text:
Common sunflower
Common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) bụ nnukwu osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke ụdị Helianthus nke a na-akụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka mmanụ na mkpụrụ ya a na-eri eri. A na-ejikwa ụdị sunflower a dị ka nri nnụnụ ọhịa, dị ka nri anụ ụlọ (dị ka nri ma ọ bụ osisi silage), na ụfọdụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ogige ụlọ. A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na Amerịka. Wild H. annuus bụ osisi nwere alaka zuru oke nke nwere ọtụtụ isi okooko osisi. Otú ọ dị, sunflower nke ụlọ na-enwekarị naanị otu nnukwu inflorescence (isi okooko osisi) n'elu ogwe osisi na-enweghị alaka.
Aha abụọ nke Helianthus annuus sitere na Greek Helios 'anyanwụ' na anthos 'flowers', ebe epithet annuus pụtara 'afọ' na Latin.
A na-eweta mkpụrụ sunflower na Europe site na Amerịka na senchiri nke iri na isii, ebe, tinyere mmanụ sunflower, ha ghọrọ ihe a na-eji esi nri.
Nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Osisi ahụ nwere ogwe osisi kwụ ọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-eru mita atọ (10 feet). Sunflower kachasị elu ndekọ ruru 9.17 m (30 in).[2] Akwụkwọ sunflower dị obosara, ezé ha siri ike ma na-agbanwekarị; ndị dị nso na ala bụ ndị kasị ukwuu ma na-adịkarị ka obi.[3] Osisi ahụ na-agbawa okooko site na Jụn ruo Septemba. Ihe a na-akpọkarị "okooko osisi" nke sunflower bụ n'ezie "isi okooko osisi" (pseudanthium), 7.5 cm (35 in) n'obosara, nke ọtụtụ obere okooko osisi nwere okooko osisi ise ("florets").[3] A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị dị n'èzí, nke yiri petals, okooko osisi ray. "Petal" ọ bụla nwere ligule nke nwere petals jikọtara ọnụ nke okooko osisi ray asymmetrical. Ha na-enweghị mmekọahụ ma nwee ike ịbụ odo, ọbara ọbara, oroma, ma ọ bụ ụcha ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị a haziri gburugburu n'etiti isi ahụ okooko osisi diski. Ndị a na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi ("mkpụrụ" sunflower).
Prairie sunflower (H. petiolaris) yiri ụdịdị nke sunflower nkịtị nke ọhịa; akpịrịkpa dị n'etiti ya nwere ntutu ọcha.[3]
Genome[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Sunflower genome bụ diploid nwere ọnụọgụ chromosome nke ịrị na asaa na atụmatụ ọnụọgụ genome nke 2,871 - 3,189 nde.[4] Ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ezigbo nha ya bụ ihe dị ka ijeri atọ na ọkara (nke buru ibu karịa nke mmadụ).[5]
Heliotropism[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Echiche na-ezighi ezi bụ na isi sunflower na-agbaso anyanwụ gafee mbara igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-egosipụta omume a, isi okooko osisi tozuru etozu na-egosi n'otu ụzọ (na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ) n'ụbọchị niile.[6][7] Echiche na-ezighi ezi ochie a bụ nke onye England na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ John Gerard, onye na-akụ sunflowers n'ogige ahịhịa ya a ma ama, na-arụ ụka na 1597: "[ụfọdụ] kọrọ na ọ ga-agbanye na Anyanwụ, nke m na-enweghị ike ịhụ, ọ bụ ezie na m gbalịrị ịchọpụta eziokwu nke ya. "[8] Nhazi ejiji nke isi sunflower n'ọhịa nwere ike inye ụfọdụ ndị echiche na-ezighị ezi na okooko osisi na-agbaso anyanwụ.
