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Sisiŋ tʋ
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se siziŋ tʋ (acide). Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wonuu, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ ajɔɔɖɛ tɛ (organique).
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe taa naɖɩyɛ. Yee paɖʋza nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se idroniyɔɔm yɔ lɩm taa nɛ ɛyɔlɩ yɔ, pana siziŋ tʋ. Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ sidiɣna kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu sidii sidii nɛ siziŋ wondu lɩɣ.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu ńdʋ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ, ho nɛ kɩbɩm tɛ amoniyakɩ tɛ lɩm. Amoniyakɩ lɩm pʋnɛ pʋwɛŋna ɖoŋ se pɩpɩzɩ pɩhɔlɩ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se « hydroxyle » yɔ lɩm taa.
Siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, siziŋ tɩnaa mba pɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ. Yee siziŋ tɩnaa ɛɖɔ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, piyeki nɛ siziŋ tɩnaa ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Brønsted-Lewis tɔŋ se yee yɔlɩyʋ eheba nɛ siziŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔlɩ lɩm taa kɔyɔ, ɛ-tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « pH » yɔ, pɩ-tɛ ɖoŋ ɛɛtalɩɣ lʋbɛ.
Pasɩma siziŋ tɩnaa ɖooo lɔŋ. Pasɩm-wɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖoŋ weyi pɛwɛna nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔlʋʋ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ yɔ.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ laɖʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Robert Boyle ñɩnaa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɛlɛɣzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « tournesol » yɔ tɔlɩm. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se siziŋ tɩnaa yeki nɛ « tournesol » tɔlɩm kɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ. Ɖajaa Robert Boyle kɛ Iŋglisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.


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Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ
Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 71 740 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 6,3 yɔ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ ata yɔ, ana yɔ: Kinee nɛ Liibeeriya ajɛya wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ, pɩkazɩ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ wɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya wena akpɛnda tɔsʊʊ nɛ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Pɔcɔna sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, yeee pakpaɣ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm wɛna ñɩm mbʊ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ kɔyɔ, Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kʊñɔntʊtʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊ kpem yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Friitawɩnɩ yɔ, Priitaaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa mba lɩzɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1787 nɛ pasɩʊ yomaa mba payakaɣ se pɛɖɛnɛ yɔ.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ ɛlɛ ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ fɛyɩ yɔ, ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1964 taa lɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Milton Margaï, yele nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Albert Margaï mʊ-ɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ.
Pɔtɔ caca kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1967 lɛ, Siaka Stevens wabɩna ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩnɛ ɛcaɣ kɔ-yɔɔ lɔŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 1968 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yoŋ wɛɛ. Agoza fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya hiu nɛ naanza lɛɛna caɣa nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ.

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Rɛnɩyɔm
Rɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 75 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Re. Rɛnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna piŋ pʊʊzɩtʊ yaa ɛlʊkɩna piŋ kalɩkɔdaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ sooci piŋ soŋgaɣa hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kɩlɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm ɛɛkpaɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊfʊrɩ siziŋ lɩm ɛɛlakɩ-ɩ pʊyʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛyɔlʊʊ siziŋ ɖoŋ lɩm taa.
Paalakɩ rɛnɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔtɔyɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ liidiye piŋ (Pɩnaɣ 2013 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ payakaɣ-ɩ liidiye 3200 $ kɛ kilo kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ, nɛ palakaɣ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa ɖeɖe pɩɩkɛ lɛɛtʊ laɣsɩ. Pɩɖɩyɩ lɛ patɩɩ lɩzɩ-ɩ mɔlɩbdɛnɩ mʊzʊʊ taa kɛ ñɔsɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, peeɖe lɛ ɛkɛ mʊzʊʊ pʊtʊ cikpelu weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ yɔ kɛlɛ rɛnɩyɔm tapazɩ ɛɖɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa lalaa taa, ɛwɛ cazʊ cazʊ.
Pʊtʊ 75 wɛʊ yɔ Dmiti Mendeleïev kaatɛma ɛ-tɔm yɔɔɖʊʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1896 paazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se dvi-maŋkanɛzɩ (nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Dm). Rɛnɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa Rhenus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ Rhin yɔ) kɛ mbʊ lɛ lʊlʊʊ taa pʊtʊ ɛɖɩɩyɛ ɛsɩnda tʊ weyi pana-ɩ pʊcɔ pana fransɩyɔm yɔ.
Pamaazɩ se Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke nɛ Otto Berg nana-ɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1925, pɩkpɛndɩna masʊrɩyɔm lɩmaɣza kpaagbaa. Pana-ɩ platɩnɩ nɛ kɔlɔmbɩtɩ pa-ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ. Pana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ katɔlɩnɩtɩ taa pɩtɩŋna X weluu mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔɔ nɛ mɔlɩbdɛnɩtɩ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1928 taa lɛ pohuyi-ɩ 1,04 g pɩtɩŋna mɔlɩbdɛnɩ tɛ 660 kg yɔɔ.


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UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ɖʋ ɲgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se UNESCO. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ se sukuli labʋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ ɛsakuliye pa-tʋma ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ, ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16), pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋa taa paɖʋ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ yebina nɛ ɛyaa lɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛñɔ. Toovenum lɛ, kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ wɔɖɔsa mbʋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʋʋ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ lesi pe-weziŋ. Piyele wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ yoŋ ŋ́gʋ kɩnaŋaa yɔ, tɩfɛyɩ kalʋʋ kpem. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɔsɩŋ tii kpakuu wiluu tɩyɛ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ siŋŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ pɛwɛɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se sukuli labʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Ɛyʋ ɛlaba sukuli nɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ, ɛtɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛna se you fɛyɩna kazʋwa nakɛyɛ. Pʋpɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ se, pokuli ɛza siŋŋ lɛɣtʋ nɛ ɛzakuliye pa-tʋma nʋmɔŋ taa.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se taabalɩyɛ nɛ aŋgba pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe hɛkɩŋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩña siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ paɣtʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩña ɛyʋ waɖɛ paɣtʋ. UNESCO tamaɣ sɔsaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa tɛyɩtʋ sɩɩ tɩnaɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ anasaayɩ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tɩnaa. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ abalʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ halʋ. Ɖɩɩsɩŋ malʋʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ Krɩstʋ tʋ, ɖɩɩsɩŋ sɩɩnaa layʋ. UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ ɛ-tɛɛ tʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa ñʋʋdʋ, ɛɛsɩŋ minisi, ɛɛsɩŋ tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋndɩnaa, ɛɛsɩŋ kpaɣ ŋcɛlɛm. Tobi taa se, UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, ñɩm tʋ fɛyɩ, kʋñɔŋ tʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se nɔɔyʋ fɛyɩ paɣtʋ ñʋʋ yɔɔ, pʋwɛɛ se tɩmakɩ paa weyi kɩmaŋ.
UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Paarii taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya 195 kɛwɛna UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ taa.


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Ɛbɛ Zekariya natʋ kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ŋ?
“Ɩpamɩ-m nɛ ɛsa . . . nɛ mankaɣ-mɩ pam nɛ ɛsa.”—ZEK. 1:3.
HENDU: 89, 86
1-3. (a) Wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa Ɛsɔ samaɣ kaawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Zekariya paɣzɩ nayʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yehowa pɔzɩ ɛ-samaɣ se kapamɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛsa yaa kapɩsɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ?
TAKAYAƔ nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ kakʋyʋʋ ɛsɔdaa, halʋ nɔɔyʋ wɛ kɩmaɣzʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa, nɛ halaa nabɛyɛ naalɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ pakʋyʋʋ helim taa nɛ pe-keŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kɩlɛɛŋ keŋ yɔ. Mbʋ Yehowa yeba nɛ Zekariya na yɔ pɩ-taa nabʋyʋ lɛ. (Zek. 5:1, 7-9) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Yehowa lɩzɩ wɛtʋ ndʋ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ Zekariya? Wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa Izrayɛɛlɩ piya kaawɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa? Mbʋ Zekariya mawa yɔ, ɛzɩma pɩwazɩɣ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ?
2 Pɩnaɣ 537 P.P.Y. kaakɛnɩ Yehowa samaɣ taa leleŋ pɩnaɣ. Palabɩ pɩnzɩ 70 Babilɔɔnɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ holi-wɛ yomiye taa nɛ papɩsɩ pɛ-tɛ. Pa-taa kaawɛ leleŋ siŋŋ se papɩsɩ Yeruzalɛm nɛ paɖaɣnɩ ɖʋʋ toovenim Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 536 P.P.Y lɛ, paatɛm sɩʋ templo tigiɖe. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ “ɛyaa samaɣ mabɩ kubusi ɖoŋ, nɛ panɩɣ kɔkɔɖɛ ɖooo poliŋ.” (Ɛsd. 3:10-13) Ɛlɛ pitileɖi lɛ, koyindinaa paɣzɩ kaɖɩnʋʋ kpaaŋ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ paawɛɛ nɛ palakɩ yɔ. Piyeba nɛ pakatɩ kala sakɩyɛ nɛ pitibi-wɛ yɔɔɔ nɛ peyele kpaaŋ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pɛ-ɛsa sɛɛnɩ pa-maɣmaɣ pa-ɖɩsɩ maʋ nɛ pa-hayɩm ñɔɔzʋʋ. Yehowa kpaaŋ wɛɛ mbʋ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ loɖo kɔɔ nɛ sɩɖɛɛ patɩtɩɩtɛmtɩ-kʋ maʋ. Pɩɩpɔzaa se pɔtɔzɩ Yehowa samaɣ se pɩwɛɛ se keyele ka-maɣmaɣ ka-kɛzɛɣa ñɩnʋʋ mbʋ nɛ kapa ɛsa nɛ Yehowa yaa kapɩsɩ Yehowa cɔlɔ. Yehowa kaasɔɔlaa se ɛ-samaɣ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ kaɖaɣnɩ paɣzʋʋ kɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋma wena kalakaɣ nɛ laŋɩyɛ pilim nɛ abalɩtʋ yɔ.
3 Pʋyɔɔ Yehowa lɩzɩ nayʋ Zekariya pɩnaɣ 520 P.P.Y. taa se ɛtɔzɩ samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ poholi-kɛ nɛ Babilɔɔnɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Zekariya hɩɖɛ tɔbʋʋ lɛ se “Yehowa tɔzaa” nɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɩzaɣ se ɖɩsɩnɩ Izrayɛɛlɩ piya nɛ sɩtɔzɩ tɔm kɩcɛyɩtʋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paa sɩɩsɔ Yehowa ñʋʋ yabɩtʋ lakasɩ yɔɔ yɔ, Yehowa ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛtɔzʋʋ sɩ-yɔɔ. (Kalɩ Zekariya 1:3, 4.) Ɛkpazɩ si-tisuu ɖoŋ nɛ sɔɔlɩm nɛ eheyi-sɩ se ɛkaɣ-sɩ sɩnʋʋ nɛ sɩɖaɣnɩ toovenim Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tigiɖe sɩʋ; ɛlɛ eheyi-sɩ ɖɔɖɔ kpayɩ kpayɩ se mba paasɛɣ-ɩ nɛ pa-laŋɩyɛ pilim yɔ, ɛɛkaɣ huuzuu ɛsa pa-lakasɩ yɔɔ. Yele nɛ ɖɩna ɛzɩma Yehowa tɩŋnɩ Zekariya natʋ loɖo nɛ lʋbɛ ndʋ yɔɔ nɛ eseɣti ɛ-samaɣ se kaɖaɣnɩ wɛʋ kpekpeka yɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, lɔŋ weyi tɔm ndʋ tɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩkpɛlɩkɩ-ɖʋ sɔnɔ?
ƐSƆ HƆŊ MƖLAA NƖŊGBAAŊ
4. (a) Ɛbɛ pawɩlɩ Zekariya ɛ-natʋ loɖo ñɩndʋ taa? (b) Nɛ pamaʋ tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ ceemenje yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ suwe? (Cɔnɩ kiɖe tɛɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ 1.)
4 Zekariya ñʋʋ 5 ñɩŋgʋ paɣzɩnɩ piti natʋ natʋyʋ. (Kalɩ Zekariya 5:1, 2.) Zekariya na takayaɣ kikpiyaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ kakʋyʋʋ helim taa. Ka-ɖaɣlɩkɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 9 nɛ ka-walanzɩ ñatalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ mbʋ yɔ! Poposi-kɛ ɛzɩ nɔɔyʋ caɣ-kɛ kalʋʋ yɔ. Paama nɩŋgbaaŋ hɔm tɔm ka-taa nɛ ka-wayɩ. (Zek. 5:3) Ðoŋ ɖoŋ lɛ pataamaɣ tɔm takayaɣ kikpiyaɣ taa nɛ pɛkpɛndɩnɩ ka-wayɩ; ye mbʋ pamaʋ kanɛ ka-taa nɛ ka-wayɩ tɔm yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩtɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm wɛnɩ ka-taa.
5, 6. Suwe Yehowa maɣzɩɣ mɩlɩm, paa pɩtɩɩkɛ mbʋ lɛ pɩ-yɔɔ?
5 Kalɩ Zekariya 5:3, 4. Paa Yehowa ɛkaɣ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɔm hʋnʋʋ yɔ, ɛkaɣ samaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔ tɔm hʋnʋʋ nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ. Mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ panawa se mɩlɩm, paa pɩtɩɩkɛ mbʋ yɔ, ‘pɩwɛɛkɩɣ pɛ-Ɛsɔ hɩɖɛ’. (Adu. 30:8, 9) Paa ɛbɛ kaaseɣti ɛyʋ nɛ ɛmɩlɩ, yaa paa ɛmaɣzɩɣ se wɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ, kɩlabɩm nabʋyʋ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtasɩnɩ mɩlɩm kɔyɔ, ɛfɛyɩnɩ toovenim mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɛɖɛzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm labʋ nɔɔ nɛ eyele nɛ tomnaɣ yɔɔ wondu mʋ ñɩm ɛ-ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkpaɖɩ pɩtɩŋa. Enim Ɛsɔ paɣtʋ nɛ ɛtɩña Yehowa nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ.
6 Zekariya 5:3, 4 heyiɣ-ɖʋ se: “Nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ lɔʋ . . . [kaɣ] wobu mɩlʋ ɖɩɣa taa . . . nɛ kakaɣ caɣʋ ɛ-ɖɩɣa hɛkʋ taa nɛ kañaɣ-kɛ.” Paa pɩtɩɩkɛ ɖasɩ yaa pɛ yɔ, nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɩɣ Yehowa nʋmɔʋ se ɛhɔ kɩwɛɛkɩm laɖaa nɩŋgbaaŋ. Paa ɖɩmɛlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩwɛɛkɩm laɖʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛwɛ Yehowa samaɣ taa yɔ, Yehowa pɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛna-ɩ nɛ ekuli ɛ-lakasɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩsɩ yɔɔ. Paa nɔɔyʋ ɛmɩlɩɣ tɛndɛŋa tɛɛ nɛ komina lone taa caɣyaa, tʋmlaɖaa lalaa, ɛgbɛyɛ taa ɛzʋtʋyaa, yaa lʋlɩyaa ɩɩnaɣ-ɩ yɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛmɛsɩ ɛ-mɩlɩm mbʋ Yehowa. Yehowa yɔɔdɩ kpayɩ se pɩtɩŋa pɩwɛ ndaakpeɖe ɛ-ɛsɩndaa. (Ebr. 4:13) Pʋyɔɔ lɛ ɖa-taa wɛ leleŋ siŋŋ se ɖɩwɛ ɛyaa mba pañakɩ pana se pɔɖɔ “ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa” yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.—Ebr. 13:18.
7. Nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ lɔʋ tɔm ndʋ tɩwɛ takayaɣ kikpiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla nɛ tɩtaakɔɔ ɖɔ-yɔɔ?
7 Mɩlɩm nabʋyʋ fɛyɩ se pɩkɛdɩnɩ Yehowa. Pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ se ɖɩcaɣ wezuu nɛ pɩla nɔɔ kʋyʋmaɣ nɛ Yehowa paɣtʋ kila nɛ ɖɔ-ɖɔnɛ etaapisi ɛ-hɩɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Ye ɖɩñakɩ pana nɛ ɖɩlakɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩɩkɛɣ ñʋʋ taa ɖoŋ tɩnaa mba pamaɣnɩ Yehowa paɣtʋ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ Yehowa ɛɛkaɣ ɖa-nɩŋgbaaŋ hɔm.
ÐƆ ÑO-ÐUUTU YƆƆ PAA ÐOOYE
8-10. (a) Ɛbɛ payaɣ ɖuutu? (b) Suwe Wiyaʋ Zidikiya ɖuwaa nɛ ekizi nɛ ɛtɩɖɔ pɩ-yɔɔ?
8 Mba ‘poɖuki cɛtɩm ɖuutu Ɛsɔ hɩɖɛ taa yɔ,’ mba paama takayaɣ kikpiyaɣ yɔɔ tɔm lɛɛtʋ. (Zek. 5:4) Ðuutu kɛnɩ tɔm ndʋ ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔɔdʋʋ nɛ ɛñɩɣ niye tɔm natʋyʋ yɔɔ se tɩkɛ toovenim yɔ, yaa pɩkɛ tamaɣ ŋga ɛyʋ lakɩ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛ-taa se ɛkaɣ labʋ nabʋyʋ yaa se ɛɛkaɣ-pʋ labʋ yɔ.
9 Ye ɛyʋ nɔɔyʋ eɖuu Yehowa hɩɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm. Mbʋ pɩɩtalɩ Zidikiya yɔ pɩñɩkɩɣ niye tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Zidikiya kaakɛnɩ Wiyaʋ kɛdɛzaɣ ñɩnʋ weyi ɛtɔɔ kewiyitu Yeruzalɛm yɔ. Eeɖuu Yehowa hɩɖɛ taa se eluzuu ɛ-tɩ Babilɔɔnɩ wiyaʋ tɛɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛtɩɖɔ tɔm ndʋ eɖuwaa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛbɛ lɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa? Yehowa hɔm ɛ-nɩŋgbaaŋ. Yehowa heyi-i se ɛzɩma ‘enim ɖuutu ndʋ eɖuuni Babilɔɔnɩ wiyaʋ yɔ’ pʋyɔɔ lɛ “Babilɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛkaɣ sɩbʋ.”—Ezek. 17:16.
10 Pɩɩkɛnɩ kɩjɛyʋʋ se Wiyaʋ Zidikiya ɛɖɔ ɖuutu ndʋ ɛlabɩ Yehowa hɩɖɛ taa yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ. (4 Aw. 36:13) Ɛlɛ ɛpɩsɩ nɛ ɛɖʋ ɛgbɛyɛ nɛ Ejipiti se pɩsa nɛ ɛlɩɩ Babilɔɔnɩ wiyaʋ yomiye taa, ɛlɛ falaa.—Ezek. 17:11-15, 17, 18.
11, 12. (a) Ðuutu ndʋ ɖɩlabɩ payɩ yɔ tɩ-taa lɛ, ndʋ kpaɖaa? (b) Nʋmɔŋ weyi yɔɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩŋna nɛ ɖɩɖɔ ɖuutu ndʋ ɖɩlaba nɛ ɖɩha ɖa-tɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ paa ɖooye?
11 Yehowa welisiɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛnɩɣ ɖuutu ndʋ ɖɩlakɩ yɔ. Ðuutu ndʋ tɩtɩkɛ aleɣya tɔm ɛ-ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ se ɖɩɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɔ-tɔm kɛdɩnɩ-ɩ. (Kɩg. 30:3) Ðuutu ndʋ ɖɩlaba nɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-tɩ nɛ ɖɩha Yehowa yɔ, ndʋ kpaɖɩnɩ ɖuutu tɩŋa payɩ. Ðiheyi Yehowa ɖuutu ndʋ tɩ-taa se paa pɩlakɩ ɛzɩma yɔ, ɛ-sɔɔlɩm ɖɩlakɩ.
12 Ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɖɩɖɔ ɖuutu ndʋ ɖɩlaba nɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-tɩ nɛ ɖɩha Ɛsɔ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ? Pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩtɛ ɖa-taa nɛ ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖa-tɩ takɩm cikpem nɛ sɔsɔm taa nɛ ɖɩwɩlɩ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣaa se ɖɩsaŋ Yehowa paa ɖooye yɔ, ɖiileɣyiɣni-ɖɩ. (Keɣa 60:9) Ðɩkpaɣ se nɔɔyʋ cɛbɛlɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ ɖa-tʋmɩyɛ taa yaa ɖo-sukuli taa. Ðɩkpakɩɣ wɛtʋ ndʋ se tɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ waɖɛ se ɖɩwɩlɩ Yehowa ɖa-ñamtʋ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ‘ɖɛ-ɛsa pamnɩ ɛ-nʋmɔŋ’ nɛ ɖikizi lakasɩ nzɩ yaa we? (Adu. 23:26) Ðɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɔ-hɔʋ taa ñɩma lalaa tɩkɛ Yehowa sɛyaa. Ðɩtɩmɩɣnɩ Yehowa se ɛsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖa-cɩŋgɩlɩm wɛtʋ paa ɖooye, paa mba pɛ-hɛkʋ taa ɖɩwɛɛ yɔ paalakɩ mbʋ yɔ? Ðɩtɩmɩɣnɩ ɖa-Caa kʋsɔɔlʋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ paa ɖooye nɛ ɖɩsɛɣ-ɩ sɔɔlɩm mbʋ ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛhɔm-ɖʋ nɛ ɛkɔnɩ e-Kewiyitu tɛɛ yɔ pɩ-yɔɔ? Ðɩñɩnɩɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ ɖɩkalɩɣ Bibl paa ɖooye? Ðiiheyi Yehowa ɖo-ɖuutu taa se ɖɩkaɣ labʋ mbʋ. Ye mbʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖɩlakɩ ɛzɩ ɖɩɩyɔɔdʋʋ ɖo-ɖuutu taa yɔ, ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖɩñaŋ Yehowa. Ye ɖɩwɛ kpekpeka ɖɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tʋma labʋ taa yɔ, ɖɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖɩsɔɔlɩ-ɩ nɛ toovenim taa lɛ, ɖɩkpaɣ ɖa-tɩ nɛ ɖɩha-ɩ. Ðɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɩkɛ sɔnzɩ pʋyʋ yem, ɛlɛ pɩkɛ mbʋ pitukuuni ɖe-wezuu caɣʋ kpeekpe yɔ. Ye ɖɩcaɣ wezuu ɛzɩ ɖiiɖuu Yehowa ɛsɩndaa yɔ, ɖa-maɣmaɣ piɖeɣna. Ðe-siɣsiɣ wɛtʋ yekina nɛ piɖeni-ɖʋ camɩyɛ cee wayɩ.—Wp. 10:12, 13.
13. Ɛbɛ Zekariya natʋ loɖo ñɩndʋ kpɛlɩkɩɣ-ɖʋ?
13 Zekariya natʋ loɖo ñɩndʋ sɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩna se mba pɔsɔɔlɩ Yehowa yɔ pɩtɩpɔzɩ se pamɩlɩ nabʋyʋ, yaa poɖuu cɛtɩm ɖuutu. Ðɩnawa ɖɔɖɔ se paa Izrayɛɛlɩ piya kaawɛnɩ ɛjandʋ yɔ, sɩ-tɔm tɩnɩɩ Yehowa nɛ ɛlɔ-sɩ. Ɛɛnɩ sɩ-tɔm taa mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, koyindinaa mba paacɔ-sɩ nɛ pata yɔ, pɔkɔŋnaɣ sɩ-yɔɔ kala ndɩ ndɩ. Yehowa kaaheyi-sɩ tɔm ndʋ yɔ ɛɖɔm tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ kɩɖaʋ kɩbaŋʋ se ɖa ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩɖɔŋ ɖɔ-tɔm yɔɔ. Lidaʋ ŋgʋ ɛha-ɖʋ se pɩkazɩ pazɩ ɛkaɣ ɖɩzʋʋ ɛyaa kɩdɛkɛdaa tɛtʋ kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se kɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩɖɔ ɖɔ-tɔm yɔɔ. Mbʋ Zekariya tasɩ naʋ yɔ, pɩñɩkɩɣ niye lidaʋ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ.
PASƖ KƖDƐKƐDƖM ÐENÐE PƖPƆZƲƲ SE PƖWƐƐ YƆ
14, 15. (a) Ɛbɛ Zekariya na ɛ-natʋ lʋbɛ ñɩndʋ taa? (Cɔnɩ kiɖe tɛɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ 2.) (b) Ɛbɛ halʋ weyi ɛwɛ kɩmaɣzʋʋ taa yɔ ɛsɩŋnaa? (c) Nɛ ɛbɛ yɔɔ posuli ɛ-yɔɔ kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa?
14 Zekariya tɛm naʋ takayaɣ kikpiyaɣ ŋga kakʋyaɣ helim taa yɔ lɛ, Ɛsɔ tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ heyi-i se ‘ɛkʋsɩ ɛ-ɛsa nɛ ɛna.’ Ɛzɩ ɛkʋsɩ ɛ-ɛsa lɛ, ɛbɛ ɛna natʋ lʋbɛ ñɩndʋ taa? Ɛna caɖaɣ nakɛyɛ kaakɛnɩ kɩmaɣzʋʋ nakʋyʋ. (Kalɩ Zekariya 5:5-8.) Kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛnawa yɔ kɩɩmaɣnaa nɛ kɩwɛɛnɩ sulaɣ. Pokuli sulaɣ lɛ, Zekariya na ‘halʋ nɔɔyʋ kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.’ Peeɖe tiyiyu lɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa se halʋ weyi ɛwɛ kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, ɛsɩŋnɩ “kañatʋ” yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm. Maɣzɩ nɛ ŋna sɔɔndʋ ndʋ tɩɩkpa Zekariya alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛnaɣaɣ se halʋ ɛnʋ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛñakɩ pana se ɛlɩɩ kɩmaɣzʋʋ taa yɔ! Ɛlɛ halʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɛlɩɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tiyiyu pɩsɩnɩ-ɩ kɩmaɣzʋʋ taa nɛ esuli sulaɣ yuŋ ñɩŋga ŋga ɛ-yɔɔ. Tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ suwe?
15 Zekariya natʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɩlɩɣ kpayɩ kpayɩ se Yehowa ɛɛkaɣ nʋmɔʋ haʋ se kɩdɛkɛdɩm nabʋyʋ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-samaɣ taa. Ye kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ nasɩyɩ ɩwɛɛ yɔ, ɛkaɣ-sɩ naʋ nɛ ɛla mbʋ pɩpɔzʋʋ yɔ lɔŋ nɛ sɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ. (1 Kɔr. 5:13) Tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ tiyiyu ñɩɣ niye alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛpɩsɩnɩ sulaɣ yuŋ ñɩŋga nɛ esuli kɩmaɣzʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ.
16. (a) Kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa kañatʋ kaawɛɛ yɔ, ɛbɛ pɩtɛmnɩ-kʋ? (Cɔnɩ kiɖe tɛɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ 3.) (b) Le halaa mba paawɛnɩ keŋ yɔ, pakpaɣ “kañatʋ” yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ powona?
16 Zekariya na halʋ kɩmaɣzʋʋ taa nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, ɛna halaa lalaa naalɛ, paawɛnɩ keŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛzɩ kɩlɛɛʋ keŋ yɔ. (Kalɩ Zekariya 5:9-11.) Halaa panɛ paawɛ ndɩ nɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnʋ. Palabɩnɩ pe-keŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pakpaɣnɩ kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa halʋ kajalaɣ ñɩnʋ ɛɛwɛɛ yɔ. Halʋ ɛnʋ ɛsɩŋnɩ “Kañatʋ” yaa Kɩdɛkɛdɩm. Ɛzɩ le powokini-i? Powoni-i “Siineyaarɩ tɛtʋ taa” pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɛ se Babilɔɔnɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛbɛ yɔɔ powokini kɩmaɣzʋʋ ŋgʋ Babilɔɔnɩ?
17, 18. (a) Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Siineyaarɩ kaakɛnɩ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩmʋnaa se powoni “kañatʋ” yaa kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ pasɩɩ yɔ? (b) Ɛbɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖa-taa paa anɩ ɛtɛ ɛ-taa se ɛlakɩ?
17 Zekariya alɩwaatʋ taa Izrayɛɛlɩ piya kaanawa se Siineyaarɩ kaakɛnɩ lone nɖɩ ɖɩmʋnaa se powoni kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ pasɩɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Zekariya nɛ Yuuda ñɩma lalaa paanawa se alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ kaawɛɛ Babilɔɔnɩ tɛtʋ taa siŋŋ. Kʋzɔɔtʋ nɛ sɩɩnaa latʋ tɛtʋ ndʋ, tɩ-taa paapaɣlaa nɛ pɩɩpɔzaa se palʋkɩnɩ sɩɩnaa latʋ lɩmaɣza paa ɖooye. Zekariya natʋ tʋnɛ tɩɩhɛzɩ pa-laŋa siŋŋ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tiyeba nɛ pa-taa tɛzɩ tɛm se Yehowa kaɣ yebu nɛ toovenim Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ wɛɛ kele kele!
18 Ɛlɛ natʋ ndʋ tɩtɔzɩ Yuuda ñɩma ɖɔɖɔ se pɩkɛnɩ-wɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ se peyele nɛ pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ wɛɛ kele kele. Pɩfɛyɩ se kɩdɛkɛdɩm ɛwɛɛ Yehowa samaɣ taa, nɛ Yehowa ɛɛkaɣ nʋmɔʋ haʋ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩla mbʋ. Yehowa hɔm-ɖʋ nɛ ɛkɔnɩ ɛ-ɛgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kele kele yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ ɛkandɩyɩɣ ɖɔ-yɔɔ nɛ sɔɔlɩm nɛ pɩkɛnɩ-ɖʋ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɛgbɛyɛ wɛɛ kele kele tam. Ye mbʋ ŋkaɣ yebu nɛ ‘ña-ɖɩɣa’ wɛɛ kele kele? Kɩdɛkɛdɩm nabʋyʋ fɛyɩnɩ lone fezuu taa paradisuu taa.
MBA PƐWƐ KELE KELE YƆ, PAÐƲƲ HƖÐƐ YEHOWA
19. Natʋ ndʋ Yehowa wɩlɩ Zekariya yɔ, tɩwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ suwe sɔnɔ?
19 Yehowa tɩŋnɩ Zekariya natʋ loɖo nɛ lʋbɛ ñɩndʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛpaɣ mba pɛwɛɛ nɛ palakɩ pɩ-tɛɛ nɛ pɩ-yɔɔ lakasɩ nɛ paalɛɣzɩɣ yɔ; nɛ ɛtɔzɩ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛkaɣ haʋ nʋmɔʋ se kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ ɩwɛɛ ɛ-samaɣ taa. Yehowa sɛyaa mba pɛwɛnɩ laŋa kɩbana yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se papaɖɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm nɛ pɛtɛ pa-taa. Ða-caa kʋsɔɔlʋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛsɔdaa yɔ, ɛtɩŋnɩ natʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ-ɖʋ nɛ sɔɔlɩm se ye ɖɩlakɩ ɖo-ɖoŋ ɖeɖe se ɖɩkɛnɩ ɛyaa mba pɔ-tɔm kɛdɩɣnɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɛɛkaɣ ɖɔ-yɔɔ lɔʋ nɔɔ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ-ɖʋ sɩm. Ɛlɛ ɛ-taa kaɣ-ɖʋ labʋ nɛ leleŋ nɛ ɛwazɩ-ɖʋ. Ye ɖɩñaɣ pana nɛ ɖɩlʋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ kele kele kɩdɛkɛdɩm ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, ɖa-taa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛkaɣ kpiɖuu kaaʋ. Ðɩɩpɩtɩɣ se Yehowa kaɣ-ɖʋ sɩnʋʋ nɛ ɖɩwa. Ɛlɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ ɖeke suni ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ye mbʋ ɛbɛ yɔɔ ɖa-taa tɛma se toovenim Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kaɣ wɛʋ tam? Kʋñɔŋ sɔsɔʋ wɛɛ nɛ kɩñɔtʋʋ, ye mbʋ ɛbɛ yɔɔ ɖɩɩpɩtɩɣ kaaʋ se Yehowa kaɣ kandɩyʋʋ ɛ-ɛgbɛyɛ yɔɔ? Ðɩkaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cosuu ñʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɔŋ yɔ kɩ-taa.


