text:
Tirart n tfawt d
tallst tticc i yzghran ca n tfras nnidvn ur djint am tinni n wass. Twettva d ict
n tffrawt1 sneyfan ghars wurawn n iwdan d imddaren: ur ttsrid awar
ura d asbooi ura tazut ura d asjiwjw.
Aghzdis xf ughzdis, nssusem: nc d ymma ur tmsiwidv s wawar.
Idvwdvan nns ghettvrn tidmamin n ttsbih, ict tdvffar tnnidven. Udm nns ynnirsen2
tmsdvfarnt xafs tfras n tmulli3. Ssnegh is ur kidi tdji – aqqat mani
nnidvn, akid ca n iwdan nnidven, ur ten ssingh nc. Tteg akidsn awar ad msagren
ghar ughlluy, x tbadut n awarni taddart. Xmi ghad isala umsawadv, ad tbedd, ad
ay ttini: «kker ammi ad nadf ghar babac».
Iwdan a n ughlluy, ur d ttisn lbda: ict n twara tenna yi: «tittvawin
inu ddakkwalnt id urant!».
Mani ttaf anict uya n tffrawt ghar ughlluy?! s wass ur xafs
tharrted: ad tinid days ayraw n tmgharin! ur tssined aqqat jar txswin, tdveffi
nigh ttezzvi; ura g iyyer ttekks d armu i tfunast nigh tmjjer imarmez; ur
tssined aqqat di tgharghart tdarrez tabisvart nigh tssray imarmez; ura tqqim
ghar tsirt, tharri imarmez – ca d iwzan, ca d taneghda: ad yttecc, g wass nni di
ymjer, d afrfur, d aryun, d zembu nigh d tazvmmit!; ur ttessned aqqat ghar
ifllusn d ifruryn idvnnat, ttettvf ten ijjn ijjn, tssekka ten zi titv n ulgzim
(«zi tittvawin n iwdan», tenna yi umi tsseqsigh: maymi sn ttgged amnni a ymma ?);
ur ttssined tarbu aqbuc, tettvef abrid n tara tazggwaght, ad taym aman n tissi;
ura tessars d tadvuft, tqqim ad tqardvec; ura tssekka tasettva x isuray n
taddart, nigh ttari d zi taddart n lalla Tlaytmas zegga xafs tssij, tegga s mayn
ghad tecc, tsrir as ihrucn nns, tssird as, teqqn as, tssufgh t d ad tqqim di
tiri, adu tsrighwa; ur tssined…
Xmi ttghima x tbadut ghar ughlluy, di tectut di tteffgh Tmurt zi
tfawt hama ad tadef di tallest, di fssynt twilawin4, ddakkwalnt d
iorbab, di ssusumn imddaren, tbeddaln iwdan, ddakkwalen d nitni-ur-djin d nitni,
aswingm iddakkwal d tirja – rxdnni, mala tzvri t, ad tinid ur tdji d tenni d
amettudvt nni tugha ur itiwdven ad tecmez azdjif nnes: tarsa, udm nns isfdv,
tffgh t tzwegh nni n wmarri d tamara n wass; idvuwdvan nns sqiccimen i tedmamin
n ttsbih; tittvawin nns zvwant, jmmdvent: twarant mayn ur twirigh. Wi ttwara? Ur
ssinegh!
Udm nns iddakkwar d tisit, tmsdvfarent xafs tifras n yinni
ttwara.
Wi kid ttemsawadv ymma gw ghimi nnes n ughlluy?!
Amenni kuy aghlluy: nettat twara, nec twarigh t ttwara. Ar as
srgh ttini: «kker a mmi ad nadef ghar babac, issudjs uya!».


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text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Agbur
- 1 Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
- 2 Idlisen
- 3 Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Aqeddem[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.

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text:
«ajdvidv n ucar» d ijj n wammudv d amaynu
immarni d ghar tsekla Tamazight, ismun ca n tqessisin yura wezrawi arifi saoid
lbusklawi, iggin tizemmar nnes timeqqranin hima asenflul nnes ad izvar tifawt n
tudart.
Irur wezrawi nnegh deg ussegwas n 1970, di
dcar n imimunen id yusin di teqbict n Ayt tuzin, yeghra di tgherbazt n lmatvar
di Nadur, mammec isigha xef tghuri nnes di Fas, iyyar n tfelsafit, rux aqqet d
aselmad di tesdawit n Muhemmed amezwari di Wejda.
Ammud a wanitati, d amezwaru ghar wezrawi
yura s tutlayt n Tmazight, Saoid ttugha ixs ad issezwel adlis nnes s «tamurt n
yakuc» maca ghar umeggar ifarn as azwel n «ajdvidv n ucar».
Awar n (ajdvid) ikessi abarru i inumak
(rmoani) izemmar ad anegh yini tirelli, d dcar id anegh id itawyen izvewran,
tamurt, dcar…
Azrawi zeg wesmuni a n sin a n iwaren, axmi
yarzzu ad yezzvu tirelli, di tmurt yedjan d izvewran nnes atagh ad terqeh nigh
ad tslellec taderfit (tirelli) .
Zeg ijjen ughezvdvis nneghni, ifaren uzrawi
i wammud nnes, «ajdvidv» d «ucar» ntaf qqnen ghar yeyyar n ugama (nature) ra d
awraf n wudem n udlis d ict n twlaft n ijj n dcar, mani days ntaf (tuzzeyzewt,
iscra, azghar, idurar, drus n tudrin twasseysent xf idura», manaya iticc anegh d
ijjen uxarres d amezwaru, itejj anegh ad ntwara belli azrawi itoin issawar xef
ugama d izvwran nnes.
Awru d i ma ad nadjegh deg ugensu (daxer) n
udlis, ad naff belli tiqessisin a n saoid msebdvant xef sin, tinni i yura deg
issgusa imeggura (zi 2004 ar 2007), ticemt (majorité) nsent zzugar tent, yura
tent jar Wjda d Nadur.
Tinneghni yura tent di timidi wis 20, (jar
1991 d 1996), umi tugha yeqqar di Fas, tiqessisin n «asqar acemlal» d
tiqudvadvin xef tiqessisn n «umsucci».
Amawal isqeddec wezrawi yeccur s min iqqnen
ghar ugama, ddegg a n izrawyyen teqqnen ghar tinmel tarumantikit, amawal a ghars
twasit nnes tameqqrant, jar tiqessisin n Saoid lbusklawi amec i gha nhadva di
tqessist n «ujdvidv n ucar»
«a ajdvidv n ucar!
Tugha cek d reowin n usvemmidv
Di svmayem iggwaren.
Isecra n ujenna ttemrawan s rebput n
jennet…» (asbtvar wis 28)
Xminni ntmuttuy zi tqessist vghar tennidven,
ntaf orahar yura tent marra di tneddam, waxxa amenni daysent tifras n dcar, mani
yeyma, yesseodva temzvi nnes di tmedditin nnes, maca zeg ijjen ughezdvis
nneghni, azrawi izedgh it uxeyyeq d tfeqqeht ghar mani isyura, huma ad nades
ujar ghar tfeqqeht nni, ad as nghar taqessist «dcar inu»
«a dcar inu
Min ismmesklen dcar inu !
Min ismmesklen ijdvadv n dcar inu ?»
Asbtar wis 80
Amaru ittru xef waddad nnes, mani war iqqim
itaca akd rehmu n twiza d tumart n dcar nnes, ra d ijdvadv war qqimeb amen iten
ttugha :
«arrvzen wafriwen n yejdvadv n dcar inu
Fesyen wussan n ighayden n dcar inu
Muden s usennan izuray n dcar inu
Kulci iqettvesv, itwaqettvesv di dcar inu
Kulci ibbarcen, immeskel xef wul inu»
Asebtar wis 80
Azrawi mani imma irah ikessi Arrif, d refwah
nnes, iraqqen n Arrif, ghar sen ansa nsen ameqqran jar izran ifetter, mani id
gha idar redcur d tneddam di tqessist n «tamurt n yakuc» s ict tghara (style)
tecna :
« a idurar n ifarni !
