text:
Adaf n irifiyen deg wemsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen (1936-1939).
Zeg yezlan n tmaziɣt n Arif
Yura-t dduktur Musṭafa Lɣadiri
Iturjem-it: Ɛebdelwaḥed Ḥennu
Tamessizwarut:
Mala nexs ad nesserɣ tifawin x tuntimt (documentation) n yezlan, a nili nettɛawad i wawal waha, minzi din aṭṭas n tɣuriwin d terzutin[1] ttwaggent deg uɣezdis-a, sseknent-aneɣ mamek zemmren yezlan a daneɣ-ssiwḍen ɣer waṭṭas zi tidet n umezruy. Amezruy i zemmreɣ ad iniɣ, belli wer x-as ssiwlen ca yinni i yuran, ya s neɛmada niɣ amenni i dd-tusa waha. Maca waxxa amenni, ad sserseɣ ca n iseqsiten deg wadaf n terzut-a, am : Ma wer nzemmer a dd-nessufeɣ tidet zeg yezlan n tmaziɣt, amen tt-dd-ssufɣen yinniḍen deg waṭṭas n tutlayin nniḍen? Ɛawed, min ɛnan yegmiren n tuntimt (documentation) jer yezlan d tidet n umezruy, awaren i wefran d ubeṭṭu?
Twarrit x iseqsiten-a, a tt-nejj i min dd-ɣa yasen di terzut-a.
I. Amsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen.
Mamek i nessen, aqqa amseksi-ya ttuɣa-t d aẓunfeḍ n iɛeskriyen, i ttuɣa yellan awaren i ujiniral Franku, kunṭra i unegraw n tegdudant tasermunt n Spanya (République socialiste Espagnol). Aẓunfeḍ-a yebda zi jjihet n ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk i ttuɣa yellan adu ifassen n Useppanyu. Beddu n manaya ttuɣa-t zi 17 yulyuz 1936[2].
Amussu n udiktatur ajiniral Franku ttuɣa ibedd x lɛesker n usppanyu d irifiyen, d yinni i dd-yusin ɛawed zi tqebbal n Ayt Baɛemran. Wer nettettu ca aswizi i ttuɣa kid-s tteggen inegrawen idiktaturen deg Uruppa, am unegraw anazi n Hitlir d unegraw afacisti n Masulini. S uya, amussu afrankawi (zi Franku) yessexdem tixentrisin d tenḥiseyyin maḥend a kid-s yessidef irifiyen ad pulsen[3]. Manaya s weswizi aked yemɣaren n tqebbal d isertanen (isiyaseyyen) imeqqranen, d yewdan n ddin di jjihet n Arif. Ujar inni i yewtin tacarribt i umussu afrankawi, shewnen x-as umi reẓmen tawwurt n upules, ɛanen iwdan maḥend ad adfen deg umussu-ya i yeẓẓunefḍen x unegraw agdudan[4].
Nzemmer ad nessen zi nnumrawat-a; mamek iɛemmed unegraw afrankawi x tarwa n Arif, d mamek i ten-yessexdem s uɛawen n inewwura n unegraw-nnes, deg yijjen umenɣi nitni yigg°ej x-asen igg°jen x-as.
Yebda yessadaf inni i umi qqaren arrigularis (Regulares) di lɛesker n useppanyu, d yinni i umi qqaren “lemḥella lxalifeyya” (iɛsekreyyen i ttuɣa aked xlifa n ujellid di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk). Rni-dd ɣer-sen asidef n irifiyen i ttuɣa wer yessinen walu x lɛesker d umenɣi, ssidfen-ten zi beddu n wass wiss tnayen awaren i umi dd-iban uẓunfeḍ kunṭra i unegraw agdudan (beddu zi 18 yulyuz 1936). Acrak n imerrak, d tarwa n Arif mala nexs a nini, ttuɣa-t am min tettwalam:[5]
Di min yeqqnen ɣer min dd-yiwi wemseksi-ya:
D ta d tayafut (Résultat) n wecrak n irifiyen deg wemsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen, d manaya i yellan x yinni i yemmuten d yinni i yenɛeḍben d yinni wer ibinen d yinni iyezmen, amen dd-yusa deg yesgamen (Sources) manis i dd-nugem manaya.
II. Aṭṭas n irifiyen i ipulsen, mayemmi?
Wer yehwin ca ad nergeb x mayemmi i cerken tarwa n Lmerruk zi Arif deg umenɣi-ya i yellan jer isppunya aked uɣezdis n umussu afrankawi, minzi din aṭṭas n texzarin (lxezrat) ɣer usentel-a, ttemsebḍant aked wemsebḍi n manis i dd-ixezzar wenni isserɣen tfawt x usentel-a, d wemkan-nnes anamun (Social), d wemkan-nnes asertan (Politique), niɣ mani ittaf tizi-nnes. S uya a negg tizemmar maḥend a nefsar ca zi texzarin-a, qbel ma a nsel i min nnan yezlan n Arif deg uɣezdis-a.
- Tixzarin n ca n yemɣaren zeg umussu anamun di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk i ttuɣa yeddren di llṭa-nni, mxumblen aked temsarin n umenɣi-ya, zemmemen manayenni s iɣaniben (stilawat) nsen.
Zeg yina, dinni mass Ɛebdelxaleq Ṭṭurris, amessugur n ujurnal “Al ḥurriyya” (Directeur du journal Al ḥurriyya), netta i yennan amen ttuɣa timessi n wemseksi tetteḥduduq: “Wer izemmer umezruy a daneɣ-yini aqqa apules n imerrak aked inamuren[6] ttuɣa-t x tenɛacin, minzi tinɛacin wer xessent inniḍen (igdudanen[7]). Nzemmar a nini aqqa inniḍen ttuɣa-ten ɛad d isexxayen x yina. Imerrak ruḥen ad pulsen minzi ttuɣa ttwalan aqqa taɣawsa n inamuren d ijjen tɣawsa-nsen ula d nitni. Ɛawed wer nettettu aqqa igdudanen (Rojos) ttuɣa akid-sen aberru n iɛeskriyen d ifransisen. S uya, imerrak ufin-tt d tasebḥant i nitni ḥuma ad hwan x yeɛdawen-nsen (ifransisen) amen llan aked umussu n Franku. Mamek wer nettettu ɛawed aqqa imerrak gg°den ad yemfeccar uxarres n icuyuɛiyen. D manaya i ten-yejjin ad adfen deg umenɣi-ya, minzi gg°den x ddin nsen…”[8].
Maca Lmekki Nnasiri, amessugur n ujurnal: “Al waḥda lmeɣribeyya” yeqqar ula d netta: “Agdud i ttuɣa yemfeccaren x ddcurat d tqebbal udfen aṭṭas n ayt bab-nnes aked umussu anamur asppanyu. Manaya wer t-ggin x tenɛacin, niɣ d tarewla zi ẓẓelḍ. Minzi ẓẓelḍ mqetmaren akid-s, mseksin akid-s aṭṭas zeggami. Maca adaf-nsen yus-dd awaren i umi ufin belli ta d ijjen tɣawsa deg-s min isebḥen i Lmerruk.”[9]
Nzemmer a nesmun tixzarin n Ɛebdelxaleq Ṭṭurris d Lmekki Nnasiri di tneqqiḍin-a:
- Aqqa imerrak udfen aked umussu afrankawi, minzi igdudanen ttuɣa-ten d icuyuɛiyen, minzi tacuyuɛit wer tettweqqer taykit i yeqqnen ɣer ddin n imerrak.
- Wer yelli d ẓẓelḍ i ten-yejjin ad adfen aked umussu n Franku, mli ttuɣa d ttmenyat i ten-yecqan ili swizan aked yegdudanen i ttuɣa dasent-iḍellqen kter zeg yinniḍen.
- Amenɣi aked yegdudanen d ijjen umenɣi x tcuyuɛit. S uya, manaya deg-s min isebḥen i Lmerruk amen yenna Lmekki Nnasiri.
Aked uɣezdis n texzarin-a, a nessers iseqsiten-a:
Imerrak i ipulsen ttuɣa ssnen umi qqaren amussu anamur aseppanyu? Ujar malla nessen aqqa azgen ameqqran zeg-sen, niɣ ɛlayen merra idsen, ttuɣa-ten d iqubbaniyen jer 15 d 25 n iseggusa?
Imerrak amen kemlen, ttuɣa ssnen umi qqaren tacuyuɛit niɣ d mani tneddeh? Niɣ ɛawed zeɛma taykit s ddin ɣer imerrak ttuɣa ttweqqaren-tt di llṭa n tgeldit taseppanyut qbel ma a tt-ɣeḍlen yegdudanen, maḥend a nini aqqa imerrak bedden aked Franku minzi ttuɣa ccaten aqerṭas x ddin-nsen? Maɣar Franku zi mant-nnes ttuɣa wer yelli ca zeg yemcumen i yessizzlen idammen n irifiyen di llṭa n tegrawla n Muḥemmed n Ɛebdlekrim LxeṬṬabi? Maɣar wer yelli d netta i yennan awarn i usali n wemseksi n Arif asegg°as n 1926: “Aqqa neccin neggur zeg wazzerg n umenɣi, maca ulawen-nneɣ deg-sen taykit s wareyyeḍ n yemcumen (yeqsed tarwa n Arif), ijj n wareyyeḍ ɛemmers wer t ẓrin”[10] Al mani nzemmar a naweḍ a nini aqqa imezdaɣ n ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk i ipulsen aked Franku d manaya i ten yejjin ad adfen deg umenɣi aked yegdudanen ?
Iseqsiten-a wer yelli nessers-iten maḥend a xaf-sen nerr, maca ḥuma a deg-sen nxemmem, a zeg-sen nerzu x tidet n umezruy iweḍḍren.
Awal i nnan Lmekki Nnasiri d ɛebdelxaleq Ṭṭurris, yeffuk a nesseḥḍer tabridt tamezrayt (zeg umezruy) d tebridt tanamunt i di yettwanna min nnan. Minzi manayenni yettwanna amen ttuɣa amseksi ɛlayen yiweḍ ɣer uneggar-nnes. Mass ṬṬurris, ttuɣa yedwel d amɣar n ukabar n usegged anamur حزب الإصلاح الوطني, yewca-s Franku ttesriḥ ḥuma a t-sbedden x iḍaren-nnes (akabar) deg usegg°as amezwaru n wemsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen (Nican ; deg uyur n tɣuccet 1936). Mamek das-yewca ttesriḥ ɛawed maḥend ad yegg ajurnal “Al ḥurreyya” (tilelli). Mamek ɛawed Franku imeyyek x yiḍennaḍ-nnes amasuni, di llṭa mani nettaf amussu afrankawi yiwi tamnawt i merra imasuniyen iseppunya, di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk kter.[11]
Lmekki Nnasiri ula d netta yufa tizi-nnes deg ubani n umussu afrankawi. Minzi netta yemmutti-dd zeg wemkan i xef ttuɣa tqebbeḍ Fransa di Lmerruk, yedwel d amessugur n ujurnal “Al waḥda Al maɣribiya” (Tamunt tamerrukt), d amessugur ɛawed n yijjen sekwila n uselmed di Tiṭṭawn i ttuɣa iḍeffren i Useppanyu. Aɣimi-nnes di Tiṭṭawin ttuɣa-t am yijjen werwal d asertan awaren i umi t-idd-tenfa Fransa zi Arrbaṭ.
S uya, tiwciwin-a, yeffuk a tent-yegg di lbal-nnes wenni ikessin s min nnan Lmekki Nasiri d ɛebdelxaleq Ṭṭurris.
Din ɛawed iwdan ɣer-sen amkan-nsen di tsertit d tmessna, ina d yemɣaren n imukan mani i ttuɣa aseppanyu, ruḥen deg webrid d ijj i di ruḥen Nnasiri d Ṭṭurris. Zeg-sen lefqih “Ḥmed Rrhuni atiṭwani”, amen dd-yusa deg udlis-nnes “amuddu amekki” الرحلة المكية i yura asegg°as n 1937, umi i t-yessekk unegraw n Franku ɣer Mekka aked ca n lḥujjaj d imerrak –ttuɣa ɛad timessi n wemsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen tetteḥduduq- . lexdenni yessek awal i Franku di temdint n Salamanka ass n 19 yennayer 1937, yenna-s: “A mass arrayes (Président) amezduɣ amatay (Le résident général) Juan Beygbeder Atienza[12] yessekk-ayi s yisem-nwem x uzellif n lḥujjaj i yettḥijjan asegg°as-a s lxir-nwem, maḥend ad ssiwḍeɣ aneɣmis i umaḍal ameslem, a dasen-iniɣ aqqa kenniw ttexsem imselmen, tesmeɣɣaram zeg-sen”…
Yerra-dd x-as Franku yenna-s: “Araqeṭṭ umi truḥed, ssiweḍ i merra imselmen i yellan di tmurt-nni tamrabeḍt belli necc ttweqqreɣ-ten. Mamek ma yegga umeslem jjem-t ad yessen belli necc d ameddukel n yemselmen s wul-inu, aqqa a dasen-swejdeɣ tamezgida n Qurṭuba d min das-dd-yennḍen maḥend ad tili am Lkeɛba, ttasen-dd ɣer-s zi mkul amkan, ad ɛebden ad ɣren…”[13]
Awal-a yeccat deg wuru i udiktatur d wespules-nnes i ymerrak maḥend ad adfen deg yijj n umenɣi wer yelli-nsen. Mamek nettaf Franku yenya x ddin ḥuma a das-wcen afus lefquyat d lecyux n yemrabḍen d yemɣaren n tqebbal, ḥuma ad amaren iwdan ad pulsen s minzi mma. Min dd-yiwi lefqih Rrhuni n wawal n Franku umi yegga ixf-nnes ittexs tameslemt; isskan-aneɣ tidet n min nenna. Ujar n manaya, Franku ad yejj al dd-ɣa rewwḥen yina zi lḥijj, uca ad yessiwel aked imerrak a dasen-yewc awal belli aqa din aṭṭas n min isebḥen ittraja-ten. Ɣer uneggaru, manaya yeqqim mɣar d awal waha.
Zi manaya, nettaf umi yelqa imerrak i dd-iɛeqben zi lḥijj ɣer temdint n Icbilya ass n 13 ibrir 1937, uca yenna-sen: “… d kenniw ifehmen mliḥ mayemmi nudef deg umenɣi-ya. Xmi dd-ɣa lellcent tnewwacin n sslamet, a dawem-newc tinni i yellan d tisebḥanin qeɛ”.
Alik awem aḍris mamek dd-yusa s tseppanyut:
« Sois los que major comprendeis esta lucha. Y cuando florezcan los rosales de la paz, os entregaremɛs mejores flores »[14].
Franku ttuɣa yexs s wawal-a yufsen s teḥraymit, a kid-s swizan yewdan n ddin d imeqqranen n yinni yellan deg umussu anamur di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk, ḥuma ad ɛanen tarwa n Arif ad pulsen, a kid-sen ilin x uɣezdis arendad i yegdudanen (izegg°aɣen/ Rojos). D manaya i yejjin aṭṭas n yewdan deg umussu anamur ad ẓẓuɣɣren awal-nnes, a zeg-s fehmen belli yexs ad yewc tasimant (L’indépendance) i ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk xmi ɣa isala umenɣi, niɣ malla walu ad yejj jjihet-a ad tessugur ixf-nnes s yexf-nnes.
Maca Franku ttuɣa yesskan udem asebḥan maḥend ad iban aqqa ittexs tenni tasebḥant i tarwa n ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk. S uya, yenya x ddin. Nettaf-it deg yimal-nnes (asegÅas n 1938), yessekk ca n tarbiɛt nniḍen ɣer Mekka ḥuma ad ḥijjen. Yessekk x uzellif-nsen Ccix Mrabbih Rabbu d amɣar ittbedda x min yeqqnen ɣer yiman d ddin. Mamek yessekk ɛawed Muḥemmed n Ɛmar Uccen d lqebṭan n tɣarrabut.
Yessiwel akid-sen lexdenni umezduɣ amatay (Le résident général) ajiniral Juan Beygbeder, d umeqqran (الصدر الأعظم) Ḥmed Leɣnimi Slimani, zi min yenna umezduɣ amatay : « Yeffuk ad tessnem ay imselmen aqqa ajiniral Franku yiwiy-awem-dd taɣerrabut-a i kenniw maḥend ad tḥijjem, iwa xzarem mliḥ di lxir i kid-wem ittegg d weswizi i kid-wem ittegg ɣer ddin-nwem. Ɛawdem manaya i ayetma-twem imselmen g Lḥijaz d mani nneɣni. Yeffuk ad tessnem aqqa ccix-nwem di tɣerrabut netta d : Mrabbih Rabbu, amɣar ittbeddan x usuger-nnes netta d Muḥemmed n Ɛmar Uccen Ssɛidi … »[15]
Ttuɣa ajiniral Franku lebda yessadaf ddin, yennay x-as maḥend a kid-s swizan yemɣaren n ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk. Ḥuma a dd-asen zi merra ddcurat d tqebbal ad pulsen. D manaya i yesskanen belli wer ɣer-sen telli tidet ɣer yinni i yeqqaren aqqa imerrak cerken deg umenɣi n Seppanya minzi ufin di manayenni nnfeɛ i tmurt-nsen d ddin-nsen.
Aṭṭas zeg yinni ipulsen uca iceṭṭ deg-sen buḥbel, d twacunin-nsen i yellan ɛad di tudert, ssiwlen, nnan aqqa imerrak ttuɣa wer ssinen umi qqaren tacuyuɛit, ttuɣa wer ssinen ula d minxef yettwagg umenɣi-ya i di udfen amen wer ssinen mani ttraḥen.[16]
III. Izlan n tmaziɣt d wemseksi Aseppanyu.
Awarn i umi nesserɣ cwayt tifawin x mecḥal i ipulsen deg umenɣi-ya zi tarwa n Lmerruk, d min nnan ca n imariren d yewdan n ddin x manaya, d min yejjin imerrak ad pulsen aked uɣezdis n umussu n Franku i yeẓẓunfḍen x unegraw agdudan, lexxu a nemmutti ɣer yezlan n tmaziɣt di Arif maḥend a nessen min yennuffren adu umenɣi-ya i di mmuten waṭṭas n yewdan, bla ma nessiwel x yinni iyezmen d ineɛḍab d min dd-yejja awarn-as umenɣi-ya n igujilen deg isegg°usa n laẒ d ca i wer yellin.
1- Asehnaci n uzemmem n yenni i ɣa ipulsen d usekki-nsen ɣer wazzerg n umenɣi.
Yessiwel yezli x usehnaci n uzemmem deg upules, alami wenni iruḥen wer yeftin ula d aftan melmi yettwazemmem, wer yessin ula d melmi dd-yegga llayhennik x yemma-s, niɣ d melmi yeẓwa lebḥer ɣer ujemmaḍ-in, alami yufa ixf-nnes deg wazzerg n umenɣi :
« Rebbi melmi nura, rebbi melmi neẓwa ?
Rebbi melmi nenna : Llayhennik a yemm ? »
Waxxa munent temsarin deg yezli d ijj, maca nettaf deg-s aṭṭas n tmesskanin i wer ittemsebḍin ca x min dd-yusin deg uṭablu amesmennaw (tableau statistique) n yenni ipulsen. Inni i ttuɣa ittadfen d luluf deg yijjen llṭa d aquḍaḍ, bla ma a ten-slemden mamek ɣa ggen deg wemseksi.
Ha izli yesraqqa tifawin x iḥenjiren d imeẓẓyanen ttadfen ad pulsen amen ssnen zi qbel min ten ittrajan :
« Munen-dd iḥenjiren, ssersen-dd ssineyyet
Neccin aqqa nugur ɣer Seppanya a nemmet”
Timessna-ya nsen i min ten-ittrajan urid d tirja waha, niɣ d ahardef. Ta d tidet ẓrin-tt, slan-tt x yenni i umi yeffeɣ buḥbel deg wussan-nsen imezwura mɣar ggin aḍar di Spanya.
Timsarin d tinni s yexf-nsent, ttɛawadent di tiṭṭawin n urifi i iruḥen ad ipules. Xmi ixezzar ɣer tɣerruba i t-yettrajan di lmers n Mrič, ittwala deg-sent aɛerbub n min t-ittrajan; Ittwala deg iɣerruba n irumiyen tamettant teggur x iḍaren-nnes amen ɛad wer yeẓwi aman:
“Aɣerrabu n urumu di mrič yettraja-yi
Lalla tamurt-inu ɛemmers teẓrid-ayi »
Izemmar ad yesseqsa wenni ɣa yeɣren niɣ ad isel izli-ya; Mayemmi ɣa yeẓwa uɛsekri amerruk ɣer Spanya ḥuma ad yecrek deg umenɣi-ya, umi netta yessen belli ad yemmet ad yemmet?.
Tamrarut x useqsi am wa nzemmer a tt-naf deg yezlan am yina. Alik-awem ijjen yezli yettwaksi x yilsawen n iḥudriyen irifiyen i yeggin ad raḥen ɣer Spanya, ssawalen x laẓ d lazaɣ ileqfen tamurt-nsen, alami tedwel wer dd-tesɣemmiy mɣar asennan d tzegg°art. Minzi iḥudriyen i tt-ɣa ixedmen ɛerqen ɣer Ddzayer awaren i umenɣi n Arif. Rni ɣer manaya, aqqa tamurt n tfellaḥt semḥen deg-s, d zzerriɛet tudrus, d ifellaḥen ffɣen x-asen s leɛcur:
“ Neccin nura a neẓwa, wer dd-nejji bu tezwart
Lalla tamurt-nneɣ ẓẓun deg-m tazegg°art”
Aɣemmuy n usennan d tzegg°art yeqqar belli tamurt semḥen deg-s, wer din yelli wi tt-ɣa ikerzen ula d wit tt-ɣa ixedmen, niɣ aqqa yekka x-as lazaɣ aṭṭas alami tedwel tzegg°art tegga tisefsafin, tterra tili x tmurt ijerden.
2- Min yejjin tarwa n Arif ad pulsen?
A nili nettmarḍen waha malla nenna aqqa tarwa n Arif cerken deg umenɣi Aseppanyu maḥend ad mɛutrusen aked unegraw agdudan i yellan d acuyuɛi. Niɣ aqqa acrak deg umenɣi-ya deg-s nnfeɛ i tmurt-nsen d tarwa n tmurt-nsen. Niɣ malla nenna aqqa imerrak ruḥen ad mɛutrusen aked Fransa minzi nettat teswiza aked yegdudanen. Niɣ ruḥen ad swizan aked unegraw n Franku, minzi netta ittɛawan imselmen, ittas-dd akid-sen. Niɣ aqqa Franku yessekk tarbiɛt n yewdan ad ḥijjen minzi ittexs min yecnan i tmeslemt d yemselmen. Niɣ aqqa ittexs tameslemt s wul-nnes amen nnan yewdan-nni i dd-idewlen zi lḥijj awaren i umi ten-yessekk.
A nili d ibuhaliyen malla numen illa aqqa Franku ttuɣa izemmer ad yebḍa x imerrak tinewwacin xmi ɣa tlellec tsejjart n wefra. Maɣar walli aɛsekri-ya d netta i yenɣin imerrak, yeslaẓ-iten 30 n isegg°usa, ahda i min yegga d ɣezzu di tarwa n tmurt-nnes isppunya!.
Malla nexs a nessen tidet n upules n imerraak aked uɣezdis n Franku, d mayemmi dd-yusa, yeffuk a nedwel ɣer yezlan i yeqqimen ɛad ttmeksin x yelsawen n yinni yeddren di llṭa-nni; Timɣarin d iwessura. Zeg-sen izli-ya i dd-yusin x yiles n yijjen uḥudri yegga ad ipules aked Franku, uca yetter zeg yemma-s a t-tejj; ijjt ad tt-yecc, ijjt nniḍen a das-tt-dd-yessekk zi Spanya:
« Jj ayi a yemma jj ayi ad bulseɣ
Ijjen tbuyut a tt-cceɣ, ijjt a m-tt-dd-sqadeɣ”
Awal n uḥudri i yettettren zeg yemma-s a t-tejj ad ipules x tnayen n tbuyutin; netta d ijjen wawal x laẓ d lazaɣ i yekkin x Arif di llṭa n umenɣi-nni. A nini mamek nniḍen, aqqa aḥudri-ya urid ipules maḥend ad yemmneɣ aked tcuyuɛit niɣ maḥend ad ijahed x tmeslemt, niɣ maḥend ad yemɛutrus aked Fransa. Netta ipules ḥuma ad yerzu x uleqquz n weɣrum, ad yeɛteq tawacunt-nnes zi laẓ ineqqen. Amen nettaf deg yezli-ya i yessawalen x manayenni nican:
« A tamɣart n upulis terẓa fud di tasa
Teqqaz iyarni di lḥewḍ n baṭaṭa »
Deg webrid d wenni s yexf nnes, ttzawar temɣart wenni ɣer yella imendi maca yettagi ad as yerḌel cwayt zeg-s maḥend ad t-tessur aked iyarni ineḥḥaren di tmijja xmi t ttegg°en weḥḥd-s tteggen zeg-s aɣrum:
« Wellah ma a dak-semḥeɣ aya bab n imendi
Tmijja-inu tḥarc, yesḥarc-itt iyarni”
Ta d ijjen tidet wer din telli tidet awaren-as. Merra tessen aqqa timɣarin n yinni ipulsen ttuɣa xebbcent di tmurt rezzunt x iyarni ḥuma ad sseccent tarwa-nsent. Waxxa nessen aqqa iyarni-ya ineqq, ujar xmi wer ittnenni mliḥ.
D manaya i nnan waṭṭas n yergazen d temɣarin zeg yinni yeqqimen ɛad ddren di Arif, nnan aqqa iyarn-ya aṭṭas i zeg-s yemmuten; Imeẓẓyanen d imeqqranen, zeg yinni wer yessinen a t-ssenwen. Ɛad llant aṭṭas n temɣarin tteqqnent tlalit n tarwa-nsent ɣer usegg°as n iyarni (Ɛam n iyarni).
S uya, mayemmi ɣa teqqim temɣart n wenni ipulsen teqqaz di tmurt tettegg ixendaq ḥuma ad terzu x iyarni, mli wer ttuɣa yelli laẓ ineqq kter zi min ineqq umenɣi?!
A nẓer deg yezli i dd-yusin mamek traja temɣart n upulis aɛqab n wergaz-nnes ḥadar a kid-s dd-yawi ca n min ɣa ccen tarwa-nsen. Xmi ɣer-sen dd-ɣa yas, ad yeqqim ineṭṭu s lefraḥet n min dasen-dd-yiwi. Xmi t-ɣa tesseqsa temɣart-nnes x mayemmi ineṭṭu s lefraḥet, a t-taf yiwi-dd akid-s kilu n ddra yecca-t merra ukuz, wer deg-s yejji mɣar aqcur:
“ Igeɛɛed-dd upulis, igeɛɛed-dd ineṭṭu
Yiwi-dd kilu n ddra yecci-t ufarṭṭu”.
Amen wḍan ifadden i temɣarin s min dd-iwyen yergazen-nsent, amen wer ssinen min dd-iwyen. Amenni i wḍan ifadden ula i ca n ipulisen i ifetnen zi beddu aked tuɛɛefna n min dd-kid-sen ksin.
Deg yezli i dd-yusin, nettaf ijjen upulis yeksi-dd akid-s kilu n ddra d kilu n unexxal, maca wer ɣer-s min ɣa yegg mɣar ad yajju axeyyeq:
“Igeɛɛed-d upulis, igeɛɛed-dd ixeyyeq
Yiwi-dd kilu n ddra d kilu n sarbaw ineqq”
Awaren i manaya, ɛad nzemmer a nessiwel a nini aqqa acrak n irifiyen deg umenɣi-ya ttuɣa-t d ajahed x tmeslemt? Niɣ aqqa adaf deg umenɣi-ya deg-s min isebḥen i tmurt-nsen? Amen nitni wer ufin ula d min ɣa sseccen i tarwa-nsen!. Wa d acrak di tmettant ḥuma wer ten-ttiwi temnawt amen bedden s laẓ i wer ireḥḥmen.
3- Asnumel n tetrajidit n umenɣi:
Izlan n tmaziɣt msuguren aked tetrajidit n wemseksi Aseppanyu zeg umezwar-nnes; S wesnumel d usefsi d wexzar ɣer min dd-yegguren. Zeggami yebda umenɣi-ya, ruḥen deg-s waṭṭas n imerrak, waxxa d yinni inejmen; qqimen d ineɛḍab ha wenni umi iruḥ ufus, ha wenni umi iruḥ uḍar… Wa d ijjen upulis yessekka-dd tabrat i yemma-s yettseqsa-tt mamek tella; Di llṭa d ijj, yeqqar-as aqqa iceṭṭ deg-s buḥbel awaren i umi das-iruḥ ufus d uḍar. Yeqqar yezli:
“A ruḥ ssiweḍ-as sslam i yemma ma teddar
Ini-as yekks-as ufus ini-as yekks-as uḍar”
Wa d ijjen weklasi n ufaji x tyemmat ḥuma ad tessen aqqa mmi-s ɛad yedder, waxxa yekkes-as ufus d uḍar. D manaya i zi nettessen aqqa udrusen yenni inejmen zi tmettant deg wemseksi-ya. Yessawal yezli s yijjen weklasi n tezwart, aked temɣart n upulis i yessuḍsen ameẓẓuɣ, wer ɣer-s dd-yeḍri min ɣa yemsaren i wergaz-nnes xmi ɣa yecrek deg wemsiqḍi. Ittzawar itt yezli, yetticc-as-dd aneɣmis x rrimet n wergaz-nnes i yeqqimen deg wazzerg n wemsiqḍi ttesmim, wer yelli ula d wi tt-ɣa imeḍlen deg ucal:
“ A tamɣart n upulis ccfa-am zi lemsemmen
Aqqa-m aryaz-nnem di Seppanya yesmem”
Deg webrid d wenni s yexf-nnes, yessawal yezli x temɣart i yelhan aked taẓyuḍi n uḍil, tettu aqqa argaz-nnes sebɛa n wussan d rrimet-nnes aqqa-tt ɛad sennej i ucal wer tufi wi tt-ɣa imeḍlen:
“A tamɣart n upulis, ma iɛejb-am uḍil
Aqqa-m argaz-nnem sebɛ-yyam wer yemḍil”
Yessawal ɛawed wezlawi s yiles n uɛsekri i yellan deg wazzerg n wemsiqḍi, x tamara i x-as ittekken waxxa deg wussan n lɛid, ujar xmi i dd-ittaweḍ lɛid ameqqran i di tettmun twacunt, ferrḥen deg-s:
“Aya lalla yemma mana lehna nehna
Aqqa lɛid ameqqran nesseɛd- t di fila”
Ittas-dd ɛawed wawal n tijjal ḥuma ad yerr x yezli-ya yeɛdun, itticc aneɣmis i iɛeskriyen i yesseɛdun lɛid ameqqran deg wazzerg n umenɣi, uca yeqqar-asen s yiles n tijjal aqqa ula d neccin wer nelli di ca, nɛeyyed x iselman n uburi awaren i umi mmuten yergazen-nneɣ x ifassen n irumeyyen:
“ A ya lɛid ameqqran, i nɛeyyed s uburi
Umi mmuten lɛesker yenɣi-ten urumi”
Wa d ijjen uɛsekri nniḍen yessekka tabrat tennurẓem i merra tiwacunin n yinni ipulsen, yeqqar-asen aqqa inni inejmen wer mmuten merra ruḥen-asen ifassen d iḍaren deg wemseksi-nni aɛeffan:
Ḥedd yekkes-as ufus, ḥedd yekkes-as uḍar
A Seppanya tileft, i daneɣ-yejjin d imeɛḍar”
Axmi i dd-ikessi nican tidet n wazzerg n wemsiqḍi, yesskan-aneɣ-tt-dd, wer telli am tenni ttuɣa daneɣ-sskanen inewwura n udiktatur Franku, zi lquyyad d lecyux i ttuɣa iɣekk°an tarwa n Arif ḥuma ad pulsen. Ttuɣa qqaren-asen ad traḥem ad tennḍem cwayt ajemmaḍ i waman, uca a dd-tdewlem. Ɛad din ca zeg yinni yeddaren wer ttun ijj zeg icekkamen n useppanyu umi ttuɣa yessawal di leswaq n Nnaḍur yeqqar: “Aqqa wenni ɣa ihezzen leklaṭa deg ufus-nnes, ad iɛebbeẓ x lqars ijjen twala waha, Seppanya tetticc-as 100 bessita”.
Wa i ttuɣa ittɛanen iwdan ɣer upules, man lqars xef yessawal? Walli znuzan tudert-nsen s 100 bessita? Uca cuf ad mmten niɣ ad qqimen d ineɛḌab min ɣa kken ddren, malla nejmen ɛad!.
Izlan zemmemen timsarin d yesmawen n yewdan i yudfen deg wemsiqḍi, uca qqimen d ineɛḍab min kkin ddren, ca zeg-sen aqqa-t ɛad ittsennad x leḥyuḍ zzat i tqunsult (consulat) n Seppanya di Nnaḍur deg yixf n kul ayur, ḥuma ad yeṭṭef ayenni n lmunet i das-jjin, d ttaman n ifassen d iḍaren i das-yettwakksen deg wemsiqḍi-ya. A nesḥess ɣer umedya n tidet-a iqesḥen deg yezli-ya i daneɣ-yesskanen mamek ttuɣa kessint bulanesyanat imeɛḍar imerrak di lmers n Mrič yettwaḥewwsen:
“Ṭṭumubin tazegg°aɣt i dd-yeksin imeɛḍar
Teksi-dd Lɛebbuḍi d Ɛmar AqeyḌar”
Nzemmar a nili wer tt-nettiwi di min yeɛna Lɛebbuḍi niɣ d Ɛmar aqeyḍar, maca min daneɣ-yecqan, aqqa ismawen-a d tidet n yewdan ttwassnen, ddren di tudert-nsen d imeɛḍar n yijjen umenɣi ttuɣa-t jer iseppunya. Nnehla ɛad ma nessiwel x yinni wer ibinen, d yinni yemmuten amen nenna qbel.
Deg yeyyar n wesnumel atrajidi, wer yettu yezli ḥuma ad yessiwel s yiles n igujilen d tijjal i yekkin deg iḍaren awaren i wemsiqḍi-ya. Ha tamɣart tettru imeṭṭawen am yenni tru “Lxansa” umi das-ruḥen tnayen n ayetma-s d nnhel-nnes deg umenɣi. Maca hayhay! Min dd-yiwyen imeṭṭawen-inn ɣer yina?!. Tin tru x ṭṭasilet-nnes i yemmuten deg ujahed x teqbilt d ddin, maca tamɣart tarifit tettru minzi aqbil-nnes ɣwan-ten, zzuɣɣaren-ten ɣer yijj-n umenɣi ttuɣa yigg°ej-iten.Yeqqar yezli:
“ɣezzu i dayi-tegga Seppanya di Malaɣa
Rami dayi-tiwi tarwa n ɛemmi marra »
D wa d amenɣi i tuɣa yellan jer iseppunya, maca yiwi tarwa n Arif ḥuma ad mmten niɣ ḥuma ad yedwel ca zeg-sen d ineɛḍab, malla mliḥ ɛad !.
Ha ijjt nniḍen tettru x ccwarti-nnes amcum, umi dd-tusa tmessi n wemsiqḍi tiwi tamnawt i wergaz-nnes niɣ i llif-nnes. Ad tessird ifassen-nnes zi tudert xmi ɣa yeẓwa ajemmaḍ-in:
« Aya lalla yemma, mayemmi sseɛd-inu
Ɛisa aqqa yugur, mayemmi tudert-inu ? »
Ɛisa d ijjen yisem nettessen aqqa d argaz niɣ d llif n ca n yijjt, minzi udrusent twalatin di nettaf tamɣart tarifit tettidar-dd wenni i xef dd-teqqar izli s yisem. Maca min daneɣ-yecqan da, aqqa Ɛisa deg yezli-ya d llif n tudert, lexxu d yimal.
Nettaf taqsuḥi n umenɣi-ya d ijjen wudem zeg wudmawen n tetrajidit-a, minzi inni yeggin izlan-a ttuɣa ssnen jjehd n yinni dd-ittasen aked uɣezdis-a niɣ aked uɣezdis-in (inni dd-ittasen aked yegdudanen, niɣ inni dd-ittasen aked tdiktaturit n Franku). Zi manaya ; nettaf min yenna yezli x lebraqi i ttuɣa dd-ittweṭṭan x iɛeskriyen n yina d yinin :
« Lburqi n zzaj di Seppanya iheddem
Min yiwi d arumi, min yiwi d ameslem.”
Mamek ttuɣa ssnen yinni i dd-isaqaren izli-ya lesnaḥ ittwasxedmen deg wemsiqḍi-ya aɛeffan, ttuɣa ssnen ɛawed aqqa d tanazit tahiṭlirit i ttuɣa yellan awarn-as, umi ttuɣa teswiza aked tefrankawit (Franku). S uya, yus-dd yezli maḥend ad izawar ilimaniyen, minzi d nitni i ibedden aked umussu afrankawi, amussu-ya i yumren x weslaẓi n irifiyen, iɛan zeg-sen s uɣil ɣer wazzerg n wemquṭṭes, s weslaẓi-nsen, niɣ s usigg°ed-nsen di ca n twalatin nniḍen:
“Aliman aliman, a mmi-s n tfunasin
D cekk i daneɣ-yejjin, nessudum tizeyyatin”
Min yesskanen nican manaya; netta d min ttuɣa yellan di llṭa n umenɣi-nni zi leḥwayej n uliman i ttuɣa yellan di leswaq n Arif, zeg-sent ssukar azegg°aɣ i ttuɣa dd-ittɛan Uliman ɣer leswaq n ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk. Ɛad llan yinni i di iceṭṭ buḥbel, i ttuɣa yeddren di llṭa n umenɣi-nni, wer ttun ssukar-nni azegg°aɣ i ttuɣa yeggin am llajur. S uya, izli yessiwel s ugarnez d uzillez di llṭa d ijj x imettanen n yegdudanen. Yenna x ssekkar-a belli netta d iẓmi (lɛasir) n idammen-nsen:
“Ssekkar azegg°aɣ, idammen n arruxu
Iiɛan-it-idd Uliman i muru a t-isu.”
Nettaf ɛawed izli yessawal aked iɛeskriyen n Uliman s ugarnez, yeqqar-asen maḥend ad ssurfen ɣer zzat deg wazzerg n umenɣi, niɣ aqqa azlawi zi mant-nnes ad yehwa a icark deg umenɣi. Minzi igdudanen (izegg°aɣen) xsen ad ḥekmen di tmurt-nsen nnehla ma a kid-sen adfen iberraniyen. Yeqqar yezli:
“Sug-dd ay Aliman niɣ ad sugeɣ nnit
Arruxu bu ucenkuk yexs ad yeḥkem nnit”
Xmi ɣa yeften wezlawi aked ɣezzu-nni ittemsaren, xmi ittwala aberru n tarwa n Arif i tettawi temnawt, yessawal aked temɣarin d tyemmatin ittsebbar-itent x yenni i deg-s iruḥen umi udfen deg yijjen wemsinɣi amenni waha amen wer ɣer-sen deg-s walu:
“Byes abyas-nnem, ɛedl-as aẓeyyar
Apulis n Madrid wellah ɛemru yeḍhar”.
Maca yexs ad ifaja cwayt x tebriɣin i yettrajan aɛqab n iḥudriyen n ddcar, ujar tinni i umi yugur unexḍab niɣ d llif ɣer umenɣi ḥuma a dd-yedwel s wagla-nnes, ad yaf minzi ɣa yemlec d min ɣa yewc i terbat i yexs a tt-yawi. Yeqqar-asent wezlawi:
“A tibriɣin-nneɣ, wer qeṭṭɛent bu layas
Tus-dd ijjen tebrat zi Seppanya labas”
Maca deɣya uca tamɣart a tessen aneɣmis i dd-yusin x ineɛḍab i dd-irewwḥen ɣer teqbilt, xmi ɣa inin aqqa inniḍen qeɛ mmuten, wer dd-yedwil ula d ijj zeg-sen. Merra inni iruḥen wer zey-sen dd-dwilen ɣir ineɛḍab i yeqqimen ad ṭṭfen tiɣemmura di tudrin-nsen:
“Aɣarrabu iqelleɛ faryaṭa taressa
Aya lalla yemma nnumru fursa yeqḍa[17]”
4- Taxzart n temɣart ɣer wenni ipulsen deg wemsiqḍi n iseppunya:
Umi tedwel tettwassen tmenhat n yenni yeẓwan maḥend ad cerken deg wemseksi-ya, umi dewlen yewdan ttwalan jer tiṭṭawin-nsen timɣarin yujjlen, xenni dewlent terbatin ttagint ad awyent irgazen-nni ipulsen waxxa ɣa ilin ḥekkmen, minzi wer nejjmen zi temnawt min ɣa kken yarḍen ɛad arruḍ-nni n lɛesker.
A nsel i yezli-ya i dd-yusin x yiles n tneybut tarifit:
“Wer ttiwyeɣ apulis waxxa ɣa yili d nnwar
Waxxa ɣa yili iḥekkem zi Mrič ar Nnaḍur”
Tirbatin ttuɣa ssnent aqqa wenni ipulsen tettunnuḍ x-as tmettant, a t-tawi a t-tawi, min ɣa yekk deg wazzerg n umenɣi wer zeg-s inejjem. Waxxa tura x-as ad yenjem, maca wer inejjem ca zi zzelḍ i t-ɣa iḍefren. Minzi ssnent belli lmunet i das-ɣa jjen isppunya wer t-ttqeddi mɣar netta weḥd-s, mani ɛad a zeg-s yeksi tarwa-nnes. S uya, tenna x-as terbat deg yezli aqqa lmunet-nnes wer teɛdu lqimet n tbuyut ibeṭṭa-tt x tnayen:
“Wer ttiwyeɣ apulis waxxa i dayi-ɣa yewzen
Tbuyut n weɣrum, ibeṭṭa-tt x wezgen”
Izemmer ad yekker ca n yijj a daneɣ-yini aqqa tarbat-a i daneɣ-yennan izli, manis das-dd-yekka manaya? Tamrarut x useqsi-ya d ta: Maɣar tarbat-a wer ɣer-s ca n yijj zi twacunt ipules, niɣ tzemmer ad tili d yelli-s n ca n yijjen zeg yinni ipulsen, awaren i umi teẓra yemma-s mecḥal tekka tettraja argaz a dd-yedwel, ɣer uneggaru wer dd-yedwil! Axmi araji-ya ttuɣa ittɛawad tanfust n tmedditin n “Banilut” tamɣart-nni tasebḥant n yijjen ubeḥri yeffeɣ zi taddart aṭṭas zeggami, uca d wenni d abrid-nnes. Ad yili ttuɣa tettesla i yemma-s ɛawed xmi ttuɣa tettraḥ ad teḥḥarwec, uca teqqar izlan, niɣ xmi ttuɣa tɛeddel aɣimi ɣer tsirt n ufus uca tettawi-dd izlan amen kid-s dd-tehnuccaren imeṭṭawen, uca ad tini:
“Ɛamayen i kkiɣ x cceṭṭ n lebḥar
Ttrajiɣ apulis di lawsima a dd-iḍar”
Timɣarin n Arif merra tekka x-asent, waxxa izli tessawal deg-s temɣart x yexf-nnes waha.
Izli-ya yesskan-aneɣ tidet n min dd-yiwi umenɣi-ya i di mmuten iḥudriyen n Arif, wer qqimen mɣar iwessura d yenni wer izemmaren i ca, qqimen znuzan tahendit x tmewwa n yebriden:
“ Seppanya tileft wig isebḥen tiwec-t
Tejja iwessura znuzan tahendect”
D wa d amsiqḍi n iseppunya jer-asen, mamek daneɣ-t-idd yeksi wezlawi amaziɣ Arifi.
Talusi:
- Nnumrawat i yettwawcen x cḥal yemmuten d cḥal iyezmen wer zemmaren a daneɣ-sqarben ɣer ɣezzu i yettwaggen di tarwa n Arif, amen daneɣ ɣar-s yessides yezli Arifi.
- Zi min dd-yusin deg yezlan; iseḥḥ-asen ubareqq i yenni ttuɣa daneɣ-yeqqaren aqqa tarwa n Arif ruḥen ɣer Seppanya maḥend ad jahden deg icuyuɛiyen niɣ inni i ttuɣa daneɣ-yeqqaren aqqa irifiyen pulsen aked uɣezdis n Franku minzi ttwalan deg upules nnfeɛ i tmurt-nneɣ d ddin-nneɣ.
- Waxxa qeɛɛ nnumrawat-nni i yewca Useppanyu aḥewwas x temsarin n umenɣi-ya, maca min yellan di tidet yeɛdu s waṭṭas min nnan nitni.
- Wer telli ca n tidet am ta i daneɣ-dd-iwyen yezlan x temsarin n umenɣi-ya aɛeffan.
- Ittban zi min uran imariren d ineɣmasen d yewdan n ddin d isertanen; inni i ttuɣa irebbun tixuncay i umussu adiktatur n Franku, belli aqqa aɛqab-nneɣ ɣer yexf-nneɣ d wayda-nneɣ (patrimoine), zeg-s i ɣa nsegged timsarin n umezruy a tent-nessers x tidet xmi ɣa nezzelz ixarriqen n min x-asent nnan.
- Tidet i dd-yiwi yezli x umenɣi-ya, izemmer a tt-idd-yawi ula x temsarin nniḍen i yessen Lmerruk. Wer nzemmer a naweḍ ɣer tidet i yeffaren ɣir s weɛqab ɣer weyda i yufsen s wektay d twengimin n wegdud, i yeccuren s waṭṭas n tidet wer tettwassen.
Amegrad-a ; azwel nnes s taɛrabt : « مشاركة أبناء الريف في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية(1936 – 1939) من خلال الشعر الأمازيغي بالريف », icrek zeg-s uduktur Musṭafa Lɣadiri deg yijjen tinawt asentel-nnes : « Aseqsi n tmaziɣt » di tɣiwant n tseklatin di Wejda, ass n 3 Mars 2000. Awaren-as yettwafser deg weɣmis n « Tawiza » uṭṭun 37, ayur n may 2000.
[1] Aṭṭas n terzutin i yettwaggen x usentel n tuntimt n usefru, a nini ca zeg-sent, s umata tinni titrarin:
- ملاحظات حول كتابة التاريخ، الشعر و التاريخ، ذ. نوري حمودي القيسي، مجلة المورد العراقية، مجلد 8، عدد 1. ص: 33 – 45، سنة 1979م. بغداد.
- الشعر وثيقة تاريخية تغني أحداثه وتحقق وقائعه، نوري حمودي القيسي، نفس المجلة، مجلد 15، عدد 3، ص.ص: 85 – 94. سنة 1986م.
- القيمة الوثائقية للنص الشعري من خلال شعر الوزير بن الخطيب، ذ.جمعة شيخة، مجلة كلية الآداب بتطوان، عدد 2، ص.ص: 291 – 324، سنة 1408 هـ/ 1987م. تطوان.
- القيمة الوثائقية لديوان عبد الكريم القيسي، الكاتب نفسه، مجلة حوليات الجامعة التونسية، عدد 27، ص.ص: 119 – 132. سنة 1988. تونس…
- الشعر الأندلسي في عصر الطوائف، هنري بيريس، تعريب: ذ. الطاهر أحمد مكي. دار المعارف 1988. ط 1 القاهرة.
- الفتن و الحروب وأثرها في الشعر الأندلسي (من سقوط الخلافة ق5 هـ/11م إلى سقوط غرناطة 9هـ/15م) ذ جمعة شيخة (3أجزاء)، المطبعة المغاربية للطباعة و النشر، تونس 1994 – 1997م.
[2] Yegga umerzu bubker buhadi ijjen terzut n udiplum n tɣuriwin timattayin, azwel nnes: “Lmerruk d umenɣi aɣerman n Spanya”, tettwanaqec ass n 13 cutembir 1989 di tɣiwant n tsekla di arrbaṭ.
[3] Apules: ttuɣa qqaren t irifeyyen i wadaf di lɛesker n Franku. Wenni ɣa iraḥen ɣer lɛesker, ttuɣa qqaren-as iruḥ ad ipules. (aturejman).
[4] « المغرب و الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية »، بوبكر بوهادي، رسالة دبلوم الدراسات العليا، نوقشت بتاريخ: 13 شتنبر 1989 بكلية الآداب بالرباط. ص.ص: 70 – 80.
[5] Tiwciwin-a niwi-tent-idd zeg uneqqis (rapport) n tmurayt tamatut tanamurt (Parquet général) di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk, i yettwafesren ass n 28/04/1940. Yus-dd manaya ɛawed deg udlis : «La actitud de los moros ante al alzamiento Marruecos 1936 Espana. 1997 ed. Algazara. Malaga ». Aturjem ɣer taɛrabt n Lɛeyyaci abu ccita, taxrazt 38. Aɣmis n lɛalam, uṭṭun 16/08/1999. Wenni iḍeffren ɛawed isagmen (Sources) iɛsekriyen n Spanya, ad yaf nnumrawat-a kul twala mamek i dd-ttasen (Xzar amegrad : “El factor Marruecos en la Guerra civil espanola: una propuesta de investigacion” yura-t umari: Miguel Campo Rizo. Yettwafser di tesɣunt: hespress tamuda , uṭṭun 36 , tasna: 205 – 239, timefsarin n tɣiwant n tsekla di Arrbaṭ, 1998.
[6] iwaÏaneyyen, yeqseḌ zzaysen iɛeskreyyen isbbunya i tuɣa aked umussu n Franku.
[7] Ijumhureyyen niɣ izegÅaɣen (Rɛjɛs), inni tuɣa yellan mgal i Franku.
[8] Aɣmis n « Al ḥurriyya » d yeffɣen zi tiÏÏawin , uÏÏun n : 02/04/1939.
[9] Aɣmis n « Al waḥda almaɣribeyya », uÏÏun n : 08/03/1939.
[10] Migel Martin : El cɛlɛnialismɛ Esḥañɛl en Marruecɛs (1850-1956), ترجمة عبد العزيز الوديي، منشورات التل. ص85. الرباط 1988
[11] La verité sur les francsmaẓons au maroc. « Le Journal » N° 53, du 23/01/1999. Ḥ :10-11.
[12] Juan Beygbeder Atienza, ttuɣa-t zeg yewdan imcumen i ttuɣa aked udiktatur Franku di ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk, yeffeɣ-dd zi tkadimit n lɛesker aseggas n 1915, deg useggas d ijj, ileḥḥeg-dd ɣer temdint n Tiṭṭawin umi tḥewwes Seppanya ẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk. Din yelmed ddarija d taɛrabt taklasikit. Yedwel d ijj zeg wamun amassan n imerrak i yettwaggen di Tiṭṭawin ass n 27/12/1916.
Deg useggas d ijj, yuli d akumandar, arami d 1936 ; awaren i umi yeɣḍel Franku tagdudant tasermunt n Seppanya yegga-t Franku x tmurayt n tɣawsiwin tinamurin di temdint n Tiṭṭawin. Yegga tizemmar d timeqqranin ḥuma ad yejj irifiyen ad adfen s waṭṭas aked iɛsekriyen n Franku. Di 9 zi tɣuccet 1939, yedwel d lewzir n tɣawsiwin n berra di Seppanya. Yemmut ass n 6 yunyu 1957.
[13] الرحلة المكية للفقيه أحمد الرهوني كتبها سنة 1937، منشورات معهد الجنرال فرانكو بتطوان. المطبعة الليبرالية سنة 1941. ص:213
[14] Miguel Martin, El colonialismo español en Marruecɛs (1850-1956) Ruido Iberico. Paris 1973. ḥ :189. Nettaf ɛawed awal n Franku yus-dd deg udlis n lefqih Rrhuni ; amuddu amekki tasna : 221
[15] الرحلة المعينية للشيخ ماء العينين بن العتيق – كتاب مربيه ربه خلال هذه الرحلة. ص: 93-102. تحقيق الأستاذ محمد الظريف، منشورات مؤسسة الشيخ مربيه ربه لإحياء التراث الثقافي.
Nzemmar ad nedwel ɛawed ɣer : El fator Marruecos en la Guerra civil Espanola op cit ḥ:216-218. Idlisen-a nzemmar a deg-sen naf marra ismawen n yinni yessek Franku ad raḥen ad ḥijjen
[16] المغرب و الحرب الاهلية الإسبانية، رسالة دبلوم الدراسات العليا ، بوبكر بوهادي، 1989، كلية الآداب بالرباط. ص: 85.
- Xzar adelis n Muḥemmed ben ɛezzuz , « la actitud de lɛs moros ante al alzamiento marruecos 1936 Espana. 1997 ed. Algazara. Malaga ».
[17] Nnumru fursa : « Fuerzas armadas ». ttuɣa qqaren-t i nnumrawat n iɛeskriyen. Asali n nnumrawat yeqqar belli iɛeskriyen merra mmuten deg umenɣi.
Ɣer ɛawed: Ddin di Arif…


