text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Agbur
- 1 Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
- 2 Idlisen
- 3 Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Aqeddem[beddel | edit source]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[beddel | edit source]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[beddel | edit source]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[beddel | edit source]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[beddel | edit source]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[beddel | edit source]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[beddel | edit source]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[beddel | edit source]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel | edit source]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.


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Asegwas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan isenṭa (yevda) yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s-iswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma yas Display, ahil agi d win id ijevden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d-axeddam di ''Industrial Light & Magic''. Inna yas John ad yeɣref (yexdem) amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid. T.Knoll yebwid dɣa sed wagguren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi ig semma imagepro, di tagara usegwas nni T.Knoll iveddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal aked umɣaraf n scanners Barneyscan iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren aked scanners Barneyscan di tazwara.
Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil ines i Apple aked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, isin idsen iɛeǧvasen wahil agi s-waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yarna iqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ plug-in m-ad T.Knoll yeqqim di Ann Arbor yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0 ifɣed i tikelt tamezwarut.
Photoshop isɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen iɣ yettaǧǧan an ḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar id iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).

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YECCU LMASIḤ inna ... NECC d TAFAWT n DDUNIT
Wenni dd ayi i ɣa iḍfaren, war iggur ɛemmarṣ di taǧest, maca ad ɣars tiři tfawt n tudart !
Aseqsi Wiss 13
Min iqqar Wedlis Iqeddsen x řemřac?
Deg wedlis Amezwaru (adlis wiss amezwaru n Wedlis Iqeddsen) neqqar:
Issehwa-dd SIDI AREBBI ijj n yiḍeṣ yuǧeɣ x Adam
uca am tuɣa iṭṭeṣ, řexdenni iksi icten zi tɣezdisin nnes uca iqqen amcan sadu nnes s weysum.
Yarra SIDI AREBBI taɣezdist tenni i iksi zi Adam d tamɣart uca iwyi tt-idd ɣar Adam. Inna Adam:
“Řexxu tanita aqa-tt d iɣes zeg ixsan inu d aysum zeg weysum inu.
Ad tetwasemma ‘taryazt’, (ixs ad yini ‘tamɣart’), minzi nettat tetwaksi-dd zeg weryaz.
S man aya ad yejj aryaz babas d yemmas, ad iqqen ɣar temɣart nnes, ad iřin d ijj n weysum.”
(Amezwaru 2:21-25)
Di Řexbar Aṣebḥan s ufus n Matta neqqar x ijj n umsagar jar Yeccu Lmasiḥ d Ifarisiyyen nni t isseqsan ammu:
“Ma ɣars řḥeqq i bnadem ad iǧef i temɣart nnes amenni waha?”
Yarra-dd xasen Yeccu “Ma war teɣrim ca belli wenni iggin bnadem zeg umezwaru, igga iten d aryaz d temɣart,
uca aqa inna ‘s uyenni ittxeṣṣa i bnadem ad ismeḥ di babas d yemmas, ad iřṣeq di temɣart nnes
uca tnayen idsen nni ad iřin d ijj n weysum'?’ Ammu war ttiřin ɛad d tnayen, maca ad iřin d ijj n weysum.
Xenni min issmun Arebbi, bnadem war t ibeṭṭi.”
(Matta 19:3-6)
Ammu nessen aqa AREBBI d wenni dd-ixeřqen řemrac jar weryaz d temɣart nnes ḥima ad iřin d ijj n weysum uca nefhem ɛawed aqa bnadem war izemmar ad ibḍa min issmun AREBBI. D man aya d lqaɛida n Arebbi i marra iwdan. Di tiṭṭawin n Arebbi řemřac jar weryaz d temɣart nnes ad iqqim ař řmewt n ijjen zzaysen am mammec neqqar di Tebrat n umazan Bulis ɣar řmuminin di Ruma, inna:
Minzi tamɣart tenni sadu weryaz s ccariɛa, aqa tettɣima tuyeř deg yiri n weryaz nnes mintra ɛad iddar,
maca mařa immut weryaz, aqa tetwafekk zeg weryaz s ccariɛa.
Xenni mařa tedweř i weryaz nneḍni, min i ɣa yekk weryaz iddar, tetwasemma tezna.
Maca mařa immut weryaz nnes, nettat ɣars lḥurriya zi ccariɛa
ařami war tzenni mařa temřec ak-d weryaz nneḍni.
(Rum. 7:2-3)
Aryaz d temɣart qqnen ijj ɣar wenneḍni s řemřac ař i ɣa immet ijj zzaysen. Aryaz war izemmar ad iǧef i tamɣart nnes u tamɣart war tzemmar ad teǧef i weryaz nnes. Maca aṭṭas n yenni iḥessben ixef nsen d imasiḥiyyen uřa d iwdan inni war iḥessben ixef nsen d imasiḥḥiyen war ḍeffaren ca awař n Arebbi di man aya u tteǧfen u aṭṭas zzaysen meǧcen wiss tnayen am weryaz niɣ temɣart nsen ɛad yekk ad iddar.
Xzar min iqqar Lmasiḥ x yenni itteggen ammu:
Maca necc ad awem iniɣ, marra wenni i ɣa iǧfen i temɣart nnes, war iǧi zi ssibbet n tuqeḥbit,
ittarra tt ad tezna uca wenni i ɣa imeřcen tenni umi iǧfen, aqa netta izna.
(Matta 5:32)
Maca necc ad awem iniɣ, aqa wenni i ɣa iǧfen i temɣart nnes, war iǧi zi ssibbet n tuqeḥbit,
uca ad imřec icten nneḍni, aqa netta izenna u wenni i ɣa imeřcen tamɣart tenni iǧfen, aqa uřa d netta izenna.”
(Matta 19:9)
Inna asen “Wi i ɣa iǧfen i temɣart nnes uca ad imřec tenneḍnit, aqa netta izna xas.
u mařa tamɣart teǧef i weryaz nnes, xenni ad temřec wenneḍni, aqa nettat tezna.”
(Marku10:11,12)
Marra wi i ɣa iǧfen i temɣart nnes uca ad imřec ak-d tenneḍnit,
aqa izenna u marra wi i ɣa imeřcen tenni umi x yuẓẓeř weryaz nnes, aqa izenna.
(Luka 16:18)
Mařa iǧfen iwdan di zzaman-a, Arebbi war iḥesseb man aya d uneggar n řemřac nsen. Iḥesseb man aya d ddenb d zzina, maca di tiṭṭawin nnes řemřac iqqim ař i ɣa immut ijj zzaysen. Aṭṭas n iwdan ittɣiř asen aqa Lmasiḥ isamḥ i bnadem ḥima ad imřec wiss tnayen mintra aryaz niɣ tamɣart iddar (teddar) ɛad, qqaren aqa Lmasiḥ inna 'war iǧi zi ssibbet n tuqeḥbit' (xzar sennej Matta 5 d 19). Xenni ittɣiř asen aqa bnadem war izemmar ad iǧef mɣir mařa aryaz nnes niɣ tamɣart nnes izenna. Maca Lmasiḥ war iqqar man aya, maca issawař x 'tuqeḥbit'. Nessen marra aqa zzina d tuqeḥbit, maca tuqeḥbit days uřa d aṭṭas n tmesřayin nneḍni. Neqqar di Tebrat n umazan Bulus i Ruma x iwdan nni ugin ad ɛebden Arebbi:
Aqa nitni beddřen tidett n Arebbi s uxarriq, ɛebden u xedmen i min dd-itwaxeřqen
sennej i wenni ixeřqen wenni umi ɣar teǧa lbaraka i řebda qaɛ. Amin.
S uyenni isellem iten Arebbi ɣar ucahi infeḍḥen,
minzi uřa d timɣarin nsen beddřent abrid n ṭṭbiɛet s min war iǧin d ṭṭbiɛet.
Amenni iryazen ɛawed jjin tamunt ɛlaḥsab ṭṭbiɛet ak-d temɣarin, deɛqen s nnecwat ak-d wayawya,
iryazen itteggen řefḍayeḥ ak-d yeryazen, qebbřen deg ixef nsen řmunet i isdaheǧen axeṭṭu nsen.
(Rum. 1:25-27)
