text:
Tasuqilt-agi ur temmid ara. Ttxil-k eiwen-aɣ ad d-nsuqel amagrad-agi seg teglizit
HTML anamek-ines « HyperText Markup Language » s yinezmer ad d-nsuqqel s « tutlayt n tṛekkizin i uflaḍris ». Yettuseqdac akken ad d-yernu neɣ ad d-yesken agbur n usebter web. D ayen i d-yemmalen agbur akked uskan azadur n usebter web acu kan s war timahilin-ines. Deffir HTML, llant tetiknulujiyin nniḍen yettuseqdacen i wuglam n urwes n isebtar (CSS) neɣ timahilin (JavaScript).
HTML iteddu s tmerna n tṛekkizin deg uḍris amagnu. Yal taṛekkizt temmal-d iḥder n uḍris deg wesmel. Dagi nettmeslay-d ɣef "Aflaḍris" icudden ar iseɣwan iteqqnen isebtar web gar-asen. Ametwi-agi d aẓar n "World Wide Web" i nessen ass-a. S tira d usuffeɣ n isebtar web, tuɣaleḍ d asegbar n Web ticki asmel-inek yettwakcam s srid.
TML yessirig aseddu n tugniwin akked igburen nniḍen deg isebtar web.
S useqdec n HTML, yal yiwen yezmer ad yernu ismal web ama d usbiḍen neɣ d ismussanen. HTML d tutlayt n uglam n tɣessa akked d ugbur n tesnumka n yisemli web. Agbur-agi yettwaṛkez s iferdisen HTML am
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, neɣ wiyaḍ. Iferdisen-agi sdukkulen iḥedran ara d-yessalin asmel web.
Imagraden-agi ddaw-a ak-d-mudden tallalt akken ad tissineḍ ugar ɣef HTML.
- Tamsisɣelt HTML
Di temsisɣelt nneɣ leqqayen, ad d-tafeḍ talqayt ɣef yal aferdis ad imyerr s HTML.
- Amnir HTML
Ɣef imagraden n useqdec n HTML, neɣ iṭuṭuryalen akked imedyaten ummiden, wali amnir-nneɣ n tneflit HTML.
- Tazwart ar HTML
Ma yella akken kan tebdiḍ di tneflit Web,ɛreḍ di tazwart-nneɣ ɣef HTML u diɣ amek ara tesqedceḍ.
Timsisɣal
- Tamsisɣel n iferdisen HTML
- Asebtar-agi ibder-d akk iferdisen HTML.
- Tamsiɣelt HTML
- HTML d tutlayt n uglam n ugbur n tɣessa akked tesnumka n isemli Web; d ayen yebnan ɣef iferdisen, yal yiwen s imyerren-ines.
- Iferdisen n izirig
- Iferdisen HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) tuget-nsen d iferdisen n"izirigen" neɣ d iferdisen n iḥedran. Aferdis n izirig yeṭṭef kan yiwen n umḍiq gar snat n tlisa ara yesbadun aferdis-agi.
- Iferdisen n iḥder
- Iferdisen HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) n yiḥder n iferdisen n yiḥder neɣ n izirig. Aferdis n yiḥder yeṭṭef akk amḍiq n uferdis-ines asaraw (amagbar). Ihi ttawin akk imeḍqan n imagbaren-nsen.
- Tugna turmedt n CORS
- Imyerr HTML crossorigin mara yedukkel akked iqeṛṛa iwulmen yettak i tugniwin yettwafernen sɣuṛ uferdis
akken ad d-ttwasidren seg yidisan ijenṭṭaḍen u ara yettwasqedcen deg uferdis
am akken ttwasiren-d seg yidis-agi yellan akka tura.
- Imyerren n iɣewwaṛen CORS
- deg HTML5,kra n iferdisen HTML i yettawin CORS,am   neɣ   ,deg wayla crossorigin (ayla n crossorigin),ad ken-yeǧǧen ad yetawilan tuttriwin CORS i yisefka i ttwaksen seg uferdis.
- Asefrek n usḍas di HTML
- deg akeẓiẓ n umahil HTML5,ayla DOM activeElement d tarrayt DOM hasFocus () ttmuddunt i ufreɣẓan asẓubeẓ ad yesɛu asenqad iggerzen n amyermud n usebtar ɣef ddema n tigin uqedac. Amedya,sin-agi zemren ad ttwaqeddcen i lmmend u seqdec n tadaddant,aḍfaṛ n imḍanen ikliken deg kra n iseɣwen usebtar,aktili n wakud uferdis yesaḍes,ar taggara.daɣen,mara msuddsen akked tatiknulujit AJAX,ttaken tallat i usedres n umḍan usuter ittwaznen s aqeddac,s tasɣant n urmud useqdac n tarit usebtar.
- Imyerren imuta
- Iylaten iblulaɣen zemren ad d-illin d ttulmisen ɣef meṛṛa iferdisen HTML,ula d widen ur nettulmisen ara deg tagnut.ayagi ibɣa ad d-yinni d-akken yal aferdis ur nelli d ameslug yessefk ad yeǧǧ iylaten-agi, ɣas akken aseqdec n iferdisen-agi rran ad mmlen d-akken tateggart ur yemṣada d HTML5.Amedya ,iminigen imṣadan HTML5 ttefren agbur yuran   ...  ,ɣas ma   ur yelli d aferdis HTML aɣbal.
- Tamsisɣelt n imyerren HTML
- Iferdisen di HTML ɣur-sen imyerren; d azalen nniḍen i yesbadun iferdisen neɣ ad seggmen tikli s iberdan yemgaraden akken ad ddun isebdaden i yebɣan iseqdacen.
- Anawen n iseɣwan
- Di HTML, anawen-agi n iseɣwan mmalen-d assaɣ gar sin n yisemliyen, anda yiwen deg-sen iccud ar wayeḍ s useqdec n uferdis
,
, neɣ
.
- Imasalen n wallalen n teɣwalt imeslawen n tividyutin isefrak HTML
- Iferdisen   d   ttaǧǧan taɣuri n tannalin imesli d tvidyut s war plug-ins..
- Aseqdec n tuffirt n usnas
- HTML5 yettakk-d tasmekanikit tufra n usnas i yettaǧǧan isnasen Web ad ttuselkemen beṛṛa n izirig.imesnefliyen zemren ad sqedcen agrudem asnas Cache (AppCache) i usulmis i tiɣbula ideg iminig ad ten yerr Cache u ad yerr anamal i yiqedacen beṛṛa n tuqqna.isnasen i yersen deg Cache ččuṛent u teddun akken iwata ɣas ma yella iqedacen tekayen ɣef tqefalt n ummuceḍ mara yilin beṛṛa n tuqqna.
Imniren akked iṭuṭuriyal
- Amnir n tneflit HTML
- Imagraden MDN skanayen-d titiknikitin tulmisin i tzemrem ad tesqedcem mara tessalim agbur Web s HTML,akked daɣen ilmedẓanen d kra n titeggarin ara d-afem degs talilt.amnir d win ara wen-d yefkken timsirin n tira,iseqquma d isalen ɣef tneflit n HTML.


c: text/html

text:
Ṛemdan
Ṛamdan neɣ Uẓum (akken i d-sesseman imaziɣen inselmen imezwura) d ayyur wis 9 deg teswast tineslemt i d-yettasen seld n wayyur n Ceɛban (neɣ Amzizel), Ayyur-a yettumeggez d imeẓli ɣer yinselmen yerna ila (yesɛa) azal imeẓli ɣef wayyuren niden acku iga d ayyur n wuẓum ɣer yinselmen igan d yiwen seg tgejda n yislam, anda inselmen (anagar deg kra n tegnatin) geddlen ɣef tissit d wučči yerna twexxiṛen ɣef yiliken seg tẓallit n Lefjer alamma d uɣelluy n tfukt
Ayyur n Ṛemdan issemtay (ibeddu) mi ara ad tettuselken tmeẓriwt n tazzirt (ayyur bu wacciwen) deg wass n 29 ceɛban, dɣa ma yella ur tettwaẓer ara tazzirt n Ṛemdan ad yuɣal ceɛban deg-s 30 n wussan sin akin ad yili seld-azekkuya d ass amenzu n Ṛemdan ara ad yeṭṭfen 29 neɣ 30 n wussan, sin akin ad yas umud ameẓyan (lɛid ameẓyan) s wacu i sfuggulen inselmen mi ara ad ifakk Ṛemdan
Ṛemdan d ayyur ilan azal imeẓli deg tgemmi d umezruy n yinselmen acku ttamnen d akken tudra (aṣubbu) n Leqran seg tencirt yettwakelsen ar tegnawt n tegnit (n ddunnit) yella-d deg Laylat El-Qadr deg wayyur n Ṛemdan, sin akin yeder-d deg talliyin yeẓẓuni (yemmifraqen) deg tallit n tudra n uweḥy anda amazun (nnebi) Muḥamed yella deg yefri n Ḥira ass mi i d-yusa ɣures uneglus Ǧebril s unect n yiɣiliyen inselmen, u yenna-yas «اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ»,«ɣeṛ s yisem n yillu-ynek i d-isnulfan». s wanect-a tella tefyirt-a d Aya tamezwarut i d-yudren seg Leqran.
Ṛemdan d ayyur yeqqnen deg tmetti tineslemt ar waṭas n isekkiren imasɣanen am tẓallit n Tarawiḥ d iɛtikaf deg 10 n wussan ineggura yakk d waṭas n wansayen niden am tesnubga n yimdanen i truẓi n lmeɣreb d usersi tgidiwin akken illant waṭas n tmeskanin tigemmawin yeqqaren ɣer Ṛemdan am temnirt (lefnaṛ) d wemrud n Ṛemdan d kra n imeččiyen yal tama d yidles d weɣref s imeččiyen-is
Aẓaṛ n wawal[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Awal n Ṛemdan mači d win i d-yennulfan s tneflalit n tneslemt acku yella seg tallit n Jahiliya anda iserɣinen llan tsemmin ayyuren n useggas s unect n wakud deg wanda i d-zgan, Dɣa Ṛemdan yezga-d deg yiwen n wakud izeɣlen s waṭas, Akud-nni s yiles n iserɣinen d win yettwassnen s رمض, Rāmaḍā yennumken azɣel anamsad
Izemzen ixataren[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tazzirt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Laylat El-Qadr[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Laylat El-Qadr anamek-is s Teqbaylit d iṭ n twenza neɣ iṭ n tezmedt d tdusi tga d iṭ uɣṛis yakk deg usɣan ineslem d umadal.[1][2] Inselmen ttɣilen d akken deg yiṭ-a i d-yuder lweḥy ɣer Muḥamed
Tarrut n win yeččan Ṛemdan s tildin (ɛinani)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Deg wesɣan[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Deg isudaf[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Amud ameẓyan[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Deg wass amenzu n Cewwal i d-yettasen srid mi ara ad ifakk Ṛemdan, inselmen sfuggulen s umud ameẓyan ɣef teɣzi n 3 n wussan, dɣa deg tnezzagt n wass amenzu n umud ameẓyan ttẓallan taẓallit n umud

