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Friday, April 18, 2014
MAYU NI DODAP BYE YANG NA SHAMAN GA
Ya awun ningtung daina, mali masa wa nang ninghtoi gaja ai shana anhte mayu lanu, pungsan hka hku ni, yu hkun sinwa janpru tsom ai naura ni go, dai ni anhte a shayi sha hpe, yu tso yu ra sai nga nna, Wunpong Htunghking hte tup, Hkungran la masin dai rai nna, ya ndai Dami Maru Da-ma Singkung ni ya, mado Saihkang nge nyep, ja wang singko e htep rai, shi bye htai yong sa lung, la ron hkumdong sa dung nna mahkang singkung sa yon, gyi nyeng sumpum sa don nga ga ai. Mayat zadung sa lan, maya zahkong sa hpan ga ai. Ya ko nna go, nan-gu dingrong nanmoi dinghkong, nanhpu nannau ni, anum mado wa rum, ala ninghtan wa hkrum nna, Sumtu aga wa run shawang amyit wa hkrum rai nga wa masit. Sut lu lammo sha hkrai manu, ja lu rumdung sha hkrai magu nna, Hka hku hpaga sa yang dau da, Hka nam aja tam yang hkron hkra, Nhprong nhkyeng asut wa ring, Wuhku wula agan wa chying nna, shadang magrau grang ai shangai, shayi shadan tang ai zinghkai nna, shadang sumbat ngang, shayi sumdo kang nna, akong shagu ajan pru, Hkaro shagu awan tu, nga mangan nga, pra wunden ja nna, galu kaba mayat maya, gumring gumrat gumja gumhpra rai nga wa masit lo.
Thursday, April 17, 2014
SHAWNG NNAN NUM LA HPAWNG WA AI LAM 景颇族的婚俗
Moi prat kaw nna ndai prat du hkra Jinghpaw masha ni hta num nnan la ai shaloi hkungran ngut ai hte rau shayi numsha ni hpe shawng de na zawn myit n pyaw mat na matu mungga grai chye shaga ai hte ga namsup rawng ai masha ni hpe laka ga, ngu ai hte shangwi shapyaw let sharin shaga chye ma ai. Dai hpe Hka hku ga de gaw NUM NNAN LANYI ai nga ma ai. Manmaw Sinli ga de gaw LAKA KA ai nga ma ai.
Numsha ni hpw sharin shaga ai shaloi maumwi langai mi galoi mung ahkai nga ma ai. Dai maumwi gaw lanyi ai n rai; maumwi san san sha tsun dan, hkai dan ma ai.
Moi shawng de Yu ma Sam Naw gaw Nga ma Ja Pan ngu ai shayi sha hpe la wu ai. Shaloi Nga ma Ja Pan gaw Yu ma Sam Naw hta grau reng ai masha mahkoi naw nga nhten, ngu nna myit garai n dik ai hte num brau brau nna nga wu ai. Nga ma Ja Pan gaw num brau brau nna shara shagu wam dam hkawm mat wa wu yang Jan ga de du pru wa wu ai. Shaloi Nga ma Ja Pan gaw Jan hkawhkam kasha hpe , “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta grau ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Jan hkawmhkam kasha gaw, “Ngai hta n-gun grau ja ai sumwi naw nga ai. Ngai Jan kade mi shaja dat ai rai timung sumwi e hkap magap kau ya ya rai nga ai.” ngu wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Jan Pan gaw Sumwi hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta hpung shingkang grau rawng ndai majaw, nagi nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi Sumwi gaw, “Ngai hta grau ai nbung hkawhkam naw nga ai; ngai kade wa mi hkring nga mayu ai rai timung, nbung e ahpawt shapoi jang lawm mat wa ra nngai,” ngu wu ai.
Nga ma Jan Pan gaw bai lai sa wa nna nbung hkawhkam kasha kaw du jang, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta grau ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Nbung hkawhkam kasha gaw, “Ngai hta grau nna n-gun ja ai ga bum naw nga ai; ngai nbung kade wa mi ahpawt dat ai rai timung ga bum hta dang mat mat rai nngai,” ngu wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Ja Pan gaw ga bum hpang de sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta n gun grau ja ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi ga bum gaw, “Ngai gaw grai grai kaba wa mayu nngai rai timung, dumsu wu tang gaw ngai hpe daru ayai ya ya rai nga ai,” ngu wu ai.
Nga ma Ja Pan gaw dumsu wu tang hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta n-gun grau ja ndai majaw ngai nang kaw wa na n ngai.” ngu wu ai. Wu tang gaw, “Ngai hta n-gun grau ja ai hte hpung shingkang grau rawng ai wu shoi sumri (Byu shoi) naw nga ai; ngai gaw wu shoi sumri dum ai naga de sha hkan nang sa wa ra nngai.” ngu bai htan wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Ja Pan gaw wu shoi hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta hpung shingkang grau rawng ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nnagi,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi wu shoi sumri gaw, “Ngai gaw grai galu wa mayu nngai rai timung, Yu ma Sam Naw gaw ngai hpe kawa di kau kau rai nga ai majaw Yu ma Sam gaw ngai hta grau nna hpung shingkang rawng nga ai,” ngu wu ai.
Shingrai Nga ma Ja Pan gaw mungkan ting hta grau reng ai hte hpung shingkang grau kaba ai masha hpe hkan tam hkawm ai rar timung grau ai lasha hpe mi n mu ku nu ai rai nna, tinang amyu rai nga ai Yu ma Sam Naw hpang de sha bai wa nu ai rai.
Ndai gaw Jinghpaw masha ni num hkungran yang shayi numsha ni hpe sharin shaga ai maunwi kadun langai mi rai nga ai. Ndai maunwi gaw moi prat kaw nna ndai prat du hkra, bum ga shara shagu naw tsun hkai shajang nga ai maumwi langai mi rai nga ai rai.
Numsha ni hpw sharin shaga ai shaloi maumwi langai mi galoi mung ahkai nga ma ai. Dai maumwi gaw lanyi ai n rai; maumwi san san sha tsun dan, hkai dan ma ai.
Moi shawng de Yu ma Sam Naw gaw Nga ma Ja Pan ngu ai shayi sha hpe la wu ai. Shaloi Nga ma Ja Pan gaw Yu ma Sam Naw hta grau reng ai masha mahkoi naw nga nhten, ngu nna myit garai n dik ai hte num brau brau nna nga wu ai. Nga ma Ja Pan gaw num brau brau nna shara shagu wam dam hkawm mat wa wu yang Jan ga de du pru wa wu ai. Shaloi Nga ma Ja Pan gaw Jan hkawhkam kasha hpe , “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta grau ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Jan hkawmhkam kasha gaw, “Ngai hta n-gun grau ja ai sumwi naw nga ai. Ngai Jan kade mi shaja dat ai rai timung sumwi e hkap magap kau ya ya rai nga ai.” ngu wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Jan Pan gaw Sumwi hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta hpung shingkang grau rawng ndai majaw, nagi nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi Sumwi gaw, “Ngai hta grau ai nbung hkawhkam naw nga ai; ngai kade wa mi hkring nga mayu ai rai timung, nbung e ahpawt shapoi jang lawm mat wa ra nngai,” ngu wu ai.
Nga ma Jan Pan gaw bai lai sa wa nna nbung hkawhkam kasha kaw du jang, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta grau ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Nbung hkawhkam kasha gaw, “Ngai hta grau nna n-gun ja ai ga bum naw nga ai; ngai nbung kade wa mi ahpawt dat ai rai timung ga bum hta dang mat mat rai nngai,” ngu wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Ja Pan gaw ga bum hpang de sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta n gun grau ja ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nngai,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi ga bum gaw, “Ngai gaw grai grai kaba wa mayu nngai rai timung, dumsu wu tang gaw ngai hpe daru ayai ya ya rai nga ai,” ngu wu ai.
Nga ma Ja Pan gaw dumsu wu tang hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta n-gun grau ja ndai majaw ngai nang kaw wa na n ngai.” ngu wu ai. Wu tang gaw, “Ngai hta n-gun grau ja ai hte hpung shingkang grau rawng ai wu shoi sumri (Byu shoi) naw nga ai; ngai gaw wu shoi sumri dum ai naga de sha hkan nang sa wa ra nngai.” ngu bai htan wu ai.
Dai hpang Nga ma Ja Pan gaw wu shoi hpang de bai sa nna, “Nang gaw mungkan ting hta hpung shingkang grau rawng ndai majaw, ngai nang kaw wa na nnagi,” ngu wu ai. Shaloi wu shoi sumri gaw, “Ngai gaw grai galu wa mayu nngai rai timung, Yu ma Sam Naw gaw ngai hpe kawa di kau kau rai nga ai majaw Yu ma Sam gaw ngai hta grau nna hpung shingkang rawng nga ai,” ngu wu ai.
Shingrai Nga ma Ja Pan gaw mungkan ting hta grau reng ai hte hpung shingkang grau kaba ai masha hpe hkan tam hkawm ai rar timung grau ai lasha hpe mi n mu ku nu ai rai nna, tinang amyu rai nga ai Yu ma Sam Naw hpang de sha bai wa nu ai rai.
Ndai gaw Jinghpaw masha ni num hkungran yang shayi numsha ni hpe sharin shaga ai maunwi kadun langai mi rai nga ai. Ndai maunwi gaw moi prat kaw nna ndai prat du hkra, bum ga shara shagu naw tsun hkai shajang nga ai maumwi langai mi rai nga ai rai.
Saturday, March 16, 2013
ဆရာၾကီး ယုဒသန္ အေၾကာင္း အၿပည္ ့အစံု
ယုဒသန္ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၈၈ -၁၈၅ဝ)။
ဆရာၾကီးယုဒသန္သည္ ဘိုးေတာ္ဘုရား လက္ထက္တြင္ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စုမွ ေရာက္လာေသာ ခရစ္ယန္ သာသနာျပဳ ပုဂိၢဳလ္ျဖစ္သည္။
ယုဒသန္ ဟူေသာအမည္မွာ ျမန္မာတုိ႔က ဂ်ပ္ဆင္ ဆိုေသာစကားလံုးကို အသံလွယ္၍ ေခၚဆိုေသာ အသံထြက္ျဖစ္ျပီး အမည္ရင္းမွာ အဒိုနီရမ္ဂ်ပ္ဆင္ ျဖစ္ေလသည္။
ယုဒသန္သည္ ျမန္မာနိဳင္ငံတြင္ အေမရိကန္ ႏွစ္ျခင္းအသင္းေတာ္ကို စတင္ တည္ေထာင္သူ ျဖစ္သည္။ ယုဒသန္သည္ ျမန္မာနိဳင္င့ ခရစ္ယန္ သာသနာေရး ဖက္၌ သာမက စာေပဖက္၌ေသာ္၄င္း၊ နိဳင္ငံေရးဖက္၌ေသာ္၄င္း ထင္ရွားေက်ာ္ၾကားေသာ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ျဖစ္ေလသည္။
ယုဒသန္သည္ ၁၇၈၈ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု၊ မက္ဆာခ်ဴးဆက္ျပည္နယ္ ေမာ္လဒင္ျမိဳ႔တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သည္။
ဗေရာင္းသကၠသိုလ္တြင္ ပညာသင္ၾကားခဲ့၏။
၁၈၁၂ ခုႏွစ္ ေဖေဖၚဝါရီ ၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အန္ေဟဇယ္တိုင္ ႏွင့္ ထိမ္းျမားလက္ထပ ္ခဲ့ေလသည္။
ေနာက္တေန႔တြင္ ယုဒသန္သည္ အျခား ေဖၚေလးဦးတို႔ႏွင့္အတူ အေရွ႔အာရွနိဳင္ငံမ်ားသုိ႔ သာသနာျပဳရန္ ေစလြတ္ျခင္းခံရ၏။
ယုဒသန္ ဇနီးေမာင္ႏွံတို႔သည္ ေဖေဖၚဝါရီ ၁၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေဆလမ္ျမိဳ႔ ဆိပ္ကမ္းမွ သေဘၤာျဖင့္ ထြက္ခြာခဲ့ၾကသည္။
ဇြန္လတြင္ အိႏိၷယနိဳင္ငံ ကာလကတၱားျမိဳ႔သို႔ ဆိုက္ေရာက္ေလသည္။
ထိုအခ်ိန္က ျဗိတိလွ် အစိုးရႏွင့္ အေမရိကန္ အစိုရတို႔သည္ အခ်င္းခ်င္းမသင့္မတင့္ ျဖစ္လွ်က္ရွိရကား အိႏၷိယနိဳင္ငံတြင္ေရာက္ရွိေနသည္
အိႏၷိယနိဳင္ငံတြင္ရွိေနစဥ္ ယုဒသန္ႏွင့္သူ၏ဇနီးတို႔သည္ ႏွစ္ျခင္း ခရစ္ယန္အသင္းသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းခဲ့ၾကသည္။
ယုဒသန္သည္ အေရွ႔ အာရွနိဳင္ငံမ်ား၌ သာသနာျပဳရန္ဟူေသာ မူလရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကို စြန္႔လႊတ္ရမည္ကဲ့သို႔အေျခအေနတြင
ထိုအခါက ရန္ကုန္သည္ ယခုကာလ ရန္ကုန္ႏွင့္ လံုးဝမတူေခ်။ ဆူးေလေစတီေတာ္ကို အေရွ႔ဖက္၊ အေနာက္ဖက္ႏွင့္ ေတာင္ဖက္တို႔မွ အင္းၾကီးတခုကာလွ်က္ရွိသည္။ ျမိဳ႔ကို အင္းၾကီးႏွင့္ ေခ်ာင္းေျမာင္း ထံုးအိုင္တို႔ ဝန္းရန္လ်က္ရွိသျဖင့္ ကြ်န္းၾကီးကဲ့သို႔ ျဖစ္လ်က္ ရွိသည္။ ျမိဳ႔ေျမာက္မ်က္ႏွာ ဝန္ၾကီးတံခါးမွ ထြက္၍ ေခ်ာင္းကိုကူးျပီးလ်င္ ဝန္ၾကီးလမ္း အတိုင္း ဆက္သြားပါလူ မိုင္ဝက္ေလာက္ ခရီးတြင္ႏွစ္ျခင္းသာသနာျပဳအိမ္ၾ
ေဟာရန္ ေျပာရန္ သာသနာျပဳရန္ ေရာက္လာၾကသည္ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ယုဒသန္တို႔သည္ ျမန္မာစကားကို တလံုးတပါဒမွ် မတတ္ၾက၊ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာစကားကို ဦးစြာ ၾကိဳးစားသင္ယူရသည္။ သိုျဖင့္ သံုးႏွစ္ သံုးမိုး ရွိလာေသာအခါ ယုဒသန္သည္ ျမန္မာသဒၾၶြါက်မ္းတေစာင္ကို ေရးသားျပဳစုျပီး ေလ၏။ ျမန္မာတို႔ အၾကားတြင္ သာသနာျပဳဖို႔ရန္ ျမန္မာတို႔၏ အယူဝါဒ အေလ့အလာ တို႔ကိုလည္း နားလည္ရေပဦးမည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ေလာကုတၱရာ စာေပမ်ားကို ေလ့လာဆည္းပူးရာ၊ ျမန္မာစကား ကဲ့သိုျဖစ္ေနေသာ ပါဠိ၊ သကၠတ စကားလံုးေပါင္း ေလးေထာင္ေလာက္ကို စုေဆာင္းမိေလသည္။ ထိုစကားလံုး မ်ားကို အကၡရာဝလိစဥ္၍ ျမန္မာအနက္ ေပးကာ ပါဠိ - ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္ကို စတင္ျပဳစုေလသည္။ ထိုအဘိဓာန္တြင္ ပါေသာ ျမန္မာ စကားလံုး မ်ားကို တဖန္ အကၡရာ ဝလိစဥ္ကာ အဂၤလိပ္ အနက္ေပး၍ ပဌမျမန္မာ-အဂၤလိပ္ အဘိဓာန္ငယ္ကို ဆက္လက္ ျပဳစုျပန္သည္။
၁၈၁၆ ခုနွစ္တြင္ ဘဂၤလားျပည္နယ္ ဆရမ္ပူ သာသနာျပဳေကာလိပ္ေက်ာင္းက ပံုႏွိပ္စက္တလံုးႏွင့္ ျမန္မာခဲစာလံုးမ်ားကို လက္ေဆာင္ပို႔လိုက္သည္။ ပံုႏွိပ္စက္ႏွင့္အတူ ဆရာေဟာက္ ဆိုသူ ပံုႏွိပ္ပညာတတ္ အေမရိကန္သာသနာျပဳတဦးလည္း ေရာက္လာသည္။ ၁၈၁၇ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ရွင္မႆဲ ခရစ္ဝင္က်မ္းကို ျမန္မာဘာသာျပန္ဆိုျပီးစီးသည္။ ထုိအခါ ယုဒသန္သည္ တရား ေဟာနိဳင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ ျမန္မာစကားတတ္ျပီဟု အယူရွိေလသည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္သူသည္ ျမန္မာတို႔ တရားနာေလ့ရွိေသာ စရပ္မ်ားသို႔သြားကာ ဓမၼကထိကမ်ား ေဟာသည္ကို ျမန္မာမ်ားနွင့္အတူ နာယူ၍ အတုယူနည္းမွည္းေလေတာ့သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ သာသနာျပဳအိမ္ၾကီးႏွင့္ မလွမ္းမကမ္း လူသြားလူလာမ်ားေသာခရီးတြင္ စရပ္တေဆာင္ ေဆာက္လုပ္သည္။ စရပ္မ်က္ႏွာစာခန္းကို ဝါး၊ ဓနိတို႔ျဖင့္ ေဆာက္လုပ္၍ အကာအရံမရွိ ဟင္လင္းထားသည္။ ထိုအေဆာင္တြင္ ယုဒသန္ထိုင္၍ ခရီးသြားမ်ားကို တရားနာလာရန္ ဖိတ္ေခၚေလ့ရွိသည္။ ကေလးသူငယ္ မ်ားကိုလည္း သစ္သား သင္ပုန္းၾကီးမ်ားခင္း၍ စာသင္ေပးေလ့ရွိသည္။ ထိုစရပ္ၾကီးတြင္ ယုဒသန္တို႔သည္ တရားစေဟာသည္။ က်မ္းစာမ်ားကိုလည္း ဆက္လက္ေရးသား ျပန္ဆိုကာ ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေဝေလသည္။