Marra man aya d tuqeḥbit, maca tuqehbit nni war teǧi d zzina. Tuqeḥbit aqa-tt marra markat n řefsed i imsaren barra i řemřac, war iǧi d zzina waha. Nessen zeg Wedlis Iqeddsen, aqa ccariɛa tḥarrem ammu řemřac jar yenni zeg ict n twacunt (xzar Law. 18:6-18)
(1) mmis war izemmar ad imřec ak-d yemmas, tamɣart n babas,
(2) mmis war izemmar ad imřec ak-d učmas (zi babas niɣ zeg yemmas),
(3) babas war izemmar ad imřec ak-d yeǧis n mmis niɣ n yeǧis,
(4) mmis war izemmar ad imřec ak-d učmas n babas niɣ ak-d učmas n yemmas,
(5) mmis war izemmar ad imřec ak-d temɣart n umas n babas
(6) babas war izemmar ad imřec ak-d temɣart n mmis
(7) tawmat war izemmar ad imřec ak-d temɣart n umas
(8) ........
Maca aḥarrem-a war tuɣa zeg umezwaru minzi iḥenjiren n Adam meřcen ak-d wayawya uca ntaf ɛawed deg wedlis n Uffuɣ 6:20 aqa Amran (wenni zi ayt n Lawi) imřec ak-d učmas n babas umi tuɣa ayt n Israyil ɛad di Miṣra qbeř uffuɣ nsen zi Misřa s ufus n Musa. Maca umi dd-tusa ccariɛa s ufus n Musa, ntaf aqa din řemřacat nni war ttwaheṣṣben ca d řemřacat zzat i Arebbi. S uyenni izemmar aqa Lmasiḥ tuɣa iceyyar ɣar řemřacat-a umi inna 'war iǧi zi ssibbet n tuqeḥbit'. Mařa ca n yijjen jar ayt n Israyil tuɣa iffeɣ zeg webrid n Arebbi ařami imřec barra i ccariɛa n Arebbi s ufus n Musa u awarni man aya, indem, iǧef i temɣart nnes, aya war itwaḥasseb ca aqa netta ittarra tamɣart nnes tezna.
Maca waxxa amenni u s marra man aya war neqqar deg iziynat i nqeddem sennej zeg Wedlis Iqeddsen aqa Lmasiḥ iwca ttesriḥ i wenni x ittwajj zeg weryaz nnes niɣ zi temɣart nnes ḥima ad imřec wiss tnayen am ittekk weryaz niɣ tamɣart ddaren ɛad. Wenni izennan uřa d wenni ittwajjen ittxeṣṣa asen s tnayen idsen ad ṭaɛen i wawař n Lmasiḥ. Wenni izennan ittxeṣṣa as ad indem u ad inɛem s ddenb nnes u wenni ittwajjen ad iqqim amenni, ittxeṣṣa as war izenna uřa d netta(t) am wenneḍni. Awař-a d ijj n wawař iqseḥ x bnadem. Ad taɣ d man aya d ssibbet i zi Lmasiḥ tuɣa yarenni ɛad deg wawařen nnes řami dd-yarra x min nnan imeḥdaren nnes:
'Mařa ammu i teǧa tmesřact jar bnadem d temɣart nnes, xenni nehřa mma ad imřec.'
Maca Yeccu inna asen 'Maci marra zemmaren ad qebřen awař-a mɣir inni umi temmewc.
Minzi aqa din inni itwaqessen zeg uɛeddis n yemmatsen,
uca aqa din inni itwaqessen zeg iwdan
uca aqa din inni iqeṣṣen ixef nsen di ṭṭweɛ n tgeldit n ijenwan.
Wenni izemmaren ad t iqbeř, ejj it ad t iqbeř.' ”
(Mat. 19:10-12)
Awařen n umazan Bulus x řemřac
"S uyenni xzarem mliḥ mammec i ɣa tuyurem, maci am ibuhařiyyen maca am imiɣisen, maḥend ad tawyem ariqqi i řweqt-a, minzi ussan-a d iɛeffanen. War ttiřim d ibuhařiyyen maca fehmem min ixs Arebbi. War sccaram ca s binu i ittawyen ɣar řeqjaḥet, maca iřim tɛemmarem s Arruḥ, am tessawařem jarawem s izehhiden d izřan n usebbeḥ d izřan s Arruḥ, tettɣennajem u tesřiwřiwem deg wuř nwem i Arebbi am tettqadam zi kuř řweqt x marra i Arebbi Tababat deg yisem n Sidi Yeccu Lmasiḥ, u tettwaḍɛem ijj i wenneḍni di tiggʷudi zi Arebbi.
A timɣarin, waḍḍɛent i yeryazen nkent am mammec tettwaḍḍɛent i Sidi,
minzi aryaz aqa d azeǧif n temɣart amecnaw ɛawed Lmasiḥ iǧan d azeǧif n tmesmunt uca netta d amsenjem n arrimet.
Amecnaw tamesmunt i ittwaḍḍɛen i Lmasiḥ amenni ɛawed timɣarin i yeryazen nsent di marra.
A iryazen, xsem timɣarin nwem am mammec tuɣa ixs Lmasiḥ tamesmunt uca isellem ixef nnes di ṭṭweɛ nnes,
ḥima ad tt yarr d tamqeddast am d as issizdeg s usird n waman s wawař,
ḥima ad igg tamesmunt qibač i yixef nnes s uɛuǧi břa abeqqiḍ niɣ acebriq, maca ad tiři d tamqeddast u břa řɛib.
Ammu ittxeṣṣa ad xsen yeryazen timɣarin nsen am arrimet n yixef nsen. Aqa wenni ittexsen tamɣart nnes, aqa ittexs ixef nnes.
Uřa d ijj war icarh aysum nnes, maca issecca t, ittḥawař xas am mammec (ittḥawař) ɛawed Lmasiḥ x tmesmunt.
Neccin d ixfawen n arrimet nnes, n weysum nnes u n ixsan nnes.
X uyenni aryaz ad ijj yemmas d babas maḥend ad iqqen ɣar temɣart nnes, ad iřin s tnayen idsen d ict n arrimet.
Ssirr-a d ameqqran, maca necc qqareɣ t zi jjihet n Lmasiḥ d tmesmunt.
Mammec mma tusa-dd, ad ixs kuř ijj tamɣart nnes amecnaw simant nnes u tamɣart ad tweqqar aryaz."
(Af. 5:15-33)
Awařen zeg Wedlis Iqeddsen x ccehwat d arrimet
Aqa tesřim belli itwanna i řejdud ‘War zenni ca’, maca necc ad awem iniɣ,
marra wenni i ɣa ixzaren ɣar temɣart s nnecwet, aqa izna akides deg wuř nnes.
(Matta 5:27,28)
Ma war tessinem ca belli arrimat nwem ǧant d iɣezdisen n Lmasiḥ?
Ma ad ksiɣ xenni iɣezdisen n Lmasiḥ maḥend ad ten ggeɣ d iɣezdisen n řqeḥba? Ɛemmarṣ!
Niɣ war tessinem ca belli wi imunen ak-d řqeḥba, aqa-t d ict n arrimet akides?
Minzi iqqar “Nitni s tnayen ad iřin d ijj n weysum.”
Maca wenni imunen ak-d Sidi, aqa-t d ijj n arruḥ akides.
Niɣ war tessinem ca belli wi imunen ak-d řqeḥba, aqa-t d ict n arrimet akides?
Minzi iqqar “Nitni s tnayen ad iřin d ijj n weysum.”
Arewřem zi tuqeḥbit. Kuř ca n ddanb i ittegg it bnadem, aqa-t barra i arrimet,
maca wenni ittqeḥḥben, aqa ixeṭṭa ḍidd n arrimet nnes.
Ma war tessinem ca belli arrimet nwem d taddart n Arruḥ Iqeddsen tenni i daywem iǧan,
tenni i d awem-dd yusin zi Arebbi, uca xenni kenniw war teǧim ca i yixef nwem?
Aqa temmesɣem-dd s ttaman. Semɣarem xenni Arebbi di arrimet nwem
u di arruḥ nwem tinni iǧan n Arebbi.
(1 Kurinṭus 6:15-20)
Ejj ad yiři řemřac d aweqqar ɣar marra, d qama (n řemřac) břa řexmej,
minzi Arebbi ad iḥkem x iqeḥbiyyen u x yenni itteggen zzina.
(Iɛibraniyyen 13:4)
Taǧest d tfawt war zemmarent ad zedɣent am munen di řemřac
Inni ittwasnejmen s liman di Yeccu Lmasiḥ aqa-ten d tarwa n tfawt u war ɣarsen tasɣart ak-d tarwa n taǧest, ixs ad yini ak-d yenni war ittimnen ca (Af. 5:6-8; 2 Kur. 6:14). Awař-a war ixs ca ad yini belli war ittxeṣṣi i tarwa n tfawt maḥend ad weqqaren niɣ ad ssɛizzen inni war ittimen ca, maca Adlis n Arebbi iqqar aqa war izemmar ad din yiři ijj n umuni yudsen jar wenni ittamnen d wenni war ittimnen ca. S uyenni ittxeṣṣa i tarwa n tfawt war meǧcen ca ak-d tarwa n taǧest mɣir mařa inni ɣarsen teǧa ṣṣulṭa xasen di tmesřact n řemřac ɛlaḥsab Adlis Iqeddsen ad xas ggen aɣiř. Man aya ixs ad yini belli amasiḥi wenni yumnen aqa Yeccu Lmasiḥ d Mmis n Arebbi immut x ṣṣalib maḥend ad as-dd yawi asenjem n ddnub nnes, war izemmar ad imřec ak-d ca n yijjen wenni war yumminen ca nican am mammec yumen netta.
Mařa ca n yijjen yumen di Lmasiḥ awarni řami n řemřac, xenni ad yamen di Lmasiḥ, awarni as war ittejji ca wenneḍni maca ad kides iqqim mařa wenneḍni iqbeř liman n jdid nnes. Mařa wenni yumnen di Lmasiḥ war iqbiř liman n jdid nnes uca ijja itt uca iřuḥ (niɣ nettat truḥ), xenni wenni yumnen di Lmasiḥ ad iqqim amenni, war imeǧec ca ɛawed ak-d ijj n řmumin, maca ḥsen mařa iẓẓuǧ i Arebbi, ad taɣ Arebbi ad yarzem uř n wenneḍni ařami i ɣa yamen uřa d wenneḍni di Yeccu Lmasiḥ, Mmis n Arebbi d Mmis n bnadem (ɣar 1 Kur. 7 x tmesřayin-a).


