text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Agbur
- 1 Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
- 2 Idlisen
- 3 Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Aqeddem[beddel | edit source]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[beddel | edit source]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[beddel | edit source]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[beddel | edit source]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[beddel | edit source]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[beddel | edit source]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[beddel | edit source]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[beddel | edit source]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel | edit source]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.


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text: AYerbaz alemmas Moḥemmadi Arezqi n tYiwant n Wizgan, iwumi qqaren zik aYerbaz m n Saḥel, yeddar yiwet n tegnitt n uɣilif , ass n 25 ctember 2013 lawan n yimekli. Akken kan iɛedda imekli, Inelmaden yebdaten weqraḥ di tɛebbuṭ. DYa ,iYallen n uselek n tYiwant n Wizgan gren-d iman-nsen Yef zik lḥal, s uṣiweḍ n wazal n 36 seg yinelmaden Yer wexxam n tujya i d-yezgan di lewḍa, tamnaḍt n Wizgan. Syin yella-d udawi-nsen akken iwulem lḥal, imi ulac wid yeḍruran aṭas. Si tama niḍen, imawlan, tebeen arraw-nsen Yer wexxam n tujya, anda iten-yerkeb lḥir s waṭas Yef tezmart n warraw-nsen. Liḥala-aya, sḥasfen-as aṭas, ama d imawlan n yinelmaden ama d imdanen niḍen, anda tiduukla n yimawlan n yinelmaden uYarbaz alemas Muḥemmadi Arezqi n tYiwant n Wizgan, sutren aḥeqqeq s telqey Yef sebba n lehlak-agi(intoxication), akken i sutren daYen aḥader Yef tezdeg i uḥareb Yef tezmert n yinelmaden s umata.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
...................................tayeri n tamagut.........................................
soulen sin itbiren zgh yan lbrej,zgh amalou n tagmat d tidokela isggasen gotnin,atbir assagh ns (ider),tatbirt assagh ns igat (touda),ar chettan yat tirmet arssan aman n yat tameda,oragh attan,tzditen l7emalet n gratsenayelligh tzedi iswingumen nsen mniwiyen zgh agharas n todret izzilen.itbirenad guzned s akal swaten,swaten zgh rich,swaten zgh tiddi,sisewou yasen totlayet (lougha) sawalen oulawen nsen igh trsen zgh iggu n assetta n addag n tamagut (al_howiya) nsen.
yan was ireghan arten tayen irafan trsen zgh yat tamedda islossin (i3mren) swaman,isawel ider s toudda innayas : ahad tameda n todret nofat a toudda,agmerad ighrad nsker iseddi ingubil d waman.infel lmnzel zgh touddaligh tanni ider isbokette lkhir n waman,isoren zgh tayeri n addag ligh it_terous.ikkis a9echab ns izzilen iles timlsit origun tines,oret isousem wawal n ider,ghikan afas or trour awal,tader i ikhef ns zgh aman tessou tennayas : ogoug ighyad nkrez aten righ iwakal /orgugh aslem agus nsoul or nmyar tiram ns.
izelem ider iwaliwen, imeddi tidefi n aswingem f anzgoum (lham) n tamagut (al_howiya) zgh awal n toudda,ifser rich nes gh akal zoned ighasen iga igouttan n tidrfit (al_horiya) ns i touddayader iyikhef.
tanit toudda takez zgh timitar ns aberray lisker wawal izlmen zgh tassanes tsifsous awal ns zoned ighrad tsres asafar f aberray zgh tassa n ider tennayas : adour stout isgugh addag tget lbrej ligh akke nzeri todret negh !
iketid otbir lbrej yale ikhef yannin tafoket tlkem tizzi ligh trou7,tdfret toudda ftoun s lbrej n tayeri,lbrej ligh illa ozref s ighalen d tardasin,ttafen gus taghamet nse,,kelanet willi ten yoroun s idamen n ichebaren lightid kisen,ghifasen n in3yab italghen amzrouy (tarikh) isntlen izouran n waddag ligh isker ider d toudda aghbalou isewan tozonet n tayeri n tamagut nsen ammas n tasila n tasewin nsen.
lkmen itbiren lbrej,idren oznzar igoran n tafouket,nsin waman d isegharen,rghun isoufa sisfiwenin agharas ikera isdlfoun ar isigultimitar d latret d amzrouy n tagherma ns (l7adara).
idouyed ider zike,ored youfa toudda zgh tamanes issiwet anchkan,our illa anchkan zgh timyorin nsen _adour isdouy yan didouyen wad ittasen_iswangem iwates addag,yafen toudda ar tarem amawal sewayad i tiwirga ns rzagnin,tggamey ase9oul n mad twareg ghyid lighaten tayen irafan.
trezag todret n toudda irzag (lwa9i3) ns,irzag (lkhayal) ns,aylligh rzagnet ola tiwirga ns.
isfaw gus ider anchkan,itres indoudi osetta liten yossin
isous kra zgh taliwa las igharen,tsawel toudda s ider awal ideran tenayas :ksoudegh ad yighar woul ino yasous zoned taliwa n addag ad ! irarased ider awal s tazzit :woul anli at isgharen aret ismelou,iswingumen nm irakem isgher a toudda tasouset zond taliwa.tsma9len toudda ss ider s asma9el n aznked omznet timdayin tenayas :man as9oul as tsghlet iswingumen ino ! aylligh tenit ch7an a idr ! ze3ma anli (l3a9el) nk ared ittawi as9oul idousen ! iga mas itghal yan todret ns !
ibid ider ibid wawal zgh imines,yout aseghar n addag s afous ns ilou7 titte f izzeri n toudda isawel :m9ar ka nga sin nsoul ghikad or nsoul yat todret a toudda,nderou gus kra nzeli kigan gus,ikhassa androu iswingumen a toudda,nkrez anarouz zgh todrt nasi tayafout...... nassi tayafout s afous yossin anzgoum n tidokela d tagmat isbid agadir n taghrema n afgan.tebbi toudda awal n ider s wayad tinid:mamnek ranchrek tawirgut !! mamnek ranchrek iswingumen !!
as9esi ad agma ider adigan afesay n tawirgut inou ghyid lighanegh tayen irafan !
ghid agh toles toudda tawirgut i ider mallin aswingm adig afsay d agharas n imal ifolkinismghin ijddign n tidrfit ( l7oriya),d addagn n assoref d tagmat d tidokela zgh gr afgan d gmas ,bela isma9el zgh totlayet ns (lougha),ola (dinne ns),ola i7adan tamagut ns,ighalen d tardasin n afous n izrfan (l7o9ou9) ad isfolkin iyan ighis yomez taghamet ns........... (dfret)
..............tanmirt .


