text:
Tigejdit :
Azul fell-awen ay atmaten d teysetmatin
Tanemmirt i watmaten-nnegh merr'a i d agh-yeqqaren akk d wid ay yebghan ad agh-d-fken afun n
lem‚awna, d tanemmirt ghef wid ay yebdan yagi tt‚awanen-agh seg wul-nsen, mebla ma nenna-yasen, dgha wigi uklalen tajmilt
meqqren. Nekni s Yimazighen nes‚a yiwet tghara (qualitt') ur nlaq area ad agh-tr'uh', d tin n tegmat d wem‚iwen wagar-anegh.
Anda ma yella Umazigh, nekni s wid iqeddcen ghef yedles d tutlayt-nnegh nebgha ad t-nissin, nebgha ad t-nz'er u ad nemmeslay
yid-s, nebgha ad nz'er d acu ay t-ixuss'en akken ad t-n‚iwen, nebgha ad d-nejme‚ akk atmaten-nnegh n yal tama, atmaten-nnegh
ay d agh-d-yeddja umezruy, ay d agh-d-teddja tutlayt, ad neddukel yid-sen d tarba‚t i lmend n ussider n yedles akk d tutlayt-nnegh,
yernu d taneffut-agi (rr'uh') n lem‚awna akk d tegmat ay yeddjan kra seg wid i gh-yeqqaren ad agh-d-ssumren (proposer) lem‚awna
negh bitt ad agh-‚iwnen mebla ma nenna-yasen acemma. Ihi, taneffut-agi n tegmat d tin ! u r nlaq ara ad agh-tr'uh', wanag
ilaq ad tt-nesnerni wagar-anegh, ladgha imi ay llan at'as deg-negh ass-a, mazal d'e‚fen, ur zmiren ara i yiman-nsen yernu
h'wadjen atmaten-nsen ad ten-‚iwnen wa lukan s wawal. Rnu-yas s anect-a, tagmat d wem‚iwen d imrigen (leslah') idjehden ay
nezmer ad ten-nes‚u, nekni s Yimazighen, ger n yifassen-nnegh, d ayen i yes nezmer ad nesnerni idles d tutlayt-nnegh mebla
ma terra-yagh tmara gher wid ur tt-nebghi, gher wid yellan d icenga (i‚dawen) n tmazight. Tanemmirt i watmaten-nnegh merr'a
i gh-d-yettarun d wid ara yesselh'ayen awal-nnegh deg uz'ett'a agraghlan (web), tajmilt meqqren i watmaten-nnegh merr'a i
agh-yesnernayen ifadden, u ad yesdum R'ebbi tagmat-nnegh.
Imedyazen
TIBRATIN-NWEN
Bader si El-Kseur, Bgayet,
Ldzayer
Ghas akka s "les erreurs" [tuccd'iwin], ur ssed'h'agh-ara,
ur a ttsed'h'igh ara m[i] ara d-arugh tamazight n Massensen, Yugarten, negh Aksil ... i yettsed'h'in iyes-s ala wid [i‚ellen]
[deg] webrid n Buxus. A tt'uqten yibuxusen n useggas [n] 2000. [...] nekk fkigh
lwe‚d i yiman-iw ad tt-slemdedgh i warraw-iw.
Yiwen wass inna-d Lmulud Lounaouci : "Tamazight ilaq ad d-tettak aghrum i wakken ad lhun medden yid-s". Nudagh deg wallagh-iw,
ufigh yezga-d. Ma d irgazen ara ih'erzen fell-as llan, tellam, lligh ghas akka ur ssinegh ara. Tanemmirt ghef "les corrections"
[yiseghta]. Win yettruz'en asalu, iteddu akken yufa, maci akken yebgha. Win yebghan yenna-d amek? Win yugin yenna-d ulamek
!!! Nekk bghigh.
Tanemmirt.
Tiririt : Azul
fell-ak a gma, xas akka s tuccd'iwin ay tettarud', ulac ughilif, aru-tt kan u ad tt-naru jmi‚. Lemmer di ttxemmimen medden
merr'a akken tettxemmimed', tili aql-agh nbeddel-as udem i tmazight, tili ad nili nerfed-itt d asawen at'as ayaka, d acu kan,
akken s-yeqqar wanzi : Yett'ef-as yinijjel tacd'ad't, yufa-tt d ssebba i tghmit. Akken d-tennid', win yebghan yettnadi amek,
win yugin yeqqar ulamek. Yugh lh'al win tt-yettarun, xas s tuccd'iwin, ad yughal ad yissin amek, adennit (labudd) ad yissin
amek, wanag tawaghit d wid i tt-yessnen mlih' yernu [ur] a ttnadin ara ad tt-arun akk d WID YESSNEN AD TT-ARUN, YERNU UR TT-TTARUN
ARA. Tella digh yiwet n tcer'ket (tifexxet), tin n tutlayt tafr'ensist ! Yugh lh'al, at'as n Yimazighen ay yesmenyafayen ad
mmeslayen, ad sseqdacen u ad sselmaden i warraw-nsen tafr'ensist. Seg wakken sseqdacen tafr'ensist alammi ay sen-tughal d
ah'ric seg-sen, ixuss' kan d tafr'ensist i ghef ara ! u ghalen ad ttnad'ah'en, ad tughal Tmurt n Leqbayel Tamazight d Qut'bec
amaynut. [...] Ihi ulaygher neddja tutlayt-nnegh tamazight akken ad nemmeslay ayen ur nelli nnegh. Di tallit-agi i deg nella,
ILAQ tamazight ad tughal d tutlayt n weghrum. Tallit n wass-a tughal d tin n tepr'agmatit (pragmatisme), i deg medden merr'a
ttnadin kan ghef nnfe‚-nsen, dgha nughal dima neqqar-as taggara-yagi : amek ara d-nejbed medden gher tmazight. Dda Muh'end
Usma‚il Medjber', ad t-yebder R'ebbi s lxir, yewwet akken ara yefru ugur-agi s tesghunt-is ABC Amazigh, d acu kan, yufa-d
iman-is meskin, deg yiseggasen-nni n 1999 d 2000 i yiman-is, maci at'as ay t-i‚awnen dgha s tidet yernu medden ur fhimen ara
akk izen ay ye‚red' ad t-yes‚eddi. D acu kan, ass-a ILAQ ad as-d-nerr tar'wih't i takti-yagi, u ad nxeddem dima ghef wamek
ara tt-id-nessuffegh gher tidet. Nekni, si tama-nnegh, nessefray "ad nefk ddh'is" deg wennar n tutlayt. [Nteg] timsirin n
tmazigh s tebratin, yernu nett‚awan wid d tid yeqqaren ghur-! n egh akken ad issinen mlih' tamazight u ad ttarun yis-s. Wid
iz'ewren di tira, nteg-asen ifadden akken ad d-ssuffghen idlisen, u tessefray tiddukla-nnegh ad tt‚iwen yal yiwen seg yimaslad'en-is
(wid yettekkan deg-s) ara yebghun ad d-yessuffegh adlis s tmazight, dgha mi d-yeffegh wedlis-nni, am tiddukla, am bab n wedlis,
ad awin akk lfayda, ma d tamazight, ad tawi lfayda meqqren. Yernu nettwali d akken llant at'as n tghawsiwin ara d-nelmed digh
seg yegduden nnid'en ara yettnad'ah'en akken ad d-ssidren tutlayin-nsen. Ghef waya ara nessefray ad d-nesseddu at'as n yed'risen
deg weghmis-nnegh ara d-yemmeslayen ghef termitin (expt'riences) n yegduden nnid'en deg wennar-agi, u nessaram d akken anect-a
ad t-ddmen ula d Imazighen, ma yebgha R'ebbi, u ad xedmen yis-s. Asselmed n tmazight i warraw-nnegh yughal ass-a d lwadjeb
[ghef yal yiwen deg-negh] a gma. Mebla lmezga n ddewla ! Ama llan yigherbazen ama ulac, ama tughal tmazight d tutlayt tamens'abt
(officielle) negh ala ! Tamazight tell! a , tella deg yexxamen-nnegh, [u ad tili] ma yebgha R'ebbi. Yiwen ur d i-ikkis ad
slemdegh tamazight i mmi negh yelli deg wexxam-iw [...] Yiwen ur d i-ikkis ad arugh s tmazigh sdaxel n th'anut-iw. Yiwen ur
d i-ikkis ad as-rregh tasfift n tmucuha n teqbaylit (s taghect n setti) i mmi akken ad tt-isel mi ara d-ih'der ad itt'es,
deg yid'. At'as n lumur' ay nezmer ad tent-nexdem i yiman-nnegh. D lebghi kan ay ixuss'en medden. S leh'mala d tegmat meqqren
Tanemmirt-ik a gma.
Imedyazen.
Tutlayt takurdit di Tt'erk
sghur n Amir Hassanpour
[Aqeddem : ad'ris-agi
ay d awen-d-nefren ass-a d win yerzan tagnit i deg tella tutlayt takurdit di tmurt n Tt'erk. Ikurdiyen ay yellan d agdud ameqqran
ay yettidiren di tama n Kurdistan, yettwabd'a wakal-nsen ghef 4 n tmura, yernu ah'ric meqqren seg wegdud-agi yettidir di tmurt
n Tt'erk. Tamurt-a ay yebghan ad tili d ddewla tatrart, d tin yes‚eddayen lbat'el d ameqqran deg yimezdaghen-is akk d yegduden
yettidiren deg-s, yernu lbat'el ara tes‚edday deg Yikurdiyen d win ur nes‚i tamtilt deg umezruy. Yugh lh'al, adabu at'erki
yekkes-asen i Yikurdiyen ad mmeslayen ula d awal tutlayt-nsen yernu anect-a yessbanay-d d akken yeh'r'ec u yessen d acu ixeddem
imi ay iga aya i Yikurdiyen ... yez'ra d akken tutlayt d nettat ay tigejdit talemmast n tnettit (identitt') n wegdud yernu
d tin umi yekker akken ad tt-yeqd'e‚ i wegdud akurdi. Yernu simmal itekkes-asen i Yikurdiyen tutlayt-nsen, yetth'ettim fell-asen
tutlayt nnid'en, tat'erkit, a! k ken ad ten-yerr d It'erkiyen. D acu kan, Ikurdiyen atni ttnad'ah'en akken zemren, yernu yal
tikkelt i deg ara tufrar tagut fell-asen ad d-ssuffghen aghmis negh adlis i yes ara d-gren tighri, i yes ara ddjen tutlayt-nsen
ad d-terr nnefs. Ad'ris-agi yesskanay-d ihi azal meqqren ay tes‚a tutlayt di tudert n wegdud, dgha ma yesr'uh' wegdud tutlayt-is,
xas h'seb-it yemmut. Afud igerrzen].
Tasertit ay
ted'fer tegduda tat'erkit seg wasmi ay d-tebded di 1923 ar ass-a, d tin umi nezmer ad nsemmi d tasertit n ussenger n tutlayt
(linguicide, gt'nocide linguistique). Tigduda tat'erkit, ay d-sbedden deg wemkan n Umenkud A‚etmani (Empire Ottoman), d tamurt
tameslemmast talaykit (centraliste laÔc) ay yettd'afaren timura tigherbiyin yernu d aghlan (nation) yefkan kan azal i wegdud
akk d tnettit (identitt') tat'erkit. Leqdic n ddewla tat'erkit akken ad tezre‚ asselmes (centralisation) akk d yedles d tutlayt
tat'erkit di tmurt n Tt'erk d ayen ay yessawd'en Ikurdiyen ad kkren s imenghi ach'al d abrid (1925, 1927-31, 1930-38), d acu
kan, yal tikkelt i deg ara gen tanekra (rt'volte), adabu at'erki yettak-asen tiyitiwin idjehden. D Ikurdiyen ay d tadersi (minoritt')
tameqqrant akk di Tt'erk mbe‚d n Yit'erkiyen, d acu kan, texdem Tt'erk amek ara d-tessbedd tasertit i yes ara tettbeddil cwit',
cwit' imezdaghen n tmiwa tikurdiyin s yemd! a nen nnid'en ay yellan d iberr'aniyen ghef tmiwa-ya i lmend n ussenger n tutlayt
takurdit. Dgha, i lmend n waya, d tiwinas n yigiman (centaines de milliers) n Yikurdiyen ay yesguddj unabad' (gouvernement)
at'erki si Kurdistan gher tmiwa i deg zedghen Yit'erkiyen, am wakken ay ttwanghan medden s trebba‚ yal tikkelt i deg ara d-kkren
Yikurdiyen mgal n udabu, yernu ger n yiseggasen n 1920 akk d 1940, asmi ay llan ttughalen-d yeghriben It'erkiyen yellan di
Turr'uft gher tmurt-nsen, di tmiwa tikurdiyin ay yella unabad' yettak-asen tanezdught. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1930, timnad'in
(provinces) tikurdiyin merr'a llan tt'fen-tent yiserdasen, yernu yal taddart tameqqrant di Kurdistan ssersen-as taghsart n
temsulta (poste de police).
Iswi n tsertit
n tutlayt (politique linguistique) n unabad' at'erki netta d ah'ettem n Yikurdiyen akken ad ddjen tutlayt-nsen u ad ughalen
d wid yettmeslayen tat'erkit amzun yis-s ay d-kkren, dgha at'as n tghawsiwin ay tga Tt'erk di 70 n yiseggasen-agi ineggura
akken ad tessenger tutlayt takurdit.
A. Agdal (interdiction) n ussiwel
n tkurdit :
Agdal n ussiwel
n tkurdit deg yimukan izuyaz (lieux publics), deg yimukan n unabad' akk d yigherbazen d ayen yellan yeshel ghef udabu ad t-ih'ettem
ghef medden. Deg yiseggasen imenza i deg d-yebda waya, ttukellfen kra akken n yiqeddacen n unabad' akken ad h'ettmen anect-a
ghef medden di temdinin. Ghef umedya, d ayen yettwassnen d akken ula d ifellah'en ay d-yettawin alzazen-nsen (ssel‚a) ad ten-zzenzen
di ssuq n temdint, llan zemren ad xells'en tafgurt (amande) n xemsa n yepiastren (piastre) ghef yal awal n tkurdit ara d-inin
yernu di tallit-nni, ikerri yella yeswa xemsin n yepiastren.
Tiyita akk d
usseb‚ed n wab‚ad' ghef twacult-is d tarrayin (mt'thodes) nnid'en ay llan sseqdacen-tent yigherbazen it'erkiyen akken ur ttaddjan
ara anelmad ad yemmeslay takurdit. Llan ttweddiben (punir) inelmaden ula mi ara mmeslayen s tkurdit berr'a i tneghra (classes),
di lweqt n tesgunfut (rt'crt'ation). Di 1964, ttusbedden-d di Tt'erk yigherbazen igensiyen (internats) akken ad qqimen yinelmaden
amur meqqren deg useggas ttwa‚ezlen ghef twaculin-nsen, u ad asen-gen ifadden akken ad ttun tutlayt-nsen tayemmat.
Maca ayen ay
sqedcen dgha s wat'as Yit'erkiyen mgal n Yikurdiyen akken ad ten-rren ttseth'in s tutlayt-nsen netta d "takrid't tazamalt"
(violence symbolique). Ula d ismawen n "Akurdi" akk d "Kurdistan" yegdel-iten udabu at'erki, dgha yughal yessawal-asen i Yikurdiyen
"Dagli Turkler" (it'erkiyen n wedrar), ma d tamurt-nsen isemma-yas udabu "Dogu", negh Agmud' (Ccerq). Rnu-yas s anect-a, at'as
n yimagraden (articles), n yedlisen akk d yinawen (discours) ay d-uran negh nnan-ten-id Yit'erkiyen akken ad nekr'en d akken
aghlan akurdi yella, di lweqt i deg agdud at'erki ssmeghren-as ccan-is deg umezruy amaynut n tmurt n Tt'erk, yernu h'esben-t
d netta ay d agdud yifen akk igduden n wemd'al. Di 1935, tennulfa-d "Tez'ri (tht'orie) n tutlayt n yit'ij" (Gunesh-Dil teorist)
ay d-yeqqaren d akken Asya Talemmast, tamurt tanes'lit n Yit'erkiyen, d nettat ay d dduh' i deg d-tlul tgherma n yemdanen
yernu tat'erkit d nettat ay d yemma-s n tutlayin! merr'a. Ma d Ikurdiyen, llan ttwalin-ten d taqbilt las'el-is d atur'ani
(at'erki), maca tettu tutlayt-is tanes'lit imi ay tettwa‚zel deg yidurar ibe‚den yernu zerren-tt (influencer) ldjiran-is Ifarsiyen
(Perses).
Dgha i lmend
n wenkar' n tilin n weghlan akurdi, yettubeddel umezruy am wakken ay tettubeddel tutlayt takurdit. Dgha deg wayen yeqqnen
s aya, anmahal (ambassadeur) a‚iraqi, di tmurt n Tt'erk, Talib Mushtaq (1958-1964), yura-d di tkuta-yines (mt'moires) d akken
It'erkiyen llan qqaren-d d akken takurdit d tutlayt ur nes‚i ara ilugan n tjerr'umt yernu amawal-is (vocabulaire) yexled'
u deg-s ala kan 8428 n wawalen :
Ghef leh'sab-nsen,
3080 seg wawalen n tkurdit kkan-d si tturkminit taqburt [tutlayt ay d-yefkan tat'erkit n wass-a], 2000 n wawalen kkan-d seg
wawalen n ta‚r'abt ay sseqdacen di tt'erkit, 1240 n wawalen kkan-d si tutlayt tazandit, 1030 n wawalen kkan-d si tfarsit tatrart
(perse moderne), 370 n wawalen kkan-d si tfehlawit taqburt (pahlavi), 300 n wawalen kkan-d si tkurdit tanes'lit, 200 n wawalen
kkan-d si tar'minit (armt'nien), 108 n wawalen kkan-d si tkaldit (chaldt'en), 60 kkan-d si tserkasit (circassien), ma d 20 kkan-d
si tejyur'jit (gt'orgien).
Si tama nnid'en,
tisuda (institution) n usselmed sselh'ant at'as n yir tikta (idt'es) ghef Yikurdiyen u s waya ay ughalen Yikurdiyen ttwah'esben
d "iri-ten", "umsen" yernu d "imdanen iqburen ur nefhim ara". Yir tamughli-yagi tufa amkan-is ula di tutlayt tat'erkit. Ghef
umedya, di tez'rigt (t'dition) tis tlata n Umawal Tat'erkit-Taglizit n Oxford (1984), awal at'erki "Kurt" (Akurdi) yes‚a sin
n yinumak : "1- (ethn.) Kurd; 2- (pej.) uncivilized person" [ab‚ad' ur nessin tagherma, ab‚ad' ay texd'a tgherma].
Akken digh ad
gedlen i Yikurdiyen assiwel n tutlayt-nsen, yeqdec unabad' akken ad asen-yerrez' ifadden i Yikurdiyen, ur sellen ara tisgilin
(t'missions) tiberr'aniyin ay yettmeslayen s tkurdit. Dgha yesbedd-d udabu at'as n teghsarin (stations) n rr'adyu di temdinin
tikurdiyin akken ad qeddcent gher tama n yimesgalen (t'metteurs) imeqqranen ilemmasen ay yellan yagi, akken ad d-s‚eddayen
s teghzi n wass tisgilin yettmeslayen s tt'erkit.
B. Agdal n tira n tkurdit
Agdal n tira
n tkurdit d ayen ay yessawed' unabad' at'erki ad t-ih'ettem ghef medden ugar n wegdal n ussiwel n tutlayt-nsen imi ay yeshel
ghef unabad' ad iqare‚ assuffegh n wayen yuran [idlisen, ighmisen, atg.] akk d wayen ay d-ttarun yemdanen negh tirebba‚ negh
asselh'u n wayen yuran s tkurdit di temkerd'iyin (bibliothŤques). Maci ala kan d tira s tutlayt takurdit ay yettwagedlen,
wanag tettwagdel ula d tira n wawalen n "Akurdi" akk d "Kurdistan" xas ma uran s tutlayt nnid'en (ala kan awal KurrtÁe -Akurdi
s tt'erkit- ay sseqdacen deg yir'abulen n waddun -rapports de recensement).
D acu kan,
di "talliyin-nni n weslellem" (libt'ralisation) (1967-71, 1975-80), tekker-d yiwet n tsuta (gt'nt'ration) tamaynut n waggagen
(intellectuels) akk d yimeghnasen isertiyen (militants politiques) ay d-yessuffghen tisghunin d yeghmisen isnutlayen (bilingues),
sin n yimawalen n tkurdit akk d tt'erkit, yiwet n tjerr'umt akk d yiwen n wedlis s tkurdit, "Mem Ż ZÓn" ay d-yura Khani, yernu
yekkes seg-s kra n tghawsiwin igedlen. Yugh lh'al, tuget si tsufagh-agi (publications) ttwagedlent akken kan d-ffghent yernu
wid ay tent-id-yessuffghen ttwah'ebsen imi ay sen-sbabben d akken bghan ad bd'un tamurt. Akken kan ad d-nefk amedya, di 1968,
yeffegh-d yiwen n ubacid (abt'ct'daire), Alfabe, s tkurdit, d acu kan, sin wussan kan mbe‚d, gedlen-t yexxamen n ccr'e‚ n Istanbul
akk d Diyarbakir, ma d bab-is h'ekmen-as s r'eb‚a n wagguren n tkurmut (lh'ebs) imi ay s-sbubben d akken yebgha ad yebd'u
tamurt yernu ye‚red' ad d-yessebded tamurt t! a kurdit timziregt (indt'pendante).
Maci ala kan
sdaxel n tmurt n Tt'erk ay tettwaqd'e‚ tkurdit, wanag ula di tmura n berr'a, yernu yiwen kan n umedya ad iqam akken ad d-nessken
aya. Citt'ah' kan uqbel ma ted'ra-d tuttya-nni taserdasit (coup d'Etat) n 1980 di Tt'erk, tebda tsebdad't tadelsant tanur'dit
(fondation culturelle nordique) a tesselmad takurtdit di Danmar'k akken ad d-tessilegh (former) iselmaden n tutlayt takurdit
ger n yeghriben Ikurdiyen ay yettidiren di tmura tiskandinaviyin. Iswi n wanect-a netta d asselmed n tira, n umawal akk d
tjerr'umt takurdit i yiselmaden-agi, akken ad slemden ula d nitni takurdit i yigerdan ikurdiyen yettidiren di Skandinavya.
D acu kan, "Tamahelt (ambassade) tat'erkit di Copenhagen te‚red' ad teh'bes timeghri-yagi (cours) u tger-d tamawt d akken
wid yettekkan deg-s mazal-iten d ighermanen (citoyens) it'erkiyen, dgha ghef waya, ur ttalasen ara ad xalfen asad'uf (lqanun)
at'erki, a tamurt yebghun ilin deg-s, rnu-yas s anect-a,! tutlayt takurdit tettwagdel deg usad'uf at'erki". [dgha s kra n
leqdic ara yettwaxedmen ghef tutlayt-a yettusemma d tuffgha i usad'uf at'erki].
Anhil* n Tuttya Taserdasit n 1980
:
(*anhil = rt'gime)
Yugh lh'al,
anhil at'erki maci s tuffra ay yebgha ad yemh'u agdud akurdi si ddunit, yernu yegdel-as ula i unaray (bureau) n tkebbanit
n Lufthansa di Istanbul akk d temkerd'it tamarikanit n Ankara ad sseqdacen tutlayt takurdit negh tagrigit akk d tar'minit.
Di 1984, tessedda-d tesghunt n Rotary Club yiwet n tugna (photo) i deg yella yiwen n weblugh (globe), uran-d deg-s yismawen
n "Kurdistan" akk d "Pontus", dgha yessawed' wanect-a alammi ay ttwah'ekmen tlata n yiseggasen n tkurmut i wem‚iwen n unemhal
(directeur) n tkebbanit-a di Istanbul (London Guardian, 23 Meghres, 1984). Ma d tinmuhal (ambassades) tit'erkiyin di Turr'uft,
ach'al d abrid ay h'er'sent timura tur'uffiyin seg yidis n tesnassaght (diplomatiquement) negh s wayen nnid'en, akken ur ttaddjant
ara tirebba‚ tikurdiyin ad ttekkint deg wahilen (programmes) idelsanen ay d-sbeddayent tmura-ya. Tt'erk teh'r'es timura turr'ufiyin
ula akken ad h'ebsent tisgilin-nni n rr'adyu ! n lgherba ay yettmeslayen s tkurdit. Ma di tmurt, ast'uqqet n yiserdasen it'erkiyen
