text:
Le Notre Père et l’Ave Maria, ainsi que les prières du dimanche de la Communion Mère Qabel:
1 AbabatneY 2 Azal fellam Meryemma
1 Ababat-nneY
Ababat-nneY yellan deg ‘genwan
ad ittwaqeddes yisem-ik
tas ed tgeldit-ik.
Ad ittwaxdem lirad-ik di ddunit am deg ‘genni.
Fkan-aY ed ass-agi aYrum nneY b-wass.
Ssurf-aneY iYilifen nneY akken netsemmiḥ
ula d nekwni i wid i-Y-iḍelmen.
Deg wejaṛṛeb ur Y-ttağğa ‘ra an-cceḍ
Meana kkes-aneY ed seg wayen n-dir.
Ababat-nney yellan deg ‘genwan,
d Kečč ay d-tafat nneY, mel aY abrid n Mmi-k.
D Kečč ay d Ṛṛuḥ nneY, ur Y-ttağğa ‘ra.
D Kečč ay d Babat-nneY, ssiqbel aY Meryemma d yemmat-nneY,
akken an-ili d atmaten an-qabel eedaw yid-es,
eedaw ik ay d eedaw nneY,
an-zdi kan yid-ek
anda d ak yehwa, melmi d ak yehwa, akken i d ak yehwa.
Aman numen.
2 Azal fellam
Azal fellam a Meryamma
sser dgem ifaḍ
Ssid yidem yella.
Tettunemmreḍ ger tilawin irkwelli,
d Yasue*, tarwa n teebbuṭ-im ittunemmer.
A Meryamma taqeddist, a tayemmatt n-Ṛebbi,
tuttra yinem fellaneY
s imednuben s imeYban,
tura d wass n lmut nneY.
A Meryemma ḥebbu yemma, ili yaneY d yemma-tneY
akken an-ili seg warraw im, an-ili d atmaten n Mmi-m
an-ddu yid-es an-zdi.
A Meryemma ḥebbu yemma, ili yaneY d yemma-tneY
an-ddari tacḍaṭ im, an-qabel eedaw yid-em.
Ṛebbi yezṛa acu yuYen, yezṛa acu i-Y iwulmen,
tter it fellaneY!
Aman numen.
*neY Aysa