text:
1:1 Ɣef wayen yeɛnan win yellan d awal n tudert, i gellan si tazwara : nesla-yas yerna neẓra-t s wallen-nneɣ, nnulent ifassen-nneɣ yerna nerra ddehn-nneɣ ɣuṛ-es.
1:2 Tudert tban-ed, nwala-ț, nețcehhid fell-as, yerna nețbecciṛ-awen-d tudert n dayem yellan ɣer tama n Sidi Ṛebbi, tura tban-aɣ-ed.
1:3 Ayen nwala d wayen nesla nxebbeṛ-awen-t-id, iwakken ula d kunwi aț-țekkim di tdukkli-nneɣ, akken nella nukni d Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi akk-d Mmi-s, Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:4 Uriɣ-awen ayagi iwakken lfeṛḥ nneɣ ad innekmal.
1:5 Ayen nesla s ɣuṛ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ newwi-yawen-t-id : Sidi Ṛebbi ț-țafat, ur yelli ara deg-s ṭṭlam.
1:6 Ma neqqaṛ deg webrid n Ṛebbi i nella yili mazal-aɣ nteddu di ṭṭlam, neskaddeb nexḍa i webrid n tideț.
1:7 Meɛna ma yella nteddu di tafat am akken i gella nețța di tafat, ad ddukklen wulawen-nneɣ, yerna ddnubat-nneɣ ad iriden s idammen n Mmi-s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:8 Ma neqqaṛ ur yelli deg-nneɣ ddnub, atan neskaddeb ɣef yiman-nneɣ, tideț ur telli deg-nneɣ.
1:9 Meɛna ma nețqiṛṛi s ddnubat-nneɣ i Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța yellan d aḥeqqi, nezmer a nețkel fell-as a ɣ-isameḥ ddnubat-nneɣ, a ɣ-isellek si lbaṭel.
1:10 Ma neqqaṛ mačči d imednuben i nella, nerra Sidi Ṛebbi d akeddab, awal-is ur yelli ara deg-nneɣ.
2:1 Ay arraw-iw imeẓyanen, uriɣ awen ayagi iwakken aț-țexḍum i ddnub, meɛna ma yeɣli yiwen di ddnub, nesɛa win yețḥuddun fell-aɣ ɣer Baba Ṛebbi, d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ yellan d aḥeqqi.
2:2 Mačči ɣef ddemma n ddnubat nneɣ kan i gefka iman-is d asfel meɛna ula ɣef ddemma n ddnubat n yemdanen n ddunit meṛṛa.
2:3 Ihi ma nețțaɣ awal i Sidi Ṛebbi yerna nḥerrez lumuṛat-is, d ayagi ara d-isbeggnen belli nessen-it.
2:4 Win ara yinin : ssneɣ Ṛebbi yili ur yeṭṭif ara di lumuṛat-is, d akeddab, ulac deg-s tideț.
2:5 Ma d win yețțaɣen awal-is, iḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi seg-wul-is. S wakka ara d-iban belli d ayla n Sidi Ṛebbi i nella.
2:6 Win ara yinin ṭṭfeɣ di Sidi Ṛebbi, ilaq ad ilḥu am akken yelḥa Lmasiḥ.
2:7 A wid eɛzizen, di tebṛaț-agi mačči d lameṛ ajdid i wen-d-wwiɣ, meɛna d lexbaṛ-nni i kkun-id-iwḍen si tazwara ; lameṛ-agi d awal-nni i wumi teslam yakan.
2:8 Meɛna zemreɣ a d-iniɣ belli lameṛ-agi d ajdid. Tideț-agi tban-ed di Lmasiḥ, tban-ed daɣen deg-wen ; imi ṭṭlam ițwexxiṛ, tafat n tideț tfeǧǧeǧ yakan.
2:9 Win yeqqaṛen leḥḥuɣ di tafat, yili nețța yekṛeh gma-s, mazal-it di ṭṭlam.
2:10 Win iḥemmlen gma-s, di tafat i gețțili, ur yelli ara deg-s wayen ara t-isseɣlin.
2:11 Ma d win ikeṛhen gma-s, di ṭṭlam i gella ; iteddu di ṭṭlam ur yeẓri anda ileḥḥu, axaṭer ṭṭlam isderɣel-as allen.
2:12 Uriɣ-awen ayagi ay ilmeẓyen imi i wen-țwaɛfan ddnubat-nwen ɣef ddemma n yisem-is.
2:13 Uriɣ-awen ay ibabaten, axaṭer tesnem win yellan si tazwara. Uriɣ-awen ay ilmeẓyen, axaṭer tɣelbem amcum. Akken i wen-d-nniɣ yakan ay ilmeẓyen, uriɣ-awen axaṭer tesnem Baba Ṛebbi.
2:14 Uriɣ-awen ay ibabaten, axaṭer tesnem win yellan si tazwara. Uriɣ-awen ay ilmeẓyen, axaṭer tǧehdem, awal n Sidi Ṛebbi yezdeɣ deg-wen yerna tɣelbem amcum.
2:15 Ur ḥemmlet ara ddunit d wayen yellan deg-s. Ma yella walebɛaḍ ihemmel ddunit, leḥmala n baba Ṛebbi ur telli ara deg-s ;
2:16 axaṭer ayen akk yellan di ddunit, lebɣi n tnefsit, ṭṭmeɛ di kra n wayen i gɛeǧben i wallen akk-d zzux i d ițekken si cci n ddunit, mačči s ɣuṛ Baba Ṛebbi i d-kkan lameɛna si ddunit.
2:17 Ddunit d wayen yellan deg-s ad iɛeddi, kullec ad ikfu ; ma d win ixeddmen lebɣi n Sidi Ṛebbi ad yidir i dayem.
2:18 Ay arrac imeẓyanen, ț-țaswiɛt taneggarut ; am akken teslam belli aɛdaw n Lmasiḥ iteddu-d, atan tura aṭas n yeɛdawen n Lmasiḥ i d-ibanen ; s wakka ara neɛqel belli d lweqt aneggaru.
2:19 Sṭaxṛen fell-aɣ axaṭer ur llin ara seg-neɣ ; lemmer llin seg-neɣ, tili qqimen yid-nneɣ ; ṭṭaxṛen fell-aneɣ iwakken a d-iban belli ur llin ara seg-neɣ.
2:20 Ma d kunwi, yesmar-ed fell awen Lmasiḥ Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, yerna tessnem akk tideț.
2:21 Uriɣ-awen mačči imi ur tessinem ara tideț, lameɛna imi ț-tesnem axaṭer ulac lekdeb i d itekken si tideț.
2:22 Anwa i d akeddab anagar win inekkṛen belli Ɛisa d Lmasiḥ. Aɛdaw n Lmasiḥ, d winna i gnekkṛen Baba Ṛebbi akk-d Mmi-s.
2:23 Win ara inekṛen Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yenkeṛ daɣen Baba Ṛebbi, ma d win iqeblen Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yeqbel Baba Ṛebbi.
2:24 Ma d kunwi, ayen teslam si tazwara ilaq aț-țeṭṭfem deg-s ; ma yella tjemɛem-t deg ulawen-nwen, ula d kunwi aț-țilim di tdukkli akk-d Baba Ṛebbi d Mmi-s.
2:25 Atan lweɛd i ɣ-d-ifka Lmasiḥ : ț-țudert yețdumun.
2:26 Uriɣ-awen ayagi ɣef wid yețnadin a kkun-ɣuṛṛen.
2:27 Ma d kunwi, Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i d-yesmar fell-awen Lmasiḥ yezga deg-wen, ur teḥwaǧem ara win ara kkun-islemden ; axaṭer d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i d-immaren fell-awen i kkun-isselmaden. Ayen i wen-yesselmad ț-țideț, ur yeskiddib ara. Sṭfet ihi di Lmasiḥ am akken i wen-t-isselmed Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen.
2:28 Ihi tura ay arrac imeẓyanen ṭṭfet di Lmasiḥ iwakken asm'ara d-iban a nesɛu lețkal, ur nțeffer ara fell-as si lḥecma ass n tuɣalin-is.
2:29 Imi teẓram belli Lmasiḥ d aḥeqqi, ilaq aț-țeẓrem daɣen kra n win ixeddmen lḥeqq s ɣuṛ-es i d-ikka.
3:1 Walit acḥal i ɣ-iḥemmel Baba Ṛebbi, armi nețțusemma d arraw-is ! yerna ț-țideț d arraw-is i nella. Ddunit ur aɣ-teɛqil ara d arraw n Ṛebbi imi ur tessin ara Sidi Ṛebbi.
3:2 A wid eɛzizen, aql-aɣ tura d arraw n Ṛebbi, ayen akken ara nuɣal werɛad i d-yedṛi, lameɛna neẓra belli m'ara d-yedṛu, a nili am nețța, axaṭer a t-nwali akken yella.
3:3 Kra n win yessaramen deg-s ad yeṣfu akken yeṣfa Lmasiḥ.
3:4 Kra n win idenben yerẓa ccariɛa n Sidi Ṛebbi, axaṭer ddnub ț-țaṛuẓi n ccariɛa.
3:5 Teẓram belli Lmasiḥ yusa-d iwakken ad ikkes ddnub nețța ur nesɛi ddnub.
3:6 Kra n win yeṭṭfen deg-s ixeṭṭu i ddnub ; kra n win yețɛicin di ddnub ur t-iwala ur t-yessin.
3:7 Ay arrac imeẓyanen, ɣuṛ-wat win ara kkun-iɣuṛṛen. Win iteddun s lḥeqq d aḥeqqi akken yella Sidna Ɛisa d aḥeqqi.
3:8 Win yețɛicin di ddnub yedda d Cciṭan, axaṭer d nețța i d amednub amezwaru. Ɣef ddemma n wayagi i d-yusa Mmi-s n Ṛebbi iwakken ad yessenger lecɣal n Cciṭan.
3:9 Kra n wid yellan d arraw n Ṛebbi ur țɛicin ara di ddnub, axaṭer tudert i d-itekken s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi tella deg-sen ; ur zmiren ara ad ɛicen di ddnub imi s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi i d-ɛawden talalit.
3:10 Atah wayen i d-ițbegginen lxilaf yellan ger warraw n Sidi Ṛebbi d wid n Cciṭan : kra n win ur nteddu ara s lḥeqq neɣ ur nḥemmel ara gma-s ur yelli ara si tarwa n Sidi Ṛebbi.
3:11 Atan lameṛ i wumi teslam si tazwara : ilaq a nemyeḥmal wway gar-aneɣ.
3:12 Mačči am Kahin yellan d amcum yenɣa gma-s, yezla-t axaṭer nețța lecɣal-is diri-ten, ma d gma-s iteddu s lḥeqq. f+
3:13 Ur wehhmet ara ay atmaten ma yella keṛhen-kkun wat ddunit.
3:14 Nukni nɛedda-d si lmut ɣer tudert axaṭer nḥemmel atmaten. Win ur nḥemmel ara, mazal-it di lmut.
3:15 Kra n win ikeṛhen gma-s d aqettal, yerna teẓram belli win ineqqen, ulac deg-s tudert n dayem.
3:16 Leḥmala n tideț, nessen-iț s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ yefkan tudert-is fell-aneɣ. Ilaq-aɣ ula d nukni, a nefk tudert nneɣ ɣef watmaten-nneɣ.