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Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul
Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul d amgaru i deg nnuɣen wid yebɣan ad rren Spenyul d tigduda d wid yebɣan ad teqqim tgeldit si 1936 ɣer 1939.
Sakin, seg useggas-nni d asawen, d Franco ay yernan wid yebɣan tigduda u d netta ay yuɣalen d aqerru n leḥkem di Spenyul.
Di 1947, Franco yerra-d tageldit (monarchie) ɣer Spenyul, d acu kan, ula d yiwen ur yettalas ad yili d agellid ala kan ma yuɣal Franco ur yezmir ara ad yeḥkem neɣ yeɛzem ad yeǧǧ lehkem i ugellid.
Di tallit-nni akk n leḥkem-is, Spenyul tuɣal d tamurt i deg ttwagedlen (interdit) yikabaren isertiyen akk d tdukliwin, yernu ala kan d taspenyulit ay d tutlayt yesɛan aẓayer (statut) di tmurt-a. Imawlan n tutlayin nniḍen akk n Spenyul (tabaskit, takatalant, tagalisit, atg.) llan ttnaɣen akken zemren akken ad sɛun izerfan-nsen idelsanen.
Dɣa yiwet si tmiwa ay yenṭerren aṭas akk si lbaṭel n Franco d tama n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen i deg ay d-tennulfa terbaɛt timselleḥt n ETA, ay yebdan imenɣi i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n Yibaskiyen. Franco yemmut di 1975, u temmut yid-s tallit-nni n lbaṭel ameqqran.
Seg wass-n d asawen, tennefsusi ccedda i deg llant ttidirent tutlayin timeddursa (minoritaires) di Spenyul, u ttunefken-asent akk yiẓuyar (statuts) di tmiwa i deg ay tent-ttmeslayen.
Tamselyut[beddel | edit source]
- imedyazen sɣur Omar Mouffok


text:
Ibn Ɛarabi
Muḥyeddin Ibn Ɛarabi, s taɛrabt محي الدين ابن عربي, yettwasen kan s yisem n Ibn Ɛarabi, d amedyaz, d amusnaw n ajjed, u wayen umi neqar Mystisism. D yiwen ger ibabaten n tasnakta Taṣufit. Ilul deg usegas n 1165, di Mursi, tamurt n Andaluz, di Sbanya.[1] Imut deg 1240, di Dimecq, tamurt n Surya n tura. Qaren-as daɣen « Cix amuqran », isɛa azal n 846 n yidlisen. Deg isefra ines, yettmeslay-ed af tayri, cbaḥa, iba, aramsu, atg.
Asmi isɛa 14 isegasen, imlal di Kurdu (Sbanya) akw d Averroès, sɣur ilmed aṭas n tmusniwin d tfiluṣufit.
Tamselyut[beddel | edit source]
- (en) Ibn al-Arabi Foundation
- (en) Ibn Arabi & Mystical Journey:The Journey to the Lord of PowerJohn G. Sullivan Department of Philosophy Elon College


text:
Asmekti n tedyanin n 17 TUBER 1961 Ieeẓẓugen Cfan Yef Tmecreṭ
Ass n 17 ṭuber 1961, d luluf n yimesbaniyen, fYen-d Yer yiberdan, suYen mgal taeessast yesbed yimḍebber amenzu n yimsulta « Maurice Papan ». Ugar n 200 n yimesbaniyen ttwanYan, ttwaḍegren deg wasif n « La Seine » sYur iYallen n laman n Maurice Papan.
Ayen yeḍran di tlemmast n « Paris » d ayen ur iqebbel wallaY n umdan.
54 n yiseggasen id-yezzin Yef tedyant-agi tamazrayt, izzayriyen anda ma llan gzin swayen i yeḍran i yeYriben-nnaY. Γef aya deqs n tmesbaniyin id-yellan di yal timnaḍin n tmurt n Lzzayer d tmurt n Fransa.
TaYiwant n Yieẓẓugen tella di tiead, imi ass n 15 tuber, yella-d usmekti n tedyanin-agi s tririt n tejmilt i 12 n yemjuhad n temnaḍt-agi n yukkan di tedyanin, annect-a yella-d s ueellaq n cieat, syen llant-d temliliyin tinigiyin s leḥdur n yemḍebren n tYiwant d dayra n Yieeẓẓugen, tawacult tagrewliwt ger-asen tudsa taYelnawt n yimjahden, tiddukla tafidiralit n tirni n uslelli aYelnaw n fransa, d tdukla n tarwa n Cuhada d waṭas niḍen. Iswi n tmesbanit-agi tamazrayt, d asfaḍ uYebbar Yef umezruy n Lzzayer.
Islam Bessaci


text:
mercredi 11 février 2009
Taqbaylit di Facebook
Tura llan widak i d-yettarun s Teqbaylit di Facebook. Ihi, win iran, win yexsen, win yebYan ad yefk afus yessefk-as ad yekles ( ad immarki). Dayen i isehlen maḍi.
Sit dagi :
Facebook s Teqbaylit
Llan imukan nniḍen dacu Facebook immal-d ayen i s-ihwan. Ilaq ad yetteki yiwen akken ad inadi wayen yebYa. Nadit isental n Berkus dinna i ttilin aṭaṣ n widak yettarun.
Ihi, a win yufan ad ttekin widak yessnen ad arun.
Publié par idlisen_nnegh à 10:16
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Tag: Inifif
IneYmisen n tsenselkemt
Kigan digun issen is iYiy ugratsa ad yamez adYar g llan s usmutter n tansiwin IP. Maka ineflayen sskeren isnasen agensu n iminigen ittamman i usmutter n idYaren
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Axendelles, neY “Phishing” s Tnegliziyt iga-t yat takiknit nna sskern ittsen ixendallasen afad asin, smuttern d smersen tilYa tibaḍniyin n mdden mi mdin. Mara ad iss-afen, da ttasin
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Tizwuri n tudert, llant snat n tsednan: Yiwet isem-nnes Takerkast tayeḍ Tidet, gant timeddukkal ittemyawasen ittemmesxitiren ar yat n tikkelt.
TeYra-yas Tkerkast i Tidet tenna-yas: NekraY a neddu ad d-nekk isemḍel n tgwerramt-nnteY, iwa smutter ayenna yam-isagan i ubrid aYwezzaf!
IddeY ilkem wass nna Yef msasant munent babbent tissufriwin tibaẓayin-nnsent Yef tdiwwa kkent tiṭ n umerdul. Ar tteddunt s uzal sgunfunt s yiḍ. Akud nna g ggawrent ad čent kra da tettetta Tidet ard teǧawen, Takerkast, (...)
ugar