သို႔ျဖင့္ ဘၾကီးေတာ္ဘုရား လက္ထက္သို႔ ေရာက္လာေသာအခါ ဘုရင္မင္းျမက္ထံမွ တရားေဟာေျပာခြင့္ အမိန္႔ေတာ္ကို ခံယူရန္လိုသျဖင့္ အျခား သာသနာျပဳတဦးျဖစ္သူ ဆရာကိုးလမင္းႏွင့္ အတူ ေနျပည္ေတာ္သို႔ ၁၈၁၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလတြင္ ဆန္တက္ သြားၾကေလသည္။ လမ္းခရီးတြင္ တလေက်ာ္ၾကာျပီးေနာက္ အမရပူရျမိဳ႔ေတာ္၌ ဘၾကီးေတာ္ မင္းတရားၾကီးထံ အခစားဝင္ေရာက္ခြင့္ရ၍ ယုဒသန္က သာသနာျပဳခြင့္ရရန္ ေလ်ာက္တင္ေလသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ မင္းတရားၾကီးက ႏွစ္သက္ေတာ ္မမူသျဖင့္ အခြင့္မရဘဲ ရန္ကုန္သို႔ စုန္ဆင္းခဲ့ရသည္။
ထုိအေတာ အတြင္း ယုဒသန္၏ ဇနီးမွာ က်န္းမာေရးခ်ိဳ႔ယြင္း လ်က္ရွိသျဖင့္ ၁၈၂၁ ခုနွစ္တြင္ အေမရိကန္ နိဳင္ငံသို ျပန္ေလသည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ မ်က္စိ ေရာဂါႏွင္ နားေရာဂါ တို႔၌အထူး ကြ်မ္းက်င္ေသာ သာသနာျပဳ ဆရာဝန္ ပရိုက္စ္ ဆိုသူသည္ ၁၈၂၁ ခုုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၂၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳ႔သို႔ ေရာက္လာသည္။ ၁၈၂၂ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ၂၈ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေဒါက္တာပရိုက္စ္သည္ အင္းဝျမိဳ႔ေတာ္ရွိ ဘၾကီးေတာ္မင္းတရားၾကီးထံ အခစားဝင္ေရာက္ရန္ ဆန္တက္ရာတြင္ ယုဒသန္လည္း စကားျပန္အျဖစ္ ဒုတိယအၾကိမ္ လိုက္ပါသြား ျပန္ေလသည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ဘၾကီးေတာ္ မင္းတရားၾကီးသည္ အင္းဝျမိဳ႔ေတာ္သို႔ ေျပာင္းေရႊ႔ စံေနေတာ္မူျပီ ျဖစ္၏။ တခါေသာ္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ဘၾကီးေတာ္ မင္းတရားေရွ႔တြင္ တရားေဟာ ေျပာျပရေလသည္။ မင္းတရားၾကီးက ယုဒသန္အား ေနျပည္ေတာ္၌ ေနထိုင္ရန္ ေျမတကြက္ ေပးသနားေတာ္ မူသည္။ ေဒါက္တာပရိုက္စ္ ကိုမူ စစ္ကိုင္းဖက္၌ ေနအိမ္ေဆာက္ ခြင္ေပးေလသည္။
ထိုေနာက္ ယုဒသန္ သည္ ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳ႔ သိုစုန္ဆင္းခဲ့သည္။ ၁၈၂၃ ခုႏွစ္ဒီဇင္ဘာလ ၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အန္း ေဟဇယ္တိုင္သည္ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံမွ ျပန္ေရာက္လာသည္။ ၁၈၂၄ ခုႏွစ္ ဇႏၡဝါရီလ ၂၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ယုဒသန္ ဇနီးေမာင္ႏံွ ႏွစ္ဦးတုိ႔သည္ အင္းဝေနျပည္ေတာ္ သို႔ ေရာက္ရွိလာျပီးလ်င္ အိမ္တေဆာင္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ ေနထိုင္ၾကေလသည္။
ယုဒသန္သည္ ျမန္မာမွဴးမတ္ ေဆြေတာ္ မ်ိဳးေတာ္တို႔ႏွင့္ သင့္ျမက္ေအာင္ ေပါင္းသင္း၍ သူ၏ဇနီးက ေက်ာင္း တေက်ာင္းဖြင့္ကာ အပ္ခ်ဳပ္ အတတ္နွင့္ စာေရး စာဖတ္ တို႔ကိုသင္ၾကား ေပးသည္။ ယုဒသန္သည္ စၾတာ မင္းကေလးေခၚ ေညာင္ရမ္းမင္းသားထံ မျပတ္ခစားသည္။ ခဲေပါင္ျမိဳ႔စား ဝန္ၾကီး ဦးေရႊလူ၊ ျမဝတီမင္းၾကီးဦးစ ႏွင့္ မကၡရာ မင္းသားၾကီးတို႔ ထံတြင္လည္းဝင္ထြက္ ေလသည္။
ထိုအေတာအတြင္း ျမန္မာ အစိုးရႏွင့္ အဂၤလိပ္အစိုးရတို႔သည္ ရွင္မျဖဴကြ်န္း အေရးေၾကာင့္ စစ္ျဖစ္ၾကရာ ၁၈၂၄ ခုႏွစ္ေမလတြင္ အဂၤလိပ္တို႔က ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳ႔ကို သိမ္းယူေလသည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ေနျပည္ေတာ္၌ နိဳင္ငံျခားသားတို႔အား ထိမ္းသိမ္း ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ထားရန္လိုအပ္သည့္အတို
ယုဒသန္တို႔လူစုကို ေထာင္ထဲ၌ ၁ဝ လ အက်ဥ္းခ်ထားျပီးေနာက္ ေအာင္ပင္လယ္ေထာင္သို႔ တဖန္ ေျပာင္းေရြ႔ခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင ္ ထားေလသည္။ ဇနီးလည္း မိမိ၏ ခင္ပြန္းသြားရာ အရပ္သို႔လိုက္ေလသည္။ ထိုႏွစ္နိုဝင္ဘာလတြင္ ယုဒသန္အား ေထာင္မွလႊတ္ရန္ အမိန္႔ေရာက္လာသည္။ မလြန္ျမိဳ႔အနီး ေညာင္ပင္ဆိပ္စခန္းတြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာတို႔ စစ္ေျပျငိမ္းေရးအတြက္ ႏွစ္ဦး ႏွစ္ဘက္ ေစ့စပ္ေဆြးေႏြးရာ၌ ယုဒသန္ကို စကားျပန္အျဖစ္ ေစလြတ္ရန္အတြက္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၁၇ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အင္းဝသို႔ျပန္ေရာက္လာသည္။
ထုိ႔ေနာက္ ခဲေပါင္ျမိဳ႔စား ဝန္ၾကီးဦးေရႊလူ၏ ကူညီမွူျဖင့္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ၁၈၂၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၃၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေထာင္မွလြတ္သည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္တြင္ ယုဒသန္၏ ဇနီးသည္ အသည္းအသန္ဖ်ားနာလ်က္ရွိသည္။ ၁၈၂၆ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရႏၾၶြပိုစာခ်ဳပ္ ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုေသာအခါ၊ ယုဒသန္သည္ စကားျပန္အျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ကာ အဂၤလိပ္မွ ျမန္မာသို႔၊ ျမန္မာမွ အဂၤလိပ္သို႔ ေျပာသမွ် စကား၊ ေၚသမွ် စာတို႔ကို ဘာသာျပန္ဆိုရေလသည္။ စစ္ေျပျငိမ္းသြားေသာအခါတြင္ကား ယုဒသန္သည္ ေအာက္ျပည္သို႔စုန္၍ အဂၤလိိပ္ပိုင္နက္ျဖစ္ေသာ က်ိုက္ၡမီျမိဳ႔တြင္ ေနထိုင္ၾကသည္။
ယုဒသန္၏ ဇနီး အန္း ေဟဇယ္တိုင္သည္ ၁၈၂၆ ခုႏွစ္ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ကြယ္လြန္ေလသည္။ ထုိအခ်ိန္တြင္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ျဗိတိလွ် အစိုရကိုယ္စလွယ္ ဂ်ြန္ ကေရာဖက္ႏွင့္အတူ အင္းဝျမိဳ႔ေတာ္သို႔ အဂၤလိပ္အစိုးရ ကိစၥျဖင့္ ေရာက္ရွိေနခိုက္ျဖစ္သည္။ ၁၈၂၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဧျပီလ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ယုဒသန္၏ သမီး မာရီယာသည္လည္း ကြယ္လြန္ေလသည္။
ယုဒသန္ျပန္ဆိုေသာ ဓမၼသစ္က်မ္းကို ၁၈၃၂ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၁၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေမာ္လျမိဳင္ျမိဳ႔၊ သာသနာပိုင္ပံုႏုိပ္တုိက္၌ ပထမဦးဆံုးအၾကိမ္ ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဓမၼေဟာင္းက်မ္းကိုလည္း ဆက္လက္ျပန္ဆိုခဲ့ရာ ၁၈၃၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၂၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ပံုႏိုပ္ျပီးစီးေလသည္။ ဦးစြာ ယုဒသန္၏ အၾကံမွာ အဂၤလိပ္-ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္နွင့္ ျမန္မာ-အဂၤလိပ္ အဘိဓာန္ ႏွစ္ေစာင္ကို တအုပ္တည္း ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္လုပ္ရန္ျဖစ္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္ ၁၈၂ဝ ခုႏွစ္ကျပဳစုခဲ့ေသာ အဘိဓာန္မွာ မျပည့္စံုသျဖင့္ ၁၈၄၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အဘိဓာန္ကို ႏွစ္ေစာင္ခြဲ၍ စတင္ျပဳစုေလသည္။ အဂၤလိပ္အဘိဓာန္ကို ၁၈၄၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဇႏၡဝါရီလ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ အျပီးသတ္သည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္ အဘိဓာန္ကို ဆက္လက္ျပဳစုေနခိုက္ မက်န္းမမာျဖစ္လာသည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ၁၈၅ဝ ခုႏွစ္ ဧျပီလ ဂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ယုဒသန္သည္ ေမာ္လျမိဳင္ျမိဳ႔မွ သေဘၤာျဖင့္ ပင္လယ္ခရီး ထြက္သြားရာ ဧျပီလ ၁၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ကြယ္လြန္ေလသည္။ ယုဒသန္၏ အေလာင္းကို ပင္လယ္ျပင္တြင္ေရျမွတ္သျဂိဳလ္လိ
ယုဒသန္၏ လက္ငုတ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္ကို သာသနာျပဳဆရာ အီးေအ၊ စတီဖင္က ဆက္လက္လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့ရာ ၁၈၅၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေမာ္လျမိဳင္ျမိဳ႔ အေမရိကန္ သာသနာပံုႏိုပ္တိုက္၌ ပထမအၾကိမ္ စက္တင္ ပံုႏိုပ္နိဳင္ခဲ့သည္။ ယုဒသန္သည္ အဘိဓာန္နွင့္ ခရစ္ယန္က်မ္းမ်ားအျပင္ ေရႊခ်န္ခြင္ စာအုပ္ကို ၄င္း၊ ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီး ဝတ္ဆင္ပံု စာတမ္းကို ၄င္း၊ ပိ႗ကတ္အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ က်မ္းကို၄င္း ျမန္မာဘာသာျဖင့္ ေရးခဲ့ေလသည္။
ယုဒသန္သည္ ပထမ ဇနီး အန္း ေဟဇယ္တိုင္ကြယ္လြန္ျပီးေနာက္ ၁၈၃၄ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ မစၥစ္ ေဗာ့ဒမန္ဆိုသူ မုဆိုးမတဦးႏွင့္ ဒုတိယ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳသည္။ တဖန္ ဒုတိယ ဇနီးကြယ္လြန္ျပန္၍ ၁၈၄၆ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ မစၥအမၼလီခ်ဴးဗက္ ဆိုသူႏွင့္ တတိယ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳေလသည္။ က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့ေသာသားသမီးမ်ားအနက္ သားျဖစ္သူ အက္ဒြပ္ ဂ်ပ္ဆင္သည္ ယုဒသန္၏ အထုပၸတိကို ေရးခဲ့ေလသည္။ ယခင္က ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္တြင္ အပါအဝင္ျဖစ္ေသာ ဂ်ပ္ဆင္ေကာလိပ္မွာ ယုဒသန္အထိမ္းအမွတ္ေက်ာင္းပင္ျဖစ
ျမန္မာစြယ္စံုက်မ္း အတြဲ ၁ဝ၊ (၁၉၆၆) စာမ်က္နွာ
Burmese Encyclopedia Vol 10, P-433 (Publsihed in 1966)
ဆရာယုဒသန္ ၃၅နွစ္ၾကာ ျမန္မာျပည္ခရီးစဥ္တြင္ ျမန္မာ၊ကရင္ ၇၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ ႏွစ္ျခင္းခံျပီး ခရစ္ေတာ္ယံုၾကည္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ထာ၀ရအသက္ကို ရရွိခဲ့ၾကသည္။ သိကၡာတင္ပြဲေတာ္ ၆၃ၾကိမ္ကို မစ္ရွင္အဖြဲ႔ေပါင္း ၁၆၃ခုျဖင့္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္ျခင္းျဖင့္
ႏွစ္အလိုက္ ဆရာယုဒသန္၏ ဘ၀ျဖစ္စဥ္
၁၇၈၈ ၾသဂုတ္ ၉ ရက္ေန႔၊ အေမရိကန္ မက္ဆာခ်ဴးဆက္ျပည္နယ္၊ ေမာဒန္ ျမိဳ႔တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သည္။
ဖခင္သည္ ျမိဳ႔ငယ္ေလးမွ ခရစ္ယန္သင္းအုပ္ဆရာတဦးျဖစ္သည္။
၁၈၀၄ ၁၆ႏွစ္ ဘေရာင္း တကၠသိုလ္မွ ပညာသင္ၾကားခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၀၇ ၁၉ႏွစ္ ဘီေအဘြဲ႔ စက္တင္ဘာ ၂ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရရွိခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၀၇ ၁၉ႏွစ္ အဂၤလိပ္ သဒၵါစာအုပ္တအုပ္ ႏွင့္ သခ်ၤာစာအုပ္တအုပ္ ျပဳစုျပီးစီးခဲ့သည္။ တကၠသိုလ္ ေလာကီပညာ
သင္ၾကားေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့ျပီး ဘုရားသခင္ကို သံသယျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။ မိသားစုႏွင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္ျပီး နယူးေယာက္
ျမိဳ႔ၾကီးသို႔ ဘ၀ေအာင္ျမင္ေရးခရီးထြက္ခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၀၈ ၂၀ႏွစ္ ခရီးသြားရင္း ျမိဳ႔ငယ္ေလးတည္းခိုခန္းတခန္းမွ
ညည္းညူေသဆံုးသြားသူ လူငယ္တဦးသည္ တကၠသိုလ္တက္စဥ္က ပညာေတာ္သူ မိမိသူငယ္ခ်င္း
ဘာသာမဲ့တဦးျဖစ္သည္ကို အံ့ၾသဘြယ္ ၾကံဳခဲ့ရျပီး မိမိ မိသားစုထံ ျပန္လာခဲ့သည္။ က်မ္းစာသင္တန္း
Andover Seminary တြင္ဆက္လက္တက္ခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၀၉ ၂၁ႏွစ္ Plymouth အသင္းေတာ္တြင္ ပါ၀င္ျပီး ဧ၀ံေဂလိခရီးစဥ္အတြက္ အသင္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ညွိႏွိဳင္း
လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္။ အသင္းေတာ္မ်ားမွာ လူငယ္မ်ားမစ္ရွင္လုပ္ငန္းအတြက္ ႏွစ္ႏွင္ခ်ီျပီးေဆြးေႏြး
တိုင္ပင္၊ ျပင္ဆင္မႈမ်ား လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၁၁ ၂၃ႏွစ္ လန္ဒန္ျမိဳ႔သို႔ သေဘၤာစီးျပီး လန္ဒန္မစ္ရွင္အဖြဲ႔ႏွင့္ ေထာက္ပံမႈရေရးအတြက္ ညွိႏွိဳင္းသည္။
၁၈၁၂ ၂၄ႏွစ္ အန္းႏွင့္ လက္ထပ္သည္။ သိကၡာရဘုန္းေတာ္ၾကီးအျဖစ္ ဘိသိတ္ေပးခံရသည္။ ေဘာ့စတြန္ျမိဳမွာ
သေဘၤာျဖင့္ အိႏၷိယျပည္၊ ကာလကတၱားျမိဳ႔ အေမရိကန္ႏွစ္ျခင္းအသင္းေတာ္သို႔
၁၉၁၃ ၂၅ႏွစ္ ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳသို႔ ဇူလိုင္ ၁၃ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေရာက္ရွိသည္။
၁၈၁၆ ၂၈ႏွစ္ ျမန္မာစကား၊စာေပ ကို ၆လခန္႔အျပင္းအထန္ ဟိႏၷဴလူမ်ိဳးတဦးထံမွသင္ယူသည္။ ၃ႏွစ္ခန္႔အၾကာ ျမန္မာစကား၊ စာေပ
ကို ျမန္မာပညာရွင္ တဦးကဲ့သို႔ တတ္ေျမာက္ခဲ့သည္။ ျမန္မာ - အဂၤလိပ္ အဘိဓာန္၊ ပါဠိ - ျမန္မာ အဘိဓာန္ကို စတင္ျပဳစုရင္း
ျမန္မာက်မ္းစာအုပ္ ရွင္မႆဲခရစ္၀င္ ကို ေဟလသ (ဂရိ) ဘာသာမွ ဘာသာျပန္ဆို ျပီးစီးခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၁၉ ၃၁ႏွစ္ လူထုတရားပြဲမ်ား ေရြဓိဂံုဘုရားအနီး ဇရပ္တြင္ စတင္လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ေမာင္ေနာသည္ ပထမဆံုးေသာ ႏွစ္ျခင္း
ခံယူသည့္ ျမန္မာလူမ်ိဳးျဖစ္သည္။ (၁၉၁၉ ဇြန္ ၂၇)။ ထို႔ေနာက္ ေမာင္သာလွ၊ ေမာင္ေျဗ တို႔ႏွစ္ျခင္းခံခဲ့သည္။
ျမန္မာဘုရင္ ဘၾကီးေတာ္ မင္းတရားထံသြားေရာက္ျပီး ေရႊျမန္မာက်မ္းစာအုပ္လက္ေဆာင္ေပ
သာသနာျပဳခြင္ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ရာ ညင္းပယ္ခံရသည္။
၁၈၂၀ ၃၂ႏွစ္ ထို႔ေနာက္ သာသနာျပဳျခင္းမ်ာ ေႏွးေကြးသြားခဲ့သည္။ ႏွစ္ျခင္းခံသူ ၁၀ဦးခန္႔ျဖင့္ အသင္းေတာ္ငယ္ စတင္ခဲ့သည္။ ကာလကတၱားျမိဳ႔သို႔
ဇနီးသည္ ေဆးကုရင္း ျမန္မာျပည္မွထြက္ခြာခဲ့သည္။ ႏွစ္လအၾကာ ျပန္လာခဲသည္။ ျမန္မာပညာတတ္ ေမာင္ေရႊဂံုး ႏွင့္ ၾကြယ္၀ခ်မ္းသာေသာ
မိတ္ေဆြ၂ဦးတို႔ ႏွစ္ျခင္းခံခဲ့သည္။ ေမာင္ေရႊဂံုးသည္ ျမန္မာက်မ္းစာဘာသာျပန္လုပ္ငန္းက
၁၈၂၃ ၃၅ႏွစ္ ဓမၼသစ္ ျမန္မာက်မ္းစာအုပ္ဘာသာျပန္ျခင္း
၁၈၂၄ ၃၆ႏွစ္ အဂၤလိပ္ျမန္မာ ပထမစစ္ပြဲျဖစ္ခဲ့ျပီး အဂၤလိပ္မ်ား အေအာက္ျမန္မာျပည္ကို သိမ္းယူခဲ့သည္။ ဆရာယုဒသန္ေမာင္ႏွံကို ျမန္မာဘုရင္ ဘၾကီးေတာ္မင္းတရားက
အင္း၀ေနျပည္ေတာ္သို႔ သူလွ်ိဳအျဖစ္ စြတ္စြဲကာ ဖမ္းဆီးေခၚေဆာင္သြားသည္။
၁၈၂၆ ၃၈နွစ္ သမီး ေမရီအဲလစ္စဘက္ ေမြးဖြားျပီး၊ ရန္ကုန္သို႔ျပန္လည္ေရာက္ရွိသည္။
ေမာ္လျမိဳင္ျမိဳ႔သို႔ ေျပာင္းေရႊ႔ေနထိုင္ရင္း အသင္းေတာ္ထူေထာင္သည္။ က်မ္းစာဘာသာျပန္ဆက္လုပ္သည္။
ပထမဇနီးသည္ ကြယ္လြန္သည္ (၁၈၂၆) ။ ဖခင္ျဖစ္သူ ကြယ္လြန္သည္ (၁၈၂၇)။
၁၈၃၄ ၄၆ႏွစ္ ဒုတိယဇနီးသည္ မစၥစ္ ေဗာ့ဒမန္ ႏွင့္ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳသည္။
၁၈၃၅ ၄၇ႏွစ္ ဓမၼေဟာင္းက်မ္းစာ ျမန္မာဘာသာျပန္မႈ ျပီးဆံုးသည္။ (ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၂၉)။
၁၈၃၅ ၄၇ႏွစ္ အေမရိကားသို႔ သေဘၤာျဖင့္ျပန္ရာလမ္းတြင္ ဇနီးသည္ ကြယ္လြန္သည္။ (၁၈၃၅)
ေဘာ့စတြန္ျမိဳ႔သို႔ ေအာက္တိုဘာ ၁၅ - ၁၈၃၅ တြင္ ေရာက္ရွိသည္။ အေမရိကန္အသင္းေတာ္မ်ားတြင္ အေမရိကန္စကားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာသာသနာျပဳ
ခရီးစဥ္ကို တင္ျပ၊ ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။
၁၉၄၅ ၅၇ႏွစ္ မစၥအမၼလီခ်ဴးဗက္ ႏွင့္ အိမ္ေထာင္ျပဳသည္။ ၁၉၄၆ ဇူလိုင္၁၁တြင္ ျမန္မာျပည္သို႔ ျပန္လာၾကသည္။
၁၈၄၆ ၅၈ႏွစ္ အဂၤလိပ္-ျမန္မာ အဘိဓါန္ ျပီးစီးခဲ့သည္။
၁၈၅၀ ၆၂ႏွစ္ ေဆးကုသရန္ အေမရိကားသို႔ ျပန္ရာ သေဘၤာေပၚတြင္ ကြယ္လြန္သည္။ (၁၂ ဧျပီ ၁၈၅၀)
† Murann Ezine
Hugawng Labau Nkau mi
Hugawng – Assam Jinghpaw Nat Jaw, Buddhism
Maran Brang Di
Hugawng-Assam Jinghpaw ni nat jaw ai gin lam gaw chyaloi nhkoi ginru ginsa prat kaw nna hpang wa sai. Ndai ginra hkan hta Jinghpaw ni grau madung hku nna jaw jau ai nat ni gaw, (1) Ningshe nat (2) Salap nat (3) Chyunun shapawt nat hte Kumba nat (4) Jang htung nat (5) Sawn nat (6) Shingram nat (7) Ningsum nat (8) Lamun nat (9) Sapawt shingyaw nat (10) Gum gun gum hpai nat ni rai nga ma ai.