3:17 Ma yella walebɛaḍ yesɛan cci, iwala gma-s di lexṣaṣ ur d-iḥunn ara fell-as, amek ara tezdeɣ leḥmala n Sidi Ṛebbi deg wul-is.
3:18 Ay arrac imeẓyanen, ur ḥemmlet ara s wawal kan d yiles aẓidan, lameɛna leḥmala n tideț a d-tban s lecɣal-nwen.
3:19 S wakka ara nẓer belli di tideț i nella, yerna ad yethedden wul-nneɣ zdat Sidi Ṛebbi,
3:20 ɣas yesseḍlem-aɣ wul-nneɣ : Sidi Ṛebbi sennig wul nneɣ i gella yerna yeẓra kullec.
3:21 A wid eɛzizen, ma yella ur aɣ-isseḍlem ara wul-nneɣ, nesɛa lețkal zdat Sidi Ṛebbi.
3:22 Kra n wayen ara nessuter, ițțak-aɣ-t-id axaṭer neḥrez lumuṛat-is yerna nxeddem lebɣi-s.
3:23 Atan wayen i ɣ-d-yumeṛ : a namen s yisem n Mmi-s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ yerna a nemyeḥmal wway gar-aneɣ am akken yella di lameṛ i ɣ-d-yefka. f+
3:24 Win yețțaṭṭafen di Sidi Ṛebbi, iḥerzen lumuṛat-is, Sidi Ṛebbi yețțili deg wul-is ; yerna a neɛqel belli Sidi Ṛebbi yella deg ul-nneɣ s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i ɣ-d-yefka.
4:1 A wid eɛzizen, ḥadret iman-nwen ɣef kra n win ara wen-d-yinin heddṛeɣ s Ṛṛuḥ n Sidi Ṛebbi, lameɛna jeṛṛbet-țen iwakken aț-țeẓrem ma yella s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi i d-kkan axaṭer, aṭas n lenbiya n lekdeb i gellan di ddunit.
4:2 Atan wamek ara tɛeqlem ma yella yiwen yesɛa Ṛṛuḥ n Sidi Ṛebbi : kra n win ara icehden belli Ɛisa Lmasiḥ yusa-d ɣer ddunit s ṣṣifa n wemdan, s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi i d-yusa.
4:3 Ma d win ara inekkṛen ayagi ɣef Sidna Ɛisa, mačči s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi i d-yekka lameɛna yekka-d si Ṛṛuḥ n weɛdaw n Lmasiḥ i ɣef teslam a d-yas ɣer ddunit, atan tura yella yakan di ddunit.
4:4 Kunwi ay arrac imeẓyanen, d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi i tellam, tɣelbem wid yesselmaden lekdeb, axaṭer Ṛṛuḥ yellan deg-wen yugar win yellan di ddunit.
4:5 Nutni n ddunit, daymi i țmeslayen s lɛeqliya n wat ddunit, yerna at ddunit smeḥsisen-asen.
4:6 Nukni d ayla n Sidi Ṛebbi ; win yebɣan ad yissin Sidi Ṛebbi yesmeḥsis-aɣ-d ; win ur nelli ara n Sidi Ṛebbi ur a ɣ-d-ismeḥsis ara : s wakka ara neɛqel Ṛṛuḥ n tideț akk-d Ṛṛuḥ n lekdeb.
4:7 A wid eɛzizen, ilaq a nemyeḥmal wway gar-aneɣ axaṭer Sidi Ṛebbi s yiman-is, d leḥmala ; kra n wid yesɛan leḥmala deg ulawen-nsen, d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi i llan yerna ssnen Sidi Ṛebbi.
4:8 Kra n win ur nesɛi ara leḥmala deg wul-is ur yessin ara Sidi Ṛebbi, axaṭer leḥmala s ɣuṛ-es i d-tekk.
4:9 Atah wamek i d-isban Sidi Ṛebbi belli iḥemmel-aɣ : Sidi Ṛebbi iceggeɛ-ed Mmi-s awḥid ɣer ddunit iwakken yis a nesɛu tudert.
4:10 Ațah d acu i d leḥmala : mačči d nukni i gḥemmlen Sidi Ṛebbi lameɛna d nețța i ɣ-iḥemmlen armi i d iceggeɛ Mmi-s ad yefk iman-is d asfel i leɛfu n ddnubat-nneɣ.
4:11 A wid eɛzizen, ma yella Sidi Ṛebbi iḥemmel-aɣ annect-agi, ilaq ula d nukni a nemyeḥmal wway gar-aneɣ.
4:12 Ulac win iwalan Sidi Ṛebbi s wallen-is, meɛna ma yella nemyeḥmal wway gar-aneɣ, Baba Ṛebbi yețțili deg-nneɣ, leḥmala-s tețban-ed deg-nneɣ.
4:13 Atah wamek ara neɛqel nukni nețțili deg-s nețța yețțili deg-nneɣ : imi i ɣ-d-yefka Ṛṛuḥ-ines.
4:14 Nukni s yiman-nneɣ netɛeǧǧeb deg-s, daymi nezmer a d-neched belli Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi iceggeɛ-ed Mmi-s, i leslak n ddunit.
4:15 Kra n win ara icehden belli Ɛisa d Mmi-s n Ṛebbi, Ṛebbi ad yețțili deg wul-is, nețța ad iṭṭef di Sidi Ṛebbi.
4:16 Nukni nessen leḥmala i ɣ-iḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi, yerna numen yis. Sidi Ṛebbi, d leḥmala ; win yesɛan leḥmala deg wul-is yeṭṭef di Sidi Ṛebbi, Sidi Ṛebbi yezdeɣ deg ul-is.
4:17 Ma yella tennekmal leḥmala deg ulawen-nneɣ, a nesɛu lețkal i wass n lḥisab, axaṭer ayen yețɛeddin fell-aɣ di ddunit-a, d ayen yesɛedda Lmasiḥ s yiman-is.
4:18 Win yesɛan leḥmala n tideț ur t-tkeččem ara tugdi ; leḥmala n tideț tessufuɣ tugdi, axaṭer tugdi tețțas-ed si lxuf n lɛiqab, win yețɛicin di tugdi werɛad yessaweḍ ɣer leḥmala n tideț.
4:19 Ma d nukni, nḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi axaṭer d nețța i ɣ-iḥemmlen d amezwaru.
4:20 Kra n win yeqqaṛen : ḥemmleɣ Sidi Ṛebbi yili yekṛeh gma-s, d akeddab, axaṭer win ur nḥemmel ara gma-s i gețwali, ur izmir ara ad iḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi ur yețwali ara.
4:21 Atan ihi lameṛ i ɣ-d-iǧǧa Lmasiḥ : win iḥemmlen Sidi Ṛebbi ad iḥemmel daɣen gma-s. f+
5:1 Kra n wid yumnen belli d Ɛisa i d Lmasiḥ, uɣalen d arraw n Ṛebbi ; daɣen wid iḥemmlen Baba Ṛebbi, ḥemmlen ula d arraw-is.
5:2 Atah wamek ara nẓer belli nḥemmel arraw n Ṛebbi : ma nḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi yerna nxeddem lumuṛat-is.
5:3 Axaṭer ma nḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi ilaq a neḥrez lumuṛat-is ; lumuṛat-is ur ẓẓayit ara,
5:4 axaṭer arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi ɣelben ddunit, ayen s wacu i neɣleb ddunit, d liman-nneɣ di Sidna Ɛisa.
5:5 Anwa i gɣelben ddunit ? D wid yumnen belli Ɛisa d Mmi-s n Ṛebbi.
5:6 Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, d win akken i d-yusan ɣer ddunit s waman d idammen, mačči kan s waman n weɣḍas-is lameɛna s waman akk-d idammen-is yuzzlen mi gemmut fell-aneɣ ; yerna d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i d-icehden fell-as axaṭer Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, d Ṛṛuḥ n tideț.
5:7 Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, aman d idammen, di tlata yid-sen beggnen-d tideț-agi.
5:9 Ma yella cchada n yemdanen tețwaqbel, cchada n Sidi Ṛebbi tugar tin n yemdanen ; axaṭer d Sidi Ṛebbi s yiman-is i d-icehden ɣef Mmi-s.
5:10 Win yumnen s Mmi-s n Ṛebbi, yesɛa țbut deg wul-is, ma d win ur numin ara, yerra Sidi Ṛebbi d akeddab imi ur yumin ara s wayen i d-iched Ṛebbi ɣef Mmi-s.
5:11 Cchada-yagi ț-țudert n dayem i ɣ-d-yefka Sidi Ṛebbi, tudert-agi di Mmi-s i tella.
5:12 Win yumnen s Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yesɛa tudert ; win ur numin ara s Mmi-s n Ṛebbi ur yesɛi ara tudert.
5:13 Ayagi uriɣ-awen-t-id iwakken aț-țeẓrem belli tesɛam tudert n ṣṣeḥ yețdumun, kunwi yumnen s Mmi-s n Ṛebbi.
5:14 Tura atah lețkal i nesɛa ɣuṛ-es : ma nessuter-as kra yellan di lebɣi-s, yețḥessis-aɣ-d ;
5:15 ma yella neẓra belli yețḥessis-aɣ-d, kra n wayen ara s nessuter, neḥsa belli yewweḍ-aɣ-d.
5:16 Ma yella win yeẓran gma-s yedneb yili ddnub-is ur yețțawi ara ɣer lmut, ilaq ad yedɛu ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța a s-d-yefk tudert ; nniɣ-ed ayagi ɣef wid ixeddmen ddnub ur nețțawi ara ɣer lmut. Yella ddnub yețțawin ɣer lmut lameɛna mačči ɣef wid ixeddmen ddnub-agi i wen-d-nniɣ aț-țedɛum.
5:17 Kra yellan d lbaṭel, d ddnub, meɛna llan ddnubat ur nețțawi ara ɣer lmut.
5:18 Neẓra belli kra n wid yellan d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi ur țɛicin ara di ddnub ; meɛna Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yețɛassa fell-asen yerna Cciṭan ur yezmir ara a ten-yennal.
5:19 Neẓra belli d arraw n Sidi Ṛebbi i nella, ma d ddunit teɣli ger ifassen n wemcum.
5:20 Neẓra daɣen Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yusa-d ɣer ddunit yefka-yaɣ-d lefhama s wayes ara nissin Ṛebbi n țideț. Deg-s i neṭṭef s yisem n Mmi-s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ; d nețța i d Ṛebbi n ṣṣeḥ, i ț-țudert yețdumun.
5:21 Ay ilmeẓyen, ḥadret aț-țɛebdem iṛebbiten n lekdeb.


