text:
agurram Ugust (Saint. Augustin) 354-430 :
Ddu ibillu n Krist d FlaTun
tidirktfusi (biographie)
-354 : talalit g Tagast g tmurt n Numidya ( tura Souk arkas g Dzayr) ma’s tamasihit, baba’s amnnayukci (adepte du polythéisme).
Qap asgmi is yut xf tzrawt d udmi n tkristyanit (christyanisme). v 16 itiwan (ans) imudda s qrtapnna ad n yadd g tvri ns. Dinna izmaZZl i updrun (religion) ittfk i taZurini (rhétorique).
ur yawD 20 isggwasn g uzigi is aylliv iskr yat tmarayt dda yuru yan ubarad.
-375 : ar Isslmad taZurini g qrTapnna,immatti s Ruma d tawja ns imil ur yufi tawwuri lli innurz,iddu ad issaqra g Milan lliv t iskun anmuliwal (éloquent ) ixfddiri (évêque) n uvrm Saint Ambroise . tad as issnti asnfl is,llid issugga s ,ungiri d tmarayt is d mimmis,macc ur ikki yat siv illa d tsdnant yaDnin.
s yat twalt tffid fllas yat tnfut (grâce) g yan ufaradj n Milan tizi isjnu i yan g inlmad isjun tamlva tagunsut izzaDn. IzmmaZZl ilmmadin i umaDal iqqn iman is g yat tmuncist (monastère).
-387 issbdgt (baptisé) saint Ambroise.
-388 YuDaD s tmazva imus amagaz (défenseur) n tavdaduksi takristanit (orthodoxie), v yura tartalla (infinité) n tbratin d ugudi n iDrisn n tflsaft d taDaragama (métaphysique).
-395 Ugust ittiwZlay ixf-ddir n Onnaba g Dzayr, dinna av rad ismd azigi is,alliv iga tagacda (interdit) asmatti n ixfddirin s tallupt tiglisit (loi ecclésiatique) izzi n tigmmi ns av ikni (installer) yat tjmayt tanytit (communauté fraternelle) lli igan asala n tugt n tinumin timnucistin (règles monastiques).
24 Vuct 410 : asuzv n i GuTiyn i Ruma. Ugust i rad irms azmz ad f wad issnti ad isjni asvnzal (signification) n umzruy i tkristani (christianisme) d tin takristani i umzruy (maya ad iszzul (justifier) ibridn n Rbbi d tirawt is s ma iZlin tiRZi n tamvuri trumuyt.( idji is (son œuvre « taddwarit n Yakuc La Cité de Dieu).
- Immut ass n 28/08/430 azigi n 76 itiwan g Annaba tigira mad illa g tsmdayt.
Turdiwin is (ses idées)
Turda n Ugrram Ugust tsur g is zullan taynuflaTuni (néo-platonisme) : Ur av ittanay awD yan uknwav gr takristiani d taflsaft taflaTunit.ismsasa takusift (concept) taflaTunit n (turdiwin timvlal) d takristyani s usvurd n tid am yat tfult tanqqadt n Yakuc amvlal.
- Imdi ilmma i tnbvasawaDt (théorie) n aflaTun. Full Ugust,amzruyilla s umussu zv yan usnti s yat tgira ; ad ttisvard zun yan usmanik azlman (processus cyclique), ar isbazu (nier) tirira tawlawalit
n Yisus-Krist ( caractére unique de Jésus-Christ) d ubaradj n injil ns (promesse de l’évangile)
- I ntta,tamusni tmus yan wallal (moyen) n ulmuqqar d Yakuc. Tazrawt n ivzwr ur rad vas s yat taDfi taxatart n tansrhut (sagesse) n Yakuc.
- Isrs tanflst (foi) nnig kra illan : ar isdkid is av tssaki awd tamusni. Als ( afgan ;Homme) imus aslal ad isti gr tulluvt d takwma (le bien et le mal),mac f wad iskr astay amZZul (juste), yusur s talilt tuRbibt (aide divine) d yat tflst idusn.
Tasbukrt (postérité)
* adi imus amnbvasawaD ‘théoricien) n amzruy n tkristyani.
*iga baba’s n tiglisit talatinit, imiss awlawi n akkw tadlsa taflsafit n uzigi ulmis d taduyt (moyen Age et la renaissance).
- isussn (définir) tisksin (fondements) n usngiri gr isnbaDn agruman d ukudan (pouvoirs spirituel et temporel) . asqsi jjun ur issya ar ismdudi tiglizt (Eglise) .
- ikif (léguer) tadnunst xf tanuft, lliv d swan ismanihaln (réformateurs) n tis XVI n tasut, Calvin d Luther,awindv ijansinsn (jansénistes) n tasut sdat.
Idjitn ns(idlisn ns)
-TUGGA (Confessions) ar ttalsnt tamDrit ns d usnfil is
TADDWARIT N YAKUC (la Cité de Dieu) aDris is asksan lli isussn i yan uzmz bahra iggutn iciln d watsatn (exigences et limites) n tawssna takristyanit. idji ad ar iszzuli takristyani g umzruy d s umzruy. taddwarit n Yakuc tga yat tjmayt tivzwarit (communautée universelle) n izggarn (vertueux),lliv izzugz Yakuc inglusn is d akkw igurramn,altu qqam alsn inaqqadn iggi n wakal.Ugust da ismgil taddwarit n Yakuc i taddwarit tamaDlant (terrestre),ar itnaDar asawaD ns i « isntin d tigariwin » n snat tjmayin ad, « sin isaragn nmgalanin iDfar ursl alsan (race humaine) zv usalan ns, yan n tarwa n uysum yan n tarwa n ubaradj ».
akkw da itsmad s usvudu d usimvur d usykuc (apothéose) n Taddart n Yakuc ur igin zv umaDal ad.