Mani batvatva ttnanna tarenni ;
Reowin icettveh di roenasvar,
Tiniyba hettcent di reorvasi»
Asbtar wiss 33
Saoid issudem taqessist nnes s iseqsan, war
ghar yedji tamrarut (réponse), s tmukrisin yuyren tt, mahned ad yarwer zi
rfpamet n tmsrayin imxumbren, mani tiqsessisin n lbusklawi ddakwarent d
tisarrawin nnedyent imeghrayen deg uyermam n uweddvar n tmukrisin nnes :
«a atarras!
Ma cekk d cekk?
Ma cekk d win?»
Asebtar wis 37
Rxezrat a tafelsafit, ghar s amcan nnes,
ittxes zzays wezrawi ad issars timukrisin, ad isrur axarrvesv, ad ismarrvet
umeghray, ad as yarbu amnus, di tqessisin nni s yiman nnesn deg usbtar wis 36 ad
as nghar manaya
«ma d tidet
Ad iffu rhar tiwecca?
Ma d tidet
Ad iffu tiwecca?»
Tayri tezdegh buhber wezrawi, ishessa akids
tmudjugh jar wadvuf d yexsan nnes, maca xminni ttiri tanyebut nnes war ttir
arendad nnes, yarezzu xafs itettar ad as tewc afus nnes, am di tqessist n «wc
ayi d fus nnem»
«wc ayi d fus nnem, a titrit n refjar !
Ad npwa ighezran, ad ngeooed idurar»
Asebtar 69
Xminni itiri tggwej xafs tenni ittxes,
itejjat ad izzvuyet rxezrat nnes, manaya ad as gha nghar di tqessist n «zzydegh
cem» asbetar wis 48
«zzuytegh rexzrat nnem, s tittvawin nni n
ssar
«zzuytegh tiwalin nni, tadsa cwayt ujar»
Maca tayri lebda ghars wudem amarzvag,
tabeybut war tiri ttvaf i wenni ittxesn, ameggaru ya itteg tarezzut nnes, atagh
ad tyaf, ad ghars tedwer tumart nni, ad yaca akd ughezdis nnes yecnan zi tmexsa,
axmi di tqessist n «dwl d ghari dwl d»
«arezzugh xafm di tarezzut
Sseqsigh xafm iseqsan
Ma war d am tifegh tanfust»
Asbtar 55
Tarezzut itiri ghars umeggaru, maca ttili d
ict, taggara (la fin) ghar wezrawi nnegh nethadva days attvasv n tetrajidit
xminni itiri wezrawi itwara timexsa nnes, maca war ghars tizemmar ad ghars
isvwizzvedv, ad as nghar taqessist a deg usebtar 54
«mammec gha ggegh ad zvwigh ighzar nnem
wehdi ?
Aysum iwdva xef ifassen ahemmul nnem itawi»
Asbtar 54
Tetrajidit iftel wezrawi nnegh, tidet
tghettver ifadden tsemketta anegh s tenfas n itwassnen deg umadval nethadva
amyey n isli d tselit, ttic d zzays tmajut n tenfust n rbaz n arrif (xzar Andich
idir, aghemmis n Tawiza, uttvun 147, juillet 2009)
Xminni tayri tyura s tayri s unuri, ad as
nghar di tqessist n «arzfegh d ghar umdel nnem»
«xarrvsegh
Xarrvsvegh ad ghzegh,
Xarrvsvegh ad ghzegh amdvel inu tama nnem
Ad mtegh ura d nnec huma ad ddaregh akidem
Huma ad ddaregh akidem …»
Asbtar wis 68
Azrawi aked uyenni yarezzu ad issiwedv
iraghan, nigh tibrati nnes minzi mkur azrawi d tghawsa nnes, saoid netta zeg
izraweyen ghar yedja abarru n tebratin am axmi itxes ad issigh fus nes i ifassen
n imeodvar ammu ntaf di tqessist n «amodvur»
«a ameodur n tfuct ighelyen
Tudart nnec d ajdvidv war ittvawen
D tabrat iqqarsen»
Asbtar wis 43
Mammec itbedda ura akd timgharin
«sijj d ad tzvard azmez mammec ismsekel
tafart
Ssij d ad tghard , tirelli d azyen zi tudart
Ssij d ict n twala d tadbirt, ict twala d
tamghart»
Asbtar wis 75
Ura d tabrat n imezwura, yarezzu ad
tissviwedv i wmeghray mahned amezruy nnegh ad as arren taynit, ad as oawden tira
zeg umaynu, ad farnen zeg ixarriqen i days amec i gha nghar di tqessist n
«tabrat imezwura»
« tabrat imezwura a lallas n tebratin !!
Cemm d reowin n unebdu d roenasvar n taliwin
!
Cemm d tiggezt yarcmen di taynirt n
tmazighin !»
Asbtar wis 53
Azrawi zeg wammmud nnes amaynu, yiwid akids
riqqi ntaca akids s tazvyudvi n tutlayt, nettvaw aked ufarg n ijdvadv nnes,
ntmetta akids, itejj anegh d ad nerqeh d aghemmuy, s uya nessitim zi saoid
lbusklawi ad angh isqas zi twarat ghar tenneghni s tqessisin nnes timaynutin,
minzi saoid xminni itari, war yedji itari zi teghmart nni wa waryaz izzuyten
dcar nnes wapa, maca iatri zeg utarras nni afaylasuf itejjan tutlyat tamazight
amecnaw ijjen warcti ni i zi izemmar ad zzays igg min ixes.
*(tabridt n tighuri timazighin, Wejda)


text:
AT ISṚAYIL eacen di tmurt n Maṣer aṭas n iseggasen. Dinna ftin yerna kesben aṭas n cci. Acu kan, ikker-ed Fereun nniḍen ur nessin ara Yusef. Agellid-agi yeḥkem s leqher. Imi i gwala At Isṛayil simmal ţnernin, iffeɣ-it leeqel. Yerra-ten ihi d aklan yerna yefka lameṛ akken yal aqcic ara d-ilalen seg-sen ad iţţuḍegger ɣer wasif n Nnil. Lameena, yiwet n tmeṭṭut isean tirrugza teffer mmi-s di tqecwalt ger iɣunam akken aţ-ţḥareb fell-as. Mi t-tufa yelli-s n Fereun, tsemma-yas Musa yerna tessker-it-id deg wexxam n ugellid.
Mi yesea 40 iseggasen di leemeṛ-is, Musa yeţţuḥettem ad infu ɣer yiwet n tmurt ibeeden. Acuɣer i d-yeḍra wayagi? Axaṭer iḥudd yiwen wergaz n wat Isṛayil i geţqehhir yiwen Umaṣri yellan d aeessas n lxedma. Asmi gessaweḍ 80 n sna, Yahwa iceyyee-it ɣer Maṣer akken ad iḍleb i Fereun ad iserreḥ i wat Isṛayil.