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Tuublɛɛ
Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ kɛna Iirlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ wɛ Iirlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa paakalɩ Tuublɛɛ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 527 612 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 4 588 yɔ. Pamaza tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ lɛ, pana se tɩ-walanzɩ taa talɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 11 499 pʊtɔbʊʊ se kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 114,99 km2 yɔ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ nɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩyɛ egbena, tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsa kuliye kɩla wɛʊ.
Payaɣ Tuublɛɛ maaliki tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Mícheál Mac Donncha. Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2017.


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Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1623 kɛ Clairmont tɛtʊ taa (ɖenɖe sɔnɔ payaɣ se Clermont-Ferrand), Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ Paarii tɛtʊ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1662 taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ, ɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tɛ tʊʊzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ luɖu nɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ nɛ Ɛsɔtɔm yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛwɛɣ pɩɣa ŋñɩɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa paza-ɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɛtʊma kajalaɣ kaakɛ tɩlɩyɛ pɩŋ tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ.
Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 lɛ, ɛlʊba akɔnta labʊ ñɩɣyʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ naatozo wayi lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ kɔɔnaɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ 50. Ɛwɩlɩɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ ɛ-kpaɣdɩna nɛ ɛsɛʊ pɩŋ tɔm hʊyaa ñʊʊ tʊ weyi payaɣ se Séguier.
Hama tɩlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wayi, tɩlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛwɩla kamɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1654 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ lɛ, ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtɔsɔɔ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛma takayasɩ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ fetenum yɔɔ, tɔm ndʊ pasʊsa-tʊ fenasɩ naalɛ wayi kɛ ɛsɩm wayi mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 39, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɩ-ɩ siŋ.
Palʊla-ɩ Clairmont (nɔnɔɔ Clermont-Ferrand), Auvergne egetiye taa, Pascal Blaise kɛ Auvergne tʊ nɛ ɛ-hɔʊ kaakɛ Auvergne tɛ ɛyaa kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa. E-ɖoo, Antoinette Begon ñasɩba mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1626 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, Pascal kaawɛna pɩnzɩ naatozo.
Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Pascal Etienne (1588–1651), ɛpaza ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tʊma mbʊ lɛ, ɛkɛ Auvergne cikpeluu taa wiyaʊ tɛ lɔntasɩyʊ caaja alɩwaatʊ, nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ kpaŋ taa ñʊʊ tʊ tɛɛ tʊ Montferrand tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se eyeke koŋ ɛwɩlɩɣ e-pɩyaa. Pascal Blaise kaawɛna kɔɔnaa naalɛ, Jacqueline, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1625 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ Gilberte (palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1620 nɛ ɛwalɩ pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Florin Périer tɛtʊ taa, ɛkɛ lɔntasɩyʊ Clermont sɩnaʊ kpaŋ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1631 taa lɛ, Etienne kpaɣ e-piyaa nɛ pɛɖɛɛ powolo Paarii tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, Blaise kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 8 yeke. Ɛ-caa kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛwɩlɩɣ ɛ-pɩyalʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ka-ñʊʊ taa kaawɛ lɔŋ piŋ. Kpɛɖɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Blaise hiɣ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ lɔŋ, pɩtɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-caa tɛ yɔɔdasɩ nɛ tɩlɩyaa sɔsa pɛnɛ yɔ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, Roberval nɛ Marin Mersenne nɛ Girard Desargues nɛ Claude Mydorge Pierre Gassendi nɛ Descartes.


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Tɩnozɔɔrɩ
Tinozɔɔrɩnaa wɛ ɖomaa yaa tɛtɛ wendu ndʊ tiduu ti-lotu yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa. Tinozɔɔrɩnaa yɔɔ wɛ pɔɔya ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ, kɩlakɩŋ yaa kamasɩ yɔ. Ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu kpɛlɛkɩyaa yɔɔdʊʊ se Tinozɔɔrɩnaa wɛʊ yɔ, palɩna sʊmasɩ pɩlɩʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paakɛ sʊmasɩ nɛ pʊcɔ papɩsɩ Tinozɔɔrɩnaa. Mbʊ pɩwɩlɩʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se Tinozɔɔrɩnaa nabayɛ yɔɔ nɛ kalɩhʊndʊ yaa sɩmasɩ hʊndʊ.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nzɩ sɩtɛma ɖɛʊ yɔ sɩ-taa nɛ pɩnzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ pana Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Tinozɔɔrɩnaa nabayɩ nɛ mbʊ tasɩɣna wɩlɩʊ camɩyɛ se sumasɩ nzɩ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ, sɩ-cɔzɔnaa kɔyɔ Tinozɔɔrɩnaa. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Tinozɔɔrɩnaa lɩʊ pɩnaɣ XIX taa nɛ XXI taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa taatɩɩpɩzɩta pɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ Tinozɔɔrɩnaa hʊndʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa wɛtʊ.
Tinozɔɔrɩnaa tɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 8 nɛ 10 yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa piyele nɛ pɛtɛ hɩlɩmʊʊ taa yaa pɛtɛ yʊŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ 600 nɛ 900 kg yɔ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ, Tinozɔɔrɩnaa kɛŋna tɛtɛ kpɩnaa wena akɩlɩ hʊŋ nɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ yɔ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa.
Tinozɔɔrɩ ŋgʊ pana kʊ-mɔɔ awɛ atɩŋga nɛ pamaazɩ-yɛ yɔ, pana se kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ kpaʊ yɔɔ tala ɛzɩ mɛtanaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ piyele kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ lɔɔ taa lɛ, pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Tinozɔɔrɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ hʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ taa lɛ pɩxɛ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa 30 nɛ 60 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊtɔzʊ ɖɔɖɔ tu weyi ɛwɛ Afrika tuuye naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ ɛ-tɔm. Tu ɛnʊ ñaakɛŋna keteŋna kpeekpe yɔɔ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla yʊŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩ-yʊn taa wɛ tɔɔnɩnaa lʊbɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Tinozɔɔrɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖaalakɩŋ yɔ patʊʊ-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Diplodocus nɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 27; paana-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1907 taa.