- 113 n usnubbc g kra-igat igr (amzgun d uZawan s umdya)
- 218 tbratin (anyalkam d ixfddirin,dilaysin(laïcs),d imassayn, d ikaysirn (empereurs).
- tig-nin n 500 tigllayin( sermons) n tayukulugi tidjyant (théologie morale) xf tikrkas, xf uZum ,xf tavara n imttan, atg.
- 42 816 arra (versets) ad as ittyafan.
- amsawD xf taflsaft n aflaTun
- ikydn xf ahDrun arumuy aqbur (essais sur la religion romaine antique).
kra g Iwaliwn ddrnin d ifl
1. tiT n Yakuc tgli amzruy ulsin zv Adam ar tigira n umzruy,zund ukan iv tmus am yan umzruy n yan ubaliD lli ittimvurn imik s imikk zv mZZi ar tiwssra.
2. Yisus Krist immut,immut s yat twalt puma ibkkaDn nv
3. (Taddwarit n Yakuc) ar tsmstay imzdavn ns gr kra illan n tqbilin tsgdudi taddanyat n imuzagn (pèlerins) mknna rad ig ils nsn,ula ittidwal g timyurin,tilwah ula izrfan tn isnapyan.
4. S tvara,afgan ur vurs tanaDt xf ufgan.
5. Ul nv ur sar ithnna mapdd ur yufi asunfu g Yakuc
6. ur flsv vas ad rmsv
7. [urdu], iga t dmm s tilit n tidt d tirit n tussna ns.
8. tirawt iwlavn ad igan askkir n Yakuc, gar tirawt tmus tuggugt d uskkir n Yakuc


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text:
Tirra s tmazight ar tbughlunt s tuggas n tarwa ns “imaratn d tmaratin”, ur sul tgi tigigilt, ur sul tlli gh tillas!
Ghila d taskla Tamazight tfsr aswingm ns i ugdud afad ad ifrk mas d tutlayt Tamazight tga yat tutlayt ngr tiyyaD, tga tutlayt n tirra d tighri d usnflul…
may ad ur illi abla s twwuri d ubddad n willi usinin anzgum ns!
Ig mass Mohamed Garhou, yan gh willi mu iZZay watig n tutlayt ns tili gis tismin (la jalousie) f ils n tmagit ns ad nn tili gh uswir yattuyn, s mk ad ar nn nttafa mass M.Garhou ar isnflul s tmazight, tirra yad ns gant talalit n yat twckint n tallasin timaynutin gh ugadir zgh igiwal n tzazwlt n Al Aqlam.
Mass M.Garhou isti “iRZag yimim” ad ig ism n uDris ad ns, yura t s uskkil alatin, ilint gis 11 n tullist d 56 n tasna, iskr as mass M.Oussous la correction d la mise en forme tskr as Mme Aziza Nafia la conception ns, tawlaft n udlis tin mass M.Garhou.
Asktur n tadla yad iga mka d :
1- Timight n uzlmaD d ufasiy
2- Yiws n mas
3- TakyuDt n wurgh
4- Tigni n tgccult
5- Mas n waman
6- Tiwwurga ganin azal
7- Uxsan n wurgh
8- Zayna d tfullust
9- Iskraf n tayri
10- Tazzaghra n tattn
11- Ammuddu n igwra
Tallasin n udlis ad mmimnt s tgharast ula aswingm lli s tnt yura, d tiguriwin ns fssusnin d wammakn ns ZZaynin, macc gh tgira n kra ygat tallast ar tsyafat s kra irZagn, “kra” yan as ira umara ngh ad t isslkm gh tirra ns, zund anzgum f ils amazigh d tmmara lligh iddr ufgan amazigh, d watig n unaruz gh tudrt…
Tallasin ad ar nn gisnt bahra nttafa timitar n tussna n tmazight d taysi ns d umiyn ns ar d gisn issa umara, issls asn timlsit n tullist s udm ns amaynu lli d ikkan uruppa.
tallasin n mass M.Garhou gant anzgum n iZuRan ngh, tiggas n tudrt ngh d wasirm n iman ngh gnt awd asafar n isttighn ns d wingh!!

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C’est l’exemple de l’introduction de Tamazight dans la Constitution algérienne en tant que langue nationale, arrachée à travers de longues luttes et par le sang de 130 jeunes assassinés par les gendarmes algériens.
Au vu des résultats catastrophiques, en raison d’entraves et de machinations de toutes sortes (enseignement facultatif, cours en fin d’après-midi, des campagnes de dénigrement poussant les élèves et les familles à boycotter l’enseignement de cette langue donc à promouvoir le principe de la détestation de soi, ceci sans aucune prise en charge réelle ni introduction dans les administrations….) nous a échaudé !
Les chantres de la falsification ont intronisé une langue étrangère, l’arabe classique, une langue morte importée et imposée au peuple avec les attributs mensongers de langue nationale et officielle.