text:
Tanfalit (tafyirt)
Tanaflit d yiwet n tefyirt tawezlant id yessevganen ayen ssaramen, naɣ ittmennin yemdanen marra naY wegraw ametti s-umata naY tudsa d tasudut iwakken ad awḍen Yer s-iswi nsen, naY ad mmektin amezruy nsen ameqṛan.
S araldik, tanfalit t skened daxel imrigen izamalen (armoiries), umata ɣef tasfift nnig aber, wannag tiɣra n lgirra ssersent ddaw is.
Kra n tinfalyin :
- Ad naṛṛeẓ wala ad neknu d tanfalit n Tmurt Lleqvayel,
- Illu akked azref iw d tanfalit n ugellid n Legliz.
- Tadukkli texdem tazmert d tanfalit n Biljik.
- Yiwen i akk, akk i yiwen (Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno) d tanfalit n Swis, lamanɛna ur tella ara d tunṣibt.
- Tasunḍa d Afara (Ordem e Progresso) d tanfalit n Brazil.
- S Illu n umen (In God We Trust) d tanfalit n Tamrikt.
- Ccfiɣ (Je me souviens) d tanfalit n Kebek.


text:
Apuleius
Afulay (s tefṛansist Apulée) d amyaru amaziY ilulen ger issugasen 123-125 di, Madur iwumi qqaren ass a Mdaruc, ur isggug (ur ibɛid) ara ɣef Suq Ahras.
Yiwen ur yezri acu n usseggas i deg imut akeyya, (ahat assegas 170).
Tameddurt[beddel | edit source]
tawacult n Afulay tella d tamerkantit. ɣas akken Afulay yella d aruman s yedles, yr yettu ara izuran is ifriken almi i d yenna netta d amaziY. d acawi 'numid'
Ayen yura[beddel | edit source]
ɣas d amaziY, Apuleius yura s talatinit, atas ungalen. Win it wesenen
- Aɣyul n wureɣ (n dheb) (L'Âne d'or) d win it wesenen.
- Yella daɣ Florida anda yura xilla (aṭṭas, ayendin) n fettu d isaragen.


