩñɔ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛɛ mini mini yaa pɩɩpɩɩ (filiforme) yɔ. Ñɔyaɣ ñɔʋ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʋ tɛ (épiderme) nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ lɛ pʋcɔ nɛ kɩlɩna awayɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ kɛ ñʋndʋ yaa ñɔsɩ ñɔʋ. Ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɛ hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa yɔ payaɣ-sɩ se ñɔsɩ nɛ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-hɩnɛ yaa e-kodiye yɔɔ yɔ tʋtʋ payaɣ se kpɛtʋ. Piyele nɛ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ nɛ e-ndoma yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-tʋtʋ se tandʋ, ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ efebu ɛɖaɣna tandʋ ñɔʋ kɔyɔ payaɣ-tʋ se koonum (duvet). Ɛyʋ yɔɔ ñɔsɩ kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ.
Hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ ndʋ payaɣ se ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ hʋndʋ. Ɛzɩ ɛyaa wɛʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ hʋndʋ yaa ñɔyaɣ, tandaŋ, kpɛtʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pa-tɩna hʋndʋ ɖeke nɛ lɛɛba lɛ patatɩɩ ñɔʋ paa ñɩɩ halɩ pɩtamna pa-ñʋntaa.


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Bollywood
Bollwood (बॉलीवुड) kɛnɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paha Ɛɛndɩ sinimaɣ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa yɔ. Bombey tɛtʊ taa koŋ kɩwɛɛ nɛ peeɖe palaba kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa nɛ hɛndɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa ŋga kɛkɛna sɩnɩma tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩɣa kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba palaba nɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩŋ yɔ pʊyɔɔ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba pamɩzɩ yaa pɛyɛlɩ yaa pɔtɔyɩ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Azii nɛ Hadɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, Afrika nɛ Hayi nɛ Moyen-Orient ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Bollywood kɛ Bombay nɛ Hollywood tɛ tobi yaa kɛlɛʊ yɔɔdaɣ. Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, bollywood kɛ tiŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ hɩla ɛ-tɛ nɛ tɩŋ pee wena ayaɣ hɔɔlasɩ naalɛ kpa yɔ piliŋga taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ajɛyɛ tɛ Bollywood kɛ Ɛndɩ sinimaɣ tʊma. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩwazaɣ kɔyɔ se pawɩlɩ ɖooo poliŋ taa kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ hendu teyaa nɛ tɩ-payaa yɔ nɛ pɩkɛ tanaʊ miziiki.
Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, sɩnɩma kɩlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna tɩŋa payɩ, pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ, fezuu caɣʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɛ Ɛndɩ ɛyaa tɛ fezuu labʊ taa pɩyʊ keem, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-laɖaa sɔsaa (wabɩya kɩkpaɖa) nɛ kɩ-wazaɣ yaa kʊ-ɖoŋ weyi kɩwɩlɩ ajɛyɛ yɔ. Kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kelaa yɔɔ sɩnaʊ yɔ, mbʊ Shahrukh Khan tɔma se pɩfɛyɩ se pɔcɔɔna kɩwayɩ.
Mʊntʊsʊʊ ɖalaa ñɩma woŋna sɩnɩma tɔm Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pawɩlɩ pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm Paarii tɛtʊ taa kɛ takayasɩ mayaa akɔma ɖɩɣa kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ Ɛndɩ ɛyaa ñɔʊ kɔfɩ yɔ. Fenasi cabɩ wayɩ lɛ, pɛ-tɛ sɩnayʊ Maurice Sestier ñala kpaɣ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1896 kɛ Watson’s akɔma ɖɩɣa taa kɛ Bombay tɛtʊ Mʊntʊsʊʊ ɖalaa tʊma naayɛ a-taa kɔyɔ suluku talɩɣ La Ciotat suluku ɖɩsɩŋɩyɛ nɛ Lyon Mʊntʊsʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa lɩɣ.


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Pɩsɩmʊtɩ
Pɩsɩmʊtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 83 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Bi. Ɛkɛ kagbaanzɩ tʊ nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ kɛ pɩnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa hɔɔlʊʊ taa (hɔɔlʊʊ ñʊʊ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ ŋgʊ). Yɔɔdaɣ taa yem pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛñɔtɩna antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ arsɛnɩkɩ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 15, kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtɛŋ nɛ pʊlɔŋ papa ñɛkɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 14 ŋgʊ taa mba.
Pɩtɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, nɛ ɛ-taa pʊtʊnaa mba pasɩma-wɛ camɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Erɔpʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa tʊma taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, pana-ɩ keeke nɛ patɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1753 pɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Claude Geoffroy ɛkɛ evebu weyi ɛtʊyɩ-ɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Bi Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Berzelius hana-ɩ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1814 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Pɩsɩmʊtɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ tɩyɛ, ɛwɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ lɩm nɛ ñɔsɩ caɣ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ pɔtɔtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, 1 µg/m3 helim taa, 1 mg/kg tɛtʊ taa, lɩm sʊlʊm taa 5 ŋtalɩ 20 µg/ evemiye taa.


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Kazablanka
Kazablanka tɔbʊʊ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "Ɖɩya kʊhʊlʊmaɣ". Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛlɛ pɩmaɣzɩ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kazablanka-Setatɩ yɔ, tɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ sʊsɔyɛ kɛlɛ se Kazablanka. Kazablanka-Setatɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, ndʊ lɛ Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛʊ kɩlaa; tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔɖɔʊ kɛ Magirɛbʊ ɛjaya taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa.
Kazablanka-Se tʊma sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2002 taa kɛ pɛtɛyɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ ageeta haiu nɛ looɖo (16). Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa mba pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 3 359 818. Ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ageeta cɩkpena lɛɛna kɔyɔ, ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 4 270 750. Kɩgalʊʊ kʊnɛ pakalɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 2015.
Pañɩnɩɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɛ cɩŋgilinaa mba pakɩlɩɖeu yɔ, panaɣ sakɩyɛ kɛ kazablanka tɛtʊ taa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ciŋgɩlɩ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Hassan II yɔ, kɩ-tɛ ɖenɖe imaam sʊsɔ weyi paya-ɩ se muyezɩŋ yɔ ɛsɩŋgʊ nɛ ɛyaɣ malɩŋ lɛɛŋ kɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔ, peeɖe kɩlɩna ɖeʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe pɩ-tɛ lona lɛɛna.
Kazablanka nɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa malikanaa nabɛyɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊ nɛ palakɩ tʊma. Malikinaa mba mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: Sikaago (Etaazuunii), Saŋgayɩ (Siini, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1986), Pɔrɩdoo (Fransɩɩ, ɖooo mɩnzɛma fenaɣ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1988), Tuubayɩ (Emirati-Arabʊzuni), Isitambuli (Turki), Mɔntireyali (Kanadaa, ɖooo lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1999), Alizee (Alizeerii, ɖooo hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1963), Sɩfakɩsɩ (Tuniizii), Prukisɛɛlɩ (Pɛliziki), Petarɩsi kiɖeɖeu (Ruusii), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ, pɩnaɣ 2004), Lisiboni (Pɔritigaalɩ) nɛ Uwarɩzazatɩ (Marɔkɩ). Piyele Kazablanka nɛ Fransɩɩ malika ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Marsɛyɩ yɔ, kɩna-kʊ taabalɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ pɩwɛ ɖooo hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1998.