Fereun iqqur uqerru-s, yugi ad yaɣ awal. Ṛebbi yesseɣli-d ihi eecṛa lmuṣibat ɣef Maṣer. Uqbel yal lmuṣiba, Musa yeţţebdad zdat n Fereun akken a s-yeǧǧ tagniţ ad yemnee. Lameena, Fereun iččuṛ d nnefxa. Ixuṣem mkul tikkelt ama d Musa ama d Ṛebbi-ines Yahwa. Γer taggara, Ṛebbi iceggee-ed lmelk i genɣan imenza meṛṛa n tmurt n Maṣer. Ţ-ţagi i d lmuṣiba tis eecṛa. Siwa tiwaculin iḍueen Yahwa i gmeneen. Ih, siwa tid i gerran ɣef tgejda n tewwura-nsent idammen n izimer imezlen d asfel i geţţusellken. Lmelk-nni n Ṛebbi issuref i yexxamen n twaculin-agi. Ssyin d asawen, At Isṛayil smektayen-d mkul aseggas amek i gḥureb Ṛebbi fell-asen s yiwet leid iţţusemman Leid n Usuref (iwumi qqaren kra Tafaska).
Mmi-s amenzu n Fereun tḥuza-t lmuṣiba-nni tis eecṛa. Annect-a issaweḍ Fereun ad yefk lameṛ i Musa d wat Isṛayil meṛṛa ad ffɣen si Maṣer. Din din ssewǧden iman-nsen, ṛuḥen. Lameena, Fereun yuɣal deg wawal-is. Yeẓdem fell-asen s waṭas n ikeṛṛusen d yergazen n ṭṭrad. At Isṛayil ufan-d iman-nsen ḥeṣlen ɣer rrif n lebḥeṛ Azeggaɣ. Acu kan, Yahwa icerreg lebḥeṛ ɣef sin, dɣa bedden waman ssya wesya am leṣwar. Imiren, At Isṛayil eeddan s lqeḍra n Ṛebbi ɣef lqaea yekkawen. Lameena Imaṣriyen tebeen-ten zdeffir. Yahwa yesseɣli-d ihi aman-nni, dɣa Fereun akk-d leeskeṛ-is yečča-ten lebḥeṛ.
Umbeed, Yahwa yexdem leeqed d wat Isṛayil mi sbedden iqiḍunen-nsen ɣer tama n wedrar n Sinay. Yessexdem Musa akken a sen-yefk leqwanen ara ten-iwellhen yerna ara iḥarben fell-asen deg waṭas n leḥwayeǧ yeenan tudert-nsen. Ma lǧens n Isṛayil iqebbel ad yeqqim d unṣiḥ deg webrid n Yahwa, Yahwa ad yili yid-es yerna imdanen nniḍen ad ţţubarken yis.
Acu kan, amur ameqran n wat Isṛayil sneɣnin Yahwa axaṭer xuṣṣen di liman. Yahwa yesmenṭer-iten ihi deg uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥṛa) 40 iseggasen. Mbeed Musa yextaṛ Yacuea, yellan d uṣwib, akken ad yeṭṭef amkan-is. At Isṛayil atnan tura qrib ad kecmen ɣer tmurt i geweed Ṛebbi i Abṛaham.
—Ayagi yers ɣef Tuffɣa; At Lewwi; Aneẓruf; Asmekti; Ahellil 136:10-15; Lecɣal 7:17-36.


text:
Tsker tmagrawt Tamaynut ANFA agraw ns amatu wiss tza, ass n 05/10/2959 amnaway n 18/10/2009 gh usayrur ns lli illan
Author: Elhoussine Alihsayni
« Adustur Amghrabi » d Tmagit Tamazight
Lligh iffugh umaghuz arumi g 1956, tmun trabbut lli mu ttinin « amussu anamur » nttat d lmxezn s teslwayt n ugllid muhmmad wiss 5 f umqqen axatar lli f rad tsku tanbatt tirsal ns, mcickin-d akkw f tebrida n taydyulujit n taâraslamt, sittin tamazight f usga lli yadlli ittafn imik n watig dar umaghuz arumi
Amyanna d w Atay
Gh-inn, g wamur an ittwattun, g wass an bahra irghan…ur ilin anaw g umnid n waggur n DDAYHYA, ihban timmariwin n tasutin Agh inmaqqar umaynu d gwmas, ar ttirirn i tmagit tazidart g tswak ns ar aqqran tifras n tarmiwin n umazigh g ighwrban ns zzaln tazallit n usimghur d uzrkki g usays ns, gin tabrat iwin ijawwan i kaygat amazigh inn agh llan.


text:
Tag: Tidmi
Izeṭṭaten Imettiten
IffeY-d yuwen inizṛi ussan-a ar itettey g uzeṭṭa. Amm inizṛiten yaḍen ittumdin, tikkelt-a azdey da yttawey d yuwen usmel ittumdin awed netta. Inizṛi da ysawal Yef twetmin agensu
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Izeṭṭaten Imettiten
Asnay n tidmi n Ufersig || Protocole de vigilance d’Afersig || Protocol vigilance Afersig Yufa David Jacoby amazzag g teṛmist n imgelwekkaten Kakspersky Lab yuwen uxbu d-ttekkan ixedallasen
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TaYellist
Asnay n tidmi n Ufersig || Protocole de vigilance d’Afersig || Protocol vigilance Afersig Kigan aya isYuyyu umgelwekka g uselkim-inew ig kjemeY asmel n tamazirte.net, maka nniY idduhda
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IneYmisen n tsenselkemt
Asnay n tidmi n Ufersig || Protocole de vigilance d’Afersig || Protocol vigilance Afersig Ussan-a ar ittettey yuwen usebter amaynu g Facebook, ar issutur ad ismutter yuwen yifeḍ
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text:
Fatima Bououchane : Tameṭṭut ay d-yerẓan
asalu n ssinima tamaziYt
Anwa ur neẓri ara isura n Bu Tfunast, Tihiya, TamYart n WureY neY Tigigelt
? Isura-a, d wid ay d-yerẓan asalu deg ssinima n tamaziYt ay ten-id-igan, d ImaziYen ay ten-id-igan yerna
ssawalen s tmaziYt, aṭas n medden ur ten-nessin ara, maca isura-a sseḍsen u ssrun aṭas n medden niḍen
ula deg tuddar tubeidin akk n Ssus akk d tmiwa niḍen n Meṛṛuk anda ay ssawalen tamaziYt. Fatima
Bououchane d yiwet seg wigi. Asmi ay tfuk taYuri deg uYerbaz (llakul) amenzu, Fatima teqqel tettaru isefra s taeṛabt
akk d tmaziYt. Asmi ay tesea 16 n yiseggasen, teqqel d «tanaddamt», am yinaddamen imaziYen n Ssus.
Deg 1970, Ssi Abdallah Anidif, ad t-yeṛḥem Ṛebbi, yellan d amekfaḍu (animateur) n d aneYmas
(amesjeṛnan) ameqran n terga n tmaziYt n RTM, u d win yettwassnen s yisem n
Eemmi Musa, yefka-as i Fatima yiwet n tesgilt (nnuba), d nettat ara tt-id-yettqeddimen deg ṛṛadyu
s tmaziYt. Tasgilt-a isem-is Lḥadit n TemYart, u teqqim Fatima la tt-id-tettqeddim sin n yiseggasen,
yal ass n lexmis, deg ṛṛadyu n Agadir. Sakk-in, Fatima teffeY seg ṛṛadyu u tedda Yer temdint
n Leeyun anda ay teqdec deg yiwet n teṛmist (takebbanit) n ṣ̣ṣ̣yada n yiselman. Tella mazal-itt
meẓẓiyet.
Fatima tekka deg Leeyun telṭac n yiseggasen, sakk-in teqqel-d Yer Agadir. Imir-n, yufa-d lḥal
tejmee-d ciṭṭ n yedrimen yerna tura-d amsayes (scénario) n usaru-ines amezwaru, Γayelli yekrez, yemger-t (Ay-n yekrez, yemger-it), dYa txemmem ad d-teg asaru-a u ad d-turar
deg-s. Imir-n, tebda tettnadi Yef medden ara tt-ieawnen deg leqdic-is amaynut. YuY lḥal, deg tallit-nni
yufa-d lḥal tlata-nni n yisura imaziYen yettwassnen deg Meṛṛuk ffYen-d yagi : TamYart
n WureY (1989), Bu Tfunast (1990) akk d Tigigelt [Tagujilt] (1991).
