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Isṭuni
(Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.
Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.
Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.
[beddel] Tasertit n tutlayin di Isṭunya : d leqdic iteddun ɣer sdat
[beddel] Aqeddem
Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.
[beddel] Tagnit
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.].
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit.
[beddel] Tasertit n tutlayin
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun (communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit.
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq.
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya.
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit.
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
- Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaɣen n Isṭunya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tisṭunit.
- Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tisṭunit -tutlayt taɣelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.
[beddel] Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur n Mart Rannut, Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERḤATEN.


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A tarwa n umaziɣ A yiderfan n umezruy,d imɣnasen n umha d wass-a , tuf tamttant tudert tar zzaɣt d wazal d wuddur Timriwin n iseggwasen aya ttwassitment timnad’in timazaɣwalin ayayd isselka udabu akennad izri n imussa d umha n tarwa isal ar isdiddiy imal n tsuta ? Idus awunak aserdasi teggady tarummɣa, izdiy uned’lib acram n izerfan nneɣ d talla nneɣ afella n wakal amaziɣ… Ar mantur Agraw amad’lan amaziɣ da yawen iqqar a yimaziɣen anda tellam ad tgim afus g ufus tesmunem awal tentum tawada xef ubrid n (...)
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text: Kabyle(i) 1 Akka i gebda lexbaṛ n lxiṛ yeɛnan Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, Mmi-s n Ṛebbi. 2 Am akken yura di tektabt n nnbi Iceɛya : Ad zzewreɣ zdat-ek amceggeɛ-iw, a k-ifres abrid. 3 ?-țaɣect n win yețɛeggiḍen deg unezṛuf : heggit abrid i Sidi Ṛebbi, ssemsawit iberdan-is! 4 Iban-ed Yeḥya aɣeṭṭas deg unezṛuf, yesseɣḍas lɣaci deg waman, yeqqaṛ-asen : Beddlet tikli, aset-ed aț-țețwaɣeḍsem iwakken a wen-yeɛfu Sidi Ṛebbi. 5 Imezdaɣ meṛṛa n tmurt n Yahuda d wid n temdint n Lquds țṛuḥun-d ɣuṛ-es, țqiṛṛin s ddnubat-nsen zdat lɣaci dɣa Yeḥya yeṣṣeɣḍas-iten deg wasif n Urdun. 6 Yelsa llebsa yețwaxedmen s ccɛeṛ n welɣem, yebges tabagust n weglim ɣef wammas-is. Lqut-is d ajṛad akk-d țament n lexla. 7 Yețbecciṛ yeqqaṛ : Win ara d-yasen deffir-i yugar iyi, yesɛa tazmert akteṛ-iw; ur uklaleɣ ara ad knuɣ a s-fsiɣ ula d lexyuḍ n warkasen-is. 8 Nekk sseɣḍaseɣ-kkun deg waman, lameɛna nețța a kkun-isseɣḍes s Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen. 9 Deg wussan-nni, Sidna Ɛisa yusa-d si taddart n Naṣaret ɣer tmurt n Jlili. Yesseɣḍes-it Yeḥya deg wasif n Urdun. 10 Akken i d-iffeɣ seg waman, iwala igenwan ldin, Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen iṣubb-ed fell-as s ṣṣifa n tetbirt. 11 Yiwet n taɣect tekka-d seg igenwan tenna-d : Kečč d Mmi eɛzizen; deg-k i gella lfeṛḥ-iw! 12 Imiren kan, Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen yewwi-t ɣer uneẓruf, 13 anda i t-ijeṛṛeb Cciṭan ṛebɛin wussan. Yețɛic ger lewḥuc n lɣaba, lmalayekkat qeddcent fell-as. 14 Mi gețwaḥbes Yeḥya, Sidna Ɛisa iṛuḥ ɣer tmurt n Jlili; yețbecciṛ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Sidi Ṛebbi, yeqqaṛ : 15 Tageldit n Ṛebbi tqeṛṛeb-ed! Yewweḍ-ed lweqt-is! Uɣalet-ed ɣer webrid tamnem s lexbaṛ n lxiṛ! 16 Mi gella ileḥḥu rrif n lebḥeṛ n tmurt n Jlili, iwala Semɛun akk-d gma-s Andriyus ṭeggiṛen acebbak ɣer lebḥeṛ, axaṭer d iṣeggaḍen i llan. 17 Sidna Ɛisa yenna-yasen : Ddut-ed yid-i, a kkun-rreɣ d iṣeggaḍen n yemdanen. 18 Imiren kan, ǧǧan icebbaken nsen, ddan yid-es. 19 Ikemmel abrid-is, iwala Yeɛqub akk-d gma-s Yuḥenna yellan d arraw n Zabadi, qqimen di teflukt-nsen țxiḍin icebbaken. 20 Yessawel-asen, imiren kan ǧǧan baba-tsen akk-d ixeddamen-is di teflukt, ddan d Sidna Ɛisa. 21 Sidna Ɛisa d inelmaden-is wwḍen ɣer temdint n Kafernaḥum. Deg wass n ssebt yellan d ass n westeɛfu, Sidna Ɛisa yekcem ɣer lǧameɛ yebda yesselmad. 22 Lɣaci i s-ițḥessisen wehmen deg uselmed ines axaṭer imeslayen-is sɛan tissas ( lhiba), mačči am uselmed n lɛulama n ccariɛa. 23 Yella di lǧameɛ-nni yiwen n wergaz i gezdeɣ uṛuḥani, yebda yețɛeggiḍ yeqqaṛ : 24 D acu tebɣiḍ ɣuṛ-nneɣ a Ɛisa anaṣari ? Tusiḍ-ed a ɣ-tesnegreḍ ? ?riɣ d acu-k, kečč d Imqeddes n Ṛebbi! 25 Sidna Ɛisa iɛeggeḍ fell-as yenna : Ssusem! Effeɣ seg wergaz-agi! 26 Aṛuḥani ihucc argaz-nni s lǧehd, yeffeɣ seg-s s leɛyaḍ. 27 Lɣaci meṛṛa xelɛen, wa yeqqaṛ i wa : D acu-t wayagi ? D acu-t uselmed-agi ajdid yesɛan lhiba ? Argaz-agi yeḥkem ula ɣef yiṛuḥaniyen yerna țțaɣen-as awal! 28 Seg imiren, Sidna Ɛisa yețwassen di tmurt n Jlili meṛṛa. 29 Mi d-ffɣen si lǧameɛ, ṛuḥen ɣer wexxam n Semɛun d Andriyus, yedda Yeɛqub d Yuḥenna. 30 Taḍeggalt n Semɛun tuḍen, tuɣ-iț tawla; hedṛen-as fell-as i Sidna Ɛisa. 31 Iqeṛṛeb ɣuṛ-es, yeṭṭef-as afus, yeskker-iț-id. Imiren kan teffeɣ-iț tawla-nni, tekker tqeddec-asen. 32 Tameddit mi geɣli yiṭij, wwin-as-d aṭas n imuḍan akk-d wid zedɣen iṛuḥaniyen. 33 Lɣaci n temdint meṛṛa nnejmaɛen-d zdat tewwurt. 34 Sidna Ɛisa yesseḥla aṭas n imuḍan i ghelken yal aṭan; yessufeɣ aṭas n iṛuḥaniyen yerna ur ten-yețțaǧa ara a d-mmeslayen, axaṭer nutni ẓran d acu-t. 35 ?ṣbeḥ zik uqbel ad yali wass, Sidna Ɛisa yeffeɣ ɣer lexla iwakken ad yedɛu ɣer Sidi Ṛebbi. 36 Semɛun d imdukkal-is ffɣen ad nadin fell-as; 37 mi t-ufan, nnan-as : A Sidi, medden akk țnadin fell-ak. 38 Sidna Ɛisa yerra-yasen : Eyyaw a nṛuḥet ɣer tudrin iqeṛben axaṭer ilaq ad beccṛeɣ daɣen dinna. ?ef wannect-agi i d-usiɣ. 39 Dɣa iṛuḥ ɣer tmurt n Jlili, yețbecciṛ di leǧwameɛ, yessufuɣ leǧnun. 40 Yiwen wergaz ihelken lbeṛs yusa-d ɣer Sidna Ɛisa, yeɣli ɣef tgecrar, iḥellel-it yenna-yas : A Sidi, ma tebɣiḍ, tzemreḍ a yi-tesseḥluḍ. 41 Sidna Ɛisa iɣaḍ-it wergaz-nni, dɣa yeẓẓel afus-is innul-it, yenna yas : Bɣiɣ, ili-k teḥliḍ! 42 Imiren kan, yeḥla si lbeṛs-nni, yuɣal yeṣfa. 43 Sidna Ɛisa iserreḥ-as ad iṛuḥ, iweṣṣa-t s lḥeṛs yenna-yas : 44 Sel-iyi-d mliḥ! Ur țɛawad i yiwen ayen yedṛan, lameɛna ṛuḥ a k-iẓer lmuqeddem, tawiḍ asfel ɣef ṣeffu-inek akken i t-id-iweṣṣa Musa. 45 Meɛna akken kan iṛuḥ, argaz-nni yebda yețberriḥ di mkul amkan, ayen yedṛan yid-es. Daymi Sidna Ɛisa ur yezmir ara a d-isbeggen iman-is di temdint, meɛna yețɣimi di beṛṛa deg imukan iḍeṛfen. Lɣaci țțasen-d ɣuṛ-es si mkul tama.


text:
Kurya
Tezgad tmurt n Kurya g unzul umalu n umenẓaw n Asya, tarakalt-is tecba tigzirt (tapeninsult takuryit) llant sin tikuryatin, Kurya n unẓul tamannaɣt-is Seyul, d Kurya n ugafa tamannaɣt-is Pyungyang, s deffir imenɣi asemmaḍ tebda leqdic i wakken adaḥyu s gar ayen idyugran i wanact-a qqaren-as, "Kurya ta Dinamikit"
[beddel] Tutlayt
Tutlayt n tmurt n Kurya takuryit ttmeslayen syis azal 70 imelyan n ikuryen, neɣ ugar, i zedɣen g tapeninsult takuryit akk° d igzirin i d-yezgan zdat-is, d azal 5 imelyan g yal ddunit, llant tintalyin nniḍen maca marra i kuryen tmisfhamen gar-asen axaṭar temkacbin gar-asen. takuryit, tejjad bac tinekkit-nsen atyli tiferdist
[beddel] Agemmay
Agemmay n tutlayt takuryit isem-is Hangul neɣ Hangeul isulf-it-id g 1446 agellid jong ameqqran