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


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Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Jun 30, 2013 in Columns, Verhalen, Verhalen & Gedichten |
Yura t: Mohamed Essanoussi Iṭṭef řkas n watay s tnayen ifassen ixezzar deg ijj n weḥram itraḥ itas-d jar tewwura n řeqhawi. War d-yarri řbař ařami i isřa i yisem nnes, Mimun, ammu a Mimun! aqa cek da? Necc arezzuɣ xak diha ɣar tma n řebḥar. Ikkar Mimun ibedd, issiɣ afus i wmussen nnes uca qqimen ijj zzat i wenneɣni. Arwiḍu, iɣebrawen n ucař, war d as teqqared qaɛ illa aqa cek di temdint. Amenni i yeqqim Mimun isḍaffar tiṭṭawin nnes aked imuṭṭyen n weḥram nni ssa ɣar da. Yarra Mimun sinta ɣar deffar -s tazřa n tfawt- yarezzu x tidett n tubbuheřya; yerezzu x weymir jar tiɣit d wufuɣ n tiɣit zi arrimet n yixef n utarras. Aseqsi d ameqqran, war das yufi twarit. Řkas n watay iḥma, azeǧif n Mimun am nneɣni, iqqim illa arrimet n daxeř war dayes tareqq tmessi. Ssenni, igga afus di jjib, ikkes-d ijj n ugarru n kaza uca ibda itsuḍ, itbexxar. Imeyyer-d ɣares umeddukeř nnes inna as: “twariɣ cek axmi war da... Read More
Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Jun 27, 2013 in Columns, Verhalen, Verhalen & Gedichten |
Yura t: Mohamed Essanoussi Ajemmaḍin i taddart nneɣ, aqa din ijj n řeɛraṣi, zeg wami i d-kkareɣ tesřiɣ ɣar yewdan třaɣan as: řeɛraṣi n ɛmar cciṭan. Yuse-d jar yiri n wedrar d tma n yeɣzar. War tt iḥeṭṭi ḥed, war dayes itcuqi ḥed. Tammurt nnes d tacemřač, wartan nnes mcebbacen aked wayawya, maca ijj war tt itidef ; qqaren aqa zedɣen din inni n wadu tmurt ! Ař ami mɣareɣ, zzuggaren ayi iḍaren, nniɣ as : « mayemmi war tidfeɣ ad ẓareɣ min dayes di řeɛraṣi nni ». Marra iḥenjiren n dcar teggʷden ad qarrben ɣar wemcan nni, ggin axmi i tt ttun illa iǧa. Aṭṭas n yewdan tɣiř asen aqa řeɛraṣi nni zedɣen t inni n wadu tmurt, uca am nni i yeqqim issaggʷad, ɛad řux xas arrehbet. Dewřeɣ xmi i d-tekkareɣ zeg iḍes, itadef ayi d -řeɛraṣi nni n ɛmar ccitan- jar mummu n tiṭṭawin. Trajiɣ meřmi i d ɣa yas ijj n wass niɣ ijj n yiḍ (ǧiret) ad ayes adfeɣ, ad ssneɣ min dayes itemsaran. Qqaren iwdan n zic aqa adaf... Read More
Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Jun 13, 2013 in Columns, Verhalen |
Yura t: M.Essanoussi Aṭṭas zeg wami war ten ẓriɣ. Kuř ijjen man abrid ikka. Ijj innuri deg ixf nnes, ijj iweddar, ijj iḥuz ixef nnes, ijj immenz, ijj izzenz ixf nnes nnit. Qqimen tnayen, yina zeg inni i iffɣen abrid n weydud, udfen deg webrid n weɣnas; ddaren jar řbiɛet d lbiyɛa! Aqa nezdeɣ deg ijj wakud, war dayes qqimen ca yeɣyař tmenzan di řeswaq. Dewřen yewdan tmenzan deg... Read More
Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Dec 28, 2012 in De taal, Verhalen & Gedichten |
Iẓewran n tqebbař n ayt buzeggu qqnen ɣar weẓwar n izennaten. Aṭṭas zzaysen twaɛarben, war qqimen marra ssawařen Tmaziɣt nsen, ssiwḍen ten imezzan* (řbarani) ad ttun tutlayt tayemmat. Maca qqimen ɛad iwdan imeqqranen ssawařen iřes n tmaziɣt, xmi i ɣa raḥen, Tmaziɣt ad traḥ! war iǧi amecnaw mamec ntaff ass a di tmurt n Arif n nnej. Xseɣ ad iniɣ aqa tarwa n Arif marra –ameẓyan d umeqqran, awtem, tawtemt- sswařen Tmaziɣt nsen. Sennej i manaya, řebda tammurt n řewḍa itawḍ it bujeyyar qbeř i tmurt n wedrar. Zi tqebbař i d innḍen i ayt Buzeggu, ntaff: Angad, ayt Bouḥemdun, ayt Hamlil, ayt Meṭher, Meccaya, ayt Yaɛla, Zekkara, ayt issnasen (ayt xalid, ayt Menguc, ayt Urimec). S wenneḍ i d ggint tqebbař itwaɛerben (arabisering) x tqebbař timaziɣin, i yejjin aydud di tmennaṭ a ař ami war iqqim imneɛ acbar, izzenz amezruy! Isɣa zzayes tutlayt n midden. S manaya xseɣ ad ssecneɣ drus-drus zi tutlayt nsen, d tamyart* nsen. Zi min ufiɣ deg ijj n tesɣunt (Revue) qqaren as “Revue Africaine,... Read More
Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Dec 26, 2012 in Verhalen & Gedichten |
S tidett, tuɣa war izemmar uřa d ijj ad ssenni yekk. Tessaggʷad. A yaman, a iqarqriwen, a yinni n ʷadu tmurt. Tiṭṭ n tɣanimt iǧa tessaggʷad s ʷass mani ɛad ɣar tmeddit, iwa di tsaǧest nnehřa ma inna ac ḥed. Marra iwdan tuɣa teggʷden tamcant nni, ameẓyan d umeqqran, am uqubbani am wenni i yeɣrin adřis n Arebbi! Tuɣa ǧan! s uyenni? Tuɣa ayen din, inni n ʷadu tmurt; uřa d nitni tuɣa zedɣen s waman d tfawt, temḥizwaren ak d inni igguren sennej i tmurt. Aṭṭas n yewdan din i ccin ticti, din deg wemcan nni umi qqaren tiṭṭ n tɣanimt. Din i yecca uřa d Ssi Ḥemmu ticti. Waxxa tuɣa issen ad iṭenṭen awařen n Arebbi, maca inni n ʷadu tmurt tuɣa aqa war d as d arrin taynit. Ijj n twařa Ssi Ḥemmu iǧa iruḥ ad icarz di yart deg usseggʷas n 1940, Tuɣa ɣares tnayen n tarwa nnes, aḥenjir d tḥenjirt. S uziř, ijja iḥenjiren ak d yemmatsen di taddart n wedrar, iruḥ ad icarz... Read More
Posted by Mohamed Essanoussi on Dec 7, 2012 in Verhalen & Gedichten |
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text:
Tigejdit :
Azul fell-awen ay atmaten d teysetmatin,
At'as seg watmaten-nnegh
si tmiwa timazighin nnid'en (Merr'uk, Icawiyen, Libya), ay d agh-d-ittarun s tmazight, akken ad agh-gen ifadden u ad agh-d-sfer'h'en
d akken fehmen ayen d asen-nura, xas akken yura s tentala ay nesseqdac nekni, taqbaylit. Amsefham ger n Yimazighen s tmazight
yezmer ad d-yili, anect-a at'as n yimassanen ay d-yemmeslayen fell-as, u gar-asen Salem Chaker. D acu kan, anect-a yeh'wadj
digh citt' n leqdic si tama-nnegh, nekni s Yimazighen. Yugh lh'al, zik-nni, asmi wer‚ad d agh-d-kciment tutlayin tiberr'aniyin,
nella nekni s Yimazighen nettmeslay yiwet kan n tutlayt, xas tes‚a tantalyin, llan lejdud-nnegh n tama-ya zemren ad msefhamen
d wid n tama-yadi. Anect-a yessbanay-it-id wemcabi ay ttemcabint tentalyin-nnegh ass-a deg wat'as n lumur', gar-asen amawal
(vocabulaire), tajerr'umt, inzan, timucuha, atg. D acu kan, asmi ay bdant keccment-d tutlayin idjehden gher Tmazgha, at'as
n tmiwa ay d-igezmen ghef tiyad', u d lqella n unermis (contact) ger n Yimazighen ay yerran tutlayt-nnegh temgerrad si tama
gher tayed' akken tella ass-a, alammi yughal yew‚er' ghef Wemz'abi ad yefhem Aqbayli, negh Acawi ad yefhem Acelh'i. Ughalen
warraw n Tmazgha, akken ad msefhamen wagar-asen, terra-ten tmara ad sseqdacen tutlayt taberr'anit. Ass-a, mi akka ay nuki
d yiman-nnegh wi gh-ilan, neldi-d allen-nnegh ghef tnettit-nnegh (identitt') u nebgha ad d-nessider idles d tutlayt-nnegh,
at'as deg-negh ara yessaramen ad dduklen Yimazighen i tikkelt nnid'en, u ad d-tughal tegmat-nni yellan gar-asen. Yugh lh'al
tutlayt d yiwet si tgejda ay d agh-yesduklen, yernu ur nezmir ad nerwel fell-as imi ay tecrek akk imdanen ay d-yeqqaren d
akken d Imazighen ay llan. D acu kan, ur tezmir tutlayt-a ad teddukel ma yella ad neqqim dima kan a nesseqdac tutlayt taberr'anit
akken ad nettmeslay wagar-anegh, am akken ur tezmir digh ad teddukel ma yella ara nettkel kan ghef leqdic n yinagmayen (laboratoires)
imi tutlayin n unagma y werdjin rbih'ent. Ihi, ayen ara d-yerren tamazight d ttawil n wemsefham ger n Yimazighen d asseqdec-yines
deg wennar akk d wembaddel n tmusni ghef tmazight (yernu akken nu‚a s tmazight) ger n tegrawin timazighin ay d-mazal
ddrent ass-a. Ur ilaq ara ad nkukrut ad nettemyaru s tmazight d watmaten-nnegh n tmiwa nnid'en, imi d anect-a ara d agh-yeddjen
ad d-nissin ayen ssnen, u ad asen-nesselmed ayen nessen. Lemmer dgha ad tughal tmazight d ttawil n teywalt (communication)
ger n tegrawin timazighin, anect-a ad agh-yeddj "ad d-nemsel" yiwet n tmazight tamaynut, tamazdayt (commune), tin ara d agh-yesduklen
merr'a, tin i yes ara nemsefham merr'a, u anect-a yezmer ad d-yili mebla ma negrent tentalyin yellan ass-a, imi seg-sent ara
d-tettagem tmazight-nni "yedduklen" ara d-yilin s wazekka, ma yebgha R'ebbi. I lmend digh n wanect-a, yal tarba‚t iqeddcen
ghef kra n tantala ad teqdec ghef wamek ara tt-tesselmed i wid yettmeslayen tantalyin nnid'en, imi anect-a ad yessishel mlih'
a msefham ger n Yimazighen. D acu kan, ass-a ilaq ad nesseghli yiwen n u‚ekkur (obstacle) d ameqqran : d tuqqna n wallen ghef
wuguren-agi. Dgha ah'urif amenzu ay ilaq ad t-nexdem netta d assaki d wesh'ulfu n medden akken ad fken ugar azal i tutlayt-nsen.
Qqaren-as : Agdud mebla
idles am wemdan mebla iles.
Nekni ad as-nini : Agdud mebla iles d
agdud ur nes‚i idles.
Imedyazen
Amezruy n tutlayt talitwanit
Aqeddem :
ad'ris ay d-nefren ass-a i watmaten-nnegh d win d-yettmeslayen ghef tutlayt talitwanit d wamek tennugh mgal n umennekcam aberr'ani
akken ad tidir ar ass-a. Agdud alitwani ay d-isbedden tamurt i yiman-is di leqrun n Tallit Talemmast (Moyen-Age), yem‚awan
akk d Pulunya si 1385 d asawen akken ad yerr asseh'r'es (colonisation) arusi. D acu kan, asmi ay d-zzin ye‚dawen si yal tama
ghef Litwanya, teddukel tmurt-a akk d Pulunya u tughal d ah'ric seg-s di 1569. D anect-n ay yeldin tawwurt i yedles aberr'ani
ad d-yekcem tamurt-a, yernu inesbughar Ilitwaniyen (tiserkam tiburjwaziyin) fkan afus deg wanect-a, imi dindin kan ddjan tutlayt
d yedles-nsen yernu ughalen ttzuxxun s yedles apuluni. Di 1795, ah'ric meqqren si Litwanya tewwi-t Rrus, dgha seg yimir-n
ay bdan Yirusiyen tthuddun akk ayen d-iqqimen seg yidles d tutlayt ilitwaniyen. D acu kan, xas a‚daw yedjhed, xas amer'kanti
yefka afus, agdud alitwani afellah', igellil, ur yeqbil ad isemmeh' di tutlayt-is. Zzin-as-d ye‚dawen si yal tama, maca netta
yeddem tutlayt-is d asafu i yes ara yewwet ghef tnettit-is (identitt') akk d uzarug (indt'pendance) n tmurt-is. Di 1990, asmi
ay tewwi Litwanya azarug-is, yufa-d lh'al tutlayt-is mazal-itt tedder, xas akken yesse‚ya-tt zzman, u tewjed akken ad
tebnu tamurt. Akken ad tissinem amezruy negh tadyant yessewhamen, tamkerra (miracle) ay d-yed'ran akk d tlitwanit, nefren-awen-d
tlata n tukkas (passages) seg yed'risen yemgerraden. Yiwen newwi-t-id seg yiwen wemd'iq n tutlayt talitwanit, yettmeslay-d
ghef wamek tekcem tlitwanit s annar n tira, ma d snat tukkas nnid'en, newwi-tent-id seg yiwen wedlis ifazen, "Amezruy n Tutlayt
Talitwanit", (Mokslo Ir Enciklopediju Leidykla - The History of the Lithuanian Language), yura-t-id Dr. Zigmas Zinkevicius,
u yeffegh-d di Vilnius di 1996. Adlis-agi nettwali-t d yiwen seg yedlisen ifazen akk deg umezruy n tutlayin. Yettmeslay-d
ghef umennugh ay d-wwin Yilitwaniyen n tserkam n wadda (basses classes) n tmetti akken ad d-ssukksen tutlayt-nsen ay yellan
d ajgu alemmas n tnettit-nsen, d ajgu n we‚rur n yedles-nsen, d ayen i ten-yessawd'en ad d-kksen tamurt-nsen i uberr'ani.
Nessaram d akken taghuri-yagi ad d-tili di lfayda n watmaten-nnegh akk d tin n tutlayt-nnegh. Afud igerrzen.
Ms. Omar MOUFFOK
Amaru Amatu
Si lqern wis 16 gher lqern wis 18
:
Tira n tutlayt talitwanit :
Ad'ris-agi nekkes-it-id seg wemd'iq n Tiddukla Tadelsant
Tasamugtit n Litwanya
(Samogitian Cultural Association Editorial Board)
www.mch.mii.lt
At'as ay teqqim tutlayt talitwanit ur tes‚i ara tira-s i yiman-is, imi alammi d lqern wis 16 ay d-yeffegh
wedlis amenzu s tutlayt-a. Asmi ay d-sbedden Yilitwaniyen tamurt-nsen, s kra n tebratin ay llan ttarun-tent i tmura n Turr'uft
tutrimt (Europe occidentale) llan ttarun-tent s tutlayt talitt'unit (tutlayt n Litt'unya, d tamurt ay iqerben gher Litwanya),
ma sdaxel n tmurt, llan Yilitwaniyen sseqdacen tabyilurusit taqburt (ancien bit'lorusse) n lqern wis 14, ay yellan d yiwet
si tentalyin n teslavit taqburt. Ger n lqern wis 15 d wis 16, tejme‚-d Litwanya tasekla meqqren s tutlayt tabyilurusit, [imi
iselghayen-is imens'aben -documents officiels- merr'a llan uran s tutlayt-a], dgha nezmer ad naf deg-s iselghayen n Uwanek
(documents d'Etat), isud'af (leqwanin) akk d yiz'uyar (statuts) ilitwaniyen n lqern wis 16, tasekla tazernant (littt'rature
polt'mique), idlisen i deg llant tikta icuban tid n "Tallit n Teftilin" (Renaissanc e), atg. Am akken ay tughal temdint n Vilnius
di lqern wis 16 d tamaneght n ussuffegh n yedlisen.
Asmi ay d-yekcem
ddin amsih'i di lqern wis 14 d wis 15 gher Litwanya, yughal yedles d tutlayt ilitwaniyen ttidiren deg umihi (danger) imi ay
ten-id-yekcem yedles apuluni. Ihaggaren (nobles) d yimer'kantiyen ipuluniyen ‚erd'en ad gen akk ayen umi zemren akken ad h'ettmen
tutlayt tapulunit, agemmay-nsen akk d wansayen-nsen (traditions) ghef Yilitwaniyen. Ma d ihaggaren akk d yimer'kantiyen n
Litwanya bdan cwit', cwit', ttaddamen tutlayt d wansayen ipuluniyen. Dgha bdan a ttseth'in s las'el-nsen alitwani yernu ughalen
a qqaren i yiman-nsen "gentle lituanus, natione polonus" (d Ilitwaniyen di las'el, d Ipuluniyen di tghelnawt -nationalitt').
Ghur yimer'kantiyen-agi, awal "Alitwani" yella yeqqen kan gher kra n "tama taklunghant" (rt'gion gt'ographique), ur yelli d
isem n wegdud wala d win n weghlan (nation). Ihaggaren akk d yimer'kantiyen ur llin ara ttmeslayen talitwanit yernu llan h'eqren-tt
am nettat, am wansayen ilitwaniyen. Taklizt (t'glise) takat'ulit tella-d d allal idjehden i wezra‚ n yedles apuluni imi ala
kan citt'ah' n yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen ay yellan ttmeslayen talitwanit. Ma deg wayen yerzan medden s umata, talitwanit llan
ttmeslayen-tt ala kan yifellah'en akk d yimer'kantiyen ur nes‚i iglamen (privilŤges). Yugh lh'al, takufd'a (alit'nation) i
deg ghlin lh'ekkam akk d yimer'kantiyen Ilitwaniyen tesseb‚ed-iten ghef tutlayt, ghef wansayen akk d yedles n wegdud alitwani,
d anect-a ay d-yeglan s twaghit ay ih'uzan idles aghelnaw alitwani u teddja-t yesbek ach'al n leqrun, ur yeddi gher sdat.
D anect-a ay yeddjan anekcum n tsekla talitwanit s annar n tira akk d ussuffegh n yedlisen s tutlayt-a ad ‚ett'len yernu ula
asmi ay d-yella waya, lumur' a teddunt kan s taz'eyt.
D azra‚
n tikta n Usemmeskel (Rt'forme) di Litwanya di lqern wis 16 ay yeddjan adlis amezwaru s tutlayt talitwanit ad d-yeffegh. Di
1547, yessuffegh-d Martynas Mazvydas adlis n Temsirin n ddin s tlitwanit (catt'chisme), "Catechismvsa Prasty Szadey", di temdint
n Konigsberg, di Prusya Tacerqit [d tama iqerben gher Litwanya]. Adlis-agi ur t-iwala ara bab-is d timsirin kan di ddin wanag
yella yebgha-t digh ad yili d "aselmad" n yimez'yanen i tghuri akk d ccna n tezlatin timsih'iyin. Adlis-agi yedda-d deg-s
ugemmay alitwani, abacid (abt'ct'daire), kra n yilugan n llsas i tghuri n tlitwanit akk d kra n yilugan n tjerr'umt. Ur i‚ett'el
ara wedlis-agi d'efren-t-id yedlisen nnid'en n ddin ay d-yeffghen di Litwanya.
Akken ad teh'bes azra‚ n tikta n Usemmeskel, tufa-d teklizt
takat'ulit iman-is -nettat yellan tesseqdac kan talatinit akk d tpulunit- tettuh'ettem ad tesseqdac talitwanit akken ad d-tessuffegh
yis-s idlisen n ddin. Dgha, di 1597, yessuffegh-d udabu [apuluni] n Vilnius yiwen n wedlis n temsirin n ddin, u yerna-d di
1599 adlis nnid'en di ddin, isem-is Postilla, yessuqel-iten-id Mikalojus Dauksa di sin yid-sen gher tlitwanit.
Adlis n Postilla
yes‚a azal meqqren deg umezruy n tlitwanit, maci ghef lxet'bat yellan deg-s wanag ghef Tezzwart (introduction) ay d as-d-yura
Dauksa, i deg ay d-yessefhem d akken tutlayt tayemmat (langue maternelle) tes‚a azal meqqren at'as yernu yeccetka-d ghef tegnit
n th'eqranit i deg tella tettidir tutlayt tayemmat di Litwanya :
"Ulac aghlan (ldjens) abujehli (ignorant) yernu ameh'qur
di ddunit am win ara yesr'uh'en tlata n tghawsiwin i yes d-ilul : tamurt-is, ansayen-is akk d tutlayt-is. Aghlan ur yezmir
ad yidir s tband'ilt (fertilitt') n wakal wala s ccbah'a n yicett'id'en-is, ur yezmir ad yidir s ccbah'a n tmurt-is wala s
ldjehd n temdinin-is akk d tghermin-yines (ch‚teaux), wanag aghlan yettidir s weh'raz akk d usseqdec n tutlayt-is ay yellan
d tigejdit n weghlan yernu d nettat ay yessedjhaden tighariwin-is (qualitt's), tessedjhad amsefham ger n warraw-is akk d tayri
d tegmat gar-asen. Tutlayt tayemmat d nettat ay yettcuddun s tayri arraw n weghlan wagar-asen, d nettat ay d tayemmat n tdukli,
d tayemmat n wazalen igharimen (valeurs civiques), d ta‚essast n tmurt. Be‚det ghef tutlayt-nwen, ad d-tafem iman-nwen tbe‚dem
ghef wemsefham, ghef tdukli akk d nneyya yes'fan d wayen akk yeqqnen s anect-a ! Be‚det ghef tutlayt-nwen, ad d-tafem iman-nwen
tessensem tafat n yit'ij deg yigenni, td'eggre m ddunit di tt'lam u tes‚erqem-as abrid, tengham tudert u terram-d arway d
ucewwel deg wemkan-is ! Mi d-qqaregh anect-a, ur d-qsidegh ara d akken ilaq ad nergel abrid i welmad n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin,
wanag iswi-yinu awh'id netta ad d-sseknegh tah'eqranit, xas ini-as ankar' ay nenker' tutlayt-nnegh talitwanit. Ttmennigh di
R'ebbi ad tmeyyzem u ad d-takim yiwwas si lefsad-agi ! Ma d nekk si tama-w, ad fer'h'egh imi ara iligh ttekkagh, s wedlis-agi
amect'uh', deg usaki n wegdud-iw akken ad ih'emmel, ad yeh'rez u ad yesnerni tutlayt-nnegh tayemmat".
Awal-agi ay
d-nuder yesskanay-d tugdi n kra n medden di Litwanya ghef wayen yes‚an azal meqqren akk ay tezmer ad t-tes‚u tmurt : tutlayt-is,
yernu xas akken tella Litwanya tettidir di tallit n tkufd'a (alit'nation) taberr'anit, llan medden ay ih'ulfan belli maci akken
ay ilaq ad ddunt lumur', ur ilaq ara ad fken afus di tutlayt-nsen.
Di 1629, yeffegh-d
yiwen n umawal n tlitwanit, s tpulunit akk d tlatinit, yura-t-id Konstantinas Sirvydas. Tajerr'umt n tlitwanit tamezwarut
ay yuran s tlatinit yura-tt-id Daniel Klein u teffegh-d di Konigsberg, deg useggas n 1653. At'as seg yedlisen ay d-yeffghen
di tallit-nni ay ih'etten (insister) ghef wazal n tutlayt tayemmat yernu fkant digh azal i wezra‚ n tira n tlitwanit. D acu
kan, nesh'issif imi leqdicat-agi llan qlilit yernu ur ssawd'en ara ad d-ldin tawwurt i umussu (mouvement) idjehden i lmend
wesnerni n yedles alitwani. Talitwanit yuran tughal simmal keccmen-tt-id wawalen n tpulunit yernu qlilit wid ay d-yelhan d
uzzizdeg akk d usselhu-yines. Lqern wis 18 nezmer ad as-nsemmi d tallit i deg tughal tlitwanit yuran d tigellilt, d
tallit i deg tenqes at'as ussuffegh n yedlisen s tutlayt-a. (...)
Si 1795 alammi d lqern wis 20
:
[Nekkes-it-id seg wedlis n Dr. Zigmas Zinkevicius, "History
of the Lithuanian Language", 1996].
Mbe‚d ma tettwabd'a
tkunfidir'alit Talitwanit-Tapulunit i tikkelt tis tlata [1795], ah'ric ameqqran seg wakal i deg yella yettidir wegdud alitwani
is'ah'-as-d i Rusya, di lweqt i deg ala kan d tama ay d-yuzgan akin i wasif n Nemunas (tin umi ara semmin sakin tama n Suvalkai)
ay s-d-is'ah'en Prusya [d tamurt yettmeslayen talmanit]. Tasertit ay d'efren lh'ekkam di snat-agi n tmiwa tella d tamesbat'lit:
deg weh'ric arusi, d tutlayt tarusit ay yettuh'ettmen ghef wegdud, ma deg weh'ric n Prusya, d talmanit i yes bghan ad d-sxedmen
medden. Mbe‚d n Weswir n Vienna (CongrŤs de Vienne) di 1815, ula d tama ay d-yuzgan akin i wasif n Nemunas tettunefk-as i
Rusya, d acu kan, yufa-d lh'al beddlent kra n lumur' di tama-nni. Abeddel ameqqren akk ay d-yed'ran dinna netta d tukksa n
temsagelt (ft'odalisme) di tallit n Napolt'on. D anect-nni ay yeddjan ad d-tekker tmegzi (intelligentsia) talitwanit ay d-yeffghen
seg yifellah'en, di tama-ya. D acu kan, tama yellan s ddaw n udabu arusi ur d-yed'ri deg-s kra n ubeddel, bitt d annerni ay
yennerna deg-s lbat'el n temsagelt.
¬erd'en ad kksen
Yirusiyen isem n Litwanya si ccfawat n medden, dgha semman-as Severn-Zapadskij Kraj [asun n Ugafa-Utrim = territoire du Nord-Ouest].
Llan qqaren-d d akken tama-ya seg wasmi ay s-d-yecfa zzman ay tella d ah'ric si Rrus, d acu kan, wwin-tt Yipuluniyen u zer‚en
deg-s idles-nsen, deg mi ay yella ilaq ad d-tughal d tarusit "tikkelt nnid'en". Irusiyen ur sen-gin ara akk ccan i Yilitwaniyen,
amzun le‚mer' akk xliqen di ddunit. D acu kan, Litwanya ur tt-yenghi ara uh'ettem n tutlayt tarusit, yernu tkemmel tettaddam
tutlayt akk d yedles apuluni ugar n wakken tella zik-nni. Imi yiwen n we‚daw ay s‚an, dduklen Yipuluniyen d Yilitwaniyen mgal
n Rrus u msegman akken ad tt-qablen. D acu kan, anect-a yeddja Ilitwaniyen ad rren di rrif takti-nsen n azarug n Litwanya,
dgha ulac win d-yezgan mgal n wezra‚ n tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya. Ma d "Ipuluniyen" n Vilnius, llan kkaten ghef les'lah'
akk d tlelli n Pulunya ugar n Yipuluniyen n Varsovie. Tarist'uqrat'it talitwanit yellan tettmeslay tapulunit tettekka mlih'
deg wesnerni n yedles apuluni, imi ay d-kkan seg-s at'as n yimura (t'crivains) am Adam Mickiewicz, Julius Slowacki, Ludwik
Kondratowicz, Wladyslaw Syrokomla, atg. D acu kan, xas wigi merr'a uran s tpulunit, taneffut (rr'uh') n tsekla-nsen tella
d talitwanit. Ala kra kan n yimura n tmegzi n tallit-nni ay yefkan azal i tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit, am Ksaveras Logusas/Lohusz,
Kazimieras Kantrimas/Kontrym akk d Leonas Uvainis, d acu kan wigi, ur sqedcen ara talitwanit di tsekla, wanag gan kan fell-as
tizrawin (t'tudes).
Cwit', cwit',
bdan Yilitwaniyen at yedles apuluni (wid akken yellan qqaren-as "gente Lituani, Natione Poloni" - Ilitwaniyen di las'el, d
Ipuluniyen di tghelnawt-) a ttxemmimen ghef lebni n weghlan (nation) alitwani ara yes‚un tapulunit d tutlayt-is. Ala kan d
ifellah'en-nni ur nettu ara tutlayt talitwanit ay imen‚en si tsertit n wezra‚ n tutlayt d yedles apuluni. Dgha, zzin-asen
merr'a wid yebghan ad tili tpulunit d tutlayt n tmurt akken ad qd'un fell-asen. Imrabd'en n Yir'umyen llan qqaren-d d akken
R'ebbi ur ifehhem ara talitwanit, dgha tiz'illa akk d dde‚wat ilaq ad d-ilint s tpulunit, yernu llan ula d imrabd'en ay sen-yugin
i medden ad gen aqirri (confession) s tlitwanit. ¬erd'en yifellah'en ad ttz'allan s tpulunit, d acu kan, ur llin ara fehhmen
tutlayt-a. Llan zzluguyen (sse‚wajen) awalen n tz'illa akk d dde‚wat alammi ay yughal wayen d-qqaren ur yettwafham ara. Deg
ugherbaz, yella yegdel ad mmeslayen s tlitwanit u la di tesgunfut (rt'crt'ation). Ibalmuden ara yemmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen llan
ttqasan-ten yiselmanden, yernu win ara d-yettuzenzen yemmeslay talitwanit, ad as-‚ellqen "tagalist n wekruked'" (plaque de
la honte) di temgerd't-is, yernu akken ara tt-yettawi alamma d asmi ara yett'ef ula d netta abalmud nnid'en ara yettmeslayen