Jinghpaw ni kam sham ai nat ni gaw law la nga ai. Gum gun gum hpai nat ngu ai hpe Jinghpaw myu sha ni nta htinggaw shagu hta langai hpra lu shajang ai nat rai nga ai. Ndai gum gun gum hpai nat ngu ai hta num/la ngu nna nga ai. Jawjau ai lam hta nat gun gaw num rai yang, hkungri galaw tawn ai hta num ni lang ai arung arai hpe noi mara tawn ai.
Nat gun gaw ala rai yang hkungri galaw tawn ai hta , ala ni a arung arai hpe noi sum byau tawn nna jawjau ma ai. Gum gun gum hpai nat jaw jau ai lachyum gaw dum nta masha ni a matu shim lam jaw ai. Makawp maga ya ai rai nga ai. Sapawt shingyaw nat jaw jau ai gaw masha hkum hkrang ni hta shakrwi zawn re ai ana zin li, ahpye alam byin ai aten hta jaw jau ai re. Sapawt shingyaw nat hpe jaw Jau na matu hkungri galaw ai shaloi, kahtam kawa (saman) hpe matu de ka kaji galaw nna lawu kaw shingna langai ding grang rai, dai hta majap katsing ,udi, malu masha ni hte mawn sum li noi tawn nna jaw jau ma ai.
Lamun nat hpe gaw manawn masham re ai lam ni hpe yeng seng kau na gin lam hta jawjau ai Hkungri hpe alak mi galaw ai lam nnga ai. Ningsum nat hpe gaw ja gumhpraw tam sa, magam bungli galaw sa rai yang, awng dang ai lam nnga , gahkrim gahkrai byin mat wa rai yang, jaw jau ai. Hkungri galaw yang nta nhpung de namlap kap ai kinsa hpunjun nna, dai jun da ai hpun hta ka kaji ni noi abya tawn rai nna jawjau ma ai.
Shimram nat gaw sawn nat hta kaji htum ai hte kajawng kaja machyi hkrum yang gan shatsawm dat ra ai nat re. Hkungri hpe alak mi gaiaw nra ai. Kumba hte nban sha jun nhtawm, gwi hpe htau ya ai hku nna jawjau ma ai. Sawn nat hpe gaw, kajawng kaja machyi makaw byin hkrum hkra yang jaw Jau ai. Hkungri hpe hpun labrang lahkawng jun nna, dai makau kaw lap kap ai num ting hpun hpe jun nhtawm, hpun labrang hte maren kumba daw let dai ntsa kaw kawa mazi da tawn ai shakram hpe mara tawn ai.
Dai makau kaw wa htau na matu nban jun ai. Nga htau na rai yang nga dang hpe hpun ting hkum nan jun nhtawm jaw jau nga ai. Jahtung nat hpe gaw, machyi makaw byin hkrum hkra nga ai ten hta jaw jau ma ai. Hkungri galaw yang hkungga tawn pyin ra hpe tsaw tsaw galaw nhtawm dai hkungri ntsa Jan, shata. shagan sum la hte Kachin myu sha ni madum sumpyi a myu myu hkum sum hpa na sum la ni hpe noi sumbya sharawt tawn ma ai.
Nga htau na matu nga dang hpe hpung ting hkum nan jun nna jaw jau ma ai. Chyunun sapawt nat hte kumba nat gaw nta masha ni langai ngai nhtoi aten na na machyi makaw hkrum yang, jaw jau ai. Hkung ri hpe kawa mali jun tawn nhtawm kumba hte bai jun kayawp ma ai. Nga htau na matu, nga dang hpe hpun ting hkum nan jun nhtawm, nga dang ntsa kaw lagoi hpaw kayawp nna jaw jau ma ai. Salap nat hpe gaw, Sali wunli hpyi la na rai yang jawjau ma ai. Hkungri hpe galaw na rai yang, namlap kap ai hkin sing ni hte hkungga tawn shara hpe, pinra tsaw tsaw galaw nhtawm, nga htau nga dang hpe hpun pyen, hpya la nna. jun let jaw jau ma ai. Ningshe nat hpe jaw jau ai lam gaw, dum nta masha ni ana zinli byin, machyi makaw hkrum ai aten ni hta jawjau ma ai. Ndai nat hpe hkungri galaw yang, namlap kap ai hpun hkin sing law law hte hkungri galaw ai. Nga htau nga dang hpe mung hpun lap kap ai kinsa hpun hpe jun nga ai. Ndai gaw Hugawng-Assam hkran de na Jinghpaw ni nat jaw jau ai gin lam rai nga ai.
Jinghpaw ni natjaw jau ai bum ni
Rev. Pannasara Urang Singpho (Buddhist Jau/all India radio, Srilanka dept, New Dehli) mung bai madi madun mat wa ai gaw Pat kai bum mying gaw Singpho ni kaw nna paw pru wa ai mying re ai lam hpe aja awa tsun mat wa ai. Sam Khamti ni shamying ai mying rai yang, dai ni dai bum hpe "Loi Patkai" (sam ga hku bum hpe ""loi" ngu nga ma ai) ngu nna, shaga taw, shamying taw nga na re lam matut sang lang mat wa ai.
Jau Pannasara Urang Singpho sang lang ai lachyum hta "pat" gaw num ni na ladan dan ai hpan shakya shatsawm hpa rai nna "kai" gaw shanhte Hugawng hkran India Singpho nsen hku "dan ai" hpe tsun malu ai. Dai majaw Jinghpaw num ni ndai shara bum kaw du hkrat wa ai shaloi, "Pat" (ga kata na pru ai) na latan hpe "kai" (dan hpang wa ai kaw nna )Hugawng hte Assam lapran kaw nga ai bum hpe Patkai bum ngu nna shamying wu ai re lam madi madun mat wa ai.
Dai sawt sawt hku nna, India kata de nna, Dahpa bum , Dirok bum, Jenam bum hte jarik na "Patkai bum" ngu nna mying jaw mat wa ai rai nga malu ai. Ndai bum mali gaw dai ni na ten du hkra Singpho ni a matu ahkyak nga ai zawn, dai bum kaw nga ai nat hpe jaw nau ma ai. Machyi makaw hkrum yang, Jenem bum nat, lamu marang htu shangun mayu yang Derok bum nat, Dusat dumyeng makawp maga na matu gaw Dahpa bum nat, hte ngawi pyaw simsa na matu gaw Patkai bum nat ni hpe jaw jau ma ai. (see Maran Brang Di; Prat ningnan wunpawng ahtik labau kadun 1996, New Delhi, p-3)
Nat ni hte kanawn mazum ai lam
Hugawng pa kaw Bo Do, Kan tu. Chin, Naga, Sam, Mishmi, hte Jinghpaw ni ginru lat ginsa hkrat shang wa ma ai. Sam gaw Buddhism makam masham hte rau ginru ginsa hkrat sa wa nna, ngam ai ni yawng gaw nat jawjau ai ni rai nga ma ai. Jinghpaw gaw maubung mausa, Jaiwa dum sa, ga hkum gamung ni hpe bai dinglik yu yang, Jinghpaw ni nat hpe kam sham daw jaw ai prat ten ndu shi yang, Jinghpaw hte nat ni gaw shada da hku hkau kanawn mazum , karum shingtau hkat ai lam ,ga shadawn; gumlau majan, nat shayi ni hte Jinghpaw la ni , Jinghpaw num- Jinghpaw la ni hte nat ni dinghku de kanawn mazum ai lam tsun hkai nga ma ai.
Hugawng Mali hkrang wa lawng, Hpung Ing Dung lapran, lap nat ni hpe num jaw sha yang, nam shan, hpan ,gsd; shan, nga, chyahkyi, nam wa, hpawlam, ...zawn re ni nhpaw nya hte nta jahpung makau hkan dn hkra sa sa shani tawn ya ya re lam tsun hkai nga ma ai. Nat hpulum htu gaw ala ni hpe woi hprawn mat wa nna, nhprawng lu na ginra shara hkan tawn da nhtawm malu masha tam jaw wuai. Dai kaw nat zawn, masha zawn re ai nat kashu kasha ni hpe bai shaprat wu ai.
Nat hpulum htu
Nat hpulum htu ngu ai gaw kaja wa nga nga ai. Masha zawn san nna, kara kalu abya ayai tawn da ai. Nat hpulum htu na chyu ni mung lahkawng maga galu galang noi abya hkrat ai. Nat hpulum htu ni hpyi shan gaw, mut chyang ai. Hkum hkrang galu de pe 4 grup yin nga ai. Lagaw nhtang de man yawng ai. Labu palawng nhpun ai. Masha hte hkrum yang shi na chyu hte ja pa hpe shi a lata hte magap nhtawm, shingdu de man madun let mani dan ai, Hpulum htu hpe nhtu kahtam ahka da tim, sai pru wa tim, shi na n gup mayen hte bai mata katsut shamai kau wu ai. Nhtu hte kahtam nna sha gaw ala ni shi hpe ndang lu ma ai.
Gamu hkat yang mung tingsi mi sha lu manat dip da sai ngu yang, maga mi de bai byawng byawng re kashawt mat mat re nga ai. Nat hpulum htu wa shi hte gamu hkat nna sum yang, woi mat wa nhtawm madu wa shatai kau wu ai. Num ni hpe gaw nra wu ai. Gwi hpe gaw grai hkrit wuai. Nat hpulum htu hte mu yu, katut yu, gamu hkat yu ai ni nan tsun hkai ai ni nan tsun hkai ai gamung ni rai nga ai. Jinghpaw ni gaw nat ni hte kanawn mazum ai madang kaw nna, nat hpe kam sham jawjau mat wa ma ai.
Buddhism sasana shang wa ai lam
Jinghpaw ni Hukawng ginra pa kaw nat ni hpe jawjau nga yang 1800 ning hkan hta Buddhism sasana makam masham gaw mung hkawm de shang wa ai. Buddhism sasana hpe woi shang wa ai ni gaw Sam ni rai nga ma ai . Sam gaw Buddhism makam masham hpe 16th century AD htum maga de lu la hpang wa ai rai nga ai. (see E.R.Leach, Political system of Highland Burma: A study of Kachin Social Structure, Landon, 1954, p-240)
Shanhte ni na gaw Hinayana-The-ra-wa-da Buddhism hkrang rai nga ai. Jinghpaw ni law malawng nga ai Hugawng pa na Tarung ga hte Daihpa ga kaw Buddhism makam masham shang wa ai, hkap la wa ai gaw 1900 hkan hta rai nga ai. Sam Buddhist ni gaw hpungkyi jawng hpaw nna lik laili laika sharin ya ma ai. Jinghpaw ma ni mung lik laika chye na matu hpungkyi jawng lung ma ai.
Hpungkyijawng lung mat wa ai ni kaw nna law malawnggaw buddhist ni tai mat wa nga ma ai. Sam num hte kun dinghku de ai ni (kawa gaw du magam aru arat mi rai tim) na kashu kasha ni gaw buddhist tai wa ai law nga ma ai. Sam num ni gaw hpraw nsam tsawm htap ai law nga ai. Sam ni Jinghpaw num la ai n law nga ai Jinghpaw la ni sam num la ai law nga ai. (Gsd) Uru Sengmaw kansi (Dingsi) ginra hta, Kansi Duwa ni Buddhist lai mat wa ai gaw Kansi Du wa Chyamut Nawng na kasha Kansi Nawng hte Kansi La yan na prat hta sha Buddhist de gale mat wa nga ma ai.
Kansi Duwa Chyamut Nawng si mat ai shaning gaw 1868 AD. (Myen shaning 1229) hta rai nga ai. Kansi ni na Kaji daju (Kansi mying hkawt lu wa ai ten na) Marip Duwa Num mun Tu mung, Myitkyina Waimaw makau na hkatchu Sam num shayi "Hkum chu Ja Ing" hte dinghku de ai kaw nna shaprat wa ai ni hpe Kansi myu ni ngu ai, rai nga malu ai.
Myitkyina Hkagyip ngu ai gaw 1891 AD kaw nna she nga hpang wa ai kahtawng rai nga ai. Kansi Duwa Chyamut Nawng mung Sam num Sadami hte mayaw htinggaw de ai, Sam num Sandami gaw Buddhist rai nga ai. Madu wa Kansi Duwa si mat ai hpang, asak kung gumgai wa ai. Shaloi Kanu Sandami gaw kasha Kansi Nawng yan Kansi La hpe hpungkyi jawng galaw, hpungkyi woi tawn rai nhtawm, nawku dawjau mayu ai lam tsun ai shaloi, Kasha yan gaw kanu na hpyi shawn ai matsun maroi ga hkum nlai lu ai majaw galaw ya u ai.
Maitawng hpungkyi Jawng na hpungkyi U San (U Zinaya) hpe shaga tawn nhtawm nawku dawjau mu ai. Dai kaw nna kansi kashu kasha ni Buddhist de gale mat wa ma ai. Ndai gaw Hpa Kan Sengra ginra lahta na Kansi Duwa ni Buddhist tai mat wa ai lam gamung rai nga ai. Hukawng ginra pa kaw hpungkyi U Tu-Za-ta wa ten kaw nna Jinghpaw ni hta Buddhism hte nat jaw makam masham hpe gayau nna kam sham hpang wa ma ai. Dinghku kata machyi makaw ru yak jam jau hkrum ai ten ni hta, nat ni hpejawjau nna, ngwi pyaw ai ten ni hta Buddha makam masham hta shang lawm nawku ma ai.
1920 ning hta Hukawng Jinghpaw masha ni kaw na shawng ningnan Buddha makam masham hpe hkap la nhtawm hpungkyi kaba magam bungli hpe 1920 ning kaw nna 1985 ning du hkra gun hpai mat wa ai gaw Jau Urang Gam (Tawngdan sayadaw U Pa-nya-Zaw-da) rai nga ai. Jau Urang Gam gaw Hukawng pa na Buddhist Jinghpaw amyu ni hte Sam ni hpe lam woi ningshawng ai wa, rai nga ai. Hukawng Pa hta Jau Urang Gam (Tawngdan Sayadaw) ten hta hpungkyi kaba bai tai wa ai Jinghpaw ni gaw
1. Hpungkyi kaba Rev. Galang Ja Gam (1928-1990)
2. Hpungkyi kaba Rev. Sam Dang La (1929-1991),
3. Hpungkyi kaba Rev. Nsadu Naw (1930-1958), hte
4. Hpungkyi kaba Rev. Ndau Gam (1950-1992)ni rai nga ma ai matut nna, Hukawng Jinghpaw masha ni htajau hpungkyi galaw na ai ni gaw hpungkyi kaba Jau Urang Gam na kasha Rev. Urang Gam Jr - (Danai Hpungkyi Jawng) hte Rev. Urang La (Tarung Hpungkyi Jawng) ni rai nga ma ai.
Hukawng Pa hta Buddhism makam masham hpe grau nna chyam bra mat wa ai hte Hukawng Jinghpaw masha ni hkapla kamsham sa wa ai gaw 1950 ning kaw, Njoi Gam (Alawng Sagya) wa gaw Buddha makam masham hte kapyawn nna Alawng Sagya hpung woi hpaw ai ninghkan Buddha Sasana hpe Hukawng pa chyam hkra rai mat nna, India Singpho ginra de matut sasana galaw awngdang mat wa lu nga ai. Hukawng Jinghpaw masha ni a shawng nnan na hpungkyi kaba Rev. Urang Gam gaw 1932 ning hta ya na Danai mare ka-ang na hpungkyi jawng kaba hpe lamu ga htingra masat la nhtawm, jawng gawgap hpang wa u ai. 1961 ning hta hpungkyi daju kaba Ba-Dan –Da Turiya du wa nna shangut la lu nu ai. Dai ni na prat ten (1999-2000) hta Hukawng ginra pa hta, Buddha makam masham hkapla kam sham ai Jinghpaw ni gaw "Htinggaw (107)" rai taw sai (See Lahpai La Ring, "Hugawng Danai Buga Hpung Labau hte Sasana" 1999, KTC, Myitkyina, P.45)
India-Assam, Arunachal pradesh hkan nga ai Singpho ni yawng' ngu na ram Buddhist hkrai, rai nga ma ai India Singpho ni hpe Buddhist makam masham de shawng lam woi gale ai ni gaw, Kachin ginra (Kamu Mungdan) Hukawng pa na Jinghpaw ni rai nga ma ai. "Buddha na "Philosophy" gaw "Natjaw" na "maubung mausa" hta wa (Pig) shakap shai madang tsaw nga ai. Singpho ni Buddhism makam masham hpe hkap la kam sham wa ai ten gaw 19th century AD htum wa de, re ai hpe, tsun hkai nga ma ai. (See 1.S.Dutta Choudury, Arunachal Pradesh District Gezetters-Tirap District",1980, Govt. of Arunachal pradesh, shillong, P.53; 2. Parul Dutta, Director of Research, "The Singphos", Itanagar, 1990, P.107)
Buddhism kam sham tim, nat hpe mung jawjau nga nga ma ai. India Singpho ni hpang de Buddhism woi shang ai wa gaw, Hukawng pa na Jinghpaw Buddhist hpungkyi Dingla Chaoto (Tingla Chrato, Dingla Zau Tu) rai nga ai. Assam kaw Singpho ni Buddhist de n- gale shi yang, Hukawng ginra pa na Jinghpaw nkau mi Buddhist de gale ngut sai. Jinghpaw Buddhist hpungkyi Dingla Chaoto gaw asak kaba, sak kung dingla sai rai nhtawm, Hukawng kaw nna Assam de sa wa ai shaloi, masha ni ba sa ai. Shi nan mung hkrum mahkrum masha ni hpe Buddha na matsun maroi, makam masham htung tara lailen ni hpe tsun hkai dan nga u ai. Hpungkyi Dingia Chaoto Assam de sa ai ngu ai gaw, shi nan Buddha Ghaya (Lord Buddha hpra tai wa ai ginra, India) de "Hpra-naw" (Pilgrim) sa nna lai lam ang ai majaw rai nga ai.