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Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé
Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé, Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1966 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Afagnan tɛtʋ taa Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ Togo politiki ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɛpɩsɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋga taa. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛ-caa Eyadéma sɩba lɛ, Togo sɔɔjanaa sɩ-ɩ ɛ-caa kpelaɣ yɔɔ se ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-caa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɩɩwɛɛ se ɛlɛ ɛtɛzɩ nɛ pʋcɔ paaɖaɣnɩ tɔʋ caca kɩfalʋʋ nɛ palɩzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kɩfalʋ yɔ. Ɛcaɣ ɛ-caa lone ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, kpaɣna lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) ñɩŋgʋ wiye nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ kɩ-kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2005 taa. Ɛ-caa pɩnzɩ ńzɩ sɩtɛmna nɛ pʋwayɩ pɔtɔ caca ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza (24) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa se palɩzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ ɖiyiyu kɩfalʋ. Pɔtɔ-kʋ lɛ, Faure kʋɖʋm weyi ɛtɛza ɛ-caa pɩnzɩ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ palɩzaa se ɛtasɩ ɖiyiɣ Togo ɛjaɖɛ.
Eɖiyi Togo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ tɔʋ caca kɩfalʋʋ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2010 taa se pɛlɛɣzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ ɖiyiyu. Pɔtɔ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kʋɖʋm ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ patasɩ lɩzʋʋ se ɛtasɩ ɖɔkʋʋ Togo ɛjaɖɛ nabʋlɛ ɖeɖe.
Paɖaɣna-ɩ lɩzʋʋ nabʋlɛ ɖeɖe nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ tasɩ ɖɛʋ lɛ, patasɩ tɔʋ caca kɩfalʋʋ nabudozo ñɩŋgʋ ɛ-caa sɩm wayɩ se pɛlɛɣzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩyʋ. Pɔtɔ-kʋkʋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ (25) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Pɔtɔ caca kɩfalʋʋ ŋ́gʋ lɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Faure Gnassingbé kʋɖʋm ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ patasɩ lɩzʋʋ sɛ eɖiyi Togo ɛjaɖɛ nabudozo ɖiyuu ɛ-caa sɩm wayɩ. Toovenum lɛ, Togo ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ pɔzaa se pɔtɔʋ caca nɛ palɩzɩ weyi se ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ yɔ, ɛlakɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ lɛ, ɛkʋyʋʋ kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tɔʋ caca kɩfalʋʋ nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩyʋ kɩfalʋ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩtaha waɖɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ nɔɔyʋ se ɛtasɩ sɩʋ ɛ-takayaɣ se palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ nabudozo ɖeɖe.
Ɖajaa Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé laba tɔsʋʋ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ kɩ-takayaɣ kɩtɛzaɣ. Paarii-Dauphine tɛtʋ taa ɛlaba e-sukuli ŋ́gʋ. Ɛmʋ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣ se MBA yɔ George Washington sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé kɛkɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyʋ Blita egetiye taa. Ɛlʋkaɣ ɛ-caa Gnassingbé Eyadèma tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛlʋkaɣ Togo politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se RPT yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ.
Paɣtʋ lɩzɩyʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɖajaa Faure E. Gnassingbé kɛkɛ samaɣ tʋma labʋ nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nɛ aseɣɖe tɔm susuu tɛ Minisi. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29), waaɣ naza pɩnaɣ 2003 taa pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ Minisi ɛnʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ lɛ, ɖajaa Koffi Sama kɛkɛna Togo komina nɔɔ yɔɔ tʋ.
Paatɛma ñɔɔzʋʋ se ɖajaa Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé kɛɣna Togo Ñʋʋdʋ ɛ-caa Etienne Gnassingbé Eyadèma sɩm wayɩ. Waaɣ tozo, pɩnaɣ 2002 taa, Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma laba nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ. Paɣtʋ ndʋʋ yɔ se yee Togo pɩɣa ɛfɛyɩna pɩnzɩ nɛ sɩtalɩ hiu waa naanza nɛ kagbaanzɩ (45) yɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayaɣ se palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ yɔ.
Pɛlɛɣzɩ paɣtʋ ńdʋ. Paɖʋ kɩfatʋ nɛ tʋtʋ tɔŋ se, yee Togo pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ɛtalɩ pɩnzɩ niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ, kapɩzɩɣ kɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma laba nɛ paɖʋ paɣtʋ kɩfatʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-pɩyalʋ Faure Essozimna kaawɛna pɩnzɩ nzɩɩ alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, pɩha ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛnʋʋ waɖɛ se ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayaɣ waaɣ naza, pɩnaɣ 2003 taa se palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ, yee ɛnʋʋ Eyadèma ɛɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛtasɩ ɖɔkʋʋ kpelaɣ kɔyɔ.
Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2003 lɛ, Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma wɛ ɖoŋ se ɛtasɩ Togo kpelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛtasɩ sɩʋ ɛ-takayaɣ se palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ ɖiyuu Togo samaɣ. Pɔtɔ caca ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnʋʋ palɩzaa se ɛɖaɣnɩ Togo samaɣ ɖiyuu pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nzɩ sɩkɔŋ yɔ sɩ-taa. Pɔtɔʋ-kʋ yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa nɩɩnʋwa nɛ ɛyaa naalɛ (52) lɩzɩna-ɩ se ɛɖaɣnɩ ɖɔkʋʋ Togo samaɣ.
Toovenum lɛ, Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma kɛtɛma ñɔɔzʋʋ ɛ-pɩyalʋ Faure Essozimna se ɛcaɣ e-kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɛsʋza-ɩ Togo komina taa se ɛtɩlɩ Togo komina politiki lɛɣtʋ.
Waaɣ naza, pɩnaɣ 1993 taa Anasaayɩnaa ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ kɛcɛba taabalɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ ɖɩ nɛ Togo pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ. Ɖɩcɛba-ɖɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, kiɖi kiɖi lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɩ lakaɣ pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa Togo taa pɩlɩɩna ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ fɛyʋʋ Togo taa yɔɔ.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, waaɣ falaŋga pɩnaɣ 2005 taa Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma wona sɔsaa mʋlʋ. Pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa Togo sɔɔjanaa sɔsaa ɖʋ nesi nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ Togo paɣtʋ nɛ pɩha waɖɛ ɛ-pɩyalʋ Faure Essozimna se ɛcaɣ ɛ-caɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Togo politiki aŋgba wena abama Togo komina nɛ ɛsa yɔ nɛ Afrɩka ajɛya kɩkpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kizi tɔm ńdʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ Faure Essozimna tɔma se ɛnʋ ɛɛtɛzɩɣ ɛ-caa pɩnzɩ nzɩ pɩzaɣ ɛlɛɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, eyeki nɛ pɔtɔ caca fanasɩ naalɛ wayɩ nɛ palɩzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kɩfalʋ.
Ɖajaa Faure Essozimna kizaa se ɛɛtɛzɩɣ ɛ-caa pɩnzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, etisaa se ɛsɩɣ ɛ-takayaɣ nɛ pɔtɔ caca kɩfalʋʋ lɛ, paalɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛlɛ, Togo sɔɔjanaa kizina-ɩ nɛ pakpa-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pasɩɩ-ɩ ɛ-caa kpelaɣ yɔɔ se ɛtɛzɩ ɛlɛ pɩnzɩ nɛ pʋcɔ paatɔ caca kɩfalʋʋ.
Toovenum lɛ, Togo paɣtʋ yɔɔdʋʋ se, yee ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa Ñʋʋdʋ cakɩna e-kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ paatɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kɩfalʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma sɩba yɔ, ɖajaa Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba kɛkɛŋna Togo paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. Yee ḿbʋ, pɩɩfɛɛ se ɛnʋ cakɩna Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Kɔyɩna alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma fɛyɩ yɔ, ɖajaa Fambaré Natchamba taawɛɛ Togo taa. Ɛnɩ Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma sɩm nɛ ɛkɔɔ se ɛsʋʋ Togo taa lɛ, Togo sɔɔjanaa ɖaŋɩ-ɩ Togo nɛ Ɖahʋma pa-ajɛyɛ naalɛ ana a-kamaɣ yɔɔ, ɛtapɩzɩ ɛsʋʋ Togo taa.
