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Amagrad : Ahil Useggas Temzayt
Asmil : Iskaren n tanaramant
Amyaru:Amaruyidir
Di tazwara , ad nesmekti bli tamzayt d aferdis agejdan n tanaramant, mebla tamzayt ur d-tetsili ara uguzdi. Iɣella ad gen amek ara yili unagraw n temzayin di yal armud.
Am uguzdi yal tamzayt, ilaq at tesɛu ahil-is n irmuden, ahil temzayt, d ayen is-sbadun deg usqamu n ifesnawen, xas ma tamzayt tezmer ad tefren irmuden-is i iman-is, maca tella temsalt n wallalen, daymi ur yeli wamek af uguzdi d iɣella ad sudsen sin irmuden i snat n temzayin, deg yiwet n talit.
Maca send ad sqerdcen ahil deg usqamu n ifesnawen, ilaq irmuden d ayen ad tefren temzayt deg usqamu n temzayt , ataya umedya n wahil usegass i temzayt.
Ahil n amwan
Amwan d talit n tazwara n useggas, lan imeslaḍen ifɣen, qlen d imsebriden, neɣ mutsin di tmezduxt, ihi d akud i temzayt aken ad ternu imeslaḍ imaynuten, amagar n imaynuten, aḥerkel i teṛgamt-nsen, aḥerkel i tirziwin n imuras n tegres.
Ahil n tegrest
Amahil deg tiɣmert, af tferkitin amtawi, d imazwaren, iked timadayin n tmazagt, urraren imeqranen, tamusni af ugama di tegrest, tagnits n talelt n wid inxaṣen(takuta).
Ahil n tefsut
Tafsut d talit n tumert d unecraḥ, ad tqim daɣen d talit n umahil i temzayt, allas n ingawen, amahil iked tafarayt n imeslaḍ, urraren n taɣda, tamusni n ugama, imɣan imgaraden.
Ahil n unebdu
Anebdu d talit n imuras, daɣen d talit, n tirziwin ar teflist n il, maca ayen tsraǧun ifaddaden, d igur ayen ilan d tigejdit tɣeḍweft di tudert n temzayt, s uḥerkel i igur d walalen ilaqen i tiɣmert n temzayt, d talilt n tiɛubja imgaraden deg urraren.
Ɣar daɣen
Acu i tanaramant Agzul Aseqqamu Temzayt Ahil Useggas Temzayt Aseqqamu Temzayt Irmuden n temzayt Iswiyen n temzayt Tamzayt Ifazen Tamzayt Timunent Tamzayt Tamsegrrit Di Temzayt Tayti n Temzayt Timliliyin Temzayt


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Timijja
Tga Timijja yan wanaw n Tuga, ar ttili g taman waman, Timijja tga asafar i tmuḍan n uxsas zund ẓhaymer. Ar ttggan iqqburen timijja g watay d L-qqhwa.
Imɣi ad ityawssan bahra ɣ umaḍal d kraygat tamazirt art tsmurs s tɣarast nns. Ɣ tmizar n tfriqt ugafa ittyawssan bahra is iga imɣi n ku y'ass lli smudn middn i watay akud nna rat sun, timijja tyawssan s tujjut nns lli mi tkḍut ɣ maggug. Timijja illa gis uzatim amjjan lli irwan i kigan n tmuḍan n ugns n tfkka ula brra ns.[1]
Tiɣbula[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Amgrad ad iga amud, imẓẓiy ka sul. Aws i Wikipidya s usnfl nns, tssimɣurt t.

robotstxt: allowed

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Le Rifain
Dewlen-dd yimezdaɣ n Tmasint ḥuma ad sɣuyyen x tseqqar-nsen. Maca tɣuyyit-a wer tt-yejji ca lmexzen ad teɛdu salamat. Awarn i umi udfen x tudrin rezzun x yimeɣnasen i yettwassnen s wenhezzi-nsen di Tmasint, ḥuma a ten-ṭṭfen, a ten-jemɛen.
Aṭṭas n yinni i ttuɣa iḥeḍren deg yibedditen i yemsaren ass-a n jjemɛa. Sewwren-dd ṭṭumubinat n lmexzen i dd-ixeccen s waṭṭas.
Imeɣnas n lḥirak di Tmasint ttren zeg ayt bab n lmaḥellat n tsebbabt d leqhawi d yiḥemmasen bac ad bellɛen, al ɣa yeksi lmexzen afus-nnes x temdint, awarn i umi i das-dd-qewwren zi mkul jjihet.


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Erwin Schrödinger [Eɣvin Cɣudinga] zeg yimezwura i ixedmen x ufisik n wanict (Quantum Physics). Schrodinger ittwassen s tmuccewt-nnes, d lmuɛadala-nnes ixef yeksi Tasemɣurt n Nobel.
Maca min teɛna tmuccewt-a?
D ijen tmuccewt tettwag deg yij n usenduq n wuzzal. akid‑s ij n tseɛɛet n Gayger (Geiger counter), tafḍist, taziyyat n arrhaj d ij n lmadda ad tili radioaktiv.
Xmi tfessi lmadda-nni i yellan radioaktiv. tisseɛɛet n geiger txeddem, tesenhezza tafdist i ɣer‑s icedden, ittrezzan taziyyat n arrhaj, i ɣa‑yenɣen tmuccewt. Maca afsay nni n lmadda-nni radioaktiv ittiri mɛayna. wer izemmer ḥed ad yessen melmi ɣer yewqeɛ. Suyenni maḥend ɛad wer nerẓim tasenduqt-nni, wer nzemmer a nessen tmuccewt ma tedder ma temmut. Minzi tudert n tmuccewt teqqen ɣer lmadda nni ma ad tefsi niɣ lla. Degg‑a i yejjin Schrödinger ad yinni: tmuccewt temmut tedder s tnayen deg ijen umur.
Tmuccewt tettili nican tedder temmut di tecti d ijt. Minzi wer nzemmer a nessen ma tedder wer temmut. ma temmut wer tedder. Minzi wer ɣer‑neɣ ra d ij n tussna i zi ɣa naweḍ a nessen minxef tella tmuccewt. Mala nekker a nqemmer waha. uca min xef mma i nqemmer, walli d weni. Maca mara nenna illa tmuccewt aqqa‑tt di qaɛ mindi tzemmer ad tili. Qa wer nxeṭṭi ca.
Maca ɣir a nawed a nessij x tmuccewt. nettessen lexdenni ma tedder ma temmut. Ataf ad yewḍa umxumbel-nni n temmut tedder di tecti d ict.
Tmuccewt n Schrodinger tuɣa‑tt d axarres deg uzellif waha. Maḥend ad ifḥem ca n tmeslayin d tmeẓẓyanin i yellan wer dasen‑tfeḥmed s ufisik n Newton. Min ɛnant?, d mamek xeddment?, d min teggent? d iseqsan i yellan ɣir ɣer Fisik n wanict.
Iliktrunen, iprutunen d marra min x‑asen imeẓyen, wer nzemmer a nessen mani i llan niɣ mani zemmren ad ilin awerni cwayt n lweqt. Minzi maḥend wer nezri. Maḥend wer nerzim tasenduqt. Aqqayen mani mma. di mmara imuccan izemmren ad irin.


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Le Rifain
Yenna lbiru n Nabih Barri, arayen n uberlaman Alubnani belli akabar-nnes (lḥizb) wer yelli ca aked tebridt i yeḍfer umeqqran n lwuzara, ikellfen s wesbeddi n lḥukuma n jjdid.
Yenna belli wer ittriḥ ca aked wesɣim n lwuzara. Maca aqqa-t aked min yellan d asebḥan i tmurt-nnes ḥuma ad tehna, ad tessurf amxumbel i di tella.
Lbiru n Barri, i ineddhen amussu n « Amal » aciɛi i yellan fus g ufus aked ḥizb Llah, yewta deg isuraf n Musṭafa Adib, i yellan d ameqqran n lwuzara, i ikellfen s wesbeddi n lḥukuma n jjdid. Amen yenna belli amxumbel wer yelli ca aked yefransisen, aqqa-t ɣer daxxel.


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Deg unebdu: leḥmu yiweḍ 25. Necc beddeɣ deg uɣarabu ttwaliɣ aman mamek ceṭṭḥen deg yeɣẓar n Eye deg Wamsterdam d aqadi i tfukt x lḥal n wassa i yecnan. Aremdan aqqa-t yiweḍ sett-iyyam. Taɣarrabut teggur ad tqelleɛ. Necc yallah fɣeɣ-d zi Eye. Sini-ya amaynu ggin deg-s ij n usemmer d ij n uprugram n ufilm d asmekti i umessufeɣ atalyan Federico Fellini. Necc ẓriɣ din amuddu n tewlafin n Otto e Mezzo. Ij n ufilm icna aṭṭas s qeddcen deg-s tijeɣɣirin ittwassnen.
Tudef-ayi-dd ij n tebrat ɣer tilifun zeg yij n umeddukel deg-s ij n wareqqas ittawi ɣer youtube. Nniɣ ag ixef-inu ad xeẓreɣ min di yesɛedda aremdan-nnes. Ɛebbẓeɣ x wareqqas-nni uca ttwaliɣ anaẓur Qusmit.
Ij n twarat di Arrif kkiɣ aṭṭas n wussan necc rezuɣ x-as ḥuma a kid-s ggeɣ ij n wemsawal.
Cḥal imuren ttraḥeɣ ɣer-s ɣer taddart-nnes. Maca yemma-s ḥennu tenna-yi qa Qusmit-inu ɛad wer dd-irewweḥ.
Ssneɣ iɣennijen n Qusmit deg iseggusa n tesɛin. S yij n tmijja teḥrec tuzzur itɣennaj asefru ixebbcen x tidet n tudert i iteddar. Luxa umi ttariɣ awaren-a ttwaliɣ belli nzemmar a tt-nessemqudda ag unaẓur Maarten Roozendaal i yemmuten ɛad d ameẓẓyan. Qusmit izdeɣ cwayt di Hullanda maca ittwattef umi wer ɣer-s bu lekwaɣeḍ.
Deg wass-inu ameggaru di lḥuceima i t-ufiɣ. Zzat-inu yeqqim-dd ij n wargaz d mudrus wer yessiwil ca aṭṭas. Umi t-sseqsiɣ x webrid unaẓur d min iɣennej di furbu n Lḥuceima iḥekk cwayt tiṭṭawin-nnes uca yenna-yi: manayenni d walu.
Xeẓreɣ di video-nni di Youtube yeqqim x yijj n weẓru d abarbac deg yijj n yeɣẓar yeggur ad yaẓeɣ, mani aman n tefsut yudrusen deg yeɣzar tteḥruruden. Qusmit yeccat di lgembri-nnes. Awalen imezwura zeg uɣennij-nni umi qqaren « Rezuɣ » yeqqar deg-s: Rezxuɣ lxedmet di tmurt-inu. Aɣennij-a yessawal x tfeqqaɛ i x-as ittekken. Suyenni isess ḥuma ad yettu, ittkiyyaf ḥuma ad yesseɣd.
Aɣennij-a yeɛdu cwayt tnayen n tminutin anict i yekka uɣarabu ḥuma ad yeẓwa yeɣẓar.
Deg wakkud-nni yuẓeɣ-ayi uqemmum ukiɣ ag ixf-inu war lliɣ ca mliḥ. Aɣarrabu ixecc ɣer ujemmaḍ-in isenned x tma n yeɣẓar. Necc tsennateɣ i wawalen imeggura: vava tidi-inu vava temẓi-inu.
Ḍriɣ zeg uɣarabu nyiɣ x baceklit-inu uca ejjiɣ ameṭṭa ad yeḍfar abrid-nnes.
Yurat: Asis Aynan - Adellis: "tzallit wer itenfiriren" . Yerra-tt-idd zi thulandiyt ɣer Tmaziɣt: Baghdad el Mesbahe


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Aṭṭas n Irifiyen ssectkan x Facebook x ẓeyyar i dasen-tteggen ijaḍarmiyen x tecmamt. Qqaren belli manaya d ttaeeddu aṭṭas, umi din ca n ddcurat, wer din izemmem qae abirus n Kuruna. Maca waxxa amenni Ijaḍarmiyen nitni ttasen-d din. Wenn ufin bla tacmamt teggen-as abrusi n 300 idrimen (30 Yurut).
Aberru n midden qqaren ila manaya d aṭṭas x imezdaɣ, ula ktar azgen ameqqran-nnsen inḍarr zi Kuruna. Wer qqimen iwdan ɣer-sen manis i d ɣa ssidfen ttmenyat. Ijjen di facebook yura:
Ijjen nniḍen yura-d: « wer tzemmared ad tugured jar tahendiyt bla tacmamt, wer tzemmared ad trewsed wudji-nnek bla tacmamt. Aqqa Kuruna ad d-as ɣer Lebɛaj ad iwwet ddumitur minzi issen ila din Ijaḍarmiyen tteggen abrusi i yewdan« .


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Askkur
Askkur nɣ Azkkur (s taɛrabt: حجل) iga waylal n uzkkur zzɣ urruy n ifullusn d dars yat tfkka tamjahdit d taẓḍuyt nns ar tlkkem n gr 375 d 450 gram d ar tlkkem tiɣzi nns gr 24 ar 34 santim, d dars yan akʷlu ifulkiin n isams nns ar t ittajja ad ur ibayn gr tuga.
Iɛzza dar waylal n uzkkur ad iddr ɣ trubba mẓẓinin d ad ittazzal, d ur a yettfarray abla iɣ issyafa s imizi acku ntta iḥmel ad izzigiz. Ar icetta wezkkur kigan n wanawn n ibuxxucn d tuga d ijjign.
Ar tssrus tawtmt n uzkkur kra n ugnar n tglayt g usggʷas n litihal d ar tn teṣḍaṛ g yan ugḍi ittilin g ddu n waddagn d tuga afadd ad ur nunnen t tiglay nns. D ar fllasn ttegiwir 20 ar 25 n wass, d ar ittfarray uzkkur dat n 2 imalass helli f iɣ-d ilul. d illa wanaw ad n waylaln g temizar n yiẓẓlmḍ n tfṛiqt zund Amrruk.
Askkur iga yan wanaw n igḍaḍ ittzdaɣen g taganin, neɣ idɣaren ixwan g ur illi ufgan. Askkur iga yan ugḍiḍ imqquren zud acicaw macc ikkʷlan-ns stin. Askkur ur ayttaylal mliḥ.


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Tiseflay
Tiseflay neɣ Tiseflayin (Assaɣ usnan: Falconidae) d tawacult n iylalen yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tiseflalɣiwin dges 60 n telmas ttekkan-t yakk deg tsekliwin
AglamẒreg
Tiseflayin d iylalen isekliwen meẓẓiyen neɣ imnummsen. Acku azuk-nsent yettili gar n 35 g kan am useflay aberkan n imseṭ (Microhierax fringillarius) ar isefrek yettawaṭen ar 1735 g
Tiseflayin d iylalen ilan iqamumen d ikacbaren imesden d usekkud yuddsen d wafraw aras d umellal d uberkan d uzunɣid akken yella kra n wemgarad gar wefraw n uwtem d win n tewtemt
Idgan n tudertẒreg
Tiseflayin d iylalen yettidiren deg waṭas n yedgan seg Tafriqt talemmast d kra n tegzirin tinagrawin ar tizgelt n ugafa d tizgelt n wenẓul
UččiẒreg
Tiseflayin d iɣersiwen imseksumen tetten iylalen temsuṭad timeẓyanin d temraradin


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Amtiweg anamur
Amtiweg anamur neɣ Amtiweg akalan, s tenmegla n umtiweg n ugaz, iga d amtiweg igebren s talɣa tagejdant seg yiẓra d yimɣuzen, talmest n yimtiwegen-a tesger s umata seg 3 n tissiwin tulmisin (Aɣwaw, Azennar yakk d yiclem). Tajumma-ines teqqur yerna tegber talɣa tagejdant seg tnegwa ur nettafeg, amedya: iẓra n Silikat d wuzzal amɣuzan. Ihi, tineẓẓi-ines d tin yeflalen and tessawaṭ seg 4 alamma d 5,7.
Deg unagraw anafuk, imtiwgen inamuren d 4 n yimtiwgen igensawen i d-izgan gar n tfukt d ubaggus n izunyuren (Aziweɣ, Tatrit, Tagnit, Mezweɣ, Ayyur yakk d Io igan d ayyur amenzu n yebter ilan taɣessa yettemcabin, ihi yella wamek ara ad ttumeggzen d inamuren), imtiwgen inamuren d wid meẓẓiyen s waṭas ɣef imtiwgen n ugaz, maca tineẓẓi-nsen d tin i d-ten-yugaren acku gebren seg wuzzal d Silikat.