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1Hɑɩ, wɑɩyo, Tɑcɑɑ nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ tɑɑ, n wɑɑsɑ Siyɔŋ yǝlɑɑ tɔɔ kɛ́ sǝkpɛtʋɣʋ sɔsɔɔʋ. Hɑtoo ɩsɔtɑɑ kɛ́ n pɛtǝnɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ teeli kɛ ɑtɛ. Wɑɑtʋ wei Tɑcɑɑ nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ kpɑwɑ tɔ, n tɑ tɑsɑ tɔɔsʋɣʋ sɩ Siyɔŋ kɛ́ nyɑ́ nɔɔhɛɛ tǝsɩɩlɛ.
2Tɑcɑɑ n lipɑ Yɑkɔpʋ tɛɛsɩ tǝnɑ, pǝtɔɔtǝlɛ fɛɩ. N yɔkɑ Yutɑ koloosi ɑcɑlɛɛ nɑ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́. N pɛtɑ-yɛɣɛ ɑtɛ. N wɑkǝlɑ Yutɑ ɑwulumpiyɑ kɑwulɑɣɑ.
3Tɑcɑɑ n mʋ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ sɔsɔɔnɑ ɩlɛnɑ ń yɔkɩ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ toŋ. N kisɑ-wɛɣɛ wɑɑsʋɣʋ kɛ kolontu niŋ tɑɑ. N lupɑ kɔkɔ kɛ nyɑ́ yǝlɑɑ tɛ nɑ kɑ́ nyɑɣɑ hɔɣɔlǝŋ tǝnɑ.
4N pɑmɑ nyɑ́ tɔɔʋ kɛ́ ɩsɩɩ kolontu. N hʋlǝɣɩ nyɑ́ toŋ nɑ nyɑ́ yǝlɑɑ tɔɔ ɩsɩɩ pɑ pɑtɑ. N wɑkǝlɑ pǝ tǝnɑ mpi tɩɩ nyǝnɑɣɑ nɑ pǝ́ wɛ-tʋɣʋ teu tɔ. Tɑcɑɑ nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ nyɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ kɛ Yosɑlɛm ɩsɩɩ kɔkɔ.
5Tɑcɑɑ n pǝsɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ kolontu kɛ́. N lipɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nɑ ń kpɛnnɑ ɩ tɛɛsɩ kʋpɑŋsɩ. N yɔkɑ ɩ koloosi ɑcɑlɛɛ. Tɑcɑɑ lʋlǝsɑ lɑŋwɑkǝllɛ nɑ ɩsǝnyǝŋlɛ kɛ Yutɑ yǝlɑɑ tɑɑ.
6N yɔkɑ Yosɑlɛm koluŋɑ ɩsɩɩ tɑɑlɛ kɑlɑɑ. N wɑkǝlɑ tɑ nɑ-ɩ tɑ́ tǝsulle. Tɑcɑɑ n lɑpɑ nɑ yǝlɑɑ sɔɔ ɑcimɑ nɑ kʋyɛɛŋ kʋhɛɛsǝŋ tɔɔ. N mʋ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ nɑ ń tʋ wulɑʋ nɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ kɛ fɛɛlɛ.
7Tɑcɑɑ n kisɑ nyɑ́ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ. N lɔwɑ nyɑ́ tǝsɛɛlɛ. N tʋ nyɑ́ tǝsɛɛlɛ nɑ Siyɔŋ tɛɛsɩ kʋpɑŋsɩ kɛ kolontu niŋ tɑɑ. Pɛlɛ pɑ kiisiɣinɑ ntɛɣɛ ɑkɑɩtʋ kɑkiisɑɣɑ kɛ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ ɩsɩɩ ɑcimɑ kʋyɑkʋ.
8Tɑcɑɑ n tʋ nyɑ́ tɑɑ kɛ́ sɩ n yɔkǝɣɩ Siyɔŋ koluŋɑ. N yɔkɑ-kɛɣɛ tǝkpɑtɑɑ, n tɑ nyɑ́. Nn kʋsǝɣɩ nyɑ́ niŋ nɑ ń tɑ yɔkǝtɑ-kɛ́. N tʋ koluŋɑ sɔsɑɣɑ nɑ sǝkpelɑɣɑ kɛ lǝyɑɣɑ tɑɑ. Sɩ nɑɑlɛ sɩ yɔkɑɑ tǝmʋɣʋmʋɣʋ.
9Ɩcɑtɛ nɔnɔɔsɩ sʋʋ tɛtʋ. N pɛlɑ kʋkɑlǝsǝŋ, n wɑkǝlɑ-ɩ. Wulɑʋ nɑ ɩ wɑɑlɩ nyǝ́mɑ pɑ wɛ piitimnɑɑ niŋ tɑɑ. Kiiŋ fɛɩ tɔtɔ. Tɑcɑɑ nn tɑsǝɣɩ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsǝlɑɑ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ kɛ nyɑ́ tɔm heeluɣu.
10Siyɔŋ lɑɣɑtʋ tɑsǝlɑɑ ɩ́ cɑɣɑ ɑtɛ nɑ ɩ́ sumɑ. Ɩ́ pǝlǝɣɩ tɛtʋ kɛ mǝ nyʋɣʋ tɑɑ. Mǝ lɑŋɑ wɑkǝlɑɑ nɑ ɩ́ suu lǝyɑɣɑ wontu ɩsɩɩ fɔlǝtɔnɑɑ tɑkɑ. Yosɑlɛm pɛɛlɑɑ, mǝ kɑmɑ nyɔɔŋ nɑ ɑtɛ.
11Mɑ ɩsɛ kɑnɑ ɩsǝlʋm lukuɣu. Ɩsǝkilim pɩɩ-m kɛ́. Mɑ ɑpɑlʋtʋ hoowɑ mɑ yǝlɑɑ wɑhɑlɑ tɔɔ kɛ́. Ahʋlʋmnɑɑ sǝkɩ lʋkɔtʋ kɛ ɩcɑtɛ hɑpɛɛ tɔɔ.
12Piyɑ wiinɑ sɩ toonɑɑ sɩ: Leɣe tɔɣɔnɑɣɑ wɛɛ? Leɣe sʋlʋm wɛɛ? Sɩ hotiɣi mpɑɑŋ tɑɑ, ɩsɩɩ mpɑ pǝ kʋ yoou tɑɑ tɔ. Sɩ tisiɣi feesiŋ nɑ sɩ́ hɛɛkɩ sɩ toonɑɑ niŋ tɑɑ.
13Yosɑlɛm, suweɣe mɑɑ heeli-ŋ tɔtɔ? Nyɑ́ nɑ nɔɣɔlʋ ɩ́ tɑ mɑɣɑ. Siyɔŋ pɛɛlɔ, wentiɣi mɑɑ hɛɛsǝnɑ nyɑ́ lɑŋlɛ? Nyɑ́ wɑhɑlɑ tɔɔwɑɣɑ ɩsɩɩ teŋku. Nɔɣɔlʋ kɑɑ pǝsɩ nɑ ɩ́ wɑɑsɩ-ŋ.
14Kɑloolɑɣɑ nɑ kpɑɩ tɔm kɛ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ wɛ nyɑ́ tɑɑ tɔ pɑ kpɑɑlǝɣɩ. Pɑ tɑ kuli nyɑ́ ɩsɑɣɑtʋ tɔɔ, sɩ pǝ tɑɑ kɔɔ nɑ kolontunɑɑ kuu-ŋ nɑ pɑ́ tɛɛnɑ. Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsǝlɑɑ kʋkpɑɑlǝtʋ kɛ́ kʋtʋsʋtʋ kɛ́.
15Tɛɛlɑɑ tǝnɑ nɑɑkɩ-ŋ nɑ pɑ́ kpɑsǝɣɩ ɑmʋkʋŋ kɛ nyɑ́ wɑkǝlʋɣʋ kɛ́. Pɑ hʋlǝɣɩ kɑcʋɣʋlɑsɩ nɑ pɑ́ pɑɑkǝnɑ-ŋ. Pɑ yɔɣɔtǝɣɩ sɩ: Ɩcɑtɛ tǝnɛɣɛ pɑ yɑɑkɑɣɑ lɔŋ kɛ kʋpɑntɛ nɑ kʋtetele nɑ lɑŋhʋlʋmlɛ nyǝntɛ kɛ tɛtʋ tǝnɑ tɑɑ?
16Nyɑ́ kolontunɑɑ tǝnɑ hɑɑkɩ nɔɔsɩ nɑ nyɑ́ tɔɔ. Pɑ kɛtǝɣɩ kɑkɛtɑsɩ, pɑ kpɑ ntompee. Pɑ tɔŋ sɩ: Tǝ tɛmɑ ɩ tɔm. Kʋyɑkʋ ŋku tɩɩ tɑŋɑɑ tɔɣɔlɛ. Tǝ hikɑ-ɩ kɛ́, tǝ tɔŋnɑ-ɩ nɑʋ.
17Tɑcɑɑ n lɑpɑ ɩsǝnɑ n kɑ sɩɩwɑ tɔ. N lɑpɑ ɩsɩɩ n kɑ yɔɣɔtʋɣʋ hɑtoo lɔŋtɑɑ tɔ. N yɔkɑ nyɑ́ yǝlɑɑ kɛ́, pǝtɔɔtǝlɛ fɛɩ. Kolontunɑɑ nɑɑkɩ Yosɑlɛm nɑ pɑ lɑŋɑ hʋlʋmǝɣɩ. Ɩsɔ kpɑɑsɑ nyɑ́ kolontunɑɑ toŋ.
18Yǝlɑɑ wiikinɑ Tɑcɑɑ kɛ hɑtoo pɑ lotu tɑɑ. Siyɔŋ koloŋɑ nyɑ́, luki ɩsǝlʋm kɛ ilim nɑ ɑhoo ɩsɩɩ pɔɣɔ. Tɑɑ yele wulɑ, pǝ́cɔ́ nyɑ́ ɩsǝlʋm ɩ́ tɑɑ hɛɛsɩ kpente.
19Kʋlɩ, nyɑ́ wulɑ ɩ́ kpɑ ɑhoo tɑɑ. Pǝ kpɑɣɑʋ tɑnɑŋ tǝhulu tɔ. Hʋlɩ Tɑcɑɑ kɛ nyɑ́ lotu. Tɛɣɛ-ɩ niŋ kɛ nyɑ́ piyɑ tɔm. Pɑ tɔŋnɑ sǝpʋ kɛ nyɔɣɔsɩ kɛ hɑpɛɛ kpeesi.
20Hɑɩ, Tɑcɑɑ, nyǝnɩ nɑ ń nɑ́, tɑɣɑ n lɑkɩ mpʋ. Pǝ mʋnɑɑ sɩ ɑlɑɑ ɩ́ tɔɣɔ pɑ mɑɣɑmɑɣɑ pɑ lotu kʋlʋlʋm nɑ? Pɑ piyɑ nsǝɣɩ pɑ sɔɔlɑ teu. Pǝ mʋnɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ tɔɣɔ pɑ piyɑ mpɑ pɑ lʋlɑɑ, nɑ pɑ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ teu tɔ? Pǝ mʋnɑɑ sɩ pɑ́ kʋ kɔtǝlɑɑ nɑ Ɩsɔ kʋyɔɣɔtʋtʋ tɛlǝsǝlɑɑ kɛ Tɑcɑɑ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ?
21Akpɑtǝlɑɑ nɑ ɩfepiyɑ pɑ hǝntɑ ɑtɛɣɛ tɑpǝŋ nɑ tuluŋɑsɩ kɛ hɑpɛɛ nɔɔsɩ. Pɑ kʋwɑ mɑ pɛɛlɑɑ nɑ mɑ ɩfepiyɑ. Nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ kʋyɑkʋ wule kɛ n kʋ-wɛ. N lɛntɑ-wɛɣɛ pǝtɔɔtǝlɛ fɛɩ.
22N yɑɑwɑ yǝlɑɑ sɔsɑɑ nɑ pɑɑ le ɩsɩɩ ɑcimɑ wule. Kʋyɑŋku nyɑ́ pɑ́ɑ́nɑ́ kpɑwɑ tɔ, pǝ tɑ sɔɔ nɔɣɔlʋ. Mpɑ mɑɑ tɔɔwɑ nɑ mɑ́ pɑɑsǝnɑ teu tɔ mɑ kolontu kʋ-wɛ.


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Rɔdɩyɔm
Rɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 45 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rh. Rɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, ɛkɛ platɩnɩ mɛfɛyɩ yuŋ waa tɛ pɩlʊʊ taa nɔyʊ. Walaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ rʊtyɔm nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ ɔsɩyɔm nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, mbʊ paya-wɛ se platɩnɩ waa kpeekpe ɖɩwɛyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ William Hyde Wollaston lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paladɩyɔm, pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩwɛyɛ taa ndʊ tɩkɛ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ yɔ, sʊtʊ lɩm mbʊ pehiwa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda lelemiŋ yɔ, nɛ patɛma lɩzɩɣ ɔsɩyɔm yɔ, platɩnɩ kajazasɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ nzɩ pɩma yɔ taa kaawɛ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa ɛzɩ ɩrɩtɩyɔm, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ (pɩlɩna rɔtɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ yɔɔ) rʊtɛnɩyɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛ platɩnɩ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ῥόδov (rhodon) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kela sɛmɩŋ yaa kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛlɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna rʊtɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ yɔɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ.
Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa Ɛnglɩsɩ taa se rɔtɩyɔm kaalɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1805 alɩwaatʊ taa Wollaston tʊma tɔm kɛdɩɣ taa, pana-yɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm heyuu takayasɩ taa. Sɛzɩyaa mba palakɩna-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔɔɖa wena paɖʊ a-taa karasɩm yɔ platɩnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ rɔdɩyɔm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ setiyu tʊma sɔsɔna taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ sɔsɔŋ sazɩyʊ (eyoluu yee ɛsa miŋ pɩtalɩ 1 963,85 °C, yaa 1 963,85 °C), halɩ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ.


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Tuurkii
Tuurkii (Turquie) kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ Azii mɩŋŋ-mɩŋŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ajɛya wena asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamas,i yɔ ana yɔ: Kɩrɛsɩ, Pulubaarii, Sɔɔrzii, Arimeenii, Azɛɛrɩbayɩjaŋ, Iraŋ, Irakɩ nɛ Siirii.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukkulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Turki. Turkii ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩm nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ankara nɛ teɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ yɩ kpaɣ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1923 taa.
Teŋu Kɩkpɛɛdɩɣ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ piyele nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ezee teŋgu wɛna. Ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩŋʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tɩrasɩ nɛ Anatoli pɛwɛna.
Sɔɖʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mustafa Kemal Atatürk yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pltɩŋgɩnaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1923.


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Caama
Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tuuɖe kedeŋa ŋga payaɣ se Eerɔpʋ yɔ kɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ajɛya. Caama ɛjaɖɛ wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Hayʊ teŋu, Taanemarɩkɩ nɛ Palitiki Teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Otirisi nɛ Suwiisi ajɛya, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊiyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ, Lugizamburi, Pɛlɩsiki nɛ Peyiiba ajɛya. Caama tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Pɛrɩlɛɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Hamburg, Munich nɛ Polɔɔñɩ. Komina loniye sɔsɔyɛ wɛ Pɛɛrlɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ Pɔɔnɩ. Tɛtʊ ndu payaɣ se Frankfort-sur-Main yɔ, ndʊ lɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tɛ tɛtʊ.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ waa 15 taa kɛ caama mba mba pawɛ Caama nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, pɛkpɛnda nɛ pɛwɛɛ mbʊ payaɣ se prootɛsɩtaŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba yɔ pɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 1933 kɛ Naazii waa kpaɣ kehiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩla mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ paaza. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ tɛma nɛ pahaba Naazii sɔɔjana lɛ, Caama lesi kɩ-tɛtʊ kpeekpe nɛ kɩtɛyɩ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, RFA nɛ RDA ñɛwɛɛ Sooviyetiki ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ nesi tɛɛ.
Pɩɩtɛyɩ mbʊ lɛ, koloŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɩ kaakaɣna ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ ahɛkʊ taa nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Pɛɛrlɛnɩ koloŋa. Pinaɣ 1989 tɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ koloŋa ŋga kɔyɔka nɛ pɩkɔma aloma fenaɣ 1990 lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʊ ɛkpɛndɩ. Caama mba kʊnʊŋ kɛ Caama nɛ euro kɛ pɔtɔkɩ se liidiya.
Caama taa samaɣ kɛ milionaa 81 nɛ peeɖe eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ kɛ europia ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba wena payaɣ se Union européenne yɔ a-taa. peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ, Ɖoɖoo Angela Merkel, kɛna ɛzɩ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kpem yɔ nɛ paa anɩ ɛhaɣ-ɩ ñamtʊ sɩŋŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Eerɔpʋ kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ. pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, Caama kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ wena akpakɩɣ atɔsʊʊ nɛ añɩm nɛ apɛdɩɣ nɛ agbaa yɔ. Ajɛya 28 wena awɛ Union Eerɔpɩyɛɛ yɔ a-taa lɛ, Caama taa koŋ kɛ tʊma ñɩnɩya tɔɖɔɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩyɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 kanɛ ka-taa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa ceeke naanza nɛ hɔɔlʊ ɖeke ñɩniʊ na tʊmɩyɛ se pala. Caama tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa hɛza nɛ paalakɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ caaa.
Caama nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya lɛɛna panɩna nɛ ɖama nɛ pɔñɔzɩ kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Eerɔpʋ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ G7 taa, G20 taa, nɛ pɩtasɩna OTAN kɩgaʊ taa. Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Eerɔpʋ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ liidiya ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ tɛ koozaɣ sɔsɔɣa wɛɛ, pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛya kpeekpe t;ɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ nɛ teŋgʊ yɔɔ waɖɛ tɛ kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ.


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Turibani
Turbani kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Kʊwazʊlʊ-Natalɩ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖooo lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩɩkɛna Natalɩ hɔɔlʊ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Turibani tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ (5 500 000).
Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patalʊ ɛzɩ 68,5 yɔ nɛ ɛndɩ mba ñɛwɛ 20 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ; ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kpɛnda nakʊ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Mba pɩkazaa nɛ pɛwɛ 2,5 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, pɛkɛ aziya mba. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊyɔ ŋgʊ lɛ sulu, pɩwayɩ lɛ Englɩsɩɩ, afrikani nɛ hindi.
Turubani nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndʊ nɛ alakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma nayɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Alɛkɩsandrii (Egipiti), Brême, (Caama), Bulawayo (Simbaabuwee), Sikago (Etaazuunii), Daejeon, (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), Kantɔŋ (Sinii), Leeds (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Maputo (Mozambiki), Nantes (Fransɩɩ), Oraŋ (Alizeerii), Rotɛridam (Peyibaa), Libreeviili (Kaabɔɔ).


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Confucius
Confucius (Siini kɛlɛʊ taa lɛ孔子 ; pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Kǒng Zǐ ; Wade taa lɛ, K'ung³-tzu³), palʊla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 551 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ Zou tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 479 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ Qufu tɛtʊ taa pɩkɛ Shandong kewiyaɣ tɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ Kong nɛ cikpeɖe yɔ Qui, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ ya-ɩ se Zhongni. Ɛkɛ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ ɛyʊ sɔdʊ kpem Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɛ ɛkɛ kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Walaa taa lɛ paya-ɩ se Kǒngzǐ (孔子) yaa Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子) kɛ Siini ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se wɩlɩyʊ Kong nɛ papɩsɩ-ɖɩ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se Confucius pɩtɩŋna Yeesu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa yɔɔ. Koree ɛyaa ya-ɩ se Kong-ja, Sapɔŋ tɩnaa se Kôshi, Fɩyɛtɩnam ñɩma se Khổng Tử.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ keeke kɛlɛ Kong Qiu (孔丘), nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe nɔsɩ taa hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Zhongni (仲尼). Ɖɔɖɔ ñamtʊ yɔɔ paya-ɩ se Kongfuzi (孔夫子), yaa kɛlɛʊ taa lɛ, Kongzi (孔子). Papɩsɩ-ɖɩ Confucius ɖɩɖɩ ñalɩna Kongfuzi, poluba-ɖɩ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Yeesu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa mba paatɩyɩ-wɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩkɛ ɛzɩ koŋ lɛ Matteo Ricci yana-ɩ-ɖɩ.
Kong liɖe kaalɩna Song ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛnɛ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ Song ɛjaɖɛ taa you tʊmɩyɛ lɩm ɖʊyʊ, KongFu Jia. Pʊwayɩ pakʊ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ lɛ, ɛ-pɩyalʊ Fang Shu wolo ɛmɛlɩ Lu ɛjaɖɛ taa, peeɖe ɛlaba sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ. Ɛ-pɩyalʊ Shu Lianghe tɩŋɩ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛla sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ. Hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɛyaa kaakɛ yoyaa siŋ nɛ Confucius ɛnʊ kɛna Shu Lianghe pɩɣa, kɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ekiza hɔzɩŋ tɔm yɔ.