text:
Aselway arusi Dmitri Medvedev yeḥdeṛ deg temlilit n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) ay d-yellan deg Lisbon. Ɣas ma yella kra ttxemmimen Rusya tekna ddaw tecḍaḍt n Temsisit, aselway arusi yella yebɣa, s weḥdaṛ-nnes, ad d-yessken dduṛ ameqran am mazal tesɛa-t Rusya deg wenrar n laman.
Ayen ay d-yellan seg tqacuct n Temsisit Taṭlasit yella iban seg tazwara, am wayen ara d-yilin seg temlilit n Ukabar Asduklan (communiste) n Tdukli Tasuvyatit n zik. Det temlilit-nni, msefhamen lejnas yettekkan deg-s akken ad qqlen ad sseqdacen awal “talwit” deg wemkan n “amgaru [ṭṭrad]”. Seg tama niḍen, timura n Temsisit Taṭlasit qeblent, s tidderɣelt ṛṛay-nni n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan akken ad bnun anagraw n tmeẓdiyin (système de missiles) ara iḥudden Tuṛuft, ad jjen Imarikaniyen ad jemɛen tileffuɣin-nsen taɣsiyin (bombes nucléaires) deg tmura tuṛufiyin, yerna ad teqqel Temsisit Taṭlasit d tamsaltut (tabulist) n umaḍal. Yuɣ lḥal, yiwen ur yewhim deg wanect-a. Seg tama niḍen, wid ay yettekkan deg temlilit-a ur d-bdiren ula d yiwen n wawal ɣef Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (Nations Unies) neɣ ɣef lecɣal n weḥraz n talwit. Deg wayen yerzan timsal yeqqnen ɣer Rusya, Tamsisit Taṭlasit tebder-d mazal ad tkemmel leqdic akked “yecriken”-nnes yellan deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit taqburt am Ukṛanya ed Juṛya. Seg tama niḍen, Indunisya, Malizya, Ustṛalya, Ziland Tamaynut ed Japun tefka-asent Temsisit Taṭlasit amkan “s wazal-nnes”. Deg 1999, Tamsisit Taṭlasit teḍfer yiwet n tikli aydeg teqdec akken ad tḥudd kan Tuṛuft, maca deg tqacuct n useggas-a, Tamsisit teḍfer tikli tamaynut aydeg tettnadi ad d-terr ddaw tacḍaḍt-nnes ula d timura yellan beṛṛa i Tuṛuft, d tikli aydeg d Iwunak Yeddukklen ara iḥekmen ayen umi isemma Zbigniew Brzezinski “timura timugal [vassales]”.
Llant-d kra n tɣawsiwin timecṭuḥin ayɣef ur msefhamen. Aneɣlaf n temḥaddit amaynut n Fṛansa, Alain Juppé, yenna-d taluft n Afɣanistan teqqel d “tifxet” i Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) yerna iger-d tiɣri akken iɣallen n Temsisit ad bdun ad ssewjaden iman-nsen akken ad ffɣen seg tmurt-a. Ma d imḍebber n yiɣallen imsellḥen ibriṭaniyen, Sir David Richards, yenna-d: “Tamsisit Taṭlasit yessefk ad teg leḥsabat seg yimir-a ɣef dduṛ ara turar deg 30 neɣ 40 n yiseggasen ay d-itteddun”. Daɣen, mazal Uṛufiyen ur msefhamen ɣef ma yella imrigen aɣsiyen (armes nucléaires) imarikaniyen ad qqimen deg Tuṛuft neɣ ala. Fṛansa tettzuxxu tesɛa imrigen aɣsiyen, maca Lalman (ay yettwaḥeṛmen seg-sen deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ) tebɣa ad qqimen wid n Marikan deg wakal-nnes.
Ɣef temsalt-a, timura msefhament akken ur ttemsefhament, maca, ɣas ur msefhament, imḍebbren mazal ttezmumugen akken ad ten-id-ṣewwren amzun msefhamen. Beṛṛa i temlilit-nni tameqrant gar akk wid yettekkan, aselway arusi Dmitri Medvedev yenna-as i Obama: Rusya texjed ad temɛawed n Temsisit Taṭlasit deg temsalt-a n lebni n unagraw n tmeẓdiyin (système de missiles) i lmend n uḥuddu, d acu kan, yessefk “Rusya ad tili d tacrikt n tidet akked Temsisit Taṭlasit” deg wenrar-a. Ma d aselway afɣani, Hamid Karzai, yenna-as i Obama (ay yeqqimen d asemmaḍ sdat-s) yessefk ɣef yiɣallen n Temsisit ad sneqsen tiytiwin-nsen ay yettḥazen iɣarimen (civils).
Iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan skecmen Tamsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) deg uɣawas-nsen (plan) n tɛessast n umaḍal, yerna s waya, nezmer ad d-nini ass-a d Iwunak Yeddukklen ay iḥekmen amaḍal. Tamsisit Taṭlasit tesnulfa-d Ṛṛay n Sṭembul, sakkin, tebda tqeddec akken ad tselleḥ timura ay yettekkan deg Lemcawṛat n Wegrakal ed tmura n Useqqamu n Wemɛawen n Ubagu (Golfe) i wakken ad ɛassen akk Agmuḍ (Ccerq) Alemmas (war ma nettu Isṛayil). Ula deg Tefriqt, ala Iritirya, Libya, Sudan ed Zimbabwe ay werɛad sɛint assaɣen akked USAFRICOM (Anzaḍ [commandement] amarikani ameqran i tɛessast n Tefriqt). D acu kan, ɣas ma yella Tamsisit Taṭlasit tettnadi ad tili d “tamsaltut [tabulist]” n umaḍal, ar ass-a werɛad ur tessaweḍ ad tefru snat seg tlufa aydeg tger iman-nnes (yerna xḍant akal-nnes): Kosovo ed Afɣanistan, am wakken Imarikaniyen ur ssawḍen ad frun taluft n Lɛiraq, yerna azekka ur yettweɛjab deg temsal-a akk. Simal tettimɣur Temsisit Taṭlasit, simal iserdasen imarikaniyen beɛɛden ɣef tmurt-nsen akken ad mmɣen ɣef tmura niḍen, simal iweɛɛeṛ leqdic n Temsisit yerna ttaɣlayen lecɣal-nnes imsellḥen. D acu ay d iles ay sseqdacen yiserdasen Imaliziyen yellan deg Afɣanistan akken ad ssiwlen ed Walbaniyen ? Imi nitni akk d Inselmen, ttẓallan s taɛṛabt, maca ur ssinen taɛṛabt akken ad msiwlen gar-asen. Yerna, zemren dɣa yemḍebbren n Temsisit Taṭlasit ad ten-amnen akken ad nɣen aytmaten-nsen Inselmen n Afɣanistan ?
Ma d imḍebbren iserdasiyen irusiyen ur neẓri d acu ay ttxemmimen deg usekkud (doctrine) amaynut ay d-tuwey Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) akken ad teḥkem amaḍal. Medvedev ed yemḍebbren Irusiyen yeddan yid-s uwyen-d tikli aydeg bɣan ad sqerben Rusya ɣer Temsisit Taṭlasit, yerna tikli-a temgerrad seg yiẓuran ɣef tin n uselway arusi aqbur, Putin. Ɣas ma yella Medvedev yebɣa ad ihedden wid ay yugaden ad teknu Rusya ddaw tecḍaḍt n Temsisit, maca werɛad nefhim d acu ay yedda ad t-yeg s tidet deg temlilit-a. Yessumer (proposer) ɣef Yimarikaniyen akken ad yettekki deg lebni n unagraw-nni n tmeẓdiyin (système de défense) n uḥuddu, maca Imarikaniyen ur yelli deg lbal-nsen ad d-skecmen Irusiyen d icriken deg wenrar-a. Medvedev yenna-d i wid yemlalen: Rusya, ma tekcem deg usenfar-a (projet), “ur tettili d aqejmur kan ara yeqqimen deg yidis”, wanag yessefk ad turar deg-s dduṛ d ameqran. Yiwen n udiplumati arusi aɛlayan, yenna i weɣmis n Kommersant: “D tidet, ad nḥudd timura ay d-yezgan deg utaram [lɣerb] n Rusya. Maca, Tamsisit Taṭlasit, seg yidis-nnes, yessefk ad aɣ-tṛeggem ad aɣ-tḥudd – a win yufan, s kra n tmeẓdit [missile] ara d-yettwaḍeggren ɣef tmurt-nneɣ seg Tuṛuft, iɣallen Imarikaniyen ed wid n Temsisit ad tt-id-sseɣlin qbel ad d-taweḍ ɣer-neɣ”.
Seg uzelmaḍ ɣer uyeffus: Ajiniṛal Anders Fogh, aselway arusi Dmitri Medvedev ed Uneɣlaf Amenzu n Portugal, Socrates
Rusya tettban-d d tuḍɛift deg temlilit-a, d acu kan, mazal-itt d taluft ay iceɣben timura yettekkan deg Temsisit Taṭlasit. Ɣas akken, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna uneɣlaf arusi n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, Sergei Lavrov, yella ussirem akken ad d-yili wemɛawen umɛin gar Rusya ed Temsisit Taṭlasit deg Uɣawas n Tigawt (Plan d’Action) n Useqqamu ay d-yellan gar sin-a n yidisan. Tanawt (flotte) n yiɣerruba iserdasiyen irusiyen deg Yilel Aberkan tettekkay akked yiɣerruba n Temsisit Taṭlasit deg Temhelt (opération) n Active Endeavour i uḥaṛeb n rrebrab deg Yilel Agrakal. Seg tama niḍen, Irusiyen ttekkayen deg yimenɣi mgal yiqerṣanen deg Ṣumalya. Lavrov yenna-d Rusya ur tessefray ad tettekki s ukukru deg wenrar-a n unagraw n tmeẓdiyin (système de missiles) n temḥaddit, wanag Rusya tetteddu akken ad tfak yiwen n unagraw d ameqran n yiṛadaṛen ara iɛassen tilisa-nnes tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) “i wakken ur zemmren yirebraben ad xeḍfen isafagen [ṛṛublanat]” am wakken iṛadaṛen-a zemren ad uraren dduṛ deg uɛawen n tmura “yenḍerren seg yiḥemmalen, seg tmes neɣ seg yixeṣṣaren ay d-iga wemdan”.
Maca Lavrov yesteɛṛef “llant tlufa tigraɣlanin ayɣef Rusya ed Temsisit Taṭlasit ur msefhament deg kullec”, yerna Irusiyen ur msefhamen ed Temsisit Taṭlasit ɣef yiwet n tenqiḍt deg temsalt-a n unagraw n tmeẓdiyin (systèmes de missiles) n temḥaddit, imi ay d-nnan: “Ula d yiwen yidis ur yessefk ad yesseqdec anagraw-a deg wayen ara iḍurren idis niḍen”. Lavrov yessuter daɣen seg Temsisit Taṭlasit ad tessenqes amḍan (nombre) n yiserdasen-nnes deg Tuṛuft yerna “yessefk ad d-yettili dima wemciweṛ ɣef temsalt-a”. Ɣef leḥsab n Lavrov, Tamsisit Taṭlasit yessefk ad teddu s lqanun n Werkawal (Charte) n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (Nations Unies), ladɣa deg wayen yerzan asseqdec n yiɣil deg temsalt tigraɣlanin, am wakken ay yessefk ad teddu Temsisit s uqader n lqanun agraɣlan”. S waya, Lavrov yettwali tikli ay d-tuwey Temsisit Taṭlasit deg tallit-a d tin ay iḍurren Rusya, yerna Tamsisit akked Yiwunak Yeddukklen sserwaten war ma qudren lqanun agraɣlan.
Qbel tqacuct-a n Lisbon, aselway arusi Medvedev yemlal yagi ed uselway afṛensis Nicolas Sarkozy akked tkensalt (chancellière) talmanit Angela Merkel deg 18 ed 19 Tubeṛ n 2010 deg temdint n Deauville, yerna ula deg temlilit-nni, Medvedev iger-d tiɣri i Tdukli Tuṛufit akken “ad tebnu acrak amaynut” akked Rusya. S waya, Medvedev yessumer-d (proposer) ad d-yebnu ssuq ucrik gar Rusya ed Tuṛuft, yerna ad qedcen akken ula d tamḥaddit-nsen ad tili d tucrikt. Imḍebbren n tmura-a ssawlen ɣef tukksa n lviza gar-asent akked wemɛawen i lmend n laman n Tuṛuft. Deg temlilit-nni, isem n “Iwunak Yeddukklen” ur d-yettwabder ula d yiwet n tikkelt, ɣas ma yella tamsalt-a n laman d tin yerzan “tama Tuṛufit-Taṭlasit [Tadukli Tuṛufit] akked d tama n Uṛasya [Rusya]”. Aya nezmer ad t-nwali d asurif ɣer sdat deg usenfar-nni (projet= n Leɛqed n Laman n Tuṛuft ayɣef ay d-yessawel Medvedev deg 2008.
Ɣas ma yella imḍebbren n Fṛansa ed Lalman qeddcen seg wul-nsen ɣer yidis n Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg taluft n Afɣanistan, nneyya-a n wemɛawen gar Fṛansa ed Lalman (snat seg tmura timeqranin n Tuṛuft) akked Rusya d ayen ay d-yesskanayen lebɣi n tmura-a akken ad qerrbent ugar ɣer Rusya. Yuɣ lḥal, deg wakud aydeg Iwunak Yeddukklen weḥlen deg tlufa aydeg gren iman-nsen, Rusya tebda tetteqqal d tacrikt tameqrant, yiwen ur izemmer ad yerwel fell-as. Yuɣ lḥal, d Rusya d taɣbalut (source) s wazal-nnes n tnegwa timezwura (matières premières) ay teḥwaj Tuṛuft, yerna tesɛa ssuq d ameqran aṭas aydeg Uṛufiyen zemren ad ssenzen sselɛa-nsen – s waya, Rusya tettusemma d tawwurt iledyen i Tuṛuft akken ad taf deg-s nnfeɛ-nnes war ma tennuɣ ed yiwen. D acu kan, Iwunak Yeddukklen tḥettem ticrikin-nnes deg Temsisit Taṭlasit ad ddunt yid-s ed ad d-snulfunt i yiman-nsent iɛdawen seg Wegmuḍ (ccerq) Alemmas arma d Ccinwa. Ɣas ma yella Briṭanya Tameqrant d tamurt yesɛan azal, maca Lalman, Fṛansa ed Rusya ur tt-id-ɛriḍent ɣer temlilit n Deauville. Ɣas ma yella deg wussan-a, Rusya tqerreb ɣer Temsisit Taṭlasit ugar n wanect ay tga deg wayen akka iɛeddan, maca, seg tama niḍen, Rusya tɛerreḍ ad d-tesnulfu tamsisit tamaynut war ma yettekka deg-s Umenkud (empire) Anglizi-Abriṭani.
Deg wussan-a, imḍebbren irusiyen ttnaɣen gar-asen ɣef udabu; tiɣawsiwin ttewliwilent deg wenrar deg Afɣanisyan; war ccek, Leɛqed-nni n START [i lmend n ussenqes n yemrigen aɣsiyen (armes nucléaires) gar Marikan ed Rusya] ur iqebbel Useqqamu n Yemɣaren n Marikan ad yettustenyi; yerna llan wid ay d-yeggaren tiɣri akken Vladimir Putin ad iɛawed ad d-yessers iman-nnes deg tefranin n tselwit deg 2012, yerna lemmer ad yettwafren, yezmer ad d-yerr tikli-nni taqurant ay d-tuwey Rusya akked Temsisit Taṭlasit; aya akk ad yurar dduṛ deg uzekka n wassaɣen gar Yiwunak Yeddukklen, Tuṛuft ed Rusya. Medvedev yeqbel ad yebṭel assenzi n tmeẓdiyin (missiles) n S-300 i Iṛan, yerna aṭas ay yerfan ɣef waya; “aya yeswaɣ cciɛa n Rusya yerna iḍurr laman-nnes, imi aya yessenqes laman deg umaḍal. Ussan-a, Inselmen sɛan lḥeqq ad walin Rusya tbeddel i ubeckiḍ tayet yerna tedda ed yeɛdawen-nsen”, ay d-yenna Ujiniṛal imḍebber aqbur n yiɣallen imsellḥen n Rusya, Leonid Ivashov.
Medvedev ed Temsisit Taṭlasit
Aneɣlaf aṭerki n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, Ahmet Davutoglu, ay yeddan ed tmuɣliwin n Lavrov ed Ivashov, ula d netta yenna-d deg tqacuct-nni, yenna-d, a win yufan, ma yella Tamsisit Taṭlasit tebna aɣer (bouclier) ara iḥudden timura-nnes seg tmeẓdiyin (missiles), yessefk ad ṭhudd iman-nnes seg yimihiten (dangers) n tidet, s wawal niḍen, Davutoglu yeqsed-d “timura n Temsisit Taṭlasit yessefk ad ḥuddent iman-nsent seg Isṛayil, ur seg Iṛan”. Davutoglu iger-d, daɣen, tiɣri i lmend n tukksa n yemrigen aɣsiyen (armes nucléaires) seg wakk timiwa yellan gar Iṛan ed Isṛayil. D acu kan, ayen ay d-yenna Davutoglu yezmer kan ad asen-yeɛjeb i yimeɣnasen-nni yekkaten mgal Temsisit Taṭlasit ed wemgaru (ṭṭrad). Imeɣnasen-nni (ay yeqqimen deg beṛṛa, gan-d yiwen n Wemṛaḥ n Talwit, gan timlilit yerna sbedden-d Agraw Agraɣlan Mgal Wemgaru aydeg d-nnan Tamsisit Taṭlasit am weydi ameklub: ma yella aydi ikelben yessefk ad t-nneɣ s tsegnit, Tamsist Taṭlasit yessefk ad tettwafsex.


