text:
Urigami
Agbur
- 1 Tasmuli n wurigami
- 2 Tabadut n yisem Urigami
- 3 D acu i d Urigami ?
- 4 Amezruy awezlan n tẓuri
- 5 Anekcum
- 6 Afurk Ajapuni
- 7 Aɣernuq n Japun, d azamul n telwit
- 8 Afurk Amuran neɣ Amaziɣ-aspanyuli
- 9 Tabadut n wawal amuran
- 10 Anekcum
- 11 Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ
- 12 Awaqqur amuddur
- 13 Urigami atrar neɣ taleslalit n tẓuri
- 14 Urigami deg tmurt n Lezzayer
- 15 Tallit taqburt
- 16 Tallit tatrart
Tasmuli n wurigami[beddel]
Tabadut n yisem Urigami[beddel]
Urigami d awal i d-yekkan seg tutlayt tajapunit. Yesdukel amyag [oru] = Ḍfes akked yisem [kami] = Akaɣeḍ. Zik, deg tmurt n Japun, ttinin-as i kra yellan d aḍfas : [Urikata neɣ Urigata ] = Taɣara n uḍfas. S tmaziɣt, nesmizeɣ awal ama deg tira ama deg ususru. Nerra [u] deg webdil n [o] acku asekkil ‘’o’’ ur yedda ara akked yilugan n tjerrumt n tutlayt-nneɣ mačči am usekkil ‘’P’’ yufa amḍiq-is . Asekkil ‘’o’’ ur d yemmezg ara akked usekkil ‘’u’’, yettḥaraf-it. Rnu i waya s, yessefk fell-aɣ ad ad nxemmem i usuddem n wawalen nniḍen ara neḥwiǧ sya ɣer sdat. Akka ihi i as-d-nessumer isem n tẓuri-a s tmaziɣt : Urigami. D isem asuf ur yesɛa asegget. Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : wurigami. Asmizzeɣ n yisem n tẓuri isashel-d aslugen-is. Seg neslugen isem n tẓuri, yeldi-d ubrid s asuddem n twacult n wawalen i neḥwaǧ, i yessefken ad ilin deg tutlayt-nneɣ.
D acu i d Urigami ?[beddel]
Ma neɛreḍ ad nesbadu taẓuri-a s yiwet n tefyirt, ad nini : Urigami d taẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Maca ma nebɣa ad negzi d acu i d anamek n tefyirt-a, ad naf Urigami d taẓuri, tesɛa ilugan, amezruy akked tewsatin am akk tiẓuryin yellan deg umaḍal. Tin ɣer-s, d taẓuri ur nesbik ara, tmehhez seg useggas ɣer wayeḍ, aṭas n tɣawsiwin i d-yettnulfun. Ihi, ad neɛreḍ ad nsuk tiṭ ɣer wanda tessaweḍ tmuɣli-nneɣ. S uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, kra ttinin-as daɣen abeṭṭen (awal-a yekka-d seg teɛrabt), nezmer ad d-nesnulfu tiɣawsiwin icebḥen aṭas. Mačči d yiwen n umedya i nezmer ad nawi. Nezmer ad nesnulfu amdan n ukaɣeḍ, aɣersiw, tasafagt, imɣan… tiɣawsiwin akk yesɛan talɣa. Mi ara neḍfes kra, yekfa, taɣawsa-nni, akken tebɣu tili talɣa-as isem-is tamudemt. Deg wansayen n tẓuri, afurk Ajapuni, ladɣa deg wurigami aqbur umi ttinin Urikata, ssemrasen agzam akked tnaṭṭaḍt. Ma d imir-a, deg wurigami atrar, ulac deg-s agzam n ukaɣeḍ neɣ asemlili s tnaṭṭaḍt. Mi ara yili d tamudemt n wurigami azegriran, ggten deg-s yiferdisen i umi nettini : izegriren (azegrir), yessefk fell-aɣ ad nsemlil sin, kraḍ neɣ ugar, nessemlalay-iten s usmikcem neɣ s yiḍefsen. Ma d tanga nessemras d tiferkit n ukaɣeḍ tamkuẓt. Ad greɣ tamawt ɣef talɣa tamkuẓt n tferkit, Seg ufuk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli i d wwin alugen-a akked d kra nniḍen... (Walim ixf III). Akka akka ad naf tamudemt yettwaḍefsen s tferkit yesɛan talɣa tusrimt neɣ talɣa takerdisant, aya yeffeɣ seg yilugan n wurigami Aklasikan. Urigami, d taẓuri i d-yuɣen qrib akk timura n umḍal, ur tessin tilisa n wakal neɣ tid n usnulfu. Yal amdan, yeɣra neɣ ur yeɣri, d ilemẓi neɣ d amɣar, d argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, akken yebɣu yili yezmer ad yelmed taẓuri akken ad yuɣal d ameḍfas neɣ d amurigam. Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, d taẓuri i wallaɣ akked yiḍudan, ad ak-d-teldi tiwwura ɣer tiẓeḍt akked lferḥ n usnulfu. Urigami mačči d taẓuri kan, d turart i usteɛfu, ad yennecṛaḥ yes-s yal yiwen deg-neɣ. D addal i yesleɣmayen allaɣ i wakken ad yelmed amek ara yerr takti d taɣawsa ger ifassen-nneɣ. Urigami ur yeḥwaǧ ara amḍiq n uḍfas am tẓuryin nniḍen, anda teddiḍ tzemreḍ ad tḍefseḍ tiferkit-ik. Maca yelha ma neɛzel-as tiɣmert deg uxxam akken ad neǧǧ deg-s akaɣeḍ akked tmudmin yekfan neɣ ahat tid yellan d asenfar i nettheggi akken ad tent-neḍfes.
Amezruy awezlan n tẓuri[beddel]
Anekcum[beddel]
Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ yennulfa-d deg tmurt n Ccin, ttinin-as : Jiǎnzhǐ (akaɣeḍ ugzim). Awal-a yessegrew aḍfas akked ugzam n ukaɣeḍ. Taẓuri-a, ad yili teḍfer-d anulfu n ukaɣeḍ. Maca iban-aɣ-d tura, amhaz n tẓuri, anda ma ulac, yefka-d sin yifurkan, afurk Ajapuni akked ufurk Amuran neɣ ayen i umi nezmer ad as-nsemmi tura, afurk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli. Armi d lqern iɛeddan, deg iseggasen n 30 i demlalen yifurkan-nni, sakin dduklen, fkan-d Urigami atrar nessen tura s tewsatin-is. Ɣas akken llan yinmezrayen n wurigami, uran ddeqs n yidlisen ɣef umezruy n tẓuri, maca mazal d-tban akk tiwin d-yewwi ufurk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli. Yessefk ad ilin yinadiyen ilqayanen acku, ma yella Ispanyuliyen yufrar-d uttekki-nsen deg umhaz n tẓuri, ass-a, uɣalen d aɣerbaz am nitni am Yijapuniyen, aḥric d-wwin Yimaziɣen mazal-it yedreg. Mazal aṭas n tuttriwin i yeḥwaǧen tiririt. Ur yella ara deg yiswi-nneɣ, deg wedlis-a, ad nerr s telqey i yiseqsiyen akk yellan, maca ad neɛreḍ ad nefk kra n tektiwin ara inefɛen inadiyen i d-iteddun. Acku seg tama, wa d adlis n tectelt, seg tama nniḍen, xuṣṣen aṭas n yisallen deg taɣult-a. Yessefk daɣen ad nini, aseɣnew n tewsatin n wurigami yebḍa ɣef kraḍ (3). Tella tiwin d-yewwi ufurk Ajapuni, tella tin d-yewwi ufurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli akked d wayen d-tewwi tallit tartar ideg ttekkan aṭas iɣerfan amedya n yimarikaniyen, ifransisen… Afurk Ajapuni seg-s i d-newwin Urikata (urigami ansayan), Sukudama (Urigami akuran), Urigami azegriran. Riɣ ad greɣ yiwet n tamawt ɣef wurigami azegriran, ɣas akken ilul-d deg tmurt n Japun, maca asetrer-is yeḍra-d deg tallit tatrar ideg kkin aṭas iɣerfan. Tiwin d-wwin yimaziɣen akked yispanyuliyen, d tawsit ideg ara naf cwiṭ seg tewsit tamadwan akked cwiṭ seg tewsit taddayan asmi llan deg tandalust, Spanya n wass-a. Tiwin n tallit tatrat tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen. Asetrer n tewsatin tiqburin amedya n wurigami amadwan, urigami azegriran… akked useɣnew n tewsatin timaynutin amedya n wurigami temsafga, urigami n tusnakt, urigami aẓuran…
Afurk Ajapuni[beddel]
Deg useggas 610 i yekcem ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmurt n Japun. Imir-nni ahat i tedda turart n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, deg tallit-nni mazal tuɣal d taẓuri. D ineḍfaren n Tbudit i yewwin akaɣeḍ akked uḍfas-is seg tmurt n Ccin, yedda-d akked unekcum n Tbudit ɣer tmurt n Japun. D ijapuniyen i yefkan isem i tẓuri n wurigami. Kkin deg uslugen n tẓuri armi tuɣal turart n uḍfas i yes-s dehhun d taẓuri. Seg yewweḍ ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmurt i tebda turart tettak aẓar, llan ttinin-as Urikata. D acu kan deg tallit-nni ɣlay ukaɣeḍ, mačči menwala yezmer ad t-yekseb. Acku akaɣeḍ d taɣawsa ɣlayen, ḍefsen yes-s ibudiyen kra n tmudmin, ttafken-tent d asefk i Yuc-nsen Buda. Ttafken daɣen yemdanen tamudemt d asefk deg umenzu n useggas neɣ deg tmeɣriwin, i yesli akked teslit.
