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Par Dalila I. | 10 Septembre 2012 | 56 lecture(s)
Tizi wezzu : Idlisen i 74% n yinelmaden i ixuṣen
Ilmend n unekcum aɣurbiz 2012-2013, tanemhalt n leqraya theyya-d yiwen wahil s wazal-is i lemɛawna n yinelmaden n twaculin yenxaṣṣen, deg yal tama n lwilaya. S wakka ad d-setfaydin azal n 105 000 n yinelmaden n yeswiren yemgaraden s wefraq n yedlisen n leqraya mebla lexlaṣ. 74% gar wid yenxaṣṣen ṣaḥen-asen-d 455 699 yedlisen. Ad nar tamawt belli tarwa n yixeddamen deg weḥric n leqraya, inelmaden n useggas amenzu n weswir amazwaru d warac n le préscolaire ara yekecmen ad setfaydin ula d nutni s yedlisen. Si tama niḍen, ad tili daɣen lemɛawna s 3000 n yidinaren i twaculin-a. Akken daɣen ara ttwaferqen azal n n 30 000 n yeqraben di tamiwin yemxalafen n lwilaya.
Dalila I.


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text: Kabyle(i) 1 Nekk Bulus, yellan d ṛṛasul, mačči s ufus neɣ s lebɣi n yemdanen, lameɛna s lebɣi n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d Baba Ṛebbi i t-id isseḥyan si ger lmegtin. 2 Uriɣ tabṛaț-agi nekk d watmaten meṛṛa yellan yid-i, i tejmuyaɛ n watmaten n tmurt n Galasya : 3 ṛṛeḥma d lehna a wen-d-țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi akk-d Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 4 Lmasiḥ isebbel iman-is ɣef ddnubat-nneɣ, iwakken a ɣ-isellek si yir lǧil-agi, s lebɣi n Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi. 5 I nețța tamanegt si lǧil ɣer lǧil! Amin! 6 Wehmeɣ imi twexxṛem s lemɣawla ɣef win i wen-d-issawlen s ṛṛeḥma n Lmasiḥ, iwakken aț-țḍefṛem lexbaṛ n lxiṛ nniḍen. 7 Ur wen-d-nniɣ ara akka am akken yella lexbaṛ n lxiṛ nniḍen, lameɛna qqaṛeɣ-awen-d akka, axaṭer llan kra lɣaci i kkun-icewwlen yerna bɣan ad sɛewjen lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yeɛnan Lmasiḥ. 8 ?as a lukan d nukni, neɣ d lmelk ara d-yasen seg igenni a wen-d ibbecceṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yemxalafen ɣef win i wen-d-nbecceṛ si tazwara, atan ad yețwanɛel! 9 Nenna-yawen-t-id si zik, a s-d ɛiwdeɣ tura : yețwanɛel win ara wen-d ibeccṛen lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yemxalafen ɣef win i tqeblem! 10 Ihi tura, eɛni d lemziya n yemdanen i țnadiɣ ? Xaṭi! D lemziya n Sidi Ṛebbi i țnadiɣ. Neɣ eɛni țnadiɣ ad ɛeǧbeɣ i yemdanen ? Lemmer i mazal țnadiɣ ad ɛeǧbeɣ i yemdanen, tili ur țțilliɣ ara d aqeddac n Lmasiḥ. 11 A wen-d-iniɣ ay atmaten belli lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ i wen-d-beccṛeɣ mačči s ɣuṛ wemdan i d-yekka; 12 axaṭer, nekk s yiman-iw mačči d amdan i yi-t-id-issawḍen neɣ i yi t-islemden, lameɛna d Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ i yi-t-id-iweḥḥan. 13 Teslam ɣef tikli-inu n zik asmi lliɣ ttabaɛeɣ ddin n wat Isṛail; teslam amek i qehṛeɣ tajmaɛt n imasiḥiyen d wamek bɣiɣ a ten-snegreɣ. 14 Asmi lliɣ ḍefṛeɣ ddin d leɛwayed n wat Isṛail, ifeɣ akk tizyiwin-iw akk-d wid n laṣel-iw, axaṭer ṭṭfeɣ di leɛwayed n lejdud-iw akken ilaq. 15 Lameɛna s ṛṛeḥma-s, Sidi Ṛebbi ixtaṛ-iyi-d uqbel a d-laleɣ yerna yessawel-iyi-d iwakken ad qedceɣ fell-as. 16 Asmi i yi-d-ibeggen Sidi Ṛebbi Mmi-s iwakken ad beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i t-iɛnan ger wid ur nelli ara n wat Isṛail, ur cawṛeɣ ula d yiwen; 17 yerna ur uliɣ ara ɣer temdint Lquds ɣer wid yellan d ṛṛusul uqbel-iw, lameɛna ṛuḥeɣ ɣer tmurt n waɛṛaben; syenna uɣaleɣ-ed daɣen ɣer temdint n Dimacq. 18 Mi ɛeddan tlata iseggasen, uliɣ ɣer temdint Lquds iwakken ad issineɣ Buṭrus, qqimeɣ ɣuṛ-es xemseṭṭac wussan. 19 Lameɛna ur ẓriɣ ula d yiwen nniḍen si ṛṛusul, anagar Yeɛqub, gma-s n Ssid-nneɣ. 20 Ayen i wen-d-uriɣ akka ț-țideț, zdat Ṛebbi ur skiddibeɣ ara. 21 Syenna, ṛuḥeɣ ɣer tmura n Surya d Silisya; 22 kra wayen kkiɣ dinna, imasiḥiyen n tejmuyaɛ n tmurt n Yahuda leɛmeṛ ẓrin udem-iw. 23 Slan kan qqaṛen fell-i : win akken yellan ițqehhiṛ deg-nneɣ, atan tura ițbecciṛ liman i gebɣa zik-nni a t-issenger. 24 Dɣa țḥemmiden Ṛebbi ɣef ddemma-w.

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Alɣem
Alɣem neɣ alum; tawtemt nnes d Talɣemt; d ameddur yzeddev di tiniri n Asia d Tafriqt, d dis sen anawen n ileɣmen:
- Alɣem win tuyyi udjut:yttedder di Tfriqt tminnejt; d di Tadzirt ih n Iêraben; d tniri tmeqqrant,
- alɣem win sent n tuyyin:yttedder d'alemmas n Asia;
Alvem ytḥpammel di affad d allaç, ynejjem ayedder di tniri teqqur s waman d tefray,alvem ytkeyyef did n utcu n ccuk d iriwalen ;patta tiddist nnes tetkeyyef,d Tuyyi ih nitet alkam n apraz n utcu am tadumt ih, patta amen tetmmaprazen did n tadumt ih,tiïawin n alvem ih tkeyyefnet did n taqqa ih,d iäarn nnes selli vres aäar yewssaê ytsaêd dis bac ayigur af cidi;
[beddel] Utcu n Imucaɣ
Amellal n tlevmin d yezêam yemmul,d yigu utcu yemdan n medden n tniri, D alvem ynejjem ayedder di ntiri ammani ul dis amen nna utcu,di trvva tmqrant,d vres amezzuv ameckan d yetcurn s içuggen bac ul yetäur cidi n tniri, d tiï dis sen n izirag n lrmuc, Bac aytegga s tvuvaä d tmerciwin; Di tneffes nnes atetpazl tadumt an tanezmart,asteççel may yvess alemmi ul vres utcu d amen, d yetwssen tanezmart tili tella di tadumt tmaqqur af tili tella di karbuhaydrat nev jligujen, Alvem win sen tuwway vres akebbuä n çaw bac atiserva di tezrezt; di iäaren nnes tgezzlen af iäaren n alvem afriqi;iäaren n alvem afriqi zzgerten bac atibaêd af tarvva n cidi, D alvem ynejjem ayetpammel affad;d nqas n amen di açeïïa n tveããa nnes,d nit ul yfaqqed amen s idammen nnes vas ammaïu, D ayaweä an 30%;imedduren iyiäen ademmun ami iweä fqad n amen an 20%; Ibççiäen d Imeqraren yihi n alvem mrekkzen ymmul, ansi ynejjem udjun ayig timsi dis ïul, d nit yxtlef af imedduren iyiäen tili tfaqqed amen yili llan di idemmen nnes ami dis tarvva magret,aziv alvem ytves aman ydrus af imedduren ih iyiäen;
Tinwert n alvem ih dara-mmak tigu,d temakmec s jaj,tigu zund mkattef atkettf asmar n amen wili ytteffev did lhwa n zfir,ayffev CO2 d aytkettef asmar n amen,d saha ul attyedj ayffev, d nit ameddur ih udjun wili yteïïef asmar n amen wili yetneffis dis,
Alvem ul ytyidi vas ami tuli tarvva af 42,d tarvva ih tili terni yetfeqqed dis di äyeä, dav Imucav ih teïïãen dur ilevmen nnsen, Bac adettervan s tarvva ih tili tteffev s Ilevmen nnsen,d di dyes ih aysali tarwa-nnes bac atig zund tarwa n brra,an lemmi atawä an 42,d syah ayntta yettidi bac ayleïïef tarvva n tavããa nnes, ami tarvva tuli af 42.
Yudan ih isin gellun alvem ul vres tveddayin n tidi, an 1956 d emmak ateffev tidi s tvããa ih aybed çaw,bac ul ayebzeg;bac ayweffer amen n ebzag n açaw,
Alɣem ih ynejjem ayessu amen n ilel,acku tçeççal nnes nejjemnet adekkesnt tisent ih tili terni,d alvem ysesu guda n amen an 18 n iletrin ami ayifud,
Yeparrez di ibeççiäen di tamtant ami yevsa aman,idemmen ih amuããun aman d ibeççiäen aduwlen an tiddist ih,dis baktirya atdj Urina acidu amini,nev brutin d amen.


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Tafriqt tasebgast
Tafriqt Tasebgast d tamnatt n tefriqt ɣef way yettɛeddi usebgas (équateur).
[beddel] Igduden
Timiwa-yagi ttwassnent s Yefɣulen (pygmées). Wigi d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tmiwa-yagi. Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefriqt Talemmast, Zaïre, Cameroun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen.


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Pakistan
Pakistan: isem unsib Tigduda Tineslemt n Pakistan. D tamurt i d-yezgan deg wenẓul n Asya, ɣures 881640 km2, 1046 qublen illel. Pakistan tesɛa tilisa d Afɣanistan, Ccinwa, Lhend akk d Iran.
Tesɛa azal n 169,300,000n imezdaɣ (deg 2007).
Tamanaɣt n tmurt n Pakistan d Karaci.
Tutlayt tunsibt n tmurt n Pakistan d Urdu. Rnu-yass tutlayin nniden di tamiwin n tmurt : Baluci, Pactu, Punjabi, Sindi, Siraiki d Tfarisit n Dari. Seqdacen daɣen tutalyt taglizit.
Tamurt n Pakistan tḥella-d azarug ines deg 14 ɣuct 1947. Teqqel d tigduda tineslemt deg 23 di meɣres 1956.


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Bessaci
Ddurt-agi yezrin, ass n lexmis 16 dujember 2010, ttwaxeḍfen sin watmaten imaYnasen n tmaziYt MadYis akk d MaziY Bouzakhar deg wewwam-nsen, Yef akken i d-nnant kra n teYbula n srabes n tmurt n Libya. Nnan-d kra n yimaYnasen n tmaziYt d-akken imdanen-agi i ten-ixeḍfen, llan ttekkan deg iYallen n teYlist tadaxlit n tmurt n Libya. Seg ass-mi ay ten-wwin ar tura uread d-iban lexbar-nsen neY amḍiq i deg llan. Am wakken daYen ur d-tban tmentilt i Yef ten-refden. Azekka-nni segmi i ten-xedfen, uYalen-d (...)
ugar


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Par Nacira Arhab | 17 Septembre 2012 | 79 lecture(s)
abrat n yimeɣriyen
I Uɣmis-nneɣ,
Kuẓ n yisebtar i yeɣriɣ maca amzun d aɣmis s timmad-is. D ayen i ikerzen ad kun snemreɣ aṭas aṭas. Cwiṭ s-ɣur-wen, cwiṭ s-ɣur-nneɣ, yal yiwen ad d-yefk afus n tallelt akken yezmer . Nessaram aṭas ara ilemden tamaziɣt akken ad ttuqten yimeɣriyen. A wi yufan ad idum, u ad yuɣal d aɣmis s timmad-is ara
d-itefɣen yal ass. Slam-iw s-ɣur-i, ɣur-wen. Slam-iw i wid i iqedcen deg weɣmis-agi La dépêche de Kabylie d wid akk i iqedcen i tmaziɣt s umata
Asefru;
Seg wucererd ar tikliZik a ihedder-tt i wayeḍ Ass-a d lkaɣeḍ Deg weɣmis am twizet Mi tekker ad tbedd ad tenfeḍ Tetteddu almi tewweḍ Teslek i yal ticerket Lli-d allen-ik temmuqleḍ Sers allaɣ-ik trekdeḍ Ad teɣred yerna s tidet
Nacira Arhab


