text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
[beddel] Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
[beddel] Aqeddem
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
[beddel] Tazwart
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
[beddel] Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
[beddel] Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
[beddel] Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
[beddel] Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
[beddel] Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
[beddel] Tagrayt
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
[beddel] Idlisen
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
[beddel] Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.


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text:
Yezh kemmesk
Ur yezh kemmesk a zo ur yezh savet diwar darempredoù stank etre div yezh (hag a-wechoù muioc'h) ha pa vez uhel live an divyezhegezh etre ar gomzerion.
N'eo ket kevatal ur yezh kemmesk d'ur yezh pidgin rak an dud a ra gant ur yezh kemmesk a zo barrek-tre war ar yezhoù orin, komzerion a-vihanig alies a-walc'h zoken, keit ha ma teu ur pidhin war wel m'emañ unan eus an daou du divarrek-tre war ar yezh all.
Disheñvel eo ivez ur yezh kemmesk diouzh ur yezh kreolek abalamour ma ne grogas ket ur yezh kemmesk evel pidgin er penn kentañ.
Orin ur yezh kemmesk a zo ar c'hemm-digemm yezhoù dibaouez a c'heller kavout gant tud barrek-tre war div yezh en ur gumuniniezh divyezhek, da skwer anv ar spanglish a ziskwel e z eo ar yezh-se ur c'hemmesk etre ar spagnoleg (saozneg "Spanish") hag ar saozneg ("English"). Meur a doare saozneg ez eus a-seurt se o chench hervez a lec'h m'emañ komzet dre implijout gerioù o tont eus ar yezhoù lec'hel, da skwer:
- Europanto (saozneg evel m'emañ komzet e Unvaniezh Europa)
- Madras bashai (tamileg/saozneg)
- Taglish (tagaloeg/saozneg)
- Vinish (vietnameg/saozneg)
- Yanito (spagnoleg/saozneg komzet e Gibraltar)
E gwirionez ez eus yezhoù a diskwel bezañ yezhoù kemmesk met o sellet pishoc'h e vez gwelet ez int kentoc'h ur yezh resis levezonet gant unan all, dreist-holl o kemer gerioù diouti evel as ar franglais (galleg gant kalz a c'herioù a orin saoznek).
Skwer gwellañ ur yezh kemmesk a rank bezañ ur yezh anvet michifeg, savet diwar ar galleg hag ar c'hreeg.
Setu un nebeut yezhoù kemmesk all:

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text: Kabyle(i) 1 S ɣuṛ Bulus akk-d Timuti iqeddacen n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, i watmaten yumnen s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, i imeqqranen n tqeḍɛit akk-d wid i ten-ițɛassan yellan di temdint n Filibus. 2 Ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a wen-d țțunefkent s ɣuṛ baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi akk-d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ Ssid-nneɣ! 3 ?ḥemmideɣ țcekkiṛeɣ Sidi Ṛebbi mkul tikkelt m'ara kkun-id-mmektiɣ. 4 Yal ass deɛɛuɣ fell-awen s lxiṛ di tẓallit-iw s lfeṛḥ d ameqqran, 5 ɣef ddemma n lexbaṛ n lxiṛ i deg tețțekkim seg wass amezwaru armi ț-țura. 6 Umneɣ s tideț belli win yebdan deg-wen ccɣel-agi yelhan, a t-ikemmel alamma d ass n tuɣalin n Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 7 D lḥeqq imi țxemmimeɣ akkagi fell-awen axaṭer tezgam deg ul-iw yerna tețțekkim irkulli di tejmilt i yi-d-ifka Sidi Ṛebbi, ama mi lliɣ di lḥebs ama mi țbecciṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ s tezmert ț-țissas. 8 Atan Ṛebbi d inigi, acḥal i kkun ccedhaɣ axaṭer ḥemmleɣ-kkun s leḥnana n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ; 9 yerna ayen i ssutureɣ di tẓallit-iw d anerni n leḥmala-nwen di tmusni akk-d lefhama. 10 S wakka aț-țissinem amek ara textiṛem ayen ifazen, iwakken aț-țilim teṣfam, ulac ayen ara wen-ssukksen i wass n tuɣalin n Lmasiḥ; 11 yerna tudert-nwen aț-țeččaṛ s wayen yellan d lḥeqq i gxeddem yis-wen Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, i tmanegt akk-d lḥemd n Sidi Ṛebbi. 12 Ay atmaten, bɣiɣ aț-țeẓrem belli ayen idṛan yid-i, d ayen i gesnernan abecceṛ n lexbaṛ n lxiṛ. 13 Axaṭer deg ufrag n ccṛeɛ akk-d imukan nniḍen meṛṛa, ẓran akk ɣef ddemma n Lmasiḥ i țwaḥebseɣ. 14 Aṭas n watmaten i gțeklen ɣef Ssid-nneɣ, yerna ɣas akken ẓran-iyi țwarzeɣ s snasel ur kukran ara, țbecciṛen awal n Ṛebbi mbla tugdi. 15 S tideț, llan kra țbecciṛen Lmasiḥ s ṭṭmeɛ akk-d zzux; meɛna wiyaḍ țbecciṛen s wul yeṣfan d neyya. 16 Widak-agi xeddmen ayagi s lmaḥibba, imi ẓran țwaxtaṛeɣ iwakken ad dafɛeɣ ɣef lexbaṛ n lxiṛ. 17 Ma d wiyaḍ, țbecciṛen Lmasiḥ s wul yeččuṛen ț-țiḥila; ixemmimen nsen ur ṣfin ara, ɣilen s wakka ara rnun lqeṛḥ i wul-iw m'akka lliɣ di lḥebs. 18 Ur i yi-tewqiɛ ara, axaṭer akken yebɣu yili lḥal, ama s tḥila ama s wul yeṣfan Lmasiḥ yețwabecceṛ; ɣef wayagi feṛḥeɣ yerna mazal ad feṛḥeɣ, 19 axaṭer ẓriɣ ayagi meṛṛa i nnfeɛ inu, s tẓallit-nwen akk-d lemɛawna n Ṛṛuḥ n Sidna Ɛisa. 20 Bɣiɣ yerna ssarameɣ ur d-yețțili wacemma s wayes ara ssetḥiɣ; meɛna am ass-a am uzekka, s lețkal ameqqran, a d-tban deg-i tmanegt n Lmasiḥ ama s tudert-iw ama s lmut-iw; 21 axaṭer ɣuṛ-i, Lmasiḥ ț-țudert-iw ma d lmut d rrbeḥ. 22 Meɛna ma yella tudert-iw di ddunit, d lfayda ɣef ddemma n leqdic-iw ɣef lexbaṛ n lxiṛ, d acu ara xtiṛeɣ ? Ur ẓriɣ ara! 23 Di snat lǧihat-agi ɛewqeɣ : deg yiwet n tama, bɣiɣ ad ṛuḥeɣ iwakken ad iliɣ akk-d Lmasiḥ, axaṭer d ayen ifazen aṭas, 24 di tama nniḍen, ɣef ddemma-nwen yenfeɛ axiṛ ad idireɣ di ddunit; ayagi tḥeqqeqeɣ deg-s. 25 ?riɣ ad idireɣ yerna ad qqimeɣ gar-awen meṛṛa, iwakken aț-tennernim yerna aț-țfeṛḥem di liman. 26 Tuɣalin-iw ɣuṛ-wen, a wen-d-tefk sebba tajḍiṭ, s wayes ara tzuxxem s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ɣef ddemma-inu. 27 Acu kan, ddut s tikli yuklal lexbaṛ n lxiṛ n Lmasiḥ iwakken ad sleɣ fell-awen, ama usiɣ-ed a kkun-ẓreɣ ama ɣabeɣ fell-awen, tǧehdem, tedduklem s yiwen n Ṛṛuḥ, tețḥarabem s yiwen wul ɣef liman i d-ițțak lexbaṛ n lxiṛ. 28 ?uṛ-wat aț-țeǧǧem iɛdawen a kkun-ssagden, ayagi ad yili i nutni d țbut n nnger-nsen, i kunwi d țbut n leslak-nwen; annect-agi s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi i d-yekka; 29 axaṭer tețțunefk-awen-d ṛṛeḥma mačči kan iwakken aț-țamnem s Lmasiḥ, meɛna iwakken aț-țenɛețțabem daɣen ɣef ddemma-ines 30 m'ara tețḥarabem akken twalam țḥarabeɣ nekkini, yerna mazal țḥarabeɣ ar tura am akken i teslam yis.


text:
Aẓawan
Aẓawan d taẓuri i srusuyen leṣwat wa zdat wa akken a yaǧeb aɣref. Aẓawan s tefransist d musique, s teglizit music, dayen i d-ikan si tutlayt tagrigit Muse. Di tmurt n Grik Taqburt, tẓa n Muses llant d tiyakucin (goddesses) n uẓawan, d tamedyazt, taẓuri, atg.
Aẓawan d ṣṣut i wenɛen akken ilaq. Ma yella yiwen ikat di tkaṣrunin s lebɣis, neqqar ixeddem aẓawan ɣas akken kra n medden deg wexxam ur s yen ɛjib ara waya.
Aṭas n yiḥricen uẓawan i yellan : Aẓawan n klasik, Aẓawan n weɣref (Pop), Aẓawan ǧaz, Rock and roll, Aẓawan amaziɣ, atg.


