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Muḥammad
Iga Muḥammad (s tɛrabt: محمد) nɣ s yism nns iɣzzifn Abu Alqasim Muḥammad Bnu Ɛabdillah Bnu Ɛabdilmuṭṭalib amɣar aɛrab d argaz n ddin d tsrtit, yucka-d zɣ taqbilt n Qurayc. Nttan ad ibdan ddin n Lislam d iga dar imuslmn arqqas n rbbi lli kullu iggʷran. Zɣ mad illan ɣ umzruy amuslm, iluld Muḥammad ɣ Makka ɣ 22 abril usggwas n 571 b.ɛ, d immt ɣ Lmadina ɣ 8 yunyu n usggwas n 632 b.ɛ.
Iddr Muḥammad igigil zɣ timẓi nns, immut as babas urta d akk ilul, tmmut as mas lliɣ sul imẓẓiy. Irbbut jddis Ɛabd Almuṭṭalib, mn bɛd idda dar ɛmmis Abi Ṭalib. Ur jju d ikka tinml d ur tin ikka issn ad yaqra ula ad iɣr. Isala tawuri zɣ timẓi, lliɣ bḥra ibda lxdmt iga srraḥ, mn bɛd izri s ttijara ar iznza ar issaɣ. Ikka tt inn iga yan urgaz iskarn twuri nns xklli s ixssa as ttuyskar. Lliɣ ilkm 25 usggwas, itahl yat tmɣart ikka tt inn yadli ixdm dars, tga s yism Xadija.
Immut Muḥammad ɣ usggwas n 632 lliɣ tn dars ikka 62 usggwas, d yujja imuslmn munn kullu d nttni ad ikmln f tbrat nns d nttni ad incrn Lislam ɣ kigan n idɣarn ɣ umaḍal aylliɣ ilkm ar tmazirt n Lmɣrib d Andalus ɣ ammas n tmazirt n Ṣbanya ɣ utaram d tmazirt n Indunisya d Ccinwa ɣ ugmuḍ.
Ar ttinin imuslmn masd nttan ad kullu iggʷran ɣ irqqasn n isgdan nɣd ddyanat id ikkan ignna (samawiya). D iga urgaz llid yiwin tabrat n Allah at igan rbbi n Lislam. Ig yan isbidnn Ddin lislam itfrt aylliɣ iga asrf lli itkrafn imtfirns f gigan n tiɣarasin n tsrtit d tadamsa d tusna. Ar ittini masd fllas igz anir Jbril d ma sasd yiwi tabrat dar rbbi.
Iɣbula i fllas isawlnsnfl
Lquransnfl
Lquran neɣ Quran (s taɛrabt : القرآن —Al qu'ran neɣ القرآن الكريم—Al-qur'an al-karim ) iga aḍris asgdan akkʷ ilan atig ɣ Lislam. Ar tinnin imuslmn ɣ is iga awal n rbbi d is-d netta ad t-id issugzn f umazan nnes Muḥmmad. Ar ɣassad, udlis ad iga udlis amzwaru d udlis nna akk iqburn ittawsan is ittyura s tutlayt taɛrabt.
Umnen akkʷ imuslmn d imumnen s lquran is iga awal n rbbi isggizt-id s ils aɛrab lmubin, f umazan Muḥammad s ubrid n lmalak Jibril ɣ kigan n tmldawin zɣ lbiɛta nns ɣ usggʷas 610 ar tamttant nns ɣ wass n 8 yunyu 632. Ibḍa Lquran s 114 n tassurt, illa gis 6236 n layat. Illa ɣ Lquran layat makkiya d tiyyaḍ madaniyya. Lquran lkarim iga adlis amggaru zɣ idlisn n rbbi, issgizt rbbi f nbi Muḥammad . D tilawat n lquran d ussfld nns d twuri sis gan kullu lɛibadat ar sisn ittaẓ umuslm i rbbi bac ayzddig ul nns. Tssnti tɣrma n imuslmn dffir ma iggiz Lquran s wakal.


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Tawilayt n Skikda
Tawilayt n Skikda d Tawilayt deg tmurt n Lezzayer. Zedɣen-tt 898 680 n yimezdaɣen. Ma d tajumma-ines tesɛa azal n 4 026 km². Tamanaɣt ines d tamdint n skikda. Tawilayt-a tebḍa ɣef 13 n tdayriwin:
- Tadayra n Ɛin Qecra (Ɛin Qecra, Lwelǧa Bulbelluṭ)
- Tadayra n Ɛezzaba (Ɛin Cercar, Djendel Saadi Mohamed (fr) , Leɣdir, Ɛezzaba, Ssebt)
- Tadayra n Ben Ɛezzuz (Bekkuc Lexḍer, Ben Ɛezzuz, Lmerṣa)
- Tadayra n Lqull (Bni Zid, Ccrayeɛ, Lqull)
- Tadayra n Leḥdayeq (Bucṭaṭa, Ɛin Zwit, Leḥdayeq)
- Tadayra n Lḥerruc (Lḥerruc, Ṣaleḥ Buccaɛur, Mjezz Ddcic, Wlad Ḥbaba, Zerdaza (fr) )
- Tadayra n Wlad Ɛṭeyya (Wlad Ɛṭeyya, Xeneq Mayyum, Wad Zzhur)
- Tadayra n Um Ṭṭub (Um Ṭṭub)
- Tadayra n Remḍan Ǧamal (Remḍan Ǧamal, Bni Lbacir)
- Tadayra n Sidi Mezɣic (Bni Welban, Ɛin Buzeyyan, Sidi Mezɣic)
- Tadayra n Skikda (Ḥemmadi Kruma, Skikda, Filfila)
- Tadayra n Tmalus (Kerkra, Tamalus, Bin Lwidan)
- Tadayra n Zituna (Qenwaɛ, Zituna)

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Afaylellis
Ifaylellisen (Assaɣ ussnan: Heterocera) d tagrawt meqqren n ibureɣsen yudsen ɣer yiferṭeṭṭa, akken i gan gar n yimuddiren yellan yakk s tuget deg umadal, anda i ttidiren deg twennaṭin d yinezwa yemgaraden ula ma deg Wanda yettili wedfel d wegris.
Dɣa amur meqqren seg yimuddiren d yeṭṭafaren snat n telmas-a ttwassnent s tilin n tyuga n wafriwen, afriw n zdat i meqqren ɣef wefriw n deffir. Ifaylellisen ntan (ṭṭafaren) tawacult n Lepidoptera, isem n twacult-a yekka-d seg sin n wawalen igriken: «Lepis» = Tikbert, yakk d «pteron» = Afriw. acku llant tkebrin tusdidin ddlent afriwen s timmad-nsen ɣef wanecta i tettwasemma twacult-a s tikebrafriwin>
Imgaraden igejdanen gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ɣas akken ṭṭafaren yiwet n tfesna, maca mgaraden deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin [1].
Asemmili uffiɣ[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Am wazal ameqran n ibureɣsen, Tafekka n ufaylellis igber seg 3 n wamuren igejdanen, yal amur yettaddam tagrawt n yigmanen[1][2].
- Ixef: yettili ɣervzdat n tfekka, igber seg wallen deg wadisen d timejjiwin i d-izgan gar n wallen, Timejjiwin-a ttusmersent s talɣa tagejdant i ugerrew tekdiwin d usekdu (alqaḍ n rrwayeḥ d wesfuḥu) acku gant d tinafrayin i tnegwa tikruranin deg igenni. Akken i yella yimi yakk d yiles yecban tasummut ɣezzifen, ɣef wanecta i tegguni deg wučči ɣef wemɣus n yijeǧǧigen d tnegwa timazzalin.
- Idmaren: D tama i d-izgan gar n yixef d wadis, itedden sin n wafriwen, maca llant kra n twetmin ur lint ara aya.
- Adis: D amur n deffir i d-izgan deffir n yidmaren, itedden azal meqqren n yigmanen d yinagrawen ixataren deg tfekka n ufaylellis, gar-asen anagraw amaẓẓad d unazzuf yakk d yildiyen n usnezwi ixeddmen am unagraw amesgunef.
Allus n tudert[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Allus n tudert n ifaylellisen igber seg 4 n teɣsar tigejdanin:
Iɣunab n tɣensi d westan[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tiwlafin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ẓeṛ daɣen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imniren[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ 1,0 et 1,1 Imgaraden gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen d usemmili-nsen Archived 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Tiskanin n ifaylellisen Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine


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Asmaa Aouattah
Tafaska ya d min ɣrs iqqnen ttggn tt g tmura n Tmazɣa. Smman tt tɛanṣart (din wi tt ittsmman tacɛɛalt niɣ crrḥ mllḥ). Ur nssin manis dd ikka wawal a, imkn ad yili d aɛrab niɣ d aɛibri, maca ntta iwta aẓwar ins gi tutlayt tamaziɣt. Aṭṭaṣ n inumak (lmɛani) i d as ittwawcn i tɛanṣart. Din wi tt ittrran ar umyi (mythe) niɣ ar ddin, din wi tt ittrran ar tudrt n iwdan izdɣn Tamazɣa d wagrakal (méditerranée).
Tiqbbal n Arrif n lkambu ɛad tddr ɣrsnt gi twngimt, ɛad ttbddan ɣrs xmi dd ittas wass ins, zgsnt taqbilt n Ibqquyn, mani ssqsiɣ. Din wi iqqarn qa tɛanṣart tus dd zi tnenni n lxuḍrt (tɛɛnṣr tazart= twwḍ). Ḥdd nnɣni iqqar qa ism a yusa dd zi Sara, ijjt n tmɣart d tudayt tɣdr lqum ins skmḍn tt. Kul asggwas tbddan ɣr twngimt ins. Tettɣima lɛada a d ijjtn zi tfaskiwin ittwaggn gi waṭṭaṣ n tmura n Tmazɣa, maci ɣir g Arrif. Ssnen tt marra aydudn n yilel agrakal zi zik n zik. Amya i dd wwint trzzutin d twngimin n ywdan.
Immi Tɛanṣart?
Tirzzutin i ittwaggn x tɛanṣart kssin tt idd d ijjt n tfaska tsskan tɣuni n yiwd amaziɣ ar tmurt d ugama (ṭṭabiɛa) d umṣawaḍjr asn. Tina d drust zi tɣuriwin min ɣr wwḍn imrzutn:
– Duti iqqar gi manaya « Tafaska ya (…) tqqn ar muk ittwala iwd n zid timslayin d ugama ». Ijj n uxzzar ibna x uwqqar d amqqran i ugama d umtawi akids x tmuwca n wa i wa. Amṣawaḍ a ur ittqid bla lqaɛida ins.
– Marra tifaskiwin timaziɣin izgurn ddin qqnent ar umṣdfar n tsmhuyin (saisons) n usggwas. Amuti zi ta ar tnnɣni ur ittili s usɣdi, ittili s lqaɛida ins mizi aṣurf ar tsmhut d tamaynut d ijjt n tmslayt tmɣar s uɣir ad ɣrs bddn ḥuma ad tɛda mliḥ ad tuc lɣillt d taṣbḥant. Taɛanṣart tettas dd g wakud n unqlb n tfuyt tanbdut, manaya ittwaḥsab d ijjt n twwurt ttadfn zgs iwdan ar unbdu amuk illa unqbl n tfuyt tamwant d tawwurt n wadaf ɣr tjrst. S uya i ittsmma Jan Sirbyi tifaskiwin n ynnayr d tɛanṣart « tiwwura n usggwas » .
– Tifaskiwin am tɛanṣart ttasnt idd ɛawd ḥuma ad qqnent tawwurt n ijj n lmusm gi tfllaḥt, ad rẓmnt wnnɣni. Tɛanṣart tettas dd ag tikkst n tmgra d uṣrwt. S uynni, tudf gi tswast (calendrier)tafllaḥt i ttḍfarn ar yiḍ a imzdaɣ n tmzaɣa. Sirbyi iṣṣawaḍ anɣ dd muk ssunuḍn ifllaḥn d tfllaḥin icɣlan nsn, n tmurt, s tiggwdi d uḥbabi ḥuma ur d asn dd ttkknt tmukrisin g ubrid. Manaya ila ttggn t zdat ad dd iban ddin. Zi ssin tsawnt udfnt gi tfaskiwin d tidyyanin amaknaw tɛacurt d lɛid amqqran, amuk d as tmsar i tɛanṣart ag ddin amasiḥi. Atiɣ ila gi zik d tafaska d tafukant n ywdan iɛbbdn tfuyt, ag wakud tdwl tqqn ar ci nnɣni. Nssn illa lqaɛida n waman d tmssi nttaf itn gi waṭṭaṣ n imurn n usggwas (Innayr, tɛacurt, lɛid amqqran, ..). Manaya ad ixs ad yini x yiri n Imil Laust illa lqaɛida n tmssi ur iqqim gi sbiɣt ins tamzgarut.
Min ttggn gi tɛanṣart?
Din kraḍ n tmslayin tbna xsn tɛanṣart: aman, timssi d ddxxan, issitim zzgsnt iwd amaziɣ asizdg/asird, aḥḍay d uḥawl.
– Aman: aman n tɛanṣart ɣrs ccan imɣar ar iwdan mizi issirid, isgnfa. S uynni, ulabudd ad ssirdn muk ma: s waman n yilel, n iɣzr niɣ gi lɛnaṣar d taliwin. Maca ttɣiman waman n tmurt ḥsn mizi kkin dd zi tɛddist. Aman n tɛanṣart ssiridn zi kulci min ur iknin: aṭṭan, tasɛdit taɛffant (lɛks), tuɛufna, … Amuk ttksn ula d tiggwdi. Ag tuffut, iwdan d lmal ttawin abrid ar waman huma ad iridn, ad dd luln zi jjdid. Lɛada n usird yidar itt idd San Agustin x imaziɣn n Zwara (Libya) xmi ttggn tafaska n Awussu, irwsn aṭṭaṣ gi tɛanṣart, maca gi ṣṣmaym. Din wi iqqarn qa d tafaska d ijjtn waxxa tmṣwḍa g wakud.
– Timssi: Ssruɣan iwdan timssi mani ma gi tɛanṣart, gi tmdinin niɣ gi ldcur, gi tɣmriwin niɣ g izurag d innarn. Nṭtwn tt s umẓyan s tmqqrant ḥuma ad tn tḥḍa zi min tsnuffr tudrt. Gi ci n tmura tigrakalin, ttssiyyabn gi tmssi min iṣṣnɛatn ar tmukrisin d takayin tiɛffanin, ttskkan gs isitimn nsn ttrajan t ad ikmḍ. Laust iqqar anɣ qa ayt/suyt Ida Azdut ttsiyyabn aẓru gi tmssi qqarn « ɣifl gim kullu ma ittrtn ». Gi Ntifa, ssruɣan timssi zdat i tudrin anct n waddud n wargaz, sscan as ixccabn n tzggwart yuzzɣn. Irgazn nṭṭwn tt kraḍ n twalatin, kssin gi tmnna « ad nḍwɣ timssi a amuk tt ɣa nḍwɣ asggwas i dd iggurn ». Timɣarin, am iwssura, ttrajant ad tudrus ḥuma ad tt nḍwnt s iḥrmun g uɣil. Taffa n tmssi ttsmman tt tafggirt, qqarn qa tkki dd zi tlatint (foguera). Tettwassn amya ɣr ayt/suyt Zmmur ɛla ḥsab Laust.
– Ddxxan: ssxdamn ddxxan n tɛanṣart i ugnfi d usitm n lxir. Ddxan n tfggirin niɣ n iɛcbucn ttbxxarn zgs i tsklutin d lksibt. Xlli d iwdan slqqan ddat nsn i ddxxan, ktar ci imẓyanen d tmẓaynin. Ttskkan t ar jjiht n tbḥirin d imrjɛiwn ikrzn. Timlli n tmssi ula d nttat s lbaraka ins gi tɛanṣart. X wawal n Idmund Duti, dg Arrif, ttḥnnakn zgs tamzurt. Ayt d suyt Arrif i ssqsiɣ nnan qa iwdan ila ttcarn jjuf nsn s ddxxan n tɛanṣart ḥuma ad ilin mliḥ. Amuk iqqar Laust qa gi Zmmur iwdan sɛddan ikrarn nsn x ddxxan ḥuma ad zgsn yili, ttslqan as ula d iwdan tiṭṭawin nsn i ugnfi zg waṭṭan i tnt ittlqafn.
Taɛanṣart n jjmaɛt d lfraḥt
Macca issxdamn iwdan gi tɛanṣart (gi marra Tamazɣa) tettwagg s tquqay iitwamjrn g usggwas nni ag lɛds d lḥimẓ iwwan g waman. Ttsmman tt imcyax niɣ imciyyxn. Ulabudd ad qqasn zi lɣillt tamaynut gi tfaskiwin ḥuma ad snimmrn i ugama lxir ins. « Macca n tudrt rid d macca waha, nttat s unamk ins ». Anamk ittawin ar waqqan n yiwd ag tmurt d ugama. « Timssi d tillgwit jr n yiwd d tfuyt iṣbḥn d lɣillt n tmurt. Ḥuma ad idum umsfham a, afllaḥ ittqas zi lɣillt tamaynut ». Gi tɛanṣart ifllaḥn ssagaln ddukar i lɣrus mizi ttamnen ila d wnni d akud i kids dd ittasn.
Bla manaya d manayin, tɛanṣart tettwag i lfraḥt d udaḥi s tudrt. S uya i d as iqqar Laust i tmssi ins, timssi n lfraḥt « Imaziɣn n lmɣrib ṭṭfn gi lɛada taqdimt n unskkr n tmssi amuk d as ttggn ifllaḥn n Fransa d Uruba xmi tettnqlab tfuyt n unbdu, umi qqarn san Jan ». Lfraḥt a tettili ag jjmaɛt s unḍaw n tmssi, lɣnuj d ccḍih. Ur ntettu aḥnnk n taẓult ittwaggn s uɛqqa n lmcmac zi ɣa ikmḍ gi tgffirt.
Lɛada ya twdḍr zi tudrt nnɣ s tmgga n icnga n tmagit tamaziɣt d tudrt ibnan x lfraḥt. Iwdan ttun tt niɣ snɛmiln ttun tt, rran g umkan ins min dd yusin zi brra. Maca wi ixsn tadlsa ins, izmmr ad tt idd isddr xlli tettwantu s wadday n ukal.
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- – “المجتمع المسلم في المغرب، السحر و الدين في شمال أفريقيا” لإدموند دوتي
- – إميل لاووست أسماء و كقوس نيران الفرح لدى برابرة الأطلس الكبير و المتوسط
- – أبواب السنة، طقوس و رموز. موقع الجزائر في التقاليد المتوسطية. جان سيرفيي


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Addag
Addag, Taddagt (asget : Addagen, Taddagin), nɣ Asklu, Tasklut (asget : Iskla, Tiskla). iga yan wanaw n imɣan n wakal, yat tasklut ar gis ttilin izɣran neɣ iẓuran ɣ izddar ilma s umazzal neɣ aɣddu, amazzal sgis a-seg ffɣen ilɣiwn, daɣ ilɣiwn ffɣen sgitsen ifrawen. Anawen n iskla ɣ umaḍal ẓdaren ad raḥen ger 60 000 ar 100 000.
Iskla ar ttdderen ger mnnaw n isggasen ar mnnaw n timiḍiwin n isggasen, zugnt tiskla ittddrn uggar n ifḍ n usggas . Iɣ darnɣ tugt n iskla kra tama-n kra, ar aɣ skarn ma-yadli mi-iga s y-ism tagant. Tagant ad ar takka i ufgan kigan n tɣawsiwin zun d Igumma, akccuḍ, unfus, tayssa Ulli d waɣɣaḍ ...
Iskla darsen yat tilalt tagjdant ɣ tawnnaḍt d tudert n ufgan f wakal, acku iskla y-ad ad aɣ yakkan unfus d ar-aɣ takka azuzwu i waḍu, mayad af-adaɣ d-iqqand a-nggʷd f iskla zeɣ tugt n tɣawsiwin man tayssa, afa, ubuy ...
Ɣ uzmz aqqbur ikka-tt-inn ufgan ar ittzdaɣ ɣ tagant ɣ ammas n iskla d tuga, tiremt-ns d imnsi-ns kullutn ɣ tagant ɣ ammas n iskla, mac ɣassad afgan ur sul gis izdiɣ ur-sar innurz s tagant d usklu ɣ tuzduɣt-ns acku iṣka iɣrman d tgmmaw nɣ neɣ taddarin imqqurn.
Tasnaddagt (zeɣ tmaziɣt : Tussna "le savoir ou la science", d Taddagt "Arbre" ar aɣ takka Tussna n Taddagt) neɣ s Tafranṣist : La dendrologie (du grec dendron, « arbre », et logos, « discours, science »), tga yat tussna n tiɣri f waddagen neɣ iskla.
Imdyaten n isklasnfl
- Azar
- Tayda
- Argan
- Aselln neɣ asnn
- Tasaft
- Aḍɣaɣ
- Adffuy neɣ adffu
- Azggʷur
- Taddut
- Tiyyniwt
- Ayfs
- Tikiḍt
- Idek
- Aẓẓmay
- Ikiḍ
- Tiṛmṭ
- Axlij neɣ Tabɣa neɣ Tilibit
- Arg (akccuḍ n waman)
- Azmmur
- Ilili neɣ Alili neɣ walili
- Aɣanim
- Tizɣa
- Aḍil
- Tasɣart
- Tammayt
- Asas
- Talggut
- Azzu
- Afersig
- Taqqa
- Afdduz
- Azukka
- Acfud
- Aknaray neɣ Aknari
- Awriwr
- irifi
- Taylalut
- Tiburzigent
- Tiqqi neɣ Taqqa
- Talggut
- Tasmlalt
- Angiref
- Tixfart
- Urg neɣ arg neɣ Akccud n waman
- Tikiwt
- Ikikeḍ
- idgl
- Xilban
Tigzmin n usklu :snfl
Asklu neɣ Taddagt twassen s Smmus n igzzumn (seg izddar ar uflla):
Imir n tudert-nssnfl
Tudert n isklasnfl
Tirwi n isklasnfl
Timuḍan n isklasnfl
Tasnalɣasnfl
Tamhazt(évolution) n isklasnfl
Asesmel(classification) n isklasnfl
Tawnnaḍtsnfl
Tilalt(rôle) n isklasnfl
Amyanaw n isklasnfl
Iskla g tadlsasnfl
Iɣbulasnfl
- Amawal n imẓaayn : https://tal.ircam.ma/tamawalt/nom.php?id=30