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Par Ait Slimane Hamid | 17 Septembre 2012 | 109 lecture(s)
Azulal di tmedyazt taqbaylit tatrart
Qqaren at zik deg yinzan : « yuɣal uqelmun s iḍarren », « yeffeɣ-d ujgu seg umagraman », « yufa umger tiɛewji-s », « ad k- seččeɣ, yerna ad k- fẓeɣ », « serɣ a win ur nzeddem, senɣel a win ur nettagem », « yekker umulab i tlafsa », « taydit ama a tellaẓ, teqrist ama tebdu ». Inzan-agi meṛṛa skanayen-d azulal icergen agni n tmeti. Llan di lmendad n waya akken ayen yefɣen i lqaleb n tudert, win ɣef mwafaqen medden ad yerr aḍar. Tamurt n Leqbayel d yiwet n tmeti yeddren ddaw tecḍaḍt n leɛwayed–is seg wasmi i tebda ddunit armi. Iqbayliyen n zik gan I yiman-nsen ilugan i s ara seddun tudert –nsen daxel n taddart, akked leɛrac. Kra yellan d abrid yezdew ddaw lebɣi n tejmaɛt ɣef ttsewwiqen ṭṭeman, lamin yettwafernen s lebɣi n lufaq n taddart. Maca, seg wasmi yekcem urumi tamurt n Leqbayel yenquqel wudem n tmeddurt di tmetti , ikcem-d umaynut ɣef ur bnin yiqbayliyen. Ṭrad n 1954 akked timunent ikemmel i kra i d-yegran. Ass-a, di tudrin n Leqbayel, xas ma mazal tella tejmaɛt, ur teqqim ara akken tella zik , tbeddel udem, acku iɛeggalen-is d wid yessuturen tesriḥ unṣib ɣer ddewla, zun akken d tadukli am yal tadukli iqedcen deg tuget n yiḥricen. Azulal d kra n umyig (comportement) yefɣen i lqaleb n lmeɛqul. D kra yellan d anemgal i teɣzint. Tikwal, ( mi ara yili fessus) yettawi-d taḍsa, tikwal, mi ara d aẓayan ( ticki yeqqen ɣer tilin n tmetti neɣ yefka tara ɣer tsertit) igellu-d s lemḍerra i tmetti deg i d- yennulfa. Yeqqar Georges Clémeceau : « amdan azulal d win ur nettbeddil ara ». Di kran n tegnatin, amdan xas taɣzint-is tenǧer tikta s leḥdaqa, maca tikli-ines di tudert tedda d isurifen n uzaylal. Edmond akked Jules de Goncou nnan : « deg umezruy n talsa, d azulal i d-ixulfen aṭas n yimeɣrasen ». Deg wakka, yettban dakken azulal d yir aferdis yesluɣuyen talwit di tmetti, ma din ur as- terri ara tilist anda ur ilaq ara ad yenfel. Deg wakken timetti n tmurt n Leqbayel tettwaweḍ deg yixef-is, imedyazen n temnaḍt-agi, ur ɣfilen ara ɣef taluft, imi s wawal, s tugna sneɛten-d tawacḍa d ugdud, bedden ɣef tderrit n timurṣad amer ad tenṣel wa ad tban akken tella di tilwat, wisen ahat ad tenneqraɛ. Yeqqar Matoub Lounes akken ad yesbeggen yir tagnit deg i d- yegra yidles aqbayli : « teɣli teslent deg Ilulen / thub afriwen/ tḥuza yiwen d Amlikec » . Tidet ! Deg wakken zzman d bu leɣrur , tikwal atmaten n yiwen umennuɣ ttemyendin tiqerrac , ttemyakaren aḍar. Deg wayen icudden ɣer taluft-a, yerna yenna Lounes : « yeffeɣ-d ujgu seg umagraman / ibeddel iẓuran / yeṣṣerwa i zzman taḍsa ». Di tebḥatin nniḍen, iḍerru d wid yeddmen abrid n timeɣnast yettili-d layas, yettili-d umderkel ɣef facal , deg wakken igemmu, simmal yettuɣal d azulal ineqqen,ikerfen. Yenna Lounis Ait Menguellet : « s kra nezmer i cwal / mi i ilaq ur as- nezmir ara / mi d- yewwet uḥemmal / ad aɣ-yeǧǧ nbedd mi iɛedda / ɣef tgucrar nuɣal / zdat n ulɣem di ṣṣeḥra ». Akken i seɛbent temsal, i ilaq ad yeǧhid wafud, akken yessawen ubrid i ilaq ad timɣur tabɣest . Win ixuylen tizza, d awezɣi ad yeg asurif ɣer lebɣi i t –yettlaɛin. Win yettagaden aseɣwen amek ara yili lḥal-is zdat n uzrem ? Leɛli akken qqaren i wat leɛli, lbaz ur yettidir di luḍa. Azulal yettili mi ara yettergu walbeɛd ddellaɛ netta deg ubaxix yebleɛ , am wakken i as- yenna Ferḥat : « tilelli-nsen / ɣef tikerfi-nneɣ i tt-bnan ». Deg uḥric- agi yeqqar Lounis : « cḍeɣ ɣer yiri n wasif / ɣileɣ yiwen ur iyi-d- yettwali / ziɣen di tizi n lḥif / lmumen iḥder yettili / lmumen d gma n bessif / yerra-d agadir fell-i ». Yella uzulal, yella uzaylal. Wa yettidir s wa, wa yettenced wa. Wa yettqewwit s wa. Amdan ɣedrent tissas, ad yendel, ad yettak lewhi s wallen. Akken ibɣu yiɛziz yeswa, ad yaff ul-is meẓẓi. kennu d win i d abrid-is. Ur yettḥaz lqum kra alamma i d as- gan nutni s timmad-nsen amras deg ara yaf iman-is. Lbaṭel ur d- yettunulfu ara seg yilem. Mi d- yeḥlali alarmi d leɛrur i yeṭṭfen znad n lfuci. Lbaṭel ( si zik n zik) d igduden i t –yettrebbin, gan- as leqrar dɣa yettnernay. Ddunit teččur d tiqulhatin . Deg wudem-agi, yerna yenna Lounis Ait Menguellet : « lbaṭel yezdeɣ kul tamurt / yezga yettzid i lmendad / yal mi ara teɣli tsekkurt / ferḥen warraw n uṣeggad / aferruj iɛus tawwurt / ɣef yemma-s i yettaggad ». yettɛeddi uzyalal ɣef lqum .. tikwal, ssebba d astehzi, tikwal, d lweɛd i t-id yewwin. Aya, ad t- naf deg yifyar- agi n Lounis : « « zḍiɣ-d s taḍuṭ aɛlaw / si tmura jban-d lɣaci / ɣef ljal-is ɛemren agraw / zgiɣ-d mebɛid am tili / mi riɣ ad ḥadreɣ ayla-w / yewḥel lemdek di lfuci ».
Azulal di kra n tegnatin diɣ d tanumi. Lixsas n tmusni, tugdi, war ameyyez d isufar i d-teggen taḥbult n tibuhelt yettqewwiten timurṣad ikerfen timadit n yal agdud. Yeqqar Matoub : « ass-a ajazyri / yeggugem am yisɣi / akken i d-as nnan / anɛam ad yini ». Dderz d teḥya, d zhir ur nessufuɣ acku yettara tafrit( la conscience), yettaran amdan d amdan, tesbek ur tezmir ad tefrez ayen yelhan ɣef wayen n dir. Yeqqar Matoub : « nḥemmel dderz nettɛeggiḍ / nettkaw am uceṭṭid ». Ulac lxiḍ i iferqen astehzi akked uzulal, ulac tilist gar timurṣad akked twacḍa, ulac lferq gar lexdeɛ akked neffu. Mi yedda lbaṭel ɣef lqum, iban dakken senden ɣef ufurek n uzulal… d ayen i ten- yeǧǧan d izulilen n umezruy.
Yeqqar umedyaz :
Ay uḥdiq teḥdeq tekfa Lebruj n tecmat ulin Mi yelḥa uḍar nedda Xas iberdan ur frin Asmi neḥwaǧ leɛnaya Leɛnaya teffer tiḥjurin D acu i d leḥdaqa ? D tasa deg wayen ur nemɛin D acu i d leɛnaya ? D anadi n wid ur yufin !
Ait Slimane Hamid yeffeɣ-d yakan


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Tiɣiwanin n ugafa n Tizi Wezzu
Aman di taggara n useggas
Par: Dalila I. | 01-10-2012
Imezdaɣ n 8 n tɣiwanin n ugafa n lwilaya mazal ad arjun acuddu ɣer ubaraj n Taqsebt ara d-yilin di taggara n useggas . Ad ner tamawt belli azal n 160 000 n yimezdaɣ n tɣiwanin-a (Tigzirt, Bujimaɛ, Azefun, Iflissen, Aɣrib, Zekri d At Caffa), i ijemɛen 214 n tudrin, d wid yettidiren deg teswiɛt iṣaɛben s sebba n lexṣaṣ n waman n tisit ama d nebdu ama d cetwa. Asenfar-a n usiweḍ n waman ɣer teɣiwanin-a (yebda deg useggas n 2010 ) d win ideg d-yella uɛṭel meqqren. Niqal ad iselek deg useggas yezin, Tura, ɛla ḥsab n tenmehalt n weḥric n waman lecɣal n usenfar-a d wid yewweḍen ɣer 95%, u mazal alla 2 ikilumitren iwakken ad ifak.
Ad ner lewelha belli asenfar-a i d-yesqamen 3 500 imelyunen n dinar, d win deg llant snat n lexznat, yiwet(5000 m3 ) deg tamma n Telata deg teɣiwant n Iflissen , tayeḍ (3 400 m3 ) deg At Ǧennad , rnu ɣur-s 3 stations de pompage d 7 n lxeznat timeẓyanin.
Dalila I.


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Irland
Irland (Éire s tutlayt tirlandit, neɣ Ireland s teglizit), d yiwet ger tigzirin tibritaniyin, tezgad deg umalu n Britanya tameqqrant, ger agaraw n Aṭluntik d Ilel n Irland. Azar n wawal Irland ikad seg wawal irlandi Ériu neɣ Éire (d isem n tyakuct n zik, unti n Yakuc neɣ Rebbi) ak° d wawal agirmani land ("akal").
Irland tebḍa af snat n tigduda: tigduda n Irland, i yellan d tamurt tillelit, akw d Irland n ugafa, i mazal ger ifassen n Tigelda Iduklen n Britanya Tameqqrant d Irland n Ugafa.
Tigzirt n Irland tesɛa azal n 6 n imelyunen imezdaɣ, af le.fsan n 2006. Garasen 4,2 imelyunen n tigduda n Irland (1,6 imelyunen di tmanaɣt Dublin), d 1,7 imelyunen n Irland n ugafa (600 000 di tmanaɣt Belfast)


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Illa zik, win ikkeren ɣer wayaḍ as-yini ma yettalas-as-tt neɣ ikerh-it : “ay uday neɣ a yiwen n wuday haaa !”
Winna niḍen ad yerfu fall-as, d umatu kan ayen is-d-yusan deg ufus-is ad t-id-iddem akken at-id-iwwet yi-s : ttafrut, atg...
Ma yiwen ittsusum-kan, ma yergem-it walebɛaḍ neɣ ur yerra-ara tiyita qqaren-as: “iwwi tudayt”. Awal agi, ibɣa ad yini : d win ittsusumen zzat n lbaṭel, i iṣebberen ur nettara ara tiyita, ittɣummun kellec daxel n wul-is. Ma yettawi yiwen tudayt, mara t-sḥillefeḍ ula s ufus-ik a ttkemzeḍ ula d aqerruy-ik, netta ma rrif-ik i yella, zzat-k ad yessebrek aqerruy-is dawa ifassen-is wa ad iknu amzun ad tewteḍ.
Zik uday, mara iruḥ ad iẓẓal i tmezgida-nsen, ad ikkes tacacit-is, att-yawi deg ufus-is. Mi yewweḍ ɣer tewwurt n tmezgida imiren a tt-yessers af ixef-is, umbɛad ad ikcem ad iẓal.
Asmi i tekker lgirra nni n walman, teɣli-d fell-asen rrehba n dunnit; acuɣer ? Acku, ifka-yasen-d Ṛebbi Adolf Hitler ibɣa aten-issenger s tmeṭṭant taqesḥant n ukuffir n “lgaz ziklun b”; umebɛad aten-isserɣ deg lfur.
Ay sɛeddan msakit ! Sebren i tmuḥeqranit d lbaṭel kra wanida ddan di tudert-nsen. Ihi, ad uɣaleɣ ɣer lgirra n walman, ɣef wid yuɣ lḥal di lweqt nni i Fransa win i wumi ssawalen : “leḥkem n Vichy” n marican Petain. Yal uday ḥersen fall-as ad isbeggen iman-is d uday i yella gar medden. Dɣa ḥettemen-ten ad xiḍen itri n Dawed d awraɣ af tama tayeffust, zzat dawa n tayett. Yal aɛeggal ad yefk tansa ines anida yezdeɣ akken mi d-seqsan ar ɣur-s ilaq at-id-afen din. Mara ad erzun fell-asen, ad aten-awin argaz tameṭṭut, amɣar tamɣart, aqrur taqrurt, sedduyen-ten deg ifaguten n tmacinin am lmal ittruḥun ar ubaṭwaṛ, syen d abrid ar Aucwitz.
Teḍra yidsen am akraren nni n wass n lɛid; aten-zzuɣuren ar tmeṭṭant, yernu ulac tarewla, ulac win ara yemḥiḥden; wannag amer meqqaṛ ad refden ula ttaqabact, tajenwitt neɣ uzzal sumata akken ad nɣen wid i tt-id-yeddan fell-asen, u zzuɣuren deg-sen ar wanda ur d-ttuɣalen. Dayen ur iqebbel laɛqel deg dunnit ! Wamma, teḥsiḍ a bnadem ar lmut it-ttedduḍ, dɣa glu s yiwen neɣ sin inaziyen (nazi). Maca, lukan akken i xeddemen , tili ttugaden-ten yexṣimen-nsen, ur s-neqqaren ara udayen. Awal n yissem-nsen, inna-d di tefsira-s: “tagdi, lekni, lxuf, aɛbbi n ddel, tugdi zzat n tmettant, aberruy n uqerruy zzat n wiyaḍ ur n ga d udayen”. Mi tɛedda lgirra n walman, kkren-d nejmaɛen-d kra yellan (widak id-igran) dɣa bezren-d tadrimt uɣen-d ssfina d aqdim isem-is “l’éxodus”, ṭṭfen abrid ar “Falastin!”


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Axxam
Axxam d lebni i yesɛan leḥyuḍ d ssqef, ideg zedɣen imdanen akken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg ugeffur d waḍu d usemmiḍ d lewḥuc..atg. S wawalen wiyaḍ: akken ad ttidiren di lehna. Imdanen-nni s umata d twacult d dderya. aṭas n yimdanen ttruḥen seg wexxam-nsen ɣer lxedma ṣṣbaḥ, ssyen a d-uɣalen tameddit akken ad ṭṭsen u ad ččen.
Di zzman amezwaru, argaz iruḥ seg wexxam ad iṣeyyed neɣ ad yexdem, ɣas ar tmeṭṭut teqqim-d deg wexxam. Meɛna tura, lḥal-agi yettbeddil deg kra n timura (turuft...atg.), u mazal-it deg timura tiyaḍ.


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Said El Mahroug, ittyussanen s Sifaw, yega yat tdugamt mqquren n tmmuzgha gh Libya. Yiwes g tlalit d tenflit n ufrak s tmagit tamazight, yeg sul, iggi n uya, tafaska tamezwarut n ufrak ad, lligen gis ifel tadusi urta n ifel iman. Illul gh Jadu (Asun gh Udrar n Infusen) gh useggwas n 1946.
Zegh timêzzi nnes ad tmatti tuwja nnes s Trablus, zdaghen gis. Tamdint ad agh idêfr tighêri nnes tamezwarut, d tin tuzzûmt. Llig yumêz abakalurya, ad iffagh s Misêr ad gis idêfr tighêri n ufella. Mac tiwisi (...)
ugar


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Par Yeḥya Yanes | 17 Septembre 2012 | 87 lecture(s)
Iḍes
Yiwen n urgaz isea ddaewa, ilaq ad ittuḥkem fell-as, inṭeq Yur-s ṣṣelṭan:-A leflani azekka ṣṣbeḥ ad truḥed akken ad teeddiḍ di ccṛae.
Argaz:-Aneam ay agellid yerbeḥ.
Seg wakken argaz iferY-as yiḍes ieawez di ttexmam, iṭṭes armi d azal. Mi iwweḍ zdat n ugellid inna-yas:-AcuYer akka tbeṭṭleḍ ttiead?
Irra-yas:-Laefu ay agellid, iḥkem fell-i ṣṣelṭan.
Agellid:-Ṣṣelṭan?
Argaz:-Ih ay agellid,ṣṣelṭan izemren ad iḥkem ula fell-ak.
Agellid:-Anwa ṣṣelṭan-agi?
Argaz:-D iḍes.
YuYal agellid iwala s tidett akken ibYu yiwen iḥkem, mi ara d-yaweḍ yiḍes d netta ara iḥekmen fell-as, yuYal inna-yas:-Ruḥ tettusemmḥeḍ.
Yeḥya Yanes