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Wi dd-igguren s llilet, gi tsaɛt-a, x uyis?
D ijj n urgaz, iksi-dd akid-s memmi-s,
iẓiyyer-it ɣer-s, zeg waḍu, isnuffer-it,
iɣmes-as baba-s, ittezɣal, g uderriɛ-ines.
Min cekk-yuɣen tettadef-dd g ixef-inek, a memmi?
Maɣar a baba, ur tettwilid muk dd-ittxzzar gi,
s ttaj d uselham, ugellid n imeḍzi?
Uhu, tin-ɣir d tagguyt gi tseqfin tbenni.
As-dd ay ameẓẓyan. Azzel, aker ɣer-i!
Ass-dd, ad teɛyard tirart tekna akid-i,
Ass-dd, qa da nnewwac igga iẓekki,
Yemma-k tettraja-cekk, s tmelsa ur telli.
Baba ḥennu, ur tettwilid azellid n imeḍẓi
Iznuza-ay, gi lḥiss, tirja n udummi?
Win d aḍu issenehzza tifray, a memmi,
Issenḍaq-itent uka sɣuyyunt amnni.
Ttugid ad dd-tasd, yak ay asebḥan, dani?
Yak wwiɣ-dd akid-i xelli d yessi,
Netnint d tiweqqafin x ccḍiḥ n llyali,
Ad cekk-ttẓurent s lɣnuj-nsent, ar tgemmi.
Baba ḥennu, a baba, ma ur tettwilid ula d ci
Sebɛa n yessis n uzellid, gi tallest, ssawalent aki?
A memmi ḥnnu, necc ttwaliɣ ci nneɣni,
Ttwaliɣ tiṣefṣafin ttebsissiqent ar ṭṭya n tziri.
Necc qa xseɣ-cekk, aẓri inek ur gi ijji ci,
s lxaḍar niɣ s bezzez, a cekk dd-awiɣ ɣer-i.
A baba, aqa-t yusi-dd, s ufus n lexyal, ɣer-i!
Igzem-ay, igzem-ay, uzellid n imeḍẓi!
Ababat ksin-t tcukaḍ, ittcukka deg uyis,
deg uderriɛ-ines, ittirnin memmi-s,
ur inni ar wami iwweḍ ar taddart-ines,
deg yuderriɛ-ines, immut memmi-s
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Asuɣel zi tkatalant ɣer tmaziɣt: Asmaa Aouattah


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Marikan
- Iɣ ur igi wad amgrad lli tsiggilt, kcm s tasna n Mirikan bac ad tẓrt akkʷ imgradn nna dar illa yism zun d wad !
Tamrikt neɣ Marikan iga yan umnẓaw ɣ idis ugafay (umalu) n umaḍal. Tebḍa f sin yeḥricen, Tamrikt n Ugafa d Temrikt n Wenẓul nɣ Iffus.
Aẓur n yismsnfl
Awal Tamrikt/Marikan ikka-d dar Amerigo Vespucci. Ism ad uran-t-id tikklt tamezwarut ɣ 25 Yebrir 1507 ɣ yat n tkarḍa tarakalant . Yessufɣ-itt-id yan uressam n tkarḍiwin, Almani Martin Waldseemüller ɣ Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, isemma amenẓaw amaynut America ilmend n Amerigo Vespucci, imsilel aṭelyani.
Tarakaltsnfl
Kanada, Iwunak Yedduklen, Groenland (Danmark), Meksik, Gwatimala, Salvador, Handuras, Kusta Rika, Panama, Kuba, Bermuda (Lingliz), Jamaika, Haiti, Republik n Dominik, Puerto Riko, Gwadilup,Martinik, Saint-Pierre ed Miquelon (Fransa), Tigzirin i India.
Gwatimala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Kusta Rika , Salvadur , Panama
Kolombi, Venezuela, Brazil, Tarjentint, Cili, Paraguay, Peru, Ikwador, Bolivia, Galapagos (Ekuator), Tigzirin n Falkland (Tabritanit Tameqrant), Tagwiwant, Surinam, Tagwinant Tafrensist (Fransa), Belize.


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Tuzka
Tuzka neɣ Tuqeft d irem i d-immalen amussu imidrus n wadanen d umray (lewɛaṛa) n usezri d usukk n yiẓẓan. Tuzka d tamentilt timezdit i ukenneẓ anekmay (aqerḥan). Dɣa tuzka tanamsadt tegber ula seg umray n usezri n yiẓẓan d yigazer, yakk d usguded-nseb (aḥcaṛ). Azal n gar n 2 alamma d 30% n yimdanen deg umadal ttmagaren-d ugur-a.[1]
Isragen (timentilin)Ẓreg
Isekna n tuzkaẒreg
TasensekrartẒreg
ImnirenẒreg
Ẓeṛ daɣenẒreg
- ↑ Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise
incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées
pmid16677147


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Le Rifain
Ɛlḥsab min dd-yusin di Euronews, aqa Amarikan yegru 11 900 n iɛeskriyen-nnes zi tmurt n Uliman, ḥuma ad iɛawed ad yebḍa azgen ameqqran zeg-sen x Biljik d Uṭalyan. d manaya i dd-yusin deg wawal n Mark Thomas Esper i yellan d lewzir n uḥami n tmurt n Umarikan.
Washington, txezzar ɛawed bac ad tessers lɛesker-nnes di Pulanda d tmura n Baltes (pays baltes), mala tiweḍ ad tcedd awal aked tmura-ya, amen dd-yusa di min yenna Mark Esper.
Taneɣlaft n uḥami n Umarikan tenna aqa 6400 n iɛeskriyen imirikaniyen ad ɛeqben ɣer Umarikan, ca n 5600 nniḍen ad mmuttyen ɣer tmura nniḍen n Wuruppa.


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Awanak
Awanan (Asget: iwunak) d tagrawt n ifganen yettidiren deg yiwet n temnaṭ tasertit, idebl-iten (iḥekm-iten) yiwen n unagraw aserti mtawan (mtafaqen) fell-as, anagraw-a yelha-d s talɣa n uwanak-a, Ddg umadal llan waṭas n iwunak ɣas akken inagrawen-is mgaraden
Asenmel n uwanak[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asenmel aserti
Asmgired gar uwanak d irmawen n iden[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Tamurt: D agezzum arakal
- Aɣlan: D tagrawt n ifganen yezdin deg tutlayt d umezruy d iẓuran
- Awanak: D tagrawt n tsuda n tenbadt ilan (yesɛan) tanaya ɣef kra n tmurt d uɣref-is


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Tsuffeɣ-d ussan-a tmarut tilemẓit Sabrina Xalifi, di teẓrigin tiliktrunikin lulu.com, yiwet n temɛayt tamecṭuḥt i ddemma n yigerdan s uzwel n « Imekdi{fidèle} Idumen ».
Taqsiḍt-a i tura s teqbaylit, tusa-d s yiniten{couleurs} 100 %, akked wunuɣen{dessins} i tga tnaẓurt Ɛica Ɛisu, yelli-s n Uweqqas.
Dɣa, mbeɛd mi d-teffeɣ ayyuren-a iɛeddan di Tmurt Taqbaylit, ɣer teẓrigin Ccix Muḥend Ulḥusin, tger tmeskart ad tt-id-tsuffeɣ ula di internet akken ad izmiren yiminigen ad tt-aɣen i tarwa-nsen. Akken i aɣ-d-tenna, ma tufa qublen yimawlan s wudem yelhan ayen i d-tesnulfuy, ad teɛreḍ ad d-ternu asuffeɣ ɣas weɛrit ttawilat di Tmurt.
Deg wawal-is ɣef teqsiḍt-a, tberreḥ-d s tukkist-a : « Tamacahut-a d tagnit i weqcic, i wakken ad yebdu abrid n tɣuṛi, d tira s yisekkilen n tutlayt-is. Ayagi ad yili, s ufus n tallelt-nneɣ nekni, d yimawlan i yebɣan imal n leali i warraw-nsen. Tayemmat yesnumen i mmi-s taɣuṛi seg tegrudit, ad as-teldi tiṭwiqin n tmusni. Ad d-yuɣal weqcic d imeɣṛi seg temẓi. D ayen ara yessalin aswir n tegzi-s, s tnaga n yimussnawen. Imi taɣuṛi d ddwa n wallaɣ mgal aṭṭan n tatut. Deg tmacahut-a, wwiɣ-d ameslay ɣef wazal n tmiddwa, i yesṛuḥen udem-is idetti gar yimdanen di tallit-a. Lameena mazal-itt tella ɣur kra n yiɣeṛsiwen, ladɣa mara ten-tezdi akked wemdan i ten-iḥemmlen. Aɣeṛsiw imir-n yettuɣal d amdakkel imekdi n wemdan […] ».
I wid yebɣan ad sutren ihi taqsiḍt-a deg teẓrigin lulu.com, yezmer ad yili waya s uttekki deg tansa-a.
Ad d-nesmekti, ɣer taggara, dakken Sabrina Xalifi d uletma-s n Kaysa Xalifi d Mhenni Xalifi. Ɣas mačči d tamaziɣt i teḍfer di tesdawit, maca telmed tutlayt-is, tefka-s azal. Tura ar tura isefra d tullisin.


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Amagrad : Tikti tagrawlit
Asmil : Amezruy
Amyaru : Amaruyidir
Tanaramant tnulfa-d di tazwara n tasut tis 20, teder tnerna, xas ma amaḍal isɛeda tignatin n umrir ,maca tudsa tamnaḍalt n umusu anaram werǧin i tesmed azal n tmura d timeltaɣin am tiklet-a.
Am inaramen n talit-ni wid n tura sɛan aqlal n tefmajawt, aken ad refden tanbaṭ yerna ad sulten i tudert.
Tazwara n tikti n Tanaramant tela-d di talit n tfergi n Mafking di Tefriqt n unẓul, talit n umenuɣ n Buwers(1899-1902). Anda Baden Bawel ila d amesyan n tnebaṭ, i lmend n usukes n tiɣremt seg tikra n Buwers i setlen teɣzi n 217 wussan, Baden Bawel isemres ilmeẓyen n tiɣremt d imazanen, d imsikad, imḍafen, d ifaddaden.
Ar deqal n usleli n tiɣremt di 16 n magu 1900, Baden Bawel , seqlen-t d aṣaḍ di Legliz , imi ila icreṭ s tirmit-is iked ilmeẓyen n tiɣremt, Baden Bawel isneflulu-d bli ilmeẓyen sɛan tazmert d tameqrant, ilaq kan ad sen-efk taflest. Yura timawin-is deg udlis(ifaddaden) « scouting » deg uzmam ameẓyan i iserdasen i wumi izlem« Aids to scouting » talelt i ifaddaden.
Maca mgal ayen ur yerǧa Baden Bawel , adlis imucaɛ ar ilmeẓyen d iselmaden, Baden Bawel wḍen-t-id tibratin sɣur arrac i isuturen indahen. Icreṭ s temẓi tabriṭanit izgan di tzenqatin, iked yir tadawsa, idem taɣṭast ad yeg talilt i tḥerciwin i ilmed di tefmajawt-is di lhend iked tirziwin-is ar tefriqt i leqdic n warrac ilmeẓyen.
Baden Bawel iremmen tarayt asgas n 1907 s igur anda isegrew azal n 20 n warrac seg yal aswir n tmeti, tela d tarnawal tmeqren, s talelt n imdukal-is Mak Laren ‘’ Major Maclaren ’’ iked mass Bersi Iberet ‘‘Sir Percy Everett’’, Baden Bawel iselmed i warrac tudert irekli di temzayt alen ad irmmen asdar, asiked, amahil n teẓgi, asukes, tudra, taferfanit , d tdawsa , tanaramant tlul-d.
Ar deqal n ternawalt n igur, aken ad imel tarayt , Baden Bawel isenti tira n umli i d-tsfɣen yal 15 wussan, i wumi i zlem Tanaramant i Warrac “Scouting for Boys“, ɣarent tugets n ilmeẓyen n Tgelda Iduklen, ayen i ten-sunfen aken ad silɣen deqs n temzayin n inaramen.
Deg usgas n 1908 zdat ubreg amatu, anaray amecṭuḥ yuli di Lundr i lmend n usqerdec n tebratin d tikci n usiglef.


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Ijaḍarmiyen n Miḍar ṭṭfen ass n ttlata 15 Cutenbar ijjen ucifur n ṭṭaksi. Iɛedd x ijjen uḥenjir d amezzyan. Aterras-a wanita weyyen-t ɣer lmeḥkama zi senni lux aqqa-t di leḥbes n Selwan. Abidufili-ya i yellan d mmis n Qasita. Di lɛumur-nnes ca n 35 iseggusa. Yeymar-d aḥenjir-a (bu 11 iseggusa) uca iḍeyyeɛ-it di ṭṭaksi-nnes.
Alaḥsab lexbuart i din, aḥenjir-nni iqqim isseɣd wer tt-yenni ca i lwalidin-nnes. Maca ɣer umeggaru inna-as-tt i yemma-s. Iɛawed-as mayen das-yemsaren di ṭṭaksi-nni. Zi senni weyyen-t ɣer ijjen uḍbib yegga-as ijjen tist. X-as diklaran zzag-s ɣer ijaḍarmiyen n Miḍar. Imeggura-ya deɣya deɣya ssersen x-as fus.


text:
Tiwisi:Astay n Tifinaɣ
Ɣ umzwaru
Brrk ɣ tasniwin n tiwizi n Wikipidya s Taclḥit, ɣ zun d anaw ad n tasniwin a ɣ rad taft tamrarut f isqsitn izdin d Wikipidya taclḥit...
Ɣmklli yad tssnm, tlla yat tmukrist ɣ ammas n Wikipidya taclḥit ad t igan d mqqar tstim tifinaɣ ɣ ammas n talgamt lli illan ɣ uflla, iɣ tkcmm s kra n umgrad yaḍn nɣ tsbadlm tasna ar d itturri s uskkil alatin acku nttan ad igan aymani. Tasna ad rad awn gis nml taɣarast n ustay n tifinaɣ am ugmmay amzwaru.
Skr Amiḍan
Amiḍan yadlli ur igi ccil bac ad ttarat nɣ d ad tsnflt kra ɣ ammas n Wikipidya. Tẓḍaṛt ad tn kullu tskrt mqqar ur tkcimt, mac afad ad tstit tifinaɣ am ugmmay amzwaru, iqqand ad dark yili amiḍan nnk. Sul, iɣ dark illa umiḍan rad taryt ixf nnk zɣ mad ixccn, ɣayann af k nsisfiw ad tskrt amiḍan nnk tkcmt sis iɣ trit ad tskrt kraygat tɣawsa ɣ ammas n Wikipidya. S tɣarast ad rad iɣli i middn yism nna tgit ɣ usmras nnk ɣ udɣar n wansa IP nnk.
Fad ad tskrt asmras-nnk ḍfṛ isurifn nɣ iɣarasn ad lli rad ak-mlɣ:
- Adr f uzday ad n « Kcm » nɣ « Skr asmras » lli rad taft ɣ uflla afasi n tasna nnk.
- Ara iwaliwn d ɣaylli ittyaran ɣ uḍṛiṣ iɛwjn.
- Skcm Ism n usmras nna trit ad dark yili
- Skcm Taguri n uzray (iqqan-k-id ad fllas tkʷtit mzyan acku rad tt sul tḥtajjat zɣ ɣid s lgddam)
- Tẓḍaṛt ad tskcmt ula ansa alikṭṛuni (e-mail) nnk iɣ trit, mayad ur igi daṛuṛi macc ar-k nsisfiw ad t-tskcmt (bac iɣ akkʷ tufit ixf-nnk tettut taguri n uzray-nnk, tẓḍaṛt ɣ-akud-ann ad trart asmras nnk s e-mail). Kud-nna tkmmlt asnflul n usmras-nnk, zayd kk-t-id rad gis taft yat tbrat tṣufḍ ak tt-id Wikipidya, adr f uzday lli gis illan bac ad tskrt asddid i usmras nnk.
- Sɣzn asddid n usmras nnk, adr f « Sɣzn » lli rad taft ɣ izddar n tasna.
Tikliwin
Fad ad tstit ɣilad tifinaɣ am ugmmay amzwaru nnk ɣ Wikipidya s Taclḥit, ḍfr isurifn nɣ iɣarasn ad lli rad ak mlɣ:
- Kcm s usmras-nnk: Iɣ t ur teṭṭift ḍfṛ isurifn lli llan ɣ iggi n tirra-ad
- Adr f tisɣal lli illan ɣ uflla ɣ ufus afasi-nnk tama n yism n usmras-nnk.
- Siggl s Internationalisation rad t-taft ɣ tasna tamzwarut n tisɣal, ad ka tggzt imikk s izddar
- Sti tamaziɣt tanawayt ɣ talgamt tamzwarut lli ilan yism n tutlayt.
- Sti tifinaɣ, nttat ad illan ɣ tuẓẓumt ɣ talgamt tis snat lli ilan yism n Variante de langue du contenu .
- Zmmem aylli tskrt ɣ talbuṭunt tazrqit lli illan ɣ izddar ɣ ufus aẓlmaḍ nnk.
Tiwlafin n tikliwin
Tasniwin n Ayt Wikipidya
Tiwizi
- Manka s rad araɣ amgrad ifulkin ?
- Manka s rad alsɣ yism i kran tasna ?
- Manka tga taɣarast n tirra n imgradn ?
- Tiwizi i tirra n imgradn


