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Tarbat n ugejja
Ikkaten in gh yan uzemz en yaggugen yan urgaz d tmettût nnes ttâfen yat terbat (tafruxt) bahra ifulkin, inneran tafukt gh ufulki, ittawin tît n wannat izêran. Ar ttimghur ar dis ittimghur ufulki nnes, ur tlkem akud n iwel (littihal), ayelligh tga ajeddig siggilen iàrrimen n tmazirt ad t lkemen. Tarbat degh nettat zund akw tirbatin n tzayya nnes (tagdda), ar d sllin izuzwuten n tayri ul nnes, ar ttwarga s umnay ismunen turregza d ufulki d timitar n iwis n tgemmi imeqquren, mac ur tssen mad as ihêda imal... Had babas netta tenti (tbda)tayri iferghn ar t tghumm ; ar tin ilddi wafulki n illis, ar ismmuqqul tiddi nnes d twada nnes yan usmmaqqel yâden. Zund igh ur tga illis, imik ar tekcem ul nnes, izzîder, mac ku yas ar ttimghur gh ugunes nnes. Tesyyafa terbat ismaqqalen n babas tghal izd lêhnant igguten ayan. Mas nettat tferk i mayad, tini d ixef nnes : "rad t issfêd uzemz...". Ayelli tksûd tdêr gis.Yan was inna yas urgaz : "illim ghilad tmeqqur, ur illi mayyid sis izwaren, ar ttinigh as tt iligh !" Tzêma tmettût ur sul tssen ma rad tini, tutt tidikelt s tayyâd : illik, midden, mac netta irur as : "ayenna rad isawl, isawl", tsswa yas tmettût iman ad yadû gh uswingem nnes, mac zund igh a teqqazt azêru, lligh ur tessuger yat tini : "awi tt ar kra n tmazirt lligh k ur issen yan".
Isker urgaz f umuddu, yini i yillis : "ad nekk yan udghar"(ansa), yasi tt f tserdunt zzigzen allig ffghen berra n tmazirt, tseqsat terbat mani watsen irar as s yat tguri :"amuddu".. Tkecm tt turda, uten mad uten ubrid yagh tt fad, tini i babas : "bab ddigh ad sugh", irar as s man ur ttam : "ini, argaz inu, righ ad sugh, akkem zzugzegh ad tsut", tmlalli s wawal ad tksûd, kkin d imêttawn allen nnes, tekti d, mamek yadelli gis ismuqqul babas, tferk ghil ad i ma yellan teqqur taqqayt nnes s irifi tini dagh i babas : "baba righ ad sugh", irar as dagh : "ini argaz inu righ ad sugh", tfessa allighen âzen yan ughbalu g ssan ileghwman d wulli n ugellid, teg g ixef nnes an en gis tdêr, tini i babas s yan wawal igurzan : "argaz inu righ ad sugh", tekk tumert udem n baba s, izzugzt ad tsu, ibedd ar sis iteqqel, twates terbat aghbalu tafenn mnid nnes agejja n wadduj (legregaà, teswik) imeqquren, tiri as tt ikkes zeg ufus n baba s, tini yas : "rzêm, rzêm ay agejja mad jjun izêran argaz ad yili illis". Imik innurzêm ugejja, tkcem agunnes nnes iqqen dagh, baba s netta ar sis iteqqel, lligh tt lâh, ar tt isiggil ayelligh irzâg imi nnes, isaqsa imeksawen, mac ur tt yufi, bbin ifaden nnes, yurri s tmazirt dar tmettût nnes.
Tarbat nettat ad ukan tiri ad tffegh, tsawel s ugejja : "rzêm, rzêm ay agejja", irzêm as teffegh ed, tzri tzzêg tireàmin d wulli n ugellid igh d uckant ad sunt g ughbalu, tkcem dagh agejja s mkelli. Kra yegat ass ad ukan tssefld i treàmin d waxsiwen, teffeghd, agellid yiwid ineghmisen is tedrus tekfayt n tramin nnes, tkcemt turda g imksawen nnes, ighal izd nettnin ad ittezzêgen ulli igh ksan, Agellid netta ittâf yan iwis amekkasu n tgeldit, iga yan uàrrim idusen, ihêrcen, isnal as babas tamukrist n ukwfay ad idrusen. Lligh iwin imeksawen ulli s tiyessa, idêfer ten iwis n ugellid s tregwsa (tuhêda), lligh ksan idûf ten ma rad skeren, nettni ar ka sawalen g ddu yat taddagt, imikk izlemen iwis n ugellid yat terbat tffegh d zegh ugejja n wadduj, ar ttsekkal zund taznkêt, tsemlalli t s ufulki nnes ur ilin anaw, ifessa ar tt ismuqqul ar ttezzêg ulli nnes, isekkel en ayelligh en fellas ibedd, ibbi yas agharas n ugejja, yini yas : "gighen sim udem n rebbi mad tgit ized afgan neghd tanirt ?", teksûd trar as : "afgan ad gigh". Mmusen ulawen, tssenti terbat ar tekkes ineghmisen nnes zeg tizwira ayellig tkcem agejja tnejm, yiri ilemma yiwis n ugellid ad dis idru tudret, yini yas : "imik rad ssifêdgh man ittawin agejja".
Ilkemen iwis n ugellid tighermt, ig wayyâd s tayri, iggal i babs ur icetta ula ar issa ar d as ad awin agejja a t yili, ghalen ayt dars is inufel,ssifêden s ugejja awint id, sskecmen t s umsêriy nnes, tekk tgûdi igherm akw, izri yîd ighezzif, tazen tgellit yat twayya ad tawi aman n lûdu ugejja, tesawld twayya tini yas : "ized alalla ar issirid ugejja", ur as trur awal teddu twayya tseduqqeren taggurt tgen adâr izwaren ad tkcem uten d izenzâren ufulki n terbat udem nnes, trzêm i mad tusi, turri s dar lallas, tkkes as mad tzêra, ikan ikan ayllig tuzen mennawt, tuzzel tegellid dar ugellid lli iggulen ard iqqers i tramin ar ed tffagh teslit nnes tamêz afus nnes, issufu ugglilid tagallit nnes, ar iqqerus aylligh teffugh teslit nnes, tili tmeghra meqquren, yili uhêwac, ghiren isan teg tmeghra yad tad mu tkksen midden ineghmisen nnes i tarwa n tarwa nnesen.
Isker urgaz f umuddu, yini i yillis : "ad nekk yan udghar"(ansa), yasi tt f tserdunt zzigzen allig ffghen berra n tmazirt, tseqsat terbat mani watsen irar as s yat tguri :"amuddu".. Tkecm tt turda, uten mad uten ubrid yagh tt fad, tini i babas : "bab ddigh ad sugh", irar as s man ur ttam : "ini, argaz inu, righ ad sugh, akkem zzugzegh ad tsut", tmlalli s wawal ad tksûd, kkin d imêttawn allen nnes, tekti d, mamek yadelli gis ismuqqul babas, tferk ghil ad i ma yellan teqqur taqqayt nnes s irifi tini dagh i babas : "baba righ ad sugh", irar as dagh : "ini argaz inu righ ad sugh", tfessa allighen âzen yan ughbalu g ssan ileghwman d wulli n ugellid, teg g ixef nnes an en gis tdêr, tini i babas s yan wawal igurzan : "argaz inu righ ad sugh", tekk tumert udem n baba s, izzugzt ad tsu, ibedd ar sis iteqqel, twates terbat aghbalu tafenn mnid nnes agejja n wadduj (legregaà, teswik) imeqquren, tiri as tt ikkes zeg ufus n baba s, tini yas : "rzêm, rzêm ay agejja mad jjun izêran argaz ad yili illis". Imik innurzêm ugejja, tkcem agunnes nnes iqqen dagh, baba s netta ar sis iteqqel, lligh tt lâh, ar tt isiggil ayelligh irzâg imi nnes, isaqsa imeksawen, mac ur tt yufi, bbin ifaden nnes, yurri s tmazirt dar tmettût nnes.
Tarbat nettat ad ukan tiri ad tffegh, tsawel s ugejja : "rzêm, rzêm ay agejja", irzêm as teffegh ed, tzri tzzêg tireàmin d wulli n ugellid igh d uckant ad sunt g ughbalu, tkcem dagh agejja s mkelli. Kra yegat ass ad ukan tssefld i treàmin d waxsiwen, teffeghd, agellid yiwid ineghmisen is tedrus tekfayt n tramin nnes, tkcemt turda g imksawen nnes, ighal izd nettnin ad ittezzêgen ulli igh ksan, Agellid netta ittâf yan iwis amekkasu n tgeldit, iga yan uàrrim idusen, ihêrcen, isnal as babas tamukrist n ukwfay ad idrusen. Lligh iwin imeksawen ulli s tiyessa, idêfer ten iwis n ugellid s tregwsa (tuhêda), lligh ksan idûf ten ma rad skeren, nettni ar ka sawalen g ddu yat taddagt, imikk izlemen iwis n ugellid yat terbat tffegh d zegh ugejja n wadduj, ar ttsekkal zund taznkêt, tsemlalli t s ufulki nnes ur ilin anaw, ifessa ar tt ismuqqul ar ttezzêg ulli nnes, isekkel en ayelligh en fellas ibedd, ibbi yas agharas n ugejja, yini yas : "gighen sim udem n rebbi mad tgit ized afgan neghd tanirt ?", teksûd trar as : "afgan ad gigh". Mmusen ulawen, tssenti terbat ar tekkes ineghmisen nnes zeg tizwira ayellig tkcem agejja tnejm, yiri ilemma yiwis n ugellid ad dis idru tudret, yini yas : "imik rad ssifêdgh man ittawin agejja".
Ilkemen iwis n ugellid tighermt, ig wayyâd s tayri, iggal i babs ur icetta ula ar issa ar d as ad awin agejja a t yili, ghalen ayt dars is inufel,ssifêden s ugejja awint id, sskecmen t s umsêriy nnes, tekk tgûdi igherm akw, izri yîd ighezzif, tazen tgellit yat twayya ad tawi aman n lûdu ugejja, tesawld twayya tini yas : "ized alalla ar issirid ugejja", ur as trur awal teddu twayya tseduqqeren taggurt tgen adâr izwaren ad tkcem uten d izenzâren ufulki n terbat udem nnes, trzêm i mad tusi, turri s dar lallas, tkkes as mad tzêra, ikan ikan ayllig tuzen mennawt, tuzzel tegellid dar ugellid lli iggulen ard iqqers i tramin ar ed tffagh teslit nnes tamêz afus nnes, issufu ugglilid tagallit nnes, ar iqqerus aylligh teffugh teslit nnes, tili tmeghra meqquren, yili uhêwac, ghiren isan teg tmeghra yad tad mu tkksen midden ineghmisen nnes i tarwa n tarwa nnesen.
Umiy n Taghejjijt g Sus
Tyasay g LIBIKA Taghmist Tagwensant n ussissen n Temsmunt Tamaynut ayaw n Tigmmi tumlit
Ismunt : Lhusin ZAHUR Ayt mellul
Tyasay g LIBIKA Taghmist Tagwensant n ussissen n Temsmunt Tamaynut ayaw n Tigmmi tumlit
Ismunt : Lhusin ZAHUR Ayt mellul


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Ilew n tmazɣa
Ilew n Tmazɣa neɣ Ilew n Tefriqt ugafa (Assaɣ ussnan: Loxodonta africana pharaoensis) de yiwet n tedfert yettwannan n ilew n imudaɣ akken daɣen i ttwalin kran imusnawen d akenn-it d tadfert tilellit ɣef tiyyad, Ilew-a yella yettidir deg yakk Tafriqt n Ugafa armi dayen yenger deg tallit n tnaya n umenkud arumani, Iluten-a d wid-a isxedmen iqdrtajen deg imsenɣiwen ipuniken mgal ignan iṛumiyen
Aglam[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asugnalus aqerṭaj (am yidrimen n tallit nni) d akken ilew n tmazɣa yella meẓẓiy anda addud-is ar tuyat 2,5 m. Ma d imeẓẓaɣ-is meqqr-it, Ahat daɣen yella ameli ugar n tdefrin n iden ɣef wannect-a yezmer ad yili yettwagrad

robotstxt: allowed

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Ayalas El Moudjahid yeldi taẓrigt-is n Usiḍyas-a (ssebt) s tirzi n Uselway n Tegduda Abdelmadjid Tebboune, iga ɣer tesɣimt n Udabu aɣelnaw amzireg n tefranin, anda i d-yesseɣret dakken « tekfa tallit-nni n yitugen.
Yuɣal-d daɣen uɣmis ɣef uḍman n teffrawent i d-yefka Udabu aɣelnaw amzireg n tefranin akked usaḍuf yerna yemmeslay-d ɣef tmuɣli tamatut, s yizwilen, ɣef yisgar n wumuɣen n yimazwaren i d-yettwasumren i yiɣermanen.
Taseɣrut-a n Uselway n Tegduda ters-d daɣen deg usebter amezwaru n uyalas « Horizons » i igan yiwen n ukaram i wass n tefrant-a s umeslay ɣef wallalen itwilanen i yettwafken i wass n usihar-a afranan.
Yella-d daɣen umeslay ɣef ugzam akked tmuɣliwin tiqburin akked useḍru n yibeddilen s wallus n usun asertan deg umni, rnan-d wariden gan yimsensertiyen ɣef utug n uttekki akked tmuɣli-nsen ɣef ugaw i d-iteddun.