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Ɖeeɣa
Petiŋ tɩʊ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ ki-pilinzi lɛ, pɩsakɩɣ ɖeeɣa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩʊ tiku. Tɩʊ tiku ŋgʊ pasakɩ nɛ pɩla kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa mbaa palakɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ. Tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʊ-yɔɔ e-tikiŋ pɔɔya wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖajaa Pierre Gole ñɩnɩna kpaɖʊʊ 17 taa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tɩŋ tikiŋ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.
Petiŋ tɩʊ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ ki-tiku lɛ, pɛhɛɛ kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa kɩlɩna wazaɣ tɩʊ pilinzi taa. Cɩyɩm tɩʊ ñɔʊ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se cɩyɩm kɩñɔʊ nɛ kɩwɛʊ lɛŋ nɛ kɩlɩɣ hatʊ. Ɖeeɣa taa cɩyɩm tɩŋɩɣna nɛ pʊcɔʊ tɩʊ tɩŋa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ calɩm tɩŋɩɣna ɛyʊ hola taa nɛ pʊcɔʊ e-tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ cɩyɩm tɩŋɩɣna ɖeeɣa taa nɛ pʊcɔʊ tɩʊ tɩŋa taa nɛ kɩhɔʊ hɛtʊ.
Tɩʊ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naadozo. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊʊ yɔ : lila nɛ tiku nɛ pilinzi. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, tiku petiŋ nɛ pɛhɛɛ-kʊ nɛ palɩzɩ kpoŋgbolonaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kpoŋgbolonaa kɩwalaa wɛɛ. Paba palakɩna tablɩnaa nɛ kpelasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ pɛhɛɣ nɛ pawazɩɣ lɔbʊtʊ sʊndʊ. Kpoŋgbolonaa palakɩna kuduyiŋ pɔɔyɩŋ nɛ mondola.
Kpoŋgbolonaa ɖoŋ ñɩma wɛɛ, paba payaɣ se kpoŋgbolonaa kɩsɛmaa. Kpoŋgbolonaa mba patakɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, paba ñɛwɛɛ, paba lɛ kpoŋgbolonaa kʊhʊlʊmaa. Nabɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ, paba kɩlɩna ɖoŋ kpem. Tɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se ekalitusi yɔ, ŋgʊ pɛhɛɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ kpoŋkpolonaa mba. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ fɛyɩ ɖoŋ kɩmaŋ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ tɩŋ tɩŋa pɛhɛɣ kpoŋgbolonaa. Tɩŋ weyi pɛhɛɣ-ɩ kpoŋgbolonaa yɔ, ɛ-taa nɩɩyɛ kɔyɔ : sɩnjaʊ, tamtʊʊna, ekalitusi...
Wondu sɔsɔtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, kpoŋgbolonaa kɩlɩna wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pañɩnɩɣ kpoŋgbolonaa tʊma sakɩyɛ taa.


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Tɔm susuu
Tɔm susuu kɛna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm heyuu. Pɩkɛna pɩyʋ keem tɩlɩʋ. Yee nabʋyʋ yaa natʋyʋ ɛwɛ size samaɣ ɛnɩɩ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ size posusi kususu nɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩtalɩ paa weyi. Paasusuu tɔm ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa nɔɔyʋ ɖeke.
Tɔm kususutu tɛkɛna mɛsaɣ tɛɛ n̄ɩndʋ. Tɔm kususutu natʋyʋ kɔyɔ : ɖikpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ tɔɔnaɣ kɩfalaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔɔʋʋ taa kɛ mbʋ yɔ, nɛ wondu kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ kɛ mbɩ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩna pɩɖeke, ɛlɛ caca tɔʋ nɛ lɩzʋʋ yaa takayɩsɩ ɖʋzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʋ yɔ.
Posusuu tɔm ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pasɩɩzɩna samaɣ yaa ɛyaa ɖɔɖɔ size pataatɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ nakɛyɛ yaa kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkʋʋ yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm natʋyʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ pazɩ pazɩ tɔsʋ. Posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ kɛɛkɩŋ taa wondu naa kɩpama mba palɩza yɔ.
Tɔm kususutu taa patɩlɩʋ tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wena a-wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ a-lona nɛ a-hɩla. Pɩzɩʋna nɛ patɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ lona. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ, lɔɔɖa yaa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size posusuu lɛɣ yaɖaa tɩlɩʋ lɔɔɖaa masɩ kɩpanzɩ.


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Paritenɔɔ
Paritenɔɔ kɛna Kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ pama-kʋ nɛ kɩkɛ ɖoŋ ihosiye sɩɣkpelaɣ kumoɖe yɔ kɛ panteliki. Nɛ kɩwɛ Akropɔɔlɩ kɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa. Paritenɔɔ kaakɛ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kɛ Athèna.
Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ ɖɔkaɣna ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ, kɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʋ taa nɛ ɖiyeki size samaɣ ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ nɛ pɩtasɩna n̄amtʋ.
Pɩtɛkɛna kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ yɔdaɣ tobi taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩkɛna ɛyʋ nimm wɛtʋ yaa sɩɣkpelaɣ ŋga kɛfɛyɩ ɛzɩ yaa kɛtɛkɛ sɔnzɩ wonuu ŋgʋ palakaɣna-kʋ ɖooo lɔndaa kuduyuŋ sʋsɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ. Akropɔɔlɩ tɛtʋ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ panawaa kuduyuŋ kɩbɩŋ sʋsɔŋ ɛnɛ. Ɛ-taa kɛ xoanon kaawɛɛ nɛ pɩlɛɣzʋ Athéna Polias.
Ɛlɛ, ɖɩnɩ size kuduyuu sʋsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ kriselefantiini sɩɣkpelaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ halɩn̄ɩnɖɛ kɛ Athéna Parthénos. Pɩkɛna Phidia tʋmɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ naɖɩ kɛlɛ mbɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔ yɔ, pɩwaza peɖe kɛ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa mba size powokina pahaɖɛ loniye nɖɩ ɖi-taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ, tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ɩm kɛwɛɛ.
Nɛ pɩwɛ mɛsaɣ tɛɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩlɩm yɔ kɛ naos (kilos 1150 wɛɛ ɛzɩ n̄ɩlɩm yɔ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩ pɩkɛ sɩɣkpelaɣ nɛ yee pɩzaɣ miŋ ɛzɩ haŋga lɩwa yɔ, papɩzʋ pacɩɩ kɔ-yɔɔ).
Nɛ adyton lɛ, ɛlɛ taa pekpeɣlaɣ Atɛnɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ ligue de Delos pa-n̄ɩm. Paritenɔɔ kɛna weweɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-taa kumola sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔza a-yɔɔ peɖe nɛ pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ yɛ size ɛyaa ɛtasɩ yɛ naʋ yɔ. Awɛ Greek Revival ɛjaɖɛ lɛɣtʋ matʋ taa kɛnɛ kɛ ɛ-kpɔŋ 19 taa.


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Tantamtʊ (surdité)
Tantamɩtʊ kɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ pkɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ naŋgbaŋʊʊ taa kʊdɔŋ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ ɛɛnɩɣ camɩyɛ yaa kpaakpa kpoyi ɛyʊ nɔɔ yaa mbʊ pijiduu ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ ɛɛnɩɣ kpoyi yɔ pɩkɛ tantamtʊ (cophose) nabʊyʊ taa pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se anacousie.
Tantamtʊ lɩna naŋgbaŋgʊʊ ɖoŋ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe putukuna yɔ. Papɩsɩɣ pawazɩɣ tantamtʊ kʊdɔŋ ɖɔɖɔtɔ tɛ pɩlɩna anasaayɩ ñɩɣyɩŋ pɩ-taa yaa pɩyɔɔ ñɩŋ.
Tantamtʊ ndʊ tɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ɛ-sɔsɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ lɩna pʊtɔma ɖɔkɔtɔ naa cɔlɔ yaa lɩmɣzaa cɔlɔ. Pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pañɩna nɛ pana pɛwɛna wonduu sakɩyɛ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩsɩna ɛyʊ weyi ɛtama yɔ yaa ɛɛnɩɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Yee tɩkpa ɛyʊ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa nɛ pɩcɔ ɛpazɩɣ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩha waɖɛ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ yɔɔdaɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkalɩɣ tɔm camɩyɛ nɛ pɩtɛ ɛyaa mba paatɩlɩɣ takayaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɔŋna kaatɩlɩtɩɣ sakɩyɛ ɛyaa taa.
Tantamtʊ ndʊ tɩkpa ɛyɔɔ ɛpɩcatʊ taa pɔzaa se pɛkpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ yaa powona-ɩ ntama sukuli nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ ɛtɩlɩ ɛyaa taa wɛɣʊ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ caɣyɛ nɛ lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ siŋ. Kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nesi laɣsɩ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩtɩŋna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ntoma yɔɔdɩnaʊ wɛna wazaɣ siŋ paa katatalɩ kakamaɣ yɔ kɔyɔ.


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1
Yesu liɖe tɔm
(Luk 3.23-38)
1Yesu Krɩstʋ weyi ɛ-cɔzɔ lɛ Daaviidi nɛ ɛ́lɛ́ cɔzɔ lɛ Abraham yɔ, ɛ-cɔzɔnaa hɩla yɔ:
2Abraham lʋlɩ Izaakɩ, Izaakɩ ñalʋlɩ Yakɔɔbʋ, Yakɔɔbʋ ñalʋlɩ Yuda nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ e-newaa. 3Yuda ñalʋlɩ Faarɛɛzɩ nɛ Zaaraa. Payaɣ po-ɖoo se Tamaarɩ. Faarɛɛzɩ ñalʋlɩ Ɛsrɔm, Ɛsrɔm ñalʋlɩ Aram, 4Aram ñalʋlɩ Aminaadaabɩ, Aminaadaabɩ ñalʋlɩ Naasɔɔnɩ, Naasɔɔnɩ ñalʋlɩ Salɩmɔɔ, 5Salɩmɔɔ ñalʋlɩ Boozi. Payaɣ Boozi ɛnʋ e-ɖoo se Rahaabɩ. Boozi ñalʋlɩ Obɛɛdɩ. Payaɣ ɛ́lɛ́ ɖoo se Ruti. Obɛɛdɩ ñalʋlɩ Yesee 6nɛ Yesee ñalʋlɩ wiyaʋ sɔsɔ Daaviidi.
Daaviidi ñalʋlɩ Salomɔɔ. Salomɔɔ ɛnʋ e-ɖoo kɛkɛ sɔɔja Urii halʋ. 7Salomɔɔ ñalʋlɩ Roboam, Roboam ñalʋlɩ Abiya, Abiya ñalʋlɩ Asafʋ, 8Asafʋ ñalʋlɩ Yozafatɩ, Yozafatɩ ñalʋlɩ Yoram, Yoram ñalʋlɩ Oziyaasɩ, 9Oziyaasɩ ñalʋlɩ Yoatam, Yoatam ñalʋlɩ Ahazɩ, Ahazɩ ñalʋlɩ Ezekiyasɩ, 10Ezekiyasɩ ñalʋlɩ Manaasee, Manaasee ñalʋlɩ Amɔɔnɩ, Amɔɔnɩ ñalʋlɩ Yoziyaasɩ, 11Yoziyaasɩ ñalʋlɩ Yekooniyaasɩ nɛ e-newaa. Alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ́ tɩ-taa pɛkɛzɩ Izrɛɛlɩ ñɩma tɛtʋ Babilooni. 12Pʋbʋ wayɩ Yekooniyaasɩ ñalʋlɩ Salaatɩyɛlɩ, Salaatɩyɛlɩ ñalʋlɩ Zorobaabɛɛlɩ, 13Zorobaabɛɛlɩ ñalʋlɩ Abiyudi, Abiyudi ñalʋlɩ Eliyaakim, Eliyaakim ñalʋlɩ Azɔɔrɩ, 14Azɔɔrɩ ñalʋlɩ Sadɔɔkɩ, Sadɔɔkɩ ñalʋlɩ Akim, Akim ñalʋlɩ Eliyudi 15Eliyudi ñalʋlɩ Eleyazaarɩ, Eleyazaarɩ ñalʋlɩ Maataɣ, Maataɣ ñalʋlɩ Yakɔɔbʋ 16nɛ Yakɔɔbʋ ñalʋlɩ Yozɛɛfʋ nɛ ɛ́lɛ́ kpaɣ Maarɩɩ. Maarɩɩ ɛnʋ ɛlʋlɩnɩ Yesu weyi payaɣ se Krɩstʋ yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Weyi Ɛsɔ Lɩzaa Yɔ. 17Yee ḿbʋ́, pɩkpaɣʋnɩ Abraham nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ Daaviidi yɔ, cɔzɔnaa wɛ hiu nɛ naanza. Pɩkpaɣʋnɩ Daaviidi alɩwaatʋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ ndʋ́ tɩ-taa pɛkɛzɩ Izrɛɛlɩ ñɩma tɛtʋ Babilooni yɔ, paba ñɛwɛ hiu nɛ naanza ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩkpaɣʋnɩ alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ́ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ Krɩstʋ yɔ, cɔzɔnaa wɛ hiu nɛ naanza ɖɔɖɔ.
Yesu lʋlʋʋ tɔm
(Luk 2.1-7)
18Ɩna ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋaa nɛ palʋlɩ Yesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Maarɩɩ weyi ɛlʋlɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɛɛkɛ pɛlɛ weyi posu Yozɛɛfʋ yɔ. Ɛ nɛ ɩ pataacaɣ wiɖiyi. Ɛlɛ́, Maarɩɩ haɣ howa nɛ Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu ɖoŋ. 19Yozɛɛfʋ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋtʋʋzʋ. Ḿbʋ́ yebina nɛ ɛna-ɩ ḿbʋ́ lɛ, ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛɖʋ-ɩ fɛyɛ ɛyáa hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ́, ɛɖʋ se ekiziɣ-i mɛsaɣ tɛɛ. 20Ɛwɛɛ ɛmaɣzɩɣ ḿbʋ́ lɛ, Kɩpaɣlʋ tiyiyu nɔɔyʋ lɩɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ɖoziye taa nɛ eheyi-i se: «Daaviidi sayɩ Yozɛɛfʋ! Sɔɔndʋ ɛtaakpa-ŋ nɛ Maarɩɩ kpaɣʋ. Mbʋ́ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, Fezuu Kiɖeɖeu ɖoŋ ɛhaɣnɩ howa ŋ́gá. 21Ɛlʋlʋʋ pɩɣa ŋ́gá lɛ, ŋyaa-kɛ se Yesu, mbʋ́ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ŋ́gá kɔŋnɩ ɛyáa ñʋʋ yabʋ nɛ kalɩzɩ-wɛ pa-kɩwɛɛkɩm taa.»
22Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩlaba ḿbʋ́ se tɔm ndʋ́ Kɩpaɣlʋ katɩŋnɩ náyʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ yɔ, tɩla. Ńdʋ́ lɛ se:
23«Ɩnaɣ, pɛlɛ nɔɔyʋ kɔŋ haɣʋ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ pɩɣa nɛ
payaa-kɛ se Emaanʋyɛɛlɩ.»
Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Ɛsɔ wɛ ɖɔ-cɔlɔ. 24Yozɛɛfʋ fema lɛ, ɛkpaɣ Maarɩɩ ɛzɩ Kɩpaɣlʋ tiyiyu heyuu-i yɔ. 25Ɛlɛ́, etotukini-i nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ́ ɛlʋlɩ ɛ-pɩɣa yɔ. Ɛlʋlɩ-kɛ lɛ, Yozɛɛfʋ ɛnʋ ɛ́yáa-kɛ se Yesu.


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Mɔndɔnʋʋ kulubuu (Fibre synthétique)
Pɩsatʋ lʋnaʋ wɛɖʋʋ payaɣ size mɔndɔnʋʋ kulubu. lalaa yaa-kʋ size nimaɣ. Nimaɣ ŋga, palaba kɛ pɩlɩɩna wonu kulubuu n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ.
Pɩkɛ mɔndɔnʋʋ ŋgʋ palaba kʋ nɛ wondu kulubutu ndɩ ndɩ kazʋwa wayɩ yɔ. Wonu kulubuu kɛna wonu ŋgʋ pehiu kʋ n̄ɩnɩtʋ sakɩyɛ kazʋwa wayɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna wonu ŋgʋ pehiu kʋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.
Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ wondu ndʋ, tiliɖe lɩna keekee nɛ, ɩɖɩɖɔgɛnɩ nɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ tomnaɣsɩ taa. Papɩzɩʋ pehiu pɩ-tɛ tomnaɣ ŋga ɖɔɖɔ cɛŋgbɛ mʋlʋm taa ɖɔɖɔ yem kɛlɛʋ. Kajalaɣ nimaɣ tanɩɩ wɛɖʋ n̄ɩŋga kɛlɛ nɩlɔŋ.
Nɩlɔŋ nimaɣ yaa pɩsaɖʋ ŋgʋ n̄ɩnɩyaa sɔsaɣ lɩ kɩ yɔ yaa lɩzɩ kʋ pɩnaɣ 1938 n̄ɩŋga taa. Nimaɣ tanɩɩ wɛɖʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, kawazaɣ ɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ kɩyakʋ pɛdʋ taa yaa tadɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɖoo lɔŋ taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩsatʋ yaa ɖama taa lɛɣtʋʋ wondu kulubutu sakɩyɛ kaatɛma lɩɩ. Natʋyʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔ yɔ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa : fibres acryliques, nɛ aramide, nɛ oléfine ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna polyester.


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Fɔlɩka Pɔɔ
Fɔlɩka, yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, pɩlɩɣ se vɔl.ga, Ruusi taa lɛ, Boлra nɛ tatar taa lɛ, Idel kɛ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ Eerɔpʊ taa. Kɛnɛ kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ lɛ, kenidiɣ hɔɔlɩŋ niidozo yɔ lɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ mbilim Ruusi Erɔpʊ ŋgʊ. Fɔlɩka lɩna Falɩdayi piiyisi nzɩ sɩ-tɛ kʊyʊ maɣna mɛta wa 228 Mɔsɩkʋʋ nɛ Saint- Pétersbourg pɔcɔ kɛkpɛndɩ Kasɩpɩyɛnɩ teŋguu taa. Ka-nʊmɔʊ ɖala ɛzɩ kilomɛta waa 3690. Papɩzɩɣ pasaɣ mɛlɛnaa pɔɔ ŋga kaɖalakɩŋ kpeekpe yɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɔzɩtʊ ndʊ palaba sakɩyɛ kpaɣdʊ nɛɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Fɔlɩka fɛʊʊ kitibuu walanzɩ kɛ kilomɛta 1350000 kpɛɛ ko, nɛ kɩkpeelɩɣ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ. Fɔlɩka kɛdɛŋga wɛ tʊma sɔsɔnaa sakɩyɛ kpaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you alɩwaatʊ taa Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Fɔlɩka lɩna Falɩdayi piyisi taa nɛ Mɔsɩku nɛ hayi yɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ ɛzɩ kilomɛta waa 320 nɛ Saint-Pétersbourg nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɛɖɛnɛ piyisi nzɩ sɩyɔ lɛ, katalɩ Rjev nɛ kɛɖɛnɛ hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Peeɖe lɛ, mɛlɛnaa cɩkpema kpakʊʊ kɩyakʊ wondu nɛ pɛyɛlɩna. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kenidiɣ Tver (Kalinine kɩbɩnʊʊ) ŋgʊ kɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 1135 nɛ kɩwɛ habɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩtamsɩna Mɔsɩku nɛ Saint-Pétersboug yɔ. Ɖooo lɔnda Krɛsɩ kɛsɩma Fɔlɩka pɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Rha. Ruusi cɩmɩŋ aleeya taal lɛ pasɩma Fɔlɩka nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ, Fɔlɩka Ɖoyo pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ yuŋ yɔ. Kaakɛ ɖooo kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa Ruusi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kamaɣ.
Fɔlɩka fɛʊʊ wɛna tɛtɛ ñɩm ɛzɩ kanwa nɛ ɖɔm. Fɔlɩka handala fɛʊʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kasɩpɩyɛnɩ teŋguu nɔsɩ yɔ kpɛɛ wɛ ñɩm kpakpasɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Lɔɔŋ kuhuyuŋ sakɩyɛ kpaɣ Mɔsɩku nɛ Don Fɔlɩka nɛ mɛlɛ nɔmɔʊ Fɔlɩka Pasalɩtɩkɩ tamsʊʊ Mɔsɩku nɛ teŋguu kʊhʊlʊmʊ nɛ Pasalɩtɩkɩ teŋguu nɛ Azov teŋgu nɛ Kasɩpɩyɛnɩ teŋgu nɛ teŋguu kɩkpɛdʊʊ. Pɩtɛ tamsʊʊ mbʊ pɩlina Fɔlɩka ngʊ kɩkɛ ñʊʊ yɔ pɩsɩna teŋguu naa kɩgbanzɩ tɛ wɛtʊ.
Kedeŋga kpeekpe you wayi lɛ, palɩzɩ kpeuu taa lɩmazɩyɛ ndɩ lɛ, ñɔzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1920 nɛ papazɩɣ-ɖɩ labʊ. Pɩlɩna nɛ pʊyɔ nɛ pama lɩm kɩkam kodoloko waa ɛzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ Fɔlɩka pɔɔ yɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ yɔ Kama nɛ Oufa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kujomɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi paɖɩ-ɩ yɔ. Pɩkpeekpe pɩpɩsɩ lɩm ɖɩvalɩyɛ mbʊ payaɣ se Fɔlɩka-kama yɔ.


