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Contribution à l'étude du pouvoir immunomodulateur des bifidobactéries: analyse in vitro et étude ex vivo des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués
by Amrouche, Tahar
Abstract (Summary)
Bifidubaktiri d iprubyuteken (probiotiques) i yetwassnen atas assagi, ye?ni ?-?ibaktiryin mara twarnunt i tgulliyin ??akent ayen yelhan i tdawsa. Tibaktiriyin agi zemrent ad snernint kra n tsu?nin ye?huddun ?ef tfekka mgal atanan n u?ebbud d izerman n bnadem. D acu kan, ar assa, ur nessin ara amek tibaktiriyin stanent tafekka. Iswi n usenfar agi d anelmud n unezmar n usnerni n ustan n bifidubaktiri. Ayagi i wakken a d-naf isemduyen n kra n tsegrin n tsiluliyin (cellules) am iferdisen (éléments) yellan daxel, s-ufella ne? i d-deggirent ar berra ?ef tririt n uhuddu. Krad (3) n ccetlat n bifidubaktiri id-yekkan seg izerman llufan ?walmendent ?wasdemrent ar yiwet n ccetla tamsel?ut Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12. Agmuden i d-nessufe? qqaren-d d akken asnerni yelhan n ufadi n tsiluliyin n udihan (rate) n amumad, i d- yettaba? unerni amuqran n IFN-? yakw d usennerni n usufe? (sécrétion) n IL-10, yefkaten-id ulesi n tsilulit (paroi cellulaire). Ayen yellan daxel n tsilulit d tazunin-ines (ipeptidiyen yak tiprutiniyin) snernayent drus ?ef ulesi. Ma d ayen y?enan EPS (exopolysaccharides) ulac asnnerni i d-yekkan segsen. Ma d tiprutiniyin n ulesi n bifidubakiri (B. animalis, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, B. bifidum et B. pseudolongum) banent-ed d timesnerniyin timuqranin n uhareb ?ef tfekka n umumad (Balb/c) ssutuyent afares amuqran n tfekkamgalin. Tifekkamgalin i d-yeff?en d yiwet n txellalt (IgG) mgal B. longum ?wafursent-ed s trennawet u sknent-ed tasedmirt tanmidagt (réaction croisée) yakw d ccetlat nniden n bifidubakiri. Anecta yekka-d seg yiwet n teprutint (protéine) tamsihart i yezzayen 58 kd. Tulmist n tfekkamgalin i d-yefursen ye?wasentem-ed s usadez (test) ibaw i d- yelummzen mi ?-ner?ed yakkw d cctali nniden n tbaktiriyin. Tufin n bifidubaktiri yeddren s tfekkamgalin i d-yedran yefursen yedra-d s usadez n immuno-culture. Tifekkamgalin tulmisin i-d yekkan seg yiwet n txellayt id-nessenfel zemrent ad ?waqedcent i tifin n cctali n bfidobktiri di tgwellyin.
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Bibliographical Information:
Advisor:Fliss, Ismail; Boutin, Yvan
School:Université Laval
School Location:Canada - Quebec / Québec
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:agriculture
ISBN:
Date of Publication:07/01/2005


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Saɛid Seɛdi
Saɛid Saɛdi, d duktur akk-d aselway n Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), ilul-ed deg deg taddart n Aɣrib, deg leǧwahi n temdint n ɛzazga. Netta i d-xelqen tuddsa tamezwarut n izerfan n yimdanen deg Ledzayer; anabad n Ledzayer iḥekm-ed fell-as s lḥebs ɣef irmad isertayen-is uqbel n tasellulit n Ledzayer.
1989 Saɛid Saɛdi, mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n Ledzayer g 1980 seddaw Benjdid, ixeleq-ed Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD); akabar asertay i sɛan am aɣawas tadukli n Ledzayer seddaw n tuktuyt n yedles akk-d tugdut.
Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) yemxallaf-ed ɣef Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) n Ait Aḥmed imi iherder-ed s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ, ɣas akken i sin llan d Izwawen si izuran akk-d akbal n tdukla-nsen deg tamurt n izwawen i g-yettekan, iban-ed daɣen am yewin n ukabar n tanmegla s tammaɣt taquran mgal atsekki n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman yebɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, deg tudert tasertit n tmurt.
Ibrir 1999, Saɛid Saɛdi, am Ait Ahmed, ikeccem-ed am amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-ed tanekda-ines, netta akk-d xemsa n imalwayen niḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant; deg April 15, Abdelaziz Boutefliqa weḥdes kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.
Deg ussan-agi Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS), akk-d Amussu i Tmanit n Tmurt (MAK) n Ferḥat Mehenni, akabar asertay iban-ed di tefsut taberkant (d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiwed ar timanit n tmurt n leqbayel), llan tlata n ikabaren isertiyen i sɛan ccan deg Tamurt n Izwawen.


text:
Aman
Aman (H2O) d tanga yellan di wakal. Iwdan, iɣersiwen, d icakan ur zemmeren ad ddren war aman. Aman udfen deg-sen iferdisen n wuksijin (O) d uhidrujin (H). 2 i'belkimen u'hidrujin d 1 ubelkim n uksijin ttefken aneɣ aman. Aman gerrsen ɣer tfesna n 0 °C (273,15 K, 32 °F). Aman zemmren ad ilin d adfel, d agris, d amazzel (liquide), naɣ d iriggwan (water steam) (agaz).
71% n tjumma n wakal d aman. 96,5% n waman n umtiweg-nneɣ (planet) llan deg igarawen ed yilalen, 1,7% n waman llan deg igelmamen ed yisaffen, 1,7% n waman llan deg wagris n Antarktika d Greenland, 0,001% n waman gan iriggʷan deg igenni, g usigna, g ugeffur.
Aẓar n wawal aman[beddel]
Aman dissem dimziki n taqbaylit. Ur iseara asuf
Asimel[beddel]
Itergien hemlen ad inin : Aman Iman


text:
Rbaṭ
Rbaṭ d tamaneɣt n tmurt n Merruk, tesɛa deg useggwas n 2014 azal n 1,100,000 imezdaɣen.
Agbur
Imezdaɣ[beddel]
Amezruy[beddel]
Imunen (Imweḥden) bnan agerrar (camp) af wakal yettwasnen tura s yisem n Rbaṭ i wakken lan iẓri af uzaɣar n wasif n Buregreg. Sakkin, At Wandlus i yettmeslayen kan s tespanyulit zedmen fell-as, snuflan Tagduda n Buregreg alamma Isɛadiyyen ṭṭfen tamdint.
Tasertit[beddel]
Idles[beddel]
Tiwaculin tiqburin n Rbaṭ mmeslayen yiwet Dderja yeččuren s wawalen i d-yekkan seg tespenylit. Yerna taɛrabt-nsen ur d tin n tentalawin Tihellaliyin (Hillalien) am tin n Dukkala.