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Lyunardu da Vintci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( 14/15 abril 1452 - 2 mayyu 1519), ittyawssan s Leonardo da Vinci, ikka-t-nn iga yan ugtusnak aṭalyani iddrn ɣ tlslalit, iruran taynit dar kigan n yigran zun d unuɣ, taklut, "sculpture", tasdga, tussna, aẓawan, tusnakt, tajnyurit, taskla, "anatomie", tusnakalt, tasnallunt, tasnmɣit, "paléontologie", d "cartographie".
Ikka-t-nn Leonardo ar ittiri ad yisin akkʷ mad illan f ugama, ad yisin manka s tswuri ku taɣawsa, ikka t nn iḥrc bahra ɣ tiɣri, "designing" d usgadda n kraygatt askkin.
Ar ttannayn kigan n mddn Leonardo mas iga yan zɣ imklawn akkʷ mqqurnin ɣ umzruy, wiyyaḍ ar t ttannayn zund umayaf nnsn akkʷ. Tnna fllas tanmzruyt n tẓuri Helen Gardner mas d ur jju izri mad t irwasn, acku ikka t inn ar iggar taynit nns s ugudi n tɣawsiwin zun d is ur ili anlli nns iwtta. Ar tizi ad nit ur ta jju nssn yat f manka s tt inn tkka "caractère" nns.
Ilul d ɣ ammas n Vinci, yat tiɣrmt imẓẓin illan tama n Flurinsa ɣ Ṭṭalyan. Ittuslɣm f ufus n "sculptor" d umekla Andrea del Verrocchio afad ad imɣur ad ig anaẓur, izzri tudrt nns s umata nns, ar gis iswuri dar kra n yiristuqraṭiyn iṭalyann bahra bɣrnin. Ɣ yisggʷasn nns ggʷuranin, iddr ɣ yat tgmmi ifulkin nna as ifka ugllid n Fṛansa.
Ar tettyawḥasabnt snat ɣ tugniwin nns f tugniwin akkʷ dar mi illa waddur ɣ umaḍal, ad tnt igan d Mona Lisa d The last supper (Imnsi amggaru), iskr ula agudi n wunuɣn, yan bahra gisn ittyawssann zun d Vitruvian Man (Argaz Awvitruv). Ɣ umata n tikkal, ikka t inn Leonardo ar bdda iswingim ɣ yisnulfutn imaynutnin, ilin bdda dis kra n walugn ɣ ittzmmam akkʷ unuɣn d tktiyin nns, amata ɣ yisnulfutn nns ur tn jju sul ismd. Rad gisn naf kra n tktiyin zun d "hélicoptère", "tank", tamsiḍent, "parachute", aṛubu, atilifun, tiẓri n tnflit d "énergie solaire".
Tudert nns[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Timẓi nns, 1452-1466[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ilul Leonardo ɣ 15 abril 1452, ɣ tiɣrmt tatuskanit n Vinci, ɣ yiɣzr n wasif Arnu, yura jddis Antonio da Vinci ifruritn n tlalit nns acku ur ta tahln imarawn nns ɣ akud ann, iga iwis n Ser Piero da Vinci, yan umsntam awflurintin bahra ibɣrn, d Caterina, yat tmazzalt nna f ggudin iwennitn d tẓriyin, illa mad fllas ittinin mas tt nn tkka tga yat tsmgt d ikkan bṛṛa n tmazirt nnsen, zun d Ccinwa nɣ d Anẓul-Agmuḍan, yili daɣ mad ittinin mas tt nn tkka ur tgi abla yat tmẓluḍt ult tmazirt nnsn nit. D Leonardo, Iɣʷi t nn sul dars babas ikllf sis, tahl daɣ immas turu smmus wazzann yaḍnin. Ism nns ummid igat "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", isnumkn "Leonardo, iwis n mass Pier u Vinci".
Izzri Leonardo smmus ɣ yisggʷasn nns imzwura d immas ɣ yat tgmmi mm wurti, fad ilmma immuti s Vinci ad izdɣ d ibbas d tmɣart nns tis snat Albiera, ilin disn ula id jeddis d ɛmmis Francesco. Ḍart mad imqqur Leonardo, ur bahra izmmim f temẓi nns abla yan sin yikttayn ẓlinin, amzwaru lliɣ t nn ikka iẓẓl yan wass bṛṛa ujguggl nns, yuyl nnig as yan ugḍiḍ ixatrn isli t s rric nns ɣ udm nns. Akttay nns azalan wis sin iga t; lliɣ t nn ikka ar issara yan udrar yaf nn yan ifri, d mqqar t nn ikka iksuḍ ad yili kra n xxu ɣ ugns, ur t tujji tdwwayt nns ad srs ikcim ad gis isnubbc.
Tasawrt n Verrocchio, 1466-1476[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ɣ 1466, lliɣ t-nn-tkka dar Leonardo 14 usggʷas, yiwi-t-nn babas dar Flurinsa, afad ad ig anlmad n unaẓur Verrocchio.
Tekka-tt-nn tga Flurinsa yan udɣar ismectagen ul n yan umeẓyan innurzen ad yaɣul d anaẓur, ddren gi-s yad kigan n inaẓuren ttyawssanin ɣ temrawant n 1200 zun d Cimabue d Giotto, ɣinna dar ibeṛṛem yan ixef nns qad nn gi-s yaf ifarsen iẓuranen ẓilnin ttyawssanin, ha takatidralit takeswatt s talqubbet nns tamaynut igan tabarawt, ha taglizt n ugʷrram John s tiggura nns n wureɣ sfiqqisnint, tili ɣ tama nns yat teglizt-yaḍen mi ssutulen wattayen nns "sculptures" d-kkanin "sculpteurs" akkʷ ttyawssannin zun d aselmad n Leonardo s yixef nns.
Anaẓur igan aleḥyan ɣakud-ann iga-t wa d yufan kra n umassaɣ i tfelwin nns, yan lli rad tent dar-s yawi s tugt-nnsent. Tawja akkʷ ibeɣren ɣ Flurinsa n uzemz-ann Medici ad tt-igan, nettni ad dar ikka ubergemmi akkʷ ifejjijen ammas n temdint-ann, d iɛezza dar-sen ad ssaɣen tifelwin, isefrisen d tɣawsiwin yaḍnin ẓilnin, kkan-t-nn awed ar bahra ttraran taynit s tsekla d tfelsuft, kigan d inaẓuren iɛerrimen ɣakud-ann; kkan ar ttnuruzen ad si-sen raren ayt Medici d yimeddukkal-nnsen taynit.
Tezri dar Verrocchio yat tsawert imeqquren ur isalan, ɣ ikka Leonardo ar ittelmad tiɣarasin n tẓuri, ɣik-ann ma f t-nn fell-as ikka iga ccil ad ilmed unuɣ, taklut, "sculpture" d umsudem. Mac ɣ wakud igan yan, ilmed daɣ kraygatt tasugert tunfiɛt illan, zun d takrura, tagemɣuzt, tagebbaṣt, tawuri n yilmawen, tamikanikt d tnesramt.
Ur d Leonardo i waḍu nns ka ɣinn ikkan ɣ tsawert-ann, amunen gi-s agudi n yimeklawen-yaḍnin, yili akkʷ gi-sen mad yaɣulen d "célèbre" imeqquren, zun d Ghirlandaio, Perugino d Botticelli. Inaẓuren-ad, ur bahra ugren Leonardo s yiseggʷasen. Ar ittales Giorgio Vasari yat tenfust ilan azal f tizi-ad ɣ tudert n Leonardo, ɣ t-nn-ikka Verrocchio ar ikellu yat tfelwit ixatren iqqnen s wudum (baptême) n umasiḥ, ifka-as i Leonardo tmehla n ad iklu yan ɣ yineglusen illan f uẓelmaḍ nns. Inna Vasari mas t-nn ikʷla Leonardo s yat tmamekt imk-ad ifulkin, isres-nn akkʷ Verrocchio ccita nns s yat tikkelt, d ur jju d nettan ad sul iklu kra ɣ tudert nns. S yan uzzray ineɣden, rad ifrek yan i mas d Leonardo ad ixedmen ula igezzumen-ann nns yaḍnin, zun d izṛan, amzaz aqehwi d ula "background nns". Ar ttinin ula f Leonardo mas d fell-as isnulfa Verrocchio ɣakud-ann asefris nns awbrunẓ n David isker gi-s zund tmudemt nns.
Ɣ 1472 zun d ɣik-ann, lliɣ t-nn dar-s tekka 20 useggʷas, ilkem-d Leonardo "Guild" n St Luke (Luke Agʷrram), yat tmaddast n yinaẓuren d yiḍukturen n tesnijjit, d mqqar as-d-isersel ibba-s yat tsawert igan tinnes i yixef nns, iɣama-nn Leonardo dar Verrocchio izdeɣ dars acku tɛezza dars twwuri ɣinna.
Tawuri akkʷ iqburen dar Leonardo f uyenna ittyawssanen iga-t unuɣ n wasif Arnu ittyawskaren s uɣanib, ittuzemmem s usakud n 5 ɣuct 1473, yili ɣila ɣ usefser n Uffinzi.
Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1476-1499[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Adday ittara Vasari f Leonardo, ar issemras kra n yiwaliwen zun d "noble", amafkay, "gracieux" d ufalkay, ar aɣ ittini Vasari mas t-nn-ikka Leonardo ɣ tiɛɛurma nns, iga yan urgaz iɣezzifen ifulkin, ikka-t-nn idus kigan igeḍḍer, ar akkʷ issefraɣ tisaliwin n yisan s yifassen nns qqurnin. Iẓil bahra umesli nns ar si-s "charmer" wanna as ka isellan, isiggel kraygatt yan tiddukkla nns ɣakud-ann. Ikka-t-nn iga yan umeccimɣan dar ɛezzan imudar, ar issaɣ kra tikkal igḍaḍ afad ad ten ka isderfi.
Ikka-t-nn Leonardo iga yan unaẓur ilan yat tmefkit imqqurn, isnulfa-d ɣ 1482 yat "lyre" n uẓref (nnqert) f talɣa n yixef n wayyis, tizi ɣ t-nn-ikka yan unebbaḍ amaynu ɣ temdint n Milan agafa n Ṭṭalyan, igan s yisem Ludovico il Moro, yan uduk isennuɣjufen inebbaḍen yaḍnin. Yuzen Lorenzo n ayt Medici Leonardo s Milan zund umesqad nns afad ad ifek i Ludovico Lyre-ann nns zund yat trezzift zeɣ dars. Yura Leonardo i uduk n Milan yat tebratt, ɣ ittales kullu tiɣawsiwin-ann ḥrecnin unfiɛnin nna mi izḍar, zun d asnulfu n tmacinin n girra. Yara-as ula s uzegzel mas "issen i teklut ula nettat", ur t-nn akkʷ ikki ɣ ugayyu nns ɣakud-ann mas d taɣawsa-ad nit s rad bahra sul ittyawssan. Iɣama-nn Leonardo ɣ Milan ar iswuri dar uduk ger iseggʷasen n 1482 d 1499, ikka dars yan ugezzum ɣ twwuri nns iẓlin ɣar s "design" n "défilés" n tfugliwin d ikaṛnabalen, ttyafan dars ula ɣ walugen nns kra n wunuɣen i tmelsa n tmezgunin, idsen yimsegdalen "incroyable" d kra n yisinaryuten nna mi yallfus ad ilin assaɣ d umezgun.
Leonardo, zun d nettan zun d amata n yinaẓuren bahra ttyawssannin ɣ uzemz nns, kkan-t-nn dar-s idsen yimazzalen ɣ tsawert nns, swa inelmaden iɛerrimen swa imawasen meqqurnin, ikka-t-nn yan ɣ yinelmaden nns iga s yisem Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oren. Ikka-t-nn iga yan urba iɣudan iṭṭafen "curls" n wureɣ ɣezzifnin fulkinin. Ikka-t-inn ar di-s ittacka ad ig tamudemt n yineglusen dar yinaẓuren. Mac iga ula yan uxendallas iceqqan, "Salai" neɣ "Salaino" (isnumken "iblis imeẓẓin") ka ad as-ittini Leonardo.
Yura Leonardo ɣ walug nns f Salai, mas t-nn-ikka iga yan uṭemmaɛ d yan bu tkerkas ur ilin anaw, d mas t-nn-ikka ar as bedda ittaker tiɣawsiwin nns ɣ tgemmi, idder di-s ɣ ammas n uzedduɣ nns i 30 yiseggʷasen zund unelmad d umazzal nns.
Ayyis Axatar[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Afares n Leonardo akkʷ ilan azal ɣakud-ann ɣ uzemz n uswuri dar Ludovico, iga-t asnulfu n yan usefris imqquren f talɣa n yan umnay issudan ayyis nns, ad si-s ssimɣuren s unebbaḍ-nnsen izwaren Francesco Sforza. Izwur-d Leonardo s wayyis, deffir mad bahra isker tezrawin-nnss f "anatomie" n wanaw-a ɣ yimudar, issuneɣ-asen id "design"; isnulfa-d yan wayyis n tallaɣt imqquren mi iga s yisem "Gran Cavallo" (Ayyis Axatar), ikka-t-nn rad as sul ittuga ubrunẓ nns afad ad yaɣul ayyis awbrunẓ akkʷ ixatren ɣ umezruy atrar. Mac ur as sul tettusmid twwuri nns s temgeṛẓa. Ɣ 1494, ifka Ludovico abrunẓ-ann akkʷ dar-sen illan ad t-nn-ssurrin s "cannons" acku fell-asen d-ikcem userdas afṛansis s uwettas n usdurriy. Ayyis n tallaɣt ixatren, ibidd ukan tizi-ann ɣ rad d-urrin ifransisen s Milan ɣ 1499 afad ad daɣ armen ad tt-sdurriyen, smersen-t tikkelt-ad i usleɣmu n tniyyact, xlun-t kullu.
Tamgudt n Isuliln[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Izzri Leonardo snat tseqqimin n teklut nna mi dar illa wazal ɣ wakud ɣ t-nn-ikka ar iswuri dar Ludovico. Yat gi-sent; ad iklu yat tfelwit n uzatim (zzit) nna rad iddun s useɣres axatar n tegʷmat n usemmeḍren iɣusen (Confraternity of the immaculate conception), isker gi-s Leonardo snat tfelwin ifel-d yat d yimhiwac n Milan, yiwi di-s ṭayya s Franṣa, tɣama-nn. Ad tettyafa ɣassa ɣ usalay n Louvre. Ur mzarayent tfelwin ad s yisem, ar mmalant s sin-itsent amuɣli n Maryam Tamgudt d bijju nns Ɛisa, ɣ ammas n yan udɣar ameḍlus igan kullu isulilen,َ mani ɣ rad mmaggaren d John Amseddam. Tella yat tenfust (nna ur illin ɣ Injil, tili ɣar ɣ taysi tawmasiḥt) f manik as imlala Ɛisa bijju d John ɣ uɣaras ittawin s Misṛa. Ɣ tmuɣli-a, illa John ar ittẓalla; yall-d Ɛisa bijju afus nns ibarek-t. Tettyawssan tfelwit-ad n Leonardo s unezwi-ann nns ikerrmen nna aɣ-takka, asidd nns aɣrib ikkaten s yan usyafa ittawin tiysas, imula nns dranin d "background" nns immalan agelmam d yidurar ɣ ammas n taggut. Ur jjun akkʷ tettyawskar kra n tfelwit igan zun d nettat ɣ kullu mayd izrin.
Imnsi Amggaru[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Taflwit tis snat n Lonardo ɣ Milan nna mi dar illa wazal, is akkʷ tettyawssan uggar n tiyyaḍ. Nttat ad igan s yism Imnsi Amggaru, ar tmmala imnsi akkʷ igguran dar Ɛisa s tamunt n yimḥḍarn nns dat wammaẓ d mnɣiwt nns. Ista Lonardo ad iklu imir ann ɣ ittini Ɛisa "rad iyi giwn iɣḍr kra n yan", ar ittals Lonardo addad n ubhaḍ d unnuɣjf nna d iɣʷin yinḍfarn nns s simraw, ar t ittals s uɣaras n yimuggan d wudmawn n mddn ɣ ammas n tflwit. Idsn ar sawaln, idsn biddn, idsn ar ttaln ɣ yifassn nnsn s tiwdi.
Ikka t nn unggal Matto Bandllo ar iẓrra Lonardo ɣ ammas n twuri nns. Yura fllas mas d ar izzray mnnaw n wussan; ar ka ikllu akkʷ mad ila wass s bla n tirmt, ibidd daɣ ilmma kṛaḍ nɣ d kkuẓ n wussan yaḍnin bla gisn iklu wala iskr yat, kra n tikkal; ar ka ɣinn ittṣmmar mnid n tflwin nns ar gisn ittqzzaz. Inna Vasari mas as ɣʷlin idammn i umɣar n tɣzamt tamhawcant, ittr as ad isnɣms Lonardo s mas as d iqqan ad iswurri s timmri. Inna Vasari mas t nn ikka Lonardo ittcṭn akkʷ, acku ur inni d yixf nns is rad nit iẓḍar ad isgadda udm n Ɛisa mzyan, inna as i uduk mas yallfus is rad iskr ɣ wudm n umɣar n yimhiwac tamudmt nns i Judas amɣdar.
Dffir mad tsmd twuri n tflwit, nnan fllas kullu willi tt ẓranin s umata nnsn mas d tawuri nns tamayuft akkʷ aynna.
Maca ur as yad issmrs Lonardo i tflwit ann "frsco" as d yusan, iskr as "tmpra" iggi n gissu, nna ur aɣ ittusmrasn yadlli i tflwin n uɣrab. ɣik ann ma f as ittca tɣurdin nns txmmj kullu, trwi s yat tikklt ḍart yat tmiḍi yisggʷasn. Mqqar d iḍr uklu n kra ɣ idɣarn nns zɣ uɣrab, tkka t inn tflwit ann tettyawssan kigan, anct ann lli gis ittusiggzn ittusnɣln yugr kullu tiflwin tisgdanin n umaḍal.
Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1499-1513[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ɣ 1499, sḍrn Ludovico il Moro. Immuti Lyunardu zɣ Milan d umazzal nns Salai d umddakkl nns amusnak Luca Pacioli s Vinisya. Iswuri ɣinna Lyunardu zund kran umasgad d ujnyur asrdasan. Acku tga Vinisya yat tmdint ibiddn f kigan n tgzirin, yurm Lyunardu ad iswingim ɣ itsnt tɣarasin ma s fllas ittgdal azzaɣn n iɣrruba. Ɣ 1500, yurri d Lyunardu s Flurinsa s tamunt n yimazzaln d yinlmadn nns. Fkan as imhiwac n tɣzamt "Holy Annunciation" yat taddart d yat tsawrt imqqurn.
Tamgudt d urba d Anni Tagʷrramt d John Amsddam[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ibda Lyunardu tawuri f yat tflwit yaḍn, ig nn yan uɣawas ɣ yixf nns issunɣ as yat tunuɣt imqqurn; immalan Mayram Tamgudt, tskkus f ufud n immas Ann Tagʷrramt tusi dis abijju nns Ɛisa, yili f ufasi nns John Amsddam (Baptist). Inna Vasari mas tsbhḍ tunuɣt ann tafalkayt akkʷ middn, ddan d ad tt annin irgazn d tmɣarin, imẓyiyn wala wid mqqurnin s tigrummawin, ad tinid is d kra n umuggar imqqurn a s d uckan. Ar tttyafa ɣila tunuɣt ad ɣ Usfsr Anamur, Lunḍun. Mqqar d bahra tqbur tzzf, tili ammas n yat tmṣriyt illasn, da ttkkan middn kraygatt ass asfsr nns afad ad ka skubbrn mnid nns. Zun d nttat zun d mnnawt g twuriwin n Lyunardu, ur as jju ismd taflwit nns.
Imnɣi n Angyari[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ɣ 1502 d 1503, iswuri Lyunardu dar Tcizari Burdja, aristuqraṭ idusn iwwis n ubaba Aliksandr wis sḍis. Ikka t nn Lyunardu ar dis ittmuddu zun d kran umasgad d ujnyur asrdasan, ar ttkkan mnnaw idɣarn ugns n Ṭṭalyan. Tigiriwin n 1503, yurri d Lyunardu s Flurinsa, ilkm d "Guild" n Luk Agʷrram i tikklt yaḍn.
Tettufka as yat tmskirt bahra istawhmman zɣ dar usqqim (Signoria) n Flurinsa, ran t ad asn iklu yan zɣ sin "frscos" ann mqqurnin nna rad ilin ɣ ammas n yiɣrban n tmṣriyt akkʷ dar mi illa wazal ɣ ubrgmmi n usqqim nna, ittukllaf Michlanglo s tklut n Imnɣi n Cascina, ikllf Lyunardu s tin Imnɣi n Angyari. Issnta Lonard ɣ usnfar nns, iskr tzrawin nns f udmawn n yirgazn rfanin d yiysan nnsn mmaɣnin, issunɣ tn, ilin ukan sul unuɣn a ar ɣilad ɣ walugn nns. Mac s tmgṛẓa, rad daɣ ig uya yan "failur" zɣ dar Lyunardu, acku lliɣ nn ikʷla tugna ann ɣ uɣrab, ɣ udɣar n ad issmrs "frsco", ismrks as ikʷlan nns d uzatim (zzit), ɣikann maf as ggammin ad zwun. Lliɣ yurm ad tn issrɣ s imikk n wafa, tfsi as tflwit kullu tt. Issunɣ Ptr Paul yat tunɣilt i ugzzum nns anammas, awin as d ayt usqqim n tɣrmt ḍart yat tizi ma rad as daɣ yalsn ɣ uɣrab. Ur ikmml Michlanglo taflwit nns ula ntta acku as iɣra ubaba s Ruma.
Mona Liza[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ɣ wattayn n 1503, ibda Lyunardu ar ikllu taflwit n yat tmɣart ittyawssann s Mona Liza, tasfrist akkʷ nna mi dar illa waddur ngr kullu tiflwin yaḍnin. Mnnaw yisggʷasn ad gis izzri, tga yat tugna imẓẓin ittwaklun s uzatim (zzit) iggi n yan yifil n ukccuḍ. Ar tmmala udm, tafgga tanafllant d yifassn n yat tmɣart ilsan zund ku ass. Ɣ tsfrisin, ar yadlli tlssa tamɣart timlsa d tzuzaf nns timayufnin. Tls ɣid Mona Liza yat tqndurt iḍlan d yan waddal asggan aflla yixf nns. Ɣ umata n tikkal, ar ittajja Lyunardu ɣ tflwin nns kra n yizumal ma's yakka kra n tmula (indics) f umdan nna gisn ittilin. Aynn igan aɣrib ɣ tugna ya d uynna igan aɣbalu i yism nna s tettyawssan iga t uzmummg nns : Mona Liza Giaconda, ar tsnamk Giaconda "tanna ittṣṣan", (tga Mona azgzl n Madonna isnumkn "Lalla nu".)
Tamntilt n max aylliɣ bahra tettyawssan tflwit ad, iga t acku tktur s yidrign, ar nn ttaggʷan alln n Mona Liza s yinigi nns, mac ur inni ta yan ad d ildi aynn issaran ixf nns. Alln nns d ula imi nns, ar ttumann zund is aɣ zmummugn, tamsalt igan tamaynut ɣ tklut n tsfrisin, acku ar gis yadlli ttumann middn s umata nnsn gan idɣriyn. Icqqa ad yakz yan tinfaliyin n wudm n Mona Liza s usnɣd, acku iɣ yad ira yan ad iɣr isyafatn n wayya yakz tn, iqqan t id ad nn iluḥ asmaqql nns s usga n tɣmriwin n walln d yimawn nnsn. Ixdm tt Lyunardu s yat tɣarast ɣ tettumann imula fssusnin ɣ tsggiwin n udm, amggrḍ d yifassn nns, ar tettusmma tamamkt a "sfumato" (isnumkn "aggu" s taṭalyanit). Ḍart mad tt ẓran kra n yinaẓurn yaḍnin, nnan d yiguyya nnsn mas d ur rad zḍarn i tklut n kra n tflwit igan zun d nttat.
Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1506-1516[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Ɣ 1506, yurri d Lyunardu s Milan d yinlmadn nns, iddr ɣ tgmmi nns ɣ ammas n Porta Orintal. Aɣuln idsn ɣ yinlmadn nns d imklawn : Brnardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio d Marco D'Oggion. Iskr D'Oggion mnnawt tunɣilin i Imnsi Amggaru, iskr Luini yat i Tamgudt n Isuliln, ikʷla Boltraffio d wiyyaḍ kigan n tugniwin n id Madonna d Ubijju, izḍar yan ad tnt sul iẓr ɣ yisfsar n tẓuri d ula tiglizin.
Tiɣbula[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Tiɣri uggar[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
- Daniel Arasse (1997). Leonardo da Vinci. Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1 56852 1987.
- Liana Bortolon (1967). The life and times of Leonardo. Paul Hamlyn, London. ISBN 075251587X.
- Hugh Brigstoke (2001). The Oxford Companion to Western Art. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198662033.
- Angela Ottino della Chiesa (1967). The complete paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art series. ISBN 0-14-00-8649-8.
- Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders (1952). Leonardo on the human body: the anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With translations, emendations and a biographical introduction. Henry Schuman, New York.
- A.E. Popham (1946). The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0 224 60462 7.
- Jean Paul Richter (1970). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover.
- Paolo Rossi (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631227113.
- Bruno Santi (1990). Leonardo da Vinci. Scala / Riverside.
- Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1.
Ismaln yaḍnin[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
- Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review)
- Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
- Vasari Life of Leonardo : in Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
- Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
- Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
- Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
- The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
- Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
- Leonardo da Vinci, a biography with description of his major works, written for children; Tamsyn Taylor, 2020