text:
* tacerqit
Deg wussan n 19 ed 20 Nwembeṛ, imḍebbren n 28 n tmura seg Temrikt n Ugafa (nord) akked Tuṛuft, akk d timura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) ijehden akked tmura yellan ddaw tecḍaḍt-nsent, mlalent deg tmaneɣt n Portugal i lmend n tqacuct n useggas n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique).
Naqal, taqacuct n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) tettili-d seg-a ɣer da kan, maca tagara-a, teqqel tettili-d yal aseggas. Tin n 2008 tella-d deg Ṛumanya, deg wakud aydeg tin n useggas yezrin tella-d deg Lalman, deg 2009.
Taqacuct n useggas yezrin tella-d deg snat n temdinin, Strasbourg [deg Fṛansa] akked Kehl [deg Lalman]. Deg 2002, taqacuct n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) tella-d deg Tegduda Tatcikit. Tin n 2004 tella-d deg Ṭṭerk. Ma d tin n 2006, deg Liṭṭunya. Ula d yiwet seg tmura-a tineggura ay d-nebder ur teqrib ɣer Ugaraw Aṭlasi. Ula d 12-nni n tmura ay yernan kecment-d d timaynutin ɣer Temsisit Taṭlasit deg 11 n yiseggasen-a ineggura ur qribent ɣer Ugaraw Aṭlasi, maca, akken yebɣu yili, kecment ɣer terbaɛt-a.
Taqacuct n useggas-a d tin aydeg ara msefhament tmura n Temsisit Taṭlasit ɣef tikli taserdasit ara d-awyent deg lqern wis 21. Tikli-a theyya-tt-id tin umi semman “tarbaɛt n yimazzayen [experts]” ddaw ṛṛay n Tneɣlaft tamarikanit taqburt n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, Madeleine Albright, yerna teffeɣ-d deg yiwen n uṛabul umi semman “NATO 2020: Assured Security; Dynamic Engagement” (Tamsisit Taṭlasit deg 2020: Laman yettwaḍemnen; Attekki ijehden deg wenrar”).
Ɣas ma yella Tamsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) tsemma i yiman-nnes “tadukli taserdasit n tmura timegdayin [démocratiques] n Tuṛuft akked Temrikt n Ugafa”, yerna tettini-d akk timura yettekkan deg-s ɛedlent deg yizerfan-nsent deg terbaɛt-a, maca ur cikkeɣ timura timecṭuḥin am Luxembourg akked Island zemrent ad ḥebsent ṛṛay Marikan ma yella tebɣa ad tesɛeddi ṛṛay-nnes. Deg tidet, ala d Iwunak Yeddukklen ay d tamurt ijehden tawḥidt ay yesɛeddayen ṛṛay-nnes deg Temsisit Taṭlasit. Aselway-nnes [Obama] yenna-d s zzux, deg Dujembeṛ n 2009, Iwunak Yeddukklen d nitni ay d tamurt ijehden akk deg umaḍal, yerna timlilit-a n Nwembeṛ ad tili d tin aydeg Imarikaniyen ad d-sseknen aya s lejheṛ.
Akk ayen ara d-ssutren Yimarikaniyen ad yettwaqbel yerna ad asen-d-yettunefk:
Imarikaniyen ssefran ad ssersen timeẓdiyin n “Missile-3” deg Yilel Abalti akked Yilel Aberkan, yerna aya ad yettwaqbel.
Tagertilt n tmura n Temsisit Taṭlasit
Imarikaniyen bdan-d ahil (programme) i lmend n ussersi n tmeẓdiyin-nsen tibalistiyin [missiles balistiques] deg 2005, yerna bdan-d ahil niḍen n wemɛiwen akked Walmaniyen ed Yiṭalyaniyen i lmend n temḥaddit n yigenni n wakk timiwa n Tuṛuft akked kra n tmiwa n Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) Alemmas, d win umi semman “aɣer (bouclier) n uḥuddu seg tmeẓdiyin”, yerna timura yellan ddaw tecḍaḍt-nsen ad qeblent aya.
Imarikaniyen jjan, ma ulac, 200 n tleffuɣin taɣsiyin (bombes atomiques) deg yisaduren (bases) n yisafagen n Biljik, Lalman, Ṭṭalyan, Timura n Wadda akked Ṭṭerk, yerna timura n Temsisit Taṭlasit qeblent aya.
Imarikaniyen bɣan ad d-snulfun anagraw (système) n uḥuddu n yiselkimen (ordinateurs) iserdasiyen n Tuṛuft s lebni n yiwet n “tqubbet” n laman. Wa d ccɣel ayyes ara d-yelhu Wenzaḍ Asnanir (Commandement Cybernétique) n Temḥaddit Tamarikanit, yerna timura yellan ddaw tecḍaḍt n Marikan ad qeblent aya. [1]
Seg wasmi ay yettustenya Wemtawa n Lisbon deg 1 Dujembeṛ 2009, Tamsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) tesseɛjel tikli deg wayen yerzan aɛiwen aserdasi n tmura n Tdukli Tuṛufit akken ad afent iman-nsent deg terbaɛt-a. Yiwen n uneṣṣaḥ aportugali n Jose Manuel Barroso (Aselway n Tseqqamut Tuṛufit) yuweḍ arma ay d d-yenna, seg melmi kan: “abrid igerrzen akk i lmend n ussejhed assaɣen (relations) gar Yiwunak Yeddukklen akked Tdukli Tuṛufit netta d anekcum n wakk timura n Tdukli Tuṛufit ɣer Temsisit Taṭlasit” [2]
Yuɣ lḥal, Tamsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) tetteddu snat n tikliwin, yal yiwet d anemgal (contraire) n tayeḍ. Seg tama, ttinin ccɣel n Temsisit Taṭlasit netta d aḥuddu n wakk timura yettekkan deg-s. Seg tama niḍen, Tamsisit Taṭlasit tettemmeɣɣef tmura yellan beṛṛa i tmura-nni ay yettekkan deg-s deg Tuṛuft akked Ugaraw Aṭlasi, imi ay tettekka deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Afɣanistan. Yuɣ lḥal, amgaru-a d imenɣi amezwaru aydeg ara teɛṛeḍ Temsisit Taṭlasit ad tennaɣ deg tmurt ibeɛden, maca imenɣi-a yettban-d amzun yenjeṛ-d abrid i tikli ara tkemmel Temsisit Taṭlasit i seg-a ɣer sdat.
Taqacuct n Lisbon d tin aydeg ara yettwaqbel yerna ad yettussejhed wayen ayɣef d-llant lemcawṛat gar tmura n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) seg wasmi ay yekka wemgaru-nni (ṭṭrad) n 1999 [deg Kosovo]: timura n Temsisit ad msefhament amek ara qqlent, seg-a d asawen, ad ggarent iman-nsent s yiserdasen-nsent, yerna ad ttaṭṭafent timura ddaw tecḍaḍt n Yimarikaniyen. S waya, teqqel Temsisit Taṭlasit, ass-a, d tarbaɛt ay la yeggaren iman-nnes s ljehd deg tmura ay tt-yexḍan ama deg wenẓul (sud) n Tuṛuft, ama deg wegmuḍ-nnes (ccerq). Yuɣ lḥal, timura n Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant (tacerqit) ttwajemɛent-d qrib akk ddaw tecḍaḍt n Temsisit Taṭlasit, yerna, ass-a, qeblent ad rsent ɣer-sent tmeẓdiyin (missiles) timarikaniyin, am wakken ay qeblent ad kecment ddaw tecḍaḍt n yinagrawen (systèmes) imarikaniyen n uḥuddu n yiselkimen.
Imḍebbren iserdasiyen n Washington akked Temsisit Taṭlasit, deg Bruxelles, ttinin-d nneyya-nsen nettat d aḥuddu n wakk Tuṛuft. Maca seg wacu ara tt-iḥudden ? Seg yeɛdawen ur nelli ? Lḥaṣul neẓra Rusya ur telli d taɛdawt n Tuṛuft, yerna Iṛan, Surya akked Kurya n Ugafa ur zmirent ad ilint d tiɛdawin-nnes. Tamsisit Taṭlasit tebɣa ad tḥudd Tuṛuft i wakken kan ad sɛun Yimarikaniyen ttesriḥ ad aznen iserdasen akked ttawilat-nsen iserdasiyen ɣer tlisa gar Tuṛuft ed Rusya, i wakken ad zerɛen iɣallen-nsen ɣef tlisa-a seg Yilel Abalti arma d Ilel Aberkan, yerna akken ad d-skecmen iserdasen ilemẓiyen n tmura-a akken ad ddun ad nnaɣen deg yemgura (ṭṭradat) yexḍan timura-nsen. D wi ay d ccuruḍ yettwacerḍen ɣef tmura ay yettekkan deg Temsisit Taṭlasit.
Ṛṛadyu n « Voice of Russia » tenna-d deg wass n 27 Tubeṛ [2010]: “Rusya la tḥeṛṛes Tamsisit Taṭlasit [Alliance Atlantique] akken ur tesrusuy aṭas n yiserdasen deg tmura n Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant (tacerqit) ay ikecmen d timaynutin ɣer Temsisit [tid iqerben ɣer Rusya]». Ṛṛadyu-a terna-d deg Dujembeṛ [n 2010], aneɣlaf arusi n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, Sergei Lavrov, yessumer (proposer) ɣef Umaru Amatu n Temsisit Taṭlasit, Ajiniṛal Anders Fogh Rasmussen, akken ad testenyi Rusya akked Temsisit Taṭlasit yiwen n leɛqed aydeg ara msefhament ɣef « wemḍan afellay [nombre maximal] n yiserdasen akked yemrigen [leslaḥat] ara tessers Temsisit Taṭlasit » deg tmura ay d-iqerben Rusya, ay yellan zik deg Werkawal n Waṛsu [Pacte de Varsovie] neɣ deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit.
Mi iga aya, Lavrov yeqqel am uselway-nni n Afɣanistan, Hamid Karzai, ay yettrun i Yimarikaniyen mi ara ḍeggren tileffuɣin (lbumbat) ɣef warraw n tmurt-nnes, neɣ a yemḍebbren ipakistaniyen ay yettneẓman ɣer Yimarikaniyen mi ara asen-wten arraw n tmurt-nsen s yedṛunen (drones) deg tmiwa n tewsatin (régions tribales). Ayen ay yessuter Lavrov seg Temsisit Taṭlasit yessefk ad yili, maca netta s timmad-nnes yeẓra Tamsisit ur tqebbel ad teg aya.
Sergei Lavrov, aneɣlaf arusi n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa
Imarikaniyen kecmen ɣer yisaduren (bases) iserdasiyen n Pulunya, Litwanya, Majaṛ, Bulgaṛya, Ṛumanya akked Kosovo, yerna kecmen ɣer-sent akken ad qqimen din i lebda. Nnig waya, timura-a akk (menɣir Kosovo yellan d tamurt ay d-snulfan Yimarikaniyen, temmut seg wasmi ay d-tlul, yerna ɣas kkan 32 n wayyuren seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa, werɛad tekcim ɣer Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen [ONU]) uznent iserdasen-nsent akken ad nnaɣen ed ad mmten ɣer yidis n yiserdasen imarikaniyen deg Afɣanistan.
Deg Tuṛuft n lqern wis 21, iɣallen imsellḥen ur llin i wakken ad ḥudden akal n tmura-nsen, wanag llan i wakken ad ten-tawey Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) akked Tdukli Tuṛufit, ad nnaɣen imgura (ṭṭradat) deg tmura ay ten-ibeɛden. Isaduren (bases) iserdasiyen n tmura-a ttusseqdacen akken ad jemɛen deg-sent iserdasen akked yisafagen ibeṛṛaniyen (ladɣa wid n Yiwunak Yeddukklen).
Isafagen n yimenɣi imarikaniyen n F-15 Eagle la ttezzin, ussan-a, deg yigenwan n tmura n Yilel Abalti, sdat tlisa n Rusya, yerna ad qqiment deg usadur agnawi [base aérienne] n Siauliai, deg Litwanya, arma d tagara n useggas-a.
Aseggas-a daɣen, Imarikaniyen ssersen tabatrit tamezwarut n tmeẓdiyin (missiles) ay izemren ad d-sseɣlint timeẓdiyin tibalistiyin [missiles balistiques]. Ti d timeẓdiyin n Patriot, yerna tabatrit-nsent teḥwaj azal n 100 n yiserdasen akken ad tt-sseddun. Imarikaniyen ssersen tabatrit-a deg ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n Pulunya, qrib ɣer tlisa gar tmurt-a ed Rusya.
Aseggas yezrin, Washington tebda-d tamhelt (opération) aydeg ara teg tiqenṭert n yigenni (pont aérien) i ussiweḍ n yiserdasen ed ttawil n yimenɣi deg usadur agnawi [base aérienne] n Papa, deg tmurt n Majaṛ. D ta ay d tamhelt n tqenṭert n yigenni tamezwarut deg umaḍal aydeg ara ttekkint aṭas n tmura.
Tarbaɛt Taserdasit n yigen (armée) amarikani ay yettɛassan Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant (tacerqit) tqeddec deg unafag (aéroport) aserdasi n Mihail Kogalniceanu akked Tama n Wesleɣmu (zone d’entraînement) n Babadag Training, am wakken ay tqeddec daɣen deg Tama n Wesleɣmu n Novo Selo deg Bulgaṛya.
Iserdasen imarikaniyen mazal ṭṭfen Agrir (Camp) n Bondsteel yesɛan qrib 1000 n wakriyen (acres) deg Kosovo.
Imarikaniyen, ass-a, ur yelli wacu ay ten-yeṭṭfen akken ad awyen tileffuɣin-nsen taɣsiyin (bombes nucléaires) seg yisaduren-nsen (bases) n Temsisit Taṭlasit yellan deg utaram (lɣerb) n Tuṛuft ɣer yisaduren yellan deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Tuṛuft am usadur n Siauliai deg Litwanya, asadur n Amari deg Isṭunya, asadur n Swidwin deg Pulunya, asadur n Mihail Kogalniceanu deg Ṛumanya akked yisaduren n Graf Ignatievo ed Bezmer deg Bulgaṛya, yerna yezmer lḥal ad ilin gan-tt yagi. Lḥaṣul, ɣas ma yella-d waya, yiwen ur d-yessawal fell-as yerna yezmer ad yeqqim waya d uffir ugar n temsalt-nni n « yimukan iberkanen » ay tesɛa CIA deg Litwanya, Pulunya, Ṛumanya ed yimukan niḍen, ahat, deg tmura timaynutin n Temsisit Taṭlasit.
Iɣallen imarikaniyen deg Bulgaṛya ed Ṛumanya
Ur yelli wass ara yekken war ma nesla isafagen ed yiɣerruba iserdasiyen imarikaniyen rzan ɣef kra n usagen [lmerṣa] n Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant (tacerqit), war ma nesla iɣallen imarikaniyen sleɣmuyen (entraîner) ula s rrṣaṣ n tidet deg tma-a. [3]
Deg wayyur yezrin, Imarikaniyen ttekkan deg ulaɣmu (exercice) n “Tefsirin n Ugafa [Côtes Nord]” deg Yilel Abalti. Rnan daɣen ttekkan deg ulaɣmu n “Jackal Stone 10” deg Litwanya ed Pulunya, anda ay sqedcen aɣerrabu-nsen USS Mount Whitney yellan d aḥric seg Tanawt (Flotte) tamarikanit tis 6 ay yettilin deg Yilel Agrakal.
Deg wayyur-a n Nwembeṛ, Iɣallen Usligen (Forces Spéciales) imarikaniyen ttekkan akked yiɣallen itcikiyen, ilitwaniyen akked yipuluniyen deg yesluɣma (entraînements) deg Hohenfels, deg Lalman. Iluɣma-a d wid ayyes bɣan ad d-heyyin iɣallen-a akken “ad nnaɣen war uguren” deg Afɣanistan.
“Deg ulaɣmu-a [exercice], imḍebbren n Yiɣallen Usligen [Forces Spéciales] imarikaniyen qedcen akked yiɣallen n menwala akken ad ɛiwnen iserdasen deg tegnit aydeg yessefk ad rren tiyita s tɣawla”. [4]
Deg wass n 11 Tubeṛ, Agenses-ajiniṛal (lieutenant-général) apuluni Mieczyslaw Bieniek (ay yeqqlen d Amɛiwen n Umenzaḍ [commandant] Aɛlayan n Temsisit Taṭlasit deg Norfolk, Virginia, Marikan), yerza ɣef Wammas n Wesleɣmu (Centre d’entraînement) n Yiɣallen Yeddukklen n Temsisit Taṭlasit deg Bydgoszcz, deg Pulunya, akken ad yemlil ed yijiniṛalen afɣaniyen akken ad yemciweṛ yid-sen ɣef “tegnit deg Afɣanistan, amɛiwen gar Temsisit Taṭlasit akked Afɣanistan akked wuguren ay ten-yettṛajun akken ad ten-frun”. [5]
Dduṛt sakkin, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) apuluni yerna yesseɣzef tallit n tɣimit n yiserdasen ipuluniyen deg Afɣanistan. Pulunya tesɛa 2600 n yiserdasen deg tmurt-a. “Naqal, ccɣel-nsen yella itteddu ad ifak deg wass n 13 Tubeṛ, maca anabaḍ yessuter seg uselway ad yesseɣzef tallit-a arma d 13 Yebrir 2011”. [6]
Mi akken yella Mieczyslaw Bieniek deg Pulunya, iɣallen ipuluniyen llan deg Marikan, sleɣmuyen (s’entraîner) deg Wammas n Tiḍaf Tiɣelnawin (Garde Nationale) n Marseilles ay d-yezgan azal n 100 n yikilumitren ɣef temdint n Chicago, ɣer tama n yiɣallen n terbaɛt n “Bilateral Imbedded Staff Team A7”, yerna deg wayyur n Yennayer, iɣallen-a ad ttwaferqen deg Afɣanistan. “Iɣallen-a [imarikaniyen ed yipuluniyen] sleɣmuyen deg Wahil n Uwanak [ddula] aydeg iɣallen ipuluniyen ad sleɣmun ama deg tmurt-nsen, ama beṛṛa i tmurt-nsen akken ad sjehden assaɣen [relations] akked yiɣallen n tmura n temsisit (alliance)”. [7]
Isafagen imarikaniyen n yimenɣi n F-15C ay yellan ttafgen deg yigenwan n Yilel Abalti ddan ɣer usadur agenwan (base aérienne) n Campia Turzii, deg Ṛumanya, deg 21 Tubeṛ, akken ad ttekkin deg Temhelt (Opération) n “Golden Lance”, “d alaɣmu (exercice) ameqran aydeg ara ttekkin 150 n yiserdasen imarikaniyen n yigenni, 10 n yisafagen n yimenɣi akked waṭas n ttawil aserdasi n uɛiwen”.
Amenzaḍ (commandant) n Ugaluf (escadron) n yisafagen n yimenɣi wis 493 d netta ay d imḍebber n yiluɣma-a (exercices), yenna-d: “S lfeṛḥ ara ad d-nawey isafagen-nneɣ n F15-C akken ad d-nessken aẓwar-nneɣ deg yigenni, ad nesleɣmu (s’entraîner) akked tmurt tameddakelt n Temsisit Taṭlasit, yerna ad nesdukkel imeẓla-nneɣ (ssrabes) ed lecɣal-nneɣ n uḥuddu n yigenni”.
Yiwen seg yeswan (buts) imeqranen n yiluɣma-a (exercices) netta d assewjed n yisafagen n yimenɣi imarikaniyen akken ad nnaɣen mgal yisafagen n yimenɣi n MiG-21 n Rusya.
Iɣallen n yigenni n Marikan akked wid n Ṛumanya „tecrek-itent, yagi, yiwen n tɣawsa”, imi iɣallen n yigenni n Ṛumanya, deg Campia Turzii, “ttekkan yagi deg ccɣel-nni n tɛessast n yigenni n Yilel Abalti, yerna tarbaɛt-nni tamarikanit tis 493 n yisafagen n yimenɣi ay d-yelhan yagi s ccɣel-nni tedda ad tɛass imukan niḍen deg umaḍal”. [8]
Deg wass n 27 Tubeṛ, tarbaɛt tamarikanit n yisafagen n yimenɣi tis 86 akked d tis 435 fukent asleɣmu-nsent (entraînement) n snat n ledwaṛ deg Bulgaṛya deg ulaɣmu umi semman “Thracian Fall 2010”. Deg ulaɣmu-a, iɣallen imarikaniyen “ssawḍen ad sleɣmun yerna ad sseddun 1000 n yimessersa [parachutistes] ibulgaṛiyen. Iserdasen-a ufgen deg yisafagen imaynuten akk ay tesɛa Tuṛuft, yerna rsen-d ɣef tmurt war uguren”.
Deg wayen yerzan iswi (but) n yiluɣma-a, yiwen n ufesyan (officier) amarikani ay iḥedṛen deg-sen yenna-d: “Nessaram [seg Yibulgaṛiyen] ad ssnen amek ay ntteg lecɣal-nneɣ, yerna ad sqedcen ayen ara d-lemden akken ad sjehden tizemmar-nsen ama deg wayen yerzan lecɣal n yimessersa (parachutistes), ama deg wayen yerzan asseqdec n yisafagen. S waya, nessaram ad ten-nessiweḍɣer weswir aydeg ara zemren nitni s timmad-nsen ad sleɣmun deg wenrar-a war aɛawen, yerna ad zemren ad ttekkin [yid-neɣ] deg tlufa ay d-itteddun”. [9]
Tilufa-a ay d-itteddun – yerna dima beddren-tent-id s uḥettet – nitenti d imgura (ṭṭradat) n uzekka, yerna amgaru ay d-yebdan deg Afɣanistan 9 n yiseggasen aya, d win ay d-yettheyyin abrid i yemgura-a.
A win yufan, aneɣlaf arusi n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa ad yerr lwelha-nnes ɣer waya.
Tinqiḍin:
1) NATO Provides Pentagon Nuclear, Missile And Cyber Shields Over Europe, Stop NATO, 22 Ctembeṛ, 2010
2) Diário de Notícias, 22 Ctembeṛ 2010
3) Baltic States: Pentagon’s Training Grounds For Afghan and Future Wars, Stop NATO, 30 Ctembeṛ 2010
U.S. Consolidates New Military Outposts In Eastern Europe, Stop NATO, 23 Ctembeṛ 2010
4) U.S. European Command, 26 Tubeṛ 2010
5) North Atlantic Treaty Organization Allied Command Transformation, 20 Tubeṛ, 2010
6) Polish Radio, 18 Tubeṛ, 2010
7) LaSalle News Tribune, 22 Tubeṛ, 2010
8) U.S. Air Forces in Europe, 26 Tubeṛ, 2010
9) U.S. Air Forces in Europe, 28 Tubeṛ, 2010