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D asteqsi n tugget n yemdanen ɣef ayen yeɛnan taflest tamasiḥit. D liman s yiwen n Ṛebbi. D Illu yeddren, ixelqen igenwan lqaɛa d wayen akk yellan deg-sen. Ur yesɛi tilisa ur yesɛi acrik neɣ amɛawen. Ulac i s-izemren, kullec yella ddaw leḥkem-is d tezmert-is. D ameɣlal, tageldit-is ur tfennu.
D tidett, d tilawt. D ayen d-yuran, iban am tafat, deg Adlis n Tira Iqedsen. Di lɛehd aqdim aked lɛehd ajdid. Deg udlis n Usmekti, di Lɛehd aqdim a naff yura: “ Selt-d ay At Israil: Rebbi Illu-nneɣ, d Yiwen. Hemlet Rebbi Illu-nwen s wulawen-nwen meṛṛa, s terwiḥin-nwen d tezmert-nwen. (Asmekti 6:4). A t-id yini daɣen umceggeɛ Yeɛqub di tebratt-is: “ Tumneḍ belli yiwen n Ṛebbi kan I gellan? D ayen yelhan…”. (Yq 2:19). Liman di Ṛebbi, yellan d Yiwen. D tidett ɣef ara d-cehden akk wid iteddun d Lmasiḥ di yal lawan. A naf tanagit-agi-nsen: “Numen s yiwen n Ṛebbi, netta ixelqen igenwan d lqaɛa”.
Tira Iqedsen beggnent-d Illu yellan d Yiwen. Iweḥḥa-d iman-is s tdukli, di tlata n wudmawen. Ur d-yewwi ara lḥal a nwali ayagi am akken d tlata n Iṛebbiten I yellan. Netta d Yiwen.
Deg weḥḥi-ines, iban-d i talsa d txelqit s tmusni-ines, yellan d adrig. D tamusni d-yekkan nnig leɛqel d tegzi n yemdanen. D Bab n txelqit. Yella s yiman-is kan. D lɛinṣer n tudert meṛṛa. Ibeggen-d iman-is d Ababat. S wawal-is daɣen iweḥḥa-d iman-is di Mmi-s, yellan d “Awal”. S Ṛṛuḥ-is ibeggen-d iman-is i ddunit s tezmert-is. Akka I d-ttmeslayent fell-as Tira. D illu yeddren, iban-d di tlata wudmawen-agi: D Ababat, d Mmi-s, d Ṛṛuḥ Iqedsen.
Ur d-yewwi ara I leɛqel n wemdan ad yefhem talqayt n uweḥḥi-agi. D amek yella Yillu deg iman-is. Mačči s lefhama n wemdan ara yettwaɛqal Yillu.
Assaɣ yellan ger Ababat d Mmi-s, deg uweḥḥi n Tira Iqedsen, mačči d win n ubabat d mmi-s akken yella lḥal di talsa. Yewwi-d lḥal a nefhem ayagi ddaw tmuɣli n Ṛṛuḥ. Imi s uweḥḥi n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen I ɣ-d-ssebganent Tira sser yellan di tnettit n Yillu. Netta yellan d Ababat, d win d-ixelqen ayen akk yellan. Yellan daɣen s wawal-is, d win d-yusan di ssifa n Mmi-s, d amsellek I ddunit.
S Wawal-is d Ṛṛuḥ-is, yerza-d Ṛebbi ɣer yemdanen, iwakken a ten-isellek.


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Mass Benabderrahmane yebda yettafk-d tiririyin i tuttriwin n yimazanen yernu iwekked-d dakken tinqiḍin tigejdanin ay d-yettwabedren deg tɣimit n tuttriwin qqnent, ladɣa, ɣer « lexṣaṣ n yimenḍaren, imataren inectanen, tisemsedda n uselkem d yiɣbula n usidrem », maca yerna-d dakken aɣawas n tigawt « maci d aylal, wanag d aɣawas ay d-gan s tarrayt yernu ad yettwasnes deg ukatar n tsemsedda tumqitin n uḍfar, am wakken ur d-yettili ara akk i userwet ».
Iwekked-d daɣ, deg temsalt-a, ɣef uguccel n unabaḍ akken ad yeḍmen « aselkem umqit yernu d ilaw » n uɣawas-a aydeg llan semmus n yiɣfawen yeqqnen ladɣa ɣer tsemmeskal timṣukanin i usduqqes n tdamsa taɣelnawt d usetrer n unagraw abankan d udriman.
Deffir yiwen n uskasi n kuẓ n wussan, yettwasmemmi uɣawas-a s 318 n tuɣac ay ideɣren « ih ». Llant daɣ 65 n tuɣac deɣrent « uhu » seg gar 380 n yimazanen ay iḥedṛen. Tiɣimit-a yesselwi-tt uselway n Ugraw Aɣerfan Aɣelnaw, Ibrahim Boughali, s tihawt n yimaslaḍen n unabaḍ.
Deg yiwet n tesguri i tɣemsa deffir usmemmi-nnes, yenna-d uneɣlaf amenzu dakken aɣawas-a « d win ara yeǧǧen Zzayer ad taweḍ ɣer wakal n tɣellist yernu ad d-tesduqqes tadamsa-nnes d tsertit-nnes tanmettit deg wakk iswiren », ɣef wakken ay d-yerna, imi d aya ay d tanqiḍt n ubeddu i usekmem n wahil n uselway n tegduda, Abdelmadjid Tebboune.


text:
Aylal asekliw
Iylalen isekliwen d iylalen igemmren tigmrawin-nsen i wakken ad seččen iman-nsen am ijider d isɣi d uberni d tninna d ugermal s tallelt n wafriwen-is ɣezzifen d usekkud-is yuddsen (ijehden) d ikacbaren-is imesden d uqamum-is inecben i wakken ad tegzem aksum s tefrer (s ssehala), Akken ittwassnen iylalen-a s tazla meqren mara ad ttferfiren
Asismel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Deg iylalen isekliwen llan-t waṭas n tfesna am tsekliwin (Accipitriformes), d Tiseflalɣiwin (Falconiformes), d tiwukin (Strigiformes), d Tigermatrarin (Cathartiformes) d tigermamzikin (Aegypiinae)


text:
Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
George R. R. Martin, ilul ass n 20 ctamber 1948 di Bayonne (New Jersey), d amaru amarikani n tussna n ussugen dɣa n fantasy, daɣen d amessiyes akkw d anfaras n tiliẓri. Amahil ines yettwasnen ugar wiyaḍ nniḍen d A Game of Thrones, yettwassezgan ar tiliẓri sɣur HBO ddaw azwel Game of Thrones. Yerbeḥ aṭas n arrazen iseklanen dɣa yettwafren sɣur tasɣunt Time am yiwen n imdanen ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen yesɛan tazrirt ɣef umaḍal deg useggas 2011[1]. Ass agi yettwaḥsab am "Tolkien amarikani"[2],[3].


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Deg yiwen n usarag i iga deg tesɣimt n Udabu aɣelnaw amzireg n tefranin, deg taggara n yiwet n temlilit, i iga s wallal tili-sarag, s uttekki n tmagliwin n udabu yellan deg waɣiren, yesseddi-d Mass Charfi dakken iheyyiten n tefranin tidiganin « la teddunt akken yessefk ».
Yenna-d deg tmuɣli-ya dakken, llan 1.366 n wumuɣen n yikabaren i wakken ad ttekkin deg 1.327 n tɣiwanin akked 39 n yigezda akked 13 n wumuɣen n yimzarugen akken ad ttekkin deg 8 tɣiwanin akked 5 n yigezda, dayen jebden-d isetturen-nsen, i d-yenna.
Ad naf llan yisetturen-a deg wakk tmagliwin n Udabu aɣelnaw imzireg n tefranin i yuzzaren deg wakal akk n tmurt, i d-yesmekti.
Deg wayen yerzan acegger afeɣnami n wumuɣen ifrananen, i yebdan ass n usamas (lḥedd), yenna-d uselway n Udabu aɣelnaw imzireg n tefranin dakken « igmaḍ imezwura ssiggzen 25.813 n yiferranen imuyna akked tukksa n 42.000 nniḍen acku mmuten neɣ beddlen tanezduɣt-nsen ».


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Tutlayt Tanglizt
Taglizit (English language) tga tutlayt taẓarant n tmazirt n Lengliz, tga zɣ tawja n tutlayin tijermanin
Tga Tanglizt (s tanglizt: English) yat tutlayt tajirmant ɣ tawja n tutlayin Tihindurufanin. Tanglizt tga tutlayt nna sis ssawaln uṭṭun imqqurn n middn ɣ umaḍal tg ula tutlayt tamzwarut ɣ kra n tmizar zun d Amirika, Britanya, Kanada, Ustralya, Nyu Zilanda, d Tafrikt n Wanẓul. Kigan n middn ɣ umaḍal ar sis sawaln tg tutlayt tiss snat nnsn ɣ kraygat tmazirt n umaḍal.
Tanglizt tga yat tutlayt tajirmanir d utrim, tffɣ d zɣ wawal lli s sawaln middn ɣ Britanya imqqurn, ɣ tmiḍi tiss 5, Inglizn, Isaksunn d Ijutn, n illan d iɣrfan d Ijirmanen, id ikkin zɣ uftis utrim n Ill n Ugafa, n illan d tilila gr n Uliman d Danmark. S manaya acku ntaf Tafrizyant, Talimant n wadday d Tinglizt mrawasnt gr asnt. Llan iḍrisn n tutlayin a zɣ usggwas n 700.
Tutlayt tunṣibtsnfl
Tga tanglizt tutlayt tunṣibt n 52 n tmizar atnt igan :
- Australie (anglais australien)
- Bahamas
- Canada (tanglizt takanadit), tg tagadda nttat d tfransist.
- Barbade (anglais caribéen)
- Bermudes
- Belize (anglais bélizien)
- Dominique
- Iwankn Munnin n Marikan (tanglizt tamirikanit), bla ad sis steɛṛefn s wudem unṣib.
- Grenade
- Guyana
- Irlande
- Jamaïque (anglais jamaïcain)
- Malṭa
- Nouvelle-Zélande (anglais néo-zélandais)
- Antigua-et-Barbuda
Isaɣulnsnfl
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tutlayt Tanglizt". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


