text:
Umuɣ n iseqdacen urmiden
Wagi d umuɣ n iseqdacen yexedmen armud deg 30 ussan agi ineggura.
- Akourma (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Alexander Mikhalenko (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Amazigh84 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [42 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- AvicBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [2 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- AvocatoBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- ChaosEvil (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Correcteur15000 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- DixonDBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- EdwardsBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [2 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- EmausBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [104 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Escarbot (Mmeslay | tikkin) (aṛubut) [4 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Frigotoni (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Gerakibot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [6 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- IXENY (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Idioma-bot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [8 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Igna (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Ileli1988 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [20 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- JAnDbot (Mmeslay | tikkin) (aṛubut) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- JYBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [5 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- JackieBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [11 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Jurgen1996 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Justincheng12345-bot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [3 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Kolega2357 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- LaaknorBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [2 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Lhossine (Mmeslay | tikkin) [2 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Lodewijk Vadacchino (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- MahdiBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [3 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Makecat-bot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [3 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- MastiBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [5 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- MerlIwBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [215 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Mmistmurt (Mmeslay | tikkin) [3 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Moe Epsilon (Mmeslay | tikkin) [2 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Mohouvouj (Mmeslay | tikkin) [19 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Nyar94 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [3 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Obersachsebot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- PixelBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Ptbotgourou (Mmeslay | tikkin) [4 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Quentinv57 (Mmeslay | tikkin) [4 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Rubinbot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [9 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- SabienSam (Mmeslay | tikkin) [77 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- SantoshBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [5 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- SilvonenBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Synthebot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [12 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- TjBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [12 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Trijnstel (Mmeslay | tikkin) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Tussna (Mmeslay | tikkin) [5 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- VolkovBot (Mmeslay | tikkin) (aṛubut) [1 abeddel n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Xqbot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [70 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- YFdyh-bot (Mmeslay | tikkin) [4 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]
- Yacine.ben (Mmeslay | tikkin) [14 ibeddilen n ussan agi ineggura deg 30 ussan ineggura]


c: text/html

text:
Leqbayel
Leqbayel(ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ), d isem nniḍen i fkan Weɛraben i wegdud Azwaw imi-id kecmen Tafriqt ugafa.
[beddel] Ansa i d yekka wawal n “Leqbayel”
Anamek n wawal-agi yekka-d ahat seg teɛṛabt d "(Agdud n) iderman". Rruman ssawalen-asen d Quinquegentanei "semmus (5) n Iderman" (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren Mons Ferratus, "Adrar n ğerğer"), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ uhu.
Ur neksib ara aḥric ameqran n tansa ɣef umezruy n yisem-aki, maca (d acu kan) nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yesɛan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Izwawen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert neɣ iduba (adabu) n tiddukla n iderman. Ass-aki llan kra imusnawen iqbayliyen i d-yuran dakken isem n yeqbayliyen aẓaran (anaṣli) d Igawawen neɣ Izwawen. Af tekti-yaki amusnaw n Tesmislit azwaw Mas Salem Caker yuran-d dakken Iqbayliyen ttun isem-nsen anaṣli "Izwawen" i d-yekkan seg wassag n yiwet n Taddart yettwasnen aṭas deg Tmurt iqbayliyen zîk. S tutlayt Tafransist awal "Zouave" yekka-d seg Azwaw. Llan kra imusnawen n umezruy igrigiyen i d-yudren awal-ag Aqbayli neɣ iqbayliyen (leqbayel) s talɣa n Cabales. Acku ur nezmir ara ass-a ad d-nefk ttbut ma yella seg wawal-a i d-yekka neɣ uhu, imi ur nesɛi kra n ttbut .
[beddel] Agdud Azwaw (Agdud Aqbayli)
Amezruy n agdud Azwaw, d amezruy ameqran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, eeddan luluf n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasih ; d imezdaY imezwura n Tefriqt ugafa uqbel n tlalit n umezruy atrar, agdud Azwaw d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden iqdimen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen.
Agdud Azwaw yedder, yerna yexlef Agdud Arumani, yiwen amenkud i yestaemren ddunit irkul, yexlef Agdud Afiniqi, ladYa Yugurtan yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf Marius; tura arraw-is kren ţlaein i wid ur numin ara; adgud Azwaw atan dagi andaţ Roma? Lkahina temmut, s tidiţ, yessi-is krent tura ţnadin; andat euqba Bnu-nafie? I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud Azwaw atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud Azwaw yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan Yef taYert, tuccda, akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is.
Ussan agi Izwawen ttidiren g lweqt n la renaissance n-sen, sennig aYebbar n lweqt akk-d d leqhar n iedawen, tteddun Yer zdat, aqlaY nettwali tallit n lğens, Lğens Azwaw.
Izwawen g zik semman iman-sen ImaziYen , Agdud AmaziY, win ur neqbil ara lbatel neY akerwa.
[beddel] Amezruy Atrar
Deg Amezruy Atrar, Izwawen maci d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icnwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides]], llan iYerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n Masnsen, agellid di facto n Numidia, armi lexsara n Yugurtan g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidia.
Numidia tella azal n Dzayer akk-d Tamurt n Izwawen lwahid.
Numidia tbed meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya nissegassen d wacemma, maena timura n ddunit merra ur seant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laemer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidia d ulac i tella? Numidya i geacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, akter n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n l Europ n ccerq, mi teYli Numida tsea azal n laemer n l Canada!
[beddel] Amnekcam arumani
Lestaemar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uYelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n Geiseric Aeiban (agellid n Ivandaliyen) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen Yer Tafriqt ugafa g 429.
[beddel] Imnekcamen Ivandalen
Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae (Bgayet) am tamaneYt-is; yestaemered Sicillia, Sardegna, Corsica, akk-ed tegzirin n Catalan, yernad yekcem Yef Roma yewid yides mi i gefeY, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen n lğamee n Lquds (iseflawen i gfkan Iyahudiyen i lğamee-nsen) i d yewi Titus Yef Roma melmi igstaemered Lquds.
[beddel] Amnekcam Abyzanti
Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iesekriyen n Justinianus I, agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534).
Yiwen lamer yesean atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziYen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaY mgal wayid.
Amenkad Abyzanti ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal Ieraben wid bdan Ttrad n Lesteemar n Tefriqt g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705).
[beddel] Amnekcam Aerab
Ieraben qeteen lebher, staemren Maser g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen Yef tamurt n imaziYen, tamurt n leqbayel.
Listiemar Aerab, am lbers, di tamuggit Yef Izwawen i yella; imi ImaziYen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti Yer usamer n tilisa-nsen.
Izwawen nuYen-d mgal Ieraben s wayen akk yellan, s tazmart, s lğehd, s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aedaw simmal yexreb, yenYa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziY, ayen yesean rruh n umaziY. Mbeed akter n sebea meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, ImaziYen eyan, cban izem nni ur sein ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem Azwaw yeYli-d ur yekkir ara, Ieraben hesben d lmut i g yemut.
Mbeed amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziYen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Izwawen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iesekriyen Ieraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n Mecca.
Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Ieaben, Tafriqt ugafa tuYaled d amYiz ni iklan Yef leswaq n Ccerq-alemmas.
Izwawen am akken ad meneen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n ieraben; ieraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuYren telelli n imaziYen.
Sienna d asawen, tutlayt n imaziYen akk-d ismawn-sen uYallen d lehram.
G 705 anbaz Aerab i-bereh belli tamurt n Izwawen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aerab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa teeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuYli-is, akk-d imal-is.
Amnekcam Aerab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiemar n Ieetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Khairr ad-Din d ayetma-s earuj, i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n Dzayer, bdan asseYwel n tama agi am asutel n ifflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temYid Yef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Lmarican g Lebher-nneY sebba n Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut, akk-d Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat, anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen.
[beddel] Amnekcam arumi (Fransa)
Deg 1830, s sebba belli Lbay n Dzayer yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, Fransa tenbez Dzayer; lameena, azbu i g qquren n Izwawen, AmYar Ameqran (El-Mokrani) akk-d Fadma n Sumer, steetlen taslekt agi almi Agud Azwaw yeţwaxdeen s ageldun n Ieraben yeţuseman eabd Qader imi d-yefka takbabt-is Yef Amtawa n Tafna wahid Fransa.
Amtawa n Tafna, 30 Maggu 1837, yeswejd abrid Yef wanger n Tamurt n Izwawen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. Fransa, isegassen kkra mbeed, tefka-d Aguldun eabd Qader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajeelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g 26 Maggu 1883.
Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna: [1]
Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Izwawen ifuk, Fransa tezdem Yef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamut n Izwawen, Timura n uguldun eabd Qader, akk-d d unezruf usamer (timura n Twareg).
G 1954, Tazemmalt n Taslullit TaYelnawt (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaed n sebea isegassen n imenYi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962. Ahric ameqran n 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs akk-d 91,000 iherkiyen, azal n 10% n imezdaY n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen Yef Fransa g usegas nni.
- Uqbel n Lmasih = Uqbel n Lweqt-nneY

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Taglizit
Taglizit d tutlayt taneṣlit n Inglatirra (lagliz), tettiki sdaxel n tutlayin tijirmaniyin, tewwid amur meqqer n wawalen seg tutlayin tilatiniyin(abeɛda si tefransist).
Tutlayt Taglizit d tutlayt tamezwarut n tussna d tdamsa deg umaḍal. Di tmura n ledzayer d Lmerruk tutlayt a ur ttwasselmad ara ayendin (aṭas) deg iɣerbazen iɣelnawen.
Tutlayt Taglizit ssawalen-tt 400 imelyunen n iwdan di Amirika (Tamrikt neɣ Marikan), Inglatirra (legliz), Kanada, Ustralya, Zilanda Tamaynut, Irlanda, Tafrikt Tiffust i yellan yur-nsen d tutlyat tayemmatt (mother tung), d tmura nniḍen am Swidd d Dannmark d Finlandya itt- yesseqdacen d tutlayt tis-sant labeɛda i tɣuri di llakulat iɣelnawen.


text:
Dzayer (tamanaɣt)
Dzayer neɣ Lzzayer d tamdint tamanaɣt n tagduda n Dzayer d tamdint i meqqren g tmurt, ssawalen-as daɣen, imuzdagh ines Dzayer tamellalt naɣ (Lbehǧa) El-Bahdja tezgad gerrif n ilel agrakal, tamdint n Dzayer tefka ismis y yal agezday (tawilayt) n Dzayer, tamdint n Dzayer tella ger timiṭropolin timuqranin g umenẓaw n Tafriqt s 2 030 000 imuzdaɣ g aseggas n 2002, ytwaḥsab azal n 2.947.446 imuzdaɣ g useggaw n 2008. g tamdint n Dzayer kan anaf azal n 4 250 000 imuzdaɣ neɣ azal n 12% n'ugdud adziri g yal tamurt tesɛa agezday n Dzayer tilas akk d ugezday n Blida s unẓul Tipaza s utaram, Bumerdas s umalu.
[beddel] Aẓar n isem n Dzayer (neɣ Tatimulujit)
Isem n Alger (Aljé) issem aɛewwaj arumi n issem "Alguère" s takatalant, angaru aki yeffɣ-ed g teɛrabt "ğazayer", Jazayer issem i s-yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri win i d-ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mmi yesekka tamdint n Dzayer g useggas n 960 f agaluz n tamdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s trumant Icosium(Ikozium), yefka-yas issem n Dzayer at Mezɣenna, caḍen izegzziyen i fkan i lmeɛna n issem aki i yetwafken sɣur Buluɣin Mmis n Ziri. Azzegzi amezwaru yenna-d belli issem n Dzayer yetwakkes g tigzirin i yellan zdat asagen n tamdint n Dzayer s teɛrabt (al-Jaza’ir) الجزائر, s teqbaylit, tigzirin n at mezɣenna, Neɣ awal n “tagzirt” yezmer (akken i ɣilen arakalen inselmen n tallit talemmast) ad yini igger i yellan ger illel d Ṣeḥra igger i yezmer a tilli gyes tameddurt, “tajtagzirt n tmeddurt”. Azzegzi angaru yenna-d belli issem ad yillin fkan-t feljal tajmilt n baba-s n Buluɣin, Ziri mmis n Mennad , ihi, issem n Dzayer ad yilli yusa-d g D’ziri, s tmaziɣt, Tiziri(lmaɛna ines tafat n uyur/uggur), Mezɣenna yezmer daɣen ad tili talɣa tetwaɛerreb n Imezɣen ayen aɣ-d-yefk : “Tiziri n at Imezɣan”. Imuzdaɣ n Dzayer tamanaɣt qqaren adziri/tadzirit (dziri/dziriya) fakken ad ssiwlen i imuzdaɣ n tamanaɣt.
[beddel] Tarakalt
[beddel] Asurs
[beddel] Tignawt
[beddel] Imuzdaɣ
[beddel] Tadamsa
[beddel] Amesni
- Meṭro n Dzayeryetddu s Ḥay el Badr --> Tafura-Lbusṭa tamuqrant adyelli tiburas y umessiklen g yunyu 2009 ɣuzzif abridis s 9Km (ikilumitren), yesɛa 10 laryat.
- ETUSA
- Amafag n Dzayer
- Tramway n Dzayer
- SNTF
[beddel] Timerrit
Tadult n timerrit g temdint n Dzayer mazal-itt texxuṣ, ɣas tesɛa aṭas ideggen i cebḥanen maca asefrek (gestion) nsen cwiyat, tesɛa (amedya) tiftisin ticebḥanin am taftist (rrif n'ilel) La Perouse g usamar, maca caḍen daɣen tiftisin ur necbiḥ ara am tin n Mazella neɣ n Miramar (Guilloville) anect agi felǧal n assif n Ḥarrac neɣ assif Mazafran atg... i tṣubbun ar ilel.
- Llan daɣen g Tamanaɣt kra isensa n semmus itran am Asensu Hilton Alger, Asensu Sofitel, Asensu Sheraton, Asensu Mercure, Aurassi, Al Djazair (St George), llan daɣen kra n isensa nniḍen maca mačči n semmus itran am asensu Albert Amezwaru, asensu Essafir (Alleti), yella daɣen asenfar n usuli n asensu Ibis n Accor akk d Marriott.
- Tura, g iseggasen ineggura kan, tukad Dzayer belli tadult n timerrit tesɛa azal ameqqran g tadamsa n tmurt d kra ixxelqen aqdic ilemẓiyen, ihi bdan xelqen imukan n timerri am Aquafort Land, Kiffane Club atg... yella daɣen Zoo n Benɛeknun.
[beddel] Idles
Tamdint n Dzayer tesɛedda ussan iberkanen g umezruy ines yetwawet deg-sen idles tesɛa tura tamdint kra n timkurda tameqqrant merra deg-sent d
- Tamkardit Tasdawant n El Ḥamma
Llan daɣen isalayen am
- Asalay b Umjahed,
- Asalay n Bardo,
- Asalay Aɣelnaw n Taẓuri Tatrart d Tazit ,
- Alma n Useyyi n Ḥamma
- Bastion 23
- Taqṣebt
- Amezgun aɣelnaw n Dzayer Muḥyedin Bacṭarzi
[[Tugna:Tsnawit_dzayer.jpg|thumb|250px|Tasnawit n [[itmaten Baba Ɛerruǧ d Xireddin Barbarus zik tella ismis Jean de La Croix]]]]