Pʋ-yɔɔ pasɩ Ɖajaa Faure Essozimna se ɛlɛ ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-caa pɩnzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Pɔkɔma pɔtɔ caca kɩfalʋʋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza ñɩŋgʋ (24) wiye, waaɣ falaŋga pɩnaɣ 2005 taa lɛ Togo sɔɔjanaa ɖʋ nesi siŋŋ nɛ pɩla se ɖajaa Faure Essozimna waba caca ŋ́gʋ kʋ-tɔʋ taa. Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 60,6 lɩzɩna-ɩ se ɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pɔtɔ caca ŋ́gʋ nɛ pɛtɛ nɛ posusi se ɖajaa Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma Pɩyalʋ, ɖajaa Faure Essozimna wabɩna yɔ, pɩtala ɛyaa mba papamɩ Togo komina nɛ ɛsɔ yɔ leleŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ kiɖikiɖi lakasɩ laba siŋŋ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kiɖikiɖi lakasɩ ńzɩ sɩ-taa nabɛyɩ tɔŋ se ɛyaa 790 hiɣ sɩm mba papamɩ komina nɛ ɛsa yɔ pa-taa.
Ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ tiyina mba se pɔcɔna nɛ pana ɛzɩma caca ŋ́gʋ kʋɖɔma ɖɔm mbʋʋ Togo taa yɔ, paba ñɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa 154 lesina pe-weziŋ caca ŋ́gʋ kʋ-ɖɔm taa. Akɔma nabɛyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ, patalɩ 400 mbʋ yɔ. Lalaa se patalɩ 500 mbʋ yɔ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ « ONU » Ñʋʋdʋ Togo taa, ɖajaa Fidèle Sarassoro Susini tɔm tʋnɛ. Esusi-tʋ nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, Togo kaɖɩsɩ sʋsaa mba pɔñɔɔza caca tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-tɛm tʋma tɩŋa payɩ yɔɔ yɔ, pekizi tɔm ndʋ esusaa mbʋ yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, ɖajaa Fidèle Sarassoro kɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʋyʋ tɛ Minisi taabalʋ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Minisi ɛnʋ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ, ɖajaa François Boko. Minisi ɛnɛ, ekisi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ kɩyakɩŋ cabɩ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔʋ caca se palɩzɩ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛtɔma se pɔñɔɔzɩ kiɖikiɖi lakasɩ nasɩyɛ se pɔkɔŋ labʋ caca tɔʋ mbʋ pɩ-taa. Ŋgʋ, ɛnʋ ɛɛpɩzɩ se ɛlʋbɩna pɩ-tɛ kiɖikiɖi lakasɩ ńzɩ.
Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye, waaɣ falaŋga pɩnaɣ 2005 taa mba pɔcɔna caca tɔʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ posusaa se ɖajaa Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé wabɩna. Kɩyakʋ ŋ́gʋ, kɩ-tɛʋ kifemuu ɖajaa Faure Essozimna ɖuu samaɣ ɛsindaa se ɛnʋ eɖiyiɣ Togo samaɣ siɣsiɣ nɛ toovenum pa-taa.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa laba leleŋ se Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé wabɩna. Pʋ-yɔɔ patɩsusaa se Faure Essozimna wabɩna lɛ, ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna Fransɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛ taabalɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ, etiyini Togo Fransɩ sɛtʋ takayaɣ.
Ɛlɛ, Togo Minisiwaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ kɩbɩnʋ, ɖajaa Agbeyomé Kodjo ñɔtɔma se pɔtɔʋ caca ŋgʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé wabɩna. Ɛkaɖaa se pɔtɔʋ-kʋ yɔ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa lʋbɛ ɖeke lɩzɩna Faure Essozimna se ɛkɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖajaa Agbeyomé Kodjo kɛkɛ Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé caa, Ñʋʋdʋ Eyadèma taabalʋ pɩnɩɩ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɛkɔma ɛsʋʋ Togo politiki aŋgba wena apama Togo komina nɛ ɛsa yɔ a-taa waaɣ naza, pɩnaɣ 2002 taa.


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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, sɔsɔ von Bismarck, palʊla-ɩ Schönhausen tɛtʊ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1898 Friedrichsruh, ɛkɛ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ Caama. Peyeba se ɛkɛ cɛjɛ Bismark pɩnaɣ 1865, nɛ pʊwayɩ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Bismark-Schönhausen awimpɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ wiyaʊ kɛ Lauenburg pɩnaɣ 1890.
Ɛkɛ cenje taa Prusse Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ pɩnaɣ 1862 ŋtalɩ 1890, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Caama nɛ Hayi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm hʊya ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1867 ŋtalɩ 1871, pʊcɔ ɛsʊ kajalaɣ tɔm hʊya tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe Caama Ampiiri kɩfalʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1871, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛɖɔka ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ mbʊ Prusse tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Bismarck la ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛkandɩɣ Junkers waa ñɩm yɔɔ, pɩkɛ Prusse tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ ɖooo politiki labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pakpa-ɩ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1862. Prusse ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ maʊ taa lɛ ɛlʊbɩna tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɩna se ɛha ɖoŋ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu lɩmaɣza.
Palʊla Otto von Bismarck ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 Schönhausen. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Ferdinand von Bismarck, ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɛ ɛwɛna tɛtʊ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Wilhelmine Mencken ɛlɛ kaakɛ politiki abalʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau tɔm yɔɔ tisiyu yaa ɛgbaɣtʊ. Otto kaawɛna ɖalʊ kʊyʊm Bernhard (pɩnzɩ 1810-1893) nɛ kɔʊ kʊyʊm Malwina (pɩnzɩ 1827-1908).
Pɩnaɣ 1816, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ pɛɖɛɛ nɛ Kniephof Poméranie nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, ɛlɛ petikizi pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paawɛna-tʊ Schönhausen yɔ. Otto la ɛ-pɩjatʊ peeɖe. E-ɖoo sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1839 lɛ, Bismarck kpaɣ ɛ-ñɩma tɛtʊ Kniephof. Ɛpɩsɩ haɖʊ, ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Bernhard weyi ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔ pahayɩ Kniephof, Külz nɛ Jarchlin tɛtʊ Poméranie wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, Naugard kantɔɔ taa. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1841 lɛ palɩzɩ Berbhard se ɛkɛ Nauguard egeetiye lɔŋ tasɩya ñʊʊ tʊ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɛtɛyɩ pazɩ tɛtʊ, Bernhard cɔŋnɩna Jarchlin tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ Otto cɔŋna Külz nɛ Kniephof tɛtʊ yɔɔ. Pa-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1845 taa lɛ, Otto ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ cɛjɛtʊ ɖɩɣa taa Schönhaussen, Stendal kantɔɔ taa.
Pɩtɩŋna Moritz von Blanchenburg yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ɛtabalʊ nɔyʊ weyi ɛkatɩ-ɩ Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, Bismarck ɖʊ tabalɩyɛ ɛ-nɛ pɔtɔdɩyɛ tʊ Adolf von Thadden-Trieglaff. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ kɛlɛ Marie Blanckenburg, Moritz pɛlɔ. Paa Marie nɛ Otto pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama kɔyɔ, Marie tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛyɔdɩ ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊ ɖʊnaʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ ɛwalɩ Trieglaff aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1844. Nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ wiye lɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛtabalʊ Johanna von Puttkamer Bismarck cɔlɔ. Otto nɛ Johanna pakpaɣ pawalɩ ɖama nɛ palʊlɩ piyaa naatozo. Marie (1848-1926), ɛlɛ walɩ Kuno zu Rantzau, Herbert (1849-1904), ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Marguerite von Hoyos nɛ Wilhelm (1852-1901) ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Sibylle von Arnim-Kröchlendorff.


text:
KAJALAƔ ÑƲƲ
“Paa ɛsɩba yɔ, ɛɖɔŋ yɔɔdʋʋ mbʋ”
1. Ɛbɛ ɖaŋaɣ Aɖam nɛ Ɛva se pataasʋʋ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa? Nɛ ɛbɛ Aabɛɛlɩ kaasɔɔlaa kpem se pɩla?
