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Ijjen ddaɛiya d Imarati, qqaren-as Wasim Yusef. Igg-dd ijjen tweet ittetter dag-s awadem zeg Isarayliyen x ca n wawalen d iɛeffanen yenna-ten di lḥeqq-nnsen. Tweet-nni i dd-igga s Teglinzit yenna dag-s « Xmi ẓarreɣ ca n Ifalasṭiniyen kemmḍen adrappu n tmurt-inu minzi negga afra aked Israyil. Nniɣ-as ad ttreɣ awadem zi mkul Ayisrayli ɣeḍleɣ-as-dd awal di min yeɛdan« .
Yusef yura tweet-nnes x kurpa n ca n Ifalisṭinyen umi wer yeɛjib bu lḥal x wafra jar Limarat d Israyil. Ina tuɣa scemḍen adrappu n Limarat d ttsawar n Muḥemmed Ben Zayed, ameqqran n Limarat. Wasim Yusef yerni deg wawal-nnes x manaya:
« Kenniw wer testihllem Lqudes di tidet, kenniw wer day-wem bu ladab, udayen ḥsen zzag-wem« .


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Innelmaden-a ifuden tamusni n tutlayt taqvaylit vḍan Yef krad n yeḥricen:
– Aḥric amenzu n ilemzyen d tlemzyin d ifransisen akk d yeqvayliyen seg imawlan-nnsen, ur ssinen ula d awal n teqvaylit. Rzan-d Yer tiddukla-nneY i wakken ad ḥulfun s izuran-nnsen d izuran imawlan-nnsen.
Ilemziyen-a ma ulac wid ara sen-yemlen avrid yelhan at iččumar d iedawen n tudert a ten-rren Yer tama-nnsen. Adavu Aẓẓayri yeldi di yal iYrem di Fransa aYervas i uselmed n taeravt d ddin.
– Aḥric wis sin d wid yeYran tutlayin tijentatin rnan ttmeslayen mliḥ taqvaylit, ssaramen ad lemden tira-s imi ẓran d tira ara d-yessufYen tutlayt-nnsen seg tallast Yer tafat. Llemden-t s lferḥ d unecreḥ.
– Aḥric wis krad d wid yellan Yas ma ur ssinen tafransist neY taqvaylit maca sean lebYi ameqran i walmud n teqvaylit.
Deg ayyuren imezwura, timsirin ḥuzant ala tajerrumt akken ad seun tusna Yef agemmay, isem, tafyirt, amyag, amqim… Γer tagara nessekcem deg wahil taYuri n yeḍrisen, taẓabut, (inzan, isefra, timucuha,…)
Tarrayt n yenzan telha aṭas imi yal anelmad yettak-d inzi yessen, ara d-yaru deg tfelwit, syen a s-yeg taslaṭ s tjerrumt. D ayen yernan azal I temsirin acku yettili-d umbeddel n taktiwin d tmusniwin imi yal wa anta tamnaṭ ideg d-yusa.
Timsirin-a ttilint-d ass n sevt deg uxxam n tdukli tadelsant amaziY (ACA) Yef 10 h alami d 12h i yimeqranen , tameddit Yef 13 h alama d 15h i warrac imecṭuḥen (ibestuhen).
Ma d tamsirt n wass lḥed tettili-d deg uxxam n tdukli n ddavex uḍar n joliette.
Wiḍ yevYan ad lemden tutlayt taqvaylit tatrart ad d-ssiwlen Yer wuttunen-a:
Nora: 06 23 78 18 82
Kader: 06 31 90 34 11

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Deg yiwen n yinaw i d-yeɣra deg yimekli i ssuddsen i userhu n yiwet n tmagla n yilemẓiyen n umɣiwan aɣelnaw yeddren deg Fransa, i ihan deg tfugla n ulday n teẓrigt tis 19 n Turarin tigrakalanin, d Aselway n Tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune i ten-id-yesnebgin.
Yenna-d uneɣlaf dakken « attekki n umɣiwan aɣelnaw deg yiseksal yemgarden i yettwasuddsen deg tmurt, d ayen yellan d « axatar ». « Aya yesmektay-aɣ-d akked aɣras ameqqran ideg ṛuḥen d asfel yizzayriyen yellan ddren deg uzɣar ɣef tririt n tnaya taɣelnawt akked tlelli ».
Yerna daɣen yeɣdebba ɣef « tixxutert n uttekki n umɣiwan-a deg yiseksal n umulli wis 60 n Tmeɣra n Uzarug i la tettheyyi Zzayer ad tessuddes », yules-d i « umirew n Uselway n Tegduda akked tdiplumatit tazzayrit akken ad tṛafeq yerna ad tallel taneggarut-a acku d aḥric seg uɣlan ».


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Muḥemmed Zeɣɣu, yenna-d belli isala asewwer n ufilem "Dakirat Al jassad". Afilem i yeqqazen di tnettit n tiggaz, d wemzruy n setta n temɣarin d Timaziɣin, min ked kessint tawengimt-nnsent x yilem-nnsent.
Mamec dac-d-yusa uxarres ad tegged afilem n « Dakirat Al jassad »?
Axarres yusa-ayi-d zeg icten zi twacunt-inu. Ijjen weltma i yekksen tiggaz-nnes x arrimet-nnes, zegga tessen belli lislam iḥerrem-itent. Kṭer zi manaya, ɛada-ya i yeqqimen tedder luluf n iseggusa, ass-a wer das-iqqim walu a tweḍḍer aked xmi ɣa mmtent tḥennatin-nneɣ. Luxa, manaya yeggur ad yedwel d amezruy waha.
Deg yiger-a, xseɣ ad iniɣ belli amkan weḥḥed-s mani nzemmer a naf udmawen n tḥennatin ittwacreḍ s tiggaz nettat d Tamurt n Tmazɣa, ula kṭer ɣer Imaziɣen, s uya afilem-inu ixes ad issemɣer zi tussna tameɣrabit Tamaziɣt.
Zeg uzwel n ufilem-nnec ittban-d axmi arrimet n bnadem ɣer-s ula nettat tawengimt, man tabrat i texsed a tessiwḍed x webrid n ufilem-nnec?
Azwel n ufilem urid ittwagg amenni waha, nec ttwaliɣ belli tiggaz i nettaf x arrimet n temɣarin ikessi akid-sent tawngimt-nnsent. Axarres-nneɣ a nemml lmeɛna n kul tamatart, ca n twalat d lefraḥet, ca n twalat-nniḍen d aqraḥ.
Mala tiggaz ɣer temɣarin d ijjen twengimt, ɣer-neɣ neccin nḥesseb-itent d amezruy. Afilem-inu ixes ad immel mamec tiggaz-a d agla d adelsan iqqimen idder waxxa din iɛenkraf n zzman. Min umi ɣa yella lhimmet di tḥuja i ɛawdent temɣarin, umi qqiment ṭṭfent di tiggaz-nnsent, waxxa ttafent zzat-sent lxezrat taneqsiyt.
Min ɛnan imxumbal i tufid zzat-c maḥend a tessufɣed afilem-a?
D amezwaru qaɛ wami ttuɣa nxes a naf timɣarin deg waṭṭas n iraqqen di Lmuɣrib, negga ijjen wirta deg tqebbal n Ayt Seɣruccen, jjihet n Taza, nekka x Lexmisat, Tifelt, Xnifṛa, Lḥusima, Tinɣir, Imggunen zi senni Tarudant. Umi nessqneɛ timɣarin-a maḥend ad ssiwlent x manaya, ila ixess-aneɣ a tent-nessers zzat i kamira, bac ad neyru merra min neḥwaj maḥend ad nessufeɣ afilem-a.
Awerni i usafar-nnec di tmurt maḥend a tafed timɣarin-a i yeggint tiggaz, min icerken timɣarin jar-asent?
Timɣarin min ked nemmelqa, ɣer-sent tḥajit d icten, tussna d icten n tiggaz. Kṭer zi manaya, ɣer-sent axarres d ijjen x tiggaz: ɣer-sent tiggaz tticent aẓẓli i temɣart, min tent-ibeṭṭant x tinniḍen. Maca mɣar min iqqnen ɣer tcuni, nefhem belli tiggaz d tabridt i tent-ittejjant ad ssiwlent x yixef-nnsent.
Aked usufeɣ n ufilem-a wa, ila qqimeɣ ttbehḍeɣ di mamec timɣarin-a cerrḍent ca n furmat x ca n izegnan zi arrimet-nnsent.
Di min iqqnen ɣer tiggaz, mamec ttwaḥsabent d tanettit n temɣart Tameɣarbit?
Tiggaz qqnent ɣer temɣart Tamaziɣt, d ijjen ɛaqa nettwala dag-s iẓuran-nneɣ. Qbel i ca n iseggusa, tuɣa-tent d izumal n wawaḍ n tḥenjirt, axmi taḥudriyt teqqar s tiggaz ila tewjed a temlek, tewjed i tamara n tudert. Mamec timɣarin i icerrḍent tiggaz, nzemmer a tent-nefrez x tinni wer yemliken di ca n imukan-nniḍen ɛawed. Nesferraz zzag-sent, timɣarin imelkent d tɛezriyin. Bla ma a nessiwel x min iqqnen ɣer waẓẓli, maca tiggaz d azzrey mani zemmrent timɣarin ad ssiwlent x ixef-nnsent.
Min nzemmer a naf deg ufilem-nnec wer t-nettif deg ifilmawen-nniḍen? *
« Dakirat Al jassad » D ijjen ufilem n tẓuri d ameɣrabi, ittxes ad aneɣ-isselmed ca n tmeslayin i yeqqnen ɣer umezruy d tussna-nneɣ. D wanita d awettas-nneɣ, nxes a negg ijjen lxedmet i di ɣa nekkes tduli x tussna n Tmaziɣt, a t-nessemɣer.
Ma yehwen a negg ca n ufilm n udukumuntar ?
Bac a negg ca n ufilem d adukumuntar wer yehwin qqaɛ. Zi ttejriba-nneɣ nefhem belli afilem adukumuntar d ijjen webrid iqqseḥ, minzi nzemmer a nemmelqa aked tumlayin nican niɣ maci nican. S uya, ɣer-neɣ neccin ttuɣa ixess-aneɣ a nettiq di temɣarin min ked nemmelqa, maḥend a nejmeɛ min daneɣ-ixessen i ufilem-nneɣ.
Aseqsi n wakud wer nzemmer a t-nenker ɛawed, mamec nɛic aked kuruna irni isseqseḥ x-aneɣ lxedmet-nneɣ, nebda lxedmet-nneɣ qbel ad yadef covid-19, ar lux i nsala ɛad, maḥend a negg afilem amezwaru x tiggaz n Imaziɣen.
temsawal akid-s: Mina Elkhodari
Tala: Lopinion.ma