text:
Iẓuran: - Muḥend Aɛrav yerra-ak tajmilt tameqrant deg udlis nni ines aneggaru i d-yessufeɣ :“Amezruy n Wegraw Imaziɣen”. Inna-d belli kečč txeddmeḍ ayen ara xedmen mraw* medden.
Slimane: -S tidett, yerna meẓẓiyeɣ di lawan nni, ɣur-i aṭṭas uzaɛbeṭ*. Ad ilint azal n sin igima* n leqhawi di Lpari kan, ṭṭfen-tent meṛṛa iqvayliyen. Nxeddem tizdiwin*, nferreq ilɣa* neɣ neznuzuy aɣmis n Wegraw i d-itteffeɣen yal ayur. Nebḍa Lpari d timnaḍt*, yal ddurt nelha d temnaḍt nni. Llan ilɣa n demma i yefransisen akken aten-id-nesfiq af taluft n imaziɣen, nettawi yasen-ten ar tebwaḍin n tebratin n ixxamen-nsen.
Iẓuran: - I Muḥend Aɛrav, iqeddec yidwen ula d netta?
Slimane: - Kra nexdem iɛawen-aɣ deg-s. Ur yettḥettim yiwen ad yeqdec. Imdanen ttasen-d iman-nsen, win ig zemren i kra ixdem-it, daya !
Xas akken Muḥend Aɛrav yehlek turin-is, werǧin yezgel ula yiwet n tufɣa yid neɣ, amma d afraq n ilɣa neɣ lbiɛ n weɣmis. Akka “izerraɛ awal n takwayin, yettbeccir* awal yelhan alamma yeɣli-d yiḍ”. Mara naweḍ ar lqahwa taneggarut a nečč imensi akken din jmiɛ.
Iẓuran: - Amek iken d-ttqabalen medden?
Slimane: - Ur aɛdilen ara yemdanen ar a naf dinna. Teẓram amur ameqran deg iɣriben nneɣ ur ɣran ara, ɣas akken aɣmis yeswa kan yiwen n frank, ur zmiren ara ad teɣren.
Cfiɣ yiwen wass kecmeɣ, yiwen umanag isuter iy-id azal n uɣmis. Rriɣ-as belli yeswa ala frank. “Dɣa yerfa, yenna-k :”d aya kan i teswa teqv aylit ? Anti mraw frank!“Yiwet n tikelt nerra ar Lpari idis n 13em ar place d Italie. Nekcem di tlata yid-neɣ : Hmed Verquq n Uẓeffun d wayeḍ umeɣnas ak d nekk ar yiwen”usensi d tberna“n yiwen umerkanti ameqran n Vuɣni. Nessers iɣmisen nneɣ af ukuntwaṛ, nekmandi tlata leqhawi. Nufa ala sin imsaɣen* daxel n lqahwa nni. Nwehha* i umɛallem ma ad yaɣ yiwen weɣmis n frank. Irra-yaɣ-id s wawalen agi:”Nekk ul lliɣ d amaziɣ, ur lliɣ d aɛrab !"....
Amawal:
mraw: dix
azaɛbeṭ: fougue
igima (agim): mille
tizdiwin (tazdawt): tournées
ilɣa (alɣu): tracts
timnaḍ (tamnaḍt: zones
yettbeccir: prêcher
idis (idisan): arrt.
asensi : hotel
ttberna (ttbernat): bar
imsaɣen: clients


text:
Tuksitant
Tuksitant. Iles n ok, taranit. Agafataram n Katalunya, Anz'ul n Fransa, Agafataram d unz'ul n It'alya, Munaku. D uns'ib ak iles nned'ni: Agafataram n Katalunya. D uns'ib: Agafataram d unz'ul n It'alya. Ur zza-yes sqaren-ca: Anz'ul n Fransa.
Tuksitant tebda tett'ef ixef-nnes deg uwettay alemmas n wadday. Tedwel d iles n lidara d tussna deg Uksitanya. Qqimen-anegh-d id'risen uran s iles-a zi lqern 11, 12, d 13, iwwed' ad yili d amesnawi d ameqran n tmesna. Maca, zi lqer 13 tsawentt, di marra awettay alemmas, Fransa tebda th'ewwas marra tamurt, tafransist tebda tghellab di tmesna d tesnilsit.
Twaggent tzemmar h'uma ad h'yan iles, ktar ak tlalil wiss sin taseklant n ummussu uksitan n lqern 20, id-as-yucan ccan i yiles, igg-as amkan di temyawad't, tamezyida d tuffgha taz'rigant. Âawed, isâan iles a ghar-es tili tan'dat-nnes tasmagnut, immersen x wawalen umi qqaren iles n Oc , maca iselh'en i marra ilsan uksittanen.
Iles agaskun n Tafrawt n Aran, id-yusin di Katalunya qqaren-as taranit. Az'ayer n Katalunya iqqim iticc-as ccan ar 1990, wami tedwel d tuns'ibt ak tkattalantt d tkasttiyant.
Zi zik (di 1882) ira ssexdamen day-es aryaghed uksittan iâedlen, s uyenni, tettwah'sab tudes ar tuksittant, tugha ila bdan ssexdament di temezyida (di 1884). Id'a, taranit ssexdament di lidara, d tghuri, ghar-es cway n umkan di imassen n temyawad't. tettarin zzay-es tasekla. Abeddel alsawan imsaren di Uksittanya tafransist ur ilqif Tafrawt n Aran, mani ig iqqim iles iddar, ghar-es inni ix-as iddafaâen. Waxxa amya, taranit âad ur tejhid att'as. Aghelleb n tkasttiyantt d tkattalantt issexdamen di temezyida, isnen iwdan ad ssiwlen, issumumi-tt zdat n tumanin am unetleâ d umsaray.


text:
Lili Bonic
Lili Bonic neɣ (Boniche), acennay adzayri uday mucaɛen aṭas iluled g 1921 g Taqṣebt n Dzayer (Kasba) yemmut ass n 6 meɣres 2008 g Pari g Fransa ycennu aẓewan aɛrab-andalusi yecennu daɣen Ccaɛbi, Rrumba, s taɛrabt tadzayrit d tarumit, ccna ines imeẓẓwi (ḥammlent meden) yceyɛit babas win yellan argaz uẓewan ula d netta, bac aken a d yeɣar ɣur aselmad Saɛud awahrani Ccix n uẓawen, yekcem daɣen g iɣerbazen n uẓuwen imucaɛen azal Mutribiya d Musiliya yefkayas anemhal n Rradio n Dzzayer (Radio-Alger) adisider tadwilt n Ḥawzi ass imi yella yesɛa 15 isegwasen gelɛamris
gar tuɣac ines llan :
1- ana el warqa el meskina
2- il y a un seul dieu (yiwen rebbi i yellan)
3- Bambino


text: Mi wwḍen ar dinna, ṭṭfen akal i yufan yeqqim d asuki, d lmecmel. Ufan kra n igebliwen d imeksawen n tqeḍɛin n wulli kkaten ajewwaq; wiyaḍ lhan-d d leḥruz ak ttẓallit deg tmezgida. S yedrimen wwin yid-sen, uɣen tiqwiṛin n igebliwen n ifalistiniyen. Tajmaɛt n leǧnas (U.N) yedduklen twufeq-iten, tebuṭṭa-asen, weqmen tamkant anida ara idiren gar-asen di dunnit; dɣa qqimen dinna semman-as i tmurt nni Isarël. Nutni, yuɣ lḥal warem (20) n leqrun-uya si d-ffɣen seg akal n Falastin; dehmen-ten-id zik Ṛuman. Seg imir i mmɣen hujren ɣef tmura n dunnit meṛṛa, maca anida iwwḍen ad sbedden tamezgida-nsen; taɣeḍ ma reclen d tmeṭṭut ur nella-ara d tudayt, ad tjebden ɣer ddin am nettat am tarwa ar d-terbu; dayen i si ṭṭefen ur nngiren ara ɣas ayendin n leqrun i yezrin. Yal n tikelt ara ẓallen ad inin : “Qabel ar Yarusalem”, armi d asmi d-yewweḍ s tidett-is. Seg useggas 1948 id yeḍra wayen akken ssaramen warem n leqrun. Maɛna ɣas akken uɣalen ar wakal n lejdud-nsen, mazal-asen ad qqablen uguren imeqqranen-iten yettrajun: asif n uḥeǧǧaǧu-aten yettraju at-sɛeddin. Xas si zik deg tmuḥeqranit d lbaṭel ur ikkis fell-asen, qqublen icenga di yal tama: i ccerq ar lɣerb, deg usamar ar umalu, icenga sya-w-sya. Nutni di krad (03) imelyan, ixṣimen-nsen d imeyyaten n imelyan yid-sen. Yefka-asen-d Yillu Marican iḥuma-ten-id. Di dunnit meṛṛa “asen-id tt-gen afus”, acku ɣaḍen medden af ayen sɛeddan di leqrun. Si meḥyaf d lbaṭel i yezrin d wayen i-ten yettrajun ar ɣer-s at-nnaɣen. Amek i tt-ufan? Taddukli gar-asen, idrimen sɛan ttceggiɛen ɣer tmurt n Israël i “watmaten-nsen”. ma d lefhama d temusni ɣur-sen si zik; dayen s imenɛen.