text:
Lmasiḥ yusa-d ɣer ddunit i leslak n yemdanen. Yettwaḥbes yerna ḥekmen fell-as s lmut imeqranen n ddin n wat Israil di lawan-nni. Cehden fell-as s rregmat di ddin-nsen. Imi, di lbal-nsen, yeḥseb iman-is d Ṛebbi. Deg ṣuḍaf-nsen d ayen yettawin ɣer lmut. Degmi yettwasemmeṛ ɣef umidag s ufus n ṛṛuman yellan ḥekmen tamurt.
Tameddit-nni, d ass n usteɛfu i yebdan, taggara n ddurt. Inelmaden-is ur bɣin ara ad ǧǧen akken tafekka-ines tettwaɛelleq ɣef umidag. Dɣa ttlen-t di lekfen, ssersen-t deg yiwen uẓekka yellan daxel n weẓru. Ṛṛuman ɣelqen tawwurt n wezru-nni s yiwen n weblaḍ meqqren. Yerna sbedden taɛessast dinna.
Si lmut ɣer ḥeggu !
Lmut n lmasiḥ tessers-d rrehba ɣef inelmaden. Yeffeɣ-iten leɛqel. Yeqḍaɛ usirem-nsen. Akken i s-nnan inelmaden-nni yellan teddun deg ubrid-nsen si Yirucalim ɣer taddart n Imayus : « nessaram d netta ara iselken Israil si teɛsirt... » Luqa 24 : 21. Asirem-nsen yensa. D acu kan, mi yɛedda wass n usteɛfu, ruḥent tlawin iwakken a s-xedment rriha i tfekka n Lmasiḥ, ufant aẓekka-ines d ilem. Ɣer zdat, Lmasiḥ ibeggen-d iman-is i ynelmaden. Issekken-asen-d ifassen-is d iḍarren-is akken s ccwami-nni n imesmaren. Ziɣ yeḥya-d si ger lmeggtin. D ayen yuran di Tira yakan.
Yerna daɣen iban-d i ynelmaden azal n 40 wussan, mbeɛd lmut-is. Yeqqim, itett yettmeslay yid-sen. Mačči kan d yiwen neɣ d kra i t-iwalan akken yedder. D tugget n yemdanen i t-iwaln, cehden-d fell-as yedder. Yuɣal-d si lmut. Netta i d-yusan seg igenni, yemmut ɣef umidag, ass wis tlata yeḥya-d. Yerna daɣen, zdat n yemdanen, si ger-asen, i yuli ɣer igenni. Tɣumm-it tagut zdat-sen, makken yuli.
Ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ d ttbut i leslak !
Tira Iqedsen, qqarent-d d akken Lmasiḥ yedder, yettwali-d ddunit meṛṛa, isell-d i kullec. Yettili deg ulawen n wid meṛṛa yumnen yi-s itteklen fell-as, d amsellek-nsen. Yettɛassa fell-asen meṛṛa, isedday-iten s Ṛṛuḥ-is.
D tidett-agi n ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ i yessersen ttbut n liman amasiḥi. s ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ i s bedden inelmaden, ččuren d tissas iwakken ad ṣṣiwḍen lexbaṛ n leslak i ddunit. Di tebṛatt tamezwarut i wat Kurintus, deg ixf 15, Bulus a d-yesmekti amek s ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ ara nesbedd liman-nneɣ, ara nqabel tudert n yal ass. D ttbut yellan deg umezruy. Imi aṭas n inagan i yellan ama ɣef lmut ama ɣef ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ. D ḥeggu n Lmasiḥ i yessrsen ṭṭabeɛ n tudert d leslak - 1 Kurintus 15.
Mi d-yeḥya, ikemmel yettweṣṣi inelmaden-is, yeǧǧa-yasend tabṛatt i s ara ṣṣiwḍen aselmed-ines d lexbaṛ n lxir i leslak n wid akkit ara yamnen yis. D lewṣaya i sen d-yeǧǧa : « Ṛuḥet ɣer tmura meṛṛa n ddunit, slemdet imdanen iwakken ad uɣalen d inelmaden-iw, ad ttwaɣeḍsen s yisem n Baba Ṛebbi, s yisem n Mmi-s aked yisem n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen. Slemdet-asen ad xedmen ayen akk i wen-slemdeɣ, ma d nekk ad iliɣ yid-wen yal ass, alamma d tagara n ddunit. » (Matta 28:19-20).


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Tag: Ametti
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TaYul tukkerḍa g ugratsa da ttaley kigan s yiwes n izeṭṭaten imettiten. Aya illewa-d g tmazirt n Newcastle g Nnegliz (UK) g ilkem yuwen ukennad ad yasey tizi
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Etude trilingue/le verbe Amaziɣ (02) ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵛⴻⵕⴹⴰⵍⴰⵙ / ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (02) دراسة ثلاثية اللغة/الفعل الأمازيغي الفعل الأمازيغي الذي يتبع الأصغر هو صيغته المشددة كما قلت في المقالة السابقة ك ئلا/ئلا(بتشديد اللام)ئرا/ئرا(بتشديد الراء) ئكا أو ئشا/ئكا(بتشديد الكاف).هذا الفعل له صامتان وصائتان.الصامتان ليسا الا صامتا مضعفا أو اذا أردنا أن نعتمد على صيغة الأمرفله صامتان وصائت كما اذا قلنا “رو”(بتشديد الراء).هذا الفعل له مقياس واحد لاسم المصدر لأن الأ مازيغ يقولون”توخوت” و “توقوت’من الفعل...Meer
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lundi 22 septembre 2008
dimanche 21 septembre 2008
Tanekra n Ccix Aḥeddad
Tanekra n Ccix Aheddad
envoyé par ziri95
jeudi 18 septembre 2008
Chennoud : leḥḥuY di rrmel
Chenoud : leḥḥuY di rrmel
envoyé par ziri95
mercredi 17 septembre 2008
Uccen d tewtult
Tusa-d tefsut : tezzegzew tmurt, teğğuğğeg, fsant ttjuṛ, ttarwen lewḥuc . Iṛuḥ wuccen yewt-as llir i tewtult, yenna-yas :
- Yessetmam, ahatent seant-ed arraw nsent : a ten-awint i tziri ad jgellben di leḥcic, ad ččen zzewteṛ neY isegmi ufeqqus. Kem qqim dagi a kem yesummut lmir n lewḥuc !
Ur as-d-terri tewtult d aerab wala d aqbayli, lameena tegr-ed tinexsas: nnḍen-s lehduṛ n wuccen i wul-is, am cečči qebren-tt.
eeddan kra n-wussan, tuYal tuY awal n wuccen : truḥ s izem tenna-yas stergigit :
- A lmir n lewḥuc, ad iyi-tserrḥeḍ: bYiY ad ruḥeY : eyiY !
Yeereḍ yizem a tt-id-yeṭṭef , a tt-id-yerr s abrid : iḥawet, yessag°ed, ur yufi Teeṣat : abaden ! Yewt-itt, yerẓa-tt : yenna-yas :
-Ddem, a Ben Yeequb , ad tt-netleḍ !
Yebb°i-tt wuccen, yečča-tt, yemeceḥ idammen : yefreḥ iğeel ussan yelhan a d-uYalen.
dimanche 14 septembre 2008
mercredi 10 septembre 2008
Tuddar Iwaḍiyen : At-eadbelkrim
Llant 3 tuddar timeqranin deg Iwaḍiyen : Tawrirt eebd-Allah , Ait-eabdlkrim d At BuYla i wimi qqaren daYenni Adrar Amellal.
Sin izenqan i yellan di At-eabdlkrim win ufella i d-yezgan nnig n tejmaet iwimi qqaren Azeqaq. Azniq nniḍen yella di lqern n wadda, nnig webrid , isem-is Tizṛa.
mardi 9 septembre 2008
vendredi 5 septembre 2008
Mourad Zimou : TimYarin-nneY
Ala timYarin i s-issnen i Lkanun, netta yezẓra ayenni, mi ara d-teqqim temYart tama-s ittḥulfu mi ara tebdu asxejweḍ di tirgin Yef-i yesseḥbaber, ittḥulfu i ufus-nni yeeyan mi ara t-yeskikiḍ s wesYar m'ara s-d-iferren di tigermin-nni uẓebbuj yezzan di tafukt ṣṣmayeme. Akken ara megrent Yer irebbi-s ad t-id-tuYal terwiḥt, ad yizwiY wudem-is. Lkanun iḥemmel timYarin. Issen ad tent-imager m'ara d-rewlent i tnecnact n Furaṛ . Izmer i lbaḍna-nnsent, mi d-iqqiment Yer yiri-s ad d-eiwdent akk deg wallaY-nnsent i wayen nnant d wayen slant, yal imesli ad yaY amkan-is, aẓayan akk deg yimeslayen ad d-yufrar iḍ-nni zdat n teslit.
D iṭij ad d-ffYent temYarin, d asigna ad kecment s ixxamen ; llan wussan deg i sent-iḍeṛṛru waya tlata n tikwal.
Nna Malḥa, ula d nettat, tḥemmel tafukt di Furaṛ . Ad teqqim kan ad d-tessiwel : « ... wa akka ? Yya awi-yi-n s iṭij... ». Win yellan deg-nneY ; ama d Zizi, ama d nek d yemma nY d Nna Dehbuc, ad ttid-nessuffeY yer yiṭij. Ad teqqim Yef tsumta-ines, ad teẓẓel iḍarren-is, ad teqqar « ccah ? ? ». D acu kan, nettat, ur tettYimi ara d temYarin nniḍen. Nettat ur tetteffeY ara, nutenti ur d-keččment ara.
ukkis si :
Muṛad Zimu : Tikli d tullizin nniḍen
Adlis iffY-d Yur HCA di Tiziwezzudeg useggas 2005