Zik, aselmed yella s wawal kan, tettafk-it yemma-s i yelli-s. D imi kan i d allal n tẓuri, ur yelli wacu yuran deg ukaɣeḍ. Aḍris amezwaru deg umḍal i d yemmeslayen ɣef tẓuri n uḍfas d asefru awezlan seg wammud n yisefra n Ihara Saikaku i d-iẓergen deg useggas 1680. Deg usefru-nni ad naf iglem-d umedyaz yiwet n targit yeččuren d iferṭeṭṭa n ukaɣeḍ. Adlis-a d abdar kan i d-yebder taẓuri n Wurikata (urigami ansayan n yijapuniyen). Armi d aseggas n 1764 i d-yeẓreg udlis nniḍen, tikkelt-a asentel-is yettmeslayed ɣef uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, azwel-is: Ijellilen d tkerrusin «Hoketsuk». D adlis n Wurikata, deg tallit-nni akka i d as-ttinin i turart n uḍfas. Sakin ɣenwen-d isem n wurigami. Isem-a ur yelli d aqbur, iɣnew-d deg yiseggasen n 1880. Ijellilen d tkerrusin «Hoketsuki», d adlis yura Ise Sadataki, ad naf deg-s timudmin amedya n ujellil i yes-s ttɣummun tiɛenjayin, isefken… Tikwal ḍefsen akaɣeḍ amellal ideg yella usefru neɣ izen yuran akken ad t-cegɛen am tebrat… Muqlem tawlaft n udlis, uṭṭun sin (2). Deg tallit-nni Urikata (aḍfas ansayan) yella ssemrasen-t s tin n leḥdaqa mi ara budden neɣ ttqadaren amdan. Ssemrasen-t daɣen i udlag n tɣawsiwin. Taẓuri n Urikata ur ḍefsen ara timudmin am tid n tura, s umata, ala ajellil n usefk neɣ n leqlul amedya n teqrat n Ṣaki. Sakin, yeffeɣ-d
udlis nniḍen yura Rokoan Gido deg useggas 1797, azwel-is: Lbaḍna n uḍfas n ugim (1000) n yiɣernuqen «Senbazuru Orikata». Muqlem Tiwlifin uṭṭun Kraḍ (3). Nezmer ad nini d wa i d adlis amezwaru n tidet n tẓuri n wurigami imi seg tama asentel-is akk yettmeslay-d ḥala ɣef tẓuri n wurigami. Seg tama nniḍen, llan deg-s uzenziɣ n wamek ara neḍfes tamudemt n uɣernuq n ukaɣeḍ. izenziɣen-nni i d-yeddan deg udlis, nezmer ad nini fell-asen d nitni i d ababat n umeskan.
Terna teffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1845 yiwet n tsanayt i d-yesgerwen ansayen akked tẓuryin n Japun. Ddan-d deg-s akk timudmin tiqburin i d-yegran deg yidles Ajapuni. Llan deg-s azal n 40 tmudmin s wunuɣen-nsent. Azwel n tsanayt-a d wa : Tamusni rqiqen am tafat i d-ikecmen seg ṭṭaq deg tegrest «Ken no mado».
Ger wurigami atrar d wurikata, taẓuri n ujellil neɣ tansayant n Japun, mačči kifkif-iten. Zik, llan ssemrasen yiwen n ukaɣeḍ yettwaxeddmen s ufus, sawalen-as waci (washi) Mi ara ḍefsen yimeḍfasen n tallit-nni akaɣeḍ, ur yewzin ara uḍefs-nsen am win n wid n tura. Acku seg tama, akaɣeḍ ala winna i yellan yerna ur qeṭben ara yiḍefsen-is. Seg tama nniḍen, ur tellugen ara tẓuri am wakka tellugen tura. Rnu i waya, llan gezmen akaɣeḍ, ssenṭaḍen-t s usenṭaḍ. Armi d-yekcem lqern wis 20 i tellugen tẓuri s ilugan iɣef msefhamen akk yimurigamen n umḍal s tɣara tunṣibt, ilul-d wurigami atrar s tewsatin-is yemmeẓlen.
Aɣernuq n Japun, d azamul n telwit[beddel]
Aɣernuq yesɛa azal ameqqran deg yidles Ajapuni. D agḍiḍ imqeddes di tmuɣli n uɣref Ajapuni. Ttalsen-d yiwet n tenfust i d-yettinin aya : Win ara iḍefsen agim (1000) n yiɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ ad yaweḍ s ayen yessarem. Ma yuḍen umdan ad yejji, ma iḥemmel ad yaweḍ lebɣi-is… D azamul n telwit ɣur yimurigamen n umḍal i lmend n yiwet n tedyant yeḍran di tmurt n Japun. Ta d tadyant n Sadako Sasaki. D yiwet n tegrudt tajapunit d ilulen ass n 7 yennayer 1943, temmut deg wass n 25 Tuber 1955 nettat di leɛmer-is mraw sin (12) yiseggasen. Yenɣa-tt waṭan d-yekkan seg uṭerḍeq n lbumba n ubelkin deg temdint n Hiroshima, Japun. Tella tezdeɣ Sadako di twennaḍt n wemḍiq ideg teḍra taluft-nni, azal n sin yigima (2000) n yimitren, d aya. Deg tallit-nni, tesɛa deg leɛmer-is sin iseggasen. Imir-nni tezgel-itt tmettant. Tedder Sadako ur d-iban fell-as waccemma armi d aseggas n 1954, tuḍen, tekcem ɣer sbiṭar. D tameddakelt-is i as-yemlan tanfust n uḍfas n wagim n yiɣernuq n ukaɣeḍ. Dɣa tebda aḍfas n yiɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ, tɣil mi ara tessiweḍ agim (1000), ad tt-ɛawnen iyucen akken ad tejji. Teḍfes 644 n yiɣernuqen temmut. Tɣaḍ akk imeddukal-is n uɣerbaz, kren kemlen aḍfas n yiɣernuqen-nni armi ssawḍen agim (1000). Sakin jemɛen-as-d idrimen s ɣur yibalmuden n yiɣerbazen akk n tmurt n Japun. Bnan-as asebdad. Sreqten-tt-id nettat teṭṭef aɣernuq n ureɣ. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun Ukuẓ (4), semmus (5) akked seddis (6). S azadur n usebdad, ad naf urant tefyirin-a:
Ta d tiɣwist-nneɣ Ta d taẓallit-nneɣ Akken ad nebnu talwit deg umḍal.
Yal aseggas, igurdan akk n umḍal ḍefsen iɣernuqen, ttaznen-ten ɣer temdint n Hiroshima. iɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ yettawḍen ɣer din, srusun-ten akk sdat n usebdad. Akka i yuɣal uɣernuq n ukaɣeḍ, ɣur yimurigamen n umḍal, d azamul agraɣlan n telwit. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun Sa (7) akked Tam(8), aɣernuq amuddur akked win n ukaɣeḍ.
Afurk Amuran neɣ Amaziɣ-aspanyuli[beddel]
Tabadut n wawal amuran[beddel]
Amuran, s tutlayt tafransist ttarun-t akk Mauresque, d arbib yesɛan amalay akked wunti. Nettaru amalay-is akka : Amuran (imuranen). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Umuran, yimuranen. Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurant (timuranin). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Tmurant (tmuranin). Amuran d awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amuri yesɛan ula d netta amalay akked wunti. Asegget-is nettaru-t akka : imuriyen. Mi ara ten-sers deg waddad amaruz, ad ten-naru akka : Umuri (yimuriyen). Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurit (Timuriwin). D awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amur. Amur, anamek-is d akal, d ayla, d aḥric… Nettini : Wa d amur-iw, d ayla-w, d aḥric-iw…” Mi ara ad as-nernu ‘’t’’ n wunti yettuɣal akka : t + amur + t = tamurt” . Zik timetti-nneɣ, am akk timttiwin n yiɣerfan n umḍal, tella tebḍa ɣef sin. Llan wid i umi nettini Imuriyen (at Umur, wid yesɛan amur n wakal), d imdanen yedren deg yiwen n umḍiq. Ttidiren yimuriyen deg tiɣremt, bennun ixxamen-nsen s weẓru, xedmen tafellaḥt… ‘’Kkan-d seg teqbilt n Yibranissen, d taqbilt tameqrant” . Llan daɣen wid i umi ttinin Imaziɣen, d imdanen ilelliyen yedren deg ugar n yiwen umḍiq, leḥḥun seg temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. S umata, Imuriyen dren deg ugafa n tmazɣa, ma d Imaziɣen deg unẓul. Igelliden amedya n Gaya, Masensen, Sifaks, Yuba amezwaru, Yuba wis sin… d Imuriyen. Takfarinas… d Amaziɣ. Tura d isem Amaziɣ i newwi d isem-nneɣ, ad yili ahat imi anamek-is d tilelli… Akka i d amdan, yezga yettnadi ɣef wayen i t-ixuṣṣen.