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Par A.S.H. | 10 Septembre 2012 | 168 lecture(s)
Liḥala n udlis amaziɣ
Ulac timeti izemren ad taf abrid yettawin ɣer tenfalit mebla adlis. Ulac agdud izemren ad iḥareb ɣef timadit-ines mebla tira. Adlis d tira dduklen di lebni n lasel akked tɣerma. Deg unamek n wannect-a yeqqar Jean Paulhan : « win yebɣan ad yewɛu tamusni, ilaq ad yeldi adlis ». Timura yewwin asurif ɣer zdat , d tid isenden ɣef udlis s wudmawen-is meṛṛa. Di tmura- agi, imyura ttafen tizrigin ara d- yessufɣen ayen uran yerna nnig waya ttenjarent ( tizrigin) abrid akken adlis ad yaweḍ ɣer ufus n wid ara t- yeɣren acku am akken i d- yenna Jean Guéhenno : « adlis d yiwen wallal yessufuɣen ɣef tlelli ». Deg wakka, ad naf deg tmura anda taktabt tesɛa azal( deg yiɣmisen, deg rradyu, deg tilibizyu, deg tesnawit, di timeti, ɣer yimeɣriyen) aɣref d win yedren tilelli akken ilaq lḥal, d agdud yesnen ad yini « ih » melmi ilaq « ih » ala, ticki d « ala » i iwulmen . Agdud yeɣran d lmuḥal ad iɛeddi uzaylal fell-as ! Di tmura-agi, deg wakken adlis yeddem azal yekkan akkin i kra yellan, yenna Victor Hugo : « yal amdan d taktabt anda ula d Rebbi yettaru ! ». Yettban ala s ubrid n tira, akked s ttawil n udlis izemren iɣerfan ad gen leqrar i tjaddit-nsen, s wannect-a kan i izemren waktayen ad ɛeddin si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ akken ula d nettat, nnuba ad ternu taḥjurt-is di lebni n talsa. Am yal agdud di ddunit, agdud amaziɣ yeǧǧa-d aktayen, yefka-d tamusni, yeslal-d tasekla yeddan akked uɣanib n umraḥ d lawan anda yettidir. Di lqern yezrin, tasekla –agi( yellan akk d timawit s sebba n txidas n zzman akked umezruy) tekcem ɣer ugni yessufuɣen awal nnig n temnaḍt-is, nnig n yimi i t- id- yennan, imi tasekla yellan akken seg wudem n tmedyazt akked tmucuha, telli-d abrid i yiman-is ɣer tira ɣezzifen. Deg wakka, mbeɛd mi d-yerẓa asalu Racid Ɛellic akked Saɛid saɛdi ɣer tira n wungalen, mačči d yiwen wungal neɣ d amud n tullisin i d- yennernan ɣef ayen. Imyura n teqbaylit mačči d yiwen mačči sin, bdu-tt-id s i Ɛebdalla Ḥaman ɣer Linda Kudac , Saɛid Cemax, d waṭas nniḍen. Lameɛna ur teqqim ara di tira( acku wid yettarun gten ama deg uhric n wungal, neɣ tullsin, neɣ tamedyazt, neɣ ayen icudden ɣer tidmi). Anda teɛweq d amek ara taweḍ tira –agi ɣer yimeɣriyen ? Tizrigin yellan di tmurt ur qqiment i cɣel akken iwulem lḥal. Xas ini qrib ixir- asen ay llan wala ayen nniḍen. Tuget deg-sent ur d- ssufuɣent ara i umyaru alamma d- yefka tadrmit s- ɣur-s. Xas akken yerna ahdum yeqqim imi adlis-nni yezmer ad yewwet d iseggasen( alamma i t- yuli uɣebbar) akken ɛad ad d- yeffeɣ. Mi d- yeffeɣ udlis, tizrigin ur as- llint ara di lmendad( ad as- gent aberreḥ akken ad slen medden yes-s, wa ad bɣun ad t- aɣen akken ad t- ɣren). Tuget n tezrigin-agi ur sɛint ara ula d allal n linternit akken win iten- iqeṣden ad - yewɛu ( ma aṭas ad naf sɛan aselkim ( d aqdim , yeqres, yeɛya, yemmut). Ɣef uɣbel n tezrigin ur d- nelhi ara d leqdic-nsen, ulac diɣ tisɣunin i d- yettmeslayen ɣef wayen i d- yefɣen d amaynut deg uḥric –agi n udlis ? Di tiliẓi, neɣ di rradyu ulac nnubat yelhan deg wannect-a, isdawiyen ara igen aktazal i wayen i d- yettlalen d tira xas ini jlan ulac-iten. Di tegnit yerkin am ta yewɛer i umyaru akken ad yettwassen xas ulamma tira- ines d tin i d- yewwin ajdid( ama deg usentel ama deg uɣanib). D ayemi tira akked udlis qqimen d igujilen di tmurt-nneɣ. Amedyaz am Ḥmed Laḥlu, Murad Rehman, Luni Husin, Ḥmed Xaṭabi, Nuredin, Methari Ḥakima, Mehdi Samira d wiyad akked d tiyaḍ uklalen ad tili tmedyazt-nsen d tin yeččuren timkerḍiyin… fiḥel ma nuder-d Ben Muḥamed, Muḥya yettwasnen. Deg wakken lḥal yesbek ɣef udlis, amur ameqran n yimyura s teqbaylit ufan tawwurt akken tira-nsen ad tenulfu, s ttawil n tezrigin Numérique( les éditions numériques) am tezrigin Lulu.com neɣ tizrigin Ebook. Dɣa mačči d yiwen neɣ d sin i d- yessufɣen akka adlis –nsen akken ad tili tsekla n teqbaylit d tin yellan di leɛḍil ad d-nulfunt tezrigin di tmurt ara ikecmen annar-agi s lmun !
A.S.H.


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Yugurten
Yugurten ngh Yougarta (Jugurtha s tlaṭinit) yella d agellid n Numidia seg wasuggas 113 armi d 104 uqbel Ɛisa.
Armi tgeldit n jeddi-s Masnsen , aḥric ameqran n imezdaɣen n Numidia llan ttɛicin s tafellaḥt, s wayagi ttemxallafen ɣef Imaziɣen-nniḍen ur nettissin ara taflaḥt imi ɛacen s tameksa in lmal. Masnsen ixelq-ed yiwet n tagelda (tajumma-s azal n Ledzayer n tura) akk-d yuɣal-ed d amdakkel n Roma deg 206 UL (uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ). Mbaɛd ma yemmut, yettwaxellf-ed s mmi-s Micipsa. Yugurten yella d aɣerfan gar lɣaci n tmurt-is, akter anagar n Micipsa, ɣef wagi aneggaru agi iceggeɛ Yugurten ɣef Hispania (isem i fkan Irumaniyen i Spanya deg lweqt-nni).
Micipsa ikcem-it weɣbal imi ma ikemmel akka yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid mbeɛd lmut-is; deg lewqam n Micipsa d arraw-is ara a t-id-ixlefen.
Micipsa ur yesɛi zhar imi taɣerfant n Yugurten ternu akter ayen tella asmi yella deg tmurt; deg Hispania Yugurten, d amnay ifazen tizya-s, yerbeḥ lmeḥibba n kra n yemdanen yesɛan ccan deg Roma. Deg asutel n Numantia iqeddc-ed s lǧehd lwahid Gaius Marius anda yeẓra agufsu n Irumaniyen. Qqaren belli yenna-d ɣef Roma belli tella yiwet n “Temdint yerkan, i qqurben ɣef aɣelluy-ines, ara ula d yiwen a-ţ-yeɣ.”[1]
Imi yemut deg 118 Micipsa, igelled azal n 30 iseggasen, yettwaxlef s sin warraw-is Aderbal akw d Hiemsal. Hiemsal akk-d Yugurten imeren kan bdan imenɣi-nsen; Yugurten yenɣa Hiemsal ayagi yebda daɣen yella ssiba n ttrad n Aderbal mgal Yugurten. Imi iwala belli ur yezmir ara ad iqabel Yugurten s lɛasker ines Aderbal yerwel ɣer Roma.
Imawalyen n Roma, ahat s ssiba n ugufsu-nsen neɣ s ţideţ bɣan ad fakken s uɣiwel amlasay agi, kecemen garassen, ferqen tamurt ɣef sin; Yugerten igelled ɣef utrim n tamurt, Aderbal ɣef ccerq. (iseggassen mbeɛ tazniwt n Roma teberreh belli tama n Yugerten tella axir n tama n Aderbal, teccur s lekyasa, lemeɛna is sin llan s drus n lɣaci akk-d drus n lerzaq)
Deg 112 Yugurten yerna ttrad ines mgal Aderbal, lameɛna deg tikkelt agi yesker-ed urrif n Roma ɣef yiman-is axaṭer yenɣa kra n Irumiyen i llan ttɛwanen Aderbal. Mbeɛd kra n imenɣi mgal Roma, Yugurten isselm-ed yiman-is lameɛna yerbeḥ aglam meqqren; annect agi ibedd ccek ameqran deg lweqt-nni, s tikkelt tajdidt, mgal ugufsu n imawalyen n Roma akkd Yugurten.
Useqqamu ameqran n Roma, s timelwi n aɛdaw-is Gaius Memmius, illuɛad ɣef amenzad adigan n lɛesker-is deg Tafriqt n ugafa ad yuɣal ɣer Roma i wakken ad iɛeddi di ccreɛ. Jugurten daɣen yemsaffar-ed ɣef Roma anda lɛeqliya tamekridt ines tban-ed ɣef lɣaci merra.
Imenɣi kkren-ed gar Numidia akk-d Amenkud Arumani; aneggaru agi icegɛ-ed aṭas n lɛesker ɣef Tafriqt n ugafa seddaw timelwi n l consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus.
Imenɣi mgal Yugurten dumen kra n iseggasen mbla lexsara tameqrant n Yugurten; ɣef wagi Useqqamu ameqran n Roma yextar Marius, aɛeskri n Metellus, ad yelli d lconsul amaynut deg Tafriqt ad ikemmel ttrad agi.
Marius yella d aɛdaw iwaɛren aṭas imi yenɣa ayen yella deg webrid-is. Marius icegɛ-ed amarag-is Lucius Cornelius Sulla ɣer Bukus I, agellid n Mauretania', s talilt n Bukus i-t-ixedɛen Yugurten yettwaṭṭef ger iffasen n Sula.
Yugurten yeqqim deg Lḥebs n Tullianum, deg temdint n Roma, 6 wussan armi yemut si fad akk-d d laz.
Amezruy n imenɣi n Yugerten llan deg yiwen n tektabt s tutlayt Talatinit iwumi qqaren “De Bello Iugurthino” imenɣi n Yugerten.
[beddel] Tazmilt
- ↑ « Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit. »
tazniwt = propagande
aglam = privilege
Amenzad = commandant
[beddel] Iseddagen
- De Bello Iugurthino (s-tafransist)


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Musa
Musa (s tɛebrit: מֹשֶׁה Moce Mošé, s teɛrabt: موسى, Mūsā), d mmis n Ɛamran akw d Yukibed. D ameskar, d amdan amenzawi deg idles n laɛqed aqbur. S uwehi n Yakuc, d netta i yuran ayen umi qqaren s tefranṣiṣt Pentateuque. D 5 n yedlisen imezwura n laɛqed aqbur (Genèse, Exode, Lévitique, livre des Nombres, Deutéronome), anda id iḥka tudert-is, amezruy n lejdud-is, d win n At israil.
Asmi id ilul, yemma-s tuga-d agellid Ferɛun ad a ttineɣ akken i yurga ilaq ad ineɣ yal lufan aɛibrani id ilulen imiren asmi id ilul Musa. Tuɣal d tegrit ar waman n Nil, s wanda i t-idekkes yelli-s n ugellid-a. Dɣa tenna-k, "MSYTHW" neɣ Mecitihu, anamek ines Kkes-aɣ-t id seg waman. Syen id yekka yisem "MSH", neɣ Musa.
Daɣen llan wid i qqaren belli, isem n Musa, yekka-d si tutlayt i hedren imiren imaṣriyen, seg awal MS, anamek-is "Ikka-d", neɣ "ifrurx-ed". Llan daɣen wid iqqaren, awal-a ikka-d si tmaziɣt Mmis, imi neẓra Tamazɣa ur tebɛid ara af tmurt n Maṣer.
Musa yuɣal ittureba-d seg teɣremt n ugellid Ferɛun. Asmi yuɣal meqq°er, iwala amek nezfen, uḍenen, qṛeḥen wid yellan d atmaten-is deg idammen, war ma yeẓra. Wid yellan di ɛibraniyen, d iqeddacen n ugellid Ferɛun. Dɣa yiwen n wass iwala yiwen umaṣri la yekkat yiwen wergaz aɛibrani, yenɣa-t u yenṭel-it. Asmi yelḥa wawal af wannecta, dɣa yerwel si tmurt n Maṣer ar tmurt n Medyen. Yewweḍ ar yiwen wanu iḥud kra n tameksiwin n Medyen mgal kra n yergazen imeksawen. Dɣa tiḥdayin-a ar tenṭ s axxam n babat-nsent, i yellan meqq°er di Medyen. Isem-is nettaf-it ihi di Madyan Jethro (יתרו) neɣ Réuel (רעואל). Ilmend n wayen yexdem, yefka-yas yelli-s Séphora (צפורה) ad yezweǧ yid-s.
S uwehi n Yakuc, iseggasen mbaɛd, yuɣal-ed ar tmurt n Maṣer i wakken ad yefk tilelli i wegdud Aɛibrani, i yellan s ddaw uzaglu n ugellid Ferɛun. I wakken a ten-isuffeɣ seg Maṣer ar tmurt n Kanɛan. Yuzen-as-d Yakuc mraw (10) iludan, ak° d tagruma n ilugan ak° d iṣuḍaf n wejjed, timetti, d wučči. Annecta yak° illa-d deg wayen umi isemm-a Tura (Torah).


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Muḥend n Âabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi
Muḥmed n Âabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi niɣ Mulay muḥned d-anzbay amaziɣ d-amɣrabi zi tsga n arif . d-aslway n tgduda n arif jar usgǧas 1921 d 1926. imnɣ ag uspanyu d fransa. g-inas assaɣ n izm n arrif g-int d agldun imjahden yugi ad yili d-agllid n arif . mamc yugi ad yilli d lxalif imuslmen
[beddel] Talit D Tgmi nns
ilul g iɣrm n ajdir deg usgǧas 1882/ ilmed x ufus n babas ikmel tiɣri nns di tinml n ṣfarin d craṭin di fas.idwal ɣar fas d-akabar sg babas isulṭan eabd laḥfiḍ iwsisfiw n umnɣi ag bu tɣyult ( bu ḥmara)
- iɣra d tsdawit n lqarawiyin
- iga daslmad d anzrafu
[beddel] Asbddi n tgduda n arif
Isbdd mulay Muḥend Deg usgǧas 18 Cutanbir 1921Tagduda taeṣrit s Dustur D lbrlaman. Umi gin Imzdaɣ n Arif Tagrawla x Spanya.Tamaẓunt nns Ajdir Tadrimt nns Rifan Tafugla Tanamurt ass n 18 Cutanbir . Di tira s Taeṛabt semman-as « Jumhuria Errifiya », ma Irifiyen ddmen awal nni n Sbanya, rran-t d assaɣ ( isem) Amaziɣ: « Ri bublik n Arif ». Ur illa imir nni wawal n « ribublik » di Tmaziɣt Tarifit, awal nni nessen ass-a : tgduda n arif . Awal nni s timmad-si ifra tamsalt tameqrant. Ur tella d tagelda i – id-ilulen seg idurar n Arif. Abrid ibṛez, yenjeṛ yesuffeɣ: tgduda n arif i-d-ilulen seg iẓuran n tmurt, si teqbilin akken llant. Adabu i-dilulen yusa-d si teqbilin n tmurt, seg iɣerman akked tzeɣwa n tmurt n arif .
[beddel] Asinf Nns
Deg usgǧas1926 ar 1947 yenfa Muḥend Abdelkrim ɣer tegzirt n La Réunion, azal n 9000 km akkin deg ilel n Lhend. Isuter acḥal n tikkal ḥuma. ad iffeɣ si tmurt nni.
[beddel] Tamtant nns
Imut Mulay Muḥend di lqahira (miṣṛa) 6 Brayr 1963. inḍṛ di lmqbara n cuhada di lqahira