text:
Aḥmed Djenadi d yiwen ger iwaziwen imenza n tiliẓri tamaziɣt. D aneɣmas, d amseḍru n isura d tesgilin n tiliẓri s tutlayt tamaziɣt tazwawt. D mm-is n Bgayet, ilul deg tallit n ṭṭrad-nni mgal Fṛansa, deg useggas n 1957. D ababat n ṣaṭ (7) n derya.
Yelmed tussna n tiɣin d usenzi, ɣur-s agerdas deg tussnasḍent i d-yewwi deg useggas 1974. Imi ur yezmir ad iṛuḥ ad ikemmel almud-is di beṛṛa, acku, deg tallit-nni (1978), adabu n Bumedyen, yesnulfa-d ula d tuffɣa ɣer beṛṛa n tmurt yessefk-as ttriḥ. D ayen yeǧǧan Aḥmed Ǧeadi ad ikemmel taɣuri-innes s tebratin tammudi n kuẓt (4) n iseggasen deg yiwen uɣerbaz n Lyon deg Fṛansa anda i d-yewwi agerdas n CED (Agerdas n Umaẓẓay Amussnasḍen). Ssyin akkin yeṭṭef amkan d amussnasḍen, d anemhal n tedrimt, d aqerru ɣef yiwen n tkebbanit n lebni almi d aseggas n 1984. Seg ssyin d assawen, yuɣal ixeddem ɣer yiman-is, yeṭṭef tawuri tilellit daymen d taɣult n lebni armi d ass-a.
Yebda amahil deg weḥric n tiliẓri deg useggas n 1980, takamirat « Super 8 » deg ufus, s wayes-s i yeṭṭef ddeqs n tugniwin, iṛupurtajen yekles yeffer-iten d cfayat. Deg 2001, deg webrid-is ɣer tmurt n Franṣa, yemlal-d d yiwen uwaziw n tiliẓri tamaziɣt BRTV, Muḥend Tafarka, deg unafag Abane Remḍan n Bgayet, dɣa iɛreḍ-it ɣer Rradyu. Iɛedda-d din yerna-d deg tiliẓri. D timlilit i s-d-yeldin tawwurt ad yuɣal ula d netta d awaziw n tiliẓri-a. S tmussni-innes deg taɣult n weskar n tugniwin, d teqbaylit-is, d yiwen ger iwaziwen yufraren n BRTV. Seg wass-nni, yal dduṛt, yessewjad-d yiwet n tesgilt s wezwel : tamurt-iw, ar ass-a. Yedda ɣef tudrin d temdin n tmurt n Leqbayel, yeṭṭef-d tugniwin, yefka assawaḍ i yimezdaɣ. Iga ideweniyen s teqbaylit, mačči d yiwen, ama i yisertanen am uneɣlaf amenzu n Lzzayer Aḥmed Uyeḥya ; ama i yiɛeggalen n umussu n leɛrac, aqerru n twilayt n Bgayet ; ama i yinemhalen am winna n tesdawit n Bgayet Lǧudi Merabet, neɣ n tkebbaniyin tidamsanin, ama i yimezdaɣ n Bgayet. Lḥaṣun, kkes-d anda ur yewwiḍ akken ad yesekles tisgilin-is.
Tirmit-a deg tiliẓri d tikli-is ɣef tudrin n tmurt tewwi-as-d tikta nniḍen, d tikta yurzen iɣeblan n tmetti d tudert n yeqbayliyen n yal ass. Γef tesgilt tamurt-iw, yerna yuɣal yesuffuɣ-d isura. Asaru-is amenzu « Eziz akken yebɣa yilli », i d-yeffɣen deg useggas 2006, d asaru aɣezfan amezwaru i d-yeffɣen s tutlayt tamaziɣt tazwawt. D asaru n ṭam (8) n tedwilin. Tadrimt yessefken i weskar n usaru-a tusa-d seg lǧib n umeskar d tallelt i s-d-yekkan sɣur tkubaniyin CRISTOR n Lberǧ Buɛrariǧ, EPB n Bgayet, d SOVAC n Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Deg 2007, yessuffeɣ-d asaru nniḍen aɣezfan n mraw (10) n tedwilin iwumi i isemma « Ussan-nni ». Asaru nniḍen aɣezfan i tura yell-is, Ḥafsa Djenadi, yellan d tanelmadt deg tesdawit n 21 n yiseggasen, isem-is « Asirem ». Lebɣi n Mass Djenadi, d asuffeɣ n yisura deg tewsit-a « iɣezfanen », i iwulmen ad d-yeḥku ɣef temsal yurzen ɣer tmetti ladɣa timetti taqbaylit.
Sin isura nniḍen i d-yerna deffir wigi akken ɣer tḥawact n yisura s teqbaylit, yiwen d asaru aɣezfan « Yura deg wenyir » n wugar n ssaɛa, ma d wayeḍ d asaru awezlan s wezwel « Terra tmara » (26 ̎ ). Aneggaru-a dɣa d asaru ɣef yiwet n tedyant yeḍran s tidet deg temdint n Bgayet. U mazal lxir ɣer sdat !
Racid At Aɛli-U-Qasi


text:
Islam Bessaci
Tidyanin n 5 Tuber 1988 Tbedel Tewriqt n Umezruy
Ger-aY ssin wussan tamurt n Lzzayer ad-tesmekti tidyanin n tnekra n 5 tuber 1988, anda ilmeẓyen rran-d asirem i tmurt. Eeddan 28 iseggasen Yef tuber 1988 anda i tbedel tewriqt… Continuer la lecture
Avis de décès -Commune de Bouzeguène-Village Ait Said
C’est avec tristesse que nous apprenons ce samedi 17 Septembre 2016 le décès de Mr Hamouche Idir du village Ait-said, commune de Bouzeguene. Ses obsèques religieuses auront lieu au village… Continuer la lecture
Wizgan/ AYbel n Wamman n Tisit D Ugur ur Nesei Tilas
Uggur n lexṣaṣ n waman n tisit d win id-yettuYalen yal tikkelt di deqs n temnaḍin n lwilaya n Tizi-Wezzu xarṣum di tsemhuyt (saison) n unebdu, ger-asent taYiwant n Wizgan.… Continuer la lecture
LeYla n Yizamaren n Leid
Kra n wussan kan iY-yebḍan Yef leid tameqrant, imi yewweḍ-d Yer tewwura, dYa awal d win i yettazalen Yef leYla n yizamaren naY ṭeḥa n leid, imi ssuma mačči dayen… Continuer la lecture
Teceel Tmes di dduzan n Lakul
Ilmend n tuYalin n yinelmaden Yer leqraya useggasen 2016/ 2017, imawlan n yinelmaden tteqsaden s waṭas tiḥuna ideg iznuzuyen dduzan d tYawsiwin n leqraya, akked tiḥuna i ittewxeṣen i lebsa… Continuer la lecture
Avis de décès – village Ait Ikhlef
Zinedine Zidan / Aẓar Yetabae Tara
Ddurt-agi yezrin, taYiwant n Wizgan, i ibaeden Yef teYzi n 60 kms Yef usammer n lwilaya n Tizi-Wezzu, tesfaydi-d s tḥeccaṭ , neY « L’ambulance Médicalisé », id-tefka tesbeddit n umyurar agreYlan… Continuer la lecture
Ḥura / Tazrigt tis 03 n Tfaska N ubernus Lewnis At-Mengellat d Lhadi Weld Eli d inebgawen n lḥerma
Qaren at-zik » abernus Ylayet lqima-s » , annect-a d tidet yerna s ttbut, imi abernus yeṣṣar yal madan, argaz tameṭṭut, isbur tirugza i urgaz u yerna-as-d lhiba, yecberber i teslit… Continuer la lecture
Tizi-Wezzu / Wizgan TerYa Tewrirt
Amezruy n wass-mi terYa taddert n Tewrirt taYiwant n Wizgan ass n 11 Yuct 1871 mazal yersax deg allaYen n yal tasuta d yimezdaY n temnaḍt n Wizgan sumata, imi… Continuer la lecture
Ṣwamae/ TamanaYt TagraYlant n Yedles
Tameddit n wass n lḥed yezrin 24 yulyu 2016, tella-d tulya tunṣibt n tezrigt tis 13 n tfaska Ḥkku-d Taẓuri “Raconte-arts”, s usentel « Ales-iyi-d Tagelda n Kuku » di taddert… Continuer la lecture