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Adɔtɔ
Adɔtɔ kɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ paa wɩlɩŋ taa kɩwɛ doŋ yɔ kɩlɩnɛ Amerika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ (Piresiili nɛ hayi kiŋ) nɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ Karayiibi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Pasɩma-kʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ se kɩlʊlʊʊ pee. Tɔm piye adɔtɔ lɩnɛ tupi-guarani taa naná naná tɔbʊʊ se tilali naa taa tilali. Adɔtɔ tɛ nɛ tɩŋpee wenaa awɛna tɩŋ piye nandʊʊ ɛgbam yɔ tɛ nɛ kɩ-kɛ adɔtɔ. Kɩ-kɛ tɛtɛ ñɩyʊʊ tɩŋ piye nɛ kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ talɩ mɛta kɩyʊm ntalɩ kʊyʊm nɛ hɔlʊʊ kɩ-kpeekpe taa nɛ kɩ-hatʊ ɖaɣla lɔɔ lɔɔ ɛzɩ sentɩmɛta naa 50 ntalɩ 1,80 nɛ pʊwɛ sɔɔ yaa nabʊyʊʊ taa pʊlozi kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ.
Pasɩma kɩ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩkpazʊʊ piye ɛgbam ɖaʊ nakʊyʊʊ yɔ ɖaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kɩyeke nɛ hatʊ teɖe teɖe natʊyʊʊ cɔɔ-kʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ pɩkpazɩɣ hɛtʊ yuulee sɛmɩŋ ɛlɛ evemiye kɛtɛŋ lɛ pʊmʊwa nɛ pɩpɩsʊʊ pee kulukulu nayɛ, abalʊʊ nɛ akatɩɣ ɖama nɛ pɩpɩsʊʊ adɔtɔ ŋgʊ ɖɩsɩma yɔ. Mbʊlɛ, adɔtɔ pɩsɩ tɩŋ piye mɛwɛ nabʊlɛ taa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ payaʊ-kʊ se malʊlʊʊ pee yɔ. Kɩ-kpeekpe kɩ-dalakɩŋ talɩ sentɩmɛta naa 30 nɛ kʊ-tomnaɣ yɔ wɛ pɔyaa kotʊʊ kotʊʊ nɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩ-lɩm wɛ leleŋ nɛ pɩ-tɛ sɛmɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nabʊyʊʊ taa kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ.
Adɔtɔ sɔlɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa fɛyɩ mʊzʊŋ yɔ. Pɔsɔʊ-kʊ lɛ, fenasɩ hiʊ nɛ nanza ntalɩ nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ kɩpɩwa. Kpaɣnɛ fenaɣ loɖo ntalɩ fenaɣ lutozo lɛ, kɩyɛndɩɣ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ ntalɩ loɖo lɛ poholosʊʊ kajalaɣ adɔtɔ naa nɛ tɩŋ kʊyʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩtasɩɣ lʊlʊʊ nabʊlɛ ya nabʊtozo. Kajalaɣ lɛ, fenasɩɣ nɛɛlɛ wayɩ nɛ nabʊlɛ lɛ, fenasɩɣ hiʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ wayɩ. Tɩŋ tikuu ɛ-paɣla kɔyɔ adɔtɔ piye ɖɔɖɔ paɣlʊʊ.
Christophe Colomb tɩlɩ tɩŋ piye ndɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛtalɩ Guadeloupe tɛtʊ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1493. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpaɣnɛ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ pɩkɛ kʊjɔʊ tɔnaɣ ŋga pahaɣa agɔma mba pɔkɔŋna mɛlɛ naa se pakʊna pɔ-lɔkɔtʊ mbʊ yɔ palɩnɛ nɔmɔʊ kɩɖalʊʊ lɩm salala yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Guadeloupe ñɩma taa kɛwɛ leleŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ pasɩŋgʊ pɔ-nɔnɔsɩ tɛ nɛ pɛ-hɛzʊʊ. Chritoph Colomb cɔlɔ lɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɔm ɛlɛ kɩ-kɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ nabʊlɛ pɔm nɛ kɩ-leleŋ wɛ camɩyɛ kama fɛyɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-kʊ nɛ saɣ.


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Pɛteravi
Pɛteravi kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se marantace yɔ sɩ-tɛ pɩlɩʊ taa piliŋga nakayɩ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ ki-lila yɔɔ nɛ lila ana awɛ mʊlʊm ɛzɩ hɛɛ yaa awiihɛɛyɔ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ kɩ-wazaɣ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ: pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sikiɖi nɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pakpakʊ pɛteravi ŋgʊ pekpɛndʊ nɛ piyoetanɔlɩ nɛ pasaɣ sanzɩ. Pɛteravi pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtɛ wondu tɔɔnasɩ.
Pɛteravi ŋgʊ pasaɣ sikiɖi mbʊ yɔ kʊlɩkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ taa camɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖala kɩɖaaɣla kʊdɔŋ nɛ ediye taa ñɩŋ. Pɛteravɩ kʊnɛ kɩkɛ kʊlʊmʊ nɛ kʊsʊ tɛtɛɛ piliŋgi. Pɛteravɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ kɩɩkɩlɩɣ sʊʊ tɛtɛɛ nɛ kɩ-tɔnʊ
wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.


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Koŋgo Pɔɔ
Koŋgo kɛ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga kɛ-tɛ lɛ, Afrika hɛkʊ taa nɛ kalɩna piyasi sɔsɔsɩ sɩwɛ kɛnɛ Afrika nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kɩŋ kamaɣ yɔ yɔ nɛ kɛtɛzʊʊ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩkɩlɩna Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ waɖɛ ndɛ taa nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ ka-tɩ Atɩlantɩkɩ teŋgu taa. Lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kapɩsɩ kamaɣ nɛ Koŋgo waɖɛ tɛ ŋgʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ pɔɔ ŋga kɔ-hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ se Lwalaba yaa Lualaba nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 nɛ 1990 pɩpɩsaɣ Sayiiri alɩwaatʊʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ pɔɔ ŋga kekpeekpe se Sayiiri.
Kalɩkɩŋ talɩ kilomɛta 4700 nɛ kɛ-kɛ kedeŋga taa pɔsɩ kɩɖalaɣsɩ taa pɔɔ lutozo ŋga Amazonɩ wayi pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ pɔɔ hoɖe 80 832 m3/s yɔ pɩkɩla kɔyɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pewili nɛ patɩlɩ teŋgu lɩŋguu palɩza nɛ pɩlɩna lɩm pila ɖalakɩŋ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2008 taa nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se lɩm pɔɔ ŋga kakɩlɩna lɩŋguu kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Kɛ-tɛ lɩŋguu cɛzʊʊ mɛta waa 220 nɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ lɩm huyuu nɔmɔŋ lɩm tɛɛ yɔ. Lɩm mbʊ pɩtaa wɛ likaŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi papɩzʊʊ pamazɩɣ yɔ nɛ pɩwɛ kʊñɔŋ nɛ piyɔɔ kɩŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ heelɩm ɖoŋ hʊwa tuda.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊʊ Diogo Cão kɔma takʊʊ se ɛkpɛlɛkɩ Koŋgo pɔɔ ɛwadɩyɛ taa ɖɩsʊyɛ pɩnaɣ 1482 yɔ ɛma pɔɔ kɩdeŋ yɔ koloŋga nɛ kaaŋ se pɩwɩlɩ se ɛɖɔm nɛ peɖe kɩŋ. Mbʊ pɩkpaɣna nɛ paya-kɛ kacalaɣ yaʊ se Rio de Pedrão pʊtɔbʊʊ se koloŋga pɔɔ. Koŋgo kewiyaɣ tɛ wɛʊ lɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ yebina se Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa ɛyaa pɔɔ ŋga se Koŋgo.
Tɔsʊʊ tɔm taa lɛ, Koŋgo pɔɔ kɛnɛ kɛna wazaɣ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Kɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ kɛ pakɩlɩɣ tadɩyɛ labʊ; ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe kɛ ladiɖiki mɩŋ lɩɣna. Pɔɔŋga kɔyɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ pama ladiriki mɩŋ kɩkaaŋ. Mbʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ piya yaɣ pɔɔ ŋga se Nzadi yaa yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, Nzaï. Tɔmpiye ndɩ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa lɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ kpaɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ loɖo taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ Zaïre, hɩɖɛ ndɩ Mobutu lakɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛya se waɖɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm pɔɔ mbʊ pɩnzɩ 1971 pɩtalɩ 1997.


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Pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ yaa lɛɛzɩtʊ (Réforme protestante)
Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ ɖɩpaɣza tʊda kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩwa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ yaa pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩkɛ sɔlɩm tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpɔza se papɩsɩ kiɖe tɛ Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tisiɣ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋna pɩtɛ walʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ etisi Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛzɩɣ ɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊʊ. Pɩkɛ ɛyʊ lakɩzaɣ tɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ pɩɩkɛ lɛɛzɩyaa yaa cɔlɩyaa mba pɛ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ. Mbʊ pɩkandaɣ ɛyʊ yɔɔ komulum hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛɣlɛ pɩlɩna kʊlʊma tadɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Cɔlɩyaa tɩŋgɩna taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛyɛlɩna Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ nɛ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (kɔzɩ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Martin Luther lɩzɩɣ kajalaɣ lɩzɩtʊ tɔm taa yɔ), nɛ pawɩlɩɣ se tɩtalɩna kiɖeɖema cɔlɔ yaa Kele kele tʊ cɔlɔ yaa mɩŋ cikpeŋ taa yɔ. Ɛsɔ tɔm yɔɔ tɩŋgɩnaʊ kɛna kajalaɣ setuu mbʊ cɔlɩyaa kɔsɔla yɔ. Sola scriptura wɛtʊ wɩlɩna-wɛ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ patɩŋgɩ yɔ.
Pɩpaɣzɩna Martin Luther Ampiri Kiɖeɖeʊ taa nɛ Ulrich Zwingli Zurich taa nɛ Martin Bucer Stasbourg halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna wayi wayi Jean Calvin Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ Genève tɛtʊ taa, pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɖanʊʊ cɔlʊʊ talɩ Erɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ. Mazɩm mbʊ se pololuu ɛyaa yɔ tɔla lɛ, pʊkɔna tɛyɩtʊ Room Katoliki Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa Ɛsɔ ŋgbɛyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ kɔma pɩlɩna lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ. Alɩwaatʊ sakɩyɛ taa takayasɩ taa tɔm maya sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se kɩpaɣla tɔm kaɖɛ ñɩndʊ yebina se lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛwɛ. Fatanaa nɛ mʊwanɩ waa tɛ tʊda wɛʊ nɛ ɖama kpaŋgba yaa ɖama ñɔnaʊ, ɛyaa pɛnɛ papɩsa pɛwɛ ñɩm cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa tɛ liidiye. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ pɩtɛ lɩmaɣza yɔ keeke kɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩwa katoliki ŋgbɛyɛ cɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ se ɖɩɖɩzɩ lɩmaɣza ana.


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Yawunde
Yawunde kɛna Afrika keteŋa nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ Kameruni nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kameruni nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Yawunde tɛtʊ taa wɛ pʊŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa sɔsɔŋ kpɛnda lʊbɛ pʊyɔɔ kɛ paya-tɛtʊ ndʊ se Pʊŋ lʊbɛ tɛtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 765 568 tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 18 300 yaa kilomɛtanaa 183. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ Tuwala ñɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1987 taa paacɔnaa nɛ pana se Yawunde tɛtʊ taa mba pɛwɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɛkʊ taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 37,8 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe ŋɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2005 taa lɛ, patala ɛyaa 48,8 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Peeɖe pɔcɔnaa se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo yɔɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa kaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1960, pɩnaɣ ŋga Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ wɛwaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ lɛ, Yawunde tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda kutokiŋ looɖo (6 000) ɖeke.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pɔcɔnaa se ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ nɛ pasɩma fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ maʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, pɛkpɛnda 60,5; piyele ɛyaa 75,6 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ sɩma kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ ñɩnɩɣ se ana lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Yawunde ñɩŋdʊ ajɛya naatoozo taa tɛtʊ palakɩ tʊma kɩɖʊma. Ajɛya ana yɔ: Lamalou-les-Bains (Fransɩɩ), Edesaa (Krɛsɩ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2007) nɛ Udini (Itaalii, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008).


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Habɩyɛ
Ɛbɛ payaɣ habɩyɛ? Payaɣ nʋmɔʋ kɩwalʋʋ wululuu ŋgʋ kɩ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖaa nɛ kpokponaa nɛ cɛɛcɛnaa pɔɖɔŋ yɔ se habɩyɛ. Pawasɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ Kabɩyɛ hayɩm taa. Ɛlɛ, habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔm ɖɩcaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ, ɖɩɖɩ wɛ ndɩ. Kabɩyɛ tʋ sɔnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʋʋ. Hama payɛ; mbʋ pɩsɩna se "habɩyɛ".
Pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ papaɣ habɩyɛ kabɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ paɣ-ɖɩ pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ. Kabɩyɛ tʋ paɣ hama payɛ ńɖɩ se ɛɖɔɔnɩna sɩm. Waaɣ pɩɣ lɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se habɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ n̄ɔtʋʋ lɛ, weyi ɛn̄ɔɔzʋʋ ɛ-tɩ se ɛpaa hama payɛ ńɖɩ yɔ, ɛwɛna sɔmtʋ ndɩ ndɩ se ɛsɔŋ. Ɛɛtɔkɩ tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋɛ yem yem. Eeɖukuuna halʋ.
Habɩyɛ kɩyakʋ talɩɣ lɛ, patɩzɩɣ habɩyɛ kɔyɛ paa ɖɩɣa ŋga ka-taa. Paa ɖɩɣa taa cɛja weyi lɛ, ɛkʋ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛkʋ yɔ nɛ pɔtɔɔna habɩyɛ kɔyɛ. Piya tɛŋ habɩyɛ kɔyɛ n̄ɔʋ lɛ, yee ɖɩɣa taa cɛja ɛn̄ɩnɩɣ se ɛtɩlɩ e-piya taa nzɩ sɩ-ɛza taa naa yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛn̄ɩnɩɣ kolumpaɣ pe nɛ ɛmɩzɩ ɛ-ɖɩɣa wayɩ kpɛɛɛ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛɛmɩzɩɣ mbʋ yɔ, piya ɛɛnaɣ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa-sɩ nɛ eheyi-sɩ se sɩcɔɔ ɖɩɣa wayɩ nɛ ŋga kapɩzɩɣ lɛ, keteɣsi-i kolumpaɣ pe wena ɛmɩzaa yɔ nɛ kɔkɔna-ɩ. Pɩɣa ŋga pɩha-kɛ camɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ, kɔtɔzʋʋ kolumpaɣ pe wena ka-caa mɩzaa yɔ atɩŋa payɩ nɛ kowona-ɩ. Toovenum lɛ, kolumpaɣ pe naʋ wɛ kaɖɛ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, awɛ n̄ɩɩɩ n̄ɩɩɩ nɛ a-tɔlɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ putoo yɔ.
Yee ɖɩɣa taa hama payɛ tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛwɛɛ yɔ, esiki ɛ-kɩkpɛzʋʋ ɖɩɣa nɔnɔɔ taa nɛ ɛpa kɩ-yɔɔ ɛ-n̄ɩɣyɩŋ. Habɩyɛ wiliɣ lɛ, paa habɩyɛ payʋ weyi ɛlɩɩ ɛ-ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛkpaɣkɔdaɣ taa nʋmɔʋ. Piya nzɩ pɩha-sɩ camɩyɛ nɛ peseɣtiɣ-sɩ yɔ, sɩsɩ sʋʋ kubusi hɔɔɣʋ yɔɔ. Hama payɛ tɩnaa tɩŋa suluu ɖama kɔdaɣ taa lɛ, pɩwɛɛkaa kɛlɛ. Paa weyi ɛwɩlɩɣ mbʋ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa na pasa. Pɔsɔkɩ ɖama kɩkpɛzɩmɩŋ, pehizi ɖama sɛsɩ, ɛlɛ, nɔɔyʋ yɔɔ ɛɛlakɩ yeŋ. Pʋsʋm nɔɔyʋ n̄apɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ɛza nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ-yɛ pɩsɩnaʋ a-ɖeɖe. Nɔɔyʋ n̄ɛsɛtɩ e-piliŋa nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ-kɩ sɔʋ ke-ɖeɖe. Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna hama payɛ, pɩcaɣ sɔɔndʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Peeye ɛyʋ naɣ siŋŋ se Ɛsɔ ha ɛyʋ mbʋ yɔ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ. Ɛyʋ ɛcɔna pɩŋŋ nɛ peheyi-i se ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛsɩ eetisiɣ. Pɛsɛ ɛsɔ se pɩnaɣ nakɛyɛ kɩjaŋ kantɔŋ habɩyɛ wiye Togo ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖajaa Gnassingbe Eyadèma, pɩlaʋ tɔkɩ hɩɖɛ ɛɛsɔʋ. Se ɛtalɩ peeye nɛ ɛ-ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɛ hama payɛ tɩnaa sɩzɩ ɛ-lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɛsɔdaa nɛ ɛtapɩzɩɣ etii se ɛna payɛ. Pɩmaɣ-wɛ lɛ peyeba-ɖɩ nɛ ɛcaŋ ɛɖɛɛ ɛtacazɩɣ tibu se ɛna payɛ.
Hama payɛ tɩnaa paɣ caŋŋŋ nɛ pɩmaɣ maɣʋ nabʋyɛ lɛ, pakpa pɔɔ taa nʋmɔʋ. Pɔcɔlʋʋ pɔɔ kpɛɛɛ se pakpa sɩm. Ɖʋ pɛkɛdɩna sɩm. Pakpa-ɩ lɛ, paɖʋ-ɩ peeɖiɣa nakɛyɛ taa. Peeɖiɣa ŋgaa payaɣ se heɣye. Paɖʋʋ sɩm ḿbʋ lɛ, puhuu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ weyi ɛsɩɣlɩ heɣye mbʋ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa weyi ɛsɩɣlɩɣna heɣye. Aleba taa elebu siŋŋ sɩɣlɩɣna-ɖɩ. Kiŋgiɖiye ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ewona heɣye ɛlɔ ɖɩ-ɖɩlɔyɛ. Ɛɖɔŋ kiŋgiɖiye se sɩm ɛtaatɩlɩ-ɩ. Pɔlɔʋ heɣye nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, habɩyɛ paʋ tɛma lɛ. Paa elebu weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛ-ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛhɔzɩ e-lebutu wondu nɛ ɛsɩɩ ti-ɖeɖe. Tɛʋ feŋ lɛ, paa elebu weyi ɛcaa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ nɛ ɛn̄alɩna ɛ-nɔɔ taa. Ɖɩtɩlɩ se pʋcɔ nɛ elebu tɔɔ yɛɖɛyɛɖɛ mbʋ paatɔkɩ yɔ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɛ-nɔɔ maɣmaɣ ɛtɔkɩna, ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-nɔɔ nɛ pʋyʋ. Elebu weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ, e-koyindu nɔɔ ɛmʋʋ nɛ ɛtɔɔna mbʋ paatɔkɩ yɔ. Habɩyɛ tɛŋ nɛ ɛpɩsɩnɩ ɛlɛ ɛ-nɔɔ lɛ, ɛ́lɛ nɔɔ kpɛɣ kɛlɛ.


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Meenii
Meenii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Brunswicki, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Keebɛkɩ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kanadaa yɔ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Meenii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Augusta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 86 542 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 74 859 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 11683 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,52 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1820. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 328 361 yɔ.
Payaɣ Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se ..piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Angus King (I) nɛ Susan Collins (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ nɛ fransɩɩ.


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Nizɛɛrɩ
Nizɛɛrɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa: Alizeerii, Peenɛɛ, Purkina Fasoo, Caadɩ, Liibii, Malii nɛ Niizeriya. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Ñamɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɛ nɖɩ wɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika kañɩmbusaɣ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ tɔɔʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ tɛtɛɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ mbʊlɛ: N̄ɩɣlɩm sika, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ, saarɩbɔŋ, iiraaniyɔm nɛ karasɩm. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩcɔnaa lɛ ɖɩna se Nizɛɛrɩ wɛɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kʊñɔntɩtʊ wɛɛ kpem yɔ.
Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ paakɛ Pɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩwaa nɛ pesidi mba paawɛ peeɖe cabɩ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Sɔŋgayɩ kewiyaɣ ñɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Kaao. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Muka awiya pɩsɩ palaŋga nɛ pa-anɩ ɛbɩsɩ malʊʊ. Pɩlakaɣ pɩnaɣ 1591 lɛ, kewiyaɣ ŋga Saadɩwaa yɔkɩ-kɛ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ Kpankurumwaa nɛ Fɩlandɩnaa kɩlɩna wɛʊ peeɖe.