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Description: paroles: LIF;BA gher lif turut ba te7fedt lburda mk ur tumizt dduktura imal tumut g ttelba ==== tegrazi zarm itteddun tifawt dw-ammas n wass tettkart-agh anelli sw-adun dw-awal a"rab amessas tezlit aterfis n-imuhagh tennit lyaman add nekka sulen da ttaran tifinagh qqarnas i ghadan asekka ==== gher lif turut ba te7fedt lburda mk ur tumizt dduktura imal tumut g ttelba ==== tudrem nik iw-ul nnun zrighkwn tessengham-i tasa tezdefg tangelt imal nnun nekrat ad tzugem s fransa tighri nna ran ad teghrim ur-tt rtin warraw nsen ad dayy naf lbiru nexdem naf-tn-inn digh d inebdaden ==== gher lif turut ba te7fedt lburda mk ur tumizt dduktura imal tumut g ttelba
Keywords mp3: mp3


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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei d amussnagamaw , d amussnayyur , aẓar-is n tmurt n Ṭelyan. D yiwen gar wid I d-igren lsas I tussnagama tamirant. Gar wayen iqdec Galili d Kepler, irfed-iten Newton I leqdic-is. Galili isnulfa-d s wacu issaked aggur, isken-d tiderra (ccwami) illan ɣef iṭij. D Galili I d-yufan isafen illan ɣef aggur d igensawen imeqqranen n Jupiter d udmawen n Venus.
Deg tussnaugama, Galili yufa-d alugen n uɣelluy n tfekkiwin d umussu uzlig. Deg umezruy, Galili iqqim d azamul n umennuɣ n tlelli n usnulfu mgal adabu d tmedlin terra teglizt ɣef imusnawen n imiren.
Galileo Galilei ilul di Pise (Ṭelyan), ass n 15 di furar 1564. Irfed-ed tamussni ines tamezwarut sɣur imdeyynen n Vallombroso. Syin akkin, deg usseggwas 1581, ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Pise, iɣra tussna n tijjit. Deg useggas n 1585 iǧǧa tasdawit i wakken ad iɣer tafilusufit d tussnakt.
Deg useggas 1589, Galili yuɣal d aselmad n tussnakt di tseddawit n Pise. Iffeɣ d anelmad, ikcem d aselmad. Seg useggas n 1592 armi d aseggas n 1610 iǧǧa aselmed di Pise, yuɣal ar tesdawit n Padoue.
Di Padoue, Galili isnulfa-d tamacint n usmiḍen u yufa-d alugen n uɣelluy n tfekkiwin. Deg useggas n 1595, ikki di temlilit imussnawen ɣef tiẓri n Kupernik d turda n Aristote d Polémée. Dɣa, anagar tiẓri n Kupernik I d-izgan ɣef tmuɣli-s, teccur as tiṭ.
Deg aggur n dujenber, aseggas n 1609, Galili isnulfa-d atiliskup, i d-isemwɣaren taɣawsa s 20 iberdan. S yis I d-iẓra idurar d imdunen illan ɣef aggur. Galili yufa-d diɣen igensawen itezzin i Jupiter. Ayen i d-yufa akka, issuffeɣ it-id deg meɣres usseggwas n 1610 deg udlis Amaznay Igenwan .
Galili yuɣal ittwasen, ibedd d amussnak di Florence. Deg useggas n 1610, ifka-d amḍan n udmawen n Venus (ayen illan mgal wayen I d-inna Ptolémée).
Ifilisufen rran deg idis ayen inna Galili, acku umnen s wayen i d-inna Aristote, imi d afilusuf am nutni. U deg useggas n 1612, Galili issuffeɣ-d diɣen adlis ɣef umimeḍ n tfekkiwin (imgaraden d tiktiwin n iselmaden n Florence d wid n Pise). Iffeɣ i ibardan Galili!
Deg useggas n 1613, Galili issuffeɣ-d adlis nniḍen ɣef tderra illan ɣef iṭij, isken-d tidett n tiẓri n Kupernik. Iffeɣ wawal gar medden, akken ayen inna Galili d ayen i wumi ur zmir wallaɣ, d leḥram u d ankar n ddin. Deg useggas n 1614, ittuzenz. Dɣa, yura tabrat i deg d-isefruri tiktiwin ines u i deg d-inna d akken d awezɣi ad ittwaqdec ddin i tussna, Imdeyynen ur asen ilaq ara ad gren iman-nnsen di tussna imi tikli n ddin d tin n tussna mgaradent. Yiwet ayen d-nna inta ur zmir ad ibeddel negh ittwabeddel, tayeḍ ayen d-nna d ayen id-isnulfa umdan u kra n win ar d-yafen kra s nnig-s a t-yarbu.
Deg useggas n 1616, teɣli-d tadrest ɣef idlisen n Kupernik, ɣef waya iɣetlen Galili i wakken ad yanef daɣen netta tiẓri n Kupernik. Di 1624, Galili ibda adlis-is Dialogue sur les marées, deg win id-imeslay ɣef turdiwin n Ptolémée d tid n Kupernik. Deg useggas n 1630, Imdeyynen, fkan turagt ad d-iffeɣ udlis-a, di Florence. Di 1632, iffeɣ-d ihi udlis-a, maca beddlen-as azwel, yughal d Dialogue sur les grands Système. Ɣas s turagt n ubadu i d-iffeɣ udlis-a, ɣran as-d si Rome ad t-carɛen u deg useggas 1616, iɣli-d uẓmaẓ fell-as akken ur d-ittader la s tmeslayt la s tira ɣef unagraw akupeniki.
Deg useggas 1633, Galili ikcem ar taẓult, itturez i lebda. Di tal tasdawit serɣen idlisen-is. I tmes imi fkan tiktiwin ines!
Armi d aseggas 1992, Abatikan (Vatican) ikez (yufa d tidet) s war-taɣdemt i d-igla ɣef uqerruy n Galili.
[beddel] Tamselyut


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Imi aṭas i gebdan tira ɣef wayen yedṛan gar-aneɣ, 2 akken i ɣ-t-id ɛawden wid yellan d inigan si tazwara, iwalan kullec s wallen-nsen; uɣalen d iqeddacen n wawal n Sidi Ṛebbi. 3 Steqsaɣ ula d nekk akken ilaq ɣef wayen akk yedṛan seg wass amezwaru, ufiɣ d ayen yelhan a k-t-id aruɣ a Tawfilus, 4 iwakken aț-țissineḍ tideț ɣef wayen i tesliḍ meṛṛa. 5 Di zzman n Hiṛudus, agellid n tmurt n Yahuda, yella yiwen n lmuqeddem si tejmaɛt n Abya, isem-is Zakarya. Tameṭṭut-is Ilicaba, seg izuṛan n Haṛun. 6 D iḥeqqiyen i llan i sin, ḥerzen yerna ḍuɛen awal n Sidi Ṛebbi. 7 Ur sɛin ara dderya, meqqṛit i sin di leɛmeṛ yerna Ilicaba ț-țiɛiqeṛt. 8 Mi d-tewweḍ nnuba n leqdic n wedrum n Zakarya di lǧameɛ iqedsen 9 akken i tella di lɛadda n lmuqedmin, gren tasɣaṛt, tṣaḥ-ed Zakarya iwakken ad ikcem ɣer wemkan iqedsen ad isseṛɣ lebxuṛ. 10 Mi gella isseṛɣay lebxuṛ di lǧameɛ, lɣaci meṛṛa yeqqimen di beṛṛa deɛɛun ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi. 11 Iḍheṛ-as-d yiwen lmelk n Sidi Ṛebbi, ibedd ɣer tama tayeffust n udekkan-nni anda sseṛɣayen lebxuṛ. 12 Mi t-iwala Zakarya, yedhec ikcem-it lxuf. 13 Lmelk-nni yenna yas -ed : Ur țțagad ara a Zakarya, ayen i tessutreḍ ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi yețwaqbel. Tameṭṭut-ik Ilicaba ad a k-d-tesɛu aqcic, a s-tsemmiḍ Yeḥya. 14 Aț-țfeṛḥeḍ yis, a k-yili d sebba n sseɛd; imdanen meṛṛa ad feṛḥen s tlalit-is. 15 Ad yesɛu ccan d ameqqran ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi, a d-iččaṛ d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen si tɛebbuṭ n yemma-s, ur itess ccṛab, ur itess ayen nniḍen isekkṛen. 16 A d-yerr aṭas n wat Isṛail ɣer webrid n Sidi Ṛebbi. 17 Ad ilḥu s leɛnaya n Sidi Ṛebbi, s ṛṛuḥ ț-țezmert n nnbi Ilyas. Ad issemlil imawlan d warraw-nsen, a d-yerr wid ijehlen ɣer webrid n iḥeqqiyen, akken ad iheggi i Sidi Ṛebbi agdud ara t-iḍuɛen. 18 Zakarya yenna i lmelk : Amek ara ɛeqleɣ belli ayen akka i d-tenniḍ ț-țideț ? Nekk d amɣaṛ, ula ț-țameṭṭut-iw meqqṛet di leɛmeṛ! 19 Lmelk-nni yerra-yas-d : Nekk d Jebrayil, d aqeddac n Sidi Ṛebbi; usiɣ-ed s ɣuṛ-es iwakken a k-d-awiɣ lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ. 20 Lameɛna imi ur tumineḍ ara s yimeslayen-iw atan aț-țeggugmeḍ, ur d-ițeffeɣ ara wawal seg yimi-k alamma d asmi ara d-yedṛu wannect-agi. Meɛna ḥṣu belli ayen akka i k-d-nniɣ ad yedṛu deg wass-is. 21 Lɣaci-nni yețṛaǧun Zakarya deg ufrag, wehmen acuɣeṛ iɛeṭṭel deg umkan iqedsen n lǧameɛ. 22 Mi d-iffeɣ, yeggugem, ur izmir ara a d-yessufeɣ awal; lɣaci-nni fehmen belli iweḥḥa-yas-ed kra Sidi Ṛebbi. Yebda ițwehhi-yasen-d s ifassen-is, yeqqim d agugam. 23 Mi kfan wussan n lxedma-s di lǧameɛ, Zakarya yuɣal ɣer wexxam-is. 24 Ɛeddan kra n wussan, tameṭṭut-is Ilicaba terfed tadist; dɣa tesseḥjeb iman-is xemsa wagguren, teqqaṛ : 25 Atan Sidi Ṛebbi yerra-d ddehn-is ɣuṛ-i, ikkes-iyi lɛib zdat yemdanen. 26 Aggur wis sețța, Sidi Ṛebbi iceggeɛ-d lmelk Jebrayil ɣer taddart n Naṣaret, di tmurt n Jlili. 27 Iceggeɛ-it-id ɣer yiwet n tlemẓit i gexḍeb yiwen wergaz isem-is Yusef, yellan seg izuṛan n Sidna Dawed. Tilemẓit-agi isem-is Meryem. 28 Ikcem lmelk ɣuṛ-es yenna-yas : Sslam fell-am a tin iburek Sidi Ṛebbi! Sidi Ṛebbi yella yid-em. 29 Meryem tedhec, tenna : D acu i d lmeɛna n imeslayen agi ? 30 Lmelk yenna-yas : Ur țțaggad ara a Meryem! S ṛṛeḥma-s tameqqrant, Sidi Ṛebbi yextaṛ-ikem. 31 Atan aț-țrefdeḍ tadist, a d-tesɛuḍ aqcic, semmi-yas Ɛisa, (yeɛni : « Amsellek ») 32 Ad yesɛu ccan d ameqqran, ad ițțusemmi Mmi-s n Sidi Ṛebbi ɛlayen. Sidi Ṛebbi a t-yerr d agellid akken i t-yella Sidna Dawed, yiwen si lejdud-is. 33 Ad iḥkem ɣef tarwa n Yeɛqub i dayem, tageldit-is ur tfennu ara. 34 Meryem tenna i lmelk-nni : Amek ara d-idṛu yid-i wayagi nekk ur nezwiǧ ara ? 35 Lmelk yerra-yas : Atan a d-yers fell-am Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen; tazmert n Sidi Ṛebbi ɛlayen a kem-tɣumm am tili, daymi aqcic-agi imqeddes ara d-ilalen ad ițțsemmi « Mmi-s n Ṛebbi ». 36 Ilicaba i m-ițțilin, ula d nețțat ațan s tadist a d-tesɛu aqcic ɣas akken meqqṛet di leɛmeṛ. Tin akken iwumi semman tiɛiqeṛt, ațan deg waggur wis sețța, 37 imi ulac wayen iwumi ur izmir Sidi Ṛebbi. 38 Meryem tenna : Aql-i ț-țaqeddact n Sidi Ṛebbi, ad idṛu yid-i wayen i d-tenniḍ. Imiren Lmelk-nni yeǧǧa-ț, iṛuḥ. 39 Deg wussan-nni, Meryem tekker tṛuḥ s lemɣawla ɣer yiwet n taddart yellan deg idurar n tmurt n Yahuda. 40 Tekcem ɣer wexxam n Zakarya, tsellem ɣef Ilicaba. 41 Akken i tesla Ilicaba i sslam n Meryem, yefrawes llufan yellan di tɛebbuṭ-is; imiren teččuṛ d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, 42 tɛeggeḍ tenna : A Meryem, tețțubarkeḍ ger tilawin meṛṛa, ițțubarek daɣen win yellan di tɛebbuṭ-im. 43 D acu-yi, iwakken a d-terzef ɣuṛ-i yemma-s n Ssid-iw ? 44 Akken kan i sliɣ i sslam-im, llufan yellan di tɛebbuṭ-iw yefrawes s lfeṛḥ. 45 ?-țaseɛdit kemm yumnen s wayen i m-d-yenna Sidi Ṛebbi! 46 Meryem tenna : Taṛwiḥt-iw teḥmed Sidi Ṛebbi, 47 ul-iw yeččuṛ d lfeṛḥ imi d nețța i d amsellek-iw, 48 axaṭer iwala-yi-d nekk taqeddact-is tameɣbunt ur nesɛi azal. Sya d asawen si lǧil ɣer lǧil a yi-qqaṛen : « ț-țaseɛdit », 49 imi Sidi Ṛebbi Bab n tezmert, yexdem yis-i ayen issewhamen. Isem-is d imqeddes. 50 Ṛṛeḥma-s tețdum si lǧil ɣer lǧil ɣef wid akk i t-iḍuɛen. 51 Isken-ed tazmert n yiɣil-is, isseɛṛeq iberdan i wid yețzuxxun; 52 yessers-ed imeqqranen seg imukan eɛlayen, yerfed wid yețwaḥeqṛen ; 53 yesseṛwa-yasen leṛẓaq i wid yelluẓen, ma d imeṛkantiyen yerra-ten ifassen d ilmawen. 54 Isellek tarwa n wat Isṛail yellan d iqeddacen-is, ur ițțu ara Ṛṛeḥma-s, 55 i gewɛed i Sidna Ibṛahim d warraw-is i dayem akken i t-yenna i lejdud-nneɣ. 56 Meryem teqqim ɣer Ilicaba azal n tlata wagguren d wamek i tuɣal ɣer taddart-is. 57 Yewweḍ-ed lweqt i deg ara d-tarew Ilicaba, tesɛa-d aqcic. 58 Imawlan-is d lǧiran-is feṛḥen aṭas mi slan s ṛṛehma i d-issers fell-as Sidi Ṛebbi. 59 Mi wwḍen tmanya n wussan ɣef weqcic-nni, usan-d a s-sḍehṛen, bɣan a s-semmin s yisem n baba-s : Zakarya. 60 Dɣa tenṭeq-ed yemma-s tenna-yasen : Xaṭi! A s-nsemmi Yeḥya! 61 Nnan-as : Ula d yiwen deg wedrum-nwen ur yesɛi isem-agi. 62 Steqsan baba-s s uwehhi amek yebɣa ad isemmi i mmi-s. 63 Issuter asen-d talwiḥt, yura-yasen-d deg-s : « Yeḥya i d isem-is ». Dɣa wehmen meṛṛa. 64 Imiren kan iserreḥ yiles-is, yebda iheddeṛ, yețḥemmid Ṛebbi ițcekkiṛ-it. 65 Imezdaɣ n lǧiha-nni meṛṛa wehmen, tɛeǧǧben. Deg idurar n tmurt n Yahuda țmeslayen akk ɣef wayen yedṛan. 66 Wid akk yeslan imeslayen-nni, ḥerzen-ten deg wulawen-nsen, qqaṛen : d acu ara d-iffeɣ weqcic-agi ? Axaṭer s tideț afus n Sidi Ṛebbi yella fell-as. 67 Zakarya, baba-s n weqcic-nni, iččuṛ d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, icar-ed s imeslayen-agi : 68 Ad ițțubarek Sidi Ṛebbi, Illu n wat Isṛail imi d-yerra ddehn-is ɣer wegdud-is iwakken a t-isellek. 69 Yefka-yaɣ-d yiwen wemsellek d ameqqran seg izuṛan n Sidna Dawed aqeddac-is, 70 am akken i t-id-ixebbeṛ Sidi Ṛebbi si zzman iɛeddan, seg yimi n lenbiya iqedsen : 71 Ad yili d amsellek ara ɣ-imenɛen seg yiɛdawen-nneɣ, si ger ifassen n wid akk i ɣ-ikeṛhen. 72 Isbeggen ṛṛeḥma-s i lejdud-nneɣ, yemmekta-d lemɛahda-s iqedsen 73 i gefka i jeddi-tneɣ Sidna Ibṛahim. 74 M'ara nețțusellek seg ufus n yeɛdawen-nneɣ, a neɛbed Sidi Ṛebbi mbla lxuf, 75 s lḥeqq, s ṭṭaɛa d wannuz deg wussan n ddunit-nneɣ meṛṛa. 76 Ma d kečč a mmi, aț-țețțusemmiḍ d nnbi n Sidi Ṛebbi eɛlayen axaṭer aț-țedduḍ zdat-es iwakken aț-țheggiḍ iberdan-is, 77 aț-țesfehmeḍ agdud-is ɣef leslak n Sidi Ṛebbi s leɛfu n ddnubat-nsen. 78 Axaṭer Ṛebbi-nneɣ d aḥnin, s Ṛṛeḥma-ines a d-icṛeq fell-aɣ tafat-is am tin n yiṭij seg yigenwan. 79 Tafat-is a d-tecṛeq ɣef wid yellan di ṭṭlam n lmut, ad aɣ-yawi deg webrid n lehna. 80 Aqcic-nni ițțimɣuṛ yețnerni di leɛqel. Iɛac deg unezṛuf armi d ass i deg i d-ibeggen iman-is i wat Isṛail.