De plus ils veulent tellement de “bien” à notre langue, qu’elle est la seule à être rattachée à la Présidence de la république, pour mieux la contrôler, quand on connaît les déclarations virulentes du Président Bouteflika à l’égard des Kabyles et de la Kabylie.
N'est ce pas "ce triste sire" qui avait annoncé à Tizi Ouzou, et ce en une ultime provocation que "de son vivant tamazight ne sera jamais une langue officielle"
Tidet attan da :
D UDEM IS KAN WALIT T ULAMMA D TAMEDDIT
TINIM D ALA TIDET M’UR ETREQ AM TERGIT “Ferhat Imazighen Imula”
Ma d tikkerkkas atent id da "les assertions contraires à la vérité sont les suivantes" :
La sortie récente de Si Elhachimi Assad Président du HCA qui a déclaré que » la transcription en caractères latins du Kabyle est un obstacle pour sa généralisation » !
La bêtise ne s’arrêtant pas là, récemment, il faut ajouter les propos imbéciles de l’autoproclamé “faux scientifique” l’islamiste DJABALLAH :
“ Pour que le tamazight puisse être conforme à nos valeurs arabo- musulmanes, il faut qu’il soit écrit et parlé en arabe “(Caricature de Dilem) !!!
Suite à la énième refonte de la Constitution algérienne qui n'offre qu'une place de « dhimmi » aux langues amazigh sachant que l'arabe enseigné actuellement est une langue fabriquée en laboratoire juste pour asseoir leur idéologie jacobine, mais cela reste le problème essentiel des arabophones.
Voilà que ces jours ci deux kabyles ignorants mais surtout de service, et certainement « missionnés» revendiquent la transcription en caractères arabes.
C'est une façon de soumettre l'officialisation de Tamazight, à une mise sous tutelle carabinée !
Am akken i qqaren : yuden wezger
eqden aYyul
Nous leur répondons surtout « taisez-vous » ne parlez pas en notre nom : Tutlayt taqvaylit tesea imawlan is ara t ixedmen !
Mais ces gesticulations ne sont que la conséquence de l’implantation fulgurante du MAK en Kabylie
Voici la contribution de Sakina AIT AHMED, toujours d'actualité lors du premier colloque sur Tamazight à Alger traduite en kabyle :
Quel système de transcription pour Taqvaylit et Tamazight en général ?
I lmend n tektiwin i d yefɣen deg usarag i yesdukklen imaziɣen deg sen iqvayliyen, nenna tura avrid n tira d uselmed n tmaziɣt s tutlayin is sumata dayen ivanen. Ur nettuYal ara Yer deffir.
Acku, wid yuɣen tanummi serwaten vera n wennar, vegsen-d la d-snulfuyen uguren Yef tira.
Ulamma wigi si zik ur ten id yecqi kra, aeyan cenggen aɣ ger igenwan, vɣan ad mḥun tamaziYt di tmurt is
Tura medden akw cfan Yef temsal yeḍran seg useggwass n 80 armi d assa. Seg wussan yezrin, alarmi d llint cwiṭ tewwura n tugdut di 1988, tiɣrit tekka d kan sYur ueekkwaz n udavu azayri.
Assa, akavar agi n FLN iwzee amzun d iftaten. Deg wakken yenduder, amdebbeṛ is Cadli, berzidan n tmurt Lzayer, yenna yasen i yebaetiyen : « tixret, ǧǧet ten ad arun tamaziYt s isekkilen i sen yehwan. »
Maca imcumen nni ur asen yehwa ara wayagi. Deg wakken i ten iqerḥ wukud, uzlen wwin ten id ula si Leiraq akken ad ten eiwnen di lumuṛ i vɣan nitni. Ihi Cadli yerra aḍar Yer deffir.
Assa taswiet temrehwal. Imcumen agi sean afus d kra ikavaren i d ilulen melmi kan neY d wid yellan zik d uffiren am MDA n Ben Bella. Win ara yeɣren ayen i d ssufuYen deg yeYmisen n sen Yef ayen yeenan idles amaziY ad temri taluft. Ama d akavar n PRA, APUA neY MDAn Ben Bella ….ivan tnadin ad eiwden i yeYsan asewwi.
Di tazwara nnan tamaziYt ilaq ad tettwaru s isekkilen n taeravt- tineslemt. Di tama nniḍden nnan d ilaq ad t-teddu kan di lem n taeravt amzun akken d takna. Nitni gguman ad teveen erray imusnawen i d isekkenen timeslayin d tilelliyin !
Yal yiwet ilaq ad tettunexdam i yiman is. Nitni izedY iten yiwen lamer, win : » N yiwen yegdud « aerav », yiwet n tmeslayt » « taeravt », tamaziYt tusa ya sen d d ugur ameqqran.
Ma nuYal d Yer ikavaren nniḍen, akavar am FFS ixulf deg sen . Mas Hocine At Ḥmed mi t steqsan di tilizṛi n Fransa n uṭun wi sin (France 2) netta yenna d ilaq ad t naru s isekkilen n tlatinit. Llan wiyaḍ am RCD i yeǧǧan avrid i yemusnawen.