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Lmujet wiss 2 n Covid-19 deg Uruppa, tejja lḥukumat ad ggent cwayt n zziyar. Mkul tammurt cḥar teqqen. Ama takmant, Marra ggint uɣir, di ssekwilat, d mani tmunen yewdan s waṭṭas.
Biljik
Beljik dag-s i tegga Corona fuleɛleɛ. ktar zi tmura n uruppa marra. di 14 n wussan 1735 imehlak di mkul100.000 imezdaɣ.
Zeg ass n letnayn, bdant 6 n simanat n Lockdown (Abelleɛ). Mjn yellan labud ad yeqqim yarzem wah am Farmasiyya, d tiḥuna n macca wer itbelliɛen. Ca n imukan dag-sen memnuɛ ufuɣ awarni 22:00.
Amsagar akd ijjen bnadm waha di simana mala wer zdiɣen jmiɛ. wenni izdɣen weḥdes ad imsagar akd 2 n yewdan
Aliman.
2 nuqenber bdan 9 n wussan n zziyyar deg uliman: di barra ttemsagarn imezdaɣ n 2 n tudrin waha. Iḥemmaṣen d leqhawi d lbiran d sini d tudrin n umezgun d marra mani sɛeddan iwdan lweqt ibellɛ. Turist wer tnusen. Hutilat qqimen arzmen iyxeddamen waha.
Fransa
Fransa tebda zik i zziyyar. Abelleɛ n tidet, ufuɣ tseɛɛet waha deg wass. wenni ɣa yeffɣen wer itagʷej Kilumit x taddart. Amsagar di twacunin waha. Lexdayem d tɣuri zi tudrin waha. Qqent ɣir farmasiyat d tḥuna n macca d min itteḥwaja utarras labud zzag-s.
Hulanda
Zi lweṣt n Ktuber Holanda tziyyar x umsagar. Di taddart wer tsɛeddid 3 n inewjiwen deg Ass. Di barra tmunt wer tɛeddi 4. Niɣ imezdaɣ n ijjen taddart
Seppanya
Seppania melmi idd-yedher belli cɣel-a ad yawi lweqt. Abarlaman yerni di zziyyar ar cehar n Mayyu. aṭṭas n imukan ad bellɛen nican tnayn n simanat. Di Madrid sxsyen anhezzi di simamat yeɛdan