text:
Le Rifain
Ikellef Qays Saɛid i yellan d ameqran n tmurt n Tunes, aɛecci n wass n ssebt 25 yulyuz 2020, Hicam Mcici, bac a dd-isaqar ijjen lḥukuma d tamaynut, di lwesṭ n yijj usitem bac ad ters tɛejjajt n tsertit di Tunes.
Mcici, 46 n isegg°usa, i ttuɣa ittwaḥsaben d aneɣlaf n daxxel, lexxu yeṭṭef amkan n uneɣlaf amezwaru di lḥukuma i dd-yegguren, ittraja-t yijj n uyur bac ad yili yessewjed-dd lḥukuma. mala walu, arayes ad yekkes aberlaman, ad ilaɣa ɣer yestayen (lintixabat) zi jjdid.
Ɛlaḥsab min dd-yusin di Reuters, belli Mcici yenna: « ad ggeɣ tizemmar, ad sbeddeɣ ijjen lḥukuma a deg-s afen itunsiyen min rezzun,


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Ma sefreɣ ɣef ayen id aɣ yuɣen
Tudgi s ljiha‑w tefna
Idurar nedhen yissen
Ṣṣut‑iw anwa ur as nesla ara
Xas akka kkawen ifaden
Zrɛeɣ awal yennerna
Tasusmi tɛejjer deg umkan. Tuɣumar n talwit sburent ɛadil n lxuf. Lbaɣa tesgguggem imawen n Yeqbayliyen. Idurar neɣwasen, iɣeẓran qquren, aɣurar n war tudert inecded iman‑is. Selaw yiffer n wassen‑nni. Tacmet tafat n yunyu deg tallit‑nni. Yekrrez unyir n lferḥ yuɣal ureqraq yemekteyed iselwan. Ziɣ Lmut tegguni deg ubrid n At Dwala.
Yettuleqem lbaṭel usɛib
Fellaɣ yuɣal yenerna
Yefɣ‑d seg yimmi n uḥbib
Neɣ aɛdew mi d‑yestufa
Imi tidet teskidib
Ma ad amneɣ allen iw tura?
Akkin imyurar kecmen s annar. Imdanen ttsuɣun sljehd n tuɣac ‑nsen , ccenun cnawi ur nettdum asmih. Leḥmala n wedrim deg ul, aten‑a wejden i lfetna di reḥba n wurar. Dabbex iccereg tignaw. Allen defrent s wallen. Iswi inuda yufa‑t. Tiɣwisin xebcent di tsusmi. Lɛez ur nezdi i umdan lqed, inecded iman‑is. Tikwal rbeḥ yettli‑d deg iḍaren!
Lẓẓayer tehlek tuḍḍen
D aṭan ur nettdawi ṭbib
D afwad‑is i yettwaɣen
Tečča iḥeckulen
La qqazen deg‑s am ṣḍid
Tizi wezu tamedit n wass tekker i lfetna. Ilmeẓyen urif deg ul, lefqɛa ɣef udem , iɛawzen deg iffasen sufɣen‑d zɛaf ‑nsen d kra i d‑mugren. Ijujah n tmerɣiwt rnan i tebrek tebrek. Lemwaji n lemḥan sbaben ɣef twaɣit tiwuɣa. Iragen n txattarin rna i lfewar n lhem lehmum. Tizi yenquqel, yegrawel yixef‑is. Anfiḍ n tzumana yudem ɣef akal. Idim ur nekkew yesenteq anza. Anza yasawel i kra yellan d anza, cwal yuzzel deg iberdan‑is. Ma d tamattant ziɣ deg ubrid n At Dwala i teguni.
Ass‑a lliɣ
I uzekka wissen
Nniɣ‑d ayen ẓriɣ
D wayen ttwaliɣ
Ccfu‑t di targa ma ɣliɣ
D anza‑w awen d‑yesiwlen
Deg unar temɣra tettkemil. Tugdi d cekk ur aten yeksib ḥedd.. lbaraka tella deg wanuz. Lɛali iteddu d urifeg n ticcirt. Win yurgan yufa axalwal wi ccqa ṣbeḥ ma yuffat d ackal? Lɛez ur yennum d ukukru akka id qqaren. Ma d abrid yenjer i wid iḥamlen zhu n tallit.ziɣ di kra n tagnatin rbeḥ deg yiḍaren i yella
Ttadart‑a taddart ina
Deg timsal ur cligen ara
Acu iten iceɣben
Fergani ma ur ileɛab ara
Neɣ mMenad acuɣer akk a
Ixus gar‑asen
Ttun Ferḥat imula
D terwa n cuhada
Ran‑ten d imcumen!
Adrar yeddez s derz n yiḍaren ? Sya d sya ad yettfegid lɣaci. Izem i d‑rebben idurar yeɣli. Akkin ucanen sqibiɛen , wwḍen lmerɣub ‑nsen. Tetwhemeḍ a win ur nessin, tegugmeḍ a win ur nefhim, mi ɣeḍren lbaz deg afriwen‑is. Tawrirt Mussa tereɣraɣ s yemdanen. Ziɣ tammettent teguni‑t deg ubrid n At Dwala.
Akken kan i d‑ texreɣ
Tecɛel times defr‑i
D aɣrib waqila ara mmteɣ
Temṭelt‑iw di lbarani
A yemma yisem i nedheɣ
Lfinga teguni‑yi‑
Anar tura yefreɣ.
Iswi inuda wa akked d wihin yewwed ɣer lmerɣub. Tizlatin yesɣunfuyen ccna numrent ṣwab d lmaɛqul. Arrac ttazalen deg zenqen ddan d ṣda n tjawaqin n tkṛeyas. Ajawaq n sebɛa n tefla kecment ijaniwen, yettṣefir ayen ur yefhim , ziɣ d baba‑ɣayu wukkud yettwenes. Iɣmisen nedhen s lɛez i d yenulfan. Idurar wahmen acu akka i d‑yenulfan . Ziɣ di kra n tagnatin rbeḥ yettili deg iḍaren.
Irgazen wid yettnaɣen
Targit ‑nsen d leftna
Tabratt id‑aɣ d isnebhen
Deg aḍḍu n leqrun i d tedda
Awidak id yeqqimen
Kkset afrag i walen‑nwen
Ad twalim anwi i‑ iḍewren
D atmaten neɣ d at lexla
Zzin yemdanen ɣer wansi i d‑ kkan. Teqqim Tawrirt n Mussa ger irebbi n lwaḥc ma d tasa n tyamett yuzzen nettat tceleḥ. Akkin isɣan nḍen i tignawt. Ayen akken urǧen d lesnin aya wwḍen ɣur‑s. Uɣalen yemdanen ɣer wansi i d‑kkan, yal wa ddehca i d‑yewwi akkid‑s, yal wa leḥzen i t‑id irufqen. Yal wa lḥir i‑ittzehiren deg imezuɣen‑is. Ɛani laɛanya n wadrar tensa? Ɛani irgazen at nnif kfan? Ɛani at rebbi hujren tamurt? Ɛni lawliya ɣaben caxxen? Ziɣ deg ubrid n At Dwala i d tegguni tmattant.
Ferḥat awal me yefri‑t
I d‑ yenna d tidet yeṣfan
Imesdurar n twaɣit
Tawaɣit tezzi‑asen
Ay arrac n tmurt akkit
Ur ttilit d‑ imuknawen
Ifuk wahruḥu deg yiberden. Wid isekṛen s waḍdu ur netthuz turin d wid yenwan dwa deg iɣilifen.Tfuk tezla deg yiberden. Wid yezhen s targit qawsas d wid yenwan qeḍren ad ikkes fad. Kfant tizlatin ur nettdum tallit, wid iceḍḥen i zhir n ddker d wind yenwan yella lfeṛḥ deg tamṭalt. Tekfa tikli s waddud imi yuɣal rbeḥ ɣer iḍaren deg allaɣ teḥbes tcacit. Ziɣ lmut tejemɛa wid ilaqen tessedram wid medlulen.
Xas ḥẹrni rebɛa leḥyuḍ
Xas lfinga ad tettwaliɣ
Xas lhif ayi‑d iṣṣuḍ
Xas yecceḍ ubrid awiɣ
Ma nnan‑iyi sani t‑tteduḍ
Asen iniɣ nekk d amaziɣ !
{{Ait Slimane Hamid}}