akk d ussedjhed n leh'kem at'erki di temnad'in tikurdiyin yegla-d s wahilen imaynuten i lmend n temsertit (assimilation) n
wegdud akurdi dgha "tettusbedd-d yiwet n lh'emla i lmend n usselhu n usselmed n tt'erkit i wid ur nessin ad ghren wala ad
arun, am wakken ay d-yessekcem udabu at'erki timeghra tinezz'awin (cours intensifs) n tt'erkit s igherbazen imenza. Ma imenzad'en
(commandants) n temnad'in, yal yiwen deg-sen yes‚a ahil-is i yiman-is akken ad yeqd'e‚ i medden asseqdec n tutlayt takurdit,
lxers'um di temdinin. Ma d icett'id'en imensayen (traditionnels) ikurdiyen, mbe‚d ma ddjan-ten ad d-banen deg yiseggasen n
1970, ‚awden gedlen-ten tikkelt nnid'en".
Imenghi imselleh'
ay d-yesbedd yiwen n ukabar azelmad' akurdi, Partiya KarkerÍn Kurdistan (Akabar n Yiqeddacen n Kurdistan) di tazwara n yiseggasen
n 1980, yessawed' Tt'erk alammi ay tefreq at'as n yiserdasen di temnad'in tikurdiyin. Akken ur ttekkayen ara yimezdaghen n
ugama (campagne) deg yimenghi-yagi, adabu at'erki a iqeddec akken ara d-yessbedd tudrin tisuddasin (villages stratt'giques)
[akken ad yesgiddj udabu ifellah'en ikurdiyen seg wakal-nsen gher tudrin-agi, i deg tezmer ad ten-iqare‚]. Si tama nnid'en,
Ikirgiziyen ay d-irewlen si Afghanistan yernu ttmeslayen tat'erkit, yesguddj-iten udabu at'erki gher Kurdistan anda ay sen-yefka
tanezdught. Yeqqar-d unabad' d akken yewwi Ikirgiziyen akken ad zedghen di tama-ya imi ay tcuba idurar-nni-nsen i deg
llan ttidiren zik di Afghanistan, maca di tidet, ula di tmiwa i deg ttmeslayen tat'erkit ur xuss'en ara yidurar, yernu Tt'erk
tewwi iruzagh-agi (rt'fugit's) gher Kurdistan a! k ken kan ad ternu ad tezre‚ deg-s tutlayt tat'erkit.
Inelkamen* n tsertit n tutlayt tat'erkit
*anelkam = const'quence
Leqdic ay txeddem
Tt'erk akken ad temh'u yis-s Ikurdiyen akk d tutlayt-nsen yessawed' ad yessenqes seg yimezdaghen n Kurdistan ay yellan zik
tt'uqqten, yernu yerra at'as n Yikurdiyen ttmeslayen tutlayt tat'erkit am wakken ay yessawed' idles aghelnaw akurdi gher yiri
n nnger (tasekla tatlayt -littt'rature orale- d tsekla yuran, lmuziga akk d yicett'id'en imensayen). Imi ay sen-terra Tt'erk
takmamt i Yikerdiyen s yighil, yughal yew‚er' ghef yineggura-ya ad d-mmeslayen ghef tnettit n wegdud-nsen. Yiwen n unelmad
utrim (agherbi) ay yeghran ghef "tedghar tisertiyin" (t'lites politiques) yufa-d d akken citt'ah' kan n yimazanen (dt'putt's)
Ikurdiyen "ay d-yeqqaren (negh ste‚r'ifen) d akken ssnen ad mmeslayen takurdit". Ma d yiwen n unawur (fonctionnaire) akurdi
ay yettekkan deg waddun (recensement) n 1965, yenna-d d akken at'as n Yikurdiyen, xas ur ssinen ara tat'erkit, qqaren-d d
akken d tat'erkit ay ttmeslayen akken ad sbe‚den uguren ghef yiman-nsen.
Inelkamen n
lbat'el ay tes‚edda Tt'erk ghef Yikurdiyen nezmer ad asen-nger tamawt ula deg yezwal (chiffres) n waddunen. Ger n 1955 d 1960,
nnernan wid yettmeslayen takurdit s 10 %, imi ay yessifess citt'ah' udabu at'erki si ccedda-s di tallit-nni. Ma di 1965, neqsen
wid yettmeslayen takurdit deg yiwet n teswi‚t s 23 %, yernu ssebba n wanect-a ur telli d tamsertit (assimilation), wanag di
tallit-nni d ccedda n lbat'el n udabu ay d-yughalen, yernu si tama nnid'en, tamsertit tett‚ett'il akken ad d-tili imi ay tetteh'widji
yiwet n tsuta (ldjil)s lekmal-is u maci ala kan xemsa n yiseggasen. Ma d wid yettmeslayen takurdit d "tutlayt-nsen tis snat"
nnernan ula d nitni, yernu anect-a yesskanay-d d akken azra‚ n tutlayt tat'erkit di Kurdistan yedda mlih'. Imi It'erkiyen
ur lemmden ara takurdit, wid yettmeslayen takurdit d tutlayt-nsen tis snat d Ikurdiyen kan ay yughalen sseqdacen at'as tat'erkit
di lweqt i deg mazal-iten cfan ghef tutla! y t-nsen tanes'lit.
D acu kan,
llan at'as n Yikurdiyen ay d-ibedden mgal n uh'ettem n tutlayt tat'erkit, yernu ach'al d abrid ay d-iccetka udabu ghef taz'eyt
i yes ara iteddu wezra‚ n tutlayt tat'erkit di Kurdistan. Deg weghmis at'erki n yal ass, Cumhuriyet, ay d-yeffghen deg wass
n 31 Yulyu 1966, yenna-d umazan at'erki n temdint n Aydin d akken 91 % seg yimezdaghen n temnad't n Mardin ur ssinen ula d
yiwen n wawal s tt'erkit; ma di temnad'in tikurdiyin timeqqranin nnid'en, wid ur nessin ara tat'erkit wwd'en gher 87 % di
Siirt, 81 % di Hakkari , 67 % di temnad't n Diyarbakir, 68 % di Bingol akk d 66 % di Bitlis .
Xas ma yella
wer‚ad tengir tutlayt takurdit di Tt'erk, maca ur yelli d lmuh'al akken ad tenger yiwwas. Tamattant n tutlayin ted'ra yagi
yernu mazal a td'erru deg wat'as n yimukan deg wemd'al, u ssebbat ay tt-yettaddjan ad d-ted'ru maci d tid yeqqnen gher tutlayt
s timmad-is wanag qqnen s uguren nnid'en. Di Tt'erk, agdud ar'mini akk d tutlayt-is s tmenghiwt n lghaci ay ten-yemh'a wenhil
a‚etmani akk d tegduda tat'erkit. D ayen icuban aya ay yexdem digh udabu at'erki i Yikurdiyen, xas akken wigi tt'uqten ugar
n War'miniyen. D acu kan, lemmer yettaf udabu at'erki abrid, d ayen akken ay iga i War'minyen ay yezmer ad i‚iwed ad t-yeg
ula i Yikurdiyen. Di Yennayer n 1991, yekkes uselway n Tt'erk, Ozal, agdal-nni yellan ghef usiwel n tutlayt takurdit, maca
anect-a ur yelli d abeddel di tesnakta (idt'ologie) negh di tsertit n ddewla tat'erkit, wanag ayen akka yexdem udabu d ane‚rud'
kan akken ad d-isellek ddewla n Ataturk seg tlufa timeqq! r anin ay d-tettmagar deg yinurar n tdamsa (t'conomie), n tsertit,
n yedles akk d tesnakta.
Tasuqilt sghur Omar MOUFFOK
Akken ad ternum ugar n yisallen, tzemrem ad terzum s asebter-agi
:
http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/Kurdish/Papers/hassanpour92/biblio.html
Tutlayt takurdit
Takurdit d isem
ay ssexdamen i snat n tutlayin yettemcabin mlih', ttmeslayen-tent wazal n 13 n yimelyunen n yemdanen di tama-nni n Asya umi
qqaren Kurdistan. Tamenzut d tutlayt takurmanjit (negh takurdit n ugafa-nord), ma d tis snat d tutlayt tasur'anit (negh takurdit
n wenz'ul -sud), ay ttmeslayen wazal n 2.800.000 n yemdaben du L‚iraq akk d 3.000.000 n yemdanen di Ir'an.
Takurmanjit,
tin ay ttmeslayen wat'as n medden, ad tt-naf dgha s wat'as di Tt'erk, anda ay llan 4 n yimelyunen n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen,
deg ugafa n L‚iraq, di Surya tt-ttmeslayen 500.000 n medden, di Ar'minya (100.000 n yemsiwlen) akk d di Ir'an (100.000). Llan
digh wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit di Jyur'jya akk d Azerbidjan, maca ur nez'ri ara ach'al, am wakken ay llant digh
trebba‚ timect'ah' n Yikurdiyen ay izedghen di tmura tiberr'aniyen (azal n 70.000 s ujemmal), ladgha di Lubnan akk d Turr'uft,
deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) akk d Kanada.
Wid yettmeslayen
takurdit tasur'anit wwd'en gher 6 n yimelyunen s ujemmal, ma d wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit wwd'en gher wazal n 7
n yimelyunen, xas ma yella llan kra ay d-yeqqaren d akken wwd'en alammi d 20 n yimelyunen. Yugh lh'al, maci merr'a Ikurdiyen
yellan ass-a d wid ay yessnen ad mmeslayen tutlayt-nsen imi tamsertit (assimilation) tessawed' at'as seg-sen ad ddjen takurdit,
yernu llan ula d imdanen yettmeslayen tutlayin nnid'en, am tgur'anit negh tadimlit (d tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin ay yettemcabin
wagar-asent, maca mgerradent ghef tkurdit), yernu h'esben iman-nsen d Ikurdiyen, d aya ay yettaran tikwal leh'sabat we‚r'en.
Tawacult-is
Takurdit d tutlayt
tahendur'ufit (indo-europt'enne) u tettekka deg ufurk n tutlayin tir'aniyin (langues iraniennes), yernu yiwet si ger n tutlayin
ay tt-icuban s wat'as d tafarsit (perse) ay yellan d tutlayt taghelnawt n Ir'an, akk d tbalucit, tutlayt n Balucistan.
Tantalyin-is
Tutlayt takurdit
tettemxallaf ghef leh'sab n tmiwa i deg tt-ttmeslayen. Imesnilsiyen (linguistes) ttwalin, s umata, d akken tasur'anit akk
d tkurmanjit d tutlayin, yal yiwet i yiman-is, dgha di lweqt i deg ttemcabint mlih' deg umawal, s‚nt at'as n wemgerrad (lxilaf)
di tjerr'umt-nsent, yernu tikwal, yew‚er' ghef wid ay tent-yettmeslayen ad msefhamen wagar-asen. Ma d wiyad', ttwalin-tent
d snat kan n tantalyin n yiwet n tutlayt. Am tsur'anit, am tkurmanjit, di snat yid-sent s‚ant tiduntalyin (sous-dialectes)
ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa-nsent. Tantala n temdint n Sulaimaniya, di L‚iraq tughal d tutlayt tizeght (standard) n tsekla n Yikurdiyen
n tmurt-a, di lweqt i deg di Ir'an, d tantala takurdit n Mukri (d yiwet si tentalyin n tsur'anit) ay yughalen d tutlayt n
tsekla, yernu maci at'as ay temxallaf ghef tin n Sulaimaniya. Si tama nnid'en, ula di lgherba atni Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayen
tutlayt tizeght tamaynut, ladgha s leqdic-nsen di rr! ' adyu.
Tira-s
Di lweqt i deg
Ikurdiyen n L‚iraq, Ir'an akk d Surya sseqdacen agemmay a‚r'ab ay yettubeddlen akken ad arun tutlayt-nsen, Ikurdiyen n Tt'erk
d agemmay alatini ay sseqdacen. Di Ar'minya akk d tegdudyin yellan zik s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d agemmay asirili (arusi)
ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen, ma yella zik-nni, uqbel n 1946, Ikurdiyen n tmiwa-ya llan sseqdacen agemmay alatini, ay d-mazal ar
ass-a sseqdacen-t kra.
Amkan n tkurdit di tmetti
Di Ir'an, 90%
seg Yikurdiyen ttidiren di tudrin, ma d wiyad' d imeksawen iteddun seg wemkan gher wayed'. Mbe‚d ma s‚eddan ach'al n yiseggasen
s ddaw n lbat'el n udabu ir'ani, ssawd'en Yikurdiyen ad d-sbedden tasekla yuran s tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-a, yernu si 1984,
tenqes mlih' ccedda ghef tkurdit di Ir'an imi ay izemren Yikurdiyen ad ghren tutlayt-nsen di tmiwa-nsen, di tmurt-a. At'as
n tsufagh (publications) ay d-yeffghen seg yimir-n, yernu Ikurdiyen n Ir'an s‚an ula d tisgilin n rr'adyu yettmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen
di tmurt-a.
Di L‚iraq, seg
useggas n 1919 ay tes‚a tutlayt takurdit az'ayer amens'ab (statut officiel) n tutlayt taz'iyant (langue rt'agionale), yernu
d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed deg yigherbazen n udabu di Kurdistan a‚iraqi. Ihi L‚iraq ad tili tes‚a lxers'um yiwen n weghmis
s tutlayt takurdit akk d yiwen n wexxam n tez'rigin (t'ditions) ay d-yessuffughen idlisen s tutlayt-a. D tantala takurdit n
Sulaimaniya ay rran Yikurdiyen n L‚iraq d tutlayt-nsen n tsekla, yernu ‚erd'en ad tezzizedgen seg wawalen-nni n ta‚r'abt ay
yett'uqqten deg-s.
Di Tt'erk, di
1938 ay tettwagdel tkurdit yernu s kra n win ara tt-yemmeslayen di berr'a yezmer ad ixelles' tafgurt (amende). Di tallit-a
taberkant ay s‚eddan Yikurdiyen, tutlayt-nsen tesr'uh' at'as seg wennar-is, at'as n Yikurdiyen ay yughalen d isnutlayen (bilingues),
yernu citt'ah' kan mad'i seg-sen ay ilemden ad ghren u ad arun tutlayt-nsen. Di 1961, asmi ay d-tesbedd Tt'erk tamend'awt
(constitution) tamaynut, bdant a d-teffghent tsufagh (publications) tikurdiyin, tikwal s snat n tutlayin, maca at'as deg-sent
ay yettwagedlen akken kan d-ffghent. Yernu si 1967 alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1980, adabu at'erki ikemmel kan yettzeggid
di ccedda ghef tkurdit yernu yesbedd-d at'as n yisud'af (leqwanin) i yes ara sen-yerr takmamt i Yikurdiyen, ur ttmeslayen,
ur ttarun tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, di 1991, yekkes unabad' at'erki agdal-nni-yines ghef tkurdit, yernu xas ur d-qqimen ara
at'as n Yikurdiyen ay yettmeslayen takurdit di Tt'er! k , maca ttwalin d akken tutlayt-nsen d ah'ric yes‚an azal meqqren
di tnettit-nsen.
Ma Ikurdiyen
n Ar'minya, at'as n leqdicat ay d-uran s tkurdit takurmanjit di tallit tasuvyatit.
Agdud-is
Llan deg wemd'al
wazal n 25 n yimelyunen n Yikurdiyen. Ger n 40 akk d 50% seg-sen ttidiren di Tt'erk, 25% seg-sen ttidiren di Ir'an, 20 % di
L‚iraq, llan digh di Surya, di tmura n wenz'ul n Quqaz akk d Lubnan. Tuget tameqqrant deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen isunniyen,
d acu kan, llan gar-asen digh kra n yici‚iyen, n yiyazidiyen akk d yemsih'iyen. Si lqern wis 10 d asawen, bdan Yikurdiyen
a d-sbeddayan tigeldiyin (royaumes) tinselmin tisunniyin, gar-asent tageldit tayyubit (ayyubides) ay d-yesbedd Salah al-Din
(Saladin), d tin yennughen mgal n Yenmudag (Croist's) ger n tgara n lqern wis 12 d lqern wis 13. Di 1920, we‚dent tmura tutrimin
(tigherbiyin) Ikurdiyen, s wemtawa (traitt') n SŤvres d akken ad ten-‚iwnent akken ad d-sbedden tamurt timziregt (indt'pendante)
i yiman-nsen, d acu kan, di 1923, ttwaxed‚en Yikurdiyen deg wemtawa n Lausanne, yernu ur ten-id-is'ag' wacemma si tmurt-nsen.
D aya ay ten-yeddjan ad bdun imenghi mgal n ddewla ! n Mustafa Kemal, di lweqt i deg Tt'erk tefka-yasen tiyitiwin idjehden,
yernu tenfa at'as seg-sen seg wakal-nsen. Di 1945-46, sbedden-d Yikurdiyen n L‚iraq akk d Ir'an di Mahabad Tigduda tamagdayt
takurdit ay yellan s ddaw n le‚naya tasuvyatit, d acu kan, dindin kan sseghlin-tt Yi‚iraqiyen akk d Yir'aniyen s lem‚awna
n Brit'anya Tameqqrant. Imenghi i lmend b uzarug ikemmel ladgha di L‚iraq, anda ay d-yessker Barazani imenghi mgal n udabu
alemmas ger n 1961 d 1970. Di 1974, tettunefk-as tfulmant (autonomie) i tama n Kurdistan a‚iraqi, yernu tughal Sulaimaniya
d tamaneght-is. Deg wemgaru n Ir'an akk d L‚iraq (1980-1988), yal yiwet si tmura-ya te‚red' ad tesseqdec Ikurdiyen n tmurt-nni
nnid'en di les'lah'-is. Di 1988, tanekra n Yikurdiyen di L‚iraq tessawed' adabu a‚iraqi ad asen-yefk tiyita ur nes‚i tamtilt,
imi ay yesseqdec imrigen ikruranen (chimiques) mgal-nsen. Ma di 1991, akken kan i‚edda wemgaru n Wekriz' (guerre du Golfe),
yewwet digh udabu a‚iraqi Ikurdiyen n tmurt-is, dgha tger! - d iman-is tmetti tagraghlant (communautt' internationale) akken
ad th'udd fell-asen. Ikurdiyen n L‚iraq assawd'en ad tt'fen ah'ric meqqren seg tmiwa-nsen yernu sbedden-d di tmurt-nsen, di
1992, yiwet n "ddewla takurdit". Ma di Tt'erk, yettak udabu tiytiwin idjehden mgal n Yikurdiyen ay d-yebdan imenghi imselleh'
ara yesselh'ay Ukabar n Yiqeddacen n Kurdistan negh PKK. Di 1999, yettwatt'ef ughella (imd'ebber) n PKK, maca anect-a ur d-yerri
ara lehna gher tmurt. Yugh lh'al, Tt'erk attan a tettwali iman-is terra-tt tmara ad asen-tefk izerfan-nsen i Yikurdiyen, ladgha
imi ara tessaram ad tekcem gher Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Europt'enne).
Amezruy-is n tutlayt takurdit
Di 1934, ‚erd'en Yikurdiyen
n Ar'minya ad rren takurdit takurmanjit d nettat ay d tutlayt ara yesduklen akk Ikurdiyen, maca ur ssawd'en ara. Llan digh
yesdawanen (universitaires) ay i‚erd'en ad kksen imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan ger n tkurmanjit akk d tsur'anit i lmend n wesdukel-nsent,
maca ula d nitni ur ssawd'en ara. Yugh lh'al, takurdit takurmanjit tes‚a tasekla yuran d taqburt, tebda-d si tgara n lqern
wis 16 akk d wis 17, u teh'bes di lqern wis 18 d wis 19, yernu d tin ay d-ssidren Yikurdiyen n Surya akk d wid yellan di Tur'uft,
di tallit i deg tella Surya s ddaw n le‚naya n Fr'ansa. D Ikurdiyen n Surya ay d-issuffghen aghlis akurdi amenzu, s tkurdit
takurmanjit, di 1932, sakin, d'efrent-t-id at'as n tsufagh (publicaitons) nnid'en ay d-yeffghen di lgherba.
Ma di L‚iraq,
d tamedyazt (pot'sie) takurdit n lqern wis 18, ay yuran s tentala n Sulaimaniya ay ile‚ben ddur' deg usebded n tutlayt takurdit
tizeght di tmurt-a. Di tazwara n yiseggasen n 1920, bdan a d-teffghen yeghlisen s tkurdit di Sulaimaniya, ma di 1931, yeste‚r'ef
udabu a‚iraqi s tkurdit tasur'anit, yernu bdan a tt-sselmaden deg yigherbazen imenza, d ayen yeddjan tutlayt-a ad tennerni
mlih' di L‚iraq, u ad taf iman-is.
Yugh lh'al,
yemxallaf wamek tella tkurdit si tmurt gher tayed'. Di lweqt i deg nezmer ad d-nini d akken tutlayt-a yegra-yas-d liser di
L‚iraq akk d Ir'an, di Tt'erk, i deg yettidir wazal n wezgen seg Yikurdiyen, mazal takurdit tettidir deg wuguren meqqren,
yernu attan a tteddu akken ad tenger.
Ah'ric ameqqran
seg wedris-agi yettwakkes-d seg wemd'iq n tesdawit n Kalifur'nya, UCLA :
http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/lmpweb/proflng.htm
Tasuqilt sghur H'afid' Mes'bah' d Hamid Oubagha
Arut-agh-d, gret-d tamawin-nwen, neqqar l‚eslama i s kra
n tebrat ara d agh-d-yawd'en sghur-wen.
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129, Poste Didouche Mourad
16006,
Alger, Algt'rie
E-mail : imedyazen89@yahoo.fr
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Tafugla n tejmilt i umeɣrus-a tella-d deg Ɛin Ḥimer, d iɣrem aydeg ay d-ilul umeɣrus-a, yernu din ay d-ɣran Lfattiḥa i yimeɣrusen am wakken ay ssersen tameqqunt n tjeǧǧigin i tmenzit ay sbedden i ummekti n wasaḍen-a n tmurt, s weḥdaṛ n uwali Abdelkhalek Sayouda d yemjahden n temnaḍt.
Deg yiwet n tebṛat ay d-yeɣra unemhal adigan n yemjahden, yeckeṛ-d uneɣlaf n yemjahden, Tayeb Zitouni, tasḍa n umeɣrus-a ay yefkan kullec i lmend n tmurt.
Yenna-d daɣ uneɣlaf deg tebṛat-nnes dakken aɣlif-nnes yessers-d akk ttawilat i lmend n weḥraz n tkatut d tirawt n umezruy s uqader n uwehhiyen n uselway n tegduda, Abdelaziz Bouteflika ay yezgan yettḥettit-d ɣef tixxutert n umezruy d tmezgiyin tiɣelnawin.
Ma d amjahed Abderrahmane Guettal, n tnarit n yemjahden n Barika, yenna-d dakken ameɣrus Laamri, ay ilulen deg 1930 deg Ɛin Ḥimer, yedda naqal ɣer Fṛansa deg 1950 akken ad imahel, sakkin, yuley ɣer wedrar deg 1955 ɣer yidis n Abdelkader Azil, ay d-ilulen ula d netta deg temnaḍt-a.
Yettekka umeɣrus-a deg wacḥal n yimenɣiyen uqbel ma yemmut ass n 12 Fuṛaṛ 1960 ɣer 30 n yiseggasen.
Rran daɣ tajmilt i twacult n umeṛḥum am wakken ay ssuddsen tazikkent n tewlafin i lmend n waya.