Fatima Bououchane tella ur tessin ula d yiwen ixeddmen deg wenrar-a amaynut n ssinima tamaziYt. DYa temlal
d Mohamed Oualkach yellan d aneYmas (amesjeṛnan) yettwassnen deg Agadir, u tessawel-as Yef way-n tebYa
ad t-teg. Aneggaru-a yellan la iqeddec d amalal uffiY (collaborateur externe) n ṛṛadyu yenṣ̣eḥ-itt
ad as-tYer i Ahmed Baddouge yellan deg tiddukla n Tifawin. Asmi ay temlal id-s, tufa-t ula d netta la d-yettheyyi tamezgunt
(pièce théâtrale) umi isemma Taggudi, dYa teYli-d deg tegnit ay deg yezmer ad tt-ieawen. Imir-n daYen
ay d-temlal d tcennayt tamaziYt tameqrant, Fatima Tabaeemṛant, u d tin ay as-yefkan nnaṣ̣ayeḥ
yelhan deg wenrar-a n ssinima.
Seg tama niḍen, yiwen wass, Fatima yenna-as-d yiwen yettili-as belli Mohamed Outaleb n Sawt Mzouda, deg
Wexxam Amellal (Casablanca) yella la yettnadi tin ara d-yuraren deg usaru-ines amaynut Littihal n WemYar, dYa
imir-n kan ay as-teYra. Asmi ay d-turar deg usaru-a, Fatima tufa abrid akk-n ad tekcem deg wenrar n ssinima akk-n iwata.
Ass-a, tessaweḍ ad d-teg neY tettekki deg wazal n 70 n yisura.
Fatima Bououchane d nettat ay yesseYren iman-is i yiman-is, u teqqel daYen d tamezrirt (maquilleuse), ttnadin
fell-as akk yemsuffYen n yisura imeṛṛukiyen. DYa tettekka deg usaru n Kamal Kamal, win umi qqaren Taït
Nizar, sin n yisura n Hassan Bouchlikha, «Le Facteur» akk d Lamdamma, akk d yiwen n usaru n Mustapha Fakhir,
Attayaba. Am wakk-n d-tura deg yisura niḍen am Hammou Ounamir akk d Douiba n Fatima Boubkdi, akk
d usaru n Al Makroum n Daoud Oulad Sayad. Fatima teqdec daYen deg yisura n Ahmed Baddouge, Lahoucine Bouizgaren,
Brahim Chkiri d Aziz Oussayeh.
Fatima tura-d imsuyas (scénario) n waṭas n yisura ay deg ay d-turar ledwaṛ. Ad d-nebder gar-asen Ḥmed-inu,
Γayelli yekrez, yemger-t, Γassad
dari akk d Sbh dark, u tessuffeY-d sin n yisura : El Famila (Tawacult) akk d Boulamlayen (Bu
yimelyunen), am wakk-n la d-tettheyyi asaru niḍen, Tallayet (Agazu n ttmeṛ), ay deg ara d-yurar Messaoud
Lyazidi n Disco Vision Inezgane.
Fatima tettxemmim ssinima tmaziYt [deg Meṛṛuk] d tikebbaniyin n wesfares (production) ay tt-irefden,
u gar-asent Warda Vision, Sawt Mzouda n Wexxam Amellal (Casablanca), Ayouz Vision akk d Disco Vision n Inezgan d Chtouka Vision
n Biougra. Nezmer daYen ad d-nebder leqdic aneggaru n ay iga Nabil Ayouch, ay yes ay d-yesban aṭas n yisegbaren
(acteurs) imaziYen ilmeẓyen ama deg temdint n Agadir neY deg tama-ines.
Lahoucine Bouizgaren, Ahmed Baddouge d Fatima Bououchane d kra seg wid ay d-yerẓan asalu deg ssinima tamaziYt
u ass-a zemren ad tteklen, ur ttagaden ara Yef uzekka n ssinima-a acku wid ara irefden asafu llan, u deg yiseggasen-a
ieeddan kkren-d yimestekniyen (techniciens) d yemsuffYen imaziYen imaynuten ay izemren ad kemmlen leqdic. Maca,
seg tama niḍen, Yas ssinima-a mechuṛet mliḥ Yer wegdud ameṛṛuki, mazal teḥwaj
aeawen sYur iduba (autorités), ladYa sYur AYlif n Yedles (Ministère de la culture), Ammas asinimaṭugrafi
ameṛṛuki (Centre cinématographique marocain), war ma nettu daYen IRCAM (Asudu Ageldan n Yedles AmaziY).
TaYbalut : Libération
http://www.souss.com/Fatima-Bououchane-parcours-d-une.html
Tasuqilt sYur Omar Mouffok
(24 Ctembeṛ 2007)
Qqel Yer usebter n umager


text:
Lzayer attan deg nuddem* n tsertit. Ur tesɛa ara aselway*, diɣen ula d aneɣlaf* amezwaru. Akabar-ines FLN*, yufa-d iman-is mebla amalway*. Iseḍṛa* n tzemmaltin-is*, qqiment mbla aqerruy. Imi, Hewari Bumedyen isemmed* akk tisɣunin *, d timernit*, tin n uneɣlaf n umasten* aɣelnaw. Dɣa, seg ass n lexmis, ar teqqeruyt n tsumata n umeṭreḥ ɣef “yefser am uceṭṭḍ” (01), azal n rebɛin n ṭebbat lla bedden ar uqerruy-is, qurɛen-t ma at-id-sufɣen seg nuddem* deg yeɣmeq.
Bumedyen am akken ḥesb-it yemmut. Mazal deg-s tarwiḥt, maca aḍabu iruḥ-as. S yiṭij-is aḥlawan, Lzayer ur tḥulfa iman-is “ttaǧǧalt” neɣ “ttabujilt”, maca tufa-d iman-is weḥd-s zzat n umteddu-ines* n wissen amek-it. Amteddu-ines, d wagi i yzemren ad yili d annegzi* n “tegrawla tazayrit”, tinna akken, taneggarut deg ur lla yessenked*
ula d yiwen weḥric*. Asemmezri* telli i meṛṛa i akken llan, ur d-ṣaḥ ula i yiwen.
Tikennawin* tudmisin* yessseṛwan* beqqu n teɣdemt*, maca mačči d win n usefrik*. Amgirred* mazal ur yeqɛid ara d Lmerruk, d wallasen* dima cebken ger Fransa; d wagi i d amur n Lzayer n Bumedyen.
Attan akka si laɛḍil terse ddaw n usegdel* amazday* n imḍebber aɛlayan n tegrawla* (HCR) i yuɣalen am usefrek* udrig*. Ihi am akken laɛqed n tmettan n tsertit n uselwa dayen i ibedd*.
Boumedyen deg lḥikma ines, d win i yḥemlen leqdic di tbaḍnit, yerna yuɣal yeǧǧa-tt-id i wid is-d-izzin, yezmer ad yemmet fiḥel ma yaɛlem ula d yiwen. Ur teḥsam ara iɣab si tmanaɣt ur aɛlimen ara ula d imasladen* n unabaḍ-ines
Amawal:
usenddanku: tyran
nuddem: coma
aselway: président
aneɣlaf: ministre
FLN: akabar aweḥdi si 62 ar 1989
amalway: leader
iseḍṛa: forces
tzemmaltin:armées
isemmed: cumuler
tisɣunin: fonctions
timernit: surcroit
umasten: défense
umteddu: avenir
annegzi: échec
yessenked: assurer
weḥric: domaine
asemmezri: succession
tikennawin: reformes
tudmisin: économiques
yessseṛwan: satisfaire
beqqu: désire
teɣdemt: justice
usefrik: prospérité
amgirred: conflit
wallasen: rapports
usegdel: tutelle
amazday: collectif
Imḍebber Aɛlayan n Tegrawla* (HCR).
usefrek: gérance
udrig: anonyme
i-bedd: dresser, établir un acte ou un constat d’une situation.
imasladen: membres
unabaḍ: gouvernement
tinawt: article écrit
imezgi: une entrave.