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Tirlandit
Tirlandit neɣ tagaelit (Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] Gaylxa s Tirlandit), d nettat ay d tutlayt taneṣlit n qrib merra imezdaɣen n tegzirt n Irland, xas ma yella ala kan 26 % n Yirlandiyen ara tt-yettmeslayen mliḥ ass-a. Anabaḍ n Irland yerr-tt d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle), maca xas yebɣa tirlandit ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt tawḥidt i yes ara tleḥḥu tmurt sya ar sdat, mazal taglizit tesɛa azal meqqren aṭas, ama ɣur wegdud Irlandi ay tt-yettmeslayen kull ass, ama ɣur n udabu n tmurt-agi.
Tamurt-isẒreg
Irland d yiwet si tegzirin timeqqranin akk deg umaḍal, imi ay tesɛa 84.000 km2 (n yikilumitren imkuẓen). D acu kan, xas agdud aneṣli n tegzirt-a yiwen-ines, Irland tebḍa ass-a ɣef sin yeḥricen : Irland n Ugafa, ay teḥkem Briṭanya Tameqqrant akk d Tegduda n Irland, ay yewwin azarug-nnes di 1921, u tesɛa ass-a 70.000 km2 yernu zedɣen-tt 3.700.000 n yimezdaɣen. Maca seg wasmi ay d-tlul tegduda tirlandit (yewwin aḥric meqqren si tegzirt), ara ssuturen Yirlandiyen n ugafa ad teffeɣ Briṭanya Tameqqrant seg wakal-nsen u ad ttwaqqnen ula d nitni ɣer Irland tilellit.
Tawacult-isẒreg
Tirlandit d yiwet si tutlayin tiqburin akk di Turuft (Europe) u tekcem di terbaɛt n tutlayin tiseltin (celtiques) ay yellan d aḥric si twacult n tutlayin tihendurufiyin (indo-européennes). Dɣa xas ma yella tirlandit d tutlayt tahendurufit am teglizit neɣ tafrensist, ur tent-čuba ara aṭas, wanag čuba tutlayin ugar tutlayin tiseltin ay tt-iqerben, am Tikusit (écossais), Tamankst (ay ttmeslayen di tegzirt n Man), Tagalit (gallois/welsh) akk d tebriṭunit (breton) ay ttmeslayen di tama n Bretagne, di Fransa.
Timiwa n GaeltachtẒreg
D timiwa i deg d-mazal medden ttmeslayen mliḥ tirlandit yernu d tin ay d tutlayt-nsen tamezwarut di tudert-nsen n kullas. Tuget deg yemḍiqen n Gaeltacht uzgan-d deg Wetram (lɣerb) n Irland akk d kra n tegzirin tutrimin. Aḥric meqqren seg yikuntiyen (comtés) n Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry akk d Cork kecmen di tmiwa n Gaeltacht yernu azal n 80.000 n yemdanen ara yilin zedɣen di tmiwa-ya. Tuget deg yimezdaɣen-agi ttidiren s tfellaḥt neɣ s tkessawt, yernu aṭas n wansayen (traditions) irlandiyen iqburen ay d-mazal ddren ɣur-sen am uẓawan amensay (musique traditionnelle) akk d tutlayt tirlandit taqburt.
Timiwa n Gaeltacht sɛan ddur' meqqren aṭas deg wesnerni n tutlayt tirlandit di Irland. Akken ad yesnerni udabu timiwa-yagi u ad tent-yerr leɛɛbent ddur' di tdamsa n tmurt, yesbedd-d tanegga n Udaras na Gaeltachta. Tanegga-yagi tettekkay deg wesnerni n tme! r rayt (tourisme) tadelsant di tmiwa n Gaeltacht, dɣa aṭas n medden ay d-irezzun ɣef tmiwa-ya akken ad issinen tutlayt d wansayen ineṣliyen irlandiyen, am wakken diɣ ara ẓren ccbaḥa n tmurt-agi, d ayen d-issekcamen idrimen imeqqranen i tmiwa-ya. Am wakken diɣ ay tessebɣas (encourager) tnegga n Udaras na Gaeltachta tikebbaniyin akken ad sseqdacent tirlandit di leqdic. Llant aṭas n tkebbaniyin ara yesseftayen (investir) idrimen-nsent di tmiwa n Gaeltacht, u anect-a d ayen inefɛen s waṭas tadamsa tirlandit.
Si tama nniḍen, imezdaɣen n tmiwa n Gaeltacht ssawaḍen taɣect-nsen ɣer wakk timiwa nniḍen n Irland, imi ay sɛan yiwet n rr'adyu mechur'en, "Raidio na Gaeltachta" yettmeslayen s tirlandit, yernu ttaken-as-d tameẓẓuɣt waṭas n medden, am wakken diɣ ara tleɛɛeb tilibizyu n tutlayt tirlandit , TG4, ddur' meqqren deg uselḥu n tutlayt-agi di tmurt merr'a.
Assider n tutlayt tirlandit maci ala kan d idles irlandi ay yenfeɛ, wanag yewwi-d lfayda meqqren i tdamsa (économie) n tegduda tirlandit. D anect-n umi ifaq udabu n tmurt-agi, u s waya ay nezmer ad d-nini d akken tirlandit yettr'aǧu-tt lxir meqqren ɣer sdat, imi ay tettekkay di lebni n tmurt-is.
TamselyutẒreg
- Deg mondeberbere.com Sɣur Hamid OUBAGHA.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tirlandit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


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Umi ɛdan 99 iseggusa zeg wami sbedden Irifiyen tayduda-nnsen. Lerifain ad idwel s isuraf ɣer deffer. Ad dd-newwec i imeɣareyn-nneɣ, ijjen rebɛa n iseddan. Nessawal dag-sen x mamec tebna tayduda d mayen yemsaren ar mani tuḍa.
Mani irur d mani i iɣra
Irur Mulay Muḥend di teqbict n Ayt Waryiɣer assgg°as n 1882, yeɣra di Tiṭṭawin. Awarni umi ɣa iraḥ ɣar Fas ḥuma ad infarar aked tɣuri-ines di tesdawit n Lqarawyyin. Xenni tuɣa ɣar-s di buḥbel-nnes 20 issgusa, zeg uɣezdis nneɣni uma-s Mḥemmed ura d netta isqad-it baba-s ɣar Madrid ḥima ad isala tɣuri-ines di tinmel n Lmeɛden.
Mulay Muḥend umi i t-ttuɣa di Fas ila iḍeffar min ittemsaren di lweqt-nni. Ula ktar umi ṭṭfen Bu Teɣyuct di leqfez. Rni xaf-s umi ɣeḍren Ɛabdel Ɛaziz ggin g wemkan-nnes Ɛabdel Ḥafid.
Jar 1907 d 1913, ad yiri Mulay Muḥend di Mritc ɣar umezwar ad yiri d aselmad n Tmaziɣt d Teɛrabt i Irifiyen d Iṣpunya. Mamec ɣa yiri ɛawed d aturjman. Xenni ad ibda ittari deg uɣemmis n El Telegrama del Rif. Mani ila ameqqran n tira-ines ijjen qqaren-as Lubbin i das-yewcin ict tafart deg uɣemmis s teɛrabt.
Mulay Muḥend ixes ad d-idwel ɣer Wejdir
Xminni i neqqar i Mulay Muḥend deg wakud-nni nettḥada day-s tatrart (modernité) d tameddanit (laïcité). D ufaqqi-nnes ameqqran s taympiryilit tameḍlant. Aked rxedmet-nnes deg uselmed, taɣemsa d usturjem. Yereni-d ɣar-s ijjen lxedmet-nneɣni netta umi ira yedja d rqaḍi di Mritc. Tanita d lxedmet idja ixeddem baba-s. S manaya Akulunil Muralis idja isrura dag-s ict tiqqet d tameqqrant. X manaya ad yaweḍ ad imrussen aked ujiniral Jurdana d Brinegyyir.
Maca tanbaḍt Taspanyut, di twarat d ict, ira tessen mliḥ belli Mulay Muḥend aq-t rebda kunṭra i tsertitin i teḍeffar Ṣpanya aked imɣaren n tqebbar Irifiyen. Deg usegg°as n 1915 issek Gbabila ijjen tiligram zi Nkur ɣar Mritc iqqar day-s :
“… ɣar-neɣ ca ineɣmisen kunfirman-aneɣ belli refqi Ɛebdelkrim ittraja twasit n memmis ssi Muḥend zi Mritc ḥuma ad xedmen marra kuntra i Spnaya. Adwar-ines ɣar Mritc yettɣima di rmuḥar, rennin ineɣmisen nneɣni qqaren belli twasit-a nnes ɣar Ayt Waryiɣer d amizi d ameqqran (grand danger) xef Ṣpanya »
Uḍuf n Mulay Muḥend d imunas-nnes
Di 06 Cutenbar ad yeṭṭef Akulunil Rikwilmi Mulay Muḥend xelli dinni jar-asen ict tiddukla d tameqqrant. Ad itwaḥḥbes di leḥbes n “Kabbaliziras” di Mritc. Di 23 Dujambir idja ixes ad yarwer maca ɣar umeggar yarreẓ zeg uḍar. Ad iraja ar ussgg°as n 1918 i das ɣa arxun. Uca ad ireḥḥeg ɣar wejdir mani baba-s idja ittraja-t dinni. Iggur ad idwel d amɣar n Ayt Waryiɣer awarni i umettin n baba-s Ɛebdelkrim di Tfarsit di 07 ɣuct 1920. Danita bac ad yaweḍ Mulay Muḥend ɣar min ɣar-s deg wadji-nnes. Ira dinni zzat-s tlata n imunas d imeqqranen. Ixess ad ten- yegg ḥuma abrid-nes ɣar tayduda Tarifiyt ad yiri yudes:
Amnus amezwar: ḥuma ad yaf ca tebridt zi ɣa ismun jar yexsan n Ayt Waryyiɣer. Zi senni ad yeɛda ɣar tqebbarnniḍen marra. Manaya war yehwin ca mara nekkar ad nessen mammec idja itteddar Arrif deg wakud-nnes. Jar ktar amenɣi-nni ameqqran i dinni jar yexsan n Teqbict n Ayt waryyiɣer maca surif amezwar i yegga Mulay Muḥend netta d agraw-nni ismunen jar yexsan n Teqbict n Ayt Warryiɣer. Deg Imzuren g wass n 20 simbtamber 1920. Danita ittic-aneɣ d Muḥemmed Lhadi deg udlis-ines “izem n arrif” ijj wass nneɣni i di yemsar wegraw-a netta d 21 Ferbayer 1921. Maca xelli ameni yettɣima agraw d ameqqran s wattas. Minzi day-s i iwcin rɛahed Ayt Waryiɣer i Mulay muḥend ḥima ad bedden deg wudem uḥewwes Aspanyu.
Amnus wis tnayen: Maḥend ad yaf mamec ɣa yegg ad isbedd tamenɣiwt n Irifiyen jar-asen. Wanita min yejjin aṣpanyu ḥuma ad yadef ɣar Arrif. S manaya arrin Lmeḥkama n Rmzemmett itteḥkamen s izerfan n Arrif. Nettat ɣa iwcen tasɣart i mkur ijjen bra ma ad ineɣ uma-s.
Amnus wis tlata: D asmuni n tamunt n tqebbar yudsen ɣar Ayt Waryiɣer am Ayt Tuzin d Temsaman. Bac ad swizant deg usbeddi n ticri n Iṣpunya zeg usemmar-ines d uɣedjuy awarni umi tuḍa Accawen d Tfarsit d ḍḍhar ubarran deg ufus n Ṣpanya. Mani ɣa isqad Mulay Muḥend ɣar Ujiniral Silbistri ict tebrat itthudda x-as mala yeɛda yeɣzar ameqqran.


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Takura tacubrant
Takura tacubrant deg tekrura i tenga d Takura n ucubar deg tenga ayyi tettwayla (tettwansab) ar tigget n tkura tabelkamt (u yegda 1/12 n tkura n ubelkim n ukarbun-12 (s telɣa taftart: Takura tacubrant d tagrawt n izuken n ibelkimen deg ucubar)
Yertuzmer usiden n tkura tacubrant d akken-it d tagrawt n izuken ibelkamen i yibelkimen yellan deg yal acubar, Akken daɣen yettwazmer wakat n tkura tacubrant srid s usexdem n tamseggwa n tkura
Deg tmseggwa n tkura, Takura tacubrant i tcubranin timeẓyanin (s ddaw n 200 ibelkimen i kra n iferdisen) tettili d tiseddit


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Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)
Lezzayer d tamdint tamanaɣt n tegduda n Lezzayer, d tamdint i meqqren deg temurt, ssawalen-as daɣ-n imezdaɣ ines Lezzayer tamellalt neɣ L-Behǧa. Tezga-d deg yiri n yilel agrakal, tamanaɣt n Lezzayer tefka isem-is i yal agezday (tawilayt) n Lezzayer. Tella gar timiṭrubulin timeqqranin deg umenẓaw n Tafrikt s 2 030 000 imezdaɣ deg useggas n 2002, yettwaḥsab azal n 2.947.446 n yimezdaɣ deg useggas n 2008. Di tamdint n Lezzayer kan ad d-naf azal n 4 250 000 n yimezdaɣ neɣ azal n 12% n ugdud azzayri. Di yal tamurt tesɛa agezday n Lezzayer tillas akk d ugezday n Blida, s unẓul Tipaza, s utaram, Bumerdas s umalu.
Aẓar n isem n Lezzayer[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Isem n Alger (Alji) d issem aɛewwaj arumi n yisem "Alguère" s takatalant ; aneggaru-agi yeffeɣ-d g teɛrabt "ğazayer", Jazayer isem-is yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri, win id ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mi yesekka tamdint n Lezzayer deg useggas n 960 f ugaluz n temdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s terumant Icosium, yefka-as isem n Lezzayer At Mezɣenna, caḍen izegzziyen i yefkan anamek n isem-agi i yetwafken s ɣur Buluɣin Mis n Ziri.
Azzegzi amezwaru yenna-d akken isem n Lezzayer yettwakkes seg tigzirin i yellan s dat n usagen n temdint n Lezzayer s teɛrabt (al-Jaza’ir) الجزائر, s teqbaylit, tigzirin n at mezɣenna, Neɣ awal n “tagzirt” yezmer (akken i ɣilen arakalen inselmen n tallit talemmast) ad yini igger i yellan ger illel d Ṣeḥra igger i yezmer ad tilli deg yes tameddurt, “tajtagzirt n tmeddurt”. Azegzi angegaru yenna-d belli isem ad d-illin fkan-t feljal tajmilt n baba-s n Buluɣin, Ziri mmis n Mennad , ihi, isem n Lezzayer ad yilli yusa-d seg Dziri, s tmaziɣt, Tiziri (anamek (lmaɛna) ines tafat n uyyur/uggur), Mezɣenna yezmer daɣ-n ad tili talɣa tetwaɛerreb n Imezɣen ayen aɣ-d-yefk : “Tiziri n at Imezɣan”. Imezdaɣ n Lezzayer tamanaɣt qqaren Adziri/Tadzirit (dziri/dziriya) fakken ad ssiwlen i imuzdaɣ n tamanaɣt.
Tarakalt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tadamsa[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Amesni[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Amiṭru n Lezzayer Tamanaɣt yetteddu s Ḥay Lbader --> Tafura-Lbusṭa Tameqqrant yeldi tibbura-s i umessiklen g wayyur n wember 2011 ɣuzzif abrid-is s 9Km (ikilumitren), yesɛa 10 n tiɣsertin (stations).
- ETUSA
- Amafag n Lezzayer
- Tramway n Lezzayer
- SNTF
Timerrit[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tadult n timerrit g temdint n Lezzayer mazal-itt texxuṣ, ɣas tesɛa aṭas ideggen i cebḥanen maca asefrek (gestion) nsen cwiyat, tesɛa (amedya) tiftisin ticebḥanin am taftist (rrif n'ilel) La Perouse g usamar, maca caḍen daɣen tiftisin ur necbiḥ ara am tin n Mazella neɣ n Miramar (Guilloville) anect agi felǧal n Asif n Lḥerrac neɣ Asif Mazafran atg... i tṣubbun ar ilel.
- Llan daɣen g Tamanaɣt kra isensa n semmus itran am Asensu Hilton Alger, Asensu Sofitel, Asensu Sheraton, Asensu Mercure, Aurassi, Al Djazair (St George), llan daɣen kra n isensa nniḍen maca mačči n semmus itran am Asensu Albert Amezwaru, Asensu Essafir (Alleti), yella daɣen asenfar n usuli n asensu Ibis n Accor akk d Marriott.
- Tura, g iseggasen ineggura kan, tukad Lezzayer belli tadult n timerrit tesɛa azal ameqqran g tadamsa n tmurt d kra ixxelqen aqdic ilemẓiyen, ihi bdan xelqen imukan n timerri am Aquafort Land, Kiffan Club atg... yella daɣen Zoo n Benɛeknun.
Idles[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tamdint n Lezzayer tesɛedda ussan iberkanen g umezruy ines yettwawet deg-sen idles tesɛa tura tamdint kra n timkurda tameqqrant merra deg-sent d
- Tamkardit Tasdawant n Lḥamma
Llan daɣen isalayen am
- Asalay b Umjahed,
- Asalay n Bardo,
- Asalay Aɣelnaw n Taẓuri Tatrart d Tazit ,
- Talmat n Termitin n Lḥamma
- Bastion 23
- Taqṣebt
- Amezgun aɣelnaw n Lezzayer Muḥyedin Bacṭarzi


text:
Tajumma
Anrar neɣ Tajumma d akat i kra n tama yettwasuttlen deg kra n tɣult ɣef tiggi, d talɣa ifraren deg-s n tama yettwasuttlen gar n kuẓ (4) n izelman s yiwet n teɣzi anda sin deg-sen d imsadaɣen ma d sin niden d ibeddayen yakk d umezwaru. Anecta ad yili s talɣa n umkuẓ. Seg talɣa ayi ad tili tsuddemt n yakk talɣiwin n tjummiwin niden, mi ara ad tili teɣzi n izelman-a d yiwet tigget n wakat n teɣzi, imir-nni tama yettwasuttlen gar-asent yettumeggez d yiwet n tigget n wakat n tjumma. Ihi, ma yella-d wemkuẓ teɣzi n yebdi-ines 1 m, tajumma-ines ad tegdu 1 m²
Asiden n tjumma yezmer ad yili s wemdan n imkuẓen n tigget n tjumma tamurant d tummidt.
Deg unagraw agreɣlan n tiggtin, tigget n wakat n tjumma tga d amiter amkuẓ (m²), dɣa amiter amkuẓ iga d tajkmma n yibdo teɣzi-ines 1 m. Akken illant waṭas n tiftarin yettwassnen i tjummiwin n talɣiwin ifraren am ikerdisen d iserman d twinas. S usemres n taftarin-a yezmer ad yili usiden n tjumma n yal ibdi s wegzam n yibdiyen ɣer ikerdisen neɣ ɣer twinas i tuwwit (aḥelli) n talɣiwin tuzligin yakk d tilas
Tigda i wsiden n tjumma[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
D agejdam d akken tajumma n wesrem i d-iqqaren d akken tajumma n wesrem tegda teɣzi-ines × tehri-ines, dɣa anecta d ayen izemren a d-ittwakez war anza fell-as s turrit n tamawt mi ara ad ittwaqelled wesrem tehri-ines d tigget ma d teɣzi-ines d kra n wemdan seg tiggtin, ad yettwala d akken amdan n tiggtin timkuẓin i d-issiliɣen tajumma n wesrem tegda amdan n tiggtin tizegrarin (n teɣzi) i d-issiliɣen teɣzi n wesrem, yerna s tmerniwt n wemdan n tiggtin n teɣzi ad yettwala d akken tajumma n wesrem trennu s yiwen n watih, s wanecta ad ibin d akken tajumma n wesrem tegda teɣzi-ines × tehri-ines.
- Tajumma n ukerdis = ½ × azadur × tiddi, s tira deg tugna: anda: b d teɣzi n uzadur, ma d h d teɣzi n tiddi.
- Tajumma n tiggi n twinest anda: r d azgen n ukdu n twinest.
- Tajumma n tiggi n tuzza anda: r d azgen n ukdu n tuzza.
- Tajumma n uzunglay: Pi () × azgen n ukdu n ugellus ameqran × azgen n ukdu n ugellus ameẓyan
- Akat n tjummiwin ticuranin d tid yettwasuttlen yezmer ad yili s usemres n tussna n uneẓlay d weɣrad
- Tajumma n umkuẓ = teɣzi n yibdi L² neɣ A = L2


text:
Le Rifain
Yeɛdu ḍḍusi n Suliman Ḥullic ass n larbeɛ 22 zi yulyuz 2020 x taddart n ccreɛ di Fas. S uya, yumer lqaḍi ikellfen s iɣezzuten n tenɛacin di taddart-a n ccreɛ, bac ad yettwaṭṭef Suliman Ḥullic i yellan zeg ukabar n PAM, d yinni i ttuɣa x-as ittnuben, Faris Ɛellal i yellan zeg ukabar n PJD d Ḥusayen Uḥli i yellan ula d netta zeg ukabar n PAM.
Taddart n ccreɛ di Wejda, ttuɣa teḥkem deg uyur n nuwanbir i yeɛdun bac Ḥullic, a t-ḥazen, wer ittɣimi ca d amɣiwan n Nnaḍur.
Ḥullic d yinni i kid-s ad qqimen di lḥebs n Burkayez di Fas, al ass n 19 zi ɣuct, i ɣa tili tɣimit tamezwarut n uḥeqqeq d lankiṭ.