Assam ginra kaw, Singpho mare Kahtawng shagu de du sa hkawm nna Kamrup de bai lai mat wa u ai. Ndai ten gaw Assam kaw British govt. ni shang nga sai. Gauhati kaw hpungkyi Dingla Zau Tu gaw British Officer hte hkrum nna, Jinghpaw hpungkyi wa hpe shat, shan shat mai, chyaru ni hte hkap daw jaw u ai. Hpungkyi dingla Zau Tu gaw kam sham ai hpungkyi nan tai mat sai re majaw, dawjaw ai malu masha, shan, tsa-chyaru ni hpe nlu nsha ya ai majaw, British Officer gaw hpungkyi Dingla Zau Tu hpe kaja wa nan makam masham jet ai masha re ngu, chye la u ai lam ka da nga ma ai.
Hpa majaw ta? ngu yang, British ni gaw Jinghpaw ni makam masham hta ndai zawn myit jung ai nga na nzawn nawn ai majaw rai nga ai. Hpungkyi Dngla Zau Tu (Chaoto) gaw Gauhti kaw nna kalang bai Buddha Ghaya de hpra-naw (Pilgrim) matut sa mat wa u ai. Lord Buddha sak hkrung nga pra mat wa ai labau shang ginra shara shagu de du hkawm kau da nna bai nhtang wa mat u ai.
Hpang jahtum, Assam Margherita kaw hkring nga u ai. Margherita na Phakial kahtawng (Khamti sam kahtawng, Jinghpaw tai mat ai ni) kaw wa hkring nga mat ai. Dai shara kaw Buddha hpungkyi jawng (Buddhist Temple) langai hpe galaw u ai. Ndai hpungkyi jawng hpe dai ni du hkra "Samuk Sing" ngu da nga ma ai. Daini du hkra mu lu
nga ai. Singpho ni na Shawng ningnan na ahtik labau shang Singpho hpungkyi jawng, "Samuk Sing" rai nga ai.
Hpungkyi Dingla Zau Tu gaw Duonias ni hpe shawng Buddhist de woi gale bang kau dat u ai. Duania ngu ai ni gaw Jinghpaw hte mungnun mayam num ni kaw nna bai pra paw wa ai myu hpan langai rai nga ai. (See MaranBrang Di, 19960P. Cit, P.31) Mungnun (Assamese) ni gaw Hinduism makam masham hkrai hkapla sai ni rai nga ai. Lord Buddha mung Hindhu kaw nna shi a Buddhism de gale tai mat ai, rai nga ai.
Dai majaw, Jinghpaw tai mat ai Duanias ni matu yak hkak ai lam nnga nga ai. Duanias ni hte Singpho ni mung num wawn numla, htunghkying lailen langai sha hku mahkri-shawn nga ngut sai, rai nga ai. Duanias kaw nna mung, matut nna bai Singpho ni hpang de Buddhism chyam bra nga ai. Sinpho ni hpe kahtawng shagu hpungkyi jawng galaw Shachyaw na hte dai hpungkyi jawng shagu hta hpungkyi langai hpra tawn da na matu, tsun, matsun ai wa gaw ndai hpungkyi Dingla Zau Tu rai ngaai. Dai majaw, Singpho dum nta jut shagu ngu na hta, Buddha hpra sumla (Sur) Buddha sumla laika tawn, noi da nhtawm nawku daw jau kam sham ma ai. Jinghpaw ni hta yawng a shawng ningnan na India Buddha Ghaya de du mat wa ai gaw Hukawng ginra pa na hpungkyi Dingla Zau . Tu rai Sai.
Singhpo ni na Buddhism makam masham gaw kri jung nna, ngang ngang kang kang kamsham myit jung, ru hpra jung kayawp kap rawng taw sai makam masham madang rai nga ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, masha ni Buddhist tai nna Buddhist tai ai nrai nga ai. India Singhpo hpungkyi jau ni gaw myu tsaw myit grai kaba ai ni hkrai, rai nga ma ai.
Kachin makam masham gamung hta, Zau Tu lahkawngnga ai. Langai gaw "Sinlum Zau Tu" rai nhtawm, Kachin Christian ningpawt hpang ninghpum Sara Kaba langai rai nga ai. laga ngam ai wa gaw "Hukawng Zau Tu" rai nhtawm, Kachin Buddhist ningpawt hpang ninghpum Sara kaba langai rai nga ai hpe mu lu ai. Shan lahkawng yan gaw, tinang kam sham ai hpe majan je, sharawtmat wa ai yan, rai nga ma ai.
MARAN BRANG DI M.A Hist;Dehli University.
Bibilography
1. Maran Brang Di, "Prat ningnan Wunpawng Ahtik Labau Kadun", 1996, New Delhi.
2. E.R.leach, "Political systems of Highland Burma: A study of Kachin Social Structure", 1954, Landon.
3. ( ................................... )
4. Lahpai La Ring, "Hugawng Danai Buga Hpung Labau Hte Sasana", 1999, K.TC-Nawngnang, Myitkyina.
5. S.Dutta Choudhury, "Arunachal Pradesh District Gezetters -Tirap District", 1980, Shillong.
6. Parul Dutta, "The Singpho", 1990, Itanagar.
Source; Chyurum Shalat Magazine 2004 - 2005, JLH Mandale
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HUKAWNG JINGHPAW NI TSUN AI HKA MUNG (sh) HKAMUNG GA
Hkaman ni gaw, Mali Hkahku ginra de, buhtawt shang ngut ai hpang, Hukawng ginra pa de, bai ginru ginsa buhtawt hkrat bang ma ai. Hkaman ni nga ai majaw, Hkamung (Hkamung Ga) ngu ai byin wa ai n rai nga ai. Raitim, Hkaman ni Hkamung Ga kaw, nga lai mat wa ma ai. Hukawng Jinghpaw Dumsa Jaiwa ga hkum (Hukawng Jinghpaw Oral traditions) hta "Hkamung Ga" ngu ai lawm nga ai Dai sha n ga, Hukawng Jinghpaw hte India Singpho ni "Hkamung Ga"ngu nna, tsun jahta ai lam nga nga ma ai. Hkamung Ga na ningpawt ninghpang ginlam ahtik labau hpe Assam Buranjis (Burangji = History), Hmannan Yazawin, British Expeditionary Report hte ginra gaiwang official records hkan n mu lu nga ai. Raitim, Jinghpaw ni tsun nga ma ai. 1977 kaw shapraw ai Arunachal news hta Dr. Raikar ka bang ai, Khamong and the Khamti, "Place of Khomong in the History of the khamtis” ngu ai article yan hte Vijoynagar, the Forgotten Khomong ngu ai laili laika buk kaji sha nga nga ai. "Khamung" nga ai ga hkum (not khamung history) gaw Govt. office records ni hkan 1935 hkan du hkra, lawm lawm rai nga ai. Khamti ni na ninggup maubung labau mausa hta, "Khamung" ngu ai gaw 18th century AD lapran hkan na nga wa sai lam, tsun hkai nga ma ai.
Kachin ginra kaw, Jinghpaw hte sam ni na ninggup labau hta "Hka Mung" (Hkamung Ga) ngu ai gaw, nga lai wa nna, tsun hkai ai, rai nga ai. Dr.Y.Araikar hte S. N Barna yan "Hkamung" hpe matut sanglang ai, lam gaw, "Hkamung" ngu ai sam ga hkum rai nhtawm, "Mayam mung" ngu ai lachyum re hpe, madi madun ai(Kha = Slave, mong or mung = country or place). Khomong gaw Khamung re lam mung tsun da nga ma ai. Mayam hpe "Kha" ngu ai gaw Sam sha n rai nga ai. Nokte Naga na Layo hpan ni mung mayam hpe "Kha" ngu nhtawm, Noktes gaw mayam hpe "Sha" ngu nga ma ai. Tangsa Naga mi mung mayam hpe "Vim-sha" ngu nga ma ai. Raitim, ndai kaw tsun ai gamung ginlam na "Khamung" gaw Sam ga hkum na pru wa ai ga hkum rai nga ai. Teng ai ginlam langai gaw Khamong ngu ai ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw hte Sam ninggup labau hta tsun hkrat wa tim, Sam ga hkum hpe Jinghpaw ni mung hta lang tsun mat wa ai, rai nga ai. Logically hku myit maram yang, Sam ni shan hte nga ginra hpe, mayam mung (Slave country, slave land) ngu nna, tinang ginra hpe shamying la na gaw ginlam n ang nga ai. Marai langai ngai (shr) myu hpan langai ngai na ginra hpe, Sam ni "Khamung" ngu nna shamying ai gaw, grau nna lam ang, reasonable byin nga ai.
Hkamung Ga ngu ai gaw, Putao na sinna - lawu maga de nga ai Chyaukang hkyet grupyin hte matut manoi ai ginra kaw nna, (1) Kachin ginra kata de, Tarung Hkawng mayan hte (2) India kata de, Diyum hka lahta de Vijoynagar ginra du hkra, rai nga ai. Vijoynagar ginra gaw Chyaukang pass hte matut nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, Khamung Ga gaw chyen mi India de lawm nhtawm, chyen mi gaw Myen-Kachin ginra de lawm rawng nga ai. Chyaukang Hkyet makau na "Vijoynagar" ngu ai mying gaw, 1961-62 hkan na she, pru wa ai rai nga ai. Ndai shawng daw de gaw, Khamong Ga ngu ai re. Vijoynagar ngu ai gaw Assam Rifles na Inspector General - Brigadier Vijoy mying kaw nna, shalat pru wa ai, rai nga ai.
S. N. Barna gaw Hkamung Ga hte seng nna, tsun da ai gaw, "It was once upon a time, a colony of slaves said to have been possessed by the Khamtis, if not by the Singphos...", ngu da ai (S. N. Barna gaw Patkai Bum mayan, " Indo-Burma border" hta Govt. officer kaba hku nna, Shaning 30 magam bungli galaw lai sai wa, rai nga ai). S. N. Barna gaw Khamung Ga ginra hta, up lai mat wa ai mayam madu ni gaw, Jinghpaw n rai yang Khamti rai na re ngu tsun da nga ai. Matut nna Barna hte Dr. Y.A Raikar yan tsun ai hpe British Expeditionary reports, official records hte Assamese Buranjis ni hkan maram yu yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai ni gaw, Jinghpaw ni re lam, tsun da nga ai. Singpho-British Treaty, May 5, 1826 ginlam hta Capt. Neufville hku nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 hpe Khamung Ga (along the Diyum Hka up to the Chyaukang Hkyet) ginra kaw nna shalawt dat ai lam nga nga ai.
Kachin Hukawng pa hte India Northeast ginra hta, British official matsing sumhting laika hku tsun yang, mayam wunawng wuwa madu ai gaw Jinghpaw ni rai nga ai. Sam ni kaw mayam kade nga ai lam, mayam kade shalawt kau ya ai lam, ka matsing da ai gamung ginlam n rawng nga ai. Dai sha n ga, hkawhkam hkaw-seng hte nga mat wa ai Ahom (Assamese) ni hta mung Jinghpaw zawm, mayam nga ai ginlam n tsun da nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam shalaw ya ai gaw, Assam mayam rai nga ai. Ava Myen hkawhkam ni, Manipur hte Assam hpe n sa gasat ai ten kaw nna, Jinghpaw Duwa ni hta Mungnun mayam (Assamese Slaves) ni hte Duania mayam ni nga nga sai. Duania (Dowaniya) ngu ai amyu bawsang ni paw pru wa ai ten nau n na shi nga ai. Jinghpaw ni Hukawng pa mayan de ginru ginsa shang nga hkrat wa ai hpang pra paw wa ai Jinghpaw Wunpawng kasha hpan rai nga ai. Duania gaw Jinghpaw hte lu la ai Assam mayam num ni kaw na, bai shangai pra pru wa ai Jinghpaw kasha bawsang hpan ni rai nga ai.
Tsun ga nga yang, Duania gaw Jinghpaw Assam sai gayau (Jinghpaw -Assamese hybrid) ai amyu rai nna, Jinghpaw ni hku tsun shaga nhtawm, Jinghpaw htunghking lailen lang mat ai, rai nga ai. Duania ngu ai ni yawng gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam hkrai rai nga ai. 1819 ning hta, Ava Myen hkawhkam hpyen la ni Assam de shang gasat hkat ai shaoi, Rongpur kaw ngam kau da ai Mingyi Maha Thilwa hte Bandula (Bogle Phukan) ni kaw Hukawng pa na Jinghpaw Duwa ni na mayam, Duania Jinghpaw hpyela, Jinghpaw hpyeta, Mungnun mayam hpyela ni 2000 ram lawm nga ai.
Ndai kaw Myen hkawhkam hpyenla nkau lawm nga ai. Assam de majam gasat sa mat wa ai ni gaw Hukawng-Khamung Ga na Jinghpaw Duwa hpung ni, rai nga ma ai. Assam na Dibrugarh kaw Man Katta ngu ai ginra lawk langai nga ai. Hkarangleng daru hte kade n tsan ai. Dai ni du hkra. Assamese ni tsun hkai ai gaw, Myen hpyenla manu mana sat hkrum, si ru ai ginra re, ngu nna madi madum nga ma ai. Dai ginra hpe Man Katta ngu nga ,ma ai. (Man = Myen, Burmese, Katta = Kahtam ai, katawng ai, sat ai, "Myen hpe katawng kahtam sat ai share" ngu ai tachyum hpe, hkap sanglang dan ma ai.). Assam - Margherita Dist., Inthem (I-them Ga) mare kahtawng Raw Singpho ni hte rau, "Man" ngu ai ni nga nga ai. Shanhte hpe san yu yang, moi Myen hkawhkam na, Myen hpyenla ngam aru arat ni, re lam hpe mare buga masha ni yawng tsun nga ma ai. Raitim, shanhte gaw, Myen ga hku, tsepkawp n chye mat sai. Assamese, Jinghpaw hpe chye na shaga nga ma ai. Myen ni Assam ginra de kasat hkat sa ai ten hta, Jinghpaw Duwa ni mayam hpyenla n shang garum yang, Myen gaw Assam majan (Assam war) hpe dang lu na ginjang masa n nga nga ai. Mankatta sha ra hta Myen hpyenla wunawng wuwa si hkrum sum mat nga ai. Assam kaw ngam mat ai Myen hpyenla ni gaw, Jinghpaw hte rau bai ngam nga mat ai. Ndai Myen ni hpe dai ni du hkra "Man" ngu nga ma ai. Jinghpaw Duwa ni Myen -Assam majan hta, myit lawm ai lam, shanglawm ai ginlam gaw Assamese (Mungnun) ni hpe rim mahkawng la nhtawm, mayam shatai mayu ai majaw sha rai nga ai.
Pisa Duwa Pisa La Doi mung, "Khamung Ga" ginra nkau gaw shanhte Pisa lamu ga re lam mung tsun madi mat wa ai. Bai nna,Yobin (India kaw Lisu hpe Yobin ngu ma ai) ni mung Margherita de, Pisa Duwa, Pisa La Doi hpang sa nhtawm, Pisa Duwa ni ningpu kaw nga lu na matu hte, Pisa Duwa hpang hkanse kawn bang na ginlam ni hpyi tsun ma ai. Assam-Margherita de, sa hkrat wa nna, Pisa ' Duwa La Doi kaw sa hpyi tsun ai gaw, moi lai mat wa sai kaji kawoi prat hta, "Khamung Ga" gaw Pisa Duwa ni madu, up-sha, gumhkawng lai mat wa ai majaw, rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Lisu ni daini du hkra, Maio lahta de, Dihing Hka mayan kaw nna, Vijoynagar du hkra nga de ma ai. Hukawng hkran de na Tarung Hkawng (Hkamung ga) hta mung, Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni madu up mat wa nga ai. Ndai ginra kaw Hukawng Jinghpaw Duwa ni, Sam wunawng wuwa hpe mayam shatai kau nhtawm, Jinghpaw bai tai mat hkra prat shamat mayan mungdan kaba hku, nga lai mat wa ai. Ndai gin lam hpe Capt. P. R, Gordon mung,"'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society", Vol-xxvii 1895, p157 hta tsun da nga ai. P. R. Gordon tsun ai gaw, 'Strange to say this Tairongs themselves spoke Singpho, the explanation of this being as follows, the Tairongs, who originally lived somewhere in the direction of the upper Irrawady started for Assam to join some Naras who had proceeded them thither. Unfortunetly, for them they had to pass through the Singpho country. As the passed through the country they were taken captives by the Singphoes. They remained as captives for five years according to their own account, but probably for longer, as they quite forgot their own language and adopted the language of their captors. It is strange that even to this day Tairongs , talk nothing but Singpho' ngu ai rai nga ai.Tairong ni Jinghpaw duwa ni a mayam wa tai mat ai mung "Hkamung Ga" rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Sam ni mung "mayam mungdan" ngu ai, rai nga ai.
British Govt. "1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act" hku nna, 1925/26 - 1928/ 29 lapran Kachin ginra hta Jinghpaw Duwa ni kaw na shalawt kau dat hkrum ai mayam 8,960 rai nga ai. Mayam shalawt kau dat ai kaw jailang ai gumhpraw gaw Rs. 516, 518 tup rai nga ai. Lahta na mayam jahpan gaw Jinghpaw ni kaw na hkrai, rai nga ai. British ni mayam shalawt masing hpe Hukawng hte Mali-Nmai ginra hta sha, galaw ma ai. Ndai ginra gaw Jinghpaw nga ai ginra hkrai rai nga ai. British ni mayam shalawt masing hta, mayam 8,960 hpe shalawt kau dat ai hta, Capt. Neufville shalawt kau dat ai Singpho Duwa ni na mayam 6,000 jahpan pyi n lawm shi ai hpe, mulu nga ai. "Hkamung Ga" kaw gaw "Hkaman" ni nga nna "Hkamung" ngu ai n re. Hkamung Ga kaw gaw Hkaman ni nga ma ai. Mayam madu gaw Jinghpaw Duwa ni hkrai ' rai nhtawm, mayam gawtinang myu hpan kaw na hkawt, myu hpan hpan lawm nga ai hpe, British mayam shamyit shatsai masing ginlam hku nna chye lu nga ai.
Jinghpaw ni tsun ai Hkamung Ga ginlam gamung hpe, ndai kaw, jahkring da
ga.
References
1. Barna. S. N., Tribes of Indo-Burma Border: A Socieo-cultural History of the Inhabitants oftha Patkai Range, New Dehli, 1991, p -69. •• 2. Barna, Opcit, p -190. 3. Da/ton, E. T., Descritive Ethnology of Bangal, Calcutta, 1872, p -10. and. Birendra Chandra Chakavorty. British Relations with jhe Hill Tribes of Assam. Since 1858, Calcutta. 1964, p-12.
4. Maran Brang Di, Prat Ningnan Wunpawng Ahtik Labau Kadun, New Dehli, 1996, p - 69. and, Needham, J. F. Outline Grammer of Singpho Language as Spoken by the Sinphos ofSjdiya, Shillong,1889. 5. SBhuyan. S. K., Anglo-Assamese Relations, Gauhati, 1949,p-473. f 6. Barna, Opcit, p-190. *
Maran Brang Di
Kachin Historical Research Centre
Sourec; Pyilan LunghtawnSept, 2004
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Uru Mungnawk de Chyurum Jinghpaw Wunpawng Shani majen je bu rawt shang bang wa ai lam.
