text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Agbur
- 1 Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
- 2 Idlisen
- 3 Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel]
Aqeddem[beddel]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[beddel]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[beddel]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[beddel]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[beddel]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[beddel]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[beddel]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[beddel]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.


c: text/html

text:
Musa
Musa (s tɛebrit: מֹשֶׁה Moce Mošé, s teɛrabt: موسى, Mūsā), d mmis n Ɛamran akw d Yukibed. D ameskar, d amdan amenzawi deg idles n laɛqed aqbur. S uwehi n Yakuc, d netta i yuran ayen umi qqaren s tefranṣiṣt Pentateuque. D 5 n yedlisen imezwura n laɛqed aqbur (Genèse, Exode, Lévitique, livre des Nombres, Deutéronome), anda id iḥka tudert-is, amezruy n lejdud-is, d win n At israil.
Asmi id ilul, yemma-s tuga-d agellid Ferɛun ad a ttineɣ akken i yurga ilaq ad ineɣ yal lufan aɛibrani id ilulen imiren asmi id ilul Musa. Tuɣal d tegrit ar waman n Nil, s wanda i t-idekkes yelli-s n ugellid-a. Dɣa tenna-k, "MSYTHW" neɣ Mecitihu, anamek ines Kkes-aɣ-t id seg waman. Syen id yekka yisem "MSH", neɣ Musa.
Daɣen llan wid i qqaren belli, isem n Musa, yekka-d si tutlayt i hedren imiren imaṣriyen, seg awal MS, anamek-is "Ikka-d", neɣ "ifrurx-ed". Llan daɣen wid iqqaren, awal-a ikka-d si tmaziɣt Mmis, imi neẓra Tamazɣa ur tebɛid ara af tmurt n Maṣer.
Musa yuɣal ittureba-d seg teɣremt n ugellid Ferɛun. Asmi yuɣal meqq°er, iwala amek nezfen, uḍenen, qṛeḥen wid yellan d atmaten-is deg idammen, war ma yeẓra. Wid yellan di ɛibraniyen, d iqeddacen n ugellid Ferɛun. Dɣa yiwen n wass iwala yiwen umaṣri la yekkat yiwen wergaz aɛibrani, yenɣa-t u yenṭel-it. Asmi yelḥa wawal af wannecta, dɣa yerwel si tmurt n Maṣer ar tmurt n Medyen. Yewweḍ ar yiwen wanu iḥud kra n tameksiwin n Medyen mgal kra n yergazen imeksawen. Dɣa tiḥdayin-a ar tenṭ s axxam n babat-nsent, i yellan meqq°er di Medyen. Isem-is nettaf-it ihi di Madyan Jethro (יתרו) neɣ Réuel (רעואל). Ilmend n wayen yexdem, yefka-yas yelli-s Séphora (צפורה) ad yezweǧ yid-s.
S uwehi n Yakuc, iseggasen mbaɛd, yuɣal-ed ar tmurt n Maṣer i wakken ad yefk tilelli i wegdud Aɛibrani, i yellan s ddaw uzaglu n ugellid Ferɛun. I wakken a ten-isuffeɣ seg Maṣer ar tmurt n Kanɛan. Yuzen-as-d Yakuc mraw (10) iludan, ak° d tagruma n ilugan ak° d iṣuḍaf n wejjed, timetti, d wučči. Annecta yak° illa-d deg wayen umi isemm-a Tura (Torah).

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Bible verses about "purpose of man" | Kabyle
11
S Ɛisa Lmasiḥ i ɣ-yerra Sidi Ṛebbi d ayla-s, am akken i t-iqsed si tazwara di lebɣi-ines,
12
iwakken nukni yessarmen di Lmasiḥ d imezwura, a neḥmed Sidi Ṛebbi ɣef tmanegt-is.
9
Lxuluq-nni, mkul m'ara țcekkiṛen țḥemmiden Win yeqqimen ɣef wukersi n lḥekma, Win yeddren si lǧil ɣer lǧil,
10
ṛebɛa uɛecrin n lecyux-nni țseǧǧiden daɣen zdat-es, srusun tiɛeṣṣabin-nsen zdat Win yeddren, țɛebbiden-t qqaṛen :
11
Tuklaleḍ a Sidi Ṛebbi Illu-nneɣ, tamanegt d ccan akk-d lḥekma, imi d kečč i d Bab n txelqit, kra yellan s lebɣi-k i d-yețwaxleq.
1
A kkun-nhuɣ ihi ay atmaten s ṛṛeḥma n Sidi Ṛebbi iwakken aț-țsebblem lǧețțat-nwen d leɛqliya nwen am wesfel yeddren, zeddigen, yeṣfan ara iɛeǧben i Sidi Ṛebbi; ț-țagi i d ṭṭaɛa i gețṛaǧu deg-wen Sidi Ṛebbi.
31
Ama teččam neɣ teswam, neɣ kra n wayen ara txedmem, xedmet-eț i tmanegt n Sidi Ṛebbi.
Topical data is from OpenBible.info, retrieved November 11, 2013, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
Afus icekkel, iẓri yedderɣel, iles yettel…. Maɛna wicqan, awi-d kan nesɛa win ara ɣ-iḥekmen, nufa-t d aqerru i tmurt. D amdan neɣ d azgen n wemdan ulac aɣilif, awi-d kan yelsa akustim. Yak tamurt mačči d aselway kan, tamurt d wid merra id-yezzin i uselway : Atmaten, leɛmum, xwal d iḍulan. Ad d-qaren kra belli Butefliqa yehlek ur yezmir ara ad yeḥkem, yaɛni amzun akken ḥala netta I d amuḍin di Lezzayer? Agdud merra yuḍen, tamurt merra yezzazef-itt waṭṭan. Wissen d acu ixuṣṣen tamurt : D aselway neɣ d agdud ? Agdud yeṭṭes ɣef ssin imeẓaɣ, fka-s kan ad yečč, imir eǧǧ-it di rrebg-is ad ikemmel iḍes. Di Lezzayer n wass-a kullec yebda maɛna werɛad yekfi, ula d allaɣen-nneɣ urɛad wwiḍen d allaɣen. Aqerru yeččuren d tassemt d acu tenwiḍ ad as-d-teg tmusni ? Tamurt yenɣa-tt Ddin. Tamurt nɣant-tt tejɛal. Tamurt tuḍen di lǧedra-s, deg uẓar-is. Tamurt tuɣ-itt di tarwa-s akwed lqella n tmusni-nsen. Leɛqel n uzzayri icekkel, tuɣ deg-s tallast (ṭlam), azzayri yugi ad iwali ɣer zdat, yugi ad yelli iẓer-is mliḥ. Win wumi tenniḍ amek telliḍ ad ak-d-yini : “ḥemddulah, ad yeṭṭef rebbi ayen yugaren aya, ad nečč talqimt deg wexxam imir ad nerr xemsa ɣef yimi.” Iih, akka i d agdud ifehmen, tlaq tsusmi m’ulac hatan iles ad d-yawi lada. Si 1999 ɣer 2013, acemma ur ibddel: Lqella n uxeddim, ugar n tejɛal, ammus yuɣ di yal tama, tadamsa (économie) tekref, agdud yebbuqel yeqqim, Lezzayer ulac-itt deg unnar ageraɣlan, lḥif, laẓ, yir tanezduɣt, yir lakkul, tkwarḍa, ṭrafik…rtg. Lḥasul mačči d yiwet.
D acu is-ilaqen I tmurt-nneɣ?
Tamurt ilaq-as ubeddel si lǧedra : Timannit i yal tama di tmurt (autonomie des régions). Ilaq wefraq n lezzayer ɣef 6 neɣ 7 tamiwin. Ur yezmir ara wezgen n wemdan am Butefliqa ad yeḥkem 2 381 741 km², wagi d lmuḥal. Yal tama ilaq-as “Ubarlaman n Temnaṭ” (Parlement regional). Ilaq yal tama n tmurt ad tesɛu tamendawt-is (constitution), ilaq yal tama ad d-tesbed iɣallen n laman-is, ilaq yal amezdaɣ n tama ad yekki di lebni n temnaṭ-is, ad yefk tabzart, ad yessefti tadrimt. Ilaq agdud azzayri ad yekkes tiyyarist ɣef wallaɣ-is. Timanit mačči d acerreg n tmurt, timanit n tamiwin d allal asertan (model politique des grands pays), wali-t Spanya, Lalman, Swis…. Ula d Fransa-nni iɣ-d-yeǧǧan iweṭṭen-is, hatan ass-agi tettbeddil tudsa i tmurt-is. Ilaq ad as-nekkes ckkel i wallaɣ, ilaq ad nbeddel tamuɣli, ilaq ad nemmuqel ɣer zdat. D Butefliqa neɣ d wayeḍ kifkif, ulac win izemren ad yeḥkem tamurt am Lezzayer weḥdes, tamurt wessiɛet, d awezɣi ad iẓer wemdan izedɣen di tmanaɣt ayen iḍeṛṛun di Tamenrast neɣ di Ḥasi Beḥbeḥ. Ihi, am akken id-yenna Mass Maɛtub Lwennas : “Terwi tebberwi yegguma ad d-yeḍher yixef-is, terwi tebberwi ur teɛqil Faḍma argaz-is,(…)Snefsi-t laɛqed, ekkes-t-as ckel tagmatt di ddiq tennekwbel, d asfel d lɛib ad tt-nenneḍ, muqel-t mebɛid ttxilwat(…).”
Comments
D awal igerzen a Marzuq.
D awal igerzen a Marzuq.