Anekcum[beddel]
Am waken xedmen Ijapuniyen i xedmen lejdud-nneɣ imuriyen (imaziɣen ass-a), wwin-d taẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ s ɣur Iciniyen. Tedda-d tẓuri-a akked unekcum n ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmazɣa ahat deg lqern wis X. Mačči s ɣur ijapuniyen i tt-id-newwi, acku ur nufa ara deg umezruy yella wassaɣ ger Imuriyen akked Yijapuniyen. Sakin, deg lqern wis XI, nessekcem akaɣeḍ ɣer Yurup. Ad yili deg tallit-nni i negla ula s tẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Tawsit i d-snulfan imuriyen deg-s cwiṭ n wayen i umi nettini tura deg tallit tatrat urigami amadwan akked cwiṭ seg wurigami addayan. S umata d timudmin tinzegganin, acku deg tallit-nni yella yettwagdel usgudem n wemdan neɣ aɣersiw. D wa i umi nettini : Urigami ansayan n yimuriyen neɣ urigami amuran. Ttbut n waya d tamudemt n ugḍiḍ i umi nettini ‘’awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ’’ yesɛan deg leɛmer-is anda ma ulac VII leqrun. Tamudemt-a, d ttbut n tilin n wemhaz n tẓuri yemmeẓlen d wwin n yijapuniyen. Llan kra ssawḍen armi d-nnan, ula d aseɣnew n tẓuri n uḍfas mačči deg Ccin i d-teḍra maca deg sin imeḍqan, Tandalust (Spanya) akked Japun. Ma nwala s “Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ”, ad naf seg-s i d-wwin ilugan i ɣef yebna tura wurigami atrar. Nezmer ad nini, war ma ikukra umdan, amhaz n tẓuri n wurigami, anda ma ulac, yeḍfer sin iberdan. Agḍiḍ-a taferkit-is d tamkuẓt, ulac deg-s agzam n ukaɣeḍ, ulac deg-s asenṭeḍ s usenṭaḍ am waken yella deg wurigami ansayan n yijapuniyen. D imenzayen n wurigami ansayan n yimuriyen neɣ afurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli, i yewwi ass-a wurigami atrar. Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ d tamudemt tatrart ɣas akken leɛmer-is, am waken i d-nenna usawen, azal n VII leqrun aya seg wasmi tt-d-snulfan. Aṭas n tɣemmar seg tmeddurt n tẓuri n wurigami iɣer mazal tewwiḍ tafat n umezruy akken yiwen wass ad iban wayen idergen.
Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ[beddel]
Anwa i d amesnulfu n uwaqqur n ukaɣeḍ ? Ulac adlis i d yemmeslayen fell-as, ulac ttbut ala netta s timmad-is. Ayen i tebten, snulfan-t-id deg Tandalust, Spanya n wass-a, ahat ger lqern wis XI akked wis XIII. Tamudemt-a isem-is s tespenyulit ’’Pajirita’’ (agḍiḍ ameẓyan). Ifransisen ttinin-as ‘’la cocotte’’ (tayaziḍt). Ma d nekni nettini-as : Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ. Deg kra imeḍqan n tmurt n yiqbayliyen yemmeẓli ususru-s n yisem n uwaqqur, kra ttinin-as : Aqqur neɣ aqqer. Ma neɛreḍ ad neṣleḍ tamudemt-a, ad naf deg-s kra iberdan i izemren ad aɣ-ssiwḍen ɣer bab-is neɣ amesnulfu-s. Amurigam i d yesnulfan awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ mačči kan d amdan iḥemmlen aḍfas, nezmer ad nini fell-as d anazbay. Acku deg tallit-nni, anaẓur-a yella yesɛa nnig uqerruy-is ugdilen n tesɣent (Ddin). Asgudem n uɣersiw neɣ n umdan s uẓru, s usɣar, s urekti n taleɣt neɣ s ukaɣeḍ yettwagdel deg tallit-nni. Ɣas akken, yeṭṭef taɣennant, ur yebra ara i uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Ɣef waya i nezmer ad nini deg tazwara, amesnulfu n tmudemt-a d ineslem mačči d aɛebri, mačči d amasiḥi. Tin ɣer-s, d ineslem menwala, lemmer yella d uẓmik ur yettili d anaẓur. D mmis n uɣref acku wid i ḥekmen ur d-lhin ara d uḍfas, ssemrasen akaɣeḍ i tɣawsiwin nniḍen. Walim ukessar-a tawlaft uṭṭun Tza (9), d wa i umi nettini awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ.
Abrid nniḍen, ad aɣ-yawi s imuriyen acku ulac later n tira. Aɣref amaẓiɣ deg tallit-nni, s umata d atlay. Win d-yesnulfan Awaqqur-a, lemmer d amdan ur nelli d amaziɣ, talli ahat ad naf idlisen ɣef wurigami yuran s tutlayt taɛrabt neɣ ahat s tutlayt taspanyulit. Ulac din ccek lemmer ad yili unadi deg umezruy n tẓuri-a, aṭas n tɣawsiwin ara naf zemrent ad aɣ-swehment. Tura, rran Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ d azamul n yimurigamen n Yurup. Maca ɣur-neɣ, d azamul i yekkan nnig tẓuri s timmad-is, d azamul n tlelli akked uzbu. Tura ad neɛreḍ ad wali acuɣer i yuɣal uwaqqur d azamul. Ɣur Iyurupiyen yuɣal d azamul n yimurigamen-nsen acku d tamudemt i d-ilulen deg tmurt n Spanya yellan am wakken teẓram akk deg Yurup. Azamul-a (Awaqqur), nettalas deg-s ula d nekni, maca yemmeẓli unamek i as-nefka. Tamezwarut, ilul-d s yiwet n tmuɣli neɣ deg yiwet n tallit n uzbu mgal n wugdilen n tesɣent am wakken i t-id-nenna usawen. Ɣas akken deg tallit-nni ideg yedder unaẓur, lihala tella teẓmek, maca yufa-d abrid anseg yekka. Seg tama, yessemneɛ aqerruy-is seg tmettant imi awaqqur yeḍfes ur yesɛa ara udem n ugḍiḍ, qrib ur iban d acu-t, ad as-tiniḍ d udem anzeggan, d aya. Seg tama nniḍen, ur yeḥbis ara aḍfas akked usnulfu n tmudmin. Yezger i tlilisa am tmilla, yekka nnig n tmuɣli n yemdanen n tallit-nni, d amdan bu tektiwin tilelliyin. Tamudemt-a isem-is awaqqur acku d tajmil i nerra i unaẓu i tt-id-isnulfan. Am waken teẓram, awaqqur amuddur d azamul n tlelli acku ur iqebbel ara tameddurt deg lqebṣ. Akken ara yeqqim, ur itečč ur ites alamma yemmut. Isenyaf tamettant wala tameddurt deg lqebṣ am unamek i nefka i umaziɣ. Rnu i waya, Awaqqur d anaẓur n uẓawan, d amẓawen ameqran, mačči yiwet n taɣect i yesɛa. Mi ara as-tesleḍ, ad as-tiniḍ d tasanfunit n Bethoven. D azamul n uzbu i lmend n tmeddurt yedder unaẓur i t-id-yesnulfan. Rnu i waya, Awaqqur, s umata icennu s umata deg yiḍ. Amzun akken yebɣa ad yini, ɣas akken tebrek n yiḍ, nezmer ad nesnulfu, ad nesseɣnew tiɣawsiwin icebḥen aṭas, yesɛan azal...
Awaqqur amuddur[beddel]
Awaqqur amuddur d agḍiḍ yettinigen seg tmurt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tamurt ideg yettɣim akk aseggas. Yettaweḍ-d ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer deg tefsut, yettuɣal deg taggara n unebdu. Učči n uwaqqur amuddur d ibeɛɛac amedya n tweḍfin. Ibennu lɛec-is qrib s aswir n tqaɛet tikwal srid ɣef dqaɛet deg yimeḍqan idergen i tmuɣli. Yettarew s umata azal n wukuẓ (4) neɣ semmus (5) n tmellalin. Yesɛa deg lqed-is azal n 16 isantimitren. Ma nket iferrawen-is deg sin (2) mi ara ldin, nettaf-iten sɛan ger 22 ar 24 isantimitren. Taẓeyt : 18 ar 27 n yigramen. Ma d tameddurt-nsen tettaweḍ ɣer 6 iseggasen. Awaqqur deg tsekla s umata yettban-d amzun akken d agḍiḍ iḥeznen. Wissen ahat imi s umata icennu deg yiḍ. Deg tmetti, ttaken-t d amedya. Ttinin-as i win neɣ tin yesɛan taɣect ilhan, yesɛa taɣect n uwaqqur.