Dakkasu Htoi San
Gumlau prat (Gumchying Gumsa Du ni hpe gasat ai majan) hta e Hugawng Pa de majen je bu htawt shang bang nga wa ai Numu Marip ni a kaji kawa wa Laisai Pu Nawng Gumhkawng gaw, Hugawng ga e shaning tsawm ra mi nga kau da nna, Jambu Hkindang e dang, Jaji Bum hpe Shangdan hku hprang rai nhtawm mi Uru Mungnawk maga de lamu ga ningnan bai tam bram na matu majen je shang bang mat wa wu ai. Dai shaloi Uru Mungnawk e mi moi kaw nna nga nga sai Hpamaw Hpaman, Rasa ngu ai Hkang Numrang ni hte Sairi Saira ngu ai Sam amyu ni, Htaman-ti amyu ni hkap gasat ninggyet mu ai.
Ndai zawn Laisai Pu Nawng Gumhkawng a hpung ni hte mi nga rudi masha ni gasat ninggyet azat hkat ma yang, Lawnghkang Pa makau na bum mayan gasat poi hta Laisi Pu Nawng Gumhkawng a baw hpe Baw Gam Bum ngu tsun sha mying da ma ai. Baw Gam Bum ngu ai kaw nna dai ni gaw Punggam Bum ngu amying shingteng bai galai mat sai.
Ndai Uru Mungnawk maga de majen je gasat shang bang mat wa ai labau mabyin hte seng nna Duwa Laisi La tsun ai gaw lawu na hte maren rai nga malu ai.
Laisai Pu Nawng Gumhkawng gaw Hugawng Pa kaw na htawt sit let Jahtu Zup Bum e bai wa de nga wu ai. Dai aten hta Mogawng Hkawseng Magam (Sam Zawbwa ) Zau Man hpe kanau wa gaw hkaw kashun nna majan baw wa wu ai. Shaloi kahpu Zau Man gaw Laisai Nawng Gumhkawng kaw hpyen gau karum saw wu ai. Laisai Nawng Gumhkawng mung Mogawng Zawbwa wa saw ai hte maren, share jaubu law law hte majan gau kasat karum na yu hkrat wa wu ai. Raitim dai ten hta n myit mada ai sha, Zawbwa Zau Man a kanau wa machyi kaba hkrum nna si mat wa sai. Dai majaw gasat ninggyet hkat na lam n nga sai.
Shaloi Laisai Nawng Gumhkawng gaw; kalang mi hpyen gasat na matu rawt sai gaw, sai n jahpaw ai gaw n mai wa sai; gasat na hpyen n nga yang nang Mogawng Zawbwa gasat na ga ai ngu wu ai hte, Mogawng Zawbwa wa hpe majan baw na hkyen wa wu ai. Dai majaw Mogawng Zawbwa wa gaw Laisai Nawng Gumhkawng hpe, Uru Mungnawk maga de nang ra ai daram gasat reng la na lam, shi a Mogawng Hkaw hkam hpe gaw n hkra ya na lam hpyi lajin wu ai. Dai majaw Laisai Nawng Gumhkawng a hpung ni gaw Nam-ya Sik Pa kaw nna Danai Hka Mazup, Singgaling Hkamti ga de du hkra ,majen je gasat shadut nga mat wa ma ai.
Shing rai, mi nga rudi masha ni hpe gasat shadut kau nna, dai yang e Numnu Marip amyu ni a rudi ruhpang lamu ga bai shatai let nga pra shanu mat wa ai kaw nna, Uru Mungnawk gaw Numnu Marip amyu ( Numnu Laisai, Nbu Jingreng, Kansi Nja ) lakung lama ni a lamu ga tai mat wa sai.
Dai zawn Laisai Pu NawngGumhkawng a prat ban kaw nna kaji kawa, kashu kasha ban hte ban, lamu ga madu ( Gumchying Gumsa Du ) tai nna matut manoi up hkang hkringhtawng dagraw, nga pra hkrat mat wa ma yang; Kansi Duwa Chyamaw Naw a lakhtak e, Myen Hkaw Hkam Mindung Min ( Ad. 1852-1878 ) hte jinghku hku ma ai. Ndai zawn Mindung Min hte jinghku matut mahkai wa ai lam gaw, Mintawng Sam Duwa a shayi sha Sanda Myint hpe Kansi Duwa Chyamaw Naw e hkungran la ai majaw rai nga ai.Hpa majaw nga yang, Mindung Min hte Mintawng Duwa U Paw Maing gaw lawu lahta kahpu kanau daw ang hkat ma ai .
Dai shaloi Mindung Min kaw nna Kansi Duwa Chyamaw Naw hpe jinghku mungdan Du Magam shada hku hkau masat dingsat, shagrau jaw dat ai kumhpa ni gaw;-
1. Ja Dazik...........................................( 1 )
2. Ja Nhtu Ninggang.............................( 1 ) (Ngoitang 28 tang ai re)
3. Ja Gawm..........................................(10)
4. Ja Saidawng, hpahkai palawng, lawnghpau hpe hking man mi ( Hkawhkam aru arat ni bu hpun sumraw ai baw)
Lahta na kumhpaw kumhpa ni hpe shagrau sha a jaw ai gaw AD. 1864 ning, December shata ( 14 ) ya shani rai nga ai.
Englik prat hta e mung, Kansi Du ni hpe mi na daru magam a hkang aya hte raw, Mung Madu hku nna bai Uphkang nga na matu shagrau masat jaw da mu ai.
Laisai Ga ( 4 ) hpe mung, Inglik Bayin-hkan wa kaw nna January 20, 1925 ya shani e, Laisai Duwa Hkrap Naw hpe Sagaing Rung de shaga la nhtawm, shagrau shaa dazik hte hpawn; Laisai Mung, Laisai Ga ngu matut Uphkang nga lu na matu, ahkaw ahkang bai hpung jat ap ya wu ai. Ndai Laisai ni hte seng ai lamu ga gaw; Danai Hka a Sinpraw hkran maga de rai nna, Danai Hka a Sinna Hkran maga de gaw Sam Tawngtut Zawbwa hte Naga ni a lamu ga rai nga malu ai.
Dai majaw Laisai ni a lamu ga gaw; Danai Hka a sinpraw hkran Dainai Tak kaw nna gawn yu wa yang; Singgaling Hkamti 5 hku hprang rai nhtawm, Uru Hka hte Danai Hka mazup du hkra rai nga malu ai.
Lahta e tsun lai mat wa sai hte maren , Uru Ga de Laisai Pu Nawng Gumhkawng majen je woi shang bang wa nna, ninghtawm ningngat ga ningnan ni de nhtawm, Gumchying Gumsa Du Magam Hku, Marip Numnu amyu ni ban hte ban hkrinhtawng dagraw, Uphkang nga pra hkrat mat wa ma ai gaw, Kansi Duwa Awng a prat ladaw du hkra rai yang, ban ( 8 ) tup rai nga malu ai. Dai zawn Mung Du lit magam hpe gun hpai lai wa sai ni gaw;
1. Numnu Zau Ra ( Shawng ningnan Mung Du galaw ai wa )
2. Nja Zau Ja Gam
3. Kansi Naw Ja ( Ndai wa a prat kaw nna Numnu ni ngu sai; Kansi ni ngu shamying lai kau ma sai. Kan hte e si zawn re ai shan latau noi ai majaw Kansi Naw Ja ngu mu ai.)
4. Kansi Chyamaw Zau Hkyen
5. Nja Man Hkuk Zau Hkyen
6. Kansi Chyauhpa La
7. Kansi Sinwa Naw
8. Kansi Naw Awng ni rai ma ai.
Hpang jahtum Kansi Naw Awng a prat hta Myen Mungdan a mung-masa galai mat wa nna, Gumlang Asuya ni Gumchying Gumsa Du Magam Uphkang masa hpe dawm kau sai majaw, Kansi Du ni a Du Magam ahkang aya , shingkang shingwang mung sip mat wa sai.
Ndai Uru Mungnawk ga de hpu nau Sam ni htinghput htingra de nna kring mading rai nga hpang mat wa ai gaw Mintawng Sam Duwa U Paw Maing a shayi sha Sanda Myint hpe Kansi Duwa Chyamaw Naw e hkungran la ai shaloi, mum sa kanan kap wundoi nang ai Sanda Myint a jinghku jingyu ni Kansi Ga kaw hti ngam nga ai kaw nna rai nga ai.
Dai zawn hte ngam nga ai Sanda Myint a jinghku jingyu ni gaw, masat (2) Mungkan majan du wa na ningtawn e, Kansi Ga kaw nna Lawnghkang Pa de htawt sit shanu nga ma ai hte; yat yat sha Sam kahtawng ni law jat mat wa ai lam rai nga ai.
Ndai gaw Uru Mungnawk de Chyurum Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni majen je bu htawt shang bang wa nhtawm, lamu ga madu tai let kring mading rai nna shanu nga pra sa mat wa ai labau kadun mung rai nga mali ai law.
Source; MIHTOI MA MAGAZINE 2004-2005
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Singpho hte Shapawng Yawng Manau
Maran Brang Di.
Jinghpaw nga jang, manau shadung nga ai. Manau nau ai. Manau shadung nga yang, Jinghpaw nga ai. Kala India mungdan kaw mung Singpho ngu ai Jinghpaw ni mungdaw lahkawng kaw shanu nga ma ai. Dai mungdaw yan hpe gaw, Assam mungdaw hte Arunachal Pradesh mungdaw ngu ma ai. Singpho ni kaw mung manau Shadung kaba jun tawn ma ai. Shaning shagu shataman lahkawng, ninghtoi 13, 14, 15 hta “Shapawng Yawng Manau” ngu nna, mungdaw lahkawng kaw na Singpho ni manau chyawm nau nga ma ai.
Ndai manau ten hta gaw shanhte Singpho ni yawng ahkum ara shanglaw nhtawm, shada da bai hkrum zup let, myit ninggun shabawn gahkyin la hkat ai ninghtoi wunli kaja, mali kaja ai ningja ninghtoi kaba ni rai nga malu ai. Kala mungdan hta Singpho nkau achyen (Laga amyu hte mayaw htinggaw de ai ni, laga amyu kaba lapran hkan magam bungli hta hkan nna tsat hkawm mat ai ni ) gaw Jinghpaw ga n lu tsun shaga mat ma ai. Shanhte hpe yu yang, grai tsun shaga mayu ai ningsam pru ai. Raitim, ninggup hta tutdang yak nga malu ai hpe, maram lu ai. Jinghpaw htinggaw mying gaw hkrum, ga gaw n hkrum, rai nga tim mung , htunghking manau poi hta rai jang, yawng yawng gaw “ ngai Singpho rai nngai, ngai mung lawm nngai”, ngu ai zawn zawn myit hkrum gahkyin gumdin nga ma ai. Makam masham hpung n bung tim, manau hta kabu gara shanglawm shajang ai hkrai, rai nga ma ai. Singpho ni India ginra kaw nga ai buga shara ni gaw lawu na hte maren rai nga ai. Assam mungdaw hta gaw:- (1) Namhpuk Hkawng, (2) Tarung Hkawng ni rai nhtawm, Arunachal Pradesh mungdaw hta gaw:- (1) Teng Hkawng, (2) Tayun Hkawng ni rai nga ma ai. Assam- Namhpuk Hkawng (Tinsukia Dist, Magrita sub. Div) hta lawm ai buga ginra ni gaw Puwaihku Ga, Namdang Ga, Dabong Ga, Nhtong Ga, Kate Tawng Ga, Kawatu Ga, Pang Na Ga, Nhtem Ga, Munggawng Na Ga, Dabu Ga, Hkayan Ga, Long Ga, Pisa Ga, Pabung kawng Ga, Kumchyai kawng Ga, Pangsun Ga, Hasak Ga, Hkarang kawng Ga, Ninggam Ga, Kohta Ga, Ulup Ga……ni rai nga ma ai.
Bai nna, Assam- Tarung Hkawng (Jorhat Dist.) hta gaw Pothar Gaom, Tipaniya, Pahu, Kotiya, Obhong, Rengmai, Balipothar, Ahumani, Tengaw buga ginra ni rai nga ma ai. Ndai Tarung Hkawng hta nga ai Tarung Singpho ni tsun shaga ai ga manawng hpan mi, rai nga ai. Gashadawn, “Datbung dem sana, mani sum rai yu u”, ngu ai hpe shanhte Tarung Singpho ni gaw, “Photo dawk na, ninggup hpyi malu yu u” ngu nga ma ai zawn, Lahta maga de na Singpho ni gaw “kara zen ga” ngu yang “Kara katawng ga” ngu nga ma ai. Jinghpaw ga raitim, ginra hta hkan nna loili manawng nsen shai hkat nga ai. Raitim, grai nkaw-nja hkap pang chye ma ai. Myu tsaw myit n rawng ai Singpho n nga nga ai.
Arunachal Pradesh- Teng Hkawng (Lohit Dist., Lahtaw Area) hta lawm ai ginra buga ni gaw, Nchyaw Ga, Tingwa Ga, Nsa Ga, Nhpum Ga, Man-gau Ga, Lahtaw Ga hte circle Ning-ru Area hta lawm ai buga ginra ni gaw Paiyawn Ga, Nden Ga, Mandang Ga ni rai nga ma ai. Tayun Hkawng (changlang Dist.-Pisa area, Miao sub.-Div. ) hta lawm ai buga ginra ni gaw Miao Ga, Namhpai Ga, Ningrang Ga, Pisa Ga, Lawang Ga, Hprup Ga, Shakau Ga, Hkamuk Ga ni hte changlang Dist. –Tayun Sub.-Div. hta lawm ai buga ginra ni gaw Madoi Ga, Nnau Ga, (2007 ning February 13, 14, 15, ni hta 23 lang shapawng yawng manau nau hpawng galaw ai shara), Shingbwi Ga, Tingba Ga, Nring Ga, Kum Tsai Ga hte changlang Dist.-Bor Dumsa circle hta gaw Pasi Ga, Ndawng Ga, Jagun Ga, Wagun Na -1, 2, 3, 4, Soi Ga, Kating Na Ga, Wahkyet Na Ga, Kammai Ga ni, rai nga ma ai.
India na Assam mungdaw hte Arunachal Pradesh mungdaw ni gaw Myen mungdan – Kachin mungdaw na Hugawng Palayawng hte Patkai Bum shingyan sha din nhtawm, matut manoi dinggren nga ai ni rai ai. “Kachin mungdaw” mung Miwa mungdan na Jinghpawsu ni nga ai “Yunnan mungdaw” hte bai lamuga jarit matut manoi dun kayep nga hkat ai. N bung ai mungdan masum dinggren nga hkat ai kata kaw, Jinghpaw ni gaw mungdan laga ga rai mat ai majaw, mungdan lamuga jarit ni gaw Jinghpaw ni hpe shada da madin din da nga tim, “htunghking hte laili laika” hta gaw madin jarit n nga nga ai. Madin jarit nnga ai “Htunghking hte laili laika” ginlam hta gaw htunghking hte laili laika hpe chyawm sharawt na matu pru pru, shang shang, htinglu htinglai ginshoi gahkin gumdin magyep kap hkat mai nga ai. Lamu pinra Laika (Website) lamu ndigram sumdun (internet) zawn re ni hkan na hku mung, madin jarit n nga nga ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw lamu pinra dum nta hta Singpho, Kachin, Jinghposu ni yawng dinghku langai hku mai nga, mai myit mang, mai ginlawm, mai masing jahkrat lu nga ai. Dai hta, kadai wa me, madin jarit hte lu pat na rai?
Moi gaw Jinghpaw ni lamuga sumla hpe ninggup hku tsun masat matsing la nga ma ai. Ga shadawn, Hugawng Pa kaw nna India Assam-Arunachal Pradesh de pra shang mat wa ai Jinghpaw gumlau mungdan (Ndup Nsa Mung ) hpe tsun hkrat wa ai hta gaw:- “Dara Hka hkan nna hkroi, Nanoi kawng e dang, Dahkan Hka hkan nna kre, Brang Brang Hka e hprawt, Brang Brang Hka hkan nna shut, Danai Hka e hprawt, Dai kaw nna Panlawng Na baw e dang, Wahte Hka de hprawt, Wahte Hka hkan nna hkroi, Danai Hka de brawn, Danai Hka de brung, Kikoi Bum de kap, Ndai shara kaw nna Palawng lam bum Pungting e ram, kanghkawdagung dang, kailang Bum e kap, Gyedu Hka deshut, Hkap jan e brawn, Sinlap Hka de kap, dai kaw nna Dumbrikawng de dang, Sakrai Hka de hprawt, krimna Pawt e rap, Nhpye Hka hpyen Bai, lungga e hprawt, Hka hkan nna hkroi, Dara zup e brawn, Ndai shara hta gumlau mungdan rai sai, ngu nna tsun hkai hkrat nga ma ai. Ndai kaw lawm ai bum mying, hka mying ni gaw daini du hkra sak hkrung nga nga ai.
Assam-Arunachal Pradesh hte matut manoi nga taw ai Hugawng Pa hta, moi na Jinghpaw mungdu gaiwang shagu kata hta rawng lai, nga lai mat ai, rawng taw nga ai kahtawng buga mying ni gaw :-“Nlep Ga, Shatum Ga, Njet Ga, Sana Ga, Nawnghkawm Ga, Madang Tu Ga, Kawbu Ga, lajau Ga, Luhkang Ga, Galung Ga, Kabu Ga, Pasi N-gang Ga, Hpa Bum Ga, Kadung Ga, Kaidau Ga, Chyahkyi lang Ga, Warawng Ga, Lashen Ga, Danaihku Ga, Lamai Tawng Ga, Nga kahtawng, Nlam kahtawng, Lapra kahtawng, Naiding Ga, Nsau kawng Ga, Hkalam yang Ga, Hkabawng, Kahtawng, Gangu Ga, Hkamauhku, Tsaudam Ga, Nban Bum Ga, Nbawn Ga, Kumsau Ga, Hpang kahtawng, Gat Nyeng Ga, Nhkang hkataw Ga, N-gaw Ga, Nawng Na Ga, Nawhkum Ga, Dinghkang Ga, Hkakawp Ga, Npawp Ga, Dumhku Ga, Npawp Hkum Hkaran Ga, Nhtem Ga, Nba Ga, Lat Ga, Ngalang Ga, Shamyen Ga, Ndau Ga, Kumsau Ga, Lashu Ga, Nding Ga, Nbrai Ga, Sengtawng Ga, Nden Ga, Hka Kahtawng, lamung Ga, Sharoi Ga, Ning-ran Ga, Wulung Ga, Tawanghku Ga, Kaw Tawng Ga, Hkawn Ga, Jahpung Ga, Jauli Ga, Dumbang Ga, Nba chyinghkrang Ga, Jama Ga, Nhkang kayang Ga, Gum Ga, Chyau Hkai zup, Nnaw Ga, lanem Ga, Nsa Du Ga, Hprup Ga, Ladoi Ga, N-yam Ga, Ndup Sa Ga, Nmawt Ga, Dingba Ga, Lahkrang Ga, Palawng Ga, Ladung Ga, Nchyaw yaw Hpung Ga, Nhpraw Ga, Nding shakau Ga, Ndawng Ga, Sumbwi Ga, Wurang Ga, Kadup Ga, Ting yeng Ga, Chyanam Ga, Hkahtu Ga, Janghtang Ga, Dinghpng Ga, Shinglung Ga, La Awn Ga, Gawnan Ga, Janmai Ga,N-gu Hkun Ga, Lamawng Ga, Dinghkrai Ga, Daring Ga, Panep Ga, Dahkam Ga, Tung Yang Ga, Nbyen Ga, Salawng Ga, Sharaw Ga, Dabawng Ga, Daihpa Ga, Nbrawng Kangdau Ga, Dalu Ga, Lahktyen Ga, Namtawng Ga, Dawngkai Ga, N-gam sumhpawng Ga, Nawhku Ga, Munghkawm Ga, Wuya Ga, Sumban Ga, Htangbra Ga, Gawlu Ga, Sama Ga, Shakau Ga, Nhku Ga, Jat Ga, Samat Ga, Kumneng Ga, N-ga Ga, Nri-tu Ga (Danai Ga)….” ni rai nga ma ai. Ndai lahta na Kahtawng mare buga ni gaw Jinghpaw ni Hugawng ginra pa hta nga shanu lai mat wa ai, nga taw ai shara ginra mying ni, rai nga ai. Ndai mying ni hta 1965 ning hpang hkan bai Shinggyin gawde da ai kahtawng mare mying ni n lawm ai.