text:
Lmasiḥ Mmi-s n Ṛebbi, d talɣa yessewhamen acḥal d amdan. Kra n yemdanen staqsayen ad fehmen am akter, kra nniḍen ggumman ad qeblen ayagi, wiyyiḍ tɛjben kan qqimen ttmeyyizen deg-s.
Seg yiwet n tama, acḥal n wid I s-yennan belli, ahat imasihiyen umnen kan belli, Ṛebbi s timmad-is yerza-d ɣer Meryem, yesɛa-d yid-s aqcic akken d-ttarwen akk yemdanen di ddunnit. Ayagi d leɣlaḍ meqqren. Ur d-yewwi ara I leɛqel n wemdan ad yeqbel tamsalt am tagi. Lmasiḥ d Mmi-s n Ṛebbi mačči di lǧetta d ugama n wemdan. Liman amasiḥi ur yesselmad ara tikta-yagi.
Tira iqedsen ttmeslayent-d ɣef Mmi-s n Ṛebbi s wudem n Ṛṛuḥ. D azal, d awal, d anamek yellan deg ul n Ṛebbi. Azal-agi icudd ɣer leqdic n Lmasiḥ iwakken ad yesnekmal tamsissit yesbedd Ṛebbi I leslak n yemdanen. Lmaṣiḥ yekka-d sɣur Ṛebbi s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, yusa-d ɣer yemdanen iwakken ad sen-yenjeṛ abrid n leslak.
Sidi Ṛebbi d Ṛṛuḥ. Ayen akk d itekken sɣur-s ama d awal ama d leqdic ama d kra n llameṛ, yewwi-d lḥal a sen-meyyez s tikta n Ṛṛuḥ. Mmi-s n Ṛebbi yella-d s Ṛṛuḥ, iɛac s tdukli n Ṛṛuḥ netta aked Ubabat yellan d Ṛebbi ixelqen igenwan d lqaɛa.
A nessiked kan ɣer tlalit n Lmasiḥ iwakken a neɛqel assaɣ t-icudden ɣer Ṛebbi. Assaɣ-agi d Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen s timmad-is.
Deg ixf amezwaru n Luqa, m’akken d yerza lmelk n Ṛebbi ɣer Meryem yenna-yas: “Ur ttaggad ara a Meryem! S ṛṛeḥma-s tameqqrant, Ṛebbi yextar-ikem. Atan a ttrefdeḍ tadist, a d-tesɛuḍ aqcic, semmi-yas Ɛisa, ( yeɛni: Amsellek). Ad yesɛu ccan d ameqqran, ad ittusemmi Mmi-s n Ṛebbi ɛlayen. Sidi Ṛebbi a t-yerr d agellid akken I t-yella Dawed, yiwen si ljdud-is. Ad yeḥkem ɣef tarwa n Yeɛqub I dayem, tageldit-is ur tfennu ara.
Meryem tenna I lmelk-nni: Amek ara d yeḍru yid-I wayagi nekk ur nezwiǧ ara?
Lmelk yerra-yas: atan a d-yers fell-am Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen; tazmertn Ṛebbi ɛlayen a kem-tɣumm am tili, daymi aqcic-agi imqeddes ara d-ilalen ad ittusemmi Mmi-s n Ṛebbi.”
Ulac win d-ilulen akka am Lmasiḥ. S Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen I terfed Meryem s tadist. Tella d taɛezrit ur tessin ara argaz yakan. S lebɣi n Ṛebbi d tezmert-is I d-illul Lmasiḥ.


text:
D ijj zeg yiḥudriyen n Ayt Sɛid, mmi-s n Twunt. yemmuɣẓel aked taqsuḥi n tudert di teqbilt-a i yettwattun, maḥend ad isala tɣuri-nnes. D tidet, yiweḍ ḥuma ad yeksi lmaṣter zi tseddawit n wejda g usentel: « Aseqsi n umutti adimukraṭi ».
D ijj n umeɣnas n umussu adelsan amaziɣ, ttuɣa-t zeg yewdan i yeksin amnus n tɣawsa tamaziɣt s tidet. Ttuɣa ttexsen-t merra yimeddukkal-nnes, minzi asfirnen d tḍeḥḥakt ttuɣa-ten d imezdaɣ x tefras-nnes.
Amesrem ttuɣa-t d amerzu, yessugur aṭṭaṣ n tinawin d yemsagaren idelsanen. Yegga isuraf d tzemmar maḥend ad yaf lxedmet di tmurt-a, lebda ttuɣa ittaf tiwura ttwaqqnent-as deg wudem. Asurif ameggaru nnes deg webrid n trezzut x lxedmet, yegga-t lami isseɛdu x wadaf ɣer wammas n iselmaden ḥuma ad yedwel zeg yiselmaden i ɣa yesseɣren tamaziɣt. Yeɛdu di tira, maca ɣeḍren-t deg wemsagar n iseqsiten n uqemmum, waxxa nec ssneɣ aqa Amesrem ttuɣa ixess-as ad yeɛdu. minzi netta yejhed x waṭṭas zeg yinni i yeɛdun!..
Yeqqim adu ifassen n uraji, iḥesseb ussan i dd-ittasen lakun ad tennurẓem tewwurt i di dd-ɣa yessidef lefraḥet x twacunt-nnes i t-ittrajan ad yexdem awarn i usali n tɣuri.
Maca ass n 3 zi mars 2016, yemsar min ttuɣa wer ittriji ula d ijj, yixḍar ubeḥrur n tmettant maḥend ad yesɣumber i yiman amezdag n Umesrem, a daneɣ-t-yexḍef jer yifassen, a deg-neɣ yejj tafqeɛt n mezri-nnes d lefraq-nnes, a daneɣ-yesnuri di tḍeḥḥakt-nnes d tcuni n uɣimi akid-s!….
Yugur Musṭafa d aḥessi, wer yeɛlim i ḥedd…
maca amezruy wer t-ittettu…
Wer c-nettettu a Yamesrem!..
D ijj zeg yiḥudriyen n Ayt Sɛid, mmi-s n Twunt. yemmuɣẓel aked taqsuḥi n tudert di teqbilt-a i yettwattun, maḥend ad isala tɣuri-nnes. D tidet, yiweḍ ḥuma ad yeksi lmaṣter zi tseddawit n wejda g usentel: « Aseqsi n umutti adimukraṭi ».