Nhazi a sitere na heliotropism na ọkwa mmepe mbụ, ọkwa okooko osisi na-eto eto, tupu ntozu oke nke isi okooko osisi (anthesis).[9] Sunflowers na-etolite etolite na-eche onwe ha n'akụkụ anyanwụ. N'isi ụtụtụ, isi okooko osisi ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ụbọchị niile. Mgbe sunflower ruru ogo zuru oke, ha anaghịzi eso anyanwụ, ma na-ele anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-agbanwe n'abalị iji chee ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-atụ anya ụtụtụ. Mgbanwe heliotropic ha bụ rhythm circadian, nke anyanwụ na-arụkọ ọrụ, nke na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụrụ na anyanwụ apụọ n'ụbọchị igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ n'ịkwaga osisi n'ìhè mgbe niile.[10] Ha nwere ike ịchịkwa ụda circadian ha na nzaghachi maka ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke isi iyi ìhè na-ewepụta.[10] Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụgharị osisi sunflower na ọkwa bud 180°, bud ga-esi n'anyanwụ pụọ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole, dịka resynchronization na anyanwụ na-ewe oge.[11]
Mgbe uto nke okooko osisi kwụsịrị nakwa mgbe okooko osisi ahụ tozuru etozu, heliotropism na-akwụsịkwa, okooko mmiri ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu. Ntụziaka ọwụwa anyanwụ a na-enye ohere okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ụtụtụ na, n'ihi ya, mmụba nke nleta pollinator.[10] Sunflowers enweghị pulvinus n'okpuru okooko ha. Pulvinus bụ akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ahịhịa akwụkwọ (petiole) nke ụdị osisi ụfọdụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'njikọ'. Ọ na-eme ka akwụkwọ na-agagharị n'ihi mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe na nrụgide turgor, nke na-eme n'enweghị uto. Akwụkwọ osisi na-emechi emechi bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke mmegharị akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe site na pulvinuli.
Nhazi nke okooko osisi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ozuzu, a na-eche floret ọ bụla ihu na nke na-esote site na ihe dịka oghere ọla edo, 137.5°, na-emepụta usoro nke njikọ njikọ, ebe ọnụọgụ nke okirikiri aka ekpe na ọnụọgụ okirikiri ziri ezi bụ ọnụọgụ Fibonacci na-esochi. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, e nwere spirals dị ịrị atọ na anọ n'otu akụkụ na ịrị ise na ise n'akụkụ nke ọzọ; Otú ọ dị, n'isi sunflower buru ibu, enwere ike inwe ịrị asatọ na itoolu n'otu ụzọ nakwa otú narị na iri anọ na anọ n'akụkụ ya.[12][13][14] Usoro a na-emepụta nkwakọba mkpụrụ kachasị mma n'ime isi okooko osisi.[15][16][17]
H. Vogel chepụtara ihe nlereanya maka ụkpụrụ nke okooko osisi n'isi nke sunflower na 1979.[18] A na-egosipụta nke a na polar coordinates
ebe θ bụ akụkụ (angle), r bụ radius ma ọ bụ ịdị anya site n'etiti, na n bụ nọmba ndepụta nke floret na c bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụ ụdị nke Fermat's spiral. Ogologo 137.5° nwere njikọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla edo (55/144 nke oghere okirikiri, ebe 55 na 144 bụ nọmba Fibonacci) ma na-enye nkwakọba nke florets. A na-eji ihe nlereanya a eme ihe iji mepụta ihe ngosi kọmputa nke sunflowers.[19]
Nkesa na ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na Amerịka. Sunflowers na-eto nke ọma n'ala na-eme nri, nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na'ala na'ala dị arọ. Ha na-apụtakarị n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ala ugwu.[3]
Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe egwu na ọrịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe egwu ndị sunflowers na-eche ihu taa bụ Fusarium, ọrịa fungus nke a na-ahụkarị n'ala na osisi. Ọ bụ pathogen nke kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ kpatara mmebi na mfu nke ihe ọkụkụ sunflower, ụfọdụ dị ka pasent ịrị asatọ nke ihe ọkpọ mebiri emebi.[20]
Downy mildew bụkwa ọrịa ọzọ nke sunflowers nwere ike ibute. Mmetụta ya na downy mildew dị elu n'ihi ụzọ sunflower si etolite etolite. A na-akụkarị mkpụrụ Sunflower naanị otu sentimita n'ime ala. Mgbe a na-akụ ihe dị otú ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ala mmiri na-adịghị, ọ na-eme ka ohere nke ọrịa dịka downy mildew dịkwuo elu.