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Acḥal n wid yettwaɣedren, teḥweṣ-iten lmut, lmut i ssidiren yiɛdawen n tudert d wid iɣunzan tilelli d cbaḥa n tmeṭṭut. Ttwanɣan imi usmen, ḥemmlen tutlayt-nsen akked tayri i fkan i tmurt-nsen. Nwan ma nɣan-ten, ad tent-quccen seg yiẓuran. Ziɣen ɣas gezmen-asen ilsawen-nsen, di taggara, yefti wawal-nsen ! Γas ma nesḥassef di rrwaḥ-is, maca netta yezmer, yebna ɣef wannect-a, d win yessawḍen ɣer taggara-s wayen iga d wayen i d-yenna. Amek i nezmer ad d-nebder Maɛtub Lwennas ma ur nerri azal i wawal-is d lmut icudden ɣur-s, ma ur nerri lwelha ɣer tmenna-ines d tlelli n umeslay i d-yesɣersen seg wass i meẓẓi ? Tudert-is, ahat wezzilet ma nessakked akud i iɛac, maca yewwi-d deg-s abrid ɣezzifen, s yiles i d-iga asurif. Ibudd-it i wiyaḍ akken ad gen amḍiq di ddunit. Yessaɣ taftilt-is deg umaḍal, yeǧǧa-d izen i talsa.
Yerẓa leqyud
Yesseḥbaber ɣef yidles, inuda ɣef yiseɣ d laṣel, yennuɣ ɣef tugdut d yizerfan d wayen akk yettarran amdan d amdan. Ur yugad kra n wayen i d-yemmugger, iqubel yal tagnit s yimeslayen, yugi ad yessusem, yerẓa leqyud, akken yedder i yemmut s tmenna-ines. Tudert d lmut-is ur mgaradent ara, kkant-d sya-agi, bnant ɣef tikti d wawal d umennuɣ i t-yessawḍen s igenni. Maɛtub, seg wid i d-yetteldin allen. Γas ulamma ḥarcawet teswiɛt, ɣas ugarent-aɣ temsal n ddunit, xas ɣezzifit, maca tessidir-aɣ. Yedder-itt am yimdanen meṛṛa, netta seg wid yettruẓun asalu, seg wid izerrɛen asirem s wawal, yenǧer yis-s iberdan i ɣef tedda tsuta. Seg wid yugin lmut i tmetti i d-heggan yiṣeggaden n tmussni ; netta gar yiɛeggalen n twacult yettaẓen ɣer sdat, yella seg wid yessawalen i tudert d tumert d wayen akk i aɣ-d-irennun azal d tezmert. Yella neɣ ulac-it, nekni yis-s i nella, nettidir s wayen i d-yenna. Iqubel lmut s yidmaren-is, yumen s tektiwin-is. Am Maɛtub, ahat ur ṭṭuqqten ara ! Am netta acḥal n win yemmuten d wid yettwanfan imi i ten-id-yuli wawal. Yesḥassef seg wayen iwala, imi ɣer daxel ur yettarra, yeqqar-d ayen yettḥulfu. Iḥebber i taggara-nneɣ yettu tin-ines, yugi ẓẓur d lbaṭel, isebbel tarwiḥt-is… D ameɣras n tmagit ! Idles, tugdut d izerfan n umdan d annar n umennuɣ-is. Yeqqim-d deg umezruy seg wigad yugin tasusmi, yezdeɣ di ccfawat-nneɣ s wayen i d-yeǧǧa d wayen akk i d-yenna. Am wakken i d-yenna deg wawal-is : « Ass-agi lliɣ, azekka wissen.
Xas tɣab tekka-s, mazal ṣṣut-is ad yebbeɛzeq
Nniɣ-d ayen zṛiɣ d wayen ttwaliɣ, cfut di targa ma ɣliɣ, d anza-w ara awen-d-yessiwlen » Γas lǧetta-s tefsi, tiktiwin-is ur mmutent ara, mazal llan wid yettidiren yis-sent ! Yeffeɣ-d wanza seg uẓekka-ines, yefka ṣṣut i yiɣsan-is. Yenhezz wakal d udrar s wayen i d-yenna, d isefra, d ccna yesuzunen ulawen d tasa n wid i tḥuza tmettant-ines ! D tudert i d-yemɣin si lmut-nni n leɣder ineqḍen tirwiḥin akken ad mḥun lateṛ d uẓar yeḍfer ugdud i d-yugmen seg yimeslayen-is. Imeslayen-is, rennun-d afud d waṭas n yifadden, ttaken abeḥri i turet, zgan-d mgal tatut, ugin ad knun i ucengu d rrehba i d-yeɣlin ɣef tmurt ɣas ulamma yeẓra tegguni-t lmut. Netta am tcemmaɛt ifettin, terɣa tudert-is akken ad nidir nekni s tafat-is. Uzzu n tmes-is d tazzla n yidamen-is i aɣ-yeswan akal ɣef i nteddu, ftint tektiwin-is deg-neɣ. Nḥemmel akk ayen i d-yettekken s ɣur-s, neṭṭafar-it imi yesɛa tabɣest, nettsennid ɣur-s, nettaf-it ɣer tama-nneɣ, nettraǧu timenna-ines akken ad nsel i yiman-nneɣ. Yis-s, nṣebber i lḥif d uɣilif, di tegnit n ddiq, tifrat ɣur-s i tt-nurǧa. Nettargu s usirem-is, nessuffuɣ tirga-nneɣ s tidak-is. Ma zik ahat nedderɣel ur nettwali, tura tafat i d-iga iziɣer-is tekka-d nnig ṭṭlam n wid yesnuzuyen iɣsan. Assa, igenni-nneɣ yeččur d itran yecbeḥ yis-sen, Lwennas d yiwen seg-sen, yezdi lqedd-is i lebda, iɣum tebrek n at wallaɣ yumesen… Imi ula d tasusmi d lmut, netta yedder s wawal d ṣṣut i mazal ad yebbaɛzeq, lebɣi-s d win-nneɣ, ad d-yeddu neɣ ad d-yendeq. Mazal-it gar-aneɣ, s ccna neɣ s tira, yuɣal-aɣ d izumal, yettarra-d i wallen tafat. Ayen i d-yenna d wayen i d-yecna di tudert-is, yeqqim-d akkin i lmut-is. Nettawi-t deg wul nettzuxxu yis-s di yal tama, tettuɣal-as tejmilt yal tikkelt, yuklal ayendin ! Yis-s ad neḥrez ayen nesɛa, ad neddu ɣer sdat. Tikli-nneɣ s yimru ara tt-naru, neɣ s yimi ara tt-id-neḥku ad tt-id-afen ineggura. Yenna-ak ‘’Idles-nneɣ d anagi’’, ihi d aẓar-is kan ara neḍfer.
Hamza Sahoui


