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Albert Camus
Palʊla Albert Camus kɛ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ lʊbɛ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ Mondovi, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩñɔtɩna egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Bône yɔ. Esɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naanza ñɩŋgʊ wiye kɛ Villblevin, Yonne, Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Albert Camus kɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛk ɛkɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ lɛɛtʊ-tʊ ; ɛmaɣ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ ; ɛkɛ weyi ɛyɔɔdɩɣ toovenim tanaʊ taa yɔ. Nɛ ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa weyi ɛmaɣ ndʊ tɩlakɩ nɛ ɛnɩyʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa aseeɖe tɔm kɛdɩya taa mba mba palʊba se Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ ɛwɛɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpataa yɔ. Albert Camus wɛ mba palʊba se pasɩna mba kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yoŋ kaalaba nɛ pɩcɔɔ pa-ñʊŋ taa yɔ.
Ɛ-takayasɩ nzɩ nzɩ ɛma yɔ, sɩ-taa tanaʊ tɔm wɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɩmaza tɔm wɛ, aseela tɔm nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm ñɩndʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Keesi nɛɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lɔŋ tasɩɣ tɔm wɛ sakɩyɛ. Ɛ-takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa, ɛyɔɔda ɛyʊtʊ nɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛna yɔ pɩ-tɔm. Eyɔɔdɩɣ pana wena pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩtɩkɩ-ɩ yɔɔɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔ. Pana ana a-tɛ pana ñaʊ taa ɛyʊ wɩlɩɣna ɛ-ɛyʊtʊ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ se kedenga wɛ ɖɔɖɔ wazaɣ e-fezu caaɣ taa. Mbʊ lakɩna nɛ laŋhʊlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛcaɣ wezu kɩpangʊ nɛ ɛɛkɔɔ ɛsɩ sɩm kɩpambʊ.
Paha-ɩ takayaɣ maʊ samtʊ nimiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1957 nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣla kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Bertrand Poirot-Delbech yɔɔdɩɣ se Albert Camus takayasɩ tɔyɩ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ kɛnɛ, ŋgʊ e-wezu caaʊ taa lɛ nɔɔyʊ taasɩmɩ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ. Pasɩma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm sɩŋŋŋ kɛ pɩnzɩ 18 kɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ. Takayasɩ sɩnɛ si-taa lɛ, ŋga kakɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ ŋga lɛ Herbert R. Lottman ñɩŋga. Ɛnɛ ɛkɛ Amerika-tʊ weyi ɛcɔŋna Ɛrɔpʋ takayasɩ maʊ nzɩ payaɣ se The New York Times ne Publishers Weekly yɔɔ yɔ.
Aseeɖe tɔm takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Combat yɔ ka-taa lɛ, ɛkama ñʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣ kaŋganaaa ndʊ ɛnawaɣ yɔ ; paa ɛzɩ Alizeerii tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ palakaɣ-ɩ mbʊ mbʊ ɛ-tɛɛ politika ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se Parti Communiste Français yɔ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ ɖekɛ ɛlaba politiki ŋbgɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ ese-ɖɩ. Camus lɩza kaalaa ɛwɛɖɩɣ kɛ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛkɛna aseeɖe tʊ. Ɛtaasɔɔlɩ kundum tɔm natʊyʊ nɛ ɛkaɖɩna Jean-Paul Sartre nɛ kɩpɩma sakɩyɛ tɔm ndʊ pɔyɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛcɔŋna se tɩtɔcɔlɩ yɔ. Herbert R.Lottman yɔɔdɩɣ Camus yɔɔ se ɛkɛkɛ weyi ɛtaatɩɩ wɛʊ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yeli yɔ ; paa ɛɛwɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se Parti Communiste Alizeerɛɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩnzɩ naalɛ yɔ. Eeseu sɔɔndʊ you nakʊyʊ ɛsɩndaa : ɛlʊba se tɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ ɛtaawɛɛ nɛ peniŋ malɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ mba yɔ ; pɩtasɩna Afrika mba mba anasayɩ tʊʊ nɛ ɛyaɣ-wɛ se Naŋgbanzɩ kɩkpɛdaa tɩnaa yɔ.
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Payaɣ Albert Camus caa se Lucien August Camus. Palʊlayɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1885 kɛ egetiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Ouled-Fayet yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Alizeerii tɛtʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-cɔzɔ se Claud Camus. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ 1809 ; nɛ ɛ-yɔɔdaɣ taa yɔ, palɩna Alsace. Lucien Camus lakɩ anasayɩ sʊlɩm tɩzʊ nɛ pɩ-kpalaba naa taa ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-caa kpaɣ Catherine Hélène Sintès kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 13 wiye pɩnaɣ 1909 Alger tɛtʊ taa. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ Birkhadem kɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakʊ kakpanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1882. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ, ɛkɛ Minorque tɛtʊ taa tʊ, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnzɩ naatozo wayɩ lɛ palʊla kacalaɣ pɩɣa nɛ paya-kɛ se Lucien Jean Etienne nɛ pɩnaɣ 1913 kɛ kamiŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ, palʊlɩ Albert Camus.
Malɩfa pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ hiɣ-i nɛ pɩcaŋ pɩpɩsɩ-ɩ yʊlʊnzɩ nɛ Sacre-Cœur sukuli ŋgʊ papɩsɩna-kʊ ɖakʊta cikpelu yɔ. Pɩtatɩɩlabɩta kpɩtaʊ lɛ, ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ 11 wiye pɩnɑɣ 1914. Camus tasɩ ɛ-caa ; e-foto naa nabɛyɛ ɖeke pawɩla-ɩ. Pɛsɛyɩ-ɩ ɛsɔ se ɛ-caa ɛnʊ, ɛtaatɩɩsɔɔlʊ se ɛna nɛ ɛsa pakʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ. E-ɖoo taanɩɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛɛsɩŋ takayaɣ taa kaliɣ nɛ maʊ : ɛcɔŋna camɩyɛ weyi ɛyɔɔdɩɣ na-ɩ yɔ pɩcɔ ɛnɩɩnndʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ pamʊ ɛ-halʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ lɛ, ɛna e-piya paawoba nɛ pacaɣ ɛ-tɛ kɛ e-ɖoo nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa pɔ-cɔlɔ. Etienne kɛ kaayɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛlakɩ kolaa tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛnɛ e-ɖoo ɛnʊ, pataanɩɣna ɖamaa tɔm-pee nayɛ yɔɔ.
Camus ma ɛ-takayaɣ L’envers et l’endroit taa size : ‘‘Halʊ nɔɔyʊ kɛwɛna mbʊ nɛ ɛ-walʊ sɩba lɛ pɩsʊzɩ-ɩ kʊñʊntʊtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ siŋŋ taa. Ɛɛwɛna piya naalɛ. Ɛɛcaɣ e-ɖoo cɔlɔ ; ɛlɛɛ kʊñɔŋ tʊ lɛlʊ ; ɛ-ɖalʊ ñaakɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɛɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ se ehiɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ. Ɛlaba taɣ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛɛɖʊza e-piya lɔŋ sɩzʊ kɛ e-ɖoo nesi tɛɛ. Ɛɛwɛ laŋgɩyɛ taa ɖɔŋ nɛ ɖoɖoye nɛ ɛɛwɩla e-piya lɔŋ nɛ ɖoŋ’’.
Camus kacaɣ e-kpele Gustave Acault cɔlɔ pɩɖɔɔ nɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛ-lɔŋ. Ɛwɛ francs-maçons waa ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ kʊlaa. Ɛsɩna e-koowu se ɛcɔna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ-ɩ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kpou kɩpaŋgʊ taa.
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Camus laba e-sukili Alger tɛtʊ taa Alizeerii ɛjaɖe taa. Pɩnaɣ 1923 kɛ ɛ-tɛɛ wɩlɩyʊ Louis Germain na-ɩ se ɛ-ñʊʊ taa ɖɔŋ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛpaazɩ-ɩ wɩlʊʊ sukili falaa. Pɩsɩŋa ɛlɛ, ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ se paha-ɩ liidiye (bourse). Cɩca ɛnʊ, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja nɛ ɛɖɛɛ hɛzɩɣ. Ɛɛlaba kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kacalaɣ you. Ɛkala e-sukuli piya Roland Dorgelès takayaɣ Les de bois nɛ ka-taa tɔm pazɩ nɛ pɩɖʊkɩna Albert Camus pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔyɔ peeɖe ɛɖa naʊ se you fɛyɩ ɖeu paa ñɩɩɩ.
Camus tɔzɩɣ natʊyʊ : ‘‘Fɛyɛ kpawaɣ-m nɛ kʊñɔntʊtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ma nɛ mɔ-hɔʊ taa ñɩma ɖɩɩwɛ yɔ […] ɖooo lɛ, paa anɩ ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩ ma yɔ nɛ manaa kɛlɛ se kʊñɔŋ tɩna tɛtʊ. Hɛkʊ taa sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa masɩma-tʊ mbʊ’’. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛpaaza pombo mabʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ pombo kpayʊ sɩŋŋŋ. Ɛtɩlɩ ñʊʊ taa lɩmaza lɔŋ weyi payaɣ se fiilosofii yɔ.
Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaazɩ calɩm tɔʊ lɛ, ɖakʊtanaa na pɩnaɣ 1930 se ɛwɛna kpaŋnɩkpofoo kʊdɔŋ nɛ pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊ se pasɩ-ɩ Mustapha ɖakʊta taa. Peeɖe pɩzɩnaa nɛ eyele pombo mabʊ. E-ekpele Acaust nɛ e-neŋ paakɛ aliikiizaŋnaa nɛ pɛwɛɛ Michelet egeetiye taa ; peeɖe pɛtɛza-ɩ wonau nɛ paha-ɩ kuduyuu. Jean Grenier naa se Camus wɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣ takayasɩ lɛ ; ɛwɛɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ hʊnʊm nɛ ɛsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ Nietzsche.


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Oxford sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Oxford sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ Britaaniiki tɛtʊ taa sukuli ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ yɔɔ. Patʊlɩ pazɩ pazɩ pɩlɩna Henri naalɛ tʊ nɛ episikopu Thomas Becket Kewiyaɣ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ, pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ you ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza pɩnaɣ 1164 nɛ kɩtɛ pɩnaɣ 1170, kɩhɛwa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakʊ Becket. Keekee patʊlʊʊ-kʊ yɔ pɩlɩna wiyaʊ Henri lɩmaɣza yɔɔ kɛnɛ se ɛkɔma nɛ ɛcɔŋna lɛ ɖamɩŋ nɩɩyɛ caɣ yem ŋgʊ pɩcaɣ liidiye piŋ, kɛlɛ ɛɖaŋɩ se Ɛnglɩsɩ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ sɩtaa tasɩ sukuli labʊ peeɖe.
Sɔnɔ yɔ sukuli sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ panaɣ kɩ-taa peeɖe sukuli piyaa sɩtalɩ 33000, pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ kɔlɛɛzɩ waa 38 taa nɛ Permanent Private Halls waa 6 taa. Pasɩ pa-taa sakɩyɛ keɖeɣa kuduyiŋ tɛɛ Oxford tɛtʊ kɩkpadɩyɩtʊ hɛkʊ taa (ɖɩnaɣ Christ Church, Merton College, Magdalen College, University College, New College).
Oxford sukuli pɩsa sukuli sɔsɔʊ ɖooo pitihiɣ. Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 13 hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ piliŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Dominique mba, Fancis ñmba, Carmelite waa nɛ Augusti waa, kɔɔ Oxford tɛtʊ taa, pala tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ pa-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ nɛ pama kuduyiŋ sakɩyɛ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ. Kpaɣɖʊ kʊyʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa mɛwɛ mandɩyɔɔ camɩyɛ laɖaa nabɛyɛ tʊlɩ aŋgba naayɛ nɛ paya-yɛ se kɔlɛɛzɩ waa. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ kajalaɣ ñɩmba pa nɛ yɔ William Durham ñɩnʊ, ɛnʊ tʊlɩna University College pɩnaɣ 1249, Jean Bailleul ñɩnʊ ɛnʊ hana ɛ-hɩɖɛ Balliol kɔlɛɛzɩ.

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Ruusii kʊnʊŋ
Ruusii kʊnʊŋ tɛ nɛ Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa, ɖeeɖe ɖɔɖɔ Ukranien nɛ Bielorusse pɛtɛ yɔ. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ palʊla-wɛ kɩ-taa yɔ pɛcɛzaa miliiyɔɔ waa 280.
Kɩ-kɛ Ruusii ajɛyaa kɩgbɛdʊʊ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-kɛ ajɛyaa anɛ yɔ Bielorussie nɛ Kazakisitani nɛ Kirghizistan tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ. Rusɩɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛɛ wena a-wɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ a-tɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ.
Ruusii yɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɔ siŋ Ukurɛnɩ agetaa naayɛ taa kɔzɩ haɖɛ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ nɛ Kɩyɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Ruusii kɛ ONU taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ.
Ruusii kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sɩlavɩ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa nɛ kɩkpaɣ kɩ-tɩ nɛ Sɩlavɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pɩlɩna Sɩlavɩ samaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ lɛ, Cɔɔcɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɩɩ, sɩlavɔnɩ Yeesu ŋgbɛɣɛ yaa kɩlaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊmŋ sakɩyɛ lɩɩna Sɩlavɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ.
Ruusii kɩbɩnʊʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ kagbanzɩ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza taa Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Cɔɔcɩ taa Sɩlavɔnɩ pɩsa kɩcaɣ nɔnɔ tɛ Ruusii yɔ pɩŋ.


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Karayiibɩ Teŋgu
Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kɛ patasa yaʋ yaa paya ɖɔɖɔ size Antiiyiwaa Teŋgu. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna lɩm fɛɛʋ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Kɩ-wɛna yaa panaɣ kʋnɛ Ameriki hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Nɛ paɣpɩzɩɣ pana kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki kɔlfɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣkʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2415 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ taa mbɩ yɔ.
Pamaza ɛ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2640002 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku kaare mbɩ yɔ, kɛ ɛ-hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ walanzɩ taa pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna yaa nɛ ɛzɩ yɔ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tikiɖe wɛ Karayiibɩ taa.
Karayiibɩ kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna samaɣ ŋga kaawɛ peɖe yɔ yaa ŋga kɛ-tɛ kaawɛ peɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɔcɔlɔ. Samaɣ kanɛɛ yɔ, kaawɛ peɖe nɛ pɩcɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba talɩɣ, kpaɖʋ 15 kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Lɩm kan̄aɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ cɔɔlʋʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkʋʋ taa nesi tʋmlaɖa kpeekpe ŋgbɛ, ɖʋna Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-kamasɩ ɛzʋ nɔ yɔ:
Cɛŋga miŋ n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ kpɩtɩna nɛ cap Catoche kɛ lɩm kiteŋ Yucatan,nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, pɩkpaɣna cabeza Chiquita nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, nɛ pɩtɩŋ cɔlɩɩ kɛ kapɩ ŋgʋ tɛ meridiyɛ(méridien).
Hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, punta Baja pɩkpaɣna pɩɖɛ pʋwolo, Fenezuyeelaa pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Ameriki hadɛ ŋgʋ kiŋ.


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Hɔyɛ
Hɔyɛ kɛ ɛyʊ lotu taa ñama ñama naa taa lɛɛbʊ. Hɔyɛ tʊŋ tʊma naadozo ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, hɔyɛ ñalɩɣna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa. Nabʊlɛ lɛ, hɔyɛ tɔzʊʊna tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ yɔ sɩ-taa ñɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ wazaɣ yɔ.
Hɔyɩ tʊmɩyɛ tozo ñɩnɖɛ lɛ se ɖɩsɩɩ ɖɩ-taa tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ yɔ, sɩ-taa ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛyʊ wazaɣ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Hɔyɛ sɩna ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ ɛyʊ taa tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩlakɩ se ɛyʊ wɛ wezuu yɔ pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hɔyɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɛ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa.
Ɛyʊ hɔyɛ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Paapɩzɩɣ pɛtɛyɩ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ tam nabʊlɛ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ hɔyɛ fɛyɩna tɛyʊʊ wɛtʊ. Payaɣ wonuu nakʊyʊ ɛyʊ lotu taa se hipokɔndrɩ. Nɩwaŋ yɔɔ hipokɔndrɩ taa hɔyɛ wɛɛ. Hɔyɛ kpaɣna nɩwaŋ yɔɔ hipokɔndrɩ nɛ ɖiwolo ɖɩtalɩ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ hipokɔndrɩ. Wondu ndʊ payaɣ se viscères waa kɛ ɛyʊ lotu taa yɔ, tɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, hɔyɛ kɩlɩna yuŋ.
Ɛyʊ yuŋ kilonaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, hɔyɛ yuŋ kɛ kolinaa naalɛ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hɔyɛ yuŋ talɩ ɛzɩ kraamwaa 1 500 mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ hɔyɛ lakɩna nɛ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ yɔ, sɩyɔlʊʊ ɛ-taa camɩyɛ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa ñɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ wazaɣ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɩŋa yɔ, pɩcɔɔ tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa nɛ kihiɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩ ɛcaɣ wezuu.


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Igbo kʊnʊŋ
Igbo kʊnʊŋ, Igbo taa lɛ, Asusu Igbo, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Naajeeriya keeke yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔ patala ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ pɩtalɩ hɩŋ naatozo nɛ kɩgbanzɩ. Igbo wɛ keeke Naajeeriya nɛ haɖɛ wɩsi ɖʊɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ, Biafra kɩbɩnʊʊ nɛ Naajeeriya Haɖɛ haɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa, kacalaɣ lɛ, Niger pɔɔ handala fɛɛʊ ageeta taa, Pata ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ Agbor handala fɛɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Rivers ɛjaɖɛ taa ndɩ payaɣ se Harcourt Teŋgʊ.
Pamaɣ Igbo kʊnʊŋ nɛ Latɛŋ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nsibidi tɛ masɩ, nzɩ Ekpe ŋgbɛyɛ lakɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Igbo kʊnʊŋ wɛna nɔɔ kʊyʊʊ tɛ keɖeɣa camɩyɛ. Yɔɔdɔɔsɩ talɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ Igbo waa kʊnʊmɩŋ ɖɔɔ coɣ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖama tɛ nɩʊ wɛ ɖama taa nɛ Igbo kʊnʊŋ ɛzɩ Ikwere nɛ Enuani yaa Ekpeye yɔɔdɔɣ.
Pama Igbo kʊnʊŋ nɛ Latɛnɩ masɩ nɛ pɔsɔzɩ masɩ lɛɛsɩ kɩsɔzʊʊ. Palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ matʊ sakɩyɛ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1961 pagbaɣ wayi wayi matʊ kɩkɛdɩnatʊ nɛ onwu ŋgbɛ pɔza mbʊ nɛ.