Ihe egwu ọzọ nke na-eche ihe ọkụkụ sunflower ịhụ bụ broomrape, nje na-awakpo mgbọrọgwụ sunflower ma na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu na ihe ọkụkụ Sunflower, ruo pasent otu nari.[21]
Ịkọ ugbo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ịkụ mkpụrụ ahịa, a -akụ mkpụrụ cm (1½) iche na 2.5 cm (1in) n'omimi.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Common sunflower bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ osisi ndị American Indian na-akụ na North America dị ka akụkụ nke Eastern Agricultural Complex. Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya na mbụ a zụlitere sunflower n'ụlọ n'ihe bụ ugbu a ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ US, ihe dị ka afọ pụkụ ise gara aga, enwere ihe akaebe na a zụchara ya na Mexico n'ihe dị ka 2600 BCE.[22][23] A chọtara ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na Tabasco, Mexico, na ebe a na-egwu San Andres. A chọtara ihe atụ ndị mbụ a maara na US nke sunflower zuru oke na Tennessee, ma malite n'ihe dị ka 2300 BCE.[24] Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ dị nnọọ mmalite sitere na ebe mgbaba nkume dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Kentucky.[25] Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala America jiri sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke chi anyanwụ ha, gụnyere ndị Aztec na Otomi nke Mexico na ndị Inca na South America. N'afọ 1510, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na mba Spain zutere sunflower na Amerịka wee buru mkpụrụ ya laghachi Europe.[26] N'ime osisi anọ a maara na a zụlitere ha n'ụlọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America ma ghọọ ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo, sunflower bụ ihe kachasị mkpa ugbu a na akụ na ụba.[27]
Nnyocha nke mmekọrịta phylogeographic na usoro ọnụọgụ mmadụ gafee sunflowers egosila na sunflowters a zụlitere n'oge gara aga na-emepụta otu clade site na ndị ọhịa si na Great Plains, nke na-egosi na e nwere otu ihe omume domestication na etiti North America. N'ịgbaso mmalite nke sunflower a na-akụ, ọ nwere ike ịgafe nnukwu nsogbu nke malitere na ~ afọ pụkụ ise gara aga.[28]
Na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị na-eme nchọpụta si America weta ụdị ihe ọkụkụ mbụ na Europe.[29] A chọtawo mkpụrụ sunflower n'ụlọ na Mexico, nke malitere na 2100 BCE. Ụmụ amaala America na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ọkụkụ site na Mexico ruo Southern Canada.[29] E webatara ha na Alaeze Ukwu Russia, ebe ndị na-akọ mkpụrụ mmanụ dị, a na-emepụta okooko osisi ma na-etolite ha n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Alaeze Ukwu Russia weghachiri usoro ịzụlite mmanụ a na North America n'etiti narị afọ nke 20; North America malitere oge azụmahịa ha nke mmepụta na ịzụlite sunflower.[10] Ụdị ọhụrụ nke Helianthus spp. malitere ịghọ ndị a ma ama na mpaghara ọhụrụ. N'ime narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, iji mmanụ sunflower ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na Russia, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị otu Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị abụba sitere na osisi ka a na-ekwe ka ọ dị n'oge Lent, dịka omenala ibu ọnụ si dị.[30] Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye ahịa aha ya bụ Daniil Bokaryov, onye mepụtara teknụzụ dabara adaba maka nnukwu nchọpụta ya, wee gbasaa ngwa ngwa. Akara agha obodo ahụ gụnyere onyinyo nke sunflower kemgbe ahụ.
Mmepụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke mkpụrụ sunflower bụ nde tọn ịrị ise, nke Russia na Ukraine duziri na pasent ịrị ise na atọ jikọtara ọnụ nke ngụkọta (tebụl).
Iji fatịlaịza eme ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta enyochaala mmetụta nke fatịlaịza nitrogen dị iche iche na uto nke sunflowers. Achọpụtara na ammonium nitrate na-emepụta nitrogen absorption ka mma karịa urea, nke na-arụ ọrụ ka mma na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala.[32]
Mmepụta na Brazil[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na Brazil, a na-eji usoro mmepụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ usoro soybean-sunflower: a na-akụ sunflowers mbụ, mgbe ahụ, ihe ọkụkụ soybean na-esote, na-ebelata oge na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma na-abawanye mmepụta na uru zuru ezu nke sunflower. A na-akụkarị okooko osisi na mpaghara ndịda ma ọ bụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Ugboro ugboro, na mpaghara ndịda, a na-akụ sunflowers na mmalite oge mmiri ozuzo, a pụkwara ịkụ soybeans n'oge ọkọchị.[33] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuola na usoro ịkụ mkpụrụ soybean-sunflower nwere ike imeziwanye site na mgbanwe na ojiji fatịlaịza. E gosipụtara usoro dị ugbu a na ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.[34]