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Asif n igenwan
Aɣaras n walim neɣ Asif n igenwan (s Tutlayt tamaceɣt: ⵎⵂⵍⵍⴰⵡ) d amazellaw agriwel iteṭṭafar tfukt d tegnit d yimtiwgen niden n wudus anafuk. Amazellaw-a yegber seg imelyaṛen n yitran (gar n 200 ɣer 400 n imelyaṛen n yitran) akken i ttenfufuden deg-s isigniwen d icafcalen, d imeqqranen s waṭas yakk d igedṛuṛen d igazen deg yal ijifeṛ seg ijufaṛ-is. Deg wuṭan imsullsen yesrawen (iṣfan) yettbin-d wasif n igenwan (aɣaras n walim) am akken d tadla n walim hrawen seg tafat n yitran-is, akken i d-ttmagen inkaren deg tadla-nni s usrag n tilin n isigniwen n ugedṛur d igazen iteffren tafat i d-ittaken seg yitran yellan deffir-nsen. [1]
Talɣa n wasif n tegnawin d aglayan, Akdu-ines yettawaṭ seg 100.000 ɣer 180.000 n yifawatayen ma d tuzert-is azal n 1000 n ifawatayen s wakka ad tili d tagra tusdidt s waṭas. Tagnit tezga-d zdat n yiri n umazellaw-a anda itezzi wudus anafuk ɣef wammas n umazellaw, dɣa tafukt taggug s wazal n 27,000 n ifawatayen ɣef wammas n umazellaw.
Ma iwula kra n wemdan ɣer igenni deg yiṭ ad iẓer amur seg umazellaw n wasif n igenwan amzun d tadla n yitran, anda imezdaɣ n wezgen agafan n tiṭṭ n tfukt ẓerrent-id ama deg unebdu neɣ deg umwan neɣ deg tegrest, Ixef n aseflalay d tmeẓriwt tacraraqt yakk i umazellaw-a yettili-d deg taggara n unebdu d tazwara n umwan acku deg wakuden-a n useggas inezzeg (wasif n igenwan) seg tezdemt n tmesɣimt (Cassiopeia) alamma d sifus (Cepheus) deg ugafa seg wezgen asemran n igenni yakk seg tegrawt n yitran yettwassnen s ukerdis n uwilen, sin akin ad yerdeb seg yigli ɣer tgenzi yakk d tɣirdemt. Isigniwen n tallunt teffren gar n ukerdis n uwilen d tgenzi yiwet n tjumma talemmast hrawen seg uɣaras n walim ayen i d-ittaǧǧan ittbin-d yegzen ɣer sin n wamuren, ma deg zdat n tgenzi d tɣirdemt yettili uɣaras n walim d aseflalay s waṭas acku d tanila-nni i d-immalen ammas n umazellaw.
Asif n igenwan iga d aseflalay deg kra n tamiwin ugar n tamiwin niden. Anda tama i d-izzin i waẓiẓ wa iggadan (Cygnus) yettfejjij s waṭas, maca amur yehrawen s waṭas yerna iseflellayen s waṭas yezga-d deg unẓul ɣef yimeẓli yerna yezmer wemdan ad tiẓer deg tallunt tagafant deg tmeddiyin n unebdu maca timeẓriwt tettili tefrar ugar deg tamiwin i d-izgan ɣer unẓul n usebges
Anulfu n wasif n igenwan[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imesnullanen settgen (ttaken lewhi) d akken asif n igenwan yennelfa-d send n wazal n 12-14 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen, akken ittɣilen d akken amazellaw-a d win meẓẓiyen deg waddar s wassaɣ ɣer imazellawen niden yellan deg usedday, Aguccel n waddar-is yella-d s usemres n tesnemdalɣisant.
Deg useggas n 2007 yettwasteg waddar n yiwen n yitri isem-is NGC 3199 s wazal n 13,7 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen, itri ayi izga-d deg wezɣar (beṛṛa) n umazellaw, yaggug ɣef tegnit s 13.2 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen, akken i yettumeggez d tafekka tagennawt tamzikant (taqburt) imur-nni anda i d-issers tilisa tiddayin i waddar n wasif n igenwan.[2] yella-d uselken seg ustag-a s waktaylal n UV-Visual Echelle n umseddas ameqqran.[2] Astag n waddar n yitran i d-izgan deg tagra tamazallawt tusdidt yezmer ad yili s tarrayt yettemcabin i HE 1523-0901. Igemmuden n wakaten llan deg tlisa n 8.8 ± 1.7 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin, anecta yessumur-d d akken kra n wenkar addar-is 5 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yella dinna gar n tallit n yisni d tagra tusdidt.[3]
isegra n uɣaras n walim[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Aɣaras n walim yettumeggez d yisen seg imazellawen igriwlen imeqqranen. Ttezzi ɣef yiman-is yiwet n tuzzya yal 250 n imelyan n iseggasen, akken i tezzin degs yitran-is s urured yemgaraden anda itran yellan deg wammas-is i tezzin s urured d tazzla wala itran illan deg ijufaṛ-is akken daɣen i yella wemgarad deg rdusi n teldayt seg wadeg ɣer wayeṭ deg umazellaw s usrag n tmerniwt n tneẓẓi n yitran deg kra n tamiwin, anda ixeddmen isemda-nni deg tguri n yiɣallen igriwlen i umazellaw. Udus anafuk yezga-d deg yiwen seg yiɣalen-nni yettusemman iɣil n umanar i d-izgan deg wazal n sin n yikṛaden (⅔) n uzen-kdu n umazellaw. Akken iy gber umazellaw n uɣaras n walim seg waṭas n yiɣallen igriwlen niden i d-issentayen seg umazellaw sin akin ad negzen ɣer uzɣar (beṛṛa). Gar n yiɣallen yella yiɣil n wemẓiw (Perseue arm) igan d iɣil amaddas fellaɣ deg tama n ijifeṛ n umazellaw, yakk d Iɣil n imeẓli (Sagittarius arm) yudsen fellaɣ seg tama n wammas n umazellaw. Aɣaras n walim yegber daɣen seg waṭas n yiɣallen niden i d-izgan deg tagra n umazellaw, dɣa ttwasemman s yirem n iɣallen acku yal yiwen deg-sen yettak taɣara s tezdemt yettfeǧǧijen s waṭas deg-s. Amedya, iɣil n wemẓiw yettak taɣara s tezdemt n wemẓiw, ma d iɣil n imeẓli yettak taɣara s tezdemt n imeẓli, akken daɣen i yella yiɣil n umanar igrbren tazdemt n umanar deg wanda yella yiwen seg yisigniwen yettwassnen yakk, isem-is asignew n umanar.
'Tamuski n umazellaw tebṭa ɣef 3 n yismilen igejdanen:
- Aweggir amazallaw: tga d tuffet azun-mezzay yettak-d tafat, yettili deg wammas n umazellaw. Akaten n mraw n iseggasen-a yezrin sseknen-d d tilin n wemruj aberkan d acafcal deg wammas n umazellaw, takura-ines tla (tesɛa) azal n sin n imelyan n tkura tanafukt. Tehri-ines trennu s tmerniwt n waddar n umazellaw akken yella deg uweggir-a amsegraw meqqren s waṭas n yitran d igedṛuren inamdalen. Timeẓriwt n uweggir yuffen n umazellaw d win ifraren deg yiṭ acku tla asefliley ussis ɣas akken timeẓriwt n tfawtin-is tigensawin temray (tewɛer) s usrag tuget n igedṛuren iteffren tafat.
- Iɣallen: d ayen i d-itezzin i yiweggiren imazallawen igriwlen, gan d icafcalen, tezzin ɣef wammas n umazellaw. Am iɣil n umanar yaggugen s wazal n 26,000 n yifawatayen seg wammas n umazellaw. Imusnawen ssetgen-d d akken amdan n yitran yellan deg yiɣil-a yessawaṭ ɣer 200,000 n yitran, gar-asen [[tafukt]. Akken i d-ssetgen akdu n umazellaw s wazal n 110,000 n ifawatayen, dɣa tafukt tettili deg wuggug n 30,000 n ifawatayen ɣef wammas n umazellaw deg yiɣil n umanar. Teɣzi n yiɣil n umanar n umanar tettawaṭ ɣer 6,500 n ifawatayen ma d tuzert-is azal n 1000 n ifawatayen
- Izɣuɣ: d tamrest tamezzayt i d-izzin ɣef ugaraw n tegra tamazallawt alamma d istumen yaggugen, Akdu-ines yettawaṭ alamma d 150,000 n ifawatayen, tegber seg igazen yemgaraden d isignewen inamdalen akken i tegber seg timsegrawin titrawin yettwazuzren deg yal adeg ama s ddaw neɣ sufell n tegra. Timsegrawin-nni tezzint ɣef wammas n umazellaw s usrag n tilin wemruj aberkan deg wammas n umazellaw
Talɣa tamatut[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tazrawt n tmuski n uɣaras n walim d tin imrayen (iweɛṛen) s usrag n igedṛuren iteffren aṭas seg tafat, s tenmgalt n uẓabaẓ n tezrawt n talɣiwin d tsengaman n imazellawen niden yaggugen fellaɣ maca nẓerr-iten-tt seg beṛṛa, Yerna anecta yullel (iɛawn) imusnawen s waṭas deg tezrawt n izenzaren i d-ikkan seg umazellaw-nneɣ deg tɣult n uzenzar aderzeggaɣ s igensaten yakk s tmuski n isanayen deg tegnit i wakken ad anin tayyugin tiṛadyawin i d-itekken deg-s.
Akin-a, yettumeggez d akken amazellaw n uɣaras n walim ila (isɛa) wuẓ neɣ semmus (4 neɣ 5) n iɣallen anda i trennu deg-sen tneẓẓi n yitran d igedṛuren, maca tura neẓra yakk d akken (tla tesɛa) aweggir d abeṛan mači d amezzay.[4]. Yerna tegber seg 100 alamma d 300 n imelyaṛen n yitran d waṭas n ugedṛuṛ anamdal i d-ikeffun i wakken ad nnulfun s yis seg 600 alamma d umelyaṛ n yitran imaynuten. Ma d tasmekta n tenga deg umazellaw-a tettwasteg s wazal n 3,6 × 1041 kg, ma d akdy n tegra-ines azal n 100.000 n ifawatayen
Yella umazellaw n andṛumida i meqqren s wassaɣ ɣer umazellaw n wasif n igenwan anda akdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer 150.000 n ifawatayen. Akken ig yella deg tegrawt-nneɣ tadigant ugmam wis 3 deg temɣer igan d amazellaw n ukerdis neɣ Messier 33 s unect n tejrit n Musier. Akdu-ines ila azal n 50.000 n ifawatayen neɣ ahat tazurt n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan yugar 3 n tikkal uṭṭun i d-ittunefken sɣur umusnaw n Ustṛalya Brian Gaensler d trebbut-is (tarbaɛt-is) i d-ifesren yiwet n tegmi deg usentel-a aseggas n 2008.[5][6]
Ambiwel n ugaz zdat n wammas n umazellaw d usegder n yitran sskanayen-d d akken ammas-nni ur yelli ara d amezzay maca iga d abeṛday, d amaɣɣad. Abeṛdi ayi alemmas iggar-d tiɣmert azal-is 45° yakk d uzerrig yessawaṭen seg tfukt ɣer wammas n umazellaw.
Annay n umsaddas amalun n Spitzer ittakten tafat deg tɣult n uzenzar aderzeggaɣ d akken teɣzi n uberdi-nni tettawaṭ alamma d 27.000 n ifawatayen
S ugani ɣef tmusni-nneɣ d akken tazzla n tuzzya n tfukt tettawaṭ ɣer 276 km/s, imalla udus anafuk ɣef yibdi alemmas n umazellaw d wuggug n tfukt ɣef wammas ittaǧǧa ad yili usnis n yisudaf n Kepler i wsiden n tesmekta n tenga deg wamur agensaw n umazellaw.[7] dɣa takura n tenga tummidt deg umazellaw n wasif n igenwan tga gar n 1,0 - 1,9 n imelyaṛen n tkurawin tinafukin.[8][9], ma d takura n umazellaw n andṛumida tga azal n 1.2 n imelyaṛen n tkurawin tinafukin.
Izɣuɣ[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Itezzi-d yiwen n izɣuɣ amezzay ɣef tegra n umazellaw, akdu n yizɣuɣ-a tettawaṭ ɣer 165.000 n ifawatayen, ittaṭṭaf-it yiwen n welmes n ugaz. Akken i llant deg-s (zdat n iguza itrawen) aṭas n yitran imziken (iqdimen) yerna d imazgayen, gar-asen wid yeṭṭafaren asesmel n RR-Lyrae d ugaz adersan n tneẓẓi akken illan daɣen yitran d izegzawen i d-innulfan d imaynuten, tikurawin-nsen meqqer-it yerna lan (sɛan) tafasa tussist. S tmerniwt ɣer wannecta tettwasteg tenga tamallast i d-ikeffun i wakken ad ttger azal n 1000 n imelyaṛen n tkurawin tinafukin, maca imusnawen ar tura ur ẓrin ara d acu i d tanga tamallast acku mazal ṭṭafarwn isemda-ines war ma ad afen akat-is neɣ ad ttwalin, s wakka ad yili yizɣuɣ d ilem deg ugedṛur maca igber kan seg kra n iguza itrawen n yitran imezgiyen yeṭṭafaren asesmel atraw II ilan tamaɣuzt drusen
Tagra (aḍebsi)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Amur ameqran n yitran ttumeggzen d akken-iten msegrawen (nnejmaɛen) deg tagra n umazellaw yerna asegder-is amzun d alugan. Tagra tegber s talɣa tagejdant seg yitran yeṭṭafaren asesmel 2 ilan afimidi meqqren n tmaɣuzt (imɣuzen iẓẓayen ɣef uhidṛujin d uhilium)
Iɣallen igriwlen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Amur deg Tegra ssiliɣen-t-id yiɣallen igriwlen yellan deg wudus anafuk. Tiɣalltin-a gebrent seg isigniwen meqqren d temsegrawin n uhidṛjin d tamiwin n tamiwin n H II anda i d-ttnulfun yitran d imaynuten. Ɣef wanecta illan deg yiɣallen itrawen ilulen.
Deg waddar n yitri ad yettembiwel seg wadeg anda i d-ilul w ad ttwasedger deg tagra. Maca itran icafcalen ilan takura meqqren (ugar n tkura n tfukt seg 10 ɣer 100 n tikkal) ur sen-d-ikeffu ara wakud i wembiwel deg tagra acku ttfakkan deg wadeg anda i d-lulen. Seg yitran-nni icafcalen deg tkura llan isesmilen O d B d ucafcal azeggaɣ d yitran imergaguyen, Dɣa addar n yal yiwen deg-sen ur yugar ara 100 n iseggase, itran-a ssiliɣen-d azal n 1% seg yitran n umazellaw ma d amur ameqqran deg yitran n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan gan d itran imziken imezgiyen anda yal itri ila takura yegdan agla n tfukt neɣ s ddaw-as.
Deg yunyu 2008, yiwet n tegrawt n imusnawen seg tseddawit n Wisconsin–Madison tefser-d yiwet n tegmi ɣef westag-nsen i wannayen i d-gran deg tɣult n uzenzar aderzeggaɣ s umsaddas amalun n Spitzer, tegmi ayi tesskanay-d d akken amazellaw n wasif n igenwan ila sin n yiɣallen kan. Yiwen d iɣil n imeẓli wis sin d iɣil n tseddakamt.[10]
«D acu-ten isemda isengamen i d-igellun s unulfu n yiɣallen deg umazellaw» asteqsi ayi d taluft ur nli (ur nesɛi) tiririt ibanen, d acu kan yettwassen d akken itran d iɣallen ur bedden ara maca ttnwiwlen (ttḥerriken) deg temsegrawin i d-izzin i wammas n umazellaw. Kra n imusnawen ttarmen (tteɛṛaden) ad ssegzun anulfu n iɣallen s teẓri n tayyugin n tneẓẓi i d-igellun s tmerniwt n tneẓẓi n yitran deg yiɣallen, s wakka ad mmagen yitran d imaynuten
Itran n tegra[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tagrawt tadigant[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ẓeṛ daɣen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Immiren[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 2,0 et 2,1 Frebel, Anna; Christlieb, Norbert; Norris, John E.; Thom, Christopher; Beers, Timothy C.; Rhee, Jaehyon (2007). "Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a Strongly r-Process-enhanced Metal-poor Star with Detected Uranium". The Astrophysical Journal. 660: L117. doi:10.1086/518122.
- ↑ Del Peloso, E. F. (2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440: 1153. Bibcode:2005A&A...440.1153D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307.
- ↑ Aktuelle Nachrichten online - FAZ.NET Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Talɣa:Literatur Archived 2017-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Markus C. Schulte von Drach, : Die Milchstraße. Dicker als gedacht. sueddeutsche.de, 22. Februar 2008 – Artikel über neueste Forschungen von Bryan Gaensler und seinem Team. Archived 2008-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Hans Joachim Störig: Knaurs moderne Astronomie, Droemer Knaur, München, 1992, S. 197.
- ↑ MPIA Archived 2014-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Keine kleine Schwester mehr: Milchstraße zieht mit Andromeda gleich Archived 2010-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Artikel auf science.orf.at Archived 2020-03-17 at the Wayback Machine