text:
1:1 Nekk Bulus, yellan d ṛṛasul, mačči s ufus neɣ s lebɣi n yemdanen, lameɛna s lebɣi n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d Baba Ṛebbi i t-id isseḥyan si ger lmegtin.
1:2 Uriɣ tabṛaț-agi nekk d watmaten meṛṛa yellan yid-i, i tejmuyaɛ n watmaten n tmurt n Galasya :
1:3 ṛṛeḥma d lehna a wen-d-țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi akk-d Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:4 Lmasiḥ isebbel iman-is ɣef ddnubat-nneɣ, iwakken a ɣ-isellek si yir lǧil-agi, s lebɣi n Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi.
1:5 I nețța tamanegt si lǧil ɣer lǧil ! Amin !
1:6 Wehmeɣ imi twexxṛem s lemɣawla ɣef win i wen-d-issawlen s ṛṛeḥma n Lmasiḥ, iwakken aț-țḍefṛem lexbaṛ n lxiṛ nniḍen.
1:7 Ur wen-d-nniɣ ara akka am akken yella lexbaṛ n lxiṛ nniḍen , lameɛna qqaṛeɣ-awen-d akka, axaṭer llan kra lɣaci i kkun-icewwlen yerna bɣan ad sɛewjen lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yeɛnan Lmasiḥ.
1:8 ?as a lukan d nukni, neɣ d lmelk ara d-yasen seg igenni a wen-d ibbecceṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yemxalafen ɣef win i wen-d-nbecceṛ si tazwara, atan ad yețwanɛel !
1:9 Nenna-yawen-t-id si zik, a s-d ɛiwdeɣ tura : yețwanɛel win ara wen-d ibeccṛen lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yemxalafen ɣef win i tqeblem !
1:10 Ihi tura, eɛni d lemziya n yemdanen i țnadiɣ ? Xaṭi ! D lemziya n Sidi Ṛebbi i țnadiɣ. Neɣ eɛni țnadiɣ ad ɛeǧbeɣ i yemdanen ? Lemmer i mazal țnadiɣ ad ɛeǧbeɣ i yemdanen, tili ur țțilliɣ ara d aqeddac n Lmasiḥ.
1:11 A wen-d-iniɣ ay atmaten belli lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ i wen-d-beccṛeɣ mačči s ɣuṛ wemdan i d-yekka ;
1:12 axaṭer, nekk s yiman-iw mačči d amdan i yi-t-id-issawḍen neɣ i yi t-islemden, lameɛna d Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ i yi-t-id-iweḥḥan.
1:13 Teslam ɣef tikli-inu n zik asmi lliɣ ttabaɛeɣ ddin n wat Isṛail ; teslam amek i qehṛeɣ tajmaɛt n imasiḥiyen d wamek bɣiɣ a ten-snegreɣ.
1:14 Asmi lliɣ ḍefṛeɣ ddin d leɛwayed n wat Isṛail, ifeɣ akk tizyiwin-iw akk-d wid n laṣel-iw, axaṭer ṭṭfeɣ di leɛwayed n lejdud-iw akken ilaq.
1:15 Lameɛna s ṛṛeḥma-s, Sidi Ṛebbi ixtaṛ-iyi-d uqbel a d-laleɣ yerna yessawel-iyi-d iwakken ad qedceɣ fell-as.
1:16 Asmi i yi-d-ibeggen Sidi Ṛebbi Mmi-s iwakken ad beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i t-iɛnan ger wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail, ur cawṛeɣ ula d yiwen ;
1:17 yerna ur uliɣ ara ɣer temdint Lquds ɣer wid yellan d ṛṛusul uqbel-iw, lameɛna ṛuḥeɣ ɣer tmurt n waɛṛaben ; syenna uɣaleɣ-ed daɣen ɣer temdint n Dimacq.
1:18 Mi ɛeddan tlata iseggasen, uliɣ ɣer temdint Lquds iwakken ad issineɣ Buṭrus, qqimeɣ ɣuṛ-es xemseṭṭac wussan.
1:19 Lameɛna ur ẓriɣ ula d yiwen nniḍen si ṛṛusul, anagar Yeɛqub, gma-s n Ssid-nneɣ.
1:20 Ayen i wen-d-uriɣ akka ț-țideț, zdat Ṛebbi ur skiddibeɣ ara.
1:21 Syenna, ṛuḥeɣ ɣer tmura n Surya d Silisya ;
1:22 kra wayen kkiɣ dinna, imasiḥiyen n tejmuyaɛ n tmurt n Yahuda leɛmeṛ ẓrin udem-iw.
1:23 Slan kan qqaṛen fell-i : win akken yellan ițqehhiṛ deg-nneɣ, atan tura ițbecciṛ liman i gebɣa zik-nni a t-issenger.
1:24 Dɣa țḥemmiden Ṛebbi ɣef ddemma-w.
2:1 Mi ɛeddan ṛbeɛṭac iseggasen, ɛawdeɣ uliɣ ɣer temdint n Lquds akk-d Barnabas, wwiɣ daɣen yid-i gma-tneɣ Tit.
2:2 Uliɣ, axaṭer d Sidi Ṛebbi i yi-t-id yumṛen deg uweḥḥi. Sfehmeɣ-asen lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i țbecciṛeɣ ger wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail ; mliɣ-asen-t weḥḥed-sen i yimeqqranen n tejmaɛt iwakken ayen xedmeɣ armi d ass-a ur ițṛuḥ ara baṭel.
2:3 Tit, aṛfiq-iw yellan d ayunani, yiwen ur iḥettem fell-as ad iḍheṛ,
2:4 ɣas akken llan yir watmaten i d-ikecmen gar-aneɣ s tuffra, bɣan a t-ḥeṛsen ad iḍheṛ. Kecmen-d gar-aneɣ iwakken ad walin tilelli i nesɛa di tikli-nneɣ akk-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, bɣan a ɣ-rren d aklan-nsen.
2:5 Ula d yiwet n tikkelt ur nekni zdat-sen, iwakken tideț yellan di lexbaṛ n lxiṛ aț-țeqqim gar-awen.
2:6 Ma d wid yesɛan lqima gar-awen, [ ur iyi-tewqiɛ ara lmeɛna d acu i llan zik, axaṭer Sidi Ṛebbi ur ixeddem ara lxilaf ger yemdanen ] ; wid-nni yesɛan lqima ur ḥețțmen ara fell-i ad xedmeɣ ayen nniḍen.
2:7 Lameɛna walan belli Sidi Ṛebbi iwekkel-iyi iwakken ad beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail, am akken i gceggeɛ Buṭrus ad ibecceṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i wat Isṛail.
2:8 Axaṭer, Sidi Ṛebbi i gerran Buṭrus d ṛṛasul n wid yellan n wat Isṛail, yerra-yi ula d nekk d ṛṛasul n wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail.
2:9 Yeɛqub, Buṭrus akk-d Yuḥenna yețwaḥesben d imeqqranen n tejmaɛt, setɛeṛfen belli d Sidi Ṛebbi i yi-d ifkan ccɣel-agi, dɣa selmen fell-aneɣ afus deg ufus iwakken a ɣ-d-beggnen belli qeblen ayagi. Imiren nemsefham : nutni ad ṛuḥen ad beccṛen i wat Isṛail, ma d nekk akk-d Barnabas, a nṛuḥ a nbecceṛ i wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail ;
2:10 acu kan, weṣṣan-aɣ iwakken ur ntețțu ara igellilen n tejmuyaɛ-nsen yellan di temdint n Lquds, ayagi ur stehzaɣ ara deg-s, xedmeɣ-t seg-wul.
2:11 Asmi i d-yusa Buṭrus ɣer temdint n Antyuc, qubleɣ-t ɣer wudem-is zdat lɣaci, axaṭer yeɣleḍ.
2:12 Uqbel a d-asen kra n yemdanen i d-iceggeɛ Yeɛqub, yella itețț akk-d watmaten ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail, lameɛna akken kan i d-wwḍen, iḥbes lmakla yid-sen iwexxeṛ fell-asen, axaṭer yuggad wid iṭṭfen di lɛaddat n wat Isṛail.
2:13 Atmaten nniḍen n wat Isṛail xedmen am nețța, wexxṛen ula d nutni, yuɣal armi ula d Barnabas iɛuned-iten.
2:14 Mi walaɣ ur teddun ara akken ilaq am akken i d-yeqqaṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ , nniɣ i Buṭrus zdat lɣaci meṛṛa : ma yella kečč yellan seg wat Isṛail tețɛiceḍ am wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail, amek ara tḥeṛṣeḍ wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail ad ɛicen am wat Isṛail ?
2:15 Nukni ur nelli ara d imednuben am leǧnas nniḍen, laṣel-nneɣ seg wat Isṛail.
2:16 Lameɛna neẓra belli amdan yețțuɣal d aḥeqqi zdat Sidi Ṛebbi s liman-ines di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, mačči imi gxeddem ayen i d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa ; daymi ula d nukni numen s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, iwakken a nuɣal d iḥeqqiyen zdat Sidi Ṛebbi s liman di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, mačči imi nxeddem ayen i d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa n Musa. Axaṭer ula d yiwen ur izmir ad yuɣal d aḥeqqi zdat Ṛebbi imi i gettabaɛ ccariɛa n Musa.
2:17 Nukni nețnadi a nuɣal d iḥeqqiyen s liman di Lmasiḥ ; ma nufa iman-nneɣ d imednuben ula d nukni am leǧnas nniḍen, eɛni d Lmasiḥ i ɣ-ițțawin ɣer ddnub ? Xaṭi !
2:18 Axaṭer ma uɣaleɣ ɣer ccariɛa nni i ǧǧiɣ, ihi rriɣ iman-iw d amɛaṣi ;
2:19 ɣef wayen yeɛnan ccariɛa aql-iyi mmuteɣ, yerna d nețțat i yi-wwin ɣer lmut ; ayagi yedṛa-d iwakken ad sɛuɣ tudert di Sidi Ṛebbi ; aql-iyi țwasemmṛeɣ ɣef wumidag akk-d Lmasiḥ.
2:20 Tura mačči d nekk i gețțidiren, d Lmasiḥ i gețțidiren deg-i ; axaṭer tudert-iw di ddunit, țɛiceɣ-ț s liman di Mmi-s n Sidi Ṛebbi i yi-ḥemmlen yerna isebbel iman-is fell-i.
2:21 Ur sseɣlayeɣ ara lqima n ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi, axaṭer ma nezmer a nuɣal d iḥeqqiyen zdat Ṛebbi s ccariɛa n Musa, ihi Lmasiḥ yemmut ɣef wulac !
3:1 Ay at Galasya ur nessin leṣlaḥ nsen ! Anwa i kkun-iseḥḥren kunwi iwumi i d-nessefhem akken ilaq lmut n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ɣef wumidag ?
3:2 ?ef wayagi kan i bɣiɣ a kkun steqsiɣ : amek i wen-d-ițțunefk Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, imi i txeddmem ayen i d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa neɣ imi teslam yerna tumnem s lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Lmasiḥ ?
3:3 Eɛni ixuṣṣ-ikkun leɛqel ? Amek, di tazwara tețțeklem ɣef Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, tura tebɣam aț-țețțeklem ɣef yiman-nwen ?
3:4 Eɛni ayen akk i tenɛețțabem iṛuḥ baṭel ? Ur ḥsiɣ ara iṛuḥ baṭel !
3:5 Win i wen-d-ifkan Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, ixeddmen lbeṛhanat gar-awen, eɛni ixeddem-iten imi i tettabaɛem ccariɛa neɣ imi tumnem s lexbaṛ n lxiṛ iwumi teslam ?
3:6 Akken yura : Ibṛahim yumen s Ṛebbi, yețkel fell-as, daymi i t-iḥseb Sidi Ṛebbi d aḥeqqi.
3:7 Ilaq aț-țfehmem ihi, wid iteddun s liman, d nutni i d arraw n tideț n Sidna Ibṛahim.
3:8 Si zik i d-ixebbeṛ Sidi Ṛebbi di tira iqedsen belli ad yerr leǧnas ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail d iḥeqqiyen ɣef ddemma n liman nsen, mi genna i Sidna Ibṛahim lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ : Leǧnas meṛṛa n ddunit ad țțubarken yis-ek ;
3:9 ihi kra n win yumnen s Ṛebbi akken yumen yis Ibṛahim, ad ițțubarek am nețța.
3:10 Axaṭer wid yettabaɛen ccariɛa iwakken ad țwaqeblen ɣer Ṛebbi, deɛwessu tezga fell-asen imi yura : ad ițwanɛel kra n win yettabaɛen ccariɛa, ur nxeddem ara ayen akk yuran deg-s.
3:11 Ula d yiwen ur izmir ad yuɣal d aḥeqqi zdat Ṛebbi s ccariɛa, ayagi d ayen ibanen imi yura : Aḥeqqi ad yidir s liman.
3:12 Abrid n ccariɛa d webrid n liman mxalafen, imi yura : d win ara ixedmen ayen akk i d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa ara yesɛun tudert n dayem.
3:13 Lmasiḥ icufeɛ-aɣ-d si deɛwessu n ccariɛa, d nețța i gețwaneɛlen deg umkan-nneɣ ; axaṭer yura : ițwanɛel kra n win ițwaɛelqen ɣer ttejṛa.
3:14 Ayagi yedṛa-d iwakken s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, leǧnas ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail ad weṛten lbaṛaka i gefka Sidi Ṛebbi i Ibṛahim ; s liman ara ɣ-d ițțunefk Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i ɣ-iwɛed Sidi Ṛebbi.
3:15 Ay atmaten, a wen-d-fkeɣ lemtel yellan di lɛaddat-nneɣ : m'ara yexdem yiwen leɛqed akken ilaq, yiwen ur izmir a t-inkeṛ neɣ a s-yernu kra.
3:16 Ihi, Sidi Ṛebbi yefka lemɛahda i Ibṛahim akk-d win ara d-ilalen seg-s, ( ur d-yenni ara : i wid ara d-ilalen seg-s am akken aṭas i gellan ). Di tira iqedsen yura : i win ara d-ilalen seg-k ; win i ɣef yura wayagi, d Lmasiḥ.
3:17 Atah wayen bɣiɣ a d-iniɣ : di tazwara Sidi Ṛebbi yesbedd leɛqed akken ilaq, ccariɛa i d-yusan ṛebɛa meyya utlatin iseggasen deffir-es, ur tezmir ara aț-țemḥu leɛqed-agi, neɣ m'ulac aț-țeɣli lqima n lemɛahda n Sidi Ṛebbi.
3:18 Lemmer si ccariɛa ara newṛet leslak, acuɣeṛ lemɛahda ? Axaṭer s lemɛahda-agi i d-ibeggen Sidi Ṛebbi ṛṛeḥma-s i Ibṛahim.
3:19 Acuɣeṛ ihi i d-tețțunefk ccariɛa ? Tețțunefk-ed iwakken a d-tesbeggen belli nɛuṣa lumuṛ n Sidi Ṛebbi, alamma yusa-d win akken ara d ilalen si dderya n Ibṛahim iwumi d tețțunefk lemɛahda. D lmalayekkat i d-yewwin ccariɛa ɣer ufus n Sidna Musa iwakken a ț-id-issiweḍ i yemdanen.
3:20 Sidi Ṛebbi iceggeɛ-ed amdan iwakken a d-yessiweḍ ccariɛa i wiyaḍ, meɛna ur iḥwaǧ ara amdan iwakken ad isbedd leɛqed yid-sen.
