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Leqbayel
Leqbayel(ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ), d isem nniḍen i fkan Weɛraben i wegdud Azwaw imi-id kecmen Tafriqt ugafa.
Agbur
Ansa i d yekka wawal n “Leqbayel”[beddel]
Anamek n wawal-agi yekka-d ahat seg teɛṛabt d "(Agdud n) iderman". Rruman ssawalen-asen d Quinquegentanei "semmus (5) n Iderman" (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren Mons Ferratus, "Adrar n ğerğer"), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ uhu.
Ur neksib ara aḥric ameqran n tansa ɣef umezruy n yisem-aki, maca (d acu kan) nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yesɛan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Izwawen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert neɣ iduba (adabu) n tiddukla n iderman. Ass-aki llan kra imusnawen iqbayliyen i d-yuran dakken isem n yeqbayliyen aẓaran (anaṣli) d Igawawen neɣ Izwawen. Af tekti-yaki amusnaw n Tesmislit azwaw Mas Salem Caker yuran-d dakken Iqbayliyen ttun isem-nsen anaṣli "Izwawen" i d-yekkan seg wassag n yiwet n Taddart yettwasnen aṭas deg Tmurt iqbayliyen zîk. S tutlayt Tafransist awal "Zouave" yekka-d seg Azwaw. Llan kra imusnawen n umezruy igrigiyen i d-yudren awal-ag Aqbayli neɣ iqbayliyen (leqbayel) s talɣa n Cabales. Acku ur nezmir ara ass-a ad d-nefk ttbut ma yella seg wawal-a i d-yekka neɣ uhu, imi ur nesɛi kra n ttbut .
Agdud Azwaw (Agdud Aqbayli)[beddel]
Amezruy n agdud Azwaw, d amezruy ameqran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, eeddan luluf n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasih ; d imezdaY imezwura n Tefriqt ugafa uqbel n tlalit n umezruy atrar, agdud Azwaw d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden iqdimen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen.
Agdud Azwaw yedder, yerna yexlef Agdud Arumani, yiwen amenkud i yestaemren ddunit irkul, yexlef Agdud Afiniqi, ladYa Yugurtan yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf Marius; tura arraw-is kren ţlaein i wid ur numin ara; adgud Azwaw atan dagi andaţ Roma? Lkahina temmut, s tidiţ, yessi-is krent tura ţnadin; andat euqba Bnu-nafie? I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud Azwaw atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud Azwaw yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan Yef taYert, tuccda, akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is.
Ussan agi Izwawen ttidiren g lweqt n la renaissance n-sen, sennig aYebbar n lweqt akk-d d leqhar n iedawen, tteddun Yer zdat, aqlaY nettwali tallit n lğens, Lğens Azwaw.
Izwawen g zik semman iman-sen ImaziYen , Agdud AmaziY, win ur neqbil ara lbatel neY akerwa.
Amezruy Atrar[beddel]
Deg Amezruy Atrar, Izwawen maci d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icnwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides]], llan iYerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n Masnsen, agellid di facto n Numidia, armi lexsara n Yugurtan g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidia.
Numidia tella azal n Dzayer akk-d Tamurt n Izwawen lwahid.
Numidia tbed meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya nissegassen d wacemma, maena timura n ddunit merra ur seant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laemer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidia d ulac i tella? Numidya i geacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, akter n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n l Europ n ccerq, mi teYli Numida tsea azal n laemer n l Canada!
Amnekcam arumani[beddel]
Lestaemar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uYelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n Geiseric Aeiban (agellid n Ivandaliyen) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen Yer Tafriqt ugafa g 429.
Imnekcamen Ivandalen[beddel]
Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae (Bgayet) am tamaneYt-is; yestaemered Sicillia, Sardegna, Corsica, akk-ed tegzirin n Catalan, yernad yekcem Yef Roma yewid yides mi i gefeY, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen n lğamee n Lquds (iseflawen i gfkan Iyahudiyen i lğamee-nsen) i d yewi Titus Yef Roma melmi igstaemered Lquds.
Amnekcam Abyzanti[beddel]
Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iesekriyen n Justinianus I, agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534).
Yiwen lamer yesean atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziYen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaY mgal wayid.
Amenkad Abyzanti ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal Ieraben wid bdan Ttrad n Lesteemar n Tefriqt g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705).
Amnekcam Aerab[beddel]
Ieraben qeteen lebher, staemren Maser g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen Yef tamurt n imaziYen, tamurt n leqbayel.
Listiemar Aerab, am lbers, di tamuggit Yef Izwawen i yella; imi ImaziYen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti Yer usamer n tilisa-nsen.
Izwawen nuYen-d mgal Ieraben s wayen akk yellan, s tazmart, s lğehd, s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aedaw simmal yexreb, yenYa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziY, ayen yesean rruh n umaziY. Mbeed akter n sebea meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, ImaziYen eyan, cban izem nni ur sein ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem Azwaw yeYli-d ur yekkir ara, Ieraben hesben d lmut i g yemut.
Mbeed amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziYen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Izwawen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iesekriyen Ieraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n Mecca.
Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Ieaben, Tafriqt ugafa tuYaled d amYiz ni iklan Yef leswaq n Ccerq-alemmas.
Izwawen am akken ad meneen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n ieraben; ieraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuYren telelli n imaziYen.
Sienna d asawen, tutlayt n imaziYen akk-d ismawn-sen uYallen d lehram.
G 705 anbaz Aerab i-bereh belli tamurt n Izwawen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aerab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa teeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuYli-is, akk-d imal-is.
Amnekcam Aerab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiemar n Ieetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Khairr ad-Din d ayetma-s earuj, i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n Dzayer, bdan asseYwel n tama agi am asutel n ifflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temYid Yef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Lmarican g Lebher-nneY sebba n Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut, akk-d Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat, anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen.
Amnekcam arumi (Fransa)[beddel]
Deg 1830, s sebba belli Lbay n Dzayer yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, Fransa tenbez Dzayer; lameena, azbu i g qquren n Izwawen, AmYar Ameqran (El-Mokrani) akk-d Fadma n Sumer, steetlen taslekt agi almi Agud Azwaw yeţwaxdeen s ageldun n Ieraben yeţuseman eabd Qader imi d-yefka takbabt-is Yef Amtawa n Tafna wahid Fransa.
Amtawa n Tafna, 30 Maggu 1837, yeswejd abrid Yef wanger n Tamurt n Izwawen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. Fransa, isegassen kkra mbeed, tefka-d Aguldun eabd Qader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajeelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g 26 Maggu 1883.
Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna: [1]
Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Izwawen ifuk, Fransa tezdem Yef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamut n Izwawen, Timura n uguldun eabd Qader, akk-d d unezruf usamer (timura n Twareg).
G 1954, Tazemmalt n Taslullit TaYelnawt (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaed n sebea isegassen n imenYi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962. Ahric ameqran n 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs akk-d 91,000 iherkiyen, azal n 10% n imezdaY n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen Yef Fransa g usegas nni.
- Uqbel n Lmasih = Uqbel n Lweqt-nneY