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Ixeddamen n tɣiwanin di tmurt n Yeqbayliyen ḥebsen lxedma i lmuda n ddurt, ayagi seg ass n tlata 4 ctember alarmi d ass n tlata deg waggur i-deg nella.
Sebba n uḥbas-agi ɣef uxeddim, d akken ixeddamen yeṭṭafaren Sandika SNAPAP bɣan ad-seknen lɣiḍ-nnsen mgal wid terza temsalt akken ad d-lhun d iɣeblan-nnsen.
Imi ayen iceɣben nezzeh ixeddamen-agi; d ayen icudden ɣer lǧib. Ixeddamen-agi, rran ad awḍen ɣer yiswi-nnsen akken yebɣu yili.
D ayagi i iserfan yerna iqelleq nezzeh imdanen yebɣan ad d-sefɣen lkwaɣeḍ, u- yerna d lawan n tuɣalin ɣer iɣerbazen.
C.W


text:
Mas Ferḥat Mehenni seg Montréal yenna-d yesḥassef s twaɣit i s-d-yeḍran i tmurt n Haïti. « Ihaytiyen, Tihaytiyin, seg wass-nni n tlata aberkan, bḍiɣ yid-wen leqreḥ d leetab i ken-yuɣen. S yisem n Umussu n Timanit I Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK) akked yisem-iw ad ṣebbreɣ tiwaculin akked uɣref ahayti yenḥafen seg twaɣit-a”, yenna deg wawal-is.
Akken daɣen yessuter deg Yiqbayliyen i izemren ad d-fken afus-nsen i yimeɣban n Haïti. « Yal frank ara tefkem d taekemt n txazabit-a iwumi ara tesneqsem taẓit. Ass-a, aql-I d ahayti ula d nekk, sarameɣ s wul-iw talwit d taḍsa ad uɣalen ɣer wulawen », i ikemmel awal-is.
Ferḥat yesḥassef s twaɣit n Haïti
Mas Ferḥat Mehenni seg Montréal yenna-d yesḥassef s twaɣit i s-d-yeḍran i tmurt n Haïti. « Ihaytiyen, Tihaytiyin, seg wass-nni n tlata aberkan, bḍiɣ yid-wen leqreḥ d leetab i ken-yuɣen. S yisem n Umussu n Timanit I Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK) akked yisem-iw ad ṣebbreɣ tiwaculin akked uɣref ahayti yenḥafen seg twaɣit-a”, yenna deg wawal-is.