Urigami atrar neɣ taleslalit n tẓuri[beddel]
Deg yiseggasen-nni n 1930 akked 1940 i bdan yettemlili ufurk Ajapuni akked ufurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli. Sakin tqelleɛ tleslalit n tẓuri n Wurigami deg umḍal, niqal tesbek am akken i tt-id-ǧǧan d leqrun aya i teqqim. D amurigam Uchiyama Koko i d ababat n wurigami atrar. Deg iseggasen 1930 i d-ḍran inadiyen imezwura ɣef yizaduren. Yesnulfa-d daɣen timudmin timaynuten, iḍfes-d tijeǧǧigin. D netta daɣen i d amezwaru i isetnen izerfan-is n umeskar, yefka azal i wayen d-yesnulfa, yestenya-t. Acku zik ur ttestenyin ara tamudemt mi ara tt-id-snulfun, tettɣimi akken war isem. Sakin ḍefren-t-id tsutwin n yinaẓuren nniḍen, yal wa d acu i d-yewwi d amaynut i tẓuri n wurigami. Amedya n Yoshizawa Akira i d-iẓergen 18 yidlisen ideg ara naf akk timudmin-nni d timaynutin. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun mraw kraḍ (13), Mass Akira akked tmudmin i d-yesnulfa netta s timmad-is. Deg useggas 1950, d Akira Yoshizawa (Ajapuni) akked Sam Randlett (Amarikani) i d-yesnulfan izamulen n tɣuri ssemrasen tura akk yimurigamen n umḍal. Slugnen ameskan, yuɣal yeshel uglam akked tɣuri n yiḍefsen n tmudmin. Anagraw-a ttinin-as tura : Anagraw Yoshizawa-Randlett. Tameẓla yellan ger urigami ansayan d utrar mmalen-ten-id kra tɣawsiwin. Amedya amezwaru d aslugen n tẓuri. Yiwen umenzay seg yimenzayen n uzadur n urigami atrar yettini-d : Timudmin akk ara d-yesnulfu umurigam yessefk ad ilint seg tferkit tamkuẓt. Ad tettwaḍfes tferkit war agzam neɣ asenṭeḍ n ukaɣeḍ s usenṭaḍ. Asnulfu n umeskan yessegrawel taẓuri. Acku asemres n umeskan yettalel amurigam akken ad yales i tmudemt akken tella mačči s ugacu. Yettḍafar umurigam n wassa ameskan ideg ara yaf akk isallen i yes-s ara yeḍfes tamudemt. Asnulfu n tmudmin timaynutin teldi tawwurt i useɣnew n tewsatin nniḍen amedya n wurigami aẓuran, urigami addayan, urigami n tusnakt… Assa, urigami yefrek d tiwsatin. Taẓuri, tura tesɛa ilugan ibanen, yettwasnen. Di tazwara d tiziknin tigraɣlanin kan i yessawḍen taẓuri n wurigami ad tt-issinen ugar n yemdanen. Tura rnan-d wallalen nniḍen amedya n Anternet, idlisen, tiliẓri akked yisalalen nniḍen, ssawḍen taẓuri ɣer qrib akk timura n umaḍal.
Urigami deg tmurt n Lezzayer[beddel]
Tallit taqburt[beddel]
Da ɣur-neɣ nessen seg wacḥal aya d acu i d Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Anwa deg-neɣ ur neḍfes tasafagt, tasebbaḥrut neɣ ahat aɣerrabu ? Anwa ur neḍfis tacacit s ukaɣeḍ n uɣmis deg uzal akken ad yesdari aqerruy-is seg ḥamu n yiṭij?… Aya akk d taẓuri n wurigami, aya akk yesɛa amezruy. Taswiɛt-a ulac inadiyen ara aɣ-d-yemmel amek teḍra, amek temhez tẓuri seg tallit-nni tandalusant ɣer tallit i deg d-tekcem Fransa ɣer tmurt n lezzayer. D tallit taberkant yeḥwaǧen tafat. Deg taggara n lqern wis XIX, asmi d-yewweḍ uɣerbaz agdudan ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer i d-yegla s tẓuri n wurigami. D tisutwin n yigurdan i yellan ḍefsen akaɣeḍ. Grant-d kra n tmudmin mazal cfan fell-asent medden amedya n uɣerrabu, tasafagt, aqerru n umcic…
Tallit tatrart[beddel]
Seg tewwi tmurt n Lezzayer timmunent-is, tebda tẓuri n wurigami la d-tettefeɣ seg uɣerbaz cwiṭ cwiṭ armi truḥ tenger. Grant-d kra n tmudmin tiqburin d cfaya ɣur wid yeɣran yakan deg uɣerbaz afransis. Maca, ɣer taggara-a, s Anternet, anekcum n kra n yedlisen n tẓuri, s tutlayt tafransist, ɣer tnedlisin n tmurt-nneɣ akked uẓrag n yedlisen s tutlayt tamaziɣt, nezmer ad nini tqelleɛ tleslalit n tẓuri n wurigami.


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text: Kabyle(i) 1 Leɛqed amezwaru yesɛa leqwanen yesɛan daɣen amkan anda ɛebbden Ṛebbi. 2 Axaṭer sbedden yiwen uqiḍun n temlilit i deg llan sin imukan : Deg umkan amezwaru yețțusemman amkan iqedsen, yella lmeṣbeḥ akk-d ṭṭabla anda yețrusu weɣṛum yețțunefken d lweɛda. 3 Deg umkan-agi iqedsen yella yiwen n leḥjab ifeṛqen amkan iqedsen d umkan iqedsen nezzeh, 4 tella dinna lḥila n ddheb i deg sseṛɣayen lebxuṛ akk-d usenduq n leɛqed iṛuccen s ddheb. Zdaxel n usenduq-agi yella uɛekkaz-nni n Haṛun yeǧǧuǧgen, illa daɣen aqbuc iččuṛen ț-țamanna akk-d teblaḍin i deg uran lumuṛat n Sidi Ṛebbi. 5 Sufella n usenduq-agi rsent snat n lmeṣnuɛat imetlen lmalayekkat, ɣumment s tili n wafriwen-nsent amkan-nni i țṛuccun s idammen n iseflawen i leɛfu n ddnubat. Mačči tura i d lweqt i deg ara d-nemmeslay ɣef wayagi meṛṛa. 6 Akka i gers kullec deg wemkan-agi iqedsen, lmuqedmin keččmen ɣuṛ-es mkul lweqt iwakken ad xedmen ccɣel-nsen; 7 ma d amkan iqedsen nezzeh, anagar lmuqeddem ameqqran i gkeččmen ɣuṛ-es yiwet n tikkelt i useggas, iwakken ad iqeddem idammen n iseflawen ɣef ddemma n ddnubat-is akk-d wid n wegdud. 8 Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen issefhem-aɣ-d belli ulac abrid ɣer wemkan iqedsen nezzeh skud mazal aqiḍun n temlilit. 9 Ayagi yella d lemtel i lweqt-agi i deg nella; lewɛadi d iseflawen i țțaken medden i Sidi Ṛebbi ur zmiren ara ad ssiwḍen ɣer ṣṣfa n wul. 10 D ayen yeɛnan kan lɛaddat n ccariɛa ɣef wučči ț-țissit akk-d luḍu; lɛaddat-agi llant-ed d lemtel kan armi d asmi yerra Sidi Ṛebbi kullec d ajdid. 11 Lmasiḥ yusa-d d lmuqeddem ameqqran n lxiṛ i d-iteddun, yezger i wemkan iqedsen yugaren kra n wayen yebna wemdan, yesɛan azal meqqṛen, ur nelli ara n ddunit-agi. 12 Yekcem yiwet n tikkelt kan ɣer wemkan iqedsen nezzeh, mačči d idammen n iɛejmiyen neɣ n iqelwacen i gewwi yid-es lameɛna d idammen-is nețța, s wannect-a i ɣ-d-yefda i dayem. 13 Axaṭer ma yella idammen n iɛejmiyen d iqelwacen akk-d yiɣed n tgenduzt yeṛɣan d asfel țṣeffin lǧețța n wid idenben m'ara ten ṛuccen yis-sen, 14 amek ur aɣ-țṣeffin ara idammen n Lmasiḥ yefkan iman-is i Ṛebbi d asfel s tezmert n Ṛṛuḥ n dayem, nețța ur nesɛi lɛib ? Amek ur yessizdig ara ulawen-nneɣ si lecɣal ur nemɛin yețțawin ɣer lmut iwakken a nuɣal d iqeddacen n Sidi Ṛebbi yeddren. 15 ?ef wannect-agi i gella d amcafeɛ gar-aɣ d Ṛebbi s leɛqed agi ajdid, iwakken wid iwumi d-yessawel Sidi Ṛebbi ad weṛten lxiṛat n dayem i sen-yewɛed. Zemren ad weṛten ayagi s lmut-is i d-yedṛan, lmut-is i gtekksen ɣef yemdanen ddnubat-nsen n wasmi i llan seddaw n leɛqed amezwaru. 16 Ma yella walebɛaḍ yeǧǧa-d lewṣaya weqbel ad yemmet akken ad feṛqen ayla-s, ilaq ad aṛǧun alamma yemmut. 17 Lewṣaya-agi ur tṣeḥḥa ara ma yella mazal bab-is yedder lameɛna m'ara yemmet aț-țuɣal tṣeḥḥa. 18 Daymi leɛqed amezwaru daɣen yebda s tazzla n idammen. 19 Ula d Sidna Musa mi i d-yeɣṛa lumuṛ akken llan di Tawṛat, yeddem-ed taciṭa akk-d taḍuṭ tazeggaɣt, yebbeɣ-iten deg idammen n iɛejmiyen d iqelwacen akk-d waman, iṛucc yis-sen taktabt iqedsen akk-d wegdud meṛṛa, 20 yenna : Wigi d idammen n leɛqed i gesbedd Sidi Ṛebbi yid-wen. 21 Iṛucc daɣen s idammen-nni aqiḍun akk-d wayen yellan deg-s. 22 Axaṭer ccariɛa teqqaṛ-ed kullec ad yeṣfu s idammen, ulac leɛfu mbla tazzla n idammen. 23 Imi ayagi akk i gmetlen ayen yellan deg igenwan ilaq ad ițwaṣeffi s idammen n iseflawen, ula d ayen yellan deg igenwan ilaq ad ițwaṣeffi s idammen n wesfel yifen iseflawen imezwura. 24 Axaṭer Lmasiḥ ur yekcim ara ɣer wemkan iqedsen i bnan ifasen n yemdanen, yellan d lemtel n win n tideț, meɛna yuli ɣer igenni anda yella tura d amcafeɛ-nneɣ zdat Sidi Ṛebbi. 25 Lmuqeddem ameqqran ikeččem mkul aseggas ɣer wemkan iqedsen nezzeh, iwakken ad iqeddem idammen n lmal, ma d Lmasiḥ ur ikcim ara iwakken ad isebbel iman-is aṭas n tikkal; 26 neɣ m'ulac, yili yeɛteb aṭas n iberdan seg wasmi i d-texleq ddunit. Lameɛna yusa-d di zzman-agi aneggaru yiwet n tikkelt kan, isebbel iman-is d asfel iwakken ad ikkes ddnub. 27 Lmut tețțawi imdanen yiwet n tikkelt kan imiren a d-yili lḥisab. 28 Ula d Lmasiḥ yefka iman-is yiwet n tikkelt kan iwakken ad iɛebbi ddnubat n waṭas n yemdanen, a d yuɣal tikkelt tis snat, mačči iwakken ad yekkes daɣen ddnubat n yemdanen meɛna iwakken ad isellek wid i t-yețṛaǧun

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


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Talɣa:BUtazzwara
Aseqdec[beddel | edit source]
Jemmel aṭas tinuka umseqdac daxel yiwet tagejdit kan.