3:21 Eɛni ccariɛa txulef lemɛahdat n Sidi Ṛebbi ? Xaṭi ! Lemmer ccariɛa tezmer a d-tefk tudert i wemdan, tili yezmer wemdan ad yuɣal d aḥeqqi zdat Ṛebbi s ccariɛa.
3:22 Lameɛna tira iqedsen nnant-ed : ddunit meṛṛa tella seddaw tezmert n ddnub ; iwacu ? Iwakken lemɛahda n Sidi Ṛebbi aț-țețțunefk i yemdanen meṛṛa ɣef ddemma n liman-nsen di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
3:23 Uqbel a d-yas lweqt i deg ara namen s Lmasiḥ, nella seddaw leḥkum n ccariɛa, armi d ass i deg i d-yedheṛ webrid n liman.
3:24 S wakka, nețțuṛebba-d s ccariɛa armi d asmi d-yusa Lmasiḥ iwakken a ɣ-yerr d iḥeqqiyen zdat Ṛebbi s liman.
3:25 Tura yusa-d lweqt i deg ara namen s Lmasiḥ, ifuk fell-aneɣ leḥkum n ccariɛa.
3:26 Axaṭer tuɣalem akk d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi s liman di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
3:27 Kunwi akk yețwaɣeḍsen s yisem n Lmasiḥ, tețɛicim tudert tajḍiṭ yellan di Lmasiḥ.
3:28 Tura ulac lxilaf ger wat Isṛail d iyunaniyen, ger waklan d iḥeṛṛiyen, ger yergazen ț-țilawin, axaṭer kunwi akk tuɣalem d yiwen di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
3:29 Yerna ma tellam d ayla n Lmasiḥ, aql-ikkun si dderya n Ibṛahim, wid ara iweṛten akken i t-id-iwɛed Sidi Ṛebbi.
4:1 Atah wayen i bɣiɣ a t-id-iniɣ : qqaṛeɣ-awen skud win ara iweṛten mazal-it meẓẓi, ur yemxalaf ara nețța d win yellan d akli, ɣas akken d nețța ara yuɣalen d bab n kullec ;
4:2 lameɛna ilaq-as ad yaɣ awal i wid ițelhayen yid-es, iseddayen lecɣal-is, alamma yessaweḍ leɛmeṛ akken i d-iweṣṣa baba-s.
4:3 Akken daɣen ula d nukni asmi nella meẓẓiyit, nɛac seddaw leḥkum n leqwanen n ddunit,
4:4 meɛna asmi i d-yewweḍ lweqt i ɣ-iweɛɛed Sidi Ṛebbi, iceggeɛ-ed Mmi-s i d-ilulen si tmeṭṭut, iɛac seddaw leḥkum n ccariɛa,
4:5 iwakken a d-ifdu wid yellan seddaw leḥkum n ccariɛa, iwakken a nuɣal d arraw-is.
4:6 Tura imi nuɣal d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi, ifka-yaɣ-d ɣer wulawen-nneɣ Ṛṛuḥ n Mmi-s s wayes i nessawal i Ṛebbi : « Abba » ! Yeɛni : a Baba !
4:7 S wakka, ikkes fell-awen uzaglu n tkelwa, tuɣalem seg warraw-is ; ma tellam seg warraw-is, d kunwi ara iweṛten ayen i wen-iwɛed Sidi Ṛebbi s ṛṛeḥma-ines.
4:8 Zik-nni ur tessinem ara Ṛebbi yerna tețɛebbidem lemqamat d ssadaț deg umkan n Ṛebbi.
4:9 Lameɛna tura mi tessnem Ṛebbi, yerna nețța iḥseb ikkun d arraw-is, amek armi tebɣam aț-țuɣalem ɣer lɛaddat n zik ur nesɛi lmeɛna iwakken aț-țilim seddaw uzaglu-nsent ?
4:10 Tețțakem lqima i leɛyudat n kra wussan, kra wagguren, kra lewqat d kra yiseggasen !
4:11 Uggadeɣ ayen i nɛețțabeɣ akk fell-awen iṛuḥ baṭel.
4:12 Ay atmaten di leɛnaya-nwen, uɣalet am nekkini, imi ula d nekk lliɣ am kunwi. Ur iyi-texdimem acemma n diri.
4:13 Ur tecfim ara belli d lehlak i yi-ṭṭfen ɣuṛ-wen mi wen-beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ ass amezwaru.
4:14 ?as akken lehlak-iw yeɛfen, ur teɛyim deg-i, ur iyi-teḥqiṛem, lameɛna telham yis-i am akken d lmelk n Sidi Ṛebbi neɣ d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ s yiman-is i lliɣ.
4:15 Anda-t lfeṛḥ-nni-nwen n zik ? Acu i gedṛan yid-wen ? Zemreɣ ad cehdeɣ fell-awen belli, lemmer d ayen iwumi tzemrem a t-txedmem, tili tekksem-d allen-nwen iwakken a yi-tent-id-tefkem.
4:16 Eɛni uɣaleɣ awen tura d aɛdaw imi i wen-d qqaṛeɣ tideț ?
4:17 Imdanen-agi țbegginen-awen-d belli ḥemmlen-kkun, lameɛna nutni ččuṛen ț-țiḥila ; bɣan kan a kkun sbeɛden fell-i iwakken a ten-tettebɛem nutni.
4:18 Yelha ma ixeddem yiwen lxiṛ, mačči kan m'ara iliɣ gar-awen lameɛna di mkul lweqt.
4:19 Ay arraw-iw, aql-i nɛețțabeɣ tura daɣen ɣef ddemma-nwen am tmeṭṭut yeṭṭfen addud, alamma iban-ed Lmasiḥ deg-wen.
4:20 Acḥal mennaɣ ad iliɣ gar-awen di teswiɛt-agi i wakken a wen-d mmeslayeɣ akken nniḍen, axaṭer aql-iyi tḥeyyṛeɣ ɣef ddemma-nwen.
4:21 Init-iyi-d, kunwi yebɣan aț-țilim seddaw leḥkum n ccariɛa, eɛni ur teslim ara i wayen i d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa ?
4:22 Atah wayen i d-teqqaṛ : Sidna Ibṛahim yesɛa sin warraw-is, yiwen seg Haǧiṛa yellan ț-țaklit, wayeḍ seg Saṛa yellan ț-țaḥeṛṛit.
4:23 Lameɛna mmi-s n taklit-nni, ilul-ed s lebɣi n wemdan, ma d mmi-s n tḥeṛṛit-nni, ilul-ed ɣef ddemma n lemɛahda n Sidi Ṛebbi.
4:24 Taqsiṭ-agi tesɛa lmeɛna nniḍen : snat n tilawin-agi țusemmant d sin leɛqud : yiwen n leɛqed d win n wedrar n Sinay i d-ițaǧǧan aklan, yeɛni : d Haǧiṛa.
4:25 Haǧiṛa, d adrar n Sinay yellan di tmurt n waɛṛaben, tețmettil-ed tamdint n Lquds n tura, i gellan ț-țaklit s nețțat s warraw-is.
4:26 Lameɛna tamdint n Lquds yellan deg igenwan ț-țaḥeṛṛit, d nețțat i d yemma-tneɣ.
4:27 Axaṭer yura : Efṛeḥ kemm a tiɛiqeṛt ur nețțarew ara ! Ɛeggeḍ s lfeṛḥ kemm ur nessin lewjaɛ n tarrawt ! Axaṭer tameṭṭut yețwaḥeqṛen, aț-țes ɛu dderya akteṛ n tin yesɛan argaz-is .
4:28 Ma d kunwi ay atmaten, d arraw n lemɛahda i tellam am Isḥaq.
4:29 Zik-nni, win i d-ilulen s lebɣi n wemdan ițqehhiṛ win i d-ilulen s lebɣi n Ṛṛuḥ n Ṛebbi, akka i gella lḥal ar ass-a.
4:30 Lameɛna d acu yuran di tira iqedsen ? Enfu taklit d mmi-s ;axaṭer mmi-s n taklit ur ilaq ara ad iwṛet akk-d mmi-s n tmeṭṭut taḥeṛṛit .
4:31 Akka ay atmaten, ur nelli ara d arraw n taklit lameɛna d arraw n tmeṭṭut taḥeṛṛit.
5:1 Ɛisa Lmasiḥ isellek-aɣ iwakken a nesɛu tilleli n tideț. Ihi ḥerzet tilelli-agi, ḥadret aț-țuɣalem d aklan !
5:2 ?esset-iyi-d ! Nekk Bulus, nniɣ awen-d : ma yella tḍehṛem, Lmasiḥ ur kkun-infiɛ ara.
5:3 Yerna ad ɛawdeɣ a d-iniɣ i yal argaz i gḍehṛen, belli ilzem ad ixdem ayen akk i d-tenna ccariɛa.
5:4 Kunwi yețnadin aț-țuɣalem d iḥeqqiyen zdat Ṛebbi s ccariɛa, ur d-yeqqim wacemma gar-awen d Lmasiḥ, tețwaḥeṛmem si ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi.
5:5 Ma d nukni, nessaram a ɣ-yerr Sidi Ṛebbi d iḥeqqiyen zdat-es ; ayagi nețṛaǧu-t s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen akk-d liman.
5:6 Axaṭer, di tikli-nneɣ akk-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, neḍheṛ neɣ ur neḍhiṛ ara, ayagi ur yesɛi ara azal ; ayen yesɛan azal, d liman i d-țbegginen lecɣal i nxeddem s leḥmala.
5:7 Di tazwara tewwim abrid ilaqen, anwa i kkun-issufɣen i webrid n tideț ?
5:8 Ṛṛay-agi ur d-yekki ara s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi i wen-d-issawlen.
5:9 Akken qqaṛen : « Ciṭṭuḥ n temtunt ( iɣes n temtunt ) yessalay akk arukti.»
5:10 Lameɛna Sidi Ṛebbi ihedden ul-iw fell-awen, țekleɣ belli ur tețxemmimem ara akken nniḍen. Lameɛna win i kkun-icewwlen, akken ibɣu yili, a t-iɛaqeb Sidi Ṛebbi.
5:11 Lemmer mazal nehhuɣ ar tura ɣef ṭṭhaṛa, iwacu i yi-mazal țwaqehṛeɣ ? Tili lexbaṛ i nețbecciṛ ɣef Lmasiḥ ițwasemmṛen ɣef wumidag, ur yețțili d ugur ula i yiwen.
5:12 Wid-nni i kkun-icewwlen ɣef ṭṭhaṛa ad ṛuḥen ihi ad ɛegben iman-nsen.
5:13 Ay atmaten, Sidi Ṛebbi ifka yawen tilelli, ur d-țafet ara sebba s wayes ara txedmem s tlelli-agi lebɣi n tnefsit-nwen ; lameɛna beggnet-ed lmaḥibba yellan gar-awen.
5:14 Axaṭer lameṛ i gesdukklen meṛṛa ccariɛa d wagi : ḥemmel lɣiṛ-ik am yiman-ik .
5:15 Ma yella tețțemkerracem am lewḥuc yerna wa itețț wa, ḥadret iman-nwen neɣ m'ulac yiwen ad issenger wayeḍ.
5:16 Ddut ihi s lebɣi n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, iwakken ur txeddmem ara lebɣi n tnefsit-nwen.
5:17 Axaṭer lebɣi n tnefsit ixulef lebɣi n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, akken daɣen lebɣi n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen ixulef lebɣi n tnefsit ; d iɛdawen wway gar-asen, daymi ur tezmirem ara aț-țxedmem akken tebɣam.
5:18 Lameɛna ma yella tleḥḥum s lebɣi n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, atan ihi ur tellim ara seddaw leḥkum n ccariɛa.
5:19 Axaṭer, lefɛayel n tnefsit țbanen : zzna, leḥṛam, lefsad,
5:20 zzyaṛa n lemqamat, ssḥur, lkeṛh, ccwal, tismin, zzɛaf, wid yebɣan a d-kken sennig wiyaḍ, assexṛeb, wid ifeṛqen ț-țirebbaɛ,
5:21 ṭṭmeɛ, ssekṛan, at iɛebbaḍ ur nesɛi lqaɛ d wayen akk ițemcabin ɣer wayagi meṛṛa. Ɛeggneɣ-awen-d am akken i wen-d-nniɣ yakan : wid i gxeddmen lecɣal-agi ur seɛɛun ara amkan di tgelda n Sidi Ṛebbi.
5:22 Lameɛna atan wayen i d-itekken si Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen : leḥmala, lfeṛḥ, lehna, ṣṣbeṛ, lehhu, leḥnana, liman,
5:23 ul yeṣfan, aɣlab n tnefsit ; eɛni ccariɛa tugi annect-agi ?
5:24 Wid yellan n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, semmṛen ɣef wumidag lebɣi n tnefsit-nsen, s ccehwat-is d umenni ines.
5:25 Imi d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i ɣ-d ifkan tudert, ilaq-aɣ ihi a neddu di lebɣi ines.
5:26 Ur ilaq a nessimɣuṛ iman nneɣ, ur ilaq a nețnaɣ neɣ a nețțemyasam wway-gar-aneɣ.
6:1 Ay atmaten, kunwi ileḥḥun s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, ma teṭṭfem yiwen yeɣleḍ, erret-ț-id ɣer webrid s leḥnana ; ḥadret ɣef yiman-nwen, axaṭer tzemrem aț-țeɣlim ula d kunwi deg ujeṛṛeb.
6:2 ?emɛawanet deg unerfud n tɛekkmin nwen, s wakka ara tḍuɛem ayen i d-tenna ccariɛa n Lmasiḥ.
6:3 Ma yeḥseb yiwen iman-is yesɛa lqima nețța ur yeswi kra, ɣef yiman-is i gețkellix.
6:4 Ilaq mkul yiwen ad imeyyez tikli-ines, imiren ma yufa ayen s wayes ara izux, ad izux i yiman-is kan mačči alamma imettel iman-is ɣer wiyaḍ.
6:5 Axaṭer mkul yiwen ad yerfed taɛkumt-is weḥd-es.
6:6 Win iwumi sselmaden awal n Ṛebbi ilaq ad yeǧǧ amur deg wayen akk yesɛa i win i t-isselmaden.
6:7 ?adret aț-țɣelṭem : yiwen ur yezmir ad istehzi ɣef Ṛebbi ; ayen yezreɛ wemdan, a t-id-imger.
6:8 Win yettabaɛen lebɣi n tnefsit-is, a t-tessiweḍ ɣer lmut ; ma d win iteddun s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen ad isɛu tudert n dayem.
6:9 Ilaq a nxeddem lxiṛ mbla ɛeyyu ; axaṭer m'ur nefcil ara, a d-nemger m'ara d-yaweḍ lweqt.
6:10 Ihi, skud yella wamek, a nexdem lxiṛ i yemdanen meṛṛa, abeɛda atmaten di liman !
6:11 Walit tira-agi : s ufus-iw i wen tent-id-uriɣ.
6:12 Wid meṛṛa i gebɣan ad ḥețțmen fell-awen ṭṭhaṛa, bɣan a d-sbeggnen iman-nsen zdat imdanen belli ṭṭfen di leɛwayed, iwakken ur țwaqehhaṛen ara ɣef ddemma n umidag n Lmasiḥ.
6:13 Widak-agi iḍehṛen, nutni s yiman nsen ur ttabaɛen ara ccariɛa ; lameɛna bɣan aț-țḍehṛem iwakken ad zuxxen imi ḥettmen fell-awen ṭṭhaṛa-agi.
6:14 Ma d nekk ur bɣiɣ ad zuxxeɣ s wacemma, anagar s lmut n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ɣef wumidag ; axaṭer s lmut n Lmasiḥ ɣef wumidag uɣaleɣ ur ḥsibeɣ ara ddunit-agi, akken daɣen ddunit ur iyi-teḥsib ara ula d nekk.
6:15 Axaṭer ayen yesɛan azal, mačči d ṭṭhaṛa, lameɛna ț-țalalit tajḍiṭ i d-itekken s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi.
6:16 I wid akk itebɛen abrid-agi , a sen-iniɣ: lehna d ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi a wen-d țțunefkent i kunwi d wegdud n Sidi Ṛebbi meṛṛa !
6:17 Sya ɣer zdat, ur ḥwaǧeɣ yiwen a yi-isseḥzen ; axaṭer ccwami yellan di lǧețța-w țbegginent-ed belli d aqeddac n Sidna Ɛisa i lliɣ.
6:18 Ay atmaten, ṛṛeḥma n Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ aț-țili yid-wen meṛṛa ! Amin !