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mḥenVB [mḥen]
être peiné, tourmenter
Synonymes : kmu
Flexions mḥenmḥineɣ nemḥin imeḥnen tettemḥaneḍ meḥnet tettemḥanem ittemḥanen imḥen meḥnen imḥin mḥinen ttemḥanemt tettemḥan tmeḥneḍ ttemḥanent tmeḥnem temḥineḍ temḥinem ttemḥan yettemḥan meḥnemt tettemḥanemt temḥen meḥnent temḥin mḥinent ttemḥaneɣ mḥen nettemḥan yettemḥanen yemḥen tmeḥnemt yemḥin temḥinemt ttemḥanet ittemḥan meḥneɣ ttemḥanen nemḥen
Sources mḥen
- J.-M. Dallet, Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français (parler des At Mengellat Algérie) , Selaf Paris, 1982


text:
Tafrurt n yiger
Tafrurt n yiger (Isem usnan: Gladiolus italicus) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n Iridaceae (fr) . Philip Miller (fr) d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1768. Talmest-a teḥseb-itt IUCN am d talmest ur tettwaggez.
Tilmas[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ismawen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Isem-is s latinit: Gladiolus italicus, Gladiolus palustris
- Isem-is s tefransist: Glaïeul des moissons ou Glaïeul d'Italie, Glaïeul des marais
- Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit:
- Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt:


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Annuz (tasnallunt)
Annuz neɣ Asinef (s Teglizt: Declination) d atig n teɣmert gar n yal tafekka tagnnawt d usebges agennaw seg kra n tuzza (tadewrant) meqqren i d-ittekken seg yitri d tzeglin n igenni, akken iga d yiwen gar n imsidgen yettusmersen deg uguccel n yal adeg n wazag deg tuzza tagennawt. Ma d win niden d aluy amaɣad
Yettwaket wannuz s tseddarin d tesdatin d tsinin timneccabin. ma yella yitri deg ugafa n usebges agennaw ad yili watig n waggug-is d ilaw (+) ma d itri i d-izgan deg unẓul n usebges yettili-d watig n waggug-is d ibaw (-). Amedya, annuz n itri n yiɣef n telɣemt +19° 12' 02" (s ilaw +) acku yezga-d deg ugafa n usebges agennaw. Ma d itri n tezleft 11°o 08' 32" (s ibaw -) acku izga-d deg unẓul n usebges agennaw


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Frisa d taḥmamymit? Ananas d azegwaɣ? i lbanan d abercan? Wi xaf-s ɣa izeɛmen ad ten-yecc! Ikuluren urid tejjan‑cek ad tixḍared di macca waha, maca segguran ra d teycatin-nnek.
Melmi tettiri frisa tazegg°aɣt, lbanan d awraɣ. Tettesned belli ssenḍyen, wer day‑sen txarsed qaɛ aṭṭas, uca tetted‑ten. « Manaya yeqqen ɣer tebyulujit n ikuluren. ikuluren nettemcawar akid‑sen x seḥḥet‑nneɣ » i yenna Ubsikulug Axel Buether. Yenna ɛawed: « Ikuluren ɛawd tejjan‑aneɣ ad nessen belli fruta niɣ minmma yettwaccan, day-s marra min ittxessen ad day-s yili n ubitamin … »
Ikuluren ttejjan ijjen rimaret temɣer x tnefsect‑nneɣ d taddut-nneɣ. Mkul akulur ɣer‑s ijjen tuzzeggardt n lmujet weḥdes, ttawḍ-aneɣ‑dd d lmujet. Iqqar‑it walli-nneɣ d akulur. Ikuluren nedhen Abotalism, i yellan itteg ijen lxedmet temɣer ḥima ad naca aked ixef‑nneɣ mliḥ. Zemmren ad iraren deg uṭansyu, ra d gana n macca tzemmer ad tari, tzemmer ad tehwa zzag‑sen. Mala nessers‑dd ca n min itwaccan bla akulur‑nnes, ad aneɣ‑dd inneqlaɛ wur ɣir s lxezrat.
Jjehd deg ususem.
Ikuluren yedjan d min xaf‑sen yemsarbun, ujaren 200 i nzemmer ad nebḍa jar‑asen. Maca yemṣebḍa cwayt mamek ten‑netwala d mamek kid‑sen nettaca. Ikuluren sfaqan dag‑neɣ tiycatin, lefraḥet niɣ axiyyeq, tukkarhi, aɣwweɣ niɣ adiqqi. Ɛawed nessawal xaf‑sen. Nbeṭṭa‑ten di tnayen iseddan, iṣemmaḍen d yenni yeḥman. Inni yeḥman dag‑sen azegg°aɣ, aleccin d uwraɣ.
Awraɣ tteqnen‑tt Ipsikulujen aked unebdu, tfuct, lefraḥet d tifessi. Akulur‑a ikcef, inewwar, d tadukli d umsawal. Wenni yarḍen tiwarɣi, iqqar zzag‑s i yewdan: Aqqa-ayi mliḥ, Ferḥeɣ, ttɣebbiɣ tudert. Anebdu mala wer dag‑s tfukt, ittedwal d am tyarza, Bla tfawt wer din bu ikuluren ɛawed tbanen‑dd mliḥ deg ussan unebdu i di tella tfukt tejhed.
Aleccin d akulur n leḥmu d sseɛd, itterra atarras mliḥ, am ca n wass iɛedda mliḥ, d akulur n ttiqet, d unurzem. Arruḍ n ibudiyyen d aleccin d izumal n min xf nessiwel. Icinwiyyen ttuɣa mnuɛ ad yerḍen aleccin. Aleccin ttuɣa ixedjeq s zzɛefran.
Tezweɣ n tayri d irutik.
Azegg°aɣ d Akulur ijebbed aṭṭas. Isfaqa x lxaṭar. Plaka n STOP nettaf‑it d tazegg°aɣt am ukulur n tziyyat zi sxessayen timessi. Tezweɣ tetteqqes di tiṭṭawin, uca ma d plaka tɛellem, niɣ d bistidu, s tnayn qqaren: Err taynit, xzer.
Wenni yerḍen tezweɣ, ixes ad yini: Nec day-i jjehd, ccureɣ s unhezzi, zemmreɣ ad ggeɣ, ttamneɣ s ixef‑inu. Ssneɣ min xseɣ. Maca tezweɣ ɛawd d akulur n tayri d irutik (Erotik). Ancucen imakiyyaren s uzegg°aɣ jebbden‑dd tittawin, Azegg°aɣ iḥekkem, ɛawed mamec izemmer ad day-neɣ yesbedd nnefs. Ad ibeddel aṭansyu. Bla ma nerra taynit.
Maca tezweɣ teqqen ɣer mani nella d min netteg, d min izewɣen. Minzi tzemmer ad day-neɣ tsekker aɛeṣṣeb d leɛdawet. Tezweɣ n lxaṭar d tmessi, d jjehd leḥkam.
S uya nettaf tizarbiyyen ittessun igelliden d tizegg°aɣin, d lɛalama n leḥkam d jjehd d min xef neqqer « wer yelli wer yexliq »
Zi tesmeḍ ɣer wejris.
Ikuluren isemmaḍen d arbiɛi, azegza, d ulila, wenni umi itteɛjib arbiɛ, ittexs lehna, d laman, wer t-yecqi ubeddel. Arbiɛi israyyaḥ, issyenfa. D akulur n ugama (tanaturt). Ula d iyezzimen n arriḍa izemmer ad ten‑yesgenfa. Maca izemmer ad yessfaq taɣennant d tismin deg utarras.
Azegza d akulur n ttiqet, d leḥnuniyyet, maca la d axiyyeq ameqqran. Iwdan umi itteɛjib uzegza, ssnen min xsen. Maca wer ten‑itides ḥedd, d isemmaḍen.
Alila d akulur n teycit s uxiyyeq, maca la n tussna d cḍart, d lehna n yiman. Aṭṭas idiyyanen yerḍen alila.
Ijjen ukulur, isseggura timɣarin.
Alila d akulur n umussu n temɣert. Issawal x tmexsa i temɣert, d unufsel zeg iceddan. Di muḍa ibaned 20‑at, ijjen wezgen n lqern awarn‑as yedwer d akulur n ufiminizm. Arruḍ alila ttuɣa‑t walabudd zzag‑s deg iɣewwaɣen x useḥqar itteg wargaz i temɣart.
Awal n ikuluren.
Ikuluren d ifeṭṭaḥen, ma itteɛjib‑aneɣ uḥmaymi, niɣ azeggaɣ yeḥdeq, niɣ arruṣa. Ula dinni ittewjiden deɣya x ṣṣbaḥ bla ma xarṣen man akulur ɣa yerḍen. Urid wer ttixḍern deg ikuluren. Buether yeqqar: « Ikuluren d amsawal, ula ɣer arbiɛ d lewḥuc. di tebyulujit din ikuden (codes) n ikuluren, umi nfehhem marra deg umaḍal‑a. Ajenna azegza neqqar dag‑s lḥal yecna.
Legnus issawalen aṭṭas x ikuluren nettaf dag‑s arruḍ iqqarqec marra, am Meksiku, ttwaɛqalen dag‑s iwdan zi manis i dd‑usin, cḥal ɣer‑sen iseggusa, melcen niɣ lla …? ɣir s ukulur yerḍen.
Tubbarkent!
Abarkan n imeṭṭawen, yerḍen‑tt aṭṭas n legnus di leɛzat, din legnus yerḍen-tt tajjalt/ajjal ar ɣa mten. Tubbarkent tesleqqa tettlaɣa‑dd i twiza. di Asya nettaf tuccemlelt i yellan n imeṭṭawen.
Timura n wadday.
Mkul lgens d akulur i yetkeṭṭar, mkul tamurt d cḥal tkeṭṭar, di tefriqt nettaf aṭṭas n tuqqarqect, mala tiwyed arruḍ nni ɣer Nurwij, ittas-d wer yeḍbiɛ, Maca mayemmi?
Mintra neggur ɣer wadday (sude) mintra tmerni tfuct d tfawt, tfawt mamek nenna d nettat daneɣ-itejjan ad nettwala ikuluren tceɛɛren mliḥ. S uyenni nettaf timura di yella ṭṭlam aṭṭas wer tkeṭṭren ca tuqqarqect.
Di tmura n wadday i Ikwatur (Equator), nettaf la d ijḍaḍ d iqarqacen. Nettaf day-sen inni di tmun teslit n wenẓer tekmel. Ikuluren‑nni dag‑sen ddren zzag‑sen, ttemsawalen zzag‑sen, tṣeyḍen (jebbden‑dd, yemmren-d) zzag‑sen azgen‑nsen nniḍen ḥima ad arun.
Mamek neẓra, aṭṭas n wawal yellan x ssarwar-nni tixḍerd d azegza, niɣ mayemmi tyarḍed taqmijjat d tazegg°aɣt. D min tteḥwajed ḥima ad teksed axiyyeq, niɣ ḥima ad tjebded tittawin. Maca mkul ijjen zzag‑neɣ ɣer‑s ca n ukulur itteɛjib‑as aṭṭas. inim‑aneɣ, man akulur dawem itteɛjiben? d mayemmi?
ɣer ɛawd: Tjarest teggur-d, ha min ɣa tecced maḥend ad tilid mliḥ