c: text/html

text:
Lqist n rebbi d benadam
Ta-d ayd igan lqist n rebbi d midden : mimc ixleq rebbi benadam d mimc-t iƹṣa benadam d mimc iga rebbi ḥma ad iɣfer ddnub n cceƹb nnes. Yut n lqist n tayri zi tizwiri al tingiri !
Ḥma a ttsmuttit Lqist n rebbi d benadam s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 8 fichiers – 17 MO).
Lqisat zeg wawal n rebbi
Awal n rebbi iƹemmer s lqisat iṣḥan nna-g llan ciyan ilemmiden g tudert nnex n wassa. Sseɣd i lqisat-ad zi tizwiri al tingiri ḥma ad tafd digsent lblan n rebbi i tudert nnec/nnem.
Mec trid ad tqrad iwaliwen n lqisat-ad neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lqisat kul nnesent s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 22 fichiers – 118 MO).
Tudert n sidna adam d ḥuwwa’
Lqist n uryaz amzwaru adam d temṭṭuṭṭ nnes ḥuwwa’, mimc ttuxelqen d mimc ttuttin g ddnub d lqul nna yuca rebbi ḥma aten ifukku, nitni d tarwa nnesen ḍarasen.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna adam d ḥuwwa’ s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 5 fichiers – 22 MO).
Tudert n sidna nuḥ
Lqist n nnabi nuḥ d ṭṭufan d taḍa (nɣed lƹehd) nna iga rebbi d nuḥ d midden kul.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit Tudert n sidna nuḥ s mp3, neqqer da (mp3 – 1 fichier – 17 MO).
Tudert n sidna ibrahim
Lqist n nnabi brahim d mimc a-s iɣra rebbi ad iddu ɣer tmazirt nna-s iqawl. Yuc-as taḍa (nɣed lƹehd) n uzeyyen aha iqawl-as ad ibarc iss kul timizar n ddunit. Lqist-ad la tsawal altu xef tudert n waraw n brahim, smaƹil d isḥaq, d mimc ijerreb rebbi liman n brahim.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna brahim s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 15 fichiers – 65 MO).
Tudert n sidna isḥaq d sidna yeƹqub
Lqist n isḥaq memmis n brahim d yeƹqub memmis n isḥaq. Nitni a-s izayd rebbi taḍa nna-s yuca i brahim. La ntannay da lebdu n cceƹb tarwa n isra’il (nɣed beni isra’il).
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna yusef s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 12 fichiers – 67 MO).
Tudert n sidna yusef
Lqist n nnabi yusef, yun zi waraw n yeƹqub s tnaƹc. Allig-t zenzan aytmas d ismeɣ ɣer miṣr, isexdem-t rebbi ḥma ad ifukku cigan n midden d lfamila nnes zi buheyyuf. Amci-d ayd idder rrja n lqul n rebbi.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna yusef s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 13 fichiers – 73 MO).
Lectab n tizwiri
Lectab amzwaru n lectab iqeddsen d win tawrat. Illa digs ttuƹdel ddunit ilint digs lqisat n tudert n adam d nuḥ d brahim d isḥaq d smaƹil d yeƹqub d yusef d wiyaḍ.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit Lectab n tizwiri s mp3 neqqer da Lectab n tizwiri (mp3-zip – 50 fichiers – 291 MO). G yun fichier axatar, nɣed g 2 n id fichier imẓyann ɣifs:
Lectab n tizwiri amur 1 (mp3-zip – 25 fichiers – 130 MO)
Exodus — lqist tarslit (sidna musa)
Lectab-ad wis sin n lectab iqeddsen la iteqqis mimc issufeɣ rebbi cceƹb nnes zi tsmeɣt g miṣr aha iḥeṛṛeṛ-ten zi tenbaṭṭ n firƹun. Lectab-ad yiwi-d ism nnes zi « ufuɣ » nna-g issufeɣ rebbi cceƹb nnes zi tmazirt n miṣr. Ḍaras ismutter rebbi cceƹb nnes aha yuc-asen cceriƹa nna ibnan xef rray nnes. Cceriƹa n rebbi tedda-d ḥma ad tenƹet i midden is ḥdadjan lmasiḥ.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna musa s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 46 fichiers – 49 MO).
Sidna musa: ayt lawi
Lectab wis craḍ zi lectab iqeddsen yiwi-d ism nnes zi lfamila n lawi, yun zi waraw n yeƹqub s tnaƹc. Isti-ten rebbi ad gan inebdaden ḥma ad ƹawenn midden ad ƹebden rebbi. Nitni a da yakkan i rebbi timɣṛas nna-d ttawin midden ḥma ad mḥun ddnub n midden. S temɣṛas-nna a-s da ttiɣiyn midden ad qerreben ɣer rebbi izddigen.
Sidna musa: leḥsab
Sidna musa: aƹawed n cceriƹa
Tudert n raƹut
Lqist n yut n temṭṭuṭṭ, ism nnes raƹut, nna ittumerreten s lmut n uryaz nnes. Tekka la ttiri tamɣart nnes ƹnugga, tzri-n tamazirt nna-g tlula ḥma a ttmun dids. Amci-d ay tssen sidi rebbi aṛsli nna-s yucan yun uryaz tƹic dids g lehna d ufraḥ. Nttat ayd igan immaḥellus n ibbas n nnabi dawud tig altu zi iẓuran n lmasiḥ.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n raƹut s mp3, neqqer da (mp3 – 1 fichier – 4 MO).
Tudert n ṣamu’il
G tudert n ṣamu’il ad tisind mimc ilula s rrḥemt n rebbi, mimc-as iɣra rebbi i lexdemt nnes, mimc inbeḍ xef waraw n isra’il s tamni (nɣed leƹdala). Ad tannayd mimc ixwa zzit xef ixf n cawul (ṭalut): imseḥ-t nɣed isti-t ad ig agellid amzwaru n ayt isra’il. Ad tannayd mimc ikka la itwebbax cawul; ad tannayd altu mimc ixwa zzit xef ixf n sidna dawud ḥma ad ig agellid, iddex ur iqbil rebbi cawul xef aɣewweɣ nnes d lmeƹṣiat nnes. Lectub n ṣamu’il s sin l-ax ttelmaden is: “Benadam la itteraƹa ɣer berra; id sidi rebbi la itteraƹa ɣer wul” (1 Ṣamu’il 16:7). May-d ittafa g wul nnec/nnem? Adj awal n rebbi ad-ac/am isiwel zi tudert n ṣamu’il.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n ṣamu’il s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 21 fichiers – 104 MO).
Tudert n sidna dawud
Zeg tudert n dawud, teddad a ttisind is ikka la ikessa ulli dat n may-t isti sidi rebbi ḥma ad ig agellid xef waraw n isra’il aha inbeḍ ɣifsen zeg temdint n lquds (nɣed urucelim). Iga sidi rebbi taḍa agids, iqawl-as a tteqqim tenbaṭṭ nnes abda. Mimc? Iddex lmasiḥ ida ad d-iddu zeg tarwa nnes aha tili tegeldit nnes xef kul midden n wacal. Cigan imkacfen tanila n lmasiḥ iwḍen-ax-d zeg lectab n ẓẓabur (nɣed tiyfrin) n nnabi dawud. Yaru cigan n iwaliwen n lƹibada “n usumd” (am g umur wis 22 zeg lectab n ṣamu’il wis sin: 2 Ṣamu’il 22). Nsul altu da-ten nssexdem g umgraw nnex d sidi rebbi.
Tudert n dawud tecqqa, kkan ɣurs cigan n inḍliben (zigsen yuk zeg waraw nnes nna-t iɣedren). Dawud aggwd ntta ikka ilazem ɣifs ad itub zeg ddnub nnes. Macan waxxa aya-d, rebbi issexdem-t am ugellid d nnabi yarun ẓẓabur (nɣed tiyfrin) aha igi-t zeg lejdud n lmasiḥ. Is trid a-c/a-cem issexdem rebbi i winna iẓill g ddunit-ad? Sseɣd i tudert n dawud aha tetterd i rebbi ad issiɣ wawal nnes ul necc/nnem.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna dawud s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 18 fichiers – 85 MO).
Tudert n sidna danyal
Ta-d ayd igan lqist n nnbi danyal nna ittunfa ɣer tamazirt n babil ad ig lmustecar tsga n igeldan. Illa ittuyassen s tanẓẓi nnes d zzƹamt nnes, yili digs lamin, aha ig ɣas aynna imnan, waxxa ittukkerfaṣ xef uya. Ur iri ad iẓẓal i yid ṣṣanam, aynnax is-t gran ɣer yut n tsraft n izmawen, walanni rebbi yaɣ-as afus. Danyal iƹbed agellid n igeldan d bab n id bab. I cegg nɣed cemm?
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna danyal s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 12 fichiers – 59 MO).
Tudert n sidna yunes
Yunes iɣra-yas rebbi ḥma ad iddu ad inhu cceƹb imeƹṣi n temdint tamqrant ism nnes ninewa. Allig irwel zi lexdemt nna-s yuca rebbi, iṣerḍ-t yuk uslem imqqur. Ilazem-t ad itub beƹda ntta. Ɣer tingiri idda ɣer ninewa allig-ten inha aha tuben midden. Dis ayd ilmed yunes cigan xef usameḥ d rrḥemt n rebbi.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna yunes s mp3, neqqer da (mp3 – 1 fichier – 3 MO).
Ineɣmisen nna da issfraḥn
Aya-d la-x itƹawad aneɣmis iẓill n lexdemt n rebbi ḥma ad ifukku cceƹb nnes zi ddnub nnesen. Sseɣd-as ḥma ad tisind mimc teddud ɣer igenna.
Mec trid ad tqrad awal nna da isawaln xef «ineɣmisen nna da issfraḥn» neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit ineɣmisen nna da issfraḥn s mp3, neqqer da (mp3 – 1 fichier – 9 MO).
Linjil xef ufus n matta
Wa-d ay-d igan linjil n sidna ƹisa nna yaru umazan n lmasiḥ ism nnes matta. G lectab-ad la ntannay mimc d-ddan yits n midden zi temnaṭṭ n unqer (tamazirt n waƹrabn nɣed lfurs) uwin-d lehdiyat i sidna ƹisa g luqt n tlalit nnes. La ntannay dis altu nnabi yaḥya memmis n zakariya mimc la itgewwad midden n cceƹb ɣer sidna ƹisa. Lectab-ad la-x ittenƹat altu sidna ƹisa la ijjujji imuḍinn, issufɣ zisen adjnunn, iskker imettin, irura-sen iḍerɣall allen nnesen. Ineƹt-ax altu sidna ƹisa la iteddu nnig n waman ineƹt-ax-t la issetca ijemmuƹn n midden, ar-ten ittelmad ibeccer-ten iqqisa-sen tiḥajiyin. Ar-ax ittenƹat altu lectab-ad mimc la-x ittenhu sidna ƹisa xef nnifaq aha inebbha-x tanila n leḥcam n mulana g wass anggaru. Ineƹt-ax mimc immut lmasiḥ nnig n isigel (nɣed ṣṣalib) aha yaɣul-d ɣer tudert ḥma ad-ax ifukku zi leƹqubit d leḥcumit (nɣed lƹib) n leḥcam nna nstahl ɣer tingira, la-x ittenƹat lectab-ad mimc da ittazen sidna ƹisa imumenn ad ssiweḍen tabratt nnes n uneɣmis iẓill i midden kul g ddunit.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit linjil kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 28 fichiers – 174 MO).
Linjil n Sidna ƹisa lmasiḥ xef ufus n Marqus
Ḥma a ttsmuttit linjil kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 16 fichiers – 77 MO).
Linjil xef ufus n luqa
Luqa, amazan n rebbi, la-x iteqqis linjil n sidna ƹisa lmasiḥ. Awal n linjil la iteƹnu « aneɣmis iẓill ». Linjil-ad n luqa la iteqqis tudert n lmasiḥ d tlalit nnes s lmuƹjiza d lmuƹjizat nna iga d mimc-t nɣan midden waxxa ur istahel lmut. Tancra nnes zi lmut ḍart n craḍ n wussan la-x ttenƹat is irra ddnub d jahnnama d cayaṭin d iblis. Aneɣmis iẓill is-d idda lmasiḥ ɣer ddunit ḥma ad ifukku midden imeƹṣiten am nukni.
Mec trid ad tqrad aynna yuri luqa neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit linjil kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 25 fichiers – 60 MO).
Lfilm n tudert n sidna ƹisa (xef ufus n luqa)
Awal-ad xef tudert n lmasiḥ la iteqqis xef tlalit nnes d tudert nnes d lmuƹjizat nnes d lmut nnes d tencra nnes zi lmut d wali nnes s igenna. Ad digs tafit ma-xef allig d-idda lmasiḥ d mayd illan g tebratt nnes d ma da-x ttini lmut nnes d tencra nnes luqt-ad. Lebdu n wawal la-x ittenƹat ansa n lmasiḥ g wammas n lanbia.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tudert n sidna ƹisa s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 2 fichiers – 20 MO).
Lqisat n sidna ƹisa (xf ufus n luqa)
Lmasiḥ la iteqqis lqisat aha yuc lmital ḥma ad ilmed lḥeqq n rebbi. Han rebƹa zigsent.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lqisat n sidna ƹisa s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 4 fichiers – 19 MO).
Linjil xef ufus n yuḥanna
Yuḥanna amazan n rebbi, la-x iteqqis awal n linjil n ƹisa (nɣed yesuƹ) lmasiḥ. G lectab-ad la ittusemma lmasiḥ d awal n rebbi. Yuḥanna aɣeṭṭas (nɣed yaḥya memmis n zakariya) la ittini xef ƹisa: “Raƹa aƹelluc n rebbi nna ittasin ddnub n ddunit”. G lectab-ad teddad a ttafid cigan n ismawen n ƹisa lmasiḥ. La ittini digs ƹisa s ixf nnes: “Nekkin ay gix aɣrum n tudert, aɣrum iddern nna d-iḍḍarn zeg igenna, asidd n ddunit, tiflut, ameksa iẓill, tancra d tudert, abrid d lḥeqq d tudert”. Yini altu: “nekkin ay gix ddilit taṛslit”.
G lectab-ad la ittusemma altu ƹisa d memmis n rebbi. Ism nna ur da-t fhamn cigan n midden g ddunit. Iẓill a nnḥawel a-tt nefhem s lmeƹna nnes taruḥit. Ƹisa la ittusemma d memmis n rebbi iddex ntta ayd-ax ittenƹaten s titt matta ntta sidi rebbi. Kul unna iɣran nɣed isseɣd i lectab-ad iẓill ad itter i mulana ini-yas: “Ƹefac a sidi rebbi, neƹt-iyi matta ntta cegg, iddex rix a-c isinex s wul inu”.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit linjil kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 21 fichiers – 92 MO).
Iskkinn nna gan imazann
Awal-ad ittwasi zeg lectab n « iskkinn nna gan imazann », nna ittyasin zeg lectab n rebbi nna ittussfran s tmaziɣt. Luqa a da iteqqisen s uqmu nnes lqist n tudert n imumenn imzwura d tmara nna ɣifsen ikkan ḍart n mayd yuli sidna ƹisa ɣer igenna, ḥma ad ṣṣiweḍen awal nnes i midden.
Llig ɣifsen-d iḍer rruḥ n rebbi ar sawalen s wawal n legnus ḍnin, ɣalen midden is swan ccrab ; macan yuc-as rebbi i buṭrus zzƹamt ad-asen issfru s wawal n rebbi aynna ijṛan. Ar issara ntta d yuḥanna ar tberraḥen s ineɣmisen ẓilnin xef lmasiḥ aha ttukeṛfṣen cigan.
Bulus ntta ikka ism nnes cawul, ar ittekeṛfaṣ agraw n imumenn, ar itsebbab g lmut nnesen ; macan yan wass iffeɣ-d ɣurs lmasiḥ s ixf nnes aha ibeddel tudert nnes. Bulus tekka ɣifs tmara iweƹren ḥma ad iḍaƹ tanbaṭṭ n sidna ƹisa lmasiḥ llig a-s inna « gix-c d asidd i legnus nna ur ginin udayn ḥma an-n tṣṣiweḍḍ afukku i ddunit kul. » Ikker bulus ar itekka timizar ar itberraḥ s wawal n rebbi, iṣber i txendallasin n midden d tmariwin nna ɣifs sikkan, iṣber aggwd i titi d lḥebs.
Mec trid ad tqrad lectab kul s tmaziɣt, neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 4 fichiers – 40 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n ruma
Tabratt-ad yaru-tt umazan bulus i imumenn nna illan g temdint n ruma. Inger iwaliwen nnayd inna, la ittini: “Hatin ur da tḥeccamex ca adday da sawalex xef linjil n lmasiḥ, iddex iga ljehd n rebbi nna da itfukkan kul unna is yumen…”. G lectab-ad, bulus la isawal xef mimc ttiɣiyn imeƹṣin am nukni ad ttuqbeln zi rebbi ntta nna izddigen iṣfu, bla lmeƹṣiat. Isiwel xef mimc ittiɣiy rruḥ n rebbi ad ibeddel tudert nnex aha issemɣur-ax g tazdgi n wul, isiwel altu xef mimc la-x ixeṭṭu mulana tama-ns wexxa g wammas n imermidn d tamara n ddunit. Iẓil a nnssin is rebbi illa ɣurs yuk n lblan i tudert n ku yuk zignex. Is trid a ttisint winec? Sseɣd-as i lectab-ad ḥma a-tt tafit digs.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 16 fichiers – 52 MO).
Tabratt tamzwarut n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n kurintus
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 16 fichiers – 53 MO).
Tabratt tis snat n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n kurintus
Tabratt n umazan bulus i imumenn n tmazirt n ɣalaṭiya
G lectab-ad igan zeg taḍa tujditt (lƹehd ujdid) ṭṭerf wis sin n lectab iqeddsen, amazan bulus da isnƹat is lɣufran n ddnub nnex da d-itteddu zi liman s ƹisa lmasiḥ ur-id s ṭṭaƹt nnex i luṣayat n ccreƹ. Azeyyen nɣed aƹeddul maci ntta as-ax itteqbal sidi rebbi. Tamut nnex ɣer ca n ugraw n iẓuran nɣed n ddin ur-ax isseqbal altu ɣer sidi rebbi. Aggwd ɣer ṭṭaƹt n luṣayat n rebbi ur da tsserḍu rebbi. Macan liman g ƹisa lmasiḥ, ntta nna iƹicn tanila nnex aha immet g wansa nnex ikker zi lmut. Ayad ad-ax yakkan ansa n uqbal ɣer sidi rebbi am labrar dat-as.
Iddex neƹṣa luṣit n rebbi niwid ɣifnex lleƹnt n ccreƹ. Macan aneɣmis iẓill ntta is « lmasiḥ ifukku yax zi lleƹnt n ccreƹ iddex yaɣul lleƹnt g wansa nnex » (3 :13). Is tsult altu ddaw n lleƹnt n ccreƹ? Is trid a ttuḥerrert zi lleƹnt-ad? Sseɣd-as i lectab-ad ḥma a ttisint mimc tteggat aḥurri d mimc tettili ɣurc/m lɣelt n rruḥ n rebbi g tudert nnec/m.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 6 fichiers – 18 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n afasus
Afasus yuk zi lectub n taḍa tujditt (nɣed lƹehd ujdid) zi lectab iqeddsen. Bulus amazan ntta ayd yarun tabratt-ad i ugraw n imumenn nna illan g temdint n afasus (nna illan g tmazirt n turkiya). Yaru-yax-t aggwd nukni nna-d yusan g luqt-a. La iteqqis mayd iga lmasiḥ tanila nnex d mimc la ittiri a nnƹic. Lectab la isawal xef nnƹemt n rebbi d ufukku nnes i legnus kul d tamunt d yut n cceƹb n rebbi. La-x isburuz ḥma a nnḥeyyed i ddnub aha nƹic g lqedasa (tazdgi d ṣṣfawt n wul). Al isawal altu xef mimc ttirin irizen tiwtemin nnesen d mimc weqqernt tutemin irizen nnesent. Ineƹt-ax altu mimc ntebedda dat n titiwin n iblis.
Mec trid ad tqrad lectub kul s tmaziɣt, neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectub kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 6 fichiers – 24 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n filibbi
Filibbi yun zi lectub n taḍa tujditt (nɣed lƹehd ujdid) n lectab iqeddsen. Bulus amazan yaru-t i ugraw n imumenn nna illan g temdint n filibbi (nna illan g tmazirt n lyunan). Yut n tabratt n tayri d uqerra s uƹawen nna-s gan ayt filibbi xef lexdemt nnes allig-asen iƹellem awal n rebbi. La nttafa digs awal xef ufraḥ d uqerra s lxir d lexdemt n rebbi. La-x ittelmad mimc a nnterru anezgum d tuggda. La ntannay altu mimc-d idda lmasiḥ ɣer ddunit. Nannay altu is ur illi ca n ufukku s lafƹayl iẓill nɣed lḥasanat, maca s lmasiḥ. Ar-ax ittini altu is araw n igenna ay nga.
Mec trid ad tqrad lectub kul s tmaziɣt, neqqer daha.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectub kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 4 fichiers – 17 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n kulusi
G lectab-ad n taḍa tamaynut (nɣed lƹehd ujdid) n lectab iqeddsen, bulus amazan, la ittaru i leknist nna illan g temdint n kulusi (d nukni agidsen altu). La-x ittenebbah tanila n lfalsafat d lḥilat ixwan nna d-teddun zi benadam maci zi lmasiḥ. Ƹeddan winna ittinin: adur ttasi aya-d. adur ttarem aya-d. adur ssa aya-d. Maca kul izerfan-ad, waxxa la tteḍhar digsen tanẓi, ur ɣursen aggwd ca n utig ḥma ad rrun ccehawi n wul n benadam. Kul unna iran ad irru ccehawi n wul n benadam ur iẓill, iẓil ad isseɣd i lectab-ad ḥma ad yaf digs asufɣ d usƹawen zi iwaliwen n mulana nna digs illan.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 4 fichiers – 18 MO).
Tabratt tamzwarut n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n tasaluniki
Lectab-ad ayd igan lectab amzwaru nna yaru bulus amazan n lmasiḥ. La isawal digs i leknist tujditt nna illan g temdint n tasaluniki (g tmazirt n lyunan dɣi). Midden g leknist-ad sellan aha qeblen aneɣmis iẓill n ƹisa lmasiḥ (nɣed yesuƹ lmasiḥ). S liman d ttubt, zrin laṣnam nna kkan la tteƹbadn ḥma ad xedmen sidi rebbi aṛsli iddern, ar tyunuyn lmasiḥ ad d-yaɣul zi igenna nna-ɣer yuli ḍart n may-t iskker rebbi zi lmut. Ntta ayd iɣiyn ad-ax iḥerrer zi lɣeḍeb nna d-iteddun zi leḥcam n rebbi. La ittini lectab-ad is lmasiḥ idda ad d-yaɣul g luqt nna-xef ur iƹwil awd yuk. Is tellit cegg (nɣed cemm) tewjedt? Sseɣd-as i lectab-ad ḥma a ttafit lwajab i useqsa-yad.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 5 fichiers – 12 MO).
Tabratt tis snat n umazan bulus i imumenn n temdint n tasaluniki
G tbratt-ad tis snat i lkenist nna illan g temdint n tasaluniki (g tmazirt n lyunan ḍɣi), amazan bulus da isawal cigan xef tawada tis snat n lmasiḥ, zeƹma aɣul n lmasiḥ ɣer acal g tinyiri n zzman. Adday d-yaɣul ƹisa idda “ad iƹaqeb winna ur issin rebbi d winna ur da iḍḍaƹn linjil n rebbi nnex ƹisa lmasiḥ” (1:8). Is da ttisint rebbi? Is da tḍḍaƹt linjil? Is da tmunt (da teḍfurt) d ƹisa lmasiḥ? Sseɣd-as i lectab-ad ḥma a ttafit mimc tfukkut qbel ad d-yaɣul ƹisa lmasiḥ.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 3 fichiers – 6 MO).
Tabratt tamzwarut n umazan bulus i timutawus
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 7 fichiers – 24 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i timutawus aqccur wiss sinn
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 4 fichiers – 16 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i tiṭus
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 3 fichiers – 7 MO).
Tabratt n umazan bulus i Filimun
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 1 fichier – 3 MO).
Tabratt i iƹbranin
Matta ntta uzdag (lƹelaqa) nna illan inger taḍa (lƹehd) tujditt d taḍa taqdimt?Mayd igan taḍa (lƹehd) tujditt, d ma-xef nḥdadja yuk n taḍa tujditt? Ma-xef allig da nttini xef taḍa ad is tga tujditt? Ma-xef allig ur da ɣerresn imumenn imasiḥin i tmeɣras (i iḥuliyn)? Is imsasa musa d ƹisa am lanbiya? Matta ntta harun, ma-xef allig-t yuger ƹisa? Is isul altu nḥdadja i tarda n luḍu? Ma-xef allig ur illi lɣufran n ddnub bla anɣal n idammen? Mayd igan lquds (urucelim) n igenna? Midden am habil d nuḥ d brahim d yusef d musa d dawud d lanbiya yaḍn, is kkan da ttamenn s lmasiḥ? Is kkan da tgunuyn cigan (s titt) tawada nnes ɣer acal? Sseɣd-as i lectab-ad n iƹbranin ḥma a ttafit kul iraren i iseqsaten-ad d wiyyaḍ altu.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectab kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 13 fichiers – 39 MO).
Tabratt n yeƹqub
Yeƹqub, umas n ƹisa, yaru tabratt-ad igan zi taḍa tujditt (nɣed lƹehd ujdid) ṭṭerf wis sin n lectab iqeddsen. G tebratt-ad la isawal yeƹqub xef ca n isnitil (lmuwaḍiƹ) am: tasit n tmara d ijerriben n ddunit, awal n lḥeqq, ddin izddigen bla ircan, isiwel xef tudmawin, d liman itmunn d lƹemel, isiwel altu xef mimc nttamẓ ils nnex, isiwel xef tanẓi n sidi rebbi, isiwel xef ssabab n iniɣan ingr-ax, yawi-d altu anebbeh i winna iṭerreḥn, ɣer tingira isiwel xef ṣṣber d nukni la ntyunuy taɣult n ƹisa lmasiḥ.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 5 fichiers – 20 MO).
Tabratt tamzwarut n umazan yuḥanna
G tebratt-ad tamzwarut n yuḥanna amazan, la isawal xef rruḥ n lmasiḥ adejjal (nɣed ḍedd lmasiḥ). Mimc la ittumiyyaz liman aṛsli g lmasiḥ zi liman iɣalḍen nɣed ur igin aṛsli? Unna-ɣer illa liman aṛsli la iteddu g wasidd, la ittamen is ƹisa ayd igan lmasiḥ. Ar ittiri aytma-s d istma-s g liman s tayri nna d-iteddun zi baba rebbi. Illa ɣurs rruḥ n mulana g wul nnes ar iḥeṭṭu luṣiat n sidi rebbi ar irul zi laṣnam.
G tebratt-ad ay ɣurx layt iɣlan ittinin: “Sidi rebbi tayri ayd iga”. Unna iran ad isin mimc ittiri mulana isin altu mecta ayd-ax ittiri sidi rebbi ad iseɣd i may d-iddan g tebratt-ad.
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 5 fichiers – 20 MO).
Tabratt n umazan yuḥanna aqccur wiss sinn
Tabratt n umazan yuḥanna aqccur wiccarḍ
Tabratt n Yahuḍa
Ḥma a ttsmuttit tabratt kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 1 fichier – 4 MO).
Tawarjit n umazan Yuḥanna
Ḥma a ttsmuttit lectub kul s mp3 (fichier zip), neqqer da (mp3-zip – 22 fichiers – 60 MO).