Assam –Arunachal Pradesh, Hugawng pa-Putau pa (malihku) lahta de matut manoi nga mat wa ai Miwa mungdan na shara ni :- Yunnan, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichon, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Kansu mungdaw buga ginra ni hkan mung Jinghpaw ga hkum hte shamying ai mare buga mying ni, bum mying ni, hkashi hkanu mying ni nga nga ai ginlam hpe, dai shara ni hkan dasang hkawm du sagawn ai hpe galaw mat wa ai Saphkung mungdaw Pati dinggrin rapdo duwa Manam Tawng (Htoi Man) mung 2006 ning April shata, ninghtoi (25,26) hta Miwa mungdan Ruili mare “Lungri Pinkwan” shara kaw galaw mat wa ai “ 1- lang –Jinghpaw Wunpawng Ginru Ginsa Dup Ginrat Zuphpawng” hta madi madun, sanglang tsun mat wa ai. Jinghpaw ni, Sam ni gaw shanhte nga mat wa ai shara mying ni, bum mying ni, hka mying ni hpe tinang bai du pra ai shara ningnan hkan kahtap shamying mying rai nga ma ai hpe mung, mu lu nga ai. Hugawng pa na lamuga buga mying ni hte Assam-Arunachal Pradesh hkan na Jinghpaw hku shamying ai mying ni gaw n shai hkat nga ai. Dai hte maren, ga shadawn, Mali-Nmai shara na “Sha-yi” hte “Nu-yi” mying ni mung, Mali majoi (Putao lahta bum shingdu, Khakarbu Bum shingdu de (Miwa mungdan kata de) bai lwi hkrat wa ai hka yan hpe mung “Nu-yi Hka” hte “Sha-yi Hka”ngu, amying shingteng nga nga ai. Singpho gamung hpe dup ginrat nga ai re majaw, India mungdan e nga shanu ai Singpho htinggaw mying ni hpe mung tsun dan mayu n ngai.
Singpho ni na htinggaw mying ni gaw:- “Pasi ni, Pisa ni, Npyen ni, Hkahku ni, Wa Ndu ni, Manmo ni, Mahkum ni, Manjang ni, Saza ni, Maio ni, Siong ni, Nnem ni, Dumsa ni, Jahkyet ni (Sikhet ni) lahkreng ni, Nsai ni, Tayang ni, Mako ni, Lajum ni, Kaja ni, Jagun ni, Labram ni, Nden ni, Urang ni, Lagen ni, Lashu ni, Kaju ni, Ngalang ni, Kumshen ni, Jum ni, Kamu ni, Woisu ni, Manhtat ni, Tung-yang ni, Kumgyi ni, Nhkung ni, Ningkawp ni, Npawp ni, Shapau ni, Machye ni, Hkadung ni, Wahkyet ni, Hkalen ni, Manje ni, Shapawn ni, Ndin ni, Tingwa ni, Ang ni, Kumba ni, Amun ni, Nlung ni, Mali ni, Dabaw ni, Kyang ni, Nding ni, Shareng Hkyet ni, Nbawn ni, Nnau ni, Kumgu ni, Hprup ni, Lagai ni, Shan Hkyet ni, Marip ni, Nhpum ni, Lazum ni, Ning-ru ni, Manau ni, Tangai ni, Maw ni, Lagum ni, Nawng-gru ni, Ningda ni, Gudung ni, Ulup ni, Ningkhee ni, Samon ni, Dumai ni, Fung Inn ni (Hpung-ing ni), Wahkum ni, Nhtem ni, Ngasu ni, Sikhang ni, Nangbu ni, Nhtu ni, Ning-ri ni, Nhpeng ni, Shingdu ni, Dili ni, Kherem ni, Moko ni, Morang ni, Lahtaw ni, Manam ni, Nchyaw ni, Nsa ni, Munglang ni, Nbawng ni, Madoi ni, Punghkum ni, Singnien ni, Saiko ni, Ahring ni, Hokap ni, Kumjoi ni, Myijawng ni, Sabaw ni, Dabawn ni, Lamawng ni, Kayang ni, Hkanam ni, Lagang ni, Chyanam ni, Wong ni,….” rai nga ma ai.
India hta “Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi” hpe gaw shaning shagu February shata (14) hta galaw nhtawm, dai ninghtoi hpe Arunachal Pradesh kaw gaw mungdaw daru magam bungli gawk hkringpat ninghtoi (Gazetted holiday) hku masat tawn ma ai. Ndai shapawng yawng Manau Poi hpe gaw India hta, shawng ningnan lang hpe 1985 ning kaw, Arunachal-Changlang Dist.-Tayun Hkawng –Miao na “ Singpho Yauth Organization” ngu ai “Singhpo Ramma Hpung” ni woi galaw wa ai, rai nga ma ai. 1985 ning hta na “Singpho Youth Organization” ramma ningbaw gaw Slg. Pasi Jau lai (B.A.LL.B, Advocate) wa rai nga ai. Ndai shapawng yawng manau poi byin wa na matu, rupawt kaba hku nna woi zinlum, woi sharin, Jinghpaw laika woi sharin, htunghking mingli woi sharin, woi jahpra sanglang ai wa gaw “Sara kaba Lazum Brang” rai nga ai. Singpho ni Sr.kb. lazum Brang hpe grai chyeju dum ma ai. Singpho ni Sr.Kb lazum Brang hpe chyeju dum ai hku nna, lamuga htingra jaw, dum nta hpe chyawm galaw ya, Singpho shayi sha langai hpe hkap jaw hkra rai sai. Sr.Kb. Lazum Brang hpe hkap ap jaw ai num kasha gaw “Tenghkawng Nhpum Ga” na grai tsawm ai “Ndup kasha” rai nga ai. Raitim, hpang jahtum de, Sr.Kb. Lazum Brang gaw Hupin –Namawn buga de bai wa mat sai. Shi gaw ga myu hpan (10) jan chye da ai wa re. “Shapawng Yawng Mnau Poi” shangai shaprat dat ai hta, Singpho Buddha jau hpungkyi Rev. Narinda Bhikkhu Wannasna (Punghkum kasha, Dibong jawng dung jau hpungkyi) mung lawm nga ai. Singpho htunghking Laili laika, Singpho rawtjat galu kaba ginlam shagu hta Saiko Jau”(Maio jawng dung hpungkyi) mung lawm nga ai. New Delhi na “ All India Radio, (AIR)” hta Sinhalee amyu ga (Srilanka) hku nsen shapoi galaw nga ai Singpho hpungkyi Rev. Panasra Singpho (Urang Jau –Chyang Maja kasha) wa mung ningbaw kaba Maran Brang Seng, New Delhi kaw du nga ten 1990-91 ning hta “ Shanglawt hpyenla” galaw mayu ai nga nna hpyi tsun pru wa sai. Ndai Urang jau Panasra Singpho wa mahtang ga hpan myu 20 hkawt lu tsun shaga ai wa re. 1985 ning hta shapawng yawng manau Poi hpe Miao kaw galaw hpang wa nhtawm, 1999 ning hta gaw Arunachal Pradesh Mungdaw Bor Dumsa Ga kaw bai galaw ai. 1985 ning kaw nna shaning shagu Sapawng Yawng manau Poi hpe matut manoi galaw mat ma ai. 2000 AD hta gaw, Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi hpe Assam- Tinsukia Dist. – Margherita kaw bai galaw ai. Dai ning 2007 February 13, 14, 15 hta gaw Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang Dist. – Tayun Sub. Drv., Tayun Hkawng ) na “Nnau Ga (Innao Ga)” hta hkik hkam ai byilat-ga nlung manau shadung shadaw kaba the India kaw, shawng ningnan lang hku, wuwu didi, hkum hkum rara, makyit sumdun ngang ngang kang kang shoi-gumbat let, awngdang ai hte galaw la lu masai.
Shapawng Yawng manau Poi kaba hte rau, shaning shagu “Sha Pawng Yawng India Souvenir” Laikabuk magazine mung shpraw nga ma ai. 2008 ning February .(14) ya, (24 th lang) na “Singpho Shapawng Yawng Manau” hpe gaw Tarung Hkawng (Assam-Jarhat Dist.) de, myit hkrum sha-ang da ma ai. 25 th lang (2009 February. (14)) na “ shapawng yawng Manau hpawng hpe gaw “25 ning Jubilee Shapawng Yawng Manau Hpawng kaba” laksan hku nna, Bor Dumsa Mare (Arunachal-pradesh) kaw galaw na myithkrum dawdan da ma ai. 23th lang, India-Singhpo Shapawng Yawng Manau shadung shadaw ningpawt ninghpang lagaw ni hpe lamu ga kata de pe (9) jun bang da ai zawn, Singpho ni na shawang salum masin ni mung htunghking hte laili laika ni hta sung jun ngang kang nga ma ai.
Sumla ni
Jinghpaw Minister C.C. Singpho Manau wang Ningnan hpe hpaw
dat nga yang.(23 lang, Shapawng Yawng Manau, 2007,Feb.)
Manau nau hpang wa nga yang
Shapawng Yawng Manau nau nga yang
Shapawng Yawng Manau nau nga yang
23 lang, Shapawng Yawng Manau Hpawng hta shang lawm ai Shara shagu de na chyaawm-tari ninghkring kaba ni
Du sa ai manam ni hpe ndai zawn htunghking shat magun lit hte hkap tau la ma ai. (23, Shapawng Yawng Manau)
K.I.O datkasa hpe mung ndai zawn htunghking Shat magunlit hte hkap tau la
Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi. (1995)
Langai langai na Shapawng Yawng Manau Poi Committe malawm ni. (1985)
British Daru-magam prat hta, Jinghpaw ni hpe woi galaw ya ai Manau Poi
Dayun Hka kau, Pisa Ga Bum ni hte Jinghpaw ga ginra, India.
Maran Brang Di. (M.A Hist., Dehli University)
( hugawngkachin.blogspot.com kawn hta garan nngai )
Saturday, November 17, 2012
ဗမာ နဲ႔ တုိင္းရင္းသား စစ္ပဲြမ်ားကုိ ဘီအုိင္ေအ အစပ်ဳိးခဲ့တာပါ။
(duwa kachin -facebook)
ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ဦးေဆာင္တဲ့ ရဲေဘာ္သုံးခ်ိပ္ အဖဲြ႕မ်ားဟာ
ဟုိင္နန္ကၽြန္းမွာ ဂ်ပန္ စစ္သင္တန္းမွဴးမ်ား ေလ့က်င့္ေပးၿပီး ၁၉၄၁ ဒီဇင္ဘာလမွာ ထုိင္းႏုိင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ဗမာ့လြတ္လပ္ေရး တပ္မေတာ္ (Burma Indepdence Army) စတင္ဖဲြ႕စည္းခဲ့သည္။
၁၉၄၂ ဇန္န၀ါရီလမွာ ဂ်ပန္က ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံထဲကုိ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္ရာမွာ ဘီအုိင္ေအ အဖဲြ႕မ်ား ပါ၀င္တုိက္ခုိက္ခဲ့သည္။
ပထမဆုံး တုိက္ခုိက္ခံရေသာ ေဒသမွာ ထုိင္းႏုိင္ငံ နယ္စပ္ တစ္ေလ်ာက္မွ ကရင္ ႏွင့္ မြန္ ေက်းရြာ မ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။ အထူသျဖင့္ ခရစ္ယာန္ သာသနာျပဳေက်ာင္းမ်ား အမ်ားအျပား တည္ရွိရာ ကရင္လူ႕အဖဲြ႕အစည္းတခုလုံးသည္ အဂၤလိပ္ လက္ပါးေစမ်ား အျဖင့္ သမုတ္ခံရၿပီး၊ တရြာလုံး အျပတ္ရွင္းျခင္းခံခဲ့ရသည္။ အစုိးဆုံးျဖစ္ရပ္မွာ ဧရာ၀တီ တုိင္းတြင္ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့ေသာ ကရင္-ဗမာ အဓိကရုဏ္းျဖစ္သည္။ ဗမာ ဆုိတဲ့ ေနရာမွာ ဘီအုိင္ေအ တပ္သားမ်ား ဦးေဆာင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္သုိ႔ တက္လာေသာ ဂ်ပန္တပ္မ်ား ႏွင့္ အတူ ဗမာ တပ္မ်ားလဲ ထုိနည္း၄င္း ပင္ျပဳမူခဲ့သည္။
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားက အစကတည္းက ဂ်ပန္ကုိ လက္မခံခဲ့ေပ။ ဂ်ပန္မ်ား စတင္၀င္ေရာက္လာသည့္ ၁၉၄၂ မွ စ၍ ေတာ္လွန္ပုန္ကန္ေနခဲ့ ရာမွ အေမရိကန္ စီအုိင္ေအမ်ား အကူအညီ ရယူခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ေနာက္ပုိင္း ပုိအားရွိလာခဲ့သည္။
၁၉၄၃ မွစ၍ ဂ်ပန္ကုိ မဟာမိတ္မ်ား စတင္ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္လာခဲ့ရာ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္သည္ အေရွ႕ေတာင္ အာရွ၏ ပဏာမ စစ္မ်က္ႏွာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။
ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ေထာင္ကဏန္းျဖင့္သာ ဖဲြ႕စည္းခဲ့ေသာ အေမရိကန္ ရိန္းဂ်ား ႏွင့္ ကခ်င္ ေလ၀ီး တပ္မ်ား၏ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈကုိ ထုိစဥ္က အေမရိကန္ သမၼတ အုိင္ဆင္ေဟာင္၀ါ ၏ တရား၀င္ ဂုဏ္ျပဳမွတ္တမ္းကုိေတာင္ ရခဲ့သည္။ အင္အားမမွ် တဲ့ ဂ်ပန္စစ္တပ္ကုိ ေျပာက္က်ားစစ္နဲ႔ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္ႏုိင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္
။ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ OSS_Detachment_101)
ဂ်ပန္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ခရီး တစ္ေလွ်ာက္ ၁၉၄၃ မွ ၁၉၄၅ မတ္လထိ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ႏွင့္ တျခား တုိင္းရင္းသား ဂ်ပန္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး အင္အားစုမ်ား ရင္ဆုိင္ခဲ့ရေသာ စစ္ပဲြမ်ားတြင္ ဂ်ပန္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား သီးသန္႔မဟုတ္ခဲ့ပါ။ ဂ်ပန္စစ္တပ္တြင္ ရွမ္း ႏွင့္ ဗမာ အမ်ားအျပား ပါ၀င္ခဲ့သည္။ ဂ်ပန္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားက ဗုဒၶဘာသာ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအုပ္စု ႏွင့္ ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ၀င္ တုိင္းရင္းသား အုပ္စုကုိလဲ သီးသန္႔ခဲြထုတ္ၿပီး အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဥပမာ- ထုိစဥ္က ကခ်င္ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ ဆမားဒူ၀ါ မိသားစုကုိ ဂ်ပန္မ်ား အသုံးခ်ခဲ့သည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အဂၤလိပ္မ်ား ႏွင့္ ရန္သူျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ ဆမားဒူ၀ါသည္ ေနာင္အခါ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ႏွင့္ အာေဘာ္တူခဲ့သည္။
ထုိစဥ္အခါက ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာ အဂၤလိပ္အစုိးရ ရုံးသည္ အိႏၵိယ ႏုိင္ငံ ဆင္းမ္လားတြင္ ရုံးထုိင္ခဲ့ေသာ အခ်ိန္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒုတိယ ကမာၻစစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ အထက္ျမန္မာျပည္သည္ အေမရိကန္ စစ္တပ္၏ ဦးေဆာင္မႈ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ေအာက္ျမန္မာျပည္မွာ အဂၤလိပ္စစ္တပ္ဦးေဆာင္မႈ ေအာက္တြင္ရွိေနေသာ အခ်ိန္လဲ ျဖစ္သည္။ ထုိအေျခအေနတြင္ ဆင္းမ္လား အစုိးရသည္ မဟာမိတ္ဖက္မွ ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ေသာ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ဂ်ပန္ဖက္မွ တုိက္ခဲ့ေသာ ေျမျပန္႔ေဒသ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား အၾကား ဆက္ၿပီးျပႆနာ တက္မဲ့ အေရး ႀကိဳတင္ ျမင္လာသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္၊ ဆင္းမ္လား စကၠဴ စီမံကိန္းကုိ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့ေလသည္။ ထုိစီမံကိန္းသည္၊ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင္ ေျမျပန္႕ေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ကုိယ္ပုိင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခြင့္ရ ေဒသမ်ား အျဖင့္ တစ္ဦးအေပၚ တစ္ဦး လြမ္းမုိးခ်ယ္မႈ ကင္းကင္း နဲ႔ ဆက္လက္ရပ္တည္ရန္ ျဖစ္သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္....
ဖဆပလ အထဲတြင္ေတာ့ ဒီလုိ မဟုတ္ခဲ့ပါ။ သူတုိ႔အထဲမွာ အတြင္းႀကိတ္ စီစဥ္ေနခဲ့သည္။ ဒါကေတာ့ ရန္ကုန္ အစုိးရ အေနျဖင့္ အရာရာ အားလုံး ဗဟုိခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္မႈ စနစ္ ျဖစ္ထြန္းေရး ျဖစ္သည္။
တကယ္ေတာ့ ပင္လုံ စာခ်ဳပ္သည္၊ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသေန တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ေျမျပန္႔ေန ဗမာ၊ မြန္၊ ရခုိင္ မ်ားၾကား မဟာမိတ္ဖဲြ႕ၿပီး အတူယွဥ္တဲြေနထုိင္ေရးမူ ေရးဆဲြျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္သည္၊ ဖက္ဒရယ္ မူေရးဆဲြရန္ ပဏာမ ဘုံသေဘာတူညီခ်က္ ျဖစ္သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္လဲ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း အဖဲြ႕ ဘုံသေဘာတူညီခ်က္ ႏွင့္ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့ေသာ ၁၉၄၇ အေျခခံ ပထမ မူၾကမ္းကုိ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း လုပ္ႀကံခံရၿပီး ဖဆပလအထဲတြင္ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ားကုိ လစ္လွဴရႈၿပီး ျပန္ျပင္ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့သည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ၁၉၄၇ အေျခခံ ဥပေဒ မွ စ၍ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား မေက်နပ္မႈ စတင္လာသည္။
သူတုိ႔ အဓိက ျပဳျပင္လုိက္ေသာ အခ်က္မ်ားမွာ ဗဟုိအစုိးရမွ ျပည္နယ္မ်ားအေပၚ တုိက္ရုိက္ခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္ႏုိင္ရန္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္က ျပည္နယ္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ရာထူးမ်ားကုိ ခန္႔အပ္ႏုိင္ခြင့္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ထုိသုိ႔ ဖဆပလ၏ မူမမွန္လုပ္ရပ္အေပၚ တျခားတုိင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား က သိပ္မသိခဲ့ေသာ္လဲ ထုိစဥ္က ပညာတတ္ အမ်ားဆုံးရွိခဲ့ေသာ ကရင္ႏုိင္ငံေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားက စၿပီး သတိထားမိလာသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသား အစည္းအရုံး (KNU) ရုံးကုိ ဖဆပလ အတင္းအဓမၼ ၀င္စီးၿပီး ဖ်တ္ေပးလုိက္ရာမွ ေကအန္ယူ ေတာခုိသြားရသည္။
ဖဆပလ တြင္လဲ ႏွစ္ျခမ္းကဲြျခင္း ႏွင့္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ မ်ား ေတာခုိျခင္းမ်ား ဆက္တုိက္ ေပၚေပါက္ခဲ့သည့္တုိင္ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားသည္၊ ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာမသိမ္းမီအခ်ိန္အထိ ျပည္ေထာင္စု အေပၚ သစၥာရွိရွိ ကာကြယ္ခဲ့သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္လဲ....