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Accueil > Tamokra > Tamuqra : Tesfaydi-d s sin n yinurar n waddal
Tamuqra : Tesfaydi-d s sin n yinurar n waddal
lundi 21 mai 2012
Tesfaydi-d tYiwant n Tmuqra s usenfaṛ n uxdam n sin n yinurar n waddal deg wahil n usnerni aYiwan PCD n useggas n 2012. Asenfaṛ-a ad yemmag deg taddart n Buxerdus ur nebeid ara aṭas Yef tmelYiYt(chef lieu) n tYiwant. Γef wakken i d-xebbṛen yimḍebbṛen n tYiwant-a, “Asenfar-a yeffeY-d yakan deg useggas n 2010 , tefka-d fell-as tenmehla n yilmeẓyen d waddal n Bgayet 60 imelyunen n ddinaṛ, acu kan s sseba n lixṣas n lqaea, yusa-d d ugur akken ad yettwaxdem”. Armi d aseggas n 2012 i as-d-ufan tifrat i wugur n wakal yieeggalen n usqamu aYiwan. Ineggura-ya mtafaqen dakken aṣenfaṛ ad yemmag deg lmelk n tYiwant yellan uqbel xedmen-t d lpaṛk, tajumma-s (surface) 4000m².
M.C


text:
42:1
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Ëm.
42:2
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Âsq.
42:3
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Akka i Iweêêa i keçç, akked wid ik id izwaren, Öebbi, Uzmir, Bab n ûûwab.
42:4
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
IneS i illan deg igenwan, i illan di tmurt. Neppa, d Aâlayen, d Ameqwôahan.
42:5
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Qôib ad ccergen igenwan seg ixfawen nnsen, mara d lhint lmalayek deg usbuccaâ s ccekôan n Mass nnsent, u ssuturent ad pwassemêen kra illan di tmurt. War ccekk, Öebbi Ipsemmiê, Ipêunu?
42:6
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Wid irran imawlan, war Neppa, Iquôaâ ten Öebbi. Ur telliv, keçç, d awkil nnsen.
42:7
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Akka ay k n Nweêêa Leqwôan, s taâôabt, iwakken a pnedôev tayimmap n temdinin, akked wayen i s d izzin; a pnedôev af ass n temlilit, ur degs ccekk; arbaâ di Loennet, arbaâ deg ujajiê.
42:8
Asy Syuura
Ramdane At Mansour
Lemmer i S ihwi i Öebbi, yili Izdukkel iten d yiwen n lois. Maca, ad Issekcem win i S ihwan ar uêunu S. Imednas, ur sâin bab ne$ asettaô.


text:
Deg-s ad yelmed Taqbaylit, deg-s daɣen ad iɛawen (cwiṭ) imyura nneɣ.
Yezmer daɣen ad yefk idlisen-agi i temkarḍiyin n wanda yezdeɣ, neɣ tdukliwin. Widak izedɣen di Paris neɣ di rrif-is tella yiwet n temkarḍit (bibliothèque) ( tin Courrones ) yettxeṣṣsen deg wedlis n Tefriqt . Llan deg-s aṭas n yedlisen n Tmaziɣt.
Yezmer daɣen ad yefk ayen d-yewwi i CRB ( centre de recherches berbères ) n Inalco neɣ i tesdawit n Paris 8. Tisadwin agi ukk d "tamekarḍdit" n Courronnes ḥwaǧen aṭaṣ tiktabin n Tmaziɣt neɣ ɣef Tmaziɣt i d-yettefɣen di Tmurt.
WIN YESLAN AD YINI WAYEḌ
tamekarḍit (bibliothèque) Courronnes n Paris
Tasdawit n Paris 8
CRB ( ibeddel tansa)


text:
Sophocles
Sophocles, s tefrensist: Sophocle, (ilul gar 497 ed 496 qbel Sidna Ɛisa - temmut gar 406 ed 405 qbel Sidna Ɛisa), d amaru agrigi n tmezgunin, yerna d yiwen seg yimura n tkesniwin (tragédies) ay d-yuran iqeddicen ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a. Ɣef leḥsab n Suda (d tasedkalt [encyclopédie]) n lqern wis 10, Sophocles yura-d 123 n tmezgunin, maca ala 7 seg-sent ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a: Ajjaks, Antigun, Tisednan Tiṭraciyin, Oedipus the King (Oedipus Agellid), Elektra akked Philoctetes ed Oedipus deg Colonus. Sophocles yettekka deg tfaskiwin timasɣanin (festivals religieux) n Atena aydeg d-yettili wemsizwer n umezgun, yerna, gar 30-nni n yemsizewren aydeg yettekka, yerbeḥ deg 24 deg-sen. Aeschylus yella yettekkay deg yemsizewren-nni yerna yerbeḥ kan 14 seg-sent, ma d Euripides yerbeḥ kan 4. Timezgunin n Sophocles d tid ay yesnernan aṭas tamuggit (drame), yerna tadyant n tmezgunin-nnes ur tḍerru gar sin kan yemdanen, wanag ikeccem-d gar-asen wemdan wis kraḍ.


text:
« A yenna nella g unafgu tella duziam gum yili karantkat gum g–tirghist, sankyam gum tella g unafgu iddu–d elkunur eha zdgen–d gher tirghist. Neffegh zi tirghist alliy niwed tighedwin-ellan laliju datagh, yali lalizu gher tizi n iswal, tedda lbertiza datasn beâda gher tilmi.
Yali laliju gher tizi iswal, walu lbarud dinnagh. Hayyagh neqqima dinnagh nag ghifsen lassa xef laliju. Neqqim dinnagh yallah, yallah, yallah, yallah alliy aghd-ebnan enfedda tansi, alliy maenn ixfawn ensen, ennan-as : « llah ihennikun’-dghi han enfedda tranci ! » kukk diyunnegh ad iayd elkonor ! neqqim alliy tâyd lbartiza enserrehd naayd gher tirghist d’unefgu, ha yayt hdiddu darax fimerra… fimerra ! yallah, yallah tfar-nnegh alliy nekcem elqecla n tirghist nekkni nekcem elqecla n tirghist karantkat gum. Sankyam gum tayed ger unefgu, innasen Zninnar : « ad-ur-itkzem awd yukk, awd yukk adur-itkzem, ghas lyum ! » hat izza atan, hatin igger lmerri zi leqesla, igger gher tizi iswal, innas : « sayyi feddan lalyu, feddan ayt hdiddu laliyu, ur iqqimi awd yukk » ennas : kjmen ghifsen day ettasi laliju talkurt da igger-tt i ayt hdiddu, asint ayt hdiddu, ddun ibarden ensen.
Iwa, neqqim dinnagh anamez elaadda, da nteddu gher tizi isswal han imettin qqiman mind-ax s-elaadda nsen. Ca usint, ca urt-usin, ca iwdent, ca urt iwden winnax ellanin y uqqesmir qqiman s-elaadda nsen, winnax iwd y unna yuved udar usint »
Michaël Peyron. Un regard nouveau sur le combat du Msedrid ( Premier Mai 1933 ), Hesperis Tamuda, vol XXVI-XXVII-Fascicul unique 1988-1989 pp 197-206.
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text:
Timlilit akked Umeẓyan Keẓẓar
Ameẓyan Keẓẓar d amaru-amedyaz. Ass-a yewwi-yaɣ-d awal ɣef Yillel ager-akal d wazal i yesɛa wemḍiq-agi i teccerk tmurt taqbaylit akked tmura i as-d-yezzin am Tamurt Tagrikit, Tamurt n Ṭelyan… Imal n tmurt-nneɣ ma yella nebɣa talwit, ma yella nebɣa ad naẓ ɣer sdat at-a-n deg
Ma zemren ad aɣ-ssigden?
Ilmend n weswir wis 3 i d-ihegga Umussu MAK i uzekka di tmurt n yiqbayliyen, adabu tebda-t tkeččem-it tawla. iserdasen-is, iqeddacen-is, iḍan-is, iḥerkiyen, wid yezznuzun atmaten-nsen iserḥ-asen, yekkes-asen taqlaḍt, ttnadin i wakken ad ssigden imeɣnasen n teqbaylit; wa qesden-t ɣer tḥanut-is, wa qesden-t ɣer lxedma-s…
Tirza n udabu amesvatli Azzayri ɣer taddart n Mraɣna!
Iḍelli di taddart n Mraɣna, tella-d tirza n at udabu amesvatli azzayri i wakken ad sbedden taqubbet ilmend n wid nɣan ɣef tlelli di trad n 54maca qrib i d-yekker ccwal acku Lwali d wid dyeddan yides ran ad d-sɣerṣen anay aqbayli neɣ ssenǧeq aqbayli