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Le Rifain
Yewca umeqqran n yineɣlafen n tmurt n Israël Benyamin Natanyahu tfawt tazegzawt ḥuma ad merra imezdaɣ ad ṭṭfen lmunet n temɛawant awarn i min yegga ubirus n kuruna. Tamɛawant ad tili jer 218 n yidularen i yimezdaɣ i yellan n yexf-nsen, d 871 n yidularen i twacunin i ɣer llan tlata n yiḥenjiren niɣ kter.
Tawacunt i ɣer yella yijj n uḥenjir ad teksi 2000 Cikel, i dd-ittawyen ca n 581 n yidularen, tenni i ɣer llan tnayen n yiḥermucen ad teksi 2500 Cikel i dd-ittawyen 726 n yidularen.
Tamɛawant-a tiweḍ ula ɣer yixeddamen d yisebbaben, 380 000 zeg-sen i yeksin ca n 4700 cikel i uzellif.
Natanyahu yenna belli ttmenyat-a ad ssunnḍent cwayt tijerrat n tdemsa (L’économie) di tmurt n Israël.


text:
{{Tilisa n umxuğ n yimi d ugbur-is:}}
Ɣer tama n zdat llan sin icenfiren, ɣer tin n deffir tella tmiğğa. Ɣer tama ufella ad naf aḍran apalatini, ma swadda tella tegnit n yimi. Ɣer snat tbelɣendisin yella udem agensan n lḥenk.
{{Iɣesmaren}}:
Llan sin: win usawen d win n wadda.
{{Tuɣmas}}:
Amdan ameqran yesea deg yal aɣeṣmar mraw sad (16) tuɣmas, yebḍan ɣef krad n waggayen: Tigezzamin, Uglan, Tissiyyar.
-Tigezzamin tigejdanin: llant ukuz(4), snat deg ɣeṣmar n ufella, snat deg win n wadda, akken i tent-yesken yisem-nsent gezzment učči yeqquren.
-Tigezzamin timidisin llant kuz, snat iwsawen, snat swadda, am tgezzamin tigejdanin seant yiwet temlilt acku d timecṭuḥin fell-asent.
-Uglan: llant ukuz, snat i usawen snat i uksar tawuri-nsent d acerreg n wučči am uksum.
-Tissiyyar tibesṭuḥin, llant ṭam (8), ukuz (4) i uksar, ukuz i usawen.
-Tissiyyar timeqranin: llant ṭam (8) ukuz uksar ukuz uksar.
-Tissiyyar n temɣer: llant ukuz, snat usawen, snat uksar.
Merra tisiyyar tibestuḥin neɣ timeqranin, tawuri-nsent d iẓiḍ n wučči.
Tuɣmas uyefki: Aqcic neɣ taqcict yewḍen krad iseggasen sean warem (20) n tuɣmas.
{{Iles}}:
Iles d agman afessugani. D netta i yeggaren učči ɣer tmiğa. Iles iga s mraw d ṣa (17) yifessuganen, twaqnen merra ɣer iɣes n tmiğa.
Udem aneğği (ufella) n yiles d aḥercaw acku yeččur d tibruruyin.Yal aggay n tebruruyin d amassay usaweḍ n yiwen uḥulfu ama d terzeg, d tizeḍṭ neɣ d tesmem…atg.
{{Tasigt tuɣmestant}}:
Tella daɣen deg yimi tassigt tuɣmestant, d yiwet n tɣamut tafrawant igan s isusfan d imikruben d iceqfan n texxamin yemmuten.
Tezmer n yimi d tuɣmas d aɣbel ameqran, xilla wid ur s nefki azal-is-d yewwi ad as-fken.
I wakken tezmert-a ad tgerez iwwid ad yili usfad n tuɣmas d usired n yimi krad tikal deg ass, yal tagara n imekli, ḥacama dayen tetwakkes tasigt tuɣmestant.
Asfad n tuɣmas issefk ad yili seg tama tazeggaɣt ɣer tama tamellalt.
Ma ulac asfad n tuɣmas d uclil n yimi, imicruben ad sugten.
Deg tudert-nnsen imicruben-a tetten adfut, teggiren-d tesmem i yellan d tamentilt n ifula n tuɣmas.


text:
Izi bu tmecrag
Izi bu tmecrag (Assaɣ ussnan: Trichoptera) d aburɣes yeṭṭafaren tafesna n Trichoptera. Izi bu tmecrag iga d aburɣes meẓẓiyen yettemcabin ifaylellisen tegber seg wazal n 12000 n telmas akken i tla (tesɛa) tayuga n wafriwen ifrarayen yeččuren d azzar. Tafesna ayi d tin i d-ittilin neɣ ilan assaɣ ɣer tkebrafriwin (iferṭeṭṭa d ifaylellisen).
Izi bu tmecrag iggar-d tawekka n waman yettilin deg twennaṭin yemgaraden s timmad am yisafen d iɣeẓran d igelmimen. Dɣa tiwekkiwin n waṭas n twaculin ttgent-d tissiwin n taggaẓt s taẓawt yeddlen s wedɣaɣ neɣ s yijdi.
Tamhazt[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Aṭas n telmas n tawekkiwin n yizi bu tmecrag keččment deg tegnit n welmay. Tallit-a tettwasemma s wencek anmettay, tettaṭṭaf kra n imalas neɣ n wayyuren seld n tuwwit-is maca send ma ad teffeɣ. Sin akin ad tili temhelt n tuffɣa-ines s usismeṭ n teẓɣelt n waman deg umwan anda i d-tettemlal temhelt-a yakk d urmud n ibureɣsen imawaṭen i wakken ad tefrar (ad tishil) temhelt n umyaraw.