text:
Akwadru
Tura‑t: Asmaa Aouattah
Iciyyar as s ufus i ukwaḍru i dd yusa ad ijmɛ. Immrs yuɛla. Tuli ar ɣrs tmɣart i din yufa x ijj n ssllum d aquḍaḍ. Ila ɛlayn iwḍa as ukwaḍru ar tmurt. Amin issufɣ dd, ur yuki, ijjn “ɣarm” tqqs, s unhaḍ. Idwl it id usdḥi, iṣṣar Rbbi tḥanut nni ila txwa, ur gs ɣir ntta d nttat. Nttat zi gs tkrs twarna, idwl it idd usfirnen, tdrrɛ ɣrs akwaḍru nni, thwa dd. Ntta, isnɛmil irzzu gi ljbub x tnɛacin mis ɣa ixtts.
– D lwalidin ink, yak? -i d as tnna mix tettskka ijj n uḥttaw x zzaj n ukwaḍru.
Safi nbda, ataf ad ay tssqsa cḥal ɣrk n aytmak, ma tmlkd ma ɛad, iwa mliḥ, ad as iniɣ lla uka ad hnniɣ.
– Yyih – Islaqa ixf ins s min inna- xsɣ ad iniɣ … -iwa safi yak tffɣ ak dd ma ad trrd niɣ? –. Yyih d lwalidin inu.
Imsḥ tidi s ufus, irra udm ar jjiht n brra. May ɣa ykk? Wi d as innan ḥama tlɣeɣ, ha lux innuɣ.
– Tḍhar gsn ila ttxsn ayawya – tkmml xs s wawal nni i tnna amxmi d walu waxxa iskikkḍ as ci ul, ifassn n lall n tḥanut ttnnḍn akwaḍru nni gi lkiɣḍ, zdat ma ad as t id tssiɣ.
– Mizi tt tssnd? – Ih ya Amin, tsrrḥ ak tmijja, trzzud ad tmhawaḍeḍ x tayri qqaɛ. Tuka kk x wagla ink tffɣd. Raja, ɛad ur txttsd, luxa bzzez xk ad trajid ḥtta ad xk trr, ad tt tssqsid cḥal d ak tettars, ad txsstd, ɛad i ɣa tugurd. Ma txdmd tt, iwa ṣbar.
– Xzar ɣir gi cḥal udsn ar wayaywa, astiqa d ijj n bnadm maci d tnayn. Xzar ɛawd muk ttnaḍurn ta gi wa, ttwaliɣ tn ẓwan arrimt nsn udfn g wayawya. Tayri tettrra sin, d yan.
Amin iṭṭf it bu uḍhwar, mri yufa ataf yudf gi tmurt. Wami ixmm ad dd issufɣ tawlaft n ymmas d babas, ur inwi ad ikk x ṣṣirat ibddn d amzgaru. Waxxa ya Karla qqaɛ d cm, i inna s dixl ins uka ikka x ukmmus nni.
Tasbbabt n tḥanut nni tufa t ammn iẓiyyar, tugi ad xs tawi. Tnna as cḥal i d as tettars, tssiɣ as ijjt n tbulsat n lkiɣḍ ittka gs agla ins, yugur. Ittu ma inna as ci n tanmmirt ma lla.
Brra, ur ixzar ammya ula d ammin. Abrid mix dd yuli lux d aḥdaddar, iwwi t s tazzla am wi irwwln zi ci. Ixmmimn ttazln as ula d ntnin g walli, “Imcumn a n tarwa n sidna Eisa ur ɣrsn x uqmmum ɣir tayri. Min ɣa ẓrn ad gs rzun x tayri. Nɣin ay s tayri.”
Mri maci d Karla, Amin ataf ur iwwi abrid nni, ur t id irri. Tqqim xs qa ck ur d ay tqqar ci “ttxsɣ cm”, qa ck ur d ay dd tettskkid ci misaj ad ay tinid “ẓẓutɣ cm” amuk ttggn imiran n tɛcirin inu, qa ck xmi nttffɣ ur d ay dd tssiɣid ci fus, mala uciɣ ak fus trxxud as astiqa iẓwḍ ick ṭṭu, … Ma d ci, ma d ci, lbda lbda. Ar wami d ijj n wass, tjbd as dd ymmas d babas, yak ma twwid manaya zi lwalidin ink, babak d ymmak ma ila ttfɣn ci mrra, ma ila tmdurruɛn ci zdat nkum, ma ila iqqar as babak i ymmak awaln d ilqqaɣn.
Min d as ɣa yini? Ntta ittɛqal x babas d ymmas xddmn. Xddmn waha, aynni. Ymmas tsswjad as dd i babas, babas ittsxxar dd x ymmas, ymmas tggur wḥḥds, babas iggur wḥḥds. Mala raḥn mani ci mrra, babas iggur zdat ymmas mttkarmin. Maca ɛmmars ur mniɣn, lbda msfhamn, kul ijjn issn min ixssa ad igg d min zgs ittraja wnnɣni. Ma ttxsn ayawya ma ur ttxsn ayawya, maci d amnus la ɣrsn la ɣr tarwa nsn. Tazwart inu nc, ur ssinɣ min zgi tettrajid ula min zgm ttrajiɣ a lwrrat, waxxa ttxsɣ cm. Maca ci zi manaya ur d as t inni. Issɣada waha. Ul ins iḥrri, mizi issn ila ur irzzu ci ad tt ixṣar.
Min ɣa ygg? Ad irkkb udm rid ins.
Axmmem ittḍfar axmmem ar wami tt yufa. Ad as isskn babas d ymmas gi twlaft ḥuma ad tssn ila ntta Amin, d mmis n tayri. Bzzaf d ttamara i xs ikkin ḥuma ad yaf tawlaft n ymmas tettxzzar gs ar ufusi, babas ar uẓlmaḍ. Tkka xs ttamara nnɣni ar wami tnt ismqqudda, irra tnt d ijjt n twlaft. Babas d ymmas ɛmmars ur ṣwwrn ag wayawya.


text:
Awǧez
Awseǧ neɣ Anecfal (Assaɣ ussnan: Lycium barbarum) d yiwet n temdint i d-ittemɣayen deg yiẓra d yideggan iɣuraren acku ur tserri ara aṭas n wegri d waman. Talmest-a teṭṭafar tawsit n uwseǧ deg twacult n teɣsilant.
Aglam[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ideggan n wemɣay[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg yideggan anda llan yidɣaɣen d yijdi n teftisin deg Tefriqt n Ugafa d unẓul n Uruppa.
Asemres[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Deg yidles[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tiwlafin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imniren[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ẓeṛ daɣen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Isseqdac[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ ‘Étude botanique sur la Kabylie du Jurjura, avec catalogue’ - Aristide Letourneux - Imprimerie Nationale Française, Paris 1870


text:
Suduku
Suduku (sudoku) d urar i d-ibanen deg useggas n 1979, sɣur Amarikani Huward Garns, maca tikti tekka-d seg umkuẓ Alatini (carré latin) d wugur asnakan yettwassnen s yisem n wugur n 36 n yifesyanen (problème des 36 officiers) n umusnak Aswisi Lyunard Uler.
Iswi n wurar d taččart n yemkuẓen neɣ n texxamin s wuṭṭunen (tikwal ttekkin ula d isekkilen d yizamulen, acku yemgarad seg suduku ɣer wayeḍ), maca ur ilaq ara ad d-ɣlin sin n wuṭṭunen (isekkilen, izamulen) kifkif deg yiwen n ujerrid, ajgu neɣ iḥder (aḥric neɣ agraw n texxamin).
Suduku i nuɣ tannumi netturar-it yettas-d yesɛa 3x3 n yiḥedran (iḥricen neɣ igrawen n texxamin), yal iḥder ɣur-s 3x3 n texxamin i nettaččar s wuṭṭunen seg 1 ɣer 9. Kra n texxamin ttasent-d ččurent yakan, s yes-sent i nezmer ad d-naf s wacu ara neččar tiyaḍ.
Aẓar n wawal suduku[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ixef-a d ilem!
Amezruy[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ixef-a d ilem!
Ilugan n wurar[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ixef-a d ilem!


text:
Stephen Hawking, « A Brief History of Time. From Big Bang to Black Holes », Bantans Press New York, 1988.
Stephen Hawking, « Tadyant tawezzlant n wakud. Seg Big Bang ar yegḍan iberkanen ».
Tubbit n wedlis… (Tamuɣli nnaɣ ɣer Umaɣrad, isebtar 16-17).
Tamuɣli nnaɣ ɣer Umaɣrad
Yiwen wass, yiwen umussnaw mucaɛen (llan wid i d-iqqaren d Bertrand Russell) iga asarag ideg i d-yewwi awal ɣef isental yurzen tasnitrit (neɣ tasnagurt, tussna n waguren d yetran). Ihi yella yettmeslay-d ɣef wamek itezzi wakal ɣef tafukt d wamek tafukt (Iṭij) yettzayzey ɣef wammas n wegraw ameqran n yetran i wumi neqqar Tagalaksit nnaɣ. Ar taggara usarag, tekker yiwet n tmeṭṭut, d tamɣart, i d-iqqimen agemmaḍ nni n tzeqqa usarag, tenna-yas:
– Ayen akk i d-tenniḍ, i d-tessawleḍ deg usarag agi d timucuha! Acku di tilawt, w’ur as-nefri i ddunit d taleffast, tweṭṭa? Ur telli yara d tagnunnayt am akken a t-id-teqqareḍ, yerna ters ɣef ujeɣlal n kra n yefker aẓaɛluk!
Amsarag nni icmumeḥ-ed s tnefxa, yerra-yas-d:
– Γef acu i yers yefker nni aẓaɛluk a tamɣart?
Tameṭṭut nni, yuẓan di laɛmeṛ, terra-yas-d diɣen:
– Ttwaliɣ-k zun tẓewreḍ ay ilemẓi! Tzad ziɣ deg-k tiḥerci, ayendin mačči drus. Ifker agi, iniɣ ula d netta yers ɣef uzagur n yefker nniḍen i d-izgan ddaw-as, akka alammi d akessar!
Ẓriɣ d akken tugett deg-neɣ nettwali ass-a d tiseḍsa tamuɣli am ta n umaɣrad, zun yuli d lbaṛj ifekran yembabben wa af’a. Maca acimi ayen nessen tura yif ugar aya ? Ansa i d-yekka umaɣrad? Sanga i la iteddu? Wissen ahat ma ila beddu? Ma yeflali-d di kra n tallit deg yezri, d acu yihi i yellan send imir nni ? D acu-tt tigmi (nature) n wakud ? Ad yesɛu taggara ?
Amek ada, ayendin n tigrutin timaklalin iss i d-dlan deg wennar n tfizikt, ḍḥant-ed aladɣa s useqdec n wallalen imuyna d titiknulujiyin titrarin ilan ayendin n tsuraf yuẓan di tussna. Tigikana ttakent-ed tiririyin i kra n yiseteqsiyen agi yurzen timsal tidasilin n umaɣrad. Atan ad a d-yass wass ideg tiririyin agi zemrent ula d nutenti ad uɣalent d ayen ibanen, meḥsub d timbanin. Zun ma a d-tiniḍ ass-a d akken akal itezzi ɣef tafukt, neɣ d ahat d tiseḍsa am lbaṛj nni ifekran. Ger-aɣ d wass-nni, d akud, ay yebɣu yella, ad aɣ-t-id-immlen.
Seg useggas 340 send talalit n Yasuɛ aMasiḥ (sd. Y-M), afiluẓuf agriki Arisṭutil issers-ed deg wedlis yura « Ay yerzan Igenni », sin ifukal iseḥḥan i d-yeskanayen d akken akal ila talɣa tagnunnayt am takurt, mačči d aleffas, meḥsub ur iweṭṭ’ara. Di tazzwara iger tamawt d akken yalma a d-ḍrun wafsaxen n tziri, ttilin-d imir a yekk wakal ger tafukt d tziri. Imir nni, tili yerra wakal sufella n tziri tezga tettban-ed d timdewweṛt, werǧin i tt-nettwali d tamaɣudt. Ihi ayagi ur yezmir a d-yili akken i t-nettwali ḥaca ma yella wakal, d imibrin am takurt, d agnunnay di talɣa-s. Acku lemmer akal ila talɣa uḍebsi aleffas, yili ad yeg tili ɣef tjumma ufella n tziri a ad aɣ-d-ittbanen tkwal temmuẓẓel yerna s talɣa taglayant, am tin n tmellalt. Ḥaca ma d ay tella tadyant n wefsax n tziri tettili-d kan imir a tezg tafukt swaswa s deffir n wammas uḍebsi yagi. Aya izmer a d-yeḍru, maca yiwet n tikkelt i wagar n yigimen t-tikkal. Aya di tama, deg tama nniḍen, Arisṭutil d imadmawen n tallit nni t-teglest, gren diɣ tamawt d akken deg icalan n yegriken ttafen-d abrid nsen s yetri asfaylu, i d-yemmalen tanilla ugafa, yettban-asen-d d addayan ugar nnig ugemmaḍ, deg temnaḍin i d-yezgan deg wenẓul a i d-yettban deg temnaḍin ugafa. Imi itri asfaylu yezga-d nnig usfaylu ugafa, amannay deg wesfaylu ugafa a t-iẓer nnig uqerru-s kan, ma d win yellan deg temnaḍt usebges, a t-iwali yettelwiwic ɣef yiri ugemmaḍ. Almend n tmeẓla n imekwan (neɣ ulfuten), imḍulla (imbanen) ideg i k-d-ittban yetri asfaylu imir a t-id-tessikdeḍ si Maṣer neɣ si Tegrikt, Arisṭutil iḥseb-ed s temwaẓt tiseɣlit n wakal ad tili azal di tamiwin n ṛebɛa miyya yigimen (400 000) inurar. Ur nessin ara s tiseddi azal i d as-gan i teɣzi n wennar deg tallit nni, maca ncukk d akken tegda azal n snat tmeyyatin (200) n lmitrat (imitren). Ayagi yesseflalay-ed d akken adawan agi n Arisṭutil (80 000 km) ifal nnig wazal-is, akken i t-nessen ass-a, s sin imuren (40 000 km). Igriken sneflen-d maḍi ttbut (afakul) wis tlata iss i d-beggnen belli akal d imdewweṛ : Ma ur yelli d agnunnay, acimi yihi iɣerruba i d-iteddun ar lmerṣa (s asagen), ṭṭillin-d deg ugemmaḍ s tqacuct-nsen di tazzwara, syen ɣers simmal a d-ttaẓen, sekkud tettban-ed ciṭ ciṭ temṣukt nsen taddayant d wamek a d-iḍher uɣarrabu nni i d-iteddun s timmad-is.
(-ittaweḍ)
Dahman At Ali