text:
Aghwgmmi – Allu ssi 3assid
azul fllak .
3assid : allu azul agwma
Aghwgmmi – Ssi 3assid ar sik nsbrrak tiklit yadni gh aghwgmmi.
3assid : tanmmirt nnun
Aghwgmmi – assagh ad n 3assid manid ikka lasel nes ?
3assid : nkki assagh inu hmed ben 3abd ben sa3id . dada amghar ad lli igan s
wassagh sa3id . lligh imzziy art sa9san mad as ismn . ur issin aysgaddi assagh
ns ar ittini 3asid . aylligh ast gan s dfer ism.
Aghwgmmi – hya assagh ad ur dars kran tmzdit d taglla . ghmkli ttinin yan
Mnnaw ?
3assid : ur dars illi . igh ak dars illa ar sis tftakhargh . achku taglla tga yat
tghawsa lli s asfuglun imazighn ass n yid innayer gh izzelmd n ifri9ya kulut.
Aghwgmmi – ayt ma d ist ma . ibbi unyalkam d uslmad ngh . ra nsunfu d imik
Dernin gh umarg amazigh niwrrid dar unbgi ngh.
inna janti : – iriz umda ur yad isfaw uslm aman
– yigut lbher f lbabbur yuf akka chwern
inna walbnsir : – igh idda kra ar igh kid utn s tawwunt
– igh asn tsredt is rad hlli tchmmatem
- – Is ka tzaydt agren itfullust
-
- Inna walbnsir : – ha dama n iglgizn hratt ukan nmmagh
-
- – Wanna smussagh idim wallin urn tam
-
- Inna sid hmmu : – ay gan ddamn n ignzi gh tillas d ufus
-
- Inna bughda : – idrd lfnar gh tiddi khsint tifawin
-
- Inna lhaj bl3id : – l3ar f imggura ddel ur asn tid nfel
-
- Aghwgmmi – Allu azul ssi 3assid .
3assid : Allu arak sflidagh
Aghwgmmi Ssi 3assid ghmklli bahra thadart gh ihwachen tgt aslmad n lflsafa. Illa dari
Yan us9si it3l9 si tighawsiwin ad s snat . nsa9sa gis tlba ur anght fasern ?
3assid : sawl sa9sa .
Aghwgmmi Yan ufrukh izra yat tfrukht dar uhwach isawl dis s titt achku mden ggutn.
Lligh ira ayftu tfkas yat tbrat gh ufus .
Ligh ifta irzem tabrat urnn gis yafi tirra achku tafrukht ur tghri . yufan gis
rich u fullus d ifr n taddagt tazart. Yiwit il3ulama ur as ufin afssay ?
3assid : timitarin ad s nat hati ghrant iguyya nsnt . tnna yas anmu9ar ngh gh
ddu taddagt n tazart igh ighra ufullus .
aghwgmmi – ark nsnimmir aya slmad ngh tiklit yadni
3assid : tanmmirt nnun ula knni .


text:
Compilation Kabyle : La Kabylie En Fête CD1
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Date de publication: 16 mars 2015
Ecoute Compilation Kabyle et Telecharger Free de Musique MP3 Gratuite La Kabylie En Fête CD1, Et chanson 2017 de Compilation Kabyle, Toute la discographie album 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013...
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Afous Les Méchants Album La Kabylie En Fête, Agraw Aka Naknitura Album La Kabylie En Fête, Ait Menguellet Dir Lui Album La Kabylie En Fête, Amour Abdenour Asm Akti Album La Kabylie En Fête, Compilation Kabyle Album La Kabylie En Fête CD1, Compilation La Kabylie En Fête, Djaffar Ait Menguellet Yuli Was Album La Kabylie En Fête, Farid Ferragui Ghas Tharedhdhiyi Album La Kabylie En Fête, Ferhat Tsfsut Album La Kabylie En Fête, Louiza Azul Felawin Album La Kabylie En Fête, Malika Yami Ay Ttruy Album La Kabylie En Fête, Mohand Ou Moussa Azinime Album La Kabylie En Fête, Mon Beau Pays Album La Kabylie En Fête, Omar Sahnoun Aoelid Album La Kabylie En Fête, Ouerdia Taleb Yaghran Album La Kabylie En Fête, Salim Soumman Thakvaleith Album La Kabylie En Fête, Slimane Azem Algérie, Takfarinas Salamet Album La Kabylie En Fête


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Libya
Libya d tamurt d-yezgan di tefriqt ugafa. Tesɛa 1,759,540 ikilumitren². Tettwazdeɣ s wazal n 6 Igendad. Amur ameqran d aneẓruf. Isem ines unṣib : tajamahirit talibit taɛrabt tanemlayt tameqrant. Isem-ines yettwasen seg zip yekka-d seg tmaziɣt. Imezdaɣ-ines imezwura d imaziɣen, ttwasnen seg tallit n imaṣriyen iqburen s yisem n Libu. Ma d tura amur ameqran d aɛraben.
Tamanaɣt n Libya d Ṭrables. Tutlayt tunṣibt d taɛrabt wanag Imaziɣen yellan deg wedrar N Infusen rwan lḥif imi tutlayt-nsen tettwagdel uqbel Tanekra n 2011. llan Imaziɣen di Zwara/At Willul(tella af ilel), d llan di Jaɣbub, d Awilen (di Barqet), d Ɣdames di Fezzan mmeslayen s tamaziɣt, di Ɣat d Ubari d Isuknan(Sukna) kul-nsen tutlayun s tmaziɣt, deg-s Taqbilt n Werfella qbel tutlayun s tamaziɣt, tura igun Iέraben.
Timdinin Timeqranin[beddel | edit source]
Tamnaṭ n Ṭrables[beddel | edit source]
- Ṭrables
- Miṣrata
- Zzaweyya
- Zliten
- Lxums
- Ṣabrata
- At Willul (Zwara)
- Tajura
- Tarhuna
- Surt
- Ɣeryan
- Msallata
- Bni Walid
- Leǧmil
- Surman
- Nufaliya
Fezzan[beddel | edit source]
Barqet[beddel | edit source]
Tanekra n 2011[beddel | edit source]
Yekkred wegdud alibi i wakken ad isuffeɣ Mɛemmer Lqeddafi, aselway n Libya seg 1969. S tallalt n tdukkla n tmura i ddukklen (ONU) akk d OTAN, semmus (5) wagguren agdud alibi issaweḍ ad yekcem Ṭrables.


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Anagraw n wammud
Anagraw n wammud ( tazegzilt (abréviation) N.A) (Fr : système d'exploitation SE ), (s teglizit Operating System OS), d'tagrumma n w'ahilen ig sselḥun acermad (appareil) asenselkim.
Agbur
- 1 Ta nawsent (typologie)
- 2 A mazray (historique)
- 3 Tiseggar (composantes)
- 4 Tasegda (Architecture)
- 5 Inagrawen n wammud yetwasnen (les SE connus)
- 6 Tamselyut
Ta nawsent (typologie)[beddel | edit source]
A mazray (historique)[beddel | edit source]
deg seggasen n 1940, iselkimen(ordinateurs,computers) ttwasihlen(programmer) s weseqdec n teqfilt (interruptuer à bascule), kra i seggasen mbeɛd sseqdecen tikarḍiwin i nezmer ad nɣer s weselkim.
Iselkimen des iseggasen 1940 ɣer 1960 swan tafunast d yellis(ɣlay it), anagir ti rmisin(entreprises) timeqqranin iten yesseqdacen, yerna m yal amseqdac sbededen as akud n leqdic(limiter le temps d'utilisation)
Akf'asihel (multiprogrammation)[beddel | edit source]
akf'asihel d'awal id yussan deg sin w'awalen (akfud=multiplication , asihel = programmation).