s tlitwanit akken as-tt-i‚elleq.
Imi ay tettwah'qer tlitwanit di kul amkan (deg wakal n yimer'kantiyen, di teklizt, deg ugherbaz, atg.),
jerh'en yifellah'en di tneffut-nsen (tar'wih't), dgha ughalen ttseth'in s tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit yernu ssinifen-as, ur tt-ttmeslayen
ara di berr'a, deg yizenqan negh anda akk ay zemren ad asen-slen medden. Dgha ughalen ttwalin-tt d tutlayt kan n tenwalt (cuisine)
akk d udaynin ! Ma d tutlayt tapulunit tella d tutlayt umi meqqer ccan, d tin n zzux, dgha ughalen ughen medden tanumi ssekcamen-d
awalen n tpulunit deg wawal-nsen, mi ara ttmeslayen talitwanit. Llan ttxemmimen d akken awalen-agi "ttcebbih'en" yernu "sselhayen"
talitwanit. D acu kan, seg wakken llan sseqdacen at'as n wawalen n tpulunit, alammi ay kecmen wat'as seg-sen gher tlitwanit,
ughen az'ar deg-s. At'as seg wawalen-agi ur terri ara tmara ad d-ttwared'len si tpulunit, imi talitwanit tes‚a at'as n wawalen
ay ten-imutlen deg unamek.
Dgha, tughal
tlitwanit tazedgant ur nezmir ad tt-naf ala kan deg yimukan ay ibe‚den ghef temdinin, ghef wakal n yimer'kantiyen akk d teklizin,
imi imukan-agi merr'a tekcem-itent tutlayt tapulunit, yernu d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d d akken simmal yettili wemkan ur
yewwid' ara ghur-s welmud (leqraya), simmal tettili tlitwanit ay ttmeslayen deg-s d tin is'ehh'an yernu zeddiget.
Mbe‚d n tnekriwin
n 1831 d 1863, yexdem unabad' (gouvernement) arusi akken ara yeh'bes azra‚ n yedles d tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya, u ad
d-yerr deg wemkan-nsen idles d tutlayt tarusit. Mbe‚d ma yerna ighewwaghen (rebelles) ay d-yekkren mgal n Rrus, ye‚zem umesnabad'-amatu
(gouverneur-gt'nt'ral) arusi Mixail Muraviev ad yeqd'e‚ idles d tutlayt tapulunit si Litwanya, ay yeddren ugar n 400 n yiseggasen
di tmurt-a. Yeghleq akk igherbazen ipuluniyen u yeldi deg wemkan-nsen igherbazen irusiyen. Si tama nnid'en yesnerna Muraviev
amd'an (nombre) n Yirusiyen ay izedghen di Litwanya, imi ay yella yettawi-d imdanen seg yimukan ibe‚den akk di Rusya u yettak-asen
ixammen d wayla n wid ay d-yekkren mgal n Rrus. Ma d ineggura-yagi, tenfa-ten Rusya si tmurt-nsen. Ye‚red' Muraviev ad yekkes
ula d agemmay-nni alatini yes‚an 300 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ara t-tesseqdac tlitwanit u ad yerr tutlayt-a tettaru s ugemmay
arusi, u yenna-d d akken agemmay alatini ilaq ad yettwakkes imi ay yella d agemmay n "Yipuluniyen". Dgha yefka lamer' akken
ad ughalen yedlisen merr'a n tutlayt talitwanit ad d-teffghen s ugemmay asirili (arusi), d acu kan medden ur llin ara ttaghen-d
idlisen-agi yernu llan sserghayen idlisen ay d asen-d-yettunefken bat'el. Akken ad ih'ettem medden ad ghren tutlayt-nsen s
ugemmay aberr'ani, yegdel (interdire) Muraivev assuffegh n tedlisen s tlitwanit yuran s ugemmay alatini. S wanect-a, yeqd'e‚-yasen
tuffgha i yedlisen merr'a n tlitwanit, d ayen werdjin ned'ri deg umezruy n wemd'al aneghrum (civilist'). D acu kan, anect-a
ur t-qbilen Yilitwaniyen yernu bdan ssuffughen-d idlisen di lberr'ani yernu llan yemsettiyen n yedlisen (trafiquants de livres),
wid umi qqaren s tlitwanit "knygne iai", ssekcamen-d s tuffra idlisen-agi gher Litwanya u ferrqen-ten ghef yemzenza (commerÁants).
Akka ay d-tebda tallit n id "knygne iai", d ayen werdjin nwala di kra n tmurt nnid'en di Turr'uft (Europe) n tallit-nni. Agdal
n yedl isen s tlitwanit yel‚eb ddur' d ameqqran deg umezruy n weghlan alitwani, idles-yines akk d tutlayt-is. Ayen akken akk
yexdem Muraviev akken ad d-yerr idles arusi deg wemkan n yedles apuluni di Litwanya ur yessawed' s acemma : s kra xedmen yimestulen
(gendarmes) akken ad h'ebsen imsettiyen n yedlisen ur yenfi‚ ara, imi idlisen s tutlayt tapulunit kemmlen keccmen-d gher Litwanya
yernu imzenza n yedlisen llant ttcur'ent th'una-nsen seg-sen.
Tazrirt (influence)
tapulunit ur tenqis ara wanag tennerna ugar. Lbat'el ay yella yes‚edday-it unabad' arusi ghef Yilitwaniyen, yesnerna aqerreb-nsen
gher tutlayt tapulunit, xas ma yella maci s anect-nni ay tt-iqas.
Xas talitwanit tettwakkes si tesnawit (lyct'e) yernu tella
a tettwakkas cwit', cwit' seg yigherbazen imenza, simmal ara ttnernin yifellah'en ay yellan lemmden-tt di tmurt, imi wigi
llan ‚ewwlen ad issinen ad ghren u ad arun. Asmi ay d asen-iga ubesku (t'vÍque) Motiejus Valanius ifadden akken ad lemden tira
d tghuri n tutlayt-nsen, bdan yifellah'en ad d-tgen s tuffra igherbazen imect'ah' n tutlayt talitwanit, u llan yiselmaden
(umi qqaren "direktoriai") teddun si tferka gher tayed' akken ad sseghren medden (taxedda‚t!) [akken llan ttwalin anect-a
Yirusiyen]. Igherbazen-agi semman-asen s tlitwanit "vargo mokyla" negh "igherbazen n lh'if". Yugh lh'al di tallit-nni, tt'uqqten
yigherbazen-agi n tmurt di Litwanya alammi ara ilin ‚eddan i wanect yellan d imdanen irusiyen di tmurt-a.
Anect-a yesskanay-d
d akken ifellah'en llan simmal ara d-ttakin d akken s‚an aghlan yernu ‚ewwlen ad nnaghen akken ad ten-id-ughalen yizerfan-nsen
u ad ten-id-tughal tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit. Dgha at'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yellan ur ttaddjan ara igerdan-nsen ad kecmen s agherbaz
n Uwanek (Etat) arusi alamma lemden ad ghren u ad arun talitwanit deg yigherbazen-agi uffiren. Yugh lh'al, di tallit-nni,
Ilitwaniyen yessnen ad ghren u ad arun llan tlata yiberdan kter' n Yirusiyen yessnen anect-a. Xas akken yettwagdel ussuffegh
n yedlisen s tlitwanit, amd'an n yedlisen ilitwaniyen yennerna s wat'as, yernu ula d isental-nsen (sujets) beddlen imi ay
yughal umur ameqqran deg yedlisen n tutlayt talitwanit yekkat-d di tsertit tarusit [azal n 80% seg-sen].
Ma di tlisa
tigmud'anin (ticerqiyin) n tama i deg yella yettidir wegdud alitwani [d tama ay iqerben gher Byilurusya], xas ‚erd'en kra
ad zer‚en dinna tutlayt tapulunit, ur ssawd'en ara imi di tama-yagi, d tutlayt tabyilurusit ay yes‚an tazrirt (influence).
Tutlayt tapulunit tettusexdam kan d tutlayt n welmud di tama-ya, di lweqt i deg agdud yesseqdac snat n tutlayin : talitwanit
akk d yebyilurusit. Yugh lh'al, tabyilurusit umi llan qqaren Yebyilurusiyen "tutlayt timserreh't" tella tif talitwanit deg
wat'as n tghawsiwin. Imi ay tella d tutlayt taslavit, teqreb gher tpulunit akk d trusit, tella tebyilurusit tenfe‚ medden.
Win yessnen tutlayt-a yezmer ad yefhem s tefses amrabed' n yir'umyen negh bab n wakal yettmeslayen s tpulunit negh digh lh'ekkam
yettmeslayen s trusit. Xas Pulunya teb‚ed ghef tama-yagi, maca Byilurusya teqreb-itt-id imi akal n Yilitwaniyen yella yes‚a
tilisa d win n Yebyilurusiyen. Ihi, imi ay ttmez'ran kullas d yinaragen-nsen (ldjiran), at'as n Yilitwaniyen ay d-ilemden
tabyilurusit, am akken tutlayt tabyilurusit teddem at'as n wawalen si tlitwanit u qqimen-d deg-s ar ass-a. D acu kan, anabad'
arusi yexdem akken ara yezre‚ tutlayt tabyilurusit deg Yilitwaniyen n tama-ya, imi ay yella yettwali tabyilurisit d tantala
kan (dialecte) n tutlayt tarusit.
(...)
Di tallit n Tutt'fa (Occupation) taberr'anit
(si 1945 d asawen):
Yebda-d Wemgaru
Amad'lan (tt'rad n ddunit) wis sin deg wass n 1u n Ctember', 1939. Amgaru ih'uza ah'ric meqqren seg wemd'al (ddunit) yernu
yengha ugar n 50 n yimelyunen n medden. Uqbel ma yebda-d wemgaru-yagi, yett'ef Hitler tama n Klaipeda [di lgherb n Litwanya]
deg wass n 22 Meghres 1939. Yugh lh'al, arkawal (pacte) ay iga V. Molotov akk d J. Ribbentrop deg wass n 23 Ghect akk d yepr'ut'ukulen
uffiren ay d-yeddan yid-s fran-d ayen ara d asent-yed'run i tmura tibaltiyin (baltiques) asmi ara yekker Wemgaru, dgha llant
gher lmut-nsent ay llant a teddunt, yernu Litwanya tella gar-asent. Deg wass n 19 Ctember', yekcem Yigen (armt'e) Azewwagh
arusi gher Vilnius, sakin merr'a tama-nni n Litwanya ay tella tett'ef-itt Pulunya [deg wenz'ul-sud n Litwanya] teghli ger
n yifassen n Rrus. Mi d-kecmen Yirusiyen, h'esben tama-ya amzun di telli d tama n we‚daw, dgha ukren yernu rz'an s kra n wayen
umi zemren. At'as n yimezdaghen ay wwin gher tkurmut (lh'ebs) yernu llan a d-ssewjaden ad d-sbedden "tanemlit" (socialisme)
di tama-ya.
Amtawa (traitt') n 10 Tuber' 1939 i lmend n wem‚iwen ger
n Litwanya akk d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (URSS), yerra-yas-d i Litwanya tamaneght-is Vilnius, am akken ara d as-d-yerra azal n tis
reb‚a si tama-nni ay d as-tett'ef naqal Pulunya [yernu tughal imir-n n Tdukli Tasuvyatit]. Ma d ayen d-iqqimen si tama-ya,
yerna-tt Stalin gher tegduda tanemlayt (socialiste) tasuvyatit n Byilurusya ay yellan d ah'ric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit.
Amtawa-yagi
msefhament deg-s snat-agi n tmura akken ad tessers Tdukli Tasuvyatit Igen-yines Azewwagh (Armt'e Rouge) deg wakal alitwani
"si le‚d'il" : yugh lh'al, asmi ay teqbel aya Litwanya, tessekcem-d a‚daw s axxam ur te‚lim. Tama n Vilnius ay d as-d-yughalen
i Litwanya ur tedjhid ara tdamsa-yines (t'conomie) akken tedjhed tin n tmiwa nnid'en n tmurt yernu yella yew‚er' ghef Litwanya
ad terr tama-yagi am tmiwa merr'a n tmurt. Ixess'aren ay yexdem wezra‚ n tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya bdan ttbanen-d imir-n.
At'as si medden-nni ay yellan qqaren-d d akken d Ipuluniyen ay llan ughalen ddjan mad'i tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit, dgha ‚erd'en
ad tt-lemden yernu bdan qqaren-tt deg yigherbazen ilitwaniyen d yigherbazen nnid'en. Ma d Ipuluniyen gan akk ayen umi zemren
akken ad kemmlen azra‚ n tpulunit u ad yeqqim waya akken yella di tallit n tutt'fa (occupation) tapulunit.
At'as n tudrin
tilitwaniyin ay yeddan deg weh'ric-nni n Litwanya ay yettunefken i Byilurusya. Anabad' abulcivi (bolcht'vique) ir'eggem-asen
i Yilitwaniyen-agi ad ten-yeddj ad ughalen gher Litwanya timziregt (indt'pendante). Dgha, swejden iman-nsen yimezdaghen n tudrin-agi
akken ad giddjen u ad ughalen gher tmurt-nsen, d acu kan, yeqqim unabad' yettseggir (reporter) ass i deg ara r'uh'en alammi
d asmi ay tt'fen Yibulciviyen (bolcht'viques) tamurt n Litwanya s timmad-is.
Ger waya d wayen nnid'en, imenghi yella izehher di Turr'uft
tutrimt (tagherbit). Almaniyen llan sseghlayen timura ta sdeffir ta. Di tazwara n Yunyu 1940, yufa-ten-id lh'al qerrben yagi
gher Paris. Mi ten-walan Yibulciviyen rebbh'en, ula d nitni bghan "ad gen kra". Dgha sbubben-asent i tmura tibaltiyin ayen
ur xdiment, sakin uznen-asent Igen Azewwagh akken ad tent-yett'ef. S tin n yighil ay d asent-yettwakkes uzarug-nsent i tmura-yagi.
D acu kan, akken ad fken Yisuvyatiyen lh'eq i yiman-nsen, gan-d tifranin n tkellax. Timenza, d tid n Weswir n Wegdud Abulcivi
(CongrŤs du Peuple bolcht'vique) -i deg ulac imazwaren n tenmegla (candidats d'opposition)-, tiyad' d tid n weqbal n unekcum
n Liwanya s "lebghi-yines" gher Umenkud (Empire) n Stalin (deg wass n 3 Ghect 1940). Dgha asmi ay tughal Litwanya d ah'ric
si Tdukli Tasuvyatit, ughalent-as-d snat n tmiwa timect'ah' si tid-nni ay yefka Stalin i Byilurusya. Tamenzut d tama ay d-yezzin
ghef Druskininkai akk d Marcinkonys, ma d ti s snat, d tin d-yezzin ghef Svencionys, Mielagenai, Adutiskis akk d Tverecius
(deg wegmud' -ccerq n tmurt). Yugh lh'al, di timiwa-yagi merr'a, tuget tameqqrant seg yimezdaghen d Ilitwaniyen.
Akken kan tekcem
Litwanya gher Tdukli Tasuvyatit, teghli di tsertit n uh'ettem n yedles asuvyati ghef Yilitwaniyen. Tamurt-nni ay d-yettwabnan
s lh'if di 20 n yiseggasen [1920-1940, tallit i deg tewwi Litwanya azarug-is] hudden-tt Yisuvatiyen deg yiwet n teswi‚t. Sakin
yewwed'-d rrebrab (terreur) akk d wenfay n medden si rrif gher Sibirya, xas ini-as tewwed'-d tallit n ussenger n wegdud. Yugh
lh'al, imir-n ay bdan leqdic-nsen yimalalen (im‚iwnen) n Stalin ay iz'ewren deg uhuddu n yegduden. Dgha hudden idles n tmurt
yernu at'as n yedlisen ay sserghen, yernu imir-n kan, di 1940, ay d-yebda uhuddu n weghlan alitwani akk d tutlayt-is, d ahuddu
ara yeqqimen 50 n yiseggasen.
Tesr'uh' tutlayt talitwanit az'ayer (statut) ay tt-ih'erzen,
dgha seg yimir-n ay d-tegra ger n yifassen n yiberr'aniyen ay werdjin bghan-tt ad tili. Yesskcem-d unabad' asuvyati asselmed
icekd'en (enseignement acct'lt'rt') n trusit am wakken ay d-yessekcem awalen ibulciviyen di tutlayt talitwanit. Ghef umedya,
awal alitwani "ponas" (Ms. Mas) ay yettuseqdacen i usiwel yettwakkes, u rran-d deg wemkan-is awal "draugas" (ameddakel-camarade)
yernu ismawen n yeghsuren (t'tablissements), n tuddsiwin (organisations), n yizenqan akk d yeghmisen, atg. beddlen-ten akken
ara d-azgin akk d umawal abulcivi.
Yugh lh'al,
awalen ay d-yekkan si trusit nnernan s wat'as di tallit-nni.
Rrebrab i d-yeghlin ghef Yilitwaniyen yeh'bes asmi ay d-tesseghret
(dt'clarer) Lalman amgaru ghef Rusya, dgha ghilen medden d akken d anect-a ara ten-id-yessuffghen. Kar'uh ay ker'hen imennekcamen
yessawed'-iten ad refden leslah' mgal-nsen. D acu kan, mi yettaxer yiwen n we‚daw, yusa-d wayed' deg wemkan-is : mi yeffegh
wahes (djihennama) azewwagh, ikcem-d wahes aghewwal (brun) deg wemkan-is, yernu aneggaru-ya yeddja-d ledjruh' imaynuten deg
wegdud alitwani am akken yessenger qrib akk Uwdayen n Litwanya. Di Litwanya, sbedden-d Walmaniyen Agezdu Amatu Alitwani (General-Bezirk
Litauen) i deg sseddan igezda n Asmena (Osmyany) akk d Svyriai (Svir) ay yefka Stalin i Byilurusya, d acu kan, ur d-sseddan
ara yid-s igezda n Druskininkai akk d Marcinkonys, ay d as-yettunefken i Prusya tagmud'ant (tacerqit).
D acu kan,
xas akken ttwassnen Walmaniyen s lbat'el-nsen, ur d asen-gdilen ara i Yilitwaniyen ad ldin igherbazen-nsen di Litwanya tagmud'ant
(tacerqit), d yiwet n tama ay yer'wan lh'if si zik seg unekcum n tutlayin tislaviyin ghur-s imi werdjin llin yigherbazen ilitwaniyen
dinna, yernu imezdaghen n tama-ya llan ttuh'ettmen akken ad lemden ala kan tapulunit negh tarusit. D anect-nni ay yeddjan
agdud alitwani ad d-yaki di tama-yagi i ghef "d-id'all lxir n R'ebbi". Kra n medden dindin kan mmektin-d talitwanit-nni ay
llan ttmeslayen-tt yimawlan akk d lejdud-nsen, di lweqt i deg wiyad', ‚awden lemmden-tt si swadda. D acu kan, nesh'issif imi
anect-a yakk cewwlen-t Yipuluniyen yernu ‚erd'en amek ara t-sh'ebsen. Yugh lh'al, ighallen n wezbu (rt'sistance) n "Armija
Krajowa" llan a ttnaghen am yizmawen mgal n yiserdasen n Hitler, d acu kan, di Litwanya tagmud'ant, bdan-d yiwet n lh'emla
n rrebrab akk d tekrid't (violence) mgal n yimezdaghen ilitwaniyen n tama-nni ur nselleh' ara. D anect-a ay yesh'ebsen taneffut
(rr'uh') n ussider alitwani deg wat'as n yimukan n tama-yagi, yernu di kra seg yimukan-a, ur tughal ara akk tlitwanit ad tettwahder'.
Asmi ay ifuk wemgaru, d ixut'ay kan n medden ay yellan s‚an tabghest (courage) di tama-nni akken ad d-inin d akken d
Ilitwaniyen ay llan.
Asmi ay yejbed
iman-is yigen almani si Litwanya, ughalen-d Yibulciviyen tikkelt nnid'en gher tmurt, deg unebdu n 1944, dgha at'as n medden
ay irewlen s Atram (Lgherb) imi ay ugaden lemmer ad ughalen "Yemzurgen-agi" (libt'rateurs) gher leqdic-nsen n rrebrab
n zik-nni : ugaden lemmer ad d-yughal wenfay n medden gher Sibirya yernu ad tech'en fell-asen NKVD. Dgha, wid-n irewlen d'em‚en
ad awd'en s ighallen s Marikan negh Brit'anya u ad d-ughalen dindin kan gher tmurt-nsen [imi ay ssarmen ad ten-‚iwnen Wutrimen-Igherbiyen-
akken ad ssuffghen Isuvyatiyen si tmurt-nsen].
D acu kan,
yughal rr'wah'-nsen i‚ett'el at'as yernu at'as seg-sen ur d-nughal ara gher tmurt-nsen, qqimen di lgherba alammi d asmi mmuten.
Ssarmen Yilitwaniyen d akken asmi ara rnun Yemsisan (Allit's) Lalman, ad asent-d-yughal uzarug-nsent i tmura tibaltiyin [timura
ay d-yuzgan ghef yilel Abalti : Litwanya, Litt'unya akk d Ist'unya], akken ay d-yenna Werkawal Atlanti (Charte Atlantique)
di 1941. D acu kan, Utrimen (Igherbiyen) isehh'er-iten Stalin u d anect-nni ay ten-yeddjan ad ssumlen kan (dt'ononcer) ayen
xedmen Yinaziyen, wanag ayen xedmen Yibulciviyen qeblen-t u ddjan Stalin ad yesserwet ddunit akken yebgha.
Atan ihi wamek ay tufa tbulcivit -tasnakta-yagi tasedmart
(rt'actionnaire)- amek ara teqqim di ddunit u ad d-teghd'el rrebrab akk d lbat'el meqqren i wach'al n yiseggasen ghef tmura
ay terra gher ddaw n tecd'ad't-is. Litwanya tella tteddu akken ad tes‚eddi yiwet n tallit d taberkant s ddaw n wanect-a yernu
ayen yed'ran deg-s yew‚er' ad t-id-neh'ku. D igiman (milliers) n Yilitwaniyen ay yettu‚ettben di tkurmutin (leh'bas) akk d
yigulagen, igriren-nni (camps) wughur llan snejma‚en imenfiyen, yernu at'as deg-sen ay yemmuten imeghrasen (martyrs) deg yimukan-a.
Tafellah't talitwanit
ihudd-itt wesmezdi (collectivisation) ay d-yettuh'ettmen ghef Yilitwaniyen. Maca ayen yugaren aya netta d ahuddu n tneffut
(rr'uh') n wegdud alitwani s tkerkas (lekdeb) ay llan sselmaden-tent Yibulciviyen, d ah'ettem n tiddjin n ddin d lefsad i
yes d-igellu waya di tt'bi‚a n medden akk d we‚zal n Litwanya ghef tmura nnid'en n ddunit.
Tamurt tbedd deg wudem n umennekcam yernu yebda-d yimenghi
iwe‚r'en. Irgazen imalayen (meilleurs) r'uh'en gher tz'egwa (leghwabi) dgha yebda-d wemgaru n yimughal (guerre des partisans).
Xas akken txuss'-iten tallalt (lem‚awna) si lberr'ani, isemtaren (conseillers), tizudar tiserdasiyin (bases militaires) akk
d yemrigen itraren (armes modernes), imnaghen (imjuhad) Ilitwaniyen ssawd'en ad nnaghen ugar n 8 yiseggasen mgal n Yigen Azewwagh,
win akken umi qqaren "igen ur nettwerna". Sakin, uznen-asen-d Yisuvyatiyen Amatu (gt'nt'ral) P. Vetrov, d amenghay ameqqran
ay yettwassnen yagi s wenfay n Yitcitciniyen akk d Yenguciyen si Quqaz, akk d usuffegh n Yitatar'en si Krimya. Imnaghen Ilitwaniyen
ay yettwatt'fen s ddaw n leh'kem-is, llan tekksen-asen ayla-nsen yernu tt‚elliqen-ten, tikwal mazal-iten d imuddiren, berr'a
i temdint negh di tsenbert tazayezt (place publique) akken ad ssugden yis-sen medden. Tesr'uh' Litwanya seg wemgaru akk d
tutt'fa taberr'anit tis tlata seg wegdud-is , di lweqt i deg Pulunya tesr'uh' kan tis setta. Agdud alitwani ay ineqsen, kecmen-t-id
yigiman (milliers) n yiberr'aniyen ay d-yusan seg Wegmud' (Ccerq), yernu ughalen d nitni ay ih'ekmen deg yimezdaghen ines'liyen
n tmurt. Yernu, iberr'aniyen-agi ur fkin ara akk azal i yedles akk d wansayen ilitwaniyen am akken llan ttcemmiten di tutlayt
talitwanit.
Ters-d citt'ah'
n l‚afya asmi ay yemmut Stalin, asmi ay d-tebda tallit-nni n "wefsay n wegris" n yiseggasen n 1950. D acu kan, ur t‚ett'el
ara dde‚wa tesbek, asmi ay tennerna tezmert n wid yellan ghef uqerru n Ukabar Amezdukli (parti communiste). Wigad-agi ttwassnen
s ucemmet-nsen i umezruy alitwani yernu ‚erd'en ad rren Ilitwaniyen h'eqren iman-nsen, ttseth'in s las'el-nsen akken ad ten-rren
d Irusiyen. Ma d aghlan alitwani yeqdec dima akken ad asen-yessexreb i wigi ayen llan bghan ad as-t-xedmen, yernu tella Litwanya
di tallit-nni tugar akk timura nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg wanect ay d-tessuffugh d idlisen akk d yeghmisen uffiren, yernu
tugar timiwa nnid'en awwi tes‚a n yimez'layen (dissidents).
Tutt'fa taberr'anit th'uza at'as Litwanya tagmud'ant (tacerqit).
Yugh lh'al, Ibulciviyen beddlen tilisa yellan ger n Byilurusya akk d Litwanya. Dgha ttunefken-as i Rusya, wasunen (districts)
n Smolensk, Novel akk d Starodub d wiyad', ay yellan si zik d ah'ric si Byilurusya, ma d talast n Byilurusya telh'a-d gher
Wetram (lgherb) u tettca-d seg wakal n wegdud alitwani. Asunen n Asmena (Osmyany) akk d Svyriai (Svir) ttwakksen-as i Litwanya
di lweqt i deg ah'ric-nni n Druskininkai-Marcinkonys ay tt'fen Walmaniyen deg wemgaru, akk d tama n Klaipeda rran-ten-id i
Litwanya. Amtawa (le‚qed) n 1944 ger n Tdukli Tasuvyatit akk d Pulunya, yeddja azal n 200.000 n yemdanen ad r'uh'en si Litwanya
gher Pulunya, tuget deg-sen d Ipuluniyen ay yellan zedghen di tama n Vilnius. D acu kan, llan gar-asen digh wat'as n Yilitwaniyen
ay yes‚eddan iman-nsen d Ipuluniyen akken ad rewlen si rrebrab n Stalin. Akken kan ffghen akk wigi, usan-d yiberr'aniyen akken
ad awin imukan-nsen di Litwanya. Di lweqt i deg tuget n Yirusiyen llan ttr'uh'un ad zedghen di temdinin n Litwanya, tamurt
llan keccmen-tt-id Yebyilurusiyen ay d-yekkan si tmiwa n Byilurusya ay iqerben gher Litwanya yernu nneghlen-d s wat'as ghef
tama n Vilnius, anda ay ughalen semman i yiman-nsen "Ipuluniyen". Di tizi n 1950, ixemmem Stalin d akken azra‚ n yedles d
tutlayt talitwanit di tama n Vilnius yezga-d mgal n yeyraten (intt'rÍts) Isuvyatiyen, dgha yebda udabu yettara igherbazen ilitwaniyen
(akk d yigherbazen irusiyen !) d igherbazen n tutlayt tapulunit.
Dgha imir-n
ay d-yebda uh'ettem n tutlayt tapulunit di tama n Vilnius u yella-d d amekrad' (violent) ugar n wakken t-xedmen Yipuluniyen
di tallit i deg tt'fen tama-ya i deg ay d as-fkan Yibulciviyen tiyita is'ehh'an i tneffut (rr'uh') talitwanit. Deg wat'as
n yimukan i deg medden merr'a llan ttmeslayen, negh meqqar fehhmen talitwanit ughalen ala kan d imgharen ay yecfan ghef tutlayt-a.
Ghef umedya, ghef leh'sab n tesnadent (statistiques) n 1933, azal n 90% seg yimezdaghen n tama n Paskonys ay yellan ttmeslayen
talitwanit, di lweqt i deg di 1979, ur wwid'en ara 30% n medden ay d-yennan d akken d Ilitwaniyen ay llan, ma di tama n Dieveniskes,
ay yellan d "talitwanit" ugar n tmezwarut-nni, ala kan 19% seg yimezdaghen-is ay d-yeqqimen ttmeslayen tutlayt-nsen. Takard'a
(carte) n yegduden tella tettbeddil udem. D acu kan, xas deg yimukan i deg tenger tlitwanit, llan mazal medden tt'fen deg
wansayen ilitwaniyen: yugh lh'al maza l llan Yilitwaniyen xeddmen imidagen (croix) rrif n yiberdan (u llan ttruz'un-tent Yibulciviyen
deg wat'as n yemd'iqen), mazal-iten z'ett'en icett'id'en, tisefd'in (serviettes) akk d tfers'uday n tadud't s rrqem alitwani,
mazal-iten tezz'un tibh'irin n yijeddjigen, ur ibeddel ara wamek xeddmen tafellah't am wakken ur beddlen ara wansayen-nsen,
cfan ghef tmucuha-nsen, tineflusin-nsen (superstitions) akk d kra si tesneqqist-nsen (mythologie).
Anz'ul agmud'an
(sud-est) n Litwanya yughal d tu‚bint (mosaÔque) n tutlayin. Yughal d awezghi ad tafed' din win yessnen kan yiwet n tutlayt