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Tawilayt n Suq Ahṛas
Tawilayt n Suq Ahṛas d Tawilayt deg tmurt n Lezzayer. Zedɣen-tt 438 127 n yimezdaɣen. Ma d tajumma-ines tesɛa azal n 4 541 km². Tamanaɣt ines d tamdint n Suq Ahras. Tawilayt-a tebḍa ɣef 10 n tdayriwin:
- Tadayra n Bir Buḥuc (Zzwabi, Bir Buḥuc, Safel Lwidan)
- Tadayra n Ḥeddada (Wlad Mumen, Ḥeddada, Lexḍara)
- Tadayra n Mdawruc (Mdawruc, Ragouba (fr) , Tifac)
- Tadayra n Mecruḥa (Ḥennaca, Mecruḥa)
- Tadayra n Lemrahna (Lemrahna, Ouillen (fr) , Sidi Freǧ)
- Tadayra n Wlad Dris (Ɛin Zana, Wlad Dris)
- Tadayra n Um Leɛḍayem (Wad Kebrit, Um Leɛḍayem, Terraguelt (fr) )
- Tadayra n Isedraten (Ɛin Sselṭan, Xmisa, Isedraten)
- Tadayra n Suq Ahras (Suq Ahras)
- Tadayra n Tawra (Ddriɛa, Tawra, Zaarouria (fr) )


text:
Iḥdriyen n Lmuɣrib dewlen ca zzag-sen srusan iseqsan n tlelli n wemdan (la liberté individuelle). Ijjen zzag-sen iɛawed mamec raḥen nitni d gruppu ɣer ijjen temdint, maḥend ad kran ijjen taddart, maca ayt bab n tudrin ttagin ad asen-kran minzi akid-sen taḥenjirt d tameddukelt-nnsen.
Aḥudri-ya yeqqar « Imeɣrabiyen wer ssinen belli mala ɣer-k ca n icten d tameddukelt maci uɣil ad kid-s teṭṭsed. Necnin nxes ad nesseɛda ijjen lweqt yecna, maca nettaf zzat-neɣ imxumbal d imeqqranen. Wer nzemmer ad nedder mamec i daneɣ-ixess« . Yerni yenna: « ddewla ixess ad aneɣ-tewwec lxedmet, tazeddiɣt, macca d mani ɣa neggenfa mala nehlec. Wer lli ad aneɣ tadef deg wexxam n yiḍes« .
Ijjen uḥenjir nniḍen, issiwel x lqanun ig ittemsaren di Lmuɣrib deg ijjen ubidyu, yenna « maɣer Irumiyen d ixalijiyen wer kid-sen tteggem walu? ma minzi ɣer-sen ttmenyat?« . Aṭṭas n iḥudriyen qqaren belli lqanun di Lmuɣrib amec nessen wer yelli ca xef merra imeɣrabiyen. Ttwalan ila ttwajar teddren tudert-nnsen amek xsen, maca tarwa n wegdud walu.
Zeg ijjen uɣezdis nniḍen, ttwekkaden iḥudriyen ila timeslayin n ddin ixess-asent ad qqiment jar bnadem d Rebbi. Iwdan nniḍen wer ɣer-sen bu lḥeqq ad adfen di ssuq-a. Amussu umi qqaren « neffeɣ x lqanun (Moroccan outlaws) » ula d nitni carcen-d abidyu i di issiwel uḥudri-ya x manaya. Amussu-ya ittazel maḥend ad ibeddel lqanun di Lmuɣrib, ad iwwec i temɣarin lḥeqq ad ɣeḍlent aɛeddis. Tudef akid-sen ula d Layla Slimani, Ṭaher Ben Jellun d waṭṭas d inniḍen.
Rezzun zi ddewla ad tegg ijjen lqanun ad yewwec lḥeqq i bnadem ad igg mayen ixes. Ijjen uḥenjir qqaren-as ayyub yejja ijjen wawal x ubidyu-ya « Aqqa leqrud uca ttɛicen ḥsen zzag-neɣ« .
Ɣer ɛawed: « Xseɣ ad ugureɣ wer dd-ttɛiqqibeɣ… » ta d ict d tɣuyyit n ijjen temɣart d Tarifit


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Tiwecca n larbeɛ yeggur ad yessidef Lmuɣrib inni innuɣen di Mlilet zi cher n Mares i yeɛdan. Manaya zegga bellɛen igmiren aked Mlilet wami i d-isug Kuruna x umaḍal. Hespress tenna belli manaya ad yili kul cwayt ar ɣa salan i merra inni innuɣen di Mlilet. Mamec i d-nnan belli inni i d ɣa adfen ad ggen merra ttist n Kuruna maḥend ad ssnen ma dag-sen ca ma lla.
Ispunya qqaren ila d amezwaru iggur ad ssidfen mitayen n yiwdan, d amezwaru. Asidef ad isiɣi ar wass n jjemɛa d lḥedd i d-igguren. Di 15 n May i yeɛdan tuɣa ssidfen-d ca n iwdan nnuɣen di Mlilet, maca zi senni sbedden manayenni, la d ijjen ma issen mayemmi.
Ṣabrina n Mmuḥ, Tamɣart di lḥukuma n Mlilet, tenna « Yeggur ad adfen marra inni ixsen ad ɛeqben ɣer tmurt-nnsen ». Manaya ad yili s temɛawant jar Ispunya d Imarrak.


text:
Aẓur
Iẓuran (Amyan : Aẓur neɣ Aẓɣr) ẓḍarn ad darsn ilint tuggt n lmaɛani.
- Ɣ tafgga nɣ ddar n ufgan ar nttafa tugt n iẓuran, iẓuran a ad ssudawen idammen d gisn aɣ ttilin idammen ar gis zzigizn bac ad ftun s kraygat mani ɣ ammas n ddat n ufgan, ig zund abrid nnsn.
- Ilin daɣ iẓuran n imɣan, zund iẓuran n iskla d taddagin, iẓuran ad nttni a yakkan neɣ a yssaqqlayn waman seg wakal i waddagn nɣ iskla bac ad tddr.
Iɣbula[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Amgrad ad iga amud, imẓẓiy ka sul. Aws i Wikipidya s usnfl nns, tssimɣurt t.


text:
Tafsut taɛrabt
Tafsut taɛrabt d tagrumma n tagayin timeẓwiyin yedran deg kra n timura n umaḍal aɛrab d Tafriqt ugafa seg dujamber 2010. Tanfalit « Tafsut taɛrabt » t sawel-d ar « Tafsut n iɣerfan » n 1848. Iwliwlen agi igrawalen iɣlanen[1] semman-asen daɣen tigrawliwin tiɛrabin, tinekriwin tiɛrabin, neɣ daɣen « ankar aɛrab[2] », kra qaren-as tagrawla Facebook, tagrawla Twitter daɣen tagrawla 2.0 skud asseqdec n iẓeḍwan imettiyen yexater. S wukud, asget « Tifsutin tiɛrabin » yeqqim d tanfalit tamenyaft iwakken ad seknen tuggta n iwliwlen i ssegrewen ddaw isem agi.
- ↑ Gustave Massiah, « Tinekriwin tigrawalin : Semmus timeɣra timezwura », Centre tricontinental, tasufiɣt ass n 25 mayyu 2011
- ↑ Azwel n Manière de voir n Tafsut 2011


text:
Tafaska-a ad d-tili deg tzeqqa n Ibn Zeydun deg Usira n Riadh El Feth yernu tella-d d tajmilt i ukerwa ameqran n tezlit n uceɛbi Mahboub Safar Bati (1919-2000).
Deffir ma tɣab tfaska-a 7 n yiseggasen, teqqel-d s « wahil n tmeɣra kan », yernu ssefran ad d-teqqel tyaka deg teẓrigt ay d-itteddun ara ssuddsen deg Remḍan n 2023, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna unesmil n tfaska, Abdelkader Bendamache.
Ma d taneɣlaft n yidles tesmekti-d s temlilt taxatart ay tetturar tfaska-a deg tmussni d usmal n yimẓawanen ilemẓiyen.
Deg tsehṛa-a tamezwarut, derwen icennayen Samir Lalleug (Leblida), Aissa Baba Ammi (Taɣerdayt), Yacine Zouaoui (Bgayet), Rachid Guettafa (Mestɣanem) d Ccix Abderrahmane El Kobbi n Zzayer Tamaneɣt.
Tafaska-a ad tkemmel arma d 15 Ɣuct yernu ssefran ad ilin, deg wahil n wass n usimwas, yicennayen Rachid Bellik (Tizi Uzzu), Djamel Megharia (Cclef), Hamid Laidaoui d Nacereddine Galiz (Zzayer Tamaneɣt) akked Khaled Chahelal n Mestɣanem.


text:
Tadukli Taɛṛabt n Tmaqqusin ad teg Asmanay-nnes Atwilan Wis 34 gar 3 d 6 Tubeṛ deg ZzayerAynas, 03 Tubeṛ 2022 10:18
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Tadukli Taɛṛabt n Tmaqqusin ad teg, seg wass n uynas d asawen, deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, Asmanay-nnes Atwilan Agraɣlan Wis 34 s tihawt n 300 n yimedrawen, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna, ass n usamas, uselway n useqqamu n tedbelt n tdukli d uselway-anemhal amatu n Asmidal (d afurk n Sonatrach), Mohamed Tahar Heouaine.
Inaɣzen n wuzzal n Tibest: Tasektayt n umsegzu gar « Manal » d teṛmist taṭerkit n « Ozmert »Akras, 27 Yulyu 2022 13:58
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Tezmel Tegrawt Tazzayrit n Yinaɣzen (Manal) tasektayt n umsegzu, ass n usinas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, d tegrawt taṭerkit n « Ozmert Algerie » deg ukatar n usnegmu d wammad n yinersiyen n uzara n wuzzal n Buxeḍra d Wenza (deg Tibest).
Anabaḍ: Asekyed n mennaw n yiḍrisen n usnas d yisenfaren n usaḍufAsimwas, 08 Yulyu 2022 14:14
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yessekyed unabaḍ, ass n ukwas, deg temlilit-nnes tanmalast ay yesselwi uneɣlaf amenzu, Mass Aimene Benabderrahmane, men naw n yiḍrisen n usnas yerzan asenfar n usaḍuf ɣef usefti, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna yiwen n ulɣu n yimeẓla n uneɣlaf amenzu.
Arẓam n Tmesrit Tazzayrit Tis 15 n Usgalef n Tkeṛṛusin deg Zzayer TamaneɣtAsamas, 03 Yulyu 2022 10:13
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Tettwarẓem, ass n usiḍyas deg Zzayer, Tmesrit Tazzayrit Tis 15 n Yimeẓla n Deffir n Usenzi n Tkeṛṛusin « Equip Auto Algeria » s udraw n 150 n yimzikknen izzayriyen d yiwerdaniyen.
Tasmilt Tameqqrant Tazzayrit-Tamaṣrit: Timeɣsiwt i usnegmu n unmiregAkwas, 30 Yunyu 2022 11:37
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Iwekked-d uneɣlaf amenzu, Mass Aimene Benabderrahmane, ass n ukras deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, dakken idiwenniyen ay d-yellan deg tedwilt tis 8 n Tesmilt Tameqqrant Turtikt Tazzayrit-Tamaṣrit ay yesselwi ɣer yidis n umtil-nnes amaṣri, Moustafa Madbouli, dakken aya yettwekkid-d timeɣsiwt tucrikt n ukemmel ɣer sdat deg usnegmu d usineḍ n unmireg asindisan s ufaki n yisenfaren ay d-yettilin d usnirem n yiglan niḍen n ublag d usefti.
Boughali iwekked-d ɣef usenfar n usaḍuf n useftiAkwas, 23 Yunyu 2022 13:00
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Iwekked-d uselway n Ugraw Aɣerfan Aɣelnaw, Mass Brahim Boughali, ass n ukras deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef usenfar n usaḍuf amaynu n usefti, yernu yenna-d dakken asmemmi-nnes d win ara d-yesduqqsen tameddurt tadamsant yernu ad yeǧǧ Zzayer tamaynut ad taweḍ ɣer iswiyen-nnes n usnegmu unzig deg ukatar n tmuɣli d tamakkit.
Ablag d teṛmisin tinmaḍalin d agellus agejdan n tsertit taẓewrant taɣelnawtAsamas, 29 Mayu 2022 10:40
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yenna-d uneɣlaf n teẓwert d yinaɣzen, Mohamed Arkab, ass n usiḍyas deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, dakken azeddi n wassaɣen n ublag d teṛmisin tinmaḍalin deg tɣult n tmerɣa d agellus agejdan n tsertit taẓewrant taɣelnawt, am wakken ay d-yesmekti dakken asaḍuf amaynu n tmerɣa d win yessefrayen mennaw n wakaten yessebɣasen asefti deg usnirem d ufares deg Zzayer.
Aselway Tebboune ibeggen-d lebɣi yemmezdin i wesnegmu n iseftiyen iṭurkiyen di Lezzayer ɣer wugar n 10 imelyaren n UsdAsinas, 17 Mayu 2022 10:02
ANKARA - Aselway n Tegduda, Abdelmadjid Tebboune iwekked-d, ass n letniyen di Ankara, lebɣi n snat n tmura akken ad ssiwḍent iseftiyen iṭurkiyen di Lezzayer ɣer wugar n n 10 imelyaren Usd.
Akal n tɣult tusligt n uwanak: Acegger n tewtilin i tukci-nnes i yimseftiyenAsimwas, 06 Mayu 2022 12:58
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yessekyed unabaḍ, ass n ukwas, deg temlilit-nnes ddaw tselwit n uneɣlaf amenzu, Mass Aimene Benabderrahmane, asenwi n tsunḍa n 2008 yerzan asedger n wakal n tɣult tusligt n uwanak i yimseftiyen, yernu iswi n waya d asemɣer n wakal n usefti i ubaɣur n yimseftiyen deg mennaw n tɣula.
Aselway Tebboune: Timerniwt n ufares akerrazan i useḍru n tɣellist tanuččitAsamas, 24 Yebrir 2022 10:45
ZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Iwekked-d uselway n tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune, ass n usiḍyas tameddit deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef tixxutert n tmerniwt n ufares aɣelnaw n yifarisen ikerrazanen, ladɣa imendiyen, i lmend n uḍman n tɣellist tanuččit.