text:
Tafriqt
Tafriqt d yiwen seg yimenẓawen umi mechur (yettwassen) yisem deg umaḍal. Acku, medden ur tt-ssinen ara dima s wayen yelhan. Aṭas n medden deg umaḍal ur nessin ara ɣef Tefriqt amur ameqran, ttxayalen-tt d akal anda ay yugar ccwal, imgura (war) akk d imenɣan, d akal kan anda ay ttmettaten igerdan si laẓ yernu gten (tuqqten) deg-s waṭṭanen, d akal n lqella n cci anda medden akk d igellilen.
Maca Tafriqt maci ala d anect-a. Tafriqt tteččur d igduden, d agaraw, d ill (sea) n yegduden neɣ n yemdanen (human), yal yiwen s tutlayt-is, s yedles d umezruy-is. Ar ass-a werɛad ssinen imassanen akk tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di Tefriqt, neɛ mazal ay tent-ɣrin merra akken iwata (ilaq) ad yeli. Ar ass-a, werɛad ur ssinen ara imassanen ansayen (traditions) d yidelsan n yegduden merra ay izedɣen Tafriqt, werɛad ur d-lqiḍen ara seg-sen akk ayen inwamken (imaɛnen), tamussni-nsen d wayen yeffren deg yidelsan-nsen. Ass-a, mi akka ara tkeccem tetrara ɣer yal amkan, ɣer yal axjiḍ deg umaḍal, aṭas seg yegduden n Tefriqt ara yesruḥuyen ansayen d yidelsan-nsen, yernu yessefk ɣef yimassanen ad rren tamuɣli/ d wallaɣ-nsen ɣer waya uqbel ma yezri ukud.
Tafriqt tefka-d aṭas i tudert n wemdan, ama s tmussni-yines, ama s wayen ay tesɛa d cci d teɣawsiwin, ama d akal, ama d imdanen. Ass-a, ur yessefk ara ad qqnen (medlen) medden allen-nsen ɣef waya. Xas ma yella lbaṭel-nni yettwaxedmen deg Yefriqiyen, di tallit n tehrest (colonisation) iɛedda, yekfa, medden yessefk ad walin Tafriqt ad as-rren tajmilt i Tefriqt u ad tt-walin s wallen nniḍen, yessefk ad gren tamawt i wayen d-tefka i ddunit d umaḍal, i ddur ay telṭeb deg umezruy n umaḍal u ad gren tamawt diɣ i wayen ara d-tettak Tefriqt ass-a akk d yigerwaj ay d-mazal ffren deg-s.
[beddel] Igduden n Tefriqt
Igduden n Tefriqt ṭṭuqten (ggten) macci d kra, seg Yimaziɣen ɣer Yimaṣriyen n wass-a, arraw n Yimaṣriyen iqburen, ɣer Yinubiyen d Yityupiyen, ɣer Yiwulufen d Yizuluten. Ulac amkan ur neɣmir (neccur) ara di Tefriqt. Qrib yal tamurt tesɛa timerwin (dizaines) n yegduden, merra sɛan tutlayin-nsen, ansayen d yidelsan-nsen d waṭas n tɣawsiwin nniḍen ara yelmed fell-asen umaḍal neɣ igduden-is merra.
[beddel] Tafriqt ugafa
Deg Ugafa n Tefriqt, imezdaɣen ineṣliyen d Imaziɣen, d nitni ay d amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ/ akk d Tefransist. Imaziɣen egan-d tilas i wakal d ameqran, yewwet seg wemda n Siwa, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muritanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen ay d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid ay d-iḥerren anect-agi n wakal, imi amur ameqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akk d yegduden nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttumḍanen d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen. Aṭas n Yimaziɣen ay d-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ay d-yennulfan i wakken ad wwtent u ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) ay ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mxallafent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ad msefhament wagar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mxallafent tentalyin-nsent. Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneɣruf (Sahara), d acu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen ay yellan ɣef (af) yiri n nnger, la ten-ttağğan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara azal d leqder. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tmiwa n Tmazɣa, medden la tt-ttağğan, ilmeẓyen ur a ttlemmden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s uɣiwel i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-ya.
Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqer aramma ay yewweḍ ɣer wul n Tefriqt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ ay d tarbaɛt n Yimaziɣen ay yesɛan akal meqqren akk, xas akken ur ṭṭuqqten ara. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Niger, atg.), yernu imi ay zgan leḥḥun, ttruḥun nitni d lmal-nsen seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ, wwḍen ɣer waṭas n tmiwa di Tefriqt. Imuhaɣ xulḍen aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay ten-id-iqerben, nitni fkan-asen u wwin-d aṭas seg-sen. Ass-a, nezmer ad naf Imuhaɣ di Niger d Mali, am wakken ay nezmer ad naf kra n trebbaɛ-nsen di Čad, Burkina Faso akk d Nigeria. Deg wenẓul n Uneẓruf (Niger akk d Mali), aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay yettidiren ɣer tama n Yimuhaɣ, nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sen Ibambaraten, Ifularen akk d Yisarakuliyen. Kra seg yegduden-agi kessen lmal am Yimuhaɣ, di lweqt i deg wiyaḍ xeddmen tafellaḥt. Yuɣ lḥal, akal n wenẓul n Uneẓruf ɛeddan deg-s yisafen, d aya ay t-yerran d agilal, meḥsub yelha i tfellaḥt. Nnig waya, isafen n tama-yagi ldin diɣ iberdan i waṭas n yegduden i wakken ad xeddmen tanezzawt (ttjara), ad znuzun u ad ttaɣen d yegduden merra ay ten-id-iqerben. Idyulaten n Burkina Faso, Côte ḍIvoire akk d Senegal d yiwen seg yegduden n Tefriqt Taɣerbit ay yettwassnen s tnezzawt.
[beddel] Tafriqt Umalu
Di lɣerb, igduden ay yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Aṭlasi lhan-d s waṭas d ṣṣyada n yiselman. Imuriṭaniyen (laṣel-nsen d Imaziɣen) d yegduden n yiri n lebḥer n Senegal ttwassnen s ṣṣyada. Di Tefriqt Taɣerbit llant waṭas n tmura yesɛan tiẓegwa timeqranin. D acu kan, tiẓegwa n Tefriqt ɛemrent. Zik, igduden ay izedɣen tiẓegwa-yagi llan la ttidiren s ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen d tukksa n wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ass-a, aṭas deg yegduden-agi ay yeǧǧan aya. Di tmiwa-yagi diɣ, igduden Ifriqiyen sbedden-d aṭas n tgeldiyin (royaumes), yernu asmi ay bdan la d-ttawḍen Wurufiyen ɣer Tefriqt, di lqern wis 15, aṭas si tgeldiyin-agi ay yellan la xeddment tanezzawt (ttjara) d Wurufiyen. Tageldit n ɣana (ay d-sbedden Wacantiyen) tella tettwassen s ddheb-yines, yernu aṭas n tgeldiyin tifriqiyin n tama-yagi ay yellan la znuzuyent aklan (ay d-ttaṭṭafent si tmiwa nniḍen) i Wurufiyen i wakken ad ten-awin ad ten-sxedmen di Marikan. Yuɣ lḥal, amur ameqran deg yiberkanen yellan ass-a di Marikan laṣel-nsen si Tefriqt Taɣerbit.
[beddel] Tafriqt Usamer
Di Tefriqt Tacerqit, llan waṭas n yegduden ay yettmeslayen tutlayin tisamiyin d tutlayin tikuciyin. Tutlayin tisamiyin d tawacult n tutlayin i deg nezmer ad naf taɛrabt d tutlayin yettemcabin ɣur-s, am tɛebrit (hébreu) neɣ tafiniqit n zik. D acu kan, menɣir taɛrabt (ay ttmeslayen di tmura am Ssudan, Ǧibuti d Iritirya), tutlayin tisamiyin n Tefriqt nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tamharit d ttigrinyat (ttmeslayen-tent di Ityupya d Iritirya). Igduden n tmiwa-yagi, xas d iberkanen (neɣ d imibriken), maca ḍebɛen, imi lejdud-nsen, di laṣel, llan d imellalen ay ixelḍen d iberkanen. Igduden-agi daɣen lhan-d d tfellaḥt akk d tkessawt, yemxallaf wacu xeddmen ɣef leḥsab n wakal i deg ttidiren. Wid yettmeslayen tutlayin tikuciyin ttidiren di tama tameṭṭarfut n Tefriqt tacerqit, tama-nni umi qqaren Iccew n Tefriqt, u ad naf gar-asen Iṣumaliyen, ay d-yelhan ladɣa s tkessawt n wakraren.
Di Tefriqt Talemmast akk d ccerq n Tefriqt Tasebgast (équatoriale), llan yizaɣaren d imeqranen yernu d izegzawen. Imezdaɣen n tmiwa-ya lhan-d d tkessawt n yezgaren. Agdud yettwassnen s tkessawt-agi d Imasayen n Kenya d Tanzanya. Imasayen ttwassnen s lqedd-nsen aɛlayan d uceṭṭiḍ-nni azewwaɣ ay settwen, itteṣṣer-iten si tgecrar alamma d idmaren. Aṭas n Yimasayen ay d-mazal la ttidiren tudert-nni n zik, teddun d yezgaren-nsen deg yizaɣaren-nni anda ay d-mazal la ttidiren waṭas n yiɣersiwen iweḥciyen. Maca Imasayen uɣen tanumi d yiɣersiwen-agi, yernu ula d izmawen ttagaden-ten, ur ttqerriben ara ɣer lmal-nsen.
Kenya akk d Tanzanya sɛant akal igerrzen i tfellaḥt, yernu amur ameqran seg yegduden n tmiwa-yagi ttidiren seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ikikuyuten d yiwen wegdud n Kenya, zik llan sɛan aṭas n wakal, ḥerren-t-id s yiɣil-nsen, yernu llan sɛan ddewla teǧhed. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Yebriṭaniyen ɣer Kenya, di tgara n lqern wis 19, kksen-asen akal-nsen, ama i nitni, ama i yegduden nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, igduden-agi, arraw n wakal, gguman ad ssusmen u gan ṭṭrad meqqren i wakken ad ssuffɣen imsehres (colonisateur) si tmurt-nsen. Igduden yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Ahendi (océan Indien), si tama-nsen, čudd tudert-nsen ɣer lebḥer (am wid-nni Tefriqt Taɣerbit), maca nnig waya, igduden-agi ttwassnen s ttjara-nsen taqdimt akk d Waɛraben. Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n tefsirin (côtes) n Tefriqt Tacerqit d Inselmen, yernu ttmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt umi qqaren taswaḥilit, yis-s ay ttemsefhamen ula akk d yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, taswaḥilit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Kenya akk d Tanzanya, yernu nezmer ad d-nini dakken tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant i yes ttemsefhamen waṭas n yegduden di Tefriqt Tacerqit d Tefriqt Tasebgast (équatoriale).
[beddel] Tafriqt Tasebgast
Ul n Tefriqt Tasebgast yella zik yeččur d tiẓegwa. Timiwa-yagi ttwassnent s Yefɣulen. Wigi d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tmiwa-yagi. Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefriqt Talemmast, Zaïre, Kamirun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen.
[beddel] Madagascar
Amur ameqran deg yegduden n tegzirt n Madagascar ṣubben-d seg Yindunisiyen. Xas ma yella Indunisya d tamurt ibeɛden ɣef Tefriqt, maca, di lqern wis 4 mbeɛd n Sidna Ɛisa, wwḍen-d kra n yemdanen si Indunisya ɣer tegzirt-agi tameqrant, u tneṣṣlen dinna alamma ay d asmi ay ten-id-ufan Waɛraben u uɣalen la xeddmen yid-sen tanezzawt (ttjara). Imalgaciyen ay izedɣen deg yidurar n tegzirt-agi mazal ttemcabin s waṭas di ṣṣifa ɣer Yindunisiyen, yernu tutlayt tamalgacit si twacult n tutlayin tustruniziyin ay ttmeslayen di Asya, am tindunisit.
[beddel] Tafriqt tanẓulant
Di Tefriqt tanẓulant (australe), llan waṭas n yegduden, nezmer ad ten-nebḍu ɣef snat n trebbaɛ timeqranin. Llan yegduden iqdimen n tama-ya, ur ṭṭuqqten ara, kra deg-sen qrib ad negren, ttidiren di lɣerb n Tefriqt n Wenẓul (Afrique du Sud), Namibya d Botswana. Timiwa i deg ttidiren yegduden-agi d aneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), kkawent, qrib ur d-imeqqi deg-sent wacemma. Mazal kra seg yegduden-agi la ttidiren tudert n zik, ttṣeggiden-d neɣ ttekksen-d ayen ara ččen seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Igduden-agi qqaren-asen Ibucmanen. Isem-agi yekka-d si teglizit „Bushmen“ (San), meḥsub „imdanen n lexla“, maca Ibucmanen bḍan ɣef wacḥal n yegduden d teqbilin, yal agdud yesɛan tutlayt-is.
Llan diɣ yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin tibantutin, gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Izuluten. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Wurufiyen (européens) ɣer tmiwa-yagi, naqal ṭṭfen kan ciṭṭ n wakal ɣef yiri n ill (sea). D acu kan, asmi ay bdan la keccmen ɣer daxel n tmurt, bdan la ttnaɣen d Yefriqiyen u gan deg-sen lbaṭel d ameqran. Asmi ay tewwi Tefriqt n Wenẓul azarug-yines (indépendance), lḥukuma tamellalt n tmurt-agi tesbedd-d leqwanin i yes tebɣa ad tebḍu ger n Yiberkanen d Yimellalen. Igduden iberkanen qqlen ttwaɛɛezlen ɣer tmiwa anda akal diri-t, yernu ttalasen kan ad d-kecmen ɣer tmiwa n yimellalen i wakken ad xedmen. Asmi ay s-d-bran i Nelson Mandela si lḥebs di 1990, yernu yuɣal d aselway aberkan amezwaru n Tefriqt n Wenẓul, ifuk lbaṭel-nni ay iɛezlen iberkanen. Maca imellalen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul cewwlen ugar (aṭas) igduden iberkanen n tmurt-agi deg yiseggasen-nni n lbaṭel d wayen n diri, yernu later n ccwal-agi mazal-it ar ass-a.
[beddel] Igduden imaziɣen
Ass-a, mi ara d-nini Tafriqt, amur ameqran di medden fehhmen-tt (gezun-tt) d timura-nni ay d-yuzgan deg wenẓul (south) n Uneɛruf (Sahara), tid-nni anda ay ttidiren yiberkanen, am Niger, Mali akk d Nigeria. Imezdaɣen n Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ Tamazɣa ruḥen amzun ttsetḍin ad d-inin dakken ula d nitni d Ifriqiyen, acku nitni d imellalen. D acu kan, llant kra n tɣawsiwin s wazal-nsen, yessefk ad asent-nger tamawt deg weḍris-agi.
Tamenzut, Tafriqt d amenẓaw (continent) anda ay mlalen yimellalen d yiberkanen, ulac akk tilisa gar-asen. Akken ay s-yeqqar yiwen n Urumi : “Di Tefriqt ulac iberkanen”, ira ad yini, din medden akk d imdanen, ulac aberkan d umellal. Nezmer ad naf iberkanen di Ldzayer, deg Wenẓul n Tunes d Libya d Merruk. Nnig waya, llan aṭas seg yiberkanen-agi d Imaziɣen, mazal ar ass-a ssawalen tamaziɣt (Tamaceɣt). Anect-a yesskan-ed dakken si zîk, yella yiel (jjwağ ger n Yimaziɣen d yegduden iberkanen ay d-ufan di tmiwa n Uneɛruf Ameqran (Sahara), asmi ay bdan lejdud-nneɣ la d-ttawḍen ɣer Tefriqt. Niger akk d Mali, xas ma yella ssnen-tent medden dakken d “timura n yiberkanen“, maca yessefk ad ɣren dakken llan deg-sent ula d imellalen (Imaziɣen Imuriyen, Aɛraben, atg.).
Tis snat, deg Wegles (Antiquité), d tamurt n Yimaziɣen iw-umi llan ssawalen yegduden n (ill) agrakal “Tafriqt”, yernu d Imaziɣen iw-umi egan isem (eganassag) “Ifriqiyen”. Yagi, isem n Tefriqt s timmad-is yekka-d si tmaziɣt. Anect-a ad t-tafem deg usebter ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef yisem n Tefriqt.
Tis krad, dɣa tagi d tanqiḍt yesɛan azal meqqren, Tamazɣa d amur si Tefriqt. Timura n Lezzayer, Merruk, Libya, Tunes d Muritanya merra d timura n Tefriqt, am wakken Fransa d Lalman d Briṭanya Tameqrant d timura n Turuft. A win yufan, Ifriqiyen merra, ama d wid n Ugafa neɣ d wid n tmura n wenẓul, yessefk ad tezzin iman-nsen ttidiren deg yiwen n umenẓaw, deg yiwen n wakal, yernu, lemmer di yelli wamek, ad myussanen ukk ad mekken afus xir n wakken llan tura, akken myussanen u ttemɛawanen Wurufiyen wagar-asen ass-a. Anect-a yezmer ad as-ibeddel udem i Tefriqt ukk ad tt-iɛiwen ugar i wakken ad d-teffeɣ seg wuguren i deg tettidir ass-a.
[beddel] Timura n Tafriqt
- Dzayer
- Kenya
- Liberya
- Libya
- Maṣer
- Merruk
- Ṣṣaḥra-umalu
- Tafriqt-usamar
- Tamoritanit
- Togo
- Tunes
- Zayir
- Zimbabwe
[beddel] Tamselyut