yernu di tallit n tutt'fa taberr'anit r'eb‚a n tutlayin ay yellan ttuseqdacent di tama-ya. Gher tama n tutlayin timens'abin
(officielles), talitwanit akk d trusit, tella tebyilurusit "ica‚en" (tin ssnen akk medden dinna) akk d tpulunit (polszczyzna
litewska) mazal s‚ant ddur' meqqren di tama-ya. Yugh lh'al, tapulinit n tama-ya isker ay temgerrad ghef tin ay ttmeslayen
di Pulunya, yernu ttmeslayen-tt ama di tmiwa n tutlayt talitwanit, ama di tid n tutlayt tabyilurusit. Ala kan d wid yeghran
ay yellan ttmeslayen tapulunit tizeght (standard). Di tmiwa-yagi, at'as n medden ay yellan ttmeslayen tutlayt ur nelli d tutlayt-nsen
tanes'lit. Ar ass-a, seg wakken tt'uqqtent tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tama-yagi n Litwanya alammi ay yew‚er' ad neg tilisa
gar-asent sufella n tkard'a tasnilsit (linguistique). Akken ad ssersen tilisa ger n tama akk d tayed', imassanen ttwalin gher
tutlayt tanes'lit ay tesseqdac tuget di medden di yal tama. Ghef waya ur a d-teddu ara trusit di tkard'iwin tisnilsiyin, imi
tutlayt-a d nettat ay d taneggarut ay d-yewwd'en gher Litwanya yernu ala kan mbe‚d n wemgaru ay tezre‚ di tmurt-a u tuget
deg wid ay tt-yesseqdacen s‚an tutlayt nnid'en, tin yellan d tanes'lit-nsen. Yugh lh'al, ala kan d iminigen iberr'aniyen,
ay d-yusan ad zedghen di Litwanya, ay yes‚an tarusit d tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit.
Mbe‚d n wemgaru,
Ilitwaniyen ay yeddren di tama-nni ay yettunefken i Byilurusya s‚eddan lh'if yugaren win ay s‚eddan watmaten-nsen n Litwanya.
Akken kan i‚edda wemgaru, ttwaghelqen akk yigherbazen ilitwaniyen. Ldin deg wemkan-nsen igherbazen ibyilurusiyen (ay yughalen
sakin d irusiyen), yernu yella yegdel ghef yibalmuden ad mmeslayen talitwanit ula di tesgunfut, swaswa akken yella lh'al di
tallit n tutt'fa tarusit, di lqern wis 19. Assuffegh n yedlisen akk d yeghmisen s tlitwanit yettwah'bes. Anermis (contact)
akk d Litwanya yughal yew‚er' yernu yettwargel webrid i wembaddel adelsan ger n Yilitwaniyen n tama-ya akk d wid n Litwanya.
Leqdic n Teklizt yettwah'bes mad'i yernu amrabed' n yir'umyen alitwani aneggaru di Byilurusya yettwabbez (arrÍter) akken kan
ifuk wemgaru.
Ilitwaniyen
n tama-ya llan tth'ettimen-ten ad ssiggzen (ad mmer'kin) iman-nsen d Ibyilurusiyen negh d Ipuluniyen negh d Irisiyen akken
ad yizdig wemd'iq-agi seg wegdud alitwani. Ass-a, mi ara rzun yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) gher kra n tudrin n tama-ya (anda
ay ttmeslayen kra n tduntalyin -sous-dialectes- tiqdimin ay yuklalen ad ttwassnent), ttafen tikwal d akken amdan aneggaru
ay yellan mazal yessen talitwanit din yemmut azal kan n useggas negh sin.
Ilitwaniyen ay yeddren deg wasunen n Punsk, Sejny akk d
yiwen n weh'ric n Suwalki -d timiwa ay yettunefken i Pulunya- ur ten-ih'uza yara lh'if ay ih'uzan wid n tmiwa nnid'en. Dgha,
nemgal (contrairement) n watmaten-nsen ay yeddren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, wigi ur ten-yennul rrebrab n Stalin wala asmedzi yettuh'ettmen
am akken ur ttuh'ettmen ara akken ad qeblen ansayen ibulciviyen, tarasred't (atht'isme) d wayen akk h'ettmen Yisuvyatiyen ghef
wegdud alitwani di Litwanya. D acu kan, ula di Pulunya ur llin ara yigherbazen ilitwaniyen di tazwara. Alammi d iseggasen
n 1950 ay ddjan talitwanit ad tettuselmed, yernu tella tettuselmad kan s yisem-is d tanga (matiŤre), sakin bdan kra n yigherbazen
sselmaden tangiwin merr'a s tlitwanit u di 1956, teldi yiwet n tesnawit (lyct'e) talitwanit di Punsk. Naqal llant lxet'bat
akk n teklizt ttwaxdament s tpulunit sakin tughal-d tlitwanit gher kra n teklizin n tama-yagi. Si 1957 ay s‚an Yilitwaniyen
n Pulunya tiddukla-nsen tadelsant yernu ssuff ughen-d aghmis-nsen umi qqaren Ausra (Tafejrit). D acu kan, ula d nitni ur mni‚en
ara si tesmez'lit (discrimination) imi ay yella yettwagdel-asen ad mmeslayen s tlitwanit deg yimukan izuyaz (lieux publics)
alammi 1950, am wakken ur ten-id-is'ah' ara ad mmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen deg usawal alammi d 1990.
Tama n Klaipeda
[ay d-yuzgan deg wetram-lgherb n Litwanya] tent'err mlih' seg wemgaru, imi tuget akk deg yimezdaghen-is wwin-ten Walmaniyen
gher tmiwa ibe‚den n Lalman yernu at'as seg Yilitwaniyen-agi deg Wetram ay qqimen asmi ay yefra wemgaru. Ma wid ay d-yeqqimen
di tama-ya, nfan-ten Yisuvyatiyen gher Sibirya. Dgha ala citt'ah' kan seg yimezdaghen ines'liyen n Klaipeda ay d-yeqqimen
di tama-ya. ¬erd'en ad gen yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) tizrawin (t'tudes) ghef tutlayt-nsen am akken zerwen tiduntalyin n Litwanya
tagmud'ant (tacerqit) imi ay s‚ant azal meqqren deg wezraw n tutlayt tahendur'ufit (indo-europt'en).
Ilitwaniyen
n Prusya Tagmud'ant (tacerqit) ssarmen ad tettwaqqen tama-nsen gher Litwanya mi ara yefru wemgaru u ad ifak lh'if fell-asen,
d acu kan, tin yexdem deg-sen Stalin ur txulef ara tin yexdem deg Walmaniyen, dgha yebda-d rrebrab. D Almaniyen negh Ilitwaniyen,
llan ssuffughen-ten-id merr'a Yisuvyatiyen seg yexxamen-nsen akken ad ten-nghen di lbat'el. Yeghli-d laz' ghef tama-yagi merr'a
yernu yebda-d ussenger n wegdud-is. Deg Usarag (conft'rence) n Potsdam, tettwafreq Prusya Tagmud'ant (Tacerqit) ger n Tdukli
Tasuvyatit akk d Pulunya. Dgha yefka Stalin ah'ric-nni asuvyati i Tfidir'alit Tarusit, xas akken ur tt-crikent ara tlisa akk
d tama-yagi, yernu dindin kan wwd'en-d Yirusiyen akken ad zedghen deg-s. Yugh lh'al, asmi ay tettwaqqen tama-ya [umi qqaren
ass-a Kaliningrad] gher Rrus, sr'uh'en Yilitwaniyen tilisa-nsen akk d Walmaniyen, mbe‚d ma llan d inaragen (ldjiran) ugar
n 700 n yiseggasen, dgha ufan-d Yilitwaniyen iman-nsen zzin-asen-d Yeslaviyen si yal tama. ¬erd'en Yibulciviyen ad asen-skecmen
i medden takti d akken Prusya Tagmud'ant tella d tama taslavit si zzman aqdim (d ayen yellan d azulal -absurde). Ttubeddlen
yismawen n yemd'iqen n tama-ya akken ara cabin gher yismawen irusiyen am wakken ay d-kecmen yismawen irusiyen di yal amkan.
Fkan Yisuvyatiyen ismawen irusiyen i yemd'iqen yellan s‚an ismawen icuban talmanit, am beddlen ismawen ilitwaniyen d yeprusiyen
[ay d-yekkan si tutlayt taprusit taqdimt ay icuban talitwanit], ay d-yeqqimen si zzman aqdim yernu ula d ismawen n yisafen
ttubeddlen u qlil kan sanda yed'ra waya deg umezruy n ddunit.
Ma d Ipuluniyen,
ula d nitni d'efren tasertit-nni n Yisuvyatiyen deg "umur-nsen" n Prusya Tagmud'ant. Dgha at'as n yismawen n yemd'iqen ilitwaniyen
ay kksen u rran deg wemkan-nsen ismawen ipuluniyen, yernu snegren talitwanit n Prusya Tagmud'ant, d tutlayt ay yes‚an ddur'
meqqren di tlalit n tutlayt talitwanit tizeght (standard) n wass-a.
Ass-a, at'as
n Yilitwaniyen ara yettidiren berr'a i tmiwa n wegdud alitwani: wigi d arraw n wid-n akken irewlen deg wemgaru, wid yettwanfan
d wiyad'. Ger n 30.000 d 40.000 n Yilitwaniyen ara yettidiren di Litt'unya [d tamurt iqerben gher Litwanya], di Byilurusya
nezmer ad naf ma cwit' 10.000 n Yilitwaniyen, ma di Rusya, ugar 100.000 n Yilitwaniyen ay yellan (tuget deg-sen n imenfiyen
akk d warraw-nsen, d acu kan, at'as seg-sen ay d-yughalen gher Litwanya), u ad ilin ahat azal n 20.000 negh n 30.000 n Yilitwaniyen
deg wayen d-yegran si tegdudyin [tiqburin] n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Berr'a i Litwanya, ula d yiwen n ugherbaz alitwani ur yeldi
di tmiwa nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. D anect-nni ay yeddjan amd'an n wid yettmeslayen talitwanit ad yenqes s l‚ejlan.
Berr'a i tlisa
n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yerna wemd'an n yiminigen imi ay d-wwd'en yiminigen imaynuten, tuget deg-sen llan si tmegzi (intelligentsia)
negh si tedghert (t'lite) talitwanit. Wigi m‚awanen wagar-asen u ttekkan deg wat'as n leqdicat idelsanen, ladgha wid-n akken
yettidiren deg Yiwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt (USA). Dgha ssuffghen-d at'as n yedlisen akk d yeghmisen, yernu ger wigi akk, llan
yedlisen d yeghmisen yerzan tutlayt talitwanit. Lemmer ad d-njemmel akk iminigen yellan ass-a deg Yiwunak Yedduklen, ama d
iqburen negh d imaynuten, ad ten-naf wwd'en s amelyun, d acu kan, ala kan tis tlata deg-sen ahat ay d-mazal ssnen ad mmeslayen
talitwanit. At'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yettidiren digh di Brizil (azal n 50.000), di Ter'jentint (azal n 35.000), di Kanada (azal
n 30.000), di Ustr'alya (azal n 10.000) akk d wanda nnid'en. Deg yemd'iqen-agi merr'a, talitwanit kecment-tt-id tutlayin n
tmura-ya, dgha tughal temxallaf citt' g hef tin ay ttmeslayen di Litwanya.
Asmi yefra wemgaru,
tutlayt talitwanit s timmad-is tes‚edda tagnit n lh'if s ddaw n udabu asuvyati. Ah'ettem n unnejli, anfay si tmurt, igriren
n wesnejme‚ (camps de concentrations) n yimeh'bas akk d ussenger n wegdud ... anect-a yakk yessenqes s tis tlata amd'an
n wid yettmeslayen s tlitwanit. Yugh lh'al, ula d inurar i deg tezmer tlitwanit ad tettuseqdec neqsen. Ur tettuseqdac di tghawsiwin
n tesnassaght (diplomatie), wala deg yigen, yernu tella simmal ttaddjan-tt deg yinurar nnid'en n unabad' (gouvernement). Ula
d asseqdec-yines azayez (usage public) yenqes s l‚ejlan. Tamenzut, tughal ur a tettuseqdac ara deg Ukabar Amezdukli (Parti
Communiste) akk d tedbelt (administration), sakin, tughal maci d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ger n yigezda (dt'partement),
ddjan-tt yeghsuren imens'aben (t'tablissements officiels) yernu di tgara, teffegh ula seg yinurar n temguri (industrie) d leqdic,
seg waddal akk d yimez'la n tghiwant (services communaux). Anda ma teddid', d tarusit ara yettawin amkan n tlitwanit. Tikwal,
mi ara yebghu Ulitwani ad as-yaru i Ulitwani nnid'en ay iqeddcen di kra n weghsur, s trusit ara d as-yaru. At'as n yimesnarayen
(bureaucrates) ilitwaniyen imeqqranen ay yettwakksen u rran-d deg yimukan-nsen Irusiyen. Xas ‚eddan ghef Yirusiyen-agi ugar
n ‚ecrin n yiseggasen n leqdic, werdjin lemden ad mmeslayen talitwanit yernu ula d "azul" ur ssinen ara ad t-inin i wab‚ad'
s tutlayt-a. Dgha yughal d awezghi ad yesseqdec wemdan talitwanit deg wat'as n yeghsuren.
Ddur' n tlitwanit
yenqes di tghamsa, di rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu u yenqes ula deg ugherbaz yernu cwit', cwit' ara tettwakkas tlitwanit si tkadimit.
Ah'ettem n tutlayt tarusit yughal yedjhed ugar n wakken yella di tallit n Utzar' (tsar). Ayen i gher ur yessawed' ara udabu
atzar'i (tsariste) ad t-yexdem deg yiwen n lqern, ssawd'en Yibulciviyen ad t-xedmen di kra kan n tmerwatin (dt'cades).
Ughalen Yilitwaniyen
merr'a ssnen u sseqdacen snat n tutlayin. Maca nnig waya, ‚erd'en Yibulciviyen amek ara d-sseknen d akken azra‚ n tutlayt
tarusit yes‚a lfayda tussnant (scientifique). Dgha snulfan-d tiz'ri (tht'orie) n "wesdukel" n yegduden akk d tutlayin [akken
ad ughalen yimezdaghen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit merr'a ad ttmeslayen s yiwet kan n tutlayt]. Di 1979, yettwaxdem usarag "amusnaw"
[ghef tutlayt] di Tackent [tamaneght n Tadjikistan], u seg yimir-n ay yesnerna udabu asuvyati s kra n wayen ay izemren ad
i‚iwen tutlayt tarusit akken ad tezre‚ di Litwanya. Yewwed' udabu alammi ay yessekcem tarusit s almaten n yigerdan (jardins
d'enfants) n Litwanya yernu tughal tlitwanit tes‚a kan amkan n tutlayt "taz'iyant" (rt'gionale), amkan n tutlayt tis snat u
ir'uh'-as wazal-nni ay tella tes‚a-t di tmurt-is, ghur wegdud-is.
At'as n Yilitwaniyen
ay yellan ttmeslayen tarusit xir n tlitwanit yernu teh'bes tanneflit tamagnut (dt'veloppement normal) n tutlayt talitwanit.
Llan wid i‚erd'en -yernu ‚emmden- amek ara sqerben talitwanit gher trusit, di lweqt i deg kra, nnan-d d akken werdjin tedder
tlitwanit di tegnit n liser akken tella tettidir s ddaw n Yibulciviyen. Yugh lh'al, assekcem n tutlayt tarusit gher Litwanya
yettwaxdem mebla taksent (contrŰle) yernu yegla-d s yixess'aren imeqqranen ghef tutlayt talitwanit deg yinurar merr'a i deg
tella tettuseqdac. Wid-n akken ay tezrer (influencer) trusit s wat'as wwd'en alammi ara ttmeslayen talitwanit s weghdebbu
(accent) arusi yernu tughal tlitwanit-agi n weghdebbu arusi nezmer ad tt-nsel ama di temliliyin negh tilibizyu akk d rr'adyu,
yernu tikwal, llan sseqdacen-tt ula di tceqfatin n umezgun.
Amawal (lt'xique)
n tlitwanit ay ttmeslayen medden yughal yettcur' d
awalen n trusit. Medden bdan sseqdacen ula d awalen n trusit
ur d-nemyezg ara akk d talghiwin (formes) n wawalen n tlitwanit, dgha akken d-ttwant'aqen wawalen-agi di trusit ara ten-ssexdamen
Yilitwaniyen di tlitwanit. Yernu bdan digh medden sseqdacen awalen n tlitwanit akken ay ttuseqdacen wawalen n trusit, meh'sub,
ughalen ttbeddilen-asen inumak (lem‚ani) i wawalen ilitwaniyen ay icuban awalen irusiyen, u ttaken-asen inumak-nni ay s‚an
di trusit. Ghef umedya, awal alitwani "eile" yughal unamek-is "at'as", "kra" negh "tarba‚t", imi ay yettuseqdac di trusit
wawal icuban wagi yernu yes‚a inumak-agi. Akken ad d-inin Yilitwaniyen "lghella tettwamger S wemger" (s usseqdec n tzelgha
n wallal -particule d'instrument), "derliu nueme kombaino", ughalen rnan-d awal "pagalba", "s tallalt n" (s lma‚wana), xas
ur t-sseqdacen ara zik di tutlayt-nsen, dgha ughalen qqaren-d s tutlayt-nsen akken d-qqaren s trusit "derliu nueme kombaino
pagalba" - "lghella tettwamger S TALLALT n wemger".
Tughal tlitwanit
tesseqdac at'as n tghawsiwin yeqqnen gher tjerr'umt tarusit : tijr'utin (cas) n trusit, talghiwin-is tisendadin (formes rt'flt'chies),
izwiren (prt'fixes) akk d tenzagh (prt'positions) n trusit tt'uqqten di tlitwanit. Tughal ula d tafyirt (phrase) talitwanit
tettwabna akken tettwabna tefyirt tarusit. (...)
Yettwakkes-d
wed'ris-agi seg wedlis n Z. Zinkevicius
"History of the Lithuanian Language" (Amezruy n Tutlayt Talitwanit)
Tasuqilt
sghur n : Omar MOUFFOK
Tzemrem ad terzum s asebter-agi (page) akken ad d-tafem
ugar n yisallen :
http://www.elnet.lt/vartiklis/english.htm
D ACU-TT TLITWANIT ?
Seg wasmi ay
tewwi Litwanya azarug-is, di 1990, tughal tlitwanit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt n tmurt-agi. Yugh lh'al, tutlayt-a a
yes‚eddan azal n 400 n yiseggasen n lh'if akk d th'eqranit, yughal-itt-id wayen i deg tettalas u dindin kan teddjudjeg-d u
teh'la si ledjruh' ay d-yeddja deg-s umezruy.
Tamurt-is :
Litwanya d yiwet
si tmura yellan zik d ah'ric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Uqbel ma yekcem gher tdukli-yagi, tewwi azarug-is di 1920, d acu kan, Isuvyatiyen
tt'fen tamurt-a xas ur yebghi wegdud-is di 1940, u h'ettmen-tt ad tili d ah'ric seg wemd'al amezdukli (monde communiste) alammi
d 1990, asmi ay tt-id-tughal tlelli-yines i tikkelt tis snat. Tuzga-d Litwanya ghef yiri n yilel Abalti (mer Baltique), yernu
nettat d yiwet si tlata-nni n tmura tibaltiyin (pays baltes), gher tama Litt'unya akk d Ist'unya, wukud tecrek at'as n tghawsiwin,
ama deg yedles negh deg umezruy. Litwanya tes‚a tilisa akk d Litt'unya deg ugafa (nord), akk d Byilurusya deg wegmud' (ccerq),
akk d yilel Abalti deg wetram u th'udd-itt-id Pulunya akk d wasun (territoire) arusi n Kaliningrad seg wetram akk d wenz'ul
(sud). Tamaneght-is isem-is Vilnius, ma d Klaipeda, ay d-yuzgan deg wetram (lgherb) d yiwet si temdinin timeqqranin akk n
tmurt-a.
Aqeddem n tutlayt :
Talitwanit ttmeslayen-tt
ass-a 3 n yimelyunen n medden di Litwanya (98 % seg yimezdaghen n Tegduda Talitwanit), ma nerna-yas-d i wemd'an-agi anect
yettmeslayen talitwanit berr'a i Litwanya, ad d-naf d akken 3,5 n yimelyunen n yemdanen ara yettmeslayen talitwanit deg wemd'al.
Si ger n 800.000 n Yilitwaniyen ay yettidiren di lberr'ani, ah'ric ameqqran deg-sen yettidir deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (650.000),
maca digh nezmer ad naf at'as n Yilitwaniyen di Pulunya (anda 70.000 n yemdanen ay yettmeslayen talitwanit), di Brizil (40.000),
di Ter'jentint (35.000), di Kanada (14.725), di Brit'anya Tameqqrant (12.000), akk d Uruguay (10.000) (Grimes 1992). D acu
kan, akken d-iger tamawt Zinkuvicius deg wedlis-is, maci Ilitwaniyen merr'a ay izedghen di lberr'ani ssnen tutlayt-nsen.
Deg wennar n
tesnilsit (linguistique), qqaren-d d akken d talitwanit i deg ay d-qqimen wat'as akk n yedrizen (traces) si tutlayt tahendur'ufit
(indo-europt'en) taqdimt, tin i seg d-yeffegh umur meqqren si tutlayin n Tur'uft n wass-a. Qqiment-d di tlitwanit at'as n tghawsiwin
n tjerr'umt taqburt ay sr'uh'ent tutlayin tihendur'ifiyin nnid'en. D acu kan, am tutlayin merr'a n twacult tahendur'ufit,
ula d talitwanit tbeddel akk d lweqt. Talgha (forme) taqburt akk n tlitwanit yettwassnen, qqaren-as "talitwanit taqburt",
yiwen ur a tt-yettmeslay ass-a.
Tawacult-is :
Talitwanit tekcem
di twacult tameqqrant n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin (indo-europt'enne), am tefr'ensist, taneglizit akk d weh'ric meqqren si ttulayin
n Tur'uft (Europe). D acu kan, talitwanit ur tcuba ara at'as tafr'ensist negh taneglizit am akken tcuba tutlayin ay d-iqerben
ghur-s, tid wukud tecrek az'ar iqerben. Tawacult n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin tebd'a d ifurka, dgha talitwanit tekcem deg ufurk
n tutlayin tibaltiyin, di lweqt i deg taneglizit akk d talmanit, ghef umedya, kecment deg ufurk n tutlayin tijirmaniyin. Afurk
n tutlayin tibaltiyin yebd'a ghef snat n tegrawin (tirebba‚) : tutlayin tibaltiyin tigmud'anin (ticerqiyin) i deg tella tlitwanit
akk d tlitt'unit (letton, d tutlayt icuban mlih' taliwanit u ttmeslayen-tt di Litt'unya), akk d terba‚t n tutlayin tibaltiyin
tutrimin (tigherbiyin) i deg tella teprusit taqburt, d tutlayt ay inegren di tizi n 1700, u qqimen-d seg-s ala kan kra n yedrizen
(traces) yuran. Ihi, t utlayt i gher teqreb kter' tlitwanit d talitt'unit. Yugh lh'al, tutlayin-agi di snat ugarent akk tutlayin
tihendur'ufiyin deg wanect i d-yeqqimen deg-sent d idrizen iqburen di tejr'utin (cas) n thendur'ifit taqburt.
Tantalyin n tlitwanit :
Talitwanit tella
tes‚a at'as n tentalyin, d acu kan, llant kra deg-sen ay yedduklen akk d tiyad', u ughalent d yiwet kan n tentala. Ma d imesilsiyen
(linguistes), msefhamen s umata akken ad bd'un talitwanit ghef snat n tentalyin timeqqranin. Tamenzut, d tin umi qqaren "aukshtaichiai"
negh tukctaytit, negh Talitwanit n Ufella. Ma d tis snat d tin umi qqaren "zemachiai" negh tasamugtit negh Talitwanit n Wadda.
Yiwen n umassan, Grimes (deg wedlis-is n 1992), yerna-d tantala tis tlata, tadzukit, ay yeh'seb d yiwet si tentalyin timeqqranin
n tlitwanit, di lweqt i deg tuget deg n yimassanen qqaren-d d akken tadzukit d tand'a kan (variante) n tukctaytit. Tutlayt
talitwanit tatrat ay tesseqdac tmurt ass-a tekka-d seg yiwet n tduntala (sous-dialecte) n tukctaytit (talitwanit n ufella)
ay ttmeslayen deg wenz'ul (sud) n Litwanya, d acu kan, id'risen iqburen akk n tlitwanit uran s tlitwanit n wadda.
Tira :
Talitwanit tesseqdac
agemmay alatini ay yettubeddlen citt'ah'. Akken ad d-sbanen "ighdebba" (accents) n tutlayt talitwanit, Ilitwaniyen sseqdacen
izmal n ussemgirred (signes diacritiques). Yugh lh'al, tesseqdec tlitwanit yiwen n lweqt agemmay asirili (arusi) si 1864 alammi
d 1905, d acu kan, yughal-itt-id ugemmay alatini imi d netta kan ay isehlen i tira-yines.
Tasghent-is (ddur'-is) di tmetti :
Ass-a, talitwanit
tes‚a az'ayer (statut) n tutlayt tamens'abt di Litwanya, yernu tettuseqac deg yinurar merr'a n leqdic akk d tudert n yal ass.
Seg wasmi ay d-yebda lqern wis 20 ara tettuseqdac tlitwanit deg ugherbaz.
Ger n 1920 d
1940 (di tallit n uzarug amenzu n tmurt), tesbedd-d Litwanya anagraw (systŤme) ikemlen n usselmed ara yesseqdacen talitwanit
d tutlayt n usselmed seg ugherbaz amenzu alamma d tasdawit. Yugh lh'al, agdud alitwani d win ih'emmlen ad igher at'as s tutlayt-is.
Di tallit i deg tewwi Litwanya azarug-is amenzu, ugar n 7100 n yedlisen ay d-yeffghen s tlitwanit, yernu ass-a at'as n tghawsiwin
yuran ara d-iteffghen s tlitwanit, gar-asent id'risen ussnanen (textes scientifiques) d wakniyen (techniques) akk d yeghmisen
d tesghunin (revues). Di 1990, ffghen-d di Litwanya 240 n yeghmisen s 4,5 n yimelyunen n wudmawen (exemplaires) akk d 43 n
tesghunin s 2,6 n yimelyunen n wudmawen.
Llant digh tregwa
n rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu s tlitanit. Kra n wahilen (programmes) ay d-tgen i yiberr'aniyen, ttmeslayen s teglizit.
Mi akka ara
d-yettqerrib uzemz (date) n unekcum n Litwanya gher Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Europt'enne), talitwanit ur tettghimi ara kan d
tutlayt taghelnawt n yiwet kan n tmurt wanag ad tughal d yiwet si tutlayin timens'abin n Tur'uft u ad d-taf iman-is s waya
tga ah'urif gher sdat akken ad tughal d tutlayt tagraghlant. Xas ma yella lqern wis 20 yeddja-d ledjruh' di tutlayt-a yernu
qrib yegli yis-s akken ad tughal si tutlayin yemmuten, lqern wis 21 yeldi-d tiwwura timaynutin ghef tutlayt-a akken ad tennerni
gher sdat.
[Ah'ric meqqren seg wed'ris-agi newwi-t-id seg wemd'iq n
Tesdawit n Los Angeles. UCLA Language Profiles.]
Tasuqilt n Hamid OUBAGHA
Arut-agh-d, gret-d tamawin-nwen, neqqar l‚eslama i s kra
n tebrat ara d agh-d-yawd'en sghur-wen.
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129, Poste Didouche Mourad
16006,
Alger, Algt'rie
E-mail : imedyazen89@yahoo.fr
Imagraden yeqqnen s asentel n wutt'un-a :
Tabrat n Yimedyazen : Utt'un 14 : Tasertiti n tutlayin di Ist'unya
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text:
Deg taddart n Tbueemmucin, deg tɣiwant n Sedduq, azal n 7 ussan d nutni d anadi ɣef mmi-s n yiwen umeellem n yiwet n tkebbanit i ixeddmen iberdan. Aqcic-a, i yesean 05 iseggasen, azal n ssmana ur d-iban anida yerra. Imezdaɣ n tama-a tekker yakk deg-sen, s teɣzi n smana d nutni d anadi fell-as, ur t-ufin ara.
Almi d iḍelli n lḥedd, yiwen urgaz d tmeṭṭut-is, ufan-t yeṭṭes zdat yiwet tala, anda myegzamen iberdan yettwain ɣer Wat Meuc, Aqbu akked Sedduq.
ɣef wakken i heddren, wid i t-yukren ḍemeen tadrimt sɣur baba-s. Dɣa, ayen yeḍran akka i tikkelt tamezwarut deg temnaṭ-a, yessekcem tugdi ɣer wulawen n yimdanen, uggaden yakk ɣef warraw-nsen.


