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TAFRARA
Aurore
roman kabyle
@ L'Hannattan,
A W AL
ISBN: 2-7384-3333-2
SALEM ZENIA
TA FRA RA
Aurore
roman kabyle
Éditions L'Harmattan 5-7, rue de L'École Pol ytechnique 75005 Paris
AWAL 4, rue de Chevreuse 75006 Paris
Le Centre d'études et de recherches Amazigh (CERAM), fondé - en 1984 à la Maison des sciences de I'homme à Paris, avec le soutien de Pierre Bourdieu - par Mouloud Mammeriet son groupe, est destiné à servir de lieu de rencontre et de communication aux chercheurs versés dans les études berbères. Le CERAM, au service d'une passion désintéressée, s'est donné pour objectif principal de favoriser la collecte systématique de textes de littérature orale, dont beaucoup sont menacés de disparition. Le Centre publie une revue annuelle, Awal, Cahiers d'études berbères, qui est à son numéro dix et une série d'ouvrages publiée aux Editions AWAL, dont une collection à la Maison des sciences de l'homme.
Editions Awal, 4, rue de Chevreuse, 75006 Paris. Editions L'Harmattan, 5-7, rue de l'Ecole polytechnique, 75005 Paris.
Ahric I
Igenni yezzegzew d ayen kan, akken tezzegzew tmurt s ddawas. Mlalen idurar d igenwan ansi d-uyalent wallen. Amzun s-yenni i d-tuyal tmurt ; amzun s-yenni i d-fflen di sin. Il).eddufen n usigna man temIel i igenni. Zegren-t deg iyir s iyir am tejlibt n izamaren, nemsutraren, s ani ten-yenher waqu erren. I!ij yeggar-ed tafukt t-ta~eylant, tetrus yef ulawen ; tetrus yef yeysan i t-yeHi+inen. D ipj i d-yenalin fellas-yef tmurt-wergin yezgil ass-is maca, isewrarayen-is gumman at-id awqen. Nekwni d yi!ij n tmurt nney, neHemwali kan d amwali, asfel-is ur d ay-d yetna1.Tikwal kan i d-tessensar tafat-is ger usigna ; tikwal kan i d-tfelIu tagut trennu-d afaten i wedrar n Jerjer, ye++len di tlemmast n tmurt am ugadir. Amzun yezzwer-ed i tyaltin, yemme~qen am ugrtil, ammer ad ffyent, ad zegrent s anezruf; akken yezzewr i unezruf ammer a d-yali s amatu. Jerjer, yezga-d di tlemmast n sin imeqlan, di tlemmast n sin igenwan. Akkin, d an~ul alIen ur d-Huyalent ; akka-d, ula d ul yusa-d yengeq. Jerjer i d-yecfan i wmenzu, nufa-d yura fellas umezruy i ineggura. Ibded amzun d ayrab ger sin yegduden, ger sin idelsan, i d-ssemlalen wussan d umezruy yer yiwen wakal. Ger Jerjer d yillel Agerakal, ger temgu!-is !-temgu! n Ibel).riyen, zegrent tyaltin d iyallen yzan isaffen. Isaffen imelIalen i d-yeHarran isewrarayen n yi!ij mi yessel).~el).; istulIusen allen, seg wakken ula daman degsen d asfel. Slid targa ney snat, am tjerwiqin, tcercuren degsent, tessen yegqaq d kra n yextan yezgel nnger. Ula di tegrest, aseggwas yef xemsa i
Salem Zenia
nefflen isaffen d iyezran. Wama iseggwasen nniqen, yetta-ten uyurar, amzun ur iyeHi degsen yi!ij, kra yennul yefYa, yesraggwet aman yerna ilyen. Yekkat uyurar ula deg imdanen. Abe~ri d asemmaq, teddaham-it-id tiyli seg ille!. Tiyli n tmurt agi am ugeffur-is, s tujmiwin i d-nasen. Xas akken tisemhuyin zerrfent yal ta di taHit-is. Di tegrest, asemmiq yeteellif udmawen amzun yettak i!en!inen ; anda rrant wallen a sent-id tban tmurt s weeqaq n wedfel... d tasemhuyt iwumi ur nezmir. Deg weHal, allen a tent yali ealwaw ad re~~int yef tyaltin idel ujewwani, ur yelli i d-yetbanen. Imdanen sselqafen, eaqen, am iyuzaq.Aman ulae, ilefqan uyen, agan yesrus iman-is... d tasemhuyt iwumi ur nezmir. Ddaw tyaltin yeqleq uzayar iman-is amzun d aeettiq, yebqa wasif n Sbaw yef sin. Asif, i d-yuyen a~ar si Jerjer usamer, yudfen deg wagerkal. Azayar yebda yeniwpy, niwpyen yigran. Nniges, yef yidisan-is, i d-mmyint tyaltin yulin d asawen ; tiyaltin yeggaren tir si zik n zik yef ueengu, !£assant yef wid i tikerzen di talwit. Tiyaltin yemme~qen ta deg ta, sburrent imuday ubucie, d uzemmur i d-yemyin am ibawen ger yeslaqen d yezra n tfezza tawrayt, d acabuy. Ger wanneet-a, mmyen wurtan yetwaneqcen, d ibrarazen, ~errzen imawlan am tarwa nnsen ney ugar. D nutni i sen-itekksen tuggwdi n la~, d nutni i d igerrujen nnsen imenza. I~milen, itwa~erben s weslen, zzin-d yef tudrin d u~miken, imi di yal aseggwas yeni1i-d benu nnsen. Begu ur d-nenili s war imenyi. Ineggura ur ufin ad ~~un, ttifentiqin i ten-id yet~i~in. Imir, si tfen!i! nni s inig. Tamurt ur tezmir i warraw-is, lywerba teldi-d imi-s. Wid yunagen ibanasen, wid yeqqimen di tmurt tezzin yef teqwirin nni, xas akken t-timee!u~in teHun-tent d i~ricen n tyeddiwt, n taga, d kra n tbe~lin. Ur telli teqwirt yeqqimen d asuki. Xas meHiyit, twanqacent ar tardast taneggarut. Twanqaeent s nnif, i wudem n medden, akken a tent-id walin zzant. Dayen, ttasent-ed d .. .. amalal, imi amsedrar ur yures tiliwa d-yenaken lwiz. Lwiz yures daman d wayen ssemyayen. Tamurt ur teHi fellas tatut, Imaziyen ddren i wakal nnsen. D ilelliyen deg wakal nnsen, s wakal nnsen. Tamurt deg wulawen 6
Tafrara
i tezga. ras te(';(~a-ten lywerba, yas mmyen timura n medden, du leqrar akal nni ten-id yurwen a sen-yessiwel. D akal n lejdud ad sgunfun degs, asgunfu aneggaru, asgunfu ameylal. Tudrin, re~~ant di tlemmast n tyaltin, t-tiyezfanin, ckembrent yef tqucac nnsent, amzun tecgent-ed d akwessar yer yefriyen i sent-id yezzin. Traggwatent s tidiwin i d-yetsummu degsent yirij, irennun tuqqda i iqermuden imizwiyen yesyiyid yal a~yal. Ger yexxamen, ger tzeywa yemyintaqen, yemyidQasen, ta ttekka yer tayeq, ta tuyal t-tasalelt i tayeq, yebnan s tfezza yerra wakud t-taberkant s teywzi iseggwasen, Han iberdan d ireqqaqen, ayen i deg ara teeddi zzayla s teebga. Win ara yerren tazeqqa a d-yeN~ kra deg webrid n taddart. Akkin, ur yelli wanidaara ya~, d ifri ney d ayla n medden. Yal tiymert n wexxam degs asefreg i ugudu. Agudu, tama d aQwiq n texsayt yummen isennanen, tama xebbqen degs iyuzaq. Yal axxam yures iyawsiwen, ayen yellan yer wa i yellan yer wayeq, ger kra d waras. FeHasen amezruy n taddart yura. Yal tiymert, yal ayrab, yal ayalad yecfa-d i kra. Yecfa-d i tfenrir n umezruy yedder di taddart : d grad, d talwit, d uraren ney d timeqlin. Yal tiyilt tetmuqul di tayeq. Di tilawt yiwet nnsent akken Hant. Amzun yiwen ufus i tent yebnan. Akken Han, imezdayen nnsent, yiwen umahil nnsen ; yiwen weybel i ten-yesdukkulen ; yiwen webrid i nayen di yal taluft. Ger taddart t-tayeq, acku mqarabent, nalin-d izabuqen n wabbwu d iberkanen, d imeHalen, di lexlawi ney ger yexxamen, smentagent temyarin akken smentagent tilufa di taddart. Imuday n ubucic qqwlen d ikufan ubeHuq, imi zrin iseggwasen n la~ d nena i yufan medden d ayrum. Zrin iseggwasen, izuyar ur twakerzen, abelluq yesken-d iman-is ziy yetma~~a, Hid ula d nena. Am akken Hidet tebrayt d yemyan nniqen deg yuraren ney deg wussan n nrad.I.eddan akw, ggan limara nnsen ; ggan tuggwdi n la~ di tmurt ; ggan ccwami deg ixfawen i tent-ineblen, yeqqimen degsen d aktay, d ar~agan, teQrez tsuta i tayeq. Ggan limara nnsen di tmurt, deg wakal ; di yal tiymert ibedden, di yal asarag. ldurar, uyalen d iberkanen si IQif yekkan feHasen, si tEekkwmin refden ; ddren yal imenyi, 7
Salem Zenia
quzmen yal times. Xas akka yekka wannect-a fellasen, wergin ten-teggi temlel d ccba~a. Imi ccba~a nnsen d imezdayen-nnsen. Ceb~en imi d-zegren leqrun ssadren i~uran, meblen-ten ur rkin, ur nnegzan, ur twagezmen. Ddren s tneffut nnsen, akken yedder Tasili n Ajer. Tura, yal taddart, yal amdan, yal addag, yal iyzer, yal targa, ran a d-snesren deg wakal yal iccer ggant temhersiwin, akken ad ddrent tsutwin d-iteddun di liser, di talwit. Agwni, d yiwet n taddart i d-yezgan ger sin iyezran, d ilqayanen, yummen idurna n tidegt d u~ebbuj. Msutraren almi mlalen yer tewwurt n uzayar am sin izerman. Zzhir n waman mi skefkufen d us~ew~ew n yegqaq yenali almi t-taddart.Garasen i teqleq iman-is. Agwni, yefferkekkin t-tiferkiwin am yal taddart i s-d yezzin, yegr iman-is deg wmaday n uzemmur, tixwefbin, tiselnin d wurtan, i s-itekksen la~ ; i s-d inarran tili. D aya i tigemmi-s. Urni n wannuyen, myint-ed t~urin, tiremmanin d kra izegza, imi din kan i wejden waman. S nnig taddart d asawen d adrar n zzan. Agwni, yures tizeywa twebnant yef yiwet ~da, wlac tin yugaren tayeq, am imezday-is. Maca, llant tid yudren maqi, ssqef nnsent yenuyal yef ammas n wales. fef wedrar, win ara s-d-igren tamawt, d ayen i d imekli n wallen, ccba~a n yiyil d ccba~a n taddart. Di tlemmast-is, yezger webrid deg iywmer ar iywmer. Zedyen sin iderma d ime~yanen, yiwen yenef tama ufella wayeq tama n wadda, mguggin urni n tejmaEt yesdukklen ixxamen d yemdanen. lberdan t-tzergwatin meffa ssufuyen yer tejmaEt i deg d-yeffey yiwen webrid d ajerwiq, yessufuy yer tala d-yezgan s ddaw taddart ; issufllY dayen yer lexlawi, n At Wegwni, ye~~uren t-tiEecciwin d igwerbiyen. Wama itemma, netwali-ten kan deg izuyar. Agwni, yaEreq deg wedrar, ala nena yenurfin we~des.Yenakwi-d s walluy n yi!ij yeggan s lIyelluy-is. Mi tufrar, imeksawen ad kkren ad ssufyen lmal nnsen ; ixeddamen ad heggin iman nnsen, ad ssakwin tarwa nnsen yer llakul. Akken ara d-yenqef yi!ij, yenay IQal azgen ameqwran deg At Wegwni yenuyal-ed si lexlawi.Wama tilawin t-timezwura yer tala, ad nfent nnuba. Degsa d-agwment, degs ad msufayent 8
Ta/rara
isalen ney nnmayem.Ama d imenyi ama d annecre~, yal taluft tifrat-is di tala. D tala i t-tajmaet nnsent. Ayen akw yellan di tuden tatran ney di temdinin, At Wegwni ur t-ssinen akken iwata.Ddren am at zik. Akken i ten-id tufa tegrawla n 54, i tentegga tifrat di 62. Ney ead nitni man tin garasen d "waeraben". Ddren deg wakal, slid kra d imestujar, ala ayen i s-fkan ara send yefk, ala ayen zerEen ara d-megren. Agwni, ur t-ssinen medden. Zran kan tella taddart t-tamec!u~t. Wid i ten-issnen - At Wegwni - d imexqa, wissen ahat d iyawen ney d iqulan. Slid nitni ssnen tamurt nnsen, ssnen iman nnsen, ansi d-uyalent tlisa n wakal d wansi d-uyalent tid n wawal. Imenyi yef tlisa ur t-ssinen, imi tid nnsen d iyezran, nnigsen d adrar. Ayen yellan akkin, ur tnadin ad zren d acu-t ney wi t-ilan. Amaqal nnsen yuyal-ed s nnig wedrar ar ddaw-as s azayar. Akkin, akka-d, d amaqal nniqen. Kr' ara yeqrun di taddan yeqqim din, s nnif, amayef a sen-d sslen. Ayen iqerrun berra ur ten-icqi. Ass n tsewwiqt, nitni tsewwiqen ssuq n Yilmaten, i d-nawin ula d nitni isalen, i tmezran le~bab ; i ferrun kra n temsal yeenan lEerc, imi yallEerc s ssuq-is. Maca, ssuq i k-yewan sewweq-it fellak leenaya. Ilmaten, t-taddart meqqwren, am Ugwni, tezga-dddaw wedrar. Maca, nitni - At Yilmaten - YUfsentazayart, dayemmi i ten-femen d ssuq. Mi zzin yemsewwqen n At Wegwni s ixxamen, tuffya nnsen ar d-tezzi ddurt. Ussan nnsen di lexlawi ney di tyessawL Tarwa nnsen, abeeda tasuta taneggarut, yal ta~eb~it ad ffyen i wsemmiq yer llakul i d-yezgan dya deg Ilmaten. Llakul tegga Fransa. Wama wid nney bran i gbel deg waman. Ma t-tullas, ugwin-asent ad yrent. Yiwet yezzif webrid, tayeq am akken ur ttekki trugza win yefkan yellis at-1'Yef.Sut Yilmaten yrant akw, d ayemmi ur sliken di tselqab n At wegwni. Win yekkren yer wayeq a s-yini "Ilmaten yefkan tullas nnsen ad Yrent, ur yursen nnif wala tirrugza". Sut Wegwni ttimnifiyin imi qqiment deg wexxam ? Uggwaden ammar yiwen wass a d-tekker tmenut ara yifen irgazen n At Wegwni, ara yifen imusnawen nni nnsen ? Ney uggwaden a ten-te~kem ? D 9
Salem Zenia
aya i !-!uggwdi nnsen ? Tamenut, amkan-is ddaw iq.arren nnsen, d azgen nnsen. Akken i !-yexleq Rebbi, yekkes-i!-id deg idis n Adem, ulamek assa ara tili temmed. Akka i {-byan nutni. Aeku, wlae win ara yinin tif-iyi tmenut, lemmer ad yili d aneggaru ineggura. Imi tamenut i d isem-is yif-it, nena isem-is argaz ! Akka i !-!amenut, t-!aklit, n tudert, n wergaz, n medden ? Ttayawsa, fellas tu<:':<:':it.. tettali tettader, i Imend n thuski-s d . .. iyallen-is utwilen. Tetnuz, tettuval. Attan de g wexxam, tetraJ 'u bab-is a d-yas... Di tilawt, Agwni, {-tilawin i t-iEeInfen, azgen deg yergazen-is yeffey, yunag, wa di Fransa, wa di temdinin n tmurt nney am di Qsen!ina, Wehran ney Lzzayer. Di lyerba, niIin akken Uan di tudrin nnsen, yal wa s wedrum-is ; yal wa s uydebbu-s, yal wa s tyara-s ney s yensayen-is. D azenziy n tmeddurt nnsen di taddart i nalsen di lywerba. Ma d wid yeqqimen iban iyimi nnsen. Kkren ifassen nnsen deg wexbac n wakal. Issery-iten we~yal. Qquren akken qquren ye~ra i sen-d-yezzin. Maca, uIawen nnsen d inafrayen, degsen talsawit, xas urgin ssinen ney sIan s wuktuyen itraren yef telsawit, deg wernruj n taddart i deg ddren. Tayert n twenna! i sen d-yezzin ur telli t-tamec~a~t, teskecmasen amur n ddyel, tismin t-tkerkas di tmeddurt nnsen, imi tenger lewfa, kra yellan s Iqis. Yella deg wawal "win ye<:':<:':an amur-is yessader i wallen-is". D annect-a, ahat, i ten-yerran d iqes~anen, diquranen, ur ssurufen. Akken byun ilin, d inafrayen ney d u~q.imen, teUa yiwet ur ten-tezdiy : D asaruf. Azwaw ad yili akw am yemdanen n yal tamurt, n yal agdud, di tyawsa am ta ixulef-iten. Azwaw, amzun ur yeUi usaruf deg wul-is, ur yessin d aeu-t. Iceffu ula yef ubziz n d ir.Izmer a t-yenu kra iseggwasen maca, ad yeqqim deg wul-is aIamma eudden-as tayesmart... ur yessuruf. Azwaw, wIac i yenagwad am awal. I yebyun yeq.ru yides, ahat, a s-d-yas fessus, ar awaI ur yezmir a t-yawi. Akken qqaren "lefdux jerr~en ~ellun, lehdur qqazen rennun". Nnyan yergazen yef awal. Yiwen n At Wegwni, izger tajmaet neHa t-tmenut-is, isne~ne~-ed yiwen ger wid yeqqimen dinna. Issaweq.-it s axxam yuyaI-ed, s ubeckiq., issers-as yiwet ger wallen.