text:
Yura-t: Mimun Amsebrid
Tamaziɣt teqqen ict n tɣuni tẓeyyeṛ aṭṭaṣ ɣar tudert n Imaziɣen n yiḍennaṭ, s tefras-nnes ittwassen: tudert n tfellaḥt (tikarza, timeyra, tarewsa…), n tniḍi (anuḍi, amudi, amsal…), n tyemra, n tsebbabt… S cra n wawalen nneḍni : tudart n zic, dat ad yment tneddam, ad tadef tatiknulujit, a tarni tɣuri jar marra tisatalin n imezdaɣ (tiɣuri-ya ur ittwaggen s yiles n yayt bab n tmurt)…
Aked umṣebḍi i ggin Imaziɣen aked tebridt n tudart n zic ilin ttemsebḍan aked yiles niɣ d tutlayt-nsen (d tussna i teksi).
Tudert n yiḍnnaṭ targeb – s wawalen-nnes d tɣawsiwin-nnes. Tudert n yiḍ-a tiwi-d akid-s tiɣawsin-nnes d wawalen-nnes (ismawen-nsent). Mana-ya ikka u ittekk xef maṛṛa ilsawen. Tudert — > tamettant –> tudert … : d ta d tadyaliktikt i zi tteddaren yilsawen. Maca Tamaziɣt nettat ur teddar ca tadyaliktikt-a s maṛṛa nnes. Minzi iḍ-a d tɣawsiwin-nnes iwḍen-d ɣar Imaziɣen deg ilsawen nneḍni – ilsawen n uselmed di tinmel n tmura Timaziɣin awarni umi iffeɣ uḥewwas. U mana-ya ijja Imaziɣen n yiḍ-a ur rezzun ca ad ssarun zi tutlayt-nnsen awalen imaynuten i zi ɣa semman tiɣawsin n yiḍ-a. Aywa uca dewlen ssawalen ict n tutlayt tettwagg s tutlayin niɣ d ilsawen i di ten-sslmaden di tinmel niɣ i tteslan zi tnezwayt (radiodiffusion) d ttilifiziun.
Dat ad igma ufrak (conscience) s tmagit jar Imaziɣen, tuɣa timeggit niɣ d timeskert-a tasnilst (comportement linguistique) ur xaf-s bu wawal, am xmi d wenni d netta waha, u ur izemmer ad yili mamec nniḍen : Tamaziɣt ur tzemmer ad tejj awalen i ɣa yinin tiɣawsiwin d twingimin n yiḍ-a ! Tamaziɣt tenna mayn tuɣa illan, maca ur tnejjem a tini mayn illan d mayen ɣa yilin ! S uyenni qqimen wawalen-nnes i isemman mayen iqqnen ɣar tudert n zik ttmettan ijj awarni wenniḍni mbla ma ad d-asen cra n wawalen d imaynuten ad ṭṭfen adɣar-nnsen, ḥama ad inin u ad semman tudert n yiwdan n yiḍa…
Zdat i usurs-a msebḍan Imaziɣen xef sin n ibriden : 1) inni « inḍlen asgmi aked waman n usird », amen nnan irumiyen deg wawal-nnsen. Xseɣ ad iniɣ : inni ittɣilen aqa Tamaziɣt teqqen ɣar tudert n zik, tudert n imzwura, n tiddufra… U amen neffeɣ, niɣ nexs a neffɣ, zi tudert-nni ixeṣṣ a neffeɣ zi tutlayt niɣ d iles i tt-innan, i xaf-s issiwlen ; ur illi mayemmi ɣa nessiḥel ixf-nneɣ ḥama ad nessufeɣ awalen d imaynuten zi Tmaziɣt bac a zzag-sen nini tudert n yiḍ-a : tudert a ɣer-s ilsawen-nns, ɣer-s awalen i zi tessawal xef ixef-nns…
Ina xsen ad wcen afus deg yils-nsen, ad mweḍḍaṛen akd yayt bab n ilsawen umi ttwawcent tzemmar – ilsawen n Lmexzen, n tiɣri, n ttiknulujit, n urezzu amassan… Tamaziɣt, ɣar yina, tegga am iqaṛiḍen ur iqqimen « gguren » : nettejja zzay-sen cwayt i tnustaljit waha.
Inni i ɣar illa uwali ya niɣ d tannayt-a xef yils ttwalant am cra n uqcuc niɣ d imis : nesrusa-t di ca n teɣmart niɣ nneṭṭaṛ-it melmi ma iffeɣ d cra n uqcuc ‘yif’ xaf-s !
Alendad n yina, din inni i ɣar tella ict n tannayt nneḍnit : inni ittwalan belli s yiles i zi nella d wi nella, ur nelli d inniḍen. U, amen inna, Siuran (Cioran) : «aqa nzeddeɣ deg yiles urid di tmurt ». D ta d tidet n yiles. Tudert n uydud zi tudart n yiles-nns. Aydud ur ixisen ad immet (ad iwḍḍer akd cra n waydud nneḍni) itteṭṭef di tutlayt-nnes : issyam-itt, irennu-d ɣer-s; zeg iẓuṛan-nnes isseɣmay d tiguriwin d wasmawen d imaynuten i zi ɣa yini, zi ɣa isemma tiɣawsiwin d twingimin n tudert n yiḍ-a. Amenni i ggin imezwura umi, zeg uẓwaṛ ‘mjr/mgr’ ssufɣen-d isem ‘amjer/amger’ ; zi ‘srs’, ‘tasarst’ ; zi ‘cc/tc’, ‘macca/matca’ ; zi ‘mḍl/nḍl’, ‘amḍl/anḍl’ ; zi ‘abrid’, ‘amsbrid’…
Inni i ɣar tella tannayt-a ttwalan iles niɣ d tutlayt am tamurt : tssutur takrza.
Iwa kkrm/t a nkrez ḥama ur ttmetti tutlayt-nneɣ, a kid-s nemmet ula d neknin.
Kṭubṛ 2002


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Ha-tt-an dima tmurt n Lezzayer gar tmura i yeṭṭfen imeḍqan imenza deg wayen yeɛnan ibaxixen n ubrid. Ɣef leḥsab n wulɣu n Ulemmas aɣelnaw n uḥezzeb d laman deg yibardan (CNPSR), i d d-yefkan igemmaḍ s waccu i d-glan ibaxixen n ubrid deg useggas n 2018, ad naf azal n 3 091 n lmuta, d 30 561 n yimejraḥ deg 21 568 n yibaxixen n ubrid i yettwajerden. Ɣef wakken i d-yenna unemhal n Ulemmas aɣelnaw n uḥezzeb d laman n yibardan, Mass Ahmed n Ait El Hocine, i d ihedren deg umaṭṭaf n Radyu taɣelnaw, yettkemil usubbu deg umḍan n lmuta seg yibaxixen n ubrid ma neserwes d umḍan n useggas n 2016 anda llan 4 500 n lmuta. Ma deg useggas 2017, ad naf 3 600 n lmuta. Yella-d, ihi, usubbu s wazal n 8,36 % deg umḍan n lmuta. Dɣa ɣef leḥsab n yimḍebber amezwaru n Ulemmas (CNPSR), ugar n 90% n yibaxixen n ubrid, ssebba-nsen d imdanen, ladɣa ayen i icudden ɣer uqadar n yilugan n tenhart iwatan. Ugar 25% nniḍen, yerza zyada deg uɣiwel n yimsebriden. Deg wawal-is, yenna d akken ugar n 45% n yibaxixen, xeddmen-ten yilmẓeyen yesɛan sddaw n 29 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-nsen, anda ara naf 23,49 %, sɛan kan turagt n tenhart ur nɛeda ara sin (2) n yiseggasen. Ma d ayen yeɛnan ttawilat n usiweḍ meqqren d ikumya, d nutni i d-igellun s waṭas n lmuta deg yibaxixen n ubrid. Ɣef waya, dɣa, i teddem tenmehla n Ulemmas aɣelnaw n uḥezzeb d laman n yibardan, aṭas n leblanat akken ad tessiweḍ deg usenqes n twaɣiyin n yiberdan.
Ali Zalouk


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Tasmanya
Tasmanya d yiwet n tegzirt talemmast, tuzga-d deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya.
Tasmanya d yiwet n tegzirt ay yugaren kan s cwiṭṭ Virginia Taɣerbit [di Marikan, imi Tasmanya tesɛa 67.000 km2] yernu tebɛed 240 km ɣef yiri n lebḥer n wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya. Imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tegzirt-a d iberkanen ay d-yusan ɣer din asmi ay d-mazal Tasmanya yeqqen-itt wakal akk d Ustralya, meḥsub werɛad tuɣal d tigzirt.
Iberkanen ineṣliyen n Tasmanya llan sɛan acebbub akerčeččay yernu llan deg-sen wid yesɛan aglim d aberkan d wid yesɛan aglim d aqehwi imalen ɣer tezweɣ. Llan d iwezlanen ciṭṭaḥ yernu d ikenderracen (sɛan ciṭṭ n tassemt di tfekka, wwin-d iman-nsen). D nitni ay d imezdaɣen imenza akk n Tasmanya, yernu ma cwiṭ, sɛan 35000 n yiseggasen aya! kka seg wasmi ay bdan yimezwura-nsen a d-wwḍen ɣer din. Asmi iɛedda zzman, yuli lebḥer yernu iɣumm tiqenṭert-nni n wakal ay yeqqnen Tasmanya ɣer Ustralya, dɣa seg yimir-n ay qqimen yimezdaɣen n Tasmanya ttwaɛezlen ɣef wemḍal azal n 10.000 n yiseggasen, yernu werǧin yelli wegdud ay yeddren i yiman-is anect-agi akk deg umezruy n yemdanen.
Tamselyut[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- [1] Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Belqasem CHELOUCHE.


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Deg ussan-a imeggura iẓra Nnaḍur ijjen ugeɛɛed d aɛeffan deg yinni ig ihelken s Kuruna. Yedwel sspiṭar n Lḥasani wer izemmer ad isnuju qqaɛ imehlak d imaynuten. Ɛawed wer izemmer ad igg ttist i merra inni ig imxellaṭen aked imehlak s Kuruna. Lɛamala n Nnaḍur, terr-d ẓẓeyyar d ubelleɛ x temdint maḥend ad tessenqes zeg imehlak.
Di lweqt d ijjen, iwdan merra rezzun x ubiṭamin n C d usafar n klurukin di Farmasiyat. Waxxa lux, iḍbiben n umaḍal ttwessan ad agg°jen imehlak x uklurukin. Abiṭamin C idwel inqes aṭṭas ula d netta. Minzi tnayen-a n isufar sxeddamen-ten maḥend ad sgenfan imehlak s Kuruna.


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Aḥric ameqran n imusnawen umezruy, n yemura, si yal lawan, d wid n zik neɣ d wid n wass-a, dduklen di tikta iwakken a d-inin amek i d-tuɣ aẓar teflest tamasiḥit n ddunit meṛṛa, ladɣa tin n Utaram, si zzeriɛa n Tmazɣa. Tamasiḥit n Utaram alaṭini tlul-d si Tmazɣa.
Tebda-d tikli n tmezgida s tnagit n inelmaden imezwura. Ḥekkun-d ɣef wayen walan d wayen slan.
Deg uḍris-agi amaynut a nessiked ɣer wazal sɛan “Yemɣaren” n tmezgida di tikli n wass-a.
Tikta ara d-nawi tikelt-agi deg umezruy, d tiɣri i “Yemɣaren n Tmezgida”.


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Yessij‑dd mmis n Arrif Ɛebdessamiɛ Lhamadani yetwassnen deg igar n uẓawan s yisem n « Sifaw Ghost, deg wass n lḥed i yeɛdan (02.08) ijjen Musika d tamaynut. Sifaw Ghost netta d ijjen Artista n rrap, yarni‑dd Aɣennij‑a ɣer Biblyutika n uɣennij Arifi, igar n rrap.
« Ad nmun » umi yura iwalen netta, yessawal x tesɣart, tirelli, d wemnus n weydud Arifi . yegga‑as ijjen ubidyu iṣewwar di Arif.
Sifaw zg inaẓuren imezgura itteggen rrap di Arif, ssnent inni yḍaffarn rrap qber i arbɛa iseggusa zg wami, aṭṭas n iɣennijen izemmem di tbibliyutikat n rrap di Arif, yegga isem uca iɣab x wegdud i t‑iḍaffarn.
Lerifain yesseqsa Sifaw min t‑yejjin iɣab anict uya n iseggusa? yenna belli min t-yejjin iɣab « d ca n tmeslayin qqnent ɣer tudart n yiman‑nes, d tzemmar i ttuɣa yellan d ttiquḍaḍin deg iseggusa. »
Min yejjin Sifaw yedwer‑dd? yenna belli yedwer‑dd « ad yessiwel x min xef wer ssiwilen inni iteggen rrap. Timslayin iqessḥen wer day-sent yessiwiḍ ḥedd tabrat. Suyenni dureɣ-dd ad iniɣ Awal‑inu.


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Taɣerdayt
Taɣerdayt d yiwet n tɣiwant n ugezdu (tawilayt) n At Weɣlan (Mẓab) deg tlemmast n Lezzayer.
Tamedint-agi tezga-d ar 600 n ikilumitren ar tama n wadda n Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Taɣedayt d nettat i tamanaɣt n tmurt n Waɣlan (Mzab).
D yiwet n temdint yettwasnen aṭas, dɣa tettiki deg wayen umi qqaren "Patrimoine de l'Unesco", di lmaɛan-as d yiwet n temddint yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umaḍal.
Anda i d-tezgaẒreg
Tezga-d ar 600 n ikulimitren ar tama n wadda n Lzzayer tamanaɣt, ar 190 n ikilumitren ar tama n wadda n Leɣwaṭ, ar 190 n ikilumtren ar tama n usammer n Wergla.
Isem-isẒreg
Isem n tɣardayt yussa-d si tmeslayt n Tmaziɣt (Tumẓabt). Isem-ines yettwaɛreb ar Ɣardaya.
Imezday n temdint agi, neɣ ar tura ssawalen-as s yisem-is amaziɣ "ad zwiɣ ɣel Tɣerdayt"


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« Nella nessaram akken ad ilint turarin-a d amures, yernu nga s kra n wayen umi nezmer i lmend n waya. Amures-a d win yefkan aṣda yernu medden akk wehmen s temɣer-nnes », ɣef wakken ay d-iwekked uselway Tebboune deg umyager-nnes awalan d tɣemsa taɣelnawt ay d-iɛeddan, ass n usamas, deg tregwa n tliẓrit d ṛṛadyu tiɣelnawin.
« Yedrew uɣref azzayri deg umures-a, yernu yella-d waya s temlilt ay turar tmetti taɣarimt n Wehṛan d temnaḍin niḍen. Usan-d Yizzayriyen seg 58 n twilayin akken ad sbeɣsen inaddalen-nneɣ », ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uselway Tebboune ay d-yernan dakken amures n turarin-a yella-d s « umahil ifazen ay gant tiddukliwin n tmetti taɣarimt d umḍan ameqran n yiwiziwen ay iderwen deg usuddes n tedyant-a bennan yernu aya d ayen ay d-yesskanayen tabɣest-nsen akken ad mahlen i lmend n uɣlan ».
« Turarin-a llant-d d tadyant taxatart yernu ass-a, yella umezruy n uqbel Turarin Tigrakalanin n Wehṛan d win n deffir turarin-a », ɣef wakken ay d-yerna uselway Tebboune.
Turarin Tigrakalanin llant-d deg Wehṛan gar 25 Yunyu d 6 Yulyu 2022. Zzayer tewwi-d adeg wis 4 deg usmunu n tzalɣiwin s 5 n tzalɣiwin (20 n wureɣ, 17 n uẓref d 16 n ubṛunz). D tikkelt tamezwarut aydeg ara d-tḥaz Zzayer igmaḍ am wi.


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Tura-t: Fatiḥa Ɛissawi
Mala nerzu deg umezruy x tussna d tediyanit n Imaziɣen, nettaf mkul Maziɣ minzi tuɣa ittamen, mkul ijjen d wakuc-nnes i yettwala d tidet, itticc-as min issitim d min irezzu.
Aṭṭas n wakucen Imaziɣen ila ɛebden-ten ula d tiɣermiwin nneḍni barra i Tmezɣa zzag-sen « Amun » d « Tanit » .
Tanit
Tanit d Takuct n tayri d tarwa d ujenna, d nettat i yeḥḍan tamdint n Qertaj. Wer telli bu ɣer Imaziɣen waha, illa ɛebden-tt ula d legnus nneḍni am Imasriyen d Igrikiyen.
Amek i d-yidar Hirudut d Aflaṭun, tettwassen Tanit ɣer Igrikiyen s yisem n « Atina » (x-as itwasemma Tamdint n Atina), ɣer Imasriyen iqdimen s yisem n « Nit ». Imasriyen illa ssemɣaren zi ccan-nnes ḥesben-tt zeg imeqqranen n wakucen. Qqaren ɛawed belli ula d isem n Tunes aqdim (Tanis) itwasemma x-as.
Deg wawal n Irifiyen d Icawiyen, qqaren ijjen wamyag « init » i tamɣart-nni i ɣer yella ddiset uca tettcehha ca n macca, amyag-a qqaren belli yekk-dd zi yisem n takuct « Tanit » i yellan d takuct n tarwa.
Tanit niɣ Atina niɣ Nit, waxxa walli Imaziɣen waha i ttuɣa zzag-s ittamnen, nettaf marra imerzuten tarran aẓwar-nnes ɣer Imaziɣen ḥesben-tt d takuct d Tamaziɣt.
Amun
Aṭṭas illa itɣil-asen Amun d akuc d Amisri, maca awarni cra n trezzutin tirkulujiyin di Libya, ufin belli d Akuc d Amaziɣ, d Imaziɣen i t-yessiwḍen ɣer Misra.
Ittwassen Wamun s uzellif n ikerri. Netta (Amun) zeg wakucen imeqqranen di tqiccit n Ifriqya d Lebḥar acemlal ameṛwasu, d Akuc n tarwa d usemmiḍ d tussna n min yeffaren.
Isem n Amun ɣer imasriyyen qqarent i wnuffar d ubissem d uḥessi, nettaf iydarent aṭṭas imerzuten imasriyyen deg idlisen-nsen belli netta d Akuc d Amisri, amek nettaf semman s yisem-nnes aṭṭas n ifareunen d igezzanen-nsen.
Maca mala nerzu x yisem n Amun ɣer Imaziɣen nzemmer ad nini yekked zeg « aman » niɣ zi « tamemt », tammemt i yellan d ddwa i waṭṭas n lehlakat (rehracat) uca semmant zzag-s Imaziɣen ela ḥsab Akuc-nsen ten-isgenfan. Amek yenna Muḥammed Cafiq « Amun d awal d Amaziɣ nerxu « M » niɣ ncedd x-as ».
Amun ittwassen s waccawen d uzellif n ikerri. Mamek nessen ikerri ɣer Imaziɣen ɣer-s ccan yemɣar, netta d amatar n tarwa d uɣemmuy d tazmart (leqsaḥet) .
Nettaf ɣer lexxu Imeɣrabiyyen ṭṭfen di leɛwayed-nsen s min ittwassnen s wurar n Bujlud niɣ Bilmawen niɣ Suna zi sfuglan (teḥtafalen) di Leid ameqqran xmi yarḍen tahiḍurt n ikarri slessaqen akid-s accawen-nnes, xezzaren manwen ɣa yawyen isem n Bujlud mkul aseggʷas.
Yenna Émile Laoust « Bujlud wer yelli d taqessart waha, wer yelli taḍeḥḥakt waha, Bujlud netta zi leewayed n Imaziɣen umi tuɣa tamnen s Amun akuc n ikarri ».