text:
Talɣa:BUtazzwara/Documentation
Aseqdec[beddel]
Jemmel aṭas tinuka umseqdac daxel yiwet tagejdit kan.
Sakin nezmer an sexdem tinuka umseqdac s iɣewwaren.
Taseddast[beddel]
{{BUtazzwara | aderrec = | tama = | iniider = | iniiri = | extra-css = | iniaḍris = | aḍris = }} [tinuka umseqdac] {{BUtaggara}}
Iɣewwaren[beddel]
Akk iɣewwaren llan d ixetṛanen.
Ma tanaka umseqdac taneggarut ur tsexdem ara talɣa {{BUtilisateur}}, {{BUtaggara}} ur yesɛa ara lfayda.
Ilaq ad ssersed tinuka umseqdac s iɣewwaren ar taggara n taflewit, ma ulac at ili tajeṛṛiḍt taṭuṭaḥt tamellalt.
Zemret ad sexdemed ddaw-igrawen s {{BUbreak}}. Ẓeṛ talɣa agi.
Ffer talɣa agi[beddel]
Zemret ad ffered tinuka umseqdac i sexdemen aɣanib agi n talɣa s ubeddel n monobook.css dɣa s timerniwt n ungal agi :
.ModeleBU { display: none; }


text:
Isṭunya
(Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.
Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.
Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.
Agbur
Tasertit n tutlayin di Isṭunya : d leqdic iteddun ɣer sdat[beddel]
Aqeddem[beddel]
Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.
Tagnit[beddel]
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.].
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit.
Tasertit n tutlayin[beddel]
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun (communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit.
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq.
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya.
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit.
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
- Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaɣen n Isṭunya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tisṭunit.
- Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tisṭunit -tutlayt taɣelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel]
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur n Mart Rannut, Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERḤATEN.


text:
Ɛli Belḥaǧ
Ɛli Belḥaǧ (ilul deg 1956 deg temdint n Tunes), d argaz n tsertit "adzayri", yettekka akked Ɛebbassi Madani deg ussebded n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS).
Agbur
Temẓi-s d laṣel-is[beddel]
Imawlan n Belḥaǧ rewlen seg Dzayer ɣer Tunes, yerna laṣel-nsen seg Muriṭanya. Belḥaǧ yezdeɣ deg Tqubbet (deg temdint n Ldzayer).
Takcemt deg tsertit[beddel]
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, yella yeqren ɣer Mustafa Buyali, yerna d aya ay t-yessawḍen ad yettwaṭṭef ɣer lḥebs i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1984. Deg 1989, yessebded-d akked Ɛebbassi Madani akabar isenneslem (islamiste) n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS), yerna yella yeqqar-d lxeḍbat deg yiwet n tmesgida deg Bab Lwad.
Tirni Tislamit n Ussukkes af Uqecuc-is[beddel]
Deg 1991, iger-d tiɣri i lɣaci akken ad d-snekren imenɣi imselleḥ mgal udabu, am wakken ay yettekka akked Ɛebbassi Madani deg ussenker n ccwal deg tmurt. D aya ay yejjan anabaḍ (lḥukuma) adzayri ad ten-yeḥbes deg sin, yerna akabar-nsen yettwafsex deg tezwara n 1992.
Sakkin ṭrad[beddel]
Deg 2006, Ɛebdelaɛziz Buṭfliqa yeɛfa fell-as yerna yebra-as-d seg lḥebs. Llan aṭas n medden ay t-yettwalin d yiwen seg wid ay yezzuɣren tamurt ɣer tallit-nni taberkant n yimenɣi imselleḥ ay d-yellan gar udabu ed tegrawin timsellḥin ay d-yefrurxen seg Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes. Seg wasmi ay d-yeffeɣ seg lḥebs, Ɛli Belḥaǧ yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwaḥbes acḥal d tikkelt ɣef wawal-nnes ayyes ay iɛerreḍ ad d-yessenker ccwal tikkelt nniḍen.