text:
Bgayet
Bgayet : d tamaneɣt udmis akk-d usagen meqren n tamurt n Izwawen. S wazal n 1, 000 000 n imezdaɣ (2006) Vgaiet d ul akk d rruḥ (iman) n wegdud Azwaw. Sennig n teglest armi tura Bgayet tt-mmehreg-ed yal imdanen i tt-izedɣen neɣ i tt-iqurben.
[beddel] Amezruy
Amezruy n Bgayet i-ɛedda-d luluf n iseggassen, deg umezruy atrar, di tlemmast n lɛmer, akk d deg lweqt atrat; ayagi merra yennejmaɛ-ed tiḥkayin akk d tumgisent ɣef yiwet n temdint i yellan akbab n wasartu n wegdud amaziɣ.
Vgaiet; tunzart, d umyi, tahregt, idamen n tuddert n wegdud azwaw, Amarezg-ik kečč i tt-izedɣen!
Vgaiet gar lebḥer akk d d igenwan, gar assa d azekka, izri akk d imal. Tamurt n Iṭij i d t-yexttar-ren di yal zzman.
Di tazwara Bayet tella-d yiwet tmurt i yexlan. Amdan iban-d deg Bgayet azal n 5000 iseggasen uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ; Homo sapiens (s tutlayt Talatinit lemɛna-s: “amdan amusni” neɣ " amdan n tussna").
Numidia: deg lweqt n Numidia Vgaiet ur tesɛi ara lqima meqqran imi tella tebɛ-ed ɣef Cirta (tamaneɣt n Numidia).
[beddel] Ifniqen
Ifniqen llan qbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. ɣur-sen Bgayet tella yiwen wemkan anda zemren ad zenzen lqec-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt , akk d abrid izm-asen ad ɛeddin am akken ad kemlen ɣer leswaq n tmura nniḍen; mazal yella armi tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg Azraruh (yeqreb ɣef Adrar u Farnu).
[beddel] Rruman
Seddaw Listiɛmar Arumani, mbeɛd lexsara n Yugurten, Bgayet ttusemma Saldae, tella yiwet n temdint n tastaɣt n lɛasker n Roma. Saldae tesɛa azal meqren deg temnatt tarumanit n Muretania Caesariensis.
Tilin n Rruman deg bgayet ur tesɛi lehna imi ahric ameqran n imaziɣen uginten.
Lamaɛna Iromaniyen bnnan-ed anagrawa n waman iwakken ad awwin aman ɣer tmiwa anda hwajenten imezdaɣ Iromaniyen n Saldae. Anagrawa agi i ttusemma “aqua ducere” (aqueduc s Tafransist)
Atas n lbenyan Aromani mazal-it ar tura, ur yeɣli ara, am temdint n Timgad.
Saldae tella daɣen yiwet n temdint deg tamasihit i sɛan akter n 690 n leǧwameɛ.
Iromaniyen s xeddmen-ed tasertit n takrit akk-d n aseɣred, fkan-ed tiɣermi tarumanit i wid akk i isteɛrefen s aɣmar arumani, dɣa mbaɛd leqrun n tilin deg Tafriqt ugafa, ahric ameqran n lɛesker n Roma deg tafriqt llan di imaziɣen, imi lxedma deg lɛesker n Roma tella d yiwen webrid ɣef tiɣermi tarumanit; ɣef wayagi ma an-nzer ɣef leqbur n uheric ameqran n lɛesker irumaniyen deg tafrqit ad naf d ismawen imaziɣen i g-sɛan.
[beddel] Iwandalen
Iwandalen rran Saldae d tamanaɣt-nsen (429-534) imi kecmen deg 429, Saldae tella yewit gar temdinin i sɛan n ccan deg umenkad Aromani ɣef wayagi lexsara-inis tella d yewit n tawaɣit ɣef agdud Aromani.
Ivandal ǧǧan-ed ahric ameqran n lɛesker deg Saldae imi d asutel n tazermant mgal ayen yeqimen deg amenkad arumani, i tella.
di lwegt-nni imezdaɣ n Saldae llan d ibizantiyen akk-ed kkra in imaziɣen kkan.
Ivandaliyen ur ddumen ara g Bgayet imi deg 534 Ibizantiyen keccmen ɣɣer Saldae ssufɣen-ed Ivandaliyen ɣer berra staɛmren-ed Tafriqt ugafa.
[beddel] Ibizanten
Amenkad Abyzanti i dumm-ed deg Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal Iɛraben wid bdan Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tafriqt g Lqern wis VIII (wis tmanya) (azal n 642 -705). Ibizantiyen s tazemmalt-nesen ur tɛettelen ara imi negren isutel n ivandaliyen deg Saldae. ger tamawt, ladɣa lvandal xxesren ayen sɛan deg Tafriqt, qqimmen-ed deg Bgayet ɛaccen ger imaziɣen almi ur ttwaɛqeln ara merra imi d imaziɣen tura i gellan. Ayagi merra d ayen i d-itran ɣef irumaniyen akk-d ibizantiyen daɣen; ayagi d lwert aqdim n wegdud amaziɣ ur zemren atnekren.
[beddel] Aɛraben
Listiɛmar aɛrab d lestiɛmar i d-iǧǧan tikta meqren akter n wiyad ɣef umezruy ni imaziɣen. Iɛraben xellfen ibizantiyen deg 705 almi deg azal n 972. Lestiɛmar aɛrab n tmurt n imaziɣen d yewit n twaɣit i tella ɣef imaziɣen di tazwara armi rebhen telelli-nsen deg lqern wis VIII.
Takrit ni iɛraben ur tzgir ara tirugza n imaziɣen, lamɛna imaziɣen llan ɛyan imi ttnaɣen-ed atas n isegassen mgal iɛdawen i d-izzin-asen di yal tama daymi xesren amgaru mgal iɛraben.
Imaziɣen kemlen atas n leqrun mbeɛd amgar-nsen mgal iɛeraben seg wemkan ɣer wayed, mgal yewet n tgeldit taɛrabt ɣef tayed, armi deg (972–1148) imi yewit n tageldit tamziɣt , Iziriyen (972–1148) s timelwi n Ziri mmi-s n Menad, tettf-ed tazmart deg Dzzayer. Tallit agi tella yewit n tallit ur nesɛi lehna imi teččur s imenɣi akk-d tarkukitt, Lqern wis XI akk-d 13 walan-ed assexdem ameqran n tutlayt taɛrabt, imi yebda-d deg Lqern wis XI anbaz amenyut n yewin n wedrum aɛrab d-ikkan si Maṣer yettuseman Banu Hilal, deg zdaxel n ul tmurt n imaziɣen.
Imi ifatimiyen (yewet n tgeldit taɛrabt i g-hekmen deg Iɛraben imi staɛmren-d tamurt n imaziɣen) wexxren-ed abud-nsen ɣef Maṣer deg 972, mmi-s n Ziri ittusemman Buluɣin (971-984) yettwakelf-ed ɣef tafriqt ugafa. Awexxar n tanawt taɛrabt ɣef Maṣer ishel-ed asnulfu n tageldit n Iziriyen seddaw Ḥammad mmi-s n Buluɣin imi rebhen-ed imaziɣen tanaya-nsen.
Deg 1090 Iḥamadiyen, aferkaw n Iziriyen, xedmen-ed Bgayet tamaneɣt-nsen; Ihemadiyen hekemen-ed deg ɣef Dzzayer azal n lqern (1008-1152) armi nezfen ɣef ddemma n wanbaz n Banu Hilal. Deg azal n 1152 Amussu n Tdukli (Lmuwahiddin s taɛrabt) ihudd tageldat n Iḥammadiyen.
[beddel] Amussu n Tdukli
Deg uzzal n lqern wis XII, Mmi-s n Tumart (a*. 1080 - a. 1130), ccix amziɣ n lǧameɛ akk-d amalway n ddin i snulf-ed tarbaɛt tamaziɣt n Amussu n Tdukli; Mmi-s n Tumart yura-d ahric ameqran n tiktabin n ddin s tutlayt tmaziɣt.
Ɛabd Lmumin (1094-1163), yewin seg inelmaden-is i t-id-xelfen imi yemmut, i snulf-ed taglelda n Tdukli deg Tin Mal ( tamdint deg talemmast n tmurt n Merruk).
Tagelda n Tdukli temɣ-id almi thekm-ed ɣef ahric ameqran n Tafriqt ugafa; Merruk deg 1146, Dzzayer 1151, deg 1160 hekemed ɣef ahric ameqran n Tamezɣa. Deg 1163 armi 1199, tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n Tamezɣa, ahric amerqran n imaziɣen ɛacen seddaw yewit n tgelda tamaziɣt.
Akter n azal 300 isegassen Iziyaniyen, aferkaw n Tagelda n Tdukli, hekmen-ed ɣef Tamezɣa armi 1516 imi Iɛetmaniyen kecmen ɣef Dzzayer.
Tagelda n Tdukli, ɣas akken d yewit n tdukla tamaziɣt i tella, si tazwar-ines armi taggara-ines, ur tesɛi ara leqsed n usellek n agdud amaziɣ, imi d yewit n tajmaɛt n ddin i tella, ɣef wagi assexdem n tutlayt taɛrabt yettnecni deg tamurt imaziɣen imi ahric ameqran n imaziɣen ttwaɛrben-ed.
Lqern wis XVI yezra-d daɣen talalit n Tamurt n Izwawen deg talemmast n tafriqt, imi ahric ameqran n tafriqt i ttmuqlen ɣef rrif n lebher yella seddaw n lestiɛmar aɛutmani.
[beddel] Tadukli n Tamurt n wezwawen
Tanaya n izwawen tɛac azal n 300 issegasen armi taslekt tafransist deg 1830.
Cwit kan n ineɣmisen i d-nesɛa ɣef lmuda agi n umezruy n wegdud-nneɣ, ur neɛlim ara daɣen asmi tebda, imi ulac ikaramen ɣef agi. Ayen yellan mlba ccek, d wayen ixebbern iɣellaten n iɛetmaniyen deg tisekwla-nsen akk-d ikaramen-nsen deg lqern 16, Izwawen herzen-ed ɣef telelli-nsen azal n 300 isegassen.
Yal adrum deg timura n izwawen yesɛa aseqqamu ameqran n tadart-is i ghekmen fell-as, yal asqqamu yesɛa tejmeɛt, Di tajmaɛt agi tella yewit n tajmaɛct ɛlayen, llan imalwayen-nsen. Gar-asen, llan yergazen yettwasnen atas deg timura n izwawen imi llan irgazen s tirgugza.
Deg 1830 Asqamu Ameqran n wagdud Azwaw, i hekmen ɣef wegdud Azwaw merra, issawal-ed i ccix Amɣar ad yilli d amalway n iɛsekriyen n Tadukli n Tamurt n wezwawen ad harreb mgal Fransa akk-d ad iɛass ɣef tlelli-is.
Tirugza n ccix Amɣar tella sinnig taɣerfant-is sɣur agdud-s imi ihureb-ed almi tagara ɣef ayen yesɛn ccan; tilelli n tamurt-is akk-d n wegdud-is.
Deg tagara, agdud Azwaw ixxesr-ed ɣef ddemma n lqewa tatrart n Fransa akk-d lexdaɛ n ugeldun n weɛraben yettuseman ɛabd Lqader imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef Amtawa n Tafna wahid Fransa; ayagi yefka-d lweqt d lǧehd i Fransa at kemel ɣef ayen yeqimen deg lebɣi n Izwawen.
[beddel] Iɛetmanen
Iɛetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Khairr ad-Din d w'ayetma-s ɛaruj, i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n Dzayer, bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n ifflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Lmarican g Lebher-nneɣ sebba n Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut, akk-d Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat, anda mutten atas n imddanen.
Bgayet deg lweqt nni ur tesɛi ara atas n lɣaci mi ahric amerqran n imezdaɣen-ines llan kkra d imaziɣen akk-d atas n iflisen d lɛasker iɛetmaniyen s tawacult-nsen.
[beddel] Taslekt Tafransist
Mbeɛd n lexsara n ccix Amɣar, Aheddad, akk-d Fadma n Summer, ahric amqran n inelmaden-nsen ttwanfan ɣef La Nouvelle-Calédonie; ɣef tagara n taslekt n Fransa atas n lɣaci xesren ixammen-nsen, akal-nsen, akk-d lherma-nsen.
ɣef agi azal ameqran n lebni n Bgayet d Fransa i t-yebnan imi thud ayen yellan aqbel n taslekt.
Fransa tebna-d lmersa n Bgayet akk-d talemmast n temdint.
Fransa teqim deg Bgayet azal n 100 n isegassen armi texser lherb deg 1962.
[beddel] Bgayet n Tura
Imi irumiyen ffɣen-d Izwawen keccmen-ed ɣef talemmast n temdint; Bgayet tezra timeriwt tameqrant n imezdaɣen; ussan agi Bgayet s lmersa-ines tella yewit n temdint i mqren deg tamurt n Izwawen.
[beddel] ta rakalt
[beddel] ti ɣiwanin n Bgayet,Vgaiet
Llant 52(sumset sin) n te ɣiwanin deg Bgayet
[beddel] Tignatin n Vgaiet
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Tamdint n Bgayet seddaw n wedrar n Yemma Guraya
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Axxam n yedles "Taos Amrouche" n Bgayet
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Tasdawit "Abderrahmane Mira" n Bgayet
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UL = Uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ
a = azal n
Iseddagen:
Asmel n tamdint n Bgayet azwel n uzday
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/al/Almohads.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid
http://www.kabylia.info/index.php/Kab/Bgayet