Sakin nezmer an sexdem tinuka umseqdac s iɣewwaren.
Taseddast[beddel | edit source]
{{BUtazzwara | aderrec = | tama = | iniider = | iniiri = | extra-css = | iniaḍris = | aḍris = }} [tinuka umseqdac] {{BUtaggara}}
Iɣewwaren[beddel | edit source]
Akk iɣewwaren llan d ixetṛanen.
Ma tanaka umseqdac taneggarut ur tsexdem ara talɣa {{BUtilisateur}}, {{BUtaggara}} ur yesɛa ara lfayda.
Ilaq ad ssersed tinuka umseqdac s iɣewwaren ar taggara n taflewit, ma ulac at ili tajeṛṛiḍt taṭuṭaḥt tamellalt.
Zemret ad sexdemed ddaw-igrawen s {{BUbreak}}. Ẓeṛ talɣa agi.
Ffer talɣa agi[beddel | edit source]
Zemret ad ffered tinuka umseqdac i sexdemen aɣanib agi n talɣa s ubeddel n monobook.css dɣa s timerniwt n ungal agi :
.ModeleBU { display: none; }


text: Song: manasu rendum Film: kAdhal koNdEn Notes: s r2 g2 m1 p d1 n2 S manasu rendum paarkka p p n n p n nS kaNgaL rendum theenda p n n p n nS udhadu rendum urasa pp n n p nn nS kaadhal veLLam ingu ponguthey n d2 d2 m m m mp d mp narambil oru nadhi paayuthey idhu enna vaetkai p n n dp p p pd m mp pn n d pdm mp kaadhal vali udal kaayuthey idhu enna vaazhkkai pn n d p pp pd m mp pn n d pd pm oru paarvaiyil oru vaarthaiyil GG RG M RG GG RG M RG oru theendalil naan meendum piRappaenae GG RG M RG G R R R R RG G (manasu rendum...) Stanza 1: kaadhal sarugaana pinbu moagam vandhaalae saabam s n n n n n d2 n s n n n S d2 n kaNNil muL vaithu moodi thoonga sonnaalae paavam s n n n n d2 n s n n n S d2 n un maarbil vazhigindra neer aLLi s s n n n n S d2 n S marundhu poala kudippaen G R1 S S S S S S en piththam konjam thaNippaen nS GR1 S S S S S Sn un paadha suvadukkuL nS GR1 S S S S S suruNdu vizhundhu maRippaen G R1 S S S S S S Sn udal seeRuthey niRam maaRuthey GG RG M RG G G RG M RG vali yaeRuthey idhu enna kalavaramoa G G RG M RG GR R R R R R G G (manasu rendum...) nilavin oLiyil alaigaL eriyuma g3m mp pp p nd p pp p p alaiyin vaedhanai nilavu aRiyuma g3m m p p p n d p pp p p vaedhanaigaL nenjil sugama engum paravudhadee nS n d p p p p n d p m g3m p d p udalae udalae uRandhu poaividu g3m mp pp p nd p p p p manamae manamae iRandhu poaividu g3m mp p p p nd p p p p paadhaiyilae siRu kallaai ennai kidakka vidu nS n d p p p p nd p m g3m p d p un paarvaiyil ennai kondruvidu peNNae sn. s r1 n. s s s s r1n. s s un koondhalil ennai pudhaithu vidu peNNae sn. s r1 n. s s s s s r1n. s s un paarvaiyil ennai kondruvidu peNNae n S R1 n S S S S R1n S S koondhalil ennai pudhaithu vidu peNNae n S d2 n n n n n S d2 n n kolvadhaRku munnae oru muththamidu peNNae d d n p d d dd d d n p d d adhai maRakkaadhey... pm g3m pd p oru paarvaiyil oru vaarthaiyil oru theendalil naan meendum piRappaenae (manasu rendum...)


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Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt
Dagi i nettemmeslay ɣef Wikipedia.
Taɣuri n tisunḍiwin yenṣeḥ aṭas aṭas i imesqedcen imaynuten.
Tisunḍiwin
Iwakken ad erreḍ awal i izen, senned ɣef uzday « beddel » ar uyeffus n uzwel n yal tigezmi. Qader asiẓi. Zmel iznan inek/inem. Iwakken ad rnuḍ izen, llan sin izdayen « rnu izen », s-ufella d swadda. Ma ur tfehmeḍ ara yiwen awal, tzemreḍ ad lmedeḍ anamek ines deg Tallalt:Jargon n Wikipedia.
Am deg akkw asmel, ur ilaq ara ad rregmeḍ neɣ ad nṭeg ɣef amseqdac nniḍen. Cikk ɣef ayen id yenan d tidet. Tirdayin n « asexnunes » gar imseqdacen iluganen ad twasefḍen, ladɣa m-ulac adiwenni uqbel. Ma yella ccwal s umseqdac nniḍen, tzemreḍ ad meslayeḍ deg tamesrit n usmenges neɣ deg izerwel aneggaru ar useqqamu n usnefru.Tizmilin titekniyin : Tajmaɛt tettwabḍu s adu-isebtar. Accaren « amezruy » d « ḍfer » ur sɛan ara asemdu yetwerǧun. Ṛuḥ ar Agbur, senned ɣef izemzen daɣen ɣef izdayen. Ma tebɣiḍ ad ẓṛeḍ idiwenniyen iqdimen, ẓeṛ aɣbaṛ.
(Sed 30 mayyu 2015. 12:40:29 CET)
Tagnit n tuɛjilt
(tuggza n tanɣimant, n takriḍt ɣer albaɛḍ, etc.)
D tixxutert tameqrant ilaq ad aweyḍ i tignatin agi.
Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/27 mayyu 2015 Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/28 mayyu 2015 Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/29 mayyu 2015 Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/30 mayyu 2015


text:
Kamirun
Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun illa s ddaw laɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ illa s ddaw a ifraṣiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin aki yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Agbur
- 1 Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
- 2 Idlisen
- 3 Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Aqeddem[beddel | edit source]
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart[beddel | edit source]
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel[beddel | edit source]
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun[beddel | edit source]
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)[beddel | edit source]
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)[beddel | edit source]
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : "Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin." Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ɣef tutlayt taɣelnawt[beddel | edit source]
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d "tutlayin tiɣelnawin", ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin "tutlayin tiɣelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken "lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt". Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt[beddel | edit source]
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen "ur neɣri ara" ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen[beddel | edit source]
- Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
- Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité ḍune langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
- Tadaǧeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K. (ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics 19).
- Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université de Yaoundé.
- Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
- Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen[beddel | edit source]
- Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt
- http://imedyazen1.tripod.com/ Sɣur George Echu, Tasuqilt sɣur Omar Mouffok.


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Ayen i d-yernan d aneggaru : 3 Furar 2013.
Leqdic n umdan yettbeddil aṭas tignewt, ixeddem tawaɣit tameqqrant. Lgaz i ikebblen lḥamu (neɣ akken qqaren s tefransist “gaz à effet de serre) i d-yessufuɣ umdan s leqdic-is, igellu-d s uzɣal n lqaea. Timerniwt deg tezɣal n yigenni d igarawen, deg umaḍal irkelli, d ayen iwalan, i d-wekkden imassanen. Isefka i icudden ɣer ubeddel n tignewt i ten-yettektilen d Tarbaet n yimazzayen tagernabaḍt n temhazt n tignewt (GIEC). Akken i d-tenna tneqqist-nsen taneggarut n 2007, azɣal n tignewt ulac deg-s yakk asurdu, acku yettbin-d am yiṭij mi ara imuqel yiwen talluyt i d-yellan deg tezɣal tilemmasin timaḍlanin n yigenni akked igarawen, fessi i d-yeḍran i udfel (...)
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Ayda
Ayda d yiwet n tceqquft n l'opéra i yurra yiwen n utelyani umi qqaren Verdi.
Abrid amezwaru anda id ɛedda deg temdint n Lqahira deg tmurt n Maṣer deg usegwas n 1871.
Taceqquft aggi tettemeslayed Yef yiwet n tallit uqbel talalit n sidna eissa.