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Takatalant
Takatalant di Katalunya.
Aseqdec n Tkatalant yeẓẓa iẓuran-is yerna simma simma la ttnernin di Katalunya. Di tallit-nni ideg Franco yeṭṭef Spanyul yegdel-itt, maca xas akken, tedder deg yilsawen n Ikatalanen . Di tmendawt(Constitution) taspenyult n 1978, Tameslayt-a tuYal d tunṣibt di Katalunya d Tegzirin Baléares daYen di temnaḍt n Valansya, dinna ssawalen-as “Tavanlansyant”. Tasekla s Tkatalant teğuğğeg, ayen din n yedlisen i d-yettrusun di tsedlisin, ula deg isupermarciyen znuzun-ten. Deg iberdan ukeṛṛus ipanuten ttwarun yakk s Tkatalant, ttwarun ula s Tkastilant (Taspenyult) maca seddaw n Tkatalant. Tisdawiyin smenyafent taYuri (leqraya) s Tkatalant, tuget n tezrawin tgen-tent yinelmaden s tmeslayt-a, ula deg isura n sinima isutitrajen tgen-ten s Tkatalant.
Tilibizyuwat d yilYagduden-nniḍen ttmeslayen s Tkatalant, seg imeẓyanen alamma d imYaren zemren yakk yikatalanen ad slen, ad walin neY ad Yren ayen i sen-yehwan s Tkatalant.


text:
Firfol
Firfol a zo ur gêriadenn hag ur gumun eus departamant Calvados.
Taolenn
Istor[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
XXvet kantved[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Eil brezel-bed, 1944: daou baotrig a varvas abalamour d'ar brezel e Firfol d'ar 24 a viz Eost e-pad Emgann Normandi [1].
Douaroniezh[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Monumantoù ha traoù heverk[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Armerzh[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Emdroadur ar boblañs[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Emdroadur ar boblañs 1962-2009[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Niver a annezidi


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Hänsel d Gretel
Hansel d Gretel, neɣ s tutlayt talmanit Hänsel und Gretel d wiyet n tmacahutt mucaɛen si tmurt n Alman (Jirmani), id yefɣen deg 1812 sɣur imyura : Wilhelm Grimm d gma-s Jacob Grimm. S tewzel, wiki d sin watmaten, aqcic Hansel s weltma-s Gretel, d arraw n yiwen umzenzu n tesfaḍ, s baaden seg wexxam i waken ad qelben af yiwen ugummu di tisgi. Yufa-d lḥal d iḍ, dɣa ṭsen armi s tufat (taṣebḥit), zdat n yiwet n tiɣremt (château) iččur d cakulat d yal tawsit (genre) n tiziḍanin. Lamaana ur zran ara belli d yiwet n temhergit (taseḥart : sorcière) i g zedɣen din, isem-is 'Massepain'. Hansel i ttwatef d ameḥbus, ma d Gretel tenna-yas d temhergit ad sewǧed i w-sebbwi, dɣa Gretel teḍqer-is ar timest, u tesefɣ-ed gma-s d yal aqcic i yellan di takurmut (prison).
Hansel d Gretel d yiwet n tmacahutt imucaɛn aṭas ger yakw t i-g uran watmaten Grimm. Tefɣ-d di Franṣa deg 1985 ar tizrigin 'Michel Albin', teḥka-tt-id 'Sarah Hayes' s tugniwin n 'Colin Hadley'.
Amyaru d umedyaz Essaid At Maamar yesuqel-d u yemsas-d (adapter) tamacahutt aki ar tutlayt tazwawt. Isem-awen n Hänsel akw d Gretel, yer-aten s tezwawt : Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc. Attan amek i tella temsast n tmacahutt aki ar tazwawt. Atan wedris amek i gella (sYur imyura.net): Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc


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Ccix Lḥasnawi
Ccix Lḥasnawi, s yisem-is unṣib Si Muḥ n Aɛmar u Muḥ, ilul ass n 23 Yulyu 1910, di Taɛzibt n Lɛeṛc Iḥesnawen di tama n At Dwala. Yettwassen s yisem Ccix Lḥesnawi imi laṣel ines n Iḥesnawen, di lekwaɣeḍ yers s yisem n Muḥemed Xelwat. Asmi i yesɛa sin iseggasen di laɛmeṛ-is temmut yemma-s, akken kra iseggasen yerna baba-s. Am tizya-s akw di lawan-ni, yekcem ar temɛemmaṛt akken ad iɣer leqwran. Ur yeqqim ara aṭṭas di taddart-is, asmi yesɛa 14 iseggasen iṛuḥ ar Tizi Wezzu, dinna icennu di leqhawi, ur iɛeṭṭel ara di Tizi wezzu ikemmel abrid-is ar Lezzayer tamaneɣt. Dinna di Lezzayer yemlal-d kra inaẓuren imeqranen am Ccix Musṭafa Nadur akw d Ccix Mḥamed Lɛanqa.
Deg useggas n 1935 Ccix Lḥesnawi yessufeɣ-ed tasfift-is tamenzut anda i yecna ɣef lɣerba akw d wuguren n tmurt imiren, tizlitt-nni Maison Blanche di tesfift-agi i deg tella. Yeqqim sin iseggasen di Lezzayer dɣa di 1937 iṛuḥ ar Franṣa anda i d-yessufeɣ tisfifin nniḍen. Di Franṣa Ccix Lḥesnawi yettwassen aṭṭas ger yeɣriben i yellan din. Aṭṭas n yeɣriben i t-iḥemlen imi icennu ɣef wayen i ten-iḥuzan, lɣerba m lemḥan. Ccix Lḥesnawi yecna diɣen ɣef tmeṭṭut n tmurt d wuguren i d-tettmaggar di lawan-nni. Xas akken tizlatin n Ccix Lḥasnawi wezzilit maca d tid igerzen aṭṭas, nezmer ad d-nini belli ibeddel-as udem i cna n caɛbi neɣ yewwi-d amaynut i ṣṣenf-agi n cna. Asmi i tebda tegrawla di tmurt, di 1954, yeḥbes cna. Mi i tfuk di 1962 yeqqel ar cna, yerna 6 iseggasen dɣa yegzem-tt di ṛṛay-is belli ad yeḥbes cna i lebda. Ccix Lḥasnawi yexdem 46 n tezlatin, 29 s Teqbaylit, 17 s Dderǧǧa (taɛrabt n Lzzayer).
Deg iseggasen n 70 ibeddel tamurt; abrid-agi iṛuḥ ɣer Tegzirt n La Reunion. Di tegzirt-agi ikemmel tudert-is armi d asmi i yemmut ass n 6 Yulyu 2002. Xas akken Ccix Lḥasnawi yeǧǧa-yaɣ, tizlatin-is mazal-iten ttwasnent di yal tama n tmurt.
- Tuddar qqiment d tilmawin
- Eemṛent ḥaca s tilawin
- Win yesɛan ul-is d aḥnin
- Lhem nnig wa ulac
Imeslayen aki icna-ten Ccix Lḥasnawi deg 1935.
Idlisen[beddel | edit source]
- Mehenna Mahfoufi, Cheikh El-Hasnaoui. Chanteur algérien moraliste et libertaire, Paris, Ibis Press, 2008 - ISBN 978-2-910728-88-5


text:
azul gwmanu amedyaz(anabay)
x umezwaru righ ad ak inigh s tummert (merhba serk gh wagurad ) berk a gwma ger aytmak
tsent ukan tannayt inu izlin s timdyazink d usnflulnk ur ad sri tqqel tutlaytngh tamazight ar kigh as inigh : "" umer a tutlayt han arraw ar serm itara ar serm istara igenwan akm akw issen umadal..........) achku tuuumer ummergh nummer s tgharastnk bahra iffawn ighusn izdegn ....lis tarat !!
ayuuuuuuuuuuuuz nk gwmanu nabay
awal ikkad ull ar ilkem s ulawn
tanemmirt
ultmak tanirt n tafraout
(war assagh ) :alvas:


text:
Tamasiḥit
Tamasiḥit niɣ Tamettumsa d ajjed iy deg ttamnen medden belli Ṛebbi d yiwen, iṣobb ɣer medden s wedmaw n bnadem: Yeccu (Ɛisa). Imasiḥen (Imettumsen) ttamnen belli Yeccu ur yesɛi ara baba-s : ilul ala seg yiwet n tmeṭṭot (Meryem) s tezmert n Rebbi. Imasiḥen ttamnen belli Yeccu (Ɛisa) d Elmasiḥ ay ad isellken Udayen d ad yexelq tamurt n Israyil tameqqrant, ɣas akken ur yexdim ara akk tiɣawsiwin agi, nutni ttamnen belli a d-yuɣal tikkelt nniḍen akken a tt-yexdem.
Imasiḥen umnen di Adlis Uɣris (iqedsen) neɣ Abenǧil (Inǧil), ayen isɛan tira s tɛebrit d tira s Tegrigt.
Tisuqilin n Yinjil ɣer tutlayt Tamaziɣt[beddel | edit source]
Ttwagent (ttwaxedment) aṭas n tsuqilin n Yinjil s tutlayt Tamaziɣt, s tintaliwin am Tamaziɣt Tarifit, Tamaziɣt Tacelḥit, d Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.
Tasuqilt n Yinjil s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit tella da:
Injil s Tefṛansist - Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.
Llant tsuqilin Timaziɣin n:
- Arkawal Azayku (Ancien Testament).
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament).
- Izlan n Dawud (Psalms)...
Umuɣ n tsuqilin Timaziɣin n Yinjil: Arkawal Azayku d Warkawal Amaynu[beddel | edit source]
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament), s usekkil Alatin neɣ da, d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ, d s usekkil Aɛrab
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) s Tmaziɣt Tacelḥit s usekkil Alatin neɣ da, d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ, d s usekkil Aɛrab