text:
Ahidus Tinghir n tmgra
Tinghir, Ait-issa, Allah, Alnif, Amazigh, Amllal, Amour, Asfalou, Atlas, Olave, Aitta, Badraoui, Baha, Bahha, Boumalne, Videos Atlas, Souss, Berbere, Tamazight, Chleuhs, Musique Atlas, Music Amazigh, Imazighen, Musique amazigh, Chleuh, Ahwach, Tachelhit, Chleuh culture, Errachidia, ouarzazate, tamazight, boumalne, zagora, atlas izlan, ahidos, ahidous, ijoud, zaid objna, ouhachm bou3zama, zhraoui, bdraoui,seddi ,timdiazen, fahim ,oumguil, omguil, tinjdad, , chleuh berbère, ahouzar, ahozar, tamazgha, souss video, atlas video, tamghra, tassamrt, izli amazigh, musique, amazighe, musique amazigh , music amazigh


text:
A nagraw n w'ammud
A Nagraw n w'Ammud ( tazegzilt (abréviation) N.A) (Fr : système d'exploitation SE ), (s te glizit Operating System OS), d'ta grumma n w'ahilen ig sselḥun a cermad (appareil) a senselkim.
[beddel] Ta nawsent (typologie)
[beddel] A mazray (historique)
deg seggasen n 1940, i selkimen(ordinateurs,computers) ttwasihlen(programmer) s we seqdec n te qfilt (interruptuer à bascule), kra i seggasen mbeɛd sseqdecen ti karḍiwin i nezmer ad nɣer s we selkim.
I selkimen des seggasen 1940 ɣer 1960 swan tafunast d yellis(ɣlay it), anagir ti rmisin(entreprises) ti meqqranin iten yesseqdacen, yerna m yal a mseqdac sbededen as akud n leqdic(limiter le temps d'utilisation)
[beddel] Akf'asihel (multiprogrammation)
akf'asihel d'awal id yussan deg sin w'awalen (akfud=multiplication , asihel = programmation).


text:
Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul
Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul d amgaru i deg nnuɣen wid yebɣan ad rren Spenyul d tigduda d wid yebɣan ad teqqim tgeldit si 1936 ɣer 1939.
Sakin, seg useggas-nni d asawen, d Franco ay yernan wid yebɣan tigduda u d netta ay yuɣalen d aqerru n leḥkem di Spenyul.
Di 1947, Franco yerra-d tageldit (monarchie) ɣer Spenyul, d acu kan, ula d yiwen ur yettalas ad yili d agellid ala kan ma yuɣal Franco ur yezmir ara ad yeḥkem neɣ yeɛzem ad yeǧǧ lehkem i ugellid.
Di tallit-nni akk n leḥkem-is, Spenyul tuɣal d tamurt i deg ttwagedlen (interdit) yikabaren isertiyen akk d tdukliwin, yernu ala kan d taspenyulit ay d tutlayt yesɛan aẓayer (statut) di tmurt-a. Imawlan n tutlayin nniḍen akk n Spenyul (tabaskit, takatalant, tagalisit, atg.) llan ttnaɣen akken zemren akken ad sɛun izerfan-nsen idelsanen.
Dɣa yiwet si tmiwa ay yenṭerren aṭas akk si lbaṭel n Franco d tama n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen i deg ay d-tennulfa terbaɛt timselleḥt n ETA, ay yebdan imenɣi i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n Yibaskiyen. Franco yemmut di 1975, u temmut yid-s tallit-nni n lbaṭel ameqqran.
Seg wass-n d asawen, tennefsusi ccedda i deg llant ttidirent tutlayin timeddursa (minoritaires) di Spenyul, u ttunefken-asent akk yiẓuyar (statuts) di tmiwa i deg ay tent-ttmeslayen.
[beddel] Tamselyut
- imedyazen sɣur Omar Mouffok


text:
Timlilit n Usqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa di Boumerdès
Azday n umawal n tjerrumt n tmaziɣt
Par: S. M. | 01-10-2012
Di teɣzi n wussan, 26 d 27 seg ctember yezrin, Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa yessudes-d yiwet n temlilit di temdint n Boumerdès anda i d-yessemlal iselmaden n tesdawit d yimaswaḍen n tutlayt tamaziɣt iwakken ad sqerdcen tamsalt n uzday n tjerrumt. Ahil i d-yettwaheggan d amerkanti, imi mačči drus n yisaragen i d-wwin wid yettekkan di temlilit-a rnu ɣur-s askasi i yewwin tiremt n yizem. Timlilit-a d tin i d-yernan mbeɛd tin n useggas 2011 i d-yellan di Zéralda ɣef tjerrumt tanammast akked d tin n Boumerdès yakan di 2010 ɣef uzday n tira. D ayen yeǧǧan ass-a Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa yebɣa ad yaweḍ s anda akken tekres taluft. Imi, iwakken tamaziɣt ad teṭṭef amkan-is deg uɣerbaz neɣ tasdawit yettunefk ad tekseb amawal yezdin tajerrumt d tsekla, mebla ma nettu tira.
D awal dɣa i d-yebder uaray amatu n Usqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa Y.Merahi uqbel ad bdun lecɣal n temlilit-a, anda i d-yesseḥres ɣef tikli deg ubrid n uzday d useqɛed n yiḥricen yerzan aselmed n tmaziɣt. D rray dɣa i yezdin kra n wid akk yettekkin di temlilit, aya nwala-t deg yisaragen i d-yettunefken. S kra n wid akk i d-yemmeslayen, ɛerḍen akka ad d-awin kra n leryuy ara yessufɣen ɣer tafat ayen akka i d-yesnejmaɛen wid i iqedcen deg unnar n uselmed n tmaziɣt. Mustapha Tidjet seg tesdawit n Bgayet yessukk-d akka tamuɣli wessiɛen ɣef umecwar i d-yewwi uselmed n tmaziɣt d yinadiyen i d-yellan acḥal aya iwakken ad d-ibeggen anerni deg unadi, iwakken ad d-yaweḍ ɣer tallit n wass-a anda i d-yefka nnig n mraw n leryuy ahat ad ilin d wid ara yilin d lmendad i uzday n umawal n tjerrumt n tmaziɣt. Ula d Mahrazi, si tesdawit n Bgayet ula d netta yedda s telqayt deg umeslay-is imi yeɛreḍ ad yesleḍ kra akka n yinadiyen yettwaxedmen iwakken ad ten-icud s ayen yellan deg unnar ass-a. Mačči d yiwen neɣ d sin n yisaragen i d-yewwin awal ɣef taluft-a n uzday n umawal, meɛna askasi i d-yellan d win i d-yessufɣen aṭas n tikta ara yesseddun lecɣal neɣ ahat ara yeldin abrid i temliliyin nniḍen. Djilali Sekhi, si tama-s yewwi-d awal ɣef useqdec n umawal di tneɣriyin anda yesɣar, imi netta d aselmad n tmaziɣt di tmurt n Fransa. Deg wass wis-sin, Salhi Mohand Akli d Ramdane Boukherouf wwin-d awal ɣef umawal n tsekla d win n tjerrumt. Ma yella amezwaru yessudes-d yakan yiwen n umawal n tsekla, wis sin d win yesselmaden tajerrumt di tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, anda i d-ibeggen tirmit-is deg useqdec n umawal di tanga-a, d wamek i d-yesnulfuy sya ɣer da awalen ur nelli ara yakan. Mačči d win i d-yennan belli akka ara yilin s ya d afella wawalen-a, meɛna yeǧǧa imeddukkal-is d wid akk iqedcen deg unnar iwakken ad walin tifrat iwulmen di cɣel-a. Uqbel ad tekfu temilit-a, aṭas n leryuy i d-yufraren, meɛna ayen i d-yebder Mahmoud Amaoui, si tesdawit n Bgayet, d win i d-ijebden lwelha. Aselmad-a yebɣa yakan ad d-yili Usqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa di lmendad n widak ara inadin deg temsalt-a n uzday n umawal, ad d-yenejmiɛ wid i iqedcen deg uḥric-a. D ayen iɣef i d-yerra M.Merahi mebla leɛḍil, imi yessuter deg yisdawanen ad as-d-fken yiwen n wahil n temliliyin di teɣzi n useggas 2013 i d-iteddun, iwakken HCA ad d-yessewjed timliliyin. Dɣa ɣef rray-a iɣef tekfa temlilit n Boumerdès.
S. M.