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Le Rifain
Deg yijjen leḥsab tbedd x-as Reuters, teqqar deg-s belli kter zi 14,38 n yimelyunen n yewdan deg umaḍal amen yekmel i yelqef ubirus n kurun, yemmut zeg-sen 601961 .
Reuters teqqar belli Amarikan d tenni d tamurt i di yegga ɣezzu ubirus n kuruna, d tenni d tamurt i di yenɣa aṭṭas n yewdan. iwḍen al 3,762,081 idsen i yeksin abirus, deg uɣezdis nneɣni, inni yemmuten di tmurt-a iwḍen al 140,474, ɛla ḥsab nnumrawat i dd-tewca tseddawit n Johns Hopkins i yellan d tala deg weḍfer n mecḥal yemmuten d mecḥal ihelken s ubirus n kuruna.
France 24


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Agzul
Asemmi n yimukan d yiwet gar tɣawsiwin yezdin akk iɣerfan d tɣermiwin, d ttawil i yettuɣalen ɣer talliyin tiqburin nezzeh, ur nezmir ad d-nini ass-a, melmi yebda umdan yettak ismawen i yimukan akken ad ten-yessemgired gar-asen. Maca, ɣas akken yecrek-iten ttawil n usemmi dacu kan yal agdud, yal taɣerma tettsemmi i yimukan ilmend n yidles-is, tutlayt-is akked wayen i as-d-yezzin.
Amahil-a yekkin deg tezrawin tisnismanin, deg usentel yerza asuffeɣ n taggayin tisnalɣanin d tesnamkanin yellan deg umawal asmidgan n temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayel, iswi-nneɣ, akken ad nessaweḍ ad nwali ma mtawant taggayin-a akked tid yellan deg umawal n tutlayt tamatut neɣ mgaradent.
Awalen isura
Tasmidegt, timnaḍin timesdurar, tamurt n Leqbayel, taggayin tasnalɣanin, taggayin tasnamkanin
Tazwert
Ɣas akken llan aṭas n leqdicat i imugen ɣef yisem amaẓlay (ama d ismawen n yimukan neɣ ismawen n yimdanen) seg unekcum afransis d afella maca, taɣult n tesnisemt1 mazal ar ass-a ur tettwasen ara deg tmurt n Lezzayer akken iwata. Imi imahilen-a deg tilawt ur d-llin ara s wudem usrid ɣef taɣult n tesnisemt, ma d wid i d-yellan ɣef demma-s bdan ttbanen-d seg yiseggasen n 90 kan d afella ladɣa sɣur yisdawanen ( Foudil Cheriguen 1993, 2021, Brahim Atoui 1998, Ahmed Zaid-Chartouk Malika, 1999, Benramdan Farid, 2008, Yermeche Ouardia, 2008, Tidjet Mustapha, 2013, 2016…). Ula d imahilen-a ddrus gar-asen i iḥuzan aswir asnilsan n yisem amaẓlay ladɣa tasnalɣa-s akken i d-yebder Tidjet (2014 :267) « leqdicat ɣef tesnisemt tazzayrit ugten mliḥ. Dacu kan ddrus maṭi n wid i ifkan azal i tesnalɣa n yisem amaẓlay »2.
Tamuɣli-a ɣer taɣult n tesnisemt deg tilawt tuɣ aẓar seg teẓriyin tisnilsanin imi deg tazwara yakan ur gint ara amkan i yisem amaẓlay deg yimahilen-nsent, ayen yeǧǧan ula deg tallit tamirant ur as-yettunefk ara wazal, d amedya Cicile Luguy (2012 : 52), yura-d ɣef temsalt n yisem amaẓlay dakken « Yiwet gar wayen i iceɣben isnilsanen ɣef temsalt n yisem amaẓlay d ayen yerzan kan asbadu-ines, d wamek ara tsemgirden ɣef yisem amagnu/imezdi »3, Ula deg temsirin n tesnilest tamatut n (F De Saussure) isem amaẓlay ur d-yettwabder ara maṭi, ilmend n usenqeḍt i gan yisnilsanen i tmuɣli n Saussure ɣef usentel-a gar-asen M – Noëlle G – Prieur (1991 : 12) yura-d dakken « Tasnilest tettwasbadu-d sɣur Saussure am uḥric deg tesnazmult. Yiwen n uxemmem ɣef uzmul asnilsan yessefk ad d-yemlil isem amaẓlay. Maca timsirin n tesnilest tamatut teɛɛuẓeg ɣef wagaz-a »4. Ma d leqdicat id d-yellan deg taɣult n tmaziɣt xersum deg tesnilest lhan-d d uzraw n tsenfal yellan deg tantaliwin yemgaraden akked tigin n yimawalen d yisegzawalen, ayen yerzan taggayt n yismawen imaẓlayen ur asen-gin ccan ɣas akken d taggayt yugten deg tutlayt, akken i d-yebder Tidjet ɣef usentel-a (2014 : 267) « ɣas akken yellan s wuṭṭun meqqren […] isem amaẓlay ur yelli deg yimahilen n tesnilest n yismazaɣen »5.
Azal i sɛan yismidgen deg tilawt maci dayen i izmer ad d-yessegzi yiwen deg kra n yijerriḍen, icaḍ lukan ad neɛreḍ ad d-nessugen imukan war ismawen akken ad negzu azal i sɛan. Da aqlaɣ nettmeslay ɣef yiwet n twuri kan yerzan asemmi, ilaq ad neḥsu dakken tawuri n yismidgen ur teḥbis ara kan ɣer ta, maca sɛan aṭas n tsekkta-nniḍen akken i d-yebder Atoui (2013) « ismidgen d iɣbula yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg uḥraz n cfayat n yigduden akked tmussni n wayen yezrin, tikwal ula d amiran »6
Deg umagrad-a yerzan azraw n yismawen n yimukan deg uswir asnilsan, ad neɛreḍ ad d-nsuk tamuɣli ɣef yismidgen yellan deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayen, iswi-nneɣ, d awali amek yebna umawal asmidgan deg uswir n tesnalɣa akked tesnamka ɣef waya, asteqsi-neɣ agejdan ad yili akka:
Dacu-tent taggayin tisnalɣanin d tesnamkanin yellan deg yismawen n yimukan? Ma mgaradent ɣef taggayin yellan deg tutlayt neɣ ala? Rostaing, (1961: 09), deg tbadut i d-yefka i yismawen imaẓlayen s umata, neɣ ismidgen s wudem uzzig, dakken ineggura-a, d tayunin timawalin i ḥuzan isuḍaf isnilsanen n tutlayt ideg kkint
« isem n wadeg d yiwet n talɣa n tutlayt, d awal yebnan, am wiyaḍ, s teɣra d tergalin, d yimeslicen i d-yettwagsusrun s yigmamen n usiwel […].asmideg yettwazraw am wawal-nniḍen ilmend n tutlayt ideg yekki »7
Ilmend n tbadut-a, ismawen n yimukan neɣ ismidgen d yiwet gar taggayin yekkin deg umawal amatu n tutlayt, ɣef waya, ad d-nessumer deg tazwara dakken, deg yismawen n yimukan ad d-nemlil akk taggayin yellan deg tutlayt ismawen imilanen, imyagen, irbiben, iferdisen n tjerrumt… Ma deg uswir asnamkan, assismel n yismidgen d taggayin ad yili yebna ɣef wayen i d-mmalen.
1. Taggayin tisnalɣanin
Deg tmaziɣt, am waṭas n tutlayin-nniḍen, asdakkel n tayunin timawalin d taggayin yemgaraden ilmend n talɣa akked tseddast-nsent, yella d ugur deg tazwara, neɣ yebna ɣef turdiwin. Imeskaren ismazzaɣen imezwura yecban (A. Basset, 1957) smersen tarrayt yellan deg tutlayt n tefransist akken ad sawḍen ad bḍun amawal n tutlayt n tmaziɣt d taggayin. Syin d afella, ismazzaɣen i iqedcen ɣef usentel-a (Chaker, 1983, Bentolila, 1986) fkan azal ugar i tulmisin tiḥerfiyin (tisnalɣanin d tseddasin) n tutlayt n tmaziɣt deg tigin n umawal-is d taggayin.
Ma dayen yerzan ismidgen, assismel-nsen d taggayin, ad yili daɣen ilmend n tulmisin-nsen tisnalɣanin. Ɣef way, deg wammud-a yellan gar yifassen-nneɣ, nessemgared-d kraḍ n taggayin tigejdanin ɣas akken llan wid yessasmlen ismidgen iḥerfiyen d yisuddimen deg yiwet n taggayt akken i d-yebder Cheriguen (2021: 22) ɣef tɣessa d tesnalɣa n waddayen ismidganen dakken «ttilin s snat n tsekkiwin (taggayin): ismawen iḥerfiyen (kkin deg-sen daɣen yisuddimen) akked yismawen uddisen»8 .
1.1. Ismidgen iḥerfiyen
Ismidgen iḥerfiyen rzan ismawen yesɛan taɣessa d taddayt, ur tqebbel ara beṭṭu. D awalen yebnan ɣef yiwet n tayunt yesɛan anamek (d aferdis adday ur nqebbel ara asemẓi). Deg taggayt-a llant kraḍ n talɣiwin tigejdanin:
1.1.1. Ismidgen imalayen
Ismidgen imalayen (ama d isem asuf neɣ d asget) d talɣa tamaẓlayt deg umawal n tmaziɣt, yal isem yettawi deg tazwara yiwet n teɣri (a, i, u) (A. Basset, 1952) d amedya:
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tiɣri (a) Aberrant, Abraḥ, Acawi, Acekrid, Acerraḍ, Actug, Adekkar, Aɣeggad.
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Tiɣri (i) Iɣẓer, Iɛcac, Iɛricen, Ifis, Ifri, Iɣalen, Iɣdan, Iɣawzan, Ignan/Igennan, Iger, Iɣil, Iḥerqan, Ijdaren, Ijɛed, Ijga.
Ismidgen yedmen tiɣri (i) deg tazwara, deg tuget-nsen d wid yellan deg talɣa n usget, d ismawen yellan deg tadra ddmen tiɣri (a) Ignan, Agni, Ijga, Ajgu, Iɛricen, Aɛric, Imdunen, Amdun … ma d ismidgen i ibeddun s teɣri (u) ur ugiten ara Udkan, Ulman, Umlil, Umlislal.
Ɣer tama n yismawen-a, llan wid i ibeddun s tergalt d amedya: Cawen, Cenṭeṭ, Cfer, Dexla, Ɛemrus, Ɛewwana, Ferḥun, Feṭṭala, Filus, Ǧennada, Saḥel Ɣifuf, Harun, Ḥejjla, Ḥerrat, Ḥidra, Ḥiret, Ḥrira, Rriba, Seɛdan, Nezla, Nzali, Rumbli, Sihel. Ismawen imalayen (d asuf neɣ d asget) yebdan s tergalt d ismawen i d-yekkan seg tutlayin tiberraniyin xersum seg taɛrabt, ma d ismawen n tmaziɣt s umata ur ttadamen ara targalt deg tazwara.
1.1.2. Ismidgen untiyen
Talɣa n wunti deg tmaziɣt tettili s tmerna n (t + t) ɣer tazwara d taggara n yisem amalay, Tabelluṭ, Tabjet, Taberrakt, Tablaṭ, Tabriṭ, Taburga, Taburt, Taddart, Tadekkart, Taɛwint, Taɛzibt, Tafalast, Taferkuṭ, Tafezza, Tafṭist, Tafuɣalt, Tafuḥant, Tagariṭ, Tagectumt, Taǧellalt, Tagelmimt, Tagemmunt, taɣerdayt, tagma, tagnit, taḥfirt… Deg uswir n unamek, ismawen untiyen s umata mmalen asemẓi d amedya: Iger – Tigert, Iɣil – Tiɣilt, Iɣẓer – Tiɣẓert, Asif – Tasift…
1.1.3. Ismidgen s talɣa n umyag
Ismidgen yebnan ɣef yimyagen bḍan ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, tamezwarut d ismidgen i d-yekkan seg yimyagen n tɣara amedya: Ḥiret, Imɣur, Sihel, d tilin deg talɣa taḥerfit, ma d tis snat d ismidgen i d-yekkan seg yimyagen n tigawt d amedya: Tunef, Yidir. Ttilin s talɣa yeftin ɣer wudem wis kraḍ.
1.2. Ismidgen uddisen
Ismidgen uddisen d ismawen yebnan s sin neɣ ugar n wawalen yesɛan anamek. Tayunin tuddisin deg wammud-nneɣ nebḍa-tent ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, talɣiwin tuddisin tiwezzlanin9 Tala Wadda, Aḍɣaɣ Lmal, Agelmim n Yilef, Tagersift, Creqreq … akked talɣiwin tuddisin tiɣezzfanin, amedya sidi ḥmed n yiɣil ɛisi, taddart ɛli uyaḥya, tadekkart n at Ɛli wabrahem, iɣẓe lɛinṣer ubezyu…
Ma deg tmuɣli tasnisemt, ismidgen uddisen bnan ɣef sin n yisumar, amezwaru yettili d aḥerfi ayen umi neqqar irem awsiyan, d isem amezwaru yettunefken i umkan iɣil, abrid, tala, amalu …, ma d wis sin d irem uzzig yezmer ad yili daɣen d aḥerfi am waken daɣen i izmer ad yili netta yakan s timmad-is d uddis, d amedya Iɣil Uɛenṣer, Abrid n Bab Umagaẓ, Tala Wadda, Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq. Irem uzzig, ikeččem-d deg tesmidegt mi ara d-ilin sin n yimukan yesɛan isem d ucrik d amedya, mi ara d-ilint snat n tliwa deg taddart i d-yezgan deg sin n yimukan yemgaraden, da yessefk ad d-yekcem yirem uzzig ara yessemgirden tiliwa-a gar-asent, Tala Wadda, Tala Ufella, Tala Ḥerma…
1.2.1. Talɣiwin tuddisin tiwezzlanin
D talɣiwin i iǧehden deg usileɣ n yismawen n yimukan deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayel, d taggayt i izemren ad tebḍu ɣef snat n tsekkiwin daɣen, ismidgen yebnan ɣef yiɣes (noyau) anisem asaka n “aynawal anisem1 + aynawal anisem2”, d tasekka n yismawen n yimukan yecban Agelmim Yilef, Aḥriq Lɛinseṛ, Aḥriq Izinzer, Amṭiq Uxerrub, Annar Ujilban, Aṣlaṭ Ufalku, Axerrub Udali, Aẓru Waɛrab, Idis Lɛica, Iger Lǧameɛ, Iɣil Ɛisa. Uddis wis sin deg yismidgen-a yettak anamek uzzig i yismawen-a. Deg tadra ismidgen-a yebnan ɣef uynawal anisem + aynawal anisem2 yezzmer tekka gar-asen tenzeɣt, imi aɣelluy n tenzeɣt “n” ur d-igellu ara s ubeddel deg yisumar n yismidgen-a ama deg uswir n talɣa neɣ deg uswir n unamek d amedya, Aḥriq n Ujilban neɣ Aḥriq Ujilban.
Ilmend n tecraḍ iɣef yebna yisem deg tmaziɣt, ur ttemseḍfaren ara sin n yismawen yellan deg waddad illelli war ma tekka gar-asen tenzeɣt. Akeččum n tenzeɣt gar-asen ad terr uddis wis sin ɣer waddad amaruz, deg tmuɣli-nneɣ dayen i yeḍran deg yismidgen-a, ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ur nezmir ad nessibɛed turda n tilin n tenzeɣt “n” deg yismidgen-a. Tasekka-a daɣen tezmer ad tili s talɣa “aynawal anisem1 + n + aynawal anisem2” asaka n yismidgen Agelmim n Yilef, Aɣeggad n Uɛric, Agni n Yizgaren, Aḥriq n Ccix, Annar n Yibirucen, Axnaq n Tala, Iɣil n Laɛzib, Iɣil n Ǧiber, Iɣzer n Tewrirt. Am wakken i zemren ad ilin s talɣa “aynawal anisem + arbib” asaka n Aẓru Mellulen, Fillus Aqdim, Iḍɣaɣen Iwraɣen, Lǧameɛ Aqdim, Muḥand Aberkan, Aala Tameqrant, Iɣẓer Ameqqran, Tawrirt Lejdid, uddis wis sin deg usmideg-a yekka-d seg talɣa tarbibant taɛrabt ǧadid, tiɣilt leḥfa. Aḥric wis sin deg yismidgen yebnan ɣef wuddis anisem akked urbib yekka-d seg yimyagen n tɣara (imlul, iqdim, ibrik, imɣur, ḥfu…), tasekka-a n yismidgen zemren ad mmalen: tiɣmi n wadeg wacu ttunefken d amedya Akal Aberkan, Akal Amellal, Iɣzer n Tabya, Tiɣilt Ujeyyar, Iger Zeggaɣen, Aḥriq Uberqac, Aḥriq Ucaɛlal, Aẓru Mellulen…, temɣer/temẓi akked leɛli d tewzel n umkan Tala Tameqqrant, Annar Ameẓẓyan, Tigert Ɛlayen, Abrid Ameqqran, Iɣẓer Ameqqran…, taɣara n wadeg neɣ n bab n wadeg d amedya, Tala Lbur, Aqerqar Umɛuc, Aẓrar Uɛeẓẓug, Iɣẓer Ulxayen, Iɣẓer Waluḍ, Tiẓra Tiferṭasin, Tiɛinet Iɛeṭṭaren... neɣ leɛmer n wadeg-nni Fillus Aqdim, Fillus Ajdid, Iɣẓer Amɣar, abrid ajdid…
Ma d tasekka tis snat deg taggayt-a n yismidgen uddisen iwezzlanen d talɣiwin yebnan ɣef yiɣes anemyag. Aneggaru-a yezmer ad yili s talɣa n umyag n tɣara asaka n “aynawal anisem + aynawal anemyag (imyagen n tɣara)” deg Tamda Lqayen, Abrid Yeccḍen, Iɣẓer Semmḍen, Annar Ihriw. Deg yimedyaten-a, amyag n tɣara yussa-d s talɣa n umaɣun10 deg Yeccḍen, Semmḍen, Lqayen akked talɣa n wanaḍ neɣ taḥerfit deg Ihriw.
Am wakken daɣen i zemren ad ilin yismidgen deg tsekka-a tis snat s talɣa “aynawal anisem + aynawal anemyag (imyagen n tigawt)” asaka n Almayeswan seg Alma + yeswan, s talɣa n umaɣun, Aḥriq Yeḥya s talɣa n yizri, Agnigen seg agni + gen talɣa taḥerfit, Axnaq Ḥiret talɣa n wannaḍ.
1.2.2. Talɣiwin tuddisin tiɣezzfanin
Talɣiwin tiɣezzfanin rrzant ismawen n yimukan yebnan s wugar n sin n yiferdisen neɣ n wuddusen mi ara yili uddusen-a d iynawalen kan (ur d-yekcim gar-asen uferdis n tjerrumt), neɣ ɣef ugar n kraḍ n wuddusen mi ara yili yekka gar-asen uferdis n tjerrumt. Ilmend n talɣiwin tismidganin i d-nemlal deg wammud-a llan wid yebnan s talɣa “Aynawal anisem1 + aynawal anisem2 + aynawal anisem3” asaka n Aḥriq Ḥmed Webrahem, Iɣzer Lɛinṣer Ubezyun, Iɣzer Rabeḥ Ɛacur, Saḥat Awel Nubumber, Taddart Ɛli Uyeḥya, Tizi Walim Ibawen. Aḥric anisem amezwaru deg wuddus-a, d awal awsiyan yettabaɛ tulmisin titupugrafiyin n wadeg-nni Aḥriq, Iɣzer, Saḥat, Tizi, ma d aḥric wis sin d aḥric uzzig yellan netta yakan s timmad-is d uddis, deg tuget n yisaka yemmal ismawen n yimdanen neɣ n twaculin Ɛli Yeḥya, Rabaḥ Ɛacur…
Llan wid yebnan ɣef talɣa “aynawal anisem1 + n + aynawal anisem2 + aynawal anisem3” Ayen yessemgarden talɣa-a ɣef tmezwarut d akeččum n tenzeɣt “n” gar wuddus amezwaru akked wuddus wis sin. Tinzeɣt “n” deg uswir n unamek temmal timesɛiwt, ayla neɣ ayen yekseb ḥedd, ma deg uswir aseddasan tesseḍfar anagar isem. Tin ɣur-s, tettara ismawen i ibeddun s tergalt d isemmaden imguccal (compléments determinatifs) (Dallet, 1982: 533).
Deg yismidgen i d-nekkes yebnan ɣef talɣa-a, tugett gar-asen ffɣen berra n ulugen-a, deg tmuɣli-nneɣ ad tili d tisureft kan imi gar sḍis (06) n talɣiwin semmus gar-asent d ismawen n twaculin d talɣiwin tirmeskilin (ur nettbeddil ara) yettilin kan deg talɣa tarucriḍt asaka n Tin n Ɛmer Waɛli, Ɛmer Waɛli war addad, Timeqbert n Yiɣil Ɛisi,Iiɣil Ɛisi Waɛli war addad, Ṭaḥuna n Lḥaǧ Yidir, Taqwirt n Crifa Mḥend, Taḥriqt n Yemma Jida, Lɛinser n Ɛebd Luhab.
Deg talɣiwin tiɣezzfanin llan wid yebnan daɣen ɣef “aynawal anisem1 + n + at + aynawal anisem2”, asaka n Azreg n At Ḥmed, Lɛinser n At Ḥeǧrit, Taḥriqt n At Saɛdi, Tajmaɛt n At Biɛqub, Taxlict n At Umeẓẓyan, Ṭraḥi n At Ḥmed, Tigert n At Crif, tajemmunt/tagemmunt n at qali, azreg n at lḥaǧ. Tinzeɣt (n) tezmer ad tesseḍfer alɣac “at” yesɛan deg tmuɣli tajerrumant tawuri n tzelɣa akken i d-yebder Cherigue (2021: 28) tazelɣa (at) tesseḍfar anagar ismawen imaẓlayen «ur tesɛi ara asemres aseddasan asiman ur tezmir ad tili anagar d yismawen n yimdanen (iterrasen), n twaculin tihrawanin, n yizergan, n tuddar, n leɛrac, atg »11 . Am waken daɣen i tezmer tenzeɣt (n) ad tesseḍfer alɣac si/sidi asaka n “aynawal anisem1 + n + si/sidi + aynawal anisem2”, deg Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Lǧameɛ n Sidi Lmuhub, Luṭa n Si Yeḥya, Luṭa n Sidi Lmuhub, Taqerruyt n Si Crif. Deg uswir asnalɣan, alɣac “si” neɣ “sidi” d talɣa i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt “sayidi”, ma deg uswir n unamek yemmal s umata aẓayer anmetti n umdan iwacu yettunefk, yezmer ad yili d amrabeṭ, d amdan yeɣran neɣ yekkin ɣer twacult n lǧwad ... Deg taɣult n tesmidegt ismawen yellan s talɣa-a kkan-d seg yismawen n yimrabḍen, Sidi Fares, Sidi Qayed, Sidi Ɛellawa, Sidi Wezzuz.