ဗမာ အမ်ဳိးသားစိတ္ဓါတ္ ျပင္းထန္သူမ်ား၏ ဗုဒၶဘာသာကုိ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ဘာသာ အျဖင့္ သြပ္သြင္းျခင္း ႏွင့္ ဦးေန၀င္း ၏ ဗဟုိခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္မႈ စနစ္ က်င့္သုံးျခင္းမူ မ်ားသည္၊ ကခ်င္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေပၚေပါက္လာရန္၊ ခုိင္လုံေသာ အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္မ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚခဲ့သည္။
ဒီေန႔ထိ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနခဲ့ေသာ လက္နက္ကုိင္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ႏွင့္ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ ေနာက္ေၾကာင္း အတုိခ်ဳပ္ရမယ္ ဆုိရင္... ဘီအုိင္ေအ၏ ခရစ္ယာန္ အသုိင္းအ၀ုိင္းအေပၚ ပစ္မွတ္ထားျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးကုိ အစပ်ဳိးေပးခဲ့သည္။ အဲဒီ ဘီအုိင္ေအ စစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားသည္ပင္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ႏွင့္ အစုိးရ စစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ႏွင့္ ဗမာျပည္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ ေၾကာင့္ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ ျပင္းထန္လာရာက ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာသိမ္းသည္။ ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာသိမ္းရာမွ တျခားေတာ္လွန္ေရး အဖဲြ႕မ်ား ပုိမုိ အားေကာင္းလာသည္။
အခုေတာ့.. အားလုံးသိေနတဲ့ အေျခအေန အတုိင္းျဖစ္ေနပါၿပီ။
၁၉၄၂ ဇန္န၀ါရီလမွာ ဂ်ပန္က ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံထဲကုိ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္ရာမွာ ဘီအုိင္ေအ အဖဲြ႕မ်ား ပါ၀င္တုိက္ခုိက္ခဲ့သည္။
ပထမဆုံး တုိက္ခုိက္ခံရေသာ ေဒသမွာ ထုိင္းႏုိင္ငံ နယ္စပ္ တစ္ေလ်ာက္မွ ကရင္ ႏွင့္ မြန္ ေက်းရြာ မ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။ အထူသျဖင့္ ခရစ္ယာန္ သာသနာျပဳေက်ာင္းမ်ား အမ်ားအျပား တည္ရွိရာ ကရင္လူ႕အဖဲြ႕အစည္းတခုလုံးသည္ အဂၤလိပ္ လက္ပါးေစမ်ား အျဖင့္ သမုတ္ခံရၿပီး၊ တရြာလုံး အျပတ္ရွင္းျခင္းခံခဲ့ရသည္။ အစုိးဆုံးျဖစ္ရပ္မွာ ဧရာ၀တီ တုိင္းတြင္ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့ေသာ ကရင္-ဗမာ အဓိကရုဏ္းျဖစ္သည္။ ဗမာ ဆုိတဲ့ ေနရာမွာ ဘီအုိင္ေအ တပ္သားမ်ား ဦးေဆာင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္သုိ႔ တက္လာေသာ ဂ်ပန္တပ္မ်ား ႏွင့္ အတူ ဗမာ တပ္မ်ားလဲ ထုိနည္း၄င္း ပင္ျပဳမူခဲ့သည္။
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားက အစကတည္းက ဂ်ပန္ကုိ လက္မခံခဲ့ေပ။ ဂ်ပန္မ်ား စတင္၀င္ေရာက္လာသည့္ ၁၉၄၂ မွ စ၍ ေတာ္လွန္ပုန္ကန္ေနခဲ့ ရာမွ အေမရိကန္ စီအုိင္ေအမ်ား အကူအညီ ရယူခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ေနာက္ပုိင္း ပုိအားရွိလာခဲ့သည္။
၁၉၄၃ မွစ၍ ဂ်ပန္ကုိ မဟာမိတ္မ်ား စတင္ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္လာခဲ့ရာ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္သည္ အေရွ႕ေတာင္ အာရွ၏ ပဏာမ စစ္မ်က္ႏွာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။
ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ေထာင္ကဏန္းျဖင့္သာ ဖဲြ႕စည္းခဲ့ေသာ အေမရိကန္ ရိန္းဂ်ား ႏွင့္ ကခ်င္ ေလ၀ီး တပ္မ်ား၏ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈကုိ ထုိစဥ္က အေမရိကန္ သမၼတ အုိင္ဆင္ေဟာင္၀ါ ၏ တရား၀င္ ဂုဏ္ျပဳမွတ္တမ္းကုိေတာင္ ရခဲ့သည္။ အင္အားမမွ် တဲ့ ဂ်ပန္စစ္တပ္ကုိ ေျပာက္က်ားစစ္နဲ႔ ထုိးစစ္ဆင္ႏုိင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္
ဂ်ပန္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ခရီး တစ္ေလွ်ာက္ ၁၉၄၃ မွ ၁၉၄၅ မတ္လထိ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ႏွင့္ တျခား တုိင္းရင္းသား ဂ်ပန္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး အင္အားစုမ်ား ရင္ဆုိင္ခဲ့ရေသာ စစ္ပဲြမ်ားတြင္ ဂ်ပန္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား သီးသန္႔မဟုတ္ခဲ့ပါ။ ဂ်ပန္စစ္တပ္တြင္ ရွမ္း ႏွင့္ ဗမာ အမ်ားအျပား ပါ၀င္ခဲ့သည္။ ဂ်ပန္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားက ဗုဒၶဘာသာ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအုပ္စု ႏွင့္ ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ၀င္ တုိင္းရင္းသား အုပ္စုကုိလဲ သီးသန္႔ခဲြထုတ္ၿပီး အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဥပမာ- ထုိစဥ္က ကခ်င္ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ ဆမားဒူ၀ါ မိသားစုကုိ ဂ်ပန္မ်ား အသုံးခ်ခဲ့သည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အဂၤလိပ္မ်ား ႏွင့္ ရန္သူျဖစ္ခဲ့ေသာ ဆမားဒူ၀ါသည္ ေနာင္အခါ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ႏွင့္ အာေဘာ္တူခဲ့သည္။
ထုိစဥ္အခါက ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံကုိ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာ အဂၤလိပ္အစုိးရ ရုံးသည္ အိႏၵိယ ႏုိင္ငံ ဆင္းမ္လားတြင္ ရုံးထုိင္ခဲ့ေသာ အခ်ိန္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒုတိယ ကမာၻစစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ အထက္ျမန္မာျပည္သည္ အေမရိကန္ စစ္တပ္၏ ဦးေဆာင္မႈ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ေအာက္ျမန္မာျပည္မွာ အဂၤလိပ္စစ္တပ္ဦးေဆာင္မႈ ေအာက္တြင္ရွိေနေသာ အခ်ိန္လဲ ျဖစ္သည္။ ထုိအေျခအေနတြင္ ဆင္းမ္လား အစုိးရသည္ မဟာမိတ္ဖက္မွ ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ေသာ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ဂ်ပန္ဖက္မွ တုိက္ခဲ့ေသာ ေျမျပန္႔ေဒသ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား အၾကား ဆက္ၿပီးျပႆနာ တက္မဲ့ အေရး ႀကိဳတင္ ျမင္လာသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္၊ ဆင္းမ္လား စကၠဴ စီမံကိန္းကုိ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့ေလသည္။ ထုိစီမံကိန္းသည္၊ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင္ ေျမျပန္႕ေဒသ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ကုိယ္ပုိင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခြင့္ရ ေဒသမ်ား အျဖင့္ တစ္ဦးအေပၚ တစ္ဦး လြမ္းမုိးခ်ယ္မႈ ကင္းကင္း နဲ႔ ဆက္လက္ရပ္တည္ရန္ ျဖစ္သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္....
ဖဆပလ အထဲတြင္ေတာ့ ဒီလုိ မဟုတ္ခဲ့ပါ။ သူတုိ႔အထဲမွာ အတြင္းႀကိတ္ စီစဥ္ေနခဲ့သည္။ ဒါကေတာ့ ရန္ကုန္ အစုိးရ အေနျဖင့္ အရာရာ အားလုံး ဗဟုိခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္မႈ စနစ္ ျဖစ္ထြန္းေရး ျဖစ္သည္။
တကယ္ေတာ့ ပင္လုံ စာခ်ဳပ္သည္၊ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသေန တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ေျမျပန္႔ေန ဗမာ၊ မြန္၊ ရခုိင္ မ်ားၾကား မဟာမိတ္ဖဲြ႕ၿပီး အတူယွဥ္တဲြေနထုိင္ေရးမူ ေရးဆဲြျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္သည္၊ ဖက္ဒရယ္ မူေရးဆဲြရန္ ပဏာမ ဘုံသေဘာတူညီခ်က္ ျဖစ္သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္လဲ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ႏွင့္ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း အဖဲြ႕ ဘုံသေဘာတူညီခ်က္ ႏွင့္ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့ေသာ ၁၉၄၇ အေျခခံ ပထမ မူၾကမ္းကုိ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း လုပ္ႀကံခံရၿပီး ဖဆပလအထဲတြင္ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ားကုိ လစ္လွဴရႈၿပီး ျပန္ျပင္ ေရးဆဲြခဲ့သည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ၁၉၄၇ အေျခခံ ဥပေဒ မွ စ၍ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား မေက်နပ္မႈ စတင္လာသည္။
သူတုိ႔ အဓိက ျပဳျပင္လုိက္ေသာ အခ်က္မ်ားမွာ ဗဟုိအစုိးရမွ ျပည္နယ္မ်ားအေပၚ တုိက္ရုိက္ခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္ႏုိင္ရန္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္က ျပည္နယ္ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ရာထူးမ်ားကုိ ခန္႔အပ္ႏုိင္ခြင့္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ထုိသုိ႔ ဖဆပလ၏ မူမမွန္လုပ္ရပ္အေပၚ တျခားတုိင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား က သိပ္မသိခဲ့ေသာ္လဲ ထုိစဥ္က ပညာတတ္ အမ်ားဆုံးရွိခဲ့ေသာ ကရင္ႏုိင္ငံေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားက စၿပီး သတိထားမိလာသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသား အစည္းအရုံး (KNU) ရုံးကုိ ဖဆပလ အတင္းအဓမၼ ၀င္စီးၿပီး ဖ်တ္ေပးလုိက္ရာမွ ေကအန္ယူ ေတာခုိသြားရသည္။
ဖဆပလ တြင္လဲ ႏွစ္ျခမ္းကဲြျခင္း ႏွင့္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ မ်ား ေတာခုိျခင္းမ်ား ဆက္တုိက္ ေပၚေပါက္ခဲ့သည့္တုိင္ ကခ်င္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားသည္၊ ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာမသိမ္းမီအခ်ိန္အထိ ျပည္ေထာင္စု အေပၚ သစၥာရွိရွိ ကာကြယ္ခဲ့သည္။
သုိ႔ေသာ္လဲ....
ဗမာ အမ်ဳိးသားစိတ္ဓါတ္ ျပင္းထန္သူမ်ား၏ ဗုဒၶဘာသာကုိ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ဘာသာ အျဖင့္ သြပ္သြင္းျခင္း ႏွင့္ ဦးေန၀င္း ၏ ဗဟုိခ်ဳပ္ကုိင္မႈ စနစ္ က်င့္သုံးျခင္းမူ မ်ားသည္၊ ကခ်င္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေပၚေပါက္လာရန္၊ ခုိင္လုံေသာ အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္မ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚခဲ့သည္။
ဒီေန႔ထိ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနခဲ့ေသာ လက္နက္ကုိင္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ႏွင့္ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ ေနာက္ေၾကာင္း အတုိခ်ဳပ္ရမယ္ ဆုိရင္... ဘီအုိင္ေအ၏ ခရစ္ယာန္ အသုိင္းအ၀ုိင္းအေပၚ ပစ္မွတ္ထားျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးကုိ အစပ်ဳိးေပးခဲ့သည္။ အဲဒီ ဘီအုိင္ေအ စစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားသည္ပင္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ႏွင့္ အစုိးရ စစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ႏွင့္ ဗမာျပည္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ ေၾကာင့္ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ ျပင္းထန္လာရာက ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာသိမ္းသည္။ ဦးေန၀င္း အာဏာသိမ္းရာမွ တျခားေတာ္လွန္ေရး အဖဲြ႕မ်ား ပုိမုိ အားေကာင္းလာသည္။
အခုေတာ့.. အားလုံးသိေနတဲ့ အေျခအေန အတုိင္းျဖစ္ေနပါၿပီ။
Friday, November 9, 2012
ၿပည္ေထာင္စု / တစ္ၿပည္ေထာင္စနစ္မ်ား (ဖတ္ၿဖစ္ေအာင္ဖတ္ပါ) [ ဒုတိယပိုင္း ]
(ဒုတိယပိုင္း) လြပ္လပ္ေရးရလာၿပီးၿဖစ္သၿဖင့္ ၿမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏အလံသည္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ႀကယ္ (၅) လံုးသာရွိခဲ့ပါသည္။ ၿမန္မာၿပည္သည္ယခင္က အလံမရွိခဲ့ပါ။ ၁၉၄၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ B.L.A (Bumer Independence Army) ၿမန္မာၿပည္သို့ ၀င္လာခ်ိန္ ေဒဟါင္းအလံသာကိုင္စြဲခဲ့သည္။ ဆိုလိုသည္မွာ ယခင္ကၿမန္မာၿပည္ဟူသည္မရွိခဲ့သလို ၿပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုသည္လည္းမရွိခဲ့သၿဖင့္ အလံလဲမရွခဲ့ပါ။ ႀကယ္ႀကီး (၅) လံုး၏အဓိပပါယ္မွာ -
(၁) ကခ်င္ၿပည္ေထာင္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၂) ရွမ္းၿပည္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၃) ခ်င္းၿပည္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၄) ကရင္နီ(ကယား)ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၅) ဗမာၿပည္ေထာင္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုးတို ့ၿဖစ္ပါသည္။
(၁) ကခ်င္ၿပည္ေထာင္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၂) ရွမ္းၿပည္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၃) ခ်င္းၿပည္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၄) ကရင္နီ(ကယား)ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုး
(၅) ဗမာၿပည္ေထာင္ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာႀကယ္တစ္လံုးတို ့ၿဖစ္ပါသည္။
၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္မွစ၍ ၿမန္မာၿပည္ကို ပါလီမန္ဒီမိုကေရစီစႏ်စ္ၿဖင့္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့သည္။ သို့ေသာ္ ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲစည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပံုအေၿခခံဥပေဒပါ ၿပဌန္းခ်က္မ်ားအတိုင္း ၿပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္ကို အေကာင္အထည္မေဖာ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သၿဖင့္ ၁၉၅၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရွမ္းေစာ္ဘြားမ်ားဦးေဆာင္ကာ ၿပည္ေထာင္စုမွခြဲထြက္ခြင့္ေတာင္းခဲ့ပါသည္။ ဤသို့ေတာင္းဆိုၿခင္းမွာလည္း ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲ့စည္းပံုအေၿခခံဥပေဒ အခန္း(၁၀) တြင္ၿပဌန္းထားခ်က္အရသာၿဖစ္ပါသည္။
သို့ေသာ္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေန၀င္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာစစ္တပ္သည္ ၁၉၅၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရဟုဆိုကာ ၀န္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးႏုထံမွ အာဏာရယူကာ၊ ေရႊးေကာက္ပြဲက်င္းပေပးမည္ဟုဆိုလာသည္။ (အမွန္မွာ အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရ တာ၀န္ရယူၿခင္းသည္လည္း အာဏာသိမ္းၿခင္းသာၿဖစ္သည္။) ၁၉၆၀တြင္ ေရႊးေကာက္ပြဲၿပဳလုပ္ေပးရာ ဦးႏု၏သန့္ရွင္းပါတီအႏိုင္ရသည္။ ထိုမွစ၍ ရွမ္းေစာ္ဘြားမ်ားသည္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ၿပဌာန္းခြင့္ (ဖက္ဒရယ္) ေတာင္းခံရာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေန၀င္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာစစ္တပ္မွ ဖက္ဒရယ္ေတာင္းခံၿခင္းသည္ ၿမန္မာၿပည္မွခြဲထြက္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္သည္ဟု လိုရာဆြဲေတြးၿပီး ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္မတ္လ (၂)ရက္ေန့တြင္၊ အမ်ားမွဒီမိုကေရစီစနစ္အရေရႊးခ်ယ္ထားေသာ အစိုးရ၏အာဏာကို လက္နက္ၿဖင့္အႀကမ္းဖက္ အာဏာသိမ္းလိုက္သၿဖင့္ ၿမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏သမိုင္းသည္ ႀကီးမားစြာေသာဆံုးရွံဳးမွဳသို ့က်ေရာက္ၿပန္သည္။
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေန၀င္းဦးေဆာင္ေသာအာဏာသိမ္းစစ္တပ္သည္ ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္ မွ ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္အထိ ဥပေဒမဲအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့သည္။ အမ်ားသူငွာ၏ကိုယ္ပိုင္စီးပြားေရး လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကိုအတင္းအဓမၼသိမ္းယူသည္။ ၿမန္မာၿပည္သူၿပည္သားမ်ားကိုမ်က္စိဖြင့္ေပးေသာ သာသနာေက်ာင္းမ်ားကိုၿပည္သူပိုင္ဟုဆိုကာသိမ္းယူသည္။ တိုင္းၿပည္ကို (၁၂) ႏွစ္ႀကာ ဥပေဒမဲ့အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္လာခဲ့ၿပီး ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၿမန္မာၿပည္ကို ဆိုရွယ္လစ္စနစ္ၿဖင့္သြားမည္ဟုဆိုကာ၊ မဆလတစ္ပါတီေထာင္ၿပီး ၁၉၇၄ ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲ့စည္းပံုအေၿခခံဥပေဒတဟ္ခုၿပဳလုပ္ကာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၇၄ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံုအရ ၿမန္မာၿပည္၏အလံသည္တစ္မ်ိဳးေၿပာင္းၿပန္သည္ကို ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္းေတြ့ရသည္-
ပံုေတြေတြ့ရသည့္အတိုင္းႀကယ္ႀကီး (၁၄) လံုးၿဖစ္လာၿပန္သည္။ ၿပည္နယ္ (၇)ခု တိုင္း(၇)ခုကို ကိယ္စားၿပဳသည္ဟုဆိုကာ အလယ္တြင္မူအလုပ္သမား၊ လယ္သမားကိုကိုယ္စားၿပဳေသာစပါးႏွံပံုႏွင့္ ပင္နယံတို့ထည့္သြင္းထားသည္။ ဗိုလိခ်ဳပ္ေန၀င္းသည္၎ကို၎ စစ္အ၀တ္အစားခၽြတ္ကာ အရပ္၀တ္ၿဖင့္ သမၼတၿဖစ္လာၿပန္သည္။ ဗိုလ္ေန၀င္း၏ (၂၆)ႏွစ္ႀကာ ၿမန္မာၿပည္ကိုအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္လာရာ ပညာေရး၊ က်န္းမာေရး၊ စီးပြားေရးမ်ား ခၽြတ္ၿခံဳက်သြားပါသည္။ ၿမန္မာၿပည္သည္ ကမၻာအဆင္းရျဆံုးတိုင္းၿပည္ (LCD-Least Developed Country) စာရင္းသို့၀င္သြားခဲ့ပါသည္။
၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၿပည္သူမ်ား၏အေထြေထြမေက်နပ္မွဳေႀကာင့္ တိုက္ရိဳက္ဒီမိုကေရစီ၏ၿပယုဒ္တစ္ခုၿဖစ္ေသာ ၿပည္သူတစ္ရပ္လံုး၏ဆႏၵၿပမွဳေႀကာင့္ ဦးေန၀င္း၏ မဆလအစိုးရၿပဳတ္က်သြားပါသည္။ ၎ေနာက္ န၀တတက္လာၿပီး ၁၉၉၀ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ေရႊးေကာက္ပြဲၿပဳလုပ္ေပးရာ အမ်ိဳးသားဒီမိုကေရစီ (NLD) မွမဲအၿပတ္အသတ္ၿဖင့္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္။ သို့ေသာ္အာဏာလြဲေၿပာင္းေပးၿခင္းမရွိဘဲ၊ ၁၉၉၃ ခုႏွစ္မွ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံုအေၿခခံဥပေဒေရးဆြဲကာ ၂၀၀၈-ခုႏွစ္အထိ (၁၅)ႏွစ္အခ်ိန္ဆြဲခဲ့သည္။ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံုၿဖင့္ ၂၀၁၀တြင္ေရႊးေကာက္ပြဲလုပ္ခဲ့ၿပီး ယခုထက္ထိလႊတ္ေတာမ်ားက်င္းပေနဆဲၿဖစ္သည္။ ၂၀၀၈-ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံုအရ ၿမန္မာၿပည္၏အလံမွာ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း တၿဖစ္လဲၿပန္သည္။
ႀကယ္အမ်ားႀကီးမွႀကယ္ႀကီးတစ္လံုးထဲၿဖစ္လာေသာ အဓိပပါယ္ကိုမူ စာဖတ္သူသာေတြးယူပါဟု။
(ေရွ ့ေန လဖိုင္ေဇာ္ဆမ္ ၏ေဆာင္းပါးမွေကာက္ႏုတ္)
(KBC LABAU MAZING KOIMITI A (8) lang na HKAW TSUN HPAWNG hta na Tara Kasa Lahpai Zau Sam [YGN] a gangau hpe bai kahtap garan dat ai re .)