Hattan ihi Taɣwalt (la Communication) i xedmeɣ s tefransist erriɣ t id ɣer teqvaylit:
Di tallit n zik llan 3 igemmay (alphabets) s-wayes i tetwaru tmaziYt. Llan wid qlilit, ur esinen ara tafrensist, dɣa sexdamen kan akka isekkalen n taeravt. Yella ugemmay n Tifinaɣ, ssexdamen-t imaziɣen Itargiyen n tmurt n ssaḥra.
Ma d wi s krad, d-agemmay alatini Yer d ernan kra isekkilen igrikiyen (Gamma et Epsilon), ad ilin nnig twines iseggwasen i ttarun yis imyura sumata.
Tura ɣef ayen yuznen tira s isekkilen n taeravt, ilaq ad izeṛ wemdan, agemmay- is yevna Yef tirgal « les consonnes ». D tiggi i d lsas n tmeslayt taerabt. Sellen i tiYra (Yoyelles) maca ur tent ttarun ara.
Yella wayen nniḍen : tiɣri (Yoyelle) tawezlant d tYezfant. :
Ayagi ur yella ara di tqvaylit neY di tmaziYt sumata, acku tiYra ur teddunt ara Yef tirgal, ttavaeent tirgal , ttilint di tazwara, di tlemmast neY di tagara n wawal.
DiYen, tiɣra ayagi iwumi nsemma (a, i u « ou e») mara d yili ssexdamen tent waeraven seant yal yiwet krad neY ekkuz n tira :
1- Tiɣri /a/ s taeravt tetwaru s hamza i Yef d iYelli fatḥa ; alif aYezfan ; fatḥa Yef tergalt ara igen imesli (son) /a/ ; yya maksura
2-Ma d tiɣri /i/ tetwaru s : hamza d kasra : kasra Yef tergalt /ya/ ; yya maksura
3- Ma d tiɣri n /u/ « ou » tella s : hamza ḍamma- ḍamma Yef tergalt ; wwaw.
I tura, amek ara nextir tira ? S tin nenfee d tusna, neY ad netveɛ iverdan yetwaYen (idéologiques). Di tmura i fehmen, i wesbeddi n ugemmay ilaq amdan ad yezdi avrid n tmusni yak d ttusna.
Deg wayen yuznen tameslayt n teqvalit, neY n tutlayin nniḍen n tmazYa, nefra t dayen tevrez s tin n tusna.
Deg umur n tirgal (consonnes) semrasen « ils emploient » krad n talYiwin « formes » i yesemxalafen tira n targalt di tazwara di tlemmast neY di tagara n wawal.
Ayagi ur t nesea ara di teqvaylit
D tamusni n tjerrumt « la grammaire » akw d iluggan n talYa (règles de morphologie « forme du mot ») i yeteawanen amdan akken ad ieqel awal, d wamek ara t id iYeṛ diYen akken ad yaru mačči akken i d as yehwa, maca ad yaru s tin n iluggan n tjerrumt
Agemmay aerav Yurs 28 n tirgal, win n tmaziYt – taqvaylit d amerkanti 35, amek ara naru isekkilen ur nella ara di taeravt ? Ma d tifinaY Yurs kra n tiYra, maca ar assa ur d ssufɣen ara kra ilugan n tira « règles de transcription » neY wid n tjeṛṛumt « règles de grammaire ».
Ala di Merruk, llan ttarun ula d nitni s isekkilen n tlatinit.
Maca, segmi t erran d tutlayt tunṣivt , akken ad erren ɣer erif wid n tlatinit, hetmen fell asen ad xtiren ger isekkilen n taeravt neɣ wid n n tifinaɣ. Maca imusnawen xas llan vYan wid n tlatinit uYalen qevlen ad sxedmen wid n tifinaY !
Ar tineggura yagi, imusnawen akw yesean azal jevden iman n sen
Nezmer ad d nini imaziɣen n Niger akw d Mali deg usarag n 1966 di Bamako , xtaṛen isekkilen n tlatinit, xas akken rran lqima tameqqrant i yesekkilen n tifinaɣ, ssexdamen n ten i yismawen n tḥuna n tɣiwanin n tidevlin « administrations » n tudrin sumata (…)
ILAQ AD FEHMEN : YAL TAMESLAYT D TILELLIT !
VIVE LA KABYLIE LIBRE
Sakina AIT AHMED
Linguiste/écrivaine,
SIWEL 040831 FEV 16


text:
Lɛarbi U Mhidi
Iluled Lɛarbi U Mhidi i wumi mechuren ugar s yisem n Lɛarbi Benmhidi g Temlilt aseggas n 1923, yeɣra Leqran umbeɛd yekcem ar uɣerbaz n yirumiyen maca staxrentid sinna, imir nni yruḥ akw d baba-s ar Tbeskert anda yeṭṭef taɣuri ines g uɣerbaz agla n Tiddukla n Imusnawen Inselmen Idzayriyen. yekcem g ukabar n agdud adzayri, yella g tameskant n 08 magu 1945, ihi ṭfent, arrant a lḥebs 10 isegwasen. Asmi yettwaṭṭef, ḥekmen fellas s lmut u nɣant bla ma ieedda di ccree, deg useggas n 1957.