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Dominique paɣtʊ ɛyaa
Faala yɔɔdɩyaa paɣtʊ yaa Ɖalaa paɣtʊ sɔɔlɩyaa (O.P.-latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Ordo Fratrum Prædicatorum), walaa taa pasɩma-wɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ Dominique paɣtʊ, pɩkɛ katoliki cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ pɩtɩŋna Mominique kiɖeɖeu ɖoŋ yɔɔ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1215. Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖalaa cikpema yaa mba payaɣwɛ se Fransiscain waa yɔ, tɔbʊʊ pɩkɛ sʊlɩmɩyaa. Pa nɛ yɔ pɔñɔtɩna ɛyaa, pɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ lalaaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ wɛʊ pe ɖeɖe yɔ ɛzɩ cistercien waa yɔ.
Patɩŋaɣ Augustin kiɖeɖeu paɣtʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-paɣtʊ yɔ, hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ ɛsɔɔlɩ Laon cɔlɔ tɩnaa (O.Præm), ɛɖʊ ɛ-tɩ tʊmɩyɛ se ɛla Yeesuu Krɩstʊ tɔm mʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ, tɔm suzuu tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mazɩm taa tʊmɩyɛ. Papa Jean-Paul 2 tɔzɩ se ɖooo e-kiɖe tɛɛ, kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ esusi Krɩstʊ tʊtʊyɛ tɔm. E-ɖuu tɔmaɣ kɔyɔ Veritas (tovonum). Ɖuutu sakɩyɛ kaawɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tʊ nɛ yɔ eyɔɔdɩ ndʊ ɖɩnaa yɔ, (contemplata aliis tradere), Thomas kiɖeɖeu Aquin tʊ ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ tɔm, yaa ɛsa, ɛhɩnɩ-ɩ, esusi mbʊ pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ taa paɣtʊ.
Dominique ɛyaa kɛ cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa kɛlɛ pɛtɛkɛ maacɔ waa.Pɛwɛtʊ kɛ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ lɛ ñamtʊ, pa-wɩlɩyʊ cɔlɔ yaa e-lone taa caɣyʊ. Kʊñʊndɩtʊ sɔɔlʊʊ nɛ tɩ ɖɔkʊʊ yaa kele kele wɛtʊ tɔm wɛ pɩdaa peeɖe kɩjɛyʊʊ piŋ. Pɛfɛyɩ lone kuyʊmdɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ maacɔ waa, pɩtɛkɛ pa-paɣtʊ. Pasʊʊ aŋgba taa pɩtɛkɛ maacɔ ɖɩsɩ taa. Pa-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se posuzi ƐSɔ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, pa-ɖɩzʊyɛ wɛɛ tɛtʊ naa sɔsaa taa.
Tɔm kɛtɛdʊ taa, e-ɖoo (latɛŋ taa Dominicus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi Ɛsɔ tɩya-ɩ yɔ) kaaɔza ɛ-tɔm ɛ-hɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ se ɛna haɣ nakɛyɛ kɔɖɔka tɔsɩ nɛ kɔ-nɔɔ se katʊsɩ ɛyaa tɩŋa. Guzman tɛ Dominique pakɩlɩ sɩm nɛ hɩɖɛ se Dominique kiɖeɖeu, ɛkɛ episikopu cɔlɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ, payaɣ Osmo Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-tɛ episikopu Diegue Osma, ya-ɩ se ɛsɩ-ɩ Sɩkandɩnavɩ kedizaɣ sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe. Pa-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe ehiɣ ɛgbaɣtʊ nɔɔyʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa taa ɛlɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ka-taa nɛ ɛ nɛ-ɩ pahɩnɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɛɛzɩ ɛlɛ laŋɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛlɛ taakɛ katoliki tʊ ɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ katoliki tʊ pɩlɩna ndʊ eheya-ɩ yɔ tɩ yɔɔ.


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Tuniizii
Tuniizii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Mediteranee teŋgu wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alɩzeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ nɛ kamaɣ kanɛ katalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 965 yɔ, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Liibii nɛ a-hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 459 mbʊ yɔ.
Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩlɩɣ yaʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se Tuniisi nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa ɛzɩ 30 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊŋ nɛ fɛɛŋ weyi ɩ-taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩwɛɛ yɔ.
Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣza ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ kpacayʊɣ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956; pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.
Ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ payawaɣ se Habib Bourguiba. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiŋ naatozo lɛ, peeɖɛ komina ñʊʊ, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, ñaɣ pana hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛkɛzɩ-ɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ, ɛlɛ ñalaba pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naatozo lɛ ɛyaa ɛnɩɣ pɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kpem nɛ paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pakʊsɩ Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali kɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 201.
Béji Caïd Essebsi kɛŋna Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ komina ñɩnʊ kɩfalʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ Habib Essid.


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Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ
Hɛbra kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna hɛkʊ nɛ hayi kɩŋ pilinzi nzɩ sɩ-dɛ nɛ sémitique mba kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɛ Canaa mba agbeɣlaa taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩñɔtɩna kpaagba kpam nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ phénicien ŋgʊ nɛ araméennes kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ. kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ patalɩɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa lutozo nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Amarna yaa Tel-Amarna, wɛna ɖama nɛ Egipiti kpaɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza pʊcɔ ɖakpaɖʊ tɛ ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ. Masɩ nasɩyɛ lɩna nɛ Canaan. Pamazɩ nɛ Akkadien taa, canaʊ taa ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɔm nɛ tɔmpee sakɩyɛ kɛ sémitique wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Canaan yɔ.
Ɖɩkatʊ yɔɔdaasɩɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩmakɩ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ paɣtʊ, mbʊ pʊwɩlɩʊ se pʊcɔ matʊ alʊwatʊ lɛ yɔɔdɔɔ wɛtʊ kɛwɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Hɛbra tɔm kɛ Canaan ɛjaɖɛ pʊcɔ Hɛbra mba maɣmaɣ caɣʊ Canaan taa.Masɩ nzɩ sɩdalɩna Hɛbra mba cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ pʊdɔma Apirou wɛtʊ taa, Apirou mba kɛ ɛyaa mba padasɩm-wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ paya-wɛ hɩla wena awɛzɩ Hɛbra mba hɩla yatʊ yɔ.
Hɛbra mba takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea taa tɔm kɛ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kɛ tɔm kpɩtʊ alʊwatʊ taa yaa Hɛbra paɣtʊ hɔkʊ taa kɛ Synagogue kɛ payaɣ se massorétique tɔm. Massoret tɔbʊʊ se polɩŋ taa cɛlʊʊ. Kɩ-tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ tɔmɩyɛ sɩɩŋ kɛ kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖooo canaʊ awɩyaa sosaa kɛ kpaɖʊ lutozo pʊcɔ palʊlʊ Yeesu pʊwolo pɩtalɩ Maccabées waa, Daniel tɔm takayaɣ 167 pʊcɔ Krɩstʊ mba kpaɖʊ kɛ pʊwɛ kaɖɛ se paɖʊ hɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ ndɩ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Ɖɩkatʊ koŋ tɔm pe wena ɛzɩ palakɩnɛ yɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɩlaʊ hɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩnaɣ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tɩlasɩ kɛkɩlaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Takayaɣ kɩɖeɖea wɛna tɔm pe kudokɩŋ lutozo nɛ kudokɩŋ naalɛ kɛ hapax, (tɔm pe wena alɩɣ tɔm kʊyʊm yɔ), pamaɣ tɔm pe anaa kɛ Hɛbra lɩla 500 yeke yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩmaɣzɩ kɔyɔ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ lɛ Krɛsɩ yɔɔdaɣ kɛwɛna tɔm pe 120000.
Mbʊlɛ, ɖɩkpa se Hɛbra kɩlaʊ sɩma tɔlɩm pazɩ mbʊ yɔ kʊhʊlʊmʊ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdʊ nɛ kɩsɛɛmʊ nɛ pɔlɔɔ. Tɔm tɔɔbʊʊ lɩzɩʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Jean-Philippe Rameau
Jean Philippe Rameau, palʊla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon nɛ ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1764 taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa (Eustache Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ). Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ. Ɛtɛ tɩ keɣsɩ mabɩtʊ yaa seɣtʊ hendu teu pɩsa nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtanɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ cɔlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ you ɖoŋ ŋgʊ Itaalii minziiki tɩna pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamaza piŋ se Rameau kɛnɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa miziiki maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ tɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊ. Rameau tɛ cɔlɩyɛ nɩnaʊ, paa patatʊzɩ keeke kɔyɔ, papɩzaɣ pɛkɛdɩna-ɖɩ. Walaa taa yaa sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, patatɩlɩ Rameau wezuu caɣʊ keeke, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kajalaɣ hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnzɩ 40 nzɩ sɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ ɛkɔɔ ɛcaɣ mbilim Paarii tɛtʊ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1722 alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛmɛsaɣa ɛtɩ nɛ halɩ ɛ-halʊ maɣmaɣ tatɩlɩ ɛ-tɔm natʊyʊ ɛtɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ wɛɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ patatɩlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm pʊɖɔɔ se pɛkɛdɩ sakɩyɛ.
Rameau kɛ pɩɣa lʊbɛ ŋga cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm yɔ. Ɛwɛnɛ ɖalaa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kɔɔnaa kɩgbanzɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683. Pɩnaɣ ŋga yaa evemiye nɖɩ palʊla-ɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm mbʊ Dijon Etienne Kiɖeɖeu ŋbɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo Claudine Martinécourt tɛ ñɩnʊ, kʊjɔŋ sɔsɔʊ taa tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, nɛ ɛkɛ weewe ɛyaa taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ.
Ɛ-caa Jean Rameau kɛ Dijon Etienne Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1690 ŋtalɩ 1709 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon Notre-Dame Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ. Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ miziiki maɖʊ kɛ pe-cejewiye taa, ɛlɛ, ɛ-cɔzɔ Antoine Rameau, kaakɛ Médard kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ tɛ layʊ sɔsɔ kpaŋ taa ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna tʊma yɔ kɛ peeɖe nɛ ɛhʊlaɣ ɔrgɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-sʊʊtʊ yaa ɛ-tʊma ɖoŋ paɣtʊ yɔ.
Ɛ-caa kpɛlɛka-ɩ kpem miziiki tɔm mbʊ lɛ, Philippe kaasɩma ɛtɛ akɔnta masɩ p halɩ pʊcɔ ɛtɩlɩ kalɩtʊ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ yem, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, wɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, ɛɛwɛ paa ɖoye ɛ-caa mba paasɩma miziiki tɔm yɔ pɛtɛ ɛzɩ Couperin nɛ Bach nɛ Mozart yɔ. Ɛɛke ; sukuli pɩɣa Godrans Yeesu ŋgbɛyɛ tɩna tɛ, ɛlɛ eteleɖi mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ nɛ nabʊyʊ taakɛtɩna-ɩ pɩtasɩna miziiki.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1726 ɛkpaɣ halʊ Auxerrois Germain Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa. Ɛ-halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣa se Marie-Louis Mangot, mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 ɛlɛ, ɛ-walʊ kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 42. Ɛ-halʊ kaakɛ Lyon miziiki cejewiye taa ɛyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki maɖʊ nɛ hendu teyu nɛ ewolo ɛ-walʊ hendu natʊyʊ ɖiteye. Paa ɛ-walʊ pɩnzɩ ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɔʊ ɛzɩma yɔ, papɩza palʊlɩ pɩyaa naalɛ abalaa nɛ halɩ pɩyaa naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ hɔʊ camɩyɛ halɩ pɔsɔ pe-piyaa mba Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm.


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Ɛndɩ
Ɛɛndɩ, payaɣ se pɩɖaɣlɩ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛɛndɩ tɛtʋ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɖɩmʋ tɛtʋ sakɩyɛ Aazii tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.
Kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ. Walanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʋʋ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔlɩ teŋgu nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩnɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Neepalɩ nɛ Buutanɩ ajɛɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamasɩ. Nɛ Baŋgɩlaadɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄aasɩɩ-ɖɩ nɛ kamaɣ hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Biirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamaɣ. Ɛɛndɩ teŋgu hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩn̄ɔtɩna Malidiivi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siri Lanka nɛ Ɛndonezi ajɛɛ pɔn̄ɔtɩŋna ɖama. Hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ caɣ se, ɖɩ nɛ Afɩgaanisitaŋ pasɩɩnɩ ɖama kamaɣ.
Sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩkɩlɩ leɖuu kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩnzɩ wɛ sɩ-taa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ lɛ, Ɛɛnduusi kajalaŋa taa sɔnzɩ kɛtɛma wɛʋ. Kewiisi sɔsɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ wɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ ɖooo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa sɩpɩlɩ pɩlaaɣ tadɛ haba yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋguu aŋgba sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Ɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋkpaɣ ɖooo ɖɩn̄ɔʋ yɔ. Aŋgba sɔsɔna ana, anaa yɔ : Ɛnduuyizim nɛ Jayiniizim nɛ Buudiyizm nɛ Siikizim. Ɛlɛ, wayɩ nɛ wayɩ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, aŋgba cikpena n̄ɔn̄ɔ. Anaa yɔ : Zoroyasɩtirizim nɛ Kristiyanizim nɛ Iizilaam. Ɛɛndɩ Ɛngilisi ŋgbɛyɛ kamʋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ cɔŋna ɖɩ-yɔɔ waaɣ hiu nɛ nakʋ n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Mahatma Gandhi lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlɩɩ yomiye taa pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1950 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa loma kaɖasɩm kɩlɩ lɩʋ yɔ.
Tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, sɔnɔ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ hiu n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ mbʋ payaɣ se PIB yɔ, pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Nɛ yabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa PIB hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naanza n̄ɩnɖɛ. Ansaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu (lubutu) nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩkɛ kɩfaɖɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ katɩɣ kala ndɩ ndɩ naayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛzɩ kʋn̄ɔndʋtʋ nɛ takayaɣ kɩɩsɩmtʋ nɛ mulum yaa ɛyʋ peɣzuu mbʋ yɔ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɩ-maʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.


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Pɔlɔɔñɩ
Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Caama nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Ukirɛɛnɩ nɛ Piyeeloorusi, hayʊ kiŋ ɛlɛ Kaliniŋgiraadɩ nɛ Liituwaanii, piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Cɛɛkɩ nɛ Siloovaaki.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛna 34 ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pakala ɛyaa ɛlɛ pɛkpɛdɩ miliyɔɔnaa 38.
Pɔlɔɔñɩ wɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ taa: Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004, Eerɔpɩ lɔŋ-tasɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa, keteŋga kpeekpe tada laɖaa ñɩnɖɛ taa nɛ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Caanaʊ tɔm ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɖooo pɩnaɣ 966 kɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa paɦzɩ wɛʊ nɛ kacalaɣ wiyau kɔyɔ Mieszko Ier. Ɛlɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ keyiitʊ paɣzɩɣ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1025 taa.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1939 keteŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ paazʊʊ yɔ Pɔlɔɔñɩ kɛ pɩpaɣzɩnaa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Reich tuda-kʊ yɔ
Ɛsɩyɛ-egbena tɔm taa lɛ Pɔlɔɔñ ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛɛ sɔzɩŋ: Hɔɔlɩŋ hiu nɛ naanza wɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ nesi nɛ kɩpɩŋjazɩ lonaa ñatalɩ 54.


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Purkina Fasoo
Purkina Fasoo kɛna Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛta ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ- ɖooo lɛ se: Hooti Foltaa. Teŋgu tɔcɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɩta kpɛɛɛ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Malii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Nizɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ yee hadɛ kɩŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɔ yɔ, Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ. Purkina Fasoo nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Togo nɛ Kana ajɛya wɛna piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩn lɛ, Kootidiivʊwarɩ tɛtʊ. [ Purkina Fasoo tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Wagaadugu nɛ tɩwɛ Purkina Fasoo tɛtʊ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrɩka ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ CEDEAO ñɩnɖɩ taa. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, yee pakpaɣ ajɛya hiu wena akɩla kʊñɔŋ taa wɛʊ kɔyɔ, pana ɖɔɖɔ Purkina Fasoo.
Ɖooo lɛ, Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ picɔ ɖɩkɔɔ ɖɩhiu ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960. Papaazɩɣ yaʊ se Purkina Fasoo yɔ pideleɖi; Thomas Sankara kewiyaɣ taa kɛ papɩsɩnaa mbʊ kɩyɛna fenaɣ nanza pɩnaɣ 1984.
Ŋ̃ʊndɩna mba peɖiya Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, mba yɔ: Maurice Yaméaogo (1960-1966), Sangoulé Lamizana (1966 1980 ), Saye Zerbo (1980 to 7 Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 1982), Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo (1982 to 11 Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 1983), Thomas Sankara (1983—1987), Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014), Honoré Traoré, ɛkɛna Blaise Compaoré lone taa caɣyʊ nɛ fenasi naalɛ ɖeke ɛlaba nɛ Yacouba Isaac Zida ñakpaɣ nɛ ɛlɛ la kɔzɔɖɔna naalɛ nɛ eyebina Michel Kafando, Gilbert Diendéré. Kpana salaŋ fenaɣ 2015 nɛ nnsɩɩna saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 2015 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnʊ cɔŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔtɔ caca nɛ palɩzɩ weyi lɛ, ɛɛkɛ Purkina Fasoo ñʊʊdʊ.