text:
Ḥusin At Ḥmed
Ḥusin At Ḥmed aselway n Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS).
Ilul deg Awussu 1926 deg temdint n Micli deg Tamurt n yezwawen deg 1947 yella d amaslad akk-d yewin n imalwayen imezwura n Organisation spéciale (OS), yiwet n tarbaɛt tunt'ilt i iqedcen ɣef uzarug n Lezzayer.
At Aḥmed yella d yiwen ger n tesɛa imalwayen imezwura i-d-isbedden Tirni n Taslullit Taɣelnawt (FLN) deg 1954; taneggarut-agi tebda-d tagrawal n sebɛa n isegassen mgal Fransa; deg Tuber 1956, imi yeţwattef netta akk d rebɛa n imalwayen nniḍen imi llan deg asafag yeţţeddun ɣer Tunes, Fransa teḥkem fell-as s lḥebs. At Aḥmed yeqqim deg lḥebs armi 1962.
Mbeɛd azarug n Ledzayer deg 05 Yulyu 1962 At Aḥmed yekker-d mgal anabad n dreɛ n Ben Bella iwumi yekcem-d ɣef Ledzayer netta akk-d Bumediene, am anbaz ajdid, s iɛsekriyen n FLN i llan deg Tunes ttrajun tufɣa n Fransa. Deg Tuber 1962 Ben-Bella iḥkem-d fell-as s lmut lameɛna yesmeḥ-as kkra n wussan mbeɛd.
Deg Ibrir 1966 yerwel ɣer Fransa anda yexleq-d deg 1970 FFS. Mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n Ledzayer g 1980 seddaw Benjedid, At Aḥmed ikcem-d ɣef Ledzayer; aɣawas n Ait Ahmed yella di tazwara tadukli n Ledayer seddaw yewit n taferfant mgal FLN akk-d amussu n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman i bɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, lamɛna yemxallaf-ed ɣef Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) n duktur Saɛid Saɛdi imi aneggaru-agi iherdder-d s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ ɣas akken i sin llan d Izwawen.
Ibrir 1999, Ait Ahmed ikecem-d am d amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-d tanekda-ines, netta akk d xemsa n imalwayen nniḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant; deg April 15, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa weḥd-s kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.
Assimel
"La volonté de paix crée une dynamique de réconciliation qui impose d’elle même les garanties que chacun doit donner aux autres. Et que tous doivent donner à chacun".
"Tamumit n lehna ţexeliq yewit n tilhi n ussemlil i seggren wehdes ayen ilaq ad yefk mkul yiwen i wiyad akk-d wayen akken ilaq lhal ad fken medden merra i mkul yiwen".
- Ḥusin At Ḥmed, 1999.


text:
Tallat:Amek ara naru amagrad yelhan?
Nngum (qbel) a nebdu tira n umagrad, yessefk(ilaq) ad nemmekti :
- Wikipedia d tasanayt (une encyclopédie), mačči d ammud n yimagraden n yijernanen neɣ n tesɣunin. Deg:
- ilaq ad aru amagrad n tsanayt, ur nezmir ara ad aru amagrad n ujernan : win ara t-yaru, ad issawal s wudem wis 3 (à la troisième personne), mačči s tmezwarut ; tadiwennit (interview) ulac, azmul (signature) ulac, atg.
- Kab.wiki mačči d tasanayt n Leqbayel : d tasanayt s teqbaylit. Wikipedia d yiwet i umaḍal akk (merra) Ayen nufa dagi, nezmer ad t-naf deg .wiki neɣ fr.wiki atg. Ur nezmir ara ad naru, d amedya : nukkni, s warrac n Tmurt... neɣ idles-nneɣ... atg. yessefk (Ilaq) ad naru Leqbayel... neɣ idles aqbayli... atg.
- Wikipedia d tilellit. Tilellit, anamek-is d "s turagt tilellit" ("à licence libre"). Deg:
- ur nezmir ara ad nelsaru (recopier) ayen nufa deg yisemlen (sites) nniḍen neɣ deg yijernanen mebla turagt. Ilaq ad naru s yiman-nneɣ aḍris i nebɣa ad nefk i Wikipedia . Ma yefka-yaɣ bab n izerfan (propriétaire des droits) turagt tilellit "GNU Free Documentation License", ilaq ad t-naru deg usebter "amyannan", mačči deg umagrad.
I wakken ad naru amagrad, ilaq ad nessen amek ara nbeddel asebter yerna amek tella tseddast ("syntaxe") n wikipedia.
Ma tebɣiḍ, tzemreḍ a tḥarbeḍ deg teɣmert n yijdi (asebter n uḥerreb).