text:
l'espace des hommes libres. l'espace des Hommes Libres
Silo de l'amazighité et des actualités de Tamazgha
kabylie, kabyle, béjaia, tichy, #aokas, berbère, amazigh, imazighen, tamazight, tamazgha, algérie, tazmalt, timezrit, tigzirt, tizi-ouzou
forum generaliste. Aokas Forum. aokas bejaia kabyle kabylie algerie matoub abbane krim belkacem ait menguellet takfarinas alger tizi ouzou
algérie, #aokas, bejaia, kabyle, kabylie, algerie, matoub, abbane, krim, belkacem, menguellet, takfarinas, alger, tizi, ouzou


text:
Yennayer d ass amenzu deg tfada1 n tfellaḥt seg umezruy aqdim Yer yimaziYen di yal tama di Tefriqt n ugafa. Iqubel-d amenzu n “Janvier” deg tfada Julien i iwexxren ass-a s 13 n wussan Yef tfada grégorien. D ayen ara yerren amenzu n Yennayer ad d-yezdi d 14 Janvier. Yella-d leYlaḍ n sin n wussan si leqdic n tdukliwin tidelsanin tiqdimin yekkaten ad yidir wansay-agi. S waya ṭṭfent deg wazemz n 12 Janvier d amenzu n yennayer.
Kra seg umezruy :
Deg useggas n 1968 L’Académie Berbère teereḍ ad tesserked deg umezruy « Zzman amaziY », akken yella zzman amasiḥi d zzman n tneslemt. Tazwara-ines ad tili di tYerma n Maṣer taqdimt, asmi agellid Cacnaq amezwaru yuYalen d agellid seg ifereunen n Maṣer yesbed tawacult n udabu tis 22. Syin iḥeṛṛ-d tamurt n Filiṣṭin, yesdukel Maṣer deg useggas 950 qbel S.E. Si Jerusalem, yewwi-d akk uraY d igerrujen n leqṣer n Sulayman. Tadyant-a temmeslay-d fell-as maḍi la Bible.
Imensi n yennayer di tmurt n Leqbayel :
Imensi i ttheggin ilmend n yennayer d imensi n lwacul igerzen yifen wiyiḍ. Ggten deg-s izumal i ssexdamen akken ad qaṛṛeen laẓ, ad gerrzen tudert Yer zdat, ad qablen akken iwata ieessasen s wayes ttamnen leqbayel. I uheggi n yimensi, leqbayel ssexdamen aksum n yiyuzaḍ iwumi rennin tikwal acedluḥ iwakken ad yiẓiḍ ugar seksu. Agad yesean sbanayen-d rrebḥ-nsen imi zellun ayaziḍ i yal aeeyyal. Ayaziḍ i weqcic, tayaziḍt i teqcict. Di kra n tamiwin ttmuddun ayaziḍ d tyaziḍt i tmeṭṭut ma tella s tadist iwakken d aqcic ara d-teseu.
Imensi n yennayer yettiYzif yerna yesdukul tawacult. Deg-s ttarran Yer yidis amur n tullas izewğen, srusun Yer yiriwen n tbaqit tiYenğayin i tent-id-iṣuḥen akken ad d-beggnen belli llant. Ieessasen n wexxam daYen srusuyen-asen amur-nsen Yef umnar neY Yef tessirt neY tama n lğedra n tzemmurt. Ma yella uẓeṭṭa, tteksen-t uqbel ad d-yaweḍ yennayer ma ulac ad rfun ieessasen, ad xerben lexyuḍ-is. D ayen yellan d yir lfal.
Insayen :
Amenzu n Yennayer ara d-iḍefren talalit n uqcic Yur-s azal d ameqqran. Bab-as yettqerric-as i wegrud i tikkelt tamezwarut. Yerna yettaY-d ilmend n tegnit-a tayuga n yezgaren. Wagi d lfal iwakken agrud-nni ad yuYal deg temYer-is d ameqqran n taddart. Agrud-nni ttawin-t daYen ad yexdem tasewwiqt tamezwarut.
(1) calendrier


text:
Ayt-zikk d willi agh izwaren s tudert ssenen, sfelden, negh akkw zeran, ma iggutn n imariren ttubdarnin gh umzruy bahra ghezzifn n umarg d uzawan amazigh gh temazirt n Suss d tamwin nes.
Ay-lli igan tidet, medden ann gan imuzzulen[1] d uggar. Acku sulen gh tiwwtin[2] lligh dderen man zund imsugren d inmghuren ann. Meqqar ur ad ten-id akkw ismun imi, rad gisen nebder igllinen n Hemmu Uttalb, Hajj Belàid, Bubaker Anccad, Bubaker Azàri d wiyyad d wiyyad.
Macc, ad akkw gigh ur ilint tasmin[3], ura nekkni, ayt-tesket ad negh, tesaha i agh taghamt negh am imzwura. S teguri yadn, ura nekkni nega imuzzulen. S manik ? Acku nemmaqqar-d d man zund Izenzaren. Uggar, is d akkw disen nemqqur, niwssir d disen ; nesfeld asen ur d imikk ; nzer ten gh imussuten urd yat tekklit ura snat ; nebuder ten gh isaragen nna gh agh nn-smaqqaren ussan.
Igh uttegh awal gh tuzzumt[4], ur nnigh rad temmjiggiren sin medden ar-id f tidet ad : tarabbut n Izenzaren ur illa ma rad s tt sul iduràu gh tizi ad negh. Maxx awal ad ? Acku tesyafu s kigan, tefk -d ar ka sul takka- yat tidri bahra ighwban, yan w addur bahra icfan[5], d yat tuggugt bahra ighzzifn i tiyssi tadelsant, slawattin gh ubaraz n tallghat d tizlit Tamazight.
Gh umnid inu, zedaregh ad akkw inigh, sul alsegh ur d yat tekklit ura snat: afulki n Izenzaren, lli ur ilin ibuda ura sul ttemi, ur ad sis issen amer kra n yan nna ur issen afulki ura issnker t id. Meqqar man zund anaw ad n gar medden idrus gh dar Imazighen, macc llan, gen akkw tuggwt gh igmamen[6] n tenbadt n Lmxzen d idawa nes, lli – ur akkw nnigh is fella-wen intel- ur innan a(y) amar n Umazigh ura sul adu nes.
Macc, inna ka skeren, timmuzgha ur as kkan mani, rad asen bedda am tazzit n(w) angha neghd akkw uggar akkw sul d imikk : tihbbit n idammen ittwizwizn, id d uzal, gh izzi n taghmiwin nsen. Inna gh sersen tabanna ar ten temrrat, ar asen teskar iwiz d tewwingimin!
Infulen[7]
S izwar akkw, illa fell-agh ad nini sul nales yat tidet iqqurn : hann a medden, Izenzaren ur d ka deren gh igenna. Hati ur gan imezza gh temazirt ura irzzef agh ten-id kra n yan. Izenzaren lan izuran am win w argan. Ddemen bahra gh(w) akal ar d-ssan gh(w) aman n idels d umzruy amazigh.
Macc, mani d tekka tamaggwt[8] n tezenzart ? S tidet, tesfald ar d-ttal agayyu zegh izwura n isggwasen n krad ignaren n tasut lli izrin. Mad akkw yiwin may-ann ? Gh yat tesga, n iàzriyen d ifrexan gh usunen n Suss ar swingimen ad sggrun gh umadal n uzawan acku mad asen issutln ar akkw ittnfal. Gh yat tesga yadn, amarg n rrways d ihwacen ur ar asen sul ittkkes fadd ura sul irifi. S yat teguri yadn, ixessa ten kra yadn. Zegh akud ann, ad nn-gan tuggwas nsen fadd ad allen tisilawin n usmaynu d usenflul n temakkasut[9] Tamazight.
Mek-lli akkw illan gh iguyya nnun, udem n Suss ar d ittgga kra yadn. Ur ur sul iga mek-lli yad-lli s t inn ikka mad izrin. Ufigh akkw ad inigh : igh nn fell-as ittata yan rad akkw fell-as icqqu ad t sul yakwz igh d-yuda. Fadd ad bahra ur nessugwt gh uhrray, tisghramin n manzund Agadir, Tiznit, Tarudant, Warzazat, Agwlmim, Inezgan… gant kra yadn. Acku ur sul mezziynt, is d akkw meqqurent bahra. Akkw may-ann ur ad yili, ura rad yili mladd is ur illa ubeddad d tewisi n ayt-temazirt lli d iwin iqqariden gh berra, lli smunen taryalt d ult-ma-s, fadd ad ten kerzen gh(w) akal n temazirt negh.
Mek-lli tessenem, Imazighen, lligh izza laz, takrrayt d ustama, gh tuggwt nsen yan uzmez ann ur yaggugn, ffughen s(w) afdan d(w) afdan. Had ma iddan s izzelmd neghd iffus n(w) ammur negh ; had netta mad akkw ibbin aman n Bughaz, iftu s Europpa izrin tudert nes gh ismdan n isawriyen n uzzal d(w) anas jddernin.
Uggar akkw, illa netta yan ufuss, ur ifeka ccur ura ssiwdent tillas n(w) aman n Ugaraw. Is d akkw ikka ttemi i tegizult lligh isker timizar bahra nn yaggugn, am Marikan, Kanada d tiyyadd tiyyad. Ay-lli s righ ad t inigh s teguriwin ad inu : Imazighen ur nn sul qqenen iguyya nsen gh temazirt, acku ffughen, zeran. S(w) awal yadn, msawalen d tuwwt nsen s mek-lli s t inn ur tamen ighnanen nsen. Acku azmez ad asen t id iwin, is asent akkw isghwi, ig asen t d bezziz.
Tamust[10]
Ixf n(w) awal, Imazighen, ura netteni, mmuteln d usmadal gen as akkw tiwwa, macc ad ur nettu ad nesskwti yat tidet iqqurn : ur jju d nettni ad isellemen ura fellen-nn gh temagit d temust ura sul tamazirt nsen. Is haqqan skeren s mek-lli s yad-lli ttinin ayt-zikk : igh ur tessent mani d-tekkit, ur ad tessent mani twadst.
Fadd ad awen fawent teghawsiwin lli f tent gligh, tessenem ma s righ ad t inigh, rad awen fkegh yan umdya mezziyn gh ubaraz n uzawan d umarg lli issighwzin. Yat gh teyafutin n unmuqqar n Imazighen d umadal tegat terabbut ittubdarn n Izenzaren.
Meqqar medden ad ar kkaten imassen lli d-iwin gh dar Ayt-Tagut[11], qqenen i telghat Tamazight yat telmsit yadn, ittugnan gh yan uzetta bahra iziln lli bedda izzuren gh(w) akal n idles d umzruy negh. Is d akkw sggwran ay-lli t inn jju ur ikkan. Acku ggernen-nn gh temdyazin nsen i immukrisen f jju ur isawl ura ismurg gisent umarir amazigh gh mad izrin : izerfan n ufgan, udemawen d usnuhyu, azeddim, tadimukratit, timmukrisin tikulijiyin….
Waxxa syafagh is ar ttalsegh i(w) awal, macc illa fell- ad awen d skkwtigh mas llant terubba yadn lli d izwarn Izenzaren. Nettenti ad asent imlan agharas, sersent asen azru n tasila lli f ullen asnfar azawnan. Rad gis nebder kradt lli nessen : Tabghaynuzt –tad agh ilmed s umdya Iggut d Ccamx imassen n imzad d banjo-, Imurigen lli d iffaghen s ubaraz gh ussggwass n 1967 d Laqdam lli ittuskarn gh izwura n 1970.
Maxx ?
Macc yat teghawsa ar yyi bedda teskar attan igan urd imikk. Maxx ura nesker manik ad nawes i Izenzaren ? Hati ur ar sawalegh f uwnk aàrubi n Rbadt, lli s akkw tessenem, ur izera abra anaw n Nass El-Ghiwan d Lhajja Hamdawiya lli mu irzzef s turagin[12] n usmattay d teghawsiwin yadn lli mu d ur niwi anghmis. Mek-lli s ar ttinin ayt-zikk : ajj at ka aram ann ad igwin, imma iggut w awal idrus mad issen !
Urri at agh d ka f ay-lli f tegligh : uhu ay ayt-ma imghraten, ar sawalegh ghar f Imazighen negh n Suss Meqqurn d tesggwin nes. Medden ssenen akkw masdd Izenzaren is gan id bu-ssiàr iggutn. Is ar ten ka ttasin ulawen nsen. May-ann af ur sar ran ad aderen ixfawen nsen ad asen ismun kra n yan ura ad asen t ifek ghik-ann ka.
Ma za rad nesker ? Dar-i yat teswinigimt. Ad nzeli s umedya yan (w) ass n Izenzaren kra igat assggwass, nessagh as Ass n Izenzaren. Ma rad ig uderas nes ? Ikka afella is rad d sis ngher i igmamen n Izenzaren ad gis hderen, miqqiren disen imarayen nsen, wid mezziynin ur ad wid meqqurnin. Uggar akkw, rad sis nawi imsiggilen gh uzawan amazigh s umata, ura win Izenzaren. Fadd ad gis snefkan wid ifkan ixf i(w) uzawan amazigh turmin d teswinigimin nsen.
Awttas akkw n man zund tiwwuriwin ad rad t ig: ad nessigez azawan amazigh s umzizal. D ad nn-gguws akkw temhdiyin lli sul illan gh idels negh. Ad tent ur najj ad ddunt ghik-ann ur agh fekant meqqar ghar imikk n igummuten[13].
Macc, ur ta hiyyigh amagrad ad inu, iqqan-d ad nemmagh s aynn mu nufa, igh nera ad nmel assisn negh s ufulki n Izenzaren, ad neg assagh nsen i kra n tesukt, kra n usrir neghd kra n temrselt fadd ad ten jju ur nettu. Gh tuqqla ad ig may-ann tillawt kra n(w) ass nn ur yaggugn, ar sitimegh tudert ghzzifn i Izenzaren ura sul imarayen nsen!
[1] chanceux
[2] Epoques
[3] Jalousie
[4] Pour résumer
[5] Large
[6] Membres
[7] Changements
[8] Phénomène
[9] Héritage
[10] Identité. On peut aussi dire tiysi, taysi, taraka, tafuli.
[11] Les Occidentaux
[12] Licences, agréments. On peut aussi dire tujawin ou tayjiwin. .
[13] Fruits