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Naajeeriya
Naajeeriya kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛ miliyɔɔnaa 177 nɛ n:̀ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Afrika kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeek̂pe kɔyɔ ɖɩkɛlʊbɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Afrika taa lɛ, Naajeeriya taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ kɩlaa.
Paanɛ karasɩm ɛɛtɩ wɛ peeɖe ɛzɩma ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ mulum kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kpem. Takayasɩ nzɩ paɖʊsa wayi nɛ wayi kʊnɛyɔ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ Muhammadu Buhari kɛ palɩzaa se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnɛ ɛlɛɣza ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ se Abasanjo.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Abuja. Ɖɩwɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya wena aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ paya-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Iboowaa, Yurubawaa nɛ Fulaaniwaa, mba payaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlandinaa yɔ pakɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa palɩzɩ paɣtʊ se pakpa nabɛyɩ halaa ɖeke yaa abalaa ɖeke se pasʊʊna-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu. Nɛ yee halaa pa-taa peɖeke yaa abalaa pa-taa peɖeke ɖɔɖɔ se pɛwɛ ɖama cɔlɔ se pawala-ɖama yaa pakpaɣ-ɖama yɔ, paɖʊ-wɛ salaka pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza.


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Tominiika
Tominiika ɛjaɖɛ kɛna ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Antiiyinaa sɔsaa yɔ yaa Karayibi yɔ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Atɩlantiki teŋgu kɩwɛna piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Karayibi teŋgu wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pʊŋ sakɩyɛ. Pʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: hayi kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ canɖaŋ nɩyɩ wɛna nɛ ɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 249 yɔ.
Pʊŋ ɩnɛ ɩtɩŋgʊʊna Puyɛrto Plataa nɛ Santiyaago. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, pʊŋ canɖaŋ weyi ɩwɛ peeɖe yɔ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Pikoo Duwartɩ (mɛtanaa 3 098), Lomaa La Pelonaaucila (mɛtanaa 3 029), Lomaa de la Viyudaa (mɛtanaa 2 802) nɛ Yakɩ (mɛtanaa 2 760). Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se La siyeraa de pahoruco yɔ ɛwɛna nɛ ɛlɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa.
Pamaza Tajikistanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 48 442 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 10 734 247 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 221,6 yɔ. Payaɣ Tominiika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ se Danilo Medina nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊ yɔ Margarita Cedeño de Fernández. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sɛŋ Domiŋgɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +1 809, 1 829 yaa 1 849 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.


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Samarɩyɔm
Samarɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 62 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sm. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Samarɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu panana samarɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1853 pɩtɩŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac.
Palɩza-ɩ eyeke (ɛzɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ lɩm naa naalɛ) Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ pɩtɩŋna samaskite yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ matʊ kɔyɔ (Y,Ce,U,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16. Pɩnaɣ 1901 Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay pɩza ɛtɛyɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa pa naalɛ nɛ ɛlɩɩ erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ samarɩyɔm lɩna samarskite hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, sɔdʊʊ Samarsky lɩna ɛ yɔɔ Oural ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩjɛsɩyɛ taa.
Samarɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛ ŋgʊ fɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛlɛ samarɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa kɛ seɣtiyaa tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖɩnɩɩ se pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtalɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛlɛ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɔ cɔlɔ. Samarɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔʊ kpeekpe ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tomnaɣ kɛ 50 ug kɛlɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ taa nɛ kɩyaɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ calɩm taa lɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ makɩɣna 8 µg lɩta kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ.
Kpaɣ ɖooo calɩm taa samarɩyɔm mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 45 yeke wokina hɔyɛ taa kɛlɛ 45% ñacakɩ mɔɔ yɔɔ, peeɖe ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ, piyele pɩzaɣa 10% ŋgʊ yɔ papa lɩɣ kpaagbaa. Pʊtʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛlakɩ tɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛfɛyɩ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa. Ɛɛyɔɔlʊʊ lɩm mbʊ lɛ ɛfɛyɩ sɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ.


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Cunaami
Cunaami kɛna lɩm nɛ heelim sʊsɔm mbʊ pɩmakɩ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Sapoŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se « pɔɔrɩ lɩm ». Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm hola wɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ, teŋgu yaa oseyaŋwaa yɔɔ kɛ pɩmakɩ. Cunamɩ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ mabʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna ɛzɩma lɩm caŋgʊ piciidi yem tuda yɔ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɣlɩɣna ɛzɩ nabʊyʊ taa tɛtʊ seliɣ yaa tɩñamsʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ciidiɣna lɩm tɛɛ pazɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛtɛɛmɩŋ. Cunami ŋgʊ kɩkɛna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlɩɣ pɔɔrɩnaa yɔɔ kpa lɛ, asɛyʊʊ mankaazɩ kɩkɔŋna.
Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛɛ yaa teŋgʊnaa tɛɛ pɩɩlakɩ ñɩɩtʊ pazɩ yem mbʊ yɔ kɩtalɩ pɔɔrɩ nɔɔ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩ-alɩwaatʊ ndʊ piseɣna yɔ pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 800 kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ lɩm tɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kiseɣ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ kɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊkʊyʊʊ ɛsɔtaa sɩŋŋŋ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩlɩɣna pɔɔirɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ seɣa pasɩɣ ɛlɛ kɩ-tɛ ɛsɔtaa kʊyʊʊ; kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ hiŋ niitozo. Mbʊ yebina nɛ cunaami ŋgʊ kɩlɩɣ kpa ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa-kʊ. Kɩwɛɛkɩɣ mbʊ mbʊ kɩnaɣ kʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ.
Cunaaminaa wɛɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ ɛ-taa. Pakalɩ kɛkpɛdasɩ yaa asɛyɩŋ weyi cunaami kʊnɛ kɩlaba kɔyɔ, ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩŋ looɖo yɔ (600 000); nɛ kɛkpɛasɩ maɣmaɣ ñɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 279 yɔ. Cunaami nakʊyʊ kaalaba pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛ Ɛndɩ teŋgu taa nɛ mba pehiɣ sɩm yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 250 000 yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 kɔyɔ patana asɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ se kɩtala kʊnɛ kɛ wɛkɩyʊ.


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Noé
Noé (hebra kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, נֹחַ nōa'h ; Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɛ نوح nûh pʊ-tɔbʊʊ hɛzʊʊ yaa tɩ hɛzʊʊ) ɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ taa ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ takayaɣ taa nɔɔyʊ siŋ. Ɛsɔ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa peheyiɣ-ɖʊ Noé kaawɛna halʊ nɛ pɩyaa naaatozo, Sem, Cham nɛ Japhet. Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɛma tɩŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ se pɩsa nɛ lɩm ɛtaakpaɣ-ɩ. Ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyaa yeke koŋ paalɩna pɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ paɣtʊ wɩlɩɣ yee mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe tɛ ɛyʊtʊ kiɖe. Kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm tɔŋ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 950 pʊcɔ ɛsɩ. Ɛ-halʊ hɩɖɛ fɛyɩ takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa. Amʊya takayaɣ taa ɛyaa ñaya-ɩ se Emzara.
Tɔm takɩɣ taa lɛ kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm takayaɣ ñʊŋ kagbanzɩ heyuu-ɖʊ se palʊlɩ Noé pɩnzɩ 1056 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ɛsɔ kaatɛma lɩzɩ Aɖam nɛ ɛlɛ ñasɩ pɩnzɩ 2006 kɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ wayi yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ ɛyaa panɛ yɔ hɛkʊ taa Énok, Kénan, Mahalaleel, Yared, Mathusalem nɛ Lémec. Kpaɣ ɖooo Aɖam, ɛyaa tɩŋa kaakɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ la lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ ɛyaa tɩŋa kɩɖɩɖɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛla Noé lɩmaɣza se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa, eyeke koŋ ɛɛwɛna siɣsiɣ.
Kɛlɛ ɛha-ɩ paɣtʊ mbʊ ɛsaɣ ɛ-tɩ mɛlɛ sɔsɔʊ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kɩ-taa ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-pɩyaa nɛ papa halaa nɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-halʊ. Ɛsɔ tʊlɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ lɩm wadɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ, tɛʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɩɩ lɩm wadɩ pili pʊŋ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe nɛ kpɩna kpeekpe sɩ, ɛlɛ mɛlɛ yeke koŋ caɣ lɩm yɔɔ.
Noé pɩya kɛlɛ Sem, Cham nɛ Japhet. Kɩyakʊ nakʊyʊ wiye, Noé kɩlɩ ñɔʊʊ ɛ-tɩŋ pee sʊlʊm nɛ ɛcaɣ ŋtaakpeɖe e-kisinziku tɛɛ. Cham na-ɩ mbʊ ɛlɛ ɛ-ɖalaa tana-ɩ kɛlɛ esu-ɩ tɔɔla mbʊ lɛ ɛha-ɩ nɛ siɣye. Efema lɛ Noé lɔ nɔɔ kɩtɛkɛdaɣ Canaan, Cham pɩyalʊ, nɛ ɛtɔmɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ Sem lɩm ɖʊyʊ. Paalʊlʊʊ Noé ɛɛpaza ɛwɛna kajʊka piŋ, ɛsɩba se ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 950.


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Alɩpʊwaa
Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ payaa-ɩ se alɩpʊwaa. Ɛwɛ kʊhʊlʊmaa tɛtʊ ilemiye taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ ilemiye taa. Ɛpɩlaa, kpaɣna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ hayi kiŋ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ puwolo Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Monako nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Siloveni pa-ajɛya taa.
Alɩpʊ pʊŋ kʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 809 pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ (Mont Blanc) yɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ pʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ kpem yɔ pɩtalɩ pʊŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo nɛ pʊŋ naalɛ (82). Ɛ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 000 yɔɔ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩnaza nɛ lutozo (48). Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩŋgʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38) nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza (24). Mbʊ pɩtamsɩna pʊŋ ɛnʊ nɛ kɛdɛnzɩ yaa ajɛya yɔ, pʊkʊyaa pɩcɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa kudokuŋ naalɛ (2 000). Kpaɣna Meditɛɛranee teŋgʊ nɛ puwolo Daniibi (Danube) pɔɔ lɛ, alɩpʊwaa hɔma pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 1 200.


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Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm
Ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ, akpalasɩɣ tɩŋ piye (pada kɛlɛ Vitis vinifera). Ɛrɔpʊ ajɛya taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ keeke kɛlɛ se ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pɩdʊʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ, akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ lɛɛŋ yaa ɖɔfɩ ŋgʊ. Paalakɩ ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm lɛ, anasaayɩ yaɣ se vinification. Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ anasaayɩ ya se œnologie.
Mbʊ piyeba ŋvɛɛ waa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se hayɩm naa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛ tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtɛ labʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ yaa pɩlɩna ɖɔɖɛ cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pala ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ yaa kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ŋvɛɛ naa taa wɛ leleŋ ndɩ ndɩ (nakʊyʊ wɛ ñaŋ, nakʊyʊ taa wɛ leleŋ), nakʊyʊ wasɩɣ nakʊyʊ ɛɛwasɩɣ. Akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ haɖaʊ mʊ hayɩm siŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ hayʊʊ-kʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ pee tɛ lɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pudukuna tomnaɣ. Walaaa tɛ ɖɔnɛ taa lɛ, akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palakɩna ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ ɛlɛ, ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm kɩsɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ sampañɩ ɖenɖe akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palabɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ŋvɛɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛnɛ. Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ŋvɛɛ kɩkpɛdʊʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye sʊlʊm ŋgʊ payaɣ se akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ. Kɩlɩna Vitis vinifera tɩŋ pee tɛ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ kɩ-hayɩŋ ɖɔ pɩŋ. Tɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛkɛ Vitis (Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris ou Vitis berlandieri) ñasɩna nɛ patamsʊʊ ɛ-pilinzi. Akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ tɔbʊʊ maɣmaɣ wɛ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩsaɣ piliŋga ŋga patamsa yɔ kɔhɔ. Ŋvɛɛ
ŋgʊ patatamsɩɣ kɩ-pilinzɩ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ kɩkɛtɩna ɛyʊ.


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Feeniizi
Feeniizi kɛna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ kidiililn nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ tɛtʊ cikpetʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ sakɩyɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtala ɛzɩ 118 yɔ.
Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2015 taa weyi ɛkɛ Feeniizi maalika ñʊʊtʊ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ lɛ Luigi Brugnaro.
Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakala kɩgalʊ lɛ, ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ patalɩʊ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 269 810 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩèwalanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 41 594 yaa kilomɛtanaa 415,94 km2.
Ɛyaa panɛ pa-taa lɛ, 176 000 wɛ kitiiliŋ cɔlɔ nɛ 31 000 lɛɛba lɛ pɛwɛ tɛtʊ hʊ taa. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ, yee pɛkpɛnda-tʊ nɛ ndʊ payaɣ se Paadʊ yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa talɩʊ ɛzɩ 1 600 000 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ yaa tɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu payaɣ se Makusi kiɖeɖeu nɛ paa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ.


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Karɩbɔnɩ
Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 6 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ C. Ɛwɛna agbele naa naatozo, 12C, 13C nɛ 14C. Kajalaɣ naalɛ mba wɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ naatozo ŋgʊ kɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ ɖoŋ tɛ nɛ kɩwɛna fezuu hɔɔlʊʊ pɩnzɩ 5730.
Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ pʊtʊ nanza ñɩnʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kedeŋga taa nɛ ɛkɛ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩnʊ kɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ (aka yaa mamacɩɩɖɛ nɛ tɩyamaɣ), hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ tɛkɛ tomnasi (CO2 nɛ CH4) nɛ hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ karɩbɔnɩ tɩyɛ (piyomasi, karazɩm nɛ fefeku).
Tɔmpiye karɩbɔnɩ lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, carbo, carbōnis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mamacɩɩɖɛ). Plakʊʊ aka pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ hɔbʊ tɛtʊ poɖe taa yɔ, Room ɛyaa kaasɩma-tʊ. Karɩbɔnɩ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ tɩyamaɣ yɔ paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo lɔŋ Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa, paama-tʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Room ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ adámas, adámantis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ).
Karɩbɔnɩ lɩmaɣza lɩwa kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñɩɣyʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣyʊ, nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛnaa se pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ wɛ pɩ-taa nɛ ñɩɣyʊ tɔkɩ-ɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1772 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Antoine Lavoisier, ñala tʊmɩyɛ karɩbɔnɩ nɛ tɩyamaɣ pɛ-tɛ miŋ mʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛna se ñɔsɩ lɩɣ piŋ ɛlɛ ɛɛnaɣ lɩm nabʊyʊ kaʊ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ karɩbɔnɩ pɛkɛwa.
Kpaɣɖʊ 19 kɛna kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa karɩbɔnɩ wazaɣ kaapaɣla yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩhaɣa ɖoŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1865 alɩwaatʊ Antoine César Becquerel suzuu mbʊ karɩbɔnɩ kaakɛ keeke pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ ɖoŋ nzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ payakaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɖooo canaʊ yɔ.


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Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ
Kinee-Ekwatoriyaaalɩ kɛna Afrika hɛkʊ n ɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ: lɛɛkʊ kɛ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ nɛ lɛɛkʊ lɛ lɩm cʊ-kʊ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊ wɛ Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ñɛwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Piyoka nɛ Anoobonɩ yɔ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa.
Nabayɛ maɣ Kiinee-Ekuwatooriyalɩ ne paahɛʊ cɩŋga hɩla naalɛ ana ahɛkʊ taa. pamaɣ yerm se: Kiinee ekuwatooriyalɩ. Nabʊlɛ lɛ paamaɣna mayaɣ sɔsɔwa se pɩwɩlɩ se se pɩkɛna Hiɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ. Fransɩ cɔnaɣ nɛ ɛna mbʊ lɛ ɛtɔ se pɩfɛyɩ ɖɛu kɛ mbʊ nɛ ɛtɔ se pataama se: Kiinee ekʊwatooriyalɩ yem mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se paña ŋe pama nɛ pɛhɛɛ cɩŋga hɩla ana ahɛkʊ taa nɛ pamana ɖɔɖɔ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa mbʊ see: Kiinee-Ekʊwatoriyalɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtaatɩɩ wɛtaa ɖɩt-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ Kiinee ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ.
Yee pɩwɛɛ se pɔyɔɔdɩ Kiinee-Ekʊwatoriyalɩ caanaʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kɔyɔ, kɩhɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm kpem kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ: kacalaɣ hɔɔlʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛ Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ ŋgʊ lɩm cɔ-kʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ. Pɔcɔnaa lɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 8000 pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yesu lɛ lɩm cɔ Kiinee tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩɩtama nɛ ɖama nɛ pɩcɔ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɩm wadɩ-tʊ nɛ pɩtɛyɩ ɖama.Pañɩnaa nɛ pana se ɛyaa kɑwɛ Musumuu taa kɛ pɩnzɩ 30000 taa pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yesu. Pɩtasɩ lɛ pana kpankuɖum waa naŋgbansɩ kɛ Paataa nɛ Riyoo Muuni kɛ pɩnzɩ 3000 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pana nama yaa pɛ wena pasaɣ yɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa.
Piyoko tɔm ñɛwɛna ndɩ kpem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa kaɣ peeɖe tɔm lɛɣzɩɣ pazɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa pañɩna nɛ pana se peeɖe tɛtɛɛ ñɩm yaa kaaŋ wɛ naputozo taa nɛ weyi ɛna mbʊ yɔ ɛkɛ Ɛsipañɔɔlɩ eɨaɖɛ taa tʊ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Piyokoo taa pʊʊ-taa ñɩmba nabɛyɛ kaacaɣ pɩnzɩ 3500 taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yesu ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ ɛwɩlʊ se tovonim yaa pɛcɛtɩɣ tɔm ndʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa mba pekpeela Timbaabe yɔ pawayɩ lɛ; nabayɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ; pa-taa kɔyɔ: Karbonera, Polawʊpi, Puyela nɛ Palombe. Ɛlɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ tɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ taa tɔm natʊyʊ.
Kiinee-Ekuwatoriyalɩ hɔɔlʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna Kameruni nɛ Kaabɔnɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa tatɩɩñɩnɩta nɛ pana nabʊyʊ ɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ se paapɩɩla wee yɔ peeɖe nɛ Kamerunɩ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Liibeɖevili pɔ-tɔm lɩɣ ɖama.


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Ɖoo cɩcɩka
Ɖoo cɩcɩka kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Evemiye taa ɖanaɣ ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɖoo cɩcɩka yaa ɖoo hɛkʊ taa. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakɩɣ evemiye tɛʊ feŋguu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ ɖoo hɛkʊ tɛŋ lɛ, tɛbɩyɛ ñapaɣzʊʊ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa nɛ wɩsɩ siki lɛ pɩlaba evemiye tɛyɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ nɛ ɖoo cɩcɩka lɛ, evemiye lɛɛɖɛ paɣzʊʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ evemiye 31 wiye ɖoo; cɩcɩka makɩ lɛ, pɩnaɣ kɩfalaɣ paɣzaa ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ. Ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊ kpaɣʊ se ɖoo cɩcɩka yɔ, ndʊ lɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kpɛɖɛŋgʊ yɔɔ.