text:
Aheyyi n temlilit ɣef "Mraw n yigezda imaynuten : tadegisemt d tneflit timegit"
Asihar agi d win ara d-iḍefren abeddel iḥuzan anegzum aḍeblan d-yellan deg useggas n 1984 a d-yeḍru ass n lexmis 18 meɣres 2021 ɣef 10 deg uxxam n Tnegga n Telɣut Tazzayrit.
Timlilit-a gar tsudwin, ara yesɛun udem ussnan, ad d-tebder tamsalt n usemmi arakal ( neɣ tadegisemt) n temnaḍin n tmurt-nneɣ. imessuddesen ad fersen tagnit n usmil n mraw(10) n tamiwin tidblanin n unẓul ɣer uswir n yigezda s tduba iwatan, wid yuɣalen s wudem unṣib almend n unegzum adelblan aneggaru (furar 2021) iwakken ad skasin tarrayin n usemmi n yigezda-ya imaynuten.
lebɣi d abeggen n telqayt deg umezruy n wadigismen imaynuten ara yettwasmersen deg unẓul n Lezzayer, d ismawen yefkan iẓuran deg umezruy, ara d-ibeggenen assaɣ yellan gar umezdaɣ d wadeg-ines, d wayen akk i as-d-yezzin ama di tmurt-nneɣ naɣ d timura n Saḥel, d iskanen yettwameslen seg yiɣerfan d tutlayin, ideg tella taɛrabt d tmaziɣt aladɣa, s tantaliwin-nsent yemxallafen, yezdin gar igduden, izegren i tlisa, ssemlalent talsa s timmad-is.
tasekta tamagant n yismawen-a unṣiben, inumak-nsen, tira-nsen s tutlayin tunṣibin (Tamziɣt d taɛrabt) d uslugen-nsen s yilugan igraɣlanen n yiwanaken yedduklen ( s yisekkilen n tlaṭinit naɣ irumaniyen) ad ttwasqedcen deg yiwet n tbanka n yinefkan igarwen agimen n yismawen d-heyyan imazzagen izzayriyen.
aswir n uzlag deg tira n yismawen n yimukan d yemdanen izzayriyen yegla-d s uherri n tutlayt yennernan ugar, seld asmiḍen n useddu n tedbelt tadugant, ula d usemres n yal ass.
amek d-yella umsal n yismawen uzzigen izzayriyen deg umezruy? d anti id tutlayin tineɣmarin deg aya ? dacu id igran inamekanen nsent ? zemren inagrawen n tira yettwasmersen deg tedbelt ad d-sneɛten assusru n merra yismawen izzayriyen? amek i nezmer ad d-ssefhem tuggti n tirawin yemxallafen n yiwen yisem uzzig ? dacu i tagnutin tigraɣlanin deg wayen yerzan tira n tadegisemt ?
ad yessunefk usmendew n tmaziɣt d tutlayt taɣelnawt tunṣibt ɣer yidis n taɛrabt asidef n tanfaliyin tutlayanin d useḍru n wumuɣ unṣib n yismawen n yimukan yuẓan ugar ɣer ussusru yellan di tmetti, ur nettili arAa d aɛewwiq aburukrati ? d anti id tisudwin d-yelhan d-yelhan s tadgisemt taɣelnawt ? Di taggara, anda tessaweḍ tegmi takadimit (tisdawiyin d wammasen n tegmi) deg taɣult n tezrawt n yinagrawen iɣelnawen n usemmi ?
Lezzayer s tehri n wakal-ines, ɣer-s agerruj ameqran n yismawen ara yaweḍen ɣer imelyan n yismawen uzzigen, yerzan iḥricen merra n tudert n waɣlan, teɛna ama d amdan naɣ d tinagrawin tidiganin : asaklas, addad aɣarim, taɣlist taɣelnawt ( taɣarimt d taserdsant), imɣizen, idles, timsal n uzɣar, titikniyin tallunin, tiwaɣiyin tigamanin, amesten aɣarim, tamsulta, tadiwanit, tinaznin d tiliywalin, tinagrawin tidiganin, taɣdemt, amesni…
ɣef aya, deg umḍal merra ad naf rran azal ameqran i ussagnu n tira n yismawen n yimukan, imi yettili-d fell-as lḥers adamsan d tnezzut, d aɣilif n taɣlist, ɣer-s azal di tsertit tarakalt d testratijit, simmal imasayen takken allalen itiknulujiyen atraren ilmend n tezrawt-nsen. aseḍru asewlah adegisem aɣelnaw d tigawt ilmend n tnaya taɣelnawt : ugar n wudem agemmi, ladɣa deg unẓul n Lezzayer, imi d tanfalit taɣerfant. Asewlah-a ad yili d allal i tdamsa d tmmetti, i yidles, d tanfalit n tsertit n uwanek ad yessef asefrek uzzig n waɣiren ilmend n tneflit taɣelnawt timezgit.
Ou consulter en ligne


text:
Di tallit n yiseggasen n 80, yeqwa waṭṭan n yeqjan, tisellufin, azɣal, lḥuman.. atg. Imezdaɣ n taddart n yiɣilwis vɣan a snegren iqjan-nsen. Anda ufan aqjun a t-nɣen. Imcac, mi walan tawaɣit yeṭran deg yeqjan, uggaden ɣef iman-nsen,
Yiwwen n umci yerwel s tazzla seg iɣilwis ɣer taddart n tfernin. Mi yewweṭ teṭfi-t nnehta, ul-is ineddu s zzirvan. Ruɣen ɣur-s kra warrac n taddart-n, nnan-as dacu k-yuɣen akka ay amcic ? Yerra-asen-d : “Eh limer tezram dacu yeṭran deg iɣilwis, a twehmem, rewleɣ-d syinn-a, imezdaɣ n yiɣilwis teɣɣan iqjan-nnsen!”,” hevlen!, ugadeɣ ɣef yiman-iw rewleɣ-d ɣer da ɣur-wen”. Rran-as: “ i kečč d amcic i tellit mačči d aqjun!” Yerr-asen-d: zriɣ nek dacu-iyi, maca ruḥet ssefhemt-asen kunwi i wat iɣilwis”
Tin Hinan n tvavurt.


text:
Tallat:Amek ara naru amagrad yelhan?
Nngum (qbel) a nebdu tira n umagrad, yessefk(ilaq) ad nemmekti :
- Wikipedia d tasanayt (une encyclopédie), mačči d ammud n yimagraden n yijernanen neɣ n tesɣunin. Deg:
- ilaq ad aru amagrad n tsanayt, ur nezmir ara ad aru amagrad n ujernan : win ara t-yaru, ad issawal s wudem wis 3 (à la troisième personne), mačči s tmezwarut ; tadiwennit (interview) ulac, azmul (signature) ulac, atg.
- Kab.wiki mačči d tasanayt n Leqbayel : d tasanayt s teqbaylit. Wikipedia d yiwet i umaḍal akk (merra) Ayen nufa dagi, nezmer ad t-naf deg .wiki neɣ fr.wiki atg. Ur nezmir ara ad naru, d amedya : nukkni, s warrac n Tmurt... neɣ idles-nneɣ... atg. yessefk (Ilaq) ad naru Leqbayel... neɣ idles aqbayli... atg.
- Wikipedia d tilellit. Tilellit, anamek-is d "s turagt tilellit" ("à licence libre"). Deg:
- ur nezmir ara ad nelsaru (recopier) ayen nufa deg yisemlen (sites) nniḍen neɣ deg yijernanen mebla turagt. Ilaq ad naru s yiman-nneɣ aḍris i nebɣa ad nefk i Wikipedia . Ma yefka-yaɣ bab n izerfan (propriétaire des droits) turagt tilellit "GNU Free Documentation License", ilaq ad t-naru deg usebter "amyannan", mačči deg umagrad.
I wakken ad naru amagrad, ilaq ad nessen amek ara nbeddel asebter yerna amek tella tseddast ("syntaxe") n wikipedia.
Ma tebɣiḍ, tzemreḍ a tḥarbeḍ deg teɣmert n yijdi (asebter n uḥerreb).


text:
Artiste / groupe : Youcef Rekkas
Genre : kabyle
Biographie de : Youcef Rekkas
Youcef Rekkas, un nouveau chanteur kabyle (auteur, compositeur et interprète).
Son premier album Chant d'Amour et d’Espoir de Kabylie sorti en 2008.
Biographie de youcef rakkas par Fahim MESSAOUDENE :
Yusef REKKAS, Talɣa n unaẓur.
Sexsin awal n umusnaw
Akked tlawin
Aẓar n tussna yekkaw
Leqment s ddin
Adabu awal-is hraw
Yettraḥ d idim
Yesseɣreq agdud s agaraw
Ɛawem neɣ qim…
D asdegdeg imeslayen-agi, zdin cudden am tezdemt, deg-s ad naf awalen iqburen akked watraren akken kan i ttemseḍfaren, ma d anamek-ines srid ɣer bab-is. Tamedyazt-is teččur d tamawalt, tesɛa aswir. Yal taseddart n usefru n tezlit-is ad naf deg-s imeslayen-nni n teqbaylit taḥrurt. Tizlit-is tesɛa iziɣer, tedder d wussan, tedder wa ad tidir yal tallit. Si tayri ɣer tmetti, si tmetti ɣer tsertit, war ma yezgel temsalt n tmaziɣt akked lsas n umennuɣ n uɣref Aqbayli, yenna-d t-id-nni i t-iqerḥen.
Di taddart n Lqelɛa, lɛarc n at Xlili ilul-d Yusef REKKAS, d acennay, d anaẓur. Ilul-d kan tedda-d deg yidammen-is tẓuri. Asmi yesɛa 16 n yiseggasen yekcem ɣer tiddukla tadelsant yellan di taddart-is, tiddukla tadelsant SAHEB Muḥend Ubelɛid, dinna yella icennu akked tezyiwin-is, yettiki di terbaɛt n talilt ( chorale ) akked umezgun, maca si temẓi-s iḥemmel aṭas cna, yemmal ɣur-s. Temẓi-s yezzuzen-itt cna n dda Sliman ƐAZEM, Ccix Nurdin, Ccix Lḥesnawi, Maɛtub, Ferḥat akked Lewnis… Ad naf daɣen asmuḥyet n MUḤYA akked tceqqufin n umezgun n Muḥemmed ḤILMI d yettɛeddin deg umaṭṭaf wis sin ssedhant temẓi-s, ṭṭfent tasga deg wul-is, yekker-d syissent.
S nniya-w ɣur-m i n-lḥiɣ
Seg wul asefru i turiɣ
Ara am-t-in-hedduɣ i kemm
Amzun d agerruj i ufiɣ
Am allen-iw i kem-ttwalliɣ
Ur d-ccliɛeɣ deg-wayen niḍen
Mi kem-ẓẓriɣ ittwalliɣ
Dayen akk icebhen
Mi kem-ẓẓriɣ, zhiɣ ḍsiɣ
A tala usirem
Amussu adelsan yeldi-as tiwwura ɣer tẓuri, yemmel-yas abrid ɣer wannar n yidles. Netta daɣen si tama-s d win yettnadi ad yessin ugar ɣef yiẓuran-is, ɣef umezruy-is, ɣef tutlayt-is. Yettnadi ansi d-yekka akken ad iẓer sani i teddu. Yella d aɛeggal di tiddukla tadelsant n taddart-is, am netta am yimdukal-is qeddcen ɣef yidles s umata, s yesmektiyen n tefsut n Yimaziɣen, yennayer… s temzikniyin n yal d aḥric, war ma yettu cna, imi cna-s yezga yid-s, yettawi-t deg wul-is anda ma yedda, s ugambar-is yexdem aṭas n tmeɣriwin di tuget n temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqbayel.
Deg useggas n 1997 yunag ɣer tmurt n Fransa, gar Lpari akked Iɛeẓẓugen yebda asekles n uḍebsi-ines amezwaru win d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 2008, deg-s llan 12 n tezlatin, azwel-ines “Tizlatin n tayri akked usirem n tmurt n Leqbayel”. Yal tizlit yesselsas aẓawan i t-iwatan, aẓawan aɣerfan akked ssut-is aḥlawan yerna cbaḥa i tezlatin-is. D aḍebsi d-yeffɣen kan di tmurt n Fransa d win yettnuzun daɣen s ttawil n ugernet ( internet ), ur d-yeffiɣ ara dag-i di tmurt acku tiẓrigin n usufeɣ ssutrent deg-s idrimen akken ad as-t-id-ssufɣen maca Yusef yella mgal aya acku yeḥsa s leqdic-is yesɛa aswir, dɣa aḍebsi-is ar ass-a ulac-it d ssuq n tmurt-nneɣ.
Ɣef tmusni nwiɣ ad ufrareɣ
Ad yeǧǧuǧeg ssaɛd-iw
Deg wasmi d-cfiɣ a lemdeɣ
Almi yemxel lmux-iw
Seqreben iyi-d ayen ikerheɣ
Sbaɛden lferḥ-iw
Tewser a tt-ttqerribeɣ
Deg tjeǧǧigt n temẓi-w
Ma ad ɣelteɣ ayen ɣef wi ɛattbeɣ
Ma d-awḍeɣ targit-iw
Yir lemnam idum tweḥceɣ
Ttuɣ id iswi-w
Ttuɣ ɣef wacu ittnaɣeɣ
Ttuɣ irkel wid ḥemmleɣ
Tatut terwi allaɣ-iw
Deg ugris ḥafi irekḍeɣ
Deg yirij irɣan iɛefseɣ
Ḥfan iḍarren-iw
Ass-a 7 n yisegasen i yezrin seg wasmi yessekles aḍebsi-ines amenzu, d aḍebsi yelḥan aṭas di tmurt n Fransa, xas ma ar ass-a ur yettnuz ara dag-i di tmurt n Lzzayer, Yusef ur yuyis ara, akka tura yettheggi aḍebsi amaynut. Dac dac yiwwas ad yewjed, d awezɣi ad yessres amrig-is (arme), am ufrux yettwaḥebsen di lqus, xas ma yettwaḥbes cna-s d awezɣi ad yettwaḥbes, d awezɣi ur as-t-sell ara tmeẓẓut, imi lebɣi yeččur d tayri akked d usirem, s usirem akked tayri yettruẓ leqyud d snasel id t-yettarzen.
Fahim MESSAOUDENE
(Journal de la cité – 25/09/2014)