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Yakima (Washington)
cergeɣ abrid s tɣawla wḍeɣ ɣer taddart ufella fudeɣ ṣebbeɣ ar tala dina id zriɣ fula nniɣ-as iyaɣ a lalla ur di qqar ala xas ṭaxer i trewla tiṭ mi-k twala ameẓuɣ mi d am yesla trekbiyi tawla tayri-im s wul-iw tegla temɣid degs leḥmala fellam ad sekreɣ tagrawla am ferhat imazighen imula ad snegreɣ dula neɣ a yi teṭṭef lehbala ad ḥabseɣ iḍes d lmakla a yi arzen s lqid d snesla ad kerzeɣ a yilef di lexla inid ih neɣ ala
tenna-d annaɣ a tassa ad ak iniɣ taɣawsa ɣef d udem ad ak-d ban teḍsa ur tettiliḍ d ameksa a teǧǧeḍ cemma d lmaṣa ad ay i taɣeḍ am assa yidek ad fɣeɣ tilisa a nezger ɣer fransa acemma ur d aɣ i ttxaṣa
nniɣ-as limer ad ak m aɣeɣ lxiq ad yi ffeɣ ur nett3awad ad nennaɣ tafat-nneɣ ad tesseɣ ad nebnu axxam-neɣ s sdeq akked wureɣ ad nesɛu arraw-neɣ ad nrebbi s tirugza d yiseɣ ad teḥtaǧeḍ am t id aɣeɣ ad ur tezriḍ ad am temleɣ yak teḥṣiḍ herceɣ zewreɣ tamusni deg allaɣ tezdeɣ d kem ar a ṭafareɣ ur zmireɣ ak m ǧǧeɣ xas ulama meqreɣ deg ul ad ak ḥerzeɣ alama muteɣ
tenna zriɣ-k d aqcic lɛali d lwali ur telliḍ d akli a mmis n muḥand waɛli mennaɣ ad ak s3uɣ d isli ad aɣ tezdi tdukli ad nawi tilleli yidek yecbeḥ umlili deg iḍ ddaw tziri neɣ deg uzal mara nečč imekli acḥal ɛzizeḍ felli

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Title: hamid inerzaf
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Category: chelha groupe
Added on: April 14th, 2011
Tags: Abdellah Asemlal, Ahmed Amayno, ait laati, ait laman, ait omarg, Ali Chouhad, amarg fusion, Amawas, Amazigh, Amazigh Souss, amnay, Amomni Tounarouz, amrakchi, Amssfalki, andam, asseli, beznkad, Bnat Irsmouken, bnat oudaden ;amayno, Bnat Outaleb, brahim Asli ;Khadija Tihihit, brahim ayissar oudad, chamekh, chelha, demssiri, demssiria, Driss Et Saida, elfoua abdellah, Fatima Tabaamrant, Fatima Tanirte, Fatima Tochtoukte, Hafida, haj belaid, Hamid Amnay, Hamid Inerzaf, Hanafi, Hassan Ayissar, Hassan Aylal, Hassan Idbasaid, Hicham Aazri, Hicham El Wali, Hichame et Hanane, Idriss Et Tamont, imghran, issemghoren, isslan n souss, izenzaren ;abdelhadi igot, Jamaa Amrakchi, Jamal Elbaz, kabira Tabaamrant, Karima Tamayourt, Khadija Tafoukt, lahcen, Lahcen Bizenkad, lariach, lawbaz, mazigh Souss, Mohamed Asaadi, Mohamed Assyad, Mohand ;Tanerte, Moulay Ahmed Ataliani, Noujoum Tata, oudaden, oussman, outajajt, outaleb, tachinouit, tachlih, tamazight, taouss, Tofitri, yissar
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Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer neɣ s telmant Albrecht Dürer der Jüngere (ilul deg Nürnberg, Bayern, deg 21 Mayyu 1471 - yemmut deg 6 Yebrir 1528), d amekla (peintre) yerna d amusnak (mathématicien) almani. Leqdicat-nnes n tẓuri rran-t mechur deg Turuft qbel ad yaweḍ 30 n yiseggasen deg tmeddurt-nnes, yerna ass-a, ttwalin-t d anaẓur ameqran n tallit n Tsidert (Renaissance) deg tmura n ugafa (nord) n Turuft.
Leqdic-is[beddel]
Dürer iga-d tugniwin yeqqnen ɣer wesɣan (ddin), am wakken ay d-yekla (peindre) tugniwin n wudmanen n yemdanen ay yettwassnen, yerna iga-d tugniwin i yiman-nnes ula d netta. Dürer yella daɣen ineqqec-d tugniwin ɣef yiɣir (nnḥas), am wakken ay inejjer tugniwin ɣef wesɣar. Deg yenqacen-nnes n wesɣar umi semman Amazrar n Tneggarut [Apocalypse] (deg 1498), Dürer yella mazal-it yettḍafar aɣanib aguti aqbur deg leqdic-nnes. Maca, deg leqdicat ay iga sakkin, yeḍfer aɣanib d amaynut. Tifelwiyin-nnes (tableau) mechuren am Amnay, Tamettant ed Uciṭan (deg 1513), San Hieronymus deg Tezrawin-nnes (1514) akked Melencolia I (1514) jebdent-d lwelha n yizaɣanen (critiques) yerna aṭas n wawal ay d-yellan fell-asent deg wayen yerzan inumak-nsent. Dürer iga-d daɣen tikla s waman. Tifelwiyin-nnes n waman d tid aydeg d-iṣewwer imeẓriyen (paysages), yerna Dürer d yiwen seg yinuẓar uṛufiyen imezwura ay d-iṣewwren imeẓriyen. Daɣen, iqeddicen-nnes deg wenrar n wenjar n wesɣar d wid ay yesnernan mliḥ taẓuri-a deg leqrun ay d-iḍefren. Dürer yella yessen inuẓar iṭalyanen ed yelsaẓriyen (humanistes) almanen, dɣa d aya ay as-iledyen abrid akken ad d-yessekcem aɣanib aṭalyani n tẓuri deg Tsidert (Rennaissance) n tmura n ugafa n Turuft. Seg tama niḍen, Dürer yura-d daɣen iqeddicen ɣef tusnakt. Albrecht Dürer yemmut deg temdint n Nürnberg.