text:
Dihya
Dihya, neɣ Kahina, aken i s-semman waeraben asmi d kecmen Tamazɣa, tella d tagellitt tamaziɣt i yettmenɣan mgal unekcum n weeraben s tamurt-is ger useggas 695 d 705. Tfrurɣed di learc ǧerawa n Zenata di Lewras. Aken llan igelliden imezwura imaziɣen n Numidya, teffɣ-ed d tagellitt si tefranin n usqamu n tidukla n laerac d tudrin.
Dihya d udem amenzawi, nettat d Kusayla n wazbu amaziɣ di tefriqt ugafa mgal unekcum n yemselmen seg usamar ger isegasen n 695 d 705. Asmi kan i d kecmen dɣa, tadukli tasartit d tadeblant n tmazɣa usamar akw d tlemast (Lewras n tura) tela s daw ufus n Aksel neg Kusaylas ta3rabt. Asmi imut di 688 d Dihya i guɣalen d aqerru n wazbu mgal ieraben.


text:
[index]
berbère - tamazight
Tiṣerriḥt tagraghlant izerfan n wemdan
Anakcham
Imi asmussen n lḥwerma i ttalasen akkw yâggalen n twachult talsawt d yizerfan n sen yemsawan, d nitni i d llsas n tlelli, taghdemt akkw d- tifrat
deg wmadal (di ddunit).
Imi kra n widn nesmussun ara izerfan n wemdan d widn iḥeqqren s lkhwedm n lewḥuch yesserfayen tamsakwit n talsa akkw d- tlilin umadal and'ara
hedren u and'ara yamnen yemdanen s tlelli idg ur yelli la aseṛheb la lmizirya, d nettat i d asirem âlayan n wemdan.
Imi tebbwi - dd nnig kra yellan ad ttuḥudden izerfan n wemdan s nnidam azerfan i wakkn ur yettuḥerrs ara wemdan di taggara alamma yughal d amnafeg
ḍadd temḥeqranit akkw d unaghur.
Imi yessefk ad tennerni tegmi d wassaghen n tmidwa d lemḥibba gar yeghlanen.
Imi di lqanun izerfan n wemdan imudan n ledjnas yedduklen berrḥen i tikkelt tajḍidt laman n sen deg zerfan ilsasiyen n wemdan di ccherf akkw
d wazal n bnadem di tugdut izerfan n tulawin d yergazen u berrḥen belli qeṣden ad snernin aqeddem amgarwan u ad sbed'den tigwnatin timenyafin
n tudert di tlelli yettimghuren.
Imi, timura yetteskin di ledjnas yedduklen lezment iman n sent ad myallent (ad mmâwanent) i wakken ad demnent nitenti d-tuddsa n ledjnas yedduklen,
di mkull timura leqder aheqqani izerfan n wemdan akkw tlella tilsasiyin.
Imi afham amechruk n tlella d yizerfan agi degs lqima tameqwrant i wakken ad uqment leqder tmura leqder i lâhd n sent.
Tajmâit tamatawt
Tberreḥ belli tiṣerriḥt agi tagraghlant izerfan n wemdan d anawad amechruk igher ssaramen imudan d yeghlanen akken ma llan i wakken akkw yemdanen
d yâggaln n temgarwa i glan (i ges an) dima tiṣerriḥt agi di lbal n sen, ad skhedmen akkw lmedjhud n sen, s leqraya d ttṛebga i wakkn ad senernin
aqader n tlella d yizerfan agi u ad demnen s ttawilat idd iteddun s lâqel, (wa deffir wa) deg wennar aghelnaw d ugraghlan asmussen d usnefḍes
igraghlanen iḥeqqaniyen gar imezdaghen n ddulat tâggalin s timmad n sent nagh gar yimezdaghen n tmizar i gellan ddaw lhwekm n sent aghedman.
Tamadda 1:
Imdanen, akken ma llan ttlalen d ilelliyen msawan di lḥweṛma d yizerfan- ghur sen tamsakwit d lâquel u yessefk ad-tili
tegmatt gar asen.
Tamadda 2:
Kull yiwen ghur-s lḥeqq ad ighellat tilella d yizerfan idd yeddan di tṣerriḥt agi bla tarayit idd yettasen si cchetla, d llun, d ldjens d tutlait,
d ddin d ṛṛay asiyasi nagh ṛṛay iḍen i gerzan lasl aghelnaw, tamgarwa, aila talalit nagh liḥala n iḍen yehwa yas d argaz nagh d-tameṭṭut.
Rnu gher-s, ur ilaq ara ad-tili trayit yebnan ghef liḥala tasiyasit, taghedmawt nagh tagraghlant n tmurt nagh n temnadt ideg yezdegh wemdan yehwa
yas tella tmurt agi nagh temnadt agi d- talellit nagh ddaw lewkala, nagh ur tehkim ara deg yiman is nagh ur tekmil ara tlelli ines.
Tamadda 3:
Kull amdan ghur es lḥeqq n tudert, tilelli d laman ghef timmad is.
Tamadda 4:
Ur ilaqar a ad yughal wemdan d akli nagh d aqeddach n wemdan iden. Tasakla d uzenzi n waklan ttuḥeṛṛmen maḍi.
Tamadda 5:
Ur ilaqara ad yettuselleṭ ghef umdan uâqeb nagh ssikis d- teghriwin yesnughbuyen, itekksen fell as sser.
Tamadda 6:
Ang'is yehwa yili wemdan, ghur s lḥeqq ad yettwag leqder i timmadit is taghedmawt.
Tamadda 7:
Akkw indamen msawan zdat lqanun u ghur sen lḥeqq bla afraz i wakkn atn iḥudd lqanun - ghur sen irkwelli lḥeqq i uḥuddu, akken ma llan ḍedd
tarayit ur nwufq ara tiṣerriḥt agi.
Tamadda 8:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad ichetki i tnehkamin tighelnawin yettuk'ellfen i wakkn ad fkent lḥeqq ḍedd tneḥyafin ur nettqadar ara izerfan ilsasiyen
is yettak udustur d lqanun.
Tamadda 9:
Ula d yiwen ur yezmir ad yettwaṭṭef, nagh ad yettwaḥbes nagh ad yet twanfu s ldjur.
Tamadda 10:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad-tâddi tluft is zdat tnehkamt, âinani, bla tneḥyaft i wakkn ad - tseyyi ma seḥḥant telzimin is d yizerfan is nagh
ma d-tidett wayn - idd gren fell as deg wennar n lâqubat.
Tamadda 11:
1. Kra n win yettutéhmen s ssiya ad yettwaḥseb d imzekki alama yettuṣeḥḥeh s lâdel ddenb idd gren fell as, âinani, zdat tnaḥkamt and'ara
yettwadmen akkw wayn i glaqen i uḥuddu ines.
2. Ula d yiwen ur yettwaḥkam ara fell as ma yekh dem kra n ssiya yettuḥeṛṛmen nagh ma iferreṭ di kra iwudjben fell as ma yella di tallit
ni ayn idd gren fell as ur ikhulfara lqanun aghelnaw nagh agraghlan, yerna lâquba ur d as-dd yettak ara ad - tagwar tin is i gḥekkm lqanun di
tallit ideg teḍra ssiya.
Tamadda 12:
Ur yezmir ḥedd ad yessekchem iman is s ldjur di tudert n wemdan, di twachult is; deg wekkham is, timuzniwin is nagh ad yessims lḥwerma-s d nnif
is; kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq at iḥudd lqanun si tiytiwin yechban tigi.
Tamadda 13:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad yelḥu s tlelli u ad yekhtir tanezdught di tmurt is.
2. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad yeffegh si yall tamurt ghas d - tamurt is u ma yehwa yas yezmer ad yughal ghur es.
Tamadda 14:
1. Ma yella yettwaḥṛes wemdan s ldjur, ghur-s lḥeqq ad yesdari iman is u ad ighellet lânaya n tmura iḍen.
2. Amâni ur d-as-dd tebbw ara ad ighellet lḥeqq agi ma yella yekhdem ssiya ikhulfen lqanun amechruk nagh ayn ur nwufq ara inawaḍen d yimenzayen
n tmura yedduklen.
Tamadda 15:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq i tghelna is yehwan.
2. Ur d-as yettwakkes i yiwen s ldjur la taghelna ines la lḥeqq ubeddel n tghelna.
Tamadda 16:
1. Mi geblegh weqchich nagh teqchicht, ghur sen lḥeqq ad zewdjen i wakkn ad bnum tawachult bla ma yettuqegged lḥeqq gi s cchetla, taghelna,
nagh ddiyana msawan deg zerfen m'ara zewdjen, nad'am zewdjen nagh m'ara yefsekh zzwadj.
2. Ur yettili zzwady alamma s lebghi d umyeqbel ukmil n wergaz d- tmettut.
3. Tawachult d-tagwejdit talemmast n temgarwa, ghur-s lḥeqq att thudd temgarwa d ddula.
Tamadda 17:
1. Amdan yehwa yas weḥd-es nagh d amezday ghur-s lḥeqq ad yekseb aila.
2. Yiwen ur yezmir ad yettuḥeṛṛem seg waila-s.
Tamadda 18:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq i tlelli n tedmi, tamsakwit d ddiyana, lḥeqq agi tetteski deg-s tlelli ubeddel n ddiyana akkw d wayn is yettamen, wehd
es nagh gar medden âinani nagh di sser, s uselmed s tegdimin, s wâbâd d umares n lemdaheb.
Tamadda 19:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq n tlelli di ṛṛay d lmenṭeq anda yetteski lḥeqq ubeggen n ṛṛay bla ma yettuchebbwel u daghen tebbwi yas-dd ad inadi,
ad yeṭṭef, u ad yefser di yall tamurt isallen d- tedmiwin s yall ttawil n wenṭaq.
Tamadda 20:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq i unejmâ akkw d- tdukla di tifrat.
2. Yiwen ur yezmir ad yettuḥettem i wakken ad yetteski di tdukla.
Tamadda 21:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad yetteski deg wselḥuy n temsal n bailek n tmurt is, ama netta s timmad is, nagh s win yekhtar d amtil is.
2. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq amm netta am wiyad ad yettef amkan di lḥirfat n bailek n tmurt is.
3. Lirad umadan d nettat i d llsas n lhiba n lehkwem n bailek- yessefk add tban s tefrant zeddigen idg ara tteskin meddn irkwelli u ara yilin
si lweqt aar wayeḍ di tugdut d sser nagh s ttawil iḍen it yechban ara iḍemnen tilellli n tefrant.
Tamadda 22:
Kull amdan yetteskin di temgarwa ghur-s lḥeqq di laman amgarwan gqes den ad ikafi izerfan is isagrawen imgarwanen d yidelsanen imsefken i lḥweṛma
d usegmi alelli n timmadit is s tejmilt n lmedjhud aghelnaw d umyalli agraghlan s wayn ara yembwafaqen netta d nniḍam d lerzaq n kull tamurt.
Tamadda 23:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq i ikheddim ara yekhtir akkn is yehwa s cchurut n lâdel imsefṛaḥen ar'at iḍemmen ghef ticchumert.
2. Imdanen akken ma llan ghur sen lḥeqq bla tarayit i tjernanin yemsawan ghef ikheddimen yemsawen.
3. Kra n win ikheddmen ghur-s lḥeqq i tjernant taḥeqqit, timsefreḥt ar'as iḍemnen i netta d twachult is tudert iwufqen lḥweṛma n wemdan
ara yettuk'emmlen ma yebgha lḥal, s kra n ttawil iden uḥuddu amgarwan.
4. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad yessebded netta d wiyaḍ tidukliwin ikheddamen nagh ad icharek di tdukla ara iḥudden lmeslaha ines.
Tamadda 24:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq i rraha d- tukksa n lkhiq (d ugunfu) u ladgha di lḥedd iqebbel lâqel n lweqt ikheddim akkw di ttriḥ yettwakhelsen,
si lewqt aar wayeḍ.
Tamadda 25:
1. Kull amdam ghur-s lḥeqq i lmizan n tudert ar'at iqidden i ṭṭmana n tṣeḥiḥt is (n tezmert is), liser ines akkw d- twachult is, ladgha
i isafarn n tuççit, llebsa, tanezdught, adawi timezgiwin (tijmilin) timgarwiyin ilaqen, ghur-s lḥeqq i ṭṭmana ma ur ikheddmara, ma yuḍen,
ma yella d anâibu nagh d adjjal, nagh d awesran nagh kra n yimi ar d as ruḥent ttawilat n tudert ma yekka-dd waya nnig tezmert is;
2. Tiyemmatin d yigwerdan ghur sen lḥeqq i tallalt (lmâwna) d uḥuddu ikhsusiyen. Akkw igwerdan ilulen di zzwadj nagh beṛṛa n zzwadj ghur sen
lḥeqq yemsawan di tussṛa (ṭṭmana) tamgarwant.
Tamadda 26:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq di leqraya ur nessefk ara fell as lekhlaṣ ladgha leqraya tamenzut akkw d- telsasit. Leqraya tamenzut d- tamelzumt,
leqraya tatiqnit d uselmed n lhirfat yessefk ad ilin d imatawen, tabburt unekchum gher tlumdiwin tunnigin (âlayen) yessefk ad-tili s lâdel i meddn
irkwelli ghef lehsab n wakken ẓewren.
2. Ttrebga yessefk ad- tessiweḍ ghr usefti n timmadit d usedjhed n leqder izerfan n wemdan akkw d tlella tilsasiyin, tebbwi-dd ad- tweṣṣi ghef
usefhem d umsameh d lemhibba gar tmura akken ma llant d yimudan d ddiyanat i tuttfa n lehna.
3. Imawlan ghur sen lḥeqq d imezwura ad khtiren ṣṣenf n ttrebga ara fken i warraw n sen.
Tamadda 27:
1. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq ad yetteski ma yebgha di tmeddurt tadelsant n tmurt is, ad yestummen i lfenn (tazuri) akkw d tegmi n tussna d wayen
idd ttaken n lfaida.
2. Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq uḥuddu n lfaida ines tanamkawt akkw d- tmaddawt idd yekkan seg wayn idd yesnulfa di tussna, di tmedyazt (tasekla)
nagh di lfenn.
Tamadda 28:
Kull amdan ghur-s lḥeqq deg wennar amgarwan nagh deg wennar agraghlan i wakken ad yili nniḍam yechban izerfan akkw tlella idd yeddan di tṣerriḥt
agi lfaida d unawaḍ n sen.
Tamadda 29:
1. Amdan ghur-s lwadjeb i wegdud idg i gemken ala deg-s kan, unerni ukmil n timmadit is.
2. Deg wmares izerfan is d ughellet n tlella ines, kull yiwen ur ikennu ala ddaw leqyud i gerṣem lqanun wehd es i wakken ad yedmen asmussen d
uqader izerfan d tlella n lghir is u daghen i wakken tisutriwin tighedmawin n wedyaz d nniḍam n bailek d liser amataw dit emgarwa tagdudant (tadimuqratit).
3. Izerfan akkw d- tlella yagi, is yehwan yili, ur zmirn ara ad ttumarsen ḍedd inawaḍen d ỵimenzayen, n tmura yedduklen.
Tamadda 30:
Ur telli tmadda di tṣerrḥit agi i gzemren ad-tettwafhem d-tikchi n lḥeqq i ddulla, nagh i wegdud nagh i wemdan i wakkn ad khedmen kra nagh
ad marsen igi i gqeṣden aḥuddu izerfan akkw d-tlella idd yeddan deg-s.
[index]