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H1 Titles:
ipercaforum
ipercaforum.freeforumzone.leonardo.it - similar domain names
Common mispellings
piercaforum.it, piercaforumit, ieprcaforum.it, ieprcaforumit, iprecaforum.it, iprecaforumit, ipecraforum.it, ipecraforumit, iperacforum.it, iperacforumit, ipercfaorum.it, ipercfaorumit, ipercaofrum.it, ipercaofrumit, ipercafroum.it, ipercafroumit, ipercafourm.it, ipercafourmit, ipercaformu.it, ipercaformuit, ipwrcaforum.it, ipwrcaforumit, ipsrcaforum.it, ipsrcaforumit, ipdrcaforum.it, ipdrcaforumit, ipfrcaforum.it, ipfrcaforumit, iprrcaforum.it, iprrcaforumit, ip3rcaforum.it, ip3rcaforumit, ip4rcaforum.it, ip4rcaforumit, ipeecafoeum.it, ipeecafoeumit, ipedcafodum.it, ipedcafodumit, ipefcafofum.it, ipefcafofumit, ipegcafogum.it, ipegcafogumit, ipetcafotum.it, ipetcafotumit, ipe4cafo4um.it, ipe4cafo4umit, ipe5cafo5um.it, ipe5cafo5umit, ipercaforym.it, ipercaforymit


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Tafrikt n Ugafa
Tafrikt n Ugafa d tamnaḍṭ i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Tefrikt : Deg-s deqs n tmura gar-asent Dzayer, Maṣer, Libya, Amerruk, Tunes, Muriṭanya, Tigzirin Tiknariyin, atg.
Iɣerfan[beddel | edit source]
Deg Ugafa n Tefriqt, imezdaɣen inaṣliyen neɣ imezdaɣen imenza d Imaziɣen, d nutni i d amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a i la ttmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ Tafṛansist. Imaziɣen gan-d tilas i wakal d ameqran, yewwet-d seg wemda n Isiwan, deg Umalu (Ouest) n Maṣer armia d Targa Zewwaɣen (tazeggart) d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Atlasi neɣ adrar n watlas.
Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqer armiay yewweḍ ɣer wul (tlemmast) n Tefriqt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ ay d aɣref n Yimaziɣen ay ilan (yesɛan) akal meqqren akk gar iɣerfan imaziɣen wiyaḍ, xas akken ur gtan ara. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Nijir, atg.).


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Ursu amellal
Ursu amellal (isem alatini: Ursus maritimus), d aɣersiw asuṭṭaḍ seg twacult n wursuten, yedder deg tmiwa tugrisin ay d-yezzin ɣef Ugaraw Arkti (deg ugafa n Kanada, Rrus ed Skandinavya). Ursu amellal d yiwen seg yiɣersiwen imeccaksumen (carnivores) imeqranen akk deg umaḍal: yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer 2,5 n lmitrat deg leɛlu (mi ara tebded ɣef yiḍarren-nnes n deffir), yerna iwezzen azal n 7 n yiqenṭaren.
Tafekka n wursu-a d tamellalt s lekmal-nnes, yerna aya yettɛawan-it ad yessedreg iman-nnes deg temlel-nni n wedfel ed wegris aydeg yeddren. Seg tama niḍen, cceɛṛ-nnes d yeqquffi (d azuran), yerna d win ay yettarran fell-as asemmiḍ. Ursu amellal yettɛumu deg waman isemmaḍen n Ugaraw Arkti, am wakken ay yezmer ad yazzel s tɣawla d tameqrant ɣef wegris. Yesɛa anzad ula ddaw yiḍarren-nnes i wakken ur ittecceḍ deg wedfel, yerna yettṣeyyid iselman ed yidemriyen (phoques).


text:
Microsoft Windows
Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwet n tseddaṛt n inagramen n wammud id fres Microsoft iy selkimen imṣudan PC. D win id yarnan deffir MS DOS. Seg segwasen 1990 (agim, tza twines d tzat) , d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, id yemmugren arbaḥ ameqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas imasraken n-iselkimen iwakken ad sveddayen deg furas nsen ala Windows 95 naɣ muyaf asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.
taseddaṛt n Windows degs aṭas ifurkawen:
- Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 (mraw sed) ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s tcinwatt), Ifɣed asegwas n 1985 (mraw tza twines d tamet sem), ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.
- Afurk wissin, umi qqaren afurk Windows NT (Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.O, arnu Windows 2000), ifɣed di 1993. D taneflit id yalsen (iɛawden) seg ulac, ittwaxdem iy selkimen n yemdanen d iqeddacen d iselkimen imyagwan PC. Di tazwara llan seqdacent tmettiwin.
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffɣed, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen marra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
- Afurk wis kraḍ, umi qqaren tikwal afurk Windows 9x, yefɣed asegwas n 1995, idder s-umsaday d ufurk NT. Afurk agi yevda d Windows 95, yarnad fellas Windows 98 d Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas seg imdanen, yarna yusad iwakken ad yeṭṭef amḍiq n ufurk amenzu, yella d-afurk amezwaru s 32 ibitten.
- Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yefɣed asegwas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.
Ifurkawen itikniken n Windows[beddel | edit source]
Afurk n 16 ibitten[beddel | edit source]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 1.0 : wanber 1985
- Windows 2 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 286 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 386 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.11 …
- Windows 3.0 : mayu 1990
- Windows 3.1 "Janus" : yebrir 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.1 "Kato" : tuber 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.11 "Snowball" : wanber 1993
- Windows i Workgroups 3.2 (lqem acinwat n Windows i Workgroups 3.11) : …
Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcmed kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.
Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM naɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq an eǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen id ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi. si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows. Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.
Afurk 9x[beddel | edit source]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 95 "Cikago" : ɣuct 1995
- Windows 95 OSR2 "Detroit" : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 98 "Memphis" : yunyu 1998
- Windows 98 Taẓrigt tissnat, naɣ daɣen « Windows 98 SE ») : mayu 1999
- Windows Me (naɣ Windows Millennium taẓrigt) : ctember 2000
A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS. Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d-anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.
Lqem agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan nni n tneflit ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yefɣed s yisem n Windows 95, yemmugred tinemhazin timeqṛanin, garasent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), igeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad suffaɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 naɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken att qazem ugur agi.
Afurk Windows NT[beddel | edit source]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows NT 3.1 : ɣuct 1993
- Windows NT 3.5 "Daytona" : ctember 1994
- Windows NT 3.51 : yunyu 1995
- Windows NT 4.0 : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 2000 (Cairo) : fuṛaṛ 2000
- Windows 2000 SP1 : ɣuct 2000
- Windows 2000 SP2 : mayu 2001
- Windows XP "Whistler, iluled seg ufsay n usenfar Neptune d win n Odyssey" : 25 tubaṛ 2001
- Windows 2000 SP3 : yulyu 2002
- Windows XP SP1 : ctember 2002
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center : 2002
- Windows Server 2003 : mayu 2003
- Windows 2000 SP4 : yulyu 2003
- Windows XP taẓrigt Starter : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP SP2 : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP taẓrigt axxam n "Windows XP Édition familiale / Windows XP taẓrigt twacult" : yebrir 2005
- Windows XP 64 : avril 2005
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center 2005 : ɣuct 2005
- Windows Vista "Longhorn" : nunber 2006 i taṛmisin ; 30 yennayer 2007 i yemdanen maṛṛa.
- Windows Server 2008 : fuṛaṛ 2008
- Windows XP SP3 : yebrir 2008
- Windows Vista SP1 "Windows Fiji" : id yefɣen di meɣṛes 2008
- Windows Vista SP2 : yefɣed yunyu 2009
- Windows 7 "Windows Vienna" : ifɣed ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009
- Windows Server 2008 R2, ifɣad yiwen wass netta d Windows 7 (ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009)
- Windows 7 SP1 : ifɣed fuṛaṛ 2011
- Windows 8 : i 2012
- Windows Home Server 2011 : uṛɛad id yeffaɣ acku ur yewjid ara.