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1:1 Nekk Bulus aqeddac n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ s lebɣi n Sidi Ṛebbi, țwaceggɛeɣ ad beccṛeɣ tudert i ɣ-iwɛed Sidi Ṛebbi di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:2 A Timuti a mmi eɛzizen : leɛfu, ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a k-d-țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi baba-tneɣ akk-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ Ssid-nneɣ.
1:3 ?ḥemmideɣ Sidi Ṛebbi i ɣef qeddceɣ s wul yeṣfan akken qedcen fell-as lejdud-iw, deɛɛuɣ fell-ak am yiḍ am ass ;
1:4 m'ara d-mmektiɣ imeṭṭawen-ik, țḥiriɣ melmi ara k-ẓreɣ iwakken ad iliɣ di lfeṛḥ.
1:5 ?mektayeɣ-ed neyya-nni i tesɛiḍ di liman, akken i ț-tesɛa sețți-k Luiza akk-d yemma-k Anisa ; tḥeqqeqeɣ belli ar ass-a mazal-iț deg wul-ik.
1:6 Daymi bɣiɣ a k-weṣṣiɣ a d tessakiḍ tikci-nni i k-d-yețțunefken s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi asm'akken i sserseɣ ifassen-iw fell-ak.
1:7 Axaṭer mačči d Ṛṛuḥ n ukukru i ɣ-d-yefka Sidi Ṛebbi meɛna d Ṛṛuḥ yeččuṛen ț-țazmert d leḥmala akk-d leɛqel.
1:8 Ihi ur țsetḥi ara aț-țcehdeḍ ɣef Ssid-nneɣ, ur țsetḥi ara daɣen yis-i nekk yellan d ameḥbus ɣef ddemma-s. Meɛna eqbel leɛtab yid-i ɣef ddemma n lexbaṛ n lxiṛ, țkel ɣef tezmert i d-yețțak Sidi Ṛebbi.
1:9 D nețța i ɣ-isellken, i ɣ-d-issawlen ɣer tudert iqedsen, ayagi mačči ɣef ddemma n lecɣal-nneɣ meɛna d nețța i gebɣan s ṛṛeḥma-ines i ɣ-d yețțunefken s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ uqbel a d-texleq ddunit.
1:10 Ṛṛeḥma-agi tban-ed tura s tisin n wemsellek-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, i gɣelben lmut, ibeggen-ed tafat n tudert ur nețfaka s lexbaṛ n lxiṛ.
1:11 ?ef ddemma n lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ i d-țțucegɛeɣ d ṛṛasul iwakken ad beccṛeɣ, ad slemdeɣ.
1:12 Daymi i țenɛețțabeɣ tura, meɛna ur ssetḥaɣ ara axaṭer ẓriɣ anwa s wayes umneɣ, yerna țekleɣ fell-as yesɛa tazmert ad yeḥrez ayen akken i ɣef iyi-iwekkel alamma d ass n tuɣalin-is.
1:13 ?rez imeslayen iqedsen i tlemdeḍ s ɣuṛ-i, eddu yis-sen s liman d leḥmala i nesɛa di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:14 ?rez mliḥ deg ul-ik ayen akken i tlemḍeḍ, s tezmert n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i gzedɣen deg-nneɣ.
1:15 Teẓriḍ belli wid akk yellan yid-i di tmurt n Asya ǧǧan-iyi weḥd-i, llan gar-asen Figilus d ?irmujinus.
1:16 Ad ibarek Sidi Ṛebbi axxam n gma-tneɣ Unisifur axaṭer daymen yețṣebbiṛ-iyi, ur yessetḥa ara yis-i imi di lḥebs i lliɣ ;
1:17 lameɛna akken kan i d-yusa ɣer temdint n Ṛuma inuda fell-i armi i yi-yufa.
1:18 Teẓriḍ acḥal i yi-iɛawen asmi lliɣ di temdint n Ifasus. A d-yessers Ṛebbi fell-as ṛṛeḥma-s deg ass n tuɣalin n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
2:1 Ihi kečč a mmi, sseǧhed iman-ik s ṛṛeḥma i gellan di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
2:2 Ayen tesliḍ s ɣuṛ-i zdat waṭas inigan, sseḥfeḍ-it i wid yeṭṭfen di liman di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ iwakken nutni daɣen ad izmiren a t-slemden i wiyaḍ.
2:3 Awi amur-ik n leɛtab am uɛsekṛi n Lmasiḥ.
2:4 Aɛsekṛi i gebɣan ad yeɛǧeb i lqebṭan-is ur ilaq ara ad ixemmem ɣef lecɣal n ddunit.
2:5 Ulac daɣen win ara irebḥen timzizla ma yella ur yuzzil ara akken i d-yenna lqanun.
2:6 Afellaḥ ițenɛețțaben, d nețța i gezwar lḥal ad iɣellet.
2:7 Efhem ayen akka i k-d-nniɣ axaṭer d Sidi Ṛebbi ara k-iɛawnen aț-țfehmeḍ kullec.
2:8 Mmekti-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ i d-iḥyan si ger lmegtin, win akken i d-iffɣen seg uẓaṛ n Sidna Dawed akken i t-id-yenna lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Lmasiḥ i ɣ ɣ ecciṛeɣ ;
2:9 lexbaṛ-agi i ɣef nneɛtabeɣ armi țwarzeɣ s snasel am akken d amcum i lliɣ, meɛna awal n Sidi Ṛebbi ur yețwacekkal ara.
2:10 Daymi ṣebṛeɣ i kullec ɣef ddemma n wid yețwaxtaṛen iwakken ula d nutni ad sɛun leslak i gellan di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d țmanegt n dayem.
2:11 Atah wayen yuklalen lețkal : ma nemmut yid-es, a nidir daɣen yid-es ;
2:12 ma yella neṭṭef di liman, a neḥkem yid-es ; ma yella nenkkeṛ-it ula d nețța a ɣ-yenkeṛ ;
2:13 ma yella nexdeɛ-it, nețța ur a ɣ-ixeddeɛ ara axaṭer ur yezmir ara ad yenkeṛ ayen i d-yenna.
2:14 Atah wayen ara sen-d-smektiḍ : nhu-ten zdat Ṛebbi ur țemčeqlalen ara ɣef yimeslayen ur nesɛi lmeɛna, yessufuɣen i webrid wid i sen ismeḥsisen.
2:15 Exdem lmeǧhud-ik zdat n Ṛebbi, aț-țiliḍ d aqeddac ibedden ɣer ccɣel-is, ur nețsetḥi ara deg wayen i gxeddem, i gețbecciṛen awal n Sidi Ṛebbi s lḥeqq.
2:16 Xḍu i yimeslayen ur nesɛi lmeɛna i gxulfen liman axaṭer wid i ten itebɛen simmal țzaden teffɣen i webrid n Ṛebbi.
2:17 Imeslayen-nsen am lehlak i teddun di lǧețța armi yečča-ț meṛṛa. Llan gar-asen ?imnayus d Filitus
2:18 i gwexxṛen ɣef webrid n tideț, qqaṛen belli ḥeggu n lmegtin dayen yedṛa-d, s wakka ssufuɣen aṭas n yemdanen seg webrid n liman.
2:19 Lameɛna d lsas i gessers Sidi Ṛebbi ara idumen : Ssid-nneɣ yeẓra wid yellan d ayla-s ; f+ yura daɣen win ara yinin nekk d ayla-s, ilaq ad yexḍu i wayen n diri. f+
2:20 Deg wexxam n imeṛkantiyen mačči d iqbucen n ddheb neɣ n lfeṭṭa kan i gellan meɛna llan daɣen wid n wesɣaṛ d wid n wakal ; wid n ddheb d lfeṭṭa țțaǧan-ten i leqdic n wussan n tmeɣṛa ma d wiyaḍ i leqdic n mkul ass.
2:21 Win ara yessizdgen iman-is yexḍa i lecɣal-agi n diri, ad yili am weqbuc-nni n ddheb neɣ n lfeṭṭa i sseqdacen deg wass n tmeɣṛa, yewjed ad yenfeɛ i wass m'ara t-yeḥwiǧ umɛellem-is.