Deg tgelda n Maṣer, yella yiwen ugellid (isem-is : ) yesɛan yelli-s (umi qqaren: Amneris). Yelli-s aggi teɛceq deg yiwen n usardas n Baba-s. Aserdas aggi (isem-ines : Γadames), netta, iḥemel yiwen n teqcict (isem-is : Ayda). Ayda nettat d taklit n yelli-s n ugellid n Maṣer. DYa yelli-s n ugellid n Maser (Amenris), tettasem deg tayri yellan ger Ayda akw d Γadames.
Yiwen wass akken, yekker traḍ ger tmurt n Maṣer akw d tmurt n Tyupia (Ethiopie). Γadames yella Yef uqarruy n iṣerdasen n ugellid n Maṣer (général). Irruḥ dYa ad yennaY.
Γadames irrebaḥ traḍ. YuYaled dYa. Mid yewwed, medden akw ferḥen yiss ula d agellit n Maṣer. Iwakken ad yesnemir (remercier) yeffka-yas yelli-s ad-t yaY.
Macca Γadames akw d Ayda ur friḥen ara.


text:
Azrem
Azrem (asget: izerman) d aɣersiw agelmaḍ, tafekka-nnes d tarqaqt, d taɣezfant, ur tesɛi iḍarren. Azrem ur yesɛi imeẓẓuɣen, wala taɣect, wala irgalen. Llant 19 n twaculin n leṣnaf n yizerman yerna ass-a, ttwassnen 2.900 n leṣnaf seg-sen.
Amur ameqran seg yizerman tteddren deg tmura yeḥman. Aglim-nsen d alewwaɣ yerna tdel-it tekbert. Izerman sɛan iẓri igerrzen, yerna ssuffuɣen-d iles-nsen akken ad ḥulfun i lbenna n lhawa, imi s yiles-nsen ay zemren ad ḥulfun i "rriḥa" n wayen ay d-yezzin fell-asen. Izerman ur sɛin taɣect, maca zemren ad ṣeffren. Amur ameqran seg leṣnaf n yizerman tteddren ɣef wakal, maca llan kra n leṣnaf ay itteddren deg waman, yerna llan ula d wid ay itteddren ddaw wakal. Izerman, am wakk leṣnaf n yigelmaḍen ( tizermemmuyin, ifekren, atg.), ḥwajen ad ssiẓnen tafekka-nsen i tfukt, acku idammen-nsen d isemmaḍen yerna ḥwajen ad srekden taẓɣelt-nsen. Ɣef waya ara naf amur ameqran seg leṣnaf n yizerman ddren deg tmiwa tiẓeɣɣalin n umaḍal.
Ihriren (ssem)[beddel | edit source]
Leṣnaf n yizerman ttemgerraden s yiniten-nsen (llwan). Kra n yizerman sɛan initen yeɣman (am uberkan, ademdam ed waras) yerna sseqdacen initen-a akken ad sdergen iman-nsen deg wemkan aydeg llan. Maca izerman ay izewwqen s yiniten icebḥen (am wewraɣ neɣ azewwaɣ) zemren ad ilin d leṣnaf yesɛan ihriren (ssem). Initen-nsen sseqdacen-ten d aɛeyyen akken ur d-ttqerriben ɣer-sen yiɣersiwen ara ten-yeccen. Maca llan kra n leṣnaf n yizerman ay izewwqen s yiniten icebḥen am wid-nni ay yesɛan ihriren, i wakken ad sbeɛden iɣersiwen niḍen ɣef yiman-nsen.
Abeddel n teslest[beddel | edit source]
Simal yettimɣur wezrem, simal yettbeddil aglim-nnes, dɣa yettajja aglim-nni aqbur (umi ɣɣaren "tislest"), yerna yettbeddil-d wayeḍ. I wakken ad ibeddel wezrem tislest-nnes, yettḥukku iɣef-nnes ɣer kra n tɣawsa taḥercawt (am weẓru neɣ asɣar). D aya ara t-yejjen ad yesseqdec tislest-nni-nnes, sakkin, azrem yettkemmil yettḥukku iman-nnes arma yessenser-d tafekka-nnes seg weglim-nni aqbur.
Tuccit[beddel | edit source]
Akk leṣnaf n yizerman ddren s ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen niḍen. Kra n yizerman tteqqsen iɣersiwen ay ttṣeyyiden yerna neɣɣen-ten s yehriren-nsen (ssem). Izerman itteqqsen sɛan ihriren deg tculliḍin yellan deffir wuglan-nsen. Mi ṭṭfen aɣersiw s wuglan-nsen, ad as-gren ihriren ɣer daxel n tfekka-nnes. Izerman sseblaɛen tuccit-nsen ɣef tikkelt yerna war tuffẓa. Mi ara yili uɣersiw-nni meɣɣer, azrem yezmer ad yessenṣel igumas-nnes yerna ad yesnejbad imi-nnes anect n uɣersiw-nni ara yecc. Izerman tteddun s udemmer akked uzzuɣer n tfekka-nsen, s tmeẓwalin (muscles) ay sɛan deg yiɛebbaḍ-nsen, yerna zemren ad ddun s tɣawla ɣef yiɛebbaḍ-nsen. Mi yessebleɛ wezrem tagemrawt-nnes (proie), ad teqqim deg tfekka-nnes arma texdem-itt tɛebbuḍt-nnes. Amur ameqran seg yizerman ttṣeyyiden iɣersiwen imecṭuḥen ay ttafen deg wakal am yiɣerdayen, tizermemmuyin neɣ igra (imqerqren). Izerman n waman ttetten daɣen iselman. Wid yettalyen ɣer yisekla (ttjuṛ) ttṣeyyiden igḍaḍ neɣ ttetten timellalin ay ttafen deg yigedfen (leɛcuc).
Ɣas ma yella izerman ttetten aṭas, maca zemren daɣen ad ṣebren i laẓ. Kra n medden ttṛebbin izerman deg wexxam (deg yisendyaq n wesmeɣ [jjaj]) yerna zemren ad ten-jjen ayyur war ma sseccen-ten.
Taɣbalut[beddel | edit source]
http://tasedkalt.wikidot.com/yizerman


text:
Di taggnitt n tmeɣra talsit i d-yellan deg wass mraw sin (12) cutembir 2009 di Lparis, Mass Ferḥat At SEID, imiren d aselway n umussu n timanit i tmurt n iqbayliyen (MAK), yemmeslay-d ɣef wazal usenfar-nni deg yiwwet n tsaragt. Askasi i d-yellan sin ɣer zdat yewwi-d awal ɣef izumal izellayen n weɣref Aqbayli id yevda-n seg unekcum aṛumi ɣer tmurt n iqbayliyen, u d win izaden sɣur udabu amesbaṭli Adzayri aɛṛab ineslem, aked d useḥbiber fella-s. Ismawen n twaculin d yiwen umedya : d wid yesɛan talɣa yiwet (At Winnat, Uwinnat, Iwinnaten...) u d wid yemgaraden d yismawen-nni n twaculin unṣiven, yettunefken sɣur "Anaray Aɛrab" i d‑tessevded tamharsa tafṛansist iwaken ad ssnulfun addad aɣarim amesduklan i tuggett n "imezdaɣ inaṣliyen" n tmurt , mebella ma dmen tameẓla ger tisnilsiyin d idelsan-is. Amedya nniḍen anegzum adevlan Aqbayli: Tamurt n iqbayliyen tesɛa anagraw, tawacult, adrum, taddart, laɛrac akked d amqun (tifiderraliyin) n tamnaḍin. Aanagraw‑nni d win isyefkan tuddsa tasertit tamellit i tmurt, di tagara yettuveddel s win umnekcam Afransi amhersan. Ladɣa tamharsa tbegse-d ad tessenger tuddssa nni iwaken ad tteg takkmamt i yal tanekra mgal imnekcem, am tin i d yella-n deg 1871. D anagraw‑ nni i d‑ yuɣalen mi yeffeɣ imnekcem aṛumi si tmurt n Ldzayer. Ass-a taddart ur tesɛi ula d aẓayer asertan, awalen Lɛarc, TAQBAYLIT ur ttwassen ara ɣer tsulya timaynutin,yerna d win yettuvedlen sɣur Taɣiwant, Ladayra, Lwilaya. Ihi aqbayli n At Ɛidel nessawwala-s ass-a " wid n tɣiwant n Sedduk", ma d win s lɛarc inezliwen qqarena‑s win n Draɛ Lmizan. Meblla ma nemeslay-d ɣef laɛrac yellan deg tlisa n tmurt n iqbayliyen, d wid yernan ɣer lwilayat xila deg‑ sent ttid yettmeslayen s yile-s aɛṛab (Setif, Burdj Buɛrirdj, Jijel, Bumerdes) deg iswi n beṭṭu n tmurt n iqbayliyen d uɣiwwel di tamsertit-is ɣer taɛrabt. Amedya i d yegwren u nettzuxu yes ass-a d taɣelnaẓrit Taqbaylit. Neẓra d akken Iqbayliyen, llan d inelliyen alami i d‑tella tsehrest tafransist deg 1857. D wid yettidiren yiwen umezruy, yiwen n yedles, yiwet n tutlayt, ansayen yiwen. Aya d win yessulɣen yiwen wegdud d uɣlan ma yella nemmeslay-d s wudem aserti. Γef tmental‑agi yiwet n tkarḍa n tnekit taqbaylit ara d‑yerren azal i yismawen iqburen, inaṣliyen n iqbayliyen u yerna d taḍullit di talit i deg nettidir. Ass n 1 Yulyu yella-d uberraḥ ɣef kraḍ (3) n tkarḍiwin ifazen, imeskar‑nsent ; Ilelli et V.A-V -, wid i d‑yufraren xtaren ad ilin d uffiren s lebɣi-nnsen. Muḥand Ḥadj Amar deg umḍiq wis‑ssin, Aɣilas Twahri d wis kraḍ, d ismawen ara yettwabdaren deg umazruy n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen. Yura-d deg ulɣu n L’MAK d akken asnulfu d useddu n tkarḍa n Tnekkit n Iqbayliyen ad tilli sɣur tneɣleft n tisuda d tnedvelin n unabaḍ uɛḍil aqbayli. ass n ṭam (8) Duwembir yella-d userraḥ n tkerḍa tinekkit taqbaylit sɣur taneɣlaft n tisudsa d tneḍbellin d taɣlist n unabaḍ uɛḍil aqbayli , ihi yal aqbayli anda ma yella izmer ad yessuter iwaken ad yesɛu takarḍa yettwarrun s tutlayt tayemmatt . D tin ara yefken azal d yiseɣ i weqbayli am netta am iɣerfan deg umaḍal.