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Frédéric Barberousse
Hohenstaufen tɛ Frédéric kajalaɣ tʊ, ɛsɛɛ hɩɖɛ se Frédéric Barberousse (Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Friedrich 1 Barbarossa, 1122 mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1190), zermaniki Roma tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ, Roma ɛyaa tɛ wiyaʊ, Itaalii wiyaʊ, Souabe nɛ Alsace waa kɩpaɣlʊ, Bourgogne mba tɛ Ɛsɔ. Palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1122 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Waiblingen yaa Weingarten tɛtʊ taa, pʊñɔtɩna Ravensbourg, ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛɛkɛ Hohenstaufen Souabe waa tɛ kɩpaɣlʊ tɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ taa wiyaʊ pɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1147 ŋtalɩ 1152 nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Frédéric 3. Palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ Roma ɛyaa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1152 nɛ papamɩ-ɩ zermaniki mba tɛ cɔjɔtʊ hʊlaɣ pɩnaɣ 1155. Ehiɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ pɩlɩna ɛ-tandʊʊ cɔm cɔm ŋgʊ yɔɔ.
Frédéric 1 Barberousse, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1122. Kɛlɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʊla-ɩ patasɩm-ɖɩ keeke nɛ pɩcaɣ pɩta. Pɩlɩna nɔnɔɔ takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ nakɛyɛ tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm yɔɔ, Bavière tɛ Welfe Judith, se ɛlʊla ɛ-kajalaɣ pɩɣa kɛ akɔma ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ taa nɛ kɔñɔtɩna Altdorf. Ŋgʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ lɛ pɩɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se paa halʊ weyɩ ɛlʊlɩ ɛ-pɩɣa kɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ, mbʊ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se Frédéric wɛʊ yɔ paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ e-ɖoo lʊla-ɩ ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patasɩ pɩtʊʊ pa-taa se tovonum se Frédéric kɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa kɛ e-ɖoo cɔlɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, pɩya kʊdɔŋ kɩsɩbɩɣ nakʊyʊ kaalɩwa nɛ kʊkʊʊ piya cikpesi.
Frédéric kɛ Hohenstraufen Frédéric 2 ɛsɛɛ kpɩɖʊʊ tʊ pɩɣa, Souabe tɛ sɔsɔ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Judith, Bavière Henri kɩkpɛdʊ pɛlaɣ, patɩŋa palɩna Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 25 lɛ, ɛ-caa sɩ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1147 alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ ɛmʊ ɛ-caa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ Souabe waa tɛ nɛ paya-ɩ se Frédéric natozo tʊ. Conrad 3 tɛ tuda sɩm wayɩ kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1152 Bamberg tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30. Frédéric, Souabe waa tɛ Ɛsɔ pɩsɩ Roma tɛ mba wiyaʊ kpaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1152 alɩwaatʊ kɛ Francfort-sur-le-Main.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1147 evemiye talɩ, Frédéric kpaɣ halʊ Adèle yaa Adélaïde Vohbourg, Cham-Vohbour Diepold 3 tʊ pɛlaɣ weyi paayebina-ɩ Eger tɛtʊ yɔ. Pacaɣ ɖama cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ kaakɛ ɛlɛ, pɛfɛyɩ pɩɣa mbʊ yebina paya ɖama lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1153 alɩwaatʊ taa Constance tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ pɩtasa se Frédédric eyeba Eger ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛɖɛtʊ Frédéric de Rothenbourg. Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ kpaɣ Bourgogne tɛ Béatrice kɛ nesi ɖɔkɩ naalɛ nzɩ ɖeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1156 mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 ŋgʊ wiye, ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa cikpelaɣ yem, Rainald 3 tʊ pɛlaɣ nɛ Agathe de Lorraine ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Lorraine Simon 1 pɛlaɣ, ɛlɛ peyebina Franche-Comté.


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Fransɩɩ
Fransɩ ɛjɛɖɛ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖʊyɛ taa kpem yɔ. Fransɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Paarii nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Liidiye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ndɩ lɛ Eeroo.
Fransɩɩ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna tɔlɩm nabutozo nɛ pɩpɩɩ tibu yɔɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ mbʊ yɔ: pʊlɔɔ, kʊhʊlʊmʊm nɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm. Kpaɣnɛ pɩnzɩ 1950 lɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna ajɛya wena alɩzɩ Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖeke, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ G7 taa, G20 taa, ajɛya wena atɔkɩ Eeroo se liidiya yɔ a-taa, UNESCO taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ aŋgba kɩkaŋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔpɖɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ Fransɩɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna ɖɔŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ yɔ: kɩwɛna ɖɔŋ kɛ ajɛya wena awɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ, pɩnɛ ketenzi nasɩlɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Fransɩɩ ɖʊʊ kɩ-nɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe politiki tɔm taa nɛ paale lɛ, kɩwɛna sɔɔjanaa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ ɖɔŋ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋunaa yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋa pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ politiki tɔm nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ ɛzɩma kɩ-ta ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Fransɩ wɛna ɖɔŋ sɔsɔŋ kpem ɖɔɖɔ politiki tɔm taa, tɔsʊʊ taa, sɔɔjɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ, Fransɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa; Caama nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ajɛya ɖeke ɖɛna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ.
Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Emmanuel Macron nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Édouard Philippe.


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Takayaɣ
Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "livre". Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ yaa ŋga ka-taa pama tɔm yɔ. Ka-taa nɛ takayɩ hasɩ yaa takayaɣ hatʋ coɣ. Takayaɣ hatʋ ndʋ tʋɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ tɩɖɔkɩ yaa tɩkpɩtɩna ɖamaɣ naalɛ naalɛ.
Takayaɣ hatʋ kʋʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, katʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size, pama ka-taa tɔm ndʋ pɔyɔɔdʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ŋcɔna ka-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, ŋna size pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ-ɩ ŋga payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "roman" yɔ.
"Roman" kɛnɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kakaɣ lɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm koŋ lɩmaɣza matʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ kam size, takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ, tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ ɛzɩ payaɣ size "texte" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ takayaɣ.
Tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ (texte) takayaɣ ŋga, kɛkɛ, takayaɣ nga ka-taa tɔm wɛna tɔbɩŋ yaa kutoliŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ taa tɔm mayaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivain" waa yɔ, fɛɛyɩna lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma.


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Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ
Tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ na kpɛnda 5. Pa-taa kɛ ɖɩnaɣ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ kɛ 106.000.000 km2. Pʊyɔ kɛ kɩkɛ teŋgu na mba pakɩlɩ walʊ yɔ pa-taa naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ. Kacalaɣ ñiŋgʊ yɔ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ. kɩwɛʊ yɔ pɩleɖaa pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ million waa 180 kɔyɔ. Ɛlɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ kacɩɩna nɛ pɩkazɩ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛɛ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʊ, kɩwazaɣ na tuuɖe taa mba mba pɛyɛlaɣ nɛ patɩlɩɣ ajɛya nɛ a-yɔɔ nɛ a-taa ñim yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɩkɛ nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa pɩzɔ patiŋɩgɔnɛ pɛtɛzɩɣ ɖama tɛ yɔ.
Lee kɩwɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ, ɛzɩma Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wɛ Amerika nɛ Afro-Eurasie pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Afro-Eurasie tɔbʊʊ se Afrika nɛ Eerɔpɩ nɛ Aasii pakɩkpɛndʊʋ. Tɛtʊ kpeekpe yɔɔ lɩŋgamʋʋ na kpɛnda 5. Pɛdɛ 5 taa lɩm wɛ salala. Lɩŋgamɩŋ mba pɛtɛ kamasɩ tɔm laba kadɛ nɛ pɩkɔna kɔkɔɖɛ pɩtɩfeyɩ. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ Arktiki pɛyɛkʊ taa tɔm yɔ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ñatama nɛ pɩyɔɔ. Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ Pasifiki ñiŋgʊ kɛna mba mba pana nanza ñinba patamna ɖama. Kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna kedeŋga yɔ lɩm yɔ yɔ, ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩsɩʊ kamasɩ lɩm taa.
Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ ɖalakiŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Biresiili nɛ Liiberiya pɛhɛkʊ taa-lɛ pɩwɛ 2848km nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Marɔkɩ lɛ pɩmaɣna kɩlomɛtaa waa 4830.
Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ walanzɩ wɛ 82400000km2. Ɛlɛ, yee pɛkpɛdina kɩ-tɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ na cikpema kɔyɔ, 92.400.000 km2.
Papaazɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ yɔɔ tɔm alɩwaaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa paazɩ kɩ-tɛ kɩtiiliŋ yɔɔ caaʊ yɔ ɛlɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩtɛzʊ tapaazɩ lɔŋ. Pɩnaŋ mɩnɩʊ ŋga taa kɛ ɛyʊ paazɩ tɛzɩɣ. Eerɔpɩ tɛ hayʊ kiŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Groeland yɔ kɩhɔɔlʊ kɛ mɛlɛna saya mba pɛkɛ Fayikiŋ mba yɔ, mba mabɩ na palaŋa taa nɛ papazɩ tɛzɩɣ. Pañaɣ pana patalɩ Amerika hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ pamamaɣ pakʊma hɩɖɛ se Terre–Newe (L’Anse aux Meadows) yaa Vinland.
Afrika kɩliilinŋ yɔɔlɛ, pɩɩsaŋ tɛzɩʊ. Kpɩyɩŋ saya mba palina Cap Bojador Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjadɛ ta yɔ, pɩwɛ wɛɛ kaɖɛ se pɛtɛzɩ. Hɔɔlɩŋgʊ patʊʊ kʊ hɩɖɛ se Teŋga Cɩkpendʊ ñiŋgʊ yaa "Mer des ténèbres". Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1434 taakɛ Pɔritigaalɩ kpɩyʊ sayʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Gil Eanes yɔ ɛcalɩ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ yɔɔ lɩm tɛzɩy nɛ ɛ-mɛlɛ. Ɛpɩza ɛsaa-kʊ nɛ ɛwolonɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛnʊ calina Afrika keteŋa cɔʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ ɛta nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ Indes tɛtʊ taa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ Christophe Colomb nɛ ɛ-taabala pacalɩna pombo tɛzɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1492.


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Akbar
Jalâluddin Muhammad Akbar, Persanɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, جلال الدين محمّد أكبر Jalālu d-Dīn Muḥammad ʾAkbar taa lɛ, (Umarkot, Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1542- Āgrā, Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1605), ɛnʊ kɛna moghol Ampiiri ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1556 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1605 alɩwaatʊ. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛnʊ kaakɩlɩ kenkeŋ akbar waa taa kɛ arabɩ-monghol ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla Akbar kɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kɛ-ɛsɛ kula yɔ ka-taa, caanaa naanza kaataka ɛlɛ patapɩzɩ se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ kalʊʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1556 lɩwa lɛ, ɛmʊ ɛ-caa kewiyaɣ ɛlɛ, paya se Humâyûn, kɛ malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ cikpaɖe naɖɩyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ewoba nɛ ɛwɛɛ alɩuwaatʊ ndʊ ese Perse ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 nɛ ɛ-caa lɛlʊ hʊʊ tɔm e-lone taa ɛlɛ yɔ Bairam Khân. Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ sɩnaʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛyaa pɔ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɛwa Pânipat you pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa pɛ-nɛ Bihar Afgan tɛ ɛyaa poyowaɣna. Ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza pɩnaɣ 1560 se Bairam Khân ɛtatasɩ tɔm hʊʊ nɛ ɛlɛ tetisina-ɩ kɛlɛ ɛtɩ kʊʊ-ɩ. Akbar kpa ɛcaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Akbar tasɩ yebu nɛ ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri paɣlɩ pɩtɩŋna Goujerat you yɔ pɩnaɣ 1573, Bengale pɩnaɣ 1576, Sind pɩnaɣ 1590, Orissa pɩnaɣ 1592 nɛ Balouchîstân pɩnaɣ 1594. Ɛ-ɖalʊ Hakîm sɩm yɔɔ lɛ, ɛlɛ kaakɛna Kaboul wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1585, peyebina-ɩ Cachemire. Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛpazɩ yoŋ nɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ɛyaa.
Akbar wɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛkɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩbanʊʊ nɛ ɛtɛzɩɣ ñɔɔzʊʊ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ Sher Shâh Sûrî kaapaza ɛnʊ weyi ɛɖɔna ɛ-caa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛtayɩ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ tindima 15 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɩwɛna ñʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛkɛ sɔɔja yɔ. Nawâb Nazîm kɛ samaɣ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ Dîwân cɔnɩna liidiye tʊma yɔɔ. Ɛɖʊ lambuu tɛtʊ ndʊ pahayʊʊ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ suuɖu ɛyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ekpeɣ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm taa, ɛɖɩzɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1563 taa kɛ jiziya, ɛkpaɣ hindou halʊ, Mariam az-Zamânî râja Amber Bihârî Mal pɛlɛ, pɩɣa ŋga kaaka-ɩ lɛɛzɩɣ yɔ ko-ɖoo. Kɛlɛ hindou ɛyaa ɛ-tʊma taa nɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa taa, mbʊ pɩtɩna ɛ-nɛ Rajput waa ɛkpaɣdɩyɛ lɛ.


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Lɛɣtʋ
Lɛɣtʋ (Fransɩɩ taa payaɣ se science, Latɛɛ taa ’lɛ scientia, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ) kɛna wembu ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkaa nɛ ɛsɩm-pʋ yɔ, wembu ɛyʋ sɩma se pɩkɛ toovenim, ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pɩkpɛndaa pɩkɛna sɩmtʋ, kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa tazʋʋ. Patazɩɣ se pañɩnɩ nabʋyʋ, tazʋʋ pʋmbʋ, pɩwɛna nɩmaʋ kɩtɩŋgʋʋ lɩŋŋŋ. Nɛ wembu pɔtɔŋ-pʋ se ɛɛɛ yɔ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛna nɛ etisi se toovenim ɛɛɛ.
Wembu mansɩmawaa cejewiye (communauté savante), ɖɩnɖɩ kandayɩɣna sɩyansɩwaa yɔɔ, ñɩnɩɣ yɔɔ ’lɛ se sɩyansɩtʋ sɩmtʋ (connaissances scientifiques) ɛkɛna wembu ɛyaa ñɩnaa, pakpa petii, pɛlɛlɩ, paɖʋ tozo, nɛ paa anɩ ɛɖʋ pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa ɛlɩɩ sɩmltʋ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ, nɛ paa pɩkakɩlɩ we, weyi ɛɖɔma pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa paa le, ɛkalɩɩ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ’ɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ nʋmaŋɖɔm nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ tɔm taa wɛtʋ yɔ, paba kɛna sɩmtʋ lʋlʋʋ wembu yɔ, nɛ wembu ɛyaa lakɩna tʋmɩyɛ se pʋlʋlɩ sɩmtʋ yɔ. Wembu pasɩmna-wɛ yɔ kɛna wembu pañɩnɩɣ yɔ. pʋbʋʋ yɔ se pasɩna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɛ pɩsa nɩʋ kɛlɛʋ - pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ wendu tɩlɩɣ yɔ, tɩ nɛ wembu pɩwɛ keekee yɔ, ndɩwɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɛdaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Ɛzɩ kpalɩtʋ (dogmes) tɔŋgʋʋ se toovenim tɔm ɖɔɖɔ tɩñɩnɩɣ yɔ, sɩyansɩ ñɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔmɛndɛma tɔm taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kʋ-tɔm ɛdamaɣ weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩɣyɩ. Sɩmtʋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔŋɖɔm, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ enii-wɛ nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ-wɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɩyansɩwaa ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wɛtʋ, nɛ pana pɩ-taa wembu pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla ceewayɩ yɔ, nɛ pala-pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ wazaɣ nakɛyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ taa ɛnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋmbʋ kpɛzɩɣnɩna sɩyansɩwaa pamba. Sɩmtʋ tʋndʋ tɩkɛna tɛkɩniki ɛsɩndaa wobinaʋ tigiɖe nɛ tɛkɩniki kʋkʋ ñɛwɛɛ wazaɣ sɔsɔa ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.
Ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ ’lɛ, sɩyansɩ kamalɩna filozofii sɛɛsɛɛ. Dominique Lecourt ma pʋmbʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa se : ñɔkɔyɩnaʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖitamsɩ sɩyansɩwaa nɛ lɩmaɣza labʋ tɔm wendu payaɣ se filozofii yɔ. Wembu pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ñʋʋ taa maɣzɩyaa nabɛye kɛqɛ Ionie pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ VII ñɩŋga taa pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋʋ. Pamba labɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se wembu pɩlakɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pu-kubuuzutu wɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ sɩyansɩ tɔm taa sɩmtʋ wɩla pʋmmbʋ na. Dominique Lecourt ñɔtɔma se filozɔfʋwaa kajalaɣñɩma ñalakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ (ɛlɛ pedesidiɣ filozofi nɛ sɩyansɩ).
Sɩyansɩ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa weŋga’lɛ, kapama ɛsɛ nɛ sɩyansɩ sɩmtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ solo. Ɛzɩ matematikiwaa, simii, fiziki, piolozii, mekaniki, ɔpɩtiki, farɩmasii, asɩtronomii, arɩkiyolozii, tɔsʋʋ, sosiyolozii, ppw. Paatɔŋ se patʋʋ tʋʋʋ wembu yɔ, pɩtɛma, yaa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ pɩ-taa tʋʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ patasɩ tʋʋʋ paa sɩyansɩ piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ ka-taa, pɩpɩzaa pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpeɣu taa. Paa piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ tem.


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Klarinɛɛtɩ
Klarinɛtɩ kɛna hɩlaɣ nakɛyɩ nɛ kaɖaʊ ɖalaɣ lʊʊʊ nɛ kɛwɛ kulukulu ɖaalakɩŋ yɔɔ yee patakɩlɩ-kɛ canʊʊ ɛzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ yɔ. Weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Johann Christoph Denner (1655-1707) yɔ, ɛnʊ lubina-kɛ Nurambɛrgi tɛtʊ taa (Caama) pɩnaɣ 1690.
Ɛlɛ hɩlaɣ nakayɩ kɛ ɛcɔna nɛ ɛsaɣ-kanɛ ɛnʊ. Hɩlaɣ ŋga ɛcɔnaa yɔ, payaɣ-kɛ se luuja yaa tɛyɛ hɩlaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ feɖe.
Hɩlaɣ kanɛ hendu tewu siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, ka-yaʊ taa lɛ, mayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se si♭ yɔ ŋga pakɩlɩʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Hɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ nɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ, sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ klarinɛtɩ kɩlɩʊ wiluu hoŋŋhoŋŋ nɛ kɩwɛna hola ɛzɩ nanaza yɔ nɛ hola yaa cɛcɛsɩ kiwiwisi cikpesi ɛzɩ looɖo yɔ yaa ɛzɩ wendu masɩ ɛzɩ 45 yɔ.