2:22 Exḍu i ccehwat n temẓi i gețɣuṛṛun, kečč akk-d wid ideɛɛun ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi s wul yeṣfan, nadi ɣef lḥeqq, liman, leḥmala ț-țalwit,.
2:23 Ur ggar ara iman-ik di lketṛa n lehḍur ifeṛɣen ur nesɛi lmeɛna, xḍu-k seg-sen ; teẓriḍ belli țțawin-d anagar amennuɣ.
2:24 Ur s-ilaq ara i uqeddac n Sidi Ṛebbi ad ițnaɣ. Ilaq ad yili d aḥnin ɣer medden, ad isselmed s ṣṣwab yerna ad isɛu ṣṣbeṛ ;
2:25 ilaq ad issefhem s leɛqel wid i t-yețxalafen, ahat Sidi Ṛebbi a ten-id-yerr ɣer webrid iwakken ad issinen tideț,
2:26 a d-ldint wallen-nsen a d-snesren iman-nsen si tifextin n Cciṭan i ten-yeṭṭfen ad xedmen lebɣi-s.
3:1 Ilaq aț-țeẓred belli ɣer taggara n ddunit a d-asen wussan iweɛṛen.
3:2 Imdanen ad țxemmimen ɣef yiman-nsen kan, ad ṭṭamaɛen deg idrimen, ad ssemɣuṛen iman-nsen, ad țzuxxun, ad reggmen di Ṛebbi, ad țɛaṣin imawlan-nsen, ad nekkṛen lxiṛ, ad tekksen sser ɣef wayen yesɛan lḥeṛma,
3:3 ur seɛɛun ṛṛeḥma ur seɛɛun leḥnana deg ulawen-nsen, ad skiddiben ɣef wiyaḍ, ur zemmren ara ad ḥekmen deg iman-nsen, ulawen nsen qquṛen, d iɛdawen n lxiṛ,
3:4 d ixeddaɛen, a ten-isderɣel zzux, ad ḥemmlen lebɣi n tnefsit-nsen wala lebɣi n Sidi Ṛebbi ;
3:5 ad tebɛen abrid n Sidi Ṛebbi s wawal kan meɛna ad nekkṛen tazmert yellan deg-s. Ihi xḍu-k i yemdanen am wigi.
3:6 Kra seg-sen keččmen ɣer kra n yexxamen, țkellixen tilawin ur nesɛi ara lḥeṛma i gețțawi zzhu n ddunit ;
3:7 țqellibent daymen ad fehment, lameɛna leɛmeṛ țțawḍent ɣer tmusni n tideț.
3:8 Am akken i xulfen Yanes d Yambris Sidna Musa, f+ akken daɣen ara xalfen tideț yemdanen-agi, aț-țeɛwej lefhama-nsen, ad ffɣen i webrid n liman.
3:9 Meɛna ur țțawḍen ɣer wacemma axaṭer imdanen meṛṛa a ten-ɛeqlen belli ffɣen i webrid am akken tedṛa d Yanes d Yambris.
3:10 Ma d kečč tettebɛeḍ akken ilaq ayen i k-slemdeɣ, tikli-inu, ixemmimen-iw, liman-iw, ṣṣbeṛ-iw, leḥmala-inu d ẓẓwara-inu,
3:11 leqheṛ i țwaqehṛeɣ akk-d leɛtab-iw. Teẓriḍ lemḥayen i gɛeddan fell-i di temdinin n Antyuc, n Ikunyum d Listra ? Anwa leqheṛ iwumi ur ṣbiṛeɣ ara ? Meɛna Sidi Ṛebbi isellek-iyi seg-sen meṛṛa.
3:12 Kra n win yebɣan ad iddu di liman n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ad ițțuqehheṛ.
3:13 Ma d imcumen ixeddaɛen, ad țkemmilen dayem di cceṛ-nsen, ad ɣuṛṛen wiyaḍ, ad rnun iman-nsen.
3:14 Ma d kečč eḥrez ayen i tlemdeḍ s wayes i tesqenɛeḍ ; teẓriḍ anwa i k-islemden.
3:15 Seg asmi telliḍ d ameẓyan i tessneḍ tira iqedsen ; yis-sent ara tesɛuḍ lefhama yețțawin ɣer leslak s liman di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
3:16 Yal tira iqedsen s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi i d-tekka yerna twulem i uselmed, i usefhem, i nehhu akk-d țṛebga deg webrid n lḥeqq,
3:17 iwakken yal aqeddac n Sidi Ṛebbi ad yili d amdan ikemlen i gwulmen i yal ccɣel yelhan.
4:1 A k-n-ssutreɣ ɣef wudem n Ṛebbi d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ara iḥasben wid yeddren d wid yemmuten, i lmend n wass n tuɣalin-is ț-țgeldit-is.
4:2 Becceṛ awal n Sidi Ṛebbi ama di teswiɛt yelhan ama di teswiɛt iweɛṛen, ssefhem, lumm, enhu, sselmed s ṣṣbeṛ d leɛqel.
4:3 Axaṭer a d-yaweḍ lweqt anda kra n yemdanen ur zemmren ara ad slen i uselmed n tideț, lameɛna ad tebɛen lebɣi n tnefsit-nsen, a d-sbedden lecyux ara sen-d-ihedṛen ayen kan i sen-iɛeǧben ;
4:4 ad sɛuẓẓgen iman nsen ɣef tideț, ad rren ddehn-nsen ɣer tmucuha.
4:5 Ma d kečč ḥekkem deg iman-ik di kullec, ṣṣbeṛ i cedda d leɛtab, becceṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ , txedmeḍ lwaǧeb-ik n uqeddac n Sidi Ṛebbi akken ilaq.
4:6 Ma d nekk yewweḍ-ed lweqt i deg ilaq ad sebbleɣ iman-iw, yewweḍ-ed lweqt i deg ara ṛuḥeɣ.
4:7 Kfiɣ ccɣel-iw yerna ṭṭfeɣ di liman ar tura, nnuɣeɣ imenɣi n tideț armi ț-țaggara.
4:8 Tura yețṛaǧu-yi lḥeqq n lxedma-w ara yi-d-yefk Bab n lḥeqq deg ass n lḥisab, yerna mačči i nekk kan, lameɛna i wid meṛṛa i t-iḥemmlen yețṛaǧun ass n tuɣalin-is.
4:9 Exdem lmeǧhud-ik iwakken ur tețɛeṭṭileḍ ara a d-taseḍ ɣuṛ-i.
4:10 Gma-tneɣ Dimas yeǧǧa-yi, yewwi-t zzhu n ddunit, iṛuḥ ɣer temdint n Tisalunik. Gma-tneɣ Krisis iṛuḥ ɣer tmurt n Galasya, ma d gma-tneɣ Tit iṛuḥ ɣer tmurt n Dalmasya.
4:11 Anagar gma-tneɣ Luqa i geqqimen yid-i. Awi-d yid-ek gma tneɣ Maṛqus iwakken ad iyi-iɛawen di lxedma-w.
4:12 Ma d gma-tneɣ Ticik atan ceggɛeɣ-t ɣer temdint n Ifasus.
4:13 M'ara d-taseḍ, awi-d yid-ek abeṛnus-nni i ǧǧiɣ deg wexxam n Karbus di temdint n Truwas, awi-d yid-ek daɣen idlisen, abeɛda wid yețwaxedmen s weglim.
4:14 Alixandru aḥeddad iḍuṛṛ-iyi, ixdem-iyi aṭas n cceṛ meɛna ayen yexdem a t-yaf ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi.
4:15 Ula d kečč ḥader iman-ik seg-s, axaṭer yețxaṣam-aɣ-d daymen deg wayen i nețbecciṛ.
4:16 Ass amezwaru i deg d-beddeɣ ɣer ccṛeɛ ur ufiɣ ula d yiwen ɣer tama-w, ǧǧan-iyi akk ; lameɛna a wer ten-iḥaseb Ṛebbi ɣef wayagi !
4:17 D Sidi Ṛebbi i yi-iɛawnen, i yi-isǧehden, iwakken lexbaṛ n lxiṛ ad ițțubecceṛ s lekmal-is i leǧnas nniḍen meṛṛa yerna isellek-iyi-d seg imi n yizmawen.
4:18 Sidi Ṛebbi mazal a yi-iḥader ɣef wayen akk n diri yerna ad iyi-isellek iwakken ad kecmeɣ tagelda-ines yellan deg igenwan. I nețța tamanegt si lǧil ɣer lǧil ! Amin !
4:19 Sellem ɣef Briska d Akilas akk-d țwacult n Unisifur.
4:20 Gma-tneɣ Irast yeqqim di temdint n Kurintus, ma d Trufim ǧǧiɣ-t di temdint n Milet mazal-it yehlek.
4:21 Exdem lmeǧhud-ik iwakken a d taseḍ uqbel ccetwa. Bulus, Buden, Linus, Kludya d watmaten akk nniḍen țsellimen-d fell-ak.
4:22 Sidi Ṛebbi ad yili yid-ek ! Ṛṛeḥma-s a d-ters fell-awen ! Amin.