Hybrids na cultivars[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ahịa taa, ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụ sunflower nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nyere ma ọ bụ zụlite bụ ngwakọta. A na-emepụta ngwakọta ma ọ bụ ngwakọta sunflowers site na ịgwakọta ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a zụlitere sunflowters na ụdị ọhịa. Site n'ime nke a, a na-enweta ngwakọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ na-eduga na mmepụta nke ụdị ngwakọta ọhụrụ. Ụdị ngwakọta ndị a na-enwekarị ahụike dị elu ma na-ebu ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ, dị ka iguzogide pathogens.[20]
Hybrid, Helianthus annuus dwarf2 enweghị hormone gibberellin ma ọ naghị egosi omume heliotropic. Osisi ndị a gwọrọ site na itinye hormone n'èzí na-egosipụta mweghachi nwa oge nke usoro uto ogologo. Usoro uto a belatara site na pasent ịrị atọ na ise ka otu izuuka ma ọ bụ izuuka abụọ mgbe ọgwụgwọ ikpeazụ gasịrị.[10]
Mgbasa nwoke na-amị mkpụrụ na nwoke na-eme nri nke na-egosipụta ọdịiche nwere obere crossover nke nleta aṅụ. Ihe ngosi mmetụta dị ka ísì ntụ ntụ, dayameta nke isi mkpụrụ, na ịdị elu nwere ike imetụta nleta pollinator nke pollinators na-egosipụta usoro omume na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.[35]
A na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ụlọ. N'ịbụ ndị dị mfe itolite ma na-emepụta ihe dị egwu na ala ọ bụla dị mma, nke na-ekpo ọkụ n'anyanwụ zuru oke, ha bụ ihe kachasị amasị ụmụaka. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke cultivars, nke nha na agba dịgasị iche iche, dị ugbu a iji too site na mkpụrụ. Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụdị nke sunflowers (ndị akara enwetala onyinye Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):-[36]
Ojiji[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ere "mkpụrụ osisi zuru ezu" (mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka nri dị mfe, na-esighị esi ma ọ bụ mgbe a gbasịrị ya n'ọkụ, na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnu na / ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike ịhazi sunflowers ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ a na-akpọ peanut butter, sunflower butter. A na-erekwa ya dị ka nri maka nnụnụ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo na nri na salad. Ụmụ amaala America nwere ọtụtụ ojiji maka sunflowers n'oge gara aga, dị ka na achịcha, mmanụ ọgwụ, ihe na-acha odo odo na ihe na-ete ahụ.[37]
A na-eji mmanụ sunflower, nke a na-ewepụta na mkpụrụ, esi nri, dị ka mmanụ na-ebu ibu na iji mepụta margarine na biodiesel, ebe ọ dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ oliv. Ụdị dị iche iche nke sunflower dị na ihe dị iche iche dị na abụba acid; ụfọdụ ụdị "high-oleic" nwere ọkwa dị elu nke abụba monounsaturated na mmanụ ha karịa ọbụna mmanụ oliv. A na-ejikwa mmanụ ahụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na ncha.[38] Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, n'oge Agha Obodo Russia, ndị mmadụ nọ na Ukraine jiri mmanụ mkpụrụ sunflower mee ihe na oriọna dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya kerosene n'ihi ụkọ. A kọwawo ìhè sitere na oriọna dị otú ahụ dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya" na "ihe na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ".[39]
A na-eji achịcha fọdụrụ mgbe emechara mkpụrụ maka mmanụ dị ka nri anụ ụlọ.[40] A pụkwara inye anụ ụlọ mkpokoro ndị sitere na mkpochapụ nke mkpụrụ tupu ewepụta mmanụ.[41] Ụfọdụ ụdị ndị e mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere isi na-ada ada. Ụdị osisi ndị a anaghị adọrọ mmasị ndị na-elekọta ubi na-akụ okooko osisi dị ka osisi ịchọ mma, mana ha na-amasị ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi na ha na-ebelata mmebi nnụnụ na ọnwụ site na ọrịa ụfọdụ osisi. Sunflowers na-emepụta latex, ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke nnwale iji melite iru eru ha dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ maka ịmepụta rọba hypoallergenic.