text:
Brian De Palma
Brian Russell De Palma (ilul deg 11 Ctember, 1940 deg Newark, awanak n New Jersey), d imseḍru (réalisateur) yerna d amaru amarikani. Yeqdec deg ssinima ugar n 40 n yiseggasen yerna yettwassen mliḥ s yisura n tmenɣiwt ed ususpens.
Isura-nnes[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Gar yisura-nnes yella Carrie, Dressed to Kill, Scarface, The Untouchables akked Mission Impossible. Deg yiseggasen n 1970 ed 1980, De Palma yeqdec acḥal d tikkelt akked yisegbaren (acteurs) Jennifer Salt, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen (ay yellan d tameṭṭut-nnes gar 1979 ed 1983), Gary Sinise, John Lithgow, William Finley, Charles Durning ed Gerrit Graham. Yeqdec daɣen akked yemsuddes (compositeur) n uẓawan n yisura, Bernard Herrmann. De Palma yessaweḍ daɣen ad yerr aṭas n yisegbaren ttwassnen, gar-asen Robert De Niro, Jill Clayburgh ed John C. Reilly.


text:
1980 : Abeddel ameqran
"Tafsut n YimaziYen" n 1980 d yiwet seg tedyanin tisertiyin
(politiques) timeqranin akk deg Ldzayer timziregt (indépendante).
Uqbel, tamsalt n tmaziYt tella tenkeṛ-itt ddula yernu
imassanen (savants) llan qqnen fell-as allen, neY ur ttwalin-tt d tamsalt ur nesei azal meYYren, d tin
yeqqnen s afulkluṛ. D acu kan, asmi ay d-ḍrant tedyanin n 1980, tamsalt-a deg yiwen webrid kan tban-d u yegget
fell-as wawal.
Timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk d yimenYiyen ay d-yellan
gar medden d yiYallen n ddula deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneYt gar MeYres n 1980
d Mayyu n 1981 sseknen-d dakk-n wid yessutturen tamaziYt ur llin d aggagen (intellectuels) imeezulen, wanag d ay-n
yerzan u bYan-tt akk wid yessawalen tamaziYt deg Ldzayer.
"Tafsut n YimaziYen" d tin ay d-yemlan dakk-n medden ukin-d
u bdan la ttxemmimen ad d-neṭqen, ad d-ssiwlen i yiman-nsen Yef way-n bYan deg yiwet n tmurt anda ddula tella
tebYa ad d-tessken dakk-n kullec deg-s yeddukkel. Uqbel, tasertit (politique), tasnakta (idéologie) d yedles llan s ddaw
n umunupul n ddula yernu d tamenḍawt (consitution) ay as-iḍemnen ay-a. U deg way-n yerzan iles, ulac kra n tlelli
deg tmurt imi seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), akk timenḍawin n tmurt qqarent-d dakk-n d "taeṛabt
ay d iles aYelnaw unṣ̣ib (national et officiel) n tmurt".
Iḍrisen n llsas (textes fondamentaux) n tmurt d nitni
sskanayen-d s lejheṛ dakk-n d ddula kan ay yettalasen ad teṭṭef asselYu (information) u ad t-tesseddu
s yiles ay as-yehwan. TiYawsiwin banent ugar mi ara nYer tizzwariyin (préambules) ay d-uran i tmenḍawin (constitutions),
d tid-nni umi qqaren "irkawalen iYelnawen" (chartes nationales).
D acu kan, seg wasmi ay teedda Tefsut n 1980, lejyal
n yelmeẓyen bdan la d-sskanayen dakk-n ugin ineḍfaren-nni (dogmes) ay yettwaḥettmen fell-asen.
D ljil s lekmal-is n yelmeẓyen, d imezdaYen akk n
Tmurt n Leqbayel ay d-yekkren u ssuttren "asteeṛef s yiles amaziY" d u ad asen-tettunefk "tlelli n wawal".
D tadyant yesean iẓuran lqayit
Assutter n tmaziYt yesea iẓuran ijehden deg
wegdud, d ay-n ara idumen yernu ur yezmir ad yettussusem. Amnae n usarag (conférence) n Mouloud Mammeri deg wass n 10 MeYres 1980 d ifeṭṭiwej
ay d-yessaYen urfan yellan ffren seg zik-nni. Yagi, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden llan wwan u rran urfan-nsen Yer
daxel seg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970.
Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu, yettwaldin deg 1979, tejbed-d aṭas n
waggagen, teqqel d amkan anda ay ttemlilin akk wid yeYran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yurar dduṛ deg ussenker n
tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin). Maca Yas ma yella d tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu ay yeqqimen acḥal n ledwaṛ la tessedday
deg tmeskanin-nni, ay-n ay d-yesnekren medden ur yeqqin ara kan Yer temsal taggagin (intellectuelles).
Amur ameqran deg yimezdaYen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥulfan dakk-n terza-ten temsalt n ussutter n tmaziYt yernu
ttekkan deg tedyanin-nni. YuY lḥal, seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-is (indépendance), ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint
tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin am tid ay d-yellan deg wussan-nni n tefsut. Ama deg Tizi Wezzu, ama deg Bgayet, d ledwaṛ
ay qqimen medden la ttgen timeskanin (timesbaniyin). Ula deg temdinin timecṭuḥin, ffYen-d medden akk-n
ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara tikli n ddula (Ein Lḥemmam, Laṛebea n Ayt Yiraten, Dree
Lmizan, BuYni, Ieeẓẓugen, Amizur, Sidi Eic, Aqbu, atg.), ula deg tuddar.
Γas ma yella kra n yimanayen (observateurs) ifṛensisen
nnan dakk-n ala deg Tizi Wezzu d tama-ines ay d-llant tedyanin, Tamurt n Leqbayel akk tewlawel, s "tmeqrant", s "tmecṭuḥt".
Bitt, tikkwal, kra seg yimenYiyen ay d-yellan deg "tmecṭuḥt" (Bgayet d yeYzer n Ṣṣ̣umam)
ugaren wid ay d-yellan deg Tizi Wezzu. Aqmaḍ (répression) ur yezgil ula d yiwet n tama. Tubiret d Bgayet, Yas ma
llan kra ay yettwalin dakk-n txuṣ̣ṣ̣ timmuzYa-nsent, uYent tiytiwin ijehden ugar
n tid ay tuY Tizi Wezzu. Akk-n yebYu yili, Yas ma yella kulci yebda-d seg Tizi Wezzu, ddula
ur twit ara medden deg-s akk-n ay ten-twet anda niḍen yernu seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tettḥadar tamdint-a
d tmura ay d-iqerben Yer-s.
Tamsalt n tmaziYt dindin kan tefreq u tennul aṭas
n tmiwa n tmurt n Ldzayer. Yernu d ilmeẓyen s umata ay tt-yettnaYen fell-as, dYa d ay-n ay aY-yejjan
ad d-nini dakk-n amussu-a (mouvement) d win ara idumen u ad yeseu azal meYYren deg uzekka n tmurt. Ddula teereḍ
ad tesseddu awal dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren tamsalt n tmaziYt d kra n yemdanen ur nemein, ur nesei azal yernu
"jjmen tallit n Fṛansa", maca ay-a ur yelli d tidet, wanag wid yennuYen Yef temsalt n tmaziYt ggten u
meẓẓiyit.
Amur ameqran deg wid irefden tamsalt-a dima llan sean
s ddaw n 25 n yiseggasen deg leemeṛ-nsen. Wid yerYan fell-as aṭas, amur meYYren deg-sen d
inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée), yernu ur tteeddin ara i eecrin n yiseggasen deg leemeṛ. Akk-a ay yella
lḥal ama deg tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ama deg wakk tid ay tent-id-iḍefren. Akk-a daYen ay yella lḥal
deg tmeskanin-nni ay d-yellan deg Nwembeṛ n 1985 : ixxamen n ccṛee n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥekmen s lḥebs Yef
wazal n meyya n yelmeẓyen Yef ljal n "ccwal" ay snekren deg yiberdan, akk-n ma llan d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée).
Ljil-a n yelmeẓyen d Ldzayer ay ten-yesseYren akk yernu ur ssinen ara Fṛansa ... Γas ma yella nga-as
dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren timeskanin-a (timesbaniyin) d imdanen yeYran s tefṛensist yernu ahat jjmen kra n zzman
ieeddan, amek ara d-nessefhem dakk-n ilmeẓyen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay tessYer ddula n Ldzayer ad ddun d wid
yebYan ad rren Ldzayer Yer deffir ?
YuY lḥal, tasertit-nni (politique) n usseeṛeb
ur tessaweḍ ara ad d-teqlee "ay-n ay d-yeqqimen" seg temsalt n tmaziYt seg Tmurt n Leqbayel wanag
d assejhed ay tt-tessejhed. Takti (lfekra) n tmaziYt tuY akk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel deg lweqt ay deg ddula tella
tugi-tt u la tt-tettḥaṛab seg lqaea. D ti ay d tiYawsiwin ay wuYur yessefk ad d-rren lwelha-nsen
wid yesseddayen lumuṛ n ddula.
Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziYt ur yelli ara daYen yezmer
ad yettwarnu, imi ay d-yenker deg yiwet n tallit ay t-ieawnen Yef way-nni, d tallit ay deg ikabaren (partis) uffiren
(gar-asen FFS n Aït Ahmed d kra n trebbae timecṭuḥin n uzelmaḍ) gren-d iman-nsen, d acu kan, medden
maci d ikabaren-nni ay ḍefren wanag ay-n ay ten-yessewlawlen yugar ay-a.
YuY lḥal, ikabaren n tenmegla (opposition) deg Ldzayer
qqimen d uffiren alama ay d tagara n 1988, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur ssawḍen ad rṣ̣un iman-nsen deg
wegdud u ad yaY uẓar-nsen deg-s u ad idum, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur gin kra n tigawt (action) ara idumen akk-n
ad qablen tasertit (politique) n ddula.
Akk iYallen isertiyen (politiques) ay temnee
ddula llan d uffiren, ur zmiren ara ad gen kra ara d-yawin lfayda ibanen, ur llin ara sean isenfaren (projects) ibanen,
llan ttwaqemḍen (réprimer) dima neY sya Yer da, dYa ula d yiwet seg trebbae-a ur tessaweḍ
ad d-tban, ad tif tiyaḍ neY ad temnee seg uqaree d weqmaḍ (répression) n yibulisen.
Amussu (mouvement) adelsan amaziY yefhem seg tazwara dakk-n
ur yessefk ara ad d-yeYli deg snat n tfexxtin : tamezwaurt, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqel d uffir, tis snat, ur yessefk ara
ad yeqqim s ddaw tecḍaḍt n yikabaren (partis). DYa, wid ay t-id-yesnekren deg yiseggasen n 1980, ssawlen-d
s lejheṛ, ẓran-ten medden. YuY lḥal, mi ara nwali Yer ussirem-nsen, Yer tmuYliwin
d uxemmem-nsen, ad nẓer dakk-n wid yennuYen Yef tmaziYt glan-d s ubeddel ameqran deg tmurt n Ldzayer,
snekren-d tagrawla (révolution) n tidet : medden qqlen zemren ad ssiwlen s lejheṛ, deg webrid, yernu yettwakcef-d
weqmaḍ-nni (répression) ay tqemmeḍ ddula n Ldzayer s kra n win ara d-yessiwlen. D ay-a ay yejjan ad d-yekker
yiwen n ljil n yimeYnasen (militants) ur nettagad, d wid iwejden ad nnaYen akk d weqmaḍ n ddula u ad bedden
Yef wawal-nsen alama d ṭṭerf. Zik, akk-n ad tessens urfan n medden, ddula tella tettaṭṭaf wid
ay d-yessenkaren timeskanin (timesbaniyin) neY tḥebbes medden yettekkan deg trebbae ur nelli, neY deg
trebbae, seg wasmi ay tent-id-sbedden llan yagi deg-sent yemdanen iqeddcen d yiYallen n laman, maca, asmi ay d-yekker
ljil-a amaynut n yelmeẓyen, tiYawsiwin qqlent ur la tteddunt ara am wakk-a. Tieeqqayin n tmaziYt Ylint
u mYint-d deg yal tama, d ay-n ay d-yesnekren aṭas n medden, mi tensa tmes da, ad d-tekker anda niḍen.
Yeqqel yimenYi iban, yettili-d s lejheṛ, d imenYi s ljehd n yiYil ay yekksen tugdi akk d tsusmi seg wulawen
n medden. Yekkes lweḥc-nni izedYen medden zik-nni, deg tallit n Boumediene, asmi ay llan ttxemmimen dakk-n iYallen
n ddula llan deg yal amkan.
D acu kan, yessefk daYen ad nẓer dakk-n deg 1980,
ddula n Ldzayer tella la tettbeddil : tamettant (lmut) n Boumediene tessewlawel akk ddula d werkad ay tella terked-it zik-nni,
yernu adabu (autorité) n Chadli Bendjedid ur yejhid ara akk. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula amzun temmehmeh, ur teẓri ara d
acu n tikli ara d-tawi akk d tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ladYa imi ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tedyanin timeqranin
am tid-nni yernu tella ddula ur tebni ara fell-asent ad d-ilint. Tlata n wayyuren ay teqqim ddula eerqent-as, tikkelt
ad tesseqdec iYil (dYa tiyita ijehden akk d tin n 20 Yebrir, asmi ay mmYen yibulisen Yef tesdawit n Tizi
Wezzu), tikkelt, teerreḍ ad tessens times, am wasmi ay d-bran i 24-nni n warrac "ay d-yesnekren ccwal" sdeffir
ma eeddan deg ccṛee n laman n ddula). Taggara, ddula tefren ad teqbel tamsalt n tmaziYt, ad tt-teddem
u ad d-telhu id-s akk-n ad tezmer ad tt-teḥkem, yili uqbel tella teffeY-as akk afus. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni
n ukukru n ddula, wid ay d-yesnekren amussu (mouvement) amaziY ssawḍen ad d-sseknen dakk-n tamsalt n tmaziYt
tesea iẓuran lqayen deg wegdud : medden gan sin n yisudiden imuta (grèves générales), llant-d aṭas n tmeskanin,
llan-d aṭas n yimenYiyen u qqlen yimenYiyen-nni weeṛen u meYYrit ugar sdeffir n 20 Yebrir.
Seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), d tikkelt tamezwarut ay deg ara d-kkren yimezdaYen n yiwet n tama
s lekmal-is u ssawḍen ad bedden acḥal n ledwaṛ deg wudem n ddula.
S way-a, d imeYnasen (militants) n yedles, amur ameqran
deg-sen meẓẓiyit, yernu deg tallit-nni tella texḍa-ten tsertit (politique) neY akk-n kan
ay bdan keccmen deg-s, ssawḍen ad gen ay-n ur igi ula d yiwen n ukabar aserti (parti politique) n menwala ar imir-n
: bedden s lejheṛ deg wudem n ddula yernu idum webdad-nsen alama ay ḥettmen ddula ad testeeṛef s temsalt-nsen
yernu ad tessenqes seg teqseḥ n weqmaḍ-ines (répression).
1980 : Tadukli n waggagen* d wegdud
*intellectuels
"Tafsut n YimaziYen" n 1980 tella-d deg yiwet n tallit
ay tt-ieawnen akk-n ad d-tili : imeYnasen (militants) n tmaziYt qqimen la qeddcen azal xmesṭac n yiseggasen
deg yedles, Yas s tuffra, imeYnasen yerYan aṭas Yef temsal-a bdan la keccmen tasertit (politique)
yernu tebda la tettwabnay cwiṭ, cwiṭ yiwen n uẓeḍḍa (réseau) n "yimeYnasen imesmaziYen"
(amazighistes). Gar way-a d way-n niḍen, Tizi Wezzu tella la tettnerni s tYawla, dYa, sdeffir ma tella d tamdint
yeqquren, teqqel d tamdint meYYren deg tama-nni. Deg 1979, tettwaldi tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, dYa d nettat ay
d ssebba ay yejjan Tafsut n 1980 ad d-taY. Γas ma yella timeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980 maci d aggagen (intellectuels)
d yesdawanen (universitaires) kan i yiman-nsen ay tent-igan, maca tildin n tesdawit deg Tizi Wezzu d ay-n yuraren dduṛ
meYYren deg tmeskanin-a yernu d nettat ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) ad yimYur.
Amussu (mouvement) amaziY, asmi ay d-yeṭṭerḍeq,
yelfa-d d ameqran, xelḍen deg-s akk medden yernu ur iṣ̣eggem ara aṣ̣eggem ay ijehden, dYa
d tasdawit ay yuraren dduṛ deg usseqeed d usseddu n lecYal n umussu-nni.
Γef way-a, maci deg lbaṭel ara teerreḍ
ddula n Ldzayer ad tessenqes seg ljehd n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu (imi ur tezmir ara ad tt-tekkes) : akk isenfaren (projets)
n wesnerni n tesdawit-a llan ttuwexxaren, sneqsen seg-s inelmaden alama ay d ay-n kan, ttwakksen
seg-s yinurar n usselmed s lekmal-nsen yernu iban dakk-n ddula tebYa ad terr tasdawit-a d tarbaet kan n yiYerbazen
(llakulat) n yisuda (insituts) n usselmed aelayan, ay deg ur ttilin ara waṭas n yinelmaden u ad ifsusen i weḥkam.
Tafsut n 1980 tessken-d daYen dakk-n tella-d tdukli gar
waggagen imeYnasen (intellectuels militants) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yesskanay-d ay-n gant trebbae deg
lYerba seg 1965 alama ay d imir-n d ay-n yeddan d way-n yebYa wegdud, yernu leqdic-nsen yegla-d s lateṛ d
ameqran deg tmetti (société) n Tmurt n Leqbayel.
Werjin yewlawel wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u deg Ldzayer akk
akk-n yewlawel asmi ay sdukklen waggagen (intellectuels) iYallen-nsen akk d wegdud, u d ay-a ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) amaziY
ad d-iban s lejheṛ u ad yimYur akk-n ad yaY akk Tamurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneYt u ad yeqqim
akk-n ugar n useggas (seg 10 MeYres 1980 ar 19 MeYres 1981).
1980 : d tiyita ay d-yejjan lateṛ
Deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, nezmer ad nger
tamawt dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziY yekka Yef snat n talliyin yemgerraden (yemxallafen). Talliyin-a mgerradent
ama deg tegnit ay deg d-llant, ama deg tsudist-nsent (stratégie).
Tallit n MeYres 1980 ar Ctembeṛ 1981, nezmer
ad as-nsemmi "tallit yeḥman", d tin ay deg yella waṭas n leqdic akk d tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin deg
webrid (ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neY deg Ldzayer tamaneYt), timliliyin, inejmuyae yemgerraden, timsirin (dduṛus)
n tmaziYt (ama deg Ldzayer neY deg Tmurt). YuY lḥal, imir-n, wid ay d-yesnekren u sseddan amussu (mouvement)