* Voir le Dictionnaire Universel Bilingue français tamazight par Mas Idris Abdelhafid et Mas Madi Rabah. Edition Jazz. Alger 2003).
Lemɛani n dunnit:
Tikelt agi ferneɣ-awen-d tinawt* agi akken awen skefleɣ isallen n tallit nni asmi yemmut Hewari Bumedyen* (02). Ayagi akken ad twalim amek tella tmuɣli n yeɣmisen n ibeṛṛaniyen di lawan nni. Wagi d aɣmis le point n wass 27 nuvember 1978. Atan d wagi i d aḥric amenzu. Ayagi akken a nger deg allaɣen nneɣ bac a necfu ɣef ayen i yaɛddan fell-aɣ u yernu a nesnerni tutlayt nneɣ akken att nnerni, att fukti, ad teǧǧuǧeg akken att if lalla-s tagnawit i snerni-n ixannaben, ixemmasen iqvayliyen. Acku xilla deg-neɣ, mazal ar tura werǧin ɣran ula yiwen n ttafttart ɣef wayen yaɛnan amezruy-nneɣ. Ihi, yewweḍ-d lawan akken tullas d ilmezyen-nneɣ ilaq-asen ad isinen, ad llemden, akken ad cfun ansa i d-kkan u ad walin anida i tteddun ass-a, azekka. Ma ulac ad yewḥel tgersa deg imezgi (ad yewḥel wexlul di lxiḍa*). D acu ara yeḍrun imir-n ? Ur n tteddu ara ar zzat; win ur n teddu ara ara zzat, ad yettuɣal ar deffir.
* Expressions:
1) “Yewḥel wexlul di lxiḍa”: la fin de la partie. Situation bloquée,…
( de feu Mas Lounes Matoub
2) “Tewḥel tgwersa deg imezgi*” (de nos paysans): immobilisme, stagnation,…
01) “Yefser am uceṭṭḍ ɣef umeṭreḥ” (expression comparaison): immobile, affalé sur son lit,
02) Hewari Bumedyen: argaz ara yegren ixsan n Amiruc (ad fell-s Yillu yerḥem) deg lakab. Aseddanku yagi, ad ig Yillu iɣsan-is deg tmest. Ulac win yekkesen sser af Uqvayli am ccmata n wergaz am wagi.
* Traduit du français d après l’article de Eugene Mannoni dans l’hebdomadaire le point intitulé:« la mort d un tyran ». (27 novembre 1978. n°323)


text:
Agemmay agrigi
Agemmay agrigi d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n tutlayt tagrigit segmi lqern wis 9 uqbel Ɛisa. Yekka-d uẓar-is seg ugemmay afiniqi.
Igrigiyen ṭṭfen agemmay afiniqi, beddlen isekkilen-is u rnan-t tiɣra (voyelles), yuɣ lḥal agemmay agrigi d agemmay amezwaru i yesɛan tiɣra.
Agemmay agrigi yettwura seg uzelmaḍ ɣer uyeffus. Yettubeddel geddac tikkwal u yefka-d aṭas n igemmayen : Alatini, Aqebṭi, Ssirilik... atg.
Agemmay atrar[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ṭṭabla deg ukessar tesskan isekkilen n ugemmay agrigi atrar, mkul asekkil yesɛa aẓari-is deg ugemmay afiniqi.
Agemmay aqbur[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tamselyut[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- U0370.pdf (en)
- unicode.html (en)


text:
Takirgizit
Tutlayt takirgizit d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Kirgizistan, yernu ttmeslayen-tt wazal n 2 n yimelyunen n medden, Ikirgizen. Di tmura ay d-iqerben Kirgizistan llan diɣ waṭas n wid ay tt-yettmeslayen. Di lweqt i deg llan 150.000 n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen di Ccinwa, ladɣa di tama tafulmant (autonome) n Sinkiang-Uyiɣur, llant diɣ waṭas n trebbaɛ timecṭaḥ n Yikirgiziyen ay tt-yettmeslayen deg wetram (lɣerb) n Mungulya, di Kazaxestan, di Tajikistan akk d Uzbikistan. Nezmer diɣ ad naf kra di Afɣanistan, di ṭṭerk akk d Pakistan.
Tawacult-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Takirgizit d yiwet si tutlayin n twacult taṭerkit, dɣa tutlayin ay tt-icuban ṭṭuqqtent u nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asent taṭerkit, tazerit (n Azerbijan), tatatart (n Tatarestan, di Rusya), tawigurt (ay ttmeslayen di Ccinwa), tuzbikit n Uzbikistan akk d waṭas n tiyaḍ, d acu kan, tutlayt i ɣer tettemcabi aṭas, d takazaxit ay ttmeslayen s umata di Kazaxestan. Tawacult n tutlayin tiṭerkiyin d tawacult meqqren i deg llant waṭas n tutlayin n Asya, yernu ttekkant deg-s ula d tutlayt tamungulit, u llan wid ay yesqeben ula d takurit akk d tjapunit ɣer twacut-a.
Tintalyin-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Takirgizit tesɛa snat n tentalyin timeqqranin, tin n ugafa (nord) akk d tin n wenẓul (sud). Takirgizit tizeɣt (standard) d tin ay d-yufraren si tentala n ugafa, yernu llan deg-s waṭas n wawalen ay d-yekkan si tmungulit akk d tkazaxit, di lweqt i deg tantala n wenẓul, ad naf deg-s aṭas n wawalen ay d-yekkan si tuzbikit akk d tutlayin tir'aniyin am tfarsit (perse) akk d ttaǧikit.
Tasɣent (ddur') n tkirgizit di tmetti[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Xas tesseqdec tutlayt takirgizit agemmay aɛr'ab i tallit ɣezzifen deg umezruy, maca alammi d tallit tasuvyatit ay yettwaxdem leqdic i lmend n ussizeɣ (standardisation) n tutlayt-agi akken ad tuɣal ad tettuseqdac, ɣer tama n trusit, deg uselḥu n lumur' timenṣabin n Tegduda Tasuvyatit n Kirgizistan. Ass-a, takirgizit lemmden-tt warrac alamma d aswir n tesnawit (lycée). Ma di tesdawit, asselmed yettili-d ama s trusit neɣ s tkirgizit, ɣef leḥsab n yinurar n tmusni. Di 1926, ala kan 5% seg yimezdaɣen n Kirgizistan ay yellan ssnen ad ɣren u ad arun di lweqt i deg 67% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt d wid yettmeslayen takirgizit, ma di 1970, wwḍen wid yessnen ad ɣren ɣer 100%, di lweqt i deg wid yettmeslayen takirgizit neqsen-d ɣer 44% di tallit-nni. Anect-a yeḍra-d imi nnernan yemdanen n yegduden nniḍen ay d-yettasen ɣer Kirgizistan, dɣa nnig n Yirusiyen ay yebdan zeddɣen tamurt-a si lqern wis 19, asmi teɣli s dd! a w n leḥkem arusi, rnan usan-d aṭas n yemdanen nniḍen di tallit tasuvyatit, yernu merr'a igduden-agi d tarusit ay llan sseqdacen-tt wagar-asen. D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tewwi Kirgizistan azarug-is di 1991, ar ass-a, bdan ttanqasen Yirusiyen si Kirgizistan. Mbeɛd ma llan 22% seg yimezdaɣen n Kirgizistan d Irusiyen di 1990, wwḍen di 2001 ɣer 15%, maca tazrirt-nsen (influence) mazal teǧhed, yernu tutlayt-nsen d yiwet si tutlayin iǧehden akk di tmurt.