text:
Zineddin Lyazid Zidan
Zineddin Lyazid Zidan, qqaren-as daɣen Zizu, d amarir n takurt uḍar n Franṣa i d-ifrurxen si yiwet n twacult taqbaylit i yellan d iminigen (iɣriben). Ilul ass n 23 yunyu 1972 di La Castellane i d-yezgan di tɣiwant n Marseille ddaw n Franṣa af yiri n ilel agrakal.
Zidan yuɣ Véronique Lentisco, yesɛa yid-s 4 n yuqrar: Enzo, Luca, Théo d Elyaz.
Imuzzag (spécialistes) n waddal, qqaren-d Zineddin Zidan illa ger imurar ifazen nezzeh di yal akud, netta d Pelé Diego Maradona d Michel Platini. D anaddal amezwaru iḥemlen ifranṣiyen deg useggas n 2006. Kraḍ (3) iberdan i ttuferen d amarir lemxiyer amezwaru n umaḍal sɣur tiddukla tagreɣlant n takurt uḍar (FIFA) deg iseggasen 1998, 2000, d 2003. Daɣen yewwi Takurt Ureɣ (ballon d'or) deg 1998. Aɣmis 'France-Football' iferni-t snat n tikkwal d amarir wis sin ifazen ger imurar n Fransa di yal akud.
Deg uswir agraɣlan, iban-ed s tarenawt d taɣlamt (tarbaɛt) n Fransa s teqbuct umaḍal n 1998, akk d tilɣuɣa n umenzaw n Turuft (Championnat d'Europe) di 2000. Deg 2003 iḥbes urar akk d tarbaɛt n Fransa. Aseggas seld (2004) yuɣal-ed, lamaɛna ass n 25 ibrir 2006 inna-d mi ara tekfu tiluɣa umaḍal n 2006, ad yeḥbes s wudem unṣib. Dayen i d-yellan, mi tekfa kan tagara n tiluɣa agi, yeṭṭef deg awal-is. Dɣa di tagara-agi, temlal tarbaɛt n Fransa d ttin n Ṭelyan, i yekfan s wayen i yettwasen Zidan ugar: tiyita uqarru mgal afna (adversaire) aṭelyani Marco Materazzi. Dayen iǧan anefray a s-yefk takarḍit tazegg°aɣt. Anecta mačči dayen ur t-iǧan ara ad yawi azwel n umarir ifazen deg umaḍal sɣur FIFA.
Agbur
Tazwara n Zineddin Zidan[beddel]
Zineddin Zidan, ilul di 'Marseille' u yettureba di 'La Castellane', imawlan-is Smaɛil d Malika, ussan-d si tmurt n leqbayel, si taddart Agemmun At Sliman id yezgan di Bgayet.
Zineddin Zidan izmel turagt tamezwarut ines deg 1982 ar taɣlamt n 'US Saint-Henri' ur ibaden ara si 'La Castellane'. Imiren yuɣal ar taɣlamt 'SO Septèmes-les-Vallons' anida yurar alama d 14 isegwasen di laɛmer-is. Di tagar n 1986 yebda urar akw d 'AS Cannes' sanda i-t-ibbwi Mas 'Jean Varraud'. Deg 1987, ikcem ar wamas uselmed n 'Cannes' s ddaw laɛnaya n umyurar aqbur 'Guy Lacombe'. Illa izdeɣ ar yiwet n twacult 'les Elineau'.Asmi isɛa 16 isegwasen, asleɣmay 'Jean Fernandez' iskecmit ar weḥric n usadar (professionnel). Ass n 20 mayu (semyur) 1989 ibda urar deg weḥric amezwaru n tiluɣa n Fransa, mgal 'FC Nantes', anda tturaren 'Marcel Desailly' d 'Didier Deschamps' deg akud nni. Deg 1991 igga iswi ines amezwaru mgal daɣen 'FC Nantes'. Aselway n taɣlamt aki, Mas 'Alain Pedretti', ifka-yas takarust 'Peugeot 205' ttazegaɣt ilmend n yiswi aki, imi yahdit s waya asmi a yeg iswi ines amezwaru. Taɣlamt n 'FC Cannes' tekcem di teqbuct n Urub (UEFA), dɣa ibda a yetturar deg aswir agreɣlan. Lamaana asegwas nni id yernan, 'FC Cannes' t ṣub ar weswir wis 2. Dayen yeǧǧan Zidan ad iruh ar taɣlamt n 'Bordeaux' deg unebdu n 1992.
Iseggasen n Bordeaux[beddel]
Deg 1992 i skecmit uselaɣmay Rolland Courbis ar taɣlamt n 'Girondins de Bordeaux' anda yuɣal yetturar ak° d sin imurar i yuɣalen ar zdat d imeddakil-is di taɣlamt n Franṣa. Wigi d Christophe Dugarry d Bixente Lizarazu. Deg useggas ines amezwaru ar Bordeaux, Zidan iga mraw (10) iswiyen. Deg 1996 yurar tagara n teqbuct n UEFA mgal taɣlamt n 'Bayern Munich' anda xeṣren 'Les Girondins de Bordeaux' snat n tikwal: 0-2 d 1-3, ɣas ulama yufad lḥal sufɣen taɣlamt n 'Milan AC' deg tafquẓt n tagara (1/4 de final). Di teqbuct aki dɣa, wid iḥemlen takurt uḍar, ufan di Zidan d Anaẓur neṣeḥ ay san imal igerzen.
Qqaren belli uqbel ad ikcem Zidan ar taɣlamt n Franṣa, aselaɣmay n taɣlamt n Lezzayer n imiren Abdelḥamid Kermali ur tiqbil ara, imi aken id yenna: aqcic n 'la Castellane', ur ittazal ara mliḥ. Ass n 17 ɣuct 1994 ikcem i tikelt tamezwarut ar taɣlamt n Franṣa mgal n taɣlamt n tigduda n Ček. Ikcem di dqiqa 63 anda yufad lḥal Franṣa texṣer s sin ar wulac (2-0). Imi id ikecem Zidan, iga sin iswiyen, ɣas aken qrib asegwas aken ad yuɣal d amsaddu (titulaire). Armi d 1995, ilmend isfalen n 'Euro 1996', i yerra weslaɣmay 'Aimé Jacquet' Zidan d amarir amenzawi (meneur de jeu).
Zidan ar Juventus[beddel]
Deg 1996, mi tekfa tagara n teqbuct n UEFA anda xeṣren 'les Girondins de Bordeaux', Zidan i zmel akw d taɣlamt imucaɛen Juventus n Turin i yellan d taɣlamt n umarir aqbur Michel Platini. Anecta illa-d s suma n 35 ifad n Frankiten. Yuɣal ihi yetturar akw d Didier Deschamps s ddaw uselaɣmay
Marcello Lippi. Taqbuct n 'Euro 96' ur tɛedda ara akken i wulen i Zidan imi yuffad lḥal yeɛya deg useggas nni yezrin ak° d 'les Girondins de Bordeaux'. Yernu ixdem yiwet n laksida uqbel taqbuct aki.
Aseggas amezwaru ar Juventus iweɛr-as, send akin yuɣal ifaz nezzeh. Aṭas i tittwalin ad iruḥ ar zdat s waṭas. Akw d Juventus yebbwi aṭas n yizwal: snat n teqbucin n 'scudetti' deg 1997 akw d 1998, yiwet n teqbuct 'Super' n Ṭelyan deg 1997, yiwet n teqbuct 'Super' n Turuft deg 1996, akw d yiwet n teqbuct 'intercontinentale' deg 1996. Lamaɛna ur yerbiḥ ara tiluɣa n Champion League snat n tikwal (1997 akw d 1998).Ahat taki ger tisebiwin i t-yeǧǧan ad iruḥ ar taɣlamt n 'Real Madrid'.
Zidan ar 'Real Madrid'[beddel]
Deg yulyu 2001, taɣlamt n 'Real Madrid' tewed ad tezmel Zidan s suma n 77 ifad n 'Euros', dayen ur nella ara uqbel deg umezruy n takurt uḍar. Isegasen imezwura n Madrid, yewi azwel n tiluɣa n Sbenyul akw d tiluɣa n 'Champion League' ines tamezwarut. Dɣa si tmurt n Sbenyul iga Zidan iswiyen ines icebḥen nezzeh di tuddert-is n umarir.
Tirza n Zidan ar tmurt n lejdud-is[beddel]
I tikelt tamezwarut, seg mi yella d amarir, yerza Zidan ar tmurt n imawlan-is akd d lejdud-is di Dujanbir 2006. Din yemlal di mdebren n tmurt u iruh ar Taddart Agemune At Sliman, anda imezdaɣ-is qublen-t-id s lferḥ amuqran. Fi tarza yaki anazur n cna Yidir idda yides.
Iṭṭuqet wawal af tirza n Zidan ar tmurt n lejdud-is ama di tilizriwat, radyuwat, iɣmisen akw d ismal n uzeṭa n Internet. Ama di tmura n tefriqt ugafa (Tamazɣa), ama di Franṣa, ama deg waṭas n tmura umaḍal. Ar leqbayel, llan wid iferḥen s tirza ines, akken llan wid ur nefriḥ, imi qaren belli tella degs tsertit neɣ ayen umi neqqar s tutlayt tafranṣiṣt 'la récupération'. Deg umedya atnan sin imagraden iwen tferneɣ: amezwaru seg uɣmis Izuran, deg wuṭun wis 14 ines, wis sin seg wesmel n tsekla imyura.net.
1. Tirza n Zidane ɣer Lezzayer, ger usirem d tuccda ...
Zinedine Zidane yerza-d ɣer tmurt n lejdud-is, iẓur kra n temnaḍin n Lezzayer ɣef teɣzi n 5 wussan. S laɛraḍa n uselway n Tigduda. Izzayriyen s tuget deg-sen, amur ameqqran d ilmeẓyen, ttmeslayen deg ussan-agi iɛeddan ḥala ɣef tirza n mmis n Teqbaylit, Zizu...
D acu yella-n d amaynut mi ara d-yass yiwen ad izuṛ tamurt anda lulen imawlan-is ? D ayen ur ilaq maḍi ad yili wawal fell-as, acku d azref n yal amdan yellan beṛṛa n tmurt-is neɣ n tmurt n lejdud-is.
S tidet, maca wagi mačči d menwala, d yiwen uzamul n ddabex n ddunit meṛṛa. ɣef aya i d-yella qal u qal ɣef tirza-agi.
Tamawt tamenzut : Zizu yezmer ad d-yas ad izuṛ Lezzayer d taddart Agemmun s wudeM niḍen mačči alamma inced-it-id uselway n Lezzayer. Acku, ɣas akken Zidane yenna-d deg temlilit-is sdat ineɣmasen “nekk d anadal, ur d-ceɣleɣ ara di tsertit”, maca Zizu ahat ur yeḥṣi ara wid t-id-inecden d tasertit i tafellaḥt-nsen, mačči d addal iten-iceɣben...
Tamawt tis snat : Mi testeqsan ineɣmasen ɣef amek yettwali tamsalt n tmaziɣt di tmurt, yerra-yas-d “ ur d-usiɣ ara ad meslayeɣ ɣef tsertit”...
Tamawt tis krad : Yiwen umdan yecban Zidane, yettwassen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yesɛa tadrimt, aṭas n wayen i yezmer ad t-yexdem i warraw n tmurt-is (tamnaḍt n Leqbayel), maca...
Tamawt tis kuẓ : taddart n Ugemmun tfeǧǧeǧ, walan-tt imḍebren ɣef teɣzi n kra n wussan. Simmal ara ad yass Zizu, tirza n teswiɛt, syin yekfa ṭṭbel, yefra wurar, iɣublan n Ugemmun ad uɣalen akken llan. Yiwen n yimḍeber ur yettuɣal ad iwali taddart n ... Zizu.
Nesla aṭas n yilmeẓyen i ɣ-d-yennan acimi Zidane ur d-yenni yiwen wawal ass mi ḍrant tedyanin n Tefsut taberkant, ass mi ɣlin yilmeẓyen. Ula d ibeṛṛaniyen fkan-d tamuɣli-nsen, lḥan deg yiberdan n Fransa ɣer yidis n temnaḍt n Leqbayel (s yisem n izerfan n umdan), wanag netta yiwen ur t-iwala... di tegnitt-nni.
Amdan aɣerfan, ḥemlen meṛṛa meddden, ama d afennan, anaddal, asertan, bɣan ad twalin lɣaci deg teswiɛin iwulmen...
Tettili-d tuccḍa mi ara yiwen ur yefhim ara kra n temsal deg unnar n tsertit. Neyya yellan ɣer Zidane ulac-itt ɣer udabu-nneɣ. Acku seg wass-mi yella di leḥkem, netta ixeddem di tikkerkas...
Ma yecceḍ Zidane di tirza-ines, acimi yiwen ur s-imli ayen yeffren ? Ulamma yewwi-d yid-s yiwen ucennay yessnen timsal yecban tigi. Wagi d Yidir... ahat iɛemmed di tuccḍa neɣ icceḍ ula d netta ?
2. Tisusaf mači d-aman kan, rregmat mači d-awal kan.
Imi deqs n tmeslayt d-illan ɣef umyurar Zidan ussan-a, a d-nernu ula d nekni tin nneɣ s tayi nneɣ. Imi ula d nettat d-tinzert issefk ad iḥadd wumdan s wayen umi yezmer.
Ihi d-tidett, tisusaf mači d-aman kan, rregmat mači d-awal kan.
Aya ahat dayen i d-yugem umyurar „Zidane“ seg idles n imawlan-is. ɣef aya i yefka d-asfel taqbuct n umaḍal n tcirett uḍar, yefka tt d-asfel i tinzert.
Aḍra tura ma d-tidett tinzert mači d-awal kan. Amedyaz iqqaṛ: „tinzert d-ayla“ Ayla n weqbayli d-tutlayt n imawlan-is, d-idles n imawlan-is, win seg d-suddmen ttṛebya, asegmi nni s wayes t ssegman armi meqqeṛ.
Aselway n udabu imsehres n lezzayer, Bouteflika, iɛreḍ it-id. Yyaɣ a-k-id-ɛerḍeɣ ar wexxam-ik. Tayi d-tajḍiṭ !!!! Aselway n udabu ireggmen akk tiyimmatin tiqbayliyin seg wass mi tefra ar ass-a. Nɣan, ɛeyyben, ṛzan…atg Zidan, ma yella, iger ar ɣur-sen, d acmat ad icmet iman-is. Ma yebɣa ad iqqim d-aziḍan ar wayla-s deg umezruy, ad iṛuḥ ar tmurt-is war ma iger irebbi i wid ɣ ireggmen, i wid ireggmen imawlan-is, ireggmen imawlan n imawlan-is.
Iqbayliyen tewwi ten tinzert fkan afud i Zidan. Tura kan i jbiɣ ar yiwen unmager iṛumaniyen illan reggmen deg umyurar aqbayli, qqaṛen as “akka i d-aɛṛaben, d-tiyiti kan i ssnen !” Imi i sen nniɣ dacu-t Zidan, d-acu-t idles ines, d-acu teswa tinzert ar ɣur-s. Seg mi d-nniɣ aya, akken ma llan wid d-irnan iznan deffir-i ttḥaddan amyurar aqbayli, ttḥaddan iqbaylien. Aya d-amedya dakken Zidan nusr-it, nḥwaǧ-it, diɣen yuḥwaǧ-aɣ.
Aqbayli yuḥwaǧ gma-s.
Tura a t nṛaju deg ugwni n truggza, deg ugwni n tinzert nni i t iwwin ad iḥadd tezdeg n yemma-s d weltma-s. Tura iqqim-d ad iḥadd yemma-s, ur ittak ara afus i wid tt ireggmen seg zik akken reggmen akk tiyimmatin nneɣ.
Atan ihi ɣur-wen usaru n tdiwennit iga Zidan i canal +, anda i s inna i uneɣmas nni : "rregmat mači d-awal kan !!"