text:
rekkelVB [rekkel]
marcotter
Flexions rekkelirekkel rekklen ttrekkilemt tettrekkil ttrekkilent rekkleɣ trekklem ttrekkil yettrekkil tettrekkilemt rekklet trekkel rekklent ttrekkileɣ nettrekkil yettrekkilen trekkleḍ trekklemt ttrekkilet ittrekkil ttrekkilen rekklemt nrekkel irekklen tettrekkileḍ tettrekkilem ittrekkilen rekkel
Sources rekkel
- J.-M. Dallet, Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français (parler des At Mengellat Algérie) , Selaf Paris, 1982
Phrases avec le mot rekkel
Afus uqabac, ifassen n wemdan nni akked iḍarren nni irekklen deg wakal uɣalen d yiwen, dduklen .
[ Agellid n times | 2006 | Amar U Lamara ]


text:
Taɣit tameqqṛant
Taɣit tameqqṛant neɣ Asakka ameqṛan (S Tespenyult: Gran cañón, S Teglizit: Grand canyon, S tutlayt n Hopi: Ongtupqa, S tutlayt n Yavapai: Wi:kaʼi:la) d asakka alqayan hraw s waṭas, yezga-d deg wamur agafan utrim n uwanak n Arizona deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, Yessentay (ibeddu-d) seg yidurar n Ṛuky alamma d tiftisin n California s teɣzi n 349 km ma d tilqi-ynes tafellayt tettawaṭ ar 1740 m, Taɣit tameqrant temmug-d s usrag (ssebba) n waman n wasif n Colorado i yezgan teččen w ssefsayen iẓṛa n wegni n Colorado di teɣzi n 40 n imelyan n iseggasen ayen i d-yeglan s teflalit n tissiwin n tegnit yemgaraden i d-innulfan deg 2 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin deg umezruy asnaklan n umenẓaw n Marikan tagafant


text:
LeRifain
Deg westexṭeb-nnes i yegga aɛecci n ttlata, arrayes n Fransa Emmanuel Macron, yekkes ltam x ca n tsurifin i di ɣa yessefses cwayt aḥjab i yettwaggen bac ad yettwaqarmar ubirus n kuruna.
Manaya ad yili x tlata n twalatin, ad yebda s werẓam n tḥuna ass n ssebt 28 nuwanbir. Amen yenna Emmanuel Macron belli bakuna wer tettili ca s bezzez. Yenna belli netta ittwala umarebbama ad tkumasa bakuna aked uneggaru n dujanbir, niɣ aked umezwaru n yennayer.
Emmanuel Macron yenna belli aḥjab ad ibedd s kulci ass n 15 zi dujanbir, maca ad dewlen ad sbedden asirkula zi 21:00 n tmeddit al sebɛa n ssbeḥ.


text:
ḥezzebVB [ḥezzeb]
être prudent; se prémunir; se précautionner
Flexions ḥezzebittḥezziben ḥezzeb iḥezzeb ḥezzben ttḥezzibemt tettḥezzib ttḥezzibent ḥezzbeɣ tḥezzbem ttḥezzib yettḥezzib tettḥezzibemt ḥezzbet tḥezzeb ḥezzbent ttḥezzibeɣ nettḥezzib yettḥezziben tḥezzbeḍ tḥezzbemt ttḥezzibet ittḥezzib ttḥezziben ḥezzbemt nḥezzeb iḥezzben tettḥezzibeḍ tettḥezzibem
Sources ḥezzeb
- BOUAMARA Kamel, Issin : Asegzawal n teqbaylit s teqbaylit, Editions l'Odyssée, Tizi-Ouzou, 2010
- J.-M. Dallet, Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français (parler des At Mengellat Algérie) , Selaf Paris, 1982


text:
Tinifsanin
Tinifsanin (Assaɣ ussnan: Spermatopsida) d ad-adur amɣaw yeṭṭafaren adur n temdudferratin n tgezmi n imɣan igratyen, Dɣa Tinifsanin d imɣan imezdayen yellan s waṭas yakk deg tgelda n yimɣan.
Asismel n temsifsan[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Idu-stirfen-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Timazufsan:
- Ttidiren-t s waṭas deg yidgan isemmaṭen, imnummsanen d isbegsanen
- Dges ikawsaren neɣ izumbayen iy teffren ifsan
Timesdurifsan:
- Adras-a dges agman n Tafrawt azufan
- ttidiren-t deg yal ideg (amkan) deg umadal


text:
Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
Galiliyu galili (ilul ass n 15 yebrir 1564 di temdint n Biza (Ṭelyan), yemmut ass n 8 yennayer 1642)
D amesnallun, d afelsaf yakk d amsengaman Aṭelyan. Bab-as d Finsinzu Galil ma d yemm-as d Julya Di kuzimu Amanti , ila-d (yesea-d) kraḍ n tarwa akked Marina Jumba war arcal (bla zzwaǧ)."Berjinya" tettwassen s "Tuletmat Mariya" tlul-d aseggas n 1600 temmu-t aseggas n 1634 , Finsinzu ilul aseggas n 1606 yemmut aseggas n 1646 d Lifya, syinna tettwassen s tweltmat Arkinǧila, tlul aseggas n 1601 temmut aseggas n 1649. issuzer tiẓri n Nikola Kopernik akken i yesten (idufee) fell-as s tdusi ,akken id yessentem d akken tiẓri n Aristot ɣef wayen yezzin f umussu d tin izelgen (ur tṣeḥḥa ara). Ay-agi yella-d s usexdem n tamawt akked warramen


text:
A yiqbayliyen acetki ulaḥed azrem yewweḍ d talafsa, ass-agi wid yesɛuzgen i wayen iḍerrun sɣur tasnareft tazayrit, wid yugin ad smeḥsen i ttɛebga refden ilmeẓyen yecban Sifaks, wid i s-yeqqaren deg uzagur-is i ṭṭeṛdiqen-t tyitwin mači deg zagur-is, ad izeṛ kan yiwet n temsalt yellan d ttbut : imi tessusmeḍ ass-a, ad ssusmen ɣef temsalt-ik azekka, imi tessusmeḍ ass-a xas heggi-d aɛrur-ik i wzekka.
iḍelli 28 deg yennayer akken akk tezṛam, d ass deg ara ɛeddin azal n 40 n yelmezyen imeɣnasen gar-asen aṭas n imeɣnasen n timunent, n teqbaylit d tugdut, zzat teɣdemt tazzayrit deg wexxam n creɛ n Bgayet, ihi imeɣnasen n teqbaylit am Syphax d win yefkan ttiɛad ad mlilen zzat wexxam n creɛ agi d ibeddi ar yidis n watmaten-nsen, am yal tikelt.
Syphax, d yiwen n umeɣnas ilemzi n teqbaylit yebdan timmuɣnest deg wasmi yella d llufan, taddert n tqerbuzt deg d-yefruri tetwassen ɣef uselqem n teqbaylit d tirrugza, ihi timmuɣnest-ines mači kan dayen i s-yellan i netta deg ul, maca d tamuɣli i fernen akk at wexxam-nsen, ɣef waya deg tsebḥit n yiḍelli 28 deg yennayer tedda yid-es yemma-s akked weltma-s, maca mači ahat d ayen nwan-t i yufant, imi send kan awwaḍ-nsen zzat wexxam n creɛ, yeɣli-d igenni fell-asen, imessulta izayrien zeḍmen fella-sen, zwaren deg Syphax, ɣlin deg-s s teɣrit ar lqaɛa ma d yemma-s d weltma-s refden-ten ar lkumisareyya.
Ad d-walim tanagit n Syphax deg tvideyyut agi yellan deg tagara n weḍris agi, i d-yessekles deg sebtar n tmeɣnast Mira Meknac, anda i d-yuɣal s ttfasil ɣer wayen i s-d-yeḍran yenna: » akken i yerwan s teɣrit nek, lhemm-iw amezwaru d anadi ɣef yemma akked weltma, ur zriɣ ara akken ḍelqen-asent-id, ǧǧan-i-yi ḥdaqreɣ s teɣzi n wass », yettban ɣef wudem n iceṭṭiḍden n Syphax leɛtab yesɛedda sɣur d tidett iɣallen n timhersa tazayrit deg tmurt taqbaylit.
Ar melmi a leqbayel ara neǧ adabu yagi ad yesɛedday lbaṭel ɣef wayetma-nneɣ d imawlan-nneɣ send ad nenṭeq s yiwet n taɣect ad sen-ini » YETTRAḤ YIMI-NWEN A YIƔERSIWEN N TEẒGI », ma nessusem ad ɣ-teḍru akken s-yenna da Sliman Azem : » Ma nettɛemmid i lbaṭel ad nuɣal akk am ṭṭbel, yal wa ad d-i-heggi aɛrur-is »


text:
Isṭunya
Isṭunya (Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.
Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.
Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.
Tasertit n tutlayin di Isṭunya : d leqdic iteddun ɣer sdat[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Aqeddem[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.
Tagnit[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.].
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit.
Tasertit n tutlayin[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun (communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit.
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq.
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya.
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit.
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
- Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaɣen n Isṭunya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tisṭunit.
- Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tisṭunit -tutlayt taɣelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur n Mart Rannut, Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERḤATEN.