text:
Mata Mata
Ijen wass, ij ughyur dh ij n icari dh ij uyazidh, zedghen dheg ijen rxiveth(axaviw), inghin raz, qqimen azzun azzun, ucha wfin thasrafeth iyardhen, qqimen tetten, tetten, dhewren sehhen, innasen ughyur nni, jjemay ay ayethma adh ggegh cihaja huuuu3, nnanas uhu ay amcum adhak'd isedj 3emmi yehya, innasen at ggegh cway cway, nnanas yallah zid, maca cihaja waha, uca yedhreq u mijjaw, hu3 hu3 hu3...,innasen 3awedh icari, ra dh nnec ay ayethma, adh ggegh cihaja waha ba33, nnanas ay amcum uhu, innasen dheghya cihaja waha, nnanas waxx zidh, uca yekka ra dh netta ba33 ba33 ba33...,innasen 3awedh uyazidh, xyar kenniw waha nec uhu, innasen ra dh nnec s thesghath inu, ikka ra dh netta qiqihi qiqihi qiqihi...,isedja sen'd 3emmi yehya, ixecced ghasen, kkan nethnin ttfen th idh xx'ran th s u3mudh, wa dhayes jjin walu a rami th nghin, i3ejbaaaasen ixf nsen, rahen vedden dheg ij uvridh 3eddand xas iwdhan n'd itrawahen zi ssuq, uca wen'd gha yekken ssin, as qqat3en, as isin min'd isexxa, a rami d i3dha ij uqemqam, rahen axas fehmen, ittfed yazidh dh icari nni ighas asen, ibban gui theqraveth, ittfed aghyur nni inya xas, yarewweh gha tharwa nnes, yucasen adh jjawnen aksum, dh ughyur iqqim ghasen.
Kighed ssih dh ssih, ira ghari can thsira n thadhufth qqarsent.