text:
Winna, asurif sdat wayeḍ, aḍar
yeṭṭafar gma-s. Ula d tamuɣli ur ten-id-imuqel. Widin, sawalen rennun.
-Acu akka k-yuɣen a
winnat ?
Yuɣ lḥal, yella yiwen ujadermi
ger yemdanen-nni yessawalen i umexluq-nni yettazzalen. Isteqsa yiwen ger
wid-nni yettuɣun yenna-yas :
-Acu akka yeḍran da ? D
acu-t leɛyaḍ-agi akk ?
Yerra-yas-d winna :
-Ur ẓriɣ ara nekk. Sliɣ i lɣaci
ttuɣun, muqleɣ, walaɣ amexluq-agi yettɣara-d si ssuq am umakar.
Yekker imir ujadermi yessawal-as
ula d netta.
-A winnat ! La k-qqareɣ
ad tḥebseḍ neɣ ad nettiriɣ fell-ak !
Argaz, am yilef kan amejruḥ,
iteddu ur d-imuqel deffir.
La k-in-qqareɣ ḥbes neɣ ad
n-ttiriɣ fell-ak !
Seg ulac ad iḥbes, yettiri
ujadarmi-nni tama-s. Yiwen urbeɛ akkenni seg widak-nni t-iwalan d imezwura, ruḥen
ttazzalen deffir-s ad t-awḍen s yiɣil-nsen ad t-id-ṭṭfen.
Akken yesla i weɛber-nni, yeḥbes
yewhem, wid-nni leḥqen ɣer-s. Cwiṭ akka yerna ɣur-sen ujadermi-nni.
-Amek a rebb-k (wac bi
rebbek ?) la k-neqqar ḥbes, kečč ulac ad aɣ-d-terreḍ awal… Sani tettɣaraḍ
akka am win ixedmen kra ?
Imuqel deg-s urgaz-nni, di
lebsa-nni taḥcaycit d ukaskiḍ-nni yelsa, yuɣal yerra-as :
-Mači d cceɣl-ik !
-Amek akka mači d cceɣl-iw ?
Ihi nnan-ak tameẓyant-agi i zzux i wimi tt-ttawiɣ ɣef tayet-iw !
-D cceɣl-ik, kečč. Ur d-ḥareɣ
ara deg-k nekk.
-Yah ! Niqal mači d cceɣl-iw,
tura daɣen d cceɣl-iw ! Ad yerwel ad yernu taqemmuḥt ziɣen !
-Ad rewleɣ ?
-Ih trewleḍ ! Sani tettɣaraḍ
akken ?
-Acu k-iruḥen ?
-Acu yi-iruḥen ?
Muqel-iyi-d ziɣ mliḥ ! Waqila ça va pas ɣur-k keččini !
-Aqli walaɣ-k-in. D
ikerri-nni seɛlafen akken ad t-zlun i lɛid.
-Ay at leɛraḍ walit kan acu
i la d-yeqqar !
Netta yuɣ lḥal argaz-nni, d
aɛessekriw, d amilitir kwa ! Akken kan d-yewwi bermesyun. Tuɣ yessen ijadarmiyen-agi
s-yeqqaren nerfed lfuci ad nḥudd tamurt. Sya ad wten, sya zuna ad gen lqanun.
-Nniɣ-ak sani tettazzaleḍ
akken ?
-Ula d nekk nniɣ-ak : A
mači d cceɣl-ik.
-Ipi dabur n wansi-k ?
-Acu k-iruḥen ?
Yeẓra ma yenna-yas d aɛessekri
ur yeḍmin ara iman-is. I lukan d afubaraj !
Yeṭṭef ujadermi-nni yemmeɣ-as
ɣer wemgarḍ ad t-id-yeṭṭef si ger tuyat. Iḥulfa kan i ufus-nni yers-as ɣef
tayet yenṭeg yessenser ikemmel tazzla. Ur iwala ara wid-nni s-d-yegzemn abrid.
Neɣlen-d fell-as am ẓẓerẓur ɣef tzemmurt.
Cekklen-t, rran-t-id armi d
ajadermi-nni.
-Amek tenniḍ-as d lɣaflin ay
nella, ah ! Ad txedmeḍ tawerdilt yerna ad ɣ-tennesreḍ ger yiffassen. Ay
ula d nekni neqqed-d si tɛebbuḍt n yemmat-neɣ a mimmi !
-Amek ihi ? Mači d
tuqqda ay d-teqqdem kunwi. Timeẓyanin ger yifassen-nwen, alandruber (Land Rover)
d rrekba-nwen, mi teqqimem deg yiberdan ad tesseḥbasem di lɣaci. Wid ur nuklal
ad yettɛeddi fella-sen lbaṭel. Anef-iyi ad ruḥeɣ ɣer cceɣl-iw, ah !
Iger akka aḍar yeffus ad
ikemmel abrid-is, ajadermi-nni icelqef-it-id seg yiɣil-is. Ig akka iwali
idammen uɣen akk afus-is.
-A yerna ziɣ daddat-neɣ
yejreḥ ! Acu k-ijerḥen akka ? Nṭeq neɣ ad awiɣ leɛmer-ik ad k-mleɣ
imir amek tga tsusmi.
-Walit-t-id a medden d argaz,
yesɛa ddreɛ ad yeḥbes lɣaci ! La k-qqareɣ wexxer akkin ad ɛeddiɣ !
-D nanna-k ihi i yesɛan ddreɛ !
-Sers tameẓyant-nni imir ad
nwali anida-t ddreɛ, wamma tura, d nettat ay d ddreɛ ay d kulci.
-Zwir sdat-i ! Dinna
ara nwali ma tessneḍ ad telliḍ taqemmuḥt-ik.
Yessawel i yemdukal-is, ruḥen-d
di tlata yid-sen, sulin-t ɣer landruber.
Aqcic-nni i t-yewwten s lmus
ɣer yiɣil-is mi s-yuker asakuc-is yekka-d ɣef ṣṣur deffir n lɣaci-nni d yezzin
yettaḍsa.
-Ahya ssiɛqa limer di yi-ṭṭifen
ifassen uwaɣiw-agi ur nugad ula d ijadermiyen ! Ad iyi-ceṭṭeb ula d
aqerru. Yerna ahat ulac ara afeɣ deg usakuc-agi s-d-ukreɣ.
Iwala-t uɛessekri-nni
yenna-yasen :
-Hut-it win ilaq ad tawḍem
mači d nekk…
Igzem-as-d awal yiwen seg
wid-nni yessexdamen arrac i tekerḍa di ssuq, yenna :
-Yerbaḥ ! Ad iqamer
ijadermiyen yerna ad yerfu ɣef uqcic tesseḍsay tisselbi-s. Awit-t awit-t, ulac
ziɣ maḍi deg-s !
Aɛessekri-nni iteffeɣ-d
nnefs seg yimeẓẓuɣen-is seg urfan :
-I wi ! Taddart yexla
waḍu !Ad k-akren yerna d kečč ara salin ɣer landruber.
Sunya Lewnis
Si « La Bande rouge. Tomme I » n Fortuné du Boisgobey