1.3. Ismidgen isuddimen
Asuddem s talɣa tamatut, akken i d-yebder Chaker (1995:01) deg umagrad i yura ɣef ukata-a (usuddem) dakken « Asuddem yettwasbadu deg tesnilest tamatut am ttawil n usileɣ n umawal s usuddes n uferdis amawalan (yekkin ɣer wummuɣ yeldin) akked walɣac ajerruman (yekkin ɣer wummuɣ yemden) »12 Asuddem deg tmaziɣt ires ɣef kraḍ n tsekkiwin, asuddem anemyag, asuddem anisem akked usuddem anfalan
1.3.1. Asuddem anemyag
D ttawil yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir “s-», « tt-” neɣ “m/ n-”. Deg yismawen n yimukan yerzan timnaḍin n tsastant-nneɣ, tasekka n yisuddimen inemyagen tuqa berra n kra n yimedyaten i d-nemlal deg temnaḍt n Bu Ḥamza yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir amyaɣ m- deg Menjaɛ i d-yekkan seg wadda anemyag njeɛ + m, Mexmer seg xmer + m, Merkal seg rkel + m, Menṭeṭ seg m + nṭeṭ.
Llan yismidgen-nniḍen yebnan ɣef talɣa-a maca ur friẓen ara acku ur nezmir ad d-nini ma azwir “m” d aferdis afeggag deg wawalen-a neɣ xaṭi (ttimerna i yerna) asaka n Mhenna, Mnaqec, Meɛɛad... Timerna n uzwir “m” igellu-d s umata s temlellit n teɣri [e-a] i yettaken timeẓri tamyaɣt i yismawen-a n yimukan.
1.3.2. Asuddem anisem
Asuddem anisem yebḍa ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, tamezwarut d wid yebnan ɣef wadda anemyag, d ttawil yerzan asileɣ n yismawen n yimukan i d-yekkan seg wadda anemyag, yettili deg tugett s tmerna n uzwir “am-”, d amedya Amsiwen seg am + siwen, (T)amecruk(t) seg am + crek.
Deg tesnawalt n tutlayt n tmaziɣt azwir “am” nrennu-t deg yiswi, ad nessileɣ isem n umeskar, deg kra n yisaka akken ad nessileɣ isem n wallal. Deg yimedyaten-a Amsiwen, Amecruk/Tamecrukt zemren ad mmalen isem n umeskar deg Amsiwen (?), isem n wallal deg Tmecrukt.
Yettili daɣen s tmerna n uzwir “an-” i wadda anemyag, d amedya Anzali seg an + ẓal d amyag i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt ṣṣelli, Aneɣri seg an + ɣer, Ansem seg an + sem(?), Anejmuɛ seg an + jmeɛ. Neɣ s tmerna n uzwir “as-” deg yimedyaten Aseɣli seg as + ɣli, Asebran seg as + bren. Ma d tasekka tis snat terza wid yebnan ɣef wadda anisem. Asuddem anisem ɣef wadda anisem deg yismawen n yimukan ur yugit ara ma nesserwes-it ɣer ttawil n usileɣ yersen ɣef wadda anemyag. Ismawen i d-yekkan seg ttawil-a nezmer ad ten-d-nessegzel deg Anzil seg uzzal13, Anaris seg aris, Tanutin seg anu, Tamedlest seg adles, Amennar seg annar.
1.3.3. Asuddem anfalan
Asuddem anfalan neɣ asuddem “amanik” (de manière) yettwasnen daɣen ɣer yisnilsanen s yisem n usuddem “anilan” (d’orientation) neɣ “ajerruman” (gramaticale). Asileɣ n yisuddimen anfalanen yettili s snat n tarrayin, yezmer ad yili s uslag n wadda (aɛiwed n ufeggag deg wawal), d ismawen n yimukan yerzan s umata ayen umi neqqar talɣiwin tulsasalin14 d amedya Aqerqar deg Aqerqar n Ṛuẓunu, seg qer + qer, Aceṛcur seg cceṛceṛ, ceṛ + ceṛ, Aleɛleɛ seg leɛleɛ, leɛ + leɛ, Tamecmact seg mec + mec, Tigalgalin seg gel + gel, Tineɛneɛt seg neɛ + neɛ.
Deg uswir n unamek, talɣiwin i d-yekkan seg usuddem anfalan akken i d-yebder Tidjet (2013: 58), mmalent deg tuget acemmet anagar tid yettumewlen « inumak n ucemmet zgan rennun ɣer yisuddimen i d-yekkan seg usuddem anfalan, anagar deg tsuraf n wid yettumewlen akk anda sruḥen azal anfalan yellan deg-sen »15
Asuddem yersen ɣef uslag, d tasekka n umawal azgerkudan (yettunefkken i yimukan deg talliyin tiqburin), deg tallit tamirant ttawil-a ur yettwasemras ara. Aslag yezmer ad yili ɣef ufeggag neɣ ɣef kra n tergalin tifeggagin deg wawal (targalt talemmast neɣ tin n tagara) asaka n Aqerqar, Agalgal.
Ma d tarrayt tis snat yettwasemrasen daɣen deg usuddem anfalan d asewṣel, aneggaru-a yemmal timerna n uferdis n tjerrumt i wadda amawalan neɣ i ufeggag. Awal ara d-yefk neqqar-as asuddim. Deg uswir asnalɣan, iwṣilen s umata d iferdisen ur nettbeddil talɣa, deg uswir asnamkan, gellun-d s ubeddel n unamek i wadda n tisuddma, ma deg uswir aseddasan ttbeddilen taggayt tajerrumant i wadda n tissudma. Timerna n uferdis n tjerrumt i wadda n tisuddma (afeggag) yezmer ad yili ɣer tazwara ayen umi neqqar (azwir), yezmer ad yili ɣer taggara n ufeggag d ayen umi neqqar (adfir) am wakken i yezmer ad yili deg tlemmast n ufeggag ayen umi neqqar (amgir). Deg wammud-a iɣef tebna tesleḍt-nneɣ, isaka i d-nemlal d ismidgen isuddimen yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir d udfir deg kra n yisaka n yismidgen i d-yekkan seg tesmiddent.
Tawuri n uzwir tettemgirid seg tutlayt ɣer tayeḍ, deg tefransist d amedya rennun azwir i wawal (adda) akken ad ssilɣen anemgal, aɛiwed n kra, d amedya n uzwir “dé”, neɣ “re” deg “faire” “défaire”, “refaire”. Deg tmaziɣt, tiwuriwin n uzwir ugtent, llant tid i ibanen am tmerna n uzwir akken ad nessileɣ isem n umeskar “aru”, “amaru”, isem n wallal “agem” “asagem” neɣ arbib deg kra n yisaka “aḍen” “amuḍin”.
Asuddem yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir deg talɣiwin tinfalanin, d ttawil yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg ukatar-a, adda n tisuddma deg kra n yisaka yeshel usakez-is, deg kra-nniḍen ɣas ma nessaweḍ nekkes azwir i wadda n tisuddma, yettɣama war asegzi. Izwiren i d-nekkes deg wammud-nneɣ rzan azwir:
am—, deg Amneḍ seg am— + neḍ, seg tunḍa, at—, deg At Jemhur seg at— + jemhur, bab—, bni-, akked bu—, deg Bab Umagaẓ, Bab n Zunina, Bu Fayu, Bu Rṣayen, deg tmuɣli tamezwarut, alɣac “bu—” neɣ “bab—” ad yili d talɣa i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt “abu”, tin ɣur-s yemmal yiwet n tilawt deg uswir n unamek ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tismiddent (ababat, bab-as n ḥedd), d amedya, Bumahdi i d-yemmalen abu lmahdi. Maca deg tilawt d aferdis yebḍan ɣef snat n talɣiwin ɣef usentel-a, Tidjet (2013 : 127 – 130)
yura-d dakken
« yella bu/bou i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt (abu/abou) […] yemmalen ayen umi neqqar nekwa (kunya) akked walɣac amaziɣ n urbib s unamek n (bab n kra), snat n tayunin-a ur friẓent ara ɣer tuget n yisnilsanen i d-ibedren anagar tin n taɛrabt »16
Azwir i— deg “Ijber” seg i + jber, “Ijwer” seg i + jwer
Azwir l—, aferdis-a “l” deg yismidgen i d-nemlal deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n leqbayel d aferdis i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt umi neqqar “l” n “lmaɛrifa”. Ɣef waya, si tama awalen yesɛan “l” deg tazwara ad ilin deg tuget-nsen d awalen n taɛrabt, si tama-nniḍen azwir “l” ur d-igellu ara s ubeddel ameqqran deg wadda n tisuddma. Ayen yeǧǧan asakez n yismidgen yesɛan azwir “l” deg tazwara yeshel asaka: Leɛqim seg l + ɛaqim, aɛqim, Lɛezla seg l + ɛezla, aɛzal.
S tmerna n udfir (i), adfir (i) ilmend n wayen i d-bedren yismazaɣen ɣef walɣac-a gar-asen Tidjet (2016 : 21) ad yili «d alɣac n taɛrabt yettwaḥesben am uferdis i d-yettbeyyinen tikin ayen umi neqqar deg taɛrabt nisba»17. Deg yimedyaten i d-nebder deg wammud-a kkan-d seg yismawen n twaculin asaka n At Ɛli, At Qasi, At Ɛidli…, llant kra n tsuraf i d-nemlal yefɣen berra n yismidden am Aɣerbi deg Udrar Uɣerbi, Anesmi deg Annar Anesmi.
2. Taggayin tisnamkanin
Assismel n yismidgen d taggayin tisnamkanin yettili ilmend n wassaɣ i sɛan d yimukan i umi ttunefken, akken-nniḍen, d assismel yebnan ɣef umsisɣel (ayen i d-ttbeyyinen deg tilawt). Taggayin yeṭṭfen amur ameqqran deg wammud-a d tid i d-yemmalen tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin, imɣan, lḥirfat akked yiɣbula n waman, maca ayagi ur yeḥbis ara taggayin-nniḍen akken ad ilint, d acu kan s yiswiren yemgaraden.
Deg tilawt, tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin n umkan rrzant akk ayen i izemren ad yeglem, ad yessemgired amkan-nni ɣef yimukan-nniḍen, ayen yeǧǧan deg tkerḍiwin tiṭupugrafiyin ulac kra n wadeg yeqqimen ur d-yekcim ara deg-sent. Deg unamek-a, assismel n yismawen n yimukan ilmend n tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin yezmer ad d-yesnegrew akk ismawen yellan deg wammud.
Deg umahila, nesdukel deg taggayt n yismidgen yemmalen tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin, imukan yellan d agazen igejdanen kan asaka n Yiɣil, Iɣẓer, Adrar, Luḍa, Tasawent, Lǧameɛ Amellal, Abrid n Tmacint …
2.1. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen iɣbula n waman
Aman d aferdis agejdan deg tudert n umdan, d aferdis daɣen i t-yeǧǧan ad ireṣṣi deg yiwen n umkan, ad iḥbes inig seg umkan ɣer wayeḍ. Deg temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqbayel, ulac taddart ur nesɛi aɣbalu n waman, maca ugtent talɣiwin swacu i d-ttwabedren gar-asen Lɛinṣer, Taɛwint, Tala, Lḥemmam, Lɛin, Tala Wadda”, Talla Ufella, Tala Talemmast, Tala Xiṭeb…
2.2. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen lḥirfat
Aferdis wis sin ɣer wacu tcudd tudert n umdan ɣer tama n waman, d lxeddma neɣ lḥirfa s unamek ahrawan. Deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n leqbayel, kra n lḥirfa yellan deg talliyin tiqburin xersum tid yejlan deg tallit tamirant ttwaḥerzent s lmendad n tesmidegt. Deg tuget n yisaka, ɣas akken lḥirfa-nni truḥ ur deqqim ara assa, lamaɛna isem-is mazal-it yedder, asaka n Wudkan seg taɛrabt ddukan, Ṭaḥuna, Lemɛeṣra, Annar, Aberran Acerraḍ, Aceṛṛaḥ, Aḥfir Aḥriq Akaryar, Amellaḥ, Anqac ….
Ismidgen yugten i d-yemmalen lḥirfa deg tesmidegt n temnaḍin timesdurar d wid i icudden ɣer tfellaḥt18, lxedma n tfellaḥt tettwabdar-d s waṭas n talɣiwin, Tibḥirt, Iger, Aḥriq, Aɣeggad, Annar, …, d ismidgen yuɣalen daɣen d addayen deg waṭas n yisaka (llan s talɣa taḥerfit, llan s talɣa tuddist).
2.3. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen imɣan d yiɣersiwen
Gar tulmisin yessemgiriden tamnaḍt n Leqbayel ɣef temnaḍin-nniḍen d imɣan-is, imi tamurt n leqbayel seg talliyin tiqburin tettwassen s sin n yiferdisen igejdanen deg taɣult-a, agrur neɣ tineqlin akked uzemmur. Tin ɣur-s, tineqlin neɣ agrur akked uzemmur, d iferdisen i izemren ad ṭemnen tudert i umdan s teɣzi n useggas, axxam yesɛan tazart d zzit, ur d itezzi ara ɣur-s laẓ, aya, yessegzay-d azal sɛan yiferdisen-a deg tmetti n tmurt n Leqbayel ar ass-a.
Isem n ugrur (taneqlet) d uzemmur yettwabder-d tikwal s yisem-nsen yakan Tagrurt deg Tagrurt n Tɛeyyadit, Tagrurt Ugemmaḍ, Azemmur deg Tala Izemmuren, Taḥriqt Uzemmur, tikwal s tsenfal-nsen, Tazart deg Tala n Tazart, Tadekkar, Tadekkart n At Ɛli Webrahem, Tadekkart Miḥemmula.
ɣer tama n yismidgen i d-yemmalen iferdisen-a addayen (tineqlin d uzemmur), llan wid daɣen i d-yemmalen leṣnaf-nniḍen n yimɣan am Acekrid, Aagases, Amadaɣ, Aɣanim, Azanzu, Azberbur, Azegḍuf, Azeggar, Azumba, Aɛric, Ččina, Ifilku, Ifis, Igusimen, Isefsafen, Tala n Tteffaḥ, Tala n Tzuṛin…
Ma d ismawen n yimukan yemmalen iɣersiwen ur ugiten ara deg wammud-a ma nesserwes-iten ɣer taggayin-nniḍen ladɣa deg talɣiwin tiḥerfiyin. Ismawen n yiɣersiwen i d-ikeččmen deg usemmi n yimukan bḍan ɣef kraḍ n tsekkiwin tigejdanin, wid yessemras umdan deg tudert-is n yal ass, ttilin d iɣersiwen n uxxam am Userdun deg Lǧerra n Tserdunt, Beɣliya, Adme (d asettwiɣi n wawal agmer), wid i d-ikeččmen deg yisufar n wučči am Tiwtal, Tisekrin deg Taɛwint n Tsekrin …, akked wid n lexla asaka n Yifis, Takɛebt, Imiɛruf, Afalku deg Aslaṭ Ufalku, Ilef deg Tala yilef, Tiɣilt n Tgarfiwt, Tiɣilt n Yesɛa” (yesɣan) s uɣelluy n temsenzert [n], Tizi Wetbira, Timiliwin deg Aḥriq n Tmiliwin, …
2.4. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen imdanen, ddin
Ismawen n yimukan i d-yekkan seg yismidden d ismawen uddisen, amur ameqqran deg-sen d ismawen n yimrabḍen neɣ n lawliyat. Ismawen-a deg tadra yakan llan d uddisen, mi ara d-ttunefkken i yimukan trennu tettiɣzif talɣa-nsen, d ayen yeǧǧan taggayt-a tesɛa tasnalɣa temgarad ɣef tid-nniḍen.
Abini n yismawen uddisen iɣezzfanen deg tmetti n Leqbayel yebda-d seg ukeččum n yinselmen d afella imi yal amdan ara d-ikecmen deg ddin n tneslemt yesmenyif ad yeddem isem gar yismawen n yimdanen i imucaɛen gar yinselmen neɣ ismawen yesɛan assaɣ d 99 n yismawen n Rebbi d amedya:
Ṭaher deg Sidi Ṭaher Uzumba, Saleḥ deg Sidi Saleḥ, Tareẓẓut n Ɛli Usalaḥ, Sɛid deg Sidi Sɛid, Lemqam n Sidi Sɛid, Lmuhub , Lmewhub deg Tala n Sidi Lmuhub, Lmuweffeq deg Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Ḥmed deg Ṭraḥi n At Ḥmed, Sidi Ḥmed n Yiɣil Ɛisi, Ṣidi Ḥmed Bennur, Sidi Hmed Abeǧǧawi, Lɛaziz deg Sidi Ɛebd Lɛaziz, Ɛellawa deg Sidi Ɛellawa, Ɛezzuz deg Sidi Ɛezzuz, Merzug deg Sidi Ɛli Umerzug, …
Taggrayt
Akken nettwali, amahil-a yebḍa ɣef sin n yiḥricen igejdanen, aḥric n taggayin tisnalɣanin akked waḥric n taggayin tisnamkanin. Ilmend n yigemmaḍ iɣer nessaweḍ deg tesleḍt-a, ad d-nini dakken ulac tamgerda tameqqrant gar taggayt n yismawen (ismidgen) akked umawal amatu n tutlayt anagar deg kra n tayunin tuddisin yesɛan taɣessa d taɣezfant yefɣen berra n yilugan n ussileɣ n talɣiwin tuddisin asaka n Lemqam n Umalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Tadekkart n At Ɛli Webrahem…
Talɣiwin-a deg tilawt kkant-d seg yismidden (ismawen n yemdanen/tiwaculin) yellan deg tazwara yakan d uddisen “sidi lmuweffeq” d isem n umdan (d amrabeḍ) ilmend n uẓayer yesɛa deg taddart n umalu yuɣal semman-as i taddart-a ɣer yisem-is Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, syin akin, mi yemmut rrnan gan-as lemqam ayen i d-yefkan talɣa-a taɣezfant Lemqam n Umalu n Sidi Lmuweffeɣ. Lemqam n Sidi Lḥaǧ Waɛwica, Lemqam n Sidi Ḥmed Bennur…
Ma deg wayen yerzan taggayin tisnamkanin, yessefk ad negzu dakken isebdaden (critères) n usbadu n taggayin ttemgiriden seg taɣult ɣer tayeḍ. Deg taɣult n tesnisemt, taggayin tisnamkanin rrzant assaɣ sɛan yismidgen d yimukan iwacu ttunefkken, asbadu-nsent yebna ɣef wayen i d-gelment ama d tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin n wadeg-nni, imɣan d yiɣersiwin yettidiren din, lḥirfat...
Ayen i igerzen daɣen deg taɣult n tesmidegt ugar dakken ismidgen ttakken-aɣ-d tagnit deg tallit tadkudant ad negzu aṭas n temsal ɣef yigduden d tɣermiwin i iɛeddan, ɣef yidles-nsen, ɣef tuddsa tanmettit-nsen, ɣef tesreḍt-nsen d wamek i d-segzayen timsal n ugama, ayen swcu i ttamnen…, d timsal i d-yettbanen deg wassaɣ i sɛan yismidgen d d yimukan umi ttunefkken, d amedya Axxam n Lɣula”. D issalen ur nettaf ara deg taɣulin-nniḍen (ayen yuran) xarsum deg tmettiyin yeddren deg timawit yecban timetti n yimaziɣen anda ayen yuran fell-asen drus maṭi.
Ɣer taggara ilmend n termit i d-newwi deg unnar, nettwali dakken yessefk ad ilin leqdicat deg taɣult n tesmidegt s leɣṣeb imi tugett tameqqrant deg umawal asmidgan mazal-it deg timawit, akken ur ijellu ara yessefk ad d-yili xarsum ugmar-ines, tin ɣur-s, azraw n yismawen n yimukan ladɣa deg uswir asnilsan d ayen i izemren ad d-yefkken afud ameqqran i tutlayt.
Cécil, Leguy. 2012. « Noms propres, nomination et linguistique », In Sophie Chave – Dartoen, Cécil Leguy et Denis Monnerie (dir), Nomination et organisation sociale. Paris, Armand Colin, pp 51 – 81.
Cheriguen, Foudil. 2021. « Dictionnaire de toponymie algérienne des lieux habités », Ed : HCA.
Gary – Prieur Marie – Noëlle. 1991 « Le nom propre constitue t-il une catégorie linguistique ? ». In : Langue française, N° 92, Syntaxe et sémantique des noms propres, pp 4 – 25.
Tidjet, Mustapha. [2014]. « Nom propre : parent pauvre des études amazighes ? ». Actes du 2ème colloque international sur la langue amazighe, de la tradition orale au champ de la traduction ecrite (parcours et défi) organisé les 17 et 18 avril 2013. Publié par l’Université Akli Mohand Oulhadj – Bouira. Pp 267 – 276.
Tidjet, Mustapha. 2016a. Dictionnaire des patronymes algériens, tI, At Yemmel, Ed : HCA.