Dị ka omenala si dị, ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị American Indian kụrụ sunflowers n'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ha dị ka "nwanne nwanyị nke anọ" maka ụmụnne nwanyị atọ a maara nke ọma nke ọka, agwa, na squash. A na-akụkarị ụdị kwa afọ maka ihe onwunwe allelopathic ha. Ndị American Indian jikwa ya mee ihe iji kpuchie ntutu isi.[38] N'etiti ndị Zuni, onye dọkịta na-ata mgbọrọgwụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke kpọrọ nkụ tupu ọ mịnye nsí site na agwọ ma tinye ọgwụ na ọnyá ahụ.[42] A na-etinye ihe mgbochi a nke mgbọrọgwụ na ọtụtụ ememe iji taa agwọ.[43]
Otú ọ dị, maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewere sunflower ọhịa dị ka ahịhịa. Karịsịa na Midwestern US, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhịa (na-adịgide adịgide) n'ubi ọka na soybean ma nwee ike belata ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa mbelata nke mmepụta na mmepụta nke phenolic compounds nke a na-eji belata asọmpi maka ihe oriri na mpaghara na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke sunflower nkịtị.[44]
Enwere ike iji Sunflowers mee ihe na phytoremediation iji wepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu n'ala, dị ka ọdu, arsenic na uranium, ma jiri ya mee ihe na rhizofiltration iji gbochie radionuclides na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu mgbu na nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ site na mmiri. E ji ha wepụ caesium-137 na strontium-90 n'ọdọ mmiri dị nso mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl gasịrị, a rụkwara mkpọsa yiri nke ahụ iji meghachi omume na ọdachi nuklia Fukushima Daiichi.[45][46]
Omenala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ekwere na osisi ndị dị nso nke ụdị ahụ ga-echebe ụlọ pụọ na ịba.[38]
Ndị Zuni na-eji okooko osisi eme ememe maka ofufe mmadụ.[47] Ndị Inca na-efekwa okooko osisi anyanwụ ofufe n'ihi na ha lere ya anya dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka Anyanwụ.[48]
Sunflower bụ okooko osisi mba nke Ukraine. N'oge mwakpo Russia na Ukraine na 2022, vidiyo a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta gosipụtara otu nwanyị Ukraine na-eche onye agha Russia ihu, na-agwa onye agha Russia ka ọ " were mkpụrụ ndị a tinye ha n'akpa gị ka ọ dịkarịa ala, sunflowers wee too mgbe ị niile dina ebe a".[49] Sunflower aghọwo ihe nnọchianya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nguzogide, ịdị n'otu, na olileanya.[50]
Sunflower bụkwa okooko osisi steeti nke steeti US nke Kansas, na otu n'ime okooko osisi obodo nke Kitakyūshū, Japan.[3]
Okooko osisi ndị ahụ bụ isiokwu nke usoro Vincent van Gogh's  Sunflowers  nke ihe osise ndụ nwụrụ anwụ.
N'ime ngwụcha senchiri nke irí na itoolu, a na-eji okooko osisi ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Aesthetic Movement.
A na-ejikarị sunflower eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke echiche akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Sunflower bụkwa ihe nnọchianya nke Vegan Society.
A họọrọ sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Chọọchị Spiritualist maka ọtụtụ ihe, mana karịsịa n'ihi na ọ na-eche ihu n'anyanwụ ka "Spiritualism na-eche n'ìhè nke eziokwu". Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ n'isiokwu ahụ, nke a bụ n'ezie, ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ndị mmụọ nke oge a na-enwekarị nka ma ọ bụ ọla nwere atụmatụ sunflower.[51]
Sunflower bụ akara dị n'azụ Sunflower Movement, ngagharị iwe nke afọ 2014 na Taiwan.
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a nwetara mkpụrụ dị mma n'ọhịa ebe Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 dara n'otu afọ gara aga ma zụlite ya iji kwanyere ndị Dutch ịrị na ise bi na Hilversum nwụrụ.[52] Na mbido afọ ahụ, onye isi na-ede akwụkwọ na Fairfax bụ Paul McGeough na onye na-ese foto bụ Kate Geraghty anakọtara 1.5 kilogram nke mkpụrụ sunflower site na ebe ahụ kpuru maka ezinụlọ na ndị enyi nke ndị Australia 38 nwụrụ, bụ ndị bu n'obi inye ha akara olileanya na-emetụ n'ahụ.[53]
Na Mee 13, 2021, n'oge asọmpi ejiji mba nke asọmpi ịma mma nke Miss Universe 2020, Miss Dominican Republic Kimberly Jiménez yi uwe "Goddess of Sunflowers" nke e ji ọla edo na odo rhinestones kpuchie nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ezigbo sunflowers a dụkọtara n'elu ákwà ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ha dara ma dina n'azụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu n'oge ọ na-eme ihe.[54]
Akụkọ nke oge a na-ekwukarị na n'akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, nymph Clytie gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ sunflower mgbe ọ na-achọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Helios, chi anyanwụ, onye jụrụ ya ma hapụ ya maka onye ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, sunflowers abụghị nke Gris ma ọ bụ Ịtali, kama na North America.[55] Akụkọ mbụ bụ banyere okooko osisi ọzọ, heliotropium.[56]
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ "Helianthus annuus". The Global Compositae Checklist (GCC) – via The Plant List.
- ↑ Tallest Sunflower. Guinness World Records. Retrieved on 4 May 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Spellenberg [1