text:
( C-Awdan ttalmudit laïcité )
Ver awdan avi yella g-ammas dd abud n-timetti
d amusnaw y-ekker s-ides-is ttamusni trah vers tilelli-nnes
tteslul iman-is s-uxetref n-igulla, an teqqim tuvsa iden d abud n-timetti
.nettat ttalmudit
Mallik talmudit tezmer at-layem sadwes midden kul, asettaf d umellal
aneffis d uzelmad, Imeslem, Uday nev Amasihi d kul lejnas n-talsa-nnev
. versen advar-nsen g-timura n-talmudit
D avi awdan vers tilelli-nnes d inejjem ay-ig matta yexs s- . iman-is
Wellic mammu as-imel matta ttiged, maca netta yella saddu izerfan
n-timetti talmudit mani dderen midden g-timetti tatrart am ivermanen
. d kmelen sawswa zzat wezref
Teqqim-anev taverma, mallik nettat ttagura g-alli d idles n-timetti tatrart
amyu at-ekker timetti bac at-xdem ilmuden, tazuri ttmusniwin titrarin
d anzer midden kmecen tira ttivri d idles n-timura-nsen d affven inabaden
. n-tugdut yila gguren lezzat d miren af timusna n-umadal
Uci teqqim tugdut ttavdemt zzantnev
. uci yeqqim awdan g-umezruy d ayu ttira n-tickelt iden
Tanemmirt
20.09.10
: Tirawt
Tamusni, nettat ttira n-tmazivt, ca millik xsev a-dulev d amusnaw
maca xsev as n-seknev iy-yila nnan; unnejjemc an-ari s-tmazivt
mmallik tuàer, maca tuàert tella mallik willic tvusa teshel .
.Ver cemmer af ivallen-ik alemi texsed tamazivt at-ekker
AMAWAL
. Advar,amkan,lieu
. Averman, mouwaten,citoyen
. Azref,qanoun,loi
. Talmudit,àilmaniyya,laïcité
. Tavdemt,haqiqa,vérité,justice
. Taverma,hadara,civilisation
. Tazuri,fenn,art
.Tugdut,demoqratiyya,démocratie


text:
MEDZAT ALTU !— April 10, 2014 0 94
Medzat ! Ferḥat !
Midd g id Ferḥat ? Seg Ferḥat Eebbas ar Ferḥat ImaziYen Yimula, ur illi yisem neY amyag (verbe) nna Yef nsiggel. Ferḥat a winna d tinna issummen adif n tussna seg tesdawiyin d yiYerbazen ixataren n utaram (occident)!
Ar tteṭṭḍen allig ssalin ifadden uten akw timaẓẓagin s tiqqar zund ur ğğin degsent lmiden uḍuḍ. Imir-a, da ten-nettinniy ar akkan tibiYutin i terbatin d yirban n seḍḍis n yiseggwasen mek nettu tinin d winin kuẓ n yiseggwasen. Ur da aneY-ttinin ani seg d-uwin neY d-sYan akweffa illan jaj n tbiYutin-nnsen (biberons). Nekwni, ur nkukir ad nini nwis nufa timaẓẓagin tinebzagin n tussna iẓman n utaram, neṭṭeḍ segsent seg temẓi-nneY ayenna nufa ad nsemyaf iselmaden ifransisen d yinamuren. Maca, ur neṭṭif abrid ar tizwuri n id tamraw (quatre-vingt) g aY-d-sdin YimaziYen n Jerjer g Dzayer iddeY tga Yursen tafsut. Ur nessin, akud-nnaY, Yas ad nettales i tezlatin n Yidir d Jamal Eellam d Lwiza d Meksa…atg
Nerna kra n wakud, nesnaYes is d-nekkusa tirra. Yih ! TiddeY mi neqqar TifinaY ! Maca, matta tYawsa mi nYiy ad tt-neg s tirra-a ? Kra n tussna, mayed nessen ? Nessen tayri n tussna zund inelmaden n uYerbaz, nessen awd ad naru ismawen-nneY : WiddeY as nn-iqqen ad nessenta (commencer) !
Akud-nnaY ay neẓra nwis nla ismawen. I may mi ffullsen yismawen-a innefrurYen ?
Irura-yi-d kra Yef tuttra-nu, inna-yi-d seg ḍart yiYef-inu : Ahya ! Ad ur tesselwiYed imenYi n yismawen acku nitni as ittaley umezruy : SniYes Yas tilawt-nnek mimek tga s umgaru n yismawen, issatem kra kra. Id Muḥsin d id Walid kksen ilila (trône) i id Muḥemmad d id Eli nna ten-ikksen yad i id Yidir d id Meqran. G tesga yaḍen, yuley uzal n Siham d Najwa, ittuttey win Faṭima d Rqiyya nna issedrasen anaYiz n Tuda d Ziwa d Tlayetmas. Amedya n walmessi neY akw iYrem aya ! Win twunak neY iduba da aneY-d-ttazzalen Yer yiles yismawen n Yirumiyen iwtan Yef winin Yifiniqen. Idda-d yisem n Yiwindalen iwet Yef win Yirumiyen. Yusa-d yisem n Yibiẓanṭiyen yakel Yef win Yiwindalen mar ad d-ilkem yisem n Waeraben isettuttin win Yibiẓanṭiyen. Nnarẓemen-d yismawen n Yifransisen d Yiṣbenyuliyen ẓmin isem n Waeraben allig mnennayen msasan ad mmefkan talwit Yef tadawt n yismawen yaḍnin.
Ferḥen yismawen imsasan iddeY ẓḍaren ad ẓmin yiwen yisem nn-ikkan ar ittemyak-kas aliY (fond) n wasif n Nil netta d win Yifarawnen. Isem-a ittuẓmin iga-t win Yilibi-yen neY ImaziYen. Isem-a inmala ad imyar tudert n uẓmay fellas izdin seg wakuden iqburen. Ttwagna Yefsen – ImaziYen- tbarda n umezruy acku ur rin ad tt-gnun Yef wiyeḍnin : Tasustant n umezruy tga zund tin tsertit, mek ur da ttarmed ad tt-tged g wiyeḍ qad tt-gen digek. Day, ferḥat ay icenga n yisem amaziY ! Seg mecta aya tmedzem, asels n tsertit-nnwen d wanect nna igzem n yiYedda n ugdud amaziY amgun. Walli ibedren tanekra neY areẓẓum n yimi-nnes telsem-d tizibbiwin (cuirasses) nna tḍefsem tamẓem-d isawaḍen tgem akw imariren n tezlit awen-innḍeḍen g yilsawen :
A Rebbi ssider-i taYyult-inu
Ad ttafaY mayed ttnuyeY !
Yaggug ubrid-inu,
Ayyur ay nn-watseY.
Tamedyazt-a tmareY g yimeẓẓaY n tinna d winna ur ta yukizen tixendallasin d wuf-firen nna mi ssemran warraw n Dinna G LliY Ur Illi Γas Nekkin, willi d-ffeYnin g te-glay n Ugmuḍ Anammas, sguṭṭent fellasent tyuẓaḍ-nneY agensu n yiYerban zurnin n yiYerman n uzaYar-nneY ibḍan Yef yigedlan. Medzat tezdim is idwel Uẓru iga ayenna as-tettrem ad t-ig. Ṣefru d Yimuzzar d Yifran da kwen-seḍṣan s tYara n tutlayt-nnsen tamsedrart, maca walu aYilif Yas ad walu isem neY awal n UmaziY tili-awen talwit n tudert n yiselman. Ferḥat altu s usḍiḍey n uYenfif (canabis) yudfen idammen n yimezdaY n ugafa n tmurt igan tarwa n Yiznaten d Yikwtamen mi yuwey uṣemmiḍ n ugdez aberrkan tikarḍiwin n tmust-nnsen waxxa sulen ṭṭfen tamatart n tutlayt ine-grasen. Medzat diY tezdim tesgulum-nn amdaz-nnwen i tarwa-nnwen d yiselmaden-nnwen ur yad kwen-iṭfaren acku ssnen is degsen tennḍeḍem. Medzat kud ur ta d-ibeddi ufgan amakay izemren ad yini wahi i unkas n yisura n Yimiṣriyen d tesfifin-nnsen asen-isettun i yimezdaY-a tamara n tezlatin-nnsen d wumum n ufrak-nnsen.
Ad yini ufgan-a uhu i yikabaren n Ugmuḍ Anammas d-iswaren arway aneYrum s yisem n twuri d tamunt d tdusiwin tiYerfanin. Uhu i usemdez d uḥeẓẓer i tukkerḍa n udabu s yisem n tegrawla neY s win tkasit tanesYant (religieuse) neY akw win umussu aYelnaẓri.
Ferḥat ternum seg mayed ur ta issin UmaziY ad iseggem tirra-nnes Yef iẓgiga (lignes) n tefriwin t-ittzawagen s yiḍ d wass !
Yaru-t: Eumar DERWIC