text:
War ma yella d ttiririt – akken t-id nnan kra – i uneɣlaf adzayri n tɣawsiwin n daxel i yennan d akken Iqbayliyen yessuturen tinekkit -nsen ugaren irebraben , asenfar -a d ayen i d iheyya yakan umussu n timanit azal useggas ɣer deffir, imi di temlilit n wegraw-is amatu n Fransa ass n 18 yennayer 2009 i tettwafren tigawt -agi. Sseg-s ɣer da, asenfar-a yella-d fell-as wawal deg usarag i iga uqerru umussu n timanit di tmeɣra n talsa di Pari ass n 12 ctember yezrin. Deg usarag-a i d-yeḍfer weskasi ger ddeqs n Yeqbayliyen i d-irezfen ɣur-s, yella-d wawal ɣef yizamulen n tnekkit n wegdud aqbayli s umata d wamek yezmer u yessefk a ten-yeḥrez wemdan ass-a imi di tegnit i deg ulac awanek , teddun ad negren i lebda. Amedya amzewaru d ismawen n twaculin nneɣ, am akken neẓra, ɣur-sen talɣa iman-is (At Winnat, U Winnat, Iwinnaten…) temgarad ɣef yesmawen ‘nneɣ’ unṣiben i ɣ-fkan ‘yibiruten aɛraben’ n Fransa imi gan ismawen kifkif-iten i merra “inselmen” n Ledzayer tafransist. Ass-a ismawen n twaculin nneɣ n tidet qqimen-d kan di tudrin, deg yimawen n tsutwin tiwessura imi ddeqs seg wid d-yettnekkaren ur ten-ssinen ara maḍi. Amedya wis sin, d anagraw nneɣ asertan neɣ tilisa nneɣ tideblanin tiqburin. Seg zik n zik anagraw asertan n tmetti taqbaylit yebna ɣef twacult, adrum, taddart, lɛerc akk d teqbilt. Tudrin, leɛrac d tteqbilin dduklen di tsertit yebnan ɣef tlelli d tugdut . Angraw-a nettwali-t ar ass-a s wudem atrar ɣer kra n tmura am Swiss d yiwunak n Marikan yedduklen. Maca segmi i d-tekcem Fransa Tamurt n Yeqbayliyen di 1857 i terẓa anagraw-agi u tjeddel-it s win yellan ines akken a ttizmir a tɛass kra n tnekra a yilin mgal -is am tin n 1871. Seg yimir nni, am akken yenna Muḥya, “teffeɣ Fransa tekcem-d Ledzayer!” Dɣa awanek n Ledzayer ikemmel i unagraw nni i ɣ-yeǧǧan ass-a nesɛa tiɣiwanin d ddayrat yesduklen sin, kraḍ, ar kuẓ n leɛrac di tama neɣ taqbilt d wezgen di tayeḍ. Yeqqel win yeqqaren zik nek n At Eidel ass-a yeqqar nek n tɣiwant n Sedduq. Win yellan n lɛerc Inezliwen yeqqel d mmi-s n ‘Draɛ Lmizan’, Aqerbuzi neɣ Amceddal ara yemlilen d Ugawa a s-yini nek n ‘Bwira’…rnu ulac ‘tawilayṭ i d-yezzin i Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen ur tḥuz ara ɣur-s kra n lɛerc akken a t-tesdukel s aɛraben. Amedya wis kraḍ yellan d azamul n tnekkit agejdan neɣ win i tent-id-yesdukklen merra d taɣelna n weqbayli. Neẓra merra agdud i yesdukel yedles , tutlayt, cfawat d wansayen d aɣlan iman-is i yella, u amezruy n Tefriqt ugafa yemmal-aɣ d akken Iqbayliyen ddren seg zik n zik d ilelliyen almi d asmi i ten-tekcem Fransa di 1857. Maca seg wasmi d-tesnulfa Fransa “Ledzayer” i deg tesdukel merra imezdaɣ-is yeqqlen d ‘Idzayriyen” i yeɛreq cced uyeddid. Γas akken ass-a aɣref aqbayli yebda yeskanay-as-d umezruy ayen yettu, imi ansi yebɣu yekk wasif ticki yeḥmel-d, taggara yettuɣal s amecwar-is amezwaru... Akken neẓra, izamulen agi n tnekkit nneɣ ulac anda i llan d unṣiben ass-a. N tegnit agi, qqimen-d kan di ccfawat nneɣ, maca acḥal i zemren ad ṭṭfen akka? Neẓra akk amek i teḍra d yizarismen -nneɣ yezwaren anekcum n tneslemt ɣer tefriqt ugafa. Anda-ten ass-a anagar n sin neɣ kraḍ i d-yeqqimen? Wi yeẓran amek gan? D anect agi merra i yeǧǧan amussu n Timanit a d-yaf allal i yess ad yizmir weqbayli ad yeḥrez izamulen n tnnekkit-is sya ɣer wassmi ara yesɛu awanek ara s-igen leqrar: Takarḍa n tnekkit taqbaylit (KNQ). S tɣawsa yecban takarḍa n tnekkit, ad yizmir weqbayli ad iwali i tikelt tamenzut izamulen n tinekkit-is ttwarun di lkaɣeḍ ‘unṣib’. S kra n wayen ttawin yimezwura-s deg yimawen kan, s kra n wayen yeddren di ccfawat kan, yewweḍ-d wass i deg ara sen-yefk azal weqbayli am netta am yegduden nniḍen n talsa . Isem aqbayli n twacult (At Winnat/Iwinnaten), tansa taqbaylit (taddart, adrum, lɛerc), taɣelna taqbaylit: d aya ara yettawi deg lǧib-is yal aqbayli ara yessutren takarḍa agi di sya ɣer yebrir 2010! Amussu n timanit i ifernen a d-yeslal takarḍa agi s ttawil n temsizzelt akken a s-yefk udem agdudan , yenna-d asenfar-a ad yeḍfer kuẓ imecwaren: 1- Ger amenzu (1) n Dujenber 2009 akk d 31 Yennayer 2010 ɣef ttnaṣfa n yiḍ (GMT) d aceyyeɛ n tkerḍiwin ɣer wesmel umussu n timanit www.makabylie.info. 2- Ger umenzu akk d 28 si furar 2010, d askan deg wesmel umussu n tkerḍiwin i yettwaznen d wefran nnsent sɣur wid d-irezzun ɣer internet. “Afran-a ad yili d aḥric wis kraḍ (1/3) deg wazal ara yawi yal amedya n tkarḍa.” i yenna welɣu n temsizzelt. 3- Ger umenzu d 14 di Meɣres, d afran n tkerḍiwin sɣur tarbaɛt i d-yettwasbedden i lment n temsizzelt-a d yemḍebbren unṣiben umussu n timanit akk d weskan n tkarḍa yewwin arraz amzwaru (tin ara yilin d Ttakarḍa n tnekkit taqbaylit (KNQ). 4- Ngum 45 wussan seld tamussni n 3 imezwura yettwafernen a d-tili temlilit i tikci n warrazen-nsen. S kra n wid iran ad fernen takarḍa i iwulmen ad rzun ɣer wesmel umussu n timanit. WALI: AFRAN N TKERḌIWIN N TNEKKIT DEG WESMEL UMUSSU N TIMANIT
War ma yella d ttiririt – akken t-id nnan kra – i uneɣlaf adzayri n tɣawsiwin n daxel i yennan d akken Iqbayliyen yessuturen tinekkit -nsen ugaren irebraben , asenfar -a d ayen i d iheyya yakan umussu n timanit azal useggas ɣer deffir, imi di temlilit n wegraw-is amatu n Fransa ass n 18 yennayer 2009 i tettwafren tigawt -agi.
Sseg-s ɣer da, asenfar-a yella-d fell-as wawal deg usarag i iga uqerru umussu n timanit di tmeɣra n talsa di Pari ass n 12 ctember yezrin. Deg usarag-a i d-yeḍfer weskasi ger ddeqs n Yeqbayliyen i d-irezfen ɣur-s, yella-d wawal ɣef yizamulen n tnekkit n wegdud aqbayli s umata d wamek yezmer u yessefk a ten-yeḥrez wemdan ass-a imi di tegnit i deg ulac awanek , teddun ad negren i lebda.
Amedya amzewaru d ismawen n twaculin nneɣ, am akken neẓra, ɣur-sen talɣa iman-is (At Winnat, U Winnat, Iwinnaten…) temgarad ɣef yesmawen ‘nneɣ’ unṣiben i ɣ-fkan ‘yibiruten aɛraben’ n Fransa imi gan ismawen kifkif-iten i merra “inselmen” n Ledzayer tafransist. Ass-a ismawen n twaculin nneɣ n tidet qqimen-d kan di tudrin, deg yimawen n tsutwin tiwessura imi ddeqs seg wid d-yettnekkaren ur ten-ssinen ara maḍi.
Amedya wis sin, d anagraw nneɣ asertan neɣ tilisa nneɣ tideblanin tiqburin. Seg zik n zik anagraw asertan n tmetti taqbaylit yebna ɣef twacult, adrum, taddart, lɛerc akk d teqbilt. Tudrin, leɛrac d tteqbilin dduklen di tsertit yebnan ɣef tlelli d tugdut . Angraw-a nettwali-t ar ass-a s wudem atrar ɣer kra n tmura am Swiss d yiwunak n Marikan yedduklen. Maca segmi i d-tekcem Fransa Tamurt n Yeqbayliyen di 1857 i terẓa anagraw-agi u tjeddel-it s win yellan ines akken a ttizmir a tɛass kra n tnekra a yilin mgal -is am tin n 1871. Seg yimir nni, am akken yenna Muḥya, “teffeɣ Fransa tekcem-d Ledzayer!” Dɣa awanek n Ledzayer ikemmel i unagraw nni i ɣ-yeǧǧan ass-a nesɛa tiɣiwanin d ddayrat yesduklen sin, kraḍ, ar kuẓ n leɛrac di tama neɣ taqbilt d wezgen di tayeḍ. Yeqqel win yeqqaren zik nek n At Eidel ass-a yeqqar nek n tɣiwant n Sedduq. Win yellan n lɛerc Inezliwen yeqqel d mmi-s n ‘Draɛ Lmizan’, Aqerbuzi neɣ Amceddal ara yemlilen d Ugawa a s-yini nek n ‘Bwira’…rnu ulac ‘tawilayṭ i d-yezzin i Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen ur tḥuz ara ɣur-s kra n lɛerc akken a t-tesdukel s aɛraben.
Amedya wis kraḍ yellan d azamul n tnekkit agejdan neɣ win i tent-id-yesdukklen merra d taɣelna n weqbayli. Neẓra merra agdud i yesdukel yedles , tutlayt, cfawat d wansayen d aɣlan iman-is i yella, u amezruy n Tefriqt ugafa yemmal-aɣ d akken Iqbayliyen ddren seg zik n zik d ilelliyen almi d asmi i ten-tekcem Fransa di 1857. Maca seg wasmi d-tesnulfa Fransa “Ledzayer” i deg tesdukel merra imezdaɣ-is yeqqlen d ‘Idzayriyen” i yeɛreq cced uyeddid. Γas akken ass-a aɣref aqbayli yebda yeskanay-as-d umezruy ayen yettu, imi ansi yebɣu yekk wasif ticki yeḥmel-d, taggara yettuɣal s amecwar-is amezwaru...
Akken neẓra, izamulen agi n tnekkit nneɣ ulac anda i llan d unṣiben ass-a. N tegnit agi, qqimen-d kan di ccfawat nneɣ, maca acḥal i zemren ad ṭṭfen akka? Neẓra akk amek i teḍra d yizarismen -nneɣ yezwaren anekcum n tneslemt ɣer tefriqt ugafa. Anda-ten ass-a anagar n sin neɣ kraḍ i d-yeqqimen? Wi yeẓran amek gan? D anect agi merra i yeǧǧan amussu n Timanit a d-yaf allal i yess ad yizmir weqbayli ad yeḥrez izamulen n tnnekkit-is sya ɣer wassmi ara yesɛu awanek ara s-igen leqrar: Takarḍa n tnekkit taqbaylit (KNQ).
S tɣawsa yecban takarḍa n tnekkit, ad yizmir weqbayli ad iwali i tikelt tamenzut izamulen n tinekkit-is ttwarun di lkaɣeḍ ‘unṣib’. S kra n wayen ttawin yimezwura-s deg yimawen kan, s kra n wayen yeddren di ccfawat kan, yewweḍ-d wass i deg ara sen-yefk azal weqbayli am netta am yegduden nniḍen n talsa . Isem aqbayli n twacult (At Winnat/Iwinnaten), tansa taqbaylit (taddart, adrum, lɛerc), taɣelna taqbaylit: d aya ara yettawi deg lǧib-is yal aqbayli ara yessutren takarḍa agi di sya ɣer yebrir 2010!
Amussu n timanit i ifernen a d-yeslal takarḍa agi s ttawil n temsizzelt akken a s-yefk udem agdudan , yenna-d asenfar-a ad yeḍfer kuẓ imecwaren:
1- Ger amenzu (1) n Dujenber 2009 akk d 31 Yennayer 2010 ɣef ttnaṣfa n yiḍ (GMT) d aceyyeɛ n tkerḍiwin ɣer wesmel umussu n timanit www.makabylie.info.
2- Ger umenzu akk d 28 si furar 2010, d askan deg wesmel umussu n tkerḍiwin i yettwaznen d wefran nnsent sɣur wid d-irezzun ɣer internet. “Afran-a ad yili d aḥric wis kraḍ (1/3) deg wazal ara yawi yal amedya n tkarḍa.” i yenna welɣu n temsizzelt.
3- Ger umenzu d 14 di Meɣres, d afran n tkerḍiwin sɣur tarbaɛt i d-yettwasbedden i lment n temsizzelt-a d yemḍebbren unṣiben umussu n timanit akk d weskan n tkarḍa yewwin arraz amzwaru (tin ara yilin d Ttakarḍa n tnekkit taqbaylit (KNQ).
4- Ngum 45 wussan seld tamussni n 3 imezwura yettwafernen a d-tili temlilit i tikci n warrazen-nsen.
S kra n wid iran ad fernen takarḍa i iwulmen ad rzun ɣer wesmel umussu n timanit.
WALI:
AFRAN N TKERḌIWIN N TNEKKIT DEG WESMEL UMUSSU N TIMANIT