text:
Timserẓa
Mreẓ zumba neɣ Tamserẓut (Assaɣ ussnan: Sitta) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ ičawčawen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temeserẓatin igebren seg 28 n telmas s unect weswir agraɣlan n yigṭaṭ. Igṭaṭ-a d wid ilan (yesɛan) aqerru meqqren, aqamum d yiqejjaren ijehden d wedfar meẓẓiyen. Akken i tella tesfift tassufant d taberkan ɣef wallen n tuget n telmas n tewsit-a. Yakk d wafriw afellay ini-ines gar n uzegzaw d uzunɣid.
Tuget n telmas n mreẓ zumba ttidirent deg taganin n yideggan imnummsanen d yidurar deg wezgen agafan n tegnit. Maca llant snat n telmas sbanen-tt-d tannumi-nsent i tmeddurt deg yiẓra d yideggan iẓeɣlen yekkawen deg Urasya. D acu kan d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) ad yili usukez (aferreq) gar n telmas yemgaraden n tewsit-a, yerna tilmas-a yakk bennunt-d igedfen deg wuruzen n yisekla d ifexsiwen-is. Amur ameqran n telmas-a ttɣamayent deg yideggan i d-ufan i wakken ad idirent deg-sen ɣef teɣzi n useggas.
Timserẓutin tettent igumma n yimɣan am ugusim anda i nekkunt icelman-is, akken i tettent ibureɣsen i ttafent s ddaw n tginit n isekla.
Aylanen n tfekka[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Mreẓ zumba d agṭiṭ meẓẓiyen. Talɣa-ines d takerdist, tafekka-ines d tačurant, aqamum-is ɣezzif yerna d anamsad, ma d adfar-is gezzil, d yikacbaren igedren. Ini n uzagur n mreẓ zumba d azegzaw yakk d uzunɣid maca kra n telmas deg Asya lant azagur d azegzaw yakk d udemdam ma d aqamum-nsent iga d azeggaɣ d uwraɣ. Ma d amur adday iga d amellal immerwin s umakẓay neɣ am yini n ubrac yakk d učinay. Azuk n mreẓ zumba yettawaṭ ɣer 195 mm.
Timserẓutin yakk d timeẓyanin. Maca mgaradent deg webluɣ s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n telmas d trakalt (ideggan n tudert). Amedya, tilmas yettidiren deg tẓegwa tizumbiyin ttmilen-tt ad ilint meẓẓiy-it, yerna amili ayi yettwaskad ula deg teɣreft anda i ttidirent kra kan n temeserẓutin deg tjumma meqqren. Amedya deg waddad d tegnit n wadu-telmest n tserẓut tazegzawt (S. europaea), s unemgal n tserẓut tacafcalt (S. magna) igan d talmest tameqrant yakk deg tewsit-a anda i tettazen gar n 36 alamma d 47 g ma d addud-is 19,5 cm.
Tareygama d tikeli[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Taɣuct[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Timserẓutin d timesɣuyyutin, Akken i ssexdament ishirriyen (aṣeffer) yemgaraden (aslewlew d usuɣu n tɣuri).
Taẓuni d tmezduɣt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Taẓuni[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Timserẓutin d tidak yettidiren deg umur meqqren n wezgen agafan n tegnit, deg Tamrikt n Ugafa, Agafa n Temrikt talemmast, tuget n yideggan n Uruppa, ɣef teɣzi n Asya alamma d uzlem n Wallace yakk d kra n yideggan n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen. Maca tuggta tameqrant yakk d tin yettilin deg tamiwin timsedrarin n Asya talemmast d Asya n unẓul anda i ttidirent wazal n snat tmerwin (20) n telmas[1]. Akken i llant semmus (5) n telmas deg Uruppa, 4 deg Temrikt n ugafa, ma deg Tferka llant snat n telmas (Taserẓut tuwrasit (S. europaea hispaniensis deg yidurar n Arif[2], yakk d uṭeggal azegzaw deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen), maca snat n telmas-a d timidrusin s waṭas. Yakk d yiwet n telmest deg Tamrikt n Unẓul[1]. Tuget n telmas gant d timarkadin ɣef teɣzi n useggas, ma d talmest tamyiwent yettinigen d Mreẓ zumba azeggaɣ yidmaren (Sitta canadensis) yettinigen deg tegrest seg Kanada ar uneẓruf.
Tanezduɣt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tuget n telmas n tserẓut ttidirent deg tẓegwa timsedrarin timnummsanin. Maca llant snat n telmas «Taserẓut n Neumayer (S. neumayer) yakk d tserẓut weẓru (S. tephronota), msezgant i tmeddurt ɣef yiẓra deg yideggan iɣuraren n Urasya[4] : dɣa deg tegrest ttɣamayent deg taganin d yimudaɣ ma deg tsemhuyt n usegdef bennunt igedfen-nsent deg yikedran n yiẓra neɣ deg iseffuyla[5],[6]
Tasensartut d tennagrawt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asesmel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tamserẓut d tin yeṭṭfen adeg deg twacult n Sittidae i d-ikkan seg wawal agrik σίttn.[7]
Tawsit-a tella zik nni deg usesmel n Carl Von Linné aseggas n 1758.[8] ma d kra n tussniwin n usesmel, ssesmlent tawsit n mreẓ zumba d yigṭaṭ yettejgugulen ɣef yiɣraben deg twacult n Troglodytidae' deg tegrawt meqqren yakked usibbus.
Yerna d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) s waṭas usikez (uɛqal) n imgaraden yellan gar n telmas.[9] acku ideggan d tudert d yini d umyaraw n telmas d win yaggugen s yigimen (d win ibeɛden s luluf) n ikilumitren gar yal talmest d tayedṭ, maca ttemcabin deg temseknit d usemyef n yideggan n tmeddurt d usčewčew. Dɣa talmest n sitta ledanti d mreẓ zumba ameẓyan llan ttussesmlen d yiwet n telmest acku ssufuɣen-d yiwet n tɣect yerna ttemcabin deg tfekka.[10]
Taserẓut deg yidles[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tiwlafin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ẓeṛ daɣen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ 1,0 et 1,1 Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
MatthysenChapter1-7
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
BWP1402
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
MatthysenChapter1-8
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
MatthysenChapter1-3-4
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
BWP1404
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
BWP1406
- ↑ Brookes, Ian (editor-in-chief) (2006). The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition. Edinburgh: Chambers. ss. 1417. ISBN 0-550-10185-3.
- ↑ Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). ss. 115. "Rostrum subcultrato-conicum, rectum, porrectum: integerrimum, mandíbula superiore obtusiuscula. Lingua lacero-emarginata"(Latince)
- ↑ Manegold, Albrecht (Nisan 2008). "Earliest fossil record of the Certhioidea (treecreepers and allies) from the early Miocene of Germany". Journal of Ornithology 149 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0263-9. Archived 2018-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Pasquet, Eric (Ocak 1998). "Phylogeny of the nuthatches of the Sitta canadensis group and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications". Ibis 140 (1): 150–156. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04553.x. Archived 2016-03-16 at the Wayback Machine


text:
Urfan n yiselmaden n tmaziYt deg Bgayet
26 Ctembeṛ 2007
Iselmaden n tmaziYt n twilayt n Bgayet la ttwalin aseggas-a amaynut n tYuri urd win ara d-yawin lxir. Tiddukla-nsen
la tettxemmim belli aṭas seg yinemhalen (directeurs) n yiYerbazen (llakulat) banen, seg tura belli ur yelli deg
nneyya-nsen ad gen kra akk-n ad snernin asselmed n tmaziYt.
Deg yiwet n tseYrut (déclaration) ay aY-d-yettuceyyeen, tiddukla Tidmi la d-teqqar belli inemhalen (directeurs)
n yiYerbazen ur la ttḍafaren ara leqwanen ay d-yessuffuY weYlif (ministère) imi ay ”ẓran
yagi ur ten-yetteaqab yiwen deg tegnit n menwala”. Seg yidis niḍen, Tamehla (Direction) n usselmed ar ass-a
weread d-tessuffeY kra n teftart (document) ay deg ara d-tesban amek yessefk ad yettwabnu u ad yili usselmed n tmaziYt
i sya ar sdat. Iselmaden la d-qqaren belli aYlif (ministère) ur d-yeclie ara yernu ur la ixeddem ara akk ay-n yessefken
akk-n ad yaf yiles amaziY iman-is.
Tiddukla tenna-d daYen ur ttunefken ara yimukan imaynuten i yiselmaden n tmaziYt deg Tubiret, wanag d wid
yellan yagi qeddcen s ugatu (contrat) ay ssuffYen. Nnig way-a, Yef leḥsab n tiddukla, ”assenqes deg
yiselmaden ad iḥaz ula d Tizi Wezzu”.
Imi tagnit d ”tamerẓagut”, akk-n d-tenna tiddukla Tidmi, taneggarut-a tessedda-d isuttar-is deg teftart
(document) ay d-tessuffeY. Tidmi la tessuttur akk-n ad ttunefken yimukan n leqdic deg usselmed n tmaziYt i wakk
wid ay d-yewwin turagt (licence) deg yiles amaziY, yerna ad ttunefken yimukan n leqdic i yimaswaḍen (inspecteurs)
imaynuten. Nnig way-a, Tidmi tḥettet akk-n ad d-gen tasudist (stratégie) ”ibanen yerna ad msefhamen fell-as akk
yidisan” i lmend n wezrae n usselmed n tmaziYt deg wakk timiwa, yerna, leqwanen ara d-yessuffeY weYlif
(ministère), yessefk ad ttuqareen wid ay terza temsalt ma yella xeddmen yes-sen neY ala.
SYur B.B.
Seg Dépêche de Kabylie, 26 Ctembeṛ, 2007, uṭṭun 1619
Tasuqilt sYur Omar MOUFFOK
Ẓer daYen :
Sqerdcet amagrad-a deg wenmager-nneY (forum)


text:
Awar n Arebbi s Tmazight n Arrif
Ṯarifiṯ
Vous êtes ici
Ṯuḏarṯ n Siḏna Dawud s ṯmaziɣṯ n Arrif (Ṯarifiṯ)
Ṣenneṭ i ȓebƹaḏ n lʼayaṯ zi ssuraṯ issawaȓen x ȓiyyam n Siḏna Dawed, tarjment ḏanita s ṯmaziɣṯ n Arrif, iƹni ṯarifiṯ. Zzabur yuca-as-ṯ Arebbi i Siḏna Dawed, ḏayes 150 n yizȓan. Aqa izȓi wis 23:
Siḏi Arebbi ineddeh-ayi,
amecnaw wenni irassen iḥuȓiyen,
war ḏayi itxeṣṣi walu.
Ḏeg imucan n ṯuzeyzut,
ḏinni iy ḏayi isreyyaḥ.
Zzaṯ i waman iṣfan,
ḏinni ineddeh-ayi,
iticc-ayi jjehḏ ḏ jḏiḏ.
Ḏeg ibriḏen iṣebḥanen itgewwaḏ-ayi,
ḥima aḏ ḥemḏeɣ isem nnes waha.
Meȓa ḏi ṯiȓi n ȓmewṯ uyureɣ,
zi ccerr war teggwḏeɣ,
minzi aqac akiḏi.
Aƹekkaz ḏ ṯeɣriṯ nnec,
ḥeṭṭan xafi.
Zzaṯ i ȓaƹḏu inu
ṯuciḏ-ayi mkuȓ ȓxir.
S zzect ṯḏehneḏ azeǧif inu,
uca ȓkas inu ifeyyeḍ.
Ȓxir ḏ arḍa aḏayi ḏfaren
ḏi marra ṯuḏarṯ-a,
aḏ qqimeɣ ṭṭarf i Siḏi Arebbi i ȓebda.
Droits d'auteur © 2021, Awar n Arebbi s Tmazight n Arrif


text:
Ttaman n yinirji igeɛɛed aṭṭas, ittwadha ammu i ɣa isiɣi lḥal. Merra min ɣa tegged, d ḥettu n uɣastar n yinirji. Inspiktur itticc 3 n nassiḥat i zi ɣa tesxinktared 350 uru di faktura n yinirji.
Ddenya ayenni tewweḍ tettgenfa zi pandimi n kuruna. Manaya d rexbar d asebḥan, maca ra d tutra n yinirji igeɛɛed. Di lweqt d icten askan (l’offre) n yinirji wer igeɛɛed ca. S uya ttaman ulyen ɣar ujenna, jerkṭer umi ggur a dd-txec tajrest. Manaya ijja ad imsar ijjen umḥizwar d ameqqran x kuntra n yinirji tasebḥant qaɛɛa.
Inspiktur iɛlem x manaya ca n yimalasen (simanat) zeg wami: inna inirji ad yerni di liɣla. Lux yuɛar lḥal mala trezzud a tbeddred zi ccaraka n yinirji. Minzi ttaman isebḥanen aɛlayn wer ten-ttifed. Maca labud ixssa aterras ad isemqawar kunṭra-nnes aked kuntrat n carakat-nneɣni ḥuma ad issen ma din ca ḥsen zi min ɣar-s, maca arrxa wer t-ttifed mani. Mala ɣar-k kuntra fix, ejj amenni ḥsen, minzi wer tzemmared a tettafed mana xyar. Ḥda melmi tkemel waha.
Hi mamec ɣa negg a nsxinktar? Ittxessa a nelmed a nesxinktar deg uɣastar n yinirji. Asxinktar deg yinirji d ijjen uxarres d asebḥan i merra iwdan. Minzi merra min wer tɣastared, wer txellised. S uya ittic inspiktur 3 n nassiḥat i zi ɣa tesxinktared 350 uru di faktura n yinirji mkul assegas. Leḥsab-a i ked zi CREG. CREG d Akumisiyun (tayemmunt) i ttariglin agaz d ttrisinti di Biljik, netta i illan d aɛessas x yinirji.
Tamsizeɣt sexdam-itt drust waha
Tamsizeɣt d ijjen macina talikrunit i isenqassen aṭṭas n lxedmet di taddart, maca zi macinat ittɣastaren aṭṭas qaɛɛa. Ayel arruḍ x ca n sslek niɣ ufilu, tamsizeɣt wer t-sxeddam ca aṭṭas. Ḥa manaya tzemmered a zag-s tesxinktared 90 uru mkul assegas.
Ssexsay sufaj cway zik
Sufaj nesruɣa-t ca n 8 n tseɛɛatin deg wass. Sexsay sufaj ɣar tmeddit ijjen tseɛɛat zzat xef lweqt i di tesexsayed ssufaj rebda. Lmital: wenni i innumen isexsay sufaj ɣar 21h n tmeddit, a t-issexsi ɣar 20h. Mala teggid manaya di rechurat isemḍen aṭṭas qaɛɛa, tzemmerd a tessneqsed 200 uru di faktura n yinirji mkul assegas.
Ḥda aɣastar innufaren
Manaya urid d asxinktar ameqqran, maca istahella aqabel. Macinat tiliktruniyin am triviziunat d kumpyutrat ig ixesyent, maca i ɣar illa kabli ɛad di lepriz tɣasṭarent drust n trsinti. S uyenni aterras ixssa ad yekkes kabli zi lapriz xminni wer issexdim macinat-a. Manaya ɛawed izemmer ad isenqes ar 75 uru zi faktura mkul assegas.