amaziY dindin kan ukin dakk-n timsal n tmagit (identité) tamaziYt d tid wuYur d-rran medden lwelha-nsen yernu
aṭas n medden ay yewlawlen fell-asent. Akukru n ddula akk d beddu n weskasi (débat) Yef yedles deg tmurt n Ldzayer
d ay-n ay yejjan imeYnasen (militants) ad faṛsen tagnit u ad sdumen lḥeṛs Yef ddula. YuY
lḥal, imeYnasen ssarmen ad teg ddula kra n tYawsa ibanen i tmaziYt, ad teldi tiwwura u lxerṣ̣um
ad teqbel ad tettusselmed tmaziYt u ad yili unadi fell-as deg tesdawiyin n Tizi Wezzu akk d Ldzayer tamaneYt. D
ay-a ay yes d-yeweed uneYlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aelayan n tallit-nni, A. Bererhi.
D acu kan, dindin kan teqqel ddula Yer weqmaḍ-ines.
Tebda la tferren wid ara teṭṭef u ad ten-tawey Yer lḥebs (maci d imeYnasen n menwala) i wakk-n
ad tesseereq tikli i umussu (mouvement) amaziY.
Asmi ay ifuk useqqamu alemmas n FLN askasi-ines (débat) Yef
yedles aYelnaw ay d-yellan gar Yunyu d Yunyuz n 1981, iga-d timeYtusin (résolutions) Yef yedles, dYa tebda
tikli n ddula la d-tettban. Ddula teawed yefren ad tkemmel deg timuYliwin-ines tiquranin imi askasi-a yefra-tt-id
dakk-n tamagit (identité) tadzayrit d taeṛabt-tineslemt. Llan kra n yemdanen seg wid yettekkan deg weskasi-nni,
nnan-d dakk-n mazal zemrent ad ilint lemcawṛat Yef temsalt-a (Yas ma yella timuYliwin n yemdanen-a llant
beedent s waṭas Yef tid n yimeYnasen [militants] imaziYen), d acu kan, d wid yettnaYen Yef
tesnakta (idéologie) taeṛabt ay yernan deg weskasi-a. Yagi, aṭas n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay bdan yemsaeṛaben
(arabistes) d yemsaeṛaben-isenselmen (arabo-islamistes) la keccmen u la ttaṭṭafen akk tisuda (institutions)
n tesnakta n ddula, ladYa deg yedles, deg usselmed u deg ukabar (parti) n FLN.
ImeYnasen (militants) n tmaziYt eerḍen
tikkelt taneggarut "ad ḥeṛsen ddula swadda", dYa gren-d tiYri i medden, deg wass n 26 Ctembeṛ, akk-n
ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) u ad Yanzun (boycotter) aYerbaz (llakul), d acu kan, tikkelt-nni,
medden ur ten-ḍfiren ara akk-n yessefk acku, mebla ccek, ur yeffiY ara fell-asen way-nni deg tegnit-nni. DYa,
iban-asen-d i yimeYnasen n tmaziYt dakk-n ulac d acu ara asen-d-tefk ddula, wanag taneggarut-a la tqeddec akk-n
ad yeqqim kullec akk-n yella zik, bitt, tebda la tqeddec akk-n ad tessejhed asseeṛeb. Ay-a iban-d deg tuqqla
(rentrée) Yer tesdawit deg 1981, imi ay teezem ddula ad tesseeṛeb akk ifurkawen (branches)
n tussniwin talsanin (sciences humaines) deg tesdawit. DYa iban dakk-n ddula
tebYa d nettat kan ara iḥekmen tasnakta (idéologie) sdaxel n tesdawit.
Seg yimir-nni, imeYnasen (militants) n tmaziYt eawden
ṣ̣eggmen iman-nsen akk-n ad d-awin tikli ara idumen, yernu d ay-n kan ara yeffYen fell-asen. DYa
bdan la d-ssuffuYen tisufaY (publications), Yas seint ara ttesriḥ, maca ddula ur tgi acemma akk-n
ad teḥbes afraq-nsent, yernu tisufaY-a llant d ttawil ay yes sseddan yimeYnasen isalan (lexbarat) ilelliyen
akk d weskasi-nsen (débat) Yef tekta (lfekrat) deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. DaYen, sbedden-d yimeYnasen tirebbae
n leqdic Yef yinurar yerzan iles d yedles : dYa bdant trebbae-a la qeddcent Yef usseqeed n yiles
amaziY (la d-bennun awalen itekniyen [techniques]), u ssawḍen ad d-ssuffYen iqeddicen yemmuzzgen (spécialisés),
werjin ttwagan-d uqbel deg tmaziYt, am "Tmawalt n Tusnakt" (Léxique de mathématiques). DaYen, bdan yimeYnasen
la ttgen timsirin (dduṛus) i usselmed n (tira) tmaziYt s tuffra. S way-a, qqlen yimeYnasen ur la ttnadin ara
ad asen-d-tefk ddula kra, wanag llan la qeddcen yal ass akk-n ad d-bnun amussu (mouvement) ijehden ugar yernu d win ur nezmir
ad yens : d idles amaziY ay izemren i yiman-is yernu yettuwehha Yer yimal (avenir). D ay-a ay yejjan imeYnasen
ad d-sbedden tasYunt (revue) Tafsut, ay yettwagan i lmend n tezrawin d weskasi (études et débats). Tafsut
teqqel d ttawil ay deg aggagen (intellectuels) imaziYen qqlen la d-ttarun ay-n ttxemmimen Yef temsal n
yedles.
DaYen, yella mazal la d-yettili wembaddel gar waggagen
(intellectuels) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel; llant aṭas n tegnatin ay deg ttemlilin am yibarazen (galas) d leqdicat
ay d-yettilin ladYa deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. YuY lḥal, deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980,
tkemmel teddert tdukli-nni yellan gar waggagen d yegdud, u ay-a yettban-d s tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan deg yiseggasen
n 1980, u ay deg tikkwal llan-d yimenYiyen meYYren gar yelmeẓyen d yibulisen deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt
n Leqbayel. Γef umedya (lemtel), asmi ay ttwaṭṭfen sebea n yimeYnasen (militants) n tmaziYt
deg Fuṛaṛ n 1985, dindin kan kkren-d akk medden n Tmurt n Leqbayel (llant-d tmeskanin deg Tizi Wezzu, deg Bgayet,
deg Yieeẓẓugen, ...). Deg umezwaru n Nwembeṛ, ttwaṭṭfen medden deg temsalt-nni n TemYunt
tadzayrit n yizerfan n wemdan (Ligue algérienne des droits de l'homme), yili tamYunt-a llan la ttekkan deg-s yimeYnasen
n tmaziYt s waṭas. D ay-n ay yessekren ccwal d ameqran u deg tgara, ixxamen n ccṛee n tmiwa ay deg tekker
ḥekmen-d lḥebs i wazal n meyya n medden Yef ljal n ccwal.
Seg 1980 [Yer 1990], nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n azal n 300
n medden ay yettucaṛeen yernu yettwaḥkem fell-asen lḥebs Yef ljal n yimenYi Yef tmaziYt
ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ama deg Ldzayer tamaneYt (attekki deg tmeskanin [timesbaniyin], afraq n tewriqin, attekki deg
leqdicat d lecYal yeqqnen Yer ussutter n tmaziYt). Ma d wid ay yettwaṭṭfen sakk-in bran-asen-d
mebla ma eeddan deg ccṛee, wid yettwaṭṭfen deg yexxamen n yibulisen, wid yettwaḥebsen tallit
Yezzifen mebla ssebba, wid ay d-Yerrqen seg yiYerbazen (llakulat), wid umi kksen ipaspuṛen-nsen u meneen-ten
ad ffYen seg tmurt, wigi akk ur nezmir ad ten-id-neḥseb : tiYawsiwin-a llant ḍerrunt-d yal ass, qqlent
d tarutint ay nnummen akk yimeYnasen (militants) n tmaziYt. DYa, ay-a akk yessnakay-aY-d amek ay tefka
temsalt n tmaziYt iẓuran deg wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden qqlen sskanayen-d s lejheṛ tamagit-nsen
(identité) tamaziYt deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Γas ma tessukk ddula acḥal n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs d weqmaḍ
Yef wegdud, maca ay-a ur yessaweḍ ara ad yeqḍee ay-n izedYen deg wulawen n medden. Ccwal yekkren
deg 1985-1986 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel yella d win iweeṛen ugar n win n 1980, u yessken-d dakk-n medden ukin-d deg
tama-a, yernu amussu (mouvement) amaziY yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeY urfan n medden Yer lejheṛ u qqlen
medden, ama deg tmurt n Ldzayer, ama deg umaḍal (ddunit) slan s temsalt-a n tmaziYt u ttḍafaren-tt.
Lejnas steeṛfen s ljehd n umussu* amaziY
*mouvement
D ay-n ibanen dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziY eawnen-t-id
s waṭas yiminigen (iYriben) imaziYen. Iminigen-a yekkan acḥal n yiseggasen deg lbeṛṛani
yernu sean ttejṛiba deg temsal n tsertit, d nitni ay ieawnen amussu ay yekkren deg tmurt n Leqbayel akk-n
ad yemmager u ad yeṣ̣ber i weqmaḍ (répression) n ddula. Amussu amaziY
yeqqel yesea ineṭṭaqen (porte-paroles) deg lYerba, d wid
ay yellan la ttxebbiren lejnas Yef way-n la iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tYamsa
(presse) la d-tessawaḍ isalan (lexbarat) n way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel ugar n zik. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula
ur tesseqdac ara aqmaḍ (répression) ameqran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u tuwey-d tikli ay deg tḥuder imezdaYen
n tama-a. D ay-a daYen ay yejjan medden ad qqlen ad ttarun neY ad ssawalen mebla
akukru, mebla ma sneqsen ay-n ay ugaden ur as-ieejjeb ara i ddula, u d ay-a ay d-ikecfen aqmaḍ n ddula, u teqqel
tneggarut-a ur tezmir ara ad teqmeḍ medden s tsusmi, ur isell yiwen, am zik-nni. Azal n eecrin n yiseggasen ay
teqqim ddula, yinabaḍen-ines (lḥukumat) yemxallafen,
la tqemmeḍ, la tettakel Yef yizerfan (lḥuquq) d tellyin, u tuweḍ alama ay d asseqdec
n ueetteb d tmenYiwt ! Akk-n ad tefk lḥeqq i yiman-is u ad teg lecYal-a akk, ddula tettḥaṛab
akk wid ay d-yekkren Yer-s s yisem n Tegrawla (Révolution) yessuffYen Fṛansa u s yisem n yimenYi mgal
(contre) n temnukda (imprérialisme). Deg tallit-nni, llan medden yettwakren, ttwaṭṭfen mebla lqanun, ttueettben
mebla ma yewlawel yiwen u mebla ma faqent trebbae tibeṛṛaniyin yettnaYen Yef yizerfan (lḥuquq)
n wemdan u ad d-lhunt s temsal-a.
Seg 1980 d asawen, ttuwehhant akk teftilin Yef Ldzayer,
ladYa Yef Tmurt n Leqbayel : ay-n yebYu teg-it ddula akk-n ad teḥbes tikli n yisalan (lexbarat), ur tessaweḍ
ara, medden akk ẓran. Seg yimir-n, ddula teqqel teẓra dakk-n ur tezmir ara ad tkemmel aqmaḍ (répression)
s tuffra.
Deg lweqt ay deg llant la d-ḍerrunt tedyanin deg tmurt,
deg lYerba, imeYnasen bdan-d leqdic n wesḥulfu (sensibilisation) d ussaki n medden, alama ay yeqqel umussu
(mouvement) amaziY la d-ijebbed u la yettqennie Idzayriyen yellan deg lYerba ugar n Tdukli n Yidzayriyen deg
Tuṛuft (Amicale des Algériens en Europe), yellan, deg tidet, d tarbaet itebeen Yer FLN deg lbeṛṛani.
DaYen, deg tallit-nni, bdan wid yessawalen tamaziYt
deg lYerba s timmad-nsen la d-ttarun idlisen ussnanen (scientifiques) Yef tmaziYt, dYa d ay-a ay yekkan
ibeṛṛaniyen ad d-rren ugar lwelha-nsen Yer way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n
Leqbayel. Asmi ay bdan YimazYanen (Maghrébins) la d-lehhun nitni s timmad-nsen s tezrawin (études) Yef tmaziYt,
tebda la tettebead takti-nni (lfekra) dakk-n d timura « listiemeṛ » ara ijebbden lexyuḍ.
Ay-n d-ttinin neY ttarun-t-id yimassanen-a (savants) imazYanen d ay-n
zemren ad t-amnen medden, d nitni ara d-yessawalen Yef yiman-nsen, maci d wiyaḍ ara d-ineṭṭqen deg
umur-nsen. Imi ay d-lhan id-s yimazYanen (maghrébins) n tmura yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Ugafa,
tebda « tmesmaziYt » (berbérisme) la tetteqqel d amussu (mouvement) n uxemmem iḥuzan akk
tama-a, ur yeqqim ara kan deg yiwet n tmurt.
TimmuzYa* akk d tugdut
*amazighité
Γas ma yella imussa isnaktanen (mouvement idéologiques)
deg tmura n TmazYa (Maghreb) mgerraden, maca tella yiwet n tYawsa ay ten-yesdukklen : TamazYa d taeṛabt
yernu s kra n leqdic ara yettwagan Yef yedles, yessefk ad yeqqim kan deg tlisa-a. Ma d timmuzYa (amazighité), ya
tettwankeṛ maḍi, ya tettwaḥqer alama ay d ay-n kan. Win yessawalen tamaziYt, imi ay yettwankeṛ
am wakk-a, ur yessefk ara ad newhem mi ara t-nwali yettsuYu-d : « Ala ! LliY yernu mazal bYiY ad iliY azekka ! ».
D ay-n ibanen ad d-yini ay-a, d lḥeqq-is.
D ay-n ibanen dakk-n ankaṛ akk d tririt-agi deg rrif d
ay-n ara iḍurren AmaziY s timmad-is, maca ay-a yezmer ad yili daYen d amihi (danger) i tmetti (société) s
lekmal-is, imi, mi ara tessers ddula tilisa am tigi i yedles, ad teqqel tmuYli n yedles d tamuYli tuḥṛist,
d tin ur nettaẓ Yer sdat, d tin ur nqebbel wiyaḍ, d tin wesdukkel n bessif n wakk medden s ddaw n yiwet n
tecḍaḍt, d tin ay deg ay-n ur tebYi ara ddula ad t-tekkes, Yas yella deg yedles, u d tin ay deg ttin
ledwaṛ gar ddula d wegdud : deg lweqt ay deg idles d agdud ay t-id-yettgen, ad teqqel d ddula d nettat ara t-id-yettgen
i wegdud. Skud ur weread ur steeṛfen ara yimezdaYen n TmazYa (Maghreb) s wakk ay-n yellan deg tgemmi-nsen
(patrimoine), werjin ad d-ffYen seg ḍḍeefan d tiggunẓit tadelsant (sous-développement culturel).
Ur yezmir ad d-yili wesnulfu wala tudert tadelsant n tidet mi ara tqeddec ddula akk-n ad ttun medden amezruy (ttarix) d yedles-nsen,
mi ara d-tḥettem fell-asen (u Yef yiman-is) lḥeqq d umezruy n tkellax, mi ara tbennu azekka n tmetti (société)
Yef tmucuha werjin nelli deg lweqt ay deg tejja ay-n yellan.
Ḍḍeefan ay yeḍeef yedles deg
tmura n TmazYa (Maghreb) u ladYa deg Ldzayer d ay-n ay d-yurew wemnae ay ttwameneent waṭas n tYawsiwin
seg seg wasmi ay uwyent tmura-a izurag-nsent (indépendances) : tamaziYt
teqqel deg rrif, maca daYen, tettuḥaṛeb tefṛensist yellan, ama nebYa neY negguma, d ttawil
yuYen aẓar deg TmazYa u d yiwen seg yilsawen igan leqran i yedles d ccfawat-nneY. Ay-a yerra idles
n tmura n TmazYa d igellil, yernu qrib ulac akk tudert taggagt (intellectuelle) deg yimukan ay teṭṭef ddula.
Axemmem yeddren, idles yeqqnen Yer tidet ttafen kan iman-nsen beṛṛa i tsuda (institutions) n ddula, ttilin-d
kan deg yimukan idergen i wallen n ddula, ladYa deg lbeṛṛani. Yagi, maci deg lbaṭel ara naf dakk-n
amur ameqran deg way-n d-itteffYen deg yedles d tudert taggagt (intellectuelle), itteffeY-d s tmaziYt neY
s tefṛensist. Ay-a ur yebYi ara ad d-yini dakk-n taeṛabt ur tezmir ara ad tesseddu idles amuddir, wanag
ssebba nettat iles-a, deg tegnit ay deg nella, ata-n gar yifassen n d wid yeṭṭfen tasertit (politique) d tesnakta
(idéologie) n ddula.
Akk ImazYanen (Maghrébins), ama d wid yessawalen s tmaziYt
neY d wid yessawalen s taeṛabt, ala d rrbeḥ kan ara rebḥen lemmer ad ḥesben timmuzYa d aḥric seg wayla-nsen.
Asmi ara mṣ̣alaḥen YimazYanen wagar-asen u ad qeblen tikkersit (complexité) d tenḍa (diversité)
n tmagit (identité) d yedles-nsen, ass-nni, tezmer ad teqqel TmazYa d tamurt n wesnulfu d unnerni. Tukci n wazal i tmaziYt
d ay-n ara yesqeeden assaYen (relations) gar uYerman (citoyen) d ddula ay t-iḥekmen. Amussu (mouvement)
n tmaziYt d win ay d-yeglan yid-s s ussutter n tuggta (pluralisme), n weqbal n wiyaḍ, n tenḍa (diversité)
akk d tlelli (liberté), ama d tin n wemdan, ama d tin n terbaet. Amussu-a yugi ad ttuḥettmen medden ad ddren s
ddaw n yiwet kan n tecḍaḍt, tin ara tḥettem fell-asen ddula u d tin ay izemren ad tYurr kra akk-n ad
sbedden leḥkem amesbaṭli. Tabṛat n umussu-a tban, ladYa deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : maci d ddula ara d-yesnulfun
neY ara d-yebnun « idles » i wegdud, yernu ay-nni ur yelli d idles wanag d timucuha tunṣ̣ibin (officielles)
ara qebleY mebla ma nniY-d acemma. S yisem-iw d aYerman ilelli, ttalaseY ad d-iniY d acu ay lliY,
d acu ay bYiY ad qqleY u ad bnuY ay-a. Tamagit-inu (identité), idles-inu ur llin ara, akk-n ay d-yenna
Kateb Yacine, d akaram (dossier) n lekwaYeḍ ay d-tga ddula, d win ay tettbeddil akk-n ay as-yehwa, ma d nekk ad
qebleY ay-n s tsusmi. Idles d ay-n ay d-tesnulfuy yal ass tmetti (société) tilellit.
Γef way-a, amussu (mouvement) amaziY ur yelli d win
ay yes bYan YimaziYen ad Yelqen Yef yiman-nsen, d amussu uḥṛis yerzan kan kra n wegdud, neY
d taYelnaẓri (nationalisme) tamaynut am tid-n akk yekkan : wanag, assutter amaziY d win ay d-yuwyen taYawsa
tamaynut, d tin ay yugaren ieeddan i tlisa n tmaziYt-nni s timmad-is, d assirem i lebni n tmetti (société) ay deg
tella tenḍa (diversité), ay deg medden mṣ̣alaḥen wagar-asen yernu maci d amnae, aḥqar d
wenkaṛ ara yesseddayen tiYawsiwin n tmurt. Ad tili tlelli tadelsant (culturelle) d tlelli i yiles amaziY,
maca daYen ad tili tlelli i wakk medden, acku wid yessawalen tamaziYt fehmen dakk-n ur zmiren ara ad ttwaḍemnen
yizerfan-nsen (lḥuquq) s tidet u ad dumen deg yiwet tmetti (société) ala ma yella d aYerman (citoyen) ara
yeṭṭfen leḥkem yernu amdan ur itteqqel ara ittedder u itteddu akk-n ay as-yehwa i ddula neY i kra n
terbaet yerran leḥkem d ayla-s.
Yettwakkes-d seg « Imazighen ass-a », n Salem Chaker
(tiẓrigin Bouchène, Ldzayer, 1990).
Tasuqilt sYur Omar MOUFFOK