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Ihi kečč a mmi, sseǧhed iman-ik s ṛṛeḥma i gellan di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 2 Ayen tesliḍ s ɣuṛ-i zdat waṭas inigan, sseḥfeḍ-it i wid yeṭṭfen di liman di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ iwakken nutni daɣen ad izmiren a t-slemden i wiyaḍ. 3 Awi amur-ik n leɛtab am uɛsekṛi n Lmasiḥ. 4 Aɛsekṛi i gebɣan ad yeɛǧeb i lqebṭan-is ur ilaq ara ad ixemmem ɣef lecɣal n ddunit. 5 Ulac daɣen win ara irebḥen timzizla ma yella ur yuzzil ara akken i d-yenna lqanun. 6 Afellaḥ ițenɛețțaben, d nețța i gezwar lḥal ad iɣellet. 7 Efhem ayen akka i k-d-nniɣ axaṭer d Sidi Ṛebbi ara k-iɛawnen aț-țfehmeḍ kullec. 8 Mmekti-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ i d-iḥyan si ger lmegtin, win akken i d-iffɣen seg uẓaṛ n Sidna Dawed akken i t-id-yenna lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Lmasiḥ i ɣ ɣ ecciṛeɣ; 9 lexbaṛ-agi i ɣef nneɛtabeɣ armi țwarzeɣ s snasel am akken d amcum i lliɣ, meɛna awal n Sidi Ṛebbi ur yețwacekkal ara. 10 Daymi ṣebṛeɣ i kullec ɣef ddemma n wid yețwaxtaṛen iwakken ula d nutni ad sɛun leslak i gellan di Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d țmanegt n dayem. 11 Atah wayen yuklalen lețkal : ma nemmut yid-es, a nidir daɣen yid-es; 12 ma yella neṭṭef di liman, a neḥkem yid-es; ma yella nenkkeṛ-it ula d nețța a ɣ-yenkeṛ; 13 ma yella nexdeɛ-it, nețța ur a ɣ-ixeddeɛ ara axaṭer ur yezmir ara ad yenkeṛ ayen i d-yenna. 14 Atah wayen ara sen-d-smektiḍ : nhu-ten zdat Ṛebbi ur țemčeqlalen ara ɣef yimeslayen ur nesɛi lmeɛna, yessufuɣen i webrid wid i sen ismeḥsisen. 15 Exdem lmeǧhud-ik zdat n Ṛebbi, aț-țiliḍ d aqeddac ibedden ɣer ccɣel-is, ur nețsetḥi ara deg wayen i gxeddem, i gețbecciṛen awal n Sidi Ṛebbi s lḥeqq. 16 Xḍu i yimeslayen ur nesɛi lmeɛna i gxulfen liman axaṭer wid i ten itebɛen simmal țzaden teffɣen i webrid n Ṛebbi. 17 Imeslayen-nsen am lehlak i teddun di lǧețța armi yečča-ț meṛṛa. Llan gar-asen ?imnayus d Filitus 18 i gwexxṛen ɣef webrid n tideț, qqaṛen belli ḥeggu n lmegtin dayen yedṛa-d, s wakka ssufuɣen aṭas n yemdanen seg webrid n liman. 19 Lameɛna d lsas i gessers Sidi Ṛebbi ara idumen : Ssid-nneɣ yeẓra wid yellan d ayla-s; f+ yura daɣen win ara yinin nekk d ayla-s, ilaq ad yexḍu i wayen n diri. f+ 20 Deg wexxam n imeṛkantiyen mačči d iqbucen n ddheb neɣ n lfeṭṭa kan i gellan meɛna llan daɣen wid n wesɣaṛ d wid n wakal; wid n ddheb d lfeṭṭa țțaǧan-ten i leqdic n wussan n tmeɣṛa ma d wiyaḍ i leqdic n mkul ass. 21 Win ara yessizdgen iman-is yexḍa i lecɣal-agi n diri, ad yili am weqbuc-nni n ddheb neɣ n lfeṭṭa i sseqdacen deg wass n tmeɣṛa, yewjed ad yenfeɛ i wass m'ara t-yeḥwiǧ umɛellem-is. 22 Exḍu i ccehwat n temẓi i gețɣuṛṛun, kečč akk-d wid ideɛɛun ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi s wul yeṣfan, nadi ɣef lḥeqq, liman, leḥmala ț-țalwit,. 23 Ur ggar ara iman-ik di lketṛa n lehḍur ifeṛɣen ur nesɛi lmeɛna, xḍu-k seg-sen; teẓriḍ belli țțawin-d anagar amennuɣ. 24 Ur s-ilaq ara i uqeddac n Sidi Ṛebbi ad ițnaɣ. Ilaq ad yili d aḥnin ɣer medden, ad isselmed s ṣṣwab yerna ad isɛu ṣṣbeṛ; 25 ilaq ad issefhem s leɛqel wid i t-yețxalafen, ahat Sidi Ṛebbi a ten-id-yerr ɣer webrid iwakken ad issinen tideț, 26 a d-ldint wallen-nsen a d-snesren iman-nsen si tifextin n Cciṭan i ten-yeṭṭfen ad xedmen lebɣi-s.


text:
CMS
CMS (Content Management Sytem) d yiwen wahil s wayen yiwen yezmer ad yesnulfu yiwen usmel Internet. S wahil-a, yezmer yiwen ad yedbel asmel-is war ilYi (yettusemma yeshel).
Γef umedya, aqeddac n usmel, ma yebYa ad yernu yiwen umagrad ad yeqqen deg wagrudem n tedbelt (s yisem-is d wawal ueeddi), ad yaru amagrad-nni, ad t-iẓer, dYa ma yehwa-as ad t-yekles. Imiren zemren akk medden ad ẓren amagrad-a deg Internet. S CMS nezmer ad nernu taggayin anda ar ad yilin yimagraden, yal yiwen deg teggayt ines. DaYen, imagraden zemren ad seun tugniwin (tikwal tugna tif inaw Yezzifen) neY iseYwan (Yef yimagraden neY ismal ay icudden).
Gar CMS, yella Joomla, Spip neY Wordpress Yef umedya.