text:
Roğer Federer
Roğer Federer d-amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Taswist, ilul ass n di temdint n Bâle. Yevda yetturar d tervaɛt tameqṛant asegwas n 1998 , iḥarz amḍiq amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 237 imalas yemseḍfaren (285 ḥalarmi d 6 Yunyu 2010). Ass n 8 Yulyu 2012, yebwi tadwilt n Wimbledon i tikelt tis sa (7), yeqḍad amyurar Pete Sampras deg umḍan n tedwilin n Wimbledon ig ḥrez aked imalas ig ella di tqacucut n ubellez n ATP (Imalas wis 286).
Iḥrez ar assa 77 izwilen, garasen 23 imeqṛanen (17 n Grand Chelems d 6 teqvucin n Masters) d 20 n Masters 1000. Yebwi kuz (4) n-telɣuɣa n Grand Chelem ig ellan deg umaḍal, win n Melburn di Lusṭrali, win n RG di lpari tamurt n Fṛansa, win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz, win Flushing meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan.
Deg ubellez n Sports Illustrated n usegwas 2010, Roğer Federer yellad d-anadal wis sin yettxelliṣen aṭas n yedrimen deffir Tiger Woods imi yeṣṣaweḍ ar assa azal n 72 Ifeḍ n dullar deg izwilen yark ig urar.
Agbur
Tameddurt[beddel | edit source]
Ilul Roǧer Federer ass n di temdint n Bâle, yemmas, Lynete n tefriqt n wenẓul, m-ad vavas d-aswisit, Robert. Isin yidsen xedmen di taɣult n tnesfarit. Roǧer d weltmas tameqṛant Diana idiren di temẓi nsen di Münchenstein Taswist Talmanit. Tura Roǧer yettidir di Wollerau, tama n Schwytz, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Mirka d yessis takniwin Myla Rose d Charlene Riva. Yesɛa tanaslit Taswisit d tin n tefriqt n Unẓul.
Di temẓis Roǧer Federer yetturar daɣen ddavax uḍar, yella yezweṛ s waṭas, maca d-addal n Tennis ig fren mi yella di Tam (8) isegwasen di lɛemṛis, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u yḥemmel aṭas tarvaɛt n ddavax uḍar n FC Bâle.
Amecwaṛ[beddel | edit source]
Amazray n unaddal[beddel | edit source]
Roğer Federer iḥarzed ar assa 75 azwilen deg ufrari d 8 (Tam) deg uslig irgazen. Yebwi azwel ines amenzu asegwas n 2001, di dduṛt n Milan (indoor). Seg imirenni yebwi 17 n tdurtin n Grand Chelem di 5 (sam) n tasniwin yemgaraden (si Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2003 ḥalarmi Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2012. Ala netta ig ḥarzen azal n 6 sed n teqvucin n Masters Cup (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 d 2011) d wazal n 20 azwilen n Masters 1000. asegwas n 2008 yebwi tazalɣi n uleɣ di talɣuɣa uslig n yargazen deg uraren ulampik n wezɣal 2008 di Pekin, aked umyurar Stanislas Wawrinka, asegwas n 2012 yebwi amḍiq wissin deg uraren ulampic n Londres mi yexṣer di tagara tedwilt aked Andy Murray.
Amecwaṛ ines di Grand Chelem[beddel | edit source]
Amazray ines di Grand Chelem[beddel | edit source]
Tirennawin (17)[beddel | edit source]
Tagara (8)[beddel | edit source]
Tamselyut[beddel | edit source]
- (en) Site officiel
- (en) Asmel web unṣib n tdukli ines
- Vidéo : Roger Federer, akaram seg weɣbaṛen n Tele-iẓri Télévision suisse romande.
- http://www.lequipe.fr/


text:
Hacking Team: adasil n yisefka g ugratsa
G wass n 6 Yunyu Yur 2h26min n tifawt iffeY-d yiwen useič (tweet) issaYen times g umaḍal n tYallit (spying) tumḍint (digital) d tYellist tasenselkamt. Temneqqer tgnut nnig iYef n yiwunak isYan isegwẓanen Yur teṛmist ittuyakren.
Hacking Team, igan yiwet teṛmist tamazzagt (expert) g yiger n tsekra n yiseYweẓanen n tYallit, ttuyaker-as 400 Go n isefka usligen (iseYwẓanen, umuY n yimsaYen, tifadiwin (contrats), tifakturin d kigan n titgarin (documents)).
Hacking Team tga yiwet teṛmist ittuyassenen s “Acengu n Internit” g uneqqis n “ineqqasen id war tikwta” (Reporters sans frontières). Da tzzenza isYwẓanen i yiwunak af ad ḍufen i yigduden g ugratsa (Internet). Kigan n tmura sYant isYwẓanen n Hacking Team g nYiy ad nbder: Kazaxstan, Tasaɛudiyt Taɛrabt, Ityupya, Ɛuman, Lubnan, Tamazirt n Fereun, Azeribidjan, Malizya, Ṭayland, Ustṛalya, Meṛṛuk, Ssudan, Ccili, Marikan, Turkiyi, Tunes … IseYwẓanen n Hacking Team tettuyassnen s tnewwact g yizeṭṭaten imettiten, Skaye, tirawt d tenkulin. A-ya ddaw yinagrawen n wammud s umata (iOS, Windows, Linux, Android, …).
G ukwemmis d-iffeYen, kigan n yimassen s ttwurun yiwunak: allalen n tḍuft (DaVinci d Galileo) ismutturen (agensu n tankulin, timeḥḍa n tYuriwin, umuY n tansiwin, …), tisḍas n unasiw (keyboard keys), ixmacen n ugdel (screenshot), amezruy n tirza g ugratsa (internet search history), GPS n tiliYri, akalas n tYuriwin g tiliYri, asermed n umikru d tsawlaft, …
Titi-ya tla yiwet tanfa tameqrant acku tssafeY-d udem idettan n Hacking Team nna iskirkisen s wuden-nnes awraY. Tzeddig titi, acku tettuyakkes telbeṭ, yukez umaḍal mayd sskaren yikunak ddaw iceḍran.
Ḍart u-ya, da nssutur g yimaggaten n usmel-nneY ad awin itnan g uyenna swaren g uselkim-nnsen. Awd ad sskren amucceḍ (update) n Adobe Flash Player, akw d yiseYwẓanen yaḍen. Aweyat itnan!
Taliwin:
– transparencytoolkit.org
– thecthulhu.com
– korben.info