text:
Puella Magi Madoka Magica
Puella Magi Madoka Magica (魔法少女まどか☆マギカ, Mahō Shōjo Madoka Magika?, Magical Girl Madoka Magica) (2011) d yiwen u manga shôjo/magical girl (unuɣ yettembiwilen n Japun) ig yura Gen Urobuchi.
Agzul
Deg temdint n Mitakihara, yiwet teqcict n 12 iseggwasen akk d-temdakwelt-is Sayaka Miki mugrent yiwen u mexluq (isem-is Kyubey) i sent idisumren yiwen ugatu akken ad uɣal-ent ttiqcicin teseḥḥirin (Magical Girl), i wakken ad nnaɣ-ent tiseḥḥarin n diri, acku d nutenti id yeskaray-ent deewessu deg umḍal. Yiwen w-ass, tusa-d yiwet n teqcict tamaynut ɣer uɣeṛbaz andi teqqar Madoka. Taqcict agi ur-tebɣa-ara at'teǧ attuɣal taqcict taseḥḥart. Ass id Ytes Madoka atteqbel agatu n Kyubey, tfaq-ed belli tudert n teqcict taseḥḥart ur-tushil-ara...


text:
Agemmay arami
Agemmay arami d agemmay abjed iban-d di lqern -8 di Suria, Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay afiniqi, yella yettuseqdac di tazwara di tira n tutlayt taramit, asmi tella tutlayt tunṣibt di suria tameqrant, agemmay-ines mucaɛ, yebda yettuseqdac di tutlayt taɛibranit akk d tutlayin tiyaḍ.
Agemmay arami yefka-d aṭas n yigemmayen : agemmay aɛebri, agemmay anbaṭi (wagi yefka-d agemmay aɛrab), agemmay siriani, Palmyrenean, Mandaic, Brāhmī, Pahlavi.
Agemmay arami yettwura seg ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yesɛa 22 isekkilen :


text:
Anṣuf yes-wen ɣer Umawal n Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
Amawal-a d win ay zemren ad t-sqedcen akk medden s tefses. Deg-s igiman (luluf) n wawalen s tmaziɣt akked tsuqilt-nsen ɣer tefṛensist, tespenyulit ed taɛṛabt.
Ugar n 10000 n wawalen!!!
Akken ad tarum tamaziɣt deg uselkim, Zedmet-d anasiw (clavier) n tmaziɣt da.
Ad tafem deg-s ama d awalen n yal ass, ama d awalen itraren (modernes), yerna ad tafem deg-s aṭas n tugniwin ed yirmawen (termes).
Seg tama niḍen, tzemrem ad tafem ula d addad amaruz (état d'annexion) n yal awal.
Ayen igerrzen netta tzemrem ad tafem deg umawal-nneɣ taseftit n yal amyag amaziɣ.
I wakken ad d-tnadim awal, arut-t deg umutur n unadi n Umawal (usawen ɣef uyeffus - anda tella taqeffalt "Search"). Tzemrem ad tarum ula d awal yellan deg wesget neɣ deg waddad amaruz (état d'annexion), am wakken ay tzemrem ad tnadim ula d amyag yeftin (conjugué).
Nessaram-awen tirzi igerrzen deg umawal-nneɣ :-)
Rzut daɣen ɣef udeg n Tiddukla-nneɣ: www.imedyazen.com.
Arut-aɣ neɣ ɣret-aɣ-d:
(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.


text:
Agemmay agrigi
Agemmay agrigi d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n tutlayt tagrigit segmi lqern wis 9 uqbel Ɛisa. Yekka-d uẓar-is seg ugemmay afiniqi.
Igrigiyen ṭṭfen agemmay afiniqi, beddlen isekkilen-is u rnan-t tiɣra (voyelles), yuɣ lḥal agemmay agrigi d agemmay amezwaru i yesɛan tiɣra.
Agemmay agrigi yettwura seg uzelmaḍ ɣer uyeffus. Yettubeddel geddac tikkwal u yefka-d aṭas n igemmayen : Alatini, Aqebṭi, Ssirilik... atg.
Agemmay[beddel]
Ṭṭabla deg ukessar tesskan isekkilen n ugemmay agrigi atrar, mkul asekkil yesɛa aẓari-is deg ugemmay afiniqi.
- Unicode 5.2 Agemmay agrigi


text:
1:1 Nekk, Bulus yellan di lḥebs ɣef ddemma n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, akk-d d gma-tneɣ Timuti, i kečč a Filimun eɛzizen, amdakkel-nneɣ di leqdic,
1:2 i weltma-tneɣ Abya, i Arxibus aṛfiq-nneɣ di lecɣal n Lmasiḥ akk-d tejmaɛt i gețțilin deg wexxam-ik ;
1:3 ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a wen-d-tețțunefkent s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi baba-tneɣ akk-d Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ.
1:4 Mkul m'ara dɛuɣ ɣer Ṛebbi țmektayeɣ-k-id, țḥemmideɣ Sidi Ṛebbi fell-ak ;
1:5 axaṭer sliɣ ɣef liman-ik meqṛen di Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d leḥmala i tesɛiḍ ɣer yemqedsen meṛṛa.
1:6 Ssutureɣ di Ṛebbi iwakken a d tesbeggneḍ liman-inek di Lmasiḥ s lecɣal yelhan, yerna aț-țɛeqleḍ ayen meṛṛa i ɣ-yelhan i nukni deg webrid n Lmasiḥ.
1:7 Feṛḥeɣ, yethedden wul-iw ɣef ddemma n leḥmala-inek axaṭer yis-ek a gma theddnen wulawen n yemqedsen.
1:8 ?as Lmasiḥ iserreḥ-iyi iwakken ad ḍebbṛeɣ fell-ak ɣef wayen i glaq aț-țxedmeḍ,
1:9 bɣiɣ axiṛ a k-ssutreɣ s leḥmala imi nekk Bulus yellan d amɣaṛ yerna tura d ameḥbus ɣef ddemma n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ,
1:10 A k-ḥelleleɣ ɣef ddemma n gma-tneɣ Unizim, i guɣalen d mmi axaṭer wwiɣ-t-id ɣer webrid n Lmasiḥ dagi di lḥebs.
1:11 Zik ur k-yenfiɛ ara, meɛna tura infeɛ-aɣ di sin am kečč am nekk.
1:12 Nețța yeɛzizen ɣuṛ-i aṭas, atan a k-t-in-erreɣ ihi.
1:13 Acḥal bɣiɣ ad iqqim dagi ɣuṛ-i iwakken ad iyi-iqdec deg umkan-ik, m'akka țwaḥebseɣ ɣef ddemma n lexbaṛ n lxiṛ.
1:14 Meɛna ur bɣiɣ ara ad xedmeɣ ayagi mbla ṛṛay-ik, iwakken ayen ara yi-txedmeḍ n wayen yelhan ur t-txeddmeḍ ara s uḥettem, lameɛna a t-txedmeḍ s wul-ik d lebɣi-k.
1:15 Anwi yeẓran ? Ahat yemfaṛaq yid-ek i kra n lweqt kan iwakken asm'ara temlilem ur tețțuɣalem ara aț-țemfaṛaqem,
1:16 imiren ur yețțili ara d akli meɛna axiṛ n wakli imi guɣal d yiwen seg watmaten eɛzizen, abeɛda ɣuṛ-i, ilaq ad yiɛziz fell-ak akteṛ imi tura mačči d aqeddac-ik kan i gella, meɛna d gma-tneɣ di Lmasiḥ.
1:17 Ma yella ț-țidet tḥesbeḍ-iyi d aḥbib-ik tḥemmleḍ-iyi, sṭerḥeb yis am akken ara tesṭerḥbeḍ yis-i.
1:18 Ma yella iḍlem-ik neɣ tețțalaseḍ-as lḥaǧa, ḥaseb-iyi-d nekkini.
1:19 Uriɣ-ak-n ayagi s ufus-iw : « d nekk Bulus ara k-ixellṣen deg wayen i s-tețțalaseḍ » yerna mbla ma smektaɣ-k-id belli d nekk i k-id yewwin ɣer webrid n leslak.
1:20 A gma, xdem-iyi lemziya-agi ɣef ddemma n Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akken ad yethedden wul-iw di Lmasiḥ.
1:21 Uriɣ-ak-n tabṛaț-agi imi țekleɣ ad iyi-taɣeḍ awal, yerna ẓriɣ aț-țxedmeḍ nnig wayen i k-n-ssutreɣ.
1:22 Heggit-iyi taxxamt, axaṭer ssarameɣ ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi qṛib a-yi-n yerr ɣuṛ-wen akken i s- tessuturem kull-as di tẓallit-nwen.
1:23 Gma-tneɣ Ibafras, yețțuḥebsen yid-i ɣef ddemma n Lmasiḥ yețsellim fell-ak aṭas.
1:24 ?sellimen-d daɣen fell-ak atmaten ixeddmen yid-i : Maṛqus, Arisṭark, Dimas akk-d Luqa.
1:25 Ṛṛeḥma n Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ aț-țili fell-awen.