text:
Kanada
Talɣa:Dablink Talɣa:Infobox Country
Kanada (Talɣa:IPA-en) d tamurt d-yezgan degugafa n Temrikt, unagraw Ataltik deg usamar ar Ugaraw Amlwi deg usamar ar ugafa deg ugaraw Atlantik. D tamurt tameqqrant akk tiss snat dg umaḍal.
Akal yettusemman assa Kanada zedghent azal n alef iseggasen ihendiwen. Di tagara n lqern wis 15 bdant ibritaniyen d ifransiyen ttsasen akken ad nadin, syen zeghen deg rrif n unagraw atlanti. Fransa tedja qrib ayen thar deg Fransa tamynut i Britanya deffir ttrad n sebaa iseggasen n 1763.deg 1867, 3 temnadin deg temrikt ugafa tabritanit dduklent akken ad weqment tamurt tafidiralit n 4 temnadin. deg 1867, Nova Scotia d New Brunswick dduklent deg tfidiralit n Kanada.... . Tafidiralit n Kanada s 10 temnadin d 3 akalen ines tesaa aberlman ,ixef n ddula d tagellidt Queen Elizabeth II . d tamurt yesaan snat tutlayin timensabin, taglizit d tefransist.Kanada tettekki deg G8, NATO, akk d Commonwealth of Nations, dFrancophonie, d United Nations.
[beddel] Azar n wawal
Awal kanada yekka-d seg tutlayt tayirukwayt n St. Lawrence kanata, anamek nines "taddart" . deg 1535, imezdagh insaliyen n temdint n Kibik n wassa sqedcen awal agi akken as mlen abrid i Jacques Cartier ar taddart n Stadacona. syen Cartier yughal yesseqdac awal Kanada akken ad yemsslay ghef taddart nni d temnadt nni irkelli n Donnacona (ameqran n taddart n Stadacona); mi nessawed 1545, idlisen d tikardiwin tiurufiyin bdan ttsemayen i temnadt akk Kanada.
seg tazwara n lqern wis 17 d asawen,tamanadt n Fransa tamaynutd yegan rrif n wasif n Saint Lawrence d rrif n timedwa timeqranin negh Geat Lakes semman-as Kanada, tmanadt bdan ibritaniyen ghef sin, Kanada ufella Upper Canada d Kanada n wadda Lower Canada, armi n usdukkel nsen deg temnadt n kanada Province of Canada deg 1841. deffir n weskar n tkunfidiralin n kanada Confederation deg 1867, isem Kanada yettwafren ad yili d isem unsib n tmurt.


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Nekk Bulus, Silwan akk-d Timuti, i tejmaɛt n watmaten n temdint n Tiṣalunik yumnen s Sidi Ṛebbi d Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 2 Ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a wen-d țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi. 3 Ay atmaten eɛzizen, imi liman-nwen simmal yețnerni, simmal tețțemyeḥmalem wway gar-awen, eɛni mačči d lḥeqq ma nețḥemmid Sidi Ṛebbi fell-awen am iḍ am ass ? 4 Newweḍ armi nețzuxxu yis-wen di yal tajmaɛt n watmaten, nețțawi-kkun d lemtel axaṭer ɣas akken tenneɛtabem tețwaqehṛem, tṣebrem, teṭṭfem di liman-nwen. 5 Sidi Ṛebbi d bab n lḥeqq, ma yella iɛemmed aț-țenneɛtabem akkagi, yebɣa a kkun-yerr d wid yuklalen tagelda-ines; ț-țagelda-agi i ɣef tenneɛtabem. 6 Axaṭer Sidi Ṛebbi yellan d Bab n lḥeqq, a d-yerr leqheṛ ɣef wid i kkun-ițqehhiṛen, 7 a kkun-iṣebber yid-nneɣ, kunwi yețwaqehṛen. Ayagi a d-idṛu asm'ara d-yuɣal Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, m'ara d-iṣubb seg igenwan nețța d lmalayekkat-is 8 di tlemmast n uḥeǧǧaǧu n tmes iwakken ad iɛaqeb wid iɛuṣan Sidi Ṛebbi, ur neqbil ara lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Sidna Ɛisa. 9 Lɛiqab ara ten-id-yasen, ț-țawaɣit ur nețfaka, Sidi Ṛebbi a ten-iḥeṛṛem ɣef udem-is, ur țwalin ara lɛaḍima-s. 10 Ayagi a d-idṛu asm'ara d-yas Sidna Ɛisa; ass-nni wid yumnen yis ad tɛeǧǧben deg-s, a t-ḥemden m'ara t-walin di lɛaḍima-s! Ula d kunwi aț-țilim gar-asen axaṭer tumnem s lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i wen-nbecceṛ. 11 ?ef ayagi i ndeɛɛu ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi fell-awen am iḍ am ass, iwakken a kkun-yerr d wid yuklalen tudert i ɣer wen-d-issawel. Nessutur-as daɣen a wen-d-ifk tazmert, iwakken aț-țxedmem ayen akken tessaramem n wayen yelhan, yerna ad ibarek lecɣal txeddmem deg webrid n Sidna Ɛisa. 12 S wakka imdanen ad ḥemden isem-is ɣef ddemma n tikli-nwen yelhan, kunwi daɣen aț-țwaɛuzzem s ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi akk-d ṛṛeḥma n Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.