text:
Seqdec qel n tkatut
Ulac win iḥemlen ahilen itetten ddeqs n tkatut! Firefox d iminig afessas (akka tura yelha). Imi n seqdac drus n tkatut RAM ɣef Chrome, ahilen-ikzemren ad ttwaselkamen war ma ḥebsen.
Kcem ɣer waccaren-ik s war araǧu
Tura aselkem n ddeqs n twuriwin ɣef tikelt d ayen fessusen s ddeqs n waccaren. Firefox tura d iminig aget-ikalan, ayen yebɣa ad d-yni d akken icceren-ik urmidenur ttawin ara aṭas n wakud akken ad d-alin. S daw n 86 % n uṛaǧu, ad tizmireḍ ad tedduḍ s zreb seg iccer ar wayeḍ ɣas tildiḍ-d ugar n yiccaṛen-nniḍen.
Ali ɣer uswir meqqren
Mozilla tuɣ abrid n tneflit n tetiknulujiyin i d-yeldin abrid i wuraren 3D s tmellit iqerben ɣer tin n yisnasen ineṣliyen. Firefox ad yettheggi ad yeglu s twennaṭ-agi i wuraren srid: asenɣes n tgezmi, asali n wakud n tririt akked uṣeggem n tarrayt n wurar s useqdec n tunigin taruradt, tafessast.