text:
Tisṭunit
Tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt n tegduda n Isṭunya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nniḍen ay yettidiren di lɣerba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tisṭunit tesɛa diɣ wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litṭunya akk d Rusya, ladɣa di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustṛalya.
Tawacult-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tutlayt tisṭunit d yiwet si tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin d tin yebḍan ɣef wacḥal n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tisṭunit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban aṭas d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella diɣ yiwet n tutlayt, tamjaṛit (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tuṛuft tagmuḍant (tacerqit), teqreb ɣer tisṭunit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, llan kra ay iɣilen d akken imi ay tettuneḥsab Isṭunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebḥeṛ- Abalti), dɣa ula d tutlayt-is tetbeɛ ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitṭunit (siked utṭun wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Isṭunya teqreb ɣer Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar ɣer tfinlandit. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wakken tettemcabi tisṭunit ɣer tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nniḍen yettemcabin aṭas ɣer tisṭunit d tid ay itebɛen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkaṛilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ɣef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.
Tintalyin n tisṭunit[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tisṭunit tebḍa ɣef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tisṭunit n Ugafa (nord, neɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Talinn, tamaneɣt), akk d tisṭunit n Wenẓul (sud, neɣ diɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesɛɛa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est). Ma d tisṭunit n ugafa, nezmer diɣ ad tt-nebḍu d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Isṭunya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebḥeṛ n ugafa-agmuḍan ay icuban mliḥ tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (taɣerbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weḥric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ɣef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ɣef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesɛa tisṭunit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merṛa ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tisṭunit.
Tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Isṭunya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tisṭunit n ugafa, d acu kan, tisṭunit n wenẓul tesɛa diɣ ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesɛan ma cwiṭ, 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.
Tira-s[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tisṭunit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dɣa taɣdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben ɣer teɣdirawt n talmanit u ɣef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (lateṛ) n tira talmaniyin di tid n tisṭunit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yisṭuniyen a snernayen taɣdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeɣt (standard), dɣa bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberṛani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yedǧen ad d-neṭqen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-netṭqen di laṣel, maci akken tt-id-inetṭeq uberṛani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tisṭunit yesɛa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teɣra (voyelles).
Tasɣent-is* di tmetti[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ass-a, tuɣal tisṭunit tizeɣt d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merṛa n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Isṭunya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt yernu ɛerḍen Yisuvyatiyen ad mḥun tisṭunit akk d yedles isṭuni si tmurt-a, maca ayen ɛerḍen ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tisṭunit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merṛa n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwaǧ n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tisṭunit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabaḍ isṭuni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt i lmend n weḥraz akk d ussebɣes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesɛa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamenṣabt" tis snat, tisṭunit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yiɣerbazen yernu win yebɣan ad yuɣal d aɣarim (citoyen) isṭuni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Isṭunya, mazal llan yiɣerbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ɣef medden ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen deg-sen. Tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Isṭuniyen di lɣerba --d tisṭunit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeɣriben iṛuḥen ɣer Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citṭ ɣef tisṭunit tizeɣt yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit di lɣerba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeɣriben s tisṭunit yemxallaf ɣef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lɣerba amzun iɛedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yisṭuniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen.
Amezruy-is[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ar ass-a werɛad ur ẓrin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tisṭunit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sɛan kra n yisallen ɣef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nniḍen deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yedǧa aṭas n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tisṭunit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebɛa n Sidna Aisa, bdan diɣ ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id diɣ wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yisṭuniyen iḍrisen-nsen imenza s tisṭunit, d win umi semman "Ddeɛwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeɛṭac, bdant a d-teffɣent tjerṛumin (grammaires) timezwura n tisṭunit. Xas ma yella anẓul n Isṭunya yesɛa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaɣurt (tameṛkantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseɛṭac.
Di tazwara n lqern wis tseɛṭac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda diɣ a d-tettlal tutlayt tisṭunit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tɣelnaẓrit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yisṭuniyen. Tiddukla Tisṭunit n Wid Yeɣran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffeɣ-d aṭas n yedlisen akk d tsufiɣin (publications) nniḍen, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra iɣerfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffɣen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daɣen ay d-ffɣen yeɣmisen imenza n tutlayt tisṭunit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees", ay d-yeffɣen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffɣen si 1864 alammi d 1880.
Yuɣ lḥal di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teḥkem Isṭunya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yisṭuniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yedǧan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) n usselmed di Isṭunya. D acu kan, ur tɛetṭel ara tennulfa-d terbaɛt nniḍen n yimura isṭuniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis ɛecrin, d tin umi semman "Noor Eesti" neɣ tarbaɛt n "Isṭunya Tilemẓit", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d usseǧhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dɣa uɣalen yimura isṭuniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi neɣ d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tisṭunit taneṣlit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tuṛuft n Wetram (lɣerb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mliḥ tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tisṭunit, dɣa skeflen-d awalen isṭuniyen ineṣliyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, reḍlen-d diɣ awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mliḥ tisṭunit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iẓuran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tisṭunit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ɣef wamek ara mḥun tisṭunit u ad d-ḥettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tuɣal tisṭunit i tikkelt nniḍen d tutlayt taɣelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeɛd ɛecṛa n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, yernu yis-s ay tesselḥay tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt tiɣawsiwin-is.
Asefru si tsekla tisṭunit[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tisṭunit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a. Tasuqilt sɣur "Winna", si Luxembourg.
- Aṭas ay riɣ tamurt-iw
- Fkiɣ-as ula d ul-iw
- I kemm ay cennuɣ
- D kemm ay d tinzert-iw
- Isṭunya deg d-mɣin yijedǧigen
- Ideddicen-im ḥulfeɣ-asen deg yiman-iw
- Mi tgerrzeḍ gerrzeɣ, lferḥ-inem d lfeṛḥ-iw
- Uh a tamurt-iw !
- A tamurt-iw ihhuskin, riɣ-kem
- Xsiɣ ad gneɣ yid-m
- Ad i-yawi yiḍes s iri-m
- Isṭunia-yinu yeḥerz Yillew
- Ifrax-im cennun-iyi-d
- Ijedǧigen-im meqqin-d deg-i
- Uh a tamurt-iw !
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tisṭunit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


text:
Sidi Malek, yemḍel (yenḍeř) g Uẓɣar g Ijedduten. Ami ila yella yedder, iraḥ ar ssuq, yufa ijjen weydi yeksi aksum i ugezzar, yewta-t. yenna-s Sidi Malek: Mɣar t-tewtid? inna-s: Mala isgillez-ak, seɣ-as aksum, ewc-as-t.
Iraḥ ittsara Sidi Malek gi ssuq. Iqqim ittsewwaq, ḥettal tameddit. Ruxen aydi-nn yedwel d argaz, yenna-s i Sidi Malek: « Ay ameddukkel, teggid deg-i lxir, luxa rwaḥ a ɣer-i tessensed. »
Iraḥ al yijjen teẓrut qqaren-as Mriqa. Tennurẓem teẓrut, udfen al dixel. Ẓrin din ijjen temdint. Yenna-s urgaz-nn: « Čexmi ɣa tadfed gi temdint, a din tafed tameṭṭut, nettat d yemma. A k-tini: Mayen texsed? a s-tinid: txess-ayi txutemt-nn ɣer-m g ufus! »
Yudef gi temdint ag umeddukkel-ines, yufa din tameṭṭut, yenna-s: « Txess-ayi txutemt-nn ɣer-m g ufus! ». Tenna-s: « lla! mayen c-ixessen a t-teksid, tinɛacin aqqay-tent ad teksid, llwiz haqqay-t… » . Inna-s: « lla ».
Yekka din telt-yyam n ḍḍyafet. Ami yekker ad yeffeɣ bḥar-s, yenna-s: « Txess-ayi txutemt-nn ɣer-m g ufus! » tugi a s-tt-tewc. Yebda yettru memmi-s, yenna-s: « Maɣar tugid a s-tt-tewced? »
Iwa tewca-s-tt, yeffeɣ bḥar-s, uka yemmut meskin!
Ila mala ijj n wergaz yewta-t ci n jjenn, iraḥ ad iẓur g Sidi Malek telt marrat, uka ili ad yeffeɣ zeg-s jjenn, ad yekker. Niɣ ad yemmet.
A.RENISIO, « Etudes sur les dialectes Berbères des Beni Iznasen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Srair, grammair, textes et lexique » 1932.
Yessufeɣ-it-idd, iɛwed-as tira: Ɛ.ḤENNU


text:
Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
Huawei s tcinwat tatrart 华为, s tcinwat tansayt 華為, isem-is unṣib: Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, d takebbanit n tetiknulujiyin n yisallen d teywalt i ibedden deg useggas n 1987 deg Shenzhen deg tmurt n Ccinwa.
Huawei tqeddec deg ayen icudden ɣer tsenselkimt, iẓeḍwan isenselkamen d tetiknulujiyin n teywayt, atg. Ifuras-is kecmen deg 170 n tmura n umaḍal.
Deg useggas n 2018, takebbanit Huawei tewwi-tt d tis snat (2) deg umaḍal deffir n tkebbanit n Samsung zdat n Apple[1].
Asekkil 華 deg tcinwat lmeɛna-s "Ccinwa", am akken daɣen i yesɛa anamek n "yelha", "yecbaḥ" neɣ "igarrez" . Asekkil 為 ɣur-s anamek n "tigawt" neɣ "axeddim ummid". Huawei ihi mi ara t-nsuqel ɣer teqbaylit ad d-yefk "axeddim yelhan" neɣ "taɣawsa igarrzen (yelhan)".
- ↑ Huawei teṭṭef amḍiq wissin deg umaḍal s deffir n Apple... qbel taggara n useggas, frandroid.com. (s tefransist)