text:
Mata Mata
3emar aghyur dh 3emar mighis xeddmen ag Jida Thamza, assen udji, ijen was irah 3emar aghyur adh yawes, 3ema mighis irah ad yawi refdho/aryoq, rami d idhwer 3emar mighis, yufa 3emar aghyur ingha qqa3 thighetten, ijja ij icarvedh, innas 3emar mighis magha then ten ghidh? innas netta ira wrigh x thcejjath tettegh thasrighwa, uca tsenna3ent ay, (nethnint tarant rifez, maca icarvedh uhu), innas tsenna3ent ay uxa nghigh thent, innas 3emar mighsi i rexxu mac dh as gha negg, min das gha nini e Jida ? yak adh anegh thecc , rexdhenni mcawaren jaras en, nnan adh awren s sdjireth, s minzi nettath s djireth wa twiri ca, rami aruwhen, thennasen magha th3edhrem ? nnan as qa nufa arvi3 attas uxa nejja thighetten adh ccent, wwind aman tfaraghenth thnifesth, nettath tghiras qa tezzgen aceffay, ruxennith rahen ttsen, innas 3emar mighis i 3emar aghyur s djireth ac d sfaqegh anrah an 3aq.
gui rwast n djireth, irah 3emar mighis issudem'as i 3emar aghyur g qemmum thaneqqit n thamment, innas d netta a 3emar nnegh anud cihaja, innas kka ssenni anuya an 3aq, kkan uyun, innas 3emar mighis i 3emar aghyur, bell3ed thawwrath nni cway cway, kka netta yqer3it id, yavut id x u3ru ynes, qqimen ggun, uca yennas 3emar aghyur i 3emar mighis a 3emar nnegh ssatahay cihaja, qa mmuthegh s rwehran, innas 3emar mighis min teksidh? innas yak dh ccek i dhay innan avud thawwrath nni, innas ssasit ag thezrut nni a, kka netta yessas thawwrath, yavud thazrut, qqimen ggun, innas 3awedh a 3emar nnegh ha mmuthegh, innas miccughen 3awedh a 3emar aghyur? innas yak dh ccek i dhay innan ssas thawwrath, avud thazrut, innas ssasit ssasit, xedhren gha yjen dcar, uxa snekkan ighuyyan : "qaqath ay ighraren, ajenna ywettad ay mazighen", kkan iwdhan n dcar nni awren ssin, kka 3emar mighis irah iksi thin3acin, iksid attas n w arodh, 3emar aghyur iqqim itxezza waha, ruxennith qqimen ci7aja ag ijn thezrut, theghrid xsen Jida, thennasen min c'kum d iwwin dhanita ? innas 3emar mighis qa wedhfend iceffan, uxa nawer, thennasen Jida bbimay(thiccin), innas 3emar mighis qa gham dhinni ijn thiccit themgha udji wi t gha yenghen, thennas ammi hennu mac gha negg rexxu ? innas 3emar mighis as neg drus n r'gaz dh ciaja n ruqidh ukca atemmeth, thennas nettath waxxa, kka gginas't, thekkas thimessi g cewwaf, uca 3emar mighis yeqqar as :"athmun a Jida, athmun a Jida", 3emar aghyur yeqqaras :"aman a Jida, aman a Jida", thrah gha w ethmun, thecmedh, kka 3emar mighis inya x ij u yis, iksi thin3acin nni n ra yeksid zi dcar nni, yuya gha yewdhan nnes, 3emar aghyur yeqqim wehdhes, inya x ij ughyur, yugui adh as yuya, ikka yqessas idharen, uxa yeqqim itmenda, ixxcced ghas ijen y izem, innas min day gha thucedh ac ssiwdhegh mani ma thexsedh? innas 3emar aghyur min thazzudh? nec wa ghari min dac gha wcegh, innas izem nni wcay aghyur nni, innas aqeddin ksith, issiwdh ith gha yewdhan ines, iqqim akisn dhinni, uca tawin izem nni adh isu, qqarennas a 3emmi bugaru, iqqarasen netta wa dhay qqarem ca a 3emmi bugaru, inimay riy, maca 3emar aghyur itettu, iqqaras a 3emmi bugaru, uca yeccith.
Kighed sih dh sih ira ghari chin thesira n thadhoufeth 9asent.


text:
Par S. M | 24 Septembre 2012 | 1143 lecture(s)
A win iɣaben am yitri !
Yezzi-d useggas segmi yewweḍ leɛfu n Rebbi Yiwen seg yimenza yerẓan asalu i uselmed n tmaziɣt deg uɣerbaz azzayri. Yezzi-d useggas segmi « tagelda n Kuku » yesrafeg seg yiebbi-s yiwen seg warraw-is yeṭṭfen di tnaṣlit. Nur Ould Amara, imi d wagi iwumi ara nerr tajmilt, teccelqef-it tmettant di lɛemr-is 43 n yiseggasen, deg yiwen n sbiṭer di Paris.
Nur, yefrur-id seg yiwet n twacult yecban tid n taddart n Kuku deg At Yaḥya, yesselmed deg uɣerbaz amenzu n taddart-is. Ɣas ulamma mačči d aselmad n tutlayt-is di lawan-nni, maca tikli-s d tin inejren ɣer tin n lejdud. Deg useggas n 1994, yella-d seg wid iseddan taluft n uɣunzu n uɣerbaz iɣer d-yessawel Umussu Adelsan Amaziɣ (MCB). D amennuɣ-nni-ines i t-yeǧǧan di ɣuct n 1995 ad yili seg wid yettekkan di tannant i d-ihegga Usqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa anda i d-fɣen yiselmaden imenza n tmaziɣt. Dɣa din, di Ben Aknoun, i yella Nur deg tesmilt yeṭṭef Kamel Bouamara ɣer tama n Malek Houd, Nacer Sahki d wiyaḍ. Ulac win ur t-nessin ara imaren, acku yezga yettnecraḥ, yettxalaḍ iselmaden i meṛṛa, yessen-it neɣ ur t-yessin, ur tezmir ad d-tili terbaɛt i leqdic ulac deg-s Nur. Ad d-tiniḍ mačči yiwen i yellan seg-s, ha-t da, a ta-n dihin. Ula mi ara kecmen yiselmaden s asečču, ad yezwir iwakken ad yeqdec, ma yella kra ur lḥiqen ara yixeddamen.
S yin akkin, yuɣal d yiwen seg wid iqedcen di tesɣunt i d-tessufeɣ tiddukla n yiselmaden n tmaziɣt n Tizi Wezzu, ɣer yidis n Hocine Moula, Ferḥat At Muḥend d yimeddukkal-nsen.
Asmi yiwel akked Samia, yunag ɣer tmurt n Fransa. Ur yebri ara i ṭṭbel deg waman, maca yeṭṭef-d tama-nniḍen, tin n uselmed n tmaziɣt di tiliẓri Berbère TV. Ahat, yella yesselmad i yigerdan tamaziɣt di lakul, yuɣal yessaweḍ tutlayt-a i medden merra ɣer yixxamen, imi d timsirin n tmaziɣt i ixeddem. Di 2002, yerza-d ɣer tmurt, yessekles acḥal n tedwilin. Yiwet d tin yexdem i ucennay Ulaḥlu di Tigzirt deg yiwet n temlilit n yiɛeggalen n MCB iɣef yella L’hadi Ould Ali d imḍebber. Kra n wussan kan, di temdint n Bgayet i yessekles tayeḍ netta d M’hana Boudinar ɣef uselmed n tmaziɣt, anda i d-yenced kra n yiselmaden.
Mačči deg yiwen n usebter i nezmer ad d-nawi amecwar n Nur, imi d abrid yeččuren d iktayen. D amdan ur negzim ara amrar i t-yurzen ɣer tmaziɣt d wid akk i iqeddcen fell-as. Ulamma di lɣerba i yella, ur yeɣfil ara s useqsi ɣef liḥala ideg tettidir tmaziɣt. Yal mi ara d-yass, ur yettɣimi ɣer twacult-is, yezga yettnadi ɣef yimeddukkal-is iwakken ad ten-iẓer, aya nwala-t deg useggas n 2009. Imaren yuḍen, yesɛedda acḥal d aggur di sbiṭer, maca tabɣest yekseb tekka nnig waṭṭan i t-izedɣen. Deg waggur n ɣuct 2011, aggur kan uqbel tamettant-is, yezga di « facebook », yesseqsay ɣef leḥbab-is. Ayen akk i d-yeqqar neɣ i d-yettaru, ur d-yenni dakken di sbiṭer i yella. Yeffer akk ɣef medden, meḥsub yetti tawriqt i waṭṭan, almi aṭas dɣa i yettqessiren yid-s ur faqen liḥala ideg yella. Sin n wussan uqbel ad yemmet, yura-d akk i leḥbab-is : tamaziɣt, tamaziɣt, tamaziɣt…Ar tufat i yimeddukkal ! D ta i d tanfalit taneggarut i d-yura Nur, amzun akken yeǧǧa-tt-id d lewṣaya i yineggura.
Ass-a, ad d-nini tamettant n Nur tessehzel acḥal d ameɣnas, imi terna-s ɣef tin n Madani d Oulebsir, sin n yiselmaden n tmaziɣt n temnaḍt n Bgayet i iruḥen akka mebla ma wḍen lmerɣub-nsen, win n tmaziɣt tutlayt tunṣibt di tmurt-nneɣ.
Ṭṭset di talwit ay imeɣrasen n tugdut, abrid i d-tewwim mazal-it yeɛmer s tarwa n leḥlal !
S. M


text:
Amuli wis 03 Yef tmettant n Meqqran Agawa
Par: Islam Bessaci | 24-09-2012
Meqqran Agawa d tigejdit n cna n Ddin n teqbaylit, isem-is aheqqani, Waeli Muḥand Ameqqran, ilulu deg useggas 1929 deg taddart At Eṭelli deg temnaḍt n Larebea n At Yiraten, anda yettwamḍel ass n lḥed 13 ctember 2009. Aṭas n yemdanen id-yusan Yer temḍelt-is deg yal tamnaḍt n tmurt iwakken at-zuṛrn i tikelt taneggarut, ger-asen aṭas n icennayen, inaẓuren, imḍebren n temnaḍt n Larebea n At Yiraten akk d imḍebren n yedles n ugarzu n Tizi-Wezzu. Meqqran Agawa yeğğa-d idles s wayes ara tbed tYarma taqbaylit. yesekles 11 n tesfifin deg umecwar-is. Cix Meqqran Agawa yessen aṭas n inaẓuren iqburen ger-asen Sliman Eazem,Cix Lḥesnawi, Zaruqi Eellawa, Taleb Rabaḥ d wiyaḍ nniḍen. Yebda cna ass-mi yesea 15 iseggasen deg leemer-is. Seg imiren yekcem deg lebḥaṛ n tẓuri lqayen mači d kra. Aseggas 1950 yekcem Yer Radyu n bgayet anda id-yekkes tamusni lak d waṭas inaẓuren nniḍen lawan-nni, am Eebd Lwehab Abjawi, Cix Sadeq...atg, yelḥa-d akken amecwar almi d aseggas 1962 i yeḥbes axeddim deg Ṛadyu n Bgayet, labaeda imi medlent tewwura-ines i lebda. Agawa d isem s wayes i s-sawalen yemdukal-is id wi ixeddem deg Ṛadyu, isem-agi yekka-d deg leerc Igawawen neY At Yiraten, anda i ilul. Labaeda mi id-yefaY Dda Meqqran deg Ṛadyu aseggas n 1962 yekcem Yer tmerrit( le tourisme), kra iseggasen mbaed yufad abrid n tuYalin Yer Ṛadyu taYelnawt n teqbaylit aseggas n 1972, maca ur ieeṭṭel ara iḥebs-d, dYa deg imiren yefren abrid n tẓuri s cnawi-ines d umeddaḥ Yef ddin. Ayen id-yeğğa d agerruj ur nettkafa, ger tezlatin yecna ( Larebea tin iwumi zzin leṣwar, d tajmilt i temnaḍt-is,Lzzayer...atg), yecna daYen Yef cbaḥa n tmurt-is, Yef ṣellaḥ, Yef laxert. Dda Meqqran yedda aṭas Yef temeemrin. Idum deg temeemmart n Sidi Emar Welḥağ id-yezgan deg temnaḍt n Wizgan, anda yettmeddiḥ ilmend n tmaYriwin n ddin am Teacurt, Lmulud, Laeyudat,Remḍan, agur ideg yewweḍ laefu Rebbi. DYa ass n sed 12 ctember 2009, tensa tcemmaet id-yefkan tafat i yedles n teqbaylit s umeddaḥ Yef ddin neY ttedkir, Ccix "Meqqran Agawa", d temkerḍit n tmedyazt n ddin n teqbaylit.
Islam Bessaci