AABƐƐLƖ wɛɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ e-heŋ weyi iɖiɣni ñɩtʋ tɔɔʋ hɛɛɛ piyaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛdaa lɛ, ɛkpazɩ ɛ-ɛza nɛ ɛcɔnɩ poliŋ taa nɛ elesi ñalɩmɩyɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ. Ɛɛsɩma mbʋ se miŋ laɣɖɛ naɖɩyɛ kaawɛɛ nɛ ɖɩñɩlɩsɩɣ peeɖe nɛ ɖɩcɔʋ kaahɛzaɣ se ɖɩɖaŋ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ nɔnɔɔ yɔɔ. Ɛ-lʋlɩyaa kaacaɣ wezuu kaɖaɣ taa peeɖe; ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ lɛ, pa nɛ pe-piya paapɩzɩɣ nɛ patasɩ sʋʋ ka-taa. Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna, Aabɛɛlɩ kpazɩ ɛ-ɛza nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ ɛ-Lɩzɩyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɖanaɣ yɔɔ helifɛtaɣ nakɛyɛ kʋsʋʋ ɛ-ñɔsɩ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ. Ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛyaa pakaɣ pɩzʋʋ nɛ peceɣ wiɖiyi? Aabɛɛlɩ kaasɔɔlaa kpem se pɩla mbʋ.
2-4. Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Aabɛɛlɩ yɔɔdʋʋnɩ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ?
2 Aabɛɛlɩ yɔɔdʋʋnɩ-ŋ sɔnɔ. Ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋkemsini-i? Pɩtɩla yɔ, ŋmaɣzɩɣ se pɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla mbʋ; mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo lɔŋ Aɖam pɩyalʋ kɩlɛlʋ ɛnʋ ɛɛsɩba. Ɛsɩbʋ nɛ pepimi-i yɔ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 6000 mbʋ yɔ; ye mbʋ e-tomnaɣ pɩsɩ mʋzʋʋ pɩtɩkɛ sɔnɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Bibl wɩlɩɣ se “sɩɖaa ɩɩtasɩɣ natʋyʋ sɩm.”(Ekl. 9:5, 10) Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Aabɛɛlɩ tɩyɔɔdɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ pama-tʋ Bibl taa. Ye mbʋ, ɛzɩma tɩyɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩnɩ-ɖʋ?
3 Pɩtɩŋnɩ fezuu kiɖeɖeu yɔɔ lɛ, apostoloo Pɔɔlɩ mawa pɩlɩɩnɩ Aabɛɛlɩ yɔɔ se: “Paa ɛsɩba yɔ, ɛɖɔŋ yɔɔdʋʋ mbʋ.” (Kalɩ Ebree 11:4.) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Aabɛɛlɩ yɔɔdʋʋ? Ɛyɔɔdʋʋ pɩtɩŋnɩ tisuu yɔɔ. Aabɛɛlɩ kɛnɩ ɛyʋ kajalaɣ tʋ weyi ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ yɔ. E-tisuu sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩhaɣ-ɖʋ kɩɖaʋ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Ye ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ ɛzɩma ɛwɩlɩ tisuu nɛ ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩnɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɖɩnɛ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔdʋʋnɩ-ɖʋ kɛlɛ.
4 Ɛlɛ, ɛzɩma tɩyɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ nɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ Aabɛɛlɩ nɛ e-tisuu tɔm, ŋgʋ Bibl yɔɔdɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm pazɩ yem na? Yele nɛ ɖɩtazɩ pɩ-taa.
Aabɛɛlɩ caɣ wezuu “ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kiɖe tɛɛ”
5. Yesu yɔɔdʋʋ se Aabɛɛlɩ caɣ wezuu “ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kiɖe tɛɛ” yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe? (Cɔnɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-tɛɛ tɔm.)
5 Palɩzɩ kajalaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pɩla pazɩ lɛ, palʋlɩ Aabɛɛlɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, Yesu yɔɔdɩ se Aabɛɛlɩ kaacaɣ wezuu “ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kiɖe tɛɛ.” (Kalɩ Luka 11:50, 51.) Yesu taayɔɔdʋʋ kedeŋa maɣmaɣ tɔm na, ɛlɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛnɩ lidaʋ se pakaɣ-wɛ holuu kɩwɛɛkɩm nesi tɛɛ yɔ, pɔ-tɔm ɛyɔɔdaɣ. Paa Aabɛɛlɩ kaakɛnɩ ɛyʋ naanza tʋ tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʋ kaakɛnɩ kajalaɣ tʋ weyi Ɛsɔ nawa se ɛmʋnaa se paya ɛ-ñʋʋ yɔ. * Ye mbʋ ɛyaa mba pɛ-hɛkʋ taa Aabɛɛlɩ caɣaa nɛ ɛpaɣlɩ yɔ, pataakɛ ɛyaa kɩbama.
6. Wɛtʋ ndʋ Aabɛɛlɩ lʋlɩyaa kaawɛna?
6 Ɛyaa wɛʋ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ pitileɖi, ɛlɛ pe-wezuu caɣʋ kaawɛ pʋtɔdɩyɛ. Aabɛɛlɩ lʋlɩyaa, Aɖam nɛ Ɛva, paaɖewa nɛ pɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ. Ɛlɛ palabɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ nɛ pa-maɣmaɣ paana mbʋ. Pʋcɔ nɛ pala kɩwɛɛkɩm mbʋ lɛ, paatalɩ pilim, nɛ paapɩzaɣ se pacaɣ wezuu tam. Ɛlɛ pakaɖɩnɩ Yehowa Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛlɛ ñɔɖɔɔnɩ-wɛ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ ŋga kaakɛ paradisuu yɔ, ka-taa. Ɛzɩma pakpaɣ mbʋ pe-liu wɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɛɖɛzɩ nɔɔ nɛ halɩ pɔsɔɔ pe-piya kɩcɛyɩm yɔɔ yɔ, piyeba nɛ pelesi pe-pilim wɛtʋ nɛ tam tam wezuu.—Kiɖe 2:15-3:24.
7, 8. Ɛva lʋlɩ Kayɩnɩ lɛ, suwe ɛyɔɔdaa? Nɛ pʋtɔma yɔ lɩmaɣza wena ɛɛwɛna?
7 Pɔɖɔɔnɩ-wɛ kaɖaɣ taa lɛ, Aɖam nɛ Ɛva papaɣzɩ tɔɔʋ kʋñɔŋ. Ɛlɛ, palʋlɩ pa-kajalaɣ pɩɣa lɛ payaa-kɛ se Kayɩnɩ nɛ Ɛva tɔ se: “Ɛsɔ yɔɔ mehiɣ ɛyʋ.” Ɛva tɔm ndʋ, pʋtɔma yɔ tɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛmaɣzaɣ tamaɣ ŋga Yehowa kaalabɩ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ. Yehowa kaatɔm se halʋ nɔɔyʋ kaɣ lʋlʋʋ “pʋlʋlaɣ” nakɛyɛ nɛ pɩɣa ŋga wiɖiyi kakaɣ tɔyɩtʋʋ kañatʋ tʋ weyi epeɣzi Aɖam nɛ Ɛva yɔ. (Kiɖe 3:15; 4:1) Ɛzɩ Ɛva maɣzaa se ɛnʋ kɛnɩ halʋ weyi ɛ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdɩ natʋ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, nɛ Kayɩnɩ ñɛkɛ “pʋlʋlaɣ” na?