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Leonardo da Vinci
D anaẓur alsawi (artiste humaniste), aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla (peintre), d asreqqat (sculpteur), d amasdag (architecte), d ajenyur u d amassan. Leonardo da Vinci d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di tmura Vinci zdat n Florence. Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad (garzone akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg usak°en (atelier) n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg usegg°as 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d anaẓur ilelli.
Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n Milan. Deg usegg°as 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg usegg°as 1506. Deg usegg°as 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n Louis XII n Fransa izedɣen imiren di Milan.
Seg usegg°as 1514 ar usegg°as 1516 idder di Rome s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) Léon X, izdeɣ di teɣremt (palais) Belvedère di "le Vatican", din iqqdec tussna.
Deg usegg°as 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n François I. Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519.
Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant:
- Madone Benois (v. 1478, asalay (musée) n Ermitage, Saint-Pétersbourg).
- Tugna n Ginevra Benci (1481, National Gallery, Washington).
- Saint Jérôme ur ikfi ara (v. 1481, pinacothèque du Vatican).
- La Vierge aux rochers, i deg llant snat n tugnatin (tamenzut, iga-tt deg usegg°as 1483, tella teḥrez di Louvre).
- La Joconde (1503-1506, asalay n Louvre).
[beddel] Tamselyut


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Iẓuran:- Amek ken-d-ttwalin iɣmisen d lmidyaten di lawan nni?
Sliman:- Nqeddec berra-nsen, iɣmisen neɣ ikabaren n tsertit ur d-cqan ara akk deg-neɣ, ɣas ula d akabar PCF i ysedduy G.Marchais degimir-nni. Maca, akabar PRS ak d wayen id-igran deg FFS, usan-d mgal nneɣ.
Iẓuran:- Amek llan inuẓar iqvayliyen imiren nni ar Wegraw Imaziɣen ?
Sliman:- Ur zgiɣ ara dinna deg Wegraw, maɛna ḥsiɣ belli yiwen am Farid Aɛli yezga ittas-d. At Aɛli Sliman Ǧaɛfer, Sliman Azem walaɣt tikelt. Taleb Rabeḥ, xas yugi ad yecnu, maca ur d-yuɣal ara d axsim. Ferḥat Mhenni daɣen yusa-d. Cix n Lḥesnawi yusa-d tikelt yernu yefka-yaɣ-id dduɛa n lxiṛ. Akli Yeḥyaten dima yezga icennu i lamikal n FLN (A.A.E). Dayem yettruẓu-d deg-neɣ, yeqqar-aɣ: “kunwi d imakaren, d ixeddaɛen”. Uɣalen d iɛdawen n temsalt-nsen, imi nessutur-asen mraw frank i tkerḍa n uttekki tikelt iwseggas. Akli Yeḥyaten, yessaweḍ armi d-yergem ula d Muḥend Aɛrav ar Wegraw di tilifu. Ur yeḥsa ara s tin n tmara i nettxellis lekra n wexxam-nni deg nedduri u d Ḥanuz Md Saɛid iɣ-t ittxellisen. Wid id-yettarran mara nesseqsi fell-asen ar tmeɣriwin, illa : Farid Aɛli, Sliman Azem, At Ali Sliman Ǧaɛfer (winna icennun :taḍeggalt-iw tamaɛzuzt…)
Iẓuran:- Deg udlis-is aneggaru, Muḥend Aɛrav yenna belli Sliman Azem iceṛṛeḍ lkaci meqqeren akken ad yekki deg lgala ?
Sliman:- Ur zmireɣ ara ak-d-rreɣ af useqsi agi, acku mačči d nekk i yeskellefen af usefrek* n tneẓraft* n Wegraw. Af akken tesneɣ, Meḥend Aɛrav d argaz n tidett u d agraɣlan*. Ur yeskiddib ara, ma yenna-t-id, ad-yeḍḥu d tidett. Af ayen i yiɛnan nekk, yal tikelt ara d-mlileɣ Sliman Azem, ittaɣ felli lqidaṛ n warem* neɣ zayed n iɣmisen af tikelt u yettxellis-iyi-d d umatu akken aten yefreq i yemsaɣen n lqaha.
Iẓuran: -Vesɛud Muḥend Aɛrav af akken d-qqaren immezɣanen neɣ akk wid yuran fell-as, belli d anesḍabu u d azɣuzran. Kečč it-iqerben, d acu ara d-iniḍ af aya ?
Sliman:- Nek s yiman-iw af akken tesneɣ ur yella ara d argaz anesḍabu*. Dayem yezga yeḥdeq. Di laɛmeṛ it-walaɣ yerfa neɣ yesaɛli taɣect-is ar medden. D aḍabu is-iseṭṭaɛen tabzimt* agi n uzɣuzran*, u Iqvayliyen tabaɛen, zreɛan tasmakta* tillifant*. Vesɛud d adifandi i yettedifandi af yiman-is, af ayla-s d wid akk am netta. Amek ma yiwen yenna netta d amaziɣ mačči d aɛrav d azɣuzran ? Muḥend Aarav ak-yeqqar nek mačči d aɛrav. Ayagi d azɣizer ? Muḥend Aɛrav d amdan n llehna d talwit , d yiwen ur nebɣa yara ad yenger.
Amawal :
Mraw :10,
warem 20,
tinezraf : finance,
asefrek : gestion,
agraɣlan:revolutionnaire,
anesḍabu:autoritaire,
azɣuzran:raciste,
tabzimt:etiquette,
tasmakta:ideologie,
tillifant:ambiante.


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Par S. M. | 17 Septembre 2012 | 99 lecture(s)
Taluft n Libya
Akka i d azrem n uqelmun !
Wi d-yennan ad d-yass wass, imezdaɣ n tmurt n Libya ad d-fɣen seg wanu ideg ten-yerra Lqeddafi ? Ur yeshil ara ubeddel n teswiɛt yekkan azal n rebɛin n yiseggasen, maca tabɣest n yimezdaɣ n Benɣazi ssawḍen ad beddlen lewhi i lemwaǧi. Maca, tabɣest i yiman-is ur tezmir ad tqabel talafsa ikesben tadrimt, leslaḥ d lɛesker. Ihi, gren tiɣri i leǧnas iwakken ad asen-d-ilin di lmendad mgal adiktaturi. D tiɣri-nni n tmucuha : Ḥarem ram, zarem ram, ay arraw n teɣribt anida tellam ! Fransa, Marikan, Legliz d Lqaṭer jban-d am yira, sersen-d ṭṭlam deg uzal ɣef Lqeddafi. Mi akken yemmut, aselway iɛeddan n Fransa, Sarkozy yereza ɣer Libya, ibeggen-d addud n tmurt-is ɣer yidisan n ugdud yettwaḥeqren acḥal d aseggas. Dɣa, Ilibiyen lhan-d d useqɛed n tmurt-nsen s tefranin, d usebded n tseqquma. Ɣer wiyaḍ, teddez tebrez, ad nɛeddi s ayen-nniḍen ! Meɛna, akken i as-yenna Lwennas : ur ten-ttamnet ! D iɛdawen n tudert, ma yella ṭṭfen-tt neḥraret, ad tenger, tekfa ! Akka ihi, Marikan i d-yegren afus-is iḍelli, ḥuccen-as iḍarren-is ass-agi. Imqeddem-is di Libya d tlata n yimɛawnen yellan yid-s ttwanɣen deg yiwet n txazabit i asen-xedmen Yisalafiyen. D wa i d lxir i uberkan n uqerru. Yak yella di lemtel : mi lluẓen ad k-ttren, mi rwan ad k-ččen ! Qqaren-d akka d asaru-nni yeccemten Nnbi i d ssebba n tedyant-a, maca d ayen ur nezmir ad yekcem lbal n kra akk yessexdamen allaɣ-is, labeɛda wid qqsen yizerman yecban ad yičumar i d-isersen yir aṭṭan di tmurt-nneɣ. Yiwen n ubrid i ṭṭafaren, win n tikreḍt yebnan ɣef tmenɣiwt, d usenger n terwiḥin. Ula d ass ideg d-teḍra tedyant-a yettwafren, imi d 11 seg ctember, d amulli wis 11 n tedyant n « les tours jumelles ». Ass-a, ma yella Obama yerfa ɣef wayen yeḍran, Hollande yefqeɛ, Massa Clinton tessutur s uɛaqeb n widen yellan deffir txazabit-a, tamettant n yimqeddem amarikani ur tezmir d tin ara yesfeḍ smaḥ tessutur s wudem unṣib tmurt n Libya. Widak, ẓran d acu i teswa terwiḥt, mačči seg wid izellun imdanen am yizamaren. Akka i d azrem n uqelmun ; akka i tḍerru d win i d-irebban azrem ɣer yiri-s, di tesmeḍ ad yexmet, mi yeḥma ad yeqqes. D tamsirt i tmura tiberraniyin yettakken afud i yicenga.
S. M.


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Par Djamal Amriou | 17 Septembre 2012 | 178 lecture(s)
Inig nnig n lkanun
Tawwurt n yetran (1)
Tserreḥ-d ccetwa i ssem-is. Aḍu, asemmiḍ, lehwa, adfel, abruri, radegga, trisiti truḥ, aman gersen, l’antenne n Djezzy teɣli-d, timɣarin tekcem-iten tergigit, imɣaren zzalan nnafila… Taddart yefffeɣ-tt leɛqel. Iḍ-nni, ur yeḥulfa i wacema Ḥmimi. Tuɣ-it yessefruw d yeqbucen akk d “la pelure de Wagnun’’. Yeswa almi i as-yeɛreq ula d isem-is. Yettuɣu : "nekkini d le colonel O’neil n SG1". Iɛreq-as ula d abrid. Bac ad yaɣ win ara t-yawin s axxam, yeṭṭef win i yessufuɣen si taddart. Yelḥa almi yeǧa arkasen-is deg waluḍ. Isenned ɣef tzemmurt, yecmumeḥ, yeqqen taṭucin-is am llufan-nni yerwan tabbuct n yemma-s. Akken kan yemdel allen-is, yaf-d iman-is tama n tewwurt n yitran. Colonel Ḥ’mimi n INU1 (Iɣil N Ulac1)!? Imuqel la porte des étoiles, imuqel iman-is, yenna-as :" aqli tama n tewwurt ara yi-yawin anda bɣiɣ. Imi zemreɣ ad inigeɣ deg le temps , acimi ur ttinigeɣ ara ɣer deffir, ad sextiɣ taɣyulit n umezruy?" Ixemmem citaḥ, yaf belli lukan ad iruḥ ɣer Tuber 88, yezmer lḥal ad ibeddel kra di la constitution i d-yurwen 60 hizb. Iqubel tawwurt, yesxentec di tqeffalin, yura:"Hydra, 5 Octobre 1988". Amcwar akka, yaf-d iman-is di lbiru n Chadli. Saɛa d 12 n yiḍ. Lberzidan mazal yeṭṭis. Iserkasen tefɣen, wiyaḍ keccmen . La révolution stan smith tqelleq adabu. Colonel Ḥmimi yeɛqel yiwen si taddart-is. Fɣen akk, yegra-d lberzidan weḥdes. Yesmar-d cwiṭ n Hamoud Boualem, yiqqim. Amecwar akka yeslalew tilifun : " allo ! oui. Yaxi qutlek blad li ma fihac macakil, ma hic blad ! " Am deg film-nni " les anges du paradis ", H’mim ur tettwalin ara. Maɛna ad as-sselen. Iqereb ɣer lberzidan, imuqel ma dɣa d sseḥ d lɛarɛar i yettkeyif, yenṭeq :
- Azul ya sidi lberzidan !
- Besmi llah raḥman raḥim ! azul ? Naḍu tanik leqbayel? D'abord, ckun n ta ?
- Ana Ḥya sid lberzidan . ǧit min Iɣil n Ulac !
- ….?
- Ǧit min 2006. Xellit Butefliqa huwa lberzidan. Yestewtew lberzidan snat n tsurtin, yestexfer, yuɣal yeṭṭes ɣef ufutay. Yuẓa colonel Ḥmimi ɣer lbiru, ijebed-d leqjer, yufa le dernier bulletin scolaire n Chadli, yeɣra deg-s l’appréciation n ccix n tefransist : « élève sans avenir ». Yecmumeḥ, Ixemmem-as un coup, yenna : « ilaq ad wweteɣ azrem s aqerru. Ad ruḥeɣ srid ɣer 1962 »
T.Ouldamar*Tugna n Djamal Amriou


text:
Par S. M. | 17 Septembre 2012 | 83 lecture(s)
Tubiret : Asnerni deg uḥric n usefti
Tamdint n Tubiret tettbeddil udem seg wass ɣer wiyaḍ ilmend n usnerni deg lebni n tnezduɣin d usewjed n yimukan i lecɣal yemgaraden. Ma nebder-d amraḥ i usenzi n waṭas n ttawilat ur nezmir ad nerr tiṭ tama n ugafa sanda rezzun yal ass d imeyyaten n yimdanen. Wagi d ssuq i yeldi nnig n useggas-aya Issad Rebrab. Ɣer tama n waya, rennun-d yisensa. S tidet, tamdint n Tubiret txus deg uḥric-a n yisensa, imi sin akken yellan ttbanen-d drus ɣef leḥsab n wid i d-irezzun ɣur-s. D ayen yeǧǧan ass-a, sin n yisensa ara yeldin tiwwura-nsen akka ɣer zdat. Ma d aḥric n wučči, yal tikkelt d asnerni deg uḥric-a. Ma nerra tama n « la cité Ouest », ad naf gar sin n yiseččuyen yella yiwen n usečču. Mačči kan dagi i yellan s waṭas, maca ulac tiɣmert ideg ur d-nettmagar ara imukan yecban wi. Deg wussan-a yezrin, d yiwen n usečču s wazal i yeldin tiwwura-s di temdint n Tubiret. Réda, imi d netta i d imḍebber n usenfar-a, yessexdem ttawilat ara yeǧǧen win ara yerzun ɣur-s ur ineddem ara, balak ahat d ayen ara t-yeǧǧen ad yettuɣal ɣer ɣur-s. Liseɛ, d trusi n yizumal icudden ɣer yidles-nneɣ yerna-d cbaḥa i umkan-a, d ayen ara yeǧǧen amezdaɣ n Tubiret ur yettnekmir ara ma yerza-d ɣur-s uberrani iwakken ad t-yessečč ɣer Réda. Mačči kan d amkan weḥdes ara iɛeǧben imẓuren, maca, ula d afus n win yesswwayen irennu-d azal i umkan-a. Akka, limer nettemɛanad akka s ayen yelhan…
S. M.