text:
Takurdit
Takurdit d isem ay ssexdamen i snat n tutlayin yettemcabin mliḥ, ttmeslayen-tent wazal n 13 n yimelyunen n yemdanen di tama-nni n Asya umi qqaren Kurdistan. Tamenzut d tutlayt takurmanjit (neɣ takurdit n ugafa), ma d tis snat d tutlayt tasuranit (neɣ takurdit n wenẓul), ay ttmeslayen wazal n 2.800.000 n yemdaben du Lɛiraq akk d 3.000.000 n yemdanen di Iran.
Takurmanjit, tin ay ttmeslayen waṭas n medden, ad tt-naf dɣa s waṭas di ¨Tturk, anda ay llan 4 n yimelyunen n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen, deg ugafa n Lɛiraq, di Surya tt-ttmeslayen 500.000 n medden, di Arminya (100.000 n yemsiwlen) akk d di Iran (100.000). Llan diɣ wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit di Jyurjya akk d Azerbiǧan, maca ur neẓri ara acḥal, am wakken ay llant diɣ trebbaɛ timecṭaḥ n Yikurdiyen ay izedɣen di tmura tiberr'aniyen (azal n 70.000 s ujemmal), ladɣa di Lubnan akk d Turuft, deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) akk d Kanada.
Wid yettmeslayen takurdit tasuranit wwḍen ɣer 6 n yimelyunen s ujemmal, ma d wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit wwḍen ɣer wazal n 7 n yimelyunen, xas ma yella llan kra ay d-yeqqaren d akken wwḍen alammi d 20 n yimelyunen. Yuɣ lḥal, maci merr'a Ikurdiyen yellan ass-a d wid ay yessnen ad mmeslayen tutlayt-nsen imi tamsertit (assimilation) tessaweḍ aṭas seg-sen ad ǧǧen takurdit, yernu llan ula d imdanen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen, am tguranit neɣ tadimlit (d tutlayin tihendurufiyin ay yettemcabin wagar-asent, maca mgerradent ɣef tkurdit), yernu ḥesben iman-nsen d Ikurdiyen, d aya ay yettaran tikwal leḥsabat weɛren.
[beddel] Tawacult-is
Takurdit d tutlayt tahendurufit,tettekka deg ufurk n tutlayin tiraniyin , yernu yiwet si ger n tutlayin ay tt-icuban s waṭas d tafarsit ay yellan d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Iran, akk d tabalucit, tutlayt n Balucistan.
[beddel] Tantalyin-is
Tutlayt takurdit tettemxallaf ɣef leḥsab n tmiwa i deg tt-ttmeslayen. Imesnilsiyen (linguistes) ttwalin, s umata, d akken tasuranit akk d takurmanjit d tutlayin, yal yiwet i yiman-is, dɣa di lweqt i deg ttemcabint mliḥ deg umawal, sɛnt aṭas n wemgerrad (lxilaf) di tajerrumt-nsent, yernu tikwal, yewɛer' ɣef wid ay tent-yettmeslayen ad msefhamen wagar-asen. Ma d wiyaḍ, ttwalin-tent d snat kan n tantalyin n yiwet n tutlayt. Am tsuranit, am tkurmanjit, di snat yid-sent sɛant tiduntalyin (sous-dialectes) ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa-nsent. Tantala n temdint n Sulaimaniya, di Lɛiraq tuɣal d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) n tsekla n Yikurdiyen n tmurt-a, di lweqt i deg di Iran, d tantala takurdit n Mukri (d yiwet si tentalyin n tsuranit) ay yuɣalen d tutlayt n tsekla, yernu maci aṭas ay temxallaf ɣef tin n Sulaimaniya. Si tama nniḍen, ula di lɣerba atni Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayen tutlayt tizeɣt tamaynut, ladɣa s leqdic-nsen di rradyu.
[beddel] Tira-s
Di lweqt i deg Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq, Iran akk d Surya sseqdacen agemmay aɛrab ay yettubeddlen akken ad arun tutlayt-nsen, Ikurdiyen n Tturk d agemmay alatini ay sseqdacen. Di Arminya akk d tegdudyin yellan zik s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d agemmay asirili (arusi) ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen, ma yella zik-nni, uqbel n 1946, Ikurdiyen n tmiwa-ya llan sseqdacen agemmay alatini, ay d-mazal ar ass-a sseqdacen-t kra.
[beddel] Amkan n tkurdit di tmetti
[beddel] Di Iran
90% seg Yikurdiyen ttidiren di tudrin, ma d wiyaḍ d imeksawen iteddun seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ. Mbeɛd ma sɛeddan acḥal n yiseggasen s ddaw n lbaṭel n udabu irani, ssawḍen Yikurdiyen ad d-sbedden tasekla yuran s tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-a, yernu si 1984, tenqes mliḥ ccedda ɣef tkurdit di Iran imi ay izemren Yikurdiyen ad ɣren tutlayt-nsen di tmiwa-nsen, di tmurt-a. Aṭas n tsufaɣ (publications) ay d-yeffɣen seg yimir-n, yernu Ikurdiyen n Iran sɛan ula d tisgilin n rradyu yettmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-a.
[beddel] Di Lɛiraq
seg useggas n 1919 ay tesɛa tutlayt takurdit aẓayer amens'ab (statut officiel) n tutlayt taẓiyant (langue régionale), yernu d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed deg yiɣerbazen n udabu di Kurdistan aɛiraqi. Ihi Lɛiraq ad tili tesɛa lxers'um yiwen n weɣmis s tutlayt takurdit akk d yiwen n wexxam n teẓrigin (éditions) ay d-yessuffuɣen idlisen s tutlayt-a. D tantala takurdit n Sulaimaniya ay rran Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq d tutlayt-nsen n tsekla, yernu ɛerḍen ad tezzizedgen seg wawalen-nni n taɛrabt ay yeṭṭuqqten deg-s.
[beddel] Di Tturk
di 1938 ay tettwagdel tkurdit yernu s kra n win ara tt-yemmeslayen di berr'a yezmer ad ixelles' tafgurt (amende). Di tallit-a taberkant ay sɛeddan Yikurdiyen, tutlayt-nsen tesr'uḥ aṭas seg wennar-is, aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yuɣalen d isnutlayen (bilingues), yernu ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi seg-sen ay ilemden ad ɣren u ad arun tutlayt-nsen. Di 1961, asmi ay d-tesbedd Tturk tamenḍawt (constitution) tamaynut, bdant a d-teffɣent tsufaɣ (publications) tikurdiyin, tikwal s snat n tutlayin, maca aṭas deg-sent ay yettwagedlen akken kan d-ffɣent. Yernu si 1967 alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1980, adabu aturki ikemmel kan yettzeggid di ccedda ɣef tkurdit yernu yesbedd-d aṭas n yisuḍaf (leqwanin) i yes ara sen-yerr takmamt i Yikurdiyen, ur ttmeslayen, ur ttarun tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, di 1991, yekkes unabaḍ aturki agdal-nni-yines ɣef tkurdit, yernu xas ur d-qqimen ara aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yettmeslayen takurdit di Tturk , maca ttwalin d akken tutlayt-nsen d aḥric yesɛan azal meqqren di tnettit-nsen.
Ma Ikurdiyen n Arminya, aṭas n leqdicat ay d-uran s tkurdit takurmanjit di tallit tasuvyatit.
[beddel] Agdud-is
Llan deg wemḍal wazal n 25 n yimelyunen n Yikurdiyen. Ger n 40 akk d 50% seg-sen ttidiren di Tturk, 25% seg-sen ttidiren di Iran, 20 % di Lɛiraq, llan diɣ di Surya, di tmura n wenẓul n Quqaz akk d Lubnan. Tuget tameqqrant deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen isunniyen, d acu kan, llan gar-asen diɣ kra n yiciɛiyen, n yiyazidiyen akk d yimasiḥiyen. Si lqern wis 10 d asawen, bdan Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayan tigeldiyin (royaumes) tinselmin tisunniyin, gar-asent tageldit tayyubit (ayyubides) ay d-yesbedd Salaḥ Ddin (Saladin), d tin yennuɣen mgal n Yenmudag (Croisés) ger n tgara n lqern wis 12 d lqern wis 13. Di 1920, weɛdent tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) Ikurdiyen, s wemtawa (traité) n Sèvres d akken ad ten-ɛiwnent akken ad d-sbedden tamurt timziregt (indépendante) i1 yiman-nsen, d acu kan, di 1923, ttwaxedɛen Yikurdiyen deg wemtawa n Lausanne, yernu ur ten-id-is'ag' wacemma si tmurt-nsen. D aya ay ten-yeǧǧan ad bdun imenɣi mgal n ddewla ! n Mustafa Kamel Ataturk, di lweqt i deg Tturk tefka-yasen tiyitiwin iǧehden, yernu tenfa aṭas seg-sen seg wakal-nsen. Di 1945-1946, sbedden-d Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq akk d Iran di Mahabad Tigduda tamagdayt takurdit ay yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tasuvyatit, d acu kan, dindin kan sseɣlin-tt Yiɛiraqiyen akk d Yir'aniyen s lemɛawna n Briṭanya Tameqqrant. Imenɣi i lmend b uzarug ikemmel ladɣa di Lɛiraq, anda ay d-yessker Barazani imenɣi mgal n udabu alemmas ger n 1961 d 1970. Di 1974, tettunefk-as tfulmant (autonomie) i tama n Kurdistan aɛiraqi, yernu tuɣal Sulaimaniya d tamaneɣt-is. Deg wemgaru n Ir'an akk d Lɛiraq (1980-1988), yal yiwet si tmura-ya teɛreḍ ad tesseqdec Ikurdiyen n tmurt-nni nniḍen di les'laḥ-is. Di 1988, tanekra n Yikurdiyen di Lɛiraq tessaweḍ adabu aɛiraqi ad asen-yefk tiyita ur nesɛi tamtilt, imi ay yesseqdec imrigen ikruranen (chimiques) mgal-nsen. Ma di 1991, akken kan iɛedda wemgaru n Wekriẓ (guerre du Golfe), yewwet diɣ udabu aɛiraqi Ikurdiyen n tmurt-is, dɣa tger! - d iman-is tmetti tagraɣlant (communauté internationale) akken ad tḥudd fell-asen. Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq assawḍen ad ṭṭfen aḥric meqqren seg tmiwa-nsen yernu sbedden-d di tmurt-nsen, di 1992, yiwet n "ddewla takurdit". Ma di Tturk, yettak udabu tiytiwin iǧehden mgal n Yikurdiyen ay d-yebdan imenɣi imselleḥ ara yesselḥay Ukabar n Yiqeddacen n Kurdistan neɣ PKK. Di 1999, yettwaṭṭef uɣella (imḍebber) n PKK, maca anect-a ur d-yerri ara lehna ɣer tmurt. Yuɣ lḥal, Tturk attan a tettwali iman-is terra-tt tmara ad asen-tefk izerfan-nsen i Yikurdiyen, ladɣa imi ara tessaram ad tekcem ɣer Tadukli Turufit (Union Européenne).
[beddel] Amezruy-is n tutlayt takurdit
Di 1934, ɛerḍen Yikurdiyen n Arminya ad rren takurdit takurmanjit d nettat ay d tutlayt ara yesduklen akk Ikurdiyen, maca ur ssawḍen ara. Llan diɣ yesdawanen (universitaires) ay iɛerḍen ad kksen imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan ger n tkurmanjit akk d tsuranit i lmend n wesdukel-nsent, maca ula d nitni ur ssawḍen ara. Yuɣ lḥal, takurdit takurmanjit tesɛa tasekla yuran d taqburt, tebda-d si tgara n lqern wis 16 akk d wis 17, u teḥbes di lqern wis 18 d wis 19, yernu d tin ay d-ssidren Yikurdiyen n Surya akk d wid yellan di Turuft, di tallit i deg tella Surya s ddaw n leɛnaya n Fransa. D Ikurdiyen n Surya ay d-issuffɣen aɣlis akurdi amenzu, s tkurdit takurmanjit, di 1932, sakin, ḍefrent-t-id aṭas n tsufaɣ (publicaitons) nniḍen ay d-yeffɣen di lɣerba.
Ma di Lɛiraq, d tamedyazt (poésie) takurdit n lqern wis 18, ay yuran s tentala n Suleymaniya ay ileɛben ddur' deg usebded n tutlayt takurdit tizeɣt di tmurt-a. Di tazwara n yiseggasen n 1920, bdan a d-teffɣen yeɣlisen s tkurdit di Suleymaniya, ma di 1931, yesteɛr'ef udabu aɛiraqi s tkurdit tasuranit, yernu bdan a tt-sselmaden deg yiɣerbazen imenza, d ayen yeǧǧan tutlayt-a ad tennerni mliḥ di Lɛiraq, u ad taf iman-is.
Yuɣ lḥal, yemxallaf wamek tella tkurdit si tmurt ɣer tayeḍ. Di lweqt i deg nezmer ad d-nini d akken tutlayt-a yegra-yas-d liser di Lɛiraq akk d Iran, di Tturk, i deg yettidir wazal n wezgen seg Yikurdiyen, mazal takurdit tettidir deg wuguren meqqren, yernu attan a tteddu akken ad tenger.
[beddel] Tamselyut
- Deg mondeberbere.com Tasuqilt sɣur Hafid Mesbah d Hamid Oubagha


text: Als Sie Euro-Japan Wörterbuch auf Ihrem Smartphone wie Apple iPhone oder Google Android installieren, können Sie weiterhin unser Wörterbuch außerhalb Ihres Hauses oder Büros sogar ohne Internet gebrauchen.Anfangsbuchstabe: A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O P R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T U U U U U U U W W W W Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z


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Photoshop d-aseɣẓan n-uveddel d-useqdec n tugniwin, d wunuɣ yullen s-uselkim (DAO) id ẓreg Adobe. Ittwaseqdac s waṭas iw sker n tfarut tumḍint, maca daɣen iw suffaɣ n tugniwin timaynutin.
Photoshop d-aseɣẓan ig sseqdacen tugniwin tusriwin (Bitmap) acku tugniwin agi gant am iẓiki n-irden iwumi neqqar Pixel:aferdis n tugna.
Photoshop yuɣal isɛa azal ameqṛan ger isenselkimen acku yesɛa aṭas n testayin tinezmarin, ifecka udlifen lɛali, tura iɣarvazen yesselmaden aseqdec n-useɣẓan n photoshop ufrarend s waṭas, garasen iɣarvazen imeqṛanen, asuday n "Les Beaux Arts" d tifurra n merru.
Adobe tesnefli aseɣẓan photoshop i Microsoft Windows d Mac OS kan, maca lqem CS4 yezmer ad yettuselkem di Linux s Wine.
Asegwas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan isenṭa (yevda) yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s-iswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma yas Display, ahil agi d win id ijevden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d-axeddam di ''Industrial Light & Magic''. Inna yas John ad yeɣref (yexdem) amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid. T.Knoll yebwid dɣa sed wagguren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi ig semma imagepro, di tagara usegwas nni T.Knoll iveddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal aked umɣaraf n scanners Barneyscan iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren aked scanners Barneyscan di tazwara.
Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil ines i Apple aked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, isin idsen iɛeǧvasen wahil agi s-waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yarna iqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ plug-in m-ad T.Knoll yeqqim di Ann Arbor yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0 ifɣed i tikelt tamezwarut.
Photoshop isɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen iɣ yettaǧǧan an ḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar id iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).