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5
Zezi zaasɩm-dʋʋrɩ dɩm
(Luki 6:20-23)
1Zezi dɛɛn na nɛ nɔn-kɔgɔ na tɔg-o tɩn, o ma vu o di piu kʋdoŋ yuu o jǝni da. O na je tɩn, o karabiǝ bam ma ba o te. 2O laan ma puli o brɩ-ba o wɩ:
3«Balʋ na ye nɩ ba yɩ yinigǝ tiinǝ Wɛ yigǝ nɩ tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
ba na wʋ́ tɔgɩ ba di Wɛ paarɩ dɩm tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
4Balʋ wʋrʋ na cɔgɩ tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
Wɛ na wʋ́ pa-ba wʋ-zuru tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
5Balʋ na jɩgɩ ban-pʋnʋ tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
Wɛ na wʋ́ pa ba taa te lʋgʋ tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
6Balʋ na paɩ Wɛ cɩga kam tɔgɩm jɩgɩ fra dɩ ba tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
Wɛ na wʋ́ pa ba bɩcara pǝni tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
7Balʋ na jɩgɩ nɔɔna ŋwaŋa tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
Wɛ na wʋ́ duri ba dɩ ŋwaŋa tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
8Balʋ na yɩ wʋ-poŋo tiinǝ tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
ba na wʋ́ ba ba na Wɛ tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
9Balʋ na paɩ nɔɔna jɩgɩ ywǝǝni daanɩ tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
Wɛ na wʋ́ ta bǝ-ba nɩ DƖ biǝ tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
10Balʋ na tɔgɩ Wɛ cɩga kam yɩ nɔɔna bɛɛsɩ-ba tɩn mʋ jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo,
ba na wʋ́ tɔgɩ ba di Wɛ paarɩ dɩm tɩn ŋwaanɩ.
11Nɔɔna na twɩ abam yɩ ba bɛɛsɩ abam, yɩ ba fɔ vwan ba tɛ wo-balwaarʋ dwi maama ba pa abam amʋ yɩrɩ ŋwaanɩ tɩn, á jɩgɩ yu-yoŋo. 12Á taá jɩgɩ wʋpolo lanyɩranɩ sɩ Wɛ wʋ́ pa á na nyɔɔrɩ zanzan DƖ tee nɩ. Kʋ na yɩ Wɛ nijoŋnǝ balʋ dɛɛn na loori abam yigǝ ba ba tɩn, nɔɔna dɛɛn maŋɩ ba bɛɛsɩ-ba kʋntʋ mʋ.
13Yɛ na paɩ wʋdiu ywǝnǝ te tɩn, abam dɩ nan maŋɩ sɩ á taá paɩ ywǝǝni taa wʋ nabiinǝ tee nɩ. Yɛ ywǝǝni nan na ti, n daa n bá wanɩ n pa dɩ joori dɩ ja ywǝǝni. Dɩ daa ba jɩgɩ kuri. Baá dɩ-dɩ ba yagɩ mʋ, sɩ nɔɔna taa nwanɩ dɩ baŋa nɩ.
14Abam nyɩ dɩ lʋgʋ baŋa pooni mʋ nabiinǝ tɩtarɩ nɩ. Tɩʋ kʋlʋ ba na lɔgɩ piu yuu nɩ tɩn bá wanɩ kʋ sǝgi, kʋ naɩ mʋ jaja. 15Nɔɔn-nɔɔnʋ bá sɛ o tarɩgɩ kanɩa o pu tɩtɔgɔ kuri nɩ. Oó kwe-ka o palɩ wɛɛnɩ mʋ, sɩ ka pooni dɩm taa naɩ dɩ paɩ nɔɔna balʋ maama na wʋ digǝ kam wʋnɩ tɩn. 16Abam dɩ nan maŋɩ sɩ á zǝŋi á pooni dɩm kʋntʋ mʋ nɔɔna tɩtarɩ nɩ. Ba laan wʋ́ na wo-laarʋ tɩlʋ á na kɩ tɩn, yɩ ba zuli á Ko Wɛ wʋlʋ na wʋ wɛyuu nɩ tɩn.»
Zezi na pɛ Wɛ cullu tɩm tiini tɩ ja kuri te tɩn
17«Abam nan yɩ taá bʋŋɩ nɩ amʋ tu sɩ a pa Wɛ tɔnɔ kʋm na brɩ kʋlʋ tɩn ji kafɛ, kʋ na yɩ Wɛ cullu tɩlʋ DƖ dɛɛn na pɛ Moyisi, dɩ DƖ nijoŋnǝ bam na brɩ kʋlʋ faŋa faŋa tɩn dɩ. Amʋ tu sɩ a pa tɩ tiini tɩ taa jɩgɩ kuri mʋ lanyɩranɩ, sɩ kʋ daɩ nɩ a lagɩ a cɔgɩ-tɩ mʋ. 18A lagɩ a ta cɩga mʋ dɩ abam sɩ, lʋgʋ baŋa dɩ wɛyuu na wʋ́ daanɩ sɩ kʋ taa ve maŋa kalʋ tɩn, kʋlʋkʋlʋ bá wanɩ kʋ lɩ Wɛ cullu tɩm wʋnɩ dɩ fɩnfɩɩn dɩ. Tɩ nan wʋ́ ta wʋra kʋntʋ mʋ taan, sɩ kʋ ba kʋ yi maŋa kalʋ Wɛ na wʋ́ pa woŋo maama kɩ kʋ ti tɩn. 19Nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ maama na wʋ sɛ Wɛ niǝ yam dɩdʋa yɩ o daarɩ o brɩ o donnǝ sɩ ba dɩ yɩ sɛ-dɩ tɩn, dɩ na maŋɩ dɩ yɩ mɩmɩɩ dɩ, kʋntʋ tu wʋ́ ba ji balaŋa Wɛ paarɩ dɩm wʋnɩ. Kʋ daarɩ, wʋlʋ maama na sɛ Wɛ niǝ yam yɩ o daarɩ o brɩ o donnǝ sɩ ba dɩ sɛ tɩn, kʋntʋ tu wʋ́ ba ji kamunu Wɛ paarɩ dɩm wʋnɩ. 20Á nan taá ye nɩ, abam na wʋ sɛ Wɛ cɩga kam á dwǝni á cullu karanyɩna tiinǝ bam dɩ Farizɩan tiinǝ bam, á bá wanɩ á na cwǝŋǝ sɩ á tɔgɩ á zʋ Wɛ paarɩ dɩm wʋ.»
Ban-zɔŋɔ na nyɩ dɩ nɔn-gʋra te tɩn
21«Abam ye nɩ ba dɛɛn brɩ dɩbam kwǝ bam ba wɩ: ‹Yɩ zaŋɩ n gʋ nɔɔnʋ. Wʋlʋ nan na gʋ nɔɔnʋ, ba maŋɩ sɩ ba di o taanɩ mʋ.› 22Kʋ daarɩ, a nan lagɩ a ta dɩ abam nɩ, nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ na jɩgɩ ban-zɔŋɔ dɩ o ko-bu, kʋ maŋɩ sɩ ba di kʋntʋ tu dɩ taanɩ mʋ. Wʋlʋ na tagɩ dɩ o ko-bu o wɩ, o ba jɩgɩ wʋbʋŋa, kʋ maŋɩ sɩ dɩbam sarɩya-dirǝ nakwa bam mʋ di kʋntʋ tu taanɩ. Nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ dɩ na tagɩ dɩ o ko-bu o wɩ, o yɩ joro, kʋ maŋɩ sɩ kʋntʋ tu zʋ min-tɩʋ mʋ. 23Kʋntʋ ŋwaanɩ, nmʋ na lagɩ n kwe n pɛɛrɩ n pa Wɛ, yɩ n laan na guli nɩ n ko-bu jɩgɩ n ban-zɔŋɔ, 24sɩ n tiŋi n pɛɛrɩ dɩm, sɩ n joori n vu n ko-bu wʋm te sɩ á fɔgɩ daanɩ. Nmʋ na kɩ kʋntʋ, sɩ n laan joori n ba n kwe n pɛɛrɩ dɩm n pa Wɛ.
25Kʋ daarɩ, nɔɔnʋ nan na jaanɩ-m o vu o saŋɩ, sɩ n kɩ lɩla n pa á fɔgɩ daanɩ yɩ á daa ta wʋ yi sarɩya yam dim jǝgǝ kam. Kʋ na daɩ kʋntʋ, o laan wʋ́ kɩ nmʋ sarɩya-diru wʋm jɩŋa nɩ, sɩ o pa n na cam. Wʋntʋ dɩ laan wʋ́ kɩ-m o tɩntʋŋnʋ jɩŋa nɩ, sɩ o ja-m o vu o kɩ pɩɩna digǝ nɩ. 26A lagɩ a ta cɩga dɩ nmʋ sɩ, nń ta n wʋra taan. Nmʋ na wʋ ŋwɩ jɩnɩ dɩm maama n ti, ba bá yagɩ-m.»
Ka-laga na yɩ kǝm-balɔrɔ te tɩn
27«Abam nan ye nɩ ba maŋɩ ba ta ba wɩ: ‹Yɩ zaŋɩ n pǝni dɩ n doŋ kaanɩ.› 28Amʋ nan lagɩ a ta abam nɩ, nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ na nii kaanɩ dɩ fra tɩn, kʋ nyɩ dɩ o maŋɩ o pǝni dɩd-o mʋ o wʋbʋŋa na lag-o tɩn ŋwaanɩ. 29Kʋntʋ tɩn, nmʋ jazɩm yi na paɩ n kɩ lwarɩm, sɩ n lɩ-dɩ n yagɩ. Nmʋ yɩra daa dɩdʋa na cɔgɩ, kʋʋ́ ta lana kʋ pa-m kʋ dwe n yɩra yam maama na wʋra yɩ ba dɩ-ya min-tɩʋ nɩ. 30Nmʋ jazɩm mʋ na paɩ n kɩ lwarɩm, sɩ n go-dɩ n yagɩ. Nmʋ yɩra daa dɩdʋa na cɔgɩ, kʋʋ́ ta lana kʋ pa-m kʋ dwe n yɩra yam maama na zʋ min-tɩʋ.»
Kaanɩ yagɩm
(Matiyu 19:9, Marɩkɩ 10:11-12, Luki 16:18)
31«Ba maŋɩ ba ta ba wɩ: ‹Nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ na yagɩ o kaanɩ, kʋntʋ tu maŋɩ sɩ o pa-o tɔnɔ kʋlʋ na wʋ́ brɩ nɩ ba yagɩ daanɩ tɩn.› 32Amʋ nan lagɩ a ta abam nɩ, nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ na yagɩ o kaanɩ yɩ kʋ daɩ nɩ o cɔgɩ dɩ baarʋ tɩn, kʋntʋ tu pɛ kaanɩ wʋm kɩ bwǝŋǝ mʋ, dɩ o daa na zʋ barʋ wʋdoŋ tɩn. Nɔɔnʋ wʋlʋ maama nan na di kaanɩ wʋm kʋntʋ tɩn, kʋntʋ tu dɩ kɩ bwǝŋǝ mʋ.»
Durǝ duum na wʋ maŋɩ te tɩn
33«Abam maŋɩ á ye nɩ ba dɛɛn brɩ dɩbam kwǝ bam ba wɩ: ‹Yɩ zaŋɩ n kwanɩ n ni, dɩ nmʋ na dugǝ n wɩ nń kɩ kʋlʋ n pa n Yuutu Baŋa-Wɛ tɩn.› 34Amʋ nan lagɩ a ta a brɩ abam sɩ á yɩ zaŋɩ á du dɩ kʋlʋkʋlʋ. Yɩ zaŋɩ á du durǝ dɩ Wɛ-sɔŋɔ, bɛŋwaanɩ dáanɩ mʋ yɩ Wɛ jǝŋǝ je. 35Yɩ du-na dɩ tɩga baŋa dɩ, ka na yɩ Wɛ nɛ cwiim jǝgǝ tɩn ŋwaanɩ. Nan yɩ du-na dɩ Zeruzalɛm dɩ, sɩ kʋntʋ yɩ Wɛ pa-farʋ wʋm tɩʋ mʋ. 36Nan yɩ zaŋɩ á du dɩ á tɩtɩ yuu dɩ, bɛŋwaanɩ á bá wanɩ á pa á yuuyuǝ dɩdʋa tɩtɩ lǝni ka ji napoŋo naa nazono. 37Nan pa-na abam ‹ɛɛn› ji ‹ɛɛn›, sɩ abam ‹awo› ji ‹awo›, sɩ á daa yɩ wǝli kʋlʋkʋlʋ da. Woŋo na wǝli da, kʋntʋ yɩ sʋtaanɩ nyɩm mʋ.»
Dɩ́ na maŋɩ sɩ dɩ́ taá jɩgɩ wʋ-zuru te tɩn
(Luki 6:29-30)
38«Abam maŋɩ á ni sɩ ba tagɩ ba wɩ: ‹Nɔɔnʋ na pi n yi, sɩ ba pi kʋntʋ tu dɩ yi. Nɔɔnʋ nan na guri n yǝli, sɩ ba guri kʋntʋ tu dɩ yǝli.› 39Amʋ nan lagɩ a ta a brɩ abam nɩ, nɔɔnʋ na kɩ-m lwarɩm, sɩ n dɩ daa yɩ kɩ-o lwarɩm n ma n ŋwɩ. Nɔɔnʋ nan na lɔgɩ n jazɩm pʋpɔŋɔ, sɩ n guni kʋdoŋ kʋm dɩ, sɩ o lɔ o wǝli da. 40Nɔɔnʋ nan na saŋɩ-m sɩ o joŋi n gwar-bu o jɩnɩ ŋwaanɩ, sɩ n pa o kwe n gwar-bwǝrǝ dɩ o wǝli da. 41Dɩdɛɛrʋ nan na fɩ-m sɩ n zɩŋɩ o zɩla n vu nabaa yi mʋrʋ, sɩ n zɩŋɩ n vu nabaa yi mʋrr-tɩle. 42Nɔɔnʋ nan na loori-m woŋo, sɩ n kwaanɩ n pa-o-kʋ. Nɔɔnʋ nan na lagɩ sɩ o jɩnɩ woŋo n tee nɩ, sɩ n yɩ van-o.»
Sono taanɩ
(Luki 6:27-28,32-36)
43«Abam maŋɩ á ni sɩ ba tagɩ ba wɩ: ‹N maŋɩ sɩ n ta n soe n donnǝ mʋ, sɩ n daarɩ n ta n culi n dʋna.› 44Amʋ nan lagɩ a ta abam nɩ, á taá soe á dʋna, sɩ á daarɩ á taá loori Wɛ á pa balʋ na jɩgɩ abam ba bɛɛsɩ tɩn. 45Á na kɩ kʋntʋ doŋ, kʋʋ́ brɩ nɩ abam yɩ Baŋa-Wɛ biǝ mʋ. Bɛŋwaanɩ dɩntʋ ba pɔɔrɩ nɔɔna daanɩ, DƖ paɩ wɩa nyɩ nɔn-balwaarʋ dɩ nɔn-ŋʋna maama baŋa nɩ. DƖ ta kwǝri DƖ paɩ dʋa nɩ ka paɩ balʋ na kɩ lanyɩranɩ dɩ balʋ na kɩ balɔrɔ tɩn maama. 46Abam nan na soe balʋ dɩ na soe abam tɩn yɩranɩ, bɛɛ nyɔɔrɩ mʋ á wʋ́ na Wɛ tee nɩ? Lampo-joŋnǝ dɩ yǝni ba kɩ kʋntʋ doŋ mʋ. 47Abam nan na zuli á cʋrrʋ yɩranɩ mʋ, abam kɩ á dwe á donnǝ bam na? Balʋ na yǝri Wɛ tɩn dɩ nan yǝni ba kɩ kʋntʋ doŋ mʋ. 48Abam nan maŋɩ sɩ á taá yɩ lanyɩranɩ dɩ cɩga tiinǝ, nɩ á Ko Baŋa-Wɛ na yɩ lanyɩranɩ dɩ cɩga tu te tɩn.»


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Toofɛnɩ
Toofɛnɩ kɛna lɩm taa kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kɩwɛ cétacé naa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ kɩ-kela pɩsɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa kagbanzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna nɔɔ ɖɛŋŋŋ. Toofɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊ yɔ, panaɣ-kʊ Delphinarium waa taa. Ŋgʊ payaɣ se kpakpalikiyaɣ sɔdʊ. Kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ payaɣ mbʊ yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔyɔ :
- Tiɣye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Delphinidés huye taa yɔ
- Delphinoïdes waa huye nɛ kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ sɩwɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa yɔ. Sɩwɛ Aazii pɔsɩ taa nɛ Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Toofɛŋna wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Patɩlɩɣ-wɛ nɛ sɩ-wɛɖiɣ taa yaa sɩ-palɩka taa.
Mbʊ pikpeliɣ toofɛnɩ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se pɛwɛ Odontocète naa tɛ huye taa. Cétacé naa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩyɩdʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ se toofɛŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papalɩ camɩyɛ ɛzɩ kpakpalikiyasi yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mba. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Narval nɛ Béluga mbʊ yɔ. Panɛ, papalaa pakɩlɩ toofɛŋna kɩpɩma tɩŋɛ. Marsouin waa lɛ, paba tatɩɩ talɩɣ-wɛɛ paalɩɣ paa ñɩɩɩ.


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Michel-Ange
Ɖajaa Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Michel-Ange.
Abalʋ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛkɛ Florɛntiini (Florentine) ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʊ loɖo (6) ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1475 taa. Rooma kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɖajaa Michel-Ange sɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1564 taa. Rooma tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba.
Ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ siŋŋ se ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛlʊba siŋŋ se ɛsɩbaa lɛ, pataasɔɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kaʊ. Ɛlakaɣ tʋma wena yɔ, a-taa naayɩ kɔyɔ: sɩʋkpelasɩ saɣʊ, nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ tʊmɩyɛ, nɛ keɣsi maʊ nɛ matʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Michel-Ange caa payaɣ se Lodovica di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Franesca di neri del Miniato di Siena. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ tɔmhʋyʋ. Pɩɖɩɩzaɣ mba pa-tɩŋɛ paawɛ ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɔlɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe labʊ. Ɛkɛwɛ kpekpeka pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ siŋŋ.


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Folk
Folk minziiki pɩkɛ soo kɩkpɛndʊʊ, pɩkɛ mʊsɩ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩpaɣza kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20, sɩ-nɛ sɔnzɩ mʊsɩ pɛkpɛndɩ pɛwɛɛ. Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ, pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kɩkɛ soul piliŋa minziiki nakʊyʊ.
Ɛyaa kpeekpe sɩm-kʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 alɩwaatʊ taa. Minziiki kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ payaa-kʊ se minziiki folk yaa nɔɔnɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa minziiki. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1990 mbʊ yɔ, ɖaɣnʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm takaɣnaɣ ajɛyɛ wena aawɛ weewe tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ kɛlɛ alɛ ya-kʊ se kedeŋa kpeekpe minziiki yaa mʊsɩ yaa soo.
Pɩha nɔmɔʊ se papɩzɩɣ papaɣzɩ folk tʊmɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Paarii tɛetʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1964 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ kajalaɣ hootenanny kɛ Amerika Hɛkʊ yɔ, Lionel Rocheman kaañɔɔzɩna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Pɩkpaɣ nɛ mbʊ nɛ pɩtɩ labʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ, John Wright ɛɛkɛ evebupɩɣa yem kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛtɩ talɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛ nɛ Catherine Perrier pɔñɔɔzɩ kajalaɣ folk minziiki tʊma, kɛlɛ payaa-wɛ folkeux pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se folk tɩnaa.