text:
Mi wwḍen ar din, ṭṭfen akal i yufan yeqqim d asuki, d lmecmel. Ufan kra n igebliwen d imeksawen d tqeḍɛiyin n wulli, kkaten tizemmarin, wiyaḍ lhan d leḥruz ak d tẓallit deg lejwamaɛ. S yedrimen i wwin yidsen, uɣen tiqwirin n igebliwen ifalisṭiniyen. Di tejamɛt n leǧnas yedduklen (U.N) twufeq-iten, tebuṭṭa asen-weqmen tamkant anida ara yidiren waygar-asen di dunnit. Qimen dinna, semman-as i tmurt nni Israël. Nutni, yuɣ lḥal ɛacrin n leqrun-yagi i d-ffɣen seg wakal n afalastini, dehmen-ten-id irumanen zik. Segimiren, i mmɣen hujren af temmura n dunnit meṛṛa, maca, anda i wḍen ad sbedden timezgida-nsen, tayeḍ ma reclen (zewjen) ttmeṭṭut ur nella ara ttudayt am nutni; am nettat d tarwa ara d-sɛu. Dayen i si ṭṭfen armi ur ngiren ara ɣas ayendin n leqrun i yezrin. Yal n tikelt ara ẓallen ad inin : “qqabel ma yebɣa Yillu ar Yarusalem”; armi d ass i d-yeḍra s tidett. Seg useggas n alef u tesaɛ meyya tmanya u ṛebɛin id yeḍra wayen akken i ssaramen ɛacrin n leqrun aya. Maɛna xas uɣalen ar wakal nni ssarmen, mazal-asen-d ad qqablen uguren imeqqranen iten-ittrajun. Asif n uḥeǧǧaǧu aten-yettraju at-sɛeddin. Γas akken seg zik, lbaṭṭel d tmuḥeqranit ur yekkis fell-asen, qqublen icenga di yal tama : i ccerq, i lɣerb, asamar, amalu, iY cenga syaw-sya.
Nutni di tlata imelyan , ixṣimen-nsen d imeyyaten n imelyan yid-sen. Yefka-asen-d Yillu Marikan iḥumaten, ittɛawan-iten-id. Deg dunnit akken tella ṭṭfen-asen-id afus, acku ɣaḍen medden af ayen sɛeddan. Si miḥyaf d lbaṭṭel i yɛeddan, iten-yettrajun at-nnaɣen. Amek i ttufan? Tadukkli gar-asen, idrimen llan, ttceggiɛen ɣer tmurt n Iraël i watmaten-nsen. Ma d lefhama d tamusni tella si zik; dayen i si menɛen. Γelben acḥal d imelyan n waɛraben ɣas kesben lgaz d lpitrul, i d-issekcamen ayendin n imelyaren n ddulaṛ. Aɛraben-agi ṭṭfen-d ula s ddin n tneslemt-nsen, smalen-t-id ar tama-nsen. Ula d igduden ur nella-ara d aɛraben ɛawenen-ten. Timura tinselmin ddant yid-sen, maca llant snat ulac-itent ar gursen: 1) Tadukli tɣab, ttemceččawen gar-asen. 2) leqraya txuṣ aṭṭas, ur tuli ara. 3) Medden akken llan kerhen-ten, acku di lefɛayel-nsen diri-ten. Acuɣer ? Acku win i idenben deg dunnit labud ad ixelles, ma mačči d netta d derga-s. Akk-a id-ttɛawaden imezwura nneɣ zik. D tagi i wumi qqaren : Daɛessu !