text:
tanmmirt nek agma anejjar f tamdiyazt ad.
tuDDr agh tudert, tjla yagh, ur sul nmun
tuDr agh, tsers fllagh abacil nes, ar aghen ttams d wakal
tudr agh, tadd agh, nggami assul nmmas.
i-ga wul yan uggug i-s’mun-agh akkw aman,
aman igh ghus’n… ,tazzant i-lul’n…,kyyin !
iga ul uggug, ismun agh aman
ar ttinin willi zrinin: yan iran ad isu, isud gh mas ughbalu. imma isura, tiDDa ka gisen isiggil yan.
yan d ugwemn s uraw yat tissi n waman gh wammas n ul ns ifket i wins, mqqar ten tbDa tudert, ra ssul miqqirn, ra ssul munn.
ayyuz nk a gma.


text:
ANAY AQVAYLI ZDAT TUDDSA N LEǦNAS YEDDUKKLEN
S yisem-iw d yisem n Unavad aqvayli uedil, S yisem n umussu n wafraniman i Teqvaylit d uselway is, Mas Vueziz At Cebbi, Azul fellawen akken ma tellam
Tanemmirt i mi d tusam s leveed armi d New York, i wakken ad tikkim di tigawt a ara yeqqimen deg mezruy nneɣ.
Si tqucac n idurar nneɣ âlayen, ar izuɣar nneɣ yessarwalen laẓ fellaneɣ, si yaltxlijt ar yal agemmun, si yal taddart ar yal iɣrem, si yal taxṛivt ar yal leerc, Tamurt Taqvaylit, am yiwen wemdan, tger-d tiɣri id nusa ad-d nessiweḍ i wmaḍal akken ma yella, amaḍal isvedden axxam is s yisem n leǧnas yeddukklen da di New York.
Tiɣri ya d tin id yeqqaren :
Nek, Tamurt Taqvaylit, d nek, aɣlan aqvayli, asirem nneɣ ameqran, asirem nneɣ yugaren ak° wiyaḍ d akken ad nili d lǧens ger leǧnas yeddukklen. Asirem nneɣ d akken a nili d’ilelliyen.
Assa, nezzazef agu iɣ iregglen avrid i wallen, nekkes akukru iɣ ikerrfen tagcrirt i tikli. Yuli was tvan taft, assa i nevɣa d tilelli, i nevɣa d timmunent.
Wa a-t yeqqar i wa, tuddsa i tayeḍ, tamurt i tid itt id isuman, tiɣilt i wexnaq, asif i yillel adrar i ygenni, aggur n tziri i yetran d waggur n yiṭij !
Aɣlan aqvayli yekker ar yiman is ad izwi yal azaglu it yurzan. Azekka-s d tudert, talwit d yiseɣ d tilelli .
Nekni id yessawḍen ar da, ig ddren ass n tlelli xas s wudem azumlan am assa, tikta nneɣ di tazwara smektayent aɣ-d tid d wid ak° yeɣlin ɣef tlelli d yiseɣ n yal aqvayli. Yiwen seg neɣ ur yesei azref a-ten yettu.
Taggmatt nneɣ nefka-tt i ymekraf isertanen n tlelli, aytma nneɣ imẓaven am Kamel Eddine Fekhar d yemeddukkal is.
Ul nneɣ yedda d iɣerfan ayettnaɣen f tlelli nsen am uɣref akatalan, aɣref Askadi (Euskadi), Aɣref asekkut (Scottish people), akibikwa, d uzawad.
Tudert i waɣlan aqvayli, Tudert i Taqvaylit tilellit
New York 11/10/2015
Mas Feṛḥat At Seid
Aselway n Unavad Aqvayli Ueḍil


text:
Isṭunya
(Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.
Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.
Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.
Agbur
Tasertit n tutlayin di Isṭunya : d leqdic iteddun ɣer sdat[beddel | edit source]
Aqeddem[beddel | edit source]
Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.
Tagnit[beddel | edit source]
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.].
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit.
Tasertit n tutlayin[beddel | edit source]
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun (communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit.
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq.
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya.
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit.
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
- Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaɣen n Isṭunya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tisṭunit.
- Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tisṭunit -tutlayt taɣelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel | edit source]
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur n Mart Rannut, Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERḤATEN.


text:
Awwur:Tafelsuft
Mixayel Aleksandrubičč Bakunin (s trusit Mиxaил AлekcaHдpoBич БakyHиH), imi qqaren tikwalMichel Bakounine, illul ass n 20 neɣ 30 di magu 1814 di Primuxino, di tmurt n Rrus, imut ass amenzu di yulyu ussegwass n 1876 di Bern, tamurt n Sswis d afilusuf awernaḍ (anarchiste). Acḥal d assegwaas d Pierre-Joseph Proudhon illa-d d tala-s n tikta.
Ass-mi idder di Musku d Saint-Petersburg illa issuqul-d imarayen ilamniyen am Hegel d Fichte ar trusit. Di 1842, yusa ar tmurt n Lalman u si imi iwweḍ imlal n ilmeẓyen inelmayen n tmurt n llalmen di Berlin. Syin, idda ar Fransa anda imlal d Proudhon d Ǧurǧ Sand u issen-d daɣen imnejla n tmurt Pulunya. Si Paris, iruḥ ar tmurt n Swiss anda izdaɣ kra iseggassen w anda ikki u igar tamawt ama s tiga am tikti d ṭaqa n imussuten inelmayen.