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Asedwel ɣer Tmaziɣt : Omar LMEDDAM, Tawlaft : Ahmed Abdelkhalki
Urjiɣ ɣer tmeddit Asiya tfessi abyas-nnes. Tfetteḥ sennej i waman d taɛaryant. Tettazzel am tezrent di tisi n usarij. Turja-ayi fettḥeɣ akid-s. S wadday-nnes. Xef iɣezdisa-nnes. Netbedda ntemdurruɛ uca nɣelli ɣer tisi n usarij ḥuma ad din neṭṭeṣ bla ma ad aneɣ-terna twarit n nnefs.
Ẓriɣ taḥenjirt Munat teyru arruḍ-nnes uca tudar dunnit swadday i yict tseklut d tameẓẓyant. Rezzuɣ ad tt-ẓareɣ wer d ayi-tẓar. Mayemmi winat-nnes azwawwaɣ wer day-s bu izaggʷwen ? Winat-nnes issaggʷad mala nettat tudar : winat-nnes issaggʷad amecnaw aqemmum nni bla tiɣmas. Udfeɣ xef tnaragt-nneɣ di taddart-nnes ḥuma ad xaf-s d-ttareɣ ca i yemma. Ufiɣ- tt tettbeddal aṛrruḍ-nnes n telmect : aɛeddis iffeɣ d issaggʷad, iffan-nnes tenyuyuren. Aysum-nnes iccebreq. Mala arramet n temɣarin maci amecnaw arramet n Asiya qa arramet n temɣart tessaggʷad, tessaggʷad, tessaggʷad !.
Abrur-inu iskukkuḍ-ayi kul ass. Sḥinnibeɣ-as s iḍewḍan axmi sḥinnibeɣ i ca n tḥebbuct uca trajiɣ-tt ad tt-geyyeḥ. Ittekkar. Ittcur. Itemqudda cwaycwayt ar ɣa izweɣ uca ad idded amen issuḥrut. Dḥiɣ tarriɣ taynit ḥa i netta. Ttaciɣ s uneẓbar deg imenyaren-inu mala wer kkukḍeɣ xmi teggeɣ paxita. Txarraseɣ arramet n Asiya : ssudumeɣ-tt deg uxarres, tḥadiɣ-as idmaren -nnes uca tejja-ayi. Tesḥinnib-ayi s ufus d uqemmum.
Wciɣ-as tafriṭ n min imsaren. Teqqim tettazzel awarn-ayi. Neṭweɣ xef min tt-isyuran wer tt- ittejji ad xafi tḥart. Tenqarḍ. Teqnunni d sennej-inu. Kkreɣ ad rewleɣ. Teṭṭef-ayi. Tesmeḍḍarḍar-ayi. Ruɣ. Ssedḥant tiṭṭawin-nnes uca testewteɛ. Tesḥinneb-ayi. Ttareɣ zzays akidi tecc timellalin ticfirin. Ttuɣa xebbceɣ axbuc di tmurt txemmareɣ day-s timellalin cemsent deg ikettanen uffen niɣ di tifray uca sruɣiɣ timessi sennej-nnes. Necca timellalin ticfirin d igumma uca jjiɣ-tt tturja s wadday i tiri n tseklut udeffu, necc xef uɣezdis-nnes ḥeṭṭiɣ iḍeṣ-nnes. Aqqa-tt ɣa yili tturja ca n waryaz. D manaya i tessliɣ xef temɣarin xmi nni turjant. Ttuɣa ɣar-s uma-s imẓi xafi. Macca n timellalin akid-s xir d ubuẓẓer xef uɣezdis-nnes day-s taẓyuḍi d terɣi ktar.
Tareytareɣ abaṛṛu n lqabsat n zalamit ḥuma ad irareɣ riraret-inu tamaynut. Ttɣimiɣ xef ubadu n usarij ḥeṭṭiɣ ad ffɣent tzelmatin zeg yefri-nsent. Zellyeɣ semmus niɣ sdis n tzalamitin. Ṣruɣiɣ-tent twarrafeɣ zzay-sen tizelmatin nni itmaran. Ttɣimiɣ ṭṭawageɣ tazlent nni irewlen s isefḍawen ar ɣa tadef deg yefri-nnes. Tbarriheɣ drust xmi nni ẓarreɣ tarɣi n wesfeḍ-nni deg waḍu d wexsay-nnes deg waman d umari n tezlent d wadaf-nnes ɣer yifri nnes s tiggʷdi.
Innufsel ayi yijjen yesfeḍ zeg ufus iwḍa-ayi ɣer deffar. Wer days t-iwyeɣ. Ssiɣeɣ wenneḍni. Wer rriɣ taynit i wesfeḍ-nni sennej i wefray. Sliɣ i uɣanim iṭṭeqṭiq. Rezzuɣ ad sxesyeɣ timessi s weẓṛu d minmma ufiɣ zzati. Acemmuḍ. Rewleɣ. Nnuffareɣ di lkuri. Timijjwin ca ssneɣ-t ca wer t-ssineɣ ttesliɣ-asent tettarent aɣawel zeg yewdan d waman. Saxex deg yict teɛrurt n ulum qqimeɣ txarriṣeɣ di min ɣa imsaren. Udfeɣ ɣer tmeddit ɣer tezribt n ifunasen. Ssekkareɣ d ict tfunast d tawlandit. Sḥinnbeɣ-as. Ḥadiɣ-as tinɣi-nnes.
Γer ɛawed: Asiya tɛerra deg usarij.. Aɣrum ḥafi n Muḥemmed Cukri (09)
Tejja-ayi ad ṭṭḍeɣ. Kkaleɣ tṣelgaḍeɣ s wass di tuddurt. Ɣer tmeddit teṭṭṣeɣ di lkuri. Tameddit tis kuẓt ṣuṛeɣ di texceft dayi indi baba d ca n yeḥṛamen n tuddurt i wumi iwca ttmenyat. Rzin inaragen zzakrun n tewwurt n wexxam-nneɣ ḥuma ad aneɣ-sellken necc d yemma zi baba. Ttuɣa iccat-aneɣ s sin yedneɣ s webyas-nnes n iserdasen. Arramet-inu maṛṛa tettazzel s idammen. Tiṭṭ n yemma tezzeyzu. Wer ssineɣ cḥal kkiɣ wer ssineɣ mammec ɣa ggeɣ ad ṭṭṣeɣ. Ssitmeɣ mli zemmareɣ ad ṭṭṣeɣ xef waḍu.


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Tutlayt Tafransist
Tga Tafransist yat tutlayt bahra ittawssan acku tettuysawaln bahra ɣ umaḍal, dars gr 280 ar 300 id mlyun n imsawaln gisn 77 id mlyun nna dar tga tutlzyt taymmat.
Tga tutlayt ad yat zɣ tutlayin tirumiyin lli d inkrn ɣ ammas n Urupa ɣ tmazirt n Fransa.
Tga-d tafransist tutlayt tunṣubt n tmazirt n Fransa ɣ usggʷas n 1539.
Asala-nnessnfl
Amata n umawal afransis ikka-d talatint (ha-t tutlayt-nnes tayemmat ad tga). Ilin mennaw irmawen darsen aneggu nna didsen icerken aẓur, yan gisen ibadel d uzemz zeɣ tlatint n uɣerf, d yat d-ikkan nican talatint iseklasikin : métier/ministère, froid/frigide, frêle/fragile, poison/potion. Maca sin-ad ur lin yan unamk.
Amzruysnfl
Tafransit tga yat tutlayt tahindit-tarumit, n tawja Gallo-Romance (s tanglizit) n tutlayin tirumiyin. Ɣ uzmz n rruman, middn n tasga n lɣall ɣ limbraturya n ruma bdan ar-sawln s talatint. S ɣikad tbda talatint n tasga-yad ar-tettuybddal. Imikk s imikk, tumẓ talatint adɣar n tutlayt n lɣar.
S ɣikad ika dar fransa sin tawjiwin n tutlayin, tutlayin n Oc d tutlayin n Oyl. Tafransit n ɣass-ad tga yat tutlayt n Oyl, tafransit n Baris.
Isaɣulnsnfl
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tutlayt Tafransist". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


text:
Iɣir
Iɣir neɣ Anas d aferdis akruran ig keččemen deg tigri n igeṭman dgi yettunernu i wureɣ i wakken ad s-ternu taɣuṛi, Akken daɣen yettwamugri yyis yedrimen
Inumaẓ ikruraren d isengamen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Inumaẓ ikruraren:
- Azamul akruran: Cu
- Uṭṭun abelkim: 29
- Azuk abelkim: 63,5
- Taɣuṛ: 2,5 ar 3
- Taneẓẓi: 89
- Tiẓunt n werkam: 2567° C
- Tiẓunt n wefsay: 1048,4° C
inumaẓ isengam:
- D ayafu yessawaṭen trisiti d wezɣal s waṭas
- Ttwaxdamen-d s yis iṛezwiyen n usiweṭ n trisiti
- Yessemduy s uzwu


text:
Meḥmud Derwic
Meḥmud Derwic d amedyaz afalesṭini iluled ass n 13 meɣres 1941 g l' Birwa g Falesṭin yemmut g 9 ɣuct 2008 g Huston, Teksas g Yiwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (WDM) yella yessebdes imenɣi n wegdud ines maca yella yal ass yessaram talwit, isem-is mucaɛ gar igduden ciɛa n isem-is teffeɣ tilas n tmurt-is, netta y d aselway n tdukli n imyura ifalesṭiniyen, yessufeɣ ugar n 20 isunad n tmedyazt, 7 idlisen n tasrit, yella daɣen anemhal n tifeffeɣt am aɣmis n Al Jadid (Amaynut), Al-Fajr (Tafrara) Al-Karmel.,