text:
Lundi 2 août 2021
Taɣuri si tnekra n 1871… tezmer ad teddu di 2021, « di dewla n Covid-19 » !
Di tazwara, d asali i d-ffɣen deg uẓeṭṭa n internet (fb) : illa wedlis n 1873 (1) anda uran yismawen n tuddar akked wid immuten, ijerḥen, ittwaṭṭfen, neɣ irewlen, i ssuzin Irumyen deffir tnekra n 1871 : nnig 100 tuddar n udrar ufella n Igawawern, deg llan azal n 1000 yismawen (1). Adlis d agerruj !
Taɣuri n yismawen i yedduklen ɣef tewsimin/laârac akked tuddar-nsent (At Mangellat, At Buyusef, At Yeḥya, At Frawsen, At Yani, Iaâṭṭafen, Aqbil, At Ittureɣ, At Wasif, At Budrar, At Illilten, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, Illulen Umalu, …), tban-d zun d asfaylu/taḍwiqt i d-ildin, tefka-d ismawen d wudmawen, akken ad nẓer nekkni aḥric seg umezruy n wid ikkren zun d yiwen di 1871, deffir tiɣri n Ameẓyan Iḥeddaden / Ccix Aḥeddad, akked Lhaǧ Mḥend At Meqqran (El Mokrani), syin amek tella taggara n tnekra-nni ur nessaweḍ.
Amezruy n tnekra/nnfaq n 1871 di tmurt n Leqbayel akked umur ameqqran n wagmuḍ n tmurt n Lezzayer, ittwassen. Tanekra-nni s ubarud ur tessaweḍ ad tessuffeɣ Arumi si tmurt n Lezzayer. Mi tefra, kerfen Leqbayel tagecrirt, terreẓ tnekra acku amur nniḍen n tmurt utaram n Lezzayer (Wehran, atg…) ur d-ikkir i nnfaq. Aâbdelqader illan imir di Surya, ikker-d d axsim n tnekra-nni (2). Fransa tuɣ tasawent, Arumi yezzi-d taɣennant ɣef at tmurt i yekkren : inɣa wid inɣa, iččur leḥbas n tmurt, infa tiwaculin ɣer wagmuḍ (Surya akked Palestine, …), yuzen irgazen d inekraf/imeḥbas qqnen zun d aklan ɣer tegzirin n Fransa (Cayenne di Guyane, Nouvelle Calédonie, …), isbabb tabzert tameqqrant i yal yiwen, ikkes akal n tfellaḥt n uzaɣar i yimawlan-is. D nnger n tmurt.
1. Taɣuri tamezwarut seg yismawen n wid yettwaɣen.
Di yal tawsimt/laârc, lamin n lumna (lamin n laârc) illa deg imenɣi, immut, innejraḥ neɣ yettwaṭṭef, ittwakkes-as wayla-s (ssuzin-t). D tagejdit n yiseɣ n tmurt i yuɣen udem, mačči d awal kan : win iṭṭfen rray, sbedden-t watmaten-is d aqerru, netta yuɣ iseɣ, ad izwir zdat watmaten-is ɣer imenɣi, ɣer tmettant/lmut.
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Anurar n imenɣi di tmurt Igawawen ur gten. Deg wayen yuran, amur ameqqran n wid immuten neɣ i ijerḥen, llan : zdat ugadir n Fort national (illa d lkazirna tameqqrant n Fransa), Icerriḍen, Lǧemaâ n Ssariǧ, Tala Aâmara, Bni Aâisi, Betrouna/Ibetrunen, Taksebt. Ulac amkan nniḍen.
Llant tilawin deg yimenɣiyen. Amedya, di taddart n Aẓru (Illilten), tennejraḥ Faṭima At Caâban zdat ugadir n Fort National ( « blessée devant le fort»).
Ulac ismawen n taârabt di yal taddart. Ulac Ben xxx, ulac Ould xxx, ulac Bu-ǧaǧa, Bu-Rekba, atg… Ismawen akken llan d ismawen n tmaziɣt, neɣ d ismawen (prénoms) n inselmen.
Tanekra tella-d di 1871 ; Fransa tesker ismawen n twaculin (patronymes) deg ‘’Etat civil des indigènes musulmans d’Algérie’’ di 23 meɣres 1882. Taggara, d Fransa i d-iskecmen ismawen n taârabt di tmurt n Leqbayel ; tezwar Fransa ɣer ’l’arabisation coloniale (3)’’ n tmurt tamaziɣt qbel adabu n FLN di 1962, qbel Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi, Mulud Qasem neɣ Kherroubi .
2. Taɣuri tis snat : Amek illa wesɣen gar tnekra ubarud n 1871, tanekra n talwit n 2019 akked tiwizi n 2021 mgal aṭan n Covid-19 ?
Ɣas tbeddel tallit, tbeddel tmurt, illa wayen yezdin imdanen i yekkren ɣer ṭṭrad di 1871 akken ad suffɣen Arumi, wid d-iffɣen d igelfan di Lezzayer di disamber 1960 i timunent n tmurt, wid d-iffɣen yal lǧemaâ ifassen-nsen d ilmawen si furar 2019, teddun deg ubrid n yal tiɣremt akken ad ibeddel udabu n tmurt, akked wid itazzalen ass-a akken ad d-afen ddwa i yimuḍan n waṭan n Covid-19. Maca, anwa i d asɣen yellan gar-asen, amek iga ?
D amezruy n tmurt i yesselmaden i tarwa n tmurt tikli-nsen di yal tallit deg llan, di leqrun d leqrun. Ɣas ur ssinen amezruy, netta yuneɣ am awcem deg unyir, yejreḍ deg idammen-nsen armi teddun yemdanen-nni zun lemden deg uɣerbaz ur nelli, amek ad tili tikli-nsen di tmeddurt.
Tamurt n Tmazɣa terwa yal tawaɣit n temhersa/listiaâmer si nnig 20 leqrun : ikcem-d Ruman, Iwandalen, Aâraben, Terk, Ifransiyen, akked wid d-ikecmen deg umkan-nsen di 1962. Akked temhersa n takriṭ/violence n yal udem, ulac aṭan ur d-nekcim tamurt, yewwi tissi-s n yemdanen. Gar wayen yettwassnen, d tterka/peste di lqern wis XIV, di 1899-1924, di 1921, di 1931, di 1945, d tifis di 1941-1942, tura d Covid-19 di 2020.
Tamussni n umezruy, akken ur ittili uḥric yeffren deg-s, d win i d abrid akken imezdaɣ n tmurt ad smeɣren asɣen-nni i ten-izdin, « d at tmurt » ; acku tamurt, mačči d tudert kan deg yiwen wakal, gar tlisa ibedden. Tamurt, d ayen i ten-isdduklen deg iẓuran, d timetti swayes zemren ad qablen ayen d-ibedden zdat-nsen, ad dehmen uguren zdin, teddukel tezmert-nsen. Tiwizi n tallalt n wass-a mgal Covid-19 tuɣ-d aẓar si akkin i leqrun. Mačči d awal kan, yal yiwen izmer ad iger tamawt amek teddukel tcemlit di yal tama, amek tettimɣur tebzert, di tmurt neɣ berra n tmurt di Fransa, Kanada, Marikan, akken ad d-ssisen timacinin yeskaren luksijan i yimuḍan di sbiṭarat. D tamurt d wawal.
Tamurt, d asalu ur neddi akked tsertit-nni n wid yessarmen iḍelli, ad d-snulfun ‘’Azzayri amaynut’’ (dixit Houari Boumediène), ad t-gen d amdan ur neqqin ɣer yidles-is, acku yettwakkes-as/yeffer yidles-is, akken amdan-nni ad iddu d lexyal deg iberdan, war aẓar, war asalu, war iswi ; akken daɣ ad t-nehren, ansi d-iwwet waḍu ad t-yawi, ad t-isseknu, ad ikref tagecrirt.
Amezruy n wass-a yeskaddeb-iten akken llan ixuniyen-nni n Boumediène.
Aumer U Lamara
Timerna / Notes :
1 ) Arrêté du 5 avril 1872, publié au bulletin officiel du gouvernement général d’Algérie en 1873 : Apposition de séquestre sur les biens meubles et immeubles de 973 Kabyles appartiennent à 114 villages du cercle de Fort national, département d’Alger.
2) Aâbdelqader Bnu Hacem (‘’émir Abdelkader’’) ikker-d d axsim n tnekra. Yura tabratt i uselway n Fransa : » …Vous nous avez informé que des imposteurs se servaient de notre nom et de notre cachet … pour exciter les mécontents et porter les armes conte la France, quand un grand nombre de nos frères, Dieu les protège, sont dans vos rangs pour repousser l’ennemi envahisseur (la Prusse, ndlr)… nous venons vous dire que ces tentatives insensées, quels qu’en soient les auteurs, sont faites contre la justice, contre la volonté de Dieu et la mienne. Nous prions le Tout-puissant de punir et de confondre les ennemis de la France… ».
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Mokrani
3) Adlis ‘’Arabisation coloniale et histoire fragmentaire’’, Mohand Aït Ahmed, édition L’Harmattan, Paris 2013.
source : Etat civil des indigènes, en 1882.
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_civil_indig%C3%A8ne_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie


text:
TAMURT – Tura, hat-an i tteddu-d wayur n ṛemḍan (n laẓ). Iqbayliyen d teqbayliyin yeddan di tama n imnekem n waɛraben-imselmen, ttraju-t s lferḥ. Iqbayliyen d teqbayliyin-agi, umnen, umnenet d akken : « Sidi Rebbi yemlal d Nnbi Muḥemmed; yemmeslay as-id, iwweṣa-t-id akk amek ara yenhu lumma akken ad teddu deg abrid n Ṛebbi », akken qqaren.
Llan iqbayliyen d teqbayliyin umnen, s wul nsen; s tidett nsen, maca llan wiyaḍ, tabaɛen kan aɛraben-imselmen. Xas akken ḥettmen-asen tutlayt n taɛrabt, kksen asen tutlayt nsen taqbaylit neɣ tamaziɣt sumata; xas akken tterggimen-ten, nutni ur d-cliɛen ara, ur ten-d-terza yara lmaɛna. Teddun kan am iderɣalen, medlen allen nsen, qeflen imeẓẓuɣen-nsen. Asirem-nsen, mačči d tudert, mačči d ddunit agi deg nettidir, nutni ddan « d waɛraben imselemen n usekkak ». Mlalen ɣef yiwen yiswi : « mara d-sseqsi tberkan s wemger-ines, ur tt-ttugaden ara, acku nutni « amkan-nsen yeḍmen di ljennet n waɛraben imselmen.
Amkan-a, anagar nutni d waɛraben-imselmen ara ikecmen ɣer dinn. Wamag iqbayliyen nniḍen, xas d atmaten-nsen seg idammen, maca ad ferqen yid-sen. Qeblen ad cerken tudert d laxert, ur d-cliɛen ara, ur ten-d-terza yara lmaɛna akk, xas d imnekcem, xas d tarwa n Okba Ibn Nafa, n Banu Hilal, wicqa ! Ula d taẓalit nsen, ḥettmen deg-sen akken ad dɛeun, ad hedren, ad ẓallen s tutlayt n waɛraben, macci s tutlayt nsen (am iqbayliyen imasiḥen), acku qqaren-asen waɛraben : »d leḥram ad tt-thedrem ula di ljamaɛ ».
Nutni, iqbayliyen d teqbaylin-a umnen, qeblen seg ayen i sen-qqaren
waɛraben, acku awi-d kan ad ddun ɣer ljennet n « waɛraben inselmen n
usekkak ». Yernu, ula di ljennet-nsen, dinna ad heddren kan s taɛrabt,
acku ljennet nni n waɛraben, widak yeddan deg ubrid n Nnbi Muḥemmed.
Ass-a, « yewḥel weḥxlul di lɣiḍa », akken is-yenna Lwennas deg awal-is.
Iqbayliyen-agi akked d ljennet nsen d waɛraben, sellmen atmaten nsen,
tutlayt nsen, akal nsen. Iqbayliyen-agi inselmen (amur ameqran) ḥemlen
ad mmeslayen s tutlayt n waɛraben, cerken tagara-ya, nnesba yid-sen,
kerhen atmaten-nsen n idammen, kerhen tutlayt-nsen taqbaylit. Amer i
yufan ad ttilin d waɛraben, ad ttemlilin anagar d waɛraben, u ad
ssellen ḥaca i tdderǧit, taɛrabt n ubri.
Tarwa-nsen, sekrehen-asen kra i ten-iseqqraben ɣer tnaṣlit, ɣer
tnekkit-nsen. Kra i sen-nettmeslay d akken gma-k ig zwaren qbel
aberrani, maca iqbayliyen d teqbayliyin-agi yeddan d imnekcem, igin
aɣ-d-slen iw-usiwel nneɣ. Amek i d ixef ines ar tagara a tagmatt ?
Hand Berkouk


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Wi iḥemlen ticraḍ n isebtar, ur ttruzut ara aqeṛṛu-nwen: Firefox yella i usuddes-nsen.
S tignit n itri i tecraḍ n isebtar, tzemreḍ s tɣawla ad ten-tsuddseḍ, ad ternuḍ azwel neɣ ad ten-tserseḍ deg ukaram. S ufeggag n ticraḍ n isebtar ad tserseḍ ayen tḥemmleḍ zdat wallen-ik.
Awi yid-k tansiwin i tḥemmleḍ. S Firefox Sync ad tkecmeḍ ɣer tecraḍ n isebtar seg isuga-k, seg uselkim-ik ɣer uselkim aziraz. Tzemreḍ daɣen ad tɛerḍeḍ Pocket akken ad teskelseḍ imagraden neɣ isebtar srid sakin ad ten-teɣreḍ ticki ɣas s war tuqqna Internet.
Aɣ tannumi d yal amsefrak n tecraḍ n yisebtar izegrar wuɣur i tzemreḍ ad txemmeḍ, seg tuṭṭfiwin tiččuranin n usebter ɣer ufeggag agalis i isehlen i ubeddel syen ɣer tecraḍ n yisebtar tusligin i isekkṛen.


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Aẓeffun (aɣersiw)
Aẓeffun neɣ Azaffan (ɣer ymusnudranen: Nephropidae, tikwal daɣen Homaridae) d yiwet n twacult meqren n truca tiwlalin, Aẓeffun ila (yesɛa) tefekka ɣezzifen, Kṛad (3) gar smus (5) n iṭaren-is lan ikacbaren, gar-asen tayuga tamenzut i yettilin d tayuga iy meqren ɣef tyugiwin i d-yezgan deffir-is, Aẓeffun yettidir deg ifexsiwen (lecquq) yakk d isegunen s ddaw n yilel.
Deg ugezdu n Tizi Wezzu deg Tmurt n Iqbayliyen tella yiwet n tɣiwant tettusemma ɣef uɣersiw-a dɣa awal itezzi ɣef tɣiwant n Uẓeffun.


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Kenza Faraḥ
Kenza Faraḥ, d tacennayt taqbaylit, tlul ass n 8 yulyu 1986 deg Bgayet, tcennu RnB, hip-hop akked pop s tutlayt tafṛansist.
Seg 2007 ɣer 2012, Kenza faraḥ tezzenz ugar n 500 000 n yiḍebsiyen.
TameddurtẒreg
Kenza Faraḥ Maɛuc, tekker-d deg wasun wis 15 deg yizenqan n ugafa n temdint n Marsey, tebda txeddem timeɣriwin timecṭaḥ deg yizenqan, tettekki deg temzazzalin n ccna deg yixxamen n yilmeẓyen, atg. Sakkin Kenza Faraḥ Maɛuc temlal-d akked yemfarasen i s-yefkan tagnitt ad tessekles kra n tezlatin deg ustudyu, gar-asent: Mon ange (lmalayek-iw); Trésor (agerruj) akked Il m'a trahi (yexdeɛ-iyi).
Anect-a yerra-d tamuɣli n yemdanen ɣer tama-s, d acu i tt-yeǧǧan testenya ɣef usufeɣ n yiwen n walbum deg ctamber 2006.