text:
tanmirt nk aghrabi f tmediyazt ad n rays Said Achtouk.
rays Said Achtouk iga yan gh rways negh mqurnin, mac amarg nes urt izmmim gh tasfifin, htta imik lli illan gh dar ihwawin ns, ur bahra iffugh acku ittuy3mmar aghar gh isuyas, ur bahra iffagh wawal ns.
amarg ns illa ukan sul, laryah ns llan ukan sul, macc lluzzan, jlan.
tugt n rways , tugt n troubba ad ukan islghan s umarg ns, ar ukan n tghal is iga win sn, mac urt igi.
rad asigh sin iwaliwn gh tamdiyazt ad llid tiwit, ghilli gh inna:
lHasada kay gh ikkisn aqqchab
nfel ttifaqq i nnSâra d lyahoud
ighwzan rrays
ad agh ismun rbbi tamunt ughu d waman.
ad irhm rbbi rays Said Achtouk.
tanmirt nk a gma


text:
tanmirt mass farid f isisfiwn nk, ar-k ssimghurgh, g mad izêlin s urur nk f usqsi hann ghrigh-t mnck aya macc ur righ ad dik kcmgh tanqqarmut acku ur gigh anaw lli-tt ittawin gh tghawsiwin imzzîyn ifl imukrisn imqqurn, ssngh aggur ad iga win tskla d tzûri d tussna tamazight ad-t najj ad ighama mkann ad ismun imdyazn d imaratn ur-d ad-tn ibdû, maxx lligh ak nnigh maya, acku zêrigh-k nit dagh tnnit iyi is yuf yadlli ad ur aragh s tfransist, yuf ad aragh mayann lli nnigh s tmazight, mqqar kiyyi s ixf nk tssnt is iga tidt ngh-d yan udm gh udmawn ns, yah gigh afna n taydyulujiyin ittkksn izrfan zund taydyulujit taqawmajit ta3rabt, sghuyygh inigh, gagh taghuyyit mrawt tkkal, yan itthucn ur ar iddal tamart! ssngh is ggutn wanawn lli ittasin tamukrist n falastîn ad sis zznzan taqawmajit, ssnghtn irwas is tn tssnt ula kiyyi! macc urd amdyaz af sawlgh taqawmajit d wanaw ns lli iskrn gh tmmara n ufgan n falastin asrghu n takat ns, gn-tt d wayyis n trwad ad sis zzrayn iswingimn nsn ittksn i wiyyad lli illan ddu ifassn nnsn izrfan nnsn.
mayad tssnt ssnght, mamk s rad-t inigh d man ils, maya-nn iga winu, gagh gis ilelli, ad-t inigh s mklli ka righ! ur idrus wattân inu f ayt libya g nffusa f wattân inu f ufgan n falastin, macc ssmyarn agh id bab n uswingm a3rab ad nzêrra tammara nnsn nttu talli iskrn i wiyyad, maxx ur-d a3rabn ngh willi yusin iswingimn nnsn ad inghan uggar n mlyun n ifriqiyn gh darfur g ssudan manwatn yaddrn gh dar wa3rabn assa?
illa kra iga aggas rad as tsslst timlsit n umarg tdl-tt s ifugga n tuwlafin d usmrgha n tguriwin, illa kra inwa gik trit ad-t tinit mklli iga isqqaq iqqur iqjr, ajj-t ad-d iffagh, ad ak ur ig yan algammu, ula tsyafat is illa mad gik iran ad tfisst g yan waggur lli s tnnit iga win-k, ig win tlelli!
hayi mass farid ssugigh-d dagh awlk inu, ffigh dagh aylli gigi iffrn, imdyazn hati ur darsn mad hêddûn, yiwi-d akkw wawal aylli issntl wul!
tanmirt nk tikklt yadên, ha yat tmdyazt righ ad ak-tt gagh d trzzift:
tayrrist n twngimt
wanna ra kk yass,
ur d uzzal as ira akk ikrf !
ra d ak ignu tawngimt
ikrf ak ul nk,
ra d ak isghal is iga
ixf nnun aghanim
ig azuzwu,
ismdudi-k s mklli ka ran !
ra d ak iskr s ighadiwn
timlsa wawal..
rad ak ighmu s ibadân
annay n tît nk,
ra k izazwul s tiggas
asa n iman nk..
ittl ils nk s tiddâ
init as : immim !


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Firefox
Firefox d yiwen yiminig Yef web ay yellan d aseYẓan ilelli. Yetteddu deg Mac OS X, Windows neY Linux u yeejeb-asen xilla i medden.
Firefox extension neY isiYzaf n Firefox d ihallen tzemreḍ ad ternuḍ i Firefox. Yerna llan aṭas n yisiYzaf.
DYa, yal yiwen yezmer ad ibeddel Firefox ama d udem-is (sYur yiwen usentel) ama d ihallen ay yernun azal (md. tafeggagt n yifecka, imawalen, tanefilt, atg)
D yiwen wallal s way-s yezmer yiwen ad ibeddel tutlayt n Firefox. Ihi, ma nebYa ula d nekni nezmer ad t-id-nerr s teqbaylit!
Ugar isalen deg useYwen https://addons.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/


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Tisṭunit
Tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt n tegduda n Isṭunya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nniḍen ay yettidiren di lɣerba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tisṭunit tesɛa diɣ wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litṭunya akk d Rusya, ladɣa di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustṛalya.