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Lɔɔɖa saʋ ahela
Lɔɔɖa ahela kɛ spɔɖɛ ŋgʋ lɔɔɖa sayaa lakɩ yɔ. Pɛwɛʋ pɔ-lɔɔɖa kpelesi taa, pe-nesi lɔɔɖa tʋzʋ kʋcɔsaɣ yɔ (volant). Sayaa ka-tʋ ɖama nɛ pɔ-lɔɔɖa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ seu ahela anɛyɔ a-talʋ lɛ. Palakɩ yɛ nɛ lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋtʋbʋ size kuluŋgulu tɛ saʋ wɛ, nɛ habɩyɛ yɔ tʋɖʋɖʋ saʋ wɛ yaa nʋmɔsɔkasɩ taa saʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Lɔɔɖa saʋ ahela wɛna pilinzi nɛ takɩm mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛ-ɖɛna pʋyɔ yɔ sakɩyɛ. kuluŋgulu saʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, satʋ ndʋ pakɩlʋ tʋ sam yɔ, ndʋ yɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tɩŋgɩ-tʋ. Peseu-kʋ nɛ monoplasɩ (monoplaces), ɛlɛ seya lɛɛna ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Wena pazɩmaɣ yɛ yɔ a-taa lɛ, pabɩzʋ paya Nascar nɛ IndyCar kɛ Etaazuunii.
Habɛɛ nɛ nʋmɔsɔkasɩ taa, ɖɩnaɣ kedeŋa kpekpe lɔɔɖa saʋ waɖaa santaraŋ rallɩyɛ (rallyes). Rallye automobile Monte-Carlo, kɛna mazɩtʋ ndʋ tɩ-kɩla kʋm yɔ. Palɩzɩ tʋ pɩnaɣ 1911 taa. Ɖʋɖɔkɩ size lɔɔɖa wena palakɩna aleɣya seu santaraʋ kʋnɛyɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ, aleɣya nʋmɔŋ wobu cikpeŋ nɛ sʋsɔŋ taa.
Kedeŋa kpekpe aŋgba nɛ ajɛɛ aŋgba cɔŋnana nɛ sɔlɩm lɔɔɖa saʋ ahela anɛyɔ aseu ɖeɖe.


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Jimi Hendrix
Palʊla James Marshall Hendrix kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 1942 kɛ Setli tɛtʊ taa, Etazunii taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1970 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ, Aŋgletɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pakɩlɩna-ɩ sɩm yɔ lɛ Jimi Hendrix nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Johnny Allen Hendrix. Ɛkɛ Amerika taa hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ citarɩ maɖʊ, kpalahuwa lʊyʊ, wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ. Ɛnʊ tʊlɩna hendu teu kɩkaʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ payaa-kʊ se Jimi Hendrix lɔnzɩnɖɛ. Etetee hendu pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ, pɩnzɩ naanza yeke ete-tʊ, (1966-1970) ɛlɛ ɛwɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa mba paklila sɩm kitaarɩ ŋgʊ pamakɩna ladriki yɔ nɛ hendu teya sɔsɔɣa taa.
Ɛkɛ lɩmɩyɛ-tʊ ɛlɛ ɛmakɩ nesi kɩpanzɩ citarɩ camɩyɛ yaa ɛkɩzɩ ki-nimasi nɛ nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛma. Ɛwɛna taabalaa nabayɩ nɛ ɛna-wɛ petewaɣ nɛ hendu nɛ pasɩ paɖama yɔɔ; mba yɔ: Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison nɛ Brian Jones. Johnny Allen Hendrix kɛ Afrika nɛ Amerika pɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɛyʊ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa sɛ James Allen Hendrix nɛ palaʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu wiye pɩnaɣ 1919 kɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 2002. Payaa e-ɖoo se Lucille Hendrix, palʊlɩ-ɩ aloma fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1925 nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1958.
Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa kɔyɔ: e-ɖoo caa kɔyɔ Zenora Rose Moore nɛ palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1883 kɛ Zɔɔrzii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛlɛ caa kɔyɔ Robert Moore. Payaɣ ɛ-caa caa se Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix nɛ palʊlɩ-ɩpɩnaɣ 1866. Ɛ-cɔzɔ ɛnɛ e-ɖoo, Fanny, kaakɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊ nɛ ɛwalɩ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ kʊʊlʊm nɔɔyʊ nɛ pɛwɛɛ Urbana. Pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma cɔzɔnaa lɩna ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ lɛ Ross Hendricks kʊyɩ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paalʊla-ɩ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1896 nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Sikaagoo nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ, Hendricks nɛ Hendrix. Ross nɛ Nora kaakɛna weyi ɛɛsɔɔla tanaʊlɑbʊ nɛ ɛcɔʊ ɛtaŋ yɔ nɛ palɩɩ ɖama yɔɔ kɛ Pɔɔrtlandii nɛ Sɛtlɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ pɩla pakpaɣ ɖama 1912.
Fenasɩ cabɩ wayɩ kɛ powoba Kanada ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ palʊlɩ pe-piya 5 nɛ pa-taa lɛ halɩpɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ abalɩpɩya naanza. Pɩya nzɩ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ Jimi Caa, James Allen Hendrix. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1922 kɛ Ross et Nora Hendrix pɩsa Kanada ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ɛyaa siŋŋŋ. Ross sɩba pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ Nora Hendrix ñasɩ pɩnaɣ 1984, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 100.


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Prukisɛɛlɩ
Prukisɛɛlɩ kɛna Pɛlɩziki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa maalikanaa ɖɔɔ nɛ sɩtalɩ ɛzɩ maalisi hiu nɛ nakʊ yɔ nɛ sɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1.180.000 wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1830 lɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 98 279 nɛ pohuu pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩ-tɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kaatalɩ 183.686. Pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ wayɩl lɛ papɩsɩ tibu yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ 154.801 ɛlɛ kpaagbaa mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 lɛ ɛyaa talɩ 200.433. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tatasɩ ɖɔʊ paa ñɩɩ nɛ peyele papasɩɣ pasʊʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛyaa 133 859 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2000. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɔɖɔ pazɩ nɛ pɛwɛ 177 849.
Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna ajɛya lɛɛna taa yɔ pɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ: Fransɩɩ taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 60 751, Maarɔkɩ taa lɛe 38 297, Rumanii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɛwɛ 33.399, Itaalii taa lɛ 31.361, Ɛsɩpaañɩ taa lɛ, 27.466. Pɛwɛ ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Prukisɛɛlɩ taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ wɛna ndɩ kpem nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ɛyaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ abalaa kpɛnda 50,77 nɛ halaa ñwɛɛ 49,23. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 32,61.
Prukisɛɛlɩ nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yaa kominanaa nabɛyɩ kpɛndɩɣ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma se piɖena-wɛ camɩyɛ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Atlanta nɛ Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuni), Pɛrɩlɛɛ nɛ Pɔɔnɩ (Caama), Pireeziiliya (Pireziili), Kazablanka nɛ Naadɔɔrɩ (Maarɔkɩ), Peekɛɛ nɛ Maakao (Siini), Maadiriidi (Ɛsipaañɩ (Espagne)|Ɛsɩpañɩ]]), Alizee (Alizeerii), Kiyɛvɩ (Ukurɛnɩ), Kinsasa (Koŋgoo), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Rusii), Praagɩ (cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa).


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Masacusɛtɩsɩ
Masacusɛtɩsɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ atlantikii kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Niwu Yorkɩ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɔnɛtikuti yɔ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Niwu Hampsirii nɛ Fɛrmɔɔn.
Pamaza Masacusɛtɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 20 328 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 7 332 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 7 032 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 25,70 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Masaazuzɛtii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Boston nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 547 629 yɔ. Payaɣ Masaazuzɛtii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Charlie Baker (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Elizabeth Warren (D) nɛ Ed Markey (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.


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Socrate
Socrate kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Krɛsɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ yaa ɛyʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ Krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ kɛ paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɩnaɣ 470 n̄ɩŋga taa yaa pɩnaɣ 469 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbʋ yɔ. Patatɩlɩ ɛ-fenaɣ yaa e-efemiye yaa ɛ-kɩyakʋ kʋlʋlʋʋ yaa ŋgʋ kɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ.
Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ pɩnaɣ -399 n̄ɩŋga. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩkʋ kpem nɛ piya lɛɣsɩ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ ɛkɔŋ nɛ ɛpaɣlʋ mbʋ yɔ, ɛlakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ wɛnɛyɩ tʋ yɔ. Paa lee ɛwɛ ɛlɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Platon kɛ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ Atɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Filozofii tʋ kɛ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmyɔɔɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Platon kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ siŋŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ.
Ɛkɛ filozofii tʋ kɩbɩnʋ nɔɔyʋ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size eleɖa siŋŋ kɛ filozofii tʋmɩyɛ labʋ kpɛlɛkʋ nɩmɔʋ taa. Ɛkɛ ɛyʋ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgɛ payɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛyʋtʋ tɔbʋʋ tɩlɩʋ. Ɖajaa Platon kɛ Atɛɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ abalʋ filozɔɔfʋ weyi samaɣ yaa ɛyaa kpaɣ size paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, ɛkɛ filozofii lɔnzɩnɖɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɩzɩyʋ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ.
Pɔtɔŋgɩ size ɛkɛ weyi ɛlɩza ɛyʋ loŋ tʋ maɣzɩm tɛ filozofii yɔ. Payaɣ ɛlɩzɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "philosophie morale". Socrate sukili piya lɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Platon, nɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Xénophon. Pa-naalɛ pɔɖɔka pawɩlɩyʋ ɖajaa Socrate lɛɣtʋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma wena eyeba nɛ ɛɖɛ ɛsɩ yɔ kpam.
Ɖajaa filozɔɔfʋ sɔsɔ Maxime de Tyr, heyaɣ samaɣ size ɖajaa Socrate ɛnɛ, ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʋbɛ. Socrate tama paa wiɖi kɛ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nɛ ɛna. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛtama e-wezuu saɣʋʋ yaa ɛlɩmaɣza ɖoli size pakalɩ nɛ patɩlɩ. Yee samaɣ yaa sakɩyɛ ɛtɩla-ɩ kɔ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ filozɔɔfʋ Aristote wɩlɩtʋ yɔɔ.


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Miŋ
Miŋ kɛ wazaɣ pʊyʊ siŋŋ. Ɛwazɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɛ. Miŋ patɩzɩɣna tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋa. Ɛlɛ, ɛkɛ sɩm ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ eyele nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe wɛɛkɩ. Miŋ haɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ, wɩsɩ ha ñalɩmɩyɛ, fenaɣ ha ñalɩmɩyɛ, tɩnzɩ ha ɖɔɖɔ ñalɩmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, mbʊ pɩhaɣ yaa pɩkɔŋna ñalɩmɩyɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, miŋ kɩlɩna ɖoŋ. Pʊcɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ wɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ ɛkpaɣna nɛ ɛlɩzɩ miŋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa tatɩzɩɣ tɔɔnasɩ. Pɔtɔkaɣ tɩŋ pe nɛ hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ kɩtatɩzʊʊ. Halɩ pɔtɔkaɣ nandʊ maɣmaɣ kɩtatɩzʊʊ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ ha ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ elu miŋ.
Ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa cɔnaa se pɛkɛtɩɣ pɩjakpalɩma naalɛ nɛ ɖama lɛ, mamatʊsɩ lɩɣ yʊbʊlɛɛ. Pʊ-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa nɛ pala lɩmaɣzɛ se yee pasɩ kpootu nɛ pɛkɛtɩ pɩjakpalɩma nɛ ɖama nɛ mamatʊsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ yɔ, sɩtɔlɩ kpootu ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, kpootu mʊʊ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, pakpakɩɣ pɩjakpalɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛtɩna nɛ hakuu ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ mamatʊsɩ lɩɩ nɛ pʊtɔlɩ kpootu yɔɔ nɛ tʊtʊ mʊ miŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se soŋaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ yekina nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Soŋaɣ ŋga ka-taa wɛ hakuu.


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Kɔfɩ kɛna sʊlɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛñɔɔ nɛ ɖom ɛtaakpayɩ yɔ. Kɔfɩ tɩʊ lʊlʊʊ na pee ana.
Kɔfɩ haɖaʊ tɔya ajɛya wena a-taa wɩsɩ ñakɩ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pahayʊʊ kɔfɩ yɔ, pɛɖɛʊ na-kɩ-pee ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ pʊcɔ pɛpɛdɩ-yɛ. Kɔfɩ kɛna tɔɔnasɩ taa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pakɩlɩɣ pɛdʊ ajɛya sɔsɔna kɩyakɩŋ taa yɔ. Kɩkɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm kɛ ajɛya wena ahayɩɣ-kʊ yɔ. Kaɖazim wayɩ lɛ, kɔfɩ pakɩlɩɣ pɛdɩɣ ajɛya kpeekpe taa; ɛlɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ paatɩsɩɣ tʊyɔɔ caamɩyɛ nɛ paɖɩɣna ñɩnɩɣ se pana se toovenim mbʊ lɛ?
Main exporters by country in 2015/16[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]


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Tɔɔnaɣ yɔlʊʊ
Tɔɔnaɣ yɔlʊʊ kɛna wɛtʊ ndʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ tɔwaa yɔ sɩlɛɛzʊʊ yɔ. Yɔlʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩɣna ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ natʊyʊ naŋgɩɣna-sɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ kɛ ɛyʊ lotu taa. Palɩzʊ tɔɔnasɩ yɔ lʊʊ tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛna ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ tɔɔʊ tɩŋgʊna nɛ sɩpɩsʊ ɛyʊ taa anaɣm ŋgʊ kɩcalʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe yɔ. Tɔɔnasɩ yɔlʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlakɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔlʊʊ ajɔɔla taa,ajɔɔla ana a-taa nɛlɩm kabaɣ. Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, ɛlotu taa kɛ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ lʊʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ pɩtɩŋga ɛlɛ tɛtɛkpɩna tɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ ndɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, atɔkɩ atɛ lɛ ɑɖaɣnɩ hoowu a-nɔs i taa nɛ atasɩ tɔɔʊ mʊnʊnʊ. Tɔɔnaɣ yɔlʊʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɔɔnasɩ keŋgelem keŋgelem naŋgʊ se pɩpɩsɩ mʊnʊnʊ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ keem pɩsɩ anaɣm lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se pɩtɩŋna nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ tɔɔnasɩ yɔlʊʊ yɔ. Kacalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ yɔlʊʊ paɣzʊna nɔɔ taa. Peeɖe lɛ, kela yɔtʊʊ yaa kpatʊ yɔbɩ yɔbɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩkaɣ tibu lotiu taa yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩtalʊʊ hiluu taa lɛ, ndaɣlɩm lakɩ pɩ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ndaatʊ ndʊ tɩtaɣ tɔɔnasɩ lɛ, pɩsɩŋna nɛ sɩtɛzɩ yɔlʊʊ camɩyɛ lotu taa. Lotu taa lɛ, naŋgɩyʊ taa nɛ pɩdʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kisiduu tɔɔnasɩ taa lɛ sɩnaŋgʊʊ camɩyɛ. Lotaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖʊʊ i-tɛ ajɔɔla nɛ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ lʊʊ tɛzʊ labʊ ɖeu. Kʊlɔɔʊ tɔʊ kɩ-ajɔɔla wena awɛ kɔtɩɩɩ yɔ kɛ tɔɔnasɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ajɔɔla naayɛ wɛ ñɩmɩŋ yaa leleŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋga pisidu nɛ tɔɔnaɣ taa anaɣmna tɩŋga lɩɩ nɛ pɩkaza asuluma wena yɔ, alɛ ñaalɩɩ.
Tɛtɛ kpɩna tɛ lɛ, paayɔɔdʊ tɔɔnasɩ t yɔlʊʊ tɔm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɩtataana-yɛ. Pɩtɛlɛ, tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ñɛwɛna pɩtɛ lakasɩ. Tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ sʊʊ lɛɛŋ yaa ɩkpaɣ lɛɛŋ nɛ ɩñɔʊ-ɩ. Tɩŋ ɩnʊ payaɣ-ɩ se nandʊ tɔɔyaa tɩŋ. I-taa kɔyɔ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ. Kpɛŋgbɛka sʊʊ tɩŋ ajɔɔla tɩna taa nɛ sɩñɔʊ kaɖɩbɔnɩ nɛ sɩ paɣlʊ pɩyele tɩʊ ñawɩlʊ nɛ kɩwɩlʊ.


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Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ
Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ kɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Sɩkandiinavɩ tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Ajɛya wena ɖɩnɛ-yɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Sʊyɛdɩ, Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Ruusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa wɛ 385 199 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ wɛ ñabɩ yɔ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ 307 860 km2.
Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔwaa kagbanzɩ kɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 2015. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ Isilandɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kilomɛta yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Osɩloo nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ nɔɔrɩveezɩyɛɛ pɩyele liidiya kɔyɔ Nɔɔkɩ.
Keteŋa kpekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpazɩ ɖɩhɩʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu pazɩ pɩɖɛɛ; nɛ ɛsɩndaa kpem. Sɔnɔ taa mbʊ yɔ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñɩm pʊnɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɩlɩna kaɖazɩm nɛ helimaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa yɔ payaɣ-kɛ se kaazɩ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ temokirasii kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekp ajɛya taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ. Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wɛ ajɛya wena acaɣ nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ.
References[ñɔɔzɩ | ñɔɔzɩ wikicode]
- ↑ Arealstatistics for Norway 2020, Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway Accessdate=2020-03-11
- ↑ Population, january 01 2021, Statistics Norway Accessdate=2021-02-23


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YouTube
YouTube kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔ, pɩ-hayɩm tɛ wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Kɩkɛ « site web » nakʋyʋ. Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa wɛ fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ YouTube yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasʋʋ wilaʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ petiyini ɖama pe-fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ.
Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pala ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fideyinaa mba petiyiɣni ɖama yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pama YouTube kpou. Ɖajanaa panɛ : Steve Chen nɛ Chad Hurley nɛ Jawed Karim pamana-kʋ. Ɛyaa naadozo panɛ, paakɛ PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmlaɖaa kɩbɩma nabɛyɛ.
Aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa Google yaba PayPal pɩlɩʋ. Liidiye dollars waa 1,65 miiliyarɩ kɛ Google hɛyaa nɛ kɩtɩɣyɩ PayPal pɩlɩʋ. San Bruno tɛtʋ taa PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ. San Bruno tɛtʋ kɛ Californie ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 350 mbʋ yɔ sʋʋ YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo ñɩŋʋ (28) wiye, pɩnaɣ 2010 taa, pɔcɔnaa lɛ, ɛyaa mba patamsɩ pa-kpasɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ.
Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pɔcɔnaa lɛ, kpasɩ nzɩ sɩtamsɩnɩ sɩ-tɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɩɩnɩwa (50) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ wɛ PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ. YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa fideyonaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Ɖajaa Wiz nɛ Ɖajaa Charlie Puth pɛ-tɛ fideyoo ŋgʋ payaɣ se See You Again (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se 'Pɩlabɩ tasɩ' kabɩyɛ taa) yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ cɔnaʋ.
Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa palɩzɩ See You Again tɛ fideyoo nɛ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 2,9 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ cɔŋna fideyoo ŋ́gʋ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa YouTube kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ cɔŋna fideyinaa paa evemiye nɖɩ.


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Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Siini yɔ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩyaɣ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiŋ naalɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1942 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Taizhou egeetiye.
Ɖajaa Hu Jintao ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛ-wɛna n̄amtʋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛɛwɛna wɛtʋ kɩpandʋ sukuli taa nɛ ɛyɛlʋʋ nɔmɔŋ kpeekpe taa. Ɖajaa Hu Jintao ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki labɩyaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ. Ɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe payaɣ size kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣza tɩŋgʋ ngbɛ. Ɖajaa Jintao kɛna PCC politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa maʋ sɔsɔ.
Ɛpaaza takayaɣ taa maʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ PCC Siini politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa pɩnaɣ 2002 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛlaba takayaɣ taa maʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩkɔ pɩsɩɩna kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga taa. Eleɖa ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlabʋ taa peeɖe siŋŋ, mbʋ yɔ ɛlakaɣ ɖɩ nɛ sɔɔlɩm.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa evemiye hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2003 n̄ɩŋga taa samaɣ lɩza ɖajaa Hu Jintao size ɛkɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ wiyau. N̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛcaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ evemiye hiu nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2013 n̄ɩŋga taa.


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Caŋgayɩ
Caŋgayɩ kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Payaʊ se caŋgayɩ yɔ, kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se « teŋu yɔɔ ». Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 18 500 000 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 634 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 6 340.
Caŋgayɩ wɛ lɩm pɔɔ nakayɩ cɔlɔ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Yaŋgɩ Jiyaŋgɩ nɛ pɔɔ ŋga ka-lɩm pɩyʊʊ siini teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Payaɣ Caŋgayɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Yang Xiong nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɔyɔ Han Zheng.
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 nɛ 20 taa lɛ, Caŋgayɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, ndʊ kaakɛŋna Azii Pasiifiki taa ɖenɖe tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔma nabɛyɩ kɔma nɛ pawadɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ pasʊ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 nɛ 1930 taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsakuliye kaakɩla wɛʊ camɩyɛ.