text:
tettwakkes tafrist tameggarut n ujiniral Francesco Franco zegga vuṭan di temdint n Mlilet maḥend ad kksen tafrist-a ta.
Ixeddamen qelɛen-d tafrist-nni zi tmurt, weyyen-t ɣer ca n wemkan nniḍen. Akabar afusi « Vox » tuɣa ivuṭa kunṭra i tikkest n tefrist-a tanita. Amek yettwassen ajiniral Franco iḥkem di Spaniya zeg useggas n 1939 ar aseggas n 1975. Ittsemma al mani ig immut.
Mmuten ca n 30 alef n yiwdan di girra i teẓra Spaniya jar 1936 d 1939. Mani lḥukuma tanamurt iḍeffren i Franco terni lḥukuma n imegduden (arruxut). Franco ttuɣa-t x uzellif n ijjen usistim islila alli n midden di Spaniya, manaya s lmidiya d uselmed.
Deg useggas n 2007, yeɛda azref n « tmkettit tanamurt » i d-yusin maḥend ad neɛmen s inni iruḥen d tiherhert di lɛahed n Franco.
S uzref-a i yeɛdan, ttwakksen izumal n tdiktaturiyt, zzag-sen tifrisin n midden nniḍen min ked ttuɣa tteḥkamen aked Franco. Elena Fernandez Trivino i yella di tmesmunt n Mlilet, tenna belli ass-a d « amezruyan » umi kksen zeɛma tafrist n Franco di Mlilet.
Maca tarbiɛt n « Vox » vuṭan kunṭra maḥend ad kksen tafrist n Franco yettwaggen deg useggas n 1978. Nnan zeɛma minzi netta ttuɣa ibedd kunṭra i tqebbal n Arrif. Deg useggas n 2019, smuttuyen amḍel-nnes ɣer ijjen temḍelt nurmal. Tenna tenni ittnuban x umɣar n lḥukuma Carmen Calvo : « inni immuten i yeɛdan 30 alef n midden, lux ad ẓẓlen di lehna ».
Min iɛna Ajiniral Franco ?
- deg useggas n 1926 yedwel d ajinral ameẓẓyan di Spanya x useggas n 33.
- Zegga tettwafren tanyert tagdudant yettwaḥsaben x yeẓẓlmeḍ deg useggas n 1936. Yegga netta d ca n ijiniralen nniḍen ijjen girra x-asen tekka tlata n iseggusa.
- Franco yewwi girra-nni deg useggas n 1939 s twiza n Inaziyen d Ifacistiyen, issers ddsas n ijjen usistim d adiktaturi.
- Yegga Franco ijjen usistim ar mani immut deg useggas n 1975, zi senni temmutti Spaniya ɣer tdimukraṭit.


text:
Yura‑t: Halim El Madani
Mmullɣeɣ x tefras-nnem, iwyeɣ day-sent arriɣ, uca kkseɣ tiṭṭawin. Ula d cem temmullɣed x tefras-inu, ead cem ujar, din i teqqimed tmulluɣed tugid ad tessedḥid.
Zzuɣemteɣ lkaṛṛ-nni, zzuɣemteɣ lxezrat-nni d ɣar-i tucared umi cem ttuɣa ajemmaḍ- in i webrid, necc x ujemmaḍ-a. zzuɣemteɣ asfirnen-nni awarɣi d ɣar-i teggid di ttuffut-nni umi nemseẓṛa i twalat wiss tnayen, zzuɣemteɣ ula abrid-nni d lxarat-nni n lqenḍeṛt.
ssitimeɣ zi tudert wer tetteiwid ead ad ayi-tessemsagar aked imucan-nni waxxa zzuɣemteɣ-ten, minzi tesbesred-ten.
Necc di tudert-inu aqa tekkid d uca teedud, mɣar d ijjt n temsebridt. Maca di tira wer teeddud ca amenni waha, aqqa neccin imaruten ntari ula x yemsebriden.
Cḥal ɣar-m n wudmawen?
Ssentiɣ ad xaf-m ariɣ ijjt n tmedyazt, uca eemmars ma temsar ayi amen dayi-imsaren di tmedyazt-nni; ttaciɣ aked yezlan-nnes wer mnieen deg wayawya, ca ijebbed aɣir- a, ca aɣir-in. Ijjt n twala ad ḍelqen i tuḥnint, ijjt n twala ad day-m zawaren, ijjt n twala ad ten-taɣ tyaṛẓawt x uzawar-nni, awaren-as ad dewlen ad zawaren. ttaciɣ akidsen isslawen, wer ɣar-sen qee udem. uca ssneɣ d ca i din.
Ma tessned mayemmi xseɣ ma ead?
Tifraz qa wer dayi-cqint, taddudt am nneḍni.
Timexsa n buḥbel wer lli ɣar manaya i teqqen.
Ad am-iniɣ mayemmi xseɣ niɣ nnehla?
Amentil ameqqran d Arif d lefwaḥ nnes, zeema xmi ttesliɣ: Ijermawas, Buḍinaṛ, Ayt mareɣnin…
Tḍaṛɣileɣ. Iwa ca nneɣni qa tcemted-ayi.
Tcemted-ayi di lxezrat-nni n weḥsin, d tiwalin-nni wer d x-am yusin.
Ha ha ha… tuɣa teggʷded ad cem-keṛheɣ?
Xezzareɣ mayemmi tuɣa teggʷded amenni aṭṭaṣ? niɣ mayemmi teggid ixef-nnem teggʷded? ttaḥleɣ ma ad am-iniɣ: aqqa wer cem kṛiheɣ ca, ma timexsa ad tedwel d lekṛuheyyet? Maca cem walu amenni teqqimed tlesqed!
Iwa lexxu a sidi keṛheɣ-cem, umi tugid ad tennethid.
Maca a tqad-am x weṛẓam n tiṭṭawin.
3- febrayer- 2021


text:
(TAMURT) – Muḥemmed ilul-d deg Mekka, ass n 20 yebrir 571 i takuḍt* n Sidna Ɛisa. Bab-as, isem-is Ɛabdella, d mmi-s n Ɛabdella n Abuxaṭib seg udrum n iquricen n at hacem. Yemma-s, d yelli-s n Wahb, ula de nettat d taquricit. Inmezray* inselmen, caylen* berreḥen-d : « a d-yas yiwen nnbi amaynut ». S licaṛat-ines banent-d yagi seg asmi yella d ameẓyan; d akken iban aseɣlef* i wanecta, meḥsubint : « a d-yenjer abrid n ddin amaynut » ara ixulfen wid i d-yezwaren.
Yemma-s, yiwen wass, iweḥḥa-as-id Yillu, twala tafat mi d-tteffeɣ deg if-is* i gefkan tiziri i weɣrem* n Borsa*. Iḍ nni mi d-illu, nneqlabent ṛbaɛṭac n izlayen* n iɣrem Khosroés. Amubedan, neɣ amzerfu* ameqran n tmurt n Tafersit* yewwi-yas-id Yillu deg lemnam ileɣman iweḥciyen* stbaɛn igmaren deffir-nsen, zegren asif n Atagri* syenna , mmɣen zerɛen iman-nsen af lber d lexlawi, yal yiwen abrid yewwi.
Tin i t-id-irebban, qqaren-as Ḥlima; yiwen wass usan-d ɣer-s sin yergazen, lsan-d llebsa-nsen d tamellalt, mmɣen ḍelqen-t ar tmurt, llin-as idmaren-is: A ziɣen d ineɣlas*, imiren ssarden-as ul-is s wedfel, ččuren-t d liman ak d lḥanna. Tnac n iseggasen kan di tuder-is asmi iṣufer ar Surya yedda netta ak d xal-is Abuṭaleb, d uxelwi* amasiḥ Vahira, iɛqlen deg-s kra n iseɣlan n ttewḥid deg wakken ittwali deg-s asmi ara yaweḍ d argaz s lbext* amamay*.
Xas akken licayerat agi* mazal ur tessewhment, ur testaɛǧebent ara tawacult n Muḥemmed; mazal-itt ur tumin ara a d-yili d ayen i d-caren fell-as akk inekkaden*.
Dunnit-is ur s-d-ḍsa ara, acku immut baba-s Ɛabdella mi d-yuɣal deg lɣiba si Surya; ɣur-s diɣen anagar n setta iseggasen imi yemma-s Yamina, izgan dima d tamuḍint, kkaten-tt ijenniwen; yiwen was tettwaxḍef, ulac win i yɛawden iwala-tt seg-assen.
S lweṛta, teǧa-as-id : taxxamt, taklit taqeddact, xemsa n ileɣman ak d kra n wulli. Daya is d-yegran d lwerta ar imawlan-is.
Jedd-is Ɛabdelmuṭaleb ijmaɛ-it-id, maca ur iɛeṭṭel ara issawel-as-id bab igenwan, ijemɛ-it ula d netta. Syenna, yegra-d ar xali-s Abuṭaleb yuɣalen d awkil-is, irebba-t-id. Xal-is agi ḥnin, maca d igellil ula d netta ɣur-s arraw-is ur asen-yezmir ara aten-yessider meṛṛa.
Ihi, Muḥemmed-agi yuḥwaǧ ad iṣewwer aɣrum-is am medden; yuɣal yufa-d lxedma d ameksa, tinna akken i xeddment tullas neɣ waklan, meḥsub d taxeddimt nni taneggarut.
Tagara-wyen, mi imuqel, iqqar iman-is: « cwi kan imi i d-kkiɣ si lḥif, armi jeṛṛebeɣ akk lemḥayen n dunnit, am tid i yɛaddan af Mussa d Dawed; yak seg imeksawen i gferren Yillu lambiyat ».
Γur-s yiwet n lwasila-s di Mekka iwumi qqaren Taxǧiǧatt*. Ttaǧǧalt, tennebra berdayen d yergazen i tuɣ. D nettat i yessefraken* akk af cci i tesɛa. Am iḥiǧaziyen n tallit-nni i grebḥen seg tleɣma i ttaxeddimt-ines. Abuṭaleb xal-is n Muḥemmed, iṛṛay fell-as akken ad yuɣal d axeddam ɣur Texǧiǧatt; d nettat ara t-id-yekksen si lḥif ideg yettɛummu seg asmi i d-ilul.
Amawal:
takuḍt: ére / inmezray: historiens /caylen: prédire /aseɣlef: mission /if, iffan: sein, seins /iɣrem: palais (Borsa). /izlayen: tours /amzerfu: juge
Tafersit: Pérse /iweḥciyen: indomptés /atagri: Tigre (fleuve)
ineɣlas: anges /axelwi: moine /lbext: destinée /amamay: glorieux licayer: horoscopes /inekkaden: voyants /Taxǧiǧatt: khadidja
yesseflaken: gerer
* Traduit du français d’aprés l’encyclopédie de Lavisse et Rambau histoires générale. Muḥemmed: la fondation de l’islamisme (pages: 438,39, 40). De 395 à 1095 (tome I).
Hand Berkouk