text:
Bgayet, tamdint d umezruy
Par: Salim Benkhelifa | 24-09-2012
D tamdint yersen am tiqit ɣef yilel Agerrakal, tenǧer isem-is s isekkilen n ddheb deg usafsar n umezruy n tmurt, d win n talsa sumata, dayen i tt-cedhint wallen yal tikelt mara ad lhun idaṛen sin isurifen fell-as, zzman yettɛasa-tt s ireqqasen n tegzirin i as d-yezzin, mačči d tamdint am teyyaḍ, wiss ahat ma nuɣal ɣer umezruy-is, ad neɛqel cwiṭ udem-is !?
Ifniqen yebnan Qarṭaǧ deg lqern (IX s.t.Ɛ), sɛan aṭas n wuguren deg ilel Agrakal, imi netta lqay rrnu ɣef waya aḍu aqesḥan yettsuḍun tikli-nsen ɣer tmurt n Spenyul, akked d anezgun n tikli deg iḍ sdat n yiflisen yettqaqin lebwaber mebla afran, meḥsub anect-a yeggaten akken ad bnun lmersat seg akal ɣer wayeḍ, ɣef waya, gar n leqrun (12-9 s.t.Ɛ) Bgayet yiṣahi-tt-id yiwen n lmersa (Emperia). Ifniqen xtaren n Bgayet ɣef laman n wemkan deg i d-tezga, Cap Carbon akked Cap Bouak, d snat n tɣaltin yettḥadan tamdint-a ɣef inekcamen, am akken daɣen ufan Yefniqen imezdaɣ n Bgayet d wid yelhan i ttjara n wembadal. Saldae d isem i as-fkan Ṛṛuman i temdint-a deg lqern (33 s.t.Ɛ), tɣerma tameqrant n ddunit lawan-nni, tesnerna deg-s aḥric udmis, imi netta-t tessawseɛ lmersa yettawin yettara aṭas n selɛat ɣer Saldae (Bgayet) akked tmurt n Ṭṭelyan, daɣen tebna aɣrab d ameqran i d-yezzin i temdint, yesɛa azal n 3 km, yeldi deg 3 n tewwura; tawwurt n Sarrasine ; yettawin srid ɣer lmersa, tawwurt n El Fouka ; yettawin ɣer tabḥirin n tfellaḥt, akked tewwurt n Guraya; yettawin ɣer wudrar n Guraya. Ger iseggasen (138-161 t.Ɛ) Ṛṛuman wwin-d aman seg Tuǧa alarmi d tamdint n Saldae, dayen i yeǧǧan imezdaɣ-is ad tthennin deg uɣbel n waman ar ass-a n wussan.
Isem n Bgayet yuɣal Naceria deg iseggasen (1067-1162 t.Ɛ), d netta-t i d tamanaɣt n tɣerma n Iḥemmadiyen. El Nacer i d-yusan mbeɛd Ḥammad yessawseɛ aɣrab n Naceria d nnig n wayen i d-ǧǧan Ṛṛuman, imi tikelt-a yerrad azal n 150 ar 160 ihiktaren, dayen i tenyeǧǧan ad bnun tiwwura-nniḍen, akken ad ssiwḍen azal n 6 tewwura, tawwurt n la casba, tawwurt n Sarrasine, tawwurt n El Fouka, tawwurt n El Rouah, tawwurt n Amessioum, tawwurt n El Mergoum. Iḥemmadyen bnan tamdint d tamezyant berra i Naceria semman-as la casbah, tesɛa tlata n leqsur akked tmesgida d wayen akk ttaḥwaǧen imezdaɣ-is. Akka i tkemmel Bgayet amecwar-is, alarmi i d-teɣli gar ifasen n Ṣpenyul i as-yefkan udem yelhan aṭas s yisem n Buggia deg iseggasen (1510-1555 t.Ɛ), taɣerma n Spenyul tessamɣer Buggia d nnig n wayen tesɛa d akal s 37 n hiktaren, ɣef waya i d-bnan yiwet n tewwurt tamaynut, semman-as tawwurt n les vieillards. Segmen akk ayen yehruran deg la casbah, lɣar n Sidi Abdelkader, syin akin ḥyan-d rrnan ccebḥen leqser n l’étoile, win n la perle akked d win n Guraya, bedlen udem i lǧameɣ, sselsen-as win n tmesgida, ssnernan tamusni deg temdint, tuɣal tettawi-d aberrani, ama s wubrid n tmerrit neɣ win n ttjara. Akka i tedder tɣerma n spenyul deg Buggia azal n 45 iseggasen. Din din, deg useggas n (1555 t.Ɛ) Bgayet tuɣal teṭṭafar ɣer Ṭerk i as-yessawalen El Madina, acu kan tikelta Bgayet tebɛed ɣef udem-is aḥeqqani, ama n tmusni, n ttjara, neɣ n tsertit deg Tefriqt ugafa, Iṭerkiyen qqimen deg wayen i d-teǧǧa tɣerma n Spenyul, ur bedlen ara kra deg tewwura neɣ deg uɣrab i d-yerran tamdint, meḥsub ul n El Madina yeqqim deg ssuq akked lǧameɛ yeṭṭfen talemmast n tmezduɣt n lawan-nni. Akka i tkemmel tikli temdint n Bgayet deg ifasen n Ṭerk alarmi d 1833, swa swa ɣer useggas n unekcam Afransis, i d-yezwaren s le général Trézel, mbeɛd mi Fransa tqubel imezdaɣ n temdint-a azal n tlata iseggasen d nnig unekcum-is amezwaru ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer deg useggas n 1830.
Salim Benkhelifa


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Hänsel und Gretel
Hansel d Gretel, neɣ s tutlayt talmanit Hänsel und Gretel d wiyet n tmacahutt mucaɛen si tmurt n Alman (Jirmani), id yefɣen deg 1812 sɣur imyura : Wilhelm Grimm d gma-s Jacob Grimm. S tewzel, wiki d sin watmaten, aqcic Hansel s weltma-s Gretel, d arraw n yiwen umzenzu n tesfaḍ, s baaden seg wexxam i waken ad qelben af yiwen ugummu di tisgi. Yufa-d lḥal d iḍ, dɣa ṭsen armi s tufat (taṣebḥit), zdat n yiwet n tiɣremt (château) iččur d cakulat d yal tawsit (genre) n tiziḍanin. Lamaana ur zran ara belli d yiwet n temhergit (taseḥart : sorcière) i g zedɣen din, isem-is 'Massepain'. Hansel i ttwatef d ameḥbus, ma d Gretel tenna-yas d temhergit ad sewǧed i w-sebbwi, dɣa Gretel teḍqer-is ar timest, u tesefɣ-ed gma-s d yal aqcic i yellan di takurmut (prison).
Hansel d Gretel d yiwet n tmacahutt imucaɛn aṭas ger yakw t i-g uran watmaten Grimm. Tefɣ-d di Franṣa deg 1985 ar tizrigin 'Michel Albin', teḥka-tt-id 'Sarah Hayes' s tugniwin n 'Colin Hadley'.
Amyaru d umedyaz Essaid At Maamar yesuqel-d u yemsas-d (adapter) tamacahutt aki ar tutlayt tazwawt. Isem-awen n Hänsel akw d Gretel, yer-aten s tezwawt : Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc. Attan amek i tella temsast n tmacahutt aki ar tazwawt. Atan wedris amek i gella (sYur imyura.net): Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc


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Roğer Federer
Roğer Federer d-amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Taswist, ilul ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle. Yevda yetturar d tervaɛt tameqṛant asegwas n 1998 , iḥarz amḍiq amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 237 imalas yemseḍfaren (285 ḥalarmi d 6 Yunyu 2010). Ass n 8 Yulyu 2012, yebwi tadwilt n Wimbledon i tikelt tis sa (7), yeqḍad amyurar Pete Sampras deg umḍan n tedwilin n Wimbledon ig ḥrez aked imalas ig ella di tqacucut n ubellez n ATP (Imalas wis 286).
Iḥrez ar assa 75 izwilen, garasen 23 imeqṛanen (17 n Grand Chelems d 6 teqvucin n Masters) d 20 n Masters 1000. Yebwi kuz (4) n-telɣuɣa n Grand Chelem ig ellan deg umaḍal, win n Melburn di Lusṭrali, win n RG di lpari tamurt n Fṛansa, win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz, win Flushing meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan.
Deg ubellez n Sports Illustrated n usegwas 2010, Roğer Federer yellad d-anadal wis sin yettxelliṣen aṭas n yedrimen deffir Tiger Woods imi yeṣṣaweḍ ar assa azal n 72 Ifeḍ n dullar deg izwilen yark ig urar.
[beddel] Tameddurt
Ilul Roǧer Federer ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle, yemmas, Lynete n tefriqt n wenẓul, m-ad vavas d-aswisit, Robert. Isin yidsen xedmen di taɣult n tnesfarit. Roǧer d weltmas tameqṛant Diana idiren di temẓi nsen di Münchenstein Taswist Talmanit. Tura Roǧer yettidir di Wollerau, tama n Schwytz, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Mirka d yessis takniwin Myla Rose d Charlene Riva. Yesɛa tanaslit Taswisit d tin n tefriqt n Unẓul.
Di temẓis Roǧer Federer yetturar daɣen ddavax uḍar, yella yezweṛ s waṭas, maca d-addal n Tennis ig fren mi yella di Tam (8) isegwasen di lɛemṛis, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u yḥemmel aṭas tarvaɛt n ddavax uḍar n FC Bâle.
[beddel] Amecwaṛ
[beddel] Amazray n unaddal
Roğer Federer iḥarzed ar assa 75 azwilen deg ufrari d 8 (Tam) deg uslig irgazen. Yebwi azwel ines amenzu asegwas n 2001, di dduṛt n Milan (indoor). Seg imirenni yebwi 17 n tdurtin n Grand Chelem di 5 (sam) n tasniwin yemgaraden (si Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2003 ḥalarmi Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2012. Ala netta ig ḥarzen azal n 6 sed n teqvucin n Masters Cup (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 d 2011) d wazal n 20 azwilen n Masters 1000. asegwas n 2008 yebwi tazalɣi n uleɣ di talɣuɣa uslig n yargazen deg uraren ulampik n wezɣal 2008 di Pekin, aked umyurar Stanislas Wawrinka, asegwas n 2012 yebwi amḍiq wissin deg uraren ulampic n Londres mi yexṣer di tagara tedwilt aked Andy Murray.
[beddel] Amecwaṛ ines di Grand Chelem
[beddel] Amazray ines di Grand Chelem
[beddel] Tirennawin (17)
[beddel] Tagara (7)
[beddel] Tamselyut
- (en) Site officiel
- (en) Asmel web unṣib n tdukli ines
- Vidéo : Roger Federer, akaram seg weɣbaṛen n Tele-iẓri Télévision suisse romande.
- http://www.lequipe.fr/


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Mata Mata
Ijen was ijn uccen dh ijen tqennith, arin batata dh ivawen, rami kkan ad qer3en batata, thennas th'qennith i w uccen, min gha thawidh cek? Innas nec adh awigh m'ja m'ja, thennas waxxa, nec adh awigh qre3 qre3, zidh netta ymejja afriwen, nettath thqedje3 batata, uca yxiyyeq w uccen, rahen adh mjan ivawen, thennas min gha thawidh ? Innas netta ruxa wazemma axafi thekkedh adh awigh qre3 qre3, thennas nettath waxxa awi qre3 qre3 nec adh awigh m'ja m'ja, kka netta yqedje3 igiyyun, nettath thmejja yvawen, kka yxiyyeq 3awedh, innas cem teggedhay cin lle3vatht, thucas rexdhenni ciaja n ivawen, irah netta ghar ijen thwessarth, innas agham afay ivawen a mara dhufitt en dh ireqqaghen ccin, mara dhufitt en uzzghen xemmray then, kka nettath thufin dh ireqqaghen theccin, wami ghas d i3qev innas awid ivawen inu, theggdhith thennas qa yeccithen unexdham, innas awid anexdham nni, thucas'th, irah gha can iwdhan, innasen ssensem ay anexdham a, nnanas waxxa, irah netta s djireth yaza anexdham nni yumes thimedji iyij uyazidh, gha thifawin irah ghasen, innasen awemd anexdham inu, nnanas qa yazith uyazidh, innasen awimed yazidh nni, oucin aseth, s djireth irah 3awedh gha can yewdhan, innasen ssensem ay yazidh a, nnanas waxxa, irah s djireth ighasas uyazidh nni iccith yumes idhammen iyij icari, gha thifawin, irah ghasen innasen awemd yazidh inu, nnanas qa yenghith ikari, innasen awemd ikari nni, oucin aseth, irah 3awedh gha can yewdhan innasen ssensem ay ikari y a, nnanas waxxa, s djireth, irah ighas as, iccith, yumes idhammen iyij n thfunasth, gha thifawin irah ghasen, awemd icari inu, nnanas qa thenghith thfunaseth, innas'n awimed thafunaseth nni, uchina st, irah 3awedh gha can yewdhan, innas en ssensem ay thafunaseth a nnanas waxxa, s djireth am marra djyari, irah ingha thafunasth nni, yumes idhammen iyij ukidar, gha thifawin irah ghasen, innas en awimd thafunasth inu, nnanas qa yenghit ukidar, innasen awimd akidar nni, ira dhin can yewdhan ghasen thameghra maca wa ghasen minxef gha ssenyen thasrith, zrin akidar nni gha 3emmi yehya rahen ghas, ttaren as th, innasen maca qa mara wfigh dhayes ij uxavic adhay thucem thasrith, nnanas waxxa uteggudh, kka yejjithen r'han, irah ixxavcith, wami dhas thidh arin, innasen manaya? iwa awimd thasrith nni, ucinas't, kka yessasit g ij umcan, irehhfas s ij uhayek, irah dhinni ir'ha, kka nettath thawras, theggas dhinni g umcan ines occa, wami d i3qev 3emmi yehya it wara manayenni wadja dh wenni netta, iqqim iqqar wehdhes we7dhes "thaqedhmuth, thaqedhmuth o w occa, thittawin, thittawin n 3ekca", innas'd occa nni vedd adheccegh yemmak thehmidh, iqqim itazzer, netta yedheffar ith, 3emmi yehya iv'dha yeqqar : "ivawen owenayed anexdham, anexdham yowayed yazidh, yazidh yowayed icari, icari yowayed thafunasth, thafunasth thowayed akidar, akidar yowayd 3ekca, 3ekca thowayed occa ytazzer xafi dhi eawdhaya", qver ma adh yarenni awar, ingaz xas occa nni iccith.
Kighed sih dh sih, ira ghari chan thesira n thadhoufeth 9asent.