text:
INET-AS M-AD YAS LYRIC
Mouss & Hakim
Inet-as m-ad yas / El Hasnaoui
(refrain : )
Inet-as m-ad yas
Inet-as m-ad yas
Inet-as m-ad yas
Helkeɣ ḥezneɣ fell-as
Inet-as m-ad yas
Inet-as m-ad yas
Inet-as m-ad yas
Fell-as ttruɣ kul as
Iruḥ el wali yebbi el babur
YebƐed fell-i yezger lebḥur
Iruḥ el wali yebbi el babur
YebƐed fell-i yezger lebḥur
Rebbi el ɛali ḥareb fell-as
Ɛziz fell-i ma yeƐreq mel-as
Rebbi el ɛali ḥareb fell-as
Ɛziz fell-i a Rebbi ma yeɛreq mel-as
-- refrain --
D ggas n-lɛid el jiran ferḥen
Netta d-awḥid a Rebbi ma nekni neḥzen
D ggas n-lɛid medden ferḥen
Netta d-awḥid a Rebbi nekni neḥzen
Rebbi rrit-id berka-t ttaḥwas
fetḥ-as abrid inchallah ad yuɣal yiwen was
Rebbi rritid berka-t ttaḥwas
Fetḥ-as abrid inchallah ad yuɣal yiwen was
-- refrain --
Ma d Rebbi irad nettraju el mektoub
Ar aasa werƐad ul-iw inub
Ma d Rebbi irad nettraju el mektoub
Ar aasa werƐad ul-iw inub
Elweḥc-is izad am el ḥares
Ugi as itt iƐad ad iruḥ neɣ ad nas
Elweḥc-is izad am el ḥares
Ugi as itt iƐad ad iruḥ neɣ ad nas
-- refrain --
Di leɛwacer, el jiran zhan
Nekni d aḥebar a rebbi ma d netta yhan
Di leƐwacer, el jiran zhan
Nekni d aḥebar a rebbi ma d netta yhan
Yerwa anemdar dunit yekfayas
seɣzef-as leƐmer inchallah ad yuɣal yiwen was
Yerwa anemdar dunit yekfayas
Seɣzef-as leƐmer a Rebbi m ad yuɣal yiwen was
Tags: mousshakim, inetasmadyas


text:
1
Ayen txeddmem i Sidi Ṛebbi, ur t-id-sbegginet ara iwakken a kkun-walin medden, m'ulac ur tseɛɛum ara lfayda ɣer Baba-twen yellan deg igenwan.
2
M'ara tseddqeḍ, ur țberriḥ ara am akken xeddmen at sin wudmawen di leǧwameɛ neɣ deg iberdan, iwakken ad sɛun ccan ɣer yemdanen. A wen iniɣ tideț : d ayagi kan i d lfayda-nsen.
3
Ma d kečč m'ara tseddqeḍ, ilaq afus-ik ayeffus ur ițwali ara wayen ixeddem ufus-ik azelmaḍ;
4
iwakken ssadaqa-inek aț-țeqqim di sser, akka ara tețwaqebleḍ ɣer Baba Ṛebbi yețwalin ayen txeddmeḍ di sser.
5
M'ara tețẓallam, ur xeddmet ara am at sin wudmawen iḥemmlen ad ẓallen s ibeddi di leǧwameɛ neɣ deg iberdan iwakken a ten-walin medden. AA wen-iniɣ tideț : d ayagi kan i d lfayda-nsen.
6
Ma d kečč m'ara tebɣuḍ aț-țẓalleḍ, ṛuḥ ekcem ɣer texxamt-ik, sekkeṛ tawwurt, tedɛuḍ di sser ɣer Baba Ṛebbi, nețța yețwalin ayen yellan di sser, a k-id-iqbel.
7
M'ara tețẓallam, ur sṭuqqutet ara lehduṛ am akken xeddmen at ddunit, ɣilen s lketṛa n imeslayen ara d țwaqeblen.
8
Ur ten-țɛanadet ara, axaṭer Baba Ṛebbi yeẓra d acu teḥwaǧem uqbel a s-t-tessutrem.
9
Atah wamek ilaq aț-țețẓallam : AA Baba-tneɣ yellan deg igenwan, iisem-ik ad ițwaqeddes,
10
lḥekma n tgeldit-ik a d-tass, llebɣi-k ad idṛu di lqaɛa aakken yedṛa deg igenwan.
11
Efk-aɣ-d mkul ass tamɛict-nneɣ.
12
Semmeḥ-aɣ ddnubat-nneɣ aakken i nețsamaḥ i wid i ɣ-iḍelmen.
13
Ssebɛed fell-aɣ ajeṛṛeb, ssellek-aɣ si tḥila n Cciṭan. AAxaṭer ɣuṛ-ek i tella tgeldit, ttazmert d lɛaḍima i dayem. Amin!
14
Ma yella tețsamaḥem i yemdanen ii wen-ixeddmen cceṛ, Baba Ṛebbi yyellan deg igenwan a wen-isameḥ uula i kunwi.
15
Lameɛna ma yella kkunwi ur tețsamaḥem ara i wiyaḍ, aatan Baba Ṛebbi ur a wen-ițsamaḥ aara ula i kunwi ddnubat-nwen.
16
Asmi ara tuẓummem, ur d tesbegginet ara iman-nwen tḥeznem am at sin wudmawen issexsaṛen udmawen-nsen iwakken a ten-țwalin yemdanen belli uẓamen. A wen-iniɣ tideț : d ayagi kan i d lfayda-nsen.
17
Ma d kečč, m'ara tuẓumeḍ, ssired udem-ik, tdehneḍ aqeṛṛuy-ik s rriḥa,
18
iwakken yiwen ur k-iɛeqqel belli tuẓameḍ. Ilaq ayagi ad iqqim gar-ak d Baba Ṛebbi ițwalin ayen yellan di sser, nețța a k-id-iqbel.
19
Ur ssexzanet ara igerrujen di ddunit anda ara ten-yečč ubeɛɛuc d ṣṣdiḍ, anda ara ten-akren wid ifettken leḥyuḍ.
20
Meɛna sxeznet axiṛ igerrujen deg igenwan anda ur llin ibeɛɛac d ṣṣdiḍ isserkuyen, anda ur zmiren ara imakaren ad fetken neɣ ad akren.
21
Axaṭer anda yella ugerruj-ik, dinna ara yili wul-ik.
22
Allen, ț-țiftilin n lǧețța, ma yella seḥḥant wallen-ik, aț-țilliḍ s lekmal-ik di tafat.
23
Lameɛna, ma yella allen-ik ur seḥḥant ara, aț-țiliḍ di ṭṭlam. Ma yella dɣa allen-ik ur seḥḥant ara, tafat yellan deg-k d ṭṭlam, acḥal ihi berrik ṭṭlam i deg telliḍ.
24
Ur izmir yiwen ad iqdec ɣef sin imɛellmen deg yiwet n tikkelt. Ma iḥemmel yiwen, ad ikṛeh wayeḍ; ma yeṭṭef deg yiwen, ad iḥqeṛ wayeḍ. Ur tezmirem ara ihi aț-țɛebdem Ṛebbi akk-d idrimen!
25
Daymi i wen-d-qqaṛeɣ : ur țḥebbiṛet ara i tudert-nwen, ɣef wayen ara teččem d wayen ara teswem akk-d wayen ara telsem. Acu i gesɛan azal, ț-țudert neɣ d lqut ? D lǧețța neɣ d llebsa ? Tudert tugar lqut, lǧețța tugar llebsa!
26
Walit igṭaṭ ( ifṛax) deg igenwan : ur zerrɛen, ur meggren, ur jemmɛen ula d acemma ɣer ikuffan, meɛna Baba-twen yellan deg igenwan, yețțak-asen-d tamɛict-nsen. Eɛni ur teswim ara akteṛ n yefṛax ?
27
Anwa i gzemren s uḥebbeṛ, ad yernu kra n wussan i leɛmeṛ-is ?
28
Iwacu ara tḥebbṛem ɣef llebsa ? Walit amek i gemmun ijeǧǧigen n lexla : ur zeṭṭen, ur țellmen,
29
lameɛna a wen-iniɣ : ula d agellid Sliman s yiman-is di ccan-is ameqqran, ur yelsi am yiwen seg-sen.
30
Ma yella Ṛebbi islusuy akka leḥcic yellan di lexla ass-agi, azekka ad ițwadeggeṛ ɣer tmes, amek ur kkun-islusu ara ula d kunwi ay imdanen ixuṣṣen di liman ?
31
Kkset anezgum i yiman-nwen, ur qqaṛet ara : d acu ara nečč, d acu ara nsew neɣ d acu ara nels ?
32
Axaṭer ayagi d imejhal i gețḥebbiṛen fell-as. Ma d Baba-twen yellan deg igenwan, yeẓra ayen akk teḥwaǧem!
33
Nadit uqbel ɣef tgeldit n Sidi Ṛebbi d wayen yellan d lḥeqq, ayen nniḍen meṛṛa d nețța ara wen-t-id yefken.
34
Ur țḥebbiṛet ara ihi i uzekka, axaṭer azekka s unezgum-is weḥd-es. Yal ass s leɛtab-ines!