text:
Bulla:- Ad ixlu Ṛebbi axxamt-ik ! Ad isseɣli taxembirt-inek [1] af usiǧǧew inek ! Ṛebbi ad iɣleq tiḥuna-k issedrem kra yellan n walzazen [2] illan din ! Axi meqqar, mmel-iyi-d d acu ara tzenzeḍ i uwessar anda ussan-is nsan, tazmert tfuk, tudert tqerreb ar uwetu-s (terme) ? D acu n tḥilett tessexdameḍ mgal yid-s u s wacu, ay Ulhim, i tzemreḍ att-teṭfeḍ ?
Ulhim:- Iberdan issawaḍen awessar ar txessart-is qwan. Laɛdez tetteg derwes [3] i tẓallit i uwessar; ṭṭmaɛ ittkellix-as af ṛemḍan ak ttaggalt [4]; tindemmit [5] af tidfiyin [6] it-ifuten at-ḍerrefen ar tufɣa n laɛqel. Mi ur zmiren ad qablen tirga n teḍfi [7] ad serreḥen i asugen [8] ixerbacen [9] ak d isexlumen [10] yesjegḥen [11] u s taɣrit [12] ur d-ḍerrunt. Tidmi [13], iḥiṭṭaken [14] neɣ daɣ ttagaden lmut neɣ att-id-sɛaraḍen [15] iwessura segmaren [16] s ɣur n lexṣaṣ n taflest [17] deg iman nsen u daɣen si tamella [18] n Sidi Ṛebbi.
Bulla: - Anti tiddas [19] i tessexdameḍ mgal imrabḍen ixuniyen [20]? Anta tillit [21] i tettheggiḍ i ixelwiyen [22] ak d ixelwiyen ixuniyen [23]?
Ulhim: - Ttnaɣeɣ-ten s uḥizi [24]. Asekran yiɣil ad yaf ddwa taḥenact [25] deg tissit n lexmaṛ, acrab i lɛiwaḍ at-iseḥlu, at-isekkeṛ u ad yawi taṛḥwit-is. U daɣen am ubuhyut (solitaire), iɣemmeqen iman-is deg uḥizi ines yettuɣal-as d ṛṛhaǧ. Yiɣil yufa arazuɣ [26], yak abuhyut ulac acengu [27] ines imnejli neɣ tuli tiḥerci-s af uḥizi. Imerwalen [28] agi gan sɣur menwala di dunnit d imdanen yestufan [29]. Ɛennuɣ tidmiyin ak d tirga n timudmin [30] timerɣuyin [31]. Sendageɣ degsen beqqu n tlawin. Ma ixus ur ssawḍeɣ ara akken aten sɛarqeɣ, asen smireɣ cihwa [32] tismin [33], aḥennak [34] ar tagara, d akud [35] i d ameddakel-iw. Sganayeɣ anafag [36] -nsen u seɣlayeɣ-d fellasen ddɛan ttnammit: “tiɣersi n wul” d tifucal [37], wala tidett, taɛli, d uneli n nesfel-iten ceɣben ussan imenza.
Bulla: - Ad imnaɛ Ṛebbi si tḥila-nwen, is-yenna Bulla ! A Sidna Ɛisa di laɛnaya-k, seffi-d [38] tijemmaɛin, yernu tiqerracin-nwen yessenger lqewwa tesɛam ! Maca, ulac dɣa ula d yiwen n uterras ara tagadem ?
Ulhim: - D acu ara nagad seg umdan, takemmict n uɣebbar, itteftutusen yal ass, alamma yeɣli ?
Bulla: - Amek ? Ula d imeɣrasen [39] ihanen, u mmuten af udem n Ṛebbi, ur tent-ttagadem ara ?
Ulhim: - Yak d iterrasen am wiyaḍ ugar af wiyaḍ. Ur ten nettugad ara . Maca nettagad ineɣlas [40] iɣ d-ittqeddimen s leYɛid fellasen s uḥernin [41], i tesɛam ara tama nsen., tbaddayen ar ɣursen u ttsebbiren-ten [42]. U daɣen, netkakray tamelsa [43] , yelli-s n igenwan, ɣef anta, tiḥerci nneɣ ur tezmir a tt-teṭṭef. Illa yiwen lxelq nettkakri-t, issexlaɛaɣ u nettqadar-it: wagi d Sidna Ɛisa. Lberhan-is ɣur-s lqewwa, imi issaweḍ ad yer d ulac tanezmart-iw [44] u issaweḍ ad isellek gar iffassen-iw iziɣeren [45] iɣdimen [46] i ṭṭefeɣ di lɛarc n rreḥma (anda wid isfan ttrajun ad yas Sidna Ɛaisa) d imeṭṭafen u iḥebbaren (captifs et inquiets)!
Bulla: - Ihi ulac kra ara tekakrim ḥaca netta (Sidna Ɛisa)?
Ulhim: - Bexla Sidna Ɛisa amasiḥ, ulac win nugad di txelqit. Γef demma-s iḥettem-aɣ lḥal a neddu u a nesaɛef akken ilzem ineḍfaren-is; widak nni it-iḥubben, wid it-id-yessebdaren, wid yettcehhiden s yisem-is, wid yettseddiqen af yisem-is. Wammag kra n wid ixellun iman-nsen, ur illa degsen kra n lxuf. Kra n uterras af ugmer [47] ur yettili d amnay n tidett. Ayen-din n tikal isen-nekcem ar tmezgida [48] i lawan n tẓallit d ikerriren [49], u nzeraɛ ger imekdiyen [50], ikfilen [51] n timterwit [52], d wemxallef ! Ger imrabḍen ula d nutni, nzeraɛ aḥennak (orgueil), aqejmar [53] beqqu n ibuɣaren [54]. U nutni di tẓallit d ukerrer, nettaray i tidmiwin [55] nsen nebbec-iten, nesḥaraj-iten [56] wa mgal [57] wayeḍ, nettɛammir ul nnsen d ccek ak d lkeṛh, asakan [58] n umrabeḍ mgal amrabeḍ, ṭaleb mgal ṭaleb [59], adekkar [60] mgal adekkar....
Mi yella akk wanect-agi, Bulla iṭerḍeq seg imeṭṭawen. Ulhim, iḍsa-d u isdewet [61] segmi lwali [62] yeɣli seg imeṭṭi.


text:
En réponse à :
5 juin, par Hand
1) Retirez tous les adverbes de manière.
2) Formez une phrase avec chacun des ces adverbes contenus dans ce texte ci-dessous.
LEXYAL N KRIM VERQACEM
Teṣebḥit n 19 di Meɣres, ḥakrent wallen s igenni, nudant ɣef yitri anida yella. Neflent akkin i usigna n tatut , ddan d ubeḥri n ccuq , din di ccew ibededd lexyal-is . Udem-is icereg-d tignawt, s tmuɣli usuk tamurt yenuɣnin xemsin isagassen aya. Xas akken yuffa-d kra ur yerkid, nesma n ṛuḥ-is tassakid tafsut menbeɛḍ cceda i d-tenher cetwa s (...)