text:
Azayku, adjar n tudert
Abdellah Bouzandag
Agadir ass n 17/09/04
Agadir ass n 17/09/04
Ssengh is rad yummer Azayku igh fellas uran mdden, rad yummer uggar igh fellas uran s tmazight ghayan af nura tabrat ad ad tlkem iman nnes.
Isem nnek izdi d mennaw ikettayen g ighfawen negh. Nssen k isegwasen ayad, waxa yaghed tezwart s tudert, d tmmaght d ibadân, tzîdert teg tmeddurt nnek yat tmatart gh tmitar n izîder n umadan amazigh. Azayku tgit amedyaz n teksna (tatrajidit), tiwit tasemghurt n Merrok g usenflul mac kksen ak tt waàdawen lli iran ad ssentlen tafukt s tallunt ! Is tezdâr tafukt ad tntel s tallunt? tummert iligh turit yan udêris f umezruy negh, tgit yan umara lli ur ujjan wiyâd, turit f umezruy qnen k in g ubniq, turit ghas amarg n tmazight izddigen fkin ak tasemghurt kksn ak t !! is nit idus wawal lli ittinin “Rebbi kad yakkan ar ittkkis”, am igh ran ad ak inin “kiyi ad ur ttarat !! tirra nk ur asent nghi (nzdâr)”. S tidt tirra nnek a Azayku ur gant tin uzemz ad !! tirra nnek gant tin imal, ayt uzemz ad idrus gisen ma yukzen tabrat nk (amussu amazigh i wadû nes) acku tabrat nghd tibratin nnek ar sawalent f tasutin lli rad ilal ghayan af tgit atrar ghik lli tgit azayku. Tfrent agh mad igguten gh umezruy negh trzêmt agh ifelwan ggutnin tsawlet ghef tghawsiwin izdin d tmessunt (scientifique) tmelt agh mas iga ukccum n waàraben s izlmêd n Ifrtiqya tamaght ur d akccum n trezzift d ijeddigen.
Azayku..tgit argaz n uzemz negh, tgit ajeddig gh tuzzûmt n tnezruft, tzîdert aylligh tzri tudert nnek/tadjart nnek, yak kiyi ad innan gh tmedyazt “gigh adjar n tudert ur iyi tuqqir” ? S tidt tgit ghas adjar ur ihrcen waxxa k ur ujjan acku tddert taksna zund imerwas nek gh inazûren d imaraten (Van Gogh, Charles Dickens, …) willi ifkan i tudert mac tudert ur asen tfki gan ghas adjaren nnes.
Azayku d ilulluyen
Nessen ahyâd s yan ufgan ittllin ig amezwag ur a iswingim gh imal nnes awd tudert nnes is tustwa. Is aka ittkka timizar izug ur ar gis isaqsa yan… Ghmkan atga tudert nek
Muddix ur n midx mani
Alulluy agh mdêlx iseggwasen
Dlen nit s tgûdiwin
Nttenti a yegan imurig
Gh ul inu
Dren is
Ghmk an as tddert gh usklu tssummt izêngigen nnek gh umalu n tudert.
Azayku, tmmut tghessa nnek mac iman d uswingem nnek ighama, akal n tmazgha mqqar idrus magha yakka imassanen zund keyyi zdâr ad aghed gis lalen izaykuten yadên lli rad idêfer abrid nnek sslkmen tabrat nnek i tasutin lli rad ilal.
Ur fellak sawlen ayt TV waxxa tgit yan gh tarwa n tmazirt ad, mta ttarat f kra yadên bla tamagit nnek rad ak skren inmuggaren d tmghriwin, rad k issen ma imzzîn d ma imqquren mac testit agharas n tidt ghayan af k ruren f usga, mac waxxa ghmk an mta tsawalt rad tinit : udan iyi imettâwen nnun lli d ikkan igensiwen n tisewin nnun lli ibbi umarg n tlelli.
Yirir ak unazûr k irwasen Amouri Mbark timedyazin timghlal isslkem agh tend s uzawan immimen ur iskarksen ghayan af ur iskarks lligh ingi ul nnes d wingh s umettâ llighd nessen is tftit s umadâl lli yakw nra.
Azayku, ur rad dik nemsafâd acku ur teddit, tellit bedda didngh waxa k ur nzêrra s tît, tllit gh ulawen n willi k issnen d willi îhsan timedyazin nnek tigwerramin.
Isem nnek izdi d mennaw ikettayen g ighfawen negh. Nssen k isegwasen ayad, waxa yaghed tezwart s tudert, d tmmaght d ibadân, tzîdert teg tmeddurt nnek yat tmatart gh tmitar n izîder n umadan amazigh. Azayku tgit amedyaz n teksna (tatrajidit), tiwit tasemghurt n Merrok g usenflul mac kksen ak tt waàdawen lli iran ad ssentlen tafukt s tallunt ! Is tezdâr tafukt ad tntel s tallunt? tummert iligh turit yan udêris f umezruy negh, tgit yan umara lli ur ujjan wiyâd, turit f umezruy qnen k in g ubniq, turit ghas amarg n tmazight izddigen fkin ak tasemghurt kksn ak t !! is nit idus wawal lli ittinin “Rebbi kad yakkan ar ittkkis”, am igh ran ad ak inin “kiyi ad ur ttarat !! tirra nk ur asent nghi (nzdâr)”. S tidt tirra nnek a Azayku ur gant tin uzemz ad !! tirra nnek gant tin imal, ayt uzemz ad idrus gisen ma yukzen tabrat nk (amussu amazigh i wadû nes) acku tabrat nghd tibratin nnek ar sawalent f tasutin lli rad ilal ghayan af tgit atrar ghik lli tgit azayku. Tfrent agh mad igguten gh umezruy negh trzêmt agh ifelwan ggutnin tsawlet ghef tghawsiwin izdin d tmessunt (scientifique) tmelt agh mas iga ukccum n waàraben s izlmêd n Ifrtiqya tamaght ur d akccum n trezzift d ijeddigen.
Azayku..tgit argaz n uzemz negh, tgit ajeddig gh tuzzûmt n tnezruft, tzîdert aylligh tzri tudert nnek/tadjart nnek, yak kiyi ad innan gh tmedyazt “gigh adjar n tudert ur iyi tuqqir” ? S tidt tgit ghas adjar ur ihrcen waxxa k ur ujjan acku tddert taksna zund imerwas nek gh inazûren d imaraten (Van Gogh, Charles Dickens, …) willi ifkan i tudert mac tudert ur asen tfki gan ghas adjaren nnes.
Azayku d ilulluyen
Nessen ahyâd s yan ufgan ittllin ig amezwag ur a iswingim gh imal nnes awd tudert nnes is tustwa. Is aka ittkka timizar izug ur ar gis isaqsa yan… Ghmkan atga tudert nek
Muddix ur n midx mani
Alulluy agh mdêlx iseggwasen
Dlen nit s tgûdiwin
Nttenti a yegan imurig
Gh ul inu
Dren is
Ghmk an as tddert gh usklu tssummt izêngigen nnek gh umalu n tudert.
Azayku, tmmut tghessa nnek mac iman d uswingem nnek ighama, akal n tmazgha mqqar idrus magha yakka imassanen zund keyyi zdâr ad aghed gis lalen izaykuten yadên lli rad idêfer abrid nnek sslkmen tabrat nnek i tasutin lli rad ilal.
Ur fellak sawlen ayt TV waxxa tgit yan gh tarwa n tmazirt ad, mta ttarat f kra yadên bla tamagit nnek rad ak skren inmuggaren d tmghriwin, rad k issen ma imzzîn d ma imqquren mac testit agharas n tidt ghayan af k ruren f usga, mac waxxa ghmk an mta tsawalt rad tinit : udan iyi imettâwen nnun lli d ikkan igensiwen n tisewin nnun lli ibbi umarg n tlelli.
Yirir ak unazûr k irwasen Amouri Mbark timedyazin timghlal isslkem agh tend s uzawan immimen ur iskarksen ghayan af ur iskarks lligh ingi ul nnes d wingh s umettâ llighd nessen is tftit s umadâl lli yakw nra.
Azayku, ur rad dik nemsafâd acku ur teddit, tellit bedda didngh waxa k ur nzêrra s tît, tllit gh ulawen n willi k issnen d willi îhsan timedyazin nnek tigwerramin.


text:
Nnant-id tirezzutin tarkyulujiyin i ttwaggen deg ijjen yifri (Ifri n Emar) jjihet n Nnaḍur. Ila Irifiyen iqdimen d agdud amezzwaru i yeccin aɣlal deg umezruy n tewdanit. Ca n tleqqa ɣer-sent ca 16 alef issgusa. D nitnti ig issiwḍen imussnawen ig ittbeqqacen dinni ad ssnen manaya.
Amarezzu deg usinag n anamur n tussiniwin n later d wayda (INSAP). Yusef Bukebbuṭ inna ila agdud umi ttuɣa qqaren di lweqt-nni « Ibirumuriziyen » d imezzwrua i yeccin aɣlal.
tirezzutin-a tarkyulujyin, ttmernayent-id ɣer tinniḍen yettwaggen deg yifri n « Idbiren » di Tfuɣalt. Mani ufin ijjen tḥenjirt tettwagg x-as apparasyu x uzellif-nnes. Uca tedder awern-as, qqaren imussnawen ila d aparasyu x uzellif ig inejḥen d amezzwaru di dduniyt.


text:
EL Houcine Amrrakchi : Ayamarg Awiyi Slam nagh ilhbab
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text:
TIZI WEZZU (SIWEL) — Xas ulamma yella-d lḥeṛṣ d ameqran ɣef yimeɣnassin d tmeɣnassin n umussu n ufraniman n tmurt Taqbaylit, aladɣa imi ieeggalen n laman n tesdawit n Dda Lmulud at Meemmeṛ d wid yefkan affus, imi ǧǧan iɣallen n laman d yisardassen kecmen ɣer daxel n tseddawit, wigi d wid yerran iman-nsen d isdawanen, neɣ d inelmaden. S tayri nni Teqbaylit, d nnif n yimeɣnassen d tmeɣnassin, ur ssusmen ara i lbaṭel-agi imi imsulta-agi s yiselsa n yieeggalen n laman n tseddawit, refden ieekkzan n wuzzal, d lemwas akken ad wwten neɣ ad ssigden izemawen i d-tṛebba Teqbaylit.
D awezɣi imeɣnassen d tmzɣnassin ad ssusmen, heggan iman-nsen akken i iwata i tyitiwin yecban tigi, imi snen annar, snen tikerkas n udabu, fdɣen-d affus deg uffus, d yiwet n tfekka, dduklen d yiqbayliyen i ten-yettraǧun beṛṛa n tseddawit, ddan d yiwen uḍaṛ, refden yiwen uffus, ssuɣen s yiwet n taɣect » Timunent i Teqbaylit ». Adabu amharsan azdayri ihegga-d ieeggalen d yiḍan n wer laman, d wid i yewweten timeɣnassin d yimeɣnassen, ɣer taggara d nutni i yeččan tɣṛit, rewlen, ǧǧan abrid ad eeddin yiqbayliyen d teqbayliyin-nneɣ ifassen ur kkaten ara, iḍaṛṛen ur rewwelen ara, ifassen d ilemawen, iqerray d wullawen d Taqbaylit i ččuren.
Ma neddukel s Leqbayel, idurar ad rmimzen.
Tikli mazal ur tfukk ara, si tiremt ɣer tayeḍ, ad awen-d-nernu s kra n yisalli yellan.
Qqimet yid-nneɣ.
SIWEL 201415 AVR 21


text:
Awar n Arebbi s Tmazight n Arrif
Ṯarifiṯ
Vous êtes ici
Ṯuḏarṯ n Siḏna Yunes s ṯmaziɣṯ n Arrif (Ṯarifiṯ)
Ṣenneṭ i ssura umi qqaren Yunes. Ṯessawaȓ x ȓiyyam n Siḏna Yunes, ṯtarjem ḏanita s ṯmaziɣṯ n Arrif, iƹni ṯarifiṯ.
Ɣer ḏanita x Siḏna Yunes wami ḏas iȓaɣa Siḏi Arebbi aḏ ibeccar ṯandint n Ninwa bac aḏ tuben zi ȓmuƹṣiyaṯ nsen. Manaya aqaṯ ḏeg wuḏem wis 1 n ssura n Yunes: Yumar Siḏi Arebbi Yunes, inna-as: "Kkar, ruḥ ɣar ṯendint n Ninwa ṯameqqrant iy d yusin ḏi jjihet n ccarq, ṯsiwḍeḏ awaȓ inu ɣares minzi ccerr n imezḏaɣ nnes yiweḍ-ayi-d." Maca Yunes ikkar irweȓ zi Siḏi Arebbi. Uca ihwa ɣar ȓebḥar n yij n ṯendint umi qqaren Yafa mani yufa ij n ṯɣarrabut aḏ traḥ ɣar yij n ṯendint umi qqaren Tarcic iy d yusin ḏi jjihet n lɣarb. Ixeǧes Yunes amcan nnes, igaƹƹeḏ ḏi ṯɣarrabut akeḏ ibaḥriyen minzi ixes aḏ irweȓ zi Siḏi Arebbi.
Ȓxeddnnit issekk-d Siḏi Arebbi ij usemmiḍ ijheḏ, ihweȓ zzayes ȓebḥar ḥetta aȓ mani ƹȓaḥaȓ aḏ trez ṯɣarrabut. Ggwḏen ibaḥriyen u ibḏa kuȓ ijjen zzaysen isɣuyiw itettar s arebbi nnes, ɣeḍȓen ȓeḥwayej zi ṯɣarrabut ɣar ȓebḥar bac axas sneqsen dqeȓ. Maca Yunes, netta tuɣa-ṯ iṭṭeṣ ḏeg waǧeɣ n ṯɣarrabut. Yusa-d ɣares bab n ṯɣarrabut inna-as: "Mayemmi ṯeṭṭṣeḏ? Kkar, ṯettareḏ s Arebbi nnec imken aḏaneɣ ifekkar ḥima war netmetti ca." Uca nnan i wayawya: "Yallah, a neḥseb bac a nexzar wi ḏaneɣ isebben ḏi lbala-ya. Umbaƹd ḥesben yusa-d ȓeḥsab ḏeg Yunes. Nnan-as: "Xebbar-aneɣ mayemmi ḏaneɣ ṯeḥkem lmuṣiba-ya? Mant ȓxeḏmeṯ nnec? Manis d ṯusiḏ? Manis ṯamurṯ nnec? Ug iǧan ḏ ȓgens nnec?"
Yarra-d xasen: "Nec zeg yiwḏan n Bani Israʼil. Ƹebbḏeɣ Siḏi Arebbi, lʼilah n ujenna, wenni ig ixeȓqen ȓbarr ḏ ȓebḥar."
Iwḏan nni ggwḏen aṭṭas aȓmi ṯen ixebbar belli netta irweȓ zi Siḏi Arebbi, nnan-as: "Mayemmi ṯeggiḏ manaya?" Umbaƹd sseqsan-ṯ: "Min ḏac ɣa negg bac axaneɣ ihedden ȓebḥar?" Minzi ȓebḥar tuɣa-ṯ ƹaḏ irenni ḏeg uhaji.
Inna-asen: "Ysim-ayi nḍarem-ayi ḏi ȓebḥar ḥima aḏ ihedden, ȓaḥeqqac nec aqayi mteyyqen belli nec ḏ ssabab n ȓbala-ya xawem d imersen."
Maca iwḏan nni war ḏas ggin bu array, xsen aḏ sufɣen ṯaɣarrabut ɣar ṭṭarf n ȓebḥar. Maca war ḏas zemmaren ca minzi ȓebḥar ihweȓ xasen aṭṭas. Uca bḏan sɣaṯan ɣar Siḏi Arebbi: "Ay Arebbi, war ḏaneɣ neqq ca ḏi ṭṭuƹaṯ n ṯuḏarṯ n bnaḏem-a. Ntettar-ac ƹaweḏ bac war ḏaneɣ tḥessibeḏ x iḏammen nnes minzi cek a Siḏi Arebbi, ṯeggiḏ min ṯexseḏ." Umbaƹd ṭṭfen Yunes nḍaren-ṯ ḏi ȓebḥar, ȓxeddnnit irsa ȓebḥar. Ggwḏen yiwḏan nni aṭṭas zi Siḏi Arebbi. Ṭṭfen qeddmen teḍḥiyeṯ i Arebbi uca mƹahhaḏen akiḏes. Maca Yunes, isewjeḏ-as Arebbi ij n usȓem ḏ ameqqran bac aṯ iseɣȓi. Ikka Yunes ḏeg uƹeddis n usȓem ṯeȓt-iyyam.
Droits d'auteur © 2021, Awar n Arebbi s Tmazight n Arrif


text:
Takhbrane d gyude d koshuyne d Malqyute d Armenia ile kubla ka ezgyade d Ameriqa
Takhbrane d gyude d koshuyne d Malqyute d Armenia ile kubla ka ezgyade d AmeriqaTakhbrane d gyude d khele d Malqyute d Armenia jeneral letenant Onik Gasparyan 28 bi ilun ile kubla ka ezgyade d Ameriqa go Malqyute d Armenia Lin Treysin am ka takhbrane d gyuda Sqot Maqsvel. Ka gyyde d Armenpres ina mughbra mn galianute d vazirute d Malqyute d Armenua.Le dane d tpakta gibane ina mughbra but kha gyahe bujare but takhmantate d gyuane op but makhchamte d assurute d trin gibane.


text:
Mi yesliɣ s yisem-im itwabder-d ad d-mektiɣ Taqbaylit. Tamețțut tamezwarut yuran ungalen s trumit. Isem-im ismektayi-d tamețțut n ccna, icewwiqen, d yizlan n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen.
Tebdiḍ tira deg useggas n 1935. Turiḍ ayen tedreḍ seg asmi I telliḍ d tamezyant. Ayen akk turiḍ d tesleṭ ɣef lɣerba teddreḍ . Ugar n waya tecniḍ ațas n yizlan I d-teṭṭeṭḍ deg izir n yemma-m Fadma At Mensur. Segmi mezziyeḍ kem tefkiḍ dudert-im akken ad d-gemreḍ, ad d-sidreḍ izlan ad ten d-sukkesseḍ seg imi n tatut, atent terred ttwasnen di ddunit merra, acku d wayi i d agerruj n talsa. Izlan–im tewwiṭen-d ɣef tudert n wemdan si dduḥ alarmi d aẓekka.
Tluleḍ-d ass n 4 di meɣres 1913. Temmuteḍ di Paris ass 2 di yibrir1976.
A Tawes, ɣas teddreḍ d taɣribt, teckunṭeḍ di teqbaylit-im.
D yemma-m i yellan deffir wayen telmeḍ-d d inzan, izlan, timucuha, ccna akked wayen turiḍ deg wadlis aeeqqa yessawalen. Tessekcem-am Taqbaylit ɣer wul-im. Temla-yam azal-is.
A Tawes terẓiḍ asalu i tlawin, tuɣed abrid imezwura imi ayefki teṭṭeḍ d win n tsedda. Aẓar-im tectelṭ-id seg Yugurten. TessufYeḍ idles-nneɣ ɣer berra asmi akken yiwen ur yezmir ad yenteq.
Ass-a a Tawes isem-im bɣan ad teɣbun, ur tnufi la di tsekla, wala di ccna. Di taddart-im ulac aẓekka-m, ungalen-im bɣan a ten-sneggren di tmurt-a. Yak ugin-am ad tecnuḍ di tfaska n Tferka di 1969 i d-yellan di Lezzayer acku llan wid imyessawalen : Marie-Louise.
A Ṭawes yak tekkiḍ di terbaet i d-yeslulen “agraw ImaziYen”di Fransa, timlilit tamenzut tella-d deg wexxam-im. Ulac tamurt i teğğiḍ a Tawes akken ad tsisenḍ idles-nneɣ. Terriḍ-d awal i weɣref Aqbayli. Tudert-im teseeddaḍ d taberkant, tezgiḍ ger sin iberdan: lɣerba, idles itwarkḍen. Γas akken tennuYed ɣef ultma-m Taqbaylit akken ad t-id suksed ger tuɣmas d wacaren iwaYezniwen.
Ass-a a m-nerr tajmilt a m-nini: nefreḥ, nefreḥ imi d Taqbaylit, d tin yennuYen ɣef tnaslit-is. D tidett truḥeḍ ur d-tuYaleḍ, maca mazal-ikem teddreḍ deg ulawen, acku ayen turiḍ d wayen tecniḍ yekcem ulawen, idda di tmetti, ur yezmir yiwen atyesfed. Tluleḍ di tunes tekkerḍ-d d tilemẓit tennuɣeḍ mgal wid iḥeqren idles-nneɣ. Akka id tameddurt-im tečča lYerba. Yečča-kem lḥif, maca teseeddaḍ s nnif.
Teddreḍ tudert n Teqbaylit, yal win i m-yessawlen ɣef tidett ur tettugiḍ ara. Zeddig wul-im, ur teseid aedaw ala wid yerran tablaḍṭ ɣef yidles Aqbayli (Amaziɣ), ala wid yerran takmamt I tmeṭṭut.
A Ṭawes, Yas medlen-kem di tudret-im, tabratt-im ass-a neYratt, Yas temmuteḍ, deg ulawen teddreḍ, Yas teğğid-aɣ teğğiḍ-d! Reffu-inem Yef tmurt-a d lmeḥna-nneɣ, imețțawen-im ur tɣaran deg allen-nneɣ, targit-im d asirem-nneɣ, ccna-m “icewwiqen-im” d Taqbaylit-nneY! D awezYi, a kem-nettu, a kem-neɣɣar di lakul, tuddar, timdinin.
{{Crif wanuYi}}


text:
Talmest (tilmas), espèce (fr) - species (en) - especie (es) - نوع
Addad amaruz: telmest (telmas).
Tasniremt:
Talmest takrurant - espèce chimique (fr) - chemical species (en) - -
Talmest talsant - espèce humaine - especie humana - جنس بشري
Talmest tanezzant - espèce commerciale (fr) - commercial species (en) - especie comercial (es) - نوع تجاري
Talmest tasnudrant - espèce biologique (fr) - biological species (en) - especie biológica (es) - نوع بيولوجي
Talmest tazegrant - espèce bovine (fr) - bovine species (en) - especie bovina (es) - نوع بقري
Talmest yettwaggzen - espèce menacée - especie amenazada - نوع مهدد
Imedyaten:
Deg tmurt, llant aṭas n tlemsin n yibeɛɛucen - Beaucoup d'espèces d'insectes vivent dans la campagne - En el campo viven diversas especies de insectos - تعيش في الريف الكثير من أنواع الحشرات
Aql-iken deg - Vous êtes dans - You are in - Ustedes están en - أنتم في
Asegzawal n Tmaziɣt - Dictionnaire Amazigh - Français - Amazigh - English Dictionary - Diccionario Amazigh - Español - قاموس أمازيغي - عربي
(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.