Uqbel ma teḍra-d Tegrawla Tarusit n 1917, tella tkirgizit ur tesɛi ula d yiwen n weɣmis. Ma di 1983, tuɣal tkirgizit tesɛa 61 n yeɣmisen akk d 16 n tesɣunin, am wakken ay d-ffɣen 513 n yedlisen s tkirgizit deg useggas-nni. Kirgizistan tesɛa diɣ tiregwa n rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu yettmeslayen s tkirgizit.
Amezruy[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Di lqern wis 8 ay d-tettwabder tkirgizit i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, deg yiwet n tirawt (inscription) yuran s ṭṭerkit taqburt di Asya Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, llan lejdud n Yikirgiziyen ttidiren di tama taɛlayant n wasif n Yenisey, deg ugafa n Mungulya, d yiwet n tama ay d-yuzgan ass-a di Sibirya, yernu tira tiṭerkiyin tiqburin ay d-ufan deg wemkan-nni qqaren-d yimassanen d akken d nitni ay tent-yedǧan.
Asmi ay smeɣren Yimunguliyen amenkud-nsen (Empire) yernu kecmen ɣer waṭas n tmura ay rẓan neɣ rwin-tent, rewlen Yikirgiziyen s anẓul, ɣer tama n yidurar n Tien Shan, d tama i deg d-tuzga ass-a Kirgizistan. D acu kab, ula d tamurt-a ur temniɛɛ ara seg yegduden iṭerkiyen akk d Yimunguliyen ay tt-id-ikecmen acḥal d abrid yernu srewlen aḥric seg Yikirgiziyen ɣer Turkestan (Sinkiang ay teḥkem Ccinwa ass-a). Xas ma yella di tlemmast n lqern wis 18, tella Kirgizistan d aḥric itebɛen s yisem ɣer Ccinwa, maca tamurt-a tella tesɛa tilelli meqqren. Mbeɛd ma tesɛedda Kirgizistan tallit wezzilen s ddaw n leḥkem n yegduden iṭerkiyen n Asya Talemmast, teɣli ger n yifassen n Umenkud Arusi, d ayen ay yeddkan kra n yemsiwlen n tkirgizit ad rewlen ɣer Afɣanistan akk d yidurar n Pamir. Assebded n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yegla-d s ccwal meqqren imi ay refden Yikirgiziyen leslaḥ akken ad nnaɣen ɣef tlelli-nsen, d acu kan, iɣil ay sxedmen Yirusiyen mgal-nsen yessaweḍ aṭas n Yikirgiziyen ad rewlen ɣer Ccinwa. Di 1919, tuɣal Kirgizistan d aḥric si tegduda tanemlayt (socialiste) tasuvyatit n Turkman, sakin, di 1936, tuɣal d tagduda i yiman-is, d yiwet si xmesṭac-nni n tegdudyin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Deg wass n 31 ɣect n 1991, tuɣal Kirgizistan d tamurt timziregt, u tuɣal d tamaslaḍt (membre) di Tmetti n Yiwunak Imzirgen (Communauté des Etats Indépendants) ay d-yettusbedden mbeɛd ma teɣli Tdukli Tasuvyatit.
Tamselyut[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- Di mondeberbere.com Sɣur Omar MOUFFOK


text:
TIHERT – Sdermen yiferdisen n tferqet n unadi d ussesten n temsulta taɣedmant n twilayt n Tihert yiwen n uẓeḍḍa ay yemmuzzgen deg tukerḍa n tkeṛṛusin, adɣal n teftarin d ukellex, d win aydeg ttekkan 7 n yimaslaḍen ay yellan ttgen tijrimin-nsen deg temnaḍin yemgerraden n tmurt, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna yiwet n teɣbalut taɣellisant ass n letniyen.
Tella-d temhelt-a deffir ma uwḍent-d telɣa ɣer temsulta taɣedmant ay d-ikecfen dakken ttwakellxen kra n yisekrayen n tkeṛṛusin d yikamyunen, ɣef wakken ay d-nettwaxebber.
Imdanen-nni ay yettwaḍḍfen sɛan gar 35 d 52 n yiseggasen yzernu laṣel-nsen seg Tihert d Lezzayer. Llan kerrun imseddayen sakkin deɣɣlen tiftarin n yemseddayen-a akken ad alsen ad ten-ssenzen, ɣef wakken ay d-nettwaxebber. Nnig waya, tessaweḍ temsulta ad d-terr kra seg yemseddayen-nni ay yettwakren.
Mazal la yettkemmil umahil i warray n yemseddayen-nni ay d-yeqqimen, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna tɣellist n twilayt ay d-iwekkden dakken 11 n yemdanen ay yellan d tiɣtas n uẓeḍḍa-a yernu ttwakren deg twilayin n Lezzayer, Bumerdas, Tipaza, Wehṛan, Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet.
Ɛeddan yimetthumen-a sdat wuwkil n tegduda deg wexxam n ccṛeɛ n Tihert s ttehmat n ussebded n tegrawt n yemsefsden, asseqdec n teftarin tideblalin tikellaxin d wedɣal-nsent, tukerḍa, ajlaq n tmagit, tuffra n tɣawsiwin ay d-yettwakren d ukellex.


text:
Tamezwarut:
Ghar warni sin n idlisen n tenfas tiqudvadvin, ¨(Asvwadv
yebuyebhen) d (Asfidjet), i zi issenta umarir amazigh Said BELGHARBI abrid n
tira nnes deg usuffegh n idlisen n tsekla tarrifit. Deg idlisn a imezwura n
umarir yegga tizzemmar mgharent mahend ad yewc ij n wudem i tira n tenfust
taqudvadvt di Arrif, udem a i di netwara tifraz n Arrif, ameddur n irifiyyen, d
imxumbar yeqqnen ghar tudart deg idenadv ad yidva nsen.
Amcubbec n Said Belgharbi iked tira, ura d netta d ict n tenfust
umi yewca umarir Arrifi tudart nnes, tira n usefsi, asefsi i iceddan n weydud.
Tira n usefsi d ij n tazvuri umi yarezzu ad yegg umarir,
izvewran iked tizemmar n imariren irifiyyen n yidva, igg i tarin deg iyyar n
tenfust d ungal.
Waxxa tira deg iyyar n trifit d tsekla nnes, teggur zeg
issegussa izeryen ghar zzat, s tizammar n yenni yeksin s wemnus n imar n tira s
yires Arrifi.
Deg ungal nnes (Nunja tanecruft n izerfan), i d yusin am ij n
mezri ghar umarir deg usemghar n tenfust ad tedwer d ungal, i di yessawar Said
Belgharbi x timukrisin yeqqnen ghar umezruy d yidva ad yimar n weydud Arrifi, d
tmurt n imazighen n Tamezgha, abrid n tira i di ntaff radjaghet n taycint d
tidet n wawar, d tghuyyit ghar tirelli n utarras d weydud.
1- “Nunja” tamghart n tamara:
Tanfust n Nunja di jaj n ungal, d aceddi i di yesmun umarir ij n
uoebbuz, yennugh deg wur nnes, d wemxumber ameqqran i di igg iteddar weydud
Arrif i t yejjin yeggur ghar ticarmin d marra izuray n tudart zeg wattvas zi
wami, tamghart d tisit i di netwara rimart d ghezzu n uhewwas, yeggin am
twengint n imazighen.