text:
Meryl Streep
Mary Louise Streep, tlull ass n 22 yunyu 1949 di Summit awanak n New Jesey, d tasnegbart tamarikanit. Γer waṭas n medden, d Meryl id tasnebgart tameqṛant di tallit tafrart, yella-d yisem-is azal n 17 n tikal deg arazen Oscars zdat Katharine Hepburn, tebwi araz agi 3 kṛaḍ n tikal, isegwasen n 1980,1983 d 2012.
Deg asarug, deg umezgun d tiliẓri turar aṭas n temliltin, am di Kramer and Kramer asegwas n 1979 anda turar d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Dustin Hoffman, asaru itt yeǧǧan ad tawi Oscar n temlilt wis sin iten-t yifen. Timliltin ines nniḍen igarzen d tid n Out of Africa, anda tella d tamyarut Karen Blixen Yer tama n Robert Redford d Sophie's Choice (sYuṛ ungal n William Styron) anda turar tameṭṭut ijaṛben imḍiqen n lmut di ṭṛad n umaḍal tisnat, ayen itt yeǧǧan tikelt-a ad tawi Oscar n tesnegbart usegwas 1983.
Deg usaru A Cry in the Dark n Fred Cepisi tebwi araz di cannes/fṛansa asegwas n 1989. Turar d tameṭṭut n wexxam ig Ylin di tayri Yef yiwen umseknaw deg usaru The Bridges of Madison County Yer tama n Clint Eastwood asegwas 1995, daYen deg usaru The Hours Yer tama n Nicole Kidman d Julianne Moore, isegwasen agi ineggura turar deg The Devil Wears Prada aked Mamma Mia !. Asegwas n 2012 tebwi araz n Oscar tesnebgart usegwas i tikelt tis kṛaḍ Yef usaru La Dame de fer anda turar taneYlaft tamezwarut n Lengliz Margaret Taččer


text:
Roğer Federer
Roğer Federer d-amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Taswist, ilul ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle. Yevda yetturar d tervaɛt tameqṛant asegwas n 1998 , iḥarz amḍiq amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 237 imalas yemseḍfaren (285 ḥalarmi d 6 Yunyu 2010). Ass n 8 Yulyu 2012, yebwi tadwilt n Wimbledon i tikelt tis sa (7), yeqḍad amyurar Pete Sampras deg umḍan n tedwilin n Wimbledon ig ḥrez aked imalas ig ella di tqacucut n ubellez n ATP (Imalas wis 286).
Iḥrez ar assa 77 izwilen, garasen 23 imeqṛanen (17 n Grand Chelems d 6 teqvucin n Masters) d 20 n Masters 1000. Yebwi kuz (4) n-telɣuɣa n Grand Chelem ig ellan deg umaḍal, win n Melburn di Lusṭrali, win n RG di lpari tamurt n Fṛansa, win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz, win Flushing meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan.
Deg ubellez n Sports Illustrated n usegwas 2010, Roğer Federer yellad d-anadal wis sin yettxelliṣen aṭas n yedrimen deffir Tiger Woods imi yeṣṣaweḍ ar assa azal n 72 Ifeḍ n dullar deg izwilen yark ig urar.
Agbur
Tameddurt[beddel]
Ilul Roǧer Federer ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle, yemmas, Lynete n tefriqt n wenẓul, m-ad vavas d-aswisit, Robert. Isin yidsen xedmen di taɣult n tnesfarit. Roǧer d weltmas tameqṛant Diana idiren di temẓi nsen di Münchenstein Taswist Talmanit. Tura Roǧer yettidir di Wollerau, tama n Schwytz, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Mirka d yessis takniwin Myla Rose d Charlene Riva. Yesɛa tanaslit Taswisit d tin n tefriqt n Unẓul.
Di temẓis Roǧer Federer yetturar daɣen ddavax uḍar, yella yezweṛ s waṭas, maca d-addal n Tennis ig fren mi yella di Tam (8) isegwasen di lɛemṛis, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u yḥemmel aṭas tarvaɛt n ddavax uḍar n FC Bâle.
Amecwaṛ[beddel]
Amazray n unaddal[beddel]
Roğer Federer iḥarzed ar assa 75 azwilen deg ufrari d 8 (Tam) deg uslig irgazen. Yebwi azwel ines amenzu asegwas n 2001, di dduṛt n Milan (indoor). Seg imirenni yebwi 17 n tdurtin n Grand Chelem di 5 (sam) n tasniwin yemgaraden (si Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2003 ḥalarmi Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2012. Ala netta ig ḥarzen azal n 6 sed n teqvucin n Masters Cup (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 d 2011) d wazal n 20 azwilen n Masters 1000. asegwas n 2008 yebwi tazalɣi n uleɣ di talɣuɣa uslig n yargazen deg uraren ulampik n wezɣal 2008 di Pekin, aked umyurar Stanislas Wawrinka, asegwas n 2012 yebwi amḍiq wissin deg uraren ulampic n Londres mi yexṣer di tagara tedwilt aked Andy Murray.
Amecwaṛ ines di Grand Chelem[beddel]
Amazray ines di Grand Chelem[beddel]
Tirennawin (17)[beddel]
Tagara (8)[beddel]
Tamselyut[beddel]
- (en) Site officiel
- (en) Asmel web unṣib n tdukli ines
- Vidéo : Roger Federer, akaram seg weɣbaṛen n Tele-iẓri Télévision suisse romande.
- http://www.lequipe.fr/


text:
Ɛli Belḥaǧ
Ɛli Belḥaǧ (ilul deg 1956 deg temdint n Tunes), d argaz n tsertit "adzayri", yettekka akked Ɛebbassi Madani deg ussebded n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS).
Agbur
Temẓi-s d laṣel-is[beddel]
Imawlan n Belḥaǧ rewlen seg Dzayer ɣer Tunes, yerna laṣel-nsen seg Muriṭanya. Belḥaǧ yezdeɣ deg Tqubbet (deg temdint n Ldzayer).
Takcemt deg tsertit[beddel]
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, yella yeqren ɣer Mustafa Buyali, yerna d aya ay t-yessawḍen ad yettwaṭṭef ɣer lḥebs i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1984. Deg 1989, yessebded-d akked Ɛebbassi Madani akabar isenneslem (islamiste) n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS), yerna yella yeqqar-d lxeḍbat deg yiwet n tmesgida deg Bab Lwad.
Tirni Tislamit n Ussukkes af Uqecuc-is[beddel]
Deg 1991, iger-d tiɣri i lɣaci akken ad d-snekren imenɣi imselleḥ mgal udabu, am wakken ay yettekka akked Ɛebbassi Madani deg ussenker n ccwal deg tmurt. D aya ay yejjan anabaḍ (lḥukuma) adzayri ad ten-yeḥbes deg sin, yerna akabar-nsen yettwafsex deg tezwara n 1992.
Sakkin ṭrad[beddel]
Deg 2006, Ɛebdelaɛziz Buṭfliqa yeɛfa fell-as yerna yebra-as-d seg lḥebs. Llan aṭas n medden ay t-yettwalin d yiwen seg wid ay yezzuɣren tamurt ɣer tallit-nni taberkant n yimenɣi imselleḥ ay d-yellan gar udabu ed tegrawin timsellḥin ay d-yefrurxen seg Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes. Seg wasmi ay d-yeffeɣ seg lḥebs, Ɛli Belḥaǧ yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwaḥbes acḥal d tikkelt ɣef wawal-nnes ayyes ay iɛerreḍ ad d-yessenker ccwal tikkelt nniḍen.