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Ass-a, tamuɣli n umaḍal terra ɣer tmurt n Ukrainia anda yekker nnger n tmes d lbumbat s ufus n tmurt n Rrus. D ṭṭrad ameqqran ur nufi tifrat, taggara ur iẓri yiwen anda i yezmer ad issiweḍ.
Tamsalt tefra : si yiwet tama d Russia ikecmen tamurt n Ukrainia, si tama nniḍen d tarwa n ukrainia i yekkren akken ad mmten ɣef tlelli n tmurt-nsen. Ulac win i yeɣren i tmurt n Russia akken ad d-tas d tamḥaddit, ad tesdafel ɣef tmurt n Ukrainia. Poutine isnulfa-d azref amaynut, « droit d’ingérence pour présemption de nazisme » ; d tikerkas ur yumin yiwen deg umaḍal.
Teffeɣ-asen tirga mxalfa. Russia-nni i yessarmen ad tessenger adabu akked iserdasen n Ukrainia deg yiwet smana, ass-a tuɣal ɣer deffir zdat tezmert n Ukrainia. Nnig waggur n ṭṭrad, ur ṭṭifen tamurt, ur rẓin adabu n Kieve ; tamurt n Ukrainia tbedd, tettnaɣ yal ass ɣef tlisa-s.
Mačči yiwet temsirt i nezmer ad d-nessifrir si ṭṭrad n Ukrainia :
- Ayen illan di Poutine ass-a iban-d : Poutine mačči d Cesar i yas-innan « Veni, vidi, vici » (usiɣ-d, ẓriɣ, nnuɣeɣ), si mi yessenger icenga-s deg imenɣi ameqqran (1). Ass-a, iserdasen n Russia ttuɣalen ɣer deffir zdat tezmert n Ukrainia.
Teḍra d tmurt n Russia am « win iffɣen ad innaɣ, ittewt-d, syin irwel ad iffer ddaw yesni di tegrurt ».
Tadyant-a, illa deg-s usirem azekka ad tbeddel ɣef uɣref n Russia, ad iɣli udabu n Poutine akked ibandiyen-is (‘’les oligarques’’), ad tifrir tugdut ɣef Russia.
- Poutine ur ilmid ayen ilhan deg umezruy n umaḍal ; netta yuɣ abrid n Saddam Hussein asmi yerẓa tilisa n tmurt n Koweit di 1990 ; yerna yuɣ abrid n USA asmi kecmen tamurt n Irak di 2003 (2). Poutine inwa yezmer ad yaweḍ anda i tessaweḍ tezmert-is. Maca, illa wezref n tlisa n yal tamurt, mačči d aberrez kan iɣef tebna.
Deg umezruy atrar, illa yiwen umedya yelhan di temsalt n « droit d’ingérence positif», d asmi tekcem tmurt n Vietnam ɣer tmurt n Cambodge akken ad terẓ adabu n ‘’Khmer rouges’’ (Khmer Izeggaɣen), wid-nni yesnegren azal n 2 imelyunun n watmaten-nsen gar 1975 d 1979 (3). Mi kksen ugur n ukabar n Khmer Izeggaɣen, cudden ccifan-nsen ɣer lḥebs, uɣalen ɣer tmurt-nsen. D iseɣ kan i rnan i Vietnam nsen.
- Tadyant n Poutine di Ukrainia teteddu ad d-tesseɣli laẓ ameqqran ɣef tmura n wanzul, acku Russia akked Ukrainia d imezwura i yeznuzun irden deg umaḍal.
Simmal irennu wazal n ṭun n yirden, azekka ad issiɣ laẓ di tmura n Maser, Ethiopia, Lezzayer akked tmura n Tferka. Zun aṭan n ṭṭrad n Poutine iffeɣ si tlisa n Ukrainia, yessaɣ i umaḍal.
Mačči d ayen illan d amaynut. Tamurt n URSS di 1975 tesseɣli-d laẓ di tmura ur nezmir ad d-aɣent irden. Mačči d ṭṭrad i d tamentilt/tasebbiwt-is. D tasertit n URSS, asmi kkren akken awḍen anda tessaweḍ tmurt n Marikan neɣ ugar (= défi de dépasser le niveau de vie des USA) : ad teččen Irusiyen aksum s tawat, ad agaren imezdaɣ n Marikan.
Deg usalu-nni, adabu n Russia yuɣ akk ayen illan d irden di ssuq n umaḍal, akken ad seččen izgaren di lefwarem n URSS, ad ṣunen akken ad d-fken aksum. Di kra n wagguren, azal n ṭun n yirden iwweḍ igenni. Ethiopia akked tmura nniḍen ur nezmir ad xellsent, qqiment i laẓ !
L’internationale prolétarienne / tagraɣlant n yemɣiden tuɣal d « tagraɣlant n laẓ » !
- Tamsirt taneggarut, d taɣuri i tmurt n Lezzayer, d times n Marioupol, d times ikkren di yal taddart, am At Mimun am tiyaḍ…
Wid ittaken lbumbat akked times di tmurt n Ukrainia s imisilen akked yemruden/canons, snegren timdinin icban Marioupol ; azekka ad ttwarzen, ad qablen azref n tmura n umaḍal (TPI/Tribunal Pénal International). Ulac smaḥ, ulac tatut.
D abrid-nni i yeggunin wid i yesnekren times di tmurt n Leqbayel di ɣect 2021. ɣas ass-a adabu iwwet nneḥ, zun kra ur iḍri, tamsalt ur tefri, ur tferru s tatut.
Yal win igren afus di twaɣit-nni, azekka ad d-ibin, ad ixelles. Ulac tatut, ulac ‘’prescription’’. Ɣas tiḥila gtent, ass-a ẓran akk medden ayen illan, ur ittwakellax yiwen, ɣas ad awin azgen n Izzayriyen ɣer leḥbas, ɣas ad rnun aserkem n Polisario…
Awal inna-t yakan umedyaz : « Widak i yettḍebbiṛen snulfan-iyi-d iɛdawen » (Lewnis At Mangellet).
Aumer U Lamara
Timerna / Notes :
1) Veni, vidi, vici est une célèbre expression employée par Jules César en 47 av. J-C. Elle peut être traduite en français par « je suis venu, j’ai vu, j’ai vaincu »/ « usiɣ-d, ẓriɣ s tiṭ-iw, nnuɣeɣ ». Par son laconisme typiquement latin, cette phrase devint célèbre pour désigner tout succès rapide et éclatant. (wikipédia)
2) La guerre d’Irak, l’invasion de l’Irak ou seconde guerre du Golfe commence officiellement le 20 mars 2003 avec l’invasion de l’Irak par la coalition menée par les États-Unis contre le Parti Baas de Saddam Hussein. L’invasion a conduit à la défaite rapide de l’armée irakienne, à l’arrestation et à l’exécution de Saddam Hussein ainsi qu’à la mise en place d’un nouveau gouvernement.
3) Après trois ans et demi au pouvoir durant lesquels près de 2 millions de Cambodgiens périrent, les Khmers rouges sont renversés en 1979 par l’Armée populaire vietnamienne qui pénètre dans Phnom Penh. Elle est repartie aussitôt la paix civile rétablie.