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Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang (Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 秦始皇,Pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Qín Shǐhuáng, Wade kʊnʊŋ lɛ, Ch'in² Shih³-huang, EFEO taa lɛ, Tsin Chi-hoang, Kantɔnɛ Jyupting taa lɛ, Ceon⁴ Ci²-wong,Yale taa lɛ, Chèuhn Chí-wòhng) (pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ ŋtalɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 210 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ), ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ Qin wiyaʊ sɔsɔ kpaɣnɛ pɩnaɣ 247 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.
Ɛnʊ ɖɩzɩna ɛyaa tɛtʊ mʊyaa kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwakaɣ kewiyisi nzɩ sɩlakaɣ yoŋ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 230 nɛ ŋtalɩ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Siini Ampiiri kpɛndɩyʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Qin kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (pɩnzɩ 221 ŋtalɩ 207 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ). Patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Shin no Shikōtei (kajalaɣ Qin Wiyaʊ) Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
E-cejewiye hɩɖɛ kaakɛ Ying (嬴)nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe kɔyɔ Zhèng (政), palɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ fenaɣ ŋga kataa palʊla-ɩ yɔ ɛnɛ ka-hɩɖɛ paakpaɣ ɖama, Siini pɩnaɣ taa kajalaɣ fenaɣ. Pataa ya wiyaʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ kaañamtʊ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛɛkɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ Qin wiyaʊ.
Ɛnʊ weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, palʊla-ɩ Handan, Zhao tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ, peeɖe palʊla e-ɖoo, paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Zhao Zheng, pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Yi Ren pɩyalʊ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛkɛ Qin Zhaoxiang wiyaʊ sɛyɩ. Pʊcɔ ɛkpakɩɣ Yi Ren halʊ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ taɣ yɔɔ halʊ caɣyʊ kɛ tadɩyɛ ñɩm tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ Lü Buwei (呂不韋) weyi ɛdaŋaɣ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-hayɩ-ɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 267 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ lɛ, wiyaʊ pɩɣa Anguo (安國) Yi Ren caa, paalɩza-ɩ se ɛkɛ peyebinam ñɩm tʊ Qin kewiyaɣ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtaawɛna pɩɣa nɛ ɛ-halʊ kajalaɣ tʊ, ɛlɛ yɔ Huayang (華陽). Changping you pɩnaɣ kɩpɩsaɣ wayi palʊla-ɩ, ɖenɖe Qin naŋaɣ Zhao, Zheng nɛ e-cejewiye paawɛ haŋaɣ nakɛyɛ taa kpem.


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Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ
Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ (rayonnement) kɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlɛɣnɩ ñalamɩyɛ taa yɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nazɩyʋ hɔmtʋ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛɛ. Wilitu nɩʋ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ tʋnɛ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɛ pe (neutrons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyaa (protons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe. Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ « alpha » hɔɔlaɣ piye (particules alpha). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mʋntʋsaɣ yaa mʋntʋsʋʋ piye (photons). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɩyasɩ (neutinos). Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ.
Pʋcɔnɛ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ camɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pakpaɣ pa-taa weyi lɛ nɖeke. Pʋbʋ papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtɩ kɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mʋntʋsʋʋ pe naayɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛkɛ mbʋ pʋhɔŋ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ yɔ.


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Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ
Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ kpakʊʊ nɛ tʊcɔɔ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ kɛ wɩsɩ nɛ tɩta yɔ. Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ wɛna kandɩ nɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga payaɣ se mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ yɔ. Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ ñɛkɛŋna ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ mʊndʊzʊʊ seɣa kɛ heelim taa pɩnaɣ pilim yɔ. Ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-mayaɣ kɔyɔ: AL yaa A.L yaa ɖɔɖɔ a.l. Yee pamaaza ɖenɖe mʊndusuu ŋgʊ kɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkpɛnda kilomɛtanaa 9 461 miliyaarɩ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊndʊsʊʊ seu kilomɛtanaa 300 000.
Pɩnaɣ kanɛ yaa tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ kanɛ kɛwɛ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa pɩnaɣ sɔsɔ. Kanɛ kaka kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa avema kpɛnda 366 yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ ɛɛtalʊʊ mbʊ nɛ sɩsɩɣʊna avema 365. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga papɩsʊʊ payaa ɖɔɖɔ se nabʊlɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa looɖowaa naalɛtɛyʊʊ pɩnaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ nodozowaa naalɛ pɩnaɣ. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔ, lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga avema nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ kɩkɩla wɛnaʊ. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ kɔŋ paa pɩnzɩ naanza nzɩ wayɩ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩpɩzʊ pucɖi. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnzɩ taa kɔyɔ: 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032 mbʊ mbʊ.


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Rumaanii
Rumaanii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna lʊbɛ (7) ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 19 942 642 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa.
Piyele pɩkɛ walanzɩ landammm taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ naklʊ ñɩnɖɩ walanzi taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 238 391.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: Hɔŋirii, Ukurɛnɩ, Mɔlɩdaavii, Puligari nɛ Sɛrbii.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1877 nɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Klaus Iohannis. Komina nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Dacian Cioloș. Rumaanii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka wondu taa lɛ, pasaazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa se pefe.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔɖɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ ruumɛɛ. Payaɣ Rumaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ se Pʊkaarɛsɩtɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2004 nɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa taa ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2007.


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Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Rafayeli
Ñazɩʊ sɔsɔ Rafayeli kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa naatoozo-tʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛna Mikayɛlɩ nɛ Gabrɛlɩ pasɩŋgʊna Ɛsɔ ɛsɩndaa kaɣlaa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣna-ɩ. Rafaeli tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se Ɛsɔ waɩɣ yaa Ɛsɔ waɣ kʊtɔmɩŋ. Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa kipaɣlʊ Ɛsɔ tii Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Rafaeli kɛ Tobiyasi pɩyalo Tobie cɔlɔ se ɛtɛŋna ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛwaa Tobiasi yʊlʊnzɩ nɛ ɛha-ɩ Sara nɛ ɛkpaɣ-ɩ halʊ.
Ɛzɩ Mikaelɩ nɛ Gabrɩɛlɩ yɔ, pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 29 wiye. Pasɩmna Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Rafayeli se ɛnʊ kɛŋna ɖɔɖɔ kɛ nʊmɔwoɖaa yɔɔ kandɩyʊ: paa lɩm taa, paa tataa yaa paa ɛsɔtaa. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnʊ kɛŋna tiiyu weyi ɛ-yɔɔ Ɛsɔ tɩŋʊna nɛ ɛhaɣ e-fezu kiɖeɖeu kɛ ɛyaa yɔ.
Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖea taa lɛ, Ñazyɩʊ sɔsɔ Rafaeli yabɩna Tobiyasi nɛ Sara pa-ñʊŋ. Tobi takayaɣ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Tobiyasi tiyaɣ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Tobi kɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ ɛɛsɩŋ lɛ, Rafayeli tibina nɛ ɛsɔtaa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛkpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Azariyasi, Ananiya sɔsɔ piyalʊ.
Ɛsɩ-ɩ nɛ pɛɖɛʊ taa lɛ Tobi tiba pɔɔ nakayɩ taa se ɛñɔʊ lɩm nɛ ɛna kpakpayaɣ lɛ, Rafayeli heyi-i se ɛkpa-kɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ka-taa hosaɣ, hɔyɛ nɛ hʊzʊŋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ. Patalaa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paha Tobi kɛ Sara nɛ pasʊ se pahɩnɩʊ lɛ, Tobi kpaɣ hɔyɛ nɛ hʊzʊŋ nɛ ɛɖʊ ɛsɩɩ sɔzʊŋ pɛɛ tɔlɔma yɔɔ. Nɛ kpakpayaɣ sɔŋ ɖɔɔnɩ elewu nɛ ese ɛmɛlɩ Egipti hayu kiŋ. Nɛ Rafayeli ɖɛɛ nɛ ewoloɛhɔkɩ-ɩ peeɖe. Piyele hosaɣ taa lɩm kɛ eheyi Tobi nɛ ɛtaa ɛ-caa Tobiyasi ɛsɛ nɛ akuli.
Malɩŋ cɔlɔ lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ se Israfil nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ wɛna ndɩ nɛ ɛzɩ Krɩstʊ mba cɔlɔ yɔ. Peeɖe lɛ, ɛnʊ kaɣna ŋgandɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛ yaʊ tɔm napʊtozo nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ɛjaɖɛ tɛma nɛ pɩtala se pahʊʊna tɔm paa anɩ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ tɛŋ, nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, pɩfezɩɣ sɩɖaa kɛ po-ɖɔmtʊ tɛ lidau yɔɔ nɛ kpaagbaa ñɩmbʊ lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalaa se pahʊʊ tɔm nɛ ɛsɩndɩnaa nɛ sɩɖaa kɛ tɔm.


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Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Kiŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ (paɖanɩɣ-ɖɩ maʊ se Ch'ing yaa Siŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ yaa Ciŋ kewiyaaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ, Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 清朝, Pinyin taa lɛ, qīng cháo, Wade taa lɛ, Ch'ing ch'ao, mandchou kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Daicing gurun, mongol kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, MaHж ЧиH yлc, kɩ-tɛ nɛ mandchoue tɛ), kɩkɛ kpaagba kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1644 ŋtalɩ 1912. Kɛlɛza wayi wayi Han kewiyaɣ nɛ Miŋ kewiyaɣ. Potula you nɛ Miŋ ɛyaa pɩnaɣ 1644 pazɩtʊ caca mbʊ lɛ, pamʊ kewiyaɣ ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ Siini kpeekpe taa. Pamʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ pɩnaɣ 1644 nɛ pasɩ politiki kewiyaɣ kɩfalaɣ, Kiŋ Sɔsɔ Ampiiri nɛ Siini wɛ pe-kewiyaɣ nesi tɛɛ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 19 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ naalɛ ndʊ taa, Kiŋ Ampiiri tɔla, ɛlɛ, pɩlɩna ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ lɛɛna tɛ seɣee waa yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɛmna se Xinhai waa tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩɣ tuza pe-kewiyaɣ nɛ piyele Siini ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ mbʊ ɖɩsɩna-ɖɩ sɔnɔ yɔɔ. Kiŋ kewiyaɣ tɛma lɛɣla fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1912 taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩ-wiyaʊ kpaagba ñɩnʊ kiza kewiyaɣ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo.
Kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kaañɔɔ ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ Siini ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Han waa yɔ tɩna kɛ-tɛ kiɖe. Ɛyaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ, mandchous ɛyaa mba pɔdɔɖɔɔ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖa-evema ana a-taa yɔ mba tɩna ke-kiɖe. Mandchous ɛyaa kɛ Jurchens (女真) liɖe taa ɛyaa, pɩkɛ toungouse ɛyaa mba paawɛ egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ nɔnɔ kɛ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ tɛ ɛyaa tɛ nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Heilongjiang yɔ kɩ-taa.
Nurhaci kaakɛ cejewiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ tɛ wiyaʊ ndɩ Jurchen kɛ Jianzhou taa, kpaɣɖʊ 12 paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Vassal kiŋgi kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ, nɛ ehiɣ tɔm kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1582 taa nɛ mandchou cejewaɣ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔɔjana yoŋ kɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa pɩsɩ kpɛlɩ ɛjaaɖɛ tɩŋga you, nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ se pɛkpɛndɩ Jurchen nɛ Jianzhou cejewaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1616 pazɩtʊ taa ca lɛ, Nurhaci kaawɛna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-yaa ɛ-tɩ se Jin Sɔsɔʊ ñʊʊ tʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtɩɣzɩna Jurchen kɩbɩnʊʊ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1635, Huang Taiji kpaɣ Mandchou hɩɖɛ nɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ kpata nɛ ɛ-yaa na Jurchen samaɣ tɩŋga. Pɩnaɣ 1636 taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ejéi khan, Ligdan Khan, mongol sɔsɔʊ ñʊʊtʊ weyi ɛsɩba pɩteleɖi yɔ pɩyalʊ cɛlɛ-ɩ Yuan kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kɩɖaʊ ɖoŋ yɔ, Huang Taiji kpaɣ mandchou se Ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛ-yaa-ɖɩ se Kiŋ Sɔsɔʊ, eyele Khan hɩɖɛ, wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ ñɩnɖɛ.


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Ɛndusɩ Pɔɔ
Ɛndusɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ Sɩnd yaa Sɩnduu, Tibetain taa lɛ Senge khabab pʊtɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛlɩna tɔyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Ɛndusɩ kɛ Aazii lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kaha ka-hɩɖɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kegbeŋ nɛ Himalaya nɛ hadɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Arabii teŋgʊʊ taa. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛ Ɛndɩ kɩlaŋ pɔsɔ lʊbɛ taa.
Ɛndusɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ Kailas yaa Kankri pʊŋ taa kɛ Tibɛtii ageetaa taa. Mbʊ yɔ kagba hɩɖɛ se kpaɣ nɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛdɩyɛ kpolo kpolo taa Sengge nɛ Gar pɛ-tɛ, mba mba palɩna Himalaya nɛ patɩŋgʊʊ Nganglong nɛ Gangdise Shan pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ. Pʊwayi lɛ, Ɛndusɩ tɩŋgʊna hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Kasɩmɩrɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ Karakoram pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ nɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ lɛ kapɩsɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ nɛ keyeki Peshawar nɛ Rawalpindi piyisi. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ lɩm kɩkam nabʊyʊ pɩsɩ Tarbela ŋgbaŋ. Kpana kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ taa nɛ Kabuul lɩm pɔɔ lɛ, Ɛndusɩ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ pɩsɩ mɛlɛna nɔmɔʊ.
Ka-nɔmɔʊ ɖɔnɛ taa nɛ teŋguu yɔ kiŋ pɩsɩna nɛ Pendjab nɛ Sind fɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɔɔ ŋga kekpeŋ peɖe hɛɛ. Kɛ-tɛzɩɣ Hyderabad nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Oman tenguu taa nɛ hanala fɛɛʊ kɩwɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 7770 kpɛɛ ko yɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ pɔɔ nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 200 Karasɩ nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, lɛlɛyɔ taa pakpa-kʊ se kɩ-kɛ ɖɩkɛ ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ egeetiye yuŋ tɛ ndɛ ajaɖɛ kpeekpe taa.


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1Wɑɑtʋ wei Sɑlʋmɔŋ tɛmɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ ŋmɑʋ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ kɔnɑ mpi ɩ cɑɑ Tɑfiiti kɑ hɑ Tɑcɑɑ tɔ. Pɑɑ liɣitee nyǝɣǝtʋ, nɑ wʋlɑ, nɑ wontunɑɑ lɛntǝnɑɑ. Nɑ ɩ́ sɩɩ pǝ tǝnɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ kpɑncoou tɑɑ.
2Wɑɑtʋ wei Sɑlʋmɔŋ tɛmɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ ŋmɑʋ, ɩlɛnɑ ɩ́ koti Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ kʋpɑɣɑlɑɑ nɑ pɑ kpekɑ nɑ pɑ lʋlʋŋ nyʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ kɛ Yosɑlɛm. Nɑ ɩ́ tʋ-wɛ sɩ pɑ́ kpɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ ɑtɑkɑɑ kɛ́ Tɑfiiti tɛ timpi pɑ yɑɑ tɔtɔ sɩ Siyɔŋ tɔ, nɑ pɑ́ ponɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ.
3Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ tǝnɑ kotɑ wulɑʋ tɛɣɛ pɑ ɩsɔtʋ nɑɑtosompɔɣɔlɑɣɑ nyǝŋ kɛ ɑcimɑ tɔɣɔʋ.
4Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ kʋpɑɣɑlɑɑ kotɑɑ, ɩlɛnɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ kpɑɣɑ Ɩsɔ ɑtɑkɑɑ
5nɑ pɑ́ ponɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Nɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ sǝnɑ-wɛ nɑ pɑ́ ponɑ cokǝle nɑ tǝ tɑɑ wontunɑɑ.
6Ɩlɛnɑ wulɑʋ Sɑlʋmɔŋ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ pɑɑ kotinɑ Ɩsɔ ɑtɑkɑɑ tɔ, pɑ́ lɑ́ kɔtɑɣɑ kɛ heeŋ nɑ nɑɑŋ tuutuumɑ pǝ fɛɩ kɑlʋɣʋ.
7Pǝ wɑɑlɩ kɛ́ kɔtǝlɑɑ sʋʋnɑ Ɩsɔ ɑtɑkɑɑ kɛ kɑtɛ tɑɑ kɑtɛ nɑŋ tɑɑ kɛ́ ɩ lonte kɛ ɩsɔtɑɑ tɑŋlɑɑ keŋ tɛɛ. Nɑ pǝ́ kenti ɩ́ nɑ ɩ kpɑtǝŋ wei pɑ kpɑkǝɣǝnɑ-ɩ tɔ ɩ tɔɔ.
9Kpɑtǝŋ ɩnɩ ɩ kɑ tɑɣɑlɑɑ kɛ́. Hɑlǝnɑ ye n kpǝtǝnɑ pʋʋɣʋ kʋkɑkɑɣɑʋ n nɑɑkɩ-ɩ kɛ́. Amɑ ye n hɑtǝlɑɑ n kɑɑ nɑ-ɩ. Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ pǝ wɛ hɑlǝnɑ sɑŋɑ.
10Kʋsǝsɩɩtʋ pɛɛ kpɑɑtɑnɑɑ nɑɑlɛ kɛ Ɩsɔ kɑ cɛlɑ Moisi kɛ Holɛpʋ pʋɣʋ tɔɔ. Wɑɑtʋ ɩnǝɣɩ Ɩsɔ nɑ Ɩsɛɣɛlɩ nyǝ́mɑ pɑɑ pɛɛlɑ nɔɣɔ kɛ pɑ Icipiti lɩɩʋ wɑɑlɩ. Pɛɛ ɑnɩ ɑ tike ɑ kɑ wɛnnɑ ɑtɑkɑɑ tɑɑ.
11Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ kɔtǝlɑɑ lɩɩnɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Kɔtǝlɑɑ tǝnɑ mpɑ pɑɑ wɛ tǝnɑ tɔ pɑ lɑpɑ nyɔɔŋ tɔɔ ɑsilimɑ kɛɛlʋɣʋ kɔtɑɣɑ kɛ́. Ɩlɛ pɑ tɑ kɛɛsǝnɑ ɩsǝnɑ kpekɑ tǝŋɑ tǝmɑ tɔ.
12Ɩlɛnɑ Lefii nyǝ́mɑ mpɑ pɑ kɛ́ wontu mɑtɑɑ, ɩsɩɩ Asɑfɩ, nɑ Hemɑŋ, nɑ Yetutuŋ. Nɑ pɑ pǝyɑlɑɑ, nɑ pɑ lʋlʋɣʋ nyǝ́mɑ lɛlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ suu kpoŋkpontu toŋ nyǝntʋ wontu tɔ, pɑ́ sǝŋɑ kɔtɑɣɑ tǝlɑtɛ ilim tǝlɩɩlɛ tɔɔ nɑ pɑ́ tɔkɑ kpɛŋkpɛŋnɑɑ, nɑ cǝmǝŋ nɑ sɑŋkʋnɑɑ. Ɩlɛnɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ mpɑ pɑ nyǝmɑ́ ɑkɑntɛɛ hʋlʋɣʋ tɔ pɑ́ sǝŋɑ pɑ kiŋ kɛ yǝlɑɑ nɩɩnʋwɑ nɑ hiu (120).
13Ḿpʋ́ɣʋ́ wontu mɑtɑɑ nɑ yonyoolɑɑ pɑ kpɛntɑɑ nɑ pɑ́ sɑŋ Ɩsɔ nɑ yontu sɩ: Ɩ́ sɑ Tɑcɑɑ, mpi tɔ ɩ kɛ́ kʋpɑŋ. Ɩ sɔɔlʋɣʋ wɛ tɑm tɔɔ. Mpʋɣʋlɛ Ɩsɔ teu nɑwɑ Ɩsɔ tǝsɛɛlɛ tɑɑ. Nɑ ɩsɔŋmʋntʋ nyɑlɑ nɑ kɔtǝlɑɑ kpisi pɑ tǝmlɛ lɑpʋ.