text:
Abxazya
Tigduda n Abxazya d tamurt d-yezgan ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan.
- Tamanaɣt ines : Suxumi (Sukhumi).
- Tutlayt tunsibt : tabxazit akk d trusit.
- Imezdaɣ : 216 000 (deg useggas 2003)
- Temɣer : 8 432 km2
- Isurdiyen: Rubel arusi.
- Aselway : Sergei Bagapsh.
Abxazya zik tetteki di Suvyat yedduklen. Mi tettwakkes Syvyat yedduklen. Tufa iman-is deg tmurt n Jurjya d acu kan teffeɣ seg-s deg 23 di yulyu 1992 lamaana ulac tamurt yestaarfen s uzarug ines ɣas akken Jurjya ur tettif acemmek deg Abxazya. Di 28 ɣuct 2008 , tafidiralit n Rrus d tamurt tamuzwarut yestaarfen s tmurt n Abxazya.


text:
Asegwas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan isenṭa (yevda) yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s-iswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma yas Display, ahil agi d win id ijevden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d-axeddam di ''Industrial Light & Magic''. Inna yas John ad yeɣref (yexdem) amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid. T.Knoll yebwid dɣa sed wagguren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi ig semma imagepro, di tagara usegwas nni T.Knoll iveddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal aked umɣaraf n scanners Barneyscan iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren aked scanners Barneyscan di tazwara.
Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil ines i Apple aked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, isin idsen iɛeǧvasen wahil agi s-waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yarna iqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ plug-in m-ad T.Knoll yeqqim di Ann Arbor yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0 ifɣed i tikelt tamezwarut.
Photoshop isɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen iɣ yettaǧǧan an ḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar id iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).


text:
Taɛrabt
Taɛrabt d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Aɛraben, Taɛrabt tettekka deg tutlayin tisamiyin am Taɛebrit neɣ tafiniqit n zik, nettat i d tamezwarut gar-asen, 280 melyun ay ttmeslayen-tt.
D tutlayt tunṣibt deg 27 n tmura (Akk timura taɛrabin, ula deg Israel) u d tutlayt taɣelnawt deg Mali, Senegal, d Somalia. Tutlayt taɛrabt tettwura s ugemmay aɛrab u tesɛa (tli) aṭas n tantalyin, kra seg-sen ttemgarradent, amedya : aɛrab alubnani ur i fehhem ara taɛrabt tamerrukit u vis-versa.
Tira n teɛrabt, deg-s 28 isekkilen yettwarun seg uyefus ar uzelmaḍ.
Tamedyazt[beddel]
Yezmer a nebḍu (anferaq) ger sin n timedyazin : tamedyazt n weqbel lislam, tamedyazt n deffir lislam , qaren-as s teɛrabt "Taǧahilit" meɛna-s urtisent, g lawan-nni, aɛraben llan ɛad ur ssinen ara Leqran, f anect-agi, llan tarrun, hadren, tciyiɛen s tmediazt.
Imedyazen aɛraben[beddel]


text:
Loreen
Loreen isem-is unṣib d (Lorine Zineb Nora Talhaoui). Tlul deg 1983. D yiwet n tnaẓurt Tamaziɣt n ccna meqren ig ttidiren di tmurt n Sswid.
Tudert[beddel]
Tluled tcennayt Loreen ass n 16 Tuber asegwas 1983 (Agem, mraw tza d tamet krad) di temdint n Amur-Akuc (Marrakech) di tmurt n Lmarruk deg yiwet n twacult Tamaziɣt, vava-s d yemmas isin idsen d-imaziɣen icelḥiyen.
- Asegwas n 2004 turar Loreen di "Idol" lqem asuwidi n tedwilt American Idol
- Asegwas n 2005 tessufɣed tizlit "Snake" aked ugraw n Rob'n'Raz.
- Ass n 26 di mayu 2012, Loreen tebwi araz amezwaru di temzizzelt n euro vision di temdint n BAKU tamurt n Azerbayiǧan.
Aḍebsaru[beddel]
- 2005 : The Snake aked Rob'n'Raz
- 2011 : My Heart is Refusing Me (Uṭun wis tza 9 di Sswid)
- 2011 : Sober
- 2012 : Euphoria
- TBD : She's The OneTalɣa:Link GA


text:
Scilla Elworthy:
Scilla Elworthy: El-mkafḥa bla teɛnaf
Kifeš netɛamlu mɛa ɛdaysi bla ma nwellu ḥna tanik deɛwa't šerr? F had el-xiṭab ntaɛ el-rzana w el-ruḥ, teḥki, Scilla Elworthy -w hiya munaḍila f el-silm- ɛla el-ṣenɛat elli nestḥeqquhum — beldan w bniyadem — beš nkafḥu el-xšuniya elli zayda ɛla ḥedha bla ma netxešnu ḥna tanik. Beš twajeb el-swal ntaɛ kifeš el-bla-teɛnaf yexdem, tehḍer ɛla 'el-'abṭal f el-tarix — Aung San Suu Kyi, Mahatma Ġandi, Nelson Mandela — w el-falsafat ntaweɛhum elli qewwat el-muɛaraḍa el-silmiya ntaɛhum. (Tssejlet f TEDxExeter).
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text:
Meɣres
Meɣres
Meɣres, amkus n Isragen inesbuɣar aṭas n Duc de Berry (ɣer 1410-1416 dɣa iseggwasen 1440), asalay Condé, Chantilly, Fransa ms.65, f.3.
Ayen yeḍran[beddel]
Wid ilulen[beddel]
- 4 Meɣres 1913, talalit n Ṭawes Ɛemruc.
- 8 Meɣres 1913, talalit n Mulud Ferɛun.
Wid Immuten[beddel]
- 27 Meɣres 1956, tamettant n Mesṭafa U Bulɛid deg Wawras.
- 28 Meɣres 1959, tamettant n Ɛmiruc d Si Lḥewwas deg ugni n yiseɣ, Adrar Tamer tama n Busɛada.
- 28 Meɣres 1960, tamettant n Budɣan Ben ɛli (colonel Lotfi) deg unẓul n Beccar.
- 15 Meɣres 1962, timenɣiwt n Mulud Ferɛun
- Ineɣmasen yeɣlin deg Meɣres s ufus n rrebrab deg yiseggasen n 94, 95, 96 : Lqader Ḥirec, Med Ḥasayen, Ḥasen Benɛuda, Yeḥya Benzaɣu, Almaǧid Yasef, Racid Bendaḥu, Meḥmud Ureḥmun, Racida Ḥemmadi d weltma-s Ḥuriyya, Ɛli Buxerbac, Med ɛebderreḥmani, Slim Triya, Ǧilali Arabdiw, Yeḥya Ɛemmur.
- Imeɣrasen n tefsut taberkant yeɣlin di Meɣres 2002 : Bellaḥsen Racid, Benɛettu Idris, Beṭṭaher Yasin.


text:
Tallat:Amek ara nbeddel asebter?
Win ibɣan ad ibeddel asebter n Wikipedia yezmer, ama win ikelsen ama win ur neklis.
Ata wayen ilaq ad txedmeḍ, ddac-ddac:
Agbur
Amecwar amezwaru : asebter n ubeddel[beddel]
Iwakken at tbeddleḍ asebter ayen teqqareḍ, tekki beddel di teɣmert ufella n usebter :
Amecwar wis 2 : tamnaṭ n tira[beddel]
Tura yezmer usebter ad yettwabeddel, aḍris-is yella deg temnaṭ n tira :
Tura tzemreḍ ad taruḍ, ad tsefḍeḍ, ad tbeddleḍ aḍris i yellan deg temnaṭ-agi. I wakken ad tebduḍ taseddart (paragraphe) tamaynut, ilaq ad teǧǧid ajerrid (ligne) d ilem zdat-es. Deg weḍris ad ilin isekkilen ur tessineḍ ara, am '', ''', [[, ]]. Anamek d useqdec n isekkilen-agi d tamsalt yessefhem umagrad : Tallat:taseddast n wikipedia. I tura, mačči d ccɣel-ik, tzemreḍ ad t-teɣreḍ mbaɛd.
Amecwar wis 3 : pre-timeẓriwt[beddel]
Mi i k-yehwa, tzemreḍ ad twaliḍ ayen tbeddleḍ mebla ma yezga ubeddel deg wikipedia: tekki kan ɣef pre-timeẓriwt (prévisualitation, timeẓriwt yezwiren) s ddaw n temnaṭ n tira.
Dɣa yettban umagrad deg wudem n pre-timeẓriwt (tamnaṭ n tira tezga ddaw n usebter) :
Tzemreḍ ad talseḍ abeddel n usebter d timeẓriwt ines kra n tikkwal i k-yehwa, alamma tekfiḍ leqdic-inek.
Amecwar wis 4 : Asmekti d wegzul[beddel]
Qbel ad tesmektiḍ asebter ibeddlen, mel s kra n wawalen acu tbeddleḍ deg-s. Aru-t deg wurti "agzul" (résumé), s ddaw n temnaṭ n tira. Taneggarut, tekki ɣef tqeffalt "beddel asebter".
D ayen, tuɣaleḍ d awaziw n Wikipedia !
Amecwar wis 4(2) : Eǧǧ ibeddlen[beddel]
I wakken a teǧǧeḍ ibeddlen, wekki Eǧǧ-it am yella tama n tinisa Beddel asebter, Ssken pre-timeẓriwt, atg.
Tamawt:[beddel]
- Tiɣmert n ijdi d asebter anda tzemreḍ a tḥarbeḍ am wakken i k-yehwa.
- I wakken ad yesɛu weḍris talɣa-s yelhan (s yizwal [titres], s wumuɣen [listes], s yiseɣwan [liens], s timudmiwin n isekkilen [polices de caractères], atg.), ilaq a taruḍ s tseddast (syntaxe) n wikipédia .
- Mer ibeddel umseqdac-nniḍen asebter skud telliḍ tetbeddleḍ-it, asmi tesmektiḍ a twaliḍ izen yeqqaren-ak amek ara a txedmeḍ bac a mb°afaqen ibeddlen-ik d ibeddlen-is. Wagi d amgirred n teẓrigt.
- Tikwal a tafeḍ ulac useɣwen "beddel", wamma iban-ed izen ẓer aḍris aɣbalu ("voir le texte source") di lbidal-is. Wigi d isebtar ɛekk°len yinedbalen ɣef kra n ssebba.
- I wakken a tuɣaleḍ ar lqem yezwiren (version précédente) n usebter, tekki asegwen "aezruy" s ufella n uḍris, nadi azemz (la date) n lqem i tebɣiḍ a terreḍ, tekki fell-as, mbaɛd tekki asegwen beddel, taneggarut smekti-t.