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Le Rifain
Yessufeɣ-dd weɣlif n lḥubus d tɣawsiwin n tmeslemt ijj n ulaɣi yeqqar deg-s belli timezgidawin ad bdant ad reẓment tiwura-nsent i yimeẓẓilla zi ḍḍhur n wass n larbeɛ 15 yulyuz 2020. Manaya ad yili aked uḥadur d ḥeṭṭu n sseḥḥet i xef ɣa beddent tyemmunin ad ilint di twura n tmezgidawin.
Maca ɛlaḥsab alaɣi n weɣlif n lḥubus d tɣawsiwin n tmeslemt. Timezgidawin ad qqnent tiwura x tẓallit n jjemɛa, al ɣa ɛelmen di min dd-yusin x melmi ɣa tili tẓallit-a di tmezgidawin.
Amen yeqqar ulaɣi n weɣlif. Merra wenni icekken deg yexf-nnes yeksi lehlak, ittxessa-t wer ittriḥ ca ɣer tmezgida. Amen ittnakad imeẓẓilla ḥuma ad ggen tikumam, ad beɛɛden ijjen x wenniḍen. Ad agg°jen x umuni di tmezgidawin qbel i lweqt n tẓallit, d usellem d wemdeḥḥas di lweqt n wufuɣ…
lebda ɛlaḥsab alaɣi n weɣlif n lḥubus d tɣawsiwin n tmeslemt. Ittxessa imeẓẓilla ad kessin tisejjadin-nsen i xef ɣa ttẓallan, ad ssizedgen ifassen-nsen s warqun i ɣa yilin ɣer tewwurt n tmezgida, a dasen-iɛebber timessi yijjen ad yettkellef s manaya. Timeṭharin n tmezgidawin, ad ttɣimant bellɛent.


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Yura‑t Amine Dio
Tuli JSK ass n lḥedd 27.06.2012 ɣer lfinal n Cuppa n tamunt n wafrika i twalat tamzwaru deg umezruy-nnes, rumi i rebḥan i Coton Sport n Cameron s 3-0, awarni ma tuɣa ɣelben-ten s 2-1 Di kamirun . Di furbu n Maɛṭub lwennas amek xsen a das semman lexxu, udfend s warrud urin deg-s ismawen n ileɛɛaben s tfinaɣ, d uɣembub n Lwennas yersem Deg utriku-nsen, ameknaw ij n usemɣer zi Meɛṭub deg useggʷas wiss 23 x tmenɣiwt-nnes x ufus n yenni umiqarn « ljamaɛa l islamiya » Di Tizi wezzu .
JSK nettat d tasedma weḥdes iɣensen teddafaɛ x tɣawsa (lqaḍiya) n wegdud Amaziɣ di Tmezɣa, manaya yejja ij n later yemɣerr di tefriqt wakhaa ttaḥlen di tlibizyunat n Waɛɛraben ad inin belli qa yenni d Aɛrabn Macha wer sen‑tesḍiq ca .
Deg 1994 rami teɣḍef « ljamaɛa l islamiya » Meɛṭub Lwennas. 6 n wussan awarn‑as ḍelqen‑as‑dd deg ij n uxiyyeq yemɣer, dinni lqan‑t‑idd iqbayliyyen deg ufurbu n JSK, danita Mani ɣa tebda tefsut n Imaziɣen ad tneɛneɛ aked wargaz‑a umi qqaren Meɛṭub.
Suya JSK yettɣima zi min werten Imaziɣen marra,
Lfinal n Kuppa‑ya ad tiran di Binin kuntra i Raja abiḍawi .