8 Ye lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ Ɛva kaawɛna yɔ, epeɣzi ɛ-tɩ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ye Aɖam nɛ Ɛva paayeba nɛ Kayɩnɩ wɛɛnɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ, pʋbʋ lɛ pepeɣzi-i nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ tɩ-kpazʋʋ lɩmaɣza. Pʋwayɩ lɛ Ɛva lʋlɩ pɩɣa naalɛ ñɩŋga, ɛlɛ Bibl tɩwɩlɩ se ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm natʋyʋ ɛzɩ ɛɛyɔɔdʋʋ Kayɩnɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Payaa-kɛ se Aabɛɛlɩ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “Feveku” yaa “Falaa.” (Kiɖe 4:2) Ɛzɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɩlaɣ se Aɖam nɛ Ɛva pataɣaɣ liu Kayɩnɩ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ Aabɛɛlɩ yaa we? Pʋtɔma yɔ, mbʋ pamaɣzaɣ; ɛlɛ ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖiɖiɣzini ɖeyi ɖeyi.
9. Ɛbɛ lʋlɩyaa mba pɛwɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɩkɩ Aɖam nɛ Ɛva pɔ-tɔm taa?
9 Sɔnɔ, lʋlɩyaa pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛlɩkɩ lɔŋ sakɩyɛ kajalaɣ hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-tɔm taa. Mɩ-yɔɔdaɣ nɛ mɩ-lakasɩ wɩlɩɣ mi-piya tɩ-kpazʋʋ na? Piyeki se siɖozuu lona sɔsɔna yaa sɩwɛɣnɩ piɖeni men-ɖeke wɛtʋ na? Yaa ɩsɩɣnɩ-sɩ se sɩsɔɔlɩ Yehowa Ɛsɔ nɛ sɩkɛ ɛ-taabalaa? Pɩlabɩ pʋtɔdɩyɛ se Aɖam nɛ Ɛva patɩpɩzɩ nɛ pala pa-tʋmɩyɛ camɩyɛ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, pe-liɖe taa piya wɛnɩ lidaʋ.
Ɛbɛ sɩnɩ Aabɛɛlɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ tisuu?
10, 11. Tʋma wena Kayɩnɩ nɛ Aabɛɛlɩ palakaɣ? Nɛ wɛtʋ kɩbandʋ ndʋ Aabɛɛlɩ ñɔkɔm nɛ ɛwɛɛna?
10 Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Aɖam pɩyalaa panɛ pa-naalɛ papaɣlaɣ lɛ, pʋtɔma yɔ ɛkpɛlɩkɩ-wɛ tʋma wena pala nɛ pɩsɩnɩ pɔ-hɔʋ yɔ. Kayɩnɩ pɩsɩ haɖʋ, nɛ Aabɛɛlɩ ñapɩsɩ ninɖiɣyu.
11 Ɛlɛ, Aabɛɛlɩ ñɔkɔm nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ mbʋ pɩ-tɔm cɛyɩ kpem nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ sɩɖɛɣ lɛ, ɛñaɣ pana nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ tisuu; nɛ ɛ-wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɔm Pɔɔlɩ yɔɔdɩ pʋwayɩ. Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna. Ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ taawɛɛnɩ tisuu alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa se ɛha Aabɛɛlɩ kɩɖaʋ. Ye mbʋ, ɛbɛ sɩnɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ tisuu Yehowa Ɛsɔ yɔɔ? Yele nɛ ɖɩna nʋmɔŋ naadozo weyi ɩ-yɔɔ, pɩtɩla yɔ, Aabɛɛlɩ tɩŋnaa nɛ ɛwɛɛnɩ tisuu yɔ.
12, 13. Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Yehowa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ yɔɔ maɣzʋʋ sɩnɩ Aabɛɛlɩ nɛ e-tisuu paɣlɩ?
12 Yehowa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ. Toovenim se Yehowa kaalɔ nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ tɛtʋ yɔɔ, nɛ pʋyɔɔ lɛ sɔɔ nɛ aliizona pɔñɔwaɣnɩ hayɩm taa nɛ haɖaʋ wɛɛ kaɖɛ. Ɛlɛ paa mbʋ yɔ, tɔɔnaɣ kaawɛɛ kalakɩ nɛ pɩsɩnɩ Aabɛɛlɩ hɔʋ nɛ kɩwɛɛ wezuu. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ taalɔ nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ kpɩna, sumasɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ pɔ-yɔɔ; ɛtaalɔ nɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ pʋŋ, lɩŋgamɩŋ, pɔsɩ, teŋgunaa, ɛsɔmɩndʋ, wɩsɩ, fenaɣ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ. Aabɛɛlɩ cɔŋaɣnɩ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɩŋa lɛ, ɛnaɣaɣ se Yehowa weyi ɛlabɩ pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ, ɛ-sɔɔlɩm, ɛ-lɔŋsɩnɖɛ nɛ ɛ-camɩyɛ lakasɩ paɣlaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. (Kalɩ Roma 1:20.) Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛzɩma Aabɛɛlɩ maɣzaɣ wondu ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩmɩyɛ yɔ, mbʋ kpazɩnɩ e-tisuu ɖoŋ.
13 Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ se Aabɛɛlɩ ñɩnaɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ fezuu taa wondu yɔɔ. Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna ɛzɩma ɛcɔŋaɣnɩ e-heŋ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩɩpɔzɩ ninɖiɣyu se ɛɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Eɖiyaɣ ɛ-kpɩna nɛ ɛkpaɣnɩ piyisi yɔɔ, ewoki kɛdɛɛnzɩ taa, ɛtɛzɩɣ pɔsɩ, nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ ñɩtʋ kɩbandʋ, hila kɩbana nɛ lona kɩbana wena a-taa papɩzɩɣ pacaɣ nɛ pɛhɛzɩ camɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɩna wena Ɛsɔ lɩzaa yɔ a-taa payɩ lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ heu kɩlɩnɩ ɛjandʋ yɔ; nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ lɩzaɣ heu lɛ, ɛɛɖʋwa se ɛyʋ ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ eɖiyi-i yɔ. Ɛzɩ Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaa nɛ eɖiɣzina se ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se Ɛsɔ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɛyaa tɩŋa lɔŋsɩnɖɛ nɛ ɖoŋ yɔ eɖiyi-i nɛ ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ na? Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se ɛtɩmnɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ eheyi-i lɩmaɣza ana a-tɩŋa, nɛ pʋyɔɔ e-tisuu kaawɛɛ nɛ pɩpaɣlɩɣ.
14, 15. Yehowa natʋ tɔm ndʋ yɔɔ Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaɣ se ɛmaɣzɩ?
14 Yehowa yɔɔdɩ natʋ tɔm ndʋ yɔ. Pʋtɔma yɔ, Aɖam nɛ Ɛva pɛkɛdɩ pa-pɩyalaa mbʋ pɩlaba nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ-wɛ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ. Ye mbʋ, tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaɣ se ɛmaɣzɩ yɔ, tɩɩɖɔwa.
15 Yehowa kaatɔm se ɛlɔʋ nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaa nɛ ɛna kaɣlaa ɛzɩma sɔɔ nɛ aliizona paañɔ tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ kaayɔɔdʋʋ yɔ. Yehowa kaatɔm ɖɔɖɔ se Ɛva hosi wɩzasɩ kaɣ ɖɔʋ nɛ ɛɛlʋlʋʋ lɛ, ɛkaɣ nɩʋ siziŋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ palʋlaɣ e-newaa yɔ, Aabɛɛlɩ nawa se tɔm ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ tɩkɔm pɩ-taa. Yehowa kaatɛm naʋ se Ɛva kaɣ ñɩnʋʋ kadadayaɣ se ɛ-walʋ ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛcɔnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ; nɛ Aɖam ɛlɛ yɔ, ɛkaɣ ɛ-halʋ ñazʋʋ. Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaa nɛ ɛnanɩ ɛ-ɛza ɛzɩma pʋtɔdɩyɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩlaba yɔ. Paa hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɛ, Aabɛɛlɩ nawa se Yehowa tɔm kɛ toovenim. Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, Aabɛɛlɩ kaawɛnɩ toovenim se ɛwɛɛnɩ tisuu se tamaɣ ŋga Ɛsɔ laba se wiɖiyi “pʋlʋlaɣ” nakɛyɛ kaɣ ñɔɔzʋʋ mbʋ pɩwɛɛkɩ Edɛɛnɩ kaɖaɣ taa yɔ, kakaɣ labʋ.—Kiɖe 3:15-19.