text:
Maṛtina Hingis
Maṛtina Hingis d tanaddalt n Tennis Taswisit ilulen ass n 30 Ctamber 1980 di Košice (tamurt n Sluvaki, zikenni čekusluvaki). D nettat id tanaddalt meẓẓilen ig bḍen ad teḥrez talɣuɣa n Grand Chelem si zman n Lottie Dod asegwas 1887, d nettat daɣen id tanaddalt tameẓlant ig bḍen ɣer tqacuct n wedras umaḍan deg umezruy n Tennis.
Tettmeslay Kuz (4) n tutlayin, Tačikit, Talmanit (taswist talmanit), tagyizit d tefṛansist. Tella d tamdakult n unaddal n Golf Serǧiu Garsia, sin akkin tessen amyurar n Tennis Radek Stepanek asegwas n 2006. Tezweǧ ak-d umennay afṛansi Tibault Hutin asegwas n 2010.
Agbur
Temẓ-is[beddel]
Tluled s yisem Martina Hingisová di tmurt n Sluvaki zikenni čekusluvaki, seg mi tesea 8 isegwasen Maṛtina tettidir di tmurt Taswist acku yemmas teiwed zwaǧ. Deg usegwas n 1999 tuY axxam deg temdint n Floride Marikan maca teqqim tettidir di teswist. D yemma-s is yefkan isem n Maṛtina, imi tella tḥemmel tanadalt tameqṛant n Tennis Maṛtina Navṛatiluva, nettat daYen n tmurt n čekusluvaki. Yemma-s tella tetturar addal n Tennis, dYa d ayen itt yeǧǧan attili d tasleYmayt n Maṛtina deg umecwaṛ ines maṛṛa.
Amecwaṛ ines seg (1994-2002)[beddel]
Maṛtina telmed att urar addal n Tennis si temẓ-is, Yurs 5 isegwasen di leemr-is mi tebda tetturar di tedwilin, tessaweḍ att uYal d talYuYt n umaḍal n tullas asegwas n 1994. asegwas n 1996 turar aked Helena Suková deg uslig n Wimledon, dYa tuYal d tanadalt tameẓlant yessawḍen at ḥrez talYuYa agi.
Asegwas n 1997 d win ig walan urar n maṛtina ad yuYal qessaḥ nezzah, tarbaḥ 37 uraren wa deffir wayeḍ, iz d yebwin 6 telYuYa, tebwi Open n lustṛali mgal Mary pierce 6-2 6-2, tebweḍ Yer tagara n Rolland Garros anda texṣer d Iva Majoli acku tuḍen cwiṭ di tagara, tebwi daYen Wimbledon mgal Novotna aked US Open d Venus Williams 6-4 6-0; d ayen itt yeǧǧan att awi Clem amecṭuḥ.
Tebwi kṛad n talYiwin n Grand Chelem yemgaraden, ala Rolland Garros it xṣen sin ibardan di tagara, asegwas n 1999 anda turar aked tanadalt tameqṛant Steffi Graf ig llan di tagara n'umecwaṛ ines deg addal n Tennis, teqqimed deg umezruy, acku Maṛtina teac asenni yiwen wass ur tezmir attettu, tella tarbaḥ urar deg aḥric amezwaru, sinna yellad umgarad garas d unefray, ayen yeǧǧan ula d-imfarǧen (imeshanayen) ad ddun d Steffi Graf, di tagara, Maṛtina texṣer talYuYa, teffeY seg urar s-imeṭṭawen, ayen werǧin n wala deg addal agi. Seg ass nni Maṛtina ut tebwi talYuYa n Grand chelem, teqqim deg umḍiq amezwaru deg ubellez umaḍal, acku trbbaḥ aṭas n telYuYa it tturar, maca ur tebwi ara talYuYa tameqṛant.
asegwas n 2002 texṣer daYen di tagara n Open n lustṛali mgal Jennifer Kapriati, deg urar daYen id yeqqimen deg umezruy aladYa Maṛtina tella teḥrez aḥric amezwaru 6-4, yarna deg wis-sin tella tezwar 4-0, sinna 5-1, ar-mi dezzi fellas Jennifer, tifesniwin di temdint n Melbourne bḍen-t Yer 50°c, ayen yeǧǧan Maṛtina att xṣer zdat Jennifer. Lxṣara y agi d tin yeǧǧan Maṛtina kra wagguren ar zdat ad tḥbes urar n Tennis di Frurar 2003, mbaed mi tesea kra iYeblan deg uḍar-is.
Xas akken, Maṛtina teqimed d yiwet seg tnaddalin n Tennis tameqṛant, dYa imi ur tesea y ara lǧahd amakken tella Monika Seles naY Serena d Venus Williams, maca tebweḍ ad deg amḍiq-is gar asen-t, u ad tiweḍ Yer tqacuct n ubellez n Tennis azal n 275 imalas.
asegwas n 1999 d 2000 tellad sYur "magazine FHM" d yiwet ger 100 tilawin ig cebḥen deg umaḍal, m-ad asegwas 2005 ineYmasen imarikaniyen n "Tennis Magazine" arrantt d tis 22 gar 40 inadalen n Tennis imeqranen di 40 isegwasen ineggura deffir Roy Emerson zdat Evonne Goolagong
TuYalin ines asegwas n 2006[beddel]
Tella azal n 209 imalas d tamezwarut deg ubellez n WTA n Tennis deg umaḍal, ur turar deg tuber 2002 acku tella tesea uguren n ṣeḥḥa deg uḍar-is, asegwas n 2006, Maṛtina tuYaled s-urar, di yennayer tebda urar di Anvers, tadwilt n Proximus Diamond Games, aggur sinna texṣer di Open n Ṭayland.
Di Gold Coast, i lemhegga n Open n lustṛali, tin yebwin 5 n Grand Clem tarbaḥ timlilit ines tamezwarut zdat Maria Vento-Kabchi 6-2 6-1, tarna tarbaḥ snat n temlilin igarzen armi tebweḍ zdat n Flavia Pennetta, tanadalt tis 23 deg umaḍal dYa texṣer timlilit acku tesea uguren deg wammas-is. Ddurt id yarnan texṣer zdat Justine Henin 6-3 6-3.
Di Open n lustṛali 2006, Grand Clem ines amezwaru segm-id uYal s-uran, Maṛtina Hingis tesbegned d-akken mazal-itt d tanaddalt tameqṛant, imi dYa tessaweḍ armi d dduṛt n wis 1/4 si tagara, uqbel ad texṣer zdat n Kim Clijsters di 3 yeḥricen: 6-3 2-6 6-4, maca Maṛtina Hingis ur duYal ara seg Melburn ifassen d-imawen, aladYa tebwi Tabuqalt n uslig (irgazn/tilawin) aked amyuran n tmurt Lhend Mahesh Bhupathi, tabuqalt tis 8 deg Open n lustṛali, 3 (kraḍ) deg Afras, 4 (kuz) deg uslig tilawin, 1 (yiwet) deg uslig irgazen/tilawin.
Di tedwilt n Ṭukyu, Maṛtina tessuffeY ta deffir tayeḍ, Naṭali Decy, Maria Kirilenku d Maria Caṛapuva di 1/2 si tagara, tebweḍ Yer tagara n tedwilt i tikelt tamenzut segm-id uYal, maca di tagara texṣer zdat tarusit Elena Dementieva sin yeḥricen s-ulac (6-2 6-0). Ayagi yeǧǧa Maṛtina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA seg umḍiq n 117 Yer wis 48, sin wagguren kan segm-id uYal s-urar.
Tebweḍ Yer dduṛt tis 1/4 si tagara di Dubai, anda texṣer timlilit ines zdat Maria Caṛapuva, id yerran ttaṛ, ayagi maca yeǧǧa maṛtina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA Yer s-amḍiq wis 32. Tkemmel deg Indian Wells, anda tarna Lindsay Davenport, maca texṣer di 1/2 si tagara zdat Maria Caṛapuva ig ḥarsen tadwilt agi di tagara, di tagara n tedwlit tulid s-amḍiq wis 26 deg umaḍan.
Tewḍel Yer tedwilin n wakal, anda Maṛtina tennad d-akken ala Rolland Garros itt ixuṣṣen deg tedwilin n Grand Clem, u d yiwet seg tYawsiwin itt yeǧǧab tuYaled Yer wurar, deg Vaṛṣuvi texṣer di dduṛt tis snat zdat Venus Williams s-ugemmuḍ: 4-6 7-5 6-4. Di Berlin tebweḍ Yer 1/4 si tagara anda texṣer zdat Amili Muresmu:4-6 6-4 6-4.
Ass n Acur 21 Mayu 2006 Maṛtina tesbegned d-akken tuYaled s wazal-is imi tarbaḥ tadwilt n Ṛṛum di temlilit n tagara zdat tarusit Dinara Safina s-ugemmuḍ 6-2 7-5, tagi d tarennawt ines tamenzut seg 2002, u d tis 41 deg umacwar ines; deg ubellez Maṛtina tulid Yer s-amḍiq wis 14.
Di barra n wannar, Maṛtina tellad d « come-back n usegwas » deg Laureus Award n Barcelone, i tuYalin ines ifazen Yer wurar. Sinna mi tarbaḥ tamaricanit Lisa Raymond, tačikit Zuzana Ondrášková, takṛuatit Ivana Lisjak, tizraelit Shahar Peer, texṣer deg 1/4 n Roland Garros zdat tabeligit, tisnat deg umaḍan, Kim Clijsters.
TuYal Yer Wimbledon 5 isegwasen si tikelt taneggarut, tarbaḥ Olga Savchuk, Tathiana Garbin maca teYli di ddurt tis kṛaḍ zdat tajapunit Ai Sugiyama. Di tedwilin n Marikan texṣer deg 1/4 di San Diego zdat daYen n Kim Clijsters. Tebweḍ Yer tagara di Montreal, ayen itt yeǧǧan ad kcem Yer 10 timezwura deg ubellez umaḍan. Deg US Open texṣer di ddurt tisnat zdat tafṛansit Razzano. Di tedwilin n Asia, tebwi tadwilt n Kalkuta zdat Pučkuva, tṛuḥ ssin Yer seoul anda texṣer di dduṛt tisnat zdat Sania Mirza.
Maṛtina tessaweḍ ad ttekki deg Msters n Madrid, acku tuYalin ines d tin ig garzen s waṭas, maca tuzgad deg aggay awṛaY, anda tella Ameli Muresmo, Nadia Petṛuva d Justine Henin texṣer zdat Henin d Muresmo, maca tarbaḥ Nadia Petṛuva di temlilit tis kṛaḍ.
2008[beddel]
Ass wis Kuz Yennayer 2008, tettwaḥbes seg urar azal n sin isegwasen sYur amqun agraYlan n Tennis, Yas akken Maṛtina teḥbes urar m-akken kan tesla Yef wenYad ines umdig, ITF tekssa-s arazen d tedrimt itebwi seg Wimbledon 2007. M-ad Maṛtina teḥbes urar n Tennis i tikelt taneggarut.