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Awwur:Tafelsuft
Mixayel Aleksandrubičč Bakunin (s trusit Mиxaил AлekcaHдpoBич БakyHиH), imi qqaren tikwalMichel Bakounine, illul ass n 20 neɣ 30 di magu 1814 di Primuxino, di tmurt n Rrus, imut ass amenzu di yulyu ussegwass n 1876 di Bern, tamurt n Sswis d afilusuf anerwaḍ (anar). Acḥal d assegwaas d Pierre-Joseph Proudhon illa-d d tala-s n tikta.
Ass-mi idder di Musku d Saint-Petersburg illa issuqul-d imarayen ilamniyen am Hegel d Fichte ar trusit. Di 1842, yusa ar tmurt n Lalman u si imi iwweḍ imlal n ilmeẓyen inelmayen n tmurt n llalmen di Berlin. Syin, idda ar Fransa anda imlal d Proudhon d Ǧurǧ Sand u issen-d daɣen imnejla n tmurt Pulunya. Si Paris, iruḥ ar tmurt n Swiss anda izdaɣ kra iseggassen w anda ikki u igar tamawt ama s tiga am tikti d ṭaqa n imussuten inelmayen.


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Izem
Izem, s umata, d aɣersiw n twacult n yemcac, d ameqran yernu yettwaɛqal s wemgerrad yellan ger ddkeṛ n nnta-yines. Ddkeṛ n "yizem" yesɛa aheylel (crinière, d awal amaheɣ), d acebbub ay s-iɣummen aqerru-yis, tamgerḍt-is, idmaren-is akk d weḥric seg weɛrur-is. Ma d nnta n yizem neqqar-as "tasedda", ur tesɛi ara aheylel yernu mecṭuḥet ɣef yizem.
Izmawen ttidiren ass-a deg Tefriqt, maca gran-d ciṭṭaḥ seg-sen deg Asya, deg yiwet n tama n Lhend. Zik, deg uzarmezruy, llan yizmawen la ttidiren ula deg Tuṛuft, aɣersiw-agi yenger deg lqern wis sin mbeɛd n Sidna Eisa ɣef lǧal n ṣṣyada.
Deg Tefriqt, yella zik yizem yettidir deg yal tama, deg yal tamurt. Ar ass-a mazal yeǧǧa-d isem-is ɣer yal agdud deg umenẓaw-agi. D acu kan, ɣas ma yella izmawen ttbanen-aɣ-d meṛṛa kifkif-iten deg ṣṣifa, maca sɛan aṭas n tdulemsit (sous-espèces) yettemgerraden ciṭṭ deg ṣṣifa akk d tiddi. Ger tlemsin (leṣnaf) n yizmawen yettidiren deg Tefriqt, nezmer ad d-nebder izem n Tmazɣa (lion de Barbarie, Panthera leo leo). D netta ay d izem ameqran akk yettwassnen, yernu ass-a yenger. Izem n Yimassayen (Panthera leo massaicus, semman-as ɣef yisem n yiwen wegdud n Tefriqt, Imassayen ikessen izgaren), d izem-nni ay yettidiren deg tsabant (savane) n Kenya d Tanzanya, deg Tefriqt tacerqit. Izem-agi meqqer ciṭṭ, yettidir deg uzaɣar anda ay yettṣeggid izgaren d yiɣersiwen niḍen.
Deg Asya, mazal izem la yettidir deg tmurt n Lhend, deg yiwet n tama qqaren-as Gir. Ṣṣenf-agi qqaren-as "izem n Asya" (Panthera leo persica) u qqimen-d kan seg-s 200. ɣas ma yella deg kra n tmura izem ur yettwassen ara neɣ ur t-mazal ara la yettidir dinna, maca medden ssnen-t, yesɛa isem deg tutlayin-nsen yernu yella deg tmucuha-nsen d tẓuryin-nsen.
Deg Tuṛuft, izem yenger azal n 20 leqrun ay-a, maca deg leqrun-agi meṛṛa, kemmlen medden la ttmeslayen fell-as, u mazal aɣersiw-agi yella deg tsugint-nsen.
Deg tmurt-nneɣ, izem mazal yettwassen yisem-is yernu yettwabdar-d ama deg yinzan neɣ deg tmucuha, u d aɣersiw yesɛan azal meqqren ɣer-neɣ imi izem d azamul n tezmert akk d tebɣest (lkuṛaj).
Deg Ccinwa, ɣas ma yella nnan-d dakk-n werǧin yedder yizem dinna, maca ar ass-a nezmer ad nwali isebdaden n yizmawen deg leqṣur ay bnan Yicinwaten n zik. ɣer Yicinwaten, izem yessebɛad yir leṛwaḥ u sseqdacen asebded-yines i wakk-n "ad iḥudd" leqṣur-nsen. Nnig way-a, Icinwaten sɛan awitay ay deg ḥessben agguren-nsen d yiseggasen-nsen i yiman-nsen, dɣa yal aseggas ttaken-as Yicinwaten isem, u yella ɣer-sen "useggas n yizem".
Izem n Tmazɣa yenger aṭas ay-a seg tmura-nneɣ. Izem aneggaru akk ay yettwanɣan deg Ldzayer, nɣan-t deg tgara n lqern wis 19 deg tama n Souk Ahras, deg ccerq n tmurt. Ma izem aneggaru akk n Meṛṛuk, nɣan-t deg 1922. D acu kan, gran-d kra seg yizmawen n Tmazɣa deg yelmaten n yiɣersiwen (zoos) deg kra n temdinin deg ddunit, am deg Rbaṭ, tamaneɣt n Meṛṛuk. Kra n yemnuda n tesdawit n Oxford, nudan ad d-rren izem n Tmazɣa ɣer yiwen wefrag aɣelnaw (parc national) deg yidurar n Waṭlas ameṛṛuki, maca ɣef wakk-n ɣriɣ, asenfar-agi (projet) yeḥbes imi tarbaɛt ay d-yelhan yid-s xuṣṣen-tt yedrimen.
[beddel] Tamselyut
- Omar Amastan Mouffok, imedyazen.


text: By installing Euro-Japan dictionary on your smartphone such as Apple iPhone or Google Android you can continue to use our dictionary outside your home or office, even without Internet.Page beginning from character: A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O P R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T U U U U U U U W W W W Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z


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Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison d aseɣnaw (inventeur) amarikani. Ilul di Milan (Ohio) ass n 11 Furar 1847, immut ass n 18 Tuber 1931 di West Orange (New Jesrsey), yeɣra 03 wayyuren kan deg uɣerbaz. Tuɣ fell-as 12 isseggwasen di ticett-is, assmi illa iznuzu iɣmisen, mi ittxemmim ɣef tmacinin timikanikiyin d trisiti.
Deg usseggwas n 1862, isbedd aɣmis amuqran Trunk Herald, i d-iteffɣen yal amalas (smana). Edison, assmi id-issukkes yiwen uqcic gar ifassen n laxart, tella-d ɣur-es tissas d udem ar medden macci drus. Ladɣa Edison, deg wakud I deg istufa ittara lemdad-is ar tussna n imiren u ilmed Tiligraf s yiman-is. Aseɣnew-ines amezwaru d télégraphe duplex.
Deg usseggwas n 1876, aseɣnew-ines inza s waṭas, Edison issas-ed idrimen s wid I d-ibna isnidi-ines (laboratoire). Edison, isnulfa-d daɣen microphone. Deg usseggwas 1877, Edison ikfa afunugraf ittaṭṭafen imesli. Sakin, sin issegwassen d assawen, isnulfa-d taftilt (tampult) n trisiti. Deg usseggwas 1882, tekcem tafat ɣer ixxamen di New York I tikkelt tamenzut u flalin izenqa ines. Deg usseggwas 1887, Edison issemɣwer isnidi-ines u dɣa iqqim di West Orange di New Jersey. Deg usseggwas 1888, isnulfa-d Kinétoscope, tamacint tamezwarut n tugniwin ittembewwilen, dɣa din iẓẓa I tikkelt tamenzut ayen yuɣalen kra issegwassen syin d isura, d tiliẓritt neɣ d ssalima akw ya. Edison ɣur-es azal n 1000 (tawinast) d aseɣnew neɣ ugar, gar-asen:
- Adɣaɣ (Batterie) - Tamacint n ucraw (La machine à ronéotyper)
[beddel] Tamselyut


text:
Talk:Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Tarifit
[edit] Mamc gha nari s Tmazight Tarifit
Azul d amqqran,
Tanmmirt aṭṭas i marra aytmat-ngh xf tzmmar nnsn i ggin di Wikipedia Tamazight-Tarifit.
Ncc twaligh blli iqqn d ghar-ngh a nari Tmazight nnhla askkil "e". Askkil a ur uskkwi walu, ur inffâ i ca, mghar di ca n drus n waddadn.
Imdyatn (Examples):
Ur ntari amezruy, a nari amzruy.
Ur ntari iryazen, a nari iryazn.
Ur ntari netta, nettat, a nari ntta, nttat.
Ur ntari imazighen, a nari imazighn.
Maca a nari imassanen, uccanen, imqqranen, imazanen, tilelli. Minzi ghar-ngh dinni "nn" d "lll".
Iskkiln Igrign (iyunaniyn) am "Γɣ" nigh "Ɛe" ur tn ssinen iwdan. Arni d, ur llin d iskkiln n Talatint, aṭṭas n imssiḍan (Computers) ur tn qqarn.
Azyn amqqran n Imazighn ttarin Amazigh nigh Tamazight, maci "Amaziɣ" nigh Tamaziɣt.
Ur ntari Taerabt, maca a nari Taârabt.
Iskkiln "Ğğ" d "Čč" ur ghar-ngh llin aṭṭas di Arif. A nari dg umcan nnsn: "dj" d "tc".
Aṭṭas n Irifiyn ttarin awar, aghyur, idja, tamdjatc. Tira ya ur tlli nican.
Ammu i gha nari: awal, aghyul, illa, tamllalt.
Tanmmirt aṭṭas i aytmat-ngh Read3r, Toira, d Agzennay, xf tzmmar i ggin.
Iqqn d a d narzu xf iwdan nnḍni bac a nssmghar Wikipedia Tamazight-Tarifit dghya, bac a tdwl d Wikipedia d tunṣibt.
Tanmmirt,
--Aryaz 14:24, 8 January 2010 (UTC)


text:
Imaziɣen
Imaziɣen d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen deg tefriqt ugafa, d nitni ay d amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, tutlayt-nsen d tamaziɣt, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen taɛrabt.
Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqran, yewwet seg wemda n Siwa, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen ay d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid ay d-iḥerren anect-agi n wakal, imi amur ameqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akk d yegduden nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen.
Aṭas n Yimaziɣen ay d-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ay d-yennulfan i wakken ad wwtent u ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) ay ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mxallafent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ad msefhament wagar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mxallafent tentalyin-nsent.
Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), d acu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen ay yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tmiwa n Tmazɣa, medden la tt-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur a ttlemmden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-ya.
assagui lan azal n 45 immelyounen n imazighen g dunith ilkul.
[beddel] Imaziɣen yettwasnen
Daɣen
[beddel] Wali
[beddel] Tamselyut
- http://amastan1.tripod.com/ Sɣur Umar Muffuk