16, 17. Ɛbɛ kerebimwaa kɩɖaʋ kpɛlɩkɩ Aabɛɛlɩ?
16 Yehowa sɛyaa. Aabɛɛlɩ taawɛɛnɩ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛ-hɔʋ taa. Ɛlɛ pɩtaakɛ ɛyaa ɖeke kaawɛnɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa se papɩzɩɣ nɛ pala Ɛsɔ sɔɔlɩm. Yehowa ɖɔɔnɩ Aɖam nɛ Ɛva kaɖaɣ taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, ɛɖɩɣ nʋmɔʋ se pa nɛ pe-liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ pataapɩzɩ nɛ papɩsɩ Paradisuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Yehowa sɩɩ kerebimwaa, Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa mba pɛwɛnɩ lone sɔsɔɖɛ siŋŋ yɔ, nɔnɔɔ taa se paɖaŋ. Nɛ miŋ laɣɖɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩcɔʋ kaahɛzaɣ nɔnɔɔ taa peeɖe.—Kalɩ Kiɖe Tɛɛ Tɔm 3:24.
17 Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna, Aabɛɛlɩ kaakɛ pɩɣa lɛ, ewokaɣ nɛ ɛcɔŋnɩ kerebimwaa mba. Ɛzɩma Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa mba paakpaɣ ɛyaa tomnasɩ yɔ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se paawɛ toma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛnaɣaɣ ɖɔɖɔ “miŋ laɣɖɛ” nɖɩ ɖɩñɩlɩsaɣ nɛ ɖɩcɔʋ kaahɛzaɣ yɔ. Ɛnaɣaɣ pɩtɩŋa mbʋ yɔ lɛ, pɩkpaɣaɣ-ɩ sɔɔndʋ. Ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛpaɣlɩɣ lɛ, wiɖiyi ɛtɩna se pɩnɩ kerebimwaa mba nɛ peyele pa-tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pese. Ðoo nɛ wɩsɩ, nɛ pɩnzɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa lɔŋsɩnɖaa nɛ ɖoŋ tɩnaa mba paasɩŋ po-lone taa peeɖe. Peeɖe Aabɛɛlɩ nawa se Yehowa lɩmɖʋyaa siɣsiɣ tɩnaa nabɛyɛ kaawɛɛ nɛ palakɩ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm paa ɛzɩmtaa. Aabɛɛlɩ pɩzaa nɛ ɛna ɛzɩma kerebimwaa wɛnɩ siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ nɛ ñamtʋ Yehowa yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʋ ɛ-hɔʋ taa mba taawɛɛnɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ. Pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Ɛsɔ tiyiyaa mba pa-kɩɖaʋ kpazɩ Aabɛɛlɩ tisuu ɖoŋ.
18. Ɛbɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ nɛ ɖɩsɩɩ ɖe-tisuu tigiɖe camɩyɛ?
18 Yehowa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ, natʋ tɔm ndʋ ɛyɔɔdaa yɔ, nɛ kɩɖaŋ kɩbaŋ weyi e-tiyiyaa hawa yɔ, pɩwɩlaɣ Ɛsɔ weyi Yehowa kɛnaa yɔ. Nɛ ɛzɩma Aabɛɛlɩ maɣzaɣ pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, pɩkpazɩ e-tisuu ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Toovenim, Aabɛɛlɩ kɩɖaʋ kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ lɔŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɩsɩɣnɩ piya evelisi nɛ sɩna se sɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩwɛɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ Yehowa Ɛsɔ yɔɔ, paa sɩ-hɔʋ taa mba ɩɩhaɣ-sɩ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ yɔ. Sɔnɔ Yehowa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ tɩta yɔ, Bibl nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa sakɩyɛ mba pahaɣ kɩɖaŋ kɩbaŋ yɔ, pasɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩsɩɩ ɖe-tisuu tigiɖe camɩyɛ.
Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ Aabɛɛlɩ kɩlaʋ kaakpaɖɩ ɖeu yɔ
19. Toovenim tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ ndʋ taa Aabɛɛlɩ kɔm nɛ ɛnɩɩ?
19 Aabɛɛlɩ tisuu kaawɛɛ nɛ pɩpaɣlɩɣ lɛ, ɛñɩnɩɣ se ɛwɩlɩ e-tisuu pɩlɩɩnɩ ɛ-lakasɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛbɛ pʋdʋ ɛyʋ yem pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛha kedeŋa kpeekpe Lɩzɩyʋ? Toovenim se pɩɩsɔzʋʋ Ɛsɔ pʋyʋ se ɛyaa ɩlabɩ-ɩ kʋjɔʋ nɛ pɩtɩcɛyɩ se pasɩnɩ-ɩ. Ɛlɛ, Aabɛɛlɩ kɔm nɛ ɛnɩɩ toovenim tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ taa. Tɔm ndʋ yɔ se ye ɛwɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana nɛ ɛkpaɣ mbʋ ɛwɛna nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ nɛ ɛha Yehowa yɔ, pɩkɛdɩɣnɩ Yehowa.
20, 21. Haɖɛ nɖɩ Kayɩnɩ nɛ Aabɛɛlɩ paha Yehowa? Nɛ ɛbɛ Yehowa laba?
20 Aabɛɛlɩ kpaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se ɛlɩzɩɣ e-heŋ taa nɩɩyɩ nɛ ɛlaa Ɛsɔ kɩlaʋ. Ɛlɩzɩ kajalaɣ heɣsi nɛ ɛkpaɣ sɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɩkpaɖɩ ɖeu yɔ nɛ ɛlaa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Kayɩnɩ ñɩnaɣ se ɛ-tɔm ɛkɛdɩnɩ Ɛsɔ nɛ ɛlɛ wazɩ-ɩ. Peeɖe ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ se ɛha Ɛsɔ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛkpaɣ ɛ-hayɩm taa yɔ, ka-taa nakɛyɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛtaawɛɛnɩ lɩmaɣza kɩbana ɛzɩ Aabɛɛlɩ yɔ. Tʋkaɣ ŋga kaawɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pana-kɛ kaɣlaa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pa-naalɛ pakpaɣ pa-kɩlaŋ nɛ palaa yɔ.
21 Pɩtɩla yɔ, Aɖam pɩyalaa mba pa-naalɛ pama paa weyi lɛ ɛ-kɩlaʋ pɩyɛ, nɛ popuzi miŋ se papɩzɩ nɛ palaa pa-kɩlaŋ. Nɛ pʋtɔma yɔ, kerebimwaa mba paakɛ Yehowa lone taa caɣyaa tɛtʋ yɔɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɛ-ɛzɩdaa palakaɣ mbʋ. Yehowa laba nɛ pana se ɛna mbʋ palaba yɔ. Ðɩkalɩɣ Bibl taa se: “[Yehowa] mʋ Aabɛɛlɩ nɛ ɛ-haɖɛ.” (Kiɖe 4:4) Bibl tɩkɛdɩ ɛzɩma Yehowa wɩlaa se ɛmʋ haɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ.
22, 23. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yehowa mʋ Aabɛɛlɩ kɩlaʋ?