text:
Generalitat n Katalunya tɛehhed ḥenja mmaṛṛa iwḍan aṭṭaf ẓemman aḍawḍen ɣa ṣṣit webat ennes, u manayenni wifqan i Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018 n 7 ẓi wayyur n cutenbir, i yeṣṣawaṛen x awad ɣa ṣṣit webat d appat i ipaṛatuten mubil n lqitaɛ lɛam (ɣa ẓẓat, Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018 n 7 ẓi wayyur n cutenbir).
Ḍḍeklaṛasyun n wawaḍa ya iṭṭentabaq x visitmuseum.gencat.cat
Ṣṣit weba ya itwafaq cwayt ak Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018 n 7 ẓi wayyur n cutenbir, bṣibbet listitna'at d ɛaḍam lmutabaqa n ljawanib i nesbiyyand swaḍḍay:
Lmuḥtawa i ḍigwarn watẓemmad aɣas tawḍed i ṛesbaba ya i ḍigwarn:
Ḍḍeklaṛasyuna ya neswejḍit nhar n 07/09/2020
Furma i neṣṣexḍem i wsewjed n ḍḍeklaṛasyun tuɣ ḍijjen uqeyyem teggit ijjen ccaṛika n l'isticaṛat n wawad ḍi l'itar n uɛawen ak lbiṛu n wawad n nefs lhay'a.
AṛṛeYisyun taneggaṛut n ḍḍeklaṛasyun: 07/09/2020
Tibṛatin
Tẓemmad ateṣṣekked tibṛatin x lmutatal-labat n wawad (lmaḍḍa 10.2.a n Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018) ḍi:
Tibṛatin atent terqa u atent twejjeh Lmuḍiṛiyya Lɛamma n ṢṣarYis n Lmuwatinin n Lqism n Nniyaba n Aṛṛi'aṣa, Liqtiṣad d Ḍḍaṛiba, s ṣṣifet ennes ḍ lweḥḍa iǧan mes'ula x wawad ɣa ṣṣit web ḍi nnitaq l'iqlimi.
Ṭṭalabat n lmeɛlumat i ẓemmar aɣaṣent yawed bnaḍem d ccikayat
Maṛa texṣed ateṣṣekked ṭṭalabat n lmeɛlumat i ẓemmar aɣaṣent yawed bnaḍem d ccikayat (lmaḍḍa 12 ẓi Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018), itxeṣṣa atadfed ɣa l'ijṛa' Accessible Web content and continue to Lmuḥtawayat i ẓemmar bnaḍem aɣaṣent yawed bnaḍem ḍi ṣṣit web.
Kur bnaḍem tabiɛi niɣ iɛtibaṛi i ẓemmar adyeg ccikaya x liltital i lmutatal-labat n Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018 u ad yeṭṭar meɛlumat x lmuḥtawayat lustatnat ẓi nnitaq n utebbeq n rqanuna ya.
Ṭṭalabat n ccikayat ṭṭemwaṣejlent wifqan i lmutatal-labat i xaṣent itneṣṣan rqanun 39/2015 n 1 ẓi wayyur n ktuber n L'ijṛai L'iḍaṛi Lmuctaṛak n L'iḍaṛat Lɛamma.
L'ijṛa' n utebbeq
L'ijṛa' n utebbeq i xas teṣṣawar lmaḍḍa 13 n Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018 tẓemmad at-tebḍid ḍi l'ijṛa' Lmuḥtawayat i ẓemmar bnaḍem aɣaṣent yawed bnaḍem ḍi ṣṣit web ẓi muḍalité n aṛṛeklamasyun n ijjen ṭṭalab.
Maṛa, awarni ma teggid ijjen ṭṭalab n lmeɛlumat n wawad niɣ n ccikaya, refḍennac ṭṭalab, niɣ wateqbiṛed lqaṛar i ɛtamḍen niɣ maṛa min xak aṛṛin wa yetwafaq ca ak lmutatal-labat n lmaḍḍa 12.5 ẓi Lmerṣum n Aṛṛay 1112/2018, tẓemmad atebḍid ijjen aṛṛeklamasyun ḥenja:
Tẓemmad uṛad atebḍid ijjen aṛṛeklamasyun ḍi lḥala ma ɛḍun 20 n uṣṣan bṛa ma xak aṛṛen.


text:
1 tuber
Ass n 1 tuber d ass wis 274 n useggas (wis 275 deg iseggasen bisekstil). Llan 91 wussan deffir-s ar taggara n useggas.
Tidyanin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Timiḍi wisXXI[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- 2014 :
- Taneɣlaft tamezwarut n Groenland Aleqa Hammond tɛelleq sɣur Amni (d nettat id ssuteren aɛellaq agi) acku tɛeḍḍel ad teɣerm 106 000 iqacucen idanmaṛkiyen (ugar n 14 000 n wuṛu), id ttasen seg isendyaq izuyaz dɣa ttwaṣerrifen i issiklen usligen. Tettubeddel sɣur aneɣlaf n tawennaḍt Kim Kielsen i ttwawekkelen af Imedzi ;
- Anuṛwiji Jens Stoltenberg yuɣal amaru amata n l'OTAN wis 13 deg unfel n udanmaṛki Anders Fogh Rasmussen ;
- Gianfranco Terenzi d Guerrino Zanotti kecmen deg tawuri am iqebṭanen-imeksawen n San Marin.


text:
Chapitre 2
Sommaire
1 Zik-nni, tellam am wid yemmuten ɣef ddemma n tuccḍa-nwen akk-d ddnubat-nwen ;
2 tețɛicim di ddnub, tewwi-kkun ddunit, tḍefṛem Cciṭan, sselṭan n ddunit-agi i gțekellixen ar tura wid ur nḍuɛ ara Sidi Ṛebbi.
3 Nukni daɣen, zik-nni am nutni i nella ; nettabaɛ ixemmimen-nneɣ, ccehwat-nneɣ, nxeddem lebɣi n tnefsit-nneɣ, nella nuklal urrif n Sidi Ṛebbi am wiyaḍ.
4 Lameɛna imi i geččuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi d ṛṛeḥma, yerna leḥmala-ines ɣuṛ-nneɣ ț-țameqqrant,
5 yerra-yaɣ-d ɣer tudert akk-d Lmasiḥ, nukni yellan am wid yemmuten ɣef sebba n ddnubat-nneɣ. S ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi i tețwasellkem.
6 S tdukli-nneɣ akk-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, Sidi Ṛebbi isseḥya-ɣ-ed akk-d Lmasiḥ yerna yesɣim-aɣ yid-es deg igenwan,
7 iwakken di leqṛun i d-iteddun, a d-tban acḥal meqqṛit ṛṛeḥma-ines akk-d leḥnana-s i ɣ-d-isbeggen s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
8 S ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi kan i tețwasellkem, mi tumnem. Ayagi mačči d ayen i d-ikan s ɣuṛ-wen lameɛna ț-țukci n Sidi Ṛebbi.
9 Mačči s lḥasanat-nwen i tețwasellkem akken yiwen ur ițzuxxu s yiman is ;
10 axaṭer ayen i nella tura s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi i ɣ-d-yekka, ixleq-aɣ-ed di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ iwakken a nexdem di tudert-nneɣ lecɣal yelhan i-ɣ-d ihegga si tazwara.
11 Kunwi ur nelli ara seg wegdud n wat Isṛail, iwumi qqaṛen wat Isṛail : « A wid ur neḍhiṛ » axaṭer nutni ḥesben iman-nsen ḍehṛen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭhaṛa-nni i sɛan di lɛadda-nsen,
12 mmektit-ed amek i tellam zik : di lweqt-nni tellam tbeɛdem ɣef Lmasiḥ, d ibeṛṛaniyen ur nelli ara seg ugdud i gextaṛ Sidi Ṛebbi, ur tețțekkam di lemɛahdat i sen-iwɛed, ur tesɛim asirem, ur tessinem Sidi Ṛebbi.
13 Meɛna imi tumnem s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, kunwi yellan zik tbeɛdem fell-as, tura tqeṛṛbem-d ɣuṛ-es s idammen-is yuzzlen ɣef ddemma-nwen.
14 Axaṭer d Lmasiḥ s yiman-is i d lehna-nneɣ, imi i gesdukkel at Isṛail d leǧnas nniḍen yerra-ten d yiwen n wegdud. Mi gefka iman-is d asfel, ihudd lḥiḍ-nni i ten-ifeṛqen, i ten-yerran d iɛdawen ;
15 yesseɣli tazmert n ccariɛa yerna lewṣayat akk-d leqwanen-ines, iwakken a d-issufeɣ si snat ccetlat-agi, yiwen kan n wegdud ajdid ara yamnen yis ; s wakka i d-issers lehna.
16 S lmut-is ɣef wumidag i ten-issemṣaleḥ d Sidi Ṛebbi, ikkes tiɛdawit yellan gar-asen, isdukkel sin leǧnas-agi yerra-ten d yiwen wegdud.
17 Yusa-d a wen-ibecceṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ , yewwi-awen-d lehna ama i kunwi yellan tbeɛdem ɣef Ṛebbi, ama i wat Isṛail iqeṛben ɣuṛ-es ;
18 axaṭer yis i nezmer am kunwi am nukni, a nqeṛṛeb meṛṛa ɣer Baba Ṛebbi, s yiwen n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen.
19 Ihi tura, kunwi ur nelli ara seg wat Isṛail, ur tellim ara d ibeṛṛaniyen neɣ d imsebriden, meɛna tețțekkam di tejmaɛt n wegdud n Sidi Ṛebbi, tuɣalem d iɛeyyalen n twacult-is.
20 Tuɣalem d axxam yebnan ɣef lsas i ssersen ṛṛusul akk-d lenbiya, Ɛisa Lmasiḥ s yiman-is i d azṛu alemmas yeṭṭfen lebni.
21 D nețța i gessalayen lebni, yesseǧhad-it iwakken ad yuɣal d lǧameɛ iqedsen n Sidi Ṛebbi.
22 S tdukli-nwen akk-d Lmasiḥ, ula d kunwi tețțekkam di lebni-agi, iwakken aț-țilim d axxam anda yezdeɣ Sidi Ṛebbi s Ṛṛuḥ-is.


text:
Tabuzeggaɣt
Tabuzeggaɣt d aṭṭan avirusan anamsad (qessiḥen) amanṭaṭ yettaɣ arrac imeẓyanen, igellu-asen-d kra n temrayin yettilin d timihanin di kra n tikwal. Tabuzeggaɣt d aṭṭan yettilin s tuget deg tallit n temẓi, maca yezmer ad yaɣ ula d imeqqranen. Deg useggas n 1963 ass mi id tella tadermist meqqren yiwet n tegrawt n imusnawen n ivirusen s tisselwit n iminig n Marikan John Franklin Enders tessaweṭ ad tfares tigezt mgal tabuzeggaɣt. Sin akin deg tazwara n iseggasen n 90 tigezt-a tessenger neɣ tessedres aṭṭan-a deg kra n tmura.
Aɣbalu n yigim n tbuzeggaɣt d tesfert-is d amdan. Tettenṭaṭ s unɣad (aṭerrec) d tuṭṭsa n tɣawsiwin anda yella ubirus-a. Seld ma ad yejji umaṭun ad yeddem affal mgal tabuzeggaɣa i tanɣa (i lebda).
Isekna[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
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Tettali tseddart n teẓɣelt n wegrud yudnen s tbuzeggaɣt i 3 wussan, anda ara ad tittaɣ tusut yekkawen d yidis d tezweɣ deg wallen-is, sin akin mi ara ad fakken 3 n wussan nni ad binent trigliwin (icamiḍen) mellulen s agensu (daxel) n yimi-s ttemcabint ar tiqqayin n tisent. Ma deg wass wis 4 d 5 ad s-tekker tezweɣ deg uglim id ibeddun s deffir n imeẓẓaɣ sin akin ad yenfufed ar wudem d tadra w ad ikemmel ar yakk tafekka.
Isragen n waṭṭan d isemduyen-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Isekna n waṭṭan d wid id yettbinen seld n mraw (10) n wussan seg unekcum n uvirus ar tfekka n umaṭun anda id igellu s tusut tagiwant d yidis amsulles (qessiḥen) d tezweɣ deg wallen yeččarayen d imeṭṭawen yerna tellent (seɛɛunt) urnan mgal tafat akken id tezmer tawla ad tali ar 41 n tseddarin.


text:
Ili-k d nned i temguri i k-yettwalin d afaris.
Wali ma telliḍ seg wid tḥuza trewla n yisefka srid.Kcem ɣer Monitor
Ɣur-k yakan amiḍan? Kcem
Tunigin taɣelsant i yibenkan-ik meṛṛa.
Ammesten ummid n meṛṛa ibenkan
Awellihen ticki tella trewla n yisefka.
Ɣef yibenkan-ik meṛṛa, akken yebɣu yella unagraw-ik n wammud.
Ur ǧin ad awen-neskiddeb. Sekra n wayen i nxeddem, yekcem deg insayen itezzin ɣef yisefka udmawanen:
Drus n telɣut.
Ugar n ummesten.
Ulac tabaḍnit.
Lmed ayen tesriḍ akken ad tissineḍ (maca mazal) ɣef wamek ara teqqimeḍ tḥerceḍ daɣen d aɣelsan srid, seg yimussnawen gar wid yettwassnen deg umaḍal.
Awi tikti n uɣbalu yeldin s usekyed n yifarisen yattwaneflayen.
Deg umaḍal meṛṛa, nettɛawan tirebbaɛ i yesseḥbibren ɣef Internet zeddigen. Ddu-d yid-neɣ.