Imir, imaɣlayen n tezwara n lqern 20 ḥetment d akken Tamurt n Iqbayliyen ad ttekcem deg Umussu Aɣelnaw Adzayri wa ad tessusem ɣef tnekkit-is iwaken ad d‑ssevgen dakken d aɛraben ay llan.
Tawuri-agi d ayen yessuḍnen afra Aɣelnaw Aqbayli. D afra ay d nessekfel sel tidyanin n tafsut taberkant 2001.
Ihi Amussu n Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen ihegga-d yiwet n temzizwert i wusnulfu-ines. azref i yal wiyen yesɛan nnig 16 iseggasen ad yekki. imzuzwar uznen leqdic‑ nnsen ger 01/12/2009 et le 31/01/2010. Caret (30) n ṣenf s tkarḍiwin i d‑yettwaṭfen sɣur tasmilt i d‑ heggan tamzizwert , ger-asent 17 rsent-d deg Net iwaken ad ttwafernent s 31/01/2010 ar 28/02/2010 sɣur iqbayliyen.
Amdel n temlilit tis ukuẓ(4) n tesdawit n unevdu n umussu n Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen ass n 29 Yulyu 2010, d taggnitt i deg fkan arazen i wid i d‑yufranen. Azal n 1000€ izdin ger-asen, 500€ i win d‑yufraren mass Aḥbib Mekdam, akatar n MAK. Muḥand Ḥadj Amar d uɣilas Twahri wwin tadrimt s wazal 300€ d 200€. S lebɣi-nsen d timeɣnest-nsen, d umennuɣ i yess umnen ɣef timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen, fkan tadrimt-nni i uneẓraf n MAK.
Di taggnitt n tmeɣra talsit i d-yellan deg wass mraw sin (12) cutembir 2009 di Lparis, Mass Ferḥat At SEID, imiren d aselway n umussu n timanit i tmurt n iqbayliyen (MAK), yemmeslay-d ɣef wazal usenfar-nni deg yiwwet n tsaragt. Askasi i d-yellan sin ɣer zdat yewwi-d awal ɣef izumal izellayen n weɣref Aqbayli id yevda-n seg unekcum aṛumi ɣer tmurt n iqbayliyen, u d win izaden sɣur udabu amesbaṭli Adzayri aɛṛab ineslem, aked d useḥbiber fella-s.
Ismawen n twaculin d yiwen umedya : d wid yesɛan talɣa yiwet (At Winnat, Uwinnat, Iwinnaten...) u d wid yemgaraden d yismawen-nni n twaculin unṣiven, yettunefken sɣur "Anaray Aɛrab" i d‑tessevded tamharsa tafṛansist iwaken ad ssnulfun addad aɣarim amesduklan i tuggett n "imezdaɣ inaṣliyen" n tmurt , mebella ma dmen tameẓla ger tisnilsiyin d idelsan-is.
Amedya nniḍen anegzum adevlan Aqbayli: Tamurt n iqbayliyen tesɛa anagraw, tawacult, adrum, taddart, laɛrac akked d amqun (tifiderraliyin) n tamnaḍin. Aanagraw‑nni d win isyefkan tuddsa tasertit tamellit i tmurt, di tagara yettuveddel s win umnekcam Afransi amhersan. Ladɣa tamharsa tbegse-d ad tessenger tuddssa nni iwaken ad tteg takkmamt i yal tanekra mgal imnekcem, am tin i d yella-n deg 1871. D anagraw‑ nni i d‑ yuɣalen mi yeffeɣ imnekcem aṛumi si tmurt n Ldzayer. Ass-a taddart ur tesɛi ula d aẓayer asertan, awalen Lɛarc, TAQBAYLIT ur ttwassen ara ɣer tsulya timaynutin,yerna d win yettuvedlen sɣur Taɣiwant, Ladayra, Lwilaya. Ihi aqbayli n At Ɛidel nessawwala-s ass-a " wid n tɣiwant n Sedduk", ma d win s lɛarc inezliwen qqarena‑s win n Draɛ Lmizan. Meblla ma nemeslay-d ɣef laɛrac yellan deg tlisa n tmurt n iqbayliyen, d wid yernan ɣer lwilayat xila deg‑ sent ttid yettmeslayen s yile-s aɛṛab (Setif, Burdj Buɛrirdj, Jijel, Bumerdes) deg iswi n beṭṭu n tmurt n iqbayliyen d uɣiwwel di tamsertit-is ɣer taɛrabt.
Amedya i d yegwren u nettzuxu yes ass-a d taɣelnaẓrit Taqbaylit. Neẓra d akken Iqbayliyen, llan d inelliyen alami i d‑tella tsehrest tafransist deg 1857. D wid yettidiren yiwen umezruy, yiwen n yedles, yiwet n tutlayt, ansayen yiwen. Aya d win yessulɣen yiwen wegdud d uɣlan ma yella nemmeslay-d s wudem aserti.
Γef tmental‑agi yiwet n tkarḍa n tnekit taqbaylit ara d‑yerren azal i yismawen iqburen, inaṣliyen n iqbayliyen u yerna d taḍullit di talit i deg nettidir.
Ass n 1 Yulyu yella-d uberraḥ ɣef kraḍ (3) n tkarḍiwin ifazen, imeskar‑nsent ; Ilelli et V.A-V -, wid i d‑yufraren xtaren ad ilin d uffiren s lebɣi-nnsen. Muḥand Ḥadj Amar deg umḍiq wis‑ssin, Aɣilas Twahri d wis kraḍ, d ismawen ara yettwabdaren deg umazruy n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen.
Yura-d deg ulɣu n L’MAK d akken asnulfu d useddu n tkarḍa n Tnekkit n Iqbayliyen ad tilli sɣur tneɣleft n tisuda d tnedvelin n unabaḍ uɛḍil aqbayli.
ass n ṭam (8) Duwembir yella-d userraḥ n tkerḍa tinekkit taqbaylit sɣur taneɣlaft n tisudsa d tneḍbellin d taɣlist n unabaḍ uɛḍil aqbayli , ihi yal aqbayli anda ma yella izmer ad yessuter iwaken ad yesɛu takarḍa yettwarrun s tutlayt tayemmatt . D tin ara yefken azal d yiseɣ i weqbayli am netta am iɣerfan deg umaḍal.


text:
Bible verses about "false gods" | Kabyle
6
Sidna Ɛisa yenna-yas : D nekk i d abrid axaṭer d nekk i ț-țideț, d nekk i ț-țudert. Yiwen ur yezmir ad iṛuḥ ɣer Baba m'ur yekki ara seg-i.
6
meɛna ɣuṛ-nneɣ nukni yiwen kan n Ṛebbi i gellan, d baba-tneɣ Ṛebbi i d-ixelqen kullec, ula d nukni d ayla-s. Anagar yiwen n Ssid i gellan : d Ɛisa Lmasiḥ, yis i d-yella kullec, yis daɣen i nedder ula d nukni.
4
Yiwet n lǧețța kan akk-d yiwen n Ṛṛuḥ iqedsen i gellan, am akken daɣen i wen-d-issawel Sidi Ṛebbi ɣer yiwen usirem kan.
5
Yiwen kan i d Ssid-nneɣ, yiwen n liman akk-d yiwen n weɣḍas i gellan,
6
yiwen n Ṛebbi kan i gellan, d nețța i d baba-tneɣ meṛṛa; yella sennig kullec, yella ger yemdanen meṛṛa, yella daɣen deg-sen meṛṛa.
12
Deg-s i gella leslak; ulac di ddunit meṛṛa isem nniḍen s wayes i nezmer a nețțusellek.
1
A wid eɛzizen, ḥadret iman-nwen ɣef kra n win ara wen-d-yinin heddṛeɣ s Ṛṛuḥ n Sidi Ṛebbi, lameɛna jeṛṛbet-țen iwakken aț-țeẓrem ma yella s ɣuṛ Sidi Ṛebbi i d-kkan axaṭer, aṭas n lenbiya n lekdeb i gellan di ddunit.