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Alfred Hitchcock
Alfred Hitchcoch kɛ laɖʊ, lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Piritaniki sinimaɣ tʊma tanaŋ laɖʊ, palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1899 kɛ Leytonston tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣkɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1980 kɛ Bel Air Los Angeles tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ niiye Piritaniki tɛtʊ taa sɩnɩma tʊma laɖa tɩŋa yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna 2007 ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛlakaɣ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiu waa loɖo tʊmɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛla sinimaɣ naa mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ hiŋ kɩgbanzɩ nɛ naatozo. Ɛlɛ pʊcɔ lɛ, ɛkalaba sɩnɩma naa mba paayɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛlakɩ kɩyɔɔda. Alfred kʊyɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Hollywood tɛtʊ taa, pʊcɔ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ paɣzɩ. Pʊkɔma ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1955 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛmʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ɛyʊtʊ ɛlɛ eteyele Piritaniki ɛyʊtʊ ndʊ tiyeba se ɛ-ɛsʊtʊyʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ tala lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ Piritaniki Ampiiri yɔɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ sɩŋgɩyʊ.
Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1899 Leytonstone tɛtʊ taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Londre nɛ hayi kiŋ yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ William Hitchcoch weyi palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 1862 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1914 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩɣa. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Emma Jane Hitchcock, palʊla-ɩ Whelan pɩnaɣ 1863 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1942. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ kalɩma pɛdɩyʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee nɛ hatʊ ɖozi pɛdɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Alfred weyi e-ɛcɔzɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛ-caa ɖalʊ, ɛɛkɛ tɩnʊʊ kɛ piyaa naatozo hɛkʊ taa. Ɛ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ mba yɔ, William nɛ Eileen, keeke lɛ, palʊla-wɛ pɩnzɩ 1890 nɛ 1892 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛnɛ. E-liɖe taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kaakɛ katoliki mba, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ e-ɖoo nɛ e-neze kɛ cɛjɛ liɖe taa kaakɛ Irlandi ɛyaa. Londrɩ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, Hitchcock laba Ignatius kɔlɛzɩ kɛ Stamford Hill, pɩɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ɛgbadɩnaa nesi tɛɛ yɔ.
Evebu ɛnɛyɔ ɛkɛtɩɣ ɛ-pɩjatʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛɛwɛ eyeke ɛlɛ pakandaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ ɖeu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛɛwɛ eyeke kɔyɔ se ɛkɩlɩ kiɣ nɛ ɛkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛpɩzɩ yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛtafɛyɩna ɛgbaɣtʊ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payi mbʊ yɔ eleyaɣ eyeke ɖɔɖɔ.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1914, pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛ-caa sɩba, mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ nanza yeke, nɛ ɛlɩɩ Ignatius kɔlɛzɩ taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛlakɩ London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation kɔlɛzɩ kɛ Poplar (Londre). Ɛmʊ ɛ-takayaɣ peeɖe wayi lɛ, pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 1923 lɛ, ɛkatɩ ɛ-halʊ Alma Reville weyi ɛkaɣ kpaʊ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyɛlaɣna Graham Cutts Woman to Woman (pʊkʊ payʊ sɔsɔ) kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ nɛ tabalɩyɛ. Ɛlabɩ-ɩ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1926 Londre tɛtʊ taa.


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Luwandaa
Luwandaa kɛŋna Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Pɔritiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔzɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ɖoooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1575. Pɩɩkɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wadaɣ yɔ nɛ pɔcɔna se paapizaa se pama teŋu. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1627 lɛ tɛtʊ tʊne tɩpɩsɩ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Aŋgolaa peeɖe yɔ pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 241 800 yaa kilomɛtanaa 2 418. Pɩnaɣ 1975 taa kɛ Aŋgolaa mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba paawɛ Luwandaa yɔ paakpɛnda 600 000 nɛ Pɔrɩtiigalɩ mba kaaɖɔ pa-taa sɩŋŋŋ.
Pɩnzɩ 1975 nɛ 2002 taa you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pazaa nɛ kɩñamsɩ Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa se pʊŋ taa nɛ powolo pɛmɛlɩ Luwandaa tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ yebina nɛ peeɖe ɛyaa pazɩ pohuu nɛ pɔñɔtɩna ezɩ miloyɔɔnaa kagbaanzɩ yɔ (5 000 000) kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008.
Tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu lɩna nesi tɛɛ tʊma yɔɔ, lubu nɛ karazɩm pɛdʊ, ñɩɩtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se fɛɛrɩ yɔ, kɔfɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ kpaʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Luwandaa tɛtʊ wɛ napʊlɛ taa: Luwandaa haɖɛ ŋgʊ yaa kataŋga taa ŋgʊ nɛ hatʊ ñɩŋgʊ yaa pʊʊ taa ñɩŋgʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Luwandaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pelo Orizɔnti (Pireeziili) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1968, Pɔrɩtoo (Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999, Husitɔnɩ (Etaazuunii) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2003, Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ (Pireeziili) nɛ Tahuwa (Niizɛɛrɩ).


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Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß (Caama kʊnʊŋ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se gaʊs, matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pama se Gauss nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Itaalii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Carolus Fridericus Gauss). Palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1777 kɛ Brunswick nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1855 kɛ Göttingen. Ɛyʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ, nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ niye mʊyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɔna lɔŋ lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-niitozo ɛ-taa. Pɛsɛyɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa wiyaʊ nɛ pɔtɔ se ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa taa niye mʊyʊ kɛ pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa tɩŋa taa.
Gauss kaakɛnɛ Göttingen losuu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɛlɛ, ɛta lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ wɩlɩyʊ. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ ɛtaasɔɔlɩ wɩlɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ kpoyi ɛlɛ, eseɣtaɣ e-sukuli piyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ halɩ pa-taa sakɩyɛ kɔɔ papɩsɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Gotthold Eisenstein nɛ Bernhard Riemann. Gauss, palʊla-ɩ keeke Brunswich-Wolfenbüttel, kɛ kʊñɔŋ cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa. E-doo kaakɛ kɩsɩŋɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛtapɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-lʊlʊʊ evemiye. Ɛlɛ, ɛpɩza ɛtɔzɩ se palʊla-ɩ cɩla nakʊyʊ wiye, kɩyakɩŋ lutozo pʊcɔ patɔɔ Yeesu Krɩstʊ tɛ ɛsɔda kpaʊ kazandʊ ndʊ pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ Pasɩka wayi kɩyakʊ 40 ŋgʊ wiye yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1792 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ Brunswick cɔna nɛ ɛna se ɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛhayɩ liidiye kɩhɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ se pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛla e-sukuli. Kɛlɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Carolo-Wilhelmina Brunswick lɛɣtʊ sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1792 nɛ 1795 hɛkʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛkpɛlɛka nakaŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ sukuli.
Pɩnaɣ 1804 taa kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 alɩwaatʊ palɩza-ɩ se ɛkɛ Royal Society ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1805 taa ɛɖɔkɩ ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ nesi ɖɔkʊ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-halʊ Johanna Osthoff. Mbʊ lɛ, ɛñɩnɩɣ ehiɣ nɛ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1807 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ nɛ losuu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ kɛ Göttingen tɛtʊ taa.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ pɩsɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ halʊ kpaʊ nɛ ɛlɛ paya se Minna Waldeck (kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1810 alɩwaatʊ taa). Pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛ-halʊ naalɛ tʊ sɩ. Ɛ-pɛlɔ Thèrèse kpaɣ mɩzaɣ yɔɔ sʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-caa yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɛ ñɩɩza kedeŋga yɔ. Pɩkɔma lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1855 taa lɛ, ɛsɩ Göttingen tɛtʊ taa kɛ Hanover kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pepimi-ɩ Albani sɩɖaa naŋ yɔɔ.


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Francisco da Goya
Francisco José de Goya Lucientes yaa Francisco de Goya kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʊla-ɩ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1746 kɛ Fuyandetodosi egeetiye taa kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ kewiyaɣ taa. Fuyandetodosi egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩñɔtɩna tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ size Saragosi yɔ kpam.
Francisco de Goya tʊma ɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ: ɛkɛ anjaʋnaa nɛ sɩʊkpelasɩ lɩzɩyʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔlɩm tayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ saayʊ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ kafɩnta tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩtʋ tɩŋgɛ payɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛ-haɖaa taa ɖenɖe paalʋla-ɩ yɔ peeɖe ɛcaɣ. Piyele Maadiriidi nɛ Itaalii lona taa kɛ ɛkɩla ɛ-tʊma labʊ.
Ɛ-halʋ ɖalʋ, Francisco Bayeu kaakɛna Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa anjaʋnaa lɩzɩyʋ nɛ tɔlɩm tayʋ nɛ ɛlɛ ɖʊna-ɩ nesi ɛ-tʊma taa. Ɛ-wilɩyaa kɔyɔ José Luzán nɛ Francisco Bayeu. Piyele mba pacʊɖa-ɩ pa-tʊma labʊ taa nɛ pɩha-ɩ hʊnʊm yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, Giambattista Tiepolo, Jacopo Amigoni, Raphaël Mengs nɛ Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.
Payaɣ Fransisco de Goya caa se José Benito de Goya y Franque, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador nɛ piyele ɛ-tɛ asɛyʊ kɛlɛ Josefa Bayeu. Pɛwɛna pɩɣa kʊyʊmaɣ nɛ ŋga lɛ Francisco Javier Goya Bayeu. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1828. Ɛsɩba Bordeaux tɛtʋ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Masacusɛtɩsɩ
Masacusɛtɩsɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ atlantikii kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Niwu Yorkɩ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɔnɛtikuti yɔ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Niwu Hampsirii nɛ Fɛrmɔɔn.
Pamaza Masacusɛtɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 20 328 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 7 332 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 7 032 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 25,70 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Masaazuzɛtii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Boston nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 547 629 yɔ. Payaɣ Masaazuzɛtii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Charlie Baker (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Elizabeth Warren (D) nɛ Ed Markey (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Jérôme Stridon tʋ
Palʊla Jérôme de Stridon kɛ ɖoŋgiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Sitridoŋ yɔ, Krowasii ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛ pɩnzɩ 347 waa taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 420 kɛ Pɛtlɩhɛm ɖɔŋgɩye taa. Jérôme de Stridon kɛna mʊwanɩ nɛ ɛwɛ mba palɩza takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋtaa yɔ. Ɛwɛ mba patɩna Latɛŋ ɛsɔ kpaaŋ lɩzɩyaa yɔ pa-taa nɛ mba yɔ: Ambroise de Milan, Augustin d'Hippone nɛ Grégoire kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ (et Grégoire Ier).
Jérôme de Stridon laba a e-sukili kɛ Room tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna e-ɖoziye kawɩlaɣ ñɩŋa naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 18. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛkpaɣ nɔmɔʊ nɛ ewole Tetʊ kiɖeɖetu taa pɩnaaɣ 373 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩla pakpa-ɩ layʊ kɛ Antiyɔsi tɛtʊ taa. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 383 lɛ, Papa kacalaɣ tʊ (Damase Ier) kpaɣ-ɩ ɛ-takayaɣ taa mayʊ nɛ ehe-i se ɛlɩzɩ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa (Bible) nɛ Latɛnɩ taa.
Papa ɛnɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ lɛ kɛ Zerom kʊyɩ Tɛtʊ Kiɖeɖetu tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ ɛnɛ Paula pɛɖɛɛ Pɛtɩlɩhɛm. Peeɖe pɑtʊla Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩyɛ , monasitɛrɩ. Pɩkpaɣʊnɛ pɩnzɩ 34 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm yɔ, ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ pilim kɛ Takayaɣ kiɖɛɖeɣa taa tɔm maʊ nɛ tɩcɔlɩɣ nɛ tɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɛɛtɛm-tɩtaa kɛ lɩzɩʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 420 nɛ paapima-i kacalɣ taa kɛ Jerusalɛm nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ powona ɛ-mɔɔ kɛ basilique Sainte-Marie-Majeure kɛ Room tɛtʊ taa.


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Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ laba ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ yɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩtɔŋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ, kɩ-taa wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ.
Ɖooo caanaʋ taa lɛ, ɛyʋ maɣzaa se papɩzɩɣ pɛtɛyɩ wonuu hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ waa ɛlɛ, pɩtɛma. Pataatɩlɩ se wonuu tɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ waa ḿba, pa-taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ. Waaɣ hiu nɛ nakʋ ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ ɖajaa John Dalton paɣzɩ maɣzʋʋ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa yɔɔ.
Ɛmaɣzɩ pɩŋŋ lɛ, ɛtɔ se, paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa eeciidiɣ, paapɩzɩɣ pɛlɛɣzɩ lona wonuu taa.
Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkaɖɩ ɛ-ñɩnɩʋ taa kpayɩ ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛcɩyɩ yaa ɛwɛɛkɩ wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa. Ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa pɩzɩɣ patamsɩna ɖama tamsɩnaʋ nabʋyʋ pʋwɛɛ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Caanaʋ tɔm cɔlɩyaa yaa tʋʋzɩyaa tapɩzɩ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma ɖajaa John Dalton laba nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkaɖɩ tɔm tʋnɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Dalton tɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wɛtʋ sukuli ŋgʋ ɛlaba yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ.
Ɖajaa Antoine Lavoisier ñɔyɔɔdɩ pɩnaɣ 1789 taa se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛlɛɣzɩɣ kaʋ. Piyele ɖajaa Joseph Louis Proust ñakaɖɩ pɩna 1799 taa se yee ɛyʋ ɛtɛyɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛkɩlɩɣ lɛɛkʋ, paa hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.


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Lao Tseu
Lao Tseu kɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ tɛ hɩɖɛ. Lalaa yayɩ size Laozi yaa ɛzɩ Lao Zi. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Siini ɛjaɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ. Ɛjaɖɛ Siini tɛtʋ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ size Tàishàng lǎojn. Pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi kɛlɛ size "Ɛsɔnaa taa Ɛsɔ sɔsɔ Lao", papɩzɩʋ paya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ size Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɔgɔlɩmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ.
Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ hɩɖɛ size maatɛŋ tɛ Ɛsɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ kɛlɛ Li Er. Paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɔtɔma size ɛɛkɛ lɔnzɩnɖʋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ yaa n̄amtʋ lɔn tɩlɩʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlɛ, yee pamaɣzʋʋna pɛtɛ taa sɔnzɩ taa kɔyɔɔ, ɛkɛ Confucius kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛ kpaɖɩŋ yaa wɛɛɛ loɖo (6) n̄ɩnɖɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yesu Krɩstʋ nɛ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ tɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yesu krɩstʋ.
Pɩɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna kpaɖɩŋ kpiziuɖe tɛ wɛɛ taa yaa yoliheeɣye nɛ kpiziuɖe yaa lʋŋheeɣye taa. Ɖajaa Lao Tseu kɛ lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ lɩzana mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "taoïsme". Taoïsme kɛna Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ nɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tɩlɩʋ tʋma. Ɛlakɩ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋma kpɛlɛkʋʋ.
Sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size, paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size "pays de Chu" ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ kɛ Zhou ajɛɛ kewiisi taa. Ɛzɩma ɛnʋ ɛzɩ, caanaʋ takayasɩ taa ɛ-tɔm tɔɖʋ yaa pɔtɔyɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm pʋɖɔɔ yɔɔ lɛ, patɩla-ɩ pɩtɩŋgɩna kewyaɣ hʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "dynastie Han" yɔ.
Lao Tseu kɛ mba pɛkɛna Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ tɩna nɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tɩlɩʋ tʋma palaɖaa tɛ Ɛsɔ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ kɛnɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩzɩyʋ. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlaɖaa payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "taoïstes" waa. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Siini taa peeɖe lɛ, paya-ɩ size Tàishàng lǎojūn pʋtɔbʋʋ size Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm Lao, paya tobi Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa «Seigneur suprême Lao».
Pama ɖajaa sɔsɔ Lao Tseu ɛnɛ ɛtɛ sɩɣʋʋ kpelaɣ. Pama-ɩ nɛ tandaʋ kʋlʋmʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ. Ŋna-ɩ ŋtɔŋ size akpadɛyʋʋ mɛwɛna mɛ-ɛsa. Ɛkɛ,


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Ɖoŋaɣ
Ɖoŋaɣ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kuluŋgulu yɔ. Nabɛyɛ yaɣ se ɖoŋaɣ, lɛlaa ñayaa se loŋaɣ. Ɖoŋaɣ wɛ kpeɖe tɩyɛ. Paasakɩ paa tɩʋ ŋgʋ ɖoŋaɣ. Tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ kooŋ nɛ ɛnʋʋ pasakɩna ɖoŋanzɩ. Paapaŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʋʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ heu tɔnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. Paapaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pʋnʋ kɩbɩnʋ tɔnʋʋ papaŋna ɖoŋaɣ.
Ɛzɩma papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ ?
Pakʋʋ pʋnʋ nɛ peliti ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pakaŋ tɔnʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ teluu nɛ pɩla kpɩtaŋ cabɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ. Pɔ-tɔbʋʋ se peyeki-kʋ nɛ kɩwɩlɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ papamna-kʋ nɛ ɖoŋaɣ yaa suye. Palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ teluu yɔɔ lɛ, paɖʋ-kʋ lɩm taa alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ cabɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ pɔhɔɔ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ lɛfɩɩɩ. Yee pɔtɔyɔ-kʋ nɛ kʋhʋʋ camɩyɛ yɔ, papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ lɛ, kaawiɣ ɖeu. Ɛlɛ, yee pɔhɔɔ pʋnʋ tɔnʋʋ nɛ kɩkpɩzɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, pʋbʋ papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, kewiɣ camɩyɛ.
Kpɩna naayɛ tɔnɩŋ pɔhɔɔʋ nɛ akpɩzɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛhɛɛ-ɩ pɩŋgaɣ pɩlɩŋgaɣ nɛ palʋʋ nimasɩ lɩɩɩ lɩɩɩ nɛ papamna ɖoŋaɣ. Ɛlɛ, pʋcɔ papa ɖoŋaɣ lɛ, paɖʋʋ ka-taa sɔnzɩ wondu natʋyʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Halɩ nabɛyɛ ɖʋ ka-taa liidiye pɔɔyaɣ nakɛyɛ.
Ɖoŋaɣ kɛ sɔnzɩ labʋ wonuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ atɛ wonaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔnzɩ wonuu kaɖɛ ñɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paamakɩ-kɛ lona tɩŋa taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ke-witu ɖɔɔnʋʋ agɔlɩma naayɛ.
Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pɩha waɖɛ se pama ɖoŋaɣ yɔ, yee pamakɩ so nɛ kɛfɛyɩ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ, piiseetiɣ payaa ɖeu. Pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, so lakɩ leleŋ camɩyɛ, piseetiɣ paa weyi se ɛpaa.
Ɖoŋanzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kabɩyɛ ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ wɛɛ. Kaka wɛna ɛzɩ kpeɖe yɔ. Kɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩ teɖe. Kutokoli ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kaka hɛkʋ taa tɛtɛyɩ teɖe. Kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kabɩyɛ sɔɔyɛ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kpoluu yɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ papaŋ tɔnʋʋ.