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BER | FRA
Umiyen n Hêmmu u Namir
Ikka tin yadli yan umêhdâr îhrurden d ifulkin bahra, iga yan gh dar mas. Zegh lligh immut babas yifel tid, ar fellas ttazzal. Temmagh fad ad inker tankera ifulkin. Kra yera yufat, af ad igh imeqqur ad fellas yasi tammara n uzemz, ghikelli s ten ikka babas ar t iskar. Tawit ad ittelmad dar ttâlb gh tmezgida. Igan Hêmmu u Namir tuggas, kra yas yura ttâlb îhsut... Ur ikki yat ayelligh yuf imêdârn lli d illa. Iga Hêmmu aàzri f tella tisent, yiri t wul, s ufulki lli gis illan. Tiàyyalin akw n usun [1] ur igi awal nsent amer nettan, ku yat gisent tiri a tt yili. Mac ur jju d nettan ad isaweln s kra n yat gisent.
Yan was gh ussan, ar isêhssu ttâlb imêhdârn, yan s yan, aylligh telkem twala Hêmmu. Immattid s tama nnes, imel asen udem n tallûht s ufus afasi, ar îhssu... imik s en îzra ttâlb lhênna gh ufus nnes âzelmad. Yamêz dars ttâlb tallûht isdu ten d ughrab, yiri gis ad as imel ifassen nnes s ssin. Lligh as tnin ifser Hêmmu, yaf tnin kwlan s lhênna, isaqsa t ttâlb : "max ad teghwmit ifassen nnek s lhênna ? Is tgit taàyyalt neghd tameghart ? nettenti ka ad ighwemmun lhênna ?" Irard fellas Hêmmu s tghawla : "Ur ssengh a sidi, ad ed ukan nkergh zik, afegh d ifassen inu ighwma yyi ten kra ! Ur ifels ttâlb s wawal nnes, yakwi d fellas s ukuray d tâzît, azekka dagh ghikan. S tugget n ukuray d ughruc, ur sul îzdâr Hêmmu ad izzigiz, ayelligh akw ihâca ixef nnes ula timzgida. Iggal as Hêmmu am k issen mad as iskarn ghikan. Yamêz ttâlb ifassen n Hêmmu ifser ten, ar ismuqqul gh ukwlan n lhênna lli yas ghwman... ! yafen gh dar ixef nnes mas ur gin ikwelan ad win ufgan. Inna ttâlb i Hêmmu : "Ighzân wawal nnek a hemmu, surf iyyi f mad ak skergh !" Yini yas ilma : "Îd ad yuckan, asi d tisegnit d ifalan ukan tawezt, tdûfet ar d ggezent tinirin [2] gh igenwan kcemend fellak, tizi nna yak ghwemmunt lhênna, teskert zund is tegent, ar tegnnut tumelsa nnek d tin nnesnt." Îd lli, iqend Hêmmu ahânu nnes, isker ayelli yas inna ttâlb. Tuzûmt n yîd, had smmust tinirin kcemend fellas gh telkuwt [3]. SSutlent as, sersen d lhênna ar as ghwemmunt izwirent s ufus âzelmad. Ur ikki amer imik s d ikwti awal n ttâlb, yasi d tisegnit s ufus afasi ar ignnu ihdumen nnes d win sent yat s yat. Lligh ar ed ittefaw uzemz, smedent tinirin tighemi n lhênna i Hêmmu, irint ad urrint s igenwan, rzêment i ifrawen nnesent ad ayyelent [4], tanna ukan ismassen ifrawen s igh tesyafa is as tteghint temlsa d tin Hêmmu. Ar fellas semummuyent yat s yat, tana mu ukan irzêm, s igh fellas tesmummi tayyâd, ar tad igguran yini yas : "kemmi ur ad am rzêmgh, righ ad didi tilit ad tegt tamghart inu." Ur as tri tannirt lli ayelligh tsers tiwetlin [5] gh yega ad as isku tigemmi nnes, îzli d mas, msasan f uneck an. Zegh ass an ad ibbi Hêmmu f temzgida, ibkes tuggas nnes ar ittazal f takat. Isku yas tigemmi en illan gh sat tdiliwin, ar iskar s ayen tenna. Isgh yan wayyis ma sa ittmuddu.
Yan was gh ussan, ar isêhssu ttâlb imêhdârn, yan s yan, aylligh telkem twala Hêmmu. Immattid s tama nnes, imel asen udem n tallûht s ufus afasi, ar îhssu... imik s en îzra ttâlb lhênna gh ufus nnes âzelmad. Yamêz dars ttâlb tallûht isdu ten d ughrab, yiri gis ad as imel ifassen nnes s ssin. Lligh as tnin ifser Hêmmu, yaf tnin kwlan s lhênna, isaqsa t ttâlb : "max ad teghwmit ifassen nnek s lhênna ? Is tgit taàyyalt neghd tameghart ? nettenti ka ad ighwemmun lhênna ?" Irard fellas Hêmmu s tghawla : "Ur ssengh a sidi, ad ed ukan nkergh zik, afegh d ifassen inu ighwma yyi ten kra ! Ur ifels ttâlb s wawal nnes, yakwi d fellas s ukuray d tâzît, azekka dagh ghikan. S tugget n ukuray d ughruc, ur sul îzdâr Hêmmu ad izzigiz, ayelligh akw ihâca ixef nnes ula timzgida. Iggal as Hêmmu am k issen mad as iskarn ghikan. Yamêz ttâlb ifassen n Hêmmu ifser ten, ar ismuqqul gh ukwlan n lhênna lli yas ghwman... ! yafen gh dar ixef nnes mas ur gin ikwelan ad win ufgan. Inna ttâlb i Hêmmu : "Ighzân wawal nnek a hemmu, surf iyyi f mad ak skergh !" Yini yas ilma : "Îd ad yuckan, asi d tisegnit d ifalan ukan tawezt, tdûfet ar d ggezent tinirin [2] gh igenwan kcemend fellak, tizi nna yak ghwemmunt lhênna, teskert zund is tegent, ar tegnnut tumelsa nnek d tin nnesnt." Îd lli, iqend Hêmmu ahânu nnes, isker ayelli yas inna ttâlb. Tuzûmt n yîd, had smmust tinirin kcemend fellas gh telkuwt [3]. SSutlent as, sersen d lhênna ar as ghwemmunt izwirent s ufus âzelmad. Ur ikki amer imik s d ikwti awal n ttâlb, yasi d tisegnit s ufus afasi ar ignnu ihdumen nnes d win sent yat s yat. Lligh ar ed ittefaw uzemz, smedent tinirin tighemi n lhênna i Hêmmu, irint ad urrint s igenwan, rzêment i ifrawen nnesent ad ayyelent [4], tanna ukan ismassen ifrawen s igh tesyafa is as tteghint temlsa d tin Hêmmu. Ar fellas semummuyent yat s yat, tana mu ukan irzêm, s igh fellas tesmummi tayyâd, ar tad igguran yini yas : "kemmi ur ad am rzêmgh, righ ad didi tilit ad tegt tamghart inu." Ur as tri tannirt lli ayelligh tsers tiwetlin [5] gh yega ad as isku tigemmi nnes, îzli d mas, msasan f uneck an. Zegh ass an ad ibbi Hêmmu f temzgida, ibkes tuggas nnes ar ittazal f takat. Isku yas tigemmi en illan gh sat tdiliwin, ar iskar s ayen tenna. Isgh yan wayyis ma sa ittmuddu.
Tiwen tanirt i igenwan, tfeld Hêmmu ar issa tagûdi n tayri d umarg nnes. Inxel mas ur a sis isawal, ur sul iri ad icc ula ad isu. Ighama Hêmmu ghikan aseggwas d mennaw yirn aylligh imda, tamum tdusi nnes. Yafen gh dar ixef nes is rad tt ur isselkem mayan i man. Iqqan ad îzer tagharst yâden mad tt isselkamen i tayri nnes gh wis sa igenwan. Inker ed yan wass, ihîyyel s umuddu, igher i mas, issuden as ixef nnes, yini yas : "Rad muddugh a yim ad afegh tamghart inu, ur ssengh is rad sul urrigh neghd uhu ! ghilad ur gim righ amer ad yyi tsuref gh kra yyid izzan." Issudu Hêmmu ayyis nnes yifk i tmizar, ar ittluluy sellagh issen mani ira. Zrin mennaw yirn, ikka gisen izagharn ikk idrarn. Inna ilkem, ar gis isaqsa manigh rad yaf mat isaqlayn s wis sa igenwan. Yan wass ilkemen yat tmazirt, yaf en yan urgaz iwsseren, isaweld inna i Hêmmu "Awek d yan ur îzdâr ak isselkem i wis sa igenwan amer yan igider [8], izdegh gh yan udrar bahra ya ggugen." Îdfer Hêmmu agharas lli yas imla urgaz lli. S tugt n umarg n temghart nnes, ar izzigiz adân d izaliwn ayelligh ilkem adrar an. Yaf tin yattuy bahra, ur îzdâr ad sis ighwli.
Irmi Hêmmu, iggez ed f wayyis, iskus ad iswunfu ddaw udrar lli, ar iswingim [9] s man tagharast as îzdâr ad issakwez ixef nnes i igider, igh ittyafa ad dars iggiz nettan. Ar ittirir kra n iwaliwn hênnanin. Ur ikki yat ayelligh sellan tarwa n igider i tiyt [10] nnes, isawel yan gisen s babas inna yas "bab asi ifer f imezgan nek ad tesllat i kra n yan ar fellak ittirir gh ddu udrar ad gh nella." Inker igider yuten s yan ukuray ilûh tend i udrar. Lligh zrin krâd ussan, igider yagh t umarg n tarwa nnes, yayel iggiz ed d udrar ar ten isiggil. Yafen Hêmmu ar as en ukan yakka ad ccin, isala ten krâd ussan ayad, isawel sers igider inna yas : "Mlad ur izwar ufulki nnek winu, rad k gegh d idammen d ixsan, ma kid yiwin s ghid ? mad tsiggilt ?" Isawel Unamir inna yas : "Righ gh dark d dar rebbi ad yyi tsselkemt i tanirt inu gh wis sa igenwan acku tayri d umarg nnes jdern ul inu". Ibbi Hêmmu tasa n igider, yini yas ed :
"Rad k awigh, mac righ gik ad iyyi d zwar tawit sa igezman [11] n tefyyi d sat tegmamin n ughanim [12] ttekarnin s idamen ad gisn cettagh ar ssagh ar wis sa igenwan." Ibid Hêmmu ar iswingim gh wawal n igider, ar ismuqul gh wayyis nnes. Ur en îzri amer ad as ighers nettan nit. Yukez wayyis aswingem n bab nnes, izzewur yini yas ed : "ghers yyi a bab inu, fekigh ak ixef inu." Ighers i wayyis, imettâwen gh walen nes, isker ghaylli sas inna igider. Lligh telkem tizi n umuddu, yasi d Hêmmu tiremt n igider, yilin fellas ghwlin d igenwan. Ad ukan lkemen yan ignna, ifek as Hêmmu yan ugzzum n tefyyi d yat tegmamt ughanim n idamen. ghikan ayelligh lkemen wi sa igenwan, lligh ira Hêmmu ad as ifek agzzum lli igguran idêr as ed ; ur sul dars mad as yakka. Ibbi d yan n ugzzum n tfeyyi gh ufus nes. Llight icca igider yaf ten tga tin ufgan. Ar ittini d ixef nes isd ad as rzêmgh ad ig tisint d waman ur ta ilkem akal s llighd ikwti afulki lli isker gh tarwa nnes. Izayd igider ar ittaylal ayelligh t isselkem i wis sa igenwan, iserst gh iggi n ughbalu n tiwiwin [13] yurri d nettan.
Ibid Hêmmu ilûh îzri, ar ismuqul ayelli jju ur îzri gh waddagn d tezegzut. Icc ayelli mu îzdâr n ugumu, isu aman, ighli s iggi n yan waddag iffer gis idûf tiwiwin llin ittagmen aman. Ikka ukan imik s en îzra yat twayya ar tetkur abuqal [14] s waman gh tama n ughbalu [15]. Iggiz ed Hêmmu isawl dids, issen is ed tanirt ad igan lallas. Ur tessin twayya lli ayelligh as n ilûh talxatemt gh ubuqal. Lligh rad dids ingara, inna yas : "awi abuqal ad ar tigmmi, tffit gis aman ar den gis yagur ma idrusn, tefk t gis i lallam ad tsu". Teddu twayya tesker ayelli sas inna Hêmmu, ghiklli têzra tanirt talxatemt gh waman takwez tt ; tssen is ed argaz nnes as tid ilkemen. Teddu tini i twayya ad tid tssentel ar kigh tid tsekcem i tgemmi sellagh t îzra yan. Tesker twayya ayelli sas tenna lallas, tawi taserdunt, teg as ed ikeccudên, teg d Hêmmu ddaw nnesen, tsekcem t ar agunes n tgemmi, tgher i lallas. Inmigar Hêmmu d tanirt, ar temsudunen. Imik had yan wazzan mezzîn ar en ittazal isaqsa mas mad yeg urgaz an tt ikwebbelen. Nettan ad as ed iruren : "Nekkin ad yegan babak, a yiwi". Ggawern, ar sawalen, tini yas tannirt mas tummer f umuddu yad isker, tsker s ayelli yera, tsres as ed ayelli yera, mac tagara, tenna yas mas ed yeqqan ad as ifek awal ur saren ittaggwa ddaw ûzru illan gh tghemmirt n tgemmi, acku yuggwan s wakal.
Zrin ussan d yirn d isggwasen, ittu gisen Hêmmu ixef nnes ittu akal d mad gisen. Ya wass, yûden Hêmmu, yagwi ad icc, yagwi ad isu, ur issen mad t yaghen. Imik s ed ikwti mas lli tid issenkern, ikwtid ula tammara lli fellas tut ayelligh iga argaz. Yiri ad issen is sul tdder neghd is temmut ? S llighd tdêr gh ixef nnes tâzrut lli f as tsawl temghart nnes. Ibid ar iswingim, isd ad ighama f wawal lli yas ifka, ighama gh tgûdi d umarg n mas, neghd ad t îrz [16]. Ur ikki yat, isker icenbi lli, yasi tâzrut, ar en ittagga s wakal. Yannin mas, gh tuzûmt n usarag, tûmz ukan izimr ar tqqel s mad as as iqqersen. Issen Hêmmu is ed ass n tefaska ad ilekmen. Ur issen mar ad isker, tagara ilûh ed ixef nnes, iseghuyyid : "Hayyin darm a yim, ur kem dari izwar yan !..." Ifk ed Hêmmu i yigenwan, ar sers kkaten ijawwan aylligh kullu tenhattaf tixsi nnes, tefsi zund aman. Ur ed gis ighama amer yat temqqit n idamen, nettat ad ilkmen akal, tdêr ed f umgêrd n izimmer lli tûmz mas, tghers as.
Irmi Hêmmu, iggez ed f wayyis, iskus ad iswunfu ddaw udrar lli, ar iswingim [9] s man tagharast as îzdâr ad issakwez ixef nnes i igider, igh ittyafa ad dars iggiz nettan. Ar ittirir kra n iwaliwn hênnanin. Ur ikki yat ayelligh sellan tarwa n igider i tiyt [10] nnes, isawel yan gisen s babas inna yas "bab asi ifer f imezgan nek ad tesllat i kra n yan ar fellak ittirir gh ddu udrar ad gh nella." Inker igider yuten s yan ukuray ilûh tend i udrar. Lligh zrin krâd ussan, igider yagh t umarg n tarwa nnes, yayel iggiz ed d udrar ar ten isiggil. Yafen Hêmmu ar as en ukan yakka ad ccin, isala ten krâd ussan ayad, isawel sers igider inna yas : "Mlad ur izwar ufulki nnek winu, rad k gegh d idammen d ixsan, ma kid yiwin s ghid ? mad tsiggilt ?" Isawel Unamir inna yas : "Righ gh dark d dar rebbi ad yyi tsselkemt i tanirt inu gh wis sa igenwan acku tayri d umarg nnes jdern ul inu". Ibbi Hêmmu tasa n igider, yini yas ed :
"Rad k awigh, mac righ gik ad iyyi d zwar tawit sa igezman [11] n tefyyi d sat tegmamin n ughanim [12] ttekarnin s idamen ad gisn cettagh ar ssagh ar wis sa igenwan." Ibid Hêmmu ar iswingim gh wawal n igider, ar ismuqul gh wayyis nnes. Ur en îzri amer ad as ighers nettan nit. Yukez wayyis aswingem n bab nnes, izzewur yini yas ed : "ghers yyi a bab inu, fekigh ak ixef inu." Ighers i wayyis, imettâwen gh walen nes, isker ghaylli sas inna igider. Lligh telkem tizi n umuddu, yasi d Hêmmu tiremt n igider, yilin fellas ghwlin d igenwan. Ad ukan lkemen yan ignna, ifek as Hêmmu yan ugzzum n tefyyi d yat tegmamt ughanim n idamen. ghikan ayelligh lkemen wi sa igenwan, lligh ira Hêmmu ad as ifek agzzum lli igguran idêr as ed ; ur sul dars mad as yakka. Ibbi d yan n ugzzum n tfeyyi gh ufus nes. Llight icca igider yaf ten tga tin ufgan. Ar ittini d ixef nes isd ad as rzêmgh ad ig tisint d waman ur ta ilkem akal s llighd ikwti afulki lli isker gh tarwa nnes. Izayd igider ar ittaylal ayelligh t isselkem i wis sa igenwan, iserst gh iggi n ughbalu n tiwiwin [13] yurri d nettan.
Ibid Hêmmu ilûh îzri, ar ismuqul ayelli jju ur îzri gh waddagn d tezegzut. Icc ayelli mu îzdâr n ugumu, isu aman, ighli s iggi n yan waddag iffer gis idûf tiwiwin llin ittagmen aman. Ikka ukan imik s en îzra yat twayya ar tetkur abuqal [14] s waman gh tama n ughbalu [15]. Iggiz ed Hêmmu isawl dids, issen is ed tanirt ad igan lallas. Ur tessin twayya lli ayelligh as n ilûh talxatemt gh ubuqal. Lligh rad dids ingara, inna yas : "awi abuqal ad ar tigmmi, tffit gis aman ar den gis yagur ma idrusn, tefk t gis i lallam ad tsu". Teddu twayya tesker ayelli sas inna Hêmmu, ghiklli têzra tanirt talxatemt gh waman takwez tt ; tssen is ed argaz nnes as tid ilkemen. Teddu tini i twayya ad tid tssentel ar kigh tid tsekcem i tgemmi sellagh t îzra yan. Tesker twayya ayelli sas tenna lallas, tawi taserdunt, teg as ed ikeccudên, teg d Hêmmu ddaw nnesen, tsekcem t ar agunes n tgemmi, tgher i lallas. Inmigar Hêmmu d tanirt, ar temsudunen. Imik had yan wazzan mezzîn ar en ittazal isaqsa mas mad yeg urgaz an tt ikwebbelen. Nettan ad as ed iruren : "Nekkin ad yegan babak, a yiwi". Ggawern, ar sawalen, tini yas tannirt mas tummer f umuddu yad isker, tsker s ayelli yera, tsres as ed ayelli yera, mac tagara, tenna yas mas ed yeqqan ad as ifek awal ur saren ittaggwa ddaw ûzru illan gh tghemmirt n tgemmi, acku yuggwan s wakal.
Zrin ussan d yirn d isggwasen, ittu gisen Hêmmu ixef nnes ittu akal d mad gisen. Ya wass, yûden Hêmmu, yagwi ad icc, yagwi ad isu, ur issen mad t yaghen. Imik s ed ikwti mas lli tid issenkern, ikwtid ula tammara lli fellas tut ayelligh iga argaz. Yiri ad issen is sul tdder neghd is temmut ? S llighd tdêr gh ixef nnes tâzrut lli f as tsawl temghart nnes. Ibid ar iswingim, isd ad ighama f wawal lli yas ifka, ighama gh tgûdi d umarg n mas, neghd ad t îrz [16]. Ur ikki yat, isker icenbi lli, yasi tâzrut, ar en ittagga s wakal. Yannin mas, gh tuzûmt n usarag, tûmz ukan izimr ar tqqel s mad as as iqqersen. Issen Hêmmu is ed ass n tefaska ad ilekmen. Ur issen mar ad isker, tagara ilûh ed ixef nnes, iseghuyyid : "Hayyin darm a yim, ur kem dari izwar yan !..." Ifk ed Hêmmu i yigenwan, ar sers kkaten ijawwan aylligh kullu tenhattaf tixsi nnes, tefsi zund aman. Ur ed gis ighama amer yat temqqit n idamen, nettat ad ilkmen akal, tdêr ed f umgêrd n izimmer lli tûmz mas, tghers as.