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Takurdit
Takurdit d isem ay ssexdamen i snat n tutlayin yettemcabin mliḥ, ttmeslayen-tent wazal n 13 n yimelyunen n yemdanen di tama-nni n Asya umi qqaren Kurdistan. Tamenzut d tutlayt takurmanjit (neɣ takurdit n ugafa), ma d tis snat d tutlayt tasuranit (neɣ takurdit n wenẓul), ay ttmeslayen wazal n 2.800.000 n yemdaben du Lɛiraq akk d 3.000.000 n yemdanen di Iran.
Takurmanjit, tin ay ttmeslayen waṭas n medden, ad tt-naf dɣa s waṭas di ¨Tturk, anda ay llan 4 n yimelyunen n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen, deg ugafa n Lɛiraq, di Surya tt-ttmeslayen 500.000 n medden, di Arminya (100.000 n yemsiwlen) akk d di Iran (100.000). Llan diɣ wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit di Jurjya akk d Azerbijan, maca ur neẓri ara acḥal, am wakken ay llant diɣ trebbaɛ timecṭaḥ n Yikurdiyen ay izedɣen di tmura tiberr'aniyen (azal n 70.000 s ujemmal), ladɣa di Lubnan akk d Turuft, deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) akk d Kanada.
Wid yettmeslayen takurdit tasuranit wwḍen ɣer 6 n yimelyunen s ujemmal, ma d wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit wwḍen ɣer wazal n 7 n yimelyunen, xas ma yella llan kra ay d-yeqqaren d akken wwḍen alammi d 20 n yimelyunen. Yuɣ lḥal, maci merr'a Ikurdiyen yellan ass-a d wid ay yessnen ad mmeslayen tutlayt-nsen imi tamsertit (assimilation) tessaweḍ aṭas seg-sen ad ǧǧen takurdit, yernu llan ula d imdanen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen, am tguranit neɣ tadimlit (d tutlayin tihendurufiyin ay yettemcabin wagar-asent, maca mgerradent ɣef tkurdit), yernu ḥesben iman-nsen d Ikurdiyen, d aya ay yettaran tikwal leḥsabat weɛren.
Tawacult-isẒreg
Takurdit d tutlayt tahendurufit,tettekka deg ufurk n tutlayin tiraniyin , yernu yiwet si ger n tutlayin ay tt-icuban s waṭas d tafarsit ay yellan d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Iran, akk d tabalucit, tutlayt n Balucistan.
Tantalyin-isẒreg
Tutlayt takurdit tettemxallaf ɣef leḥsab n tmiwa i deg tt-ttmeslayen. Imesnilsiyen (linguistes) ttwalin, s umata, d akken tasuranit akk d takurmanjit d tutlayin, yal yiwet i yiman-is, dɣa di lweqt i deg ttemcabint mliḥ deg umawal, sɛnt aṭas n wemgerrad (lxilaf) di tajerrumt-nsent, yernu tikwal, yewɛer' ɣef wid ay tent-yettmeslayen ad msefhamen wagar-asen. Ma d wiyaḍ, ttwalin-tent d snat kan n tantalyin n yiwet n tutlayt. Am tsuranit, am tkurmanjit, di snat yid-sent sɛant tiduntalyin (sous-dialectes) ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa-nsent. Tantala n temdint n Sulaimaniya, di Lɛiraq tuɣal d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) n tsekla n Yikurdiyen n tmurt-a, di lweqt i deg di Iran, d tantala takurdit n Mukri (d yiwet si tentalyin n tsuranit) ay yuɣalen d tutlayt n tsekla, yernu maci aṭas ay temxallaf ɣef tin n Sulaimaniya. Si tama nniḍen, ula di lɣerba atni Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayen tutlayt tizeɣt tamaynut, ladɣa s leqdic-nsen di rradyu.
Tira-sẒreg
Di lweqt i deg Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq, Iran akk d Surya sseqdacen agemmay aɛrab ay yettubeddlen akken ad arun tutlayt-nsen, Ikurdiyen n Tturk d agemmay alatini ay sseqdacen. Di Arminya akk d tegdudyin yellan zik s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d agemmay asirili (arusi) ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen, ma yella zik-nni, uqbel n 1946, Ikurdiyen n tmiwa-ya llan sseqdacen agemmay alatini, ay d-mazal ar ass-a sseqdacen-t kra.
Amkan n tkurdit di tmettiẒreg
Di IranẒreg
90% seg Yikurdiyen ttidiren di tudrin, ma d wiyaḍ d imeksawen iteddun seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ. Mbeɛd ma sɛeddan acḥal n yiseggasen s ddaw n lbaṭel n udabu irani, ssawḍen Yikurdiyen ad d-sbedden tasekla yuran s tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-a, yernu si 1984, tenqes mliḥ ccedda ɣef tkurdit di Iran imi ay izemren Yikurdiyen ad ɣren tutlayt-nsen di tmiwa-nsen, di tmurt-a. Aṭas n tsufaɣ (publications) ay d-yeffɣen seg yimir-n, yernu Ikurdiyen n Iran sɛan ula d tisgilin n rradyu yettmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-a.
Di LɛiraqẒreg
seg useggas n 1919 ay tesɛa tutlayt takurdit aẓayer amens'ab (statut officiel) n tutlayt taẓiyant (langue régionale), yernu d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed deg yiɣerbazen n udabu di Kurdistan aɛiraqi. Ihi Lɛiraq ad tili tesɛa lxers'um yiwen n weɣmis s tutlayt takurdit akk d yiwen n wexxam n teẓrigin (éditions) ay d-yessuffuɣen idlisen s tutlayt-a. D tantala takurdit n Sulaimaniya ay rran Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq d tutlayt-nsen n tsekla, yernu ɛerḍen ad tezzizedgen seg wawalen-nni n taɛrabt ay yeṭṭuqqten deg-s.
Di TturkẒreg
di 1938 ay tettwagdel tkurdit yernu s kra n win ara tt-yemmeslayen di berr'a yezmer ad ixelles' tafgurt (amende). Di tallit-a taberkant ay sɛeddan Yikurdiyen, tutlayt-nsen tesr'uḥ aṭas seg wennar-is, aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yuɣalen d isnutlayen (bilingues), yernu ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi seg-sen ay ilemden ad ɣren u ad arun tutlayt-nsen. Di 1961, asmi ay d-tesbedd Tturk tamenḍawt (constitution) tamaynut, bdant a d-teffɣent tsufaɣ (publications) tikurdiyin, tikwal s snat n tutlayin, maca aṭas deg-sent ay yettwagedlen akken kan d-ffɣent. Yernu si 1967 alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1980, adabu aturki ikemmel kan yettzeggid di ccedda ɣef tkurdit yernu yesbedd-d aṭas n yisuḍaf (leqwanin) i yes ara sen-yerr takmamt i Yikurdiyen, ur ttmeslayen, ur ttarun tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, di 1991, yekkes unabaḍ aturki agdal-nni-yines ɣef tkurdit, yernu xas ur d-qqimen ara aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yettmeslayen takurdit di Tturk , maca ttwalin d akken tutlayt-nsen d aḥric yesɛan azal meqqren di tnettit-nsen.
Ma Ikurdiyen n Arminya, aṭas n leqdicat ay d-uran s tkurdit takurmanjit di tallit tasuvyatit.
Agdud-isẒreg
Llan deg wemḍal wazal n 25 n yimelyunen n Yikurdiyen. Ger n 40 akk d 50% seg-sen ttidiren di Tturk, 25% seg-sen ttidiren di Iran, 20 % di Lɛiraq, llan diɣ di Surya, di tmura n wenẓul n Quqaz akk d Lubnan. Tuget tameqqrant deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen isunniyen, d acu kan, llan gar-asen diɣ kra n yiciɛiyen, n yiyazidiyen akk d yimasiḥiyen. Si lqern wis 10 d asawen, bdan Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayan tigeldiyin (royaumes) tinselmin tisunniyin, gar-asent tageldit tayyubit (ayyubides) ay d-yesbedd Salaḥ Ddin (Saladin), d tin yennuɣen mgal n Yenmudag (Croisés) ger n tgara n lqern wis 12 d lqern wis 13. Di 1920, weɛdent tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) Ikurdiyen, s wemtawa (traité) n Sèvres d akken ad ten-ɛiwnent akken ad d-sbedden tamurt timziregt (indépendante) i1 yiman-nsen, d acu kan, di 1923, ttwaxedɛen Yikurdiyen deg wemtawa n Lausanne, yernu ur ten-id-is'ag' wacemma si tmurt-nsen. D aya ay ten-yeǧǧan ad bdun imenɣi mgal n ddewla ! n Mustafa Kamel Ataturk, di lweqt i deg Tturk tefka-yasen tiyitiwin iǧehden, yernu tenfa aṭas seg-sen seg wakal-nsen. Di 1945-1946, sbedden-d Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq akk d Iran di Mahabad Tigduda tamagdayt takurdit ay yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tasuvyatit, d acu kan, dindin kan sseɣlin-tt Yiɛiraqiyen akk d Yir'aniyen s lemɛawna n Briṭanya Tameqqrant. Imenɣi i lmend b uzarug ikemmel ladɣa di Lɛiraq, anda ay d-yessker Barazani imenɣi mgal n udabu alemmas ger n 1961 d 1970. Di 1974, tettunefk-as tfulmant (autonomie) i tama n Kurdistan aɛiraqi, yernu tuɣal Sulaimaniya d tamaneɣt-is. Deg wemgaru n Ir'an akk d Lɛiraq (1980-1988), yal yiwet si tmura-ya teɛreḍ ad tesseqdec Ikurdiyen n tmurt-nni nniḍen di les'laḥ-is. Di 1988, tanekra n Yikurdiyen di Lɛiraq tessaweḍ adabu aɛiraqi ad asen-yefk tiyita ur nesɛi tamtilt, imi ay yesseqdec imrigen ikruranen (chimiques) mgal-nsen. Ma di 1991, akken kan iɛedda wemgaru n Wekriẓ (guerre du Golfe), yewwet diɣ udabu aɛiraqi Ikurdiyen n tmurt-is, dɣa tger! - d iman-is tmetti tagraɣlant (communauté internationale) akken ad tḥudd fell-asen. Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq assawḍen ad ṭṭfen aḥric meqqren seg tmiwa-nsen yernu sbedden-d di tmurt-nsen, di 1992, yiwet n "ddewla takurdit". Ma di Tturk, yettak udabu tiytiwin iǧehden mgal n Yikurdiyen ay d-yebdan imenɣi imselleḥ ara yesselḥay Ukabar n Yiqeddacen n Kurdistan neɣ PKK. Di 1999, yettwaṭṭef uɣella (imḍebber) n PKK, maca anect-a ur d-yerri ara lehna ɣer tmurt. Yuɣ lḥal, Tturk attan a tettwali iman-is terra-tt tmara ad asen-tefk izerfan-nsen i Yikurdiyen, ladɣa imi ara tessaram ad tekcem ɣer Tadukli Turufit (Union Européenne).
Amezruy-is n tutlayt takurditẒreg
Di 1934, ɛerḍen Yikurdiyen n Arminya ad rren takurdit takurmanjit d nettat ay d tutlayt ara yesduklen akk Ikurdiyen, maca ur ssawḍen ara. Llan diɣ yesdawanen (universitaires) ay iɛerḍen ad kksen imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan ger n tkurmanjit akk d tsuranit i lmend n wesdukel-nsent, maca ula d nitni ur ssawḍen ara. Yuɣ lḥal, takurdit takurmanjit tesɛa tasekla yuran d taqburt, tebda-d si tgara n lqern wis 16 akk d wis 17, u teḥbes di lqern wis 18 d wis 19, yernu d tin ay d-ssidren Yikurdiyen n Surya akk d wid yellan di Turuft, di tallit i deg tella Surya s ddaw n leɛnaya n Fransa. D Ikurdiyen n Surya ay d-issuffɣen aɣlis akurdi amenzu, s tkurdit takurmanjit, di 1932, sakin, ḍefrent-t-id aṭas n tsufaɣ (publicaitons) nniḍen ay d-yeffɣen di lɣerba.
Ma di Lɛiraq, d tamedyazt (poésie) takurdit n lqern wis 18, ay yuran s tentala n Suleymaniya ay ileɛben ddur' deg usebded n tutlayt takurdit tizeɣt di tmurt-a. Di tazwara n yiseggasen n 1920, bdan a d-teffɣen yeɣlisen s tkurdit di Suleymaniya, ma di 1931, yesteɛr'ef udabu aɛiraqi s tkurdit tasuranit, yernu bdan a tt-sselmaden deg yiɣerbazen imenza, d ayen yeǧǧan tutlayt-a ad tennerni mliḥ di Lɛiraq, u ad taf iman-is.
Yuɣ lḥal, yemxallaf wamek tella tkurdit si tmurt ɣer tayeḍ. Di lweqt i deg nezmer ad d-nini d akken tutlayt-a yegra-yas-d liser di Lɛiraq akk d Iran, di Tturk, i deg yettidir wazal n wezgen seg Yikurdiyen, mazal takurdit tettidir deg wuguren meqqren, yernu attan a tteddu akken ad tenger.
TamselyutẒreg
- Deg mondeberbere.com Tasuqilt sɣur Hafid Mesbah d Hamid Oubagha
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Takurdit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


text:
Amassan (imassanen), savant; scientifique (fr) - scholar; scientist (en) - sabio (es) - عالم
Agdawal: amussnaw.
Addad amaruz: umassan (yimassanen).
Ẓer daɣ: amussan, amussnaw, amyussan, arussin, assissen, assussen, assussnan, imsissen, myussan, ssemyussan, ssen, ssissen, ssussen, tamussni, ttwassen, ttwassissen, tussna, ussin, ussnan.
Aql-iken deg - Vous êtes dans - You are in - Ustedes están en - أنتم في
Asegzawal n Tmaziɣt - Dictionnaire Amazigh - Français - Amazigh - English Dictionary - Diccionario Amazigh - Español - قاموس أمازيغي - عربي
(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.