text:
azul ultmanu tanirt ,surfiyi meqqar trgelt abatu ed n " amksa n izaliwn" mac dari azerf ad rargh f awal n almannani ,slawant ligh ildi assaghinu s awal igezn !
inna lmannani :ultma war assagh urrigh s mad tura afighttin isak helli tsker taghwrit acku tgit agellid ns tmyarm attalghm gratun ....
ssurfiyi amksa izaliwn imqqur f mayad kullu nkcm ... acku mayd nsala ghila ad nit yaddra
azul
ar as tinigh :
Mass almannani , ur dark azerf ad tldit assaghinu d ad feli tsawlt s awal igezn,acku ur ldigfh assaghnk s amya !
Mas « zalhoud » iga agellid n imdyazn trit negh-d tugit ,ran imdyazn imazighn negh-d ugin d ur d nekkin ad as ifkan assaghad ,fkanast zwar irumin ,achku ssen is iga amdyaz s mad akw tusi taguri yed ! iga agellid inu yaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah ig asselmadngh ig amdyaz ngh ameqran !
Nukwni ar nsimghur gratngh ,mach keyin ligh ur tufit mak isimghurn ,tkcemt s deux peudo ,turut assagh yadnin ar sers talght ikhfenk am igh ar turart s « lkarakiz » !!!
Rad utgh taghwrit i zalhoud igh ighwzan d rad tutgh i oussous i akunad i ouagrar i abedslam nasif i mellal i ussam »anabay » i imdyazn ganin imdyazn igh ghwzanen !
Righ ad ak sisfiwgh yat tghawsa f udm n rebi Han tacamma kad itufn ar taylal gh igenna yazn achku tfergh gh ugens ! amez akal a gwma lmanani !
Timdyazink gisnt tamimt n usnflul , d ar tarat s yat tgharast ifulkkin ,mac ur tuft wiyad ! ar ak akw tinin ayuuuz ,mach ur aght kulu tinin zegh ull !
Righk ad tsenflt tagharast lis « t3amalt » d midn d imdyazn d ikhfnk zwar ,mmagh ad tzmumgt !
Igh tsmunt asenflul d « tawadu3 » d awal ifulkin immimn ,rad k simghurn midn zegh ullawn ,urd s tkndawt « man tawada3a lillahi rafa3ah » !
Surfiyi ,ur nnigh amer tidt ,meqqar iherra awal mac iga win tidt !iqqand ad ak ifk kran tifawt ! igh giki tannit kra init ifulki ad nsmel udmawn n gratngh gh tisit n ufran ! acku maya dar agh itaws ar agh isdus ur agh agh irezza !
Ar ak sirimgh tawada yughdn g ubridnk !
Avec attas n uzrkki
Ultmak reqia touw !


text:
Kebek
Kebek (Tafrensist : Québec, Tanglizt : Quebec) d tamnaḍt n wegmuḍ n Kanada.
Tajumma-nnes 1.667.441 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen), zedɣen-tt 8 080 550 n yimezdaɣen (Ikebeken) deg 2012.
Aneɣlaf amezwaru : Philippe Couillard (PLQ)
Tarakalt[beddel | edit source]
Kebek yezga-d gar temnaḍin n Wakal Amaynut ed Labrador akwd Brunswick Amaynut d Ontario, dɣa ɣur-es tilisa akwd Iwunak Yedduklen d yiwunak n New York, New Hampshire ed Maine.
Tutlayin deg Kebek[beddel | edit source]
Amur ameqqran seg yimezdaɣen n temnaḍt-a ssawalen s tefṛensist (79 %) maca llan 7,9 % n wenglizwalen (Anglophones). Tutlayt tunṣibt tella d Tafrensist deg temnaṭ-agi.


text:
Rafiq Ḥariri
Rafiq Baha Eddin Al-Ḥariri (ilul deg , deg Ṣayda – yemmut deg 14 Furar 2005, deg Birut), d argaz n yiweẓla (homme d'affaires).
Ḥariri ed Tsertit[beddel | edit source]
Yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru n Lubnan seg 1992 arma d 1998, sakkin yerna yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru seg 2000 arma d 2004. Hariri yurar ddur d ameqran deg tsertit n Lubnan n deffir n wemgaru (ṭṭrad), am wakken ay yurar daɣen dduṛ deg uɛawed n lebni n tmurt ay yenḍerren seg 15 n yiseggasen n yimenɣi.
Timenɣiwt-ines[beddel | edit source]
Ḥariri nɣan-t deg 2005, deg Birut, deg yiwet n tenṭagt (attentat) sdat n usensu n St. George. Ɣef ljal n tmettant-nnes, Iɣlanen Yeddukklen (Nations Unies) sbedden-d Tanefrut Tusligt (Tribunal Spécial) n Lubnan, d win ay yettuwekklen akken ad inadi deg temsat n tmenɣiwt n Ḥariri. Kra n yidisan nnan-d tettekka Surya deg tmenɣiwt-nnes, am wakken ay llan wid ay icikken Ḥizbullah yettekka daɣen, d acu kan, llan yidisan niḍen ay yettwalin timenɣiwt n Ḥariri ttekkant deg-s kra n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) ay yebɣan ad d-snekrent ccwal d ameqran deg Lubnan. Lḥaṣul, timenɣiwt n Ḥariri tegla-d s yibeddilen d imeqranen deg tsertit talubnanit. D tadyant-a ay yessawḍen ɣer tmeskanin n Tegrawla n Yengel akked tuffɣa n yiserdasen isuriyen seg Lubnan. Memmi-s n Rafiq Ḥariri, Saɛd Ḥariri, yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru n Lubnan gar 2009 ed 2011.


text:
Branville
Branville a zo ur gumun eus departamant Calvados e Bro-C'hall.
Taolenn
Istor[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
XIXvet kantved[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
XXvet kantved[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
- Eil brezel-bed, Emgann Normandi, 1944: dieubet e voe Branville d'an 22 a viz Eost gant ar 6th Airlanding Brigade, an 12th Battalion Devonshire hag ar 2nd Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, skoazellet gant un nebeud kirri-hobregonet eus ar Vrigadenn Piron [1]; lazhet e voe ur paotrig e Branville gant tennoù kanol e dibenn miz Even e-pad Emgann Normandi [2].
Monumantoù ha traoù heverk[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
- Iliz katolik Sant Jermen [3].
Bezioù ar C'hommonwealth e bered ar gumun: Branville Churchyard[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Marvet int d'ar 6 a viz Even 1944 e-pad Dilestradeg Normandi e-pad an Eil brezel-bed. Unan anezhe a zo chomet dianav [4] [5].
Armerzh[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Douaroniezh[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Emdroadur ar boblañs 1962-2008[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]
Niver a annezidi