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Asuref agraɣlan
Asuref agraɣlan d tuddsa tarnabdant yellan di temdint n London, amahil-is yezzi ɣef tlufa ittaken assaɣ ɣer izerfan n wemdan. Tuddsa ayi teqqar-d d akken tla (tesɛa) ugar n 7 n imelyan n igmamen deg yakk ideggan n umadal.
Tuddsa n usuref agraɣlan tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1961 di London, srid mi i d-yella wefsar n umagrad iddmen azwel n imuṭṭifen yettwattun deg weɣmis n The Observer ass n 28 mayyu 1961 [1] sɣur umyaru Peter Benenson i d-irran tamuɣli ɣer truẓi n izerfan n wemdan. Sin akin, deg taggara n umagrad yessuter azrekki (aqader) n ilugan isudaf igraɣlanen, akken i yexdem i wakken ad yesmures turda tazayezt i wakken ad yili uttekki ɣef iduba yettruẓen izerfan n wemdan deg tmura-nsen.
Tuddsa ayi tettarem ad tawi izerfan i d-isegger (i d-yeḍmen) ulɣu aseddayan n izerfan n wemdan, akken i tettarem ad terr tamuɣli n inabaden d teddukliwin tigraɣlanin ɣer waddad n yizerdan n wemdan deg tmura n umadal yakk.
Amezruy[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Iswiyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imniren[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Tarawsa d timunent[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Arraz n Nobel[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imarayen imatuyen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ẓeṛ daɣen[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
- ↑ Benenson, Peter, "The Forgotten Prisoners", The Observer, 28 May 1961. Retrieved 28 May 2011. Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine


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Ass n jjemɛa i d-igguren, 23 zi Kṭuber ɣer lɛecra n llilet, ad ttemsagarem aked ijjen live. Ad dag-s isnuju lerifain tlata n imeɣnas n Tmaziɣt di Arrif. Bac ad wcen awal-nnsen di tesɣart Dda Ḥmed Adɣirni ig immuten di simana-ya ta.
Amsagar-a ad dag-s yili Subḥi Budiḥ, d ameɣnas zeg uɛerwi. Mamec ɣa yili Xamis Butekmant, ig illan d amari. Akid-sen Ɛebdelwaḥid Ḥennu, ig illan d amari d aselmad n Tmaziɣt ɛawed di Nnaḍur. Asugur n wemsagar ad t-yegg Andic Cahid.
Awal ad yili ɛawed awal x umussu Amaziɣ, lxezrat-nnsen x mamec ɣa yili awerni i lmewt n Dda Ḥmed Adɣirni.


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Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
Uraren ulempiyen d anelfuy anaddal agreɣlan anda llan uraren ulempiyen n unebdu d uraren ulempiyen n tegrest, ttekkayen deg-s inaddalen seg snat n tuzzufin (iwetmen d twetmin) deg tmenyugarin yemgaradenm sgensisen-d iwunak (timura) yemgaraden, Tura, yettili-d unelfuy-a yal sin n iseggasen s tmellilt gar n uraren ulempiyen n unebdu d wuraren ulempiyen n tegrest seld mi llan uraren-a ttilin-d deg yiwen n useggas alammi d aseggas n 1982. Dɣa uraren-a seglen (ḥebsen) deg tallit n umsenɣi amadalan amezwaru d umsenɣi amadalan wis sin.


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Iferzizwi
Iferzizwi neɣ Ifferr n tzizwit (Assaɣ ussnan: Melissa officinalis) d talmest n yimɣi asaɣur imezgi yeṭṭafaren tawsit n iferzizwi deg twacult n temsefranin. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d s talɣa tagamant deg tamiwin yezzin i yilel agrakal.
Aglam[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Ageṭṭum (tadra) n uferzizwi iga d akuẓdis. ijeǧǧigen-is d imellalen neɣ d izilluyen deg tikwal niden. Yal agummu deg-s ittaddam 4 n yifsan, ma tiddi-ines tettili gar n 70 alamma d 150 cm. Tikdi-ines d tin yemmugen am yismim akken daɣen i tudes ɣer tmersa.
Deg taggara n unebdu ttufraren-tt-d tjeǧǧigin ččuren-tt d amɣus ayen yettaǧǧan tizizwa ad trusent ɣef yimɣi ayi s tuget, dɣa s yagi i d-yusa yisem-is uddis iferr + tizizwit.


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Dzayer (assaɣ nns unṣib: Tagduda Tamagdayt Taɣerfant Tadzayrit). Tezga-d tamurt n Dzayer g Tafriqt ugafa,[1] nettat d tamurt tiss snat i meqqren deg umaḍal g yal amenẓaw n tafriqt s deffir tamurt n Sudan, zgand g tilisa ines s ugafa ilel agrakal, s ugafa umalu n Tunes, s umalu Libya, s unzulamalu Nijer, s unzulataram Mali akk d Muritanya, ma s tama utaram tella tamurt n lmɣrib.
Tamurt n Dzayer d ameslad n tadukli n iɣlanen seg wass ass mi tewwi-d azarug ines sɣur Fransa, tadukli n timura n tafriqt, d tamdunt taɛrabt, d tadukli n umezɣan aɛrab Maɣreb aɛrab.
G tmendawt n Dzayer nnan-d belli tamurt n Dzayer d tamurt tineslemt, taɛrabt d tamaziɣt, d annect a i bennun tinekkit (l’identité) n wegdud adzayr
==Aẓar n isem "Dzayer"==Edit
Isem n tmurt n Dzayer yeffɣ-ed seg isem n tamanaɣt ines axaṭer taslekt n tmurt n Dzayer tebda-d g s tamdint n Dzayer, isem s trumit « Algérie » yuɣal-ed amenṣab g 14 tuber 1839 sɣur Antoine Virgile Schneider aneɣlaf n imenɣi, yenna-d amezray Eugène Guernier : « labud ad yesɛu tayra anegrez tammawt iwacu Fransa tefka isem i tessufeɣ g taɛrabt… yerna yezmer a nesteqsi iman nneɣ iwacu irgazen isertiyen irumiyen ur fkin ara issem n Tanumedt, neɣ tamurt n Leqbayel, neɣ Tamuritanit. maca Fransa tessen mliḥ izri ines.».
Isem n Alger (Aljé) issem aɛewwaj arumi n issem "Alguère" s takatalant, angaru aki yeffɣ-ed g teɛrabt "ğazayer", Jazayer issem i s-yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri win i d-ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mmi yesekka tamdint n Dzayer g useggas n 960 f agaluz n tamdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s trumant Icosium, yefka-yas issem n Dzayer at Mezɣenna, caḍen izegzziyen i fkan i lmeɛna n issem aki i yetwafken sɣur Buluɣin Mmis n Uziri. Azzegzi amezwaru yenna-d belli issem n Dzayer yetwakkes g tigzirin i yellan zdat asagen n tamdint n Dzayer s teɛrabt (al-Jaza’ir) الجزائر, s teqbaylit, tigzirin n at mezɣenna, Neɣ awal n “tagzirt” yezmer (akken i ɣilen arakalen inselmen n tallit talemmast) ad yini igger i yellan ger illel d Seḥra igger i yezmer a tilli gyes tameddurt, “tagzirt n tmeddurt”. Azzegzi angaru yenna-d belli issem ad yillin fkan-t feljal tajmilt n baba-s n Buluɣin, Aziri mmis n Menad , ihi, issem n Dzayer ad yilli yusa-d g D’ziri, s tmaziɣt, Tiziri(lmaɛna ines tafat n wayur/waggur), Mezɣenna yezmer daɣen ad tili talɣa tetwaɛerreb n Imezɣen ayen aɣ-d-yefk : “Tiziri n at Imezɣan”. Imuzdaɣ n Dzayer tamanaɣt qqaren adziri/tadzirit (dziri/dziriya) fakken ad ssiwlen i imuzdaɣ n tamanaɣt.
== Amezruy ==Edit
Tislamit n DzayerEdit
Ass mi teYli Roma, yrnan s-deffiris iwendalen, llan i bizantiyen imidusen dacu yeğa bac ad ilin aṭas n tigeldiwin timaziYin timecṭaḥ g Arris daYen, kra degsent ugin y mir-id ussan inselmen ger 665 d 708, g useggas n 665, iɛraben ẓedmen i tikkelt tamenzut f Tafrikt u gafa armi (tamezɣa) g useggas n 683 yeṭṭef Sidi Ɛuqba aḥelli. Cciln azbu n tageldunt Dihya, g aseggas n 708 uɣalen imaziɣen timdefirt maca ɣelbenten iɛraben, ihi ṭfen tamurt imaziɣen, yǧan ajjed nsen d tutlayt nsen igejdan.
Acu-t usxarbubec agi, nutni (At udabu) uran amezruy nneɣ s "la gomme" kunwi aɣ tesxarbubucem(t) da-gi, arut amezruy n tidet a yarrac nneɣ !
Taslekt tafransitEdit
Tufad Fransa imerwasen n Bakri d Bucnaq d sebba faken atekcem ar Dzayer su sagen n Sidi Freǧ g useggas n 1830
Tagrawla n nuwemberEdit
ass n 31 tuber 1954 llan iserdasen idzayriyen sewjaden (ttheggin) i imenɣi, ggunin (arjan) ass n tatusant n irumiyen imi llan marra deg yiḍ netmaɣra, ttun iman-nsen, maca g idurar iserdasen wten (ssufɣen) tarṣaṣt tamenzut f 00:00, akka i tebda ( tekkmassa) tegrawla n ugdud i yellan ddau uḍar n temharsa (colonisation) n Fransa.
Tewwwi-d azarug -ines ass n 5 yulyu aseggas n 1962, tkecm-itt Fransa di yulyu n 1830 ass mi tella s ddaw n tecḍat n Turk taɛutumanit. Am wakken i s-yenna Ccix Muḥand u Lḥusin:
- Ikecm-ed Urumi di ṣṣif
Ad iffeɣ s ssif
Di ṣṣif
Qbel lexrif...
Tedda ledzayer abrid yeččur s yisennanen tebda amezruy -ines g wass mi tegred tagrawla n umenzu n wember 1954 deg wedrar n Ores, ymagred ass n tatusant lɛid (adriz) n irumien. refden-tt irgazen d tlawin am Ɛebban Remḍan, Ḥusin At Ḥmed, kolonel Uɛamran, Musṭafa ben Bulɛid, Muḥamed Buḍiaf, Ḥasiba ben Buɛli, Ferḥat ɛebbas, Xiḍer, cadhen ismawen-nsen d ayen i d-fkan i ledzayer.
TarakaltEdit
Tamurt n Dzayer d tamurt tamenzut i meqqren akk ɣef timura n tigrakalin s tajumma ines, d tamurt tis snat i meqqren g timura n umenẓaw n Tafriqt, tesɛa tamurt n Dzayer g tama n wenẓul amur amoqran nu nezruf ismis Sehra. deg ugafa, aṭlas atelli
Tarakalt tadeblantEdit
Twabḍa tamurt n Dzayer i 48 igezda, yal agezdu iggenses aferdis adeblan GGG agraw aɣerfan n ugezdu yetf-itt lwali atisers aselway n tagdudt, yal agezdu yebḍa ɣef asunen, yal asun yebḍa ɣef tiɣiwanin agraw aɣerfan aɣiwani, taɣiwant atefren imanis aselway ines (amɣiwan) Tikelt taneggarut g y tetwabḍa gyes tamurt n Dzayer studebla tella deg useggas n 1985
Tamendawt n Lzzayer fernen-tt idzairiyen g useggas 1963 tebḍa f 48 tigezdeyin:

- ↑ Agafa = north


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Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan zeg imjahden n Arrif imeqqranen. Igga tizemmar d timeqqranin ḥma ad isbedd adaf n Ispunya di Arrif. Netta zeg imezwura i yewton aqerṭas ar mani i yemmut deg imseksiten-nnes i yegga aked Ispunya. Da iggur a nẓer mamec ttuɣa ttwaman Ispunya d Irifiyen lmewt-nnes.
Tamenɣiwt d lmewt di tira tikulunyaliyin
Qbel ma a nessiwel x tmeslayt n lmewt n Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan, ttwaliɣ ila ixess d amezwaru a nessiwel x tira tikulunyaliyin d lxezrat-nnsent ɣer ufinumin n lmewt di Arrif. Raymond Jamous i yeɣrin x ca n tnamitin d leɛwayed i yettilin x umettin zegga ɣa immet. Iydar-d mamec Arifi bac ad yedwel d « Aryaz » ixess tarwa-nnes ad ssemɣaren zeg imeddukal-nnes d iɛdawen-nnes jar sebɛ-yyam d rebɛin-yum. Ixess-asen a x-as ɣasṭaren aṭṭas zeg wagla i dd-ijja bac ad ssemɣaren zi baba-tsen i yemmuten. Jamous yeqqar « Aqqa taryazt d waddur di ddegg-a n ficṭat nɛebbar-itt s mcḥal n lmal i yeqqarsen d mcḥal n imendi d farina immeccen ».
Di min iqqnen ɣer ufinumin n tmenɣiwet, azgen ameqqran n tira tikuluniyalin qqarent belli Arifi itteɛjib-as ad ineɣ. Moulièras iqqar belli « Wer ittif [zeɛma Arifi] mana ḥsen zi min zi min ɣa yegg bac ad yades ɣer Rebbi, mɣir ad ineɣ ca n Urumi. Ar mala wer yufi ca n Urifi zeg Iqelɛiyen ca n uberrani i ɣa ineɣ, nettaf-it ittneqlab x wuma-s Arifi. Ca n isedwal ssawalen zeɛma mamec Arifi mala yesɣa ca n tejwijt d jjdid, ixess ad tt-iqelleb deg wuma-s Arifi bac ad issen ila qa txeddem mliḥ ».
Ma Jacques Dumaine i ttuɣa yellan d llqeb n Robert Montagne i yessiwlen x Arrwina n Arrif, nettaf irni dag-sent d netta issawal x imenɣan d imseksiten x walu. Am umeski n sebɛa iseggusa i yekkren x waydi. Deg ijjen tḥajit-nniḍen s resbab umi ugin ad jjen ijjen tnayen n temɣarin ad adfent ca n ssuq. Din ɛawed Westermack i daneɣ-dd-isɛeddan ijjen « ufuṭu d akarikaturi » x Urifi-nni i yella mala yemlec, wer t-tteḥsiben ca d argaz mala wer inɣi ca n twalat.
Ma David Hart, yettwala belli qa zi lesbab n ddegg-a n tmenɣiwin di Arrif d ikunumi. Minzi netta iqqar ila Arif d ijjen tmurt d tameẓluḍt, ttuɣa wer izemmer ad issecc merra tarwa-nnes s uya ixess x wagdud Arifi ad iwwec kul aseggas imettinen, ḥuma ad neqsen imezdaɣ.
Aqqa newwi-dd manaya sennej x lmewt d tmenɣiwt di Arrif, maci ḥuma a nerr ifeẓ i min nnan ddegg-a i yeɣrin x Arrif. Maca ɣir ḥuma a newwec ijjen ufuṭu x mamec ttwalan inniḍen amun Arifi, i yettwalan nitni ila yettɛic x tmenɣiwt d ijjen arrwina n lebda. S uya, newwi-dd awal x lmewt n Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan bac a dd-nemmel ila qa lmewt di Arrif d ijjen lḥajet-nniḍen bla min ttwalan ikulunyaliyen.
lmewt n Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan, d ubani-nnes am ijjen bnadem ɣer-s akarizma.
Wenni ɣa iɣren i ikulunyaliyen i dd-neydar sennej, ataf bnadem ad as-ittɣil ila lmewt d tmenɣiwt d ijjen ḥajet i yellan nurmal di Arrif. Maca tɣuri-ya txes ad temmel mamec imsurruf wamun Arifi aked lmewt n Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan, ameggaru-ya rrin-tt Irifiyen d ijjen ḥajet tqeddes. Manaya a x-as nessiwel zeg waṭṭas n tɣemriwin, a tent-neydar merra :
Isinaryuten msebḍan x lmewt n Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan
Timeslayin ttuɣa zemmrent ad ilint mamec nniḍen, mli wer yuqiɛ umesksi-nni jar Ameẓẓyan d ca n lɛesker Ispuniya, i ttuɣa yellan ɣir d ca n « arrigularis » d Irifiyen i yeppulsen aked Spaniya. Da kul ijjen mamec issawal x lmewt-nnes.
Bab n udlis n « Mexṭuṭ ddil » i yessiwlen la d netta x tmeslayt-a ta. Iqqar ila Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan yedwel yesɣata s tqebbal n Arrif, ttɛawanent-t, ittemseksi zi twalat ɣer tenniḍen, ar mani i yemmut ad t-irḥem Rebbi deg umenɣi n Yeɣzar n Kert deg Iqelɛiyen. Nɣin-t ca n ibeyyaɛen ixeddmen aked Ispunya. Ksin-t Ispunya ɣer Mlilet bac ad amnen iwdan ila qa immut. Uca ggin ijjen tmeɣra d tameqqrant d nitni ferḥen s lmewt-nnes. Nnan : lux la d ijjen ma izemmer akid-neɣ imseksi di Arrif.
Figueras d Herrera ttɛawaden belli manayenni yemsar ammu : « Zegga i dd-kkren Ispunya bac ad bedden x iraqqen i yeṭṭfen i ttuɣa Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan ixes a x-asen isug. Iraqqen-a nitni d raqq n Ḥeddu Ɛella Uqeddur, Turiya Ḥamedd Ulad Γanem. Zegga ifṭen Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan i usugi-ya ameqqran n Ispunya, yerra s isuraf ɣer deffer di lefjer n wass 15 may 1912. Maca umi lɛesker Aspanyu ila inhezz zik, Ameẓẓyan yufa ixef-nnes wtin x-as ẓeyyar.
Xenni ffɣen-dd ca n imnayen zeg ijjen yeɣzar uca ḍelqen aqerṭas x Ispunya i ten-iẓeyyren kṭer. Manaya yeffeɣ-dd x-as ijjen umseksi d ameqqran deg umenɣi n Kert. Zeg imettinen i ttuɣa din Amɣar bu tɣennant Sidi Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan. Zegga i t-yukez ijjen zeg Irifiyen i yeppulsen, yuzzel isɣuyyu : Ameẓẓyan yemmut… ameẓẓyan yemmut. Ismutti Berenguer tabrat ɣer Mlilet, xenni smuttyen lxecbet-nnes ɣer Mlilet.
Awarni umi fitcaren tiwessaf-nnes mliḥ, wcin lxecbet-nnes i twacunt-nnes i t-imeḍlen di zzawit n Uzɣenɣan. Aselmad Ɛeyyac yeqqar « Umi ifṭen Ccrif Ameẓẓyan ila qa lɛesker-nni d Irifiyen – ttuɣa wer izemmer a kid-sen iseksi niɣ a ten-yanef minzi ila llan s waṭṭas – iraḥ ɣer-sen, ttuɣa ixes akid-sen issiwel, maca ina deɣya nɣin-t bla ma ad as-slen niɣ ad ssnen min iɛna. Zegga fittcaren lxecbet, wwḍen ad ssnen ila qa wenni i nɣin d Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan, uca weyyen-t ɣer Mlilet deɣya bac ad t-fesren i wagdud a t-iẓer ».
Lexbar wis tlata ittawi-t-id ijjen usuḥufi ila ixeddem di ujurnal n « Imparcial » i ttuɣa yellan d asuḥufi weḥḥed-s i yessiwlen x umenɣi n Kert. Netta ila iḥḍar deg uparasyu-nni n tmenɣiwt n Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan. Issawal mamec ijjen zeg Irifiyen ttuɣa isɣuyyu d netta yettlaɣa : Wer ccatet bu aqerṭas, Nec d Ameẓẓyan. Awiyet-ayi ɣer lqayed-nnwen. Maca waxxa amenni lɛesker Ispunya wtin aqerṭas, uca nɣin-t.
Ma s tidet d Ameẓẓyan i yemmuten ?
Ispunya waxxa nɣin Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan maca wer uminen ila nɣin-t. Da yettɛawad Alfredo de Rivera amesqad n ujurnal n « Imparcial »belli ijjen zeg Irifiyen i ikunfirman i Ispuniya ila qa wa immuten s tidet d Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan. Minzi ameggaru-ya ila aɣil-nnes dag-s tiyyita n ssyuf. Wami yuzzel umesqad-nni ɣer Spiṭar yufa ila d Ameẓẓyan s ixef-nnes.
Ma Tamɣart n Ccrif, Lḥajja Ḥelluma, teydar-dd ila qa Taspanyut-nni umi qqaren Maria, i ttuɣa yellan d tanecruft ɣer Umeẓẓyan, d nettat i yukzen, zegga i das-snufslen, Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan di Spiṭar. Di lweqt mani ttuɣa s kulci cekken qa d netta.
Maca Lḥakem Aɛeskri n Mlilet Ajiniral Aldave, wer ireyyiḥ (amec i tetteydar tasɣunt n Espana en sus heroes) ar mani i dd-ilaɣa i mmi-s n ɛziz-s n Ccrif, Muḥemmed Lbaraka d ɛziz-s Ḥemmu ḥuma ad ssnen ila qa d wenni netta i yemmuten s tidet.
Zegga i ifitcaren Ispuniya ila d netta, ig yemmuten. Ggin-as ijjen tenfult zemmen dag-s merra min kid-s ufin, umi fitcaren lxecbet-nnes. Di arrimet n Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan ufin ca n igezzimen n uqerṭas d ca nniḍen ttwaggen s ixedmiyen. Manaya immal-dd belli ispuniya wer msurrufen ca mliḥ aked lxecbet-nnes.
Akulunil Berenguer yenna belli ufin ɣer Umeẓẓyan ijjen ṭṭampu igga ameknaw Duru yura dag-s « Muḥemmed Lmurabeṭ Ameẓẓyan Ccrif llwah wallyih wa ḥafiḍuh » ɣer daxel i tqularit-nnes dag-s « La ilaha illa llah Muḥemmed arrasul llah ». Ufin akid-s ijjen tejwijt n Mauser d ijjen uziyda n Browning d ttesbiḥ d ijjen weqrab n yilem dag-s Lquran d ameẓẓyan.
S lmewt n Ccrif Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan yejj-d ijjen lxawi d ameqqran deg Iqelɛiyen. La d iraqqen i ttuɣa isnufsel wḍan adu ifassen n Ispunya ijjen awerni ijjen. Imjahden ttemseksin jar-asen x wi t ɣa ixelfen. Manaya merra s minzi ttuɣa wer din bu ca n ukarizma i ɣa ixelfen Muḥemmed Ameẓẓyan deg wakud-nni.
Asagem: Racid Yeccuti (Tifraz n Arrif, ut. 39, asb. 12-13).


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Flexions sehhelisehhel tettsehhilem sehhlen ittsehhilen tsehhilemt tetsehhil tsehhilent ttsehhilemt sehhleɣ tettsehhil tsehhlem ttsehhilent tsehhil yetsehhil tetsehhilemt ttsehhil sehhlet yettsehhil tsehhel tettsehhilemt sehhlent tsehhileɣ netsehhil yetsehhilen ttsehhileɣ tsehhleḍ nettsehhil tsehhlemt yettsehhilen tsehhilet itsehhil tsehhilen ttsehhilet sehhlemt ittsehhil nsehhel ttsehhilen isehhlen tetsehhileḍ tetsehhilem itsehhilen sehhel tettsehhileḍ
Sources sehhel
- J.-M. Dallet, Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français (parler des At Mengellat Algérie) , Selaf Paris, 1982