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Par A . S. H | 10 Septembre 2012 | 79 lecture(s)
Ussan umezgun amaziɣ
«tigejdit» di tadwilt tis snat
Larebɛa Nat Iraten : Ttwamedlen tewwura ɣef ussan n umezgun amaziɣ id tessudes tidukla « Tigejdit » deg Larbaɛ Nat Iraten assen larbaɛ 5 di Cembtember. Tadwilt agi tis snat deg ttaken azal n 10 n terbuyaɛ umezgun begnent-d iswir wuɣur yaṣṣaweḍ umezgun s tmaziɣt deg issagasen-agi inaggura. Tasqamut yellan ɣef demma n waktazal n tmezgunin yettikin deg timzizelt mudden arrazen i leqdic id yufararen. Deg akka arraz n tamezgunt ifazen iṣṣaḥed i terbaɛt n tawrirt meqran s tmezgunt-nsen « Takna ». Arraz n umallab (comédien) ifazen yezzi i Mass Chaouch Mohand id yuraren di tmezgun « axxam n lḥerga », ma d win n tamallabt ifazen yuɣal i tamsiwt Hamadou Kamelia yettikin di tmezgunt « takna ». Arraz n ussudes ( mise en scene) amazwaru d win i d-iṣaḥen i Mass Moqran Lyes n tarbaɛt « Tigejdit » n Lrebaɛ Nat iraten. Arraz n usayes( décors) d win tawwi tarbaɛt n umezgun « Tigejdit » id yuraren di tacquft n umezgun « Muḥ u berbuc » . Ma d arraz n uḍris id yufararen iṣaḥed i waḍris Duminu (turar tarbaɛt n Tacemlit n tidukla Yusef U Qasi) uran sin watmaten : Noredine d Hamid Ait Slimane. S wakka i kfan ussan-agi n umezgun di Lerbaɛ Nat Iraten..lehwi si tura yuɣal ɣer tadwilt tis talata akken simmal ɛammel amezgun amaziɣ ad yawwiisurifen ɣer zdat.
A . S. H


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Orcalim
Orcalim neɣ Jerusalem d tamanaɣt n tmurt n Israyil, bɣan-tt daɣen Ifalesṭinyen s tmanaɣt n tamurt-nsen, qqaren-as s tɛebrit ירושלים (Yerucalayim), s teɛrabt Al Quds neɣ Orcalim Al Qods. I tamdint-agi azal ɣur ladyan aṭas.
[beddel] Amezruy
Imaziɣen, agellid-nsen n zik, Cocenq (win yuɣalen d ferɛun n Maṣer) yekcem tamdint almi yella deg-s ugellid Reboam.
[beddel] Ajjed
D tamdint i yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣur udayen axaṭar yella g yes aẓekka n Sliman yegra-d gi-s el ḥiḍ qqaren-as Ḥiḍ n imeṭṭi. Yerna tesɛa azal ameqqran ɣur inselmen axaṭar yella deg-s Jamaɛ n Aqṣa y d yessali Brahim ; ɣur imasiḥiyen axaṭar dinna i yemmut Ɛisa.


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Tasdawit Mouloud Mammeri
Lexṣaṣ n 1200 n yiselmaden
Par: D.I. | 01-10-2012
Tasedawit Mulud Maɛmri n Tizi Wezzu tettidir leṣaṣ meqqren n yiselmaden ɛla ḥsab n yiwen wulɣu. Tasedawit-a testexdam 1868 n yiselmaden yettukelfen s uselmed n 47 200 n yinelmaden, leḥsab-a d win meẓiyen ma neẓra belli yal aselmad yewwi-d ad iseklef ala s 15 yinelmaden ɛlla ḥsab leqwanin yellan deg temura yegman. S waya ad naf lexṣaṣ n 1 200 n yiselmaden. Iḥricen ideg yella lexṣaṣ: tutlayin tibaraniyin, tadamsa d l’architecture. Ad nesmekti belli asseggas-a azal 8 635 n yinelamen imaynuten i ikecmen ɣer tesdawit Mulud Maɛmri, s waya yewweḍ leḥsab n yinelmaden ar 47 200, 67% deg-sen d tulas.
D.I.