Topical data is from OpenBible.info, retrieved November 11, 2013, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
Ass n 3 Dujenber deg usseggas 1994, i yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, i nɣan Ssaɛid Meqbel. Anwa i t-yenɣan ? Ayɣer i tenɣan ? Anwa i yellan deffir tmettant-is ? Tiririt ɣef isteqsiyen-agi tban, ɣas akken ur tt-id-nnin. Ssaɛid Meqbel yeẓra anwi i la ineqqen, yeẓra ayen i la neqqen, yenna-t-id, ur yugad akken ugaden wiyaḍ. Yeggul ur yeḥnit ɣef tidett ad yennaɣ, ɣef tugdut ad yemmet. Acku yeẓra d acu i la ttnadin widenni ( adabu ); ẓran tidett tella ɣer wid yeɣran, tella deg imusnawen. Di yal tikelt i deg ara nɣen win yeɣran d tidett deg-s ibɣan ad nɣen, d tidett deg-neɣ, deg wegdud ibaɣan ad nɣen. Yella walbaɛḍ ɣas ulac-it, ma yella seg twacult yettaẓen ɣer sdat. Tawacult i zedɣen axxam n tidett, axxam izedɣent tirga, axxam n wat tlelli. ɣas nɣan Ssaɛid Meqbel, ur zmiren ad d-ksen ameṣmar n tidett yentan deg wul n lbaṭel. Ameṣmar ur nettissin ṣdid iḥuzan ulawen n wid it-yenɣan. Ameṣmar i yellan d anagi ɣef wid i d- yennan:“ Aqlaɣ dagi ur nqebbel lbaṭel, ur nettagad lmut, ur nessusum sdat wid yebɣan ad nuɣal ɣer deffir.” Ger-asen yella Ssaɛid Meqbel, Ṭahar Ǧaɛut, Busebsi, Flisi…atg Tidett ass-a ma yella tedreg ɣef wallen, d tamuɣli i iwehhan s ayen nniḍen. Ur yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, ur d-grin wid i t-yenɣan. Acku asmi iqesden ad t-nɣen, i iẓran d acu i d azal-is di tmetti. S lmut-is rnan-as azal, azal-nni iksen i yiman-nsen. Yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, ilul Ssaɛid Meqbel… Irnaten Murad
Ass n 3 Dujenber deg usseggas 1994, i yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, i nɣan Ssaɛid Meqbel. Anwa i t-yenɣan ? Ayɣer i tenɣan ? Anwa i yellan deffir tmettant-is ?
Tiririt ɣef isteqsiyen-agi tban, ɣas akken ur tt-id-nnin. Ssaɛid Meqbel yeẓra anwi i la ineqqen, yeẓra ayen i la neqqen, yenna-t-id, ur yugad akken ugaden wiyaḍ.
Yeggul ur yeḥnit ɣef tidett ad yennaɣ, ɣef tugdut ad yemmet. Acku yeẓra d acu i la ttnadin widenni ( adabu ); ẓran tidett tella ɣer wid yeɣran, tella deg imusnawen. Di yal tikelt i deg ara nɣen win yeɣran d tidett deg-s ibɣan ad nɣen, d tidett deg-neɣ, deg wegdud ibaɣan ad nɣen.
Yella walbaɛḍ ɣas ulac-it, ma yella seg twacult yettaẓen ɣer sdat. Tawacult i zedɣen axxam n tidett, axxam izedɣent tirga, axxam n wat tlelli.
ɣas nɣan Ssaɛid Meqbel, ur zmiren ad d-ksen ameṣmar n tidett yentan deg wul n lbaṭel. Ameṣmar ur nettissin ṣdid iḥuzan ulawen n wid it-yenɣan. Ameṣmar i yellan d anagi ɣef wid i d- yennan:“ Aqlaɣ dagi ur nqebbel lbaṭel, ur nettagad lmut, ur nessusum sdat wid yebɣan ad nuɣal ɣer deffir.” Ger-asen yella Ssaɛid Meqbel, Ṭahar Ǧaɛut, Busebsi, Flisi…atg
Tidett ass-a ma yella tedreg ɣef wallen, d tamuɣli i iwehhan s ayen nniḍen. Ur yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, ur d-grin wid i t-yenɣan. Acku asmi iqesden ad t-nɣen, i iẓran d acu i d azal-is di tmetti. S lmut-is rnan-as azal, azal-nni iksen i yiman-nsen.
Yemmut Ssaɛid Meqbel, ilul Ssaɛid Meqbel…
Irnaten Murad


text:
Ass-a yezzi-d useggas seg mi i d-yerna weɣmis nneɣ Tamurt.info tadla-s s Aseggas amenzu atan yezzi-d, kra n wayen yevran deg tmurt n yiqbayliyen neɣ Nedda-d seg wecrured ɣer tikli, ɣas abrid yessawen maca ur nelli ara seg wid Kra da tura seg wayen ieeddan, ieeggalen n Tamurt.info d lferḥ i ferḥen s Leetab i nefka i terwiḥt, i lmend nwen d lmend n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen werǧin i Ass-a umenzu n yennayer 2961, ad nelli tiwurra n useggas s wayen ara ken- i mi ad yesnuzuy kra d-tesuffuɣ tmurt n Yeqbayliyen. Takebbanit-agi nneɣ Tabburt n useggas-agi n 2961, ad tt-nelli s wesfuggel n yennayer d umuli Nettkel fell-awen ad tezgum idisan nneɣ, yerna ad tesnernim agraw i useggas- £as tteklet, amummi nneɣ d anerni i yennerna, tissas nneɣ d tazmert i semdent D tayett nneɣ ara s-d-nefk, d ifassen nneɣ ara s-neééel, ara alama tessawev ɣer Afus deg ufus i wekken aseggas n 2961 ad s-d-yecfu i tlelli n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen!!!! Sɣur : imvebren d ieeggalen n Tamurt.info
annar n taywalt taqbaylit. Neslal-it-id ass-nni n 12 yennayer 2010.
ayen yuɣen iqbayliyen i yellan di ddunit meṛṛa newwi-awen-t-id. Yal ass
ieeggalen d yemvebren n weɣmis kerfen tagecrirt i lmend ad wen-d-nefk isallen
s ṛebea tutlayin irefden amennuɣ nneɣ; deg-sent: Taqbaylit, tafransist, taglizit, d
talmanit.
iberrun i ṭbel deg waman. £as di tazwara tettxaṣa tirmi1, yeweer usuddes, ur
yeshil usufeɣ n weɣmis s Intenet, ɣas mačči deqs n wid yettarun seg wannar i
yellan, ɣas ur gten ara wid ur nettaǧa cɣel-nsen d amnaṣef; maca nebegs-ed i
tegnitt, nerra-d lmil i tteebga.
wayen. Acku, azal n umelyun n yemdanen i yeɣran aɣmis nneɣ, nnig n 1000 n
yimagraden d isallen iwezlanen i d-nessufeɣ. Ass-a ɣas ad nzux, imi ula d
Google New yerna aɣmis nneɣ ɣer weɣbalu n yisallen i yesawalen tidet.
ɣ-yesefcel. D tissas d umumi2 nneɣ i yesnerna, i waken ad nexdem akter s ya d
asawen. Ma mazal aɣ ur nkukra ara, ur nerri ara avar ɣer deffir, acku tellam s
idisan nneɣ, tettqilim-aɣ mi ara nesxas kra, d kenwi i ɣ-yellan d lewhi akken ad
nezgu seg yimenza. Tajmilt-nwen d tameqrant. Ass-a neṭṭef amekkan ger
yeɣmisen igejdiyen, am: kabyle.com, tamazgha.fr, kabyles.net, rezki.net, atg.
yesferḥen ugar. Acku s ya ɣer sdat tamurt.info, yuɣal d s raselmal n 25 000 €.
Akka tura ad s-nernu tazmert i radyu d tiliéri Web nneɣ. Yerna ad yerfed iman-is
tettwajerred ɣer tedbelt n usenuzu n temdint n Myunix di tmurt n lalman.
amenzu ɣef tlalit n Tamurt.info. I lmend n tmeɣra-agi, ieeggalen d yemvebren n
Tkebbanit saramen-awen, talwit, liser, tazmert d teɣzi n tudert deg tlelli n tmurt
n yiqbayliyen.
agi amaynut.
akken ad wen-nezgu ula d nekni d tafukt i tudert n yeqbayliyen anda ma bɣun
llan.
tlelli-s.
Ass-a yezzi-d useggas seg mi i d-yerna weɣmis nneɣ Tamurt.info tadla-s s
Aseggas amenzu atan yezzi-d, kra n wayen yevran deg tmurt n yiqbayliyen neɣ
Nedda-d seg wecrured ɣer tikli, ɣas abrid yessawen maca ur nelli ara seg wid
Kra da tura seg wayen ieeddan, ieeggalen n Tamurt.info d lferḥ i ferḥen s
Leetab i nefka i terwiḥt, i lmend nwen d lmend n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen werǧin i
Ass-a umenzu n yennayer 2961, ad nelli tiwurra n useggas s wayen ara ken-
i mi ad yesnuzuy kra d-tesuffuɣ tmurt n Yeqbayliyen. Takebbanit-agi nneɣ
Tabburt n useggas-agi n 2961, ad tt-nelli s wesfuggel n yennayer d umuli
Nettkel fell-awen ad tezgum idisan nneɣ, yerna ad tesnernim agraw i useggas-
£as tteklet, amummi nneɣ d anerni i yennerna, tissas nneɣ d tazmert i semdent
D tayett nneɣ ara s-d-nefk, d ifassen nneɣ ara s-neééel, ara alama tessawev ɣer
Afus deg ufus i wekken aseggas n 2961
ad s-d-yecfu i tlelli n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen!!!!
Sɣur : imvebren d ieeggalen n Tamurt.info