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Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ
Mandarɛɛ kɩtɩzɩnaʊ Siini kɛlɛʊ, sɔnzɩ tɛ Sinii, matʊ taa lɛ, kɩ-kɛ ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ yaa Han waa tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ kɛ Sinii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ, Tayɩwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kɩ-wɛna yɔɔdaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ nɛ tɔm cɔɔlʊʊ tɛ paɣtʊ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ- kʊ pɩtɛ lɛ, pawɩlɩʊ-kʊ sukuuli na taa.
Paapɩzɩɣ pesidi-kʊ nɛ Mandarɛɛ ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣmɑɣ, wade : ganhua kewiyaɣ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ nɛ Hayi kɩŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ Hadɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa Sinii kedeŋga taa.
Sɩnuwa Mandarɛɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ tam se Sɩnuwa yɔ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ pɩlɩna Sinii samaɣ tɛ ɖɔʊ cɔlɔ nɛ Sinii tɛ ɛyaa mɩzɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ Sinii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩ-tɛ kpaka huu nɛ Sinii ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yee pa sɔnɔ pawɩlɩɣ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ Sɩnuwa tɩŋga yɔ, Sɩnuwa waa akpadɩyaa ɛyɔɔdʊʊ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ pa-tɩŋnɛ. Ɛlɛ, Mandarɛɛ tɛ yɔɔdɔɔsɩ yaa Sɩnuwa waa tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛzɩ Kantɔnɛ yaa Shanghaien (Han waa tɛ kʊnʊŋ) yaa kʊnʊmɩŋ agbela lɛɛna ɛzɩ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩ-ɩ ɛyaa tɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa Sinii, Tibétain nɛ Mongol nɛ Mandchou nɛ Tadjik nɛ Ouigour…
Mandarɛɛ, Sinii samaɣ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kpɛndɛ ŋgbɛ ñʊntɩna tɔŋ se kɩ-kɛ ɖama hɛkʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊyɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-kʊ se samaɣ kʊnʊŋ, kɩ-kɛ kajalaɣ Sinii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Hayi nɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ kʊnʊŋ.
Paa kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo canaʊ tɔm kɩmamatʊ yɔ, kɩ-talɩna Sɩnuwa cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ cɔlɔ, matʊ nɛ lʊbʊtʊ. Kʊnɛ nɩyɔ peyeba-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1919 Guomindang kewiyaɣ nɛ Sinii ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pʊwayi pɛtɛm-kʊ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kewiyaɣ takayaasɩ taa kʊnʊŋ nɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩmamaʊ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ kɛlɛʊ ɛzɩ Mandarɛɛ tɩŋgʊ mbʊ yɔ.


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Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili
Ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ Kɔŋgoo -Pɩrazaaviili se Kɔŋgoo kɩmaɣnaʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Fransɩ nesi tɛɛ lɛ.
Kɔŋgɔo-Pɩrazaaviili wɛ ndɩ nɛ Kɔŋgoo-Kiŋsasa. Payawaɣ Kɔŋgoo-Kɩŋsasa se Kɔŋgoo-Bɛlɩzɩ pɩnzɩ 1908 nɛ 1960 taa nɛ patasɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Zayiiri kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1971 nɛ 1997. Ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se Kabindaa.
Kɔŋgoo-Bɛlɩzɩ kɛna lɛlɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Kɔŋgoo-Kɩŋsasa yɔ. Payaɣʊ kpem se Kɔŋgoo yɔ, pɩkɛna tɔm piye nɖɩ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊ tʊmlaɖʊ weyi poholay-ɩ nɛ yomiye taa yɔ.


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Paraamiini
Paraamiini kɛ wonuu wazaɣ ñɩŋgʊ siŋŋ. Ŋgʊʊ pesekɩɣna kaaŋ weyi ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ se eseɣna e-nesi ɖoŋ yɔ. Paa ɛyaa ɛtalɩ naanza yaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ se peseɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ yɔ, ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yaa ɛyaa naalɛ pɩzɩɣ peseɣ-kʊ nɛ paraamiini.
Ɛzɩma pesekiɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ paraamiini ? Pataɣ lone kaaʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ paraamiini nɛ pasʊzɩ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ nɛ kɩmalɩna kaaʊ ŋgʊ kpam. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ paraamiini wayɩ. Pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩŋna paraamiini ɖoŋ. Pañɩkɩɣ paraamiini yɔɔ lɛ, pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩlɩɣna paraamiini nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ nɛ piyele paraamiini nɔɔ seɣ kaaʊ. Ɖenɖe pɩyɛ teliɣ paraamiini nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ ɖenɖe pañɩkɩɣ kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ peseɣ kaaʊ yɔ payaɣ se paramiini nesi.
Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ barre à mine.


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Anton Tchekhov
Anton Pavlovitch Tchekhov kɛ Ruusii tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1860 n̄ɩŋga taa Taganrog tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 15 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1904 n̄ɩŋga taa Badenweiler tɛtʋ taa (Caama). Ɛsɩba ɛ-pɩnzɩ 36 taa.
Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.
Ɖajaa Anton Tchekhov kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖakʋta. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1880 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1903 ñɩŋa taa ɛlɩzɩ takayɩsɩ 600. Pɔɖɔŋ labʋ ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ nɛ tanaʋ aleɣya. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ : La Mouette, La Cerisaie, Oncle Vania. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ siyebina nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa takayɩsɩ maʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɖajaa Anton Pavlovitch caa payaɣ size Pavel Iegorovitch Tchekhov. Ɛlɛ kɛ ɛyʋ kiɖi kiɖi tʋ. Ɛlɛ halʋ payaɣ se Evguenia Iakolevna Morozova. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛ-tabalaa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔyɔ : ɖajaa Ivan Bounine, nɛ ɖajaa Maxime Gorki, nɛ ɖajaa Fédor Chaliapine, nɛ ɖajaa Alexeï Souvorine, nɛ e-egbele lɛ ɖajaa Mikhaïl Tchekhov.


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Kɩmaŋ wɛʊʊ
Kɩmaŋ wɛʊʊ, tʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa panaɣ tɔm lɛɛzʊʊ kʊyʊntʊ yaa sakɩyɛ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se pañɩnɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi ñʊŋ lɛ, pɩkɛ nɔmɔʊ ñɩnʊʊ mbʊ papɩzɩ pehiɣ lɛɛzɩyʊ tovonum tʊ yɔ. Lɛɛzɩyʊ ɛnʊ papɩzɩɣ paya-ɩ se paasɩŋɩ-ɩ. Ɖeyi ɖeyi wɛʊʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛna wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ nɛ panaɣ-wɛ tʊzʊʊ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ taa, pɩkpɛndɩna lɛɣtʊ laɣsɩ naa taa kɛlɛ pɩlaɣsɩ tɛkpɛndɩ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ndʊ palɩzɩ-tʊ Al-Khawarizmi takayaɣ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ kɛna ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ caa. Ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ sɩba nɛ eyele piyaa naanaza kɛlɛ ɛtɛyɩ-wɛ ñɩm ɛzɩ pɔpɔzʊʊ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ndʊ ɖɩtɛma yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, pamaʊ matʊ ndʊ kɩmaŋ wɛʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊʊ ɖɩkɛ kʊyʊnɖɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ ndʊ.
Nɔɔnɔɔ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ taʊʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊʊ ɖeu kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Wondu ndʊ palakɩna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔ yeki nɛ pehikiɣ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ masɩ kɩñɔzasɩ nɛ nzɩ kɛna kiɖe keem kɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ matʊ ɖeɖe nɔmɔŋ wɩlɩɣ takayasɩ ɖeɖe.


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Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm matʊ
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm kɛdʊʊ (fezuu) krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa Bίoς tɔbʊʊ se fezuu nɛ Ypaφή tɔbʊʊ se matʊ, pɩkɛ matʊ tɔm ndʊ pɛkɛdɩɣ-tʊ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ yɔɔ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yee pʊtʊ ɛlaba nabʊyʊ amʊʊza naayɛ taa yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ.
Pʊtʊ maɣmaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɛma ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ tɔm yaa nɔɔyʊ pɩzɩna ɛma ɖɔɖɔ. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩzɩna piseɣti ɛyʊ nɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm, nabʊyʊ taa pʊtɔma ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-tɩtɩŋa ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm mbʊ ɛlaba e-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ, kɛzɛɣa ŋga ɛɛwɛna pɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛma nɛ ɛtaasɔɔ wiɖii.
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm matʊ wɛtʊ kaawɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ (kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ Grɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa), kɛlɛ tɔmpiye tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm maʊ lɩɩ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ, tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm maʊ kaawɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ nɛ ɖɩkɛdɩna tɔm kpeekpe ndʊ paasuza ɖooo kpaɣ taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩɣ pɩnaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 20 hɛkʊ wɛɛ, pʊwɛ kaɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa 150 yeke tɔm pɔyɔɔda ŋgʊ paatalɩ ɛyaa 25000 mba pɩɩwɛɛ se pɛkɩtɩ pɔ-tɔm yɔ
Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ paa anɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yaa pɩtɛ sɛɛ ɛlɛ ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ ɛtaŋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, pɔpɔzʊʊ-wɛ se paa anɩ lɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ ɛsɩɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ taa nɛ pʊwɛɛ. Pɩkɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm fezuu labʊ yaa tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm ndʊ pakpaɣ-tʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayaa tɔm kɩkɛtɩtʊ paa anɩ cɔlɔ, lɔŋ tasɩɣ maʊ yaa mayaa kʊɖʊm.


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Maalii
Maalii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Moritaanii nɛ Alzeerii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Niizɛrɩ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kotidivuwari, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊy ɛ taa lɛ Senegaalɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kiinee.
Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Senegalɩ kɛ anasayɩnaa kakpacayaɣ nɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ lɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Maalii. F[[ransɩɩ] ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ ŋgʊ kɩkpɛndɩ kɩ-ajɛya nɛ kɩya se Lɩm-Pɔɔ-Kʊkuyaɣ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1888 kɛ Lɩm-Pɔɔ-Kʊkuyaɣ ŋga papaɣsa-kɛ yaʊ se Sudanɩ Fransɩ ŋ̃ɩŋgʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ pasɩɩ Galliéni pʊcɔ nɛ Louis Archinard kɔɔ ɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Maalii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ. Maalii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna tɔlʊm naputozo: tɩŋ hatʊ ñɩmbʊ, sʊtʊ-lɩm nɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 15 nɛ akeeta wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: Pambaraawaa, Poobɔŋwaa, Poozɔwaa, Toogɔŋwaa, Kasɔŋgewaa, Malɩnkewaa, Miniyankawaa, Fɩlandɩnaa, Senufowaa,Sonɩnkewaa, Sɔnɖayɩwaa, Kpankurumwaa nɛ Mɛrʊmɛrʊwaa.
Fransɩɩ kɛna pa-kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukili taa yɔ ɛlɛ Pambara kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Pamakoo.


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Winston Churchill
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill kɛ Angletɛɖɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ efemiye niidozo wiye kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1874 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ɖaɣ taa kɛ Blenheim. Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ evemiye nɛɛlɛ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1965 taa. Ɛ-kɛkɛ Ɩŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ tʋ.
Churchill kakɛ kaanaɣ minisi kɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 pɩkɔ pɩ-sɩnaɣ 1945 pʊtɔbʊ se waaɣ mbilim. Ɛwaza kaɖɔ siŋ kɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Ɛkɛ mañɩ mañɩ tʊ weyi patɩlɛ-ɩ nɛ ɛlakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɛya ɛsɩndaa camɩyɛ yɔɔdɩyʊ yɔ nɛ samaɣ sakɩyɛ welesanɛ-ɩ. Mbʊ yebinaɣ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ politiki ɛyʊ susɔ kɛ waasɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ. Ɛtaawɛnaɣ ñɩm tɩ yɔ ɖeke tɛ, ehikaɣ ɛ-ñɩm kɛ ɛ-soŋaɣ nɔɔ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ taa mayʊ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ susɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ taa lɛ, lɩzʊ hɛzʊ na ɛhɔyɛ. Ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill nɛ ɛ-ɖoo payawaɣ se Lady Randolph Churchill. Ɛ-caɣ wayɩ kɛ halɩkpayɛ hɔlʊ taa, ɛ-kpakaɣ halʊ lɛ, ɛwɛnaɣ pɩnsɩ niidozo nɛ naanaza mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ lɛ Clementine.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛgbaɣ tʊ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ ɛtɩ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ peleyi nɛ tʊ ɛtɛ politiki labʊ hɔlʊ taa. Pʊɖɔnaɣ pɩnsɩ ɛsɩ hiŋ loɖo mbɩ yɔ,nɛ ɛtɔɣ minisi kewitʊ ɛsɩ pɩnsɩ niidozo mbɩ yɔ. Pʋcɔ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kajalaɣ you pazɩɣ lɛ, ɛlabaɣ tʊmaɣ wena yɔ anaɣ yɔ : ɛɛkɛ tadɩyɛ minisi, takayasɩ mayʊ Home Office, nɛ kɔɔnɔɔ Lɔrd kɛ ɛwadɩyɛ yɔ magɩla wa tomnaɣ (Lord de l’Amirauté) kɛ komina kɔjɔʊ tɛ kɛ d’Herbert Henry Asquith tɛ yɔ. Pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ekewobaɣ kajalaɣ samaɣ paɣtʊ ɖɩlɩsɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛcaa ɛ-tʊma nɔɔ mbʊ, pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ñʊʊ sɩkɩyɛ. Ɛsamaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ taa tɔm hʊyaɣ lɩsaɣ nɛ pawɩlɩ se ɛcɔlɔ pɩlɩnaɣ nɛ pawaɣ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ. Pʋyɔɔ palɩsayɩ komina taa. Pʋcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɩʊ lɛ, Churchill tɛ politiki ŋgbɛ kɩfaɖɛ yɔ nɔkɔyʊ maʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋgɩɣ, nɛ pʋcɔ ɛ-pɩsɩɣ kpɛɣlɛ kpɛɣlɛ wɛʊ ñʊʊ sɩɖɛ aleeya ɖɩɖɔyɛ. Ɛwaza tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ taa kakɛ leeleŋ ɖʊʊ yaa yɔɔyɔ pɩsʊʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ you susɔʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɩ-caɣ lɛ, Churchill ɖanɩ pɩsɩɣ minisi. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, susɔ Neville Chamberlain ka-seɣ kpelaɣ ŋgaɣ kɔyɔ kɛlɛ. Efemiye hiu agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1940 taa lɛ ɛ-pɩsaɣ ŋilisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kajalaɣ minisi.


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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1912 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1954 kɛ Wilmslow. Ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ maʊ tʊ kɛ Pritaniki tɛtʊ taa, ɛnʊ tɩna anasayɩ ñɩɣtʊ tʊma tɩlɩyɛ tɛ kiɖe.
Ɛyʊ ɛ-tɛ laɣsɩ yeba se pasɩ Church lɩmaɣza tam yɔɔ, weyi ɛyɔka lɛɣtʊ tɔmpiye taa mbʊ ɛzɩ papɩzɩ pakpaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ palabɩnɛ akɔnta yɔ. You sɔsɔʊ wayɩ lɛ, ɛnʊ lɛɣna labʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ se ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔ kʊyɔ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe nɛ eseɣti ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊyɔ se ɛzɩ papɩzɩ polu lɛɣtʊ, yes pakpakʊʊ Turing lɩmaɣza. E-fezuu caɣʊ tobi ŋgʊ wayɩ lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛzɩma pɛkpɛlɛkɩ pɩɣa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kɛ-tɛ paɣlʊʊ nɛ Turing matʊ.
Kpaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ Enigma ñɩɣyʊ ɛlɛ, mbʊ payi ɛlaba yɔ pɩɩwɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ nɛ Caama sɔɔjɔnaa lakɩna tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ yeki nɛ pɔyɔkɩ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ matʊ, nɛ tɔm kɛdɩyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, piyeki nɛ paɖaŋ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1952 pɩtɩŋna tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ yɔ se ɛsʊʊna abalaa lalaa mbʊ lɛ, pɩñɩŋɩ se pakpa-ɩ nɛ pahʊna-ɩ tɔm. Pɩsa nɛ pataa ɖɩ-ɩ salaka lɛ, etisi se pakpaɣ ɛ-hɩm yaa abalɩtʊ. Pamana Turing e-kuduyuu tɛ Manchester ɛsɩba, paɖʊ-ɩ kɔyɛ kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1954 taa.
Alan Turing, palʊla-ɩ Maida Vale, ajɛyɛ ñʊʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɔyʊ lʊlana-ɩ, paya-ɩ se Julius Mathison Turing ɛ-nɛ ɛ-halʊ Ethel Sarah Turing (Stoney hɔʊ taa palʊla-ɩ). Alan wɛna pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ mbʊ lɛ, Turing hɔʊ taa ɛgbadɩna ɖɔkɩna-ɩ. E-ɖoo pɩsɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ, ɛɛwɛ Ɛndɩ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ɖeɖe. Papɩsɩ pɔkɔɔ patɩŋnɛ Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Julius mʊ hɛzʊʊ takayaɣ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1926 taa.
Ɛ-caanaa wona-ɩ Michael’s Kiɖeɖeu sukuli taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo yɔ. E-sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ caŋ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ se ɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-wɩlɩyaa kɛ Marlborough tɛ kɔlɛzɩ taa. Marlborough sukuli taa peeɖe lɛ, tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ pazɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɛkatɩ ɛ-tabalaa mba yɔ pakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ nɛ eyele ɛnaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩ ɛwɛ eyeke pɛ-hɛkʊʊ taa, ŋgʊ ɛnʊ kɩlɩna-wɛ lɔŋ.