22 Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Ɛsɔ mʋ Aabɛɛlɩ haɖɛ nɛ ɛtɩmʋ Kayɩnɩ ñɩnɖɛ? Ɛzɩ mbʋ Aabɛɛlɩ kpaɣ nɛ ɛlaa kɩlaʋ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ Ɛsɔ mʋ-kʋ yaa we? Mbʋ pɩwɛ wezuu nɛ pifeziɣ yɔ, mbʋ Aabɛɛlɩ kpaɣ nɛ ɛlaa kɩlaʋ nɛ elizi calɩm mbʋ pɩsɩŋnɩ wezuu yɔ. Ɛzɩ Aabɛɛlɩ kaasɩma se kɩlaʋ ŋgʋ kɩkaɣ wɛʋ ñɩm siŋŋ na? Aabɛɛlɩ sɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ lɛ, Ɛsɔ kpaɣ heɣa ŋga kɛfɛyɩ ɛjandʋ yɔ ka-kɩlaʋ nɛ ɛnɩɣzɩnɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ Ɛ-Pɩyalʋ weyi ɛtalɩ pilim yɔ ɛ-kɩlaʋ, weyi ɛkɛ “Ɛsɔ Heɣa” ŋga pakaɣ kpɛdʋʋ ka-calɩm ɖulum yɔ. (Yoh. 1:29; Egl. 12:5-7) Ɛlɛ, pɩtʋʋ fɛyɩ se Aabɛɛlɩ taatɩlɩ yaa ɛtaanɩɣ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-tɩŋa tɩ-taa.
23 Ɛlɛ tɔm ndʋ ɖɩsɩma yɔ lɛ se, Aabɛɛlɩ kpaɣ mbʋ ɛɛwɛna nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ nɛ ɛha Yehowa. Pɩtaakɛ Aabɛɛlɩ haɖɛ yeke Yehowa kaamʋ camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ Aabɛɛlɩ maɣmaɣ kaahiɣ lootiye ɛ-ɛzɩdaa. Sɔɔlɩm mbʋ Aabɛɛlɩ kaasɔɔlɩnɩ Yehowa nɛ tisuu mbʋ ɛɛwɛnɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, mbʋ tuzini-i nɛ ɛlaa-ɩ kɩlaʋ.
24. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ ɖɩtɔŋ se pɩtɩkɛ Kayɩnɩ haɖɛ maɣmaɣ taafɛyɩnɩ ɖeu? (b) Ɛzɩma tɩyɛ Kayɩnɩ lakasɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ñɩnzɩ sɔnɔ yɔ?
24 Kayɩnɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩtaala mbʋ. Yehowa “taamʋ Kayɩnɩ nɛ ɛ-haɖɛ.” (Kiɖe 4:5) Pɩtɩkɛ Kayɩnɩ haɖɛ taafɛyɩnɩ ɖeu, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ Moyizi Paɣtʋ kaaha nʋmɔʋ pʋwayɩ se palaa Ɛsɔ hayɩm taa tɔɔnaɣ. (Lev. 6:14, 15) Ɛlɛ, Bibl yɔɔdaa se Kayɩnɩ “lakasɩ kaakɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩsɩ.” (Kalɩ 1 Yohanɛɛsɩ 3:12.) Ɛzɩ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakʋʋ sɔnɔ yɔ, pʋtɔma yɔ Kayɩnɩ maɣzaɣ se papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛsɛɛ Ɛsɔ ɛza yɔɔ yem nɛ pɩkɛdɩnɩ-ɩ. Pitileɖi pʋcɔ nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ wɩlɩ se ɛtaawɛɛnɩ tisuu siŋŋ Yehowa yɔɔ yaa ɛtaasɔɔlɩ-ɩ.
25, 26. Lɔŋ weyi Yehowa tasɩ Kayɩnɩ? Ɛlɛ ɛbɛ Kayɩnɩ laba?
25 Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Kayɩnɩ nawa se Ɛsɔ tɩmʋ ɛ-haɖɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ ɛñaɣ pana se ɛkpɛlɩkɩ Aabɛɛlɩ kɩɖaʋ na? Aayɩ. Eyeba nɛ ɛkɔ pana siŋŋ nɛ e-neu. Yehowa na mbʋ pɩɩwɛ Kayɩnɩ laŋɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛñaɣ pana se ɛsɩnɩ-ɩ hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛnɩɩ tɔm taa. Eheyi-i se nʋmɔʋ ŋgʋ ɛkpaɣ yɔ, kɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kiwoni-i kɩwɛɛkɩm sɔsɔm taa. Nɛ ɛtaa-ɩ liu se ye ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-lakasɩ yɔ ‘ɛkaɣ ɛ-ñʋʋ kʋsʋʋ,’ pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se ehikiɣ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ.—Kiɖe 4:6, 7.
26 Kayɩnɩ tɩkpaɣ lɔŋ weyi Ɛsɔ tasɩ-ɩ yɔ nɛ ɛlabɩnɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Eheyi e-neu weyi ɛlɛ ñataaɖʋnɩ natʋyʋ yɔ se ɛsɩɩ-ɩ hayɩm taa. Patalɩ peeɖe lɛ, Kayɩnɩ ɖa Aabɛɛlɩ nɛ ɛkʋ-ɩ. (Kiɖe 4:8) Ye mbʋ, papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ se Aabɛɛlɩ kɛ weyi pacalɩ nazʋʋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ, yaa kajalaɣ pakʋm ɖulum. Toovenim Aabɛɛlɩ sɩba, ɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm tɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ peeɖe.
27. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtaa liu se pakaɣ Aabɛɛlɩ fezuu? (b) Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩwɛɛnɩ lidaʋ se ɖɩkaɣ katʋʋ Aabɛɛlɩ wiɖiyi?
27 Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ se Aabɛɛlɩ calɩm mabɩ kubusi nɛ Yehowa Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ se ɛkpa kɩmɩyɛ, yaa se eɖezi ɛ-tɔm. Nɛ Ɛsɔ ɖezi ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɔm nɛ ɛhɔ kañatʋ tʋ Kayɩnɩ nɩŋgbaaŋ ɛzɩma ɛkʋ ɛyʋ yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ. (Kiɖe 4:9-12) Mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ cɛyʋʋ yɔ lɛ se Aabɛɛlɩ tisuu tɔm ndʋ, tɩyɔɔdʋʋnɩ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ. Pɩtɩla, Aabɛɛlɩ caɣ wezuu ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ yɔ na, nɛ ye pakpaɣ ɛ-pɩnzɩ nzɩ nɛ pamaɣzɩnɩ ɛ-alɩwaatʋ taa ɛyaa pɩnzɩ yɔ, e-wezuu caɣʋ tɩɖaɣlɩ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, Aabɛɛlɩ caɣ wezuu ŋgʋ yɔ, kɩkɛdɩnɩ Ɛsɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, ɛɛnawa se ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩnɩ Yehowa, ɛ-Caa weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ, nɛ ɛlɛ sɔɔlɩ-ɩ. (Ebr. 11:4) Pʋyɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtaa liu se Yehowa ɛɛsɔʋ ɛ-yɔɔ kpa nɛ ɛkaɣ-ɩ fezuu nɛ ɛcaɣ wezuu paradisuu taa tɛtʋ yɔɔ. (Yoh. 5:28, 29) Ŋkaɣ-ɩ katʋʋ peeɖe na? Ye ŋtɛm ña-taa nɛ ŋwelisini Aabɛɛlɩ weyi eɖiɣni-ɖʋ yɔɔdɩnʋʋ nɛ ŋmaɣzɩnɩ e-tisuu yɔ, ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋkatɩ-ɩ peeɖe..
^ tay. 5 Pɔtɔm se “ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kiɖe tɛɛ” yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛyaa paɣzɩ piya lʋlʋʋ tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Yesu yɔɔdaɣ “ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe kiɖe tɛɛ” tɔm yɔ, ɛbɛ yɔɔ ɛya Aabɛɛlɩ hɩɖɛ na, ŋgʋ Kayɩnɩ kɛnɩ pɩɣa ŋga pacalɩ lʋlʋʋ tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ? Kayɩnɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ pawɩlaa se ɛna faŋŋ pʋcɔ nɛ ɛkaɖɩnɩ Yehowa paɣtʋ. Ye mbʋ, ɛzɩ ɛ-lʋlɩyaa yɔ, pʋtɔma yɔ paakaɣ ɛ-kɩwɛɛkɩm kpeɣu nɛ paakaɣ-ɩ fezuu.