text:
Yura-t Saɛid Belɣerbi
Tayri deg usefru Arifi:
Deg waṭṭas n isentilen (les sujets) d tɣemmar i di yenna umedyaz Arifi izlan-nnes, tiɣawsiwin-a nettaf-itent aṭṭas qqnent ɣer tudert-nnes d tmukrisin i di ittedder wegdud, am tmukrist n tezwagt (l’immigration) d tmagit d trezzut x tseqqar d waṭṭas nniḍen, maca mala nekker negga ijjen usijji x usentel n tayri deg wesneflul Arifi a naf ittawi tasɣart temɣar zi merra tasekla i ittwannan niɣ i ittwarin.
Mala nekkes afrag x tsekla tarifit a nettwala aberru n yezlan qqimen d agla, ttawyen-dd x tayri d rriḍa d tmukrisin-nnes, d imenɣan d ixeyyiqen d ubeṭṭu-nnes, izlan-a dag-sen ijjen leɛrasi n umawal yemɣar s waṭṭas, yeqqen ɣer tayri, am: (bunarjuf, lkiyya, llif, ixellaḍen, icekkamen, tisennart, lebher, lebhut, timessi, tameddit, beṭṭu, mami, tmamit, mudrus, tmudrust, ul, tayarzawt…) Zzat i merra tibridin n trumansit; ɣer yella tiɣuni aked temnaɣt n Arif iffulkin, d tkarda (carte) n tewtemt d uwtem amaziɣ.
Deg issegwussa-ya imeggura, iked umussu n usneflul d tarrit n taynit i tira s tutlayt tamaziɣt, nettaf tamedyazt tarifit ula d nettat teɣza-tt tayri, mamek i tudef ulawen n irifiyen, agdud-a i ittwassnen d ayt n wefra d tlelli (la paix et la liberté).
-Tiheryaḍin n tayri deg wamud n “Reɛwin n tayri”:
Tabridt n tira n usefru Aarifi tennufsel zi tɣarast taqburt, asefru-ya yiweḍ ad yemqudda iked usneflul ameḍlan, s isentilen d tebratin d tmitar i yeksi di tira-nnes.
Wami reẓmeɣ tiburjatin n udlis n Karim KANNUF(1) i umi yegga azwel: “Reɛwin n tayri”(2), ukiɣ iked arrbu n tayri ittbeqqaḍ taykitin-inu am usteftef n tefsut x iyemmumen n tidrin, ssurfeɣ jer isekkilen-nnes, swiɣ zi tiziḍt n tawalin-nnes, ufiɣ ixf-inu deg wammas n tbeḥḥar, ijeddigen-nsent d iɣedduten n yiwalen ssuren s usefru, mani i yiweḍ wezlawi ad yini min wer izemmer yiles a t-yini.
D tidet dinni ca n taykitin wer ɣer-sent bu wawalen, maca azlawi-nneɣ yenna-tent d asefru, wami dd-iderreɛ i yijjen tesmuḍt n tiwalin, isessu zeg-sen isefra n wedlis, mani azlawi yessawal ɣer taykint n umeɣray s taykint n tayri, nettesla ɣer-s yeqqar di tqessist i umi yegga azwel: “Axmi tesniɛmiled…”:(3)
Di tubuḍin-nnem ttakiɣ aked tnannit
Ttakiɣ qaɛ min dag-m, x min dag-i ttinit.
Axmi tesniɛmiled, ttmeḥḥece dag-m tisit
Mani ɛad ul-inu aneglan n taykit!
Deg wedelis n “Reɛwin n tayri”, mkul taqessist tettasem zi tenniḍen, melmi ma teɣrid taqessist ad tinid tin tif zi ta, isefra n wedlis cennun ijjen tsimfunit n tayri, maca lebda ittɣima wedlis yerbu x tefray-nnes yewt n usentil, tiqessisin-nnes mserwasent, ttnessisent-idd merra zeg yijjen tenda, taɣbalut n tayri.
Deg uɣezdis-a nzemmer a nini x “Reɛwin n tayri” d adlis amaziɣ amezwaru i di nettaf tiqessisin-nnes merra d tacniwin n usentel.
Maca tiḥeryaḍin n “Reɛwin n tayri” rrint-idd azal i tira x tmexsa d rriḍa, di “Reɛwin n tayri” ikessi-yanegh wezlawi ɣer yijjen useqsi itterjiji jer yilsawen-nneɣ, ma nzemmer a nari tayri s tmaziɣt, niɣ a nari tmaziɣt s tayri?
Nettesla ɣer wezlwai itterra-dd x useqsi-nneɣ, mani yeqqar x weɛban n wedlis:
Necc i ɣa yerren tayri tessawal tamaziɣt.
D necc i das ɣa yeggen di qaɛ ul tazeddiɣt.
Asefru-inu d leɛwin d tniɣt asl tniɣt.
Yudum x Wemasterdam sḥessen-as deg Utrixt.
Netaka iked wawal axminni dd-ittreẓẓa tafukt d tisefḍawin n tfawin, ibeṭṭa-tent x-aneɣ d tiqessisin d tiwsin, awal ittreẓẓa jer imeẓẓuɣen-nneɣ am iceqfan n tlaxt, mala nerra aceḍriq ɣer uma-s a nerr taydurt n tayri ɣer uraq-nnes, di ɣa nsess tiziḍt n wawal i ɣer yella ijjen llɣa yefsus am umulleɣ n waman x taryiwin n idurar d izuɣar, mani tent-yercem Karim d tudert di tefray n wedlis-nnes.
–
Nettwala azlawi yessen ad igeffeḍ awalen, a ten-isettef ijj zzat i wenniḍen, a ten yegg°, a ten-yefren zi min yexs netta, mani yeẓẓu aṭṭas n tewlafin, yessemqudda-tent ikd tamiri-nni zi yufes wul-nnes, d wulawen-nneɣ, deg usefru-ya yessawal ɣer yijjten zag-sent, mani das-yeqqar; cem temserwased iked waẓẓri n tfukt: (4)
Mala texsed-ayi, day-m rebbi ini-t
Mamek dam-t-yeqqar wu -inu s tɣuyyit!
A dam-ggeɣ tameɣra di tziri, ɣar ini-t!
Ad snewjweɣ itran, ma tfukt, d cem nnit!
Yessuruf s tayri x tfednin n wawal, ittmurud x tma n taykitin-nneɣ, mani nettaf yewca azal i tiɣit n wawal n tenni s wawal n usefru, awal di yerra taynit waxxa azlawi ittaka iked yexf-nnes yemmut, yeqqar: (5)
Tiwalin-nnem d artax, di laxert-inu reffsent,
Sfaqant-ayi afaqi, mmuteɣ, sḥesseɣ-asent.
Tiwalin-nnem d aryer, necc d tisfay-nsent.
Amcum x-sent yugel, yefteḥ lagg°aj-nsent!
– Tayri yemmuden s ireyzazen n umezruy amaziɣ:
Deg wamud n “Reɛwin n tayri” anagi n taykitin, mani daneɣ ikessi wezlawi x tlict n uxarres-nnes, n zekk°u ɣer ujemmaḍin di yusus wul n umiri i yeccin “Bunarjuf” x tgellidin n umezruy, Tunaruz, Numidya, Buya.. i irecmen tawengimt-nneɣ s tewlafin n tayri, aswingem n wezlawi gɣer wazal n Tmezɣa d ayt bab-nnes, i t-yejjin ad yari tutlayt n usefru-nnes s ulaɣi ɣer Numidya, netta ittɣuɣud ɣer-s am bab n usafar zi qqaɛ aṭṭan-nni day-neɣ, ittwala ɣar-s d aman n tfeswin i yessexsayen afadi: (6)
Mudeɣ tifras-nnem, a Numidya mudeɣ
S qaɛ ilsawen n umaḍal necc ɛad ɣer-m ffudegh!
Mudeɣ necc mmuteɣ, mudeɣ necc ggureɣ
S izenzaren n tfukt, s isekkilen n wureɣ
Cemm d aman n wedfel, cemm d aḍu i sekkfeɣ
Cemm d asafar i buḥbel i melmi ma helkeɣ.
Deg yijjen usennif nniḍen, zi tmedyazt ɣer yella wezwel: “Cemm?”, ittetter zi Tunaruz ad teffeɣ zeg uɣamus d uxemmel-nnes, ad tini tiɣuyyitin-nnes s tmagit ɣer midden: (7)
Iwa, ini a Tunaruz! Ini-asen min teɛnid.
Aqqa d aṭṭas i x-am nnan, x yexf-nnem wer tennid!
Ittmuttuy-dd zeg-neɣ Kannuf ɣer yiger n Arif, ɣer tayri i “Buya” yeqqimen tedder d tanettit deg wulawen-nneɣ, zzman s tzemmar-nnes yenti idurar, maca wer yufi bu mamec zi ɣa yeɣḍel amezruy n Buya, nettesla ɣer wezlawi ittemzawar iked yexf-nnes, d tayarzawt x yijjen wakud n wureɣ; yezli am usemmiḍ iked wussan: (8)
Buya, a tagellidt! Min teggid i yewdan?
Cra d aseqsi tejjid, cra sscan s iḍewḍan.
Allaɣ-nnem d ill, agg°aj-nnem d itran,
Tillawt-nnem tugel ɣer taggut n iẓewran
– Asyuri:
Waxxa nenna, waxxa neḍfes awal x wawal, lebda tettɣima tayri d ijjen taykit ɣer-s adɣar-nnes ɣer merra igduden n umaḍal, maca ɣer-s ula d tazeddiɣt deg yiles d wul d umezruy n yegduden-nni, mkur ijjen mamek ɣer-s isekk°eḍ, d mamek das-yessrufa d asḥinneb.
Di tumayt n imaziɣen yeqqimen teddar di twengimin-nneɣ, tanfust n “Isli d Teslit”, tamacahut n yijjen tayri ɣer-s azal-nnes, ɣer-s amezruy, ɣer-s ula d ijjen unaruz yemɣar ɣer usirem n imaziɣen, agdud n tayri d wefra.
Karim Kannuf, deg walaɣ n “Reɛwin n tayri” ishucc-dd x-anegh tiḥeryaḍin n tayri, issenxuxel-aneɣ taykitin-nneɣ zegga ttuɣa ṭṭsent, yegga dag-neɣ ul maḥend a nexs ayawya, wer dinni min yellan yif zi tmsexsa tuɣrist (sacré) deg umeddur d izumal n wefgan.
– Imsedwar:
1)Ilur deg 1969 di temdint n Nnaḍur, igaj ɣer tmazirt n Uliman assegg°as n 1990, yessufeɣ-dd kraḍ n yedlisen merra di tmurt n Lmeɣrib: “Jar wesfeḍ d usennan” 2004, “Reɛwin n tayri” 2008, “Sadu tira tira” 2010.
2)“Reɛwin n tayri”, Karim KANNOUF, Trifagraf 2008, day s 206 n tisniwin (pages), yegga-s aseggem n tira imsermad: Hasan BANHAKEIA d Elhussayen FARHAD zi tgharast n tghuri timazighin, Taseddawit n Wejda. Yurra s isekkilen Alatini d Tifinagh.
3) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tasna wis (48).
4) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tamedyazt n “Axmi tesniɛmired…” tisniwin wis (48-49).
5) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tamedyazt n “A tiwalin nnem!” tasna wis (64).
6) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tamedyazt n “Numidya” tasna wis (85).
7) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tasna wis (22).
8) “Reɛwin n tayri”, tamedyazt n “Buya” tasna wis (80).
Said BELGHARBI
Ajurnal n Tawiza, uṭṭun 160, ɣuct 2010.


text:
Lezzayer d tamurt yeččan tarwa-s. Tefka-ten d iseflan, Yer taggara tenYa-ten i tikkelt-nniḍen imi tettu-ten, terra azal d ccan i yirevraven i ten-yenYan.
Nadir Ğelwaḥ (Nadir Djelouah), d yiwen seg-sen. Yemmut s leslaḥ deg yifassen. Maca, wi-t-yenYan? Amek yettwanYa? Ar ass-a tidett teffer ur tban. AyYer?
Deg wass yecban ass-a, ass n 10/08/1996, yettwanɣa NADIR Ğelwaḥ, di Tlemsan, di lkaziŗna anida yella yesɛedday lɛeskeŗ. Yiwet n terṣast deg uɛebbuḍ, tecleqef-it si tudert.
Akken kan yessawed 20 iseggasen, tusa-d lmut tewwi-t. Nɣan-t wid ur nugad ŗebbi, wid akken iqebbḍen leŗwaḥ. Ur yenYi ur yukir. Ahat yednev imi ur yerwil ara sdat ucengu i d-yekkren ad yessenger tamurt. Imiren, win yeffYen seg uxxam, ur yeẓri ara ma ad d-yuYal tameddit neY ala.
Yewɛeŗ wuzzu n tasa. Ar i ḍ-a ul-nneY yettseggix , iẓri ineggi d idammen. Nadir ɛzizen yemmut yerna ur ivan anwa i t-yenYan.
Aggur i yeqqim di svițar d wamek yessuffeY ṛṛuḥ. Kra t-nḥawet, yugi ad d-yini d acu yeḍran. Yugad Yef twacult-is. Akka i nefhem tamsalt. La nesteqsay ar tura d acu yeffren di tmenYiwt-is ?
Irevraven yesdermen tamurt fkan-asen ixxamen, idrimen, yiwen ur yezmir ad asen-yini : aẓet akkin. Nadir, lezzayer-nni i Yef yemmut tenkeŗ-it, ur as tefki ara aẓayer azerfan (statut juridique).
Nadir Ǧelwaḥ yedder acku wid yettnaYen Yef tidett d yiseY ur ttmettaten ara. 17 iseggasen deg mi t-yenYa ufus n leYder, yeqqim-d di cfawa-nneY d ilemẓi acawrar Iḥemmlen tudert, yerran azal i tmeddurt, yesseftayen tagmatt gar yimdanen, irefden win yeYlin, yettagin lvațel.
Xas meẓẓi, iqeddec ɣef tutlayt tamaziɣt, ixeddem tazmert-is d tmusni-s akken ad tidir. Deg yiseggasen n 90, yella dameɣnas deg umussu adelsan amaziY (MCB). S umennuY-is, yenna-d : ala i temḥeqranit, ala i Lezzayer taɛŗabt tineslemt.
Ass-a, wid i t-yenɣan ttidiren di tlelli, ttfaŗasen tudert, issuref-asen udavu i d-yewwin “lmuṣalaḥa lwațaniya”.
Tayri terna lmut. Nadir ur k-ntettu ara, deg wul-nneY teddreḍ alma d ass-mi ara nernu-n ar Yur-k. Tasa-nneY tettneẓẓif fell-ak. Ad nesgunfu kra ass-mi ara d-ivan win ik-yenɣan, ad ixelles ayen yexdem.
Tawacult-ik ur k-ntettu ara.


text:
Tagant
Tagant neɣ Tiẓgi d tajumma n idemkalen yemgaraden seg idrar d izaɣaren dgi llan-t temdikin d isekla d tuga d waṭas n telmas n iɣersiwen
Tilmas n taganin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Taganin timqqṛanin n umaḍal[1][ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Llant g umaḍal tugt n taganin imqquṛn, s izddar ra-nsiwel f 5 (Smmus) n taganin imqquṛn g umadal akk :
1.Tagant n L-amazon[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tlla deg amenẓaw n Tamrikt n Wenẓul, Tajumma-nnes tga 5,000,000 Km²
2.Tagant n Taïga[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tlla deg ugafa n umaḍal g amenẓaw n Sibirya.
3.Tagant n Uglmam n L-congo[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tlla deg uglmam n L-congo g amenẓaw n Tafṛiqt, Tajumma-nnes tga 2,000,000 Km²
4.Tagant n Daintree[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
5.Tagant n umdlu[2][ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tlla deg Tamurt n L-ikwattur, gis 1500 n wanawen n iɣersiwen


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Ca zeg-sent ufint Radioactivity, ca sɣuyyent x tesɣart‑nsent ḥima ataf ttareccḥent, beddent deg wudem i Ṭaliban. « Timɣarin zemmarent i minumi zemmaren yergazen », i tenna Maria Teresa de Filippis tamezgarut i yemḥizwaren di « Formel 1 ». Ass-a a dawem‑dd nari x ɛecra zi Timɣarin‑a i ibeddlen tudert.
Tafarɛunt Tamezgarut!
Awern i tmettant n wergaz‑nnes Farɛun Tuḥtmes II, tedwel Ḥatcepzut 1497 qbel i Yeccu , urid xwansu ɣa yemɣer memmi-s waha, maca tedwel d tajellit n Misra.
Ɛecra‑nni isegg°usa i di teḥkem, ccuren s lehna d arrawaj. Farɛun i dd-idewlen awarn‑as yuḥḥel ad yemḥa later n tfarɛunt‑a.
Tamjahedt tameqrant
1337 yekker umenɣi n 100 iseggusa jer Weglanzi d Fransa, yelli-s n yijjen ufellaḥ qaren‑as Jeanne d’Arc. Ttuɣa ɣer‑s 13 isegg°usa, rumi teẓra turjit tamezgarut. Senni laɣan‑dd xaf‑s imeqranen n glizyat ad tsellek Fransa, ad tessiwed Karl VII ad yili d ajellid n Fransa. Ɣar uneggar Aglanzi yerna deg umenɣi, ṭṭfen‑tt Yeglanziyen, nɣin‑tt.
Lalla‑s n yegran
Katharina tekkes afɣul-nni n wergaz‑nnes zi leḥkam. Tegga ixef‑nnes d tajellidt n tmura n Arruss, tiweḍ ad teḥkem dinni, ad tessader Pulunia d ca n tmura nniḍen sadu leḥkam‑nes, ar mani tedwel d nettat weḥd-s i umi qqarn « Tameqqrant » zi tinni i iḥekmen.
Tamɣart m iɛeqriwen
Elisabeth I, lami tiweḍ ad teḥkem, teṭṭef tamurt dag‑s arwina. Maca tiweḍ ad tesbedd amenɣi jer Iprotestanten d ikatuliken, tendeh tamurt n Briṭanya ɣer wussan n wureɣ. Tussna n Briṭanya deg wakud-nni, tedher-dd dag‑s tẓuri, iban‑dd dag‑s ula d Shakespeare.
Tameɣnast iqesḥen
1903 deg Uglanzi, tessers Emmeline Pankhurst ddsas i umussu n temɣart. Tɣewweɣ x tesɣart n temɣart deg warecceḥ. Aɣewweɣ tegga‑t s tikkest x macca, d usiɣi n tmessi di tudrin. arami d 1918 i dd‑tiwi tasɣart, ucin lḥeq i temɣart ad tarecceḥ x 30 iseggusa. nettat temmut deg 1928, asegg°as lami yegga Uglanzi izerfan minxef tesɣuyy Emmeline.
Tameɣnast tazelmaḍt
zdat ma ataf timɣarin zemmrent ad sewwtent, tbedd Rosa Luxemburg deg useddi amezwar n imeɣnas i iɣewwɣen x tdimuqratit d tseqqar n wegdud.
S Tmunt n Sparta d wegraw Akumunisti i di teswiza di ddsas-nnes, tessenta s lidrabat ad tteg tagrawla awarni ukemmel n wemsiqḍi ameḍlan amezwaru.
1919 nɣin‑tt ca zi lmexzen n Uliman.
Tamussnawt n iseḍya
Tarezzutin n Marie Curies deg iseḍya i yellan Radioaktive, ssiwḍen-tt ad terbeḥ awardi n Nobel di fizik, maca ad tawi ura d lehlak ileqfen s Arradyu-nni.
Awardi nniḍen n Nobel tiwey-it x twafit n Radium d Polonium deg Ucimi (chemie). Awarn i lami yemmut wergaz-nnes, tedwel nettat ad tesɣer di « Sorbonne » di Paris.
Tafeṭṭaḥt n Hulukust
Annelies Marie „Anne“ Frank, tettwassen s « Anne‑nnek », zag‑s i tkemmel adlis i di ttuɣa tettari tizemmemin‑nnes mkul ass, jar 1942 d 1944. tawlaft‑a ttuɣa ɣer‑s 13 iseggusa, awarn‑as terwel ɣer Wamsterdam. Tedder din deg yijjen wexxam teffer dag‑s, ar mani d Mars 1945 ṭṭfen-tt iwyen-tt a tt-nɣen. Adlis-nnes yeqqim ttedwalen merra yenni i irezzun di min yettwaggen d ɣezzu deg udayen.
Tafrikant Tamzwarut i yeksin Nobel
« Azgzawt tamezgarut n wafrika » i das‑ttlaɣan legnus, Wangari Maathai zeg isegg°usa n 70 nettat tettɣewweɣ x tseqqar n yewdan, ula x tseqqar n Ugama (nature). « Green Belt Movement » teẓẓu zeg‑s lesjur, ḥima ad teqḍa x lazaɣ di tmurt‑nnes, deg 2004 teksi x min tegga Awardi n Nobel.
Tamaẓust n tmeɣnas
Di 2009 tuɣa ɣer‑s 11 isegg°usa lami tesqad ineɣmisen x Ṭaliban i BBC. Tɣewweɣ x izerfan n tebriɣin di tɣuri zegga qqnen sekwila mani i tt‑ttuɣa d tameḥḍart. 2012 tenjem x ubunt zi tmenɣiwt. lami teggenfa, tura adlis-nnes: « D nnec d malala: tenni tuɣa xsen ad nɣen Ṭaliban!