text:
Ayen i d-yernan d aneggaru : 21 Meɣres.
Münich 09.12.2010 Massa Angela Merkel, Taselwayt n Unavaḍ Agdudan Afidiral n Lalman. Massa Taselwayt n Unavaḍ Afidiral n Lalman, Aselway n tmurt n Lezzayer Mass abdelaziz Bouteflika akken i d-ssawḍen kra n yeɣmisen izzayriyen yerza-d d inebgi ɣer tmurt n Lalman, ass n 07 d 08 deg Ǧember 2010. Tirza-agi tella-d ilmend n uselqi d umeslay deg temasl icudden ɣer tdamsa gar tmurt n Lalman tafidiralt d Lezzayer. Dacu kan, nra ad kem-nenced ad tessukkeḍ tiṭ ɣef tlufa-a : Ad d-nesmekti belli Mass Eebdeleaziz Butefliqa ur d-ibedd ara i tikelt tis-krad d Aslway n Izzayriyen armi yeefes tamendawt ur s-yessurfen ara ad yeḥkem sennig n snat n (...)
Annoncer et faire de la publicité sur Tamurt
Service Online Tamurt : Rencontres | Emplois | Recherche | Petites-Annonces | Loisirs | Naissances, Mariages, Nécrologie | Abonnement | E-paper
Tamurt associated websites : Tamurt.tv | Kabylei.eu
Copyright 2009 - TAMURT GmbH, Sitz : München, HRB 190566 | USt-IdNr.: DE275782578


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Ay atmaten-iw, ur țnadit ara aț-țuɣalem meṛṛa d wid yesselmaden, axaṭer teẓram belli d nukni s wid yesselmaden, ara yețțuḥasben akteṛ n wiyaḍ, 2 axaṭer nɣelleḍ meṛṛa, yal yiwen deg-nneɣ amek i gɣelleḍ. Win ur nɣelleḍ ara deg umeslay-is d amdan ikemlen, ula d lǧețța-s yezmer ad iḥkem deg-s. 3 Ma yella nerra aleggam deg yimi n uɛewdiw iwakken a ɣ-yaɣ awal, lǧețța-ines meṛṛa txeddem akken nebɣa. 4 Walit daɣen lbabuṛ, ɣas d ameqqran, yețsuḍu deg-s waḍu iǧehden, meɛna s yiwen ujeggu d ameẓyan, lqebṭan-ines issedduy-it ɣer wanda yebɣa. 5 Akken daɣen ula d iles; ɣas mecṭuḥ deg yiman-is, yețzuxxu s lecɣal imeqqranen. Walit times tamecṭuḥt i gzemren aț-țesseṛɣ tiẓgi tameqqrant. 6 Iles daɣen ț-țimes, d bab n lbaṭel, yesɛa amkan di lǧețța-nneɣ yerna yessamas akk taṛwiḥt-nneɣ, yesseṛɣay akk tudert-nneɣ s tmes n ǧahennama i seg d-yuɣ aẓar. 7 Amdan yezmer ad iḥeṛṛeb yal ṣṣenf n lewḥuc : ama d wid iteddun ɣef ṛebɛa iḍaṛṛen, ama d ifṛax, ama d izerman ama d lewḥuc n lebḥeṛ yerna ț-țideț iɣleb-iten meṛṛa. 8 Ma d iles, ulac amdan i gzemren a t-yeɣleb. Yeččuṛ d ssem ineqqen; d lehlak ur nesɛi ddwa. 9 Yis i nḥemmed Sidi Ṛebbi baba tneɣ, yis daɣen i nenneɛɛel imdanen i d-ixleq Sidi Ṛebbi ɣer ccbiha-s. 10 Seg yimi-agi i d-țeffɣent ddeɛwat n lxiṛ d nneɛlat. Ay atmaten-iw, ur ilaq ara ad yili wakka. 11 Eɛni yezmer yiwen n lɛinseṛ a d-yefk aman ḥlawen akk-d wid ṛẓagen ? 12 Ay atmaten-iw, ulac taneqleț ara d-yefken azemmur, neɣ tara ara d-yefken tibexsisin, lɛinseṛ meṛṛiɣen ur yezmir ara a d-yefk aman yelhan. 13 Ma yella yiwen deg-wen yefhem yetɛeqqel, ilaq a t-id-isbeggen s tikli-ines yelhan akk-d lecɣal i gxeddem s tmusni d wannuz. 14 Meɛna ma yella ul-nwen yeččuṛ ț-țismin tirẓaganin yerna tebɣam a d-tekkem sennig wiyaḍ; ur xeddmet ara ccan i yiman-nwen, ur skiddibet ara, ur nekkṛet ara tideț. 15 Lefhama am tagi ur d-tekki ara s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi meɛna d lefhama n ddunit akk-d yemdanen, tekka-d daɣen s ɣuṛ Cciṭan. 16 Axaṭer anda llant tismin d wemḥizwer, yella ussexṛeb d mkul ccɣel n diri yellan. 17 Lefhama n bab igenwan uqbel kullec teṣfa, ț-țamhennit, ț-țuṛẓint, teččuṛ d leḥnana akk-d lecɣal yelhan, ur tesɛi timrurit ur tesɛi sin wudmawen. 18 Imawlan n lehna țeẓẓun s lehna ayen i d-issemɣayen ayen yellan d lḥeqq ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi.


text:
Microsoft Windows
Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwet n tseddaṛt n inagramen n wammud id fres Microsoft iy selkimen imṣudan PC. D win id yarnan deffir MS DOS. Seg segwasen 1990 (agim, tza twines d tzat) , d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, id yemmugren arbaḥ ameqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas imasraken n-iselkimen iwakken ad sveddayen deg furas nsen ala Windows 95 naɣ muyaf asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.
taseddaṛt n Windows degs aṭas ifurkawen:
- Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 (mraw sed) ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s tcinwatt), Ifɣed asegwas n 1985 (mraw tza twines d tamet sem), ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.
- Afurk wissin, umi qqaren afurk Windows NT (Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.O, arnu Windows 2000), ifɣed di 1993. D taneflit id yalsen (iɛawden) seg ulac, ittwaxdem iy selkimen n yemdanen d iqeddacen d iselkimen imyagwan PC. Di tazwara llan seqdacent tmettiwin.
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffɣed, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen marra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
- Afurk wis kraḍ, umi qqaren tikwal afurk Windows 9x, yefɣed asegwas n 1995, idder s-umsaday d ufurk NT. Afurk agi yevda d Windows 95, yarnad fellas Windows 98 d Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas seg imdanen, yarna yusad iwakken ad yeṭṭef amḍiq n ufurk amenzu, yella d-afurk amezwaru s 32 ibitten.
- Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yefɣed asegwas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.
Ifurkawen itikniken n Windows[beddel]
Afurk n 16 ibitten[beddel]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 1.0 : wanber 1985
- Windows 2 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 286 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.10 i 386 : duǧamber 1987
- Windows 2.11 …
- Windows 3.0 : mayu 1990
- Windows 3.1 "Janus" : yebrir 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.1 "Kato" : tuber 1992
- Windows i Workgroups 3.11 "Snowball" : wanber 1993
- Windows i Workgroups 3.2 (lqem acinwat n Windows i Workgroups 3.11) : …
Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcmed kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.
Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM naɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq an eǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen id ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi. si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows. Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg nagramen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.
Afurk 9x[beddel]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows 95 "Cikago" : ɣuct 1995
- Windows 95 OSR2 "Detroit" : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 98 "Memphis" : yunyu 1998
- Windows 98 Taẓrigt tissnat, naɣ daɣen « Windows 98 SE ») : mayu 1999
- Windows Me (naɣ Windows Millennium taẓrigt) : ctember 2000
A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS. Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d-anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.
Lqem agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan nni n tneflit ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yefɣed s yisem n Windows 95, yemmugred tinemhazin timeqṛanin, garasent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), igeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad suffaɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 naɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken att qazem ugur agi.
Afurk Windows NT[beddel]
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
- Windows NT 3.1 : ɣuct 1993
- Windows NT 3.5 "Daytona" : ctember 1994
- Windows NT 3.51 : yunyu 1995
- Windows NT 4.0 : ɣuct 1996
- Windows 2000 (Cairo) : fuṛaṛ 2000
- Windows 2000 SP1 : ɣuct 2000
- Windows 2000 SP2 : mayu 2001
- Windows XP "Whistler, iluled seg ufsay n usenfar Neptune d win n Odyssey" : 25 tubaṛ 2001
- Windows 2000 SP3 : yulyu 2002
- Windows XP SP1 : ctember 2002
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center : 2002
- Windows Server 2003 : mayu 2003
- Windows 2000 SP4 : yulyu 2003
- Windows XP taẓrigt Starter : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP SP2 : ɣuct 2004
- Windows XP taẓrigt axxam n "Windows XP Édition familiale / Windows XP taẓrigt twacult" : yebrir 2005
- Windows XP 64 : avril 2005
- Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center 2005 : ɣuct 2005
- Windows Vista "Longhorn" : nunber 2006 i taṛmisin ; 30 yennayer 2007 i yemdanen maṛṛa.
- Windows Server 2008 : fuṛaṛ 2008
- Windows XP SP3 : yebrir 2008
- Windows Vista SP1 "Windows Fiji" : id yefɣen di meɣṛes 2008
- Windows Vista SP2 : yefɣed yunyu 2009
- Windows 7 "Windows Vienna" : ifɣed ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009
- Windows Server 2008 R2, ifɣad yiwen wass netta d Windows 7 (ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009)
- Windows 7 SP1 : ifɣed fuṛaṛ 2011
- Windows 8 : i 2012
- Windows Home Server 2011 : uṛɛad id yeffaɣ acku ur yewjid ara.