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text:
De,
Hkawp Hkungga let Jinghpaw Wunpawng Amyu Sha ni Ningbaw, Ningla, Du Salang, Ramma, kaji kaba yawng hpang de attachment file hta lawm ai lamang hte seng nna ndau shana shabra dat nngai. Chyeju hte attachment file kaw hpaw hti la ga ngu lajin mayu nngai. Ndai lamang hte seng nna tinang hte ni nawn ai manaw manang, wuhpung ni hpang de mung matut shalai mat wa ya na matu, hkungga let kahtap lajin dat nngai.
Myu sha lam hta
Ginjaw Rung
Jinghpaw Wunpawng Amyu Sha Hpung (KNO)
Invitation Letter (KNO)
By_FB
N-Gun Ja Wa
ကခ်င္အမ်ိဳးသားအစည္းအရုုံး KNO ပါတီ ဗဟိုုအစည္းအေဝးပြဲကိုု အေမရိကန္နိုုင္ငံ ေဖာ္လာရီဒါျပည္နယ္တြင္ လာမည့္ စေနေန ့ေမလ ၁၈ရက္ေန့တြင္ ျပဳလုုပ္သြားမည္။

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
By JPKS
Shinggyim ahkaw ahkang kata, Machyi hkrum sha sumhpa,
Sat nat roi rip hkrum sha, Wunpawng mungkan chyam bra,
Chyu pala wan tsi mya mya, Ka-ak Kahka Langda,
Goi e kaning she wa, Myen hpyen sawa gasat gala.
Laiza Hpyen Du Jawngma, Share shagan ali ama,
Sai hka Nammukdara, Nawnghkyeng Panglai zawn mya,
Myu sha malai hkungga, du daw sai hkaw yawng hkra,
Maroi nni la nga, baw gum shagrau hkungga.
Daini annau ni wa, hkrap ngu jahtau wu wa,
Matsan dum lama dun la, Wunpawng Mungdan du hkra,
Padang lam gaw Yehowa, Ga shagawp 21: 31 tsun da,
Sai myiprwi si deng latsa, galoi hkoi wai lu na.


text: Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Asuya Dingding Ginwang, KIA Masat (1) Dap Ba Daju kaw hpaw ai Masat (1/2015) Hpyen Gyi Wunkat Yu Hpawng Lamang hpe December (28) ya shani awng dang ai hte galaw la lu sai lam shiga na chye lu ai. Ndai Hpyen Gyi Wunkat hpe 2015 September (29) ya shani kawn 2015 December (28) ya shani du hkra hpaw lai wa ai re lam hpe mung chye lu ai. Ndai Masat (1/2015) Hpyen Gyi Wunkat sharin hpawng yu poi hta Wunkat lamang ningtawn lai wa ai, Kasi kaja madun lai wa ai jawngma ni hpe shagrau ai lam hpe mung galaw lai wa sai lam na chye lu ai.


text:
Bishop Spong (Newwark, USA) gaw 'a terrible text' ngu ai chyum laika a hkrit shangun ai, mau shangun ai, sat shangun ai, lawt shangun ai, dang shangun ai hte sum shangun ai lam ma hkra hpe Karai Kasang lajang ai lam re nga nna, Karai Kasang hte hku hkau ai masha nkau mi gaw nhku hkau ai law law a ntsa sara galaw ai lam re nga nna htawng madun dan nga ai nga nna mau ai ga tsun nga ai. Dai hte maren, Chyum Laika sharin la ai ni gaw n sharin la ai ni hpe shadum jahprang let shanthe a ntsa kaw nga nga ma ai. Hkaw tsun dan let up mung up hkang nga ai. Tinang nan nlu hkan tim masha kaga wa hpe hkan shangun nga ai. Tinang ndang di tim kaga wa hpe galaw na shadut nga ai.
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text:
Ga Htai: Yawng a shawng nnan na Christian Hpung mashani, Catholic hpung gaw Christmas poi hpe January shata 6 ya shani galaw ai lam labau hta ka tawn da ai. Dai hpang Christian hpung masha ni shara shagu htawt nawt hkawm mat wa ai shaloi tinang a buga hte htuk manu ai aten January shata kru ya hte ni dik ai nhtoi ni hta galaw lai wa ai lam mung chye lu ai. Christmas poi hpe hkrak galaw hpang ai wa gaw Roma Emperor Hkawhkam Constantine rai nna, December 25 ya shani, AD 336 ning hta rai nga ai. Roma Hkaw Hkam Constantine shi up hkang nga ai Roma mungdan ni yawng hta dai shaning kaw nna Christian ni Christmas hpe hkrit tsang ra ai lam nnga ai sha galaw lu ai hte galaw na ahkang mung lu la sai rai nga ai. Madu Yesu shangai wa ai poi hpe gaw Christian hpung masha ni kasa ni a prat kaw nna galaw hpang nga sai lam mung chye lu ai. Raitim ya na zawn December 25 ya shani hta Christmas Poi hpe Catholic Nawku Hpung masha ni yawng mungkan ting hkan lang galaw na matu gaw, Wa Sarabyin Julius langai a prat hta, matsun ndau shabra nhtoi masat dat sai rai nga ai.
Anhte Catholic Nawku hpung hta poi nhtoi law law nga ai hta March shata 25 shani hpe Lamu Kasa Gabriel Chyoipra ai Nu Maria hpe ga sa shana ai nhtoi ngu masat tawn da ai. Dai shani march shata 25 ya kaw nna December 25 yang rai yawng shata jahku tup rai nga ai. Shinggyim masha langai masha tai wa ai shaloi kanu a hkritung e shata jahku rawng nna shata shi ngu na hta shangai ai hpe yawng gaw chye na hkap la ga ai. Lamu Kasa Gabriel gaw Chyoi pra ai Nu Maria hpe march shata 25 ya hta ga sa shana ai English hte gaw Annunciation mung nga ai, ndai ga shana ai hpang shata jahku hpring ai shaloi, Madu Yesu shangai ai ngu hkap la ai hte December shata 25 ya shani hta Catholic Nawku Hpung gaw Christmas poi hpe galaw ai lam rai nga ai.
Htai ya ai – Wajau Patrick Zinwa Brang Di
University of Santo Tomas
Manila, Philippines.


text:
Columban Kaiji Hka Li (Columban Ah Li) hte Gracy Zar yan a Hkristan Kun Dinghku de, Hkungran Scrament la ai poi lamang hpe Auguest (28) ya shani awngdang ai hte galaw la lu sai. Ndai Hkungran Poi lamang hta Hkungran Misa hkungga sa du nawng ya lai wa sai Wa Jau ni marai (6) hpe ndang tsun hkra chyeju dum ai.
Hkungran Poi awngdang la lu na matu lam amyu myu hku karum shingtau la lai wa sai, KCCT hpung masha ni, Dallas Kaya Community ni hte machying jinghku ni, manaw manang ni yawng hpe Kaiji dum nta masha ni kawn na chying wa chyeju dum dat ga ai.


text:
(Rev Dr LC KhaLum)
Chyum Laika na Karai Kasang (the God of the Bible) gaw, Abram hpe lata la nna Israela amyu hpe shi a amyu shatai la sai. (Ish=man, ra=of, el=God) Karai Kasnag a amyu ngu ai lachyum rai nga ai. Karai Kasang gaw shi lata la ai amyu hpe Hkanan mung lamu ga jaw na nga nna, Abraham hpe ga sadi jaw ai hte maren, dai ni Israela amyu sha ni Ga sadi mung(Promised Land) Palestine hta nga nga ma ai.
Rai tim, AD 2000 daram hta Abraham hpe Karai Kasang ga sadi jaw ai hpang, shaning 430 tup Egutu mung kaw sa shingbyi shangun nna Mawshe prat hta bai woi shapraw wa ai. Dai ten hta mungkan ntsa e galu kaba ai mungdan ni gaw, Miwa mung(Huang-ho civilization), India(Indus-Ganges civilization), Mesopotamia Fertile Crecent (Tigris-Euphrates civilization), Egutu(Nile civilization), hte Greek civilization rai ma ai. Karai Kasang gaw , shi lata la sai amyu hpe galu kaba dik mungdan langai mi hta hpaji amyu hkum sumhpa sa sharin hkam la na matu wunkat jaw sai. Karai Kasang masat da ai aten ladaw du yang, Mawshe hpe paw pru shangun nna, shi a amyu hpe Egutu kaw na woi shapraw la sai. Shaning 40 nam mali e Ga Shaka amyu(covenant people) shatai la nna, Yawshu hpe bai matut woi awn shangun sai. Yawshu woi awn nna Ga sadi mung (Promised Land) hpe bai wa gasat la ma ai. Yesu Hkristu a marang e Karai Kasang lata la hkrum sai Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni mung, dai ni mungkan ntsa na galu kaba dik ai mungdan ni hta bra nga ga ai. Ya ten hta anhte Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni hpe Karai Kasang wunkat jaw nga ai rai nga ai. Lani mi na nhtoi hta, moi na Israela amyu sha ni zawn, anhte a jiwa ni hpe Karai Wa jaw ai buga hpe bai wa nhtang gasat madu la ra ai, nga nna Dr Zau Htung myihtoi htoi da ai.
Karai Kasang gaw, kalang mi shi lata la sai amyu sha ni hpe galoi mung n kabai da ai. Five points of Calvinism hta Perseverance of the saints(Chyoi pra ai ni hpe makawp maga mazing ai) nga nna tsun da ai. Karai Kasang a amyu hpe hkra ai wa gaw, Karai Kasang a shinggan myisha hpe hkra ai wa rai nga ai. "Kaning rai nme law, zawnawng zawa up ai Yehowa ning nga ai: Nanhte hpe hkra ai wa gaw, shi a shinggan myisha hpe hkra ai majaw, n anhte a kaang e hpung shingkang tawn da ai hpang, nanhte hpe hpya lu hpya sha ai ni hpang de, shi ngai hpe shangun dat ai," nga ai(Zehkaria 2:8). Dai hta n-ga, Karai Kasang gaw, Abram hpe shaga ai shaloi,"Nang hpe shaman ai wa hpe ngai shaman ya na we ai, Nang hpe dagam ai wa hpe ngai dagam kau na we ai." nga nna tsun ai(NN12:3). Karai Kasang lata la sai amyu hpe shaman ai wa hpe Karai Kasang shaman ya nna, dai amyu hpe dagam ai wa hpe Karai Kasang dagam kau na ra ai.
Dai ni na ten hta amyu kaba ni gaw amyu kaji ni hpe mayu kau nna, masha amyu law law mat wa magang sai. Rai tim, Karai Kasang lata la hkrum sai amyu gaw, masha n law tim, mungdan kaji tim, ngang grin nga nna, dai amyu hpe mayu kau ai mungdan mahtang grit nem nna, hkoi mat nga ai. BC 722 ning hta Dingdung Israel mung hpe Assyria ni sa gasat la kau ma ai. BC 586 daram hta Assyria ni hpe Babylon ni(dai ni Iraq) bai gasat dang la ma ai. BC 444 hkan Babylon hpe Persia(dai ni Iran) ni bai gasat dang la ma ai. Persia hpe Greek ni bai gasat dang la ma ai. Greek hpe Roma ni bai gasat dang la ma ai. Greco-Roman empire hpe British ni up jahtum lai wa sai. Karai Kasnag a amyu hpe mayu kau ai Assyria mungdan dai ni kanang ta?
Amyu kaba ni hte mungdan kaba ni gaw amyu kaji ni, mungdan kaji ni hpe tut nawng up sha lu na rai yang, Miwa mung(masha wan 1,000 jan) hte India mung(masha wan 1,200 jan) gaw England mungdan hpe up sha na rai nga ai. Mungkan labau hpe yu yang, masha mung n law, mungdan mung kaji ai England mung gaw Miwa mung hte India mungdan hpe shaning 200 up sha lai wa sai. America mungdan gaw asak 225 ning sha naw rai tim, moi BC 3,500-4,000 kaw na htunghking ning-li galu kaba gang a nna ring chying sai Miwa mung, India mung, Iraq(moi na Babelon), Egypt(Egutu), Greece(Heleni), hte Italy(Roma mungdan) ni hta, sut masa, hpyen masa, hpaji masa, mung masa lam amyu hku grau madang tsaw nga ai. Kadai shagrau shatsaw a ta? Britisha hkawhkam ni hkawhkam aya dang ai ga shaka (coronation) la yang Chyoi pra ai Chyum Laika hta dagam ma ai. American gumsan magam ni ga shaka (presidential oath) la yang Karai Kasang a chyum mungga hta Hpung Up sara ga shaka woi la ma ai. American dollar gumhpraw hta cent kaw na $100 je lap du hkra In God We Trust(Karai Kasang hpe anhte kam hpa ga ai) nga nna ka da ma ai. Karai Kasang hpe shagrau ai amyu hpe Karai Kasang shagrau nna, Karai Kasang hpe n-gawn n-sawn di ai amyu hpe Karai Kasang shingdu dat nga ai. Hkristu hta Karai Kasang lata la hkrum ai Israela amyu ningnan tai ai Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni yawng, Karai Kasang hta kam hpa let asak hkrung shakut shaja sa wa ga.


text:
Ndai lai ka ngau hti yu nna myit yu na lam shana dat ai
Hkungga tsawra kamhpa let,
Jinghpaw kasa, Hugawng kachin hte Jinghpaw tingsan blog ni, chye ju hte lawu na attached file hpe mara ya marit, facebook de mung shadu ya marit..
Hkyak hkyak amyu sha ni n myit n mai ai lam lahkawng hpe tang madun dat nngai. KIO ningbaw ni hpang de mung naw shadu ya marit; shanhte hte matut lu ai email nlu ai.
Kam hpa let;
Sara Lagai, Yangon
Ningmu hpe ( hugawngkachin@gmail.com /mrgumzet@gmail.com/jinghpawkasa,jinghpawtingsan,FB sms ) kaw e bai shana wa marit.


text:
HPUNG KONGSI
Yangon Jinghpaw Wunpawng Hkalup Hpung a Sasana magam bungli ni hpe Hpung Kongsi kaw nna yawng myit hkrum ai hte woi awn galaw sa wa ai re. Hpung Kongsi Ladaw hpe (2) ning masat da ai, Hpung Kongsi malawm ni hpe (2) ning hta kalang lata san, shatsam mat wa ai. Ka lajang myit hkrum da ai Gaw Da ai Tara hte maren dawdan, woi awn sa wa nga ai. 2006 ning kaw na, Dawdan Komiti (EC) hpe n tawn mat sai sha, Hpung Kongsi hpe sha laning mi (6) lang zuphpawng sa wa nga sai re. Hpung Kongsi gaw hpung ting a malai tai nna, amu bungli lam shagu hpe woi awn lajang sa wa na. Hpung galu kaba ngang kang wa hkra, hpaji daw, ladat shaw, sumru jasat let dawjau hparan woi awn ningshawng nga ai re.
Malawm Ni
2010- 2011 Ning Hpung Kongsi Malawm ni
A. Hpung Woi Sara/ma ni
B. Hpung Kongsi Magam Gun ni
Hpung Rung
Hpung Kongsi a woi awn ai hte law la ai Hpung magam bungli ni hpe Aten hpring Rung Magam Gun yawng marai (23) hte gun hpai shakut shaja nga ai.
Yangon Jinghpaw Wunpawng Hksiop Hpung
2010 - 2011 Hpung Kongsi Magam Gun ni a N-gun Awai Hpawng
February 27, 2010, Retreat Centre, 10 Mile, Inndagaw, Pago.
5 Ning Masing Bawngban Hpawng
hpung kongsi zuphpawng
hpung kongsi retreat
hpung kongsi christmas dinner


text:
Myitrum manang ni, daini gaw "Bungli" ngu ai ga shagawp hte, anhte a Wunpawng shadang lagawn kunghkan ni hpe lakjet jaw dat sai. Kade mung n hkap,Kade mung n rap re ai WP shadang ni hpe, wa yu gaya dik ai. Share shagan ni hpe chyawm gaw grai shakawn ai hte grai tsaw ra ai law.
Ya ten hta WP mungdan she chyam hkra, asuya hpyenla ni hpring nga ai. Lawu ga na banau chyahkat ni katsing galang karing karang re ai shazai ni hkrai rai ma ai da. Kyu hpyi shapyen shagrawt kau ra ga ai .. ngu;
JIC: Read More+++click link (1)


text:
KIO.., KIA.. lama na Gap hlkat jahkring ai hte seng ai.. signature.. sa htu dat yang Kanu Jinghpaw Mung hpe Myen a-lata hta Lai lai kaman ya kau ai hte Jinghpaw Wunpawng Myusha ni hpe Myen a-lata hta Mayam shatai kau dat ai hte maren sha re...,
Myu baw sang.., Ethnic..,ni a- matu a-kyu hpa lachyum n-pru ai Myen shi a-akyu mara matu galaw ai sha re....Kadai lapran Masha Myi sa tai sa tai gara hku n-mai byin ai...,Dai lapran Masha sa tai lawm na Mung dan ni..,Ethnic..,Myu baw sang ni a-matu ra mara Laknak hkum sum hpa shawng sa htaw tawn ya yang gaw.., Myit yu hpa re....,Kara sing gawng langai myi ram pyi n-mai kam ai yaw...,Myen a-hpa chyi...,Myit san seng ai hte galaw ai rai yang..,Jinghpaw Mung kaw shara jahkrat la da ai Myen ni hpe shawng dawm la mu le...,UWSA..,Tsun ai Myen Woi Awn galaw ai ..,signature.. htu poi kaba ngai hte hpa n-seng ai.. grai hkrak ai hpa chyi re...,
Shana ai : Seng Maran (sengging@gmail.com)