text:
Dzayer
Dzayer (izwel unṣib: Tagduda Tamagdayt Taɣerfant Tadzayrit). Tezga-d tamurt n Dzayer g Tafriqt ugafa, nettat d tamurt tiss snat i meqqren g tajumma ines g yal amenẓaw n tafriqt s deffir tamurt n Sudan, zgand g tilisa ines s ugafa ilel agrakal, s ugafamalu Tunes, s umalu Libya, s unzulamalu Nijer, s unzulataram Mali akk d Muritanya, ma s tama utaram tella tamurt n Merruk.
Tamurt n Dzayer d ameslad n tadukli n iɣlanen seg wass ass mi tewwi-d azarug ines sɣur Fransa, tadukli n timura n tafriqt, d tamdunt taɛrabt, d tadukli n umezɣan aɛrab Maɣreb aɛrab.
G tmendawt n Dzayer nnan-d belli tamurt n Dzayer d tamurt tineslemt, taɛrabt d tamaziɣt, d annect a i bennun tinekkit (l’identité) n wegdud adzayri.
[beddel] Aẓar n isem "Dzayer"
Isem n tmurt n Dzayer yeffɣ-ed seg isem n tamanaɣt ines axaṭer taslekt n tmurt n Dzayer tebda-d g s tamdint n Dzayer, isem s trumit « Algérie » yuɣal-ed amenṣab g 14 tuber 1839 sɣur Antoine Virgile Schneider aneɣlaf n imenɣi, yenna-d amezray Eugène Guernier : « labud ad yesɛu tayra anegrez tammawt iwacu Fransa tefka isem i tessufeɣ g taɛrabt… yerna yezmer a nesteqsi iman nneɣ iwacu irgazen isertiyen irumiyen ur fkin ara issem n Tanumedt, neɣ tamurt n Leqbayel, neɣ Tamuritanit. maca Fransa tessen mliḥ izri ines.».
Isem n Alger (Aljé) issem aɛewwaj arumi n issem "Alguère" s takatalant, angaru aki yeffɣ-ed g teɛrabt "ğazayer", Jazayer issem i s-yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri win i d-ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mmi yesekka tamdint n Dzayer g useggas n 960 f agaluz n tamdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s trumant Icosium, yefka-yas issem n Dzayer at Mezɣenna, caḍen izegzziyen i fkan i lmeɛna n issem aki i yetwafken sɣur Buluɣin Mmis n Uziri. Azzegzi amezwaru yenna-d belli issem n Dzayer yetwakkes g tigzirin i yellan zdat asagen n tamdint n Dzayer s teɛrabt (al-Jaza’ir) الجزائر, s teqbaylit, tigzirin n at mezɣenna, Neɣ awal n “tagzirt” yezmer (akken i ɣilen arakalen inselmen n tallit talemmast) ad yini igger i yellan ger illel d Seḥra igger i yezmer a tilli gyes tameddurt, “tagzirt n tmeddurt”. Azzegzi angaru yenna-d belli issem ad yillin fkan-t feljal tajmilt n baba-s n Buluɣin, Aziri mmis n Menad , ihi, issem n Dzayer ad yilli yusa-d g D’ziri, s tmaziɣt, Tiziri(lmaɛna ines tafat n wayur/waggur), Mezɣenna yezmer daɣen ad tili talɣa tetwaɛerreb n Imezɣen ayen aɣ-d-yefk : “Tiziri n at Imezɣan”. Imuzdaɣ n Dzayer tamanaɣt qqaren adziri/tadzirit (dziri/dziriya) fakken ad ssiwlen i imuzdaɣ n tamanaɣt.
[beddel] Amezruy
[beddel] Tislamit n Dzayer
Ass mi teYli Roma, yrnan s-deffiris iwendalen, llan i bizantiyen imidusen dacu yeğa bac ad ilin aṭas n tigeldiwin timaziYin timecṭaḥ g Arris daYen, kra degsent ugin y mir-id ussan inselmen ger 665 d 708, g useggas n 665, iɛraben ẓedmen i tikkelt tamenzut f Tafrikt u gafa armi (tamezɣa) g useggas n 683 yeṭṭef Sidi Ɛuqba aḥelli. Cciln azbu n tageldunt Dihya, g aseggas n 708 uɣalen imaziɣen timdefirt maca ɣelbenten iɛraben, ihi ṭfen tamurt imaziɣen, yǧan ajjed nsen d tutlayt nsen igejdan.
Acu-t usxarbubec agi, nutni (At udabu) uran amezruy nneɣ s "la gomme" kunwi aɣ tesxarbubucem(t) da-gi, arut amezruy n tidet a yarrac nneɣ !
[beddel] Taslekt tafransit
Tufad Fransa imerwasen n Bakri d Bucnaq d sebba faken atekcem ar Dzayer su sagen n Sidi Freǧ g useggas n 1830
[beddel] Tagrawla n nuwember
ass n 31 tuber 1954 llan iserdasen idzayriyen sewjaden (ttheggin) i imenɣi, ggunin (arjan) ass n tatusant n irumiyen imi llan marra deg yiḍ netmaɣra, ttun iman-nsen, maca g idurar iserdasen wten (ssufɣen) tarṣaṣt tamenzut f 00:00, akka i tebda ( tekkmassa) tegrawla n ugdud i yellan ddau uḍar n temharsa (colonisation) n Fransa.
Tewwwi-d azarug -ines ass n 5 yulyu aseggas n 1962, tkecm-itt Fransa di yulyu n 1830 ass mi tella s ddaw n tecḍat n Turk taɛutumanit. Am wakken i s-yenna Ccix Muḥand u Lḥusin:
- Ikecm-ed Urumi di ṣṣif
Ad iffeɣ s ssif
Di ṣṣif
Qbel lexrif...
Tedda ledzayer abrid yeččur s yisennanen tebda amezruy -ines g wass mi tegred tagrawla n umenzu n wember 1954 deg wedrar n Ores, ymagred ass n tatusant lɛid (adriz) n irumien. refden-tt irgazen d tlawin am Ɛebban Remḍan, Ḥusin At Ḥmed, kolonel Uɛamran, Musṭafa ben Bulɛid, Muḥamed Buḍiaf, Ḥasiba ben Buɛli, Ferḥat ɛebbas, Xiḍer, cadhen ismawen-nsen d ayen i d-fkan i ledzayer.
[beddel] Tarakalt
Tamurt n Dzayer d tamurt tamenzut i meqqren akk ɣef timura n tigrakalin s tajumma ines, d tamurt tis snat i meqqren g timura n umenẓaw n Tafriqt, tesɛa tamurt n Dzayer g tama n wenẓul amur amoqran nu nezruf ismis Sehra. deg ugafa, aṭlas atelli
[beddel] Tarakalt tadeblant
Twabḍa tamurt n Dzayer i 48 igezda, yal agezdu iggenses aferdis adeblan GGG agraw aɣerfan n ugezdu yetf-itt lwali atisers aselway n tagdudt, yal agezdu yebḍa ɣef asunen, yal asun yebḍa ɣef tiɣiwanin agraw aɣerfan aɣiwani, taɣiwant atefren imanis aselway ines (amɣiwan) Tikelt taneggarut g y tetwabḍa gyes tamurt n Dzayer studebla tella deg useggas n 1985
Tamendawt n Lzzayer fernen-tt idzairiyen g useggas 1963 tebḍa f 48 tigezdeyin:


text:
Anfafad asenselkim
Anfafad asenselkim (virus informatique) d ahil. Ahil-a, yezmer ad t-id-yaru umessihel (programmeur). S tiddi n wenfafad-a, tettbeddil tikli tamagnut n uselkim, neɣ xerrben isalan yellan deg-s.
Amek ineṭṭeḍ unfafad? Anfafad ineṭṭeḍ-d seg berra i uselkim (aḍebsi, azeṭṭa), reffden-t wahilen yettwalḥayen (programmes qui s'executent), ahilen iqebblen aseɣzef (extention) .com, .exe neɣ .bat.
Anda ara naf anfafad? Di tsenselkimt, ifuyla (fichiers) bḍan ɣef sin yeḥricen:
- a/ ifuyla n yisefka (fichiers de données), amedya yeḍrisen.
- b/ ifuyla iteddun (fichiers qui s'executent), iqebblen aseɣzef .com, .exe, .bat.
Anfafad ineṭṭeḍ ifuyla iteddun; akken tiddin-nnsen, tgellu-d s tiddin n unfafad yellan deg-sen. Anfafad yezmer ad yeẓẓu deg ugzem usenker (secteur d'amorçage) n uḍebsi aquran (disque dur) neɣ yiḍebsiyen ilwayanen (disques souples, disquettes); akken ma yecɛel uselkim anfafad ad d-yaki. Ifuyla n yisefka ur d-ttawin ara infafaden, maca infafaden zemren ad sdermen isalan yella deg-sen.
Amek yebna unfafad? Ahil n wenfafad yebna ɣef 04 yeḥricen:
- 1/ asulu n unfafad (signature du virus): Asulu n unfafad d takbabt-ines (signature) neɣ d limara-s.
- 2/ ahil n tarrawt (programme de reproduction) : Tal tikelt ara yeddu wahil yuḍnen, uɣur yenṭeḍ wenfafad, aḥric-a ad d-yeddu. D aḥric-a ara d-yafen akk ifuyla ikesben aseɣzef .com, .exe, .bat, i wakken ad asen yefk limar-ines.
- 3/ ahil n usedrem (programme de destruction) : S weḥric-a i d-itekk usexreb i yufuyla yesɛan limara n unfafad.
- 4/ anaḍ n uneggez (instruction de saut): S wehric-a, anfafad ad yuɣal ɣer ufaylu amezwaru ideg yeẓẓa.
Ismawen n kra yinfafaden mechuren:
Vendredi 13: Anfafad-a iteffeɣ-d yal ass n lǧemɛa(ass n Sem) 13.
Datacrime: Anfafad-a iteffeɣ-d seld ass n 12 tuber.
Phantom: Anfafad-a inetted deg tecfawit (mémoire).
Virus 405: Anfafad-a isedram isalan n 405 itamḍanen (octets) imezwura n uḍebsi aquran.
Asuza: Anfafad yettili deg ugzem usenker.
Bloody : Anfafad-a iswaɣay agzem n usenker. Afafad-a iteffeɣ-d deg uwennez (reinitialisation) wis 128. Anfafad-a yettaru-d inez-ayi (message) « Bloody Jun 4 1989 », ass n tnekra deg Tienanmen, Pekin).
Jeddah : Anfafad-a irennu azal n 1475 atamḍan i yifuyla .com, .exe. Anfafad-a yettaččar tacfawit yeddren n unasiw (mémoire tompon du clavier clavier).
Zerohunt : Anfafad-a yettili deg tecfawit, d aḥerbebbu, yettbeddil amḍiq.
AMGELNFAFAD (anti-virus): Amgelnfafad d aseɣẓan (logiciel) i d-yettafen ahilen yuḍnen. D netta itekksen infafaden. Amgelnfafad isizdig ahilen yettwaɣen.
Kra n yimgelnfafaden: Virscan, Fprot, Unvirus, Scan, Pc 180, Virusafe, Norton, Vaccin, Novirus
Kra yiwellihen:
- amesten (protection) mgal tira deg yiḍebsiyen inaṣliyen.
- aḥraz n yifuyla deg yiḍebsiyen iseḥḥan
- asekyed (examiner), ma yella ccek, aḍebsi aquran d yiḍebsiyen ilwayanen.
- amesten n yifuyla yesɛan aseYzef .com, .exe, .bat, mgal tira.
- ur seqdacet ara iseɣẓanen n wurar (logiciels de jeux) uqbel asiked-nnsen s useɣẓan amgelnfafad.
- urwet i ugagzdem (téléchargement) n wahilen iteddun (executables)
- kkset afaylu command.com seg uẓar. Amek ara nekkes afaylu seg uẓar ?
Ad s-nbeddel isem (amedya com.moc), ad t-neffer deg zzmam nniden (amedya PROTEC) MD PROTEC COPY C:COMMAN.COM C:PROTECCOM.MOC REN COMMAND.COM SAUVCOM.BIN
Ad nernu ɣer ufaylu CONFIG.SYS, taladna(commande) : SHELL=C:PROTECCOMM.MOC /P Ad nernu ɣer ufaylu AUTOEXEC.BAT, taladna: SET COMPEC=C:PROTECCOM.MOC
- aḥraz n yifuyla .com, .exe mgal tira : Ad naru tasekkirt-a (procédure) :
ATTRIB +R *.COM ATTRIB +R *.EXE
[beddel] Tamselyut


text:
Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe, s yisem-is unṣib Norma Jeane Mortenson naY Norma Jeane Baker amaken yella di Nekwa-s, d tasnebgart d tacennayt tamarikanit, ilulen ass n umenzu n yunyu 1926 deg Los Angels awanak n Kalifornia, yemmuten ass n 5 Yuct asegwas n 1962 di temdint-a. Tella di tazwara tqeddec am teknart, seg-mi ittiwala Howard Hughes is yefkan tagnitt ad tezmel agatu aked 20th Centrury Fox asegwas 1947. Di tezwara n-isegwasen 50 tuYal d-itri n Hollywood/Hulywuud, isura it urar yesean tarennawet tameqṛant d wid n Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, The Seven Year Itch d Some Like It Hot itt yeǧǧan ad tawi arazn Golden Globe n tesnabgart usegwas n 1960.
Γas akken tettwasen nezzah, maca tudert-is tuqel d-abrir, m-ad amecwaṛ ines yeǧǧatt yal ass ur tesgiwen. Ar assa amentel nel mutt ines mazal fella-s awal: tenYa iman-is s-isufar naY d-amenYi aserti.
Asegwas n 1999 American Film Institute arran-tt d tasnebgart tameqṛant tis sed (6) tamarikanit n yal tallit deg ubellez AFI's 100 Years ... 100 stars AFI's 100 isegwasen ... 100 yitran.