text:
Taneɣrit (tineɣriyin), classe (école) – clase (en la escuela) – قسم، في المدرسة
Addad amaruz: tneɣrit (tneɣriyin).
Imedyaten:
Taneɣrit-nneɣ llan deg-s kuẓet n tmerwin ed yiwen n yibalmuden – Il y a quarante-et-un élèves dans notre classe – En nuestra clase hay cuarenta y un alumnos – هناك واحد و أربعون تلميذا في قسمنا
Yidir yeqqim ɣer tama n Taninna deg tneɣrit – Yidir s’est assis à côté de Taninna dans la classe – Yidir se sentó junto a Taninna en clase – جلس ييدير بجانب تانينا في القسم
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text:
Tamassant
Tamassant ( Asget : Timassanin) tga kullu madakkan iswingimns lanin atig f mayssn ufgan, d ma ilkm s ixfn ɣ tusna n madas issuteln. z talatinit (scientia, « connaissance »). Ilint graygat tiɣulin n tamassant, tarakal (géographie), tamsasfart ( Medecin), tusnakt (Matematique), takrura (chimie).. graygat tayult tẓli s yan wanaw n tamassant tsmun tiwuriwin nes, d iswingimn iqbura nes, d ma fllasn ibnan , d mad kfan. Gint tiɣarasin timassanit, atig n tamassanit may skarn ɣ tuwuriwin ad kullu ma mu ntini timassanin.
Tasartut n timassanin[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
- Timassanin tinamunin
- Timassanin n tudert
- Timassanin n iwwurgan
- Timassanin tisengamin
- Timassanin tinlɣanin
- Timassanin tigjdanin
- Timassanin tisnsitin
- Timassanin n ugama
- Timassanin tinfganin
Tiɣbula[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]


text:
Ass n 19 Mayu 1956, gan yimezrawen izzayriyen asunded yernu ɣetsen ad ffɣen seg tesdawiyin d tesnawiyin akken ad derwen deg Tegrawla. S waya, rran-d tiɣri i Tdukli Tamatut n Yimezrawen Inselmen Izzayriyen yernu dehlen adhal d axatar amennuɣ n uɣref azzayri akken ad yeɣḍel azaglu n usehres afṛansi.
Tadyant-a ara d-yeqqimen deg tkatut d tin ay yeqqlen d ass aɣelnaw n umezraw ay iderwen mliḥ deg usgerɣel n temsalt taɣelnawt.
Adraw n yimezrawen izzayriyen deg Tegrawla n Wamber 1954 d ayen ay tt-yeǧǧan ad d-tesfaydi seg tissugriwin d-yekkan seg tɣula yemgerraden. Imezrawen llan d ikataren deg Tredsa n Uslelli Aɣelnaw yernu d aya ay as-yefkan i tredsa-a udem d atrar, imeṣken yernu yessuddes.
I usmekti, asfugel n umulli wis 64 n Wass Aɣelnaw n Umezraw d win aydeg d-caren, ilindi, targa tasnetlant n « El Maarifa » i ulmud anemgag.


text:
Tessufeɣ-itt-dd, tɛawed-as tira; Milouda El Hankari
Zeg udlis n A. Renisio: ÉTUDE SUR LES DIALECTES BERBÉRES DES BNI IZNASSEN, DU RIF ET DES SENHAJA DE SRAÏR. GRAMMAIRE, TEXTES ET LEXIQUE.1932,
Leḥkayet-a, isemma-tt Renisio “LÉGENDE DE SIDI AISA UABDELKRIM”.Ieawed-as–tt Ɛmar n Ɛli zi Ayt Weryaɣel, izeddeɣ gi Meknas.
Adlis i dd-igguren d ij n tɣewwint n yezlan igerw-iten-dd Renesio zi ddcurat n Ayt Weryaɣel.
Sidi Ɛisa Uɛebdekrim, yemḍel gi Zzawit jer n Ayt Ɛebḍella d Ayt Ɣriḍ.
Iwa imɣer uka yeḍḍerɣel.
Ɣer-s tlata n tarwa-ines, kul ijjen s yemma-s, ijjen qqaren-as Sidi Mḥend, ijjen qqaren-as Sidi Musa, ijjen qqaren-as Sidi Yusef.
Yesqad-iten baba- tsen ad gemren gi lɣabet, a das-dd-awyen lweḥc zi lexla. Sidi Mḥend, yewwi-dd tayerẓiẓt. Sidi Yusef yewwi-dd taqennit. Sidi Musa ur yufi ci, yewwi-dd tiɣidet taqeccart.
Wami i dd-xeḍlen, inna-sen: a wladi min dd-tiwim? Iqerreb Sidi Mḥend d amezwaru, yuc-as tayerẓiẓt. yessekk xaf-s afus-ines, yenna-s; a memmi d tasebḥant. Iqerreb ɣer-s Sidi Yusef, yuca-s taqennit, yessekk xaf-s afus-ines ,yenna-s: a memmi d tasebḥant. Iqerreb ɣer-s Sidi Musa yuca-s tiɣidet taqeccart, yessek xaf-s afus-ines, yufa-tt d taḥercawt. Tessiwel-dd ɣer-s yemma-s n Sidi Musa, tenna-s i Sidi Ɛisa:” aqa ad tesxesred ci gi mmi”.
Inna-s netta Sidi Ɛisa: ad yegg rebbi tarwa-inek am ṭɣeṭṭan, wa ad yeccat wa, a tcexmani ɣa mragg°ajen, wa ad ijeggu x wa.
Sidi Mḥend, yejmeɛ taqbilt n Ayt Weryaɣel. Wami i ten-yejmeɛ, inna-sen: wi deg-kum ad iḍmen tagzirt, a dakum-ḍemneɣ necc taqbilt-nkum, jjuɛ d lmexzen ur ɣer-kum dd-ittis. Qqimen ɣir sseɣden qqeɛ. Inna-sen: necc aqa ḍemneɣ jjuɛ d lmexzen ur x-kum dd-ittcerrif.
Wami ɣa yemmet, bnan-t, ggin-as tawwurt tewda-yasen. Ḥetta rami i das-ggin tawwurt zdat i tegzirt, ɛad i tbedd. Netta yemḍel jer Izefzafan d Ayt Wejdir deg warendad n lebḥer.
Sidi Musa, yenya ij n nhar x tserdunt, iraḥ ag ubrid, yelqa ij n wergaz, yeṭṭef-as deg wargam n tserdunt, inna-s: ur zeg-k reẓẓmeɣ ɣir mala tucid-ayi rrẓeq minzi ad sɛiceɣ tarwa-inu. Inna-s netta: ur ɣer-i min dak-ɣa uceɣ, melli ɣer-i min dak-ɣa uceɣ ila uciɣ-t i uzellif-inu. Yugi a s zeg-s yerẓem. Yenna-s: iwa sir ag ubrid, ayen ɣa tafed ag ubrid ksi-t. Sidi Musa isbedd taserdunt.
Idwel wergaz-nni ar ubrid, yufa ij n qettala terẓem aqemmum, trezzu wi ɣa tecc. Inna-s: nec ttreɣ-as rrẓeq , netta yuc-ayi qettala a dayi tecc, ad tecc tarwa-inu. Idwel ɣer-s yufa-t ibedd, inna-s: necc ttreɣ-ak rrẓeq, cekk tucid-ayi qettala. Inna-s: raḥ ukan, mala deg-k ci n nneyyet iksi-tt. Inna-s: la, yallaḥ ksi-tt cekk. Iraḥ akid-s Sidi Musa.
Wami iwḍen, qettala tenḍu-dd ar Sidi Musa, tenneḍ-as am tɛugg°aḍt gi nneṣṣ-ines.
X uyenni qqaren-as Sidi Musa aɛugg°ad.
Argaẓ-nni i das-iṭṭren rrẓeq, issek-as Sidi Musa afus-ines x tiṭṭawin-ines, uka idderɣel. Inna-s: sir ad truḥed ur dak yuci ci rebbi. Ur deg-k bu-nneyyet.


text:
Kabul
Kabul d tamaneɣt n Afɣanistan, tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt. Zedɣen-tt 2.850.000 n yimezdaɣen. Deg useggas n 1774 ay teqqel temdint-a d tamaneɣt n tmurt. Ass-a, Kabul d nettat ay d ammas n tdamsa, n tnezzut (ttjaṛa) akked yedles n Afɣanistan, yerna ɛlayet 1800 n lmitrat. Aṭas n yimenɣiyen ed yemgura (ṭṭradat) ay yekkan ɣef Kabul deg lqern wis 19 ed wis 20. Deg yiseggasen n 1980, asmi ay tt-ṭṭfen Yisuvyatiyen, akked yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay yenker wemgaru gar Wafɣanen, aṭas n yimukan ay ihudden seg temdint-a.


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Wp/shi/Tusnakt
Tusnakt gan tt tussniwin timdwanin igan tayafut n tsɣẓan timẓẓulin mi ittug usnas f tɣawsiwin imyallan zun d imḍann, unuɣn, tuskiwin d ismuttuyn. tga tusnakt, igr n ucnubbc isbuɣlun tussniwin ad, d ula iẓli tnt isslmadn.
Tbḍa tusnakt f kigan n iẓlan zun d: tasnmḍant, aljibr, aslaḍ, tanzggit, tamẓla tusnaktant, atg. illa ula yan usngiri gr tusnakt tazddagt d tusnakt tawsnast.
Tmyalla tusnakt f tmassanin yaḍn s uzday nns war anaw d tilawt acku ur ar gis tettusmras tamawt d waram f tɣawsiwin tigamanin. Tga tusnakt tamdwant (tin twngimt) s uɣrud nns, acku tɣsr f igjda mi nttini timidiyin (anamk nns mas ur zrin igjda ad ɣ waram, waxxa aha ttyafrakn) nɣ f tndagin ittwadggan ar kra n tizi yaḍn. Ar tzrri tinawt tamusnaktt nna mi ttinin, addag tzri, askkud, tasumrt, tamnzut,… kudnna iḍfr inaw tt issɣsrn d nna d issufɣn tidt nns ka n tuskiwt taɣẓnant mi nttini tasɣẓnt, nɣ askan amẓẓul. Tinawt nna idusn , maka ur ta d iffiɣ is tga tidt, ar as nttini turda.
Mqqar akk gant tyafutin n tusnakt timiditin igan bahra talɣanin, Ar nn nttafa asnas nnsnt ɣ tiyyaḍ tussniwin d ula ɣ yigran imyallan n tetiqnit.
Aẓur n wawal
Tusnakt tga yat tguri tamaynut nna ɣ llan sin iwaliwn tussna d kti (tussna= science, ket = mesurer; tusnakt= science de mesure (mathématiques), tussna n wektay).
Amzruy
Nẓḍar ad nini mas isbuɣla ufgan tusnakt ur ta ttyafant tirra. tiɣawsiwin timzwura igan tugga f tsugar n ussiḍn gan tnt iɣryan n ussiḍn, zund iɣss n icangu (ɣ tfrikt) nna mi yaɣul usakud ar 20,000 n usggas. ittyaɣan usbuɣlu n tusnakt nna igan tussniwin ittusnkadn ɣ tɣrmiwin timzwura s usnas nns akmam: asɣnzi, aswuddu n tyafutin n tkrza, asɣil n tjummiwin, inɣmisn f tmsarin n tsnayrart, d idsnt tikkal asnas n izrfan isgdann.
Isbuɣlutn imzwura nna tssn tusnakt izdin s ussufɣ n iẓuran imkkuẓn, iẓuran igasasan, afssay n tagdiwin tigtfulin, taktkrdist, assiḍn imrẓi, tasnmḍant n ummidn igamann... ttwaskarn ɣ tɣrmiwin n ikadyann, ibabiln, ijibtiyn, icinwitn nɣ ula ɣ wasif n hindus.
Ɣ tɣrmiwin tigrikanin, ar trzzu tusnakt, nna ḍusnt twuriwin izwarn d iswingmn iflsafn, ad tawḍ uggar n tmadwant. ungimn n usiskn d usnml agjdan ttyasrasn. ffɣn d sin iẓlan imyallan, tasnmḍant d tnzggit. Ɣ tsuta tiss III ur ta ilul , gan igmamn n uklid tagḍwit i tussniwin n tusnakt n ugrik ssadsn tnt.
Tiws tɣrma tanslmt ɣ wuḍuf n ukkusu agriki d usmrks nns d tyafutin ticinwiyin d thindiyin, s lawan akk ɣ tmtta n usnkd n imḍann. ttusmɣrnt twuriwin timusnakin ula ɣ umkraḍakt (asnkd n tsɣunin timkraḍaktanin) uggar n tsnmḍant. tettusnulfa day tettusmɣr tslḍt tamsuddst, taslḍt tazwilan d ljabr agtful.
Ɣ «tlalit tamaynut n tsuta tiss XII», ittyaskar uzraw d usuɣl i kra n iḍrisn igrikitn d waɛrabn s tlattant. asiggl amusna innumms nn ɣ turuft. Ɣ tsuta tiss XVI tettusbuɣla, s ungmḍ d byir n la-rami (Pierre de La Ramée), tswingmt n is tlla yat tmassant tamaḍlant nna s nufa ad dars nsbdd tussniwin. yannay nn dikart zɣ 1629, ɣ ilugan i uswala n unlli, allfusn nna tettakka tusnakt afad ad turar tilalt ann. yuwi d dikart, ɣ inaw n tɣarast, alday n tusnakt, «s usrag n war turda d uman n tɣẓinin nns». ar ittimɣur usiḍn n ljar ḍfrn tt s usrid twuriwin n byitt d tin dikart. day isnulfa nyuṭun d libniz asiḍn amziryan argaran.
Ɣ tsuta tiss XVII, iɣḍf galili mas tga tusnakt imiss irwan i uglam n umaḍal agaman, aya nufa ad tt nssgzl d mas ttyaran ilgamn n ugama s yat tutlayt tamusnakt. ihi tskr tusnakt d twada tanaramt, yan zɣ sin iɣzdisn n tmrniwt n tussniwin titrarin.
Ɣ taɣzi tasut tiss 18 d tiss XIX, tssn tusnakt yan ubuɣlu ḍart uzraw anagraw n tuskiwin, tssnti s tgrumma igan tayafut n twuriwin n galwa f tigda tigtfulin, d izbgan nna issnkd didkind.
Tssn tsuta tiss XIX asbuɣlu n yat tẓri tagjdant, f tɣawsiwin akk ttuzrawnin, s twuri n kantur d hilbirt, iga tt usiggl n iskuttuyn imusnakn. tga tgjdant ad abrid nna ḍffrn tugt n imusnakn n tsuta tiss 20 fara ad rzun ad snmln tusnakin akk s iws n yat tmslayt, ad tt igan d tmẓla tamusnakt.
Tssn tsuta tiss XX yan ubuɣlu imqqurn ɣ tusnakt s yan uẓlay n taɣulin, d tlalit d usmɣr n kigan n iẓlan imaynutn (zund: tiẓri n wakat, tiẓri tanwlaft, tusndɣart n ljabr d tnzggit n ljabr). Ula tasnslkimt illa dars yan yiḍiṣ f usiggl. Ɣ yat tsga, issrxa amyawaḍ d udraw n tussniwin, ɣ tsga yaḍnin tfka yan imiss i ussmnid s imdyatn. Amussu ad yiwi d asmudm d uszwl.
Taɣulin
Ar bahra ittusmras ubṭṭu n tusnakt f sin, kraḍ ar kkuẓ n iẓlan imyallan : ljabr d tslḍt, nɣ ljabr, taslḍt d tnzggit, nɣ ljabr, taslḍt, tanzggit d tsqqar. Iẓlan zund wid ur umann d ur bahra ttusuttan iwtta ibḍḍun gratsn. Acku tuggt n tyafutin timusnakin ar sɣawsant s tsugar d iddan zɣ taɣulin mzaraynin. Zund askkud n Wilṣ, nna ittuɣsrn ɣ 1994. Mknna ttyuskar s tɣarast igan tasnmḍant, as isɣawsa usiskn nns s tsugar imqqurn ɣ tslḍt d tnzggit.
Taɣulin timatayin
Aljibr iga t tgrumma n tɣarasin ttwaskarnin i uzraw d usbuɣlu n tuskiwin n waljibr d i uɣtam n wassaɣn llanin grasnt. Gant tigda tigtfulin d usbuɣlu n tɣarasin n uslaḍ asala amzruyan n waljibr s unamk nns atrar: asiggl ɣ taɣulin ad icuncg tamunt n tmsniwin iskan tiẓri n tgrummiwin, n tẓri n galwa nɣ ula win tnzggit.
S usnukmu n unamk, iga uslaḍ iẓli amusnakt isalan timntilin n tillugna n tsnsitin n yan umskil amalaw nɣ asmlal : ar nsawal, s mka, f tslḍt tamalawt d tslḍt tasmlalt. S ussiriw, ar tsmun tslḍt tiɣarasin timusnakin akk nna d gis iffɣn, d kra n tɣarasin n urmas d tslḍt n tallunin n tsɣunin.
Ar tkkat tnzggit ɣ tizwiri ad trms tiɣawsiwin ɣ tallunt, ḍar as tiriw s tzrawt n tɣariwin n tɣawsiwin bahra igan timadwanin, s tugt n tsktiwin , ittusnkdn s uḍfur n tugt n tmyadasin, d iffɣn zɣ tslḍt d ula zɣ ljabr.
Ar kkatnt tsqqar s ussiriw ad susktnt akk ma add d iddan zɣ uguran. Ssnent tysnẓitin uggar n ma izrin yan usmaynu s tẓri n wakat. Iskr d urmas n ilgamn igurann, nna tt yuwin uggar ɣ isfka yad illan, asiḍn.
Ẓr ula
Igran n tusnakt
Imgradn mqqurnin n tusnakt
Imawaln n tusnakt n tmaziɣt
Amawal umniḍ DGLAi n Asinag Agldan n Tussna Tamaziɣt, s kraḍ tutlayin (tamaziɣt tatrart tamɣribit - tafransist - taɛrabt) [Alink nns]
Amawal Tafsut n tusnakt - MCB Alger, Tiwi Uzzu s sin tutlayin (tamaziɣt taqbaylit - tafransist) [Alink nns]