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Isaac Newton
Newton sir Isaac ilul ass n 25 dujember 1642 di temdint Woolsthorpe (tamurt n Legliz), mi zrin sin wagguren ɣef tmettant n baba-s. Yemma-s Hannah teǧǧa-t i jidda-s ad t-id-tessker.
Newton ikfa taɣuri-ines tamezwarut di Trinity College n Grantham. Deg useggas 1661 ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Cambridge ikemmel taɣuri armi d aseggas 1665 ansa i d-iffeɣ s turagt (licence), aseggas-a i d-teḍra temsalt n tteteffaḥt is-d ildin allen ɣef ujebbud n tfekkiwin (attraction des corps).
Deg useggas 1667 Newton yuɣal d imekki di tesdawit Cambridge. Deg useggas 1666 isnulfa-d asiḍen (calcul). Deg useggas 1669 yuɣ amḍiq d aselmad n tusnakt di tesdawit n Cambridge. Newton yerra aṭas lmendad-is ar tiddit n tafat, deg useggas 1672 Newton yeɛreḍ ad d-yaf tifeɣt n ini (couleur) n tafat, inna-d: “Tafat d asmlili n iẓenẓaren n ini”.
Deg useggas 1686 isnulfa-d tilḥi (dynamique) s lsas n kraḍ ilugan n umussu:
- Amenzay amenzu: Tafekka ur tettmimiḍ ara neɣ amussu-ines ur ittbeddil ara (tazzla-ines), ma illa azal n tmernit n imsedda (somme véctorielle) n tezmert i tt-yeɛnan d ilem.
- Amenzay wis-sin : Lsas n tilḥi
Newton, iqqen timzizzelt (accéleration) n tfekka ɣer tezmert i tt-yeɛnan: F=ma
F : tazmert (N) m : tazsit n tfekka (kg) a: timzizzelt m/s2
- Amenzay wis-kraḍ: Tigawt d tesdmert (action-réaction)
Ma illa tafekka 1 tedemmir tafekka nniḍen 2 s tezmert f1,2, ihi, tafekka tis-snat tettara-d I tfekka 1 tazmert f2,1: f1/2+f2/1=0
Newton iddem-d ilugan-a iseqdec-iten ɣer wid n Kepler, sway i d-yufa: kra n tfekka illan di tallunt (espace) neɣ deg umḍal, tettaɣ-itt tazmert i wumi semman aselmem (gravité).Yura daɣen Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica deg useggas n 1687. Ilmend n wayen iqdec d wayen i d-ifka, isem-is yuɣ aferdis (unité) n tezmert (N).
[beddel] Tamselyut


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TazalYi Copley
TazalYi Copley d yiwen w-araz deg taYult n tussna. D tazzlYi yesean azal ameqṛan sYuṛ Royal Society (Londres), d nettat id taqbuṛt ark, tellas i tikelt tamenzut asegwas n 1731. TazalYi y agi tennulfad seg-mi i yefka Mass Godfrey Copley i Royal Society 100 £ asegwas n 1709, Mass Copley d yiwen umaṛkanti yesean tamurt di Doncaster deg unẓul n Yorkshire, yuYal y ufren d-amaslad n tmetti y agi asegwas n 1691.
D yiwet ger mraw n tzalYiwin it ttak Royal Society, kra y uYal semmet. TazalYi Copley ttaken-tt di tsengama, d Tussna n tudert.


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Tisṭunit
Tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt n tegduda n Isṭunya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nniḍen ay yettidiren di lɣerba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tisṭunit tesɛa diɣ wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litṭunya akk d Rusya, ladɣa di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustṛalya.
[beddel] Tawacult-is
Tutlayt tisṭunit d yiwet si tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin d tin yebḍan ɣef wacḥal n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tisṭunit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban aṭas d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella diɣ yiwet n tutlayt, tamjaṛit (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tuṛuft tagmuḍant (tacerqit), teqreb ɣer tisṭunit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, llan kra ay iɣilen d akken imi ay tettuneḥsab Isṭunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebḥeṛ- Abalti), dɣa ula d tutlayt-is tetbeɛ ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitṭunit (siked utṭun wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Isṭunya teqreb ɣer Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar ɣer tfinlandit. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wakken tettemcabi tisṭunit ɣer tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nniḍen yettemcabin aṭas ɣer tisṭunit d tid ay itebɛen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkaṛilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ɣef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.
[beddel] Tintalyin n tisṭunit
Tisṭunit tebḍa ɣef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tisṭunit n Ugafa (nord, neɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Talinn, tamaneɣt), akk d tisṭunit n Wenẓul (sud, neɣ diɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesɛɛa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est). Ma d tisṭunit n ugafa, nezmer diɣ ad tt-nebḍu d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Isṭunya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebḥeṛ n ugafa-agmuḍan ay icuban mliḥ tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (taɣerbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weḥric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ɣef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ɣef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesɛa tisṭunit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merṛa ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tisṭunit.
Tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Isṭunya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tisṭunit n ugafa, d acu kan, tisṭunit n wenẓul tesɛa diɣ ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesɛan ma cwiṭ, 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.
[beddel] Tira-s
Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tisṭunit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dɣa taɣdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben ɣer teɣdirawt n talmanit u ɣef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (lateṛ) n tira talmaniyin di tid n tisṭunit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yisṭuniyen a snernayen taɣdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeɣt (standard), dɣa bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberṛani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yedǧen ad d-neṭqen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-netṭqen di laṣel, maci akken tt-id-inetṭeq uberṛani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tisṭunit yesɛa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teɣra (voyelles).
[beddel] Tasɣent-is* di tmetti
Ass-a, tuɣal tisṭunit tizeɣt d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merṛa n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Isṭunya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt yernu ɛerḍen Yisuvyatiyen ad mḥun tisṭunit akk d yedles isṭuni si tmurt-a, maca ayen ɛerḍen ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tisṭunit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merṛa n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwaǧ n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tisṭunit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabaḍ isṭuni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt i lmend n weḥraz akk d ussebɣes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesɛa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamenṣabt" tis snat, tisṭunit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yiɣerbazen yernu win yebɣan ad yuɣal d aɣarim (citoyen) isṭuni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Isṭunya, mazal llan yiɣerbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ɣef medden ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen deg-sen. Tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Isṭuniyen di lɣerba --d tisṭunit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeɣriben iṛuḥen ɣer Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citṭ ɣef tisṭunit tizeɣt yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit di lɣerba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeɣriben s tisṭunit yemxallaf ɣef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lɣerba amzun iɛedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yisṭuniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen.
[beddel] Amezruy-is
Ar ass-a werɛad ur ẓrin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tisṭunit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sɛan kra n yisallen ɣef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nniḍen deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yedǧa aṭas n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tisṭunit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebɛa n Sidna Aisa, bdan diɣ ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id diɣ wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yisṭuniyen iḍrisen-nsen imenza s tisṭunit, d win umi semman "Ddeɛwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeɛṭac, bdant a d-teffɣent tjerṛumin (grammaires) timezwura n tisṭunit. Xas ma yella anẓul n Isṭunya yesɛa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaɣurt (tameṛkantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseɛṭac.
Di tazwara n lqern wis tseɛṭac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda diɣ a d-tettlal tutlayt tisṭunit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tɣelnaẓrit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yisṭuniyen. Tiddukla Tisṭunit n Wid Yeɣran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffeɣ-d aṭas n yedlisen akk d tsufiɣin (publications) nniḍen, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra iɣerfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffɣen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daɣen ay d-ffɣen yeɣmisen imenza n tutlayt tisṭunit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees", ay d-yeffɣen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffɣen si 1864 alammi d 1880.
Yuɣ lḥal di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teḥkem Isṭunya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yisṭuniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yedǧan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) n usselmed di Isṭunya. D acu kan, ur tɛetṭel ara tennulfa-d terbaɛt nniḍen n yimura isṭuniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis ɛecrin, d tin umi semman "Noor Eesti" neɣ tarbaɛt n "Isṭunya Tilemẓit", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d usseǧhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dɣa uɣalen yimura isṭuniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi neɣ d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tisṭunit taneṣlit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tuṛuft n Wetram (lɣerb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mliḥ tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tisṭunit, dɣa skeflen-d awalen isṭuniyen ineṣliyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, reḍlen-d diɣ awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mliḥ tisṭunit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iẓuran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tisṭunit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ɣef wamek ara mḥun tisṭunit u ad d-ḥettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tuɣal tisṭunit i tikkelt nniḍen d tutlayt taɣelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeɛd ɛecṛa n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, yernu yis-s ay tesselḥay tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt tiɣawsiwin-is.
[beddel] Asefru si tsekla tisṭunit
Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tisṭunit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a. Tasuqilt sɣur "Winna", si Luxembourg.
- Aṭas ay riɣ tamurt-iw
- Fkiɣ-as ula d ul-iw
- I kemm ay cennuɣ
- D kemm ay d tinzert-iw
- Isṭunya deg d-mɣin yijedǧigen
- Ideddicen-im ḥulfeɣ-asen deg yiman-iw
- Mi tgerrzeḍ gerrzeɣ, lferḥ-inem d lfeṛḥ-iw
- Uh a tamurt-iw !
- A tamurt-iw ihhuskin, riɣ-kem
- Xsiɣ ad gneɣ yid-m
- Ad i-yawi yiḍes s iri-m
- Isṭunia-yinu yeḥerz Yillew
- Ifrax-im cennun-iyi-d
- Ijedǧigen-im meqqin-d deg-i
- Uh a tamurt-iw !