Agbur
Tawacult-is[beddel | edit source]
Tutlayt tisṭunit d yiwet si tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin d tin yebḍan ɣef wacḥal n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tisṭunit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban aṭas d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella diɣ yiwet n tutlayt, tamjaṛit (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tuṛuft tagmuḍant (tacerqit), teqreb ɣer tisṭunit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, llan kra ay iɣilen d akken imi ay tettuneḥsab Isṭunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebḥeṛ- Abalti), dɣa ula d tutlayt-is tetbeɛ ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitṭunit (siked utṭun wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Isṭunya teqreb ɣer Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar ɣer tfinlandit. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wakken tettemcabi tisṭunit ɣer tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nniḍen yettemcabin aṭas ɣer tisṭunit d tid ay itebɛen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkaṛilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ɣef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.
Tintalyin n tisṭunit[beddel | edit source]
Tisṭunit tebḍa ɣef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tisṭunit n Ugafa (nord, neɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Talinn, tamaneɣt), akk d tisṭunit n Wenẓul (sud, neɣ diɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesɛɛa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est). Ma d tisṭunit n ugafa, nezmer diɣ ad tt-nebḍu d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Isṭunya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebḥeṛ n ugafa-agmuḍan ay icuban mliḥ tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (taɣerbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weḥric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ɣef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ɣef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesɛa tisṭunit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merṛa ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tisṭunit.
Tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Isṭunya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tisṭunit n ugafa, d acu kan, tisṭunit n wenẓul tesɛa diɣ ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesɛan ma cwiṭ, 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.
Tira-s[beddel | edit source]
Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tisṭunit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dɣa taɣdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben ɣer teɣdirawt n talmanit u ɣef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (lateṛ) n tira talmaniyin di tid n tisṭunit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yisṭuniyen a snernayen taɣdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeɣt (standard), dɣa bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberṛani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yedǧen ad d-neṭqen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-netṭqen di laṣel, maci akken tt-id-inetṭeq uberṛani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tisṭunit yesɛa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teɣra (voyelles).
Tasɣent-is* di tmetti[beddel | edit source]
Ass-a, tuɣal tisṭunit tizeɣt d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merṛa n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Isṭunya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt yernu ɛerḍen Yisuvyatiyen ad mḥun tisṭunit akk d yedles isṭuni si tmurt-a, maca ayen ɛerḍen ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tisṭunit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merṛa n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwaǧ n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tisṭunit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabaḍ isṭuni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt i lmend n weḥraz akk d ussebɣes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesɛa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamenṣabt" tis snat, tisṭunit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yiɣerbazen yernu win yebɣan ad yuɣal d aɣarim (citoyen) isṭuni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Isṭunya, mazal llan yiɣerbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ɣef medden ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen deg-sen. Tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Isṭuniyen di lɣerba --d tisṭunit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeɣriben iṛuḥen ɣer Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citṭ ɣef tisṭunit tizeɣt yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit di lɣerba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeɣriben s tisṭunit yemxallaf ɣef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lɣerba amzun iɛedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yisṭuniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen.
Amezruy-is[beddel | edit source]
Ar ass-a werɛad ur ẓrin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tisṭunit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sɛan kra n yisallen ɣef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nniḍen deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yedǧa aṭas n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tisṭunit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebɛa n Sidna Aisa, bdan diɣ ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id diɣ wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yisṭuniyen iḍrisen-nsen imenza s tisṭunit, d win umi semman "Ddeɛwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeɛṭac, bdant a d-teffɣent tjerṛumin (grammaires) timezwura n tisṭunit. Xas ma yella anẓul n Isṭunya yesɛa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaɣurt (tameṛkantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseɛṭac.
Di tazwara n lqern wis tseɛṭac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda diɣ a d-tettlal tutlayt tisṭunit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tɣelnaẓrit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yisṭuniyen. Tiddukla Tisṭunit n Wid Yeɣran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffeɣ-d aṭas n yedlisen akk d tsufiɣin (publications) nniḍen, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra iɣerfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffɣen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daɣen ay d-ffɣen yeɣmisen imenza n tutlayt tisṭunit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees", ay d-yeffɣen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffɣen si 1864 alammi d 1880.
Yuɣ lḥal di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teḥkem Isṭunya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yisṭuniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yedǧan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) n usselmed di Isṭunya. D acu kan, ur tɛetṭel ara tennulfa-d terbaɛt nniḍen n yimura isṭuniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis ɛecrin, d tin umi semman "Noor Eesti" neɣ tarbaɛt n "Isṭunya Tilemẓit", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d usseǧhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dɣa uɣalen yimura isṭuniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi neɣ d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tisṭunit taneṣlit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tuṛuft n Wetram (lɣerb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mliḥ tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tisṭunit, dɣa skeflen-d awalen isṭuniyen ineṣliyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, reḍlen-d diɣ awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mliḥ tisṭunit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iẓuran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tisṭunit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ɣef wamek ara mḥun tisṭunit u ad d-ḥettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tuɣal tisṭunit i tikkelt nniḍen d tutlayt taɣelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeɛd ɛecṛa n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, yernu yis-s ay tesselḥay tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt tiɣawsiwin-is.
Asefru si tsekla tisṭunit[beddel | edit source]
Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tisṭunit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a. Tasuqilt sɣur "Winna", si Luxembourg.