Yeqqar umarir di ungal nnes: ”Di Tamzgha tugha ur da ghar negh
bu reprac, reprec yus d zey manis nnidven”. Asebter (page) 11.
Kulira d reprac ineqq maca di raggwaj nnes ghar umarir yarezzu
ad day s yesmun marra min ireqqfen irifiyyen n repracat d tamara i di teddar
Nunja i terqef kulira, i di teddar n marra imazighen umi ten d yudeff uzref n
midden d lbarrani ghar tudrin nsen.
Maghar min tegga Nunja ar ami tarbu anict uya n isendifen,
izerfen n tirrugza yejjin Nunja ad teddar di tamara, izerfen n midden i zi
dewren imazighen ssegguren zzay sen tudart nesen, izerfan yejjin baba s ad ihuz
yedji s ad inegh tasghart n temghart di tudart nnes. Manawya itwara t umarir d
ict n tewwart n umenghi yarzvem uhawwas mahend ad yacar tamurt d temghart n
umazigh, i tugha yedjan war izemmar ura d ijj ad ten ihada.
Amenghi umi ggin amcan di Tamezgha jar waryaz d temghart, jar
baba s d yedji s, jar tirrugza d tmettudvt, tugha war yedji ca ghar imazighen,
suya tudert nsen temmut, tedwer am tudart n uhewwas.
2- Amxumber n wenneghnit:
Deg ungal a yeccuren s tasertit, ntaff amarir issawar x tighuni
n uxarrves n urrifi, iked midden s ijj n wudem iweddvar n irifeyyen, axarrves
deg ixf nnes d imunas nsen, advfar i teggen irifiyyen i tmukrisin n tmura n
midden yejji ten teddaren di tudart n midden, huzen imxumbar nsen mahend ad
ddaren tudart n midden am imxumbar n Falastvin d imxumbar n Waoraben iked
Wudayen deg issegussa ya imeggura i di tedwer d tmukrist tamzwarut umi arrin
imazighen taynit.
3-Arbatv, tamzida: iraqqen d iseqsan:
D tasmaqalt i itic umarir x sin n iraqqen day sen ict n rxezrat
teccur s iseqsan x tidet iraqqen i yetwara, nitni i yeksen amcan n izerfan n
imazghen, tamzida mani tedwer teksen day s tasghat n irifiyyen s yisem n Wakuc d
Arbatv tamurt i di twahewwes tesghart n Arrif s yisem n tamunt tanamurt.
Iraqqen a d ict n tidet i di iteddar urrifi, war izzemmar ad
ixarrves deg ibriden n tmurt nnes ura deg ixf nnes, yesmghar s midden issmezzay
zi dcar d tmurt nnes.
4-Tussna d uffugh zeg imxumbar a:
S rxezrat nnes yegwjen, i yetwara Said Belgharbi tawwart n
wuffugh zeg wemnus ameqqran i di iteddar weydud arrifi, i itrahen itweddar ixf
nnes, suya taflamanit nnes tedwer deg ifassen n midden, yedwer war izemmar ad
ixarrves, ura ad yiri, ura ad yesghuy. Tussna d wemsawadv n weydud izemmar ad
yejj Arrif ad yeddar deg ict n tudart nnes, ad das yegg izerfan ness i tarwa
nnes.
Suya ntaff tatarrast (caxsviya) n Idir am ijj n wesfedv yescana
tighit i tarwa n dcar, am ijj n wareqqas n Wakuc n tussna yus d ghar tmura n
imazighen.
5- Tutlayt n ungal:
Tabrat n tira ghar umarir deg ughezdis n wawar i zi yarcem ungal
yudes ghar tira n usefru, suya nzemmar ad nini iwca deg ungal a ijj n wazvri i
tira s trifit.
Mammec ntaff attvas n umsawar yudfen (munulug), manawya yejja
amarir ad ifelsef di tira nnes, ad yewc nigh ad yessiwer x rexezrat nnes ghar
tudart.
Itegg tizemmar deg iyyar n useggem n tira s tmazight n arrif, i
ticc as tnufsetc ad tmsawadv iked ixf nnes deg ixf nnes d arrif, d temsawad ikd
udmawen n imazighen n wawar mani ma djan di Tamezgha, tabridt a n tira tzemmar
ad tiri d asghun iqqen ghar iyyar n ughimi n tutlayt tarifit d tamazight.
Suya nzzemmar ad nssiwer x uraqq n tasekla d tagrawla tadelsant
(tawra tiqafiya) i yedjen ghar tira n Said Belgharbi
6-Timanitin titaresen (Psychologiques des personnages) n ungal:
Mara nekkar ad narzu ad nezuzzar timaniten n ungal umi yewca
umarir tudart di tenfust a, nzzemmar ad nessiwer x wemsvebdvi n tmeddurt nesnt,
mammec temsebdvant tebratin yarezzu ad zzay sent yessiwedv umarir ghar imeghray
(Les lecteurs) n ungal.
Deg ughezdis a ad nessiwer x sin n timanitin (Les personnages) i
tiraren deg wezzay deg waduff (daxer) n ungal, umi temsebdva “tabsikulujit”, jar
iwdan i yuggin ad ddaren s izerfan iqburen, arezzun amaynu d tudart am Idir d
Nunja.
D yenni yumnen s izerfan imenza i iweddvaren marra min d yedjan
d amaynu ghar dcar d ijj n rmewt i marra izerfan umi tugha teggen tudart am
Umghar, baba s n Nunja d Refqi d Zulixa.
Yarezzu umarir ad yescen, iceddan yedjan di tisi n tudart n dcar,
iceddan i temsebdvan ca ghar s aceddi iked arrimet nnes, ca iked tusna nnes ca
iked temgharin ca iked aryazen ca ghar s aceddi iked tudart, suya mahend ad
yeswedv i ict n tesmaqatc x tudart d iceddan nnes yessiwer x yewdan mani yenna:
(Dcar d tazubayt n iceden. Asebter (page) 24)


text:
Iwca
arebbi ibawen i yenni war ghar djint teghmas
Yura
t: Amtvals Muhemmed (Danmark)
(Tawiza fait 37 jours pour aller du Maroc au Danemark! C’est la même durée
qu’elle aurait fait au moyen-âge! C’est une belle illustration de l’irresponsabilité,
de l’impéritie des services postaux et de leur mépris de Tamazight et des ressortissants amazighs
à l’étranger)
Aterras xmi itiri
itraja ghar ca n taghawsa ad tawedv nigh ad t yettvef,
amecnaw tisghunin nigh tibratin, uca
war d iwdbent deg akud nsent, min
d as iqqar wenni yetrajan.. War ssinegh ma d rbustva i da y i yettun
nigh zi taddart n tessghunin (les journaux).
Maca ixessv bnadem ad ighwwegh (protester) x yinni ixaddmen di rbustva
amughrabi.
War
yeddji d ta twara tamezwarut i teggen ameddur
(almuoamala) war yecnin. Wac tasghunt d iffghen zi Nnadvûr ghar Danmark ass
23-03-2002 war d ttawedv arami d assn 30-04-2002,
tegga d 37 n wussan u neccin rextu nteddar
asemdvel (Mondialisation), wac
wen yeqqaren oad yeqqim as ca n tghuri n tesghunt yekkin 37 n wussan. U manaya war yeddji teggen t i tesghunt n Tawiza
wapa, teggen t ig marra tisghunin n tamazight, s umedya, amecnaw d as neqqar s
tmazight iwca arebbi ibawen i yinni war ghar yeddji teghmas u awar a yuss d x
rbustva amughrabi.