text:
Cfiɣ asmi kecmeɣ s aɣarbaz amezwaru, lliɣ qqaṛeɣ s tutlayt n taeṛabt, ma deg-uxxam ttmeslayeɣ tutlayt n teqbaylit ! ɣileɣ aken ak leǧnas. Akken kra, asmi sɛiɣ tnac iseggasen, bdiɣ fahmeɣ kra n temsal ; S tallelt n tdukla n taddart nne ɣ, yella yiwen n mmis n ɛemti yezga yettmeslay-iyi-d ɣaf wumgarad yellan ger snat n tutlayin-agi, d cwalat id yellan ɣaf temsalt-agi d wegdud amaziɣ, yettmeslay-iyi-d daɣen ɣaf ugemmay n tmaziɣt ak ttira-s, ɣaf tfineɣ, ɣaf aṭas n yemdanen ur ssineɣ ara, am Dda Lmulud At Mɛemmaṛ, Dda Sliman Eazem d waṭas nniḍen.
Aya ak d amaynut ar ɣuṛi ; Yiwwas, yefka-yi-d agemmay n tmaziɣt yura s yeskilen n tlatinit ak ttfineɣ, faṛḥeɣ nezzah, ḥulfaɣ s laḥṛaṛa yellan di tfekka-w tennarna ; Din din, ɛaṛḍaɣ ttaruɣ awalen ak id yenṭaq yiles-iw s yeskilen nni, akken armi d asmi yekcem ak ugemmay nni s aqaṛṛu-w ; Kra n wussan akken ufiɣ tasfift n Dda Sliman Eazem deg-uxxam, ad aken is yeqqaṛ " Ay aɛessas n tala", cfiɣ, am ass-a, uriɣ ak isefra n tesfift nni, yarna s yeskilen nni n tfineɣ, faṛḥeɣ dayen kan, ɣas ma yella ur ssineɣ ara allugen n tira, maɛna tira isefra nni tecbaḥ teqnunec.
Asmi wḍaɣ s aɣarbaz alemmas, deg-useggas n 1992, dinna isneɣ acennay Sliman Eazem d Maɛtub Lwennas, ṛuḥ tṛuḥ-eḍ ad aɣaɣ tasfift n ḥedd icennayen-agi armi d asmi iten-sɛiɣ ak. Kemlaɣ kan aken tira n isefra n tezlatin nsen, aken uɣaɣ tannumi, si tama nniḍen, nek daɣen, sya ɣer da ttaṛuɣ tiktiwin-iw d isefra ; Xas ma yella ur sɛin ara anamek, maɛna ḥemleɣ ad qneɣ imeslayen d asefru ; Mazal ar ass-a kra degsen jemɛaɣten :
Limmer ttaxatemt akem id aɣaɣ
Iwfus-iw akem qnaɣ
S yiss ad cebbeḥeɣ idudan-iw
Limmer am kem ad afaɣ
Tili m-wexxereɣ
As kellexaɣ, ad simeneɣ ul-iw
Si temẓi ikem mlaleɣ
D kem imenneɣ
Fellam iseggax wul-iw
…
Ul-iw limmer at kecm-eḍ
Dges d acu ara at af-eḍ
Tezdeg n tayri
Dayen aken ur tettamen-eḍ
Aḥṣiɣ attwahm-eḍ
At azeǧǧigt llaḥwaṛi
Ass-a ṛuḥ att-ṛuḥ-eḍ
Ar win t-ḥeml-eḍ
Imi id yefkan udem llemri
Udem-iw aken tesn-eḍ
Yiwwas at seqḍ-eḍ
Fellas ad gr-eḍ tiɣṛi.
Asmi wḍaɣ ar tesnawit, mlaleɣ d kra inelmaden iyi yugaren tamusni, dinna i bdiɣ ttisineɣ ugar, selleɣ s kra n wudemawen n yedles, am Si muḥend wemḥend, Ben Muḥemmed, Muḥya, U Harun, Lewnis At Mengellat, Ferḥat, Yidir, Maǧid Sula ... d wiyaḍ nniḍen ; Cfiɣ ɣaf yiwen wemdakel-iw n Tmizar, yefkay-id yiwen wedlis n Saɛid Iɛemṛac,
izwel-is "Tasga n ṭṭlam”, yuran s teqbaylit, ɣṛiɣt acḥal ttikelt ttalseɣ-as, xas ma lawan nni ur tefhimeɣ ara maɛna ḥemmeleɣ at ɣṛaɣ acku s teqbaylit iyura.
Adlis nni, "Tasga n ṭṭlam", anda ma ṛuḥeɣ wwiɣ-t yidi, cfiɣ am ass-a, aselmad-iw n taɛṛabt yufat-id ger ifassen-iw s daxel n tzeqqa uɣarbaz, weqbel ad yebdu tamsirt-is yekkes-iyi-t ger ifassen-iw yemmuqel-it, armi aṭas, yenna-yid s taɛṛabt : "A mmi ur ṭafaṛ-ara lecɣal-agi, ak ssufɣen iwebrid", wehmeɣ ayen iyi id yenna akka ! Xas ma yenna-yi-d akken mača nek ḥarzeɣ adlis nni, qqaṛeɣ-t di teswiɛt ar tayeḍ.
Cfiɣ ussan nni, yella yiwen wemɣaṛ yettawi-d isefra di ssuq n ssebt Iɛeẓẓugen, cfiɣ sawalen-as Muḥend Uyidir, lɣaci ttaken-as iṣuṛdiyen, netta yettawi-asen-id isefra ; Ḥemlaɣ aṭas at qqimeɣ dinna ar ɣuṛes, ḥemlaɣ aṭas at sleɣ iysefra id yattawi, tiswiɛin ttɣimiɣ dinna azgen n wass, tettuɣ iman-iw, tettuɣ leqṛaya-inu, acḥal ttikelt iy id yeqquqeṛ Dda Muḥend Uyidir, imi ur settak-aɣ ara idrimen, yeqqaṛ-iyi-d : "Aṛṛeẓ syagi...", maɛna yal tikelt ma ara yid iqaqaṛ ad uɣaleɣ, ad tteffar-eɣ taqaṛṛuyt-iw ger lɣaci.
Asmi n-udaɣ ɣaf Muḥya ay sneɣ amezgun, deg-useggas n 1998, dmeɣ uriɣ yiwen n tceqquft anda s qqareɣ : "Ar melmi ara idum waya ?", syinna akin semlaleɣ-ed imdukal-iw n-urar-itt di tesnawit Iɛeẓẓugen deg-useggas n 1999.
Ḥemlaɣ aṭas at slaɣ iysefra, ḥemlaɣ ad ɣṛaɣ tamedyazt d wayen icudden ak ar ɣuṛes, xas aken ur ṭṭuqten ara yedlisen yuran s tutlayt n tmaziɣt, mača nek, ttaruɣ isefra n tezlatin n Dda Sliman aken aten arraɣ d idlisen inu. Isefra n Dda Sliman Eazem, zzuzen-iyi aṭas, imi ttafeɣ degsen anamek lqayen, ttafeɣ degsen taqbaylit llejdud nneɣ ; Sya ɣeṛ da ttaruɣ isefra, cfiɣ asmi nɣan Maɛtub Lwennas, uriɣ kra isefra, gerasen :
Limmer yiwen d nek
Wayeḍ am nek
Tamaziɣt tuɣ tafat-is
Limmer att-id n-sellek
Deg-waṭṭan tahlek
Att-aḥṣu-ḍ ula d kečč d mmi-s
Tamaziɣt mači n baylek
Inu inek
Yyaɣ an arfed laɛlam-is…
Bdiɣ ttaruɣ isefra inu imezwura, ttḥulfuɣ am aken d amedyaz, di tesnawit maṛṛa snen-iyi d akken ttaruɣ isefra, sya ɣeṛ da nettnejmaɛ d agraw, ttawiɣ-asen-d isefra, amur ameqṛan n wussan ttawiɣ-asen-d isefra n Dda Sliman Azem neɣ Si Muḥ wemḥend.
Asmi kecmeɣ ar tesdawit, farneɣ ad ɣṛaɣ tutlayt n tmaziɣt, mača zzahṛ-iw yebɣa ayen nniḍen, uzleɣ aṭas deffir temsalt-a akken ad uɣaleɣ ad ɣṛaɣ tutlayt n tmaziɣt, maɛna ur saweḍaɣ ara, ṭṭfaɣ s tmusni s yiwen n uselmad maɛna kifkif, anda tuffeg i tars, kemleɣ akken armi d asmi id kfiɣ leqṛaya inu, di 2004, lliɣ swejdaɣ azal n ɛecrin isefra, arriɣten kan di rrif ǧǧiɣten.
Ukaɣ di temzizelt n isefra s tutlayt n tmaziɣt id sewjed tdukla tadelsant Yusef Uqasi d Si Muḥ Wemḥend, deg-uxxam n yedles n Dda Lmulud at Mɛemmaṛ, ukaɣ daɣen di temzizelt n isefra id sewjed Twinest tadelsant igelfan di Buzgan.
Seg-wassen ar ass-a, aṭas isefra nniḍen iy-uriɣ, jemɛaɣten-id ak, farneɣ-d kra degsen, akken aten id semlileɣ deg-wammud-agi isefra.
M. Fahim