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Aristote
Aristote kɛna ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza n̄ɩnɩyʋ nɛ Krɛsɩ taa ñɩnɩyʊ weyi ɛñɩnɩɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 384 taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu. Palʊla-ɩ Stagir, Macédoine ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 322 Chalcis, Eubée tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se Platon yɔ ɛ-lɩmɖʊyʊ. Pɔcɔna-wɛ ɛzɩ mba kedeŋa kpeekpe tatɩɩnada se nɔɔyʊ pɩzaa ɛwɛɛna ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza camɩyɛ ɛzɩ ḿba yɔ. Ɛma takayasɩ 200 nɛ sɩ-taa lɛ 35 yɔɔdʋʋ lɔŋ tɔm.
Aristote ma takayasɩ pinzɩ XVIII taa nɛ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza labʋ nɛ sɩyansɩ pataawɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ camɩyɛ. Aristote cɔlɔ lɛ, filozofii kɛna lɔŋ ñɩnʋʋ nɛ camɩyɛ tɔm nɛ mbʊ sɩŋna ɛyʊ nɛ ɛtʊʊzɩ ɖeu. Sɩyansɩ tɔbʋʋ se toovenim ñɩnʋʋ nɛ mbʊ pɩcɛtɩɣ ɛyʊ yɔ pi-yebu. Aristote kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "pragmatique" yɔ pɩkɩlɩ Platon, weyi ɛkɛ ɛ-tɛ wɩlɩyʊ maɣmaɣ yɔ. Ɛkɛza ɛ-sɛ toovenim ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa siŋŋ.
Tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Aristote sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ tatasɩ sɛʊ kpaŋŋŋ ɛzɩ ɛkɛwɛʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɛɖaŋ Antiquité nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖaɣnɩ tasɩɣ sɛʊ camɩyɛ. Yee tuuɖe tɛtʊ taa mba ɛɛlakɩ ɛ-lɩmaza nɛ tʊmɩyɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, byzantin nɛ malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛ-tɔm kɛ nabʊyʊ. Krɩstʊ mba maamaɣ ɛɛlɔʊ ɛ-tɔm. Ɛlɛ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ pazɩ yee Krɩstʊ mba ɛlakɩ ɛ-tɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ.


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Polonɛɛ kʋnʋŋ
Polonɛɛ kɛna Slavii pɩlɩʊ taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ. Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ kʊʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pʊyɔpɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ komina taa ɛlɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩɩna Poloñɩ taa ɛyaa ɖɔna wɛʊ ɖoli ɖoli. Slavii kʊnmɩŋ kpeekpe taa lɛ polonɛɛ kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔ rusii nɛ ukrɛnɩ kɔyɔ naatozo ŋgʊ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 55 yɔ yɔɔdʊ polonɛɛ kɛ Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa mba pɩnɩʊ polonɛ yɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa lɛ, pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 546 000 yɔ. Kanada ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, mba pɔyɔdʊʊ polonɛɛ yɔ pɛkpɛnda 191 770. Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊ polɔnɛɛ mbaa yɔ: Etazunii taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 560 496; Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa lɛ pɛwɛ 546 000; Caama tɛtʊ taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 241 000; Fransɩ taa 500 000 piyele Israyeli taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ.


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Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Paarii-Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ (Paarii 4), pɩkɛ Fransɩɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1971 ŋtalɩ 2017, kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke kɛlɛ takayasɩ maʊ, nesi tɛɛ tʊma nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Kʊɖʊ nesi ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2010 kɛ Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ Pierre nɛ Marie Curie, Museum National keekee tɔm kɛtɩdʊ, Compiegne laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ INSEAD hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pɩ-tɛ ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ñɔʊʊ cɔlɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2018.
Patʊlɩ Paarii-Sorbonne pɩlɩna lɛzɩtʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ Edgar Faure kaañɔɔza ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1968 yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, paatɛyɩ Paarii sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ pɩlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ, nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ wɛɛ pɩ-taa peeɖe pɩlɩna paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ nɛ kɩ-ɛyaa. Sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔka Sorbonne hɩɖɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ.
Wɩlɩyaa kaawɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ mbʊ se papazɩ patɛyɩ ɖama lɛ, pekpeluu ɖama pɩlɩna ɛzɩma panɩwaɣ ɖama lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1968 alɩwwatʊ taa laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Paarii Sorbonne mʊwaɣ nɩwaŋ yɔɔ wɩlɩyaa, mbʊ pɩtakɛ Paarii-1 taa yɔ, mamʊ niye-Sorbonne waa, mba paawɛ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɖɩcɔna sakɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ naa lalaa yɔ Paarii Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kataɣ tawalɩ sakɩyɛ. Kataɣsɩ wɛ ŋñɩɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɔɖɔna maʊ maʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Clignancourt nɛ Neuilly pɛ-tɛtʊ naa taa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1990 ŋtalɩ 2000 tɛ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se paɖɑɣnɩ maʊ kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ kuduyiŋ mʊ hayɩm sakɩyɛ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-kataɣ.


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Kpɩtaʋ
Kpɩtaʋ pɩzʋʋ kɛ onu ŋgʋ kɩkɛ lʋtʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonu yɔ. Kpɩtaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ pɩsatʋ ndʋ papɩzʋʋ pakpa nɛ palʋʋna paa ɛbɛ yɔ. Papɩzʋʋ pakpa pɩsatʋ ndʋ palʋʋna wondu kususutu.
Wondu kususutu ɛzɩ : tokonaa, nɛ pɩsaŋ, nɛ naataŋgbala, nɛ ɛzɩ cokodonaa, nɛ pantalaŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ nakʋma ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ. Tɛtʋ taa pɩsatʋ kʋlʋlʋtʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔ yɔ : kaalɔka tɩŋ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size liin yɔ.
Pɩsatʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size kootɔɣ yɔ tʋtʋ n̄ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩsatʋ lɛɛtʋ hɩla kɔ yɔ : niilɔŋ, nɛ poliiyamiidi waa, nɛ pɩtasɩna viskoozi.
Pɩtɩŋgɛ payɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɩsɩʋna siŋŋ wondu kususutu hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ tʋma ndɩ nɖɩ lɛɛna labɩnaʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.


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Auguste Rodin
Payaɣ Ɖajaa Auguste Rodin ɖɔɖɔ se René François Rodin. Palʊla-ɩ Paarii , kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hɩʊ nɛ naalɛ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1840 ñɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ hɔʋ kɩbaŋgʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Payaɣ Ɛ-caa se Yohanɛɛsɩ. Ɖajaa Auguste Rodin René François sɩba Meudon tɛtʋ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1917 ñɩŋga taa. . Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Yohanɛɛsɩ. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Marie Cheffer.
Ɛ-caa kɔɖɔka nesi nɛ ɛ-halʋ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Gabrielle Cateneau yɔ. Ɛlɛ wɛnɛ-ɩ halɩpɩɣa nɛ payaɣ kaka se Clothilde. Auguste Rodin caa wɛna ɖɔɖɔ halɩpɩɣa lɛɛka nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Marie.
Ɖajaa Auguste Rodin kɛ kajalaɣ sɩʋkpelasɩ saɣyʋ sɔsɔ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ nɛ Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Antoine-Louis Barye nɛ Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ patʋlɩ sɩʋkpelesi saɣʋ sukili Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.


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Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm
Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 32 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ge. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñɩɣlɩsɩ yɔ. Caama lɔnsɩɖʊ nɔyʊ Clemens Winkler nana zɛrɩmanɩyɔm lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1886. Winkler lɩza-ɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋna argyrodite lɩm yɔɔ mbʊ pɩlɩna Himmelsfürst liidiye ñɩɣlɩm tɛ pʊñɔtɩna Freiberg (Saxe). Pɩnaɣ 1871 lɛ, Dmitri Mendeleiev kaañɔza ɛ-tɛ wɛʊ tɔm (nɛ ɛyaa pʊtʊ patɩtɩlɩta-ɩ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ se ékasilicium Es).
Winkler ya pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ pɩkɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ ɛcɛla-ɩ pɩlɩna kalɩyɔm hɩɖɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ yɔɔ (ɖɩlɩna Gaule) Fransɩɩ lɔnsɩnɖʊ Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ piŋ kalɩyɔm hɩɖɛ kiɖe yɔɔ. Ɖɩlɩyɛ kaapɩza pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ, ɛlɛ latɛŋ yatʊ taa ɛzɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛna-ɩ yɔ gallus (coq latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa), peeɖe Winkler cɔŋna se kʊnʊmɩŋ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ ɛtɔkɩ tulutu natʊyʊ. Lɩmaɣza ana aha ɛsɛ nɛ ndʊ Paul-Émile Lecoq Boisbaudran ñɩnʊ tɔŋ ɛ-takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ taa pɩlɩna ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɛnɛ yɔ.
Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔtɔyɩ, ɛtɛ kpɩndɩ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ ppm 1,5 mbʊ yɔ. Pana-ɩ cazʊ cazʊ kɛ aka naayɛ tɔlɔma taa (vitrain) pɛtɛŋ-wɛ catʊʊ lɛ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pana-ɩ filon waa taa Pb-Zn. FNCLCC tɔzʊʊ-dʊ se zɛrɩmanɩyɔm wɛna sɔtʊ ɖoŋ yaa kʊʊ hola kɔzɔ kɔzɩ kɩyala yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔna sɩm hɩm ɛɛlɩɣ ɖeu. Mbʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkʊ piŋ.
Ɛwɛ piŋ kɛ ail waa taa, ginseng waa sɔsaa lila taa kɛ koore, kpɛŋgbɛsɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ Ganoderma (Ling Shing) ñɩnzɩ yɔ, Chlorella cɛkasɩ taa nɛ kombucha sʊlʊm taa.


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Cʊcʊɖɛ
Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ sʊŋga taa tɩŋ piye ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Cʊcʊɖɛ tɩŋ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ weyɩ ɛ-hatʊ wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ɛlɛ ɛlʊlʊʊ hɛtʊ kʊlʊmʊtʊ (Myrtacée) nɛ ɛñɔʊ Amerika nɛ Afrika sʊŋga ageetaa taa. Papazɩɣ kɩhayʊʊ yɔ pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ. Tɔm piye Cʊcʊɖɛ lɩnɛ arawak guaiaba kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ piye.
Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ sʊŋga ageetaa taa tɩŋ piye ɖɩ-tɛ nɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa Piresiili nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Antalɛzɩ, ɖɩwɛ kulukuluu nɛ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ ɖɩpalɩka talɩɣ sɛntɩmɛta naa 3 ntalɩɣ 10 hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa hayɩm naa nabɛyɛ taa ɖɩtalɩɣ 12.
Cʊcʊɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna tɔmnaɣ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ nɛ kɛ-fɛyɩ kpɩzɩŋ, ɖɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩɣ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ toyi toyi ɛlɛ nayɛɛ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩpɩɣ yɔ, lɛɛnɛ yɔ lɛ pɩwɛʊ caʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɛɛ kpaŋ. Ɖɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ num tɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee wili wili nayɛɛ nɛ awɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɖɩ-taa sɔzɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ndɩ. Cʊcʊɖɛ taa wɛ fitamini A nɛ B nɛ C ɛlɛ ɖɩ-tɛ fitamini C kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊʊ tɩŋ pee lɛɛna. Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣna ɖalakɩŋ tɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta naa 8 nɛ kɩñɔʊ Amerika nɛ Afrika sʊŋga ajɛyaa taa.


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Kalɩfɔrnii
Kalɩfɔrnii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Etaazunii pɔɔ sɔsɔɣa nakayɛ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Sonora kañɩmbʊsaɣ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ pʊŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Klaamaatɩ yɔ ɛwɛna.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Los Angeles nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 884 pʊtɔbʊʊ se pamaaza sɔsɔʊ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 4 421nɛ cikpeluu lɛ kʊ-kʊ tɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 86. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Wiitnee.
Pamaza Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 423 970 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmakʊɣna ɛzɩ 20 037 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 4,7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 39 536 653 yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 93 yɔ. Payaɣ Kaliifɔɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se: Gavin Newsom (D) nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Dianne Feinstein (D) Alex Padilla (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.
Kalɩfɔrnɩɩ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hayɩ kiŋ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ nɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ Pasifikii kujomuu hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siyeraa Nevaadaa wɛna nɛ peeɖe lɛ ɖɔm pee naayɛ wɛna kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ payaɣaʊ se Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ, pañɩnʊʊ paɖʊ tʊkaɣ tɛtʊ cikpetu ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kalfɔɔnii yɔ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ tʊ se Kalfɔɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ nɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siyeraa Nevaadaa wɛna nɛ peeɖe lɛ ɖɔm pee naayɛ wɛna kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ payaɣaʊ se Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ yɔ, pañɩnʊʊ paɖʊ tʊkaɣ tɛtʊ cikpetu ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kalɩfɔrnii yɔ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ tʊ se Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mojavii nɛ Sonora kañɩmbusasɩ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Pasifiki kujomuu, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Etaazunii nɛ Mɛkɩzikii, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tehajapii pʊŋ nɛ ɛlɛ ñɛwɛna Los Angelese nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 110 yɔ.
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Kalfɔrnii tɛtʊ ndʊ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natɔyʊ wɛɛ tɩpaɣlʊ peeɖe nɛ tɩpaɣlʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ Foniksii, Las Vegasii, Tijuwaana.
Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mojavii nɛ Sonora kañɩmbusasɩ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Pasifiki kujomuu, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Etaazuniinɛ mɛkɩzikii, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tehajapii pʊŋ nɛ ɛlɛ ñɛwɛna Losɩ Anzelɛɛsɩ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 110 yɔ. Kalɩfɔrnii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Kalfɔrnii tɛtʊ ndʊ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natɔyʊ wɛɛ tɩpaɣlʊ peeɖe nɛ tɩpaɣlʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ Foniksii, Las Vegasii, Tijuwaana.


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Paɣtʊ (Loi)
Ɛyʊ waɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se paɣtʊ yɔ, ɛyaa maɣmaɣ cakɩna nɛ paɖʊ-tʊ. Paɖuu-tʊ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, tɩwɛɛ paa weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paa weyi ɛwɛ paɣtʊ tɛɛ. Paɣtʊ makɩ paa anɩ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ, paa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ, paa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa maɣmaɣ ñʊʊdʊ, paɣtʊ makɩ-ɩ. Ɖɩkpaɣ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔm paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ. Pesiɣ haba nʊmayasa taa tilima nɛ paɖʊ a-yɔɔ laatriki miŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paɣtʊ tɔŋ se yes laatriki miŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ ɛlɩna kɔyɔ, pʊwɛɛ se lɔɔɖa sayaa nɛ kpokpo sayaa nɛ cɛɛcɛ sayaa pasɩŋ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ ɖɔna ɖɛɛ. Yes laatriki miŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ hatʊ tɔlɩm yɔ ɛlɩna kɔyɔ, pʊbʊ payaɣ nʊmɔʊ lɔɔɖa sayaa nɛ kpokpo sayaa nɛ cɛɛcɛ sayaa se pɛɖɛɛ.
Yee mbʊ, paa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yaa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ yaa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa maɣmaɣ ñʊʊdʊ ɛɖɛɣ nɛ laatriki miŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ lɩɩ kɔyɔ, ɛsɩŋɩɣ. Ɛtasɩŋ kɔyɔ, habɩyɛ yɔɔ polisiwaa mba pasɩwa se pefeŋ nɛ pakpa mba paañaŋ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔm paɣtʊ yɔ, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Toovenum lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ ɛyʊ waɖɛ lɩɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɖoŋ naadozo ñazɩɣna. Kajalaɣ lɛ, mba pɔɖɔka kewiyaɣ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ taa caɣyaa lalaa, paba lɛ minisi waa. Ɖoŋ naalɛ ñɩŋ kɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa. Paba payaɣ se tepitee waa (députés). Ɖoŋ naadozo ñɩŋ kɛlɛ tɔm hʊʊ ñʊŋ tɩnaa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ñɩma lɩzɩɣna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa mba pacakɩna nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se paa ɛjaɖɛ tʊ weyi ɛtɩŋna nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ taa lɛ, samaɣ tɩŋa cakɩna nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Lɛɛtɔɔ (Laiton)
Kwivri nɛ sɛnkɩ pa-ñɩɣla kpɛndʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se Lɛɛtɔɔ. Ñɩɣla anɛ afɛyɩ kɩmaŋ kɛ ɖɔʊ taa yaa ɖalakɩŋ taa nɛ pʊcɔ pɩkpɛŋndɩ mbʊ, nabʊyʊ taa pisidi yem. Yee pɔcɔna sɩŋŋŋ kɔyɔ ñɩɣla lɛɛna sida lɛɛtɔɔ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ: pʊlɔŋ, etɛŋ, nikɛlɩ, kiɖoom nɛ mañeziyɔmɩ.
Pɩtɩŋga paɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛna ñɩɣtʊ hɔmtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛsɔmɩnɩʊ pʊkɩ lɛ pɩkazʊʊ nabʊyʊ nɛ mbʊ lɛ lɛɛtɔɔ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Ɛzɩma lɛɛtɔɔ wɛɛ yɔ pʊyɔɔ kɛ nabʊyʊ taa payɑɣ-kʊ se kwivri sʊtʊ lɩm ñɩŋgʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩkpɛndʊ nɛ pɩpɩsʊ lɛɛtɔɔ yɔ pʊyɔɔ lɛ papɩzʊ pana lɛɛtɔɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ: tɔbakɩ, aɖisalɩ, ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ cɩŋjɩnɔɔ yɔ yaa fulorantɛnɩ pʊrɔnzɩ, similɔɖɩ yaa pinkibɛkɩ.
Pɩtɛkɛ sɛnkɩ ɖeke taa kɛ kuwiviɖi pɩzɩɣ kisidi nɛ pɩlɩɩ lɛɛtɔɔ; ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: aliiminiyɔmɩ, nikɛlɩ nɛ sɛkɩ, pʊrɔnzɩ ŋgʊ kwivri nɛ nɛ etɛŋ.