text:
Afus
Afus ɣer ufgan d agman gar yegmanen ifellayen, yezga-d deg taggara n yiɣil. Yal afgan ɣur-s sin n ifassen, afus ayfus akked ufus aẓelmaṭ, yal afus ɣur-s semmus (5) n iṭudan d idikel, s yessen yezmer ufgan ad yeg aṭas n tigawin (ad yeṭṭef, ad yaru ...) neɣ ad t-issexdem deg tutlayt n izmal. Afus d allal ilan (yesɛan) azal ameqran ɣer ufgan.
iɣsan n ufusẒreg
Ifassen ɣer iɣersiwenẒreg
TamawaltẒreg
Addad amaruz : Ufus
Asget : Ifassen
AseqdecẒreg
Yesseqdac umdan ifassen-is aṭas deg tudert-is n yal ass, gar tigawin i yezmer ad yeg ufus : Arfad n tɣawsiwin (tudma), tuṭfa, tira, aktili, učči, atg.
Aglam n ufusẒreg
Afus d aḥric aneggaru deg yiɣil, deg-s tidikelt, ɣur-s cudden-d semmus (5) n yiḍudan :
- Adebbuz
- Uskin : Yezga-d gar udebbuz d uḍad ameqran
- Aḍad ameqran : D netta i d ameqran akk gar yiḍudan.
- Warisem : Yezga-d gar uḍad ameqran d umeẓyan.
- Aḍad ameẓyan : D netta i d ameẓyan akk gar yiḍudan.
Taɣessa (Squelette)Ẓreg
Afus n umdan amengaḍ (adulte) ɣur-s snat n tmarwin ṣa (27) n yiɣsan, bḍan ɣef kraḍ (3) n yeḥricen : acaṛuf, timceḍt n ufus akked tɣessa n yiḍudan.
Acaṛuf ɣur-s ṭam (8) n yiɣsan imeẓyanen, timceḍt n ufus ɣur-s semmus (5) n yiɣsan ma d taɣessa n yiḍudan ɣur-s mraw kuẓ (14) n yiɣsan iɣezfanen.
Tigeltyam (Muscles)Ẓreg
Afus ɣur-s seg yiwwet n tama, snat n tmarwin yiwwen (21) n tgeltyam tummasin (muscles essentiels). Seg tama nniḍen, llan yidedden (tendons) n mraw semmus (15) n tgeltyam tisnawanin (muscles secondaires).