text:
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Aflu
Aflu (Aflou) d yiwet n tiɣremt tuzga-d deg twilayt n Leɣwaṭ deg tlemmast n tmurt n Dzayer. Aflu tezga-d deg Yegnan Yulin, deg tama-nni umi qqaren "Adrar n ɛemmur". Tama agi llan deg-s yizuɣar ay deg d-imegghi wewri (lḥelfa) yernu d akal yelhan i tkessawt n wakraren.
Imezdaɣen n tama agi asenti-nsen d amaziɣ, yernu sɛan yiwet n trakna yettwassnen, llun-is d azewwaɣ yernu yettwarqem s rrqem n Yimaziɣen. D yiwet deg trakniwin yettwareqmen s rrqem amaziɣ amsari yernu ixxamen merra sɛan-tt deg tama-nni. D acu kan, imezdaɣen n Waflu ur ten-mazal ara ssawalen tamaziɣt, maca iban dakk-n maci aṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay ttusɛerben.
Isem n "Aflu" ad yili yekka-d seg yiwen wawal amaziɣ ay d-mazal la t-sseqdacen deg tcawit. Ɣur Yicawiyen, "aflu" anamek-is d lxir, d lbaraka, d aṭṭuqqet n lxir neɣ d timmerkantit. Mi ara d-tiniḍ s tcawit "flan-nni yesɛa aflu", anamek-is "yesɛa lxir, yefka-yas Rebbi lxir, d amerkanti". Dɣa icebba-yi Rebbi dakk-n tama n Aflu semman-as akk-a imi ay yella deg-s lxir.
Xseɣ (bɣiɣ) kan ad d-greɣ tamawt dakk-n tama n Yegnan Iɛlayanen deg Ldzayer zraren-tt (influencer) yidurar n Wewras, anamek-is, yettban-iyi-d dakk-n idurar n Wewras ɣas beɛden ɣef Yegnan Iɛlayanen n tlemmast n tmurt-nneɣ, maca tiɣawsiwin n Wewras ttawḍent alamma d timiwa-ya.
Greɣ tamawt dakk-n iceṭṭiḍen iqdimen n tilawin n Yegnan Iɛlayanen ttemcabin ɣer wid n tilawin ticawiyin, yernu ula d isɣunen n Yicawiyen ttemcabin ɣer wid n wayt Yegnan Iâlayanen. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg tama n Djelfa, tella yiwet n tama qqaren-as "idurar n Wayt Nayel" (djebel Ouled Naïl), yernu idurar-a ttwassnen s yiceṭṭiḍen d yesɣunen n tilawin-nsen. Tilawin-nsen ḥemmlent ad lsent aṭas n yesɣunen, ssekrafent acebbub-nsent u ttlusunt yiwen umendil ad as-tiniḍ d aɛmam nnig yiqerray-nsent, dɣa walaɣ dakk-n ula ɣer Tcawiyin xeddmen akk-a.


text:
Adalaylama wis 14
Adalaylama Wis 14, yettwassen daɣen s yisem **Tenzin Gyatso, ilul s yisem n Lhamo Dondrub deg 6 Yulyu 1935 deg Taktser, Qinghai, Ccinwa), d netta ay d adalaylama (imḍebber n wesɣan [ddin]) n Yibudiyen n Tibet seg wasmi ay yesɛa sin n yiseggasen. Deg 1989, yuwey Arraz n Nobel n talwit yerna yettwassen s yimenɣi-nnes aɣezfan i lmend n beḍḍu n Tibet ɣef Ccinwa. Itibetiyen ttwalin-t d tarwiḥt n lejdud-nnes yerna yes-s ay d-yesskanay Ubuddha n Rreḥma iman-nnes.
Tarewla ar Lhend[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Asmi ay d-tella tnekra n Yitibetiyen deg 1959 mgal Ccinwa, Adalaylama yerwel ɣer Lhend yerna yessebded-d din anabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli n Tibet. Seg yimir-nni ay yebda irezzu ɣef tmura yemgerraden n umaḍal yerna yekkat i wakken ad yeḍmen tilelli i Yitibetiyen, am wakken ay yesselmad tabudit tatibetit i medden. D acu kan, anabaḍ acinwat yezga iḥeṛṛes timura tibeṛṛaniyin akken ur ttemlilint yid-s, yerna llan aṭas n wid ay d-iwten deg-s ɣef wassaɣen ay yesɛa akked CIA.


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Deg wass yecban ass-a di 1980 i yegdel udabu amharsiw azzayri asarag n Dda lmulud ɣef tmedyazt taqburt n Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen. Adabu yellan mgal idles-nneɣ iɣunza ad isel i tmedyazt taqbaylit axater iɣucc-itt. Fiḥel ma ḥkiɣ-awen-d ayen i d-iḍefren gar tmenɣiwin d leḥbusat. Dacu kan d ass-nni i yeldin tiwwura i weɣref aqbayli akken ad yessuter izerfan n tinekkit-is d izerfan n tegdut izzayriyen sumata, lameena ar ass-a ur d-nufi ula d yiwen yid-neɣ deg umennuɣ ama i tugdut ama i tmaziɣt.
Daɣen deg wass yecban ass-a deg 2001 di tefsut taberkant ideg yenɣa udabu 127 yilmeẓyen iqbayliyen s rṣas n ijadarmiyen. Ugar n tfira deg-sen ay ttwaeedren. Aṭas deg-sen ar ass-a ur ufin tujit. Inedliben-nnsen ur eeddan sdat n teɣdemt, ɣur-sen amzun d izan ay nɣan, ma d nekkni ɣur-neɣ d izmawen, d imeɣrasen mazal-iten deg wulawen-nneɣ.
Seg tedyant-a i d-yuki weɣlan aqbayli. Aɣref-nneɣ yufa-d iman-is rran-t amzun d aedaw n daxel. Ayen akk yexdem d lxir i tmurt n Lezzayer yuɣal-as d ixmir.
Dacu ur nexdim i tmurt n Lezzayer ama deg umennuɣ ɣef tugdut ama deg umennuɣ mgal rebrab. 25 iseggasen aya imi teldi tegnit i yikubar nekni nekkat ad nesbedd s ikubar iqbayliyen, tugdut, talakt d teɣdemt timettit di tmurt n Lezzayer, tagara nufa-d tamurt taqbaylit di lḥif d temḥeqranit d useereb d rebrab.
I wid aɣ-d-yeqqaren Lezzayer d tamurt-nneɣ ur netteǧǧa ara tardast deg-s a sen-ini rret-d tamurt taqbaylit d ayla-nnwen qbel ma teeddam ar sdat. Axater limer d imawlan n tmurt taqbaylit i nella tili taqbaylit d tutlayt tamezwarut. Tilli ur neseeddiw annect-n n lḥif deg yidles deg tdamsa d rebrab d tukkerḍa n imerkatiyen iqbayliyen d tmenɣwin. Ihi ur nelli d imawlan n Lezzayer ur nelli d imawlan n Tmurt Yiqbayliyen.
Limer d ilelliyen i nella tilli ismawen-nneɣ deg tkartiwin n tnekkit uran s teqbaylit, mačči s snat n tutlayin tijenṭaḍin (taɛrabt d tefransist). Limer d ilelliyen i nella deg tmurt-nneɣ tilli yiwen ur aɣ-igeddel ad nefk ismawen imaziɣen i warraw-nneɣ.
Iḍelli imawlan-nneɣ llan d imeɣban n Lezzayer tafransist ass-a nekni aqlaɣ d imeɣban n Lezzayer taerabt.
Anagar s uwanek aqbayli ay nezmr ad nili deg talwit s tnekkit-nneɣ d yidles-nneɣ.
Ad yidir uɣref aqbayli d ilelli d asdimani.
Kader Dahdah


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Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich (tlul s yisem n Maria Magdalene Dietrich, deg deg Schöneberg, Lalman - temmut deg deg Paris, Fransa), d tasegbart yerna d tacennayt talmanit.
Dietrich tebda-d amecwar-nnes deg yiseggasen n 1920, deg Berlin, ama deg umezgun, ama deg ssinima. Deg 1930, turar-d deg usaru n The Blue Angel (Aneglus Aẓerwal) ay d-yesseḍra Josef von Sternberg, yerna d aya ay tt-yerran mechuret deg umaḍal. Aya yeldey-as abrid akken ad testenyi leɛqed akked termist n Paramount Pictures deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, yerna s waya ay teqqel tetturar-d deg yisura imarikaniyen. Deg 1932, turar-d deg Shanghai Express, deg 1936, turar-d deg Desire, ay d-yesseḍra Frank Borzage. Sin-a n yisura snernan tamelt (célébrité) n Dietrich yerna sbegnen-d ccbaḥa-nnes deg wurar. D aya ay tt-yejjan ad teqqel d yiwet seg tsegbarin ay yettaɣen aṭas akk n yedrimen deg tallit-nnes. Deg 1939, Dietrich tuwey taɣlent (nationalité) tamarikanit, yerna tkemmel tetturar-d deg yisura deg tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (Guerre Mondiale) Wis Sin. Sdeffir Wemgaru, Dietrich terna kan turar-d deg cwiṭ n yisura, yerna tekka amur ameqran seg yiseggasen n 1950 ed 1970, tetturar-d deg yihanayen (spectales) s lexlaṣ d ameqran.


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Deg tzeɣɣa n Rich Mix, deg wegmuḍ n London, heyyan-d ahil n yihanayen i uqeddem n tmagit tadzayrit ama s tewlafin, ama s ssinima, amezgun d uẓawan.
Iswi n tedyant-a d aqeddem n wudmawen yemgerraden n yedles adzayri « ur yettwassnen ara qrib akk » deg Tgelda Yeddukklen, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna Rachida Lamri, timsebdedt n tfaska-a, i Tnegga n Yisalan n Ldzayer. Iswi niḍen n tfaska-a d aqeddem n wudem afriqi n tmagit tadzayrit, ɣef wakken ay d-tenna.
Ɣer yidis n wesɛeddi n yisura iɣezfanen s weḥdaṛ n yemseḍra-nsen, ssuddsen daɣ ihanayen n uẓawan d tzikkent n tewlafin.
Llant-d daɣ tduba tubrinin ɣef ubeddel n unezwi deg Ldzayer, tagnit n tmeṭṭut tadzayrit d wamek ay d-tettban Ldzayer deg ttawilat n yisalan ibriṭaniyen d wanglusaksiyen s umata.


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Tigdemt d yiwet n tɣawsa uẓawan ( tamuzigt) i ssexdamen di Tefriqt (neɣ Tefrikt waqila d awal-agi i iseḥḥan) ugafa. Taguri-yagi ahat ass-agi tenger maca tella deg isegzawalen imezwura i yuran ifrasisen. A tt-naf di deg usebter 320 n usegzawal yura di 1901 Hughe d win Olivier yura di 1878 ( deg usebter 289). S teɛrabt n Lezzayer tigdemt isem-is ṭṭar.
ẓer:
Salem Chaker : Données sur la langue Berbère à travers les textes anciens
aḍris-agi yella di www.persee.fr
amawal :
taguri = awal, di tantalyin n Lmaṛṛuk
aẓawan :=tamuzigt, di Tmaziɣt n Weṭlas Ameqran
Tafrikt : ahat awal agi yekkad seg wawal afrik (ikerri). Asmi terbeḥ Tmazɣa tella d tamurt n wefrik yuɣal amnekcam aṛumi i semma-yas ɣef yisem umudir-agi (uɣersiw-agi) . Wissen.
Asexdem n tegdmet


text:
This specific ISBN edition is currently not available.View all copies of this ISBN edition:
D'D D DDdegree DN'NNCDdegree, D D"D D DdegreeN NCD N NeDdegreeN D D D DDdegree D?D NNa D D?ND D D"N NCD D' N D D'D ND D NC NiD N D D"NeD*D D D NiD D*DdegreeDD D D NNi, D D NCD NNiD N D D D NDdegreeD"D N Ni D Ddegree D?ND NCN D D D D D D D D DD N...D"D NC D D*D D N NCD NiD D D DdegreeDDdegreeD D D D DD DdegreeND D D D D DdegreeD DdegreeND D . D'D D DDdegree D D D"NeNaDdegreeD NC D?NDdegreeD D D"Ddegree D DdegreeDD NaD N D D D' NDdegreeD D NCNi, D?ND D N D D?Ni D NiD D NDdegree D D NCD D'D D D D?D NNaD , D DdegreeDD NaD N D D D' D*DdegreeNeD NCNi, D D NN D'Ni D Ddegree D N D?D D"D D D D D D D D"DdegreeD D D', D D DDdegreeNCN NCD Ddegree D NEN D?D N...Ddegree, D?ND D D ND NCNi, D?ND D N D*D D , D NCD D ND NCNi, NDdegreeN N D ND D . It is a novel work containing exclusive spells of Slavic black magic gathered for many years by Ingvar and Amanar. It includes rules for magical practice, damaging technique principles for your choice, magical protection spells, specially designed ceremonies and many others. It quickly became a bestseller in the Cyrillic world.
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