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Papa François
Payaɣ Papa François ɖɔɖɔ se, Jorge Mario Bergoglio. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1936 taa Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ nɔɔyɔɔdʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛnʋ ɖiyiɣna kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa, palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Papa 266 ñɩnʋ. Ɛkɛkɛ Episikɔɔpʋ'ʋ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛkɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Compagnie de Jésus" yɔ ɖɩ-taadʋ nɔɔyʋ nɛ ɛnʋ'ʋ lɛ kajalaɣdʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Papa weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se François yɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ se ɛtɔzɩna François d'Assise yɔɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛcaɣ wezuu ɛzɩ François kiɖeɖeu ɛnʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ taasɔɔlɩ se ɛtɔɔ leleŋ leleŋ ɛzɩ ñɩmdɩnaa yɔ. Ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɩ kpazʋʋ. Ɛsɔɔla mbʋ pɩ-tɩŋga payɩ Ɛsɔ lɩzaa yɔ nɛ sɔɔlɩm sɔsɔm. Papa François yɔɔdaa se ɛnʋ pɩzɩɣ ekizi kɛʋ Papa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ weyi ɛlɛɣza-ɩ yɔ; ɛlɛ'ɛ lɛ Papa Bénoît XVI. Toovenum lɛ, Papa Bénoît 16 lɔ kʋlɔʋ ese nɛ pʋcɔ palɩzɩɣ Jorge Mario Bergoglio nɛ ɛlɛ pɩsɩ Papa.


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Edinbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, pɩkɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Ekɔɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1583 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Edimbourg paɣlaɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ. Pakalɩ sukulɩ kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩpɩza lubutu kpɛlɩ lɛɣzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, kɩ-taa wɛɛ sukuli piyaa pʊɖɔɔ pɩkɩlɩ sukuli naa lalaa kɛ Ekɔsɩ ɛjadɛ taa nɛ kɩwɛɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛyi ɛwɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Charte royale mana sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛlɛ Jacques 6 tʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ Ekɔsɩ yɔ hana waɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1582. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ pamaʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-tɛ mbʊ pakpaɣ nɛ pamana-kʊ yɔ lɩna Edimbourg tɛtʊ taa liidiye yɔɔ, kɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩ-kʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ keekee, nɛ pasɩm-kʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ se Tounis Kɔlɛɛzɩ.
Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ naananza ŋgʊ Ekɔsɩ ɛjadɛ kɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ Angletɛrɩ kaawɛna sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ naalɛ yeke papa yɔ Oxford nɛ Cambridge, patɩŋɛ mbʊ yɔ paawɛ ɖoŋ siŋ. Pʊwayɩ mbʊ yɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ pɩsɩ lone sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana ñalɩmɩyɛ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-taa peeɖe panaɣ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nɛ luɖaa piŋ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna alɩwaatʊ taa. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsɩ sɔsɔʊ kɛ sukuli naa sɔsaa lalaa taa Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ wandamm taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ nɛ kɩkɛ weewe sukuli naa hiu hɛkʊ taa sukuli lɛɛkʊ.
Pɩlʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ 17 ñɩŋʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2009 wɛɛ taa Times Higher Education nɛ QS Top sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ heyuu-ɖʊ se Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ kagbaanzɩ ŋgʊ Erɔpʊ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ taa kɩkɛ nɛɛlɛ ŋgʊ


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Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ
Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋgʊʊ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ ñɩndʊ wayɩ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Kalifɔrinii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛna lɩm hɛɛʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se pasifiiki yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ. Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ tɔbʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ kɛlɛ se «Ɖoɖoo Abiɖe Tiiyaa ñʊʊtʊ ɖicaɣyɛ».
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 129 060 yaakilomɛtanaa 1 2 906. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɩlɩ walanzɩ kɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Sikaagoo. Pɩnaɣ 1887 paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kaawɛ 11 500 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 paɖaanɩ-wɛɛ kalʊʊ lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 3 884 307.
Ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɛndɩɣ miliyɔɔnaa 18,5 (18 500 000). Mbʊ yebina nɛ yee pɛkɛdɩɣ Etazuni taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɔyɔ, Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ kɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋgʊʊ Niuyɔrɩkɩ wayɩ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊʊ nɛ alɣya tʊma wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ñɔɔzɩ pɩ-tʊmaa tɔm napʊlɛ: pɩnaɣ 1932 nɛ pɩnɣ nɛ 1984. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ ɛzɩ 27 yɔ taa ñɩndʊ ɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma.Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Eric Garcetti (D).


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Soŋgaɣ
Soŋgaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛhaɣ soŋgaɣ ŋga yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tiŋ songaɣ yɔ, ɛlɩzʊ ɛ-yɔɔ kilokaloɖiiwaa ɛzɩ 580 yɔ (580 Kcal). Ñʊʊ taa lɔnsɩnɖɛ maɣzɩya Platon nɛ Théophraste pama soŋga yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ. Pama takayɩsɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa yɔ nɛ mbʊ pɩpɩsʊ soŋga ŋga yɔ. Mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, mbʊ lɛ lɩm. Soŋgaɣ taa nɛ tomnasi cikpesi ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nzɩ paanaɣ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yem yɔ nɛ mʊzʊŋ nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, ɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ paa ɛyʊ weyi lɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ paa anɩ lɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɖɩɩna labʊ yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ s oŋgaɣ ŋga kakpaɣ nɛ kalɩɣna yɔ. Soŋga ŋga kalɩɣna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ calɩm catɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩkazɩ asuluma yɔ.
Soŋgaɣ yekɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɛ mɩŋ saʊ yaa feveku ɛ taaɖɛ 37 °C yɔɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pɩcamʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ pɩpʊʊzɩ-kɛ. Ɖakʊtanaa taa, ɛzɩ Ayurveda ɖakʊta taa, pɔyɔɔdʊ camɩyɛ se soŋgaɣ kɛna kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñalʊ ɛyʊ taa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ pohuyuu lɩm yaʊ lona nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ paɖʊ ɩ-taa kɛ ladiɖiki miŋ nemasi se pʊsɔŋ nɛ ɛyaa yaɣ lɩm mbʊ lɛ pʊsɔŋ-wɛ nɛ palɩɩ soŋgaɣ. Mba paapɩzʊ lɩm yaʊ yɔ, lɩm ɖɩsɔyɛ kɛ paɖʊʊ ladiɖiki miŋ ɩnʊ nɛ inɩzʊ lɩm mbʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔsɔʊ-pʊ.
Ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, paa soŋgaɣ ɛvɛyɩ yaa kɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, pa-nɩndasɩ taa nɛ pa-natanda taa lɩʊ soŋgaɣ. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ 63 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ wɛna pɩtɛ wɛtʊ pɩlɩɩna pa-caanaa yaa po-ɖoonaa yɔɔ. Ndʊ ɛyaa maɣzʊ se soŋgaɣ wɛ mʊzʊŋ yɔ, soŋgaɣ fɛyɩ sɔŋ nɩɩyɛ. Soŋgaɣ sɔŋ lɩna wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ. Wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ awɛ nabʊlɛ taa. Naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe yɔɔ kalɩɣʊ pɩtasɩna nandasɩ taa, naataŋ taa nɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ. Lɛɛna ñɛwɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kɔɔŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔɔ kɔŋ se kapaɣzɩ ke-efebutu yaa kɛ-pɛlɛtʊ ɖɔm lɛ wizuu ajɔla ana alɩɣʊ. Wizuu ajɔɔla anɛ, ana haɣna soŋgaɣ mʊzʊŋ kɛ soŋgaɣ.


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Mɛkisiikoo (Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ)
Mɛkisiikoo kɛna Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ajɛya cikpena ɖɔɔ nɛ ana akpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ Mɛkisiko, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊŋ nɩƴɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pamaazɩɣna teŋu yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 5 000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖɛyi ɖeyi nɛ ndʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩʊ (100) yɔ nɛ ɖaalakɩŋ topoyuu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtranaa hiuwaa looɖo (60). Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 8 918 653.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɛkisiiki tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Sikaagoo (Etaazuuni), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Nagoya (Japɔŋ)), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Sewuuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ).
Payaɣ Mɛkisiikoo maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Miguel Ángel Mancera.


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Andɛɛzɩ
Payaɣ pʊŋ caŋɖaʊ nakʊyʊ se Andɛɛzɩ. Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se Cordillera de los Andes. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ pʊŋ canɖaŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ caɖaʊ kɩlɩna ɖaɣlʊʊ. Pʊŋ canɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna Amerika ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ kilomɛtanaa 7 100. Kɩ-walanzɩ ñatalɩ kilomɛtanaa 200 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 800 mbʊ yɔ. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ kʊyaa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 400 n ɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 6 962 mbʊ yɔ. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ kpaɣnɩ pɩlaa kpaɣnɩ Fenezuyeelaa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ nɛ kɩɖɛɛ kiwolo Kolombi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩtɛzɩ tɛtʊ kejeɣa (Equateur). Kɩɖɛ mbʊ nɛ kiwolo kɩtɩŋ Peruu nɛ Poliivi nɛ Silii nɛ Arzantiini pɛ-ajɛya taa. Halɩ kɩɖɛ mbʊ nɛ kiwolo kɩtalɩ Amerika tɛtʊ ilemiye nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɩnaɣ yɔɔ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Aazii tɛtʊ ilemiye wayɩ lɛ, Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, Akoŋgaka (Aconcagua) pʊʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ. Kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 6 962. Akoŋgaka pʊʊ wɛ Arɩzantiini (Argentine) ɛjaɖɛ taa. Miŋ lɩnɩ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlazɩ tɛtʊ nɛ tɩma pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊʊ payaɣ se Simboraazoo (Chimborazo) pʊʊ. Andɛɛzɩ pʊŋ canɖaʊ taa lɛ, Simboraazoo pʊʊ kɩlɩna posinaʊ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ. Pɩlɩna tɛtʊ kejeɣa cɔlɔ nɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kiposina tɛtʊ hɛkʊ mbʊ. Miŋ lɩnɩ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlazɩ tɛtʊ nɛ tɩma pʊŋ weyi yɔ, ɛkʊyɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pʊŋ weyi payaɣ se Imaalayaa (Himalaya) yɔ ɛ-wayɩ lɛ, pʊŋ weyi tɛtɛɛ miŋ lazɩ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩma-ɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 6 000. Nazɩkaa sɛŋgɛlɛtʊ ñakpazɩ ɖɔɖɔ pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ. Pʊŋ weyi Nazɩkaa sɛŋgɛlɩtʊ kpazaa yɔ, ɛ-taa kɔyɔ : Akoŋkaŋga (Aconcagua) nɛ Uwasɩkaranɩ (Huascaran). Akoŋkaŋga pʊʊ wɛ Arɩzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Uwasɩkaranɩ pʊʊ ñɛwɛɛ Peeruu ɛjaɖɛ taa.


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Guillaume le conquérant
Guillaume wabɩyʊ kɛ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ wiyaʊ nɛ paya-ɩ Guillaume Kajalaɣ tʊ, Normandii ɛyaa tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ papa ya-ɩ se Guillaume 2, patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Bâtard Guillaume, palʊla-ɩ Falaise tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1027 yaa 1028 nɛ ɛsɩ Rouen salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1087, ɛɛkɛ wiyaʊ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ kpaɣ 1066 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ kɛ 1087 nɛ Normandii waa tɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1035 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm ɖɔɖɔ.
Robert Magnifique nɛ Falaise Arlette (Herleva) pɩɣa kɛlɛ, Guillaume pɩsa Normandii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wiyaʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 8, mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-caa kaasɩba. Yoŋ alɩwaatʊ sakɩyɛ wayi kɛ ɛpɩza ɛɖanɩ kpaʊ kewiyaɣ kpaɣ Val-ès-Dunes you wayi kɛ pɩnaɣ 1047 taa. Ɛla halʊ Flandre Mathide kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1050, nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Normandii ɛjaɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖoŋ nɖɛ, ɛsɔndʊʊ Fransɩɩ wiyaʊ Henri 1 (pɩnaɣ 1031 ŋtalɩ 1060) nɛ Philippe 1 (pɩnaɣ 1060 ŋtalɩ 1108).
Fada Edouard sɩm wayi lɛ, ɛfana kewiyaɣ lɛɛzɩtʊ you nɛ ɛkpa ɛcaɣ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwaba Hastings you yɔ pɩnaɣ 1066. Wabɩtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi paakuluu nɛ-ɩ nɔɔ Eerɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɔna lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pʊmʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Normandie sɔsaa tiba pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ labʊ yoŋ nɛ e-koyondina sakɩyɛ, paa Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa peeɖe maɣmaɣ yaa (kʊyɩnɩyaa mba paawɛ Edgar Atheling wayi yɔ, Danois ɛyaa nɛ Ecɔsɩ ɛyaa) yaa ɛjaɖɛ mba (Foulque Réchin kɩpaɣlʊ, Flandre kɩpaɣlʊ Robert 1, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ Philippe 1). Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛsɩ Rouen tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1087 alɩwaatʊ taa ndʊ ɛɖʊ Mante kabʊɣa taa, ewoba you nɛ Philippe 1kɛ Vexin tɛtʊ taa. Pepimi-ɩ Abbaye ɛzɩ Caen ɛyaa yɔ.
Robert Magnifique pɩsa Normand tɛ wiyaʊ pɩnaɣ 1027 kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ Richard 3 tʊ sɩba yɔ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 20 yeke. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛlɛzɩ pa-caa Richard 2 tʊ lone taa, ɛlɛ sɩba puwoba ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ mbʊ yɔ. Richard 3 tʊ tɛ tuda sɩm waza Robert, weyi pahuna-ɩ tɔm pɩtɩŋna takayasɩ maya yɔɔ se ɛnʊ ɖʊna kɔyɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ. Richard yele evebupɩɣa nakayɛ kalɩmpaɣnɩ ñɩŋa, Nicola koposɩna kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa.


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Le Corbusier
Palʊla Le Corbusier kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye pŋaɣ 1887 kɛ Laso-de-Fɔŋ, Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɛyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʊbɛ Rɔkebruni-Kapɩ-Martɩŋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris nɛ Le Corbusier kɛ ɛyaa sɩmna-ɩ. Ɛkɛ Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taatʊ ɛlɛ ɛpɩsa ɛ-tɩ Fransɩ tʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ kpalawʊwa lʊyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ maʊ tʊ, tɔlɩm tayʊ, wendu cʊnʊyʊ, saayʊ nɛ takayasɩ mayʊ. Le Corbusier kɛna mba pɛkɛ ɖɔnɛ kɩfaɖɛ yɔɔ ñɩniya taa tʊ, ɛzɩ Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Alvar Aalto et Theo van Doesburg yɔ.
Lɛ Corbusier nɛ Robert Mallet-Stevens pacakaɣ ɖoli kʊɖʊm nɛ panaɣ ɖamaa taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ maʊ taa nɛ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kɩpanɖɛ mʊnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Georges-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris nɛ pɛkɛna tɩ yɔɔ nesi tɛɛ tʊmiyɛ laɖa nɛ paɖʊ kʊyɔɔ kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo se Marie-Charlotte-Amélie Perret. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ pakɩla-ɩ sɩmnaʊ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm caɣʊ kʊdʊyʊ kʊsʊsʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tʊm piye ɖɩnɛ ɛpaɣza ɖɩ-yɔɔ kɛ maɣzʊ pɩnzɩ 1920 taa.


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Klɔrɩ
Klɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 17 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cl. Ɛkɛ halɔzɛnɩ waa taa weyi ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ kpɩtɩnaʊ yɔ. Klɔrɩ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem nɛ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ tablɩ yɔɔ ɖɔm yaa sɔdɩyɔm tɛ klɔrɩ (NaCl). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ feziŋ sakɩyɛ caɣʊ taa. Klɔrɩ yem taa lɛ, wɛ ɛzɩ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ weyi paya-ɩ se tɩklɔrɩ Cl2, pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩwɛ caaʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩkpɩndɩ kɩkɩlɩ helim maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ sɔŋ fɛyɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ.
Klɔrɩ hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa chloros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala, pɛkɛtɩɣ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔlɩm. Palakɩ klɔrɩ pɩtɩŋna klɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ pɩlɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Klɔrɩ yɔlɩɣ yem, nɛ kɩwasɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩtalɩɣ -34°C ɛjaɖɛ soŋaɣ cɔlɔ.
Klɔrɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ lɩm keletuu alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔɖɔɔnʊʊna sɔŋ, hʊlʊmɩŋ wondu taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ cotu fefeku taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma klɔrɩ wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ kɛna kajalaɣ fefeku ŋgʊ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you ɖeɖe ɛzɩ you fefeku malɩfa.
Klɔrɩ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa khlôros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala. Pana klɔrɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 ɛlɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele albɩna tʊmɩyɛ, ɛlɛ pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛna lɛ ɛkpaɣ klɔrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm nɛ etosi makanɛzɩ yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ Scheele maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kɩ-taa wɛ okɩsɩzɛnɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1810 alɩwaatʊ Humphry Davy ha hɩɖɛ se klɔrɩ, pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ndɩ yɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 lɛ, klɔrɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɩwɛʊ ɛzɩ safɛlɩ lɩm yɔ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palʊkɩna nɛ mʊzʊŋ yaa soŋ nɛ palakɩna kelekele lɩm. Palakɩn-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pahʊlɔnzɩna tɔɔla tɔɔla tʊma sʊsʊna taa. Kpaɣ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛmtʊ wɛɛ palakɩnaɣ klɔrɩ tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ lɩm ɖɩyayɛ taa. Palakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pakʊna ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ lɩm naa mba pa-taa ɛyaa yawaɣ yɔ nɛ posoŋaa yaa peniida yɔ pa-taa.


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Kaabʊ
Kaabʊ kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Kaabʊ tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ kaabʊ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Kaabʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzɩɣ pesidi kaabʊ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, akaŋgaa, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi kaabʊʊ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ kaabʊ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Kaabʊ tɔnʊʊ tɩna ɖama yɔɔ ɛzɩ takayasɩ hatʊ tɩnʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se ɛyʊ ɛfaɣ kaabʊ nɛ pɩkazɩ se ɛsɩʊ. Pɩtɛ lakazɩ nzɩ sɩhaɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ. Yee kɩpaɣla camɩyɛ nɛ ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩ mbʊ se ɛlakɩna-kʊ nɛ kɩkazɩ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ekuli ñʊʊyɔɔ tɔnɩŋ nɛ pɩmaɣna mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Kaabʊnaa wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa kaabʊnaa mba pahayaa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 92 640 689 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ kaabʊnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Etazunii.