text:
Agzul : Deg umagrad-a ad d-nawi ɣef yiwen wudem n tira deg wungal Iḥulfan, n Kaysa Xalifi. Ad d-nessken deg-s amek i d-teddem inzan n tsekla tamensayt d wamek i ten-tura deg uḍris-is ungalen. Aya ad d-yili s usegzi n wassaɣen igerḍrisanen yellan gar yinzi, d afellaḍris akked d wungal, d addaḍris.
Awalen tisura : ungal, tira, inzi, tagreḍrisant, tabdert, ankaz
20/04/2020
Tazwart
Ma nessukkk tiṭ ɣef yiqeddicen iseklanen yuran s teqbaylit, ad naf aṭas n yimeskaren i d-itteddmen tiwsatin timensayin n tsekla taqburt akken ad leqqmen yes-sent tira-nsen.Am wakken llan weyiḍ i d-itedddmen iḍrisen n tsekla timawit akken ad ten-ngen d llsas ɣef ara sbedden tira-nsen. Aya yesskan-d yella wassaɣ ijehden nezzeh gar tsekla tatrart d tsekla tamensayt. D assaɣen i yezmer ad yeɛqel yiwen mi ara yettemlili, deg tɣuri, akked tewsatin tiqburin am tmucuha, umyiten, tiqsiḍin akked yinzan.
Amyekcem gar snat-a n tsekkiwin n tsekla, wwint-d fell-as aṭas n tezrawin. Gar-asent, tella tin Belgasmia (2001), deg-s yessken-d tilin n timawit deg wungalen n Rachid Aliche Asfel akked Faffa. Deg-s yessken-d akken abeddel i d-yellan ɣef tsekla taqbayli yegla-d s ubeddel deg tutlayt, nezger-d seg tutlayt n yal ass ɣer tin n tira d tɣuri. Imi Aliche, yessaweḍ yesnulfa-d tutlayt s wayes yezmer ad yesselḥu tasiwelt, rnu ɣer waya d aglam i d-yellan s tuget, d ayen ur nettwassen seg zik. Titouche (2002), yessken-d kra n tulmisin n tira n Belaid At Ali, i d-yeddmen timucuha tiqburin ibeddel-asent talɣa d tɣessa. Leqdic-is yettbin-d ladɣa deg usimɣur n tugzimin n wullis, anida i d-yeggar awennit-is, aya yagla-d s ubeddel n thuski n tmucuha.
Ameziane (2002, 2008), ula d netta seg tama-s, yessaweḍ ad d-yessken assaɣ-a deg tira n Amer Mezdad. Akken iwala, tiwsatin n timawit uɣent adeg d agejdan deg yiqeddicen -is, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan inzi, i yerra d tarrayt ɣef isebded asenfar-is n tira (ad d-nuɣal s telqey deg wayen i d-iteddun ɣef tmukrist-a). Yettbeddil-asen ama d talɣa, ama d anamek, inzan uɣalen fkan-d udem d amaynut s wayes tennerna tira n Mezdad. Ameziane, yemmeslay-d daɣen ɣef uḍris n Belaid At Ali Lwali n wedrar, deg-s iwala belli yeddem-d aḍris d aqbur, iɛawed-as tira akken ad t-yerr d ungal.
Ssnef-a n tira ad t-naf daɣen ɣur Kamel Bouamara. Netta daɣen yeddem-d sin n yiḍrisen iqburen Salhi (2002, 2004)) Taqsiṭ n Ɛziz d Ɛzuzu akked Aḥeddad n Lqalus, ibeddel-asen talɣa d tɣessa, isebded fell-asen tira-ines. Iḍrisen-a, akken nwala nekkni s timmad-nneɣ (Ayad; 2008) s wudem n tgerḍrisant, yeqdec fell-asen ama deg wayen yerzan tasiwelt, imi yessemɣur tidyanin yeḍran deg yiḍrisen iqburen, irna iger-asen-d tidyanin d timaynutin akked uglam. Rnu ɣer waya, iger-asen-d iḍrisen-nniḍen i d-yeddem seg yimedyazen am Si Lbacir Amellaḥ neɣ Si Muḥend u Mḥend. Ihi, ayen yakk i d-yeddem yeẓda-t akken ad d-issufeɣ sin n yiḍrisen d imaynuten, i yuɣalen d tullizin.
Leqdic-a, ihi, ad yeḍfer abrid-a i d-yuɣ uzɣan n tsekla yuran s teqbaylit, ad d-yawi ɣef tulmisin n tira n Kaysa Xalifi deg wungal Iḥulfan. Ad d-nessken deg-s yiwen wudem deg tulmisin-a i yerzan asemres n yinzan. Ihi, akken ad d-nessegzi tamukrist-a, ad newwet ad d-nbeyyen, s wudem n tgerḍrisant, tarrayin s wayes i d-teddem inzan seg timawit akken ad ten-tger deg uḍris-ines, amek i ten-id-tebder, leqdic i d-yellan fell-asen d wazal ay sɛan deg lebni n unamek amatu n wungal.
Akken ara nwali deg wayen i d-itteddun, asemres n yinzan deg tsekla tatrart, ama deg tamedyezt ama deg tira, yuɣal d yiwet seg tulmisin n tsekla-ya. Mačči d yiwen umedyaz neɣ umaru i d-itteddmen inzan, ittɛawad-asen asemres deg yiḍrisen-is. Deg wayen yeɛnan aya, Kaysa Xalifi tedda deg ubrid-a, abrid n tira yersen ɣef timawit d wayen i tesɛa d agerruj aseklan, adelsan, akked thuski-nnes. Aseqsi ɣef ilaq ad d-nerr deg leqdic-a d wa: amek i d-teddem inzan d wamek i ten-tessemres deg wungal-is?
Ilmend n tɣuri-nneɣ, inzan ay tessemres, ulac meḥsub acu n ubeddel i d-iḍran fell-asen, teddem-iten-id akken i llan deg timawit s wudem n tebdert, yal wa acu n twuri i yas-tefka, yal tawuri tesnerna ugar tasiwelt, rnu ɣer waya tawuri tahuskant teqqim akken tella.
Leqdic-a ihi, ad t-nefreq ilmend n tarrayt-a: ad d-nessukkk tiṭ ɣef yimekti tagreḍrisant, deg-s ad d-nessegzi tadra-ines d wazal ay yesɛa deg uzɣan aseklan, ladɣa deg leqdicat yecban wa-nneɣ. Syin akkin ad d-nawi awal ɣef yinzi deg timawit, inumak-is, azal-is, d tsekkiwin-is.
Imi leqdic-a irza tasekla tatrart, yelha ma nemmeslay-d ɣef kra n tezrawin i d-yewwin ɣef usemres n yinzan deg tsekla-ya. Deg-s ad d-nessken kra n tmuɣliwin ilmend tulmist-a n tira d usnulfu aseklan.Syin akkin, ad nɛeddi ɣer wammud n tezrawt-a, anida ara d-nessken tarrayt n tuddma n yinzan, tawuri i yasen-tefka tmeskart, akked talɣiwin d wassaɣen ay yellan gar uḍris amaynut (ungal) d yiḍrisen iqburen (inzan). Da, ilaq ad d-nini ur d-neddim ara akk inzan i yellan, neddem-d kan amur deg-sen imi nwala llan ddeqs n yinzan i yuklalen leqdic yugaren wa.
1. Tamiḍrant n tgreḍrisant (= « intertextualié »)
Tamiḍrant-a, d turda i d-yemmalen akken aḍris n tsekla, neɣ asnulfu deg tsekla, ur d-yettili ara kan akka. Ulac aḍris aseklan i d-yekkan seg wulac. Yal ameskar, mi ara yettaru aḍris, yesseqdac iḍrisen-nniḍen ay yessen neɣ ay yeɣra yakan.S wudem amatu, tamiḍrant-a temmal-d aseqdec d uɛiwed n tira i yiḍrisen i illan yakan deg usnulfu n yiḍrisen imaynuten. Deg yal aḍris, mi ara neqqar, nezmer ad neɛqel neɣ ad nemlil d uḍris-nniḍen.
Imekti tagreḍrisant, yettwaseqdec i tikkelt tamezwarut deg taɣult n uzɣan aseklan sɣur Kristeva deg 1967, deg usissen d yiwenniten i d-tewwi ɣef teẓri n Bakhtine, ur nettwassen ɛad deg tumra n Lurup umalu. Tikti n Kristeva, i d-tugem seg wayen yedma Bakhtine, tettwali amenzay yerzan amawal d umeslay yezmer ad irzu ula d aḍris aseklan: Ma yella imdanen sseqdacen deg tmeslayt-nsen awalen n weyiḍ, ula deg tira taseklant, ameskar itteddem-d iḍrisen ay uran weyiḍ. Akka i tt-tesbadu Kristeva i tikkelt tamezwarut tamiḍrant-a deg wayen i d-tura Samoyault (2001:9):« awal (aḍris) d timlilit n wawalen (iḍrisen) anida neɣɣar xersum awal-nniḍen (aḍris-nniḍen) (…) yal aḍris d azeṭṭa n tbedrin, yal aḍris ad iskef, ad ibeddel wayeḍ »1.
Tamuɣli-ya tamaynut, i d-tewwi Kristeva, teslul-d deg yiseggasen d-iḍefren aṭas n yinawen d tmuɣliwin i d-yeddan deg ubrid-a, almi tuɣal tgerḍrisant tuɣ amḍiq d agejdan deg tezrawin tiseklanin sumata. Aṭas n yimaẓrayen i iɛerḍen, yal wa seg tama-s, ad d-segzin ula d nutni tamiḍrant-a. Gar wi, ad d-nebder Roland Barthes, i d-yewwin deg yiwen umagrad Théorie du texte (1970), deg i d-yefka yiwet n tmuɣli s wazal-is.
Tamuɣli n Barthes ɣef tgerḍrisant, d wamek i tt-yedma, ad negzu, tedda akked tmuɣli n Kristeva; cerken yiwet n tmuɣli, i sin-nnsen ttwalin tagreḍrisant d timlilit n yinawen yezrin, i d-nettagem seg yidles d wayen i d-nnan yimezwura.
Ihi, akken i d-nebder yakan, tagreḍrisant tuɣal seg yiseggasen n 1970 d asawen, d annar n tidmi s wazal-is deg tiẓri d uzɣan n tsekla sumata. Ma nmuqel deg wayen i d-nnan d wayen i d-uran ɣef tmiḍrant-a, ad naf ayen din n yidlisen d yimagraden i d-yeffɣen, anida yal wa yefka-yas tamuɣli-s, yal wa icudd-itt ɣer kra n taɣult. Aya yeslul-d aṭas n tbadutin d waṭas n tarrayin.
Deg umussu-ya i d-tlul yiwet n tsamit-is s wazal-is, d tin Rifaterre. Tamuɣli-nnes, netta, tefka azal i tɣuri. Yettwali tagreḍrisant d taɣuri, d aferdis ɣef i ibedd unamek amatu n uḍris, deg-s ay nettaf inaw yettwattun. Agerḍris yeṭṭef annar s tehri deg taɣult n tsekla, akken tettwaḥsab d allal i usegzi n uḍris aseklan. Riffaterre (1980: 05) ɣur-s tagreḍrisant teqqen ɣer unagraw n tɣuri yezdin aḍris aseklan. Imeɣri yesnekway aḍris d aseklan, acku yettaf-d assaɣ deg uḍris d wid-nniḍen.
Gar tmuɣliwin-a, tufrar-d tin n Genette (1982). Netta yegla-d s yiwet n tarrayt tamatut n tgerḍrisant. Tarrayt-a tres ɣef yimenzi n uglam d tesleḍt n wassaɣen yesɛa uḍris akked yiḍrisen-nniḍen. Deg tarrayt-a, tagreḍrisant, akken i tt-id-tessegza Kristeva, d yiwen uferdis ger weyiḍ. Deg wadeg n yirem tagreḍrisant yesseqdec irem tamyeḍrisant, ɣur-s netta tamyerḍrisant, akken i dtt-id-yesbadu Genette (1982:7): «D ayen akk i d-yeggaren assaɣ, iban neɣ d uffir, akked yiḍrisen-nniḍen». Assaɣ-a akken i t-id-yefka, nezmer ad t-neɛqel deg semmus n tsekkiwin n temyeḍrisant: 1. Tagerḍrisant 2. Azneḍris 3. Aɣfeḍris 4.Tawseḍrist 5.Tafellaḍrist.