text:
Tutlayt taqbaylit
Taqbaylit d tutlayt Tamaziɣt iy ttmeslayen Yiqbayliyen, di tmurt n iqbayliyen, Zzayer d luṛup.
Taqbaylit tettikki deg twacult en Tmaziɣt. Ma ɣas tutlayt Tamaziɣt zik tettwaru es yisekkilen en Ilibu-Maziɣen (Tifinaɣ aqbur) akken tettwaru Tutlayt tamaceɣt ar assa, Tamaziɣt en tmurt en Leqbayel neɣ Taqbaylit tettwaru assa es yisekkilen ilatinen.
Adlis amenzu i d-yeffɣen s Teqbaylit d win yura Adolphe Hanoteau ɣef tuɣac n Ǧerǧer deg useggas n 1867, deffir-is d Auguste Mouliéras yuran sin n yidlisen ɣef tmucuha n Tmurt n Yiqbayeliyen gar n yiseggasen n 1891, 1893 d 1895, akked Bulifa i yuran adlis ɣef yisefra n Si Muḥend u Mḥend deg useggas n 1904.
Imaren, uran Yifṛansisen kra n yidlisen ɣef tmucuha d yisefra n Yiqbayliyen. Ungal amenzu yettwarun s Teqbaylit d win yura Belɛid At Ɛli deg yiseggasen 1940.
Adlis i as-yefkan ilugan iṛessan n tjerrumt i Teqbaylit d win yura Dda Mulud n At Mɛemmeṛ. Kamal U Zerrad netta yerna-d ɣef umahil n Dda Lmulud i wakken ad d-iṛessi ugar ilugan n tjerrumt n tutlayt-a.
Iseggasen-a ineggura ffɣen-d azal n 400 en yidlisen s Teqbaylit, gar ammuden n yisefra, tullisin akked ungalen.
Taqbaylit ass mi i d-kecmen Yifṛansisen ar tmura Timaziɣin n Tefriqt en Ugafa tella tettwameslay deg yiwet n temnaḍt meqqṛen azal n snat n tikkwal tamnaḍt n Yizwawen (Leqbayel) n wass-a.
Seg tudrin i d-yezzin i Mila, teṛṛeḍ ar tid n yidurar n Lḥuḍna, idurar n Ṣṭif, idurar n Jijel, Msila d wezray ar tmurt n Leqbayel n wass-a, At Wartilan, At Yeɛla, akked iderma n temnaḍt n Bgayet, n Tubiret akked wid n Tizi Wezzu d Bumerdas.
Imir Ifṛansisen ttekkan ɣef lquyyad akked Bacaɣat akken ad qehren ugdud. Kksen-d wakal i wid yellan zedɣen anda yella wakal yelhan i tyerza, kra snegren-t, kra snejlan-t.
Fkan wakal-nni i Lquyyad. Lquyyad-agi akked Bacaɣat d wid yeɣran taɛṛabt, ifṛansiwen llan lemden taɛrabt akken ad ttemyarun d lquyyad-a, imezdaɣ yeqqimen d aklan deg tmurt-nsen yeqqim-asen-d kan ad ḍefren almi i d-ufan iman-nsen ttun tutlayt-nsen, akken i asen-yeṛuḥ wakal-nsen, ǧǧan iman-nsen tuɣ fell-asen taɛṛabt am akken werǧin mmeslayen-d taqbaylit. Ihi akka i teqqurmeḍ tjumma anda tettwameslay teqbaylit ass-a.
I izemren ad t-iḥudden ɣef wengar d tira akked tayri d wazal ad d-as-fken warraw-is. Ma tenger teqbaylit ad d-negren iqbayliyen, ad d-qqimen imdanen war idles, ad asen-teḍru am tebrikt yettun tikli n tyaziḍt, tin n tsekkurt ur as-tewwiḍ ara. Ttbut ɣef aya, ad d-iɣer kan yiwen amek d-gran wid akken yettun tutlayt-nsen uɣen tutlayt-nniḍen anda yewweḍ wazal-nsen. Win i d-yusan ad ten-yenher am ulli.
Agemmay n tmaziɣt (alatini)Ẓreg
NB: Zik nesseqdac "ț", "ʐ", maca mači tura (Kamal naït zerrad, tajerrumt tatrart en teqbaylit).
Agemmay n Tmaziɣt (Tifinaɣ)Ẓreg
Iqbayliyen ger imenza deg iɣerfan n [[Tamazɣa|Tefriqt n ugafa] i yuran s tifinaɣ seld/uqbel n imucaɣ yugẓen (i ḥerzen) iskkiilen-a teɣzi n igima iseggasen.
Isekkilen en tifinaɣ d agemmay n Tmaziɣt deg-s 38 iskilen , ugar en 47 n tadatin.
Anamek-is deg teẓri n kra imusnawen ur d-yeki seg uẓar Afenniq, ur yelli d anamek n usunaɣ aken qqaṛen kra(Fnaɣ=dessiner), Maca yal Amaziɣ yugẓen annuz-is d cfawat-is yeẓra anamek n tifinaɣ yekka-d s (tifin «découverte» nneɣ «Notre») ayen ad yefken Tifinaɣ (notre découverte). Maca tawalt n "tafineq" (tafineɣt) tella di Tmaceɣt am "le singulier" en "tifinaɣ".
Agemmay n Tifinaɣ am iskkilen n tutlayin-nniḍen deg umezruy seg 22 isekkilen ar ilibiyen imziken ar ugemmay n unagraw amaziɣ aseggass 1960.
Deg useggass n 2011 Asinag Ageldan en Tussna Tamazight isegrew isekkilen iqburen deg yiwen n wumuɣ n 31 isekkilen.
Tadukli Inaramen d Temnirin tsegrew isekkilen en Da Lmulud At Mamar s tifinaɣ tga umuɣ en 38 isekkilen(Ẓer umuɣ s pdf).
TamselyutẒreg
AdelsumuɣẒreg
- Si Amar ou Saïd Boulifa, Recueil de poésies kabyles. Texte zouaoua traduit, annoté et précédé d'une étude sur la femme kabyle et d'une notice sur le chant kabyle (airs de musique), Alger, 1904, 555 is. (taẓrigt tis 2 Alger-Paris, 1990, ISBN 2-906659-00-04)
- Adolphe Hanoteau, Poésies Populaires de la Kabylie du Jurjura, Paris, Imp. impériale, 1867 (aḍris es pdf)
- Auguste Mouliéras, Les Fourberies de Si Djeh'a, Wehran, Perrier, 1891
- Auguste Mouliéras, Légendes et contes merveilleux de la Grande Kabylie, Paris 1893-1895 (aḍris es pdf)
TiwelhiwinẒreg
- ↑ Taqbaylit at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- ↑ "Nouria Benghabrit : l'enseignement de Tamazight sera élargi à 10 autres wilayas et bénéficiera de 300 nouveaux postes budgétaires". Rafio Algérienne.
la graphie Tifinagh pour le Targui, Latine pour la Kabylie et Arabe pour le M’Zab et les Aurès
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kabyle". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


text:
D acu i tenniḍ ?
Tamuɣli taminant gar Tutlayt akked Wallaɣ
I tikkelt-nniḍen, ad d-yessebgen udabu Azzayri war lethu-ines d temsalt n Tmaziɣt, Tamaziɣt i yettraǧu ugdud ad tuɣal d tutlayt tunsibt, ayen akk i weɛden deg usewjed akked lḥemlat n lbuṭ i gan ɣaf temsalt n Tmaziɣt, ass-a ttun-tt... Ala ! mačči kan ttun-tt, mektan-tt-id, d acu kan wten nneḥ ! Aya yessebgen-it-id uneɣlaf amezwaru, tikelt-a taneggarut deg APN, imi ɣur-s Tamaziɣt mačči d aɣilif n udabu, ɣur-s, netta tamurt yewwi-d kan ad d-tlethu deg wannar n tdamsa akked temguri ! Nekk ad asen-iniɣ, amek imala mi d aya kan i as-d-yeggran i Lezzayer ad tseggem, acuɣer ur rrin ara s wawal i tsuddut OMC ɣef unekcum n tmurt ɣer rreḥba tagraɣlant n tunzut ?! Ayen i ǧǧan taluft ad teqqim azal n Ukuz neɣ Semmus n yiseggasen seld ad tekcem ɣur-s ?! akken daɣen ara as-d-rrnuɣ i umdan-a i yeqqaren dakken tamurt yewwi-d kan ad d-tedhu d temguri (Industrie), ma nemmuqal gar tusna akked tutlayt ! Neɣ ma nessabɛed tamuɣli tamsnimant (Phsychologique), ad neg tasleḍt gar Tutlayt akked Tiḥerci (asemres n wallaɣ), anwa i yellan deg-sen azal neɣ anwa i d amezwaru i ilan amḍiq amezwaru deg usnerni n wayeḍ ?
Akken ad nefru Tamuɣli-a ɣef wassaɣ i yellan gar Wallaɣ akked Tutlayt, ad nezwir, ad nebdu seg wayen akk i d-yettak wallaɣ i umdan s umata, llan aṭas n yisnimanen i yeqqaren dakken d allaɣ i ilan azal ameqqran, d netta i ilan tazrirt ɣef tutlayt, ɣur-sen : allaɣ, d netta i d-igan i tikkelt tamezwarut ismawen akked wawalen i s wayes ara isemmi i tɣawsiwin, akken ad ten-yessemres deg taywalt, ttwalin dakken d allaɣ i d-iteddun i tikkelt tamezwarut d umdan seg tlalit-is, ih d netta i ilan tawuri tamezwarut ɣef tutlayt, maca ɣas akken tikti-a tessawaḍ ɣer kra n yigemmaḍ, maca ur nezmir ara ad negzem felll-as, ad tt-nefru deg wallaɣ-nneɣ d tikti i izedqen deg myal aswir, imi ma nerfed-itt d tikti i iseḥḥan, nnig-s ulac ! Amek i nezmer ad d-ner ɣef yiḥulfan i yettnalen amdan ticki yesla i kra n wawalen i yeggaren ɣer wul-is ccerh neɣ lfeqɛa ?! Amek i nezmer ad d-nessegzi, ula d iɣersiwen-nni ur ilin ara leɛqel akka am Babaɣayu i yettenṭaqen s kra nwawalen, ɣas akka ur ili ara allaɣ. akken yenna Dicart : “ula d imdanen-nni i ixussen deg leɛqel ɣas akka ur kmilen ara deg wallaɣen-nsen macca sawaḍen ad d-gen kra n tenfaliyin ɣas ur ḥsin ara d acu i d-ttmeslayen”. Amek i nezmer ad nettu azal i tla tutlayt ɣef wallaɣ n umdan ! Akken ad nefru tamsalt-a daɣen yewwi-d ad d-nekk seg tama n Tutlayt akked usizrer i tetteg ɣef wallaɣ, aṭas n yimesnimanen i d-yeqqaren dakken d tidett amdan i tikkelt tamezwarut iteddu-d yid-s wallaɣ seg tlalit-is maca d tutlayt i as-yettaken afud i unerni d usiwseɛ, amedya i d-fakan d agejdan ; amek i yezmer umdan ad yessemres ixef-is akken ad d-yaf uṭṭun 03 ma ur yessin ara 1+2 ! Akken daɣen i lan aṭas n yifukal i yessiǧhiden tikti-a, d tutlayt i iggen tazrirt ɣef wallaɣ, imi amdan i ireznen, i yellan tamusni aṭas d win i yesnen tutlayt akken i iwata ; ma nemmuqel ɣer yeswiren i d-yettɛedi umdan deg tudert-is ttasen-d cwiya cwiya, seg imal yettissin tiɣawsiwin i yettnerni deg tmusni. Akken ad yissin tiɣawsiwin, aya anamek-is yettissin uqbel tutlayt akken ad yessemres allaɣ-is, allaɣ n umdan mi ara ad d-ilal yettili d asebter aterrras, yettili d iɛiqqer, d tutlayt i d-ilemmed i as-yettaken tamusni akked ulday n wallaɣ. ɣer tagar-a newweḍ-d ɣer usfukel i bɣiɣ ad t-id-fkeɣ i winna akken i d-yeqqaren dakken tutlayin ur lint ara azal s dat n temguri ; annaɣ a ɛaǧaba lukan ulac tutlayt, amek ara tgeḍ tamusni ; aya seg yiwet n tama, war ma nezzi-d ɣer wazal i tela tutlayt tayemmat deg wazal akked twuri-s deg tudert n umdan ladɣa seg tama tanimant. Yenna G. Amrouche : “ttaruɣ s tutlayt Tafransist maca ticki i tettruɣ tettruɣ s teqbaylit”, awal-a, neɣ tanfalit-a i d-yenna umaru-a ameqran, tejmel-d akk azal n tutlayt deg uswir animan n umdan, mačči d ayen ara ad-dmeslayeɣ deg yiwen kan n umagrad, maca tikkelt i d-iteddun ad d-awiɣ ɣef wazal i tela tutlayt tayemat ɣef tudert tanimant n umdan imi aggdud azayri ur yufin ara ixef-is ass-a imi ur yessaweḍ ara ad yissin neɣ yettwaqḍeɛ fella-as ad yemmeslay neɣ ad yessenfali s tmeslayt-is tayemmat. Agdud azzayri d Tamaziɣt i d tutlayt-is tayemmat mačči d Taɛrab.
“nekk ayen iyi-qerḥen nniɣ-t-id, i lebda ad geɣ tiɣri, i kečč ay agdud ma ad d-takkiḍ ” X.Y


text:
18 avril 2020
Massinissa Guermah, amennan n tnekra 2001
Deg uxxam, 18 deg yebrir 2001, Massinissa, yettales i temsirin-is, yessewjad i ukayad n BAC, yesla-d i wahruḥu ɣer uzniq sdat n uxxam. Ɣef Tnagit n yemma-s n Massinissa Guermah, i yellan yid-s deg uxxam ; aneggaru-a yeffeɣ-d ɣer berra akken ad iwali d acu i iḍerrun. Tayemma-tt yerǧan tallit, mmi-s ur d-yezzi ara s axxam, themmej-itt-id tasa-s, temmuqel seg ṭṭaq mi twala agraw yezzi, yeɛmer sdat n uxxam. Tayemmat testeqsa ɣef wacu i yeḍran ! Tiririt n warrac ur yessinen ara aswir ɣur tewweḍ taluft, rran-as-d s nniya... [Lire la suite]


text:
16 avril 2014
Tiwɣi n yenselmen ɣer tefriqt n Ugafa
Tafriqt n ugafa d imaziɣen i tt-izedɣen akken i msefhamen imazrayen, amaziɣ anamek-is d argaz ilelli imi amaziɣ ur iḥemmel ara ddel.Tillisa n tmurt umaziɣ : Seg lǧiha n usamar d Maseṛ, seg umalud agaraw n Lutluntik, seg ugafa d ill agrakal, seg tama n unẓul d tamurt n iberkanen.Aṭas i tt-id-ikecmen n leǧnas, deg-sen : ifniqiyen, irumaniyen, Ibiẓantiniyen, akked Waɛraben akked wiyyaḍ…Uqbel ad d-kecmen yenselmen, d Ibizantiyen i yellan ṭṭfen Tripuli, ṭṭfen Bizasen deg Tunes akked kra n temnaḍin deg Lmeɣreb Alemmas akka am... [Lire la suite]


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Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant
Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant (s Teglizit: International Olympic Committee), (S Tefṛunsist: Comité International Olympique) d tuddsa asutel-is yezga-d deg temdint n Lausanne (Tamurt n Teswist, Yesnulfa-d-tt-id Pierre de Coubertin yakk d Dimitrios Vikelas deg wass n 23 yunyu 1894 sɣur wesir ulempay, igmamen yeṭṭafaren tuddsa ayyi ssawṭen ar 206 n tesmilin tulempiyin tiɣelnawin.
Tuddsa ayyi tessuddus uraren ulempiyen itraren id yettilin deg unebdu neɣ deg tegrest yiwet n tikkelt yal 4 n iseggasen, Urar amezwaru yakk yella-d deg temdint n Atina deg useggas n 1896 ma d urar n tegrest amezwar yella-d di Chamonix (Fṛansa) deg useggas n 1924.


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Tamasiḥit
Tamasiḥit d ajjed iy deg ttamnen medden belli Ṛebbi d yiwen, iṣubb ɣer medden s wedmaw n bnadem: Ɛisa. Imasiḥen (Imettumsen) ttamnen belli Ɛisa ur yesɛi ara baba-s : ilul ala seg yiwet n tmeṭṭut (Meryem) s tezmert n Rebbi. Imasiḥen ttamnen belli Ɛisa d lmasiḥ ay ad isellken Udayen u ad yexelq tamurt n Israyil tameqqrant, ɣas akken ur yexdim ara akk tiɣawsiwin agi, nutni ttamnen belli a d-yuɣal tikkelt nniḍen akken ad tt-yexdem.
Imasiḥen umnen di Adlis Uɣris (iqedsen) neɣ Abenǧil (Inǧil), ayen isɛan tira s tɛebrit d tira s Tegrigt.
Tisuqilin n Yinjil ɣer tutlayt TamaziɣtẒreg
Ttwagent (ttwaxedment) aṭas n tsuqilin n Yinjil s tutlayt Tamaziɣt, s tintaliwin am Tamaziɣt Tarifit, Tamaziɣt Tacelḥit, d Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.
Tasuqilt n Yinjil s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit tella da:
Injil s Tefṛansist - Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.
Llant tsuqilin Timaziɣin n:
- Arkawal Azayku (Ancien Testament).
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament).
- Izlan n Dawud (Psalms)...
Umuɣ n tsuqilin Timaziɣin n Yinjil: Arkawal Azayku d Warkawal AmaynuẒreg
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit
- Arkawal Azayku (Ancien Testament) s Tmaziɣt Tarifit, neɣ da
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament), s usekkil Alatin neɣ da, d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ, d s usekkil Aɛrab
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) s Tmaziɣt Tacelḥit s usekkil Alatin neɣ da, d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ, d s usekkil Aɛrab
- Injil n Lukas s Tmaziɣt n Waṭlas Alemmas - Murakuc / Meṛṛuk
- Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) S Tmaziɣt Tamajaq n Itargiyen n Ayer di Agadez, Ennijer


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Wp/shi/Idls (Isaggn)
Idls Isaggn iga yan uḍwar asusi itabɛan i taqbilt n Isaggn Ayt Ṣwab. Illa uḍwar ad ɣ ammas n idrarn n waṭlas mẓẓin ɣ tmnaḍt n Actukn-Ayt Baha ɣ tsga n Sus-Massa ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib.
Ar ittini usiḍn lli ittyuskar ɣ usggʷas n 2004 mas uḍwar ad zdɣn gis tqriban kran 54 umzdaɣ d 14 n tawjiwin[1].
Ism
Idls nɣ Idals, s tɛrabt ar tt taran s إدالس, s tafransist ar tt taran s Idels.
Idls iga yan wawal iḥrfn, tuckad zɣ taguri taclḥit " Adlis ", gan as ism ad acku middn lli gis zdɣn tawssan s lḥifḍ nnsn i udlis n rbbi lli igatt Lquran d tawssan ula s tussna nnsn ɣ kullu mad itɛlqn s ddin Lislam.
Isaɣuln
- ↑ ( fr + ar ) Asiḍn n n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib ɣ usggas n 2004 ( PDF ) - Tasmirit tamattayt n usɣiws.