text:
Asegwas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan isenṭa (yevda) yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s-iswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma yas Display, ahil agi d win id ijevden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d-axeddam di ''Industrial Light & Magic''. Inna yas John ad yeɣref (yexdem) amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid. T.Knoll yebwid dɣa sed wagguren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi ig semma imagepro, di tagara usegwas nni T.Knoll iveddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal aked umɣaraf n scanners Barneyscan iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren aked scanners Barneyscan di tazwara.
Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil ines i Apple aked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, isin idsen iɛeǧvasen wahil agi s-waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yarna iqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ plug-in m-ad T.Knoll yeqqim di Ann Arbor yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0 ifɣed i tikelt tamezwarut.
Photoshop isɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen iɣ yettaǧǧan an ḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar id iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).


text:
Larebɛa n At Yiraten
Larebɛa n Ayt Yiraten (Larbaa Nath Irathen) d yiwet n temdint meqqren deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu (Ldzayer), tuzga-d deg yiwet n tama d tamedrart n Tmurt n Leqbayel, u zedɣen-tt azal n 30.000 yimezdaɣen. Larebɛa n At Yiraten tella d ssuq meqqren deg Tmurt n Leqbayel n zik, u d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg wakal n teqbilt n At Yiraten.
Zik tella kan d amkan n ssuq, ulac deg-s yexxamen siwa taddart tamecṭuḥt, isem-is d Icerɛiwen, anda ilul-ed Si Muḥand u Mḥand. Asmi kecmen Irumyen Tamurt n Leqbayel deg useggas 1857, hezmen taddart-agi, bnan deg wemkan-is lburǧ umi semman "Fort Napoléon".
Tarakalt[beddel]
Taɣiwant n Larebɛa n At Yiraten tella deg Alemmas-Agmuḍ n Twilayt n Tizi Wezzu.
Tudrin n tɣiwant[beddel]
Taɣiwant n Larebɛa n At Yiraten tessuddes s 25 tudrin n tixxutert tameskilt[2] :
- Abudid
- Aduz
- Afensu
- Agemmun
- Agelmim
- Agni Tɣermin
- At Ɛli
- At Ɛtelli
- At Fraḥ
- Iɛezzuzen
- Lḥemmam
- Lqenṭra
- Iɣil n Yefri
- Iɣil Tazert
- Imɛinsṛen
- Imaɛtuqen
- Larbɛa N At Yiraten
- Tagemut n Wedfel
- Tawrirt Meqran
- Talut
- Tawrirt Lalla
- Taza
- Tiɣilt Lḥaǧ Ɛli
- Tansawt
Ussan n ddurt[beddel]
Semman-as "Larebɛa" acku ssuq ines deg wass n larebɛa ay d-yettili. Llant aṭas n tmiwa, ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neɣ deg Ldzayer s umata, sɛant ismawen n wussan, u aya yessebgan-d ass ay deg d-yettili ssuq deg tama-nni.
Ɣef umedya :
- Ssebt n Ɛemrawa (zdat n temdint n Tiz Wezzu) d amkan anda ay d-yettili ssuq n Tizi Wezzu.
- Lḥedd n Yiwaḍiyen d tamdint anda ay d-yettili ssuq deg tama n Yiwaḍiyen. Zik, yella ssuq n temdint-agi yettili-d deg wass n lḥedd, sakk-in yeqqel deg wass n ttlata u mazal-it akk-n ar ass-a. Lḥedd n Yiwaḍiyen umi qqaren ass-a "Ouadhias".
- Letniyen n Sidi Ɛli Musa d amkan anda d-yettili ssuq deg wass n letniyen (deg tama n At Dwala).
- Nesɛa diɣ Lexmis n Lxecna (Khemis El Khechna), d yiwet n temdint iqerben ɣer Ldzayer tamaneɣt, ssuq-is yettili-d deg wass n lexmis.
- Ma d Lǧemɛa n Ssariǧ (Djemâa Saharidj) yettili-d ssuq-is deg wass n lǧemɛa u taddart-agi teqreb ɣer Larebɛa n At Yiraten.
At Yiraten[beddel]
At Yiraten d isem n teqbilt (confédération) izedɣen tama-yagi. Taqbilt-agi llan deg-s aṭas n leɛrac, gar-asen At Umalu, At Usammar akk d At Ɛkerma.
At Yiraten d isem n teqbilt izedɣen tama-yagi. Taqbilt-agi llan deg-s aṭas n leɛrac, gar-asen Ayt Umalu, Ayt Usammar akk d Ayt Ekerma.
Isem n At Yiraten anamek-is "arraw n Iraten". Iraten ad yili d isem n ujaddiw n teqbilt-agi u d isem amaziɣ aqdim. ɣef leḥsab n Salem Caker, ismawen imaziɣen kkan-d ɣef tallyin (zzmanat) yemgerraden, yal tallit d wamek ay llan Yimaziɣen la bennun ismawen-nsen deg-s. Deg Wegles (Antiquité), amur ameqran deg yismawen imaziɣen llan ttwabnayen s wesdukkel n sin wawalen. ɣef umedya, "Masensen" (Massinissa) yettwabna s "mass" (aqerru, imḍebber) + nsen, deg lweqt ay deg "Yugurten" yettwabna s "yugur" (yugar) + ten (iten), anamek-is "yugar-iten". Dɣa ula d isem n Iraten ad yili yettwabna s sin wawalen. ɣef leḥsab n Chaker (Manuel de Linguistique Berbère, tome I, Bouchene 1990), isem "Iraten" ad yili yekka-d seg "ira" (iḥemmel) + ten (iten), meḥsub "iḥemmel-iten", u yenna-d dakk-n anamek n yisem-a netta dakk-n win umi t-fkan "iḥemmel n Yakucen" (dieux) n Imaziɣen iqdimen, ɣas ma yella ay-a yella deg-s ccek.
Yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n llan waṭas n yismawen imaziɣen iqdimen ay yettwabnan s wudem-a : amyag + amqim awṣ̣il asemmad usrid (pronom affixe complément d'objet direct). "Yugurten" d yiwen deg-sen, maca diɣ nezmer ad d-nernu wiyaḍ : "Yeften" ad yili yekka-d seg "Yif" + "ten", anamek-is "yif-iten" (meḥsub "yif iɛɛdawen-is akk d yiḥessaden"). Ma d "Yernaten", d isem amaziɣ niḍen, yekka-d seg "yerna" + "ten" (anamek-is : yerna-ten, meḥsub "yerna iɛdawen-is akk d yiḥessaden"). D acu kan, deg way-n yerzan "Iraten", ur cikkeɣ ara dakk-n anamek n yisem-a yeɛna "illwen" (dieux) wanag ad yili yeɛna tawacult d waytmaten n win umi fkan isem-a. ɣef way-a, ttxemmimeɣ dakk-n Imaziɣen iqdimen, mi ara as-semmin i mmi-tsen "Iraten", qesden-d "ira" neɣ "iḥemmel" aytmaten-is, wigad-is, tawacult-is (yemma-s d baba-s), maci d illwen ay iḥemmel, ɣas ma yella tagi tettɣimi-d d tamuɣli-yinu tudmawant.
Yagi, i wakk-n ad d-nemmeslay s ttbut ɣef way-a akk, yessefk ad nissin u ad nefhem, neɣ meqqar ad nesɛu takti (lfekra) ɣef wamek ay llan la ttxemmimen Yimaziɣen iqdimen d wamek ay llan la ttwalin ddunit.
Nezmer kan ad d-nini dakk-n, ɣef leḥsab n yismawen-nsen iqdimen, Imaziɣen n zik llan la ttidiren tudert iweɛren, deg yiwet n twennaḍt ay deg qwan yimihiten (dangers), ama d wid n twennaḍt neɣ d wid ay d-ttxayalen medden (iḥeckulen, lerwaḥ, atg.). Nnig way-a, zik, ɣas medden ddren deg tmurt-nsen, deg wakal-nsen, ttgen tafellaḥt u kessen lmal, maca, akk-n yebɣu yili, llan rwan lḥif. Imenɣi n Umaziɣ aqdim yella-d mgal n ugama ay deg yella yettidir am wakk-n ay d-yella diɣ mgal yeɛdawen-is, ama d wid n tmurt-is (imenɣi ger tewsiyin-tribus), neɣ ger-as d yiberraniyen (Ifiniqiyen, rruman, Iwendaliyen, atg.). ɣef way-a, yella yewɛer ɣef tyemmat tamaziɣt ad tessider igerdan-is neɣ ad ten-id-tessker. Ar ass-a, mazal deg kra n tmiwa n Tmazɣa imukan anda ara ttmettaten waṭas llufanat. Zik, dderya tesɛa azal meqqren aṭas, win ur tt-nseɛɛu ara yettagad ad yemmet d amengur, yernu ma yella tameṭṭut ur tesɛi ara dderya tezmer ad tebru neɣ ad d-ternu fell-as takna. Akk-n ay s-yeqqar wanzi : "Win ur ten-nesɛi yugad nnger, win ay ten-yesɛan yerwa aḥebber". Asmi ara d-yesɛu walbaɛḍ mmi-s, ad yemdez (ad yefreḥ) yis-s yernu ad gen yimawlan-is akk ay-n umi zemren i wakk-n ad t-ḥudden ɣef ccer ay izemren ad t-iḥaz, yernu tikkwal, ttaken-as isem ay yes ara ssirmen ad yerbeḥ, d isem ara yilin d asfillet i lxir.
Zik, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, llant aṭas n tilawin umi ttmettaten llufanat, dɣa mi ara d-tesɛu aqcic, ad as-tsemmi "Yidir" i wakk-n ur yettmettat ara. "Yidir" anamek-is "ad yidir", dɣa yettili-d yisem-agi d assirem i wakk-n llufan-nni ad yidir u ad tiɣzif tudert-is. Akk-a daɣen, mi ara d-ilal weqcic ɣer Yimaziɣen n zik, llan ttaken-as isem ay yes ara sfillten i wakk-n ad yidir, am wakk-n diɣ, tikkwal, ttaken-as isem ay yes ara yemneɛ i yimihiten n tudert n yimir-n. Imaziɣen n zik ttagaden ama seg tiṭ d yiḥeckulen (ay d-ittekken seg yiḥessaden), ama seg yeɛdawen. ɣef way-a ara naf llan ttaken i yigerdan-sen ismawen am "Yugurten" (yugar-iten, meḥsub "iɛdawen-is") neɣ Yeften d Yernaten.
Yessefk kan ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n Imaziɣen n zik llan ttaken ismawen ara "yesrewlen" diɣ tamattant (lmut) ɣef mmi-tsen. ɣef umedya, tameṭṭut umi ttmettaten yigerdan, zik, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, tettsemmi-yas i mmi-s "Akli" i wakk-n "ad t-tɣanfu" tmattant, ur t-tettawi ara imi ay as-fkan isem-agi. Yessefk ad nẓer dakk-n aklan, zik-nni, llan ssexdamen-ten deg kra n tmiwa timaziɣin u llan ḥeqren-ten medden, ttɣanfun-ten yernu ur ten-ttnasaben, dɣa llan la ttwalin dakk-n lemmer ad as-fken i mmi-tsen isem n "Akli", tamattant ad asen-t-teǧǧ.
- ↑ Évolution intercensitaire de la population sur le site de la wilaya de Tizi- Ouzou. Consulté le 25/02/2011
- ↑ Journal officiel de la République Algérienne, 19 décembre 1984. Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Tizi-Ouzou, p. 1504 à 1510.
- Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls
- Infobox Adutaẓunt tudbilt - Asebtar yesawelen srid talɣa
- Tajumma n taɣiwant taqbaylit ur sɛan ara umel
- Awwur:Tafriqt/Imagraden iqqenen
- Awwur:Amdal amaziɣ/Imagraden iqqenen
- Awwur:Lezzayer/Imagraden iqqenen
- Tiɣiwanin n Tmurt Leqbayel
- Tiɣiwanin n Twilayt n Tizi Uzzu