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Tlaxcala d aẓeḍḍa i lmend n uṭṭuqqet n yilsawen deg umaḍal, tessebded-it-id yiwet n terbaet tamecṭuḥt n yimeYnasen (militants) n Internet ay yemyussanen s Internet yerna gren tamawt eedlen deg tmuYliwin-nsen i wakk-n ad ssiwḍen Yer yeswan, tirga ed wuguren ay ten-icerken. Aẓeḍḍa n terbaet-nsen yimYur s tYawla, yerna llan deg-s ass-a 74 n yimaslaḍen (membres) ay d-yettarun s 15 n yilsawen. Taskint-a, ay qeblen akk-n ma llan, d tin ay d-yesskanen tafelsuft ay ten-icerken.
Akk ilsawen n umaḍal yessefk ad ttekkin yerna ttekkayen, deg tidet, deg lebni n tegmat gar yemdanen. Iles ur yelli, akk-n ttxemmimen kra, d taYessa kan n tjeṛṛumt (structure grammaticale), d tagrumma (ensemble) n wawalen ay itteddun s lqanun n tseddast (syntaxe), wanag yessefk ad d-nernu : iles d asnulfu n lmeenat ay yebnan Yef yiḥulfan-nneY. S way-a, nettwali, nfehhem yerna nessawal-d Yef umaḍal-nneY Yef leḥsab n tegnit ay deg nella, Yef leḥsab n yiḥulfan-nneY udmawanen (personnels), n tmura ay deg d-nekker yerna nezdeY yerna Yef leḥsab n tegnit tasertit (politique) ay deg nedder. Γef ljal n way-a, ur yelli yiles ay yeṭṭfen talemmast, ur imal akk-in wala akk-a, yerna ilsawen akk Yer-sen ”tangalt tajinit” (code génétique), d lateṛ n yidelsan wuYur qqnen. Talatinit yellan d iles amezwaru n Umenkud (Empire), tewweḍ Yer tqacuct s weefas Yef way-n ay d-yeqqimen seg yilsawen ay tessaweḍ ad ten-terẓ asmi ay llan yiserdasen n Ṛṛuman ssemYaren Amenkud-nsen (Empire) deg wenẓul (sud) n Tuṛuft (Europe), deg ugafa (nord) n Tefriqt ed Ccerq Alemmas. Sakk-in, ur yelli d ay-n yessewhamen mi ara nẓer taspenyulit, yelli-s n tlatinit, d nettat ay yesnegren ilsawen n yiYerfan (ccueub) niḍen, wid yettwarnan deg Temrikt.
Amenkud (Empire) ed yiles-nnes tteddun dima afus deg ufus, yerna d ay-n ibanen ur zmiren ad ddren ed ad nnernin ala ma snegren wiyaḍ. Amenkud ed yiles-nnes ttagin wiyaḍ. S kra n yiles n umenkud (langue impériale) yettarra iman-nnes d netta ay Yef yebna umezruy (ttarix), d netta ay d-iḥekkun amezruy s tmuYli-nnes yerna imeḥḥu (neY ieerreḍ ad yemḥu) timuYliwin n yilsawen ay yeḥqer. Amezruy unṣ̣ib (officiel) n yal amenkud werjin yettili zeddig seg lbaṭel ed lekdeb, wanag dima ieerreḍ ad d-yessefhem, Yas s lekdeb, ay-n ay iga umenkud iḍelli, i wakk-n ad d-yebnu tamuYli-nnes Yef umaḍal n uzekka, akk-n ay t-yettwali netta.
Yiwen ur yeẓri ass-a ay-n ay ieeddan, ay-n umi ḥulfan yiYerfan (ccueub) ay yerna Umenkud n Ṛṛuman, imi ur d-yettwaru wacemma Yef lexṣ̣ara-nsen ay d-yeglan s nnger n yidelsan-nsen. Maca ilsawen n yiYerfan n Temrikt, ay yerna Umenkud aspenyuli, jjan-d cchadat Yef way-n ay yekkan fell-asen. Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 16, cwiṭṭ kan sdeffir ma kecmen Yespenyuliyen Yer Mexico, Agmat Bernardino de Sahagún yejmee-d ay-n umi qqaren ass-aAmmud n Firenze, d cchada anda ay yesdukkel timucuha s tnahuatlt (d iles n Waztikiyen iqburen, mazal ssawalen-t deg Miksik) ed tugniwin (tteṣ̣wirat) ay d-yesskanen timetti ed yedles n Waztikiyen sdat ad ten-id-kecmen Yespenyuliyen. Cchada tis snat d tin ay d-nufa deg Lienzo de Tlaxcala, d ammud ay d-yejmee yiwen n wemsahar (métis) isem-nnes Diego Muñoz de Camargo, yerna cchada-a d tin ay yettruẓun tamezwarut-nni, imi ay-n ay d-iḥekku Muñoz de Camargo yebna-t Yef tekla (peintures) ay d-gan lejdud-nnes – ihaggaren (nobles) n Tlaxcala – ay d-iweṣ̣fen amek ay d-yewweḍ Hernán Cortés ed wamek ay teYli Tenochtitlan, tamaneYt n Umenkud Aztiki, tin ay hudden yimaslaken (conquérants) ispenyuliyen yerna bnan deg wemkan-nnes tamdint n Mexico. Deg tallit-nni, Tlaxcala tella d taxṣ̣imt n Umenkud Aztiki n Tenochtitlan, yerna asmi ay yewweḍ Cortés Yer Miksik, Tlaxcala teawen-it akk-n ad yerẓ Tenochtitlan, maca imezdaYen n Tlaxcala ur faqen asmi ay gan ay-a xedeen ula d iman-nsen, imi Amenkud Aspenyuli ay d-ilulen s uYelluy n Tenochtitlan, yerra seddaw n uzaglu-nnes akk iYerfan ineṣ̣liyen wuYur yekcem – ama d wid yellan d imeddukkal, neY d wid yellan iedawen n Uqacuc Aspenyuli, yerna ay-a yessaweḍ-iten armi ay qrib sṛuḥen akk idelsan ed yilsawen-nsen.
Ass-a, tazmert n Umenkud (Empire) tella gar yifassen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, yerna iles-nnes unṣ̣ib d tanglizit. Tanglizit, am wakk ilsawen n yimenkuden, tettḥettim-d lqanun-nnes Yef medden. Anekcum n tanglizit Yer waṭas n tmura ed tmiwa yessaweḍ aṭas n medden ad sṛuḥen ilsawen ay yes ssawalen yal ass, neY Yas kra ur ten-sṛuḥen, atni la tteddun Yer way-nni. Filippin ed Puerto Rico d sin kan n yimedyaten (lemtul) gar wiyaḍ. Deg Tefriqt n ddaw n Uneẓruf (Ṣṣ̣eḥra), cciea n tkellax ay yettunefken i tanglizit, tafṛensist, tapuṛtugalit ed yilsawen n teYwalt (communication) ay yessawal umur ameqran deg medden deg kra seg tmura-a d ay-n ay d-igellun s nnger n yiwen n yiles aneṣ̣li yal snat n ledwaṛ, Yef leḥsab n UNESCO.
D tidet, deg tallit-a ay deg yessefk ad tili teYwalt (communication) gar yemdanen ed tmura n umaḍal akk, ma sean yemdanen yiwen n yiles ara yessifessen tamussni gar-asen ur yelli d ay-n n diri, maca iles-a yezmer ad yeqqel yettḍurru ma yella yessawaḍ tasnakta (idéologie) ara t-id-yesseknen yif yerna yugar ilsawen niḍen, ama s tmeemada neY ala, yerna iḥeqqer ilsawen niḍen ay yellan ”seddaw n tecḍaḍt”-nnes, meḥsub akk ilsawen niḍen. Tikerrist n temYer (complexe de supériorité) ay itteddun dima ed kra n yiles n umenkud (empire) neY iles ay yeqqnen Yer kra n umenkud teẓẓa deg wul n yiles-nni, ur yezmir ad yemsefraq yid-s, yerna ula d imeYnasen yessawalen s tanglizit yerna ttnaYen i lmend n umaḍal yifen win n wass-a, tikkwal ttxemmimen iles-nsen yif wiyaḍ : ala aḥric d amecṭuḥ mliḥ seg way-n ay nettaf deg yimediaten-nsen (médias) ay d-yettussuqqlen seg yilsawen yellan ”seddaw tecḍaḍt” n tanglizit, wanag amur ameqran deg way-n d-ssuffuYen yettwaru s tanglizit deg laṣ̣el-nnes, ur s kra n yiles niḍen. Ay-n ay d-yettwarun s tanglizit yerna ssuqqulen-t-id Yer yilsawen niḍen yugar s waṭas ay-n ay d-yettwarun s yilsawen niḍen yerna yettussuqqul-d Yer tanglizit. Aql-aY neḍlem akk imi ay neqbel ad yeqqim lbaṭel am wa armi d ass-a.
Tlaxcala d aẓeḍḍa n yemsuqqlen ay iqeddcen i lmend n uṭṭuqqet n yilsawen. Aẓeḍḍa-a ilul-d i wakk-n ad yerr tajmilt ass-a i ddula ed temdint n Tlaxcala ay yeYlin Yef ljal n tuccḍa ay tga, asmi ay tga laman deg umenkud –win n Yespenyuliyen - akk-n ad nnaYen mgal n umenkud niḍen iḍeefen – win n Nahua -, maca armi ay ieedda lawan ay ukin ed tuccḍa-nsen, ukin yiwen ur yessefk ad yeg laman deg yimenkuden – akk-n bYun ilin – imi ay sseqdacen wid yellan seddaw n tecḍaḍt-nsen d allal kan i wakk-n ad ssiwḍen Yer yeswan-nsen. Imsuqqlen igraYlanen n Tlaxcala ttnadin ad ṣ̣eḥḥen tuccḍa n Tlaxcala, tin ay d-yeglan s nnger-nnes, Yef way-nni ay fkan isem n ddula-a i uẓeḍḍa-nsen.
Imsuqqlen n Tlaxcala ttamnen s lḥeqq ay sean Wiyaḍ akk-n ad ilin, ttamnen yessefk ad nefhem timuYliwin n wiyaḍ, yerna i lmend n way-a ay qeddcen i wakk-n ad kksen ḍḍabee-nni n umenkud (empire) ay tesea tanglizit, s s tsuqqilt n way-n d-ttarun yimura (écrivains), idemmayen (penseurs), ifeYlayen (caricaturistes) ed yimeYnasen (militants) s yilsawen ur ten-yejji yiles n umenkud ad d-banen. Iḍrisen (textes) n wi akk ad d-ttussuqqlen Yer wakk ilsawen wuYur nezmer ad ten-id-nessuqqel (ula d tanglizit), yerna imsuqqlen n Tlaxcala ad jjen wid ur nessawal tanglizit ad ssnen ay-n d-ttarun wid yessawalen s tanglizit maca rran-ten deg rrif, ur yettwassen way-n d-uran neY yeweeṛ akk-n t-id-afen medden.
Tanglizit, Yas teqqel d iles n ussiweḍ n tmussni i deg umaḍal akk yerna zuna tettgensis-d (représenter) amaḍal-a s lekmal-nnes, timYur tezmert-nnes armi ay teqqel tettbeddil yerna tneYY ṛṛuḥ n yilsawen ed yidelsan niḍen war ma tcaweṛ imawlan-nsen. Imsuqqlen n Tlaxcala umnen nezmer ad nernu wid yeṭṭfen awal yerna ugin ad as-brun yerna ssaramen ad sneqsen seg ljehd n taYect n wid ur nejji tuYac n yilsawen niḍen ad d-banent s werfad n taYect n yineggura-a, i wakk-n amaḍal-a ur tettili yiwet kan n tezmert ara t-iḥekmen, wanag aṭas, yerna ur yessawal s yiwen kan n yiles, wanag s waṭas n yilsawen, i wakk-n aṭṭuqqet n tzemmar ed yilsawen ad yili am uṭṭuqqet n leṣ̣naf n yimexluqen imuddiren deg umaḍal.
Llsas ay teḍfer Tlaxcala n wextiri n yeḍrisen (textes) d win ay ibedden Yef wazalen n TseYrut TagraYlant n Yizerfan n Wemdan, d tin iqeddcen i lmend n uqader ikemlen n yizerfan ed wazal n wemdan. Imsuqqlen n Tlaxcala zgan-d mgal n leeqliyya taserdasit (militaire), mgal n temnukda (impérialisme) yerna mgal n ussemḍel ”anyulibiṛali” (mondialisation ”néolibérale”). Ssaramen seg wul ad tili talwit gar wakk ilsawen ed yidelsan yerna akk-n ma llan ad ilin eedlen. Ur ttamnen s wemyewwat gar tYermiwin wala s ṭṭrad-a amnukdan (impérialiste) mgal n rrebrab ay Yef d-ssawalen kra ass-a. Imsuqqlen n Tlaxcala zgan-d mgal n temsirit (racisme) ed lebni n leṣ̣war ed ẓẓrubat n trisiti – ama d wid n tidet neY d wid n yiles – ur nettajja imdanen ed yilsawen n umaḍal ad wliwlen s tlelli. Ttnadin ad snernin aeuzzu, asteeṛef ed uqader n Wayeḍ, yerna bYan ur yettili Wayeḍ-nni d taYawsa n Umezruy (ttarix) wanag ad yeqqel d win ay yettekkayen deg tlalit n Umezruy, d win ay ieedlen ed win ay t-yettarun. Leqdic n yemsuqqlen n Tlaxcala d win yellan d awizi (bénévole), ttgen-t baṭel. Akk tisuqqilin ay ttgen wid yettekkan deg Tlaxcala zemren ad tent-awin medden, ad tent-id-ssuffYen anda ay asen-yehwa ma yella ur tent-sseqdacen i ussekcem n yedrimen, maca yessefk ad d-bedren seg wansi ay ten-id-wwin ed wanwa ay tent-yuran.
A imsuqqlen n wakk ilsawen, qqnem-d yid-neY tasem-d ad neddukkel ! Inedbalen n yideggen (webmasters) ed yemttekkiyen n yeblugen (blogs) n wakk timuYliwin, ay yeddan ed way-n nebYa ed way-n ay aY-iceYben, arum-aY-d !
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Maci s zzheṛ kan ay nefren ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ akk-n ad yili d ass n ussuffeY n Teskint-nneY. Deg yiseggasen n 1950, 1960 ed 1970, 21 Fuṛaṛ yella d ass amaḍlan (mondial) mgal n temharsa (colonialisme) ed temnukda (impérialisme).
”Win ay yessutturen, deg wakal-nnes, ala ciṭṭ-nni n wakal ay deg ara as-Yzen i temḍelt-nnes, winna yuklal ad as-nsel, ad as-nḥesses, yerna yuklal ad neg laman deg way-n d-yeqqar”. Augusto Cesar Sandino yettwanYa de wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ, 1934, deg Nicaragua, s lameṛ n Somoza, win yellan itteddu ad yeqqel d asnaraf (dictateur) n tmurt-a. Medden semman-as i Sandino : Ajiniṛal n Yemdanen Ilelliyen, yerna Yef leḥsab n leequdat n lehna ay yestenya yiwen wass sdat ad yemmet, yeqbel ad yejbed iman-nnes Yer yiwet n tenmiragt (coopérative) n yifellaḥen, deg ugafa (nord) n Nicaragua.
Ass-a, Sandino yeqqel d netta ay d tala n tfernant (patriotisme) n Yinikaṛagwiyen, yerna d netta ay d azamul n nnif n tmurt-nsen, d win ay yennuYen yerna yebded deg wudem n yiserdasen (leeskeṛ) imarikaniyen ay d-yegren iman-nsen deg tmurt-nnes yerna ṭṭfen-tt. Sandino yella d imḍebber n ”Yigen [armée] n Temḥaddit n Lḥeṛma n Tmurt”, d igen ay d-ijemeen ifellaḥen ed yiqeddacen ay yennuYen mgal n temnukda (impérialisme) ed tesnaraft (dictature) s yijenwiyen, dduzan n leqdic, ibeckiḍen iṣ̣edden ed lbumbat ay d-gan s tebwaḍin n uqezdir yeccuṛen d iẓra ed yiceqqufen n wuzzal. Iserdasen-nnes qrib ssawḍen ad d-sseYlin ula d ṛṛublanat n weedaw s yeẓra, maca ay-n yugaren akk ay-a netta imenYi-nsen gan-t s tuṭṭfa deg wazalen-nsen ed leḥmala tameqrant ay ḥemmlen tamurt-nsen, Yas kkan-d Yef yiberdan iweeṛen, ed tiytiwin n yiserdasen inikaṛagwiyen yeddukklen ed yigen amarikani – imi iserdasen imarikaniyen sqedcen wid n Nicaragua, yerna igen amarikani i yiman-nnes kan yella yejhed ahat meyya n tikkal ugar win n yigen n Sandino. Asmi ay yebded Yer yidis n yiẓawaliyen ed wid umi ccan tadwin-nsen deg Nicaragua ed Temrikt Talatinit, Sandino yessken-d, yerna s tirrugza, amek ay zemren yifellaḥen ad d-snekren ed ad ssuddsen (oragniser) imenYi i wakk-n ad bedden deg wudem n lbaṭel ed ad ssiwḍen Yer uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen.
Deg wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1944, mi d-ukin kan yimezdaYen n Paris, ufan-d inazalen (affiches) izewwaYen ay d-yettxebbiren s tmenYiwt n 23 n ”yirebraben” : deg tidet, imdanen-a llan d imaslaḍen (membres) n Francs-Tireurs et Partisans - Main-d'ouvre Immigrée de Paris [FTP-MOI], d yiwet seg tuddsiwin (organisations) timezwura ay ibedden deg wudem n Yinaziyen asmi ay d-kecmen Yer wakal n Fṛansa. Imḍebber n terbaet-a, Missak Manouchian, d Aṛmini n 36 n yiseggasen, ay d-imeneen seg Ussenger n Waṛminiyen deg Tteṛk, yerna yella d iminig deg Fṛansa. Mi akk-n ay ieedda deg deg ccṛee n yiserdasen (leeskeṛ) inaziyen, ixabiten-nni Ifṛensisen luqben-t, nnan-as ”a amitak” [d tisellqebt ay yes ttlaqaben ibeṛṛaniyen], maca Manouchian yerra-asen : ”Kenwi d awṛat kan ay d-tweṛtem taYlent (nationalité) tafṛensist, wanag nekk uklaleY-tt”.
Deg wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1952, d luluf n yinelmaden, aggagen (intellectuels) ed yiqeddacen ay d-yennejmaeen deg Dhaka, ay yellan imir-nni d tamaneYt n Pakistan Tacerqit, tin yeqqlen ass-a d Bangladesh, i wakk-n ad d-sseknen tigin-nsen imi Pakistan tḥettem-d turdut (ourdou) d nettat kan ay d iles aYelnaw awḥid i wakk Ibengaliyen. Mi akk-n ay eerḍen yinelmaden ad ddun, imsulta (ibulisen) qerrsen yerna nYan ṛebea seg-sen ass-nni, ed rnan nYan, ma ulac, sebea niḍen deg sin-nni wussan ay d-iḍefren. Amussu-a (mouvement) yeqqel yegla-d s tnekra n wegdud s lekmal-nnes yerna ay-a yessaweḍ armi ay temsebḍa Bangladesh Yef Pakistan, deg 1971, sdeffir n tedyanin n ccwal ay deg Pakistan teereḍ ad tesseqdec assizeg n weYref (épuration ethnique) ed tga i lmend n way-a kra seg tYawsiwin tucmitin akk deg lqern wis eecrin, s ueiwen n uselway amarikani n yimir-nni, Nixon. Seg yimir-nni, qqlen yimezdaYen n Bangladesh ttarran tajmilt i way-n umi qqaren Ekushey, Ass n YimeYrusen (ccuhada), yal aseggas deg wass 21 Fuṛaṛ, d ass ay deg tteahaden iman-nsen akk-n ad gen leqrar i tgemmi (patrimoine) tameṛkantit n yiles abengali (awal n Ekush lmeena-s 21, ma Ekusheylmeena-s Wis 21). Deg useggas n 2000, UNESCO terra ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ d Ass AgraYlan n Yiles Ayemmat (langue maternelle), akk-n ad rren tajmilt i umussu ay d-inekren deg Bangladesh. (Yettwarna deg wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 2009).
”Yewweḍ-d lawan n yimeYrusen (ccuhada), yerna ma yella ula d nekk ad iliY d yiwen seg-sen, ay-a ad yili i lmend n tegmat, yerna d tagmat kan ay izemren ad d-tessukkes tamurt-a”. D wi ay d awalen ineggura ay d-yenna Malcolm X sdat ad t-nYen deg yiwet n temlilit deg Harlem, deg wass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1965. Wid ay t-yenYan d 3 n yemdanen yettekkan deg tuddsa (organisation) n Nation of Islam, d tuddsa ay seg yeffeY Malcolm deg 1963 i wakk-n ad d-yessebded Tuddsa n Tdukli Tafriqit-Tamarikanit. Deg Yebrir 1966, wid ay t-yenYan ḥekmen-asen s lḥebs s teYzef n tudert, maca wid ay iḍebbren deg tmenYiwt-nnes – Imḍebbren n Umenkud (empire) – akk-n tḍerru s umata, yiwen ur ten-ieaqeb.
Malcolm X, win yettwassnen daYen s yisem n El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, isem-nnes aneṣ̣li netta d Malcolm Little. Yella yesea 39. Sdat ad yemmet, yedda Yer Mekka akk-n ad d-iḥijj, dYa din ay yessen tamYreḍt (universalité) mi akk-n ay yemlal ed lḥejjaj ay d-yusan seg yal ljens. Yiwet seg ssebbat ay t-yejjan ad yemsebḍu ed tuddsa n Nation of Islam netta d asmi ay yeẓra tuddsa-a tella tetteddu akk-n ad temciweṛ ed tuddsa n Ku Klux Klan i wakk-n iberkanen ad d-sbedden ddula deg wenẓul n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, swaswa kan akk-n iga win ay d-yesbedden taṣ̣ehyunit, Theodor Herzel, asmi ay yessutter seg yimeqranen akk seg gar wid ikeṛhen Udayen akk-n ad t-eawnen deg leqdic-nnes i lmend n ussebded n ddula tudayt. Malcolm ur yelli yezmer ad yeqbel ameiwen am wa, ladYa imi baba-s s timmad-nnes d Ku Klux Klan ay t-yenYan.
Deg wass-a n wesmekti, neezem ad nessers Tlaxcala seddaw n tejmilt ed yiseY n tlata-a n yimeYnasen (militants) ay yennuYen akk-n ad d-rren azal i yiYerfan (ccueub), Augusto Cesar Sandino, Missak Manouchian ed Malcolm X.
Deg tallunt (espace) n Internet, ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ, 2006, d ass agraɣlan n yiles ayemmat.