text:
A) Relevez: les suivants: des verbes contenu dans ce texte ci-dessous.
1) prétérite simple
2) prétérite intensif
3) prétérites négatif
4) prétérites intensif négatif.
B) Ensuite: à relever aussi les verbes en aoriste contenus dans le texte ci-dessus:
1) aoriste simple
2) aoriste intensif
3) aoriste négatif
4) aoriste intensif négatif.
Di Tala Khelil
Wid yerzan ass amenzu n yennayer Yer taddart n Tala Khelil ad as-cfun i lebda i wass-nni. D acu-tt taddart-nni! D anwi-ten yimdanen-nni! Arrac tiḥdayin, imYaren timYarin yennecraḥ wudem-nsen, yugar sser fell-asen. Akken i d-yenna Ramdane: ‘’mi ara twaliḍ akka, amek ur tettefraḥeḍ ara imi d aqbayli i telliḍ!?’’ Ihi, taddart n Tala Khelil tqubel aseggas ajdid s wudem ajdid. Di tazwara, amenzu n yennayer di taddart-a, d tameYra taYelnawt s wudem unṣib: ulac lxedma. Tis snat, d taddart kamel i d-iheggan imensi n yennayer. ’’yal axxam iseww-d lğefna n seksu, yewwi-tt-id Yer lakul. Syin ččan akk jmie, s yinebgawen s Wat taddart’’ i d-yenna yiwen gar yimḍebbren n taddart. Tis tlata, teḍra-d tazla (cross) anda ttekkint ula d tilawin. Tikwal ad as-tiniḍ ma di tmurt n Leqbayel i lliY mi ara twaliḍ tameṭṭut n 58 n yiseggasen di leemer-is la tettazzal. Tagi d Nna Malika iwumi yettunefk, di taggara n tmeYra-a, warraz am nettat am wiyaḍ-nniḍen i ttekkin di tazla.
TameYra-a, heggant-tt-id snat n tdukliwin: tasqamut n taddart akked tiddukla Tala Khelil s lemeawna n kra n tYiwanin n At Dwala. Aqcic mecuc yefka-d ayen iwumi yezmer d wayen yessen. Ussan-d akken ma llan Yer uYerbaz i wakken ad ḥedren i tmeYra, ad ččen imensi n yennayer lwaḥid am yiwet n twacult. Akka ara lemden yimecṭaḥ leewayed Yer yimeqqranen, tasuta ad tt-id-teğğ i tayeḍ. Akka i d-tettili trebga d lemqadra gar yimdanen. S wakka ara tdum tmeslayt. Akka i tt-bYan yimezwura. Akka i tt-bYan di Tala Khelil ass-a. Akka i d taqbaylit. Akka akk i d-nnan wid-nni yellan dinna.
Aseggas ameggaz i Tala Khelili, aseggas ameggaz i tuddart merra.
Par : Hocine. M
- Article tiré de la page: AYmis n imaziYen du: 16 janvier 2011 dans la colonne de D.D.Kabylie


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Banjo Solo 7 "Album Akal 2012" ( Izenzaren ) The King Of Banjo 7
igout abdelhadi izenzaren .............. Mbark aysar agadir souss izenzaren inerzaf hamid bizenkad tihihit Inezgane Tafraoute Tiznit tagroupit ait l3ati lamane Ijdign fatima tabaamrant tachalhit tachelhit amazigh oudaden ayour arsmouk outaleb lmzoudi atigui amrrakchi demciria oudaden iznzarn inerzaf hamid bent oudaden lahsen biznkad rwais rais raissa talbensirte tabaamrante tachinouite tachinouit ihihi musique maroc chleuh banjo nase elghiwane ghiwani bano maroc cover guitar agadir akal izenzaren 2012


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Nekk Bulus, iwumi i d-issawel Sidi Ṛebbi s lebɣi-ines iwakken ad iliɣ d amceggeɛ n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ akk-d gma-tneɣ Sustin, 2 i tejmaɛt n Sidi Ṛebbi i gellan di temdint n Kurintus, i wid i d-yextaṛ Sidi Ṛebbi s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ ad ilin d imqedsen, d wid akk yellan di mkul amkan ineddhen s yisem n Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, i gellan d Ssid-nsen d Ssid nneɣ : 3 ṛṛeḥma ț-țalwit a wen-d țțunefkent s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi Baba-tneɣ akk-d Sidna Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 4 Zgiɣ țḥemmideɣ Sidi Ṛebbi fell-awen ɣef ṛṛeḥma i wen-d-yefka s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, 5 axaṭer yis i kkun-id yeṛzeq s mkul lxiṛ, ama s wawal-is ama s tmusni-ines, 6 imi cchada ɣef Lmasiḥ tṛeṣṣa nezzeh deg-wen. 7 Daymi ur kkun-ixuṣṣ wacemma n lxiṛ s ɣuṛ Ṛebbi, kunwi yețṛaǧun ass i deg ara d-yuɣal Ssid-nneɣ. 8 A kkun isseǧhed alamma ț-țaggara iwakken a d-tbanem mbla lɛib ass n tuɣalin n Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 9 Sidi Ṛebbi yețțaṭaf deg wawal-is; d nețța i wen-d-issawlen iwakken aț-țɛicem s tdukli akk-d Mmi-s, Ɛisa Lmasiḥ Ssid-nneɣ. 10 Ay atmaten, a kkun-nhuɣ s yisem n Ssid-nneɣ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ : msefhamet wway gar-awen, ur ilaq ara a d-yili beṭṭu gar-awen, ddukklet, sɛut yiwen uxemmem d yiwen n ṛṛay. 11 Axaṭer ay atmaten, irgazen n wexxam n Kluwi ṣṣawḍen-iyi-d lexbaṛ belli ițțili-d umennuɣ gar-awen. 12 Ayen bɣiɣ a d-iniɣ : sliɣ belli llan gar-awen wid yeqqaṛen :« nekk ddiɣ d Bulus », ma d wayeḍ yeqqaṛ : « nekk țekkiɣ d Abulus », wayeḍ daɣen : « nekk ddiɣ d Buṭrus », llan daɣen wid yeqqaṛen : « nekk țekkiɣ di Lmasiḥ ». 13 Amek akka, tɣilem Lmasiḥ yebḍa ? Eɛni d Bulus i gețwasemmṛen fell-awen neɣ s yisem n Bulus i tețwaɣeḍsem ? 14 Ad ḥemmdeɣ Ṛebbi imi ur sɣeḍseɣ ula d yiwen deg-wen anagar Krisbus d Gayus. 15 Akka, yiwen deg-wen ur izmir a d-yini belli yețwaɣḍes s yisem-iw. 16 Tella daɣen twacult n Stifanas, d nekk i ț-isɣeḍsen meɛna ur ḥsiɣ ara sɣeḍseɣ yiwen nniḍen dinna. 17 Lmasiḥ ur iyi-d-iceggeɛ ara iwakken ad sɣeḍseɣ meɛna iceggeɛ iyi-d ad beccṛeɣ lexbaṛ n lxiṛ; mačči s yimeslayen i d-yekkan si lefhama n wemdan iwakken ur tekkseɣ ara lqima i lmut n Lmasiḥ ɣef wumidag. 18 Ț-țideț, abecceṛ n lmut n Lmasiḥ ɣef wumidag ț-țidderwect i wid iḍaɛen; meɛna ɣuṛ-nneɣ nukni yellan deg webrid n leslak, ț-țazmert n Ṛebbi. 19 Atan wayen i d-nnant tira iqedsen : Ad snegreɣ tamusni n imusnawen, ad rreɣ d ula+ c lefhama n wid ifehmen+ . 20 Anda-t uɛeqli ? Anda-t umusnaw ? Anda-t uḥṛic ara d-isfehmen ayen ideṛṛun di lǧil-agi ? Ur d-isbeggen ara Sidi Ṛebbi belli tamusni n ddunit-agi d lehbala ? 21 Imi at ddunit s lefhama-nsen ur ɛqilen ara tamusni n Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța yebɣa ad isellek wid yumnen yis s lexbaṛ-agi n lxiṛ i ḥesben wiyaḍ d lehbala. 22 At Isṛail ssuturen lbeṛhanat, iyunaniyen țnadin tamusni; 23 ma d nukni nețbecciṛ Lmasiḥ, win akken yețțusemmṛen ɣef wumidag, yellan d țbehdila i wat Isṛail, d lehbala ɣer iyunaniyen. 24 Meɛna wid iwumi i d-yessawel Sidi Ṛebbi, ama d at Isṛail ama d iyunaniyen, umnen belli d nețța i d Lmasiḥ, i ț-țazmert n Ṛebbi akk-d tmusni-ines. 25 Axaṭer ayen akken ḥesben yemdanen d lehbala n Sidi Ṛebbi, ț-țamusni iṣeḥḥan akteṛ n tmusni n yemdanen, ayen ḥesben daɣen d feccal n Sidi Ṛebbi, yeɣleb lǧehd n yemdanen. 26 Walit ay atmaten, kunwi iwumi d-yessawel Sidi Ṛebbi : ur llin gar-awen aṭas n wid yesɛan tamusni n ddunit, ur llin aṭas n wid yesɛan imukan ɛlayen, ur llin daɣen aṭas inaṣliyen yesɛan lqima tameqqrant; 27 meɛna Sidi Ṛebbi yextaṛ ayen yellan d lehbala ɣer wemdan iwakken ad isneḥcam imusnawen, yextaṛ ayen ur nesɛi tazmert di ddunit iwakken ad isneḥcam wid iǧehden. 28 Sidi Ṛebbi yextaṛ ayen ur nesɛi azal, yețwaḥeqṛen di ddunit akk-d wayen yețwaḥesben d ulac, iwakken ad isseɣli lqima n wayen yesɛan azal ɣer yemdanen. 29 Akka, yiwen ur izmir ad izuxx zdat Sidi Ṛebbi. 30 Imi d Sidi Ṛebbi i kkun-isdukklen d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, d nețța i ɣ-yuɣalen d lefhama i d yekkan s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi. Yis i ɣ yerra Sidi Ṛebbi d iḥeqqiyen, iṣeffa tikli-nneɣ, yefda-yaɣ-d si ddnub. 31 Am akken yura di tira iqedsen : Win yebɣan ad izuxx, ad izuxx s lecɣal n Ṛebbi.