text:
Tamaziɣt d yiwet seg yilsawen n twacult tafrusyawit. Tawacult-a n yilsawen ttekkan daɣen deg-s yilsawen isamiyen (am taɛṛabt, taɛebrit, taṛamit, ilsawen ityupiyen, atg.), tamaṣrit taqburt akked tqebṭit, tahawsat akked tṣumalit. Tamaziɣt d yiwen seg yilsawen ifriqiyen qlilen ay yesɛan agemmay (alphabet) i yiman-nnes, d agemmay n tfinaɣ. Agemmay-a yebda yettusseqdac seg lqern wis 6 qbel Sidna Ɛisa, yerna yeggra-d lateṛ-nnes deg waṭas n nnqucat ɣef yeẓra seg Libya arma d Meṛṛuk, war ma nettu Tunes ed Ldzayer. Ar ass-a, mazal agemmay-a yettusseqdac ɣer Yimucaɣ n Uneẓruf Ameqran (Sahara). Ma deg Meṛṛuk, agemmay-a rrant d atrar yerna d izeɣ (standard), yerna sselmaden-t deg yiɣerbazen n tmurt-a. Ar ass-a mazal ttwalin agemmay n tfinaɣ d azamul n yiles-nsen akked yiẓuran iqburen n yedles-nsen.
Tamaziɣt d nettat ay d iles aqbur akk ay yettussawlen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, maca seg wasmi ay d-usan Yinselmen, seg lqern wis 7 sdeffir Sidna Ɛisa, yerna seg wasmi ay d-usant tewsatin (leɛṛac) n Banu Hilal ed Banu Sulaym ɣer Tefriqt n Ugafa seg lqern wis 11 d asawen, aṭas n Yimaziɣen ay yejjan iles-nsen yerna qqlen ssawalen taɛṛabt. Akked leqrun ay yekkan, tamaziɣt tesṛuḥ aṭas seg wenrar-nnes, yerna ass-a, ɣas ma yella mazal ssawalen-tt deg waṭas n yimukan, nezmer ad d-nini tamaziɣt teggra-d kan deg tegzirin anda ay tettnaɣ akken ad tkemmel ad tedder, yerna ass-a neɣ azekka tezmer ad tenger.
Qrib anect yellan n tmiwa aydeg ssawalen tamaziɣt ay yellan n tentalyin (dialectes) timaziɣin. Maca ɣas ma yella timiwa-a mbaɛadent gar-asent, tikkal, s yimeccaqen imeqranen, ɣas ma yella kra n tentalyin ttwaɛezlent ɣef tiyaḍ yerna wid yessawalen s tmaziɣt ur ttemsawalen aṭas gar-asen s yiles-nsen (imi s taɛṛabt ay ssawalen qrib dima), maca Imaziɣen zemren, s umata, ad msefhamen gar-asen s yiles amaziɣ.
Seg yiseggasen n 1940 d asawen ay bdan yemsiwlen n tmaziɣt ttakin s yiman-nsen yerna bdan ttxemmimen ad d-rren tameddurt i yiles, idles akked tnettit-nsen (identité). Iɣelnaẓriyen (nationalistes) idzayriyen imezwura am Idir Ait Amrane, bdan ttarun imesɣerten (hymnes) s tmaziɣt i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt n Ldzayer. Deg yiseggasen n 1960, Mouloud Mammeri yura-d yerna yessuffeɣ-d “Tajeṛṛumt” tamezwarut n yiles amaziɣ (taqbaylit) ay yettwarun s lekmal-nnes s tmaziɣt. Mammeri yessedda-d deg wedlis-nnes yiwet n tmawalt (lexique) tamecṭuḥt n wawalen imaziɣen imaynuten. Deg yiseggasen n 1970, Mammeri akked kra seg yinelmaden-nnes, uran-d yiwet n tmawalt n tmaziɣt tatrart aydeg llant twinas (timeyyatin) n wawalen imaynuten ay teḥwaj tmaziɣt akken ad tennerni yerna ad d-temyezg akked tmeddurt n wass-a. Deg tallit-nni daɣen, Imaziɣen n waṭas n tmiwa niḍen, ladɣa deg Tmurt n Leqbayel (deg Ldzayer), bdan ssuturen seg udabu ad yesteɛṛeb s yiles amaziɣ ed ad as-yefk amkan-nnes.
Deg tedyanin n Yebrir n 1980 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel (tid umi semman “Tafsut n Yimaziɣen”), imsulta (ibulisen) idzayriyen mmɣen ɣef yinelmaden sdeffir ma yettwagdel yiwen n usarag ɣef tmedyazt taqbaylit taqburt. D aya ay d-yesnekren imenɣi ameqran ugar i lmend n westeɛṛef s tmaziɣt. Seg yimir-nni d asawen, aṭas n tikliwin ed tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan ama deg Ldzayer, ama deg Meṛṛuk, i wakken adabu ad as-d-yerr amkan-nnes i yiles ed yedles amaziɣ. Deg 1994-1995, qrib akk iɣerbazen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ɣunzan aseggas aɣurbiz yerna igerdan n Tmurt n Leqbayel qqimen aseggas ur ɣrin, i wakken ad ssutren seg Uwanak (ddula) adzayri ad yessekcem tamaziɣt ɣer uɣerbaz adzayri akken ad yettusselmed am taɛṛabt neɣ tefṛensist.
Awanak (ddula) adzayri yeqbel ad yessekcem tamaziɣt ɣer uɣerbaz, yerna yessebded-d Aseqqamu Unnig i Timmuzɣa, d tasudut (institution) n udabu ay d-yelhan s yedles amaziɣ. Seg tama niḍen, deg Meṛṛuk, amussu (mouvement) ameɣnas i lmend n ussuter n tmaziɣt yebda yettimɣur yerna ijehhed. Deg 2001, Awanak ameṛṛuki yessebded-d IRCAM (Asudu Ageldan n Yedles Amaziɣ), yerna sdeffir ma yella-d ccwal d ameqran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel akked kra n tmiwa n Wewras, adabu adzayri yesteɛṛef s yiles amaziɣ d iles aɣelnaw deg Ldzayer, deg useggas n 2002.
Maca ɣas ma yella Ldzayer testeɛṛef s tmaziɣt, yerna Meṛṛuk tebda daɣen testeɛṛif yes-s, asselmed n yiles amaziɣ deg tmura-a ixuṣṣ s waṭas: drusit mliḥ yiɣerbazen aydeg tettusselmad tmaziɣt, yerna taɣara (qualité) n usselmed-nnes diri-t s umata, ama deg Meṛṛuk, ama deg Ldzayer. Asseqdec n yiles amaziɣ deg tregwa n ṛṛadyu ed tliẓri (tilibizyu) deg snat-a n tmura ur yesɛi dduṛ d ameqran.
Deg 2009, nnulfant-d tregwa tiɣelnawin n tliẓri (tilibizyu) ama deg Meṛṛuk, ama deg Ldzayer, maca ahilen-nsent mazal-iten d igellilen ma nquren-iten ɣer wahilen n tregwa ay yessawalen s taɛṛabt neɣ s tefṛenssit deg tmura-a (tiregwa yessawalen s tmaziɣt ur d-ssukkuyent unuɣen yettewliwilen [dessins animés] neɣ tisgilin i yigerdan s yiles amaziɣ, atg.), yerna akud n tregwa-a d amecṭuḥ. Ma deg Tunes ed Libya, iles amaziɣ yettɣimi-d qrib d aṭabu, d taɣawsa ur d-nettwebdar. Deg snat-a n tmura, tamaziɣt ur tesɛi kra n uẓayer unṣib (statut officiel), yerna iduba n tmura-a ur steɛṛfen s tmaziɣt deg wacemma. Ur yelli ula d yiwen n ttawil n yisalan ay yesseqdacen tamaziɣt deg tmura-a. Deg Mali ed Nijir, ɣas ma yella adabu yesteɛṛef s tmaceɣt d iles aɣelnaw acḥal n yiseggasen aya, ɣer yidis n waṭas n yilsawen ifriqyen niḍen, maca iles amaziɣ (tamaceɣt) teqqel deg yidis deg snat-a n tmura, yerna qrib ulac akk aɣerbaz aydeg tettusselmad.
Tamaziɣt mazal-itt ar ass-a tedder kan deg yilsawen, yerna ur llin waṭas n yedlisen ay d-itteffɣen yes-s. Amur ameqran seg yemsiwlen n tmaziɣt (ula d aggagen [intellectuals]), ur ttarun, ur qqaren tamaziɣt, maca sseqdacen taɛṛabt neɣ tafṛensist ama deg tɣuri, ama deg wemyaru.
S waya, ɣas ma yella llan aṭas n yemsiwlen n tmaziɣt deg kra n tmura (ɣef umedya, 30% seg yimezdaɣen n Meṛṛuk akked 20% seg yimezdaɣen n Ldzayer ssawalen tmaziɣt), iles amaziɣ yettɣimi-d d iles yettwaḥeqren yerna d win ay izemren ad yenger. Ɣas ma yella amur ameqran seg medden (llan gar-asen ula d aggagen [intellectuels] ed yimesnilsiyen [linguistes]) ur giren tamawt i temsalt-a, iles amaziɣ ur yettɛeḍḍil, ɣef leḥsab n tegnit aydeg yella imir-a, ad yeqqel d yiwen seg yilsawen ay itteddun ɣer wengar. Ma yella tamaziɣt ur tettusselmad akken iwatan deg wakk iɣerbazen, tezmer ad d-taf iman-nnes deg tegnit aydeg ur tt-lemmden yigerdan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa igerdan yesɛan imawlan ay tt-yessawalen yagi, yerna d aya ara d-yesɛejlen angar-nnes.
Tira s sin yilsawen ɣer unekcum n temdint n Kidal (deg Mali). Ɣef uzelmaḍ, aẓru-a, isem n Kidal yettwaru s tfinaɣ.
Zik, tamaziɣt tella tezmer ad tedder s weɛzal-nni ay ɛezlen yemsiwlen-nnes iman-nsen, yerna d aya ay yejjan aṭas n tentalyin (dialectes) timaziɣin ad menɛent i wengar. Maca ass-a, aɛzal-nni ay yejjan tamazipqt ad temneɛ i wengar yebda yettfaka. Ibriden iruraden (autoroutes) ttekken ɣef wakk timiwa, yerna timdinin ay d-yezgan sdat yedraren neɣ deg uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra) ttimɣurent, ttnernint yerna jebbdent-d ama d imezdaɣen n tmurt, ama d imezdaɣen ibeṛṛaniyen ɣef tmiwa-nni aydeg d-zgant (yerna ibeṛṛaniyen-nni, s tuget, ur ssinen iles amaziɣ). Seg tama niḍen, d ayen yettwassnen seg zik, “iles n temdint” deg Tefriqt n Ugafa ur yelli d tamaziɣt, wanag d taɛṛabt.
Yagi, deg sin n leqrun ineggura, iles amaziɣ yenger deg waṭas n tmiwa n Ldzayer anda ay yella, yagi ɣef yiri n wengar (d timiwa aydeg d-qqiment kra kan n tuddar ay yessawalen tamaziɣt gar tuddar ay yessawalen s taɛṛabt). Ass-a, tikli-a n tijjit n yiles tamaziɣt mazal tettkemmil yerna aya yezmer ad yesseḍɛef ula d tintalyin (dialectes) timaziɣin timeqranin (taqbaylit akked tcawit deg Ldzayer, tarifit, tamaziɣt n tlemmast n Meṛṛuk akked tcelḥit deg Meṛṛuk, akked tmaceɣt deg Uneẓruf Ameqran [Sahara]). Ɣef waya ay yessefk ɣef Yimaziɣen ad d-akin i wugur-a ay izemren ad yeglu s yiles-nsen.
Agalis (panneau) n uṛeḥḥeb deg tɣiwant n Yesser, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel (Ldzayer), yura s taɛṛabt, s tmaziɣt (tira n tfinaɣ) akked tefṛensist.
Ass-a, mi akka ay nella deg tallit aydeg aṭas n yilsawen ay yellan ɣef tizi n wengar, yerna UNESCO tenna-d yal snat ledwaṛ inegger yiwen n yiles seg umaḍal, yessefk ɣef yemsiwlen n tmaziɣt ad akin. Ɣas ma yella iles-nsen yettwaḥqer, maca yessefk ɣef yal yiwen seg-sen ad yeg ayen yezmer akken ad yeḥrez yerna ad yesnerni tamaziɣt. S waya, yal yiwen seg-sen yessefk ad yessiwel tamaziɣt, yerna ad tt-yaru ed ad tt-iɣer.
Kra n yimedyaten n tira n tmaziɣt s yisekkilen n taɛṛabt deg wemda n Busemɣun, ay d-yezgan 90 n yikilumitren deg wenẓul (sud) n Ɛin Ṣṣefra (deg wenẓul-utrim n Ldzayer) :
Anekcum n yiwet n tneɣlust (lqahwa) deg yiwen n yeɣrem : Lqawa ed watay.
Uffuɣ - Xuruǧ
Tmadalt n Ayt Tebbun (tamṛaḥt n wedrum n Tebbun)
(Ayt Tebbun d adrum ameqran n Busemɣun).
Tazeɣɣa Tamellalt (tazeɣɣa n zzawya)
Iles amaziɣ deg Tlaxcala : ayɣer ed wamek ?
Tlaxcala d aẓeḍḍa agraɣlan n yemsuqqlen (traducteurs) ay iqeddcen i lmend n uṭṭuqqet n yilsawen deg umaḍal. Aẓeḍḍa-a yesnulfa-d aḥric amaziɣ deg udeg-nnes n internet amaynut (http://www.tlaxcala-int.org) ay yettwaledyen deg wass n 14 Yulyu 2010. Adeg aqbur n Tlaxcala (http://www.tlaxcala.es) yennulfa-d deg 21 Fuṛaṛ 2006 (deg 1999, UNESCO terra ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ d ass agraɣlan n Yiles Ayemmat. Deg wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1952, semmus [xemsa] n yinelmaden ay yefkan timeddurin-nsen d asfel deg temdint n Dacca akken ad ssutren seg udabu ad yerr tabengalit d iles unṣib [officiel] deg tmurt n Pakistan Tagmuḍant [tacerqit] ay yeqqlen d Bangladesh asmi ay tennuɣ akken ad tawey azarug-nnes [independence]).
Seg 2006 ar ass-a, adeg n Tlaxcala yessers-d ugar n 10.000 n yimagraden ay uran wugar n 1000 n yimeskaren (auteurs). Imagraden-a ttussuqqlen-d ɣer wugar n 13 n yilsawen seg wakk timiwa n umaḍal. Wid ay iqeddcen deg udeg-a gan aẓeḍḍa n wemɛawen yerna bɣan ad d-yettussuqqel leqdic n Tlaxcala ɣer waṭas n yilsawen i wakken ad ttekkin deg ussukkes n yilsawen ay ittedden akken ad negren yerna ad ḥerzen aṭṭuqqet n yilsawen deg umaḍal.
Adeg amaynut n Tlaxcala yesɛa udem amaynut ay yifen udem-nni aqbur yerna fessus ugar i usseqdec. Deg weḥric amaziɣ n udeg n Tlaxcala, ad d-tafem tisuqilin n yimagraden n yisalan akked tesleḍt (analyse) ama ɣef Falesṭin neɣ ɣef Isṛayil, ama ɣef Afɣanistan neɣ Pakistan, ama ɣef Yiwunak Yeddukklen neɣ ɣef Honduras ed Filippin, akked yisalan ɣef waṭas n temsal ed tedyanin ay la iḍerrun ussan-a.
Nekni s wid ay yessawalen tamaziɣt, nesɛa iles ay yeḥwajen ad yettussiwel, maca daɣen yeḥwaj ad tettwaru. Tira n yiles-nneɣ ur yessefk ad yeḥbes kan deg tira n yinzan, timucuha timecṭuḥin akked yisefra, ɣas ma yella yessefk fell-aɣ ad nerr tajmilt i leṣnaf-a n tsekla ay aɣ-yejjan ad neḥrez iles-nneɣ ed timmeṛkantit-nnes deg leqrun yezrin, maca yessefk daɣen fell-aɣ ass-a ad naru s yiles-nneɣ imagraden n tesleḍt (analyse) akked unadi, ad naru ed ad d-nessuqqel idlisen ay yessawalen ɣef temsal yemgerraden, ladɣa timsal titrarin akked tid ay yerzan tidyanin ay la iḍerrun ass-a. Yessefk ɣef yiles-nneɣ ad yekcem inurar imaynuten n tmussni ara yerren tamaziɣt d iles atrar n teɣwalt (communication) ay izemren ad yenfeɛ i wayen ḥwajen wid ay yessawalen yes-s ass-a akken ay yenfeɛ yal iles atrar imawlan-nnes. Aya ur telli trewla fell-as; ur yessefk ad neḥbes iles-nneɣ deg “ujeɣlal” aydeg ara t-nesseqdac kan i wawal kan neɣ i tsekla taɣerfant (taceɛbit) akked tɣawsiwin yeqqnen ɣer wansayen, maca yessefk daɣen ad nesseqdec iles-nneɣ akken ad d-nessiwel ɣef tekta akked uxemmem atrar, ɣef temsal yemgerraden, tid yerzan akk inurar n tmussni. Ṛṛay n wesnulfu n weḥric s yiles amaziɣ deg udeg n Tlaxcala d win ara aɣ-iledyen tawwurt akken ad neḥrez yerna ad nesnerni iles-nneɣ.
Ɣef waya ay d-neggar tiɣri i wakk wid ay yebɣan yerna ssaramen ad snernin iles amaziɣ, ad ttekkin deg tira-nnes akked wezraɛ-nnes deg uẓeḍḍa n internet, ad d-ssuqqlen imagraden ay d-yeffɣen deg Tlaxcala yerna ad zerɛen tabṛat-a i wakken ad d-nejmeɛ amḍan (nombre) ameqran akk ay nezmer n yiwiziyen ara aɣ-iɛawnen deg weḥric-a amaziɣ.
Akken ay as-yettini yiwen n wanzi-nneɣ: Afus deg ufus, taɛkemt ad tifsus.
Akken ad nextem taswiɛt-a, yessefk ad d-nger yiwet n tamawt s wazal-nnes: nekni, s wid yettekkan deg uẓeḍḍa n Tlaxcala, nemsefham akken ma nella ɣef tmuɣli-nneɣ deg wayen yerzan “iles”. Nekni nettwali “iles” neɣ “tutlayt” d ttawil ayyes zemren ad msiwlen akk medden gar-asen, d ttawil n welday n leɛqul n medden. “Iles” ur yelli d ttawil ayyes ara yeɣleq yiwen leɛqel-nnes yerna ad yedder deg “ughetto” aydeg ara yeɛzel iman-nnes ɣef wiyaḍ. Aṭas n medden ay yettarran ilsawen d iɣerban akken ad ffren deffir-sen yerna ur ttemxalaḍen ed wiyaḍ, maca nekni nebɣa ad nerr ilsawen d tileggiyin (tiqenṭyar) ayyes ara myussanen medden gar-asen. Deg wayen yerzan tamaziɣt, nettwali leqdic-nneɣ d win aydeg ara nemɛawan akk akken ad d-nejmeɛ awalen yerna ad nesnerni tamawalt-nneɣ (lexique) akken ad nessiweḍ ad d-nebnu iles amaziɣ ara yesdukklen neɣ ara yessemqaraben gar akk Imaziɣen ay t-yessawalen; d iles ara yezmer ad t-yefhem, meqqar, umur ameqran n Yimaziɣen deg umaḍal. Leqdic-a ad yeḥwij amɛawen gar akk imdanen ay as-izemren, yerna neggar-d tiɣri I wakken imdanen am wi ad d-ttekkin deg webrid-a ay aɣ-terra tmara ad t-nezger i lmend n wesnerni n yiles-nneɣ.
Arum-aɣ-d ɣer : amastan08[at]yahoo[dot]com
Ɣrem TASKINT N TLAXCALA s tamaziɣt !
Agalis n « BDED [ḥbes] » deg temdint n Naḍur (Meṛṛuk), yettwaru s taɛṛabt akked tmaziɣt, yers deg wass n 29 Yebrir 2003, maca yeqleɛ deg yiḍ.