text:
Isṭuni
(Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.
Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.
Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.
Agbur
Tasertit n tutlayin di Isṭunya : d leqdic iteddun ɣer sdat[beddel]
Aqeddem[beddel]
Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.
Tagnit[beddel]
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.].
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit.
Tasertit n tutlayin[beddel]
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun (communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit.
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq.
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya.
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit.
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
- Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaɣen n Isṭunya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tisṭunit.
- Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tisṭunit -tutlayt taɣelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel]
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur n Mart Rannut, Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERḤATEN.


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Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich (tlul s yisem n Maria Magdalene Dietrich, deg 27 Dujember 1901 deg Schöneberg, Lalman - temmut deg 6 Mayyu 1992 deg Paris, Fransa), d tasegbart (actrice) yerna d tacennayt talmanit.
Dietrich tebda-d amecwar-nnes deg yiseggasen n 1920, deg Berlin, ama deg umezgun, ama deg ssinima. Deg 1930, turar-d deg usaru n The Blue Angel (Aneglus Aẓerwal) ay d-yesseḍra Josef von Sternberg, yerna d aya ay tt-yerran mechuret deg umaḍal. Aya yeldey-as abrid akken ad testenyi leɛqed akked termist n Paramount Pictures deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, yerna s waya ay teqqel tetturar-d deg yisura imarikaniyen. Deg 1932, turar-d deg Shanghai Express, deg 1936, turar-d deg Desire, ay d-yesseḍra Frank Borzage. Sin-a n yisura snernan tamelt (célébrité) n Dietrich yerna sbegnen-d ccbaḥa-nnes deg wurar. D aya ay tt-yejjan ad teqqel d yiwet seg tsegbarin ay yettaɣen aṭas akk n yedrimen deg tallit-nnes. Deg 1939, Dietrich tuwey taɣlent (nationalité) tamarikanit, yerna tkemmel tetturar-d deg yisura deg tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (Guerre Mondiale) Wis Sin. Sdeffir Wemgaru, Dietrich terna kan turar-d deg cwiṭ n yisura, yerna tekka amur ameqran seg yiseggasen n 1950 ed 1970, tetturar-d deg yihanayen (spectales) s lexlaṣ d ameqran.