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Tazermemmuyt
Tazermemmuyt (assaɣ ussnan: Lacertilia) d adu-tfesna n temraradin yeṭṭafaren asmil n tzermeskebrin deg wadur n temzikrin [1]
Tizermemmuyin d timraradin yettaken aẓaṛ neɣ i d-yettilin i yizerman yerna llant kra n telmas mmugent am yizerman anda ur lint ara (ur sɛint ara) iṭarren, ma d tizermemmuyin timeqqṛanin d tid yettemcabin ɣer yiɣucaf ama deg talɣa neɣ deg ubleɣ, akken i lant aṭas n tarrayin n tikli d westan ɣef yiman
Imusnawen ukzen-d (ɛeqlen-d) ugar n 3750 n telmas n tzermemmuyin, gar-asent ugar n 500 n telmas ttidirent g Ustṛalya kan
AglamẒreg
Tizermdmmuyin ttumeggzent d iɣersiwen inaɣlalen, tifekkiwin-nsent ttwaddlent s weglim ikenker (aḥercaw) isem-is tikbert s ddaw n tekbert-nni yella weglim aleggaɣ
Ssinifent ideggan yekkawen anda tella tfukt acku tazermemmuyt ur tettili ara turmidt alamma tezɣeld tfekka-s, dɣa mi ara ad tader tseddart n wezɣal w ad tismiṭ tfekka-ynes tkeččem deg unnegzi d tarurmidt adɣa deg tegrest anda ur tzemmer ara uma ad tečč
Deg yixef n tzermemmuyin llant snat n tenzarin. Ma d allen ttwaggẓent sɣur yirgalen yettewliwlen tafekka ynes ɣezzif, d turmidt tettfakka s usallaf ɣezzifen
(Tazermemmuyt
Tikeli d wuččiẒreg
- ↑ tansa n taxonomicon Taxonomicon adu-tfesna n tzermemmuyin azemz n unekcum 03 wamber 2014 Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine


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Tasertit
Tasertit iswi-s d tuddsa d useggem n imadanen, d wayen yeɛnan iweẓla n taɣiwant. Dɣa isya dɣa id yeka wawal 'Politic', imi azar-is d awal agriki polis ibɣan ad yini taɣiwant, neɣ tiɣremt.
Anamek n tasertit deg akud atrar d aseggem udabu s daxel n addad. S umatu, tasertit d tiskiwet d w'amek leḥun lecɣal n wegraw n yimdanen di tmetti, neɣ n wegdud.
Yal amdan ur nettmuqul ara kan iman-is, neqqar ixedem tasertit. Yal argaz, neɣ tameṭṭut i yettekan deg umusu n tasertit di tmurt n wezref, ilaq ad izrekket (ad iqadar) imenzay n tanaya n weɣref d tugdut.
Anamek wayeḍ n wawal n tasertit daɣen i ttak ar umenɣi ɣef udabu ger irgazen d tulawin i gellan deg udabu amiran (n tura), d wid i gellan deg ikabaren imnagwa.


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Taqufett at laxxart
CfiY zik I yiwet n temYart d tanaɛkakuft, udem-is iccur d sser xas akken ikwmec akw si tewser, allen-is am igenni n tefsut, ttharigent deg umedyaz ma issusem u zggant, macci kan ttwalint, ttsumunt kra tYawsa ar d-irsen zdat nsent. Ifassen-is d illweggaYen am tḥedduft n uwtul, tagrbuzt-is xas terwa agrireb d lemrar, s isseY teṭṭef iman-is, terfed imani-is. TamYart-a d Tafarest, d jida.
Mi ar d-mmektiY temzi, ar jida iyi tettawi tirga, fell-as I zgiY ttruY, I zgiY zlazeY Yef tikli n wakud ibeḍḍun tasa d wayen turew. Acku akud ittYuru amdan ur nuki d tikli-s!
Zik ihi, am arrac akw n tmurt, myal tameddit ad d-nezzi I yiri lkanun ad nsel I tmacahutt, ad nsel I taYwect nni n jida ittnazaɛen akken ad d-fak awal. Tumart nneY, u anect-a assa I tegziY, macci kan di tmacahutt I tella, tella ula di tYimit d jida, di tanumi n taḍatt-is. Tikwal, ma teɛyu, s temsɛraq I iY tessedhaw. Nezmer ad nenni tesmaɛriq yis nneY akken a nettu tamacahutt! Imiren teqqar aY: assa ad tt-nar I temsaɛraq akken ad waliY anwi seg wen I isɛan aqerruy, I iceffun. Maca timti ara d-as nnana “tamagwadutt”, akken is neqqar imi tettagwad ula d tili-s, timucuha d temsaɛraq ttuYalent ar deffir. D timucuha “issagwaden” imi tt-nettara. NniY-d timucuha “issagwaden” imi akka isent qqar nnana, maca jida kra iY d-mla, iY d-mmuceh Yef tqufett at laxxart, Yef mzizel iẓekwan, buberrak, times ittfarfiren, taqwerrabt ittwazedYen, tenna-k illa d tidett. Twala-t neY tesla yas ama deg uxxam neY di berra, deg iḍ neY deg zal.
Tin iyi yuYalen ussan-a d taluft deg uqerruy, imi tugi ad teffeY seg-s, d taquffett at laxxart. Jida tenna taqufett at laxxart d at laxxart id-ittuYalen si laxxart, id-ittalin si tqwerrabt akken ad awwin win I wumi teccur u yiwen ur izmir ad tt-iwali, ssellen as kan medden.
CfiY mi ara d-bdu awal fell-as ittebdad deg-I rric, iwweḥhel iyi wawal di tgarjumt seg akken ttagwadeY, seg akken ttamnaY kra ara d-ifYen seg imi n jida.
Attan tin I wumi cfiY gar tid iY d-mmuceh yiwen yiḍ n tegrest Yef yiri lkanun. D iḍ, iYli wass, adfel issassay di berra. Taddart tekcem deg uṭṭellis ma tezleḍ afus-k ur t-ttwalid. Tikwal, kan akka nsel I usehhewhew n iqwjan ittaran awal I usekkeɛwew n wuccanen. Deg uxxam llamba lgaz s teftilt-is ubeḥnuq tettreqriq Yef udekwan u tessaY kan tesga I deg illa lkanun imi deg wa qqiment-ed kan kra n tergin d yirrij, ulac times. Nek, d agrud, netḍaY ar taYma n jida. Deg ufus-is illa uzal is itesmentag I tmes, is itrewwi irrij akken a d-yefk cwiṭ n uzYal.
Nnana ur as neqqar ara tamagadutt kan akka, seg aass-mi mezziyet d nettat tettagwad tili-s. Seg akken I tettagwad, tezga tettnadi ad ternu tugdi I yiman-is u anda tedda ad tenteḍ ar temYarin as d-mlent akw ayen walant, ayen imi slant isergagyen akken ad tessew tirigwa d fad n tugdi-s, ad tt-tesnarni. Akka I tga nnana.
Mi itt-tessaweḍ ihi nnana jida ar yiri lḥid, akken aY d-mmuceh Yef “tugdi” am akken I tezga txeddem as si zik tenna-d:
“Di lgirra nni (ttrad n 54-62 mgal Fransa) tilawin, neY ṭaqa n tlawin gganent iman nsent imi irgazen akkw fYen s adrar (fYen ad nnaYen mgal Fransa). Ulac win ur nettagwad ad d-rebzen Irumyen s ixxamen ad srewten di tlawin am akken ittxedmen macci d tikkelt ama d nutni ama d Aɛraben di ttrad wis sin (ttrad wis sin ar jida d ttrad n 63-65 mgal adabu aɛrab-ineslemiẓri). Nezga akw neggan s uYbel u ma teferfer tizitt deg uxxam ad nedwawi merra d tsiswa nneY neggint si tugdi.
Yiwen yiḍ ihi, akken ad uYaleY ar tedyant-iw, neḍḍes di snat yid nteY kan nek d temYart-iw, di berra ulac ssut ala win n rɛud d ubruri I YileY ad d-ihud axxam fell-anteY. Nexdem akka nerra taduli Yef iqerray nteY akken ur as nsel acku nugad.
Idda yiḍ ma d-iddu, kan akka ukiY d yiman-iw am win ihhuzen axxam, tukkerc teglimt-iw, ikker rric deg-I u wexxer aY taduli fell-I u kkreY-d s iYimi deg ussu. Mi d-refdaY iman-iw si tsumta ukiY d temYart-iw tesfarfud, tettnadi zzallamiḍt akken ad tessiY tafat ma illa kra id-illan. DYa twala yi-d kan ukiY-d, yerna teslay-id mi sewlaY I yemma, tenna yi-d: ur ttagwad ur ttagwad a tislit, d aḍu kan d aḍu. Maca zriY macci d aḍu kan. U ayen I wumi nesla, ayyen-nni iY ihhuzen axxam neY wisen amek ar a d-iniY Yef wisen dacu-tt tYawsa nni izgan tettawi tettara deg uzniq, tetthubu am aḍu maca tella deg-s tikli, anazeɛ d uzuYer n izra d tebriqin iccuren ibardan imiren. Xarttum ur ikki ara aṭas ugejdur nni, cwiṭ n tegnitt nni iY ihhuz d tin I deg is nesla s azniq banen iyi-d imiren am akken kkan sin waguren. Sin waguren umeggal d ufras war asgunfu! Mi issusem iḥbes ihi, tamYart warɛad d-kcim afus-is zzalamiḍt nni tamcumt yerna zik tezga deg uciwi-s maca assen ulac. DYa ula d anect-a ikemmelaY ayen id-qqimen seg nteY d tabYest imi neqqar as timsal agi zḍant akw mbugar asent, neqqar as dacu I issawḍen tamYart ur terri ara zzalamiḍt ar iciw-is am zik? Nergagi macci d kra!
Xas akken deg uṭṭellis I nella, nessebrureq allen nteY u awal ur aY d-yuli. Mi d ayen izri acwal nni, sliY as I temYart-iw tettɛenni: “ aah a Rebbi, aah a Bab Igenwan, ttxilek ulayYer aY d-arnuḍ agjdur nniḍen! Dacu ik nexdem? Atan ar a t-ttwaliḍ macci drus twuYa iY iccan aksum d iYessan! Ttxilek a Bab Igenwan!” immiren dYa gziY taluft u kssaY akw ccek d usurdu, ssufYeY nneyya d laman seg-i: d taqufett at laxxart id-yusan, id-irzan ar taddart. Taqufett at laxxart myal mi ara d-as, myal mi ara as slen medden tettili tmettant di taddart yerna kra n wid is islan d yiwen gar wid snen ara imten. U anect-a igar iyi taḥezqult ar tɛebbuḍt imi zriY-t d tidett, walaY-t d ayen illan, d ayen snaY imi is sliY seg imi imezwura, d ayen id-nufa illa, d ayen id-nufa qqarent.
Tiremt nni yakw, kra ittnaY wass d yiḍ, d nek d temYart teffeY seg nteY tudart acku I snat nYil d amYar neY d argaz-iw I sen acu I ten-yuYen deg udrar neY deg ifri. Nenna yas ahat d Irumyen I id-rebzen fell-asen ma illa kra uḥerki, umeznaz iten izenzen. Di tegwnatin am ti, ttkalaY Yef temYart-iw, xas akken nettnaY, tettara yi-d tabYest d lkuraj. Maca ass-nni imi tugad Yef umYar-iw d mmi-s iffeY-itt leɛqel, tettmeslay deg ul-is am tdarwict, icenfiren-is qquren am akken ula d yiwen wass ur ten-t-kki tiqit n waman. Teddubez kan deg usu teqqim d uqerruy-is ittwasettef d iYweblan!
Neqqim akken ihi deg uṭṭellis d tsusmi, llaẓ d usemmiḍ am tYardayin n lǧama almi d tafrara. Ula d times ur tt-nessaY ad ḥmunt tbarḍiyin nteY u ad aY tekkes targagit iY ikcmen s iYessan!
Syin, bdan-d kan izirigen n tafat keccmen-d si tejqiqin n tewwurt nesla I yiwen umYar n taddart isuY: kkret ar tejmaɛt ad ttrebḥeeeem! ekkert ar tejmaɛt ad ttrebḥeeem! Iteddu akken Yef izenqan n taddart I tt-suYu u taḍatt-is simal nsel as am uYlaYal almi tessusem. Imiren d ayen nezra tella tmettant di taddart u xas akken iYli-d fell-anteY uYilif n tmettant-a maca ulawen nteY nefsessin cwiṭ imi neẓra macci deg uxxam nneY I teḍra twaYit. Maca amek ara ifsus wul imi taddart akw d imawlan? Imi wa ittili I wa, wa inuseb wa?”
Jida imiren Ylin as-d imeṭṭawen deg allen, nnana daYen ar zdat-es, ar tama nniḍen n lkanun wallaY-tt tesfeḍ allen-is s ijufar-is. Ma d nek tekcem iyi kan targagit u sendaY ar jida am akken bYiY ad tt-ḥellellaY. Tezmeḍ iyi ar Yur-es u tessuden iyi di tqacuct uqerruy u nniY as s unuYni: ur ttru ara a jid!
Jida tesfeḍ udem-is, tḥuk allen-is s ifassen-is u terna-d deg wawal-is
“D Yidir at Yidir, ayyaw n temYart, I immuten ass-nni.
FYen ihi ar tejmaɛt irgazen ur neffiY ara s adrar iḍelli nni deg iḍ akw d wid id-iḥal s axxam ubruri d ugeffur n yiḍ nni, ma d tilawin am ugwlaf daYen imgagint ar uxxam At Yidir nnant-ed akw slant as I tqufett at laxxart iḍ nni akk-in”
Jida tekfa-d tamacahutt-is u nekwni nesxec deg-s necciriw. Imeṭṭawen tturugen deg allen-is u ṭṭafaren tiregwa n udem-is I tYez tewser. Teṭṭef aqerruy-is, terra-d nehta d tamectuḥut kan u tenna: “I izrin Yef yixefawen nneY zik!” dYa tecca yi-d s wallen d nek kmumseY ar taYma-s, twexxer iyi-d acemma fell-as akken ad iyi d-wali u tenna yid: “ur ttagwad a mmi, ur ttagwad, ass-mi ara timYureḍ ad ttwaliḍ awessur d anagi n tudart, tura win I wumi tenser di tikli-s xas yuzel ifka-tt d timziraz ur tt-id ittaṭaf. AmYar d temYart akken bYun dren, di tewser ad akwin ccan tiyita, am akken send acu iten iYuren, am akken send acu izeglen”. Nek imiren ur gziY tigart. FarḥaY kan imi tessusem jida ur tettru ara, maca assa zriY, gziY dacu I illan imiren issarwat deg uqerruy-is. Awal nni ines n uzgal iṭṭef akw assa deg uqerruy-iw amḍiq-is. Ini win imennan kra, win issarmen ad yaweḍ ar kra ma ur as tiffiY ara tirga d usirem ad iniY ula d nek, am jida, izgel kra di tudart-is.
Deg ass wis mraw n wagur n tuber ussegwass 1995 Yef sdis n sbaḥ, jida tewweḍ ar wanda akw ara a naweḍ. Imi nek d ilemzi I lliY u iYweblan-iw macci d wid n ttrad, macci wid n llaẓ d tugdi, ur iyi kkisen ara iḍes, ur as sliY ara I tqufett d-yusan ad tawi jida, d-irzan ad ttelqweḍ tin I qqimen gar wallen-iw d azamul n twarnant, n tayri d tasa. D azamul n tebYest d yiseY. Am nek am ilmeẓyen n imiren, ḍseY war aYwbel, war anezgum ur ukiY d tqufett idmen jida, idmen Tafarest.
Ass-a as iniY sgunfu di talwit a jida. Ssers iYessan-im tekseḍ aYwbel Yef uqerruy-im a tin iccuren temzi-w d timucuha, d tirga d usirem.
M.A.U.


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Leɛǧiba
Leɛǧiba d yiwet n tɣiwant n Tmurt n Leqbayel i d-yezgan deg twilayt n Tubiret.
Tarakalt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asideg (timella)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tḥud-itt deg ugafa twilayt n Tizi Wezzu ɣer tama n Wegwilal, deg ugafa-wegmuḍ tella taɣiwant n Ṣaharij (Tawilayt n Tubiret),deg wegmuḍ s tiɣiwanin n Imceddalen ed Weḥnif, deg wenẓul s tiɣiwanin n At Leqṣer ed At Raced, deg utaram (ouest) s tɣiwant n Beclul.
Tuddar[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Agwilal
- Azaknun
- Aḥnif n At Yaɛla (Criɛa)
- Buɛic
- Semmac
- Hagi
- Taqɛat (crête rouge)