text:
Azul fellawen a wid iqqaren, wid ittaken azal i tagi nneɣ. Ass-a s lferḥ d ameqqran ara wen-d-qeddmeɣ yiwen umyaru. Ahat d amaynu ɣer kra n yemdanen, maca aṭas i t-yessnen. Argaz-agi isem-is Essaid At Maamar. Attan a wen-iniɣ belli tira ines gerrzent d ayen kan, snecraḥant, ttakent-ed asirem deg tmaziɣt (neɣ deg "teqbaylit" akken qqaren kra imedyazen nneɣ). Amagrad agi amenzu ara d-nawi sɣur Essaid, a t-nehdu i tmaziɣin akken llant i lmend n was n tmeṭṭut. Nekkini a t-hduɣ aṭas aṭas i yemma ɛzizen.
Tanemmirt ɣef terzeft nnwen. Ḥsen.
Dda Ɛmer bu tfenṭazit
A tawaYit-iw, a lqecc-iw d wi tbubbeḍ ay ul ageswwwaḥ!!!
Macahu Yef wass-nni amcum, yettaken anzi s ussan-nniḍen kan:
Tekker nna Taferruǧt s asewwi n imensi, aeeqqa n wewren ur izad, ur yenYis. Amzun tettektil-iten ngum a d-kecmen taseksut.
Teftel, terḍem, tesseww, yewweḍ-d lawan n imensi, yekcem-d dda Ɛmer (argaz-is) s axxam.
Yeqqim Yef ukursi, yeẓẓel iḍarren-is akken yessefk, yesnejbad akk iman-is akka d wakka, yuYal yenṭeq Yef mmi-s, yenna-yas: Yya-d a Mexluf a mmi, qabel-iy-id akka s yahin s učči, meqqar ad sɛuɣ la biti!
Mexluf yekker iqubel baba-s Yer ṭṭabla, nna Taferruǧt tessers-asen imensi zdat-sen.
Ččan, swan, rwan, uYalen ttgurrueen si bibṛas, dYa ufan-d Yef wacu d-jebden awal:
Dda Ɛmer: Asmi d-newwi tislit si Xnecla i Bextis-nneY, fkan-aY-d at Meṛwan kra n imerṣumen n weksum a Mexluf a mmi fi ein cciṭan, wellah ar ugaren amehraz-inna deg ufus n yemma-k. Rnan-aY-d yiwen lgazuz d aberkan, neswa almi neṭṭerḍeq, nuYal nettgurrue akka am tura. Twalaḍ a mmi li bbun sivinir, jjami u bli jjami teffɣen aqerru n yiwen "ya ma sseed-k ya faeel lxir" ad yerḥem Rebbi iYsan n at lxir di lğennet!
Mexluf: Am arezg-nwen a ba, terwam-d MANJ TU s iqeffafen!
Lgazuz-nni aberkan ssawalen-as medden Kuka Kula (Coca Cola).
Dda Ɛmer: S bibṛas i t-xeddmen?
Mexluf: Wellah ma ẓriY a ba, maena ur cukkeY ara, d lgazuz d- yennulfan di Marikan, si lazi akin, wissen ma yella dinna bibṛas…
Nna Taferruǧt tekker tejmee ijeqḍuren ideg ččan yergazen, tesfeḍ-d ṭṭabla, tesdukel seksu d-yugaren deg iḍebsiyen-nsen Yer yiwet tqedduḥt, terna-yas kra n useqqi, teqqim Yer tYerYert (lqaɛa), acku nettat d tameṭṭut i tella, ur tessin ara i wučči a la Xnecla. Akken tessaweḍ snat neY kraḍ n tYenjawin n seksu s imi-s, terwa si tmendit imi ur d-yenni ara dda Ɛmer ass-nni izad kra neY yenYes. Tessers taYenjawt-is (tijYelt-is), tekker tebda asired n leḥwal.
Dda Ɛmer iremmeq-itt si teɣmert, iwala tessegra-d kra n ieeqqayen n seksu di tqedduḥt-is, iYil eni tefka axxam-is i uxessar.
Yečča wergaz timess, yesmermeɣ fell-as s leeyaḍ, yenna-yas:
Ssers-iten din ijeqḍuren-nni, ssers-iten din a ddin n yemma-m!
"Yessusef-as Yer tqedduḥt, ttfuh, ttfuh!!!" snat tikkal, yenna-yas daYen: Mebla ddin n baba-m, mebla ddin n baba-m, a lukan a d-teğğeḍ yiwen ueeqqa yugar-d, ar d-iferreğ deg-m win ixaqen. Ayen a lmettwet, ṣṣreY lɛar-im almi d ass-a akken ad tessnegreḍ axxam-iw yerna yal ass qqareY-am lḥal ilmend n leḥwal, kemm tugiḍ ad tesleḍ. D ayen iɣef d am-tteeggineY iɣer tettuɣaleḍ. Yefka-yas sin iqeddimen Yer tlemmast n uzagur, yuYal deg-s nnefs tmeɣdurt, teẓẓel deg tlemmast n tYerYert, teṣreɛ. Dda Ɛmer bu tfenṭazit yezzi, yenneḍ sennig uqerruy-is, yebren cclaYem-is, yenser axlul, yenneḥneḥ, yuYal yekker ad yekcem Yer tɣurfett-is, yessegra-yas-d imeslayen-agi: A yelli-s n yiẓẓan, lammer a d-yini cciṭan igenni teawdeḍ i ugejdur yecban wagi, a kem-refdeɣ d tamuddurt, a kem-id-sserseɣ d lmeyyet. Ihi tura nekk nniY, kemm tesliḍ, ata wansi kkiY!
Yekcem Yer texxamt-is n tguni, yefser iman-is Yef wusu, iger-d nnehta, yessaweḍ yiwen uɛemmur n ccemma, annect tettaddam telwaḥt Yer ddaw n icenfer-is ufella yellan di tama taẓelmaṭ, yettban-d amzun temYi-d teẓrut ddaw tiṭ-is, yuYal-d acemma Yer leeqel-is, imiren yesteqsa iman-is Yef wacuɣer d wacu d-yella ccwal-nni deg wexxam.
amagrad ittkemmil