text:
Tura-t: Tifraz gharmao
« Tamɣart tella ḥuma ad tili di taddart, tella ḥuma ad tessgem, ad teḥda lwacun-nnes, tamɣart ixessa ad teḍfar argaz d array-nnes…«
Ammu ira xzren yewdan n umaḍal ɣer temɣart manimma, deg wattas n tussniwin n midden ttwaran‑tt d azgen n wamun maca amcan-nnes awarni i wargaz , uca ca n yegduden d ca n tɣermiwin (civilisations) ira waxxa ttwaran ccan-nnes s wadday i wargaz, ttuɣa ɣer-s cwayt n tesɣart, am Imaziɣan, Imisryyin, Mestopamia. Ca n yegduden‑nneɣni ttwalant axmi d macina i tarwa d usgem waha.
Iḍa-, tamɣart teggur s isuraf mɣren ḥuma ad taf tamcant-nnes, tetteffeɣ ad texdem, tetticc array‑nnes di marra yegran, tedwer temqudda aked wargaz deg waṭṭas n tmura. Di ca n tmura aqqa‑tt ɛad tettemkabar ad teksi tilelli‑nnes tkmel. Ittɣima useqsi ameqqran: manis i d‑yekka manaya? mammek i dd‑yebda useḥqar n tamɣart ?
Ma d ddin i dd-yiwyyen izerfan i ssehwan zi ccan-nnes? Ma d ca n tɣermiwin am « Igrekiyen » d « Imsermen » i yefsaren izerfan‑nsen d timura iḥewssen, uca idwer umadal ɛrayen ismun aray-nnes x-as? ma « Macca » ra d nettat ɣer‑s ca n tɣuni aked tmeslayt-a ?
Deg wakud-a i di nella, tussna i ɣa niwweḍ d trezzutin n tentrupulujit (Anthropology) Tussniwin tinamunin(social sciences ), imussnawen ttmerqan x ijjen array. Qqaren iwdan imezwura ira mquddan. Ttuɣa wer ɣer‑sen mayemmi i ɣa bḍan jer wargaz d temɣart. Maca yemsar ijjen ubddel di tudert‑nsen min yejjin ad beddlent aṭṭas n tmeslayin, zag‑sent « Macca », d furma mamek ssegguran tagrawt.
Paleolithic d Tamɣart deg wakud n taymart d tayrawt n Macca ( Hunter-gatherer Era)
Axmi d tḥajit, d wakud rami iwdan lla ɛad wer da‑sen tewci tudert ad ssnen umi qqaren iklussay inamunen (social classes) niɣ ad ferzen di ccan n yewdan i ɣer‑sen yeqqnen, ira tmunen di tmesmunin d timzyanin, tteddren s drust n macca; min d- yemmaren d min d garrwen, ura d reḥwayj isexdamen ira udrusen, ssexdamen azru d ukeccud ḥuma ad qdan rhajet -nsen di tyemart niɣ heṭṭu n ixef‑nsen.
Tamɣart deg wakud-a ttuɣa-tt am wargaz, tettbeṭṭa lxedmet akid-s, tetteffeɣ tgarru lḥebb, lxuḍert, d ca n imukan ttuɣa-tt tyemmar lmal ameẓẓyan, tyemmar iselman. Asgem n iḥanjiren ttuɣa-t d ijjen tmeslayt ttemɛawanen dag‑s, tamesmunt amen tkmel, walli tayemmat weḥḥd-s. D aṭṭas n trezzutin ttwalant tamɣart nettat ira i ittfɣen trezzu aṭṭas x macca i yecnan i sseḥḥet n usegmi xmi ittili deg uɛeddis niɣ deg uṣuḍeḍ(1)
Ɣer uneggar, nzemmer ad nini qa tigrawin n yewdan deg wakud-a, tuɣa ddren s ttwiza jar‑asen, beṭṭan macca d wagla, mkul ijjen itteg ddur‑nnes ḥuma ad teqqim tagrawt‑nnsen tedder.
Neolithic… Akud I di nqelben igduden x temɣart !
Di rweqt-a , tawdanit ad taf ijjen tebridt‑nneɣni i mamek ɣa tedder. Isala Paleolithic i yellan d ijjen wakud yemɣer attas, ittadef‑dd awarn-as akuḍ n Neolithic ( Akud n weẓru n jjdid ). S tnayen ssexdmen dag‑sen iwdan aẓru ḥuma ad ggen leḥwayj-nsen n tyemmart d macca. Maca di Neolithic ad tebda taẓẓut, wer ttɣimin ca iwdan ad ɛaynen tamurt asen‑tewc macca, niɣ ad mmuttyen s wamunen rezzun x imukan i di tella tayemmart, suya ad bdan tteẓẓun igran d imeẓẓyanen, ad banent tudrin d ibilajen d imeẓẓyanen.
Beddu n teẓẓut 12,000 n isugassa zegami: ad beddlent aṭṭas n tmeslayin, ad idwel uterras irezzu a ɣer‑s tedwel tmurt, ad yessemɣer agla. Ad banent lexdayem‑nneɣni, ad bdan yewdan sxeddamen ayawya, ad idwel ddur n wargaz deg igran i yegg°jen. Tamɣart tetteg ccɣel n taddart tettḥetta iḥenjiren. Ḥuma aɣ-ac tili tmurt d wagla, ixess ad tegged ccan i yewdan ixecnen, izmmren ad rebḥen deg imenɣan akd igduden‑/tigrawin‑ nneɣni, niɣ inni izmmren ad ḥḍan tagrawt‑nsen. S uyenni igduden xerrsen deg usmɣer n tarrawt, mkul ma yemɣar lwacun, kurma ɣer‑s ẓẓhar a ɣer‑s yili agla yemɣer, ad iḥewwes igran mɣren, rexdenni manaya yedwel am inawayen (norms) d imaynuten x wakud n Paleolithic. Tamɣart ixess ad taru aṭṭas, ad tessgem iwdan gedren, ineymaren zemmren ad ffɣen deg imenɣan. Zi ssa ɣa tebda lxedmet n wargaz ɣer berra ɣer‑s ccan, akd lweqt, izerfan ad bdan ttneqlaben x temɣart cwayt cwayt, huma ad tedwel d tamɣart, ixess‑as ad tettwala tarwa d hettu n lwacun xir zi lexdyam‑nneɣni. Danita i d‑ɣa‑bdant tigrawin tteggent ddin‑nsent, tteqnent tudert n yewdan‑nsent s izerfan ɣer imiten (myths) mani yella argaz netta i yellan d ixef n wegdud, manaya marra ijj-d ijj n ḥajet qqaren-as asistim n tbabat ( Patriarchy )
Waxxa amezruy n yewdan yenneqleb amen yekmel deg wakud–a , s tegrawla n tafellaḥt, maca tamɣart tettwamneɛ zi tesɣart‑nes, tettwaṭṭef zeg ucrac deg wagla-ya am nettat am wargaz. Deg ijen trezzut n (Hansen et al -2012 ) teqqar: qa tegdudin i ɣa yella ijen umzruy yemɣer di tafellaḥt, ttwassnent s izerfan i yṭewren argaz netta xir zi tmɣart di lxedmet d upulitik.
Rami i d‑bdant tɣermwin ad banent, deg wakud n nḥass ( bronze age), bdant tneddam meqqrent, Idwel usexdem n lmeɛden deg umkan n weẓru. Tamɣart teqqim tettirar ijjen ddur d ameẓẓyan deg imezruyen, nessen aṭṭas x min ggin irgazen, maca drus i daneɣ dd‑yewḍen x min ggint temɣarin, inni ittilin x ixef n ddulat am Irumaniyen “Romans” niɣ Imaziɣen d argazen, yudrus mara ca n temɣart yura-dd x-as umezruy tedwel d tagellidt, ad naff Igrikiyen wer das-wcin ra d tasɣart ad tessiwel di pulitik, niɣ ad temlek tamurt, ira ttwaran‑tet am ca n ḥajet, itticc‑itt baba‑s d tameẓẓyant, manaya ad t-naf zi senni ɣer jjwar n Igrikiyen arami ɣer‑neɣ di iwweḍ ixḍer akd ddin deg idlisen imasiḥyin d i yenni n imselmen .
–
mara texssm ad tɣarem ktar
1 oxfordre.com
2 www.econ.ku.dk/
3 webpage.pace.edu/
4 www.newscientist.com


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text:
Wagi d yiwen upupi n ukarṭun, dɣa am wagi yellan af tewlaft-agi i d-seddaɣ i tmacahutt-agi swa-swa. Ihi apupi-agi, yiwen nimiru yellan deg-s d axeṣṣar, uassan-is akk d timucuha, tixeṣṣarin-is ur keffunt ara, ta tetḍafar ta !
Yiwen wass, yekcem-d upupi-agi ar wexxam, ass nni icewwel-it cciw n "lɛarabiya" deg uɣerbaz, rnan yimdukkal-is sfeqɛen-t maci d cwiṭ, imi dija, werǧin yefhem akk acu i ten-icerken netta akk d yimdukkal-agi, ines. Yekcem-d ihi ar wexxam, iḍegger takarṭabt-is (cartable) ar lqaɛa, yenna-yasen i yimawlan-is "ɛyiɣ nekk di lanjiri !!! ad ruḥeɣ syagiii ! acu ad xedmeɣ s tmurt am tagiiii !" yekcem ar texxamt-is, yeggul ur isett imensi. Yeddm-d aselkim ines, yekcem s ddaw tduli, yeldi facebook ines, yekkuniikti ...
"Ataaaan ufiɣ-d tifrat !" d yiwen wemdakkel ines di facebook, yesugjiri-yas-d yiwen usebṭer di facebook, ixedm-as-d "j'aime", anedbal n usebṭer-nni ixedma-s-d un poke i winna, winna yura-yas-d izen, netta yeṭṭef izen nni, yepubliyi-d deg usebter, ur fhimeɣ ara mliḥ tamacahutt-nni, maca s wayen-nni i d-yewwi upupi-agi nneɣ lviza. lviza ar m-leqwas a mḥaynek maci menwala, lpari-nni Yef kkulin imaziren, xas muqel a yamdakkel anda d-tezga, maci di lafrik n iberkanen !!!
Ur iḍegger ula d dqiqa, yeddem leḥwal-is, sin neɣ krad (3) iserwula, yessers-iten di tbalizt yettɣenni tizlitt umi iɛawed Eli Eemran, akken s-yeqqar deg awal-is "refdeɣ tabaliẓt, leɛqel yettḥeyyer..." alih ! d aǧelleb i iǧelleb ar lavyu, nruḥ ar fransa ad nẓer divlapma ! "anɛam a ssi !". Ihi si lavyu ar umitru, seg umitru ar teflukt, si teflukt ar uɣerrabu (bateau), mmi-s n teqbaylit yeẓra-d ayen 30 imelyunen n izdayriyen ur walan. La yeǧǧellib ar igenni, yessusef rebbi, nɛadin wid yugin tigi, ma d nekk nniɣ-as gudbay linjiri.
Acu ur iwali ara ugeswaḥ ? iwala lpari deg iḍ am deg uzal, yeẓra-tt deg usemmiḍ am deg wezɣal, yečča, yeswa yerwa leḥram am leḥlal, iɛaweẓ s tezlatin n Akli D akk d imdukkal, yerwa salima di Munparnass, icalan deg Sidna Mical, iɣimi deg Plas Ribiblik akk d lifuṭu s ddaw Laturifal, iiih Laturifaaaal, yella w ayen yifen Laturifal ??? jami jami wa d lmuḥaaal !
Ass nni dɣa yenna-yas ad aliɣ ar Laturifal-nni ad ẓreɣ bab igenwan, ahat syinna ad ẓreɣ lanjiri, ad susfeɣ ar lqaɛa, im i ɣ-teqqed leḥnana n lɣurba. Iruḥ ad yali, iruḥ ad ixelleṣ atiki, nnan-as-d "ala d nekkni a k-d-yernun idrimen, ad taliḍ ar Laturifil, ma yella win i k-yifen ?". Ay acḥal yefreḥ ad iẓer imawlan-is ad asen-yini walaɣ-ken-id seg Fransa kenwi ur iyi-d-teẓrim ara ! yekcem di lasunsur-nni, simmal yettali, simmal yettuɣal ar deffir, simmal yettuɣal ar deffir, simmal yettɣawal lasunsur-nni, iɛedda wakud am aḍu, aseggas imeḥq-it wesmekti yuɣal d aɣebbar. Atan yewweḍ ar tqacuct, ur d as-d-mazal ad yali, netta I yebɣan ad iẓer igenwan yufa-d asigna s nnig-s tewwet lehwa. yuɣal ar deffir, yufad yiwet n trujit, tdeggr-it-id, tḍeggrit-id, ur yebni ara fell-as, yufa-d iman-is yeɣli-d s yinna, si tqacuct n Lturifil, ruḥ tura ma twalad tin yifen Ltrufil ! Ma teɣliḍ-d syinna, wali tura ma yella win izemren a k-id-isellek ! Ur yefhim ara acu yeḍran, ad yettmuqul lqaɛa amzun d nettat i d-ileḥḥun ar ɣur-s, yeẓra ad yeɣli, yuggad lmut, yugad taggara, yir taggara, yessawel i baba d yemma, a baba d yemma, anda tellam, tusa-d lmut ar ɣur-i tufa-yi-d di lɣurba... ah a lɣurba tamessast, ziɣen kemm d taɣeddart. Yemdel allen-is, a yir tudert, tḍefr-ikem-id yir tagara. Yeɣli-d af lqaɛa... iḥulfa-s i tiyita. Taqerqurt-is tezzegzew ziɣen qerriḥet lqaɛa ! Yeldi-d allen-is acu d-yufa !!! baba-s d yemma-s di sin dinna !amek d wwin lviza ? acu ten-d-yewwin ar Fransa ? Ah d acu-t wagi ur fhimeɣ ara ! yemma-s tenna-yas "a mmi ur k-yuɣ wara?", baba-s yefka-yas abeqqa. ma d abeqqa-yagi wissen acimi s-t-yefka, maca yuki-d mliḥ mmi-tsen si tnafa.
Ziɣen tamacahut-agi akk d targit, seg usu d-yeɣli, ulac tarujit, imdukkal-nni akk d tikerkas, ulac iri n la Seine, ulac Barbes. Yuɣal-d ar tudert-is-nni n lanjiri, gudbay a target-nni n Pari.
Yir Taqcict
yir.taqcict@imyura.net