text:
Qsemṭina
Twasen taYremt n Qsentina s taYremt n tiqenttarin y twaealqen agezdu 25.
Tarakalt[beddel]
Qsenṭina d tamdint n wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Ldzayer, tezga-d ɣef yiran n yiwen n wecṛuf d aɛlayan, nnig wasif n Rumel. D nettat ay d tamaneɣt n twilayt n Qsenṭina. Zedɣen-tt 438.000 n yimezdaɣen.
Tadamsa[beddel]
Qsenṭina d tamdint tameqrant n tnezzut (ttjaṛa) akked temguri (industrie) yerna tella deg-s yiwet seg tesdawiyin timeqranin akk n Ldzayer. Zik, Qsenṭina d yiwen seg temdinin wuɣur d-ttasen medden ad lemden.
Amezruy n temdint[beddel]
Tezga-d taYremt n Qsentina g tama n umalu n tamurt n Dzzayer, yella ism-is Cirta g tawala n inumidien ass-nni, tella TamanaYt n tanumedt Numidia seddaw ufus n Misipsa llan zedYen gyes imzenza irumanen, yderqiten Yugurten, dacu yejjan Caius aselway n amenkud n Rruman a-t yekcem, semmant Rruman daɣen Constantina f isem n Konstantin amezwaru.[1]
Ttfents ieraben sdefir-nsen, umbaed, iṭṭurken, umbaed ifransisen yezmirara Clauzel a-t yekcem g aseggwas n 1836, maca ikecmi-tt s deffir-es Vale (Valée) yeqim deg-s Damermont, akwd Lamorsier
Tesɛa Qsenṭina tura Tasdawit n Qsenṭina, Amafag n Qsenṭina (Rroplan), atg.


text:
Luxembourg
Luxembourg d yiwet n tmurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yuzgan ger tlisa, ger yiberdan. Sufella d Biljik ay tt-id-ilessen, swadda d Fransa, ma seg wegmuḍ (ccerq) d Lalman. Akal-agi amecṭuḥ ay d-iweḥlen ger n "yimeqqranen", xas ur yewwiḍ ara wezgen n umelyun n medden ay t-izedɣen, ass-a nefren ad awen-d-nawi fell-as awal, acku tikwal, aṭas ara d-nelmed si tɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ. Naɣ yeqqar-as wanzi ɣur-neɣ "Izem yeḥwaǧ s aɣerda".
Luxembourg, d tamurt i ɣef ur nsel ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin, d acu kan, aɣlan-agi (nation) amecṭuḥ yesɛa tutlayt-is i yiman-is, d tin umi qqaren taluksemburgit, ur telli d tantala (dialecte) n tefr'ensist wala d talɣa tadigant (forme locale) n talmanit, wanag d tutlayt i yiman-is, d tin ay d iles aneṣli n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi yernu yis-s ay ttidiren di tudert-nsen n yal ass. D ayen ibanen ma nenna-yawen-d d akken imezdaɣen n Luxembourg,
Iluksemburgiyen, d agdud yesɛan nnif ɣef wazalen-is (valeurs), ɣef tnettit-is (identité) akk d tutlayt-is. Dɣa xas ma yella idles afr'ensis yeǧhed, yeffeɣ i tlisa n Fr'ansa alammi ay yewweḍ ass-a s idurar n Ǧerǧer akk d tmura n Tefriqt, xas ma yella tutlayt talmanit tewweḍ ɣer ṭṭerf n wemḍal, anda ma nedda nezmer ad naf wid yettmeslayen yis-s neɣ ay tt-ilemmden, di Luxembourg, ayen yellan d aberr'ani iban, ma d ayen yellan n tmurt d netta ay yesɛan azal meqqren, ur t-rrin di rrif am wiyaḍ, wanag refden-t d asawen akken ad yagar akk ayen d-ikecmen si berr'a. Di Luxembourg, yal taɣawsa tesɛa amkan-is, yal yiwen yesɛa ccɣel-is. Iberr'aniyen keccmen-d ssbeḥ ad qedcen, tameddit, yal yiwen ad yuɣal s axxam-is neɣ ɣer tmurt-is, ma d tutlayin tiberraniyin ay d-ikecmen ɣer Luxembourg akken kecment ɣer tmura nniḍen, sseqdacen-tent Yiluksemburgiyen di leṣlaḥ-nsen, rran-tent d taklatin-nsen deg wexxam-nsen, yal yiwet fkan-as ccɣel-is, d acu kan, mi ara d-taweḍ tizi n tidet, mi ara terzu temsalt asselḥu n tɣawsiwin n tmurt, asselmed n yigerdan akk d usseqdec n tutlayt di tudert-nsen, Iluksemburgiyen d tin-nsen kan ay sseqdacen, xas ssnen mliḥ tafrensist akk d talmanit. Tutlayt taluksemburgit ay yellan d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin timecṭaḥ akk deg wemḍal, yerfed-itt unabaḍ (gouvernement) aluksemburgi d asawen akken ad tili d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) tamenzut di tmurt, yuɣ lḥal, tamurt-agi tamecṭuḥt, teẓra d akken imi ay d tamecṭuḥt, lǧiran-is zemren ad as-uɣalen d icenga-yines, zemren ad tt-ttcen s tefses. ɣef wanect-a ay terra tutlayt-is, xas akken d tamecṭuḥt d tutlayt n tmurt yernu d yiwen seg yizumal meqqren n tfernant (patrie) taluksemburgit. Anect-a yesskan-d tikkelt nniḍen d akken tutlayt ur telli d awal kan, wanag d tigejdit meqqren di tnettit (identité) n tmura akk d yegduden. D acu kan, nnig waya, tutlayt taluksemburgit yerfed-itt ula d agdud-is deg wul-is, imi ay yuki d akken d nettat ay d tarwiḥt n tmurt-is, dɣa yefka-yas tamkant ɛlayen, xas ad naf aṭas n Yiluksemburgiyen iqeddcen s tefrensist neɣ qqaren aɣmis-nsen s talmanit, iles ay sseqdacen wagar-asen ur d asen-yeɛriq ara, zzux-nsen d tutlayt-nsen, werɛad ur lmiden ara ad zuxxen s wayen ur nelli nsen.


text:
Muḥend Arab Besaɛud
Muḥend Aɛrav Besaɛud ilul deg useggas n 1924 deg Tgemmunt Lejdid, deg tɣiwant n At Dewala. Yella deg tegrawla-nni mgal tahrest tafṛansiwt d amaɣnas n Umussu Aɣelnaw Azzayri. Werǧin yefka afus deg wayen yumen d abrid n tidett, d abrid yessuffuɣen ar tlelli n wegdud. Deg Iggen n Uslelli Aɣelnaw (ALN) yerra-t Krim Belqasem d yiwen seg imeqqṛanen.
Deg useggas n 1966 yesbedd Agraw Amaziɣ, netta, Ṭawes Ɛemruc, Muḥemmed Arkun akk d Imaɣnasen nniḍen.
Deg useggas 1978, imsulta ifṛansiwen ḥebsen-t netta akk d wid yettilin imir-nni deg uxxam n Ugraw Amaziɣ, am Saibi akk d sin nniḍen. Ifṛansiwen d aḥṛas i ten-id-ḥeṛsen imir-nni wid yeṭṭfen adabu deg Lezzayer akk d Lmeṛṛuk, Bumdian akk d Ḥasen wis sin.
Snejlan-t seg tmurt n Fransa, yezger ar tmurt n Legniz anda yedder almi d tuɣalin-is ar tmurt deg useggas 1997.
Tazmert d tameɛlalt, aṭan yettnerni, terna-yas teqṛeḥ yenneqṛaḥ zdat n tmenɣiwt n ilemẓiyen deg tefsut taberkant, tewwi-t tmettant ass 01/01/2002. Ittwamdel amenzu n Yennayer n useggas 2952 deg Uqawej.
Agraw Amaziɣ seg wass mi i d-yennulfa yuɣal d taqeṛṛabt n umennuɣ ɣef idles akk tutlayt imaziɣen deg teɣremt n Paris. Deg iseggasen n 70, win i d-yefflen, deg imaɣnasen, seg tmurt nneɣ ar Fṛansa, lembat-is d Agraw Amaziɣ. Agraw-a yekka s waṭas deg takin i yukin iqbayliyen s twaɣit yeḍran yid-sen, tin i sen-yefka udabu azzayri. Agraw amaziɣ yefka i iman-is iswi amenzu a d-issaki agdud yeṭṭsen.
Ccna d yiwen seg wallalen yesseqdec Ugraw Amaziɣ akken ad yessiweḍ izen. Yessawal i icennayen iqbayliyen akken ad cnun ɣef timmuzɣa. Tugett seg-sen rran-d tiɣri. Ass-agi tanemmirt i nutni imi amennuɣ yewweḍ ar wezgen ameqqran deg iswi i yefka i iman-is.
Deg Paris, lamikkal n FLN deg Fṛansa tezga tettnadi amek ad teṛṛez ifadden i wegraw amaziɣ imir-nni. Tella tessexdam nniya n ixeddamen iqbayliyen deg Fṛansa akken ur d-ttarran ara i tiɣriwin n Wegraw neɣ a s-nerwin timliliyin iskarayen. Ma ɣas akken lamikkal tesɛa idrimen aṭas maca ur tessaweḍ ara ad teṛṛez amennuɣ.
Adabu s timmad-is ur yessaweḍ ara ar iswi-s ad iṛṛez amennuɣ n iqbayliyen ɣef timmuzɣa ma ɣas ar ass-a ur yegzim ara asirem. Asirem n udabu yeqqim-d ass-a deg wayen yerki uɣerbaz azzayri akk d ixxamen n ddin. Yessefk kan ur as-neqqaṛ ara: "dayen adabu yefsi tiyersi, dayen newweḍ s iswi, nezmer a nuɣal ar yiḍes".
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