text:
2
Yers-ed fell-awen Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen asmi i tumnem ? Rran-as : Leɛmeṛ nesli s Ṛṛuḥ-agi iqedsen.
3
Yenna-yasen : Anwa aɣḍas i-s-tețwaɣeḍsem ihi ? Rran-as : S weɣḍas n Yeḥya.
4
Bulus yenna-yasen : Yeḥya yesseɣḍes wid akk iqeblen ad beddlen tikli, yeqqaṛ i wegdud ad amnen s win ara d-yasen deffir-es, yeɛni s Sidna Ɛisa.
5
Mi slan i yimeslayen-agi, țwaɣeḍsen s yisem n Sidna Ɛisa.
6
Akken yessers Bulus ifassen-is fell-asen, ikcem-iten Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, bdan heddṛen s tutlayin ur nețwassen ara, yerna țcaren-d ayen i sen-d-yusan s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi.
7
Imdanen-agi ad ilin di tnac yid-sen.
8
Dɣa Bulus ikcem ɣer lǧameɛ n wat Isṛail. Azal n tlata wagguren ițmeslay yid-sen, ițqenniɛ-iten iwakken ad amnen s wayen yeɛnan tagelda n Sidi Ṛebbi.
9
Lameɛna kra deg-sen yeqquṛ wul-nsen ugin ad amnen, rnan kkaten deg webrid n Sidna Ɛisa zdat lɣaci. Mi gwala annect-agi, Bulus iṭṭaxeṛ-asen, yewwi yid-es inelmaden, isselmad-iten kull ass deg wexxam n yiwen wergaz isem-is Tiranus.
10
Yeqqim dinna sin iseggasen armi imezdaɣ meṛṛa n tmurt n Asya, ama d at Isṛail ama d iyunaniyen, slan i wawal n Sidi Ṛebbi.
11
Sidi Ṛebbi ixeddem lbeṛhanat imeqqranen s ifassen n Bulus;
12
lɣaci wwḍen armi srusun ɣef yimuḍan ula ț-țimucwaṛin neɣ iceṭṭiḍen yennulen Bulus, dɣa imuḍan ḥellun, wid akk yețțumelken țeffɣen ten leǧnun.
13
Kra iseḥḥaren n wat Isṛail, ileḥḥun seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ, ɛerden ad ssuffɣen leǧnun seg wid yețwamelken, qqaṛen-asen : S yisem n Sidna Ɛisa, win akken i gețbecciṛ Bulus, effɣet seg-es!
14
Widak ixeddmen annect-agi llan di sebɛa yid-sen, d arraw n Ciba yellan d yiwen si lmuqedmin imeqqranen n at Isṛail.
15
Lǧen-nni yerra-yasen-d : Ɛisa ssneɣ-t, ssneɣ daɣen anwa i d Bulus, ma d kunwi d acu-kkun ?
16
Argaz-nni i gezdeɣ lǧen, izḍem fell-asen yekkat-iten armi rewlen seg wexxam d iɛeryanen, yerna jerḥen.
17
At Isṛail akk-d iyunaniyen meṛṛa izedɣen tamdint n Ifasus slan s wayagi, ikcem-iten meṛṛa lxuf, ḥemmden isem n Sidna Ɛisa.
18
Aṭas seg wid i gumnen, usan-d ad qiṛṛen zdat wiyaḍ, ḥkan-d ayen xedmen.
19
Aṭas seg wid yellan xeddmen ssḥur, wwin-d tiktabin-nsen s wayes xeddmen ssḥur, sseṛɣen-tent zdat medden. Ufan belli azal n xemsin alef n twiztin i d ssuma-nsent.
20
S wakka i gewweḍ wawal n Sidi Ṛebbi ɣer mkul amkan, ițnerni s tezmert n Sidi Ṛebbi.


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Seg uxemmem i tețxemmimem ɣef yiman-nwen kan i d-itekk umennuɣ akk-d imenɣi gar-awen. 2 Tețmennim aṭas leḥwayeǧ lameɛna ur tezmirem ara tent-tesɛum; tneqqem, tețțasmem ur d-tețțawim ayen tebɣam; tețnaɣem yerna tețțemyenɣam, ur kkun-id-ițțaweḍ ara wayen tebɣam axaṭer ur tessuturem ara ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi. 3 M'ara tessutrem kra ur a wen-d- țunefk ara, axaṭer ur tessutrem ara akken ilaq, tessutrem kan wayen yellan d nnfeɛ-nwen. 4 Ay at leɛṛuṛ! Ur teẓrim ara belli win iḥemmlen ddunit yekṛeh Sidi Ṛebbi ? Ihi, win iḥemmlen ddunit-agi d aɛdaw n Sidi Ṛebbi. 5 Tɣilem ayen akken yuran di tira iqedsen ur yesɛi ara lqima : belli Sidi Ṛebbi iḥemmel Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i d-iceggeɛ ad izdeɣ deg-wen armi yețțasem seg win ara iṭṭfen amkan-is ? 6 Lameɛna Sidi Ṛebbi yețțak-ed ṛṛeḥma tameqqrant, akken yura di tira iqedsen : S idi Ṛebbi ur iqebbel ara wid yessemɣaṛen iman-nsen meɛna yețțak-ed ṛṛeḥma-s i wid yessanazen iman-nsen. 7 Ihi ḍuɛet Sidi Ṛebbi, ur țaǧǧat ara Cciṭan a kkun-yeɣleb dɣa ad yerwel fell-awen. 8 Qeṛṛbet ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța a d-iqeṛṛeb ɣuṛ-wen. Ssizdeget ifassen-nwen ay imednuben, ṣṣfut ulawen-nwen, ay at sin udmawen. 9 Walit lɣelṭat-nwen, meǧdet, ilaq taḍsa-nwen aț-țuɣal d imeṭṭi, lfeṛḥ nwen ad yuɣal d leḥzen. 10 Anzet i Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța a kkun yerfed. 11 Ay atmaten, ur kkatet ara wa deg wa, win ara yewten di gma-s neɣ iḥuseb-it, yewwet-ed di ccariɛa yerna iḥuseb-iț. Ihi ma yella tewtem di ccariɛa, ur tellim ara seg wid ixeddmen wayen i d-tenna, meɛna seg wid yekkaten deg-s. 12 Kečč yețḥasaben gma-k d acu i tḥesbeḍ iman-ik ? D Sidi Ṛebbi kan i gețḥasaben i d-yefkan ccariɛa, d nețța kan i gețselliken i gețțaǧan i lmut. 13 Slet-ed tura kunwi i geqqaṛen : ass-a neɣ azekka a nṛuḥ ɣer temdint ihina, a neqqim aseggas, a netjaṛ iwakken a d-nerbeh idrimen! 14 Kunwi ur neẓri ara d acu ara wen-yedṛun azekka! Kunwi yecban tagut i d-ițalin tɣelli! 15 Meɛna ilaq aț-țeqqaṛem : ma yebɣa Sidi Ṛebbi, a nɛic am akka, ma yebɣa daɣen, a nexdem aya neɣ aya. 16 Meɛna kunwi tesɛam ixemmimen n zzux deg ulawen-nwen. Kra yellan d zzux am wagi diri-t. 17 Ma yella win yessnen ad ixdem ayen yelhan ur t-yexdim ara, yedneb.


text:
Wikipedia:Tafat ɣef/Mulud Mɛemmri
Mulud Mɛemmri, naɣ Mulud At Mɛammer s tifinaɣ ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵕ, d amyaru, d amdan yefkan azal ameqqran i yedles d tutlayt Tamaziɣt, d netta i d amezwaru i yeslemden Tamaziɣt di tesdawit n Dzayer.
Dda Lmulud ilul ass 28 dujember 1917 di Tewrirt Mimun deg Ayt Yanni di Tizi Uzzu. Yemmut ass 25 n furar 1989 di ɛin n Defla deg webrid n tuɣalin-is si Merruk..
Mulud At Mɛammer yelmed, imi yella d amecṭuḥ, deg uɣerbaz n taddart-is. Deg 1928 yemsafr-ed ɣer Lmrruk ɣef taxxamt n unat-is g Rbaṭ. Rebɛa iseggasen mbeɛd yuɣal-ed ɣer Lezzayer ad ikemmel almad ines deg uɣerbaz iwumi qqaren “Bugeaud” di temdint n Lezzayer; kra n iseggasen mbeɛd, imi ikeml-ed almad-is, yeǧǧa-d aneggaru agi ɣef yewin aɣerbaz nniden iwumi qqaren “Louis-le-Grand” di temdint n Paris iwakken ad yuɣal d aselmad.


text:
Hot
Jnixkqd Nekkidtgp.net H Z Z Www.jizzbocon Pl 1 Nekkid Tgp 阿龙·克卢格 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
Jnixkqd Nekkidtgp.net H Z Z Www.jizzbocon Pl 1 Nekkid Tgp
Nekkidtgp.net w Jnixkqd . Www.jizzbocon i Www.jizzbocon zo Nekkidtgp.net o s Www.jizzbocon sa Www.jizzbocon cc Www.jizzbocon Wwsearch. Www.jizzbocon isearchz Www.jizzbocon o Www.jizzbocon o Jnixkqd Jnixkqd sesearchr Nekkidtgp.net ni Jnixkqd k Www.jizzbocon d Www.jizzbocon jsearchzb Jnixkqd c Www.jizzbocon n Www.jizzbocon er Jnixkqd h Nekkidtgp.net sarhcsearchWwsearchj Nekkidtgp.net z Jnixkqd b Nekkidtgp.net co Www.jizzbocon search
澳門繁體
马新简体
台灣正體


text:
Yamen
Yamen naɣ Tagduda n Yamen (Taɛrabt : Al-Jumhuriyah al-Yamaniyah, ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﯾّﺔ اليمنية), d tamurt taɛrabt i d-yezgan af yixf deg wenẓul-ataram n Taɛraba (Arabie), tamanaɣt-is d Ṣenɛa. Ɣur-es tiftisin akwd Ugaraw Ahendi d Yilel Azeggaɣ. Yamen yebḍa tilisa-nes d Tesaɛudit Taɛrabt deg ugafa d Ɛuman g wegmuḍ, tesɛa tajumma taɣrudt n 527 970 km².
Zikenni, Yamen yettwassen ddaw isem n Taɛraba Tumart (Arabie Heureuse), Yamen n wass-a yillul-d deg useggwas n 1990 sakkin tadukli n Tegduda Tagdudant d Taɣerfant n Yamen (Yamen n Wenẓul) d Tegduda Taɛrabt n Yamen (Yamen n Ugafa).