text:
Yenna Muḥemmed Ɛebdelwehhab Rafiqi, amerzu din ddin, belli ficta itteggen Imeɣrabiyen s tɛacurt wer ɣer-s bu tɣuni aked ccerq. Yenna ɛwed ila tɛacurt ɣer-neɣ wer tessmɣir la s tmenɣiwt n Lḥusayen niɣ ula s usenjem n Musa zeg waman n lebḥer.
Yerni yenna, belli imeɣrabiyen senɛen i yixef-nnsen ijjen marka n ficta nnsen, wer telli mani nniḍen. Ficta-ya dag-s aṭṭas n leɛwayed msebḍan. Azgen ameqqran n leɛwayed-a ttuɣa tteɛqaben ɣer mayen illan qbel i lislam.
Amerzu di lislam, iqqar ila taɛicurt, dag-s i tesnufsul tamɣart ixef-nnes zi jjehd n iwetman. Mamec aman d tmessi ɣer-sen inumak d imeqqranen di tussna-nneɣ iwtin iẓuran-nnsen deg umezruy. Iwekked belli manaya wer dag-s qaɛ amxumbel bnadem ad t-igg d ficta.
Mamec i d-ihjem x Isalafiyen, yenna x-asen belli lebda ttegg°den zi mayen illan d amaynu. Kter zi manaya, iqqar Rafiqi ila ddin ixess-as ad iḥaw leɛwayed d tnamitin wadji ad tent-imḥa.
Ɣer ɛawed: Taɛacurt ɣer Imaziɣen: Maci d tasunnit ula d taciɛit.


text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun yella s ddaw leɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ yella s ddaw ifrensiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin-agi yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayyu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Aqeddem[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.