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Tizenqatin n Wegwni, zgant umsent. Di tegrest d alU(~; deg we~yal d ayebbar i deg yerwi zzbel !-!bururin. 1zga uyebbar deg genni, zgan imezdayen umsen. Aman drus, wissen ahat ssucufen tikkelt s ya yer da. Di tejmaEt, slid kra yyemyaren tessagwer tmenant tekkan yef te~nayin, nuraren tiddas ney tmektayen-d tem~i nnsen ; nawin lewhi s wallen. Yal tilem~it yerran asagwem yef tuyat-is, tuy abrid n tala, a s-sqefren tamuyli s tuffra. Ulleqqaq agwlim yeqqur. Aqummel ur iteffey seg wulawen, alamma yeffey-ed !Tut)nni amcum. Ma yella win i sen-yegren tamawt, ad rren iman nnsen !muqulen arrac yenuraren, nemzazalen. 1myaren, !-!irni s iqenduren d iqahwiyen - !!awin ammus - !-!cucay tizeggwayin. Slid yiwen ney sin, garasen, i d-yufraren s iqenduren d imellalen, d izedganen, widak d l~eggag.Wama wiyiq yiwet nnsen, yiwet l~ala. ~qiqet akw ffellasen, yerna te!ban-ed yef udmawen nnsen yesseqde~ yitij. Si zik n zik i yiwet nnsen. Lemmer a d-yenreq wemkan nni a d-yini cfiy-d i tsutwin urarent felli, qqiment felli..., ur nbeddel am nek am nutni, am tsutwin n imira. Ula t-tilawin hedment, am .. yergazen nnsent. T-!imexqa tid il}erzen ikwesman nnsent yef tyita n yitij. Ahat !-!islatin iwmi ur yeslif lt)if ney d tid yeddurin icuqaq n imawlan, trajunt tawenza nnsent. Ulamma qlilet tin ara yeffyen taddart. "Menyif tayazit n tmurt-iw tasekkurt n tmura". Tiyaq dayen akken, "aksum yerkan i t-ineblen d imawlan". Tamegut n At wegwni tezga deffir tgemmi-s, fellas i yebded wexxam. 1yimi ulac. Ugar, mi !-fkan tlatin tfuk. Te!yar, tenibrik, tenaser am yetbir aksum. "Ixxamen m-medden waEfen m'ur nyin ad sqeEfentt. Dya, di tlemmast n taddart n At Wegwni, ger tzeywa, yemmintaqen, i yella wexxam n Yidir. Zdat n tewwurt nnsen, yemyi-d wejgwu n trisiti yeqqimen akken s teklut nni n ~did ay din d aseggwas. Tafat-is, ala ayen zfan di temdinin. Mi d-yeyli yiq, ur iferrez wemdan anda ara yessers iqarren-is. Ula d 19az nni n zik, ttarran di llambat, ulac-it. .. Tawwurt yef sin lelwa~. Tenuyal s yiwen uzekrun annect ila-t. Axxam n Yidir degs snat n tzeywa mqabalent, afrag di
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tlemmast. Akken akw me~sub i gant le~wafÎ n taddart, ttudyiqin. Am tin n umerkanti am tin n u~awali. Di tilawt, yiwet nnsen akken llan, ur yelli umerkanti ur yelli u~awali. Tamurt ur tessagwer ara yawi yiwen yef wayeq. Tame~la yellan garasen ulac degs, wa yures ayyul, wayeq d aserdun ; wa iteH aksum yiwen wass deg wussan, wayeq di lEid ar lEid tameqwrant. Wama tineggura-ya, iminigen i d-yegasen seffaqen l~if yef yiman nnsen, bdan Wfriren-d yef wiyaq ; yetban-ed cd fellasen; uyalen ttawin-d tikerrusin, bennun ixxamen .. imaynuten. Di tejmaEt, mi mmlalen, d irgazen akw, d imnifiyen akw ney !tarran iman nnsen. Ttagwaden tuccqa, aEekkwaz n taddart yewEer. Ssnen akw Taqbaylit ger ci~u~ d wa~as, ur yelli win yugaren wayeq. rursen slid timegzi, imi negat ur tetnuz, ur tegunefka, i ygan garasen tame~la. Axxam n Yidir, d ayla-s, i yiman-is. Ala ne!ta i d-yurew Lwennas. Yidir, yegga-t babas d argaz deg wexxam, ulamma ur yewwiq ula d ilem~i, ur yessaweq ad iqabel iyeblan n wexxam. Nega yunag yer Lzzayer d axeddam, akken qqaren : "Anda yella weyrum-ik aweq-it". Adrar-is ur izmir a s-d-yefk ayrum, akken i t-yebya nega. Yegas-ed tikkelt i wagur ney i sin maqi. Issefqad-ed fellasen, yegawi-yasen-d tagwella. Nfan si trourt, unagen, rwan l~if d usemmiq ; gectiqin udmawen Ezizen, ur ten-ttafen. Ur sliken, ur sellken tamurt tenu id yefkan s l~if deg l~if i deg tegexbibiq. Tawayit m'ara d-asen, twalin tame~la yellan, dinna i gaqnen wulawen nnsen. Dayemmi, di taggara yagi, azgen ameqwran glan s warraw nnsen yer lywerba. I wakken ahat, dinna, ad ssefqen fellasen l~if, ad gerrzen, ad Yren, ad mehzen. Axxam n Yidir, am yexxamen nniqen, yebna s wedyay n tfezza, iseqqef s lqermud urumi. Afrag-is, ibelleq s wedyay lqasse~, d azedgan. Acku, mi tezzuyer yemmas kra n wulli nni tesEa, ar tmazirt, at-tqum afrag deffirsent, uqbel a d-tagwem aman si tala. Wid ara yessimsen wlac. ref aya i tezga l~ala zeddiget ; ula t-tijiratin gasment degs imi tent tif l~ala. Tamenut, yur izwawen, d negat i d axxam. Iywerban n tzeywa selyen s tumlilt, tarran-d tafat mi d-ike~~em yi~ij si naq n tujrut. 12
Tafrara
IeettÜ~en Ellqen-ten yef ueaefal itwaEellqen yer ssqef. rer yidis ufella d adekkwan, fellas rsen ikufan, d i!u!a~en, yeN~uren d kra n imuden n tazart. rer teymert, ger ikufan d weyrab, yers leqseq. yeN~uren d zzit uzemmur. Leqseq. yenawin azal n telt meyya llitrat, tewwi-t-id temyart yef uqerruy-is azgen n wass t-tikli, asmi t-id tuy ; imi aqellal ur t-bennunt, slid afexxar. Ddaw ikufan nni, deg dekwnen, twabegnen ieettiq.en nniq.en d kra iyawsiwen. Ar wadda t-tyeryert t-taErust, ddawas d amedwed. Nnig teErust t-takanna, ddawas dya d adaynin. Zik, asmi yedder wemyar, icerrk-ed tifella~in deg wzayar, tura adaynin yuyal ttagrurt i wulli. Ar tama n tewwurt, ar yidis ufella n tyeryert, snat t-tekwatin deg weyrab yers degsent weyrum t-temtunt. Ayrum tetheggi Jeggiga i Yidir. D win kan dya i y~emmel seg wasmi meHi. Lfer~-is ma yeddem ti~dert ye~man itwaseggen di zzit uzemmur, a s-yernu tib~elt. VIae am nena. Ar teymert ufella n wefrag, mi d-tkeemeq. s wezniq, a k-id temmager tessirt n wedyay yenjer umenqar, tre~~a di IqaEa. ?:~adent yess, tgiratin n Jeggiga, taœgart ney ibawen mi eedhant talbat. IEedda zman nni i deg ~~aden irden s tessirt-a ! Tura tmuqulen kan ta~anut nni n taddart, m'ara d-yawi Dda Lmer awren n ssmid. Tikkelt i ddurt, inader yer Tizi wezzu, iqegu-d. rures takerrust. D netta i t-ikesben d amenzu ger At We gwni. A .. . sen-d yeqq.u akken llan, ad yernu ad yessawaq yal ass anwa, ass d amuq.in, ass t-timnifrit, yer sbi!ar. Dda Lmer, yella zik d imineg. Asmi iwala yegguma ad yeqqim, yekker yuy-ed takamyunt t-taqdimt, tamegw~elt d kra n tyawsiwin, yuyal-ed deg wseggwas n 77. Yeldi ta~anut deg wexxam-is, di tlemmast t-taddart. Isseyli aywrab t-tzeqqa d-yerran s abrid, dya d aybelis yekksen. Ta~anut-is, am netta, tezga turnes, ulin-! wambuxen ney i~eq.wan n tissist. Tiyeryert t-tumlilt, tekker s zzit l-lku~a ; ula d ieettiq.en-is ddan umsen. Yerna glam, imi wlac trisiti. Amzun ur d-il~iq yersen uzarug. Ahat wlae taddart yettan tiyrit, akken !yetta Wegwni di tegrawla n 54. Ur yelli i sen-tegga Fransa, wa tenya-t, wa tesgujel-it, wa tselb-it. Taddart terra s timmad-is. Yiwet t-tikkelt, almi rewlen s adrar kkan-d dinna kra n 13
Salem Zenia
wagguren, nadren-d tEawaden-as lebni, ney acu qqarey, sbeddayen igwerbiyen ad ddarin. La~, tinga~, ccwami di IqaEa, deg wulawen, yef udmawen..., ccwami yegga napalm. Assa, lIant tuddar yebnan s lebni atrar, semden ifadden, selken i tmes, wama At Wegwni, I)seb qqimen akken.
14
Ahric 2
D tagrest. Aqu icellex-ed ifurkan" ageffur yekkat s uzayeq. " Akken kan tuffrar, Yidir, yegganen yef tkanna, ye~man deg wussu-s, yukwi. Yetxemmim amek ara iru~ yer uyerbaz, yef udar, imi ulac ttawil nniden. Lehhun azal n eecrin n imecwaren , .. . . .. deg wass ger waggwaq d tuyalin. Isla i wesgerwe~ ar tzeqqa nni nniqen, anda teggan yemmas.Ye~sa d negat i d-yekkren at-tessakwi. Imir-en yusa+ id yiwen nnadam d a~idan, izmer ad yernu tanafa nniqen. Ifrawes imi yesla i wesrebreb. - A Yidir, ekker a mmi d lawan ! Dya, yetnejbad, itmeqa., yuyal iskwernenni iman-is am " ubeœuc nni akurur. Yuffeg, yel~eq imdukkal-is deg webrid, igga-ten.., yaf-ed iman-is zdat Ccix-is di tzeqqa n Uyerbaz, tesse~ma tkuzint n lmazut. Ihedder-as-d nega yetmuqul di Werdeyya - ussan nni yesyamay-iten Ccix akken yef yiwet nabla - teqqim-ed ar tama-s. Ccix yekkat-as yef nabla s ugenum, tanafa tegr-ed yess, D yemmas i d-yuyalen yers tesrebrub-as-d dayen. -Ekker a mmi, ney a k-ssakwayey kan ! -Uuuh a yemma! Egg iyi ad rnuy kra ! -Akuk a mmi ! ?:riy Eziz yiqes di tegrest, maca terra tmara. Mayef a k-ifit l~al a k-k-ggen yemdukkal-ik ! -Yirbel}.a yemma, tUfa an-nekkrey, Ikker-ed, iqqim yef yiri umetre~, alIen t-ti?ayanin, isfeq-itent. Yeddem-ed aserwal d icetiden-is, yers-ed ad yessired s waman semmqen, ara t-id yessakwin. 15
Salem Zenia
Yidir, akken kan yekcem tanuba, lqedd d alemmas, ur uwfay, akken am babas, ur yesqiq maqi. Am neHa am tezyiwin-is kan. VIa d anan, yesœdda di tem~i-s, ur iban fellas akken am widak iqur. A s-tiniq yekker-ed kan akken ney ahat imi d neHa kan i tesea yemmas, tcuqq-it. Vdem-is d imreyyec d amellal ; allen 1tiberkanin, akken ula d acebbub-is. Tebda tettali-t tamart, temvi. "' yas-d d iwziren, an~ad da, an~ad da. Ibya ad isenel yessetf)a, xas akken tcernrnet-it.Sya yer da, ad yesferfed yer tedmarin-is, a sent-yeslef a tent-yaf qqurent. Niqal yewhem d acu t-yuyen, asmi ye¥a, akken akw i teqra d yemdukkal-is, yuyal yefhem.Tanyirt-is 1-1ahrawant, zegren-1 sin iqerfan di tewwurt n wudem yer tayeq ; Hemlilen mi yerfa, narran-t amzun d awessar. Vrfan-is d imexqa. Ma yella yemmuger ugur, ney yetwahuz, ur ireffu imir acku, s ul i tent-itarra. Tissi s ufella n tayeq, mi rnrndent ad yetterqeq. Ad yerfu sin ney tIata wussan. Ad ireggem, tikwal ad yekkat maqi. W' ur t-nessin ad yiyil d ameslub. Mi d-yeffi ad yers... Melmi i t-iœdda wurrif, udem-is ad yecmumef). Issared udem-is, isfeq..., itezzi yetnadi yef ufecku-s. Dya tessawel-as-d yemmas. -Eyya tura a1-tesweq lqahwa... ! Ney ar t-1ismiq ! Iddem-ed afengal s temyawla, ijyem tessery-it deg inney, dya yessers-it, yekker. -Qqim ar t-tesweq ! -TefYa ! Ad !,uf)ey... ar tameddit. -Awi tabernust-ik meqqar, d asemmiq ! -Awi-d, yiwel, ahat a ten-afey trajun iyi ? Iffey timizerwaq. Azayeq, ad ilef)f)u at-id yetarra yer deffir. Taddart, xarus, ula d yiwen macci yesqal-ed ixf-is. Iwweq yer tejmaet, anda nnumen nemlilen-d yal ta~ebf)it, yaf-it t-tilemt, ula d yiwen. Asallas terna lwef)c. Dya yenna wef)des wef)des : "ad œddiy a sen-d ssiwley, ziy d nek id amezwaru". Iœdda, is!eb!ub-asen yiwen yiwen, inaf-iten akken kan seffaqen allen nnsen. Akken wejjden, ffyen-d. Ttlen-d imannnsen di tbernusin, asemmiq igezzem. Win d-yeffyen a s-d16
Tafrara
sseqfer yemmas tamuyli, alIen tmermuyent. A s-d-tini "yurwet at-temyeggem, dduklet kan akken ! ". Tarnrawt yidsen, yef uqar, lel~~un deg webrid, war awal, ssikiden kan anda srusen iqarren nnsen. Isebbaqen llexsen, ixmir yuli-ten almi d adrar ufud. Teddun, gumman ad awqen. Seg wasmi meHiyit nitni d yiwen webrid i nawin. Ur tbeddel fellasen, ur ten-id temmuqel tmurt ten-id yefkan, ur sen-tezmir. Qqaren d aya. -Ddut kra, yiwlet, an-naweq i lawan, mayef a y-d-rren am acut wass-en ! i sen-yenna Yidir. Allen nnsen, gumman a tent-id refden seg wsemmiq d ugeffur i ten-istullusen. Le~~un ssikiden yer zdat, almi walan ayerbaz d amellal, ayarbaz-'nnsen. Ar tama tayeffust t-taddart n Yilmaten, yebnan s lebni attar i s-yefkan udem n temdint, imi dya d ayen ara tuyal. Wwqen, isurna-ten eeggu. Leqhawi akken kan tellint, nemguggin yersent ixeddamen ad swen lqahwa, ara sen dyerren kra n terwi~t, ara yesse~mun tieebbuqin nnsen. Yidir d yemdukkal-is, eeddan srid s ayerbaz nnsen ad ddarin ; tanzarin nazalent, tigecrar nergigint ; iqudan qqujren seg wqerrif. Arrac n Yilmaten nawqen-d ~rnan. Ggaren-d iman nnsen di tkebbuqin t-tadu~, nneC!a~en, tmeslayen yef ayen i ten-iceyben d wayen ¥an. Wama Yidir d yemdukkaI-is, ur r-ufin a d-inin uIa d awal ney ad ngugin acku, yeq:a-ten eeggu n tikIi d usemmiq. Yewwet nnaqus, nemyed~asen s anekcum ; ar deqqaI nafen-d imannnsen sin sin, wa deffir wa. Ma d wid yeeyan ke~cmen s nawil, arnzun teddun s abeyli. ras akken ryaren uIa d nitni s anekcurn, akken a sen-yekkes usemmiq d uqerfÏf, ad kkiwen, ad sgunfun. Kecmen, qqimen, sekren hafaj d tiywas aImi d-yekcem Ccix nnsen. D imibrik d awfayan, aIeesis irfed-it-id s tyeggwa~, igirru deg imi iqaccew, d amasfÏ. Din teyli-d tsusmi, amzun d eezrayen i d-ikecmen. ImasfÏyen, akken Han r-raerabt i syafen, wida syaren akken llan t-taerabt i kefhen. Aeekkwaz yezga deg wfus-is, win imwawlen a tent-ye~~, nitni imir i rennun iqes, wlac ameslay. Alamma yusu-d yiwen, a d-yerr imesIi weyrab ; ney ma yeskerker wayeq iqarren-is, ad yesseyli akal d-yerfed yides.
17


c: text/html

text:
Tazerfa (tizerfiwin), 1- légitimité (fr) - legitimacy (en) - legitimidad (es) - شرعية
2- Kkes tazerfa i (yiwen, kra), délégitimer - delegitimar -
3- Ukkus n tzerfa, délégitimation - delegitimación -
4- Tettwakkes tzerfa i (yiwen, kra) - être délégitimé - ser delegitimado -
Addad amaruz: tzerfa (tzerfiwin).
Aql-iken deg - Vous êtes dans - Ustedes están en - أنتم في
Amawal n Tmaziɣt - Dictionnaire Amazigh - Français - Diccionario Amazigh - Español - قاموس أمازيغي - عربي
(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Ammizwer (tasnudert)
Deg tasnudert, ammizwer d aswir wis kuẓ n useggi amagnu n tilmas timuddirin (ẓeṛ anagrawan).
Tigariwin tilatiniyin i ttaken asertatu[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Isem n immizewren yettfuk s udfir -ales ɣur leḥcawec, adalen dɣa igersalen.
I umnakel n uɣersiw, idfiren s lexṣas ersen kan ddaw asertatu n afel-tawacult (ICZN amagrad 27.2). D acu kan, isem n immizewren yettfuk aṭas s udfir -alɣiwin ; anamek : ammizwer yettssegrew tilmas yetcaben deg timeẓri.
Imedyaten :
- aɣersiw : Tiɣirdemalɣiwin (iḥutiwen s talɣa n tiɣirdmawin), Anessalemalɣa (aḥutiw s talɣa n anessalem)
- amɣawi : Juncales, Liliales, Najadales
- fungi : Agaricales, Boletales
Isertuta nniḍen n tamessartut[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Isertuta n tamessartut[1] yettusseqdec deg anagrawan amensay i useggi n umyellel daxel semmus imnukal n umaḍal amuddir d wigi (deg ummizwer amnarus) :
- Amnakel (Regnum)
- Adu-amnakel (Subregnum)
- Taciṭṭa (Ramus, « branch » s tanglizit)
- Zdar-amnakel (Infraregnum)
- Afel-astirf neɣ Superphylum (Superdivisio, Superphylum)
- Astirf, Taẓunt, Phylum (Divisio, Phylum)[2]
- Adu-astirf, Adu-taẓunt, Adu-phylum (Subdivisio, Subphylum)
- Zdar-astirf (Infraphylum)
- Amikṛu-astirf (Microphylum)
- Afel-asmil (Superclassis)
- Asmil (Classis)
- Adu-asmil (Subclassis)
- Zdar-asmil (Infraclassis)
- Afel-ammizwer (Superordo)
- Ammizwer (Ordo)
- Adu-ammizwer (Subordo)
- Zdar-ammizwer (Infraordo)
- Amikṛu-ammizwer (Microordo)
- Afel-tawacult (Superfamilia)
- Tawacult (Familia)
- Adu-tawacult (Subfamilia)
- Lɛerc (Tribus)
- Adu-lɛerc (Subtribus)
- ↑ S tasefsit tuzurant 7 isertuta igejdanen, s tasefsit taṛumanit 5 isertuta ilemmasen, s tasefsit yeknan ismawen ilatiniyen.
- ↑ Deg useggi aqdim, yal phylum, yettwasemmen astirf deg tasnaɣersiwt neɣ taẓunt deg taḥcict, yettwaɛqel s uglam azenzaɣ yettwasemmen « aɣawas n ussudes ».
- ↑ Taxons s isertuta n iri dɣa n adu-iri ur sɛan ara ismawen ussnanen (am iɣersiwen n wexxam).


text:
AseYzif ittumdin g Safari
Idrus ma g nswel, g afersig.com, Yef unagraw n wammud MAC. A-ya ur id is nsselka anagraw-a, maka amata g taniyagin itteḍasen inagrawen ggudint g tesga n unagraw n Microsoft Windows. Acku iga yiwen unagraw amaḍlan ittuyassenen s ittwuru umata.
Ikennaden g tesga-nnsen, da rezzun ma g iggut ufgan, ma ggutent teYtasin ad afen ad ssekren tasebbabt-nnsen. Ay-a ayd yuǧan inagrawen yaḍen (nniḍen) g ufrag i titiwat.
Tikkelt-a, nra ad nger tiṭ s MAC OS. Ikennaden aYen-t-inn awd netta. G uneqqis n Doctor Web (taṛmit Tarusiyt), illa yiwen useYzif igan iyyis n Teṛwa mi qqaren s ‘Trojan.Yontoo.1’. Taniyagt da d-ttekka isemlan ittumdin g iniẓriten.
Ayedda tekka teYtest asmel, da yas-d-issutur ad iswer yiwen useYzif n imig-Yef-web Safari illan agensu n unagraw: aseYzif Yontoo.
Inerzafen-nneY ittemahalen s MAC OS, da yawen-nssutur ad tawim itnan g useYzif-ddeY.
Taliwin:
→ The Hacker News
Amawal:
– Anagraw n wammud: Operating System
– Isselka : (v) to maginalize
– Taniyagt (titi): attack
– Akennad: hacker
– TaYtest: victim
– Tasebbabt: trading
– AseYzif: plug-in
– Iyyis n Teṛwa: Trojan Horse
– Taṛmist: company
– Imig-Yef-web: browser
– Anerzaf: guest


text:
lundi 16 mai 2016
Afulay - Amaziɣ i yuran ungal amezwaru di ddunit
Tawacult-is d tamaziɣt d wid yesɛan, bab-as ixeddem d imḍebber n tɣiwant n Meddawruc.
Afulay d yidles amaziɣ
Mi ara nwali azwel n wungal-ines s tlatinit « Asinus aureus », ad t-naf ur yemgarad ara ɣef tmaziɣt « Asnus n wureɣ ». Asnus s tmaziɣt d aɣyul, awal-agi ad t-naf ula deg yismigden (ismawen n imukan) am At Snus i yellan deg talast n waɣir n Tlemcen d temdint n Wejda (Lmaruk). Ma yella d awal ureɣ yeqreb aṭas ɣer wawal aureus. Ihi asteqsi anta tutlayt i ten-id-ireḍlen seg tayeḍ ?
Tamacahut n « Psyché » i yellan deg wungal n Afulay d tamacahut n yimaziɣen, d acu ibeddel-as kra n ṭɣawsiwin am yiwudam d yidgan, akken ad temtawi ɣer yidles n Legrik d Rum.
Tira n Afulay
Nezmer ad d-nini Tira n Afyulay d allus n tmeddurt-ines, tadyant n « Psyché » tekka-d seg yiwet n tmacahut i yettwassnen ɣer yimaziɣen mazal ḥekkun-tt ar ass-a deg yal tmnaḍt n tmazɣa. Deg tmurt n leqbayel, sawalen-as « tamacahut n ɛeṣfur lehwa ». Annect-a, yettak-d ugar n ttbut ɣef wazal i tesɛa tsekla tamaziɣt ama zik neɣ tura. Timucuha sɛant azal d ameqran ɣer yimaziɣen deg tallit talemmast n umezruy. Nessaram ad teṭṭef tsekla tamaziɣt amkan-is, ad d-tufrar ugar deg tmurt-is, ad tennerni i wakken ad d-tekkes amkan-is deg talsa s tira n waraw-is.


text:
Tadiwennit ed Mohand Oussalem Houari*
*amagaẓ (conservateur)
n tẓegwa n Bgayet
”2719,95 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa
ay yerYan deg unebdu ieeddan”
Mass Mohand Oussalem Houari d imḍebber n sserbis n uḥuddu n tẓegwa deg tmahelt (direction) n Taggaẓt
(Conservation) n tẓegwa n Bgayet, yerna yeseedday-d yiwet n tesgilt deg Ṛṛadyu n Ṣṣ̣umam,
d tin ay deg d-yettawey awal Yef ueeyyen ed ussaki n medden i lmend n uḥuddu n tẓegwa. I lmend n wass
aYelnaw (journée nationale) n ttejṛa ay d-yellan deg wass n 25 Tubeṛ, nga-as tadiwennit ay deg d-yessawel
Yef tegnit ay deg llan tẓegwa n twilayt n Bgayet sdeffir n tmes ieeddan fell-asent deg wayyuren ieeddan.
Mass Houari yessawel-aY, ladYa, Yef ttawilat ay d-iṣ̣aḥen tarbaet-nsen akk-n ad ssexsin
times-nni yefkan axeṣ̣ṣ̣ar i tẓegwa.
Dépêche de Kabylie : Acḥal ay dlent tẓegwa seg wakal
n twilayt n Bgayet ?
Tajumma (superficie) ay dlen yemYan nettat 122.500 n yiqeṭṭaren, meḥsub 38 % seg tjumma n twilayt,
yerna timiwa yedlen s tẓegwa timeqranin nitenti d : Buhattem (6979 n yiqeṭṭaren), Tawrirt YiYil (6670
n yiqeṭṭaren, Akeffadu (5435 n yiqeṭṭaren), Ayt Eebbas (5023 n yiqeṭṭaren), Ayt Mimun
(3805 n yiqeṭṭaren), Asif n Ljemea (2595 n yiqeṭṭaren) ed Dargina (2106 n yiqeṭṭaren).
Ma deg way-n yerzan leṣ̣naf n ttjuṛ n tẓegwa-nneY, nezmer ad d-nebder s umata iggi, azumbi
n Ḥalab, iggi n zzan ed ubelluḍ azegzaw, yerna leṣ̣naf-a sean, seddaw-atsen imudaY yeẓdan,
dYa tezmer ad tendeḥ deg-sen tmes s tefses, ladYa deg tallit gar tgara n Γuct alama d Tubeṛ, imi
d tin ay d tallit ay deg ttkawen yemYan.
Times ara yesserYayen u tetteawad tesserYay kra n tmiwa, tezmer
ad tessenger kra n leṣ̣naf n ttjuṛ ?
YuY lḥal, tiẓegwa d turet ay aY-d-yettafken uksijin, yerna aedaw amezwaru n tẓegwa
netta d times. Mi ara treYY teẓgi u tetteawad treYY acḥal d tikkelt, iban belli ad yenqes
way-n itteddren deg-s, ladYa leṣ̣naf-nni itteddren deg wedrar, anda ay yessawen mliḥ lḥal. Deg
tegnit am ta, ur maci d ttjuṛ kan ara yettmettaten wanag d tigemmi (patrimoine) n teẓgi s timmad-is ara yetthuddun.
Gar 2006 ed useggas-a ay deg nella, azal n 357 n tikkalt ay tendeḥ tmes, ladYa deg tallit-nni ay deg izad weẓYal.
Aseggas-a, timerYiwin n tẓegwa timeqranin llant-d deg wayyur n Γuct, d ayyur ay deg aẓYal
yuweḍ Yer tqacuct-ines taelayant, yerna times tefka axeṣ̣ṣ̣ar d ameqran i tẓegwa
n twilayt. Deg unebdu ieeddan, 137 n tikkalt ay tendeḥ tmes yerna 2719,95 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa
ay yerYan, gar-asent 807 yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa, 119,40 n yiqeṭṭaren n yimudaY (maquis),
1189,25 n yiqeṭṭaren n usenfed (brouissaille), 490,40 n yiqeṭṭaren n ttjuṛ ay d-yettafken lfakya
ed wazal n 113,25 n yiqeṭṭaren n leṣ̣naf niḍen.
Deg useggas n 2006, 220 n tikkal ay tendeḥ tmes u tesserY 2974,62 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa.
Deg tlemmast (moyenne), 1,46 n tikkelt ay tneddeḥ tmes deg wass, yerna azal n 19,80 n yiqeṭṭaren ara ireYYen
deg wass. Yal amkan ay deg tendeḥ deg-s tmes, ad rYen deg-s azal n 13,52 n yiqeṭṭaren.
TiYiwanin (communes) ay tḥuza tmes aṭas nitenti d Tuja, ay deg rYan 827 n yiqeṭṭaren
n tẓegwa (gar-asen 404 n yiqeṭṭaren n yiggi), Tici, anda ay rYa 480,27 n yiqeṭṭaren, gar-asen
283,57 n yiqeṭṭaren n yimudaY (maquis), ed Bgayet, anda ay rYan 396,50 n yiqeṭṭaren, gar-asen
316,90 d imudaY. TimerYiwin timeqranin llant-d deg wayyur n Tubeṛ. Deg wayyur-a i yiman-is, tendeḥ tmes
90 n tikkal, 40 % deg tmerYiwin n tẓegwa n useggas-a deg twilayt n Bgayet llan-d deg wayyur n Tubeṛ, yerna
deg wayyur-a i yiman-is rYan 1999,45 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa, meḥsub 67,21 % seg wakk ay-n yerYan
aseggas-a, yerYa ala deg wayyur n Tubeṛ i yiman-is.
Γef leḥsab-a, lḥemlat n ussaki n medden ur nfieent ara
?
Yessefk ad d-nger tamawt belli lḥemlat n ussaki n medden ay ttgen ssrabes-nneY (gar-asent tasgilt-nni ay
d-yetteeddin deg Ṛṛadyu n Ṣṣ̣umam) ssawḍen ad sneqsen timerYiwin n tẓegwa
ma nquren-itent Yer yilindi.
Seg tama niḍen, yessefk ad nẓer belli amur ameqran deg tmerYiwin ur neẓri ara d acu ay d ssebba-nsent.
D acu kan, 157 n tmerYiwin neẓra belli s tmeemada ay ttwagant, imi ssebbat-nsent d asserYi n yiguda (décharges),
d aheyyi n yimukan n tkessawt i lmal, d assemYer n wakal n tafellaḥt), lqella n uḥader ed tijjin ay jjan
medden urtan-nsen ed wakal-nsen ad qqlen d imudaY.
Acḥal ay d-yesqam uxeṣ̣ṣ̣ar-a n tmerYiwin
?
Γef leḥsab n tedbelt (administration) n tẓegwa, 4 n yimelyaṛen n yidinaṛen ay yettwaxeṣ̣ren
aseggas ieeddan deg tmerYiwt n tẓegwa, n yimudaY ed ttjuṛ ay d-yettafken lfakya.
Tafellaḥt n ttjuṛ n lfakya n wedrar, i yiman-is, tesṛuḥ 2 n yimelyaṛen ed 200 n yimelyunen
n yisantimen. Aseggas-a, lexṣ̣ara n tedrimt tenqes, u tesqam-d s lekmal-is 2 n yimelyaṛen ed 600 n yimelyunen
n yisantimen, ma d tafellaḥt n ttjuṛ n lfakya n wedrar tesṛuḥ aseggas-a 1 n umelyaṛ ed 600 n
yimelyunen n yisantimen.
D acu-t ṣ̣ṣ̣enf n yemYan izemren ad yenger s tefses
Yef ljal n tmerYiwin neY n waḍḍanen ?
Ṣṣ̣enf n ttjuṛ yesean azal deg tdamsa (économie) n twilayt yerna yettusseqdac deg temguri
(industrie) netta d iggi ay d-yettafken iferki (neY axnac), yerna d netta ay izemren ad yenger d amezwaru. Seg tama niḍen,
llan leṣ̣naf n ttjuṛ ay d-ixellfen mi ara rYent am uzumbi n Ḥalab. Tadbelt (administration) la
tetteg akk ay-n tezmer akk-n ad tḥudd tiẓegwa n twilayt.
Tiẓgi n Ukeffadu swaYen-tt wid ara igezzmen asYar war (bla) lqanun, yerna simal la irennu way-a. Naqal
la tteddun akk-n ad rren tiẓgi-a d afrag awaẓi (parc régional), maca ṛṛay-a yefka-t unebdu i lexrif.
Yessefk Yef yimezdaYen n tYiwant-nni ad ẓren belli lemmer maci d tiẓgi-nni, ahat ur ttilint
ara 14 n tuddar-nni ay deg zedYen ... Agzam yeffYen i lqanun mazal yettkemmil, Yas akk-a la d-neggar tiYri
akk-n ad ttwaḥerzen yemYan ed yiYersiwen (animaux) yeddren deg tẓegwa-a. Medden akk ẓran belli
tiẓgi-a la d-ttwakkasent seg-s tirigliwin (pieds-droits), ifassen n leḥwal ay sseqdacen medden, asYar i usseḥmu
neY i temguri (industrie) ed tistirin (stères) n yiferki, maca yiwen ur yeeriḍ ad yeḥbes aqedder-a.
Deg way-n yerzan tiririt n teẓgi n Ukeffadu d afrag awaẓi (parc régional), tamehla-nneY (direction)
temeawen ed tedbelt (administration) n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu u nefka akaram (dossier) i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ay
deg d-nessawel Yef tegnit ay deg tella teẓgi-a. Skud nettṛaju tiririt-nsen, mazal imeggiyen-nneY (agents)
ed yieessasen-nneY n tẓegwa la ttqabalen wid ara yessexṣ̣aren tiẓgi, yerna ineggura-a la
ttgallan deg-sen.
Yessefk ad nẓer belli ieessasen la ttqabalen imakaren n tẓegwa, ifassen-nsen d ilmawen. Γas ma
yella neqqim-asen i yimesfesden-a u neṭṭef-iten-id acḥal d tikkelt la d-sseYlayen u la ttqeddiren ttjuṛ,
maca ay-a ur ten-yesseḥbas ara. Seg tama niḍen, wid yeḥwajen ad sqedcen asYar deg yexxamen-nsen (i
ussewwi neY i usseḥmu), nettafk-asen burekku (asYar yemmuten yettusseqdacen i usserYi), yerna nettafk-asen-t
baṭel, awi-d kan ad t-id-ssuttren.
Seg La Dépêche de Kabylie, 27 Tubeṛ 2007, uṭṭun 1643
D tadiwennit ay d-tga Fatiha Lahiani
Tasuqilt sYur Omar Mouffok


text:
Tabrat n Yimedyazen
Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 15
(ddur't n 6 Ghuct gher 12 Ctember' 2003)
Zik neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad yissin tira-s
Ass-a
neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad tt-yaru
Tigejdit :
Azul fell-awen ay atmaten d teysetmatin
Asalu ay d-rz'an Yimazighen n tira azal n mya n yiseggasen aya wissen ahat ma ad ikemmel u ad
yawed' s iswi-s negh ad d-yawed' wass i deg ara nebru s tidet i tt'bel deg waman. Seg wasmi ay nebda nettaru tamazight di
tallit tamirant (t'poque contemporaine), at'as n yih'urifen ay nga gher sdat. Mbe‚d ma nella nettaru-tt kan i lmend n tmusni
d tezrawin tussnanin (t'tudes scientifiques), nughal nettaru-tt i lmend n weh'raz-yines akk d usuter n tnettit-nnegh (identitt')
di tlemmast n lqern wis 20. Mbe‚d ma nekka-d ghef tallit n weqmar aberkan i deg yegdel (interdit) ad d-nessuffegh adlis yuran
s tutlayt-nnegh di tmura-nnegh, ass-a nughal nessuffugh-d idlisen yernu ttnuzun di yal amkan, slid di Libya, anda ay mazal
ttidiren watmaten-nnegh s ddaw n tecd'ad't n lbat'el aberkan. D acu kan, aql-agh nettwali digh d akken amussu amazigh deg
wayen yerzan tutlayt atan kan a iteddu s le‚qel, s taz'eyt d tameqqrant. Di lweqt i deg ay d-nelha d usuter n weste‚r'ef s
tmazight di tsuda (institutions) n tmura-nnegh, nezmer ad d-nini d akken tighawsiwin yerzan tutlayt s‚ant at'as ayakka seg
wasmi ur ddint ara, anda akken tufeg ay ters. Xas ma yella ilindi yeste‚r'ef unabad' azayri s tutlayt tamazight d tutlayt
taghelnawt, acemma n wejdid ur d-yennulfa. Ldzayer mazal-itt ttezzi, ttenned' di leqdicat-nni-yines n "sufella", n tkellax.
Ma d agdud, amzun yettwali d akken frant temsal, tura iferr'edj-d R'ebbi ghef tmazight, ur d-mazal ad tt-yagh wacemma ...
syad d tasawent "ad ughalen ad tt-qqaren warrac deg ugherbaz", ma d ayen nnid'en ur yelli fell-as uxemmem. Tugh, ula d taghuri-nni
ara tt-ghren deg ugherbaz ulac-itt yernu wissen ma ad tili di yal amkan yernu akken ilaq, nnig waya, timsal maci ala kan deg
wanect-a ay h'ebsent. Yugh lh'al mazal xuss'ent at'as n tghawsiwin di tmazight yernu amussu adelsan yettban-d amzun yefcel,
maci d win n zik, ghur-s tura azal n sin n yiseggasen seg wasmi ur a ixeddem acemma. Anda-tt tmazight di ttawilat n teghwalt
(communications) ? Anda-tent tesghunin am tid-n akken n zik s tmazight ? Anda-ten yiseghz'anen (logiciels) am wid-n akken
ay nugh tanumi nsell yis-sen zik-nni ? Anda-ten yemd'iqen imaynuten yesseqdacen tamazight negh qeddcen fell-as ? Anda-t usseqdec
n teknussniwin (technologies) timaynutin (CD-Rom, tisfifin, VHS, atg.) i lmend n usselmed n tmazight ? Aql-agh ihi nettwali
d akken akud atan yett‚eddi, zzman atan yettazzal, yernu nekni ur nfur'es tagnit ad nesseqdec ayen yellan ass-a i lmend n
wesnerni n tmazight. Yugh lh'al, yeqqar-as yiwen n wanzi ghur-negh : "ddunit h'ed ur tt-iqd'i‚, nettat ur ter'dji w'i‚yan".
Ula d nekni ass-a, yal ddqiqa, yal ass, yal aseggas ara ner'dju, ara nd'egge‚, aql-agh ad as-nettd'eggi‚ tazmert-is i tmazight,
aql-agh ad as-d-nesse‚jal tamattant-is. Di ddunit n wass-a i deg yettazzal kulci, ma nuzzel wissen ma ad neqd'e‚, ma neqqim
ad agh-d-ddjen gher deffir, d acu kan, ma neqqim deg yiwen kan wemkan, skud ttaddjan-agh wiyad', ttba‚aden fell-anegh, skud
nekni nettughal gher deffir, ula d ayen akken nexdem zik-nni ad t-nhudd. Ma ikemmel umussu adelsan amazigh di tguni-yagi ay
d-yewwi, aql-agh a nteddu akken ad nughal gher yiwet n tallit yecban tin akken lbat'el i deg ur yelli wacemma, d acu kan,
ass-a ulac lbat'el. Lemmer di yelli ttawil-agi yellan ass-a di tallit n Mohamed Haroun ad fell-as ye‚fu R'ebbi, tili netta
akk d terba‚t-is ad ilin xedmen le‚djeb i tutlayt-nnegh. D acu kan, irden ttaken-ten i yir tughmas. Tallit-nni i deg ur yelli
wacemma, d lbat'el ay sen-tt-ikksen, wanag lebghi yettcur' ulawen, wanag ass-a, mi akka ay tufrar tagut yernu yella ttawil,
yughal ur yelli lebghi deg wulawen ... i tgara amek ara tili ? Tugh amezruy maci ala kan d nekni ay yellan deg-s, wanag llant
at'as n tutlayin ay i‚erd'en ad d-flalint, d acu kan, imi ur s‚int ara zzher', ur z'wiren ara yimawlan-nsent, ughalent ghlint
di tillas n tutut, kra deg-sent negrent, ma d tiyad' atenti d tineggura ger tutlayin. Akka ula d nekni, xas at'as aya seg
wasmi ara nekkat tt'bel, yezmer ad d-yawed' wass i deg kulci ad issusem. Akka ay ssusmen wid d tid iqeddcen deg umussu adelsan
n tutlayt-nnegh, akka ay ssusmen yimassanen-nnegh yettmeslayen dima s tefr'ensist, ma d tamazight wissen d acu ay d as-d-ssukksen,
akka ay ssusmen tura ula d iz'awaliyen-nnegh ay yettmeslayen s ta‚r'abt i yigerdan-nsen ma d tutlayt n lejdud ddjan-tt ...
akka ara yessusem yiwwas ula d asuter n tmazight, ula d leqdic ghef tutlayt, yernu ad d-qqimen kan yismawen n kra, ad ten-id-yettmektay
umezruy. Ma yewwed'-d wass am wass-n -ncalleh awer d-yawed'-, fih'el ma nkemmel a nxeddem am wass-a, yal tikkelt i deg ara
d-yawed' 20 Yebrid, ad d-nemmekti Dda Lmulud d wiyad', imi ma tenger tmazight s ufus-nnegh, ilaq ad nz'er d akken asad'en-agi-nnegh
(ht'ros) nhudd-asen akk asirem-nsen yernu nd'egger leqdic-nsen s ighzer. D acu ay d-mazal ad t-id-nemmeslay ghef Dda Lmulud,
ad fell-as ye‚fu R'ebbi, ma yella tutlayt-nni i yes d-ikker, tin akken i ghef inud'eh' ur tt-mazal ara ?
IMEDYAZEN
Amezruy n ussider n tutlayt tirlandit di lgherba
Sghur Gillian M. Smith
[Aqeddem : mbe‚d ma nez'ra-d, deg wutt'un wis 5 n weghmis-nnegh amek tagnit i deg tella tirlandit
di tmurt-is tanes'lit, tigduda n Irland, nefren-d ass-a ad'ris d amaynut ghef tutlayt-a, d win ay d-yettmeslayen ghef leqdic
ay xedmen yeghriben Irlandiyen, xas akken r'wan lh'if, akken ad d-ssidren iles-nsen anes'li deg yiwet n tmurt n lgherba i
deg yexled' kulci, Iwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt (USA). Di lqern wis 19, asmi ay d-tewwet yiwet n twaghit tameqqrant n laz' di
tegzirt n Irland, unagen wat'as n Yirlandiyen si tmurt-nsen gher Temrikt akken ad nadin tudert yifen tin n tmurt-nsen, d acu
kan, asmi ay wwd'en gher din, ufan tamurt d tin yes‚an tutlayt idjehden yernu llan at'as n wid ay ten-ih'eqren yernu ker'hen-ten
dinna. Xas akken tutlayt-nsen ur ughen ara tanumi ttarun-tt ula di tmurt-nsen, llan kra deg-sen asmi ay wwd'en gher lgherba,
yeqreh'-iten wul-nsen ad walin tutlayt-nsen tettmettat, dgha bdan leqdic akken ilaq akken ad tt-arun, ad tt-slemden u ad tt-id-ssidren.
D acu kan, amussu-nsen n ussider at'as n wuguren ay d-yemlal ama seg yidis n tegnit yellan di Temrikt, ama seg yidis n Yirlandiyen,
imi at'as deg-sen llan h'eqren tutlayt-nsen yernu ur d-cli‚en ara seg usider-yines. Tidet nettat d akken cci‚a ay tes‚a teglizit,
imi d nettat ay d tutlayt n weghrum, akk d lqella n cci n Yirlandiyen, teddja at'as seg-sen ad smenyafen ad ttmeslayen u ad
sselmaden i warraw-nsen taglizit, ma d tutlayt-nsen fkan fell-as afus gher wegrireb. Dgha xas ma yella yewwed' umussu n ussider
n tirlandit di Temrikt alammi d asmi ay yugar win n ussider-yines di Irland, maca adennit yewwed'-d wass i deg yeghli tt'bel
s aman, yeh'bes leqdic, yenneqd'e‚, ur d-iddji later', yernu nessaram d akken anect-a ur d as-id'erru ara i tutlayt-nnegh
ncalleh. Ma d ad'ris wis sin, nerna-t-id i lmend n tmusni n tegnit is'e‚ben i deg llan ttidiren Yirlandiyen di Temrikt. Agdud-agi
n yifellah'en akk d yimeksawen yettidiren di tegzirt n Irland, si zik ay ten-h'eqren wid ay d-yusan ad asen-kksen tamurt-nsen.
Ad asen-akren ayla-nsen yernu ad ten-ker'hen ... akka ay td'erru di ddunit-agi n lbat'el, d win yekkaten ay yettxaqen. Asmi
ay wwd'en Yirlandiyen gher Temrikt, anda ay d'em‚en ad faken lh'if ghef yiman-nsen, ufan-n tagnit tes'‚eb ugar, imi tah'eqranit-nni
ay ten-h'eqren di tmurt-nsen ted'fer-iten alammi d Amd'al Amaynut (Nouveau Monde), yernu dinna, di lgherba, anda ur s‚in imawlan,
ssuffghen-d deg-sen Yimarikaniyen tiqqid't n wefwad-nsen, ulac tin ur s‚eddan ara fell-asen. Amagrad-agi wis sin d win
ara d agh-i‚iwnen ad nefhem ugar amezwaru-yagi. Nessaram-awen afud igerrzen].
Tazzwart :
Tamsalt n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt qqnen fell-as allen wid yettarun amezruy yernu ulac kra
n leqdic n unadi ilelli ay yettwaxedmen i lmend n tmusni n wayen i s-yed'ran i tirlandit di tmurt-agi n lgherba, xas ma ulamma
yella ttbut d akken atas' seg yiminigen ay yellan ttr'uh'un zik gher Temrikt d wid yessnen ad mmeslayen tirlandit. Yugh lh'al,
ur nez'ri acemma ghef wayen ay d asen-yed'ran i yiminigen-agi asmi ay wwd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, nez'ra d akken tasuta
(ldjil) tis snat n yiminigen-agi [arraw n yiminigen ay d-yekkren di Temrikt] d tin yeddjan tirlandit yernu d taglizit kan
ay tughal tettmeslay. Ma yella d anect yellan ttmeslayen tirlandit ger n yiminigen, amek ay llan ttwalin tutlayt-nsen di lgherba
akk d ssebbat ay ten-yessawd'en ad ddjen tutlayt-nsen ur nufi fell-as acemma deg wayen yuran.
Addunen (recensements) n lqern wis 19 ay nufa maci d addunen ikemlen yernu ur d agh-d-fkin ara
isallen ghef wayen i s-yed'ran i tutlayt tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA). D acu kan, llant kra n teghbula (sources)
ay d-yesskanen d akken tirlandit tkemmel tedder, xas akken tedreg, deg yilsawen n yiminigen yernu tewwed' alammi ay d-teffegh
gher ledjher' u yezre‚ umussu n ussider-yines di tmurt n Temrikt merr'a. Akemmel-agi n usseqdec n tirlandit ula di Temrikt
sskanent-t-id at'as n tghawsiwin yuran ay d-ddjan yemdanen n tallit-nni, am yeghmisen udmawanen (journaux personnels), tibratin
ay myuran medden akk d tghemmar (rubriques) yuran s tirlandit deg yeghmisen n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt, am wakken
ay d-ffghen digh ula d ighmisen yuran s snat n tutlayin, tirlandit akk d teglizit. Yernu ayen d-uran wid ih'edr'en i tallit-nni
yessed'her-d digh citt' n tafat ghef wemd'al-nni (ddunit) yeffren n yiminigen irlandiyen yettmeslayen tutlayt-nsen akk d wid
ay yewwten akken ad tt-id-ssidren. Amagrad-agi ad d-yemmeslay ghef umezruy n tutlayt tirlandit ghur Yirlandiyen ighriben yeddren
di Temrikt.
Ayen d-bedrent teftarin* ghef temsalt-a :
*tafrat (tiftarin) : document
Xas ma yella d imelyunen n yiminigen irlandiyen ay yunagen gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, ulac at'as
ay yuran fell-asen deg umezruy. Tiftarin ay d-ibedren tirlandit ur s-fkint azal meqqren. Nnig waya, at'as n teftarin i deg
ay d-ggaren tamawt d akken Irlandiyen llan ifen iminigen iberr'aniyen nnid'en imi nitni llan ssnen taglizit. Adlis n "Tutlayt
Tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen" ay d-yeffghen di tez'rigin n T.W. Idhe*, d adlis ay inef‚en at'as leqdic ghef unadi-yagi,
yernu amur meqqren deg wayen d-yettwabedren deg-s yettwakkes-d seg yimagraden n wedlis-agi. [Callahan, Joseph. The Irish Language
in the United States, in T.W. Idhe (ed) Bergin and Garvey. 1994]. Menghir adlis-agi, ur ufigh ara at'as n tghawsiwin nnid'en
yernu citt'-nni ay ufigh, yebder-d kan citt'ah' n tghawsiwin, d a‚eddi kan, ghef tutlayt tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen.
Dgha isallen ay d-yefka wedlis-agi ay d-nebder d agerruj ur t-nufi anda nnid'en yernu yis-s ay ssawd'egh ad d-gegh anadi-yagi.
Deg unadi ay d-yura Fishman ghef tutlayin ay sseqdacen deg Yiwunak Yedduklen, "Language Loyalty
in U.S.", ur d-yebdir ara gar-sent tutlayt tirlandit. H. Kloss yemmeslay-d si tama-s, ghef "tdersiyin (minortitt's) yettmeslayen
tutlayin tiberr'aniyin (d acu kan, ur d-yebdir ara tirlandit). O'Brian akk d W.F. Adams mmeslayen-d kan citt'ah' ghef trebba‚t-nni
n yiminigen yettmeslayen tirlandit yernu ur fkin ara azal i umezruy n yiminigen irlandiyen di Temrikt. G. McWiney yewwet-d
deg yenmezrayen (historiens) n Wenz'ul [n Yiwunak Yedduklen] imi ay qqnen allen-nsen ghef wayen d-yewwi yedles aselti (celtique)
gher Temrikt, ama d idles irlandi negh d wid n Yikusiyen akk d Yigaliyen (Gallois/Welsh), d acu kan, ula d netta ur d-yebdir
ara tutlayt tirlandit. E. Hutson yenna-d d akken ger n yiminigen ay d-yusan gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, "Irlandiyen llan seg wid
yettmeslayen merr'a taglizit". Ma d T. McAvoy yenna-d d akken "Irlandiyen ay d-yusan gher Temrikt wwin-d kan si tmurt-nsen
citt'ah mad'i seg yedles-nsen akk d wansayen-nsen (traditions)" yernu yerna-d N. Glazer akk d D.P. Moynihan deg wawal-is imi
ula d nitni gren digh tamawt d akken "ifellah'en [irlandiyen] ay yellan ttenghalen-d gher Temrikt wwin-d kan citt'ah' seg
yedles-nsen irlandi".
Imi ay ulac at'as n Yirlandiyen ay yeghran tutlayt tirlandit, nezmer ad d-nini d akken iminigen
llan ttaddjan tutlayt-nsen akken kan ara d-awd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, tugna-yagi (image) tettban-d d tah'erfit (simple)
s wat'as yernu ur tefki ara azal i wid ay ikemmlen ttmeslayen tirlandit xas ‚ett'len di Temrikt akk d wid yewwten akken ad
tt-id-ssidren.
Anda ay llan ttidiren yiminigen :
Uqbel ma yewwet-d Laz' ameqqran ghef Irland, at'as n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen kan taglizit negh wid yettmeslayen taglizit d tirlandit ay yunagen gher Temrikt. Wigi kkan-d si tmiwa n wegmud' (ccerq)
akk d tlemmast n Irland. Seg wasmi ay i‚edda Laz'-nni d asawen, tuget deg yiminigen irlandiyen ughalen d wid ay d-itekken
seg wetram (lgherb) n Irland akk d tama n Munster. Yugh lh'al, timiwa-yagi ibe‚den llant d tid i deg yufa mlih' iman-is yedles
irlandi.
Timiwa n Munster akk d Connaught, di Irland, d tid i deg amur meqqren deg yimezdaghen llan d
tirlandit ay llan ttmeslayen, yernu 50% seg yiminigen ay ir'uh'en gher Temrikt ghef idra n Laz'-nni d wid ay d-yekkan si tmiwa-yagi.
Ur nezmir ara ad nz'er dgha swaswa kan ach'al n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen tirlandit ay ir'uh'en si yal akunti (comtt') di Irland.
D acu kan, ma nedj‚el-as d akken azgen seg yiminigen ir'uh'en si Munster akk d Connaught llan seg wid yettmeslayen tirlandit,
akk d wazal n 5% seg yiminigen n yikuntiyen nnid'en ay yettmeslayen digh tutlayt-a, dgha nezmer ad naf d akken azal n wezgen
n umelyun seg yiminigen ay yesserwel Laz' si Irland ay yellan ttmeslayen tirlandit, meh'sub d tis tlata seg wakk iminigen-nni
ay yesserwel Laz'.
Asmi ay i‚edda Laz', akken yella yinig di tallit-nni n Laz' ay ikemmel, tuget deg wid yellan
ttr'uh'un gher Temrikt tekken-d si tmiwa tigellilin akk n Wetram n Irland. Di 1891, llan mazal ssawalen tirlandit di ‚ecr'a
n yikuntiyen, i deg azal ger n 10% d 60% n yimezdaghen llan sseqdacen tirlandit. Si 1856 alamma d 1880, 44% seg yiminigen
yunagen gher Temrikt kkan-d seg yikuntiyen-nni. Ma ger n yiseggasen n 1881 d 1890, wwd'en yiminigen ay d-yekkan seg yikuntiyen-agi
gher 55% seg yiminigen Irlandiyen yettazgaren agaraw (oct'an). Si 1891 gher 1910, azal n tis r'eb‚a n yiminigen Irlandiyen
ir'uh'en gher Temrikt kkan-d seg yikuntiyen-nni yes‚an at'as n yemdanen yettmeslayen tirlandit. Dgha anect-a yesskan-d d akken
imsiwlen n tirlandit llan ttasen-d gher Temrikt s wat'as di tallit-nni ay d-id'efren Laz' ameqqran n Irland.
Ttbut ghef ukemmel n usseqdec n tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen :
Tirlandit ur tughal ara d tutlayt yesseqdac wegdud irlandi di Temrikt akken ay llant tutlayin
nnid'en n lgherba. D acu kan, yella wayen ay d-yesskanen d akken tirlandit ur tengir ara mad'i wanag tella tettidir tedreg
gher kra n medden. At'as n teftarin yuran ay d-ibedren d akken llant kra n twaculin akk d trebba‚ ay ikemmlen sseqdacent tirlandit
mbe‚d ma wwd'ent-d gher Temrikt. Dgha nezmer ad naf isallen ghef trebba‚ i‚ezlen yettmeslayen tirlandit ama deg yeghmisen,
ama di tsufagh (publications) yuran s tirlandit, ama di tebratin negh deg yeghmisen udmawanen, ama deg wayen d-uran yemrabd'en
n Yir'umyen ay yellan sseqdacen tirlandit di teklizt (t'glise). Anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken tirlandit tella mazal-itt d tutlayt
tamuddirt ghut wat'as n yiminigen.
Dgha nettwali d akken ilaq ad d-nefk kra n yimedyaten (exemples) ibanen akken ad d-nessken anect-a
akken ilaq. Di 1852, asertay (politicien) n New York, David Nagle ay d-ilulen di Irland, yessemter-asen (yens'eh') i yimeqqranen
n ukabar-yines ad asen-ttaznen i Yirlandiyen ay bghan ad ten-fernen (voter) "irgazen ay ifehhmen tutlayt tirlandit yernu ttmeslayen-tt
mlih', imi d tin ay d tutlayt ay fehhmen mlih' yernu d tin i yes nezmer ad nh'az ulawen n Yirlandiyen. Tugh, tutlayt-a fkan-as
azal meqqren Yikat'uliyen* (catholiques) ay izedghen deg Yiwunak (Etats) [imarikaniyen] n wegmud' (ccerq) akk d tlemmast".
[Tuget tameqqrant deg Yirlandiyen d Ikat'uliyen, di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg Yegliziyen akk
d Yimarikaniyen at las'el aglizi d ipr'utistaniyen].
Llant at'as n teftarin ay d-ibedren d akken llan yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen ay yellan sseqdacen tirlandit
akk d wid ay d-yettasen gher teklizin-nsen. Taklizt [takat'ulit] s yisem-is d tasudut (institution) werdjin tesnerna ifadden
i useqdec n tutlayt tirlandit negh teqbel anect-a. D acu kan, tiftarin ay d-ibedren d akken llan yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen yesseqdacen
tirlandit di teklizit, sskanent-d d akken kra n trebba‚ n Yirlandiyen n Temrikt llant h'wadjent amrabed' ara izemren ad isel
i uqirri-nsent (confession) s tutlayt-nsent tayemmat. Ulac ccek d akken iminigen-agi Irlandiyen llan ssnen citt' n teglizit
akken ad zemren ad afen leqdic, d acu kan, tamusni ay ssnen tutlayt-a ur tgerrez ara alamma ara zemren ad mmeslayen yis-s
i R'ebbi. Dgha d tirlandit ay llan sseqdacen i waya.
Yiwen n umaru n tallit-nni, I.D. Rupp, yura-d d akken di trebba‚ tirlandiyin n yikuntiyen n Schuylkil
akk d Carbon, di Pennsylvania, [deg Yiwunak Yedduklen], "amur meqqren di medden d Ikat'uliyen, yernu s‚an imrabd'en ay sen-yettmeslayen
s tutlayt tirlandit, yugh lh'al d tin ay d tutlayt ay tettmeslay tuget deg yiqeddacen". John Neumann ay yellan d abesku (t'vÍque)
n Philadelphia si 1851 gher 1860, yernu d amesnilsi (linguiste) almani, yufa d akken ilaq fell-as ad yelmed tirlandit akken
ad yemmeslay akk d wid ay d-yettasen gher teklizt-is. Abesku n temdint n Charleston, John England, ay yemmuten deg useggas
n 1842, las'el-is si temdint n Cork, di Irland yernu asmi yella iqeddec di Temrikt, yefka-yas azal meqqren i tutlayt yernu
yella yettwali d akken Irlandiyen ay d-yekkren yis-s ttalasen ad asen-mmeslayen yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen s tutlayt-nsen di yal
amkan i deg yezmer ad yettwaxdem waya. Deg yiwet n tebrat ay s-yura i O'Connell, yenna-yas : "‚ni yed'lem ufellah' irlandi
... ma yesmenyaf tutlayt n lejdud-is ghef tin n wid ay t-iqemren (opprimer) ?". Di 1851, amseghdad (missionnaire) Andrew Talty
ay d-ilulen di Clare, mbe‚d ma yeqdec akk d yibennayen di Virginia Tutrimt (tagherbit), yessemter-as (yens'eh') i yemd'ebber
n ugherbaz i deg yeghra di Dublin (di Irland) akken ad yecred' "si yal amrabed' ara d-yasen gher tmurt-a (Tamrikt) ad
yelmed citt' n tirlandit ... yernu wid yessnen seg-s yagi citt'ah', ad ‚erd'en ad cfun fell-as mlih'".
Assider n tirlandit di lgherba :
Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis tse‚t'ac, bdan xeddmen Yirlandiyen ussisen (efforts) akken ad
as-gen leqrar i tutlayt-nsen di Temrikt. J.D. Beunker, N.C. Burckel, R.W. Lubomyr akk d A.T. Wynar ur d-bdiren ara akk tirlandit
deg wayen d-jem‚en d isallen ghef yeghmisen akk d tesghuni ay d-ssuffughen yegduden yettidiren deg Yiwunak Yedduklen. D acu
kan, seg yiseggasen n 1850 d asawen, bdan a d-teffghen yimagraden s tirlandit deg yeghmisen ay tt'fen Yirlandiyen yettidiren
di Temrikt, asmi ay bdant a d-ttawd'ent lmujat timezwura n yiminigen-nni yent'erren si Laz' Ameqqran. D aghmis n The Irish
American ay d amenzu ay yebdan yessuffugh-d tighawsiwin yuran s tirlandit di teghmert-is (rubrique) n tutlayt. Sakin, ughalen
yeghmisen nnid'en am The American Celt (n Saint Louis), The Citizen (n Chicago) akk d The Irish Echo (n Boston) si ger yeghmisen
ay d-yessuffughen digh imagraden s tirlandit. Anect-a yessawed' alammi ay d-ttusbedden ula d igezda (dt'partements) n tutlayt
tirlandit di tesdawiyin timarikaniyin deg yiseggasen n 1880, ma di 1888, tebder-d yiwet n tesghunt d akken llan 44 n yeghmisen
ay yettekkan deg wesnerni n tirlandit di Temrikt merr'a.
Imir-n tebda tesdawit teggar tamawt i wanect-a, yernu deg yiwen webrid fkan yemnuda (chercheurs)
azal i unadi ghef tutlayin akk d yidelsan iseltiyen (celtes) u di 1895 yettusebded-d yiwen n ugezu di tesdawit takat'ulit
n Washington i lmend n waya. Kra seg wudmawen imeqqranen n tesdawit am F.L.O. Roehrig (n Cornell) akk d T.J. Shahan (tesdawit
takat'ulit) ttekkan mlih' di leqdicat n umussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt, yernu isemmed'ranen (reflexions) yecban win
ay d-yura Dr. Shahan di 1894, "Ad d-nessukkset tutlayt tirlandit", d wid ay yughalen tt'uqqten di tallit-nni.
Di 1853, yessebded-d Patrick Tierney (si Cavan) tiddukla tamenzut iqeddcen ghef tutlayt tirlandit
deg Yiwunak Yedduklen. Di 1861, Tiddukla n Ossian* (Ossian Society) tessebded-d afurk di New York ay yebdan a d-yessuffugh
kra n yedlisen n tutlayt tirlandit ay yuran zik s ufus. D acu kan, assider n tutlayt tirlandit ur yennerna ara alammi d asmi
ay d-yewwed' Michael O Lochain, ay d-ilulen di Galway, gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, dgha d win umi semman kra "win ay d-yerz'an
asalu i umussu n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt". Seg wasmi ay d-yewwed' O Lochain gher Temrikt, deg useggas n 1870, ara iqeddec
s leh'r'ar'a, yessebded-d yiwen n weghmis i lmend n ussider u yeqqim iqeddec ghef ussuffegh-yines alammi d asmi yemmut deg
useggas n 1894.
[Ossian d amedyaz ikusi (t'cossais) aqbur, tiddukla-ya n tsekla taseltit semman-tt ghef yisem-is].
O Lochain iga-yasen ifadden i yiminigen akken ad d-ssebedden tiddukliwin i lmend n weh'raz akk
d tririt n ter'wih't i tirlandit yernu at'as n medden ay d-yerran i teghri-yines u dindin kan sbedden-d tineghra (classes)
akken ad slemden deg-sent tirlandit. Tiddukla tamenzut i lmend n wem‚iwen ger n Yiseltiyen sbedden-tt-id di Boston, di 1873
yernu iswiyen-yines nitni d asnerni n tutlayt tirlandit, tasekla-s akk d uz'awan (musique). Citt'ah' kan mbe‚d, bdant a d-ttnulfunt
tiddukliwin ay tt-yecban di tmiwa merr'a n tmurt, yernu asmi ara iteddu lqern wis 19 akken ad ifak, yufa-d lh'al nnulfant-d
tiddukliwin am tigi di temdinin merr'a i deg llant trebba‚ timeqqranin n Yirlandiyen. Ger n 1874 akk d 1886, setta d xemsin
n tiddukliwin am tigi ay d-yennulfan deg Yiwunak Yedduklen.
Tiddukliwin-agi llant qeddcent yal ta i yiman-is, d acu kan llan ttemyarunt wagar-asent deg weghmis
n An Gaodhal ay yellan d aghmis aghelnaw n tiddukliwin-nni merr'a. D acu kan, ur nez'ri ara sani tewwed' teghri n umussu-yagi,
anwa ay s-yeslan akk d wamek th'uza tudert n trebba‚ n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt.
Tiddukliwin-agi merr'a llant s‚an yiwen kan n yeswi di llsas - asnerni n tutlayt. Tamend'awt
(constitution) n tiddukla n Brooklyn tebder-d d akken "Tiddukla-yagi ad tes‚u iswi n weh'raz akk d wezra‚ n tirlandit seg
yilsawen n medden". Nnig n usselmed n tutlayt tirlandit, tiddukliwin-agi qedcent digh i lmend n usselmed n tedrest (ccd'eh')
tirlandit, uz'awan akk d tmedyazt n tutlayt tirlandit, am wakken ay llan lemmden medden ghur-sent amezruy n Irland akk d kra
n tedyanin yemgerraden i yes zemren ad fehmen medden izri (passt') n Irland.
Amussu n tutlayt deg Yiwunak Yedduklen tekkan deg-s wid yiminigen ay d-yekkren ttmeslayen tirlandit
am wakken ay ttekkan deg-s kea seg wid yettmeslayen taglizit ay yebghan ad ttekkin di leqdic n ussider. Tuget deg yiselmaden
n tutlayt llan seg wid ay d-yekkren s tirlandit, d acu kan tikwal, llan kra n yinelmaden ay yessawd'en ad lemden mlih' amek
ara mmeslayen tirlandit u ad tt-ttmeslayen am wid ay d-yekkren yis-s. Di 1894, yenna-d O Lochain, ay yettekkan di tiddukla
n Brooklyn, "iselmaden-nnegh seg wid-n akken yeghran ghur-negh".
D acu kan, nezmer ad naf anda nnid'en "Agherbaz n Providence ... yes‚a sin seg yiselmaden imalayen
(meilleurs) akk n tirlandit di tmurt, Massaw Henehan akk d O'Casey, yernu wigi seg wid ay d-yekkren yis-s".
Yugh lh'al, ur nez'ri ara s ttbut ma llan Yirlandiyen-agi yettekkan deg ussider ttmeslayen mlih'
tirlandit negh ala. Ghef leh'sab n wayen d-yenna O Lochain deg weghmis n Brooklyn AGM, yella yew‚er' fell-asen [di tiddukla]
ad d-afen wid-n ilaqen akken ad ten-ssersen deg yimukan imens'aben (officiels) [n tiddukla], "imi alugen (rŤgle) n tiddukla
d win ay d-yeqqaren d akken ula d yiwen ur yettazmar ad d-yettwafren ala kan ma yella yettsellik-itt deg usiwel n tutlayt
tirlandit". Anect-a yesskan-d d akken ala kan citt'ah' seg yimaslad'en n tiddukla n Brooklyn ay yellan seg wid d-yekkren s
tutlayt tirlandit.
Tiddukla n Philadelphia ay d-sbedden tlata n Yirlandiyen ay d-yekkren s tutlayt-nsen di Yunyu
n 1884 ala kan s tirlandit ay tella txeddem akk tighawsiwin-ines. Ula d tiddukla-nni tirlandit n New York tebder-d d akken
d tirlandit ay d tutlayt i yes tqeddec s umata. Deg wayen d-yettwaran ghef tfaska (festival) tirlandit ay d-yettilin yal aseggas
di New York, nezmer ad nger tamawt d akken ala kan citt' n teglizit ay yettuseqdacen ghur tiddukla-yagi. Dgha nezmer ad d-nini
d akken asseqdec n tirlandit sdaxel n tdukliwin-agi yesskan-d d akken llan at'as seg wid yettekkan deg-sent ay yessnen ad
tt-mmeslayen. Di kra n tdukliwin, tuget seg wid yettekkan d wid ay ilemmden tirlandit, wanag di tiyad', amur meqqren deg yimeltaghen-nsen
(adht'rants) seg wid ay d-yekkren s tutlayt tirlandit, dgha d tirlandit ay llan sseqdacen-tt wagar-asen.
Ghef wakken nezmer ad nwali, tiddukliwin-a llant jebbdent-d akk medden, ama d imeqqranen negh
d imect'ah'. Dgha ach'al d abrid ay d-yebder O Lochain deg wutt'unen n weghmis n An Gaodhal d akken at'as seg yimeltaghen
n tiddukla n Brooklyn ttawin-d igerdan-nsen yid-sen akken ad h'edr'en di temliliyin. Ma d amaru (secrt'taire) n tiddukla n
Philadelphia, John Robinson, yura-d d akken tiddukla-nsen tella "tes‚a tmanyin n yimeltaghen, seg yigerdan n seb‚a n yiseggasen
alamma d imgharen, yernu merr'a ssnen ad ghren negh ad mmeslayen s tutlayt n lejdud-nsen".
D acu kan, ur nez'ri ara amek tella tegnit n yimeltaghen n tiddukliwin-a di tmetti (socit'tt').
Tomas O'Neill Ruiseal yenna-d deg yiwen n umagrad ay d-yeffghen di Dublin Journal d akken medden yettekkan deg yigherbazen
n tutlayt ti Temrikt llan merr'a seg yigellilen imeqqranen akk ay d-yusan si Irland. Ma d O Lochain yeskaddeb aya u yenna-d
d akken igellilen am wigi llan ur a ttekkayen ara ula di trebba‚ n Yirlandiyen ighriben ughaf ad ten-‚eqlen ldjiran-nsen d
acu-ten [r'uh'en amzun ttseth'in s las'el-nsen]. D acu kan, ur nefhim ara aygher Irlandiyen igellilen at'as llan ttseth'in
ad ten-z'ren medden deg trebba‚ tidelsanin n yeghriben, dgha nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nnegh ma yella d lqella n cci ay ten-yeddjan
ad sseth'in s yiman-nsen, negh sseth'an lemmer ad ttekkin di terba‚t iqeddcen ghef tutlayt-nsen ? Wissen digh ma llan kra
n yeghriben ttah'qaren wid yellan ttnadin ad lemmden tutlayt-nsen di lgherba ? Negh digh wissen ma yella wid yellan tta‚rad'en
ad snernin tutlayt-nsen ttihin yis-sen wiyad' imi ay ttwalin d akken tirlandit d tutlayt umi d-yeqqim kan webrid n uz'ekka
? Ma yella llant lumur' am wakka, dgha anect-a yesskan-d d akken llan medden rran lbal-nsen gher temsalt n tutlayt, yernu
nezmer ad nwali d akken medden llan bd'an d tirebba‚ deg wayen yerzan amek llan ttwalin tutlayt-nsen, dgha llan kra h'eqren-tt
mad'i, kra ur d-cli‚en ara seg-s ma d wiyad' tella-yasen mlih' deg wul yernu qeddcen fell-as akken zemren.
Amussu n ussider n tutlayt di Temrikt d win yeqqnen mlih' daghen gher win ay d-yellan di Irland.
Iqeddacen irlandiyen yellan di lgherba ttekkan ama s wul, ama s yedrimen i lmend n ussider n tutlayt di Irland. Yugh lh'al,
assider n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt ay d-ilul uqbel ma yewwed' gher Irland, yernu asmi yexsi umussu n ussider di Irland,
win n Temrikt ikemmel yedder mbe‚d-is. Assider n tirlandit di Temrikt yebda yettughal yedjhed deg yiseggasen n 1870,
wanag win n Irland alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1880 ay yebda yettagh az'ar di tmurt. Di 1883, nnan-d deg weghmis n Freeman's
Journal d akken Irlandiyen n Temrikt ifen wid yeqqimen di Irland awwi rran lbal-nsen gher tutlayt : "Deg wayen yerzan tutlayt-nsen,
arraw n tmurt-nnegh di Marikan ddjan mlih' gher deffir Irlandiyen yettidiren di tmurt". Dgha di lweqt i deg ughalen medden
ur d-cli‚en ara si tutlayt di Irland mbe‚d ma d'rant tedyanin-nni meqqren n yiseggasen n 1910, di Temrikt, assider n tutlayt
yeqqim alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1920 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1930.
Tasghunt n An Gaodhal:
Tasghunt n An Gaodhal ay yellan tteffegh-d yal aggur s snat n tutlayin, tirlandit akk d teglizit,
si 1881 alamma d 1904 d O Lochain ay tt-id-yesbedden yernu tes‚ ddur' meqqren deg ussider n tutlayt tirlandit. Si tama, teldi-yasen
abrid i wid yettarun s tirlandit akken ad ttarun deg-s s tutlayt-nsen, si tama nnid'en, tasghunt-a tella-d d tin ay yesduklen
akk tughac n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt. Tasghunt-a tella tes‚a s umata sett'ac n yisebtar yernu qrib anect-a ay tes‚a
n yimagraden (articles) s tirlandit ay tes‚a s teglizit. Tasgunt-a tella tqeddec i lmend n "weh'raz d wesnerni n tutlayt tirlandit
akk d leqdic i lmend n tfulmant (autonomie) n weghlan (nation) irlandi."
Assuffegh n tesghunt-agi yennerna mlih' imi "1000 n wudmawen (exemplaires) ... ay yellan teffghen-d
seg-s yal aggur deg useggas-is amezwaru, yernu seg yimir-n ara yettnerni usuffegh yines alammi d ass-a, mi akka ara d-teffghen
seg-s 2880 n wudmawen". D acu kan, tasghunt-a n tutlayt tirlandit tella tes‚a ala kan 400 n yimagazen (abonnt's) di Dublin
di 1887. Tasghunt-a tella tessuffugh-d isefra, tizlatin (chansons), tibratin akk d tgejda (t'ditorials) s tutlayt tirlandit,
yernu yiwen si leqdicat ay llan xeddmen di tallit-nni netta d alqad' n ufuleklur' irlandi. Dgha llan-d wat'as seg wid yettekkayen
di tesghunt-a ay d-yuznen timucuha d tem‚ayin, isefra, timse‚raq akk d dde‚wat s tutlayt tirlandit, d tid i ghef mazal cfan
wat yiles irlandi yettidiren di Temrikt. Anect-a yefka-d at'as n tghawsiwin ara yezzhun wid yessnen ad ghren tirlandit.
Tasghunt-a tella tessuffugh-d digh timsirin (leÁons) i wid ur nettmeslay tirlandit akken ad bdun
ad lemmden tutlayt-a, yernu at'as n tebratin ay d-yettwaznen (yettucegg‚en) i An Gaodhal qqaren-d deg-sent medden d akken
timsirin-a llant s‚ant azal ameqqran imi ay tt‚awanent medden ad issinen u ad ghren ad arun tutlayt tirlandit.
An Gaodhal d tasghunt ay d agh-d-yemmalen mlih' amek llan ttxemmimen wid yes‚an tutlayt tirlandit
deg wulawen-nsen yernu tugh sin n yiberdan i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt. Si tama, tasghunt-a tessuli-yas azal-is i tutlayt
tirlandit, tcekker'-d timmer'kantit-yines, ccbah'a-s akk d umezruy-is aqbur yernu tetta‚rad' ad tqenne‚ medden d akken zemren
ad d-kksen ibughar (lfaydat) meqqren si tutlayt-a. Si tama nnid'en, tella tesghunt-a tekkat-d digh deg wid ur nett‚awan ara
tirlandit yernu tettwali-ten xed‚en tamurt-nsen rnan xed‚en iman-nsen.
Abrid amenzu ay tugh An Gaodhal i lmend n ussider n tutlayt netta d leqdic akken ad d-ssakin
medden ghef ugerruj ay d-teddja tutlayt tirlandit i wegdud-is. Tasghunt-a tella tessutur si medden ad as-gen leqrar "i ugerruj
ghlayen n yiwet n tutlayt zeddigen, idjehden, icebh'en yernu meqqer ccan-is". Tella tesghunt-a tettwali tutlayt tirlandit
d ajgu alemmas n tz'uri (art) d wesnulfu akk d tlelli n Yirlandiyen yernu ma yesr'uh' wegdud tutlayt-a, ula d tamusni-nsen
ad tr'uh'. "Aghlan (ldjens) yettaken afus di tutlayt-is ad tr'uh' gher wegrireb ad yesr'uh' ula d ah'ric yelhan akk di tamusni-yines
u ad yughal d akli n tmusni n wiyad'". Dgha tutlayt teddja medden, si tama, ad d-snulfun taz'uri (art) ifazen [tasekla, tizlatin,
atg.], dgha anect-a yerra-ten fer'h'en ama s yiman-nsen, ama s wayen d-xeddmen, si tama nnid'en, tutlayt teldi-yasen digh
abrid i medden akken ad issinen ayen xedmen wid ay ten-yezwaren. Dgha ala kan d abaghur (lfayda) ay izemren ad asen-d-yekk
i Yirlandiyen mi ara ttekkin deg ussider n tutlayt-nsen, yernu leqdic n ussider n tutlayt "d win ay qqnen mlih' gher umezruy
aqbur, d win yes‚an azal meqqren di tnettit n weghlan-nnegh (nation) yernu d win yeqqnen digh mlih' s ayen uran Yirlandiyen
di zzman aqbur". Tirlandit tezmer ad tesselmed i medden at'as n tghawsiwin, ur ttazmaren ara ad tent-lemden s tutlayin nnid'en.
Amezruy akk d tezlatin n Irland s tirlandit ay llan a ten-ttarun; s tutlayt-a ay nezmer ad nissin agles (antiquitt') n yiri
(race) irlandi, n yiz'uran-is akk d umezruy-is".
Ighelnaz'riyen (nationalistes) irlandiyen iqeddcen deg yinurar merr'a, ama d wid n yedles, wid
n tsertit, wid n tdamsa (t'conomie) akk d yimeghnasen, merr'a ughalen dduklen i lmend n ussider akk d u‚iwen n tutlayt, d acu
kan, yemgerrad (yemxallaf) wemkan ay d as-tefka yal tarba‚t deg yimenghi-yines i tutlayt tirlandit. At'as seg yighelnaz'riyen
irlandiyen ay yellan ker'hen mlih' s kra n tghawsa yeqqnen gher teglizit akk d Yegliziyen, dgha d anect-a ay yeddjan imenghi
i lmend n tutlayt ad yekcem s annar n tsertit. Deg yiwet n tebrat ay yura P.J. O'Hanlon i Tiddukla Taseltit n Brooklyn, yewwet-d
deg-s bab-is deg Yegliziyen ara yetta‚rad'en ad hudden tutlayt tirlandit yernu idu‚a-yas i R'ebbi ad d-yesse‚jel ass i deg
ara d-rren ttar' Yirlandiyen ghef wayen sen-xedmen yemdanen-agi yettwane‚len. Tasghunt n An Gaodhal tella teggar-d digh tighri
sya gher da i medden akken ad ‚iwnen tirebba‚ tigrawalin ara itgen tagrawla (rt'volution) i lmend n ussuffegh n Yegliziyen
s yighil si Irland. Dgha tbedder-d tesghunt-agi d akken ula d tagrawla tirlandit d tin ay iqeddcen digh i lmend ussukkes (assemne‚)
n tutlayt tirlandit.
Asmi ay ddmen yighelnaz'riyen irlandiyen tutlayt tirlandit u rran-tt d azamul n tnettit-nsen
taghelnawt (identitt' nationale) yed'ra-d ubeddel meqqren deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. Wid yettekkan deg umussu n tutlayt sbedden-d
tinettit yemgerraden ghef tin n Yirlandiyen imensayen (traditionnels), n menwala. Dgha xelqen-d amd'al (monde) adelsan yemgerraden
s wat'as ghef win n yifellah'en-nni ines'liyen yettmeslayen tirlandit. Ayen n d iri i yes d-yegla wanect-a ghef tutlayt ad
d-nemmeslay fell-as ticki u ad t-nqaren akk d tghawsiwin yelhan i yes d-yegla umussu n ussider n tutlayt.
Tughal tutlayt d nettat ay d iles agaman (naturel) n medden. D nettat ay d azamul n tnettit,
yernu d nettat ay yettaran amdan irlandi "d aterras (individu) n tidet yernu d amaslad' (membre) yettekkan deg wegdud ibanen.
Ma tr'uh' tutlayt tirlandit, ur d-mazal ara medden zemren ad d-inin d akken d Irlandiyen ay llan. Marcus Mac Mhaird iger-d
tighri i lmend n weh'raz n "ugerruj imqeddes (sacrt') ay d-yettwawer'ten sghur lejdud" yernu yenna-d d akken tutlayt tirlandit
d nettat ay d "azamul yernu d ta‚essast n teghlent-nsen (nationalitt')". Dgha yura-d : "Ma yella d tidet nes‚a tamurt, dgha
ilaq ad nh'emmel tutlayt-nni tanes'lit ay d agh-d-tesselmed. Ma nebgha ad nughal d ldjens yettment'aren, ur nes‚i tamurt,
d agdud ur nes‚i amezruy, ur nes‚i ayla, ur nes‚i isegh (honneur) wala azal, ihi lh'ut-n ad nettu tutlayt-nnegh".
Di lweqt i deg amussu n tutlayt yerbeh'-d imdanen imaynuten deg wennar n tsertit, ad yili yesr'uh'
digh at'as n yemdanen nnid'en ay yellan bghan ad ttekkin di leqdic ghef tutlayt, maca ur ten-‚djibent ara tikta n yighelnaz'riyen
isertiyen negh imeghnasen. Ighelnaz'riyen ur llin ara kkaten-d kan deg Yegliziyen, wanag llan kkanten-d ula deg Yirlandiyen
yettmeslayen taglizit. Dgha yella O Lochain yeqqar-d d akken Irlandiyen merr'a yettmeslayen taglizit d wid ixed‚en tamurt-nsen
: "Ass-a nettmeslay-d s tidet-nnegh yernu nez'ra ayen d-neqqar, neqqar-d s teqseh' ... d akken s kra n Yirlandi ay d-yettmeslayen
ghef yimenghi i lmend n weghlan (nation) irlandi, yili netta yeqqen allen-is ghef tutlayt ay t-yeddjan ad yili d yiwen seg
Weghlan-agi, nekni nettwali d akken ulac lxelq ay yuklalen ad yettwakr'eh kter'-is di ddunit". D acu kan, anect-a yesskan-d
digh d akken assider n tutlayt d win ay yellan yes‚a azal meqqren yernu qedcen fell-as medden s leh'r'ar'a, imi ma nenna-d
d akken iminigen irlandiyen wwd'en alammi ay ddan akk d umussu ay yettwalin deg wid ur nettmeslay tirlandit d ixabiten ay
ixed‚en tamurt-nsen, anect-a yesskan-d d akken llan qeddcen seg wul-nsen ghef tutlayt tirlandit.
Ighelnaz'riyen llan ttwalin d akken ma wwten-d di teglzit, ad ssiwd'en ad qenn‚en medden d akken
d tirlandit ay d-yekkan nnig-s. Dgha llan qqaren-d d akken taglizit d tutlayt n umesbat'li [amennekcam], yernu seg wakken
terra Irlandiyen di rrif alammi ay yughal ula d azal-nsen ur yettawed' ara anect n win n waklan : "S kra n Yirlandi ur nessin
ara tutlayt n tmurt-is d akli n Yegliziyen ay yella ... d anect-a, yerra tamgerd't-is s ddaw n uzaglu asaksi [aglizi]". Llan
ttwalin taglizit d tutlayt n yiweh'ciyen di lweqt i deg tirlandit d tutlayt n tgherma, yernu s wanect-a ay llan yighelnaz'riyen
a ttnadin ad d-ssakin medden ghef tuccd'a ay gan imi ay ddjan tirlandit u bghan ad ten-qenn‚en akken ad ughalen ghur-s. D
acu kan, tamughli-nsen tr'uh' amzun d tin ay yeqqaren i medden "ddut-d yid-negh neghmulac d i‚dawen ay tellam". O Lochain
yella yettwali d akken amdan d win ay ilaqen ad yefren abrid-is, ad yili yedda d tutlayt tirlandit negh mgal-ines, yernu win
ifernen ad yeddu d tirlandit d win ay ilaqen ad yeddj s kra n wayen yeqqnen gher teglizit akk d Yegliziyen.
Yugh lh'al, ad ilin llan Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen taglizit akk d tirlandit, maca d taglizit ay
sseqdacen di tudert-nsen, ma d tirlandit ur iban wamek tt-ttwalin, ur rghin fell-as, ur tt-kr'ihen. Ad ilin fkan-d tamezz'ught
i umussu n tutlayt, imi ay yeldi abrid i temlilit ger medden yernu yeddja-ten digh umussu-yagi ad issinen tim‚ayin d tezlatin-nsen
n zik. D acu kan, awal aqesh'an ay d-qqaren kra mgal-nsen yesserwel-iten ghef ussider n tutlayt.
Ayen i yes d-yegla ussider :
Nez'ra d akken llan at'as n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen tirlandit ay yellan ttidiren deg Yiwunak
Yedduklen di tgara n lqern wis tse‚t'ac. Di lweqt i deg yel‚eb umussu n ussider ddur' meqqren deg usaki n medden akken ad
rren ddhen-nsen gher tutlayt, yella digh ilaq fell-as ad yeqdec akken ara d-yerbeh' lem‚awna n medden yettmeslayen tirlandit
akken ad yessiwed' s iswi-s. Ma yella ur yessawad' ara umussu ad iqenne‚ medden akken ad as-gen leqrar i tutlayt-nsen, amussu-ya
ad yidir kan skud mazal taghelnaz'rit tirlandit tett‚awan-it, dgha asmi ara d-yawed' wass i deg imenghi aghelnaz'ri ur yetteh'widji
ara tirlandit, ass-nni ula d assider ad yemmet. Dgha d anect-nni ay yed'ran s tidet ama di Irland, ama di Temrikt, d acu kan
amussu n Temrikt yerna yedder kra n yiseggasen sdeffir n win n Irland. Asmi kan tessawed' Irland ad tawi azarug-is (indt'pendance)
yernu yettussebded-d dinna "Uwanek Ilelli" (Etat Libre), ssuffghen yighelnaz'riyen tutlayt tirlandit si tesmektayt-nsen (agenda).
Ifuk nnfe‚-yines.
Ma di Temrikt, ikemmel ussider n tutlayt alammi d iseggasen n 1920. Ur nez'ri ara ma yella taluft-nni
tameqqrant n tdamsa (t'conomie) ay ih'uzan ddunit di tgara n yiseggasen n 1920 d nettat ay d ssebba ay yenghan amussu n ussider
n tirlandit di lgherba, d acu kan, ghef wakken nettwali, tezmer taluft-a ad tili tel‚eb ddur' meqqren deg wanect-a. Am wakken
digh ur nez'ri ara ma bdan ttanqasen wid yett‚awanen amussu n ussider asmi ay yeffegh yimenghi i lmend n tlelli n Irland gher
tafat. Maca mi ara nwali d akken amussu yellan di Temrikt yedder ugar n win yellan di Irland, nezmer ad nz'er d akken ayen
i yes d-yegla weh'bas n yimenghi aserti di Irland yemgerrad ghef wayen i yes d-yegla di Temrikt i wid yellan qeddcen ghef
yedles.
Rnu-yas s anect-a, deg yiseggasen n 1920 d 1930 yufa-d lh'al amur meqqren seg yiminigen-nni yettekkan
deg ussider n tutlayt deg yiseggasen n 1870 mmuten, dgha ula d anect-a yezmer ad yili d ssebba nnid'en i lmut n umussu-yagi.
Tisuta-nni (ledjyal) ay d-id'efren n yiminigen ur tt'uqqten ara deg-sent wid yessnen ad mmeslayen mlih' tirlandit, dgha nezmer
ad nefhem s wanect-a d akken iselmaden akk d yemd'ebbren-nni iqburen n tiddukliwin fuken wid ara ten-id-ixelfen akken ad kemmlen
leqdic. Iminigen-nni ay ikemmlen ttawd'en-d mbe‚d n 1900 yufa-d lh'al th'uza-ten teglizit ugar n yiminigen-nni ay ten-yezwaren.
Nnig waya, iminigen-agi imaynuten ufan-n di Temrikt tisuta n yiminigen ay izedghen dinna yernu rran taglizit d nettat ay d
tutlayt-nsen tawh'idt, yernu fernen ur ttmeslayen ara s tutlayt-nsen i warraw-nsen ay d-ilulen di lgherba [dgha imaynuten-nni
ddmen anect-a ghef yeqburen u ughalen ula d nitni xeddmen akka].
D acu kan, amussu n ussider yegla-d digh s tghawsiwin yes‚an azal meqqren i tutlayt tirlandit
imi ay d-yessuffegh tirlandit seg yexxamen -i deg llan medden sseqdacen-tt kan wagar-asen di twacult- yernu yessers-itt-id
s annar n berr'a. Amussu n ussider yessekcem digh tirlandit s agherbaz akk d tesdawit, anda ay d-lhan yid-s yimassanen. At'as
n yinawen (discours) am wid ay d-uran Roehrig akk d Shahan ay d-yeffghen s tirlandit yernu ghran-ten medden. D acu kan, di
lweqt i deg at'as n wid yettmeslayen mlih' tirlandit llan ttekkan deg umussu n ussider n tutlayt, at'as n Yirlandiyen nnid'en
qqimen meb‚id n wanect-a, dgha yezmer lh'al ad ilin gan aya imi ay bdan a tth'ulfun d akken tirlandit d ayla kan n yimer'kaniyen,
yimassanen akk d yighelnaz'riyen. Iminigen ay yellan weh'len deg wuguren n tem‚ict di lgherba ad ilin h'ulfan i yiman-nsen
ttuh'ettmen ad lemden mlih' taglizit. Imi ay tughal tirlandit di lgherba d tin ay ibe‚den ghef yedles-nni amensay n yifellah'en
di Irland, yughal yeshel lh'al ghef Yirlandiyen ad sr'uh'en tutlayt-nsen u ad ddmen tayed' deg wemkan-is.
Ssebbat n webrir* n ussider
*abrir = t'chec
D tasghunt n An Gaodhal ay d-yellan d tala-nnegh tameqqrant i seg ay d-nugem isallen ghef wamek
llan medden ttwalin tutlayt tirlandit. At'as si trebba‚ n yiminigen ay yellan ttwalin d akken tutlayt d nettat ay d azamul
n tnettit-nsen taghelnawt, dgha gan-as mlih' leqrar asmi ay wwd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, iminigen irlandiyen ur llin si
ger wigi. Yugh lh'al, llant at'as n ssebbat yemcubbaken ay ten-yessawd'en ad beddlen tutlayt-nsen, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asent
acla‚ ur d-cli‚en ara Yirlandiyen si tirlandit akk d uh'ebber'-nsen i lmend n welmad n tutlayt i yes ara ttcen aghrum. Yugh
lh'al, ula di tmurt-nsen, di Irland, tella tirlandit tettwah'qer u ttwalin-tt d tutlayt n yigellilen, d tutlayt i yes ttseth'in.
D ayen ibanen d akken ighilifen ay d-wwin yiminigen irlandiyen si Irland le‚ben ddur' di tiddjin n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt,
d acu kan, ad ilint llant ssebbat nnid'en ay yettekkan digh deg wanect-a.
Tamessedghart*
*tamessedghart = t'litisme
Tugh, yughal umussu n ussider n tutlayt d win ay ttwalin medden d tarba‚t n tedghet (t'lite),
n yemdanen iz'ewren, yes‚an amkan ‚layen di tmetti u rran tutlayt tirlandit d taghawsa takadimit i ghef llan ttnaghen yimassanen
akken ad awin cci‚a. Anect-a ad yili yesserwel at'as n wid yettmeslayen tirlandit ghef tutlayt-nsen. At'as seg yimassanen
n tirlandit ay yellan kkaten-d deg wiyad' ghef tirlandit ay sseqdacen yernu llan ttemyergamen deg yisebtar n An Gaodhal.
Deg yiwet n tebrat ay d-icegge‚ Padruic, yiwen seg wid ay yughen tanumi ttarun-d i tesghunt-a,
bab-is iger-d tighri i yimassanen akken ur d-kkaten ara deg yelmez'yen, wanag d ifadden ara d asen-snernin, yernu i‚eggen-d
d akken ilmez'yen llan tkukrun ad d-arun di An Gaodhal imi ttagaden ur d-iteffegh ara wayen d-uran. Dgha tegla-d tebrat-agi
s ubeddel meqqren imi at'as n medden umi yekkes ukukru yernu bdan ttarun s tutlayt-nsen.
Di tebratin n An Gaodhal nezmer ad nger tamawt i ukukru akk d tt'iq n lxat'er n medden deg wayen
yerzan tamusni n tira n tutlayt-nsen. Ula O Lochain iger-as tamawt i wugur-agi yernu yenna-d d akken yettruz'u-yasen ifadden
i medden akken ad sseqdacen tirlandit. Yewwed' yiwen seg wid ay d-yekkaten deg wiyad', An Goban Saor, alammi ay d-yewwet di
leqdic ay d-iteffghen s tirlandit di An Gaodhal u yenna-yas i O Lochain d akken ilaq ad inadi ghef yimassanen ara t-i‚iwnen
akken ad d-yessuffegh tasghunt-is. Yugh lh'al, O Lochain ur yeqbil ara tamughli-yagi u yerra-yas-d d akken netta yettnadi
kan ad tt'uqqten wid yettmeslayen tirlandit yernu ttarun-tt.
Tabr'at nnid'en ay d-iceyye‚ Mass Mac Suibhne si temdint n Mobile, nezmer ad naf deg-s dakken
wid yettmeslayen tirlandit llan ur s‚in ara laman deg yiman-nsen mi ara ttmeslayen negh ttarun tirlandit. (...)
Maca tabrat yessewhamen akk di tebratin ay ghef d-nsukk tit' d tin ay d-yura Anthony P.
Ward ay d-ilulen di Donegal u yezdegh di Philadelphia. Yurar ddur' meqqren deg ussebded n tiddukla n Philo-Celt Society di
Philadelphia yernu d yiwen seg yimeqranen deg terba‚t-nni iqedcen ghef ussider n tutlayt. Yella ih'emmel at'as aghmis n An
Gaodhal, u isemma-yas "d aghmis ay iqeddcen kan i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt-iw tayemmat". D acu kan, yesh'assef imi ur yelli
ara yezmer ad yaru s tirlandit : "Sh'issifegh imi ur zmiregh ara ad awen-d-arugh aya s tirlandit. Zemregh ad temmeslayegh.
Zemregh digh ad tt-ghregh ... D acu kan, ur zmiregh ara ad ad arugh s tirlandit acku ur ssinegh ara akk taghdirawt-is
(orthographe)". Aggur kan sakkin, Antain Mac Mhaird yura-d yiwet n tebrat d taghezfant, s tirlandit, i weghmis n An Gaodhal.
Anect-a yesskan-d dakken imdanen am Ward llan s‚an akk tizemmar akk d tmussni i wakken ad gren iman-nsen deg
umussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt, maca amussu-yagi yessiged-iten digh u yerra-ten ttkukrun, ttseth'in ad
d-arun s tutlayt-nsen imi ttagaden ad gen tuccd'iwin.
Naire - tutlayt tirlandit akk d useth'i :
Yiwet si ssebbat yessawad'en medden ad ddjen tirlandit netta d tah'eqranit ay tt-h'eqren yemdanen
n tserkemt (classe) talemmast d tserkemt taddayt (basse), meh'sub iminigen ilemmasen d yigellilen. At'as seg wid yessawalen
tirlandit qeblen dakken tutlayt-nsen ur tes‚i ara ccan am teglizit imi tirlandit sseqdacen-tt kan deg yexxamen-nsen n lh'if.
Deg yiwet n tebrat ay d-yura Patrick J. Duggan, si Hartford, Connecticut, yessefhem-d amek ay
h'eqren medden amussu (mouvement) n ussider n tirlandit d wamek ay ugin ad tt-id-smen‚en si nnger, imi ay walan dakken taglizit
d nettat ay d tutlayt n tikli gher sdat. Duggan yura-d : "Llan at'as n medden dagi ttmeslayen-tt [tirlandit] s yisel
iserrh'e, d acu kan, mi ara sen-d-tinid' ad neg amussu (mouvement) i wakk-n ad tt-neh'rez, dgha ad ttihin ula ghef ukemmel
n useqdec n tirlandit ula deg wawal. Yugh lh'al, nitni s timmad-nsen ttseth'in mi ara mmeslayen s tirlandit".
Padraic O Treasa ay izedghen di Nashua, New Hampshire yemmeslay-d digh ghef wugur-agi.
Yenna-d dakken ye‚red' ad d-yessebded agherbaz n tutlayt tirlandit anda akk-n yezdegh, maca ur yessawed' ara. Xas llan
wat'as n medden ay yettmeslayen tirlandit dinna. Yella yessen medden, ula d yiwen wawal s teglizit ur t-ssinen ara, maca llan ttseth'in
ad mmeslayen s tirlandit i wakk-n ur tent-tettah'qar ara tmetti (socit'tt') i deg ttidiren.
Tangaz'rit* :
*Matt'rialisme
O Lochain yella yettwali dakken d tt'me‚ n rrbeh' di lgherba ay yessawd'en iminigen ad ddjen
tirlandit. Ighad'-it lh'al at'as imi ay qqlen medden la ttwalin tirlandit d tutlayt n yigellilen d lqella n tmussni. Yella
ireffu mi ara iz'er dakken medden la nekkr'en tutlayt-nsen acku ttxemmimen dakken mi ara gen aya, ad yali ccan-nsen di tmetti.
Yella iqeddec dima i wakk-n ad iqenne‚ medden dakken tirlandit ur tuklal ara ad tt-h'eqren. D aya ay d iswi n wakk imagraden
ay d-yura i wakk-n ad d-yecker' lqedma d ccan meqqren ay tes‚a tirlandit.
Mass Mac Suibhne, ay izedghen di Mobile, Massachusetts, iger-d digh tamawt ghef wamek ay ttaddjan
medden tirlandit akk-n kan ara tebdu ad tettali yis-sen. Yenna-d dakken ur yefhim ara aygher Irlandiyen-agi llan h'eqren tutlayt-nsen.
Tizz'egz'ent* :
*Fatalisme
Iminigen llan la ttwalin dakken d taglizit ara ten-inef‚en ugar nitni d twaculin-nsen. Nnig n
tt'me‚-yagi Irlandiyen llan digh la ttwalin dakken tutlayt-nsen "tebda-d yagi abrid-is i wakk-n ad tenger", ur yenfi‚
wara ma yella h'ettmen iman-nsen ad tt-id-ssidren, dgha yelha kan ma yella d taglizit ara yawin amkan-is.
"Tirlandit ur k-tessawad' s acemma", akk-a ay d-yenna yiwen wergaz izedghen di tmurt, si Co. Louth. Ma d Mass O Suilleabhain,
yettmeslayen tirlandit, yura-d deg wedlis n tmeddurt-is (Fiche Bliain ag Fas) : "anwa ay yettmeslayen tirlandit menghir
tisehh'arin n ddunit ?".
Tomas O Commaighin, ay yettmeslayen digh tirlandit u yezdegh di Randolph, di Carolina n Ugafa,
yenna-d dakk-n medden llan ur a ttqadaren ara tirlandit acku llan la tt-ttwalin d tutlayt n yezri (passt'), d tutlayt
i‚edda zzman yernu ur tes‚i ara amkan-is deg ddunit tatrart (moderne).
Ur d-cli‚en ara :
Wid yellan la qeddcen ghef tutlayt zgan la d-ttcetkin dakken Irlandiyen ur d-cli‚en ara akk seg
wayen yellan la s-id'erru i tutlayt-nsen. Kra ighad-iten at'as n lh'al ghef waya yernu nnan-d dakk-n imdanen am wigi ur uklanen
ara tamagit-nsen (identitt') taghelnawt. Ula d A.P. Ward yewwet-d deg yiminigen n Philadelphia imi ur d-cli‚en ara si tirlandit.
Ur nezmir ara ad d-nini dakken wid ur nettekka ara di tiddukliwin n ussider n tirlandit llan
mgal (contre) n tirlandit, wanag llan kan ur a ttwalin ara lumur' akk-n ay tent-ttwalin wid yebghan ad d-ssidren tutlayt.
Nnig waya, imdanen-agi ur llin ara la ttwalin dakken ala d tutlayt tirlandit ay d llsas n tmagit-nsen taghelnawt, am wakk-n
ur h'siben ara tutlayt-a d lwer't ay sen-d-yeqqimen seg umezruy-nsen aqdim. Asmi ay ‚ezmer ad ddmen taglizit imi ay tt-walan
d tutlayt ara ten-inef‚en, gan aya mebla ma h'ulfan dakken xed‚en tamurt-nsen. Nezmer ad naf aya deg wayen ay d-yemmeslay
Peter O'Donnell s tirlandit deg yiwet n tlemmiz't (occasion) deg wemd'iq n tiddukla n Philo-Celt Society, di New York.
Yenna-d dakken tisutwin (ledjyal) i‚eddan asmi ur d-cli‚ent ara si tutlayt-nsent, ur ilaq ara ad tent-sd'elmen acku llant
d taklatin ur nez'ri ara sani ara tent-tessiwed' tiddjin n tutlayt-nsent. D acu kan, yewwet-d di tsutwin n
wass-a imi ara d-qqarent dakken a tutlayt ay mmeslayen kifkif.
Tagrayt* :
*conclusion
Iminigen llan ur msefhamen ara ghef taluft n tutlayt. Kra deg-sen ugin tirlandit ta‚inanit, wiyad'
kemmlen la tt-sseqdacen wagar-asen, ma d wiyad' gren iman-nsen deg leqdic i lmend n ussider, ah'raz d wesnerni n
tutlayt-nsen. Amussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt tirlandit yesseb‚ed at'as n Yirlandiyen ghef yiman-is imi wid yellan
deg-s wwin-d tikli n temsedghart (t'litisme) i deg win ara ten-id-iwalin si berr'a ad yeh'seb dakken maci menwala kan ad yettekki
yid-sen, nnig waya, wid yellan deg umussu-yagi llan sseqdacen awal qessh'en deg wayen yerzan tutt'fa di las'el d tghelnaz'rit
(nationalisme), d ayen ay yesrewlen at'as n medden fell-asen. Irlandiyen si zik llan ttseth'in u ttagaden ad mmeslayen tirlandit,
dgha ula d anect-a yettekka deg useb‚ed n medden ghef usider. D acu kan, xas akk-n ttseth'in s tutlayt-nsen, Irlandiyen kemmlen
la tt-sseqdacen wagar-asen deg yexxamen-nsen d yimukan anda zedghen jmi‚. Dgha, xas ma yella iminigen irlandiyen di Marikan
ur llin ara mgal (contre) n tirlandit, maca maci merr'a ttekkan deg usider n tutlayt-nsen di lgherba. Iminigen llan zemren
ad ttekkin deg usider n tutlayt-nsen xas ma yella xtaren ad sseqdacen taglizit di tudert-nsen n yal ass, yernu llan kra ay
ixedmen akka. D acu kan, assider n tirlandit di lgherba yeh'bes, ur yessawed' ara s iswi (but) imi Irlandiyen ur slemden
ara tirlandit i yigerdan-nsen. Yugh lh'al, asmi ay xedmen Yirlandiyen aya, maci d kar'uh ay ker'hen tutlayt-nsen wanag
d nnfe‚-nsen ay nudan u xtaren tutlayt ara yeffghen fell-asen di lgherba.
Tasuqilt sghur Omar Mouffok
Amagrad-agi yettwaddem-d seg wemd'iq-a :
Ghret daghen :
Win yeslan ad yini i wiyad'
Arut-agh-d, gret-d tamawin-nwen, neqqar l‚eslama i s kra n tebrat ara
d agh-d-yawd'en sghur-wen.
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129, Poste Didouche Mourad
16006, Alger, Algt'rie


text:
D inelmaden n tesnawiyin di tamiwin yemgaraden i yugin ad ɣren ass-ayi n tlata. Sebba n wugur-ayi: inelmaden-ayi ur qbilen ara rray teddem tneɣlaft n usegmi. Imi aɣram n wussan n tɣuri i iḍaɛen deg ussan n « la grève ad d-ilin deg ussan n tlata tameddit akked wass n ssebt .
c.w.
Inelmaden n tesnawit ugin ad ɣren
D inelmaden n tesnawiyin di tamiwin yemgaraden i yugin ad ɣren ass-ayi n tlata. Sebba n wugur-ayi: inelmaden-ayi ur qbilen ara rray teddem tneɣlaft n usegmi. Imi aɣram n wussan n tɣuri i iḍaɛen deg ussan n « la grève ad d-ilin deg ussan n tlata tameddit akked wass n ssebt .


text:
Tasuqilt agi ur temmid ara. Ma ulac aɣilif, mudd afus di tsuqilt n umagrad agi si teglizit.
Tadiwent n Web:
- Sekles isalen icuden ɣer s asebtar n Web:suter azeṭṭa,JavaScript,CSS,tiniwitin n taɣlist d iɣtalen akked daɣen inzan n iniwiten,n waɣtal ed isalen ideg yeszwar usekles innes s tangalt n JavaScript yettuselkem deg usatal n usebtar.
- Ak teǧǧ agereg akked asebtar n Web s uselkem n tinfaliyin JavaScript deg tawennaṭ u sebtar.
- Alday n tadiwent Web
- Amek ara tesqedcem tadiwent Web.
- Amsuɣel n izirig anezḍay
- Amek ara n amyermed a zzmam s tallat n tadiwent.
- Tadiwent Split
- Sqedcet tadiwent ar tama n allalen nniḍen.
- Tadiwent n iznan
- Asulleḍ n iznan i tesekles tadiwent.
- Tufɣa tanesbaɣurt
- Ẓaṛ u myermed s tiɣawsiwin i ttuskelsen sɣuṛ tadiwent.
- Anegzum s anasiw
- Tamselɣut unegzum.


text:
Wadan
wadan tga tiɣrmt tamaziɣt tzga dg tmurt n muriṭanya ɣaf agni n adrar , wadan llan dgs aṭṭas sg imdawn n tzdayin. tzga g tuggugt n 170 km ar agmuḍ n tɣrmt n aṭṭar dg tawnkt n adrar، g tama n tẓṛatin timqqranin nna ysmman « ul n rricat ». tssn abuɣlu nns dg tasut tis sḍist n uzwag anabawi .
illa ɣurs ddur axatar g uzmz n dat ahras afransis i tmurt n muriṭanya. yuɣal umzruy n usnti nns ar asggas 536 h imsntiyn nns nttni d: «lḥaj ɛli asnhaju، d lḥaj yaɛqub aqrci، d lḥaj ɛtman anṣari» .
tga wadan assa lqblt n imaṛṛayn acku dgs agama izddignn d tigmma tizaykutin mk tbrrḥ sis yunisku am arrat aɣrman amaḍlan.