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Awwur:Tarakalt
Tafriqt d yiwen seg yimenẓawen umi mechur yisem deg umaḍal. Meɛna, medden ur tt-ssinen ara dima s wayen yelhan. Aṭas n medden deg umaḍal ur ssinen ara ɣef Tefriqt lḥaǧa tameqrant, ttxayalen-tt d akal anda ay yeqwa ccwal akk d yimenɣi, d akal kan anda ay ttmettaten yigerdan si laẓ yernu qwan deg-s waḍḍanen, d akal n lqella n cci anda medden akk d igellilen. Maca Tafriqt maci ala d anect-a.
Tafriqt tteččur d igduden, d agaraw, d lebḥer n yegduden neɣ n leǧnas, yal yiwen s tutlayt-is, s yedles d umezruy-yines. Ar ass-a werɛad ssinen yimassanen akk tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di Tefriqt, neɣ werɛad ay tent-ɣrin merra akken ilaq lḥal. Ar ass-a, werɛad ur ssinen ara yimassanen leɛwayed d yidelsan n yegduden merra ay izedɣen Tafriqt, werɛad ur d-lqiḍen ara seg-sen akk ayen imeɛnen, tamussni-nsen d wayen yeffren deg yidelsan-nsen. Ass-a, mi akka ara tkeccem tetrara ɣer yal amkan, ɣer yal taḥnact di ddunit, aṭas seg yegduden n Tefriqt ara yesruḥuyen leɛwayed d yidelsan-nsen, yernu yessefk ɣef yimassanen ad rren ddhen-nsen ɣer waya uqbel ma ifat lḥal. Tafriqt tefka-d aṭas i ddunit, ama s tmussni-yines, ama s wayen ay tesɛa d cci, ama d akal, ama d imdanen. Ass-a, ur yessefk ara ad qqnen medden allen-nsen ɣef waya. Xas ma yella lbaṭel-nni yettwaxedmen deg Yefriqiyen, di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmar) iɛedda, yekfa, medden yessefk ad walin Tafriqt ad as-rren tajmilt i Tefriqt u ad tt-walin s wallen nniḍen, yessefk ad gren tamawt i wayen d-tefka i ddunit, i ddur ay telɛeb deg umezruy n umaḍal u ad gren tamawt diɣ i wayen ara d-tettak Tefriqt ass-a akk d yigerwaj ay d-mazal ffren deg-s.


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Luxembourg
Luxembourg d yiwet n tmurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yuzgan ger tlisa, ger yiberdan. Sufella d Biljik ay tt-id-ilessen, swadda d Fr'ansa, ma seg wegmuḍ (ccerq) d Lalman. Akal-agi amecṭuḥ ay d-iweḥlen ger n "yimeqqranen", xas ur yewwiḍ ara wezgen n umelyun n medden ay t-izedɣen, ass-a nefren ad awen-d-nawi fell-as awal, acku tikwal, aṭas ara d-nelmed si tɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ. Naɣ yeqqar-as wanzi ɣur-neɣ "Izem yeḥwaǧ s aɣerda".
Luxembourg, d tamurt i ɣef ur nsel ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin, d acu kan, aɣlan-agi (nation) amecṭuḥ yesɛa tutlayt-is i yiman-is, d tin umi qqaren taluksemburgit, ur telli d tantala (dialecte) n tefr'ensist wala d talɣa tadigant (forme locale) n talmanit, wanag d tutlayt i yiman-is, d tin ay d iles aneṣli n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi yernu yis-s ay ttidiren di tudert-nsen n yal ass. D ayen ibanen ma nenna-yawen-d d akken imezdaɣen n Luxembourg,
Iluksemburgiyen, d agdud yesɛan nnif ɣef wazalen-is (valeurs), ɣef tnettit-is (identité) akk d tutlayt-is. Dɣa xas ma yella idles afr'ensis yeǧhed, yeffeɣ i tlisa n Fr'ansa alammi ay yewweḍ ass-a s idurar n ǧer'ǧer' akk d tmura n Tefriqt, xas ma yella tutlayt talmanit tewweḍ ɣer ṭṭerf n wemḍal, anda ma nedda nezmer ad naf wid yettmeslayen yis-s neɣ ay tt-ilemmden, di Luxembourg, ayen yellan d aberr'ani iban, ma d ayen yellan n tmurt d netta ay yesɛan azal meqqren, ur t-rrin di rrif am wiyaḍ, wanag refden-t d asawen akken ad yagar akk ayen d-ikecmen si berr'a. Di Luxembourg, yal taɣawsa tesɛa amkan-is, yal yiwen yesɛa ccɣel-is. Iberr'aniyen keccmen-d ssbeḥ ad qedcen, tameddit, yal yiwen ad yuɣal s axxam-is neɣ ɣer tmurt-is, ma d tutlayin tiberr'aniyin ay d-ikecmen ɣer Luxembourg akken kecment ɣer tmura nniḍen, sseqdacen-tent Yiluksemburgiyen di leṣlaḥ-nsen, rran-tent d taklatin-nsen deg wexxam-nsen, yal yiwet fkan-as ccɣel-is, d acu kan, mi ara d-taweḍ tizi n tidet, mi ara terzu temsalt asselḥu n tɣawsiwin n tmurt, asselmed n yigerdan akk d usseqdec n tutlayt di tudert-nsen, Iluksemburgiyen d tin-nsen kan ay sseqdacen, xas ssnen mliḥ tafr'ensist akk d talmanit. Tutlayt taluksemburgit ay yellan d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin timecṭaḥ akk deg wemḍal, yerfed-itt unabaḍ (gouvernement) aluksemburgi d asawen akken ad tili d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) tamenzut di tmurt, yuɣ lḥal, tamurt-agi tamecṭuḥt, teẓra d akken imi ay d tamecṭuḥt, lǧiran-is zemren ad as-uɣalen d icenga-yines, zemren ad tt-ttcen s tefses. ɣef wanect-a ay terra tutlayt-is, xas akken d tamecṭuḥt d tutlayt n tmurt yernu d yiwen seg yizumal meqqren n tfernant (patrie) taluksemburgit. Anect-a yesskan-d tikkelt nniḍen d akken tutlayt ur telli d awal kan, wanag d tigejdit meqqren di tnettit (identité) n tmura akk d yegduden. D acu kan, nnig waya, tutlayt taluksemburgit yerfed-itt ula d agdud-is deg wul-is, imi ay yuki d akken d nettat ay d tar'wiḥt n tmurt-is, dɣa yefka-yas tamkant ɛlayen, xas ad naf aṭas n Yiluksemburgiyen iqeddcen s tefr'ensist neɣ qqaren aɣmis-nsen s talmanit, iles ay sseqdacen wagar-asen ur d asen-yeɛriq ara, zzux-nsen d tutlayt-nsen, werɛad ur lmiden ara ad zuxxen s wayen ur nelli nsen. Afud igerrzen


text: Kabyle(i) 1 Ɣef wayen yeɛnan win yellan d awal n tudert, i gellan si tazwara : nesla-yas yerna neẓra-t s wallen-nneɣ, nnulent ifassen-nneɣ yerna nerra ddehn-nneɣ ɣuṛ-es. 2 Tudert tban-ed, nwala-ț, nețcehhid fell-as, yerna nețbecciṛ-awen-d tudert n dayem yellan ɣer tama n Sidi Ṛebbi, tura tban-aɣ-ed. 3 Ayen nwala d wayen nesla nxebbeṛ-awen-t-id, iwakken ula d kunwi aț-țekkim di tdukkli-nneɣ, akken nella nukni d Baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi akk-d Mmi-s, Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 4 Uriɣ-awen ayagi iwakken lfeṛḥ nneɣ ad innekmal. 5 Ayen nesla s ɣuṛ Ɛisa Lmasiḥ newwi-yawen-t-id : Sidi Ṛebbi ț-țafat, ur yelli ara deg-s ṭṭlam. 6 Ma neqqaṛ deg webrid n Ṛebbi i nella yili mazal-aɣ nteddu di ṭṭlam, neskaddeb nexḍa i webrid n tideț. 7 Meɛna ma yella nteddu di tafat am akken i gella nețța di tafat, ad ddukklen wulawen-nneɣ, yerna ddnubat-nneɣ ad iriden s idammen n Mmi-s Ɛisa Lmasiḥ. 8 Ma neqqaṛ ur yelli deg-nneɣ ddnub, atan neskaddeb ɣef yiman-nneɣ, tideț ur telli deg-nneɣ. 9 Meɛna ma nețqiṛṛi s ddnubat-nneɣ i Sidi Ṛebbi, nețța yellan d aḥeqqi, nezmer a nețkel fell-as a ɣ-isameḥ ddnubat-nneɣ, a ɣ-isellek si lbaṭel. 10 Ma neqqaṛ mačči d imednuben i nella, nerra Sidi Ṛebbi d akeddab, awal-is ur yelli ara deg-nneɣ.