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Izirɛɛlɩ nɛ Palɛsɩtini po-you tɔm
Avema looɖo tɛ you: mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ 5 pɩnaɣ 1967[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Pataatɩɩpɩzɩta se pɛhɛzɩ you ŋgʊ kɩɖɩɩna labʊ Ɩsraɛlɩ nɛ Arabi pɛhɛkʊ taa lɛ, naatozo ñɩŋgʊ tuli kiɖɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɩsraɛlɩ tɛ sɔɔjanaa nɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se général Moshe Dayan yɔɔ, pacaŋ pekpi ageeta cabɩ: Sinaï ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Egipiti yɔ, Siirii pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Golon yɔ, Cisjordanie, Gaza nɛ Jeruzalem Est. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Israɛlɩk tɛtʊ tasɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ kɩpaɣzɩ kpacayʊ ajɛya lɛɛna. Ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, kɩkʊyɩ nɛ kɩsɩŋgɩ nɛ kɩtɔ se pɩtaala mbʊ; se Ɩsraɛlɩ ɛpɩsɩna kɩ-tɩ.
Le Caire tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ sɩna Palɛstini ñɩma mba palakaɣ you yɔ se panɛ Libani ñɩma panɩɩnɛ ɖama: mɩnzɛma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1969. Palestini ñɩma mba palakaɣ you yɔ (OLP) pɔ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ Yasser Arafat panɛ nɛ Libani ñɩma powoba Le Caire tɛtʊ taa nɛ panɩɩna ɖama se pɛ-hɛkʊ taa you ehɛɛ mbʊ. Ɛlɛ pɩcalɩnaa alɩwatʊ ndʊ Libani tɛtʊ kaawɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ nesi tɛɛ nɛ pataapɩzɩɣ se pamʊ-tʊ yɔ. Krɩstʊ mba kaasɔɔlaa se Palɛstini ñɩma mba palakɩ you mbʊ yɔ nɛmalɩŋ weyi ɛsɩŋgaɣ nɛ wɛ yɔ se pɛɖɛɛ.
Yom Kippour you: aloma fenaɣ 6 pɩnaɣ 1973[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Yudaa mba kasandʊ Yom Kippour wiye ɖeyi ɖeyi kɛ Egypti ñɩma nɛ Syria ñama tula you kɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ mba. Egypti ñɩma kaañɔɔza pɛ-tɛ sɔɔjana cam:iyɛ nɛ patakpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pʊɖɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ patalɩ Sinaï tɛtʊ taa. Sinaï tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩɩkɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ tɛtʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1967. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Syria ñɩnaɣ se kɩmʊ Golan ɛlɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa ñakaɖɩ nɛ wɛ. Ɩsraɛlɩ ñamʊ Damas, Le Caire nɛ Suez. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, Etaazuunii nɛ URSS. Pañɩŋgɩ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm nɛ pɩwɛɛ se aloma fenaɣ 25 wiye pɩnaɣ 1973 lɛ, you tɛma. Egypti tawa you ɛlɛ kɩ-taa wɛ leleŋ se kɩkʊ Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa sakɩyɛ. Pɩlaba mbʊ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, Arabia ajɛya ɖaŋgɩ tuuɖe ajɛya pɛ-tɛ kaɖazɩm yɔɔ; mbʊ wɩlɩɣnaa se pɛwɛ ɖoŋ keteŋga kpeekpe taa.
Ɩsraɛlɩ lɩza you ŋgʊ payaɣ se Litani yɔ se kɩmʊ Liibaŋ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1978. Arabia mba nɛ krɩstʊ mba pɛ-esɛ sɛ nɛ you mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ hiu waɖɛ nɛ kɩcɑɣ se kɩmʊ Lɩban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩa sɔɔjanaa. ONU ñɩŋ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 19 wiye lɛ, pɩhɛɛ pazɩ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Tsahal yele kɩwɛsɩ FINUL. Ɩsraɛlɩ lɩza you ŋgʊ payaɣ se Litani yɔ se kɩmʊ Liban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1978 Arabia ùba nɛ krɩstʊ mba pɛ-esɛ sɛ nɛ you mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ hiu waɖɛ nɛ kɩcɑɣ se kɩmʊ Lɩban nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩa sɔɔjanaa. ONU ñɩŋ yoŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 19 wiye lɛ, pɩhɛɛ pazɩ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa lɛ, Tsahal yele kɩwɛsɩ FINUL.
Ɩsraɛlɩ pɩsɩna Sinaï kɛ Egypti: ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1982[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Sinaï kɛwɛ Ɩsraɛlɩ mba nesi tɛɛ pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ ɛzɩ paañɩɩʊ nesi se Ɩsraɛlɩ mba nɛ Egipiti mba peyele you yɔ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ pɩsɩna Sinaï kpoo nɛ kɩcɛlɛ Egypti.
Se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ Galilea taa: mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1982 Palɛstɩnɩa ñɩma wɛ Liibii mbʊ lɛ,Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔjanaa ñaɣ pana se Laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ Galilea taa. Sɔɔjanaa mba pekpɩ Lɩban nɛ pacaɣ Beyrouth. Pawaba Palɛstɩnɩa mba mbʊ lɛ, pɛ-tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se Palɛstɩnɩa mba ɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ pɛɖɛ poholo pɛwɛɛ Tunisi. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ ñɩma kʊyɩ Lɩban tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1985 ɛlɛ pakaɖɩ na Liibaŋ hadɛ kɩŋ ɖoli pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna Pɩnaɣ 2000.
Bachir Gemayel sɩm: salaŋ fenaɣ 1982[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Etaazuunii kaatɛma ɖiziɣ Ɩsraɛlɩ nɛ Palɛstɩnɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa you nɛ pɩhɛɛ nɛ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnɩɣ se Palɛstɩnɩ ñɩma ɛkʊyɩ lɛ, tanaŋ nakʊyʊ Lɩbani ñɩma makʊʊna pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ Bcchir Gemayel sɩba. Palɩza-ɩ nɛ pɩla kɔzɔɖɔnaa naatozoɖeke nɛ pɩlakɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Ɩsraɛlɩ sɔɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kimʊ Beyrouth. Paapɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, Siirii mba kʊʊna ñʊʊ tʊ ɛnʊ, ɛlɛ Palɛstɩna mba kaɣ pɩ-kɩhɛnyʊʊ naʊ kɛ you ŋgʊ kagaɣ tuluu Sabra nɛ Chatila taa yɔ. Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ, pɛlɛɛzɩna-ɩ nɛ e-neu Amine. Payaɣ pa-caa se Pierre Gemayel.


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Darmɩsɩtatɩyɔm
Darmɩsɩtatɩyɔm (ɛ-yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ds) ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 110 yɔ. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1994 kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɛlɛ pesidina-ɩ nɛ 208Pb(62Ni,n)→269Ds kɛ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, paya-ɩ ɛ-kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003 ɛlɛ pamazɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pana-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ.
Pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ sakɩyɛ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ agbele ɖiɣɖiɣ weyi pasɩma-ɩ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ, 281Ds. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ kpata taa lɛ ɛwɛ platɩnɩ tɛɛ, ɛwɛɛ hɔɔlʊʊ d ñɩŋʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛna ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa wɛtʊ. Ɛ nɛ platɩnɩ po-lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1994 palaba pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peter Armbruster nɛ Gottfried Münzenberg, pɩtɩŋna panaza pʊlɔŋ 208 tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa nɛ nɩkɛlɩ 62 nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa, kɛlɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Sigurd Hofman kɛ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yuŋ ñmba sukuli taa kaaɖɛna-wɛ nɔɔ (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) Darmstadt Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.