Kurci
ghar sen nitni war xeddmen ca nican, teggen rxeddmet n
uzinzvar, rebda ghar deffar, oemmars ad neddpen ghar dat, am nitni am tghiwanin nnegh
(administration) timughrabiyin. Wenni kid sen itemsawadven huma s percen t i
ghar kkaren zeg uraq nsen. Da xsegh ad inigh ma d ta d tadimuqratit zi
tkarrifen nigh ghar d awar, ghar wem.
A
yenni yecsin ammnus n weydud, aqa amadval yuyûr ghar dat, kenniw oad war
tekkarem war fiqem! A yenni d agh i steloen zi tmurt neccin oad war nuci
Danmark
ass n 02-05-2002


text:
Grammaire: les adverbes de lieu
Interrogation principaux:
Les autres adverbes
Un petit exercice:
Formez une phrase avec chacun des ces adverbes ci-dessus:
1. adverbes de lieu.
2. Les interrogations.
3. Les autres adverbes.
Wagi d awal-iw:
Win i yḥemlen taqvaylit ad yissin tira-s, a tt-yelmed netta ak ttarwa-s. A tt-yemmeslay di berra neɣ zdaxel i twacult-is, i waɛraven (fehmen neɣ qimen), gar ifrasisen, icinwayen, igliziyen, atg… . Ad izeggwir tutlayt taqvaylit qbel “tagnawit n ubrid”, tina n tmanaɣt, acku tagnwit-agi tga am affar* icebbken akal ddaw n tmurt; ma yuɣ, i tteg izuran s lqewwa. Ma tufa-yas abrid cfut a tt-tessenger, a tt-tekumm, a tt-teskuffer. Tagnawit tebɣa-as tamettant i tutlayt taqvaylit, tamaziɣt sumata akken lalla a ttaɣ amkan-is deg tesga am lall n wexxam (mulddar). Tebɣa ad tegwri kan al nettat (awer d-yas awessen), ala iman-is. Tagnawit-agi, tedda-d nettat d ddin ineslem terra-t d amdakel-is. Tesburr-d-yis iman-is akken a ttkelex, a ttexdaɛ tajaddit. Syenna imiren, as-teqqim a tt-tesserkukec deg akal deg tedder acḥal n leqrun-aya. Ḥsiɣ mazal xilla n Iqvayliyen neɣ imaziɣen, mazal-iten iwwet-iten “meɣrud n ddin ineslem” ; Tagi d tanummi n 10 l-leqrun ddaw n usafsar n uqran. Attafttar ara ken-yawwin ar tmettant, ar nnger ma tkemmlem deg ubrid agi id-wwim ass-a. Ihi, ma tuɣem awal-iw : a nebnut iɣerbazen (ljamaɛ ad yili i d aɣerbaz n tmaziɣt) akken a nessɣer, a nesselmed tutlayt nneɣ mačči d tin n medden. Ad nesbedd lecyax ara yesseɣren deg yal taddart. Tameslayt nneɣ ur tettraju yara acengu a tt-yeddifandi. Icenga ɣezzen-as yagi aẓekka si tnayen u settin akken as-rren timedlin nettat mazal-itt tedder.
* Cix Lvacir Vrahimi inna-d deg awal-s: Tagnawit (Taɛravt) am tmeṭṭut tilellit, ur tqebbel ara a ttili ttakna, d nettat kan…”. (la langue arabe est comme une femme libre, elle n’aime pas avoir de rivale).
Tanmirt nwen sumata.


text:
YAHWA ad ieiwen lɣaci akken ad eeqlen Lmasiḥ-nni i geweed? Ih. Atah wayen yexdem di lqern wis ṛebea mbeed taggara n tira tieibṛaniyin. Di temdint n Naṣaret, i d-iṣebḥen di lǧiha n umalu n tmurt n Jlili, lmelk Jebrayil yerza-d ɣef yiwet n tlemẓit yeţţusemman Meryem. Tagi ţ-ţimerziwt issedhacen! Lmelk-a yenna-yas belli s ṛṛuḥ iqedsen, yeeni s tezmert issexdam Ṛebbi akken ad issiweḍ lebɣi-s, a d-teseu aqcic ɣas tella ţ-ţaeezrit. Mmi-s-agi ad yuɣal d Agellid-nni i geweed Ṛebbi aṭas n lweqt uqbel, win akken ara iḥekmen i dima. Tudert-is tella yakan deg igenni. Syenna, Ṛebbi iceggee-iţ-id s lbeṛhan ɣer teebbuṭ n Meryem. Γef wayagi i geţţusemma “Mmi-s n Ṛebbi” ɣas ilul-ed am wemdan.
Γas d ayen issexlaeen, Meryem teqbel s wannuz ayen akka iɣef i ţ-iwekkel Ṛebbi. Yuɣ lḥal, Meryem teţwaxḍeb i yiwen uneǧǧaṛ yeţţusemman Yusef. Yahwa iceggee ihi lmelk ad issefhem i Yusef acuɣer i tella Meryem s tadist. Γer taggara, Yusef yezweǧ yid-es. Lameena akken i t-id-icar Wedlis Iqedsen, Lmasiḥ ilaq a d-ilal di Bit-Liḥim, yiwet n temdint tamecṭuḥt i gbeeden fell-asen s wakteṛ n 140 kilumitrat.—Mixa 5:2.
Yiwen uneḥkam n Ṛuma issufeɣ-ed lqanun i yumṛen i mkul yiwen ad iṛuḥ ɣer temdint anida ilul akken ad iţţujerred yisem-is. Imi Meryem d Yusef sean di sin iẓuran di Bit-Liḥim, ṛuḥen ihi ɣer temdint-agi. (Luqa 2:3) Meryem terba-d mmi-s deg udaynin, ssyin tesgen-it di lmedwed. Ṛebbi iceggee yiwen n lmelk ad ixebbeṛ imeksawen yellan di tɣaltin i sen-d-yezzin belli ilul-ed Lmasiḥ-nni i geweed.
Mi geedda kra n lweqt, kra n leibad cehhden-d ula d nutni belli Eisa d Lmasiḥ i gella. Nnbi Iceaya icar-ed ɣef yiwen wergaz ara yeldin abrid i ccɣel n Lmasiḥ, ccɣel yesean azal ameqran. (Iceaya 40:3) Argaz-agi d Yeḥya aɣeṭṭas. Asmi i gwala Eisa, yenna: “Atah Izimer n Ṛebbi, d win iţekksen ddnub n ddunit.” Imiren kan, kra n inelmaden n Yeḥya tebeen Eisa. Yiwen seg-sen yenna-d: “Nufa Lmasiḥ.”—Yuḥenna 1:29, 36, 41.
Asmi i gesseɣḍes Yeḥya Eisa, Yahwa s yiman-is icehhed-ed seg igenni. Issexdem ṛṛuḥ iqedsen akken a d-ibeggen i lɣaci belli Eisa d Lmasiḥ. Yenna-d: “Wagi d Mmi ameezuz, deg-s i gella lfeṛḥ-iw!” (Matta 3:16, 17) Lmasiḥ-nni i ṛǧan yemdanen acḥal n lweqt aya yusa-d!
Melmi i d-yeḍra wannect-a? Deg useggas wis 29 mbeed Eisa, swaswa mi eeddan 483 iseggasen-nni iɣef i d-immeslay Danyil. Ayagi d ţţbut nniḍen i d-ibeggnen belli Eisa yella bla ccekk d Lmasiḥ-nni i geweed Ṛebbi. Γef wacu ara yemmeslay i lɣaci?
—Ayagi yers ɣef Matta ixef amezwaru alamma d wis 3; Marqus ixef amezwaru; Luqa ixef wis 2; Yuḥenna ixef amezwaru.