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Nekk Bulus, yellan d aqeddac n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, țwaxtaṛeɣ ad iliɣ d ṛṛasul, iwakken ad beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Sidi Ṛebbi. 2 Lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ i d-yewɛed Sidi Ṛebbi si zik s yimi n lenbiya di tira iqedsen, 3 d ayen yeɛnan Mmi-s, Ɛisa Lmasiḥ Ssid-nneɣ i d-ilulen d amdan seg wedrum n Dawed, 4 yețțusemma d Mmi-s n Ṛebbi s tezmert n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, s ḥeggu-ines si ger lmegtin. 5 Yis i ɣ-ixdem Sidi Ṛebbi lemziya a nili d imceggɛen, iwakken a d-nawi s yisem-is imdanen n leǧnas meṛṛa ad amnen yis yerna ad aɣen awal-is. 6 Yessawel-awen-d ula i kunwi yellan ger leǧnas-agi, iwakken aț-țilim d ayla n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 7 I wid akk yellan di temdint n Ṛuma, i gḥemmel Sidi Ṛebbi, iwumi i d-yessawel ad ilin d ayla-s : ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a wen-d-țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi baba-tneɣ akk-d Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 8 Di tazwara, ad ḥemdeɣ Sidi Ṛebbi fell-awen meṛṛa s yisem n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, axaṭer yeffeɣ lexbaṛ di ddunit meṛṛa belli tumnem s Lmasiḥ. 9 Sidi Ṛebbi i ɛebbdeɣ seg ul-iw, i ɣef qeddceɣ imi țbecciṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yeɛnan Mmi-s, yeẓra belli țțadreɣ-kkun-id dima m'ara deɛɛuɣ ɣuṛ-es. 10 Ssutureɣ mkul ass i Sidi Ṛebbi iwakken ma yebɣa, ad afeɣ abrid amek ara n-aseɣ ɣuṛ-wen. 11 Acḥal i bɣiɣ a kkun-ẓreɣ, akken a kkun-slemdeɣ ɣef kra n tukciwin i d-ițțak Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen iwakken aț țǧehdem; 12 yerna m'ara n-awḍeɣ ɣuṛ-wen, a nemseǧhad wway gar aneɣ; kunwi s liman-nwen, nekk s liman-inu, imi yiwen n liman i ɣ-isdukklen. 13 Ay atmaten, bɣiɣ aț-țeẓrem belli acḥal n tikkal i ɛerḍeɣ a n-aseɣ ɣuṛ-wen, iwakken lxedma inu a wen-d-teglu s kra n lfayda, am akken i d-tewwi lfayda i leǧnas nniḍen; meɛna ar tura mazal țmagareɣ-ed uguren. 14 Ilaq-iyi ad ṛuḥeɣ ɣer yemdanen n ddunit meṛṛa, ɣer leǧnas itqeddmen akk-d wid ur netqeddem ara, ɣer wid yeɣṛan d wid ur neɣṛi ara. 15 Daymi i bɣiɣ ad beccṛeɣ daɣen lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ, i kunwi yellan di temdint n Ṛuma. 16 Ur ssetḥaɣ ara s lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ, axaṭer ț-țazmert n Sidi Ṛebbi i leslak n kra win yumnen yis; di tazwara i wat Isṛail, a d-ḍefṛen leǧnas nniḍen. 17 Lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ ibeggen-ed amek i gețțarra Sidi Ṛebbi imdanen d iḥeqqiyen s liman, axaṭer s liman kan i nezmer a nuɣal d iḥeqqiyen si tazwara alamma ț-țaggara. Akken yura di tira iqedsen : Aḥeqqi ad yidir s liman. 18 Sidi Ṛebbi ițbeggin-ed urrif-is seg igenni ɣef ddnub d cceṛ n yemdanen i gețɣummun lḥeqq s lbaṭel; 19 axaṭer ayen akk i glaqen a t-issinen ɣef Sidi Ṛebbi, ẓran-t; d Ṛebbi s yiman-is i sen-t-id isbeggnen. 20 Seg wasmi i d-yexleq ddunit, ayen akk yeffren ɣef wallen, nețwali-t di lecɣal-is; nezmer a neɛqel belli d nețța kan i d Ṛebbi yesɛan tazmert ur nfennu; daymi wigi ulac fell-asen ssmaḥ. 21 ?as akken ẓran yella Ṛebbi, ur setɛeṛfen ara yis; ur t-ḥmiden, ur t-ckiṛen, lameɛna țkemmilen deg yir ixemmimen-nsen armi iɣumm ṭṭlam ulawen-nsen. 22 ?țaran iman-nsen d lɛuqal armi uɣalen d imejhal. 23 Beddlen lɛaḍima n Sidi Ṛebbi yeddren s lmeṣnuɛat yesɛan ṣṣifa n wemdan ifennun, ṣṣifa n leḍyuṛ, n lewḥuc yesɛan ṛebɛa iḍaṛṛen, d wayen akk ileḥḥun ɣef wuɛebbuḍ; 24 daymi i ten-yeǧǧa Sidi Ṛebbi tebɛen lebɣi n wulawen-nsen, xeddmen ticmatin, ṣṣawḍen armi kksen lḥeṛma ɣef yiman-nsen. 25 Beddlen tideț n Sidi Ṛebbi s lekdeb, ɛebbden ayen yețwaxelqen, ǧǧan win i d-ixelqen kullec, nețța i gețțubarken i dayem; Amin! 26 ?-țagi i d sebba i ɣef ten-yeǧǧa Sidi Ṛebbi di lɛaṛ n ccehwat-nsen; tilawin țbeddilent irgazen s tilawin. 27 Ula d irgazen țțaǧan tilawin, ițenkkar uḥaṛuq wway gar-asen, țemyexdamen lɛaṛ; d wagi i d lexlaṣ i yuklalen ɣef tidderɣelt-nsen. 28 Imi ugin ad issinen Ṛebbi, Sidi Ṛebbi yeǧǧa-ten di lɛeqliya-nsen iɛewjen iwakken ad xedmen ayen ur nlaq ara. 29 ?čuṛen d lbaṭel akk-d wayen n diri : d ṭṭmeɛ, d cceṛ, ț-țismin; d at tmegṛaḍ, d at ccwal, d at tḥila, d at tiḥeṛci, d iqeṛṛaḍen. 30 Wa yekkat deg wa, d iɛdawen n Ṛebbi, ur țneḥcamen ara, d imzuxiyen, d ikeddaben; snulfuyen-d cceṛ, țɛaṣin lwaldin-nsen. 31 Ur sɛin lefhama, ur sɛin laman, ulac deg wulawen-nsen ṛṛeḥma neɣ leḥnana. 32 ?as akken ẓran lḥisab n Sidi Ṛebbi yețṛaǧu wid ixeddmen annect-agi yerna uklalen lmut, țkemmilen di tikli-nsen yerna feṛḥen s wid ixeddmen am nutni.


text:
Agemmay alatini
Agemmay alatini d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n waṭas n tutlayin. Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay itruski.
Agemmay alatini yettwura seg uzelmaḍ ɣer ayfus , yesea 26 isekkilen, aṭas n umsasa (adaptations) n ugemmay alatini di tutlayin tiyaḍ (am taqbaylit) sean ugar n 26 isekkilen.
[beddel] Amezruy
Agemmay alatini amezwaru ɣur-s 23 isekkilen, umbeed rnan-as 3 wiyaḍ: J, U, W.
[beddel] Agemmay alatini ameqqran
Agemmay alatini d agemmay iwumi yesean kter isekkilen ger igemmayen, Ṭṭabla deg ukessar seg Unicode 5.0 (Tasiwelt taneggarut).


text:
Microsoft Windows
Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwet n tseddaṛt n inagramen n wammud id fres Microsoft iy selkimen imṣudan PC. D win id yarnan deffir MS DOS. Seg segwasen 1990 (agim, tza twines d tzat) , d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, id yemmugren arbaḥ ameqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas imasraken n-iselkimen iwakken ad sveddayen deg furas nsen ala Windows 95 naɣ muyaf asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.
taseddaṛt n Windows degs aṭas ifurkawen:
- Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 (mraw sed) ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s tcinwatt), Ifɣed asegwas n 1985 (mraw tza twines d tamet sem), ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.
- Afurk wissin, umi qqaren afurk Windows NT (Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.O, arnu Windows 2000), ifɣed di 1993. D taneflit id yalsen (iɛawden) seg ulac, ittwaxdem iy selkimen n yemdanen d iqeddacen d iselkimen imyagwan PC. Di tazwara llan seqdacent tmettiwin.
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffɣed, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen marra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
- Afurk wis kraḍ, umi qqaren tikwal afurk Windows 9x, yefɣed asegwas n 1995, idder s-umsaday d ufurk NT. Afurk agi yevda d Windows 95, yarnad fellas Windows 98 d Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas seg imdanen, yarna yusad iwakken ad yeṭṭef amḍiq n ufurk amenzu, yella d-afurk amezwaru s 32 ibitten.
- Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yefɣed asegwas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.
[beddel] Ifurkawen itikniken n Windows
[beddel] Afurk n 16 ibitten
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 1.0 : wanber 1985
- Windows 2 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 286 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 386 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.11 …
- Windows 3.0 : mayu 1990
- Windows 3.1 "Janus" : yebrir 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.1 "Kato" : tuber 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.11 "Snowball" : wanber 1993
- Windows i Workgroups 3.2 (lqem acinwat n Windows i Workgroups 3.11) : …
Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcmed kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.
Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM naɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq an eǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen id ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi. si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows. Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg nagramen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.
[beddel] Afurk 9x
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 95 "Cikago" : ɣuct 1995
- Windows 95 OSR2 "Detroit" : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 98 "Memphis" : yunyu 1998
- Windows 98 Taẓrigt tissnat, naɣ daɣen « Windows 98 SE ») : mayu 1999
- Windows Me (naɣ Windows Millennium taẓrigt) : ctember 2000
A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS. Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d-anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.
Lqem agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan nni n tneflit ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yefɣed s yisem n Windows 95, yemmugred tinemhazin timeqṛanin, garasent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), igeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad suffaɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 naɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken att qazem ugur agi.
[beddel] Afurk Windows NT
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows NT 3.1 : ɣuct 1993
- Windows NT 3.5 "Daytona" : ctember 1994
- Windows NT 3.51 : yunyu 1995
- Windows NT 4.0 : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 2000 (Cairo) : fuṛaṛ 2000
- Windows 2000 SP1 : ɣuct 2000
- Windows 2000 SP2 : mayu 2001
- Windows XP "Whistler, iluled seg ufsay n usenfar Neptune d win n Odyssey" : 25 tubaṛ 2001
- Windows 2000 SP3 : yulyu 2002
- Windows XP SP1 : ctember 2002
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center : 2002
- Windows Server 2003 : mayu 2003
- Windows 2000 SP4 : yulyu 2003
- Windows XP taẓrigt Starter : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP SP2 : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP taẓrigt axxam n "Windows XP Édition familiale / Windows XP taẓrigt twacult" : yebrir 2005
- Windows XP 64 : avril 2005
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center 2005 : ɣuct 2005
- Windows Vista "Longhorn" : nunber 2006 i taṛmisin ; 30 yennayer 2007 i yemdanen maṛṛa.
- Windows Server 2008 : fuṛaṛ 2008
- Windows XP SP3 : yebrir 2008
- Windows Vista SP1 "Windows Fiji" : id yefɣen di meɣṛes 2008
- Windows Vista SP2 : yefɣed yunyu 2009
- Windows 7 "Windows Vienna" : ifɣed ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009
- Windows Server 2008 R2, ifɣad yiwen wass netta d Windows 7 (ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009)
- Windows 7 SP1 : ifɣed fuṛaṛ 2011
- Windows 8 : i 2012
- Windows Home Server 2011 : uṛɛad id yeffaɣ acku ur yewjid ara.


text: En installant dictionnaire euro-japon sur votre smartphone tel que Apple iPhone ou Google Android vous pouvez continuer à utiliser notre dectionnaire en dehors de votre maison ou bureau, même sans internet.Caractère initial: A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O P R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T U U U U U U U W W W W Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z


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Adobe After Effects
After Effects d-aseɣẓan n-usudes id ẓreg Adobe. Ittaǧǧa aseqdac ad ismentel (créer) isemda imeẓliyen d-imrayen udlifen i yal tannalt seg yal tawsit taɣbalut. Tẓa ileqman id yefɣen seg-s ar assa, taneggarut seg-sent d Adobe After Effects CS5.5 v11.5.
[beddel] Amezruy
After Effects d-aseɣẓan n-usudes d-isemda uwali ig llan d-amenzu seg imrayen udlifen deg uselkim n wemdan. Amecwaṛ yevda deg yiwet n tmetti tamecṭuḥt iwumi qqaṛen CoSA (The Company of Science and Art) id yuzgan di Providence addad n Rhode Island. seg asmi id sneflin aseɣẓan PACo (PICS Animation Compiler) Dave Herbstman, Dave Simmons et Dan Wilk vdan di tneflit n Egg id yefkan di tagara After Effects yennayer usegwas 1993 i smahin di MacWorld (Boston).
iswi n useɣẓan agi d-asmentel n-imrayen i tiliẓṛi (tilivizyu) d sinima deg uselkim n wemdan. Di tawala (lawan) nni tifrat n-usekker umḍin n tugna deg umḍiq imusnawen, sseqdacen arrumen yettwaxedmen iwayagi kan, yarna d-wid ɣlayen s waṭas d wid yesɛan ferru usviḍ. COSA tebwid tifrat: aseɣẓan agetferru n-usekker uvidyu, ileḥḥu ɣef Windows d Mac.
Tuggdiwin deg uswir n-imusal twakecma d twafɣa llant ttwajemqent ala si tnezmart tmacint d tmeska n tkatut s waddaf agacuran: RAM (Random Access Memory). Aseɣẓan agi uɣent wa deffir wa Aldus Corporation, sinna Adobe Systems Inc. Tura After effects ittesdiwin yark aked wahilen n tseddart Adobe Creative Suite.
- 1995 : lqem wis 3 - lqem tamenzut yebwḍen, ig ttwasekren di ugduz (ssuq) ;
- 1999 : lqem wis 4 - tikkelt tamenzut deg tella tasuqilt ɣer tutlayt tafṛansist ;
- 2001 : lqem wis 5 - yebwid ta 3D d tinfaylin ;
- 2003 : lqem wis 6 - askripti, asaraw n tira ;
- 2005 : lqem wis 7 - agrudem amaynu d amarraz udlif d uqqin HDR 32 ibitten ;
- 2007 : lqem wis 8 (CS3) - teskecmed isriwen n talɣiwin, d merru n tira s 3D, arnu afecku n usexweḍ ;
- 2008 : lqem wis 9 (CS4) - tanezmart n-umru s-berraz imsidag xyz, asemdu n w-unuɣ amray.
- 2010 : lqem wis 10 (CS5) - asaka (aɛeddi) ɣer 64 ibitten, Plug-in tiferkit.
[beddel] Tihawt
After Effects yesseqdac asagraw n usemnenni n iswiren iwakken ad yessuffeɣ asudes amray si tugniwin timeẓliyin. Ad naf ayagi daɣen deg aṭas iseɣẓan yecvan After Effects, amakken yella di Photoshop maca After Effects yefka iw seqdac tazemert ad iveddel iswiren deg akud, yarna s weskar ur nessengar. Neqqaṛ-as ur nessengar acku afaylu n-usenfaṛ di After Effects yesɛa ala tilɣa n-usekker aɣbalu. Iwakken ad isiḍen amray ttagara, ilaq an sɛu si tama asenfaṛ n-After Effects, si tama nniḍen tiɣbula tizedganin (tugniwin tusbiḍin, avidyu). Nezmer daɣen ad nexdem imrayen srid si After Effects mebla tiɣbula di tazwara. Ayakken ivɣu yella, m-at seqdaceḍ aseɣẓan n Afetr Effects iwakken ad txedmeḍ amray ilaq ad tɛeddiḍ seg umecwaṛ n usiḍen yesɛan tazdagt tamattayt ittdukulen aked uxnaz n usenfaṛ.
[beddel] Ifecka Igejdayen
Ifecka igejdayen id isummer After Effects d:
- Ifecka tgelmust, n tita, taklut tamawayt.
- Asfaylu naɣ ṭṭaq n-uṛekkev n-iswiren amakken yella di Photoshop, anda zemren ad mehzen iɣewwaren may mehhez wakud d ma yettveddilen iswiren. Iwakken ad txedmeḍ ayagi ilaq s-umata ad tseḥnuccdeḍ yiwen usemdu seg uḍella isemda ɣef uswir nevɣa arnu veddel asligen ines.
- Aḍella isemda d win id iteddun di temkaṛdit isemda naɣ win rennun s ttawil n plug-ins.
- Asfaylu naɣ ṭṭaq usuddes t-ttaked awali n-ugemmuḍ. Azaruskan n umray yettwaxdam di tagara n-usiḍen n tkatut s waddaf agacuran RAM di teɣzunt n lxedma. Aseqdac yezmer daɣen ad yeldi isfuyla nniḍen iwakken ad isɛu tamuɣli nniḍen deg usenfaṛ n 3D. Ilaq daɣen aseqdac ad iṣubb ferru n-ubeqqeḍ iwakken ad iɣiwel azaruskan n lxedma is.


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D timerwin n yigiman (luluf) n yemdanen ay iqeddcen deg yeḥricen yemgerraden n leqdic, usan-d yernaẓedmen ɣef Wexxam n Uwanak n Madison (deg Wisconsin), imi ay ugin asenfar n lqanun n "wemnekni n umarud [équilibre budgétaire]" ay yebɣa ad t-yesɛeddi unebbaḍ (gouverneur) Scott Walker. Yuɣ lḥal, anebbaḍ-a s timmad-nnes ur t-ḥemmlen medden yerna ssnen-t s tikli-nnes ay iḍurren iqeddacen. Deg waṭas n tmiwa n umaḍal, medden la ttarran tajmilt i Yimarikaniyen ay igan tadyant-a akken ad asen-d-sseknen bedden s idis-nsen, imi lemmer ad mmɣen ɣef yiwen seg-neɣ, amzun mmɣen fell-aɣ akk.
Bryan G. Pfeifer d anemhal n tira aqbur n weɣmis n WM Post, seg Tesdawit n Wisconsin deg temdint n Milwaukee, yerna d amaslaḍ iqeddcen deg Tuddsa (organisation) n Yiqeddacen n umi ɣɣaren "A Job is A Right Campaign" (Taḥemla n Aqeddic d Azref).