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Tadast
Tadast (Assaɣ ussnan: Culicidae) d tawacult n yibureɣsen yeṭṭafaten tafesna n tasenfriwin, Dɣa d tiwetmin n tafast iy tsummun idammen n wemdan akken i tga d yiwen seg ibureɣsen inesnasen (itsummun idammen) yellan s tuget yakk deg umadal. Anecta yettaǧǧa-tt ad tessawaṭ aṭas n telmas n waṭṭanen am umalarya.
Awtem n tadast d win i d-itekksen učči-ines seg wemɣus yakk d uselɣaɣ n yimɣan ma d tawtemt tettsummu idammen acku gan d imsefkiyen i tuwwit n tmellalin-is
Asesmel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Llant ugar n 3000 n telmas n tadasin yeṭṭafaren azal n 35 n tewsitin. Dɣa tawacult n tadast bṭant ɣer snat n wadu-twaculin:


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« Mli i da teqqim, ili ɛad aqqa-tt tettras tiɣaṭin »!
Awal-a, ttuɣa nettesla-t x Najat Belqasem, amen i t-nesla x waṭṭas n temɣarin d yergazen i yiwḍen mani iwḍen zegga i ffɣen tamurt-nsen, gman di tmura nniḍen, ufin min ten yejjin ad awḍen.
Nadya Nadim, d ijten ula d nettat i dd-yeẓḍuqqẓen tizemmar-nnes di tmurt n Udanimark, awarn i umi i din teksi taḍwit zi tmurt n Wafganistan, i yellan d tamurt-nnes, zegga i iwyen tamnawt terbiɛt n Ṭaliban i baba-s aseggas n 2000.
Tlul Nadya Nadim di temdint n Herat i dd-yusin di lɣerb n Wafganistan ass n 2 zi yennayer 1988, awarn i tmenɣiwt n baba-s, terwel nettat d yemma-s d rebɛa n yessma-s ɣer Tmurt n Udanimark s ipaspuren ẓewwren. Lexdenni, ttuɣa ɣer-s 11 n iseggusa.
Yemma-s ttuɣa texs ad traḥ ɣer Lundun, ad teqqim dinni aked twacut-nnes, ruḥent di ṭeyyara ɣer Wuruppa zi Pakistan, zi ssenni, yeksi-tent yij ukamiyu, yessers-itent deg Udanimark, nitenti ittɣil-asent iwḍent ɣer weglanzi.
Din i teẓra Nadya tiḥenjirin d iḥenjiren ttiraren čamma, zi ssenni, tetterbet di tirart-a, texs a tt-telmed. d manayenni i tegga. deɣya, tufa ixf-nnes tettekkes-dd nnefs i čamma. Di 2006, ad tsinyi kunṭraṭa-nnes tamezwarut aked terfiqt n IK Skovbakken, zi ssenni, tirar ɛawed aked Fortuna Hjørring zeg 2012 ar 2014, tirar aseggas n 2014/2015 aked terfiqt n Sky Blue FC, a dd-tedwel ɛawed ɣer ukippu-nnes Fortuna, tewta akid-s aseggas nniḍen (2015/2016), zi ssenni ad tedwel ɣer umarikan ḥuma ad tirar aked terfiqt n Portland Thorns FC, zi ssenni ɣer wemḥizwar n Weglanzi n čamma n uḍar, umi i tirar aseggas n 2018 aked Manchester City, i ɣa temmutti ɛawed ɣer wemḥizwar n Fransa ḥuma ad tirar aked Paris Saint-Germain zi 2019 ar 2021.
Sennej i manaya, Nadya d tamirart di terfiqt tanamurt n tmurt n Udanimark, tewwi-dd ixf-nnes mseqqem, tettwaḥsab zeg ipilaren n terfiqt-nnes.
Min itthemman di manaya; d aseqsi i umi nettesla lebda xmi nettwala ca n yijjen niɣ d ca n yijten yiwi-dd/ tiwi-dd iman-nnes di tmura n berra: min ttuɣa tzemmar Nadya Nadim ad tegg mli teqqim deg Wafganistan. Aseqsi-ya; ittawey-aneɣ a nxarres ila urid d tizemmar i wer yellin, maca isistimen n tmura n yemselmen, neqqen tizemmar…


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Tazrart tasnulut
Tazrart tasnulut deg tekrura d tazrart n uddisen ikruraren yezdin (icerken) deg iylan, igmanen n tezrart-a mgaraden s wazal n tkura tacubrant tarmeskilt Talkanin, Tilkinin, Talkynin yakk d tizrarin isnullin yemgaraden deg igmanen-is s wazal n 10, 12, 14 i yal tigget n tkura tabelkamt s wesnay Amdya: Tazrart n tilkinin tessentu (tbeddu) s Umitan (CH4), ɣer itan (C2H6), Prupan (C3H8), Abutan (C4H10), Pintan (C5H12)
uddisen yellan deg yal tazrart zdin deg Yiwet n tegrawt tameẓyant n ibelkimen yettusemman tagrawt tamesɣant Azal ameqran n iylan ikruraren i wuddisen igmanen ttuɣalen ar tegrawt-a tamellilt
Dgi n yesgenses uṭṭun n ibelkimen n Ukaṛbun.


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Ḥajitkum, yekker di min yeɛdun, ttuɣa din ijjen qqaren-as Ɛmar Udaddi, ttuɣa-t d miɣis. Ttuɣa ɣer-s ij uma-s yeccur s temɣendeft. ttuɣa min ma yenna-s wer ɣer-s ittesli.
Ij n wass, ṭṭfen abrid tnayen idsen, teṭṭef-iten-dd llilet, xzaren ammu d wammu, ttwalan ij n tsejjart, uca weɛden-tt maḥend a din sseɛdun tameddit.
Menhu d Ɛmar Udaddi, yuli di tsejjart. Yeqqar-as i umas i di tella temɣendeft: « Ali-dd ay amcum, aqa a dd-yekk ca n yifis a c-yecc, niɣ a dd-yeɛdu ca n wemsebrid wer ttessned min deg-k ɣa yexdem. Ali-dd ad tedduryed di tsejjart, wer dac-dd-yerri ḥedd lexber ma aqqa-cek da niɣ wer da tellid.
Maca imɣendef d imɣendef waha. Yenna-s i Ɛmar: Mala cekk tulyed di tsejjart, necc ad ɣzeɣ di tmurt, a din dduryeɣ zi tesmeḍ.
Yeqqim yeqqaz, yeqqaz… Alami yegga aḥfur anict n tiddi-nnes. Yentu ixf-nnes di tmurt, yejja illa azellif ittban.
Umi teḥdeq tmeddit, ɛdun-dd ca n yemsebriden, weɛden-dd tasejjart-nni. Bdan rezzun x yeẓra i ɣa ggen d imran, ḥuma ad qqden timessi. yenneqreḍ yijjen deg uzellif n Yemɣendef, yenna-sen i imeddukkal-nnes: aqqa-wem ijjen, rnim-dd tnayen n yemrn waha.
Rnin tnayen n yeẓra ɣer uzellif n yemɣendef, uca qqden timessi. Lexdenni, yebda ittlaɣa:
- « A Ɛmar a Ɛmar Udaddi, Azellif n uma-c yedwel d imri »
Amen yella di tsejjart yennuffer, yerra-dd x-as:
- « mli tellid d uma, ili aqqa-cek akid-i ».
Nekka-dd ssa d ssa, wer daneɣ iseḥḥ ca, tseḥḥ-aneɣ yij n tleqquzt n weɣrum, a tt-nebḍa jer-aneɣ.
Ɛebdelwaḥed ḤENNU
Tḥajit-a iɛawed-ayi-tt Baba (Ilul asegg°as n 1936)


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Le Rifain
Deg yijj n wemsawal yegga-t uselway n Lezzayer Ɛebdelmajid TEBBUN aked utilibizyun afransis France 24, yenna belli mala ssiɣen-dd afus Yimerrak, neccin aqqa-neɣ da ḥuma a nessurf imxumbal i yellan jer-aneɣ.
Maca awal-a i yenna TEBBUN, yettu aṭṭas n yisuraf ttuɣa kkin-dd zeg uɣezdis n Lmerruk, ameknaw tabrat n ujellid Muḥemmed wiss setta i das-yessekk deg uyur n dujanbir 2019, ibark-as deg-s umi yedwel d aselway n Lezzayer, ilaɣa-t deg-s ḥuma ad reẓmen ijj n tewwurt d jjdid jer tnayen-a n tmura, tebna x ttiqqet di win jer-asent, d wemsawal i ɣa yebnan ijj n wuɣun yemten jer-asent.
Amen ttuɣa dinni isurifen nniḍen zeg uɣezdis n Lmerruk ḥuma ad nnureẓmen yegmiren, ameknaw min dd-yusin deg yinaw n tekli tazegzawt n 2018, umi i deg-s yessiɣ ujellid n Lmerruk afus n wemsawal, maca Lezzayer yegga ameẓẓuɣ n uḍerḍur aked tsurift-a. S uya, ufuɣ i dd-yegga TEBBUN, d werẓam n yifassen i xef yessawal di lweqt-a, ttemrusan x-as yiseqsan, ma d tidet dinni timexsa ḥuma ad yenfekk wemxumbel? niɣ d axtuttel ḥuma ad yesbeyyen belli Lezzayer wer tt-yuɣi walu aked Lmerruk?
Ttuɣa yizwer i uselway TEBBUN yessiwel deg waṭṭas n wufuɣen-nnes x wemxumbel-a n yegmiren i ibellɛen. Yizwer yenna belli agdud adzayri d wegdud amerruk d awmaten, aṭṭas i ten-itteqqnen ijj aked wenniḍen, maca amxumbel-a n yegmiren yeqqen ɣer weɣḍal n lbaṭel i dd-tegga lḥukuma n Lmerruk x Lezzayer awarn i weẓḍuqqeẓ i yemsaren di Marakec asegg°as n 1994, manaya yejja tateswirt n Lezzayer a teḍfi jer tmura n berra, ɛlaḥsab min yenna TEBBUN.
Abelleɛ n yegmiren jer tnayen-a n tmura, ijeyyef rrawaj i ttuɣa yellan di jjihet n ccerq, kter ɛad umi i yewqeɛ uẓeyyer x sselɛet i dd-itteffɣen s ttrabandu zi Lezzayer. Arẓam n yegmiren, ttwalan-t yimezdaɣ n ccerq belli d ijj tfawt ad terɣ deg wudem n uduqmi i yellan, kter ɛad awarn i lebbla-ya n kuruna.


text:
Amagrad : Izen n Baden Bawel i ufesnaw
Asmil : Tigejda n tanaramant
Amyaru:Amaruyidir
“Ad wen-sutraɣ kunwi a iɣella n temzayin(Ifesnawen), ad sileɣeɣ deg umtedu timzayin-nwen i merra d ussafen, tzemrem ad teṭfem deg ufus yal yiwen seg inaramen ad teqlem d arrac imhulen. Ur yeli iwumi ad tesɛum yiwen neɣ sin ifazen, wiyaḍ d arrac ur nesɛi azal. Ilaq ad arzem aken ad ilin akk di tqacuct. Axater deg aya d amedya ad walin ɣur-wen, ayen ara tgem ifaddaden-nwen ad gen“.
“Sken-asen bli tesneḍ ad tsegḍeḍ i tenbaḍin, tid yuran d tid ad tesleḍ s umzuɣ-ik, yerna ad ten-t-selkmeḍ di tibawt n uɣela iked tibat-is.
Mel-asen bli tḥellaḍ-d timadaytin n tezmert, yerna mebla aṭas n tgasirt n tesraqqayt, ad ten-d awim ma yela arrac-inek ḍafaren indahen-ik.
Mekti-d bli ilaq ad teṭfeḍ aqaru n umusu, mačči ad degireḍ-t s deffir”.
Ɣar daɣen
- Afesnaw
- D acu i d afesnaw?
- Izen n Baden Bawel i ufesnaw
- Tawuri d tamasit n ufesnaw
- Amahil n ufesnaw d unmazul n temzayt
- Anmazul Temzayt
- Taɣḍaṭ n ufesnaw
- Timitar ufesnaw


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Amyiger wiss 8 n Usarag n Tokyo : tedda Zzayer akked ticcurka tagetdisant gar umenẓaw afriqi akked JjapunAsinas, 30 Ɣuct 2022 14:48
TUNES – Tettekka Zzayer deg yimuhal n umyiger wis 8 n Usarag n Tokyo ɣef usnegmu deg Tefriqt i d-yeḍran deg Tunes tamaneɣt, seg 27 ar 28 ɣuct 2022.
Yemmuger uselway atunsi Kais Saied aneɣlaf n tmerrit Yacine Hamadi deg Tunes TamaneɣtAkwas, 04 Ɣuct 2022 13:25
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yemmuger uselway atunsi Kais Saied, ass n ukras deg Tunes, aneɣlaf n tmerrit, Yacine Hamadi, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yiwen n ulɣu n uɣlif.
Temmuger tɣellat n unabaḍ atunsi aneɣlaf n tmerrit deg TunesAkras, 03 Ɣuct 2022 08:43
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Temmuger tɣellat n unabaḍ atunsi, Massa Najla Bouden, ass n usinas deg Tunes, aneɣlaf n tmerrit d tenḍi, Yacine Hamadi, yernu ssawlen-d ɣef wammaken n usnegmu n wassaɣen isindisanen deg tɣula yemgerraden.
Zzayer-Tunes: Taɣemlilt tis 5 n tesmilt tagzumant turtikt n tmerritAsinas, 02 Ɣuct 2022 09:17
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Ad yeg uneɣlaf n tmerrit d tenḍi, Yacine Hamadi, ass n usinas, tirzi n umahil n sin n wussan ɣef Tunes akken ad isigg, akked umtil-nnes atunsi, ɣef temlilit n tɣemlilt tis 5 n Tesmilt Tagzumant Turtikt n Tmerrit, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yiwen n ulɣu n uɣlif.
Anmager Adamsan Azzayri-Aṭalyani: Yessefk yettwaḍmen usekki n testatwilt d usileɣAkras, 20 Yulyu 2022 11:50
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT - Ḥetteten-d yisemtar ayyes ifuk Unmager Adamsan Azzayri-Aṭalyani, ay d-yellan ussan n uynas d usinas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef tḍullit n uḍman n usekki n tesnatwilt d usileɣ deg yisenfaren n ublag gar yimsemhal n snat-a n tmura.
Imsemhal izzayriyen d yiṭalyaniyen yessefk ad gen iblagen d izitalenAsinas, 19 Yulyu 2022 13:24
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Iger-d tiɣri uneɣlaf amenzu, Mass Aimene Benabderrahmane, ass n uynas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, i yimsemhal izzayriyen d yiṭalyaniyen akken ad d-gen iblagen d izitalen ara yekken akkin i wulzuz azzayri yernu ad d-ḥazen ulzuzen n tmura tinaragin.
Zzayer-Ṭṭalyan: Taqacuct Tis Kuẓet gar yinabaḍen n snat-a n tmuraAsinas, 19 Yulyu 2022 12:56
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Tella-d tqacuct tis kuẓet gar yinabaḍen azzayri d uṭalyani ddaw tselwit n uselway n tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune d uselway n useqqamu n yineɣlafen aṭalyani, Mass Mario Draghi, ass n uynas deg tesɣimt n tselwit n tegduda.
Tisemmeskal ay tga Zzayer d tid ay yessebɣasen imsemhal iṭalyaniyen akken ad sseftin deg tmurt-aAsinas, 19 Yulyu 2022 12:13
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yenna-d uselway n useqqamu n yineɣlafen aṭalyani, Mass Mario Draghi, ass n uynas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, dakken tisemmeskal ay tga Zzayer d tid ay yessebɣasen imsemhal iṭalyaniyen akken ad sseftin deg tmurt-a.
Zzayer-Ṭṭalyan: Asurif niḍen i tmeṣkiwt n wassaɣen isnuddsanen d isurfanenAsinas, 19 Yulyu 2022 11:33
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Zzayer d Ṭṭalyan ssawḍen ad gen asurif niḍen i tmeṣkiwt n wassaɣen insuddsanen d isurfanen i lmend n terzi ay d-yerza, ass n uynas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, uselway n useqqamu n yineɣlafen aṭalyani, Mario Draghi, d udraw-nnes deg Tqacuct Tagernabaḍt Tis Kuẓet gar Zzayer d Ṭṭalyan ay ifuken s uzmal n 15 n tsektayin n umsegzu d yimtawayen n unmireg yerzan mennaw n tɣula tixatarin.
Assaɣen gar Zzayer d Rrus wwḍen ɣer uswir d alqayan n ublagAkwas, 14 Yulyu 2022 11:33
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Assaɣen gar Zzayer d Rrus wwḍen ɣer uswir n « ublag asnuddsan d alqayan », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna, s tumert, ass n ukras deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, unmazal n Tfidiṛalit n Rrus deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, Igor Belaiev.