Genette yessemgared snat n tsekkiwin n usuddem: alsileɣ, yerzan aḍris s timmad-is, d uḥaki i d-yettalsen i uɣanib. Snat-a n tsekkiwin n usuddem sɛant kraḍ n twuriwin: asedhu, alaqeb akked umazay.Akka ad nesɛu sḍis n taggayin, kraḍ s ulsileɣ: Tiqecmeɛt, Aqlab, Ankaz. Kraḍ s uḥaki: Asɣineb, Aɛekki, Aleqqem.
Nekkni seg tama-nneɣ, d tarrayt-a ara neddem deg leqdic-a iwakken ad d-nessegzi assaɣen yellan gar yinzan akked wungal deg i ten-tegra Xalifi.Lamaɛna uqbel ad nɛeddi ɣur usagem, yelha ma nessukk-d tiṭ ɣef kra n tulmisin n yinzi deg tsekla timawit d tezrawin i d-yewwin ɣef wassaɣ yesɛa akked tsekla tamirant.
2. Inzi deg tsekla timawit tamensayt
Inzi deg timawit, am netta am temseɛraq d ddɛawi, d tawsit ay nezmer ad nessismel deg taggayt n tewsatin tigezzlanin (tufrikin) (Bouamara: 2005). Qqnent ɣer-s aṭas n taggayin taddayin am tenfalyin tunziyin akked tenfalyin tukrifin. D tawsit war ameskar, am tuget n tewsatin n timawit, inzan mgarden ɣef yinnan, imi wi yettwassen umeskar-nsen (ama s tidet ama d medden i ten-yettwalin akken). Deg tmetti tamensayt, aṭas n wawalen i d-yemmalen inzan am lemtel, tameayt, lmeena, awal, anzi (inzan).
Akken i d-yessegza Ameziane (2008: 171), d awal Lemtel i yettwaseqdacen s waṭas. Ula d inumak yesɛa ggten: tikwal yemmal-d tanfalit, neɣ amedya. Yella daɣen wawal Lemɛun, tikwal yemmal-d anamek uffir n umeslay, tikwal-nniḍen yemmal-d anamek n kra n usefru neɣ n kra umeslay. Tamɛayt daɣen tesɛa anamek n yinzi, i d-yesskanen kra n tedyant seg i d-tefruri kra n l*meɛna ay ddmen medden, rran-tt d amedya. Yella diɣen irem Awal, yemmal-d inaw, ameslay yesɛan azal, d ameslay i yettuɣalen d asaḍuf s wayes leḥḥun yimdanen. Ɣer waya, nezmer ad d-nernu irem Anzi (ɣef id-yella umeslay deg leqdic-a), d irem i iqerben ɣer Anza, yesɛan anamek yettcabi, neɣ yettakk anzi ɣer.
Inzan zgan deg timawit, ttilin seg yimi Yer tmeẓẓuYt, wa yettağğa-ten-id i wa. Bentolila (1993: 7) yura ɣef yinzi: « inzi d ameslay i d-yusan seg zzman aqbur, s leqder n tuser, d agla n tmetti yakk”2.
Inzi yemmal-d kra n tirmit n tudert deg tmetti: deg drus n wawalen yemmal-d tikti n win i yettmeslayen; d aɣbalu seg i d-tteddmen tamussni taqburt, ifukal deg yinaw d wayen akk i izemren ad yesɛeddi izen s tefses i win umi nettmeslay. Aya yakk yessegza-t-id Bentolila (op.cit. 8) deg umeslay-a:
“Dayen yellan, inzan ssijhiden inaw, lamaɛna ssawaḍen daɣen ad d-sbedden rray, ad wellhen, ad zeɣnen, bla ma nḥuza win i wumi i t-nenna, dayen i d-yettwaddmen seg ukufi n tirmitin tiqburin. Seg tama-nniḍen, s yinzi, nessegzal ameslay, d tselḍt ẓẓayen (…). Deg kra kan n wawalen nessegzal-d tagnit yemcubbaken, s tigawin, d yiḥulfan, d umenni d tugdi […]3.
Ulac am yinzi iwakken ad d-nessexber s tilawt deg drus n wawalen, s unamek lqayen i isɛan lmeɛna. Dayen i d-yerna Betolila deg wawal-is: “[…] inzi, s tidet, d asnulfu yemmden n tẓuri n tutlayt: d aseqdec n wawalen i ifazen, s wayes ara d-nessxber akken iwata s tilawt”4. Asemres n yinzan deg yinaw, yettili-d s useqdec n kra n tenfalyin am: Akken qqaren, Yella deg wawal, Yella deg lemtel, Awal ǧǧan-t-id yimezwura, Akken i s-yenna winna n zzman, Yenna-yas, Yenna leflani deg wawal-is
Inzan ur sɛin ara yiwet n tegnit n tmenna, sumata cudden ɣer tegnit n yinaw d usentel ɣef yettmeslay yiwen, ɣef waya ggtent twuriwin ay sɛan deg umeslay. Tiwuriwin-a nezmer ad tent-id-nessegzel deg waya: Tikwal qaren-ten ɣer taggara n umeslay akken ad yeqqim i lebda, neY ad fken tixutert i umeslay-nsen. Tikwal-nniḍen qqaren-ten medden akken ad wwten weyiḍ s lemeun neɣ d awennit ɣef kra n tegnit, d asegzi n kra n temsalt yemcubbaken. Tikwal daɣen inzi nessemras-it akken ad d-nini ayen yellan neɣ ad d- nessegzi kra umeslay ur nettwafhem. Yezmer diɣen ad yili d afukel akken ad yesɛeddi yiwen rray-is, ad yettwiqbel wayen yettxemmim. Rnu ɣer waya yakk, s yinzi nezmer ad d-nini tikti deg drus n wawalen, bla ma nestuqqet ameslay.
Гas inzi d tawsit icudden ɣer talɣiwin timeẓẓyanin, ad t-naf yesɛa ddeqs n talɣiwin yemgaraden. Talɣiwin-a nezmer ad tent-nefreq ilmend n kraḍ n tsekkiwin: Tafyirt taḥerfit: Md: IffeY-d ujgu deg magraman. TalYa n sin yimuren: XemmeY lxir i tderYalt, terYa-yi txellalt. TalYa n krad n yimuren : Rray ad t-debber yemma-k, ad iffeY fell-ak, ad terwuṭ usi uzembil.
3. Inzi deg tsekla tatrart
Ma nesres ddhen-nneɣ, ad nwali akken inzan ttwasemrasen s tuget deg tsekla tatrart, ama deg tmedyezt ama deg tewsatin tullisin, am wungal d tullist. Zgan deg yal aqeddic, s yal talɣa. Llant tezrawin, akken i d-nebder yakan, i d-yewwin ɣef waya yecban Achili (2002, 2011) d Ameziane (2002, 2008). Ufan-d aseqdec n yinzan yettili-d s waṭas n wudmawen, ladɣa s ubeddel n talɣa d unamek. Deg wungal n Mezdad yesɛa tiwuriwin d timaynutin am usissen n uwadem neɣ aselḥu n tsiwelt.
Ihi, deg wawal n Achili (2011:93), asemres n yinzan deg yinaw n wungal, yettarra lwelha n yimeɣri ɣer umselɣu uzzig akked wakud ur nelli d win n tmeslayt neɣ n tɣuri. Asemres-is yettaɣ talɣa n tebdert, meḥsub ulac inzan i d-yettwabedren s uwehhi. Гas ulamma ur sɛin ara tazwert neɣ d tacciwin neɣ d lemɛani s wayes ara yettwaɛqel uḍris i d-yettwabedren, imeɣri ittarra ɣer kra n wawalen s wayes yezmer ad isnekwu aḍris i d-yettwabedren. Tilin n yinzi, i d-terna Achili, d taɣessa taḍrisant tilellit i d-itteddem umeskar akken ad yessejhed inaw-is, ur telli yara d taɣessa yesɛan tazrirt ɣef tɣessa n wungal acku tesɛa tixutert deg tsiwelt mačči deg tedyant. Akken yella da, inzi yessihriw kan tasiwelt, bla ma yesɛa tazrirt ɣef tɣessa n wungal. Asigget n yinzan deg wungal, yesskan-d assaɣ yellan gar tilawt d wungal. S wakka ameskar yesskan-d ayen ara t-icudden akked yimeɣriyen, rnu ɣer-s yettban-d wazal yefka i yinaw aɣerfan.
Tifukkas n usemres n yinzan deg wungal Iḍ d wass, akken i t-id-yessegza Ameziane (2002: 112), yella-d s kraḍ n talɣiwin yemgaraden ta ɣef ta: S wawal n tazwara: yeqqar lemtel+ inzi; War awal n tazwara lamaɛna s tacciwin; War awal n tazwara d tacciwin.
Ma d tiwuriwin ay sɛan yinzan deg wungal n Mezdad, akken i iwala Ameziane (op.cit. 115), amur deg-sent yeqqim akken llan yakan deg timawit, ulac acu n ubeddel i d-yeḍran fell-asen. Lamaɛna ameskar, yessileɣ kra deg-sen, yettak-asen kra n twuriwin yes-s ur ttwassnen deg timawit. Ttwasemrasen deg tazwara neɣ taggara n yinaw, deg uglam n yiwudam n wungal, akked d uselḥu n tsiwelt.
Llan yimeskaren-nniḍen, akken i d-yura Ameziane (2008:174), smersen inzan d izewlen i yiqeddicen-nnsen. Hamid Nekkar yefka azwel i wungal-is Yugar ucerrig tafawett. Akken daɣen i yexdem Belɛid At Ali, yefka i yiwen seg yiḍrisen-is azwel Ayen tzerɛeḍ ad tmegreḍ. Llan weyiḍ issmersen-t d azwel adday. Rachid Aliche deg wungal-is Faffa, yerna-t d amur wis sin i uzwel i yuɣen irgazen ur ttrun. Ula d Tahar Ould Amar yessemres-it akka deg wungal-is Bururu , ur teqqim ur tengir.
Ula deg tmedyazt tatrart, aṭas n yicennayen i ismersen inzan deg tmedyezin-nsen. Tikwal ttɣiman akken llan yakan deg timawit, tikkwal-nniḍen yella wayen ttbeddilen deg-sen. Amedya n Lounis Ait menguellat, s wazal-is deg waya, imi netta aṭas n yinzan i wumi ibeddel talɣa. Abeddel-a izmer ad yili deg tseddast n yinzi s uqlab n yiwen n wawal deg usumer n tefyirt. Hata-n umedya i d-yefka Ameziane (op.cit.186): Ma teɣliḍ medden akk inek/Ma trebḥeḍ ḥedd wer k-yessin. Deg wadeg: Mi trebḥeḍ medden akk inek/ Mi teɣliḍ ḥedd wer k-issin!
Yella wanida dɣen i ibeddel taseddast d ubeddel n wawalen, id-yeglan s ubeddel n unamek. Ameziane (op.cit., 187):
Amalah yekfa laman/ Yedda deg waman
S kra n win nehren waman/ Iruḥ di laman/ Yewwi-t wasif.
Ihi abeddel deg tseddast, yegla-d s ubeddel deg unamek. Zik medden qqaren aman d laman. Lamaɛna deg tmedyezt n Ait Menguellet, aman-nni uɣalen d anamek n lexdeɛ akked tugdi. Yella wanida i ibeddel adeg n kra n wawlen s wayes ibeddel azal n kra n tlufa. Akken i d-yessken Ameziane (op.cit, 189), deg umedya-ya:
Ufiɣ lbaz d amerẓu/ D agerfiw i d-isewwqen.
Ufiɣ tizizwit tettru/D aɛreẓẓen i tt-id-yessuffɣen.
Hata sumata ayen i nezmer ad d-nini ɣef usemres n yinzan deg tsekla tartart, leqdic i d-yellan fell-asen sɣur yimeskaren akked yinumak imaynuten i d-wwin deg yiḍrisen deg i d-ddan
4. Asemres n yinzan deg wungal iḥulfan
Inzan ɣef ara-d-yili umeslay d wid i d-nefren i leqdic-a kan, acku mazal llan aṭas n yinzan ay nerra deg ṭṭerf. Taḥawact-a tezmer ahat ad tili d amedya, sya d asawen, i tezrawt i wayen i d-yeqqimen ur nessaweḍ ad t-nesleḍ da.
4.1. Tarrayt n tuddma d ubdar
Tira n yinzan deg wungal iḥulfan tella-d s usemres n waṭas n tarrayin, deg-sent nezmer ad d-nebder:
Md1: Amek yeqqar yinzi: “a bab-a wwten-aɣ, a mmi ɛeqlen-aɣ”sbt 22. Ma nmuqel deg tegnit-a, ad naf tameskart teddem-d inzi, tenna-d acu-tt tewsint-ines, terna tegra-t gar tacciwin akken ad d-temmel belli ameslay-a mačči d agla-s, yella wansi i t-id-teddem.
Md2: “d acu tettefẓeḍ a wadi, d llazuq n yilindi” sbt 23. Inzi-ya yedda-d deg wungal war tuccar, war tineqḍin, war ma tenna-d acu-tt tewsit-ines.
Md3: yezga yettini: “ɣli-d ay abexsis s imi, ma yella rrbeḥ s yiɣimi”.sbt 50. Da, inzi-ya tebder-it-id s tneqḍin d tuccar.
Md4: yezga-d fell-as yinzi i d-yeqqaren: “d ddunit i iɛujen, d aɣerda i d-izewjen, d amcic i iquffen” sbt 57. Da, ameslay yuɣal ɣef yinzi. Am wakken iniz-nni d amdan i yettmeslayen, i d-yeqqaren ayen yettxemmim ɣef wayeḍ. Inaw da ibeddel tagnit deg tsiwelt, yessebded iman-is d ameslay ilelli war amsiwel.
Md5: Amek yenna uɣerda: “ad ṭṭṣeɣ s ukmac, ad ččeɣ aḥbac, wala zzhir n yimcac” sb78. Inzi-ya akken yella da, ulac acu i t-yessemgarden ɣef umedya wis 3, lamaɛna lxilaf i yellan, wa yedda-d ɣef yimi n yiɣersiwen.
Md 6: “ur d nettat i izegren aḥdid, teffeɣ i ubrid. Llum yellan ɣef wuccen rran-t ɣef umeksa” sbt 58. Deg umedya i d-nessken da, Xalifi tesdukkel sin n yinzan deg yiwet n tegnit n tmenna, terra-ten amzun d yiwen n yinzi.
4.2. Asatal n usemres n yinzan
Akken i d-nemmeslay yakan deg wayen yezrin, asemres n yinzan deg tsekla tatrart yuɣ aṭas n wudmawen. Ula deg tira n Kaysa Xalifi, yemgarad usemres-nsen seg usatal ɣer wayeḍ. Yal asatal tekkat amek ara s-d-tessekcem inzi i t-iwulmen ilmend n tegnit n tmenna akked tikli n tsiwelt d tedyant yerzan yal awadem. Deg wayen nwala nekkni, hat-a sumata ayen yerzan tira n yinzan ɣut tmeskart-a:
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Inzi d inaw n uwadem: da teggar-d inzi deg udiwenni gar sin n yiwudam. Md: “ata-n tura d acu i d-tḥekkuḍ? Meḥsub yemmut ilindi, ifuḥ aseggas-a, yak?d acu i kem-yewwin ɣer wayen ifuten?d acu i tetteffẓeḍ awadi, d llazuq n yilindi!uff…” sbt 23
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Asissen n tidmi n uwadem: da inzi yesskan-d acu yettxemmim uwadem d wamek ittmeyyiz tilufa deg wallaɣ-is (amek yettɛebbir d yiman-is). S yinzi nezmer ad nissin tidmi n uwadem d wamek yettwali ddunit. Md:“imi tezga tettawi dima tama taneddayt, tettsusum ula d nettat. Tessusem ur d-terri awal. Txser-as tneyyalt, ur tecliɛ ma rɣant neɣ zzant » sbt 32.
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Asissen n uwadem : inzi da yesskan-d kra n tulmisin n uwadem ilmend n kra n tegnatin deg tedyant n wungal.Md : «ur sqenɛent deg wannim-nni(…) bɣant ad tettent kan, ad ttaswent, ma d lxedma xaṭi. Ad mmagent am uḍar amezwaru, ur yettṣukku, ur yettḥukku » sbt 64.
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Aselḥu n tsiwelt: da inzi yedda d tsiwelt, yuɣal d inaw n uwadem i d-yettmeslayen deg uḍris. Md: « a ya rrbeḥ-iw, ihi tiyyita n ukeccuḍ wala tin n ublaḍ » sbt 26.
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Tamuɣli n uwadem ɣef wayeḍ: da yesskan-d ayen idemmu uwadem ɣef wayeḍ, ama deg wayen ixeddem, ama deg wayen yettxemmim. Md: « yezga yesduqqus-iten, yettini-yasen: « ɣli-d ay abexsis s imi, ma yella rrbeḥ s yiɣimi ». sbt 56
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Inzi d azwel : ɣur Kaysa Xalifi, inzan ur llin ara d azwel i wungal, lamaɛna d izewlen addayen i yixfawen yellan deg-s. yettak-d tikti tamatut i wayen ara yeḍrun deg yixef-nni. Md : « ur yuksan ḥed i t-yuɣen » sbt 9, « iḥṣel uxlul di lxiḍa » sbt 29.
5. Assaɣen igreḍrisanen deg n wungal Iḥulfan
Ma nmuqel tarrayt s wacu i d-tebder inzan, d usatal deg tegra yal yiwen deg-sen, nezmer ad negzu yiwet n temsalt : tira n yinzan deg Yiḥulfan, tga assaɣ awuran s ubrid n tgerḍrisant gar yinzi (afellaḍris) akked d yinaw n wungal (addaḍris). Assaɣ-a yessaweḍ ad yezdi akked uḍris n wungal ayen icudden ɣer tsekla timawit d wayen yellan deg-s ama d anamek, ama d tahuski, ama d idles, i yefkan udem d amaynut i talɣa-ya n yinaw. Aya yakk dayen i nezmer ad d-nessken da, anda ara d-nbeyyen amek i d-yella wassaɣ agerḍrisan gar yinaw n yinzi d win n wungal.
Akken nwala yakan,Genette deg tarrayt-is, yessemgared gar sin wazunen n useḍres: amezwaru d azun yerzan assaɣen yezdin sin neɣ ugar n yiḍrisen, am tebdert, ameɛɛen, takerḍa, d tesɣilt, wis sin d azun yerzan assaɣen n usuddem icerken aḍris d wayeḍ, nesɛa alsileɣ, yerza aḍris s timmad-is, d uḥaki, yerzan aɣanib n uḍris.Гer Genette (op.cit ;8), tabdert, ameɛɛen d tkerḍa d talɣiwin s wayes nezmer ad neɛqel aḍris aqbur daxel n uḍris amaynut. Гer kraḍ n talɣiwin-a, nezmer ad nernu tasɣilt i d-yessumer Annick Bouillaguet (1988).
Ma nuɣal ɣer tira n yinzan d amek i ten-id-teddem Xalifi deg wungal Iḥulfan, ad naf talɣa-nsen tuɣ tin tebdert: tuget n yinzan ay tessemres, nezmer ad ten-neɛqel deg tira-ines imi tegra-ten gar tuccar, llant tneqḍin. Aya yakk yesskan-d belli mačči d inaw-is. Rnu ɣer-s tessezwaray-iten-id s tenfaliyin am: amek yeqqar yinzi, yezga yettini, yezga fell-as yinzi i d-yeqqaren, akken yenna uɣerda. Rnu ɣer waya, yal mi ara d-tebder inzi, ad d-tini d acu-tt tewsit-ines. Гas akken drus maḍi n yinzan i d-tebder war tuccar, lamɛna yeshel ad ten-yeɛqel yiwen, imi talɣa-nnsen ur tebbdel ara.
Ma d assaɣ i izemren ad yili gar yinzan akked d tira n Kaysa Xalifi, nwala deg-s iwakken ad tesnerni aḍris-is, tessemres inzan. Tikwal akken ad d-teglem kra n tegnit, tikwal-nniḍen akken ad d-tessissen awadem d wamek yettxemmim. Llant tikkwal anida i t-tessemres iwakken ad tesnerni tasiwelt, bla ma nettu tahuski d unamek ifazen i d-terna i yinaw-is.
Taggrayt
Awal i d-newwi da ɣef yinzan deg wungal Iḥulfan n Kaysa Xalifi nessaweḍ yes-s ad d-nessken yiwe n tulmist n tira-ines. Akken i d-nenna yakan, asemres n yinzan yella-d s waṭas n yiberdan, ɣas akken talɣa ay uɣen deg wungal d tabdert. Inzan ttwaɛqalen s talɣa-nsen d unamek ay d-wwin i uḍris ungalen. Aḍris n tmeskart yezḍa assaɣen akked yinzan s ubrid n unkaz, d yiwen n ubrid i d-igellun s usnulfu yersen ɣef wayen yellan d amensay.
Maca, ayen nezrew da macci d alqayen.Aṭas n yinzan ay mazal uklalen tasleḍt iwakken ad nesɛu tikti tamatut ɣef twuri-nsen d tezrirt ay sɛan deg lebni n unamek amatu n wungal.
Llan daɣen aṭas n yiferdisen iḍrisanen, i d-tugem seg tsekla tamensayt, ay tessemres deg tira-ines. Iferdisen-a akken i ten-nwala, uklalen ula d nutni tazrawt, ara d-yesbeyynen azal-nnsen d twurwin-nnsen deg wungal. Am yinzan, iferdisen n tmacahut neɣ n wumyi, snernan tira n Xalifi, yelha ma yessukk-iten yiwen ɣef uɣerbal akken ad iwali d acu n yinumak s wayes d-glan deg tira-ya.


text:
1-Isallen $ef tegnatin n uselmed n tutlayin di temnavt ;
2-Asnerni n uselmed n tutlayin ;
3-Asmenyef n udewenni ger idelsan yemgaraden .
Anwi taåna ?
-I$erbazen , tisdawiyin , tidukla d kra yesselmaden timeslayin tibaôôaniyin ;
-Igrawen akked wid iqeddcen deg uêric a$alnaw.
– Si me$res 2005 , leqdic $ef tutlayin i d-yettilin yal assegas , s uttekki n yegrawen n uselmed n tutlayin , timkaôviyin , imsezrigen n fôansa ne$ ibaôôaniyen ;
Iswi wis ssin : Asnerni n uselmed n tutlayin :
-lxedma akked tesdawit n dankirk i imeqranen ( côte d’opale) ;
-Aåiwen i uslali n tidukla yeånan timeslayin nnived ;
-Inejmaåen d wid iqeddcen deg uêric n tutlayin.
Iswi wis tlata : Asmenyef n udewenni ger idelsan yemgaraden :
-Aheggi n tawilat ( imusnawen) i uselmed ;
-Aåiwen asnalsi i tedyanin tigra$lanin.
-Tansa di intirnat temmal leqdic nne$ .