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Taẓalit-is tfuk, syen, ata yuder-d, am ayen icban sieqa, yiwen wakli. Iga d aeeryan, iwwi-d ssif, ibra-d i wusman. Iwwet-d di tewwurt u Bulla yesseqsa-t:
- Menhu wagi? Anwa akka a lxelq agi? “Lli-tt-in, is d-erra taYect nni deffir n tewwurt, taẓallit nni i tḍueeḍ tettwaqbel, atan tettwaqYel ak-id”. Bulla illi-d tawwurt, yaeqel-it d ulhim, tekcem-it lxelea dYa yenna-yas: “SutreY ak bab igenwan akken ad ttueaqben imdanen agi, amek d kečč ay ulhim id yusan a tent-eaqbeḍ imi wigi tama-k ay ddan?”
- Ulhim: Ay ungif, d kečč ara yigen acukku af lemḥibba d ukuttu af wigi d-ttemmeslayeḍ ! Ur teḥsiḍ ara belli nekk usiY-d ad eaqbeY ayen yuran s leqseḥ mbla lewwu n lameṛ iyi-d ittwafkan a teseeaddiY?
YuYal-it-id laeqel, maca Bulla yugi as-iserreḥi wulhim. Ixemmem yifit as-yanef kra n wakud akken wid yellan d at-laeqel d lmaequl ma ad uYalen s abrid. Akken ad as-yesruḥ akud, amṛabeḍ inna i wulhim : “Γuri aṭṭas n iseqsiyen i bYiY ara k-in sutreY, eahed-iyi ar d a yi-d-terreḍ seg ul n tidett”.
- Ulhim: seqsi-yi-d, ur tteffreY ara fell-ak, ayen Yef tebYiḍ ak-id-ǧawbeY fella-s.
- Bulla: d acu n tḥilett i tessexdameḍ akken ad tkecmeḍ, ad tesseYwuḍ ul n wemdan mbla lameṛ n bab n txelqit?
- Ulhim: ur tufiḍ d acu nezmer at-nexdem mbla lameṛ n Sidi Ṛebbi, maca ilaq-aY a neddu si tmuYli i tarwa n Sid nneY Adem, aten wehhi ar txessaṛt nsen.
- Bulla:s wacu ikeṛṛaden i tent ttnaYem?
- Ulhim: nettnaY-iten s irumsa nsen. Nesnernay veqqu n tḍeffi nsen ak d affaz, nessaYay, nessenkar beqquwat n zzhu n dunnit. Nettḍeggir fell-asen aYemYum n ṭaylal akken ad ruḥen di lYerq n tirga nsen mara ili-n Yeflen. Nessedhuy-iten s tẓallit, nreddem-iten s sikṛat nsen. Nessendag deg ulawen-nsen laeqel n uṛaY d wedrim d lekdubat ak d cchadat n ẓẓur. Neggar deg ulawen-nsen diYen lkerh d ttismin d nnḥas. Ar lawliyat, nettwellih-asen agim n tmuYliwin alamma nessaweḍ aten nessibeed deg ubrid n lxiṛ i issaramen di dueat ttawḍen mara ẓallen s lxiṛ ak d lehna i zerreen i lxiṛ.
- Bulla: ma tekkateḍ mgal lawliyyat, atan fehmeY-ak-in, maca acuYer txeddmeḍ ḍerr i watmaten-ik, d iqeddacen-ik, d ixemmasen-ik, d ikaffriwen-ik?
- Ulhim: ur tnadiY ara yihwah, maca akken ad ddun yid-i ar ǧahennama i taranfa. Ulumaeana, Sidi Ṛebbi a yi-d-ittwali, imdanen ilhan, sut ul yeṣfan, ur zmireY-ten kellex-Y s tḥerci neY lqewwa inu fell-asen. TtafeY lebYi-w s wid d ttid Yur zgan d imcuḥna, d imyusamen, d imenhas, d wid Yef rewlen ineYlas ilhan. Akken ibYu yili, ulac amdan mara d-tellin-t wallen ar dunnit agi ur t-neseedday ara di temeaṣṣert wa at-nennaYeY.
- Bulla: amek ara ḥeqqeY af ayen d-nniḍ akk-a ma mačči d iserrifen?
- Ulhim: ttidett af ayen d-nniḍ, tban akken a tt-id sbeggeneḍ. Ini-d ma tumneḍ d nekk i imeqqeṛen u i leqqawi af Eisa-k?
- Bulla: mdah, ayagi dayen ur nella-ara !
- Ulhim: ihi, amen neY qim ! Nekk wwḍeY-t imi d amdan i igan. wwteY akken as-rẓeY ṛemḍan imi t-yuY lḥal di tlemmast n unezruf. DYa, a Bulla, Eisa iga d amdan n Ṛebbi?
- Bulla: ruḥ ak-yexzu Ṛebbi ! Aeni i kečč i wumi ar d leYteY amek illa Imceggae n babatneY wa ak slemdeY d acu-t Sidna Eisa?
- Ulhim: ay awessar, aseqsi inu, Yur-s azal meqqer. Ilaq-iyi ad issineY kan anwat Eisa yagi.
- Susemm ! Is yenna wemṛabeḍ.
- Aṛuḥani daYen yenna:
Ihi, anef-iyi ad lhuY d ccYel-iw. Iwweḍ-d lawan ad xedmeY taseYleft Yef wid d-ttwamṛeY ar dagi. ugadeY amma ad awḍeY d amesgani ar tẓallit !
- Bulla: s lqedra n tmegdalt n umitag a tteqqimeḍ deg umekkan anda k-tuY, a ttuYaleḍ ar ṣṣifa-k nni tamezwarut i s-id-baneḍ, u ad id-erreḍ s tidett af iseqsiyen meṛṛa ar ak-in fkeY !
Imiren amakus isuY-d s ṣṣut aelayen :
- Ah ay awessar ! Tetteettibeḍ-iyi ! EuhdeY-k ur ffireY cayen fell-ak, imi ur mḥettem fell-i akka.
- Agerram, inna daYen: tYileḍ d lawan-ik i tẓallit. Wammag dYatik tettẓallaḍ ? Zzat n wanwit wagi Yef i tkennuḍ u anwa i teebdeḍ ?
- Ulhim: naebed tafat ak d uYutem
- Bulla: s lferḥ i tettekkareḍ ar tẓallit?
- Ulhim: lla selferḥ, lla s udemmem, lla s talwit. Ur yelli s lebYi nneY i nettẓalla, maca s tmara lḥers.
- Bulla: acuYer ?
- Ulhim: wagi d ayen id-yusan s wid yellan s nnig-nneY. Ameqran nneY isbedd ar YurneY tafuglanit n umṛaḥ n igenni. IbYa ad ittusemineg am akken neY iqerben acbi ayen n bab n txelqit. DaYen, i ccfawat n lḥasant nneY d lxiṛ di temsunt, ulhim icreḍ deg-neY i wakken as-nerr lxiṛ, tamayin, ttimulawin ak d ariden nneY. Maca, mara d-teḥder tẓallit, ilsawen nneY ttYiman ttlen deg inYiwen nneY ak d ṣṣut n tuYac ur d-tteffeYent ara ṣfant, ḥlawit deg igerjumen nneY am akk-a i yeeddan. Ma d iḥricen n tegawt (ttedkit n ueenni) aṭṭas aya iten nettu.
Amawal:
Siɛqa: foudre.
Ungif: naïf.
Akud: temps.
Aramsu: passion.
Taḍefi: volupté.
Agim: mille.
Taranfa: eternité.
Ineɣlas: anges.
Anezmar: puissant.
Anezruf: desert.
Leɣteɣ: reveler.
Amesgani: retard.
Timegdal: saintes.
Amitag: croix.
Amakus: maudit.
Aɣutmi: taciturne.
Ademmem: consolation.
Tafuglanit: ceremoniale.
Amraḥ: cour.
Yettusmineg: glorifé.
Agerram: saint.
Tamsunt: Eden.
Timulawin: louanges.
Tamayin: hommages.
Ariden: Yoeux.
Tegnawt: celeste.
Aṛuḥani: démon
- (Idles Abdelhafid et Rabah. Edit Jazz. Alger 2003).
Logo illustration de l’article: Peinture de Tapiro y Baro, 1871


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Cadli Benjdid
Cadli Benjdid yella d aselway n Tegdut n Dzayer seg 7 furar 1979 almi 11 yennayer 1992. Ilul g Sebɛa (ddayret n Boutelǧa, Ṭṭerf) ass n 14 ibrir 1929 immut ass n 6 tuber 2012 g sbitar n 3in enna3ǧa (Dzayer Tamaneɣt).
Di lweqt n ṭrad mgal fransa yekcem g ALN. Akk d usarug n dzayer yuɣal ad yexdem g lɛesker. Asmi yemmut Bumedyen, Cadli yella d yiwen amdan i yesɛan legrad ameqqeran akk : Colonel. Lɛesker g lweqt-nni bɣan amdan am netta g wemkan Bumedyen.
Cadli yebɣa ad yeffeɣ seg tanemla (socialisme) axaṭer dzayer texser aṭas idrimen, meɛna azal n lpitrul iṣubb aṭas di lḥekm-is. Idzayriyen inṭarren (deg tazwara nsen ilmaẓyen) fɣened ɣar ivarden ass n 5 tubar 1988 anida yekker umennuɣ amuqran. Ayen id yeḍran ussan-nni yettwasen s Tubar 88 (Octobre 88). Ihi Cadli yexdem tamendawt (constitution) tamaynut, yeǧǧa akk ikabaren, seg-sen FFS, RCD, FIS. Cadli yebɣa ad yerbeḥ lvoṭ s ukabar ines (FLN) lameɛna idzayriyen voṭan FIS.
Xaled Neẓẓar, i yellan d aneɣlaf n lɛesker g lweqt-nni, yura g wedlis ines belli yanna-yas i Cadli "Ilaq-ak ad teǧǧeḍ amkan-ik akken anehves lvoṭ". Cadli yeqbel ayen yenna-yas-d Nezzar. Akabar n FIS ur yeqbil ara, bdan rrevrav mgal lɛesker u yebda ṭrad gar-asen.
Гar tagara ttudart-is, Cadli yettili d tmeṭṭut-is deg Wehran.


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Takatalant
Takatalant di Katalunya.
Aseqdec n Tkatalant yeẓẓa iẓuran-is yerna simma simma la ttnernin di Katalunya. Di tallit-nni ideg Franco yeṭṭef Spanyul yegdel-itt, maca xas akken, tedder deg yilsawen n Ikatalanen . Di tmendawt(Constitution) taspenyult n 1978, Tameslayt-a tuYal d tunṣibt di Katalunya d Tegzirin Baléares daYen di temnaḍt n Valansya, dinna ssawalen-as “Tavanlansyant”. Tasekla s Tkatalant teğuğğeg, ayen din n yedlisen i d-yettrusun di tsedlisin, ula deg isupermarciyen znuzun-ten. Deg iberdan ukeṛṛus ipanuten ttwarun yakk s Tkatalant, ttwarun ula s Tkastilant (Taspenyult) maca seddaw n Tkatalant. Tisdawiyin smenyafent taYuri (leqraya) s Tkatalant, tuget n tezrawin tgen-tent yinelmaden s tmeslayt-a, ula deg isura n sinima isutitrajen tgen-ten s Tkatalant.
Tilibizyuwat d yilYagduden-nniḍen ttmeslayen s Tkatalant, seg imeẓyanen alamma d imYaren zemren yakk yikatalanen ad slen, ad walin neY ad Yren ayen i sen-yehwan s Tkatalant.