- Aṭas ay riɣ tamurt-iw
- Fkiɣ-as ula d ul-iw
- I kemm ay cennuɣ
- D kemm ay d tinzert-iw
- Isṭunya deg d-mɣin yijedǧigen
- Ideddicen-im ḥulfeɣ-asen deg yiman-iw
- Mi tgerrzeḍ gerrzeɣ, lferḥ-inem d lfeṛḥ-iw
- Uh a tamurt-iw !
- A tamurt-iw ihhuskin, riɣ-kem
- Xsiɣ ad gneɣ yid-m
- Ad i-yawi yiḍes s iri-m
- Isṭunia-yinu yeḥerz Yillew
- Ifrax-im cennun-iyi-d
- Ijedǧigen-im meqqin-d deg-i
- Uh a tamurt-iw !


text:
assrghwd i umara ngh mass Mouhamed OUSSOUS f tlalit n yat twckint n tmdyazin mi ssagh "Tagldit n tiggas".
arra yad ttyaran iDrisn ns s uskkil alatini d tfinagh, gis 103 n tasna d 21 n tmdyazt, iskr Mallal tawlaft n waddal ns, la conception ns tskr tt Aziza NAFIA, yazzl fllas alligh d iffgh gh tgmmi tumllt mass Salah Agram.
timdyazin lli ilan gh udlis ad gant mkad:
agllid n tiggas
azzttâ s umttâ
tiflillisin isDarn izlan
aghrrabu n tafukt
talli izdaghn tagurri
asmmawd n twwargiwin
tayrrist n twngimt
aslal n tiTT nm
mas n tifawwt
ilmawn n uZngig
tamda n tudrt
timizar n ighnan
asagur n ufgan
tghri lalla ijja
aglagal
umiy d umiy n ayt nkkwni
iD d kiyyi
zik ad
aghmis nk
taffiwin n wawal
kra n imckukuDn
kra gh tmdyazin ad ttirirnt tnt yyad kra n trubba n uZawan zund masinissa d umawas, d tiyyaD rad d ffghnt gh album n 3mmuri.


text:
Immarni d deg iyar n tsekla tamazight di Arrif ij n wedlis d amaynu, netta d ammud[1] wis krad n Karim KANNOUF: “sadu tira… tira”, awarn i “Jar wesfed d usennan” (2004) d “Reâwin n tayri” 2009. adlis a myawazen deg usegged n tira d tighri tughzint[2] H.Banhakeia El Hossaein Farhad d A.ZIZAOUI. netta d adlis wis kuz’ id tessufegh tabridt n tghuri timazighin n tesdawt n Wejda[3].
Mamec id yusa di temsizwart n wedlis a:
Adlis a isseghmi d, jar tefray nnes, ca n tqessisin d timaynutin[4], mani ameghri ad daysent yaf isental[5]msebd’an maca ttemsagarn di talgha[6]. Azrawi igga as’urif deg iyar n tqessist tamazight: yarcem izlan nnes s watt’as n tmeghra[7] i iggin afray icna. Kannuf ittsessu tamazight s tidi n tira h’uma ad teghmi ad terqeh’ deg iyar n tsekla tamad’lant[8].
Tikti[9] i ittcuqn ammud a d taghuyyit mgal[10] ah’wws n tesghart n Umazigh, zi Siwa ar Kanari. Nettat temsebd’a xaf sin n wudmawn: Tira d tayri. Tira di tqessisin d asentel d amaynu di min ittwarun ar assa. Nettaf days axarres i isseddaran min iteddarn di tatlayt[11] am tmazight. Izlan a d awardi i wulawn yarghin s ucemmud’ n tira…
Di “Sadu tira… tira“, issars d marra min izemmar ad yini d marra min war izemmar ad yini. Izlan a ssummten leh’riq d tghufawin, tad’sa[12] d imett’awn, aâeffar d timmuzgha[13]. Fruryn d alaghi i war ittmettin. Tira a ttinitent xaf tutlayt tamazight, xaf tallest yarezzun tifawt, xaf wfgan i iffudn tayri, xaf umezwag[14] i iffudn Arrif, xaf umett’a i iffudn tad’sa, xaf ufadi i iffudn aman, xaf weghray i iffudn anqar, xaf tussanin i iffudent leâwin, xaf useghdi i iffudn awal, xaf wawal i iffudn tira, xaf tira i iffudn tira.
Kannuf ixs ad yari, tira nnes xsent ad ksent afray xaf tmazight, ad yari min ghars di twangimt nnes, h’uma ad nessen belli netta iqqen ghar tmazight, tamazight teqqen ghars. S manaya izz’i anegh d tiqessisin a yard’ent qaâ iwaln n tcuni imudn s leh’riq d tayri, s marra tufrayin[15] n umaru.
Deg umeggar, tiqessisin a tettarent zeg Imazighen ad tent gharn, ad tent zz’un deg wulawn nsenn, war tent ttejjin ca d tiyujilin teddarent di tattut…
A. ZIZAOUI
[1] Recueil
[2]Etude analytique
[3]Filière des études amazighes, université d’Oujda
[4] Nouvelles
[5] Sujet
[6] Forme
[7] Rimes
[8] Universelle
[9] Idée
[10] Contre
[11] Oralité
[12] Rire
[13] L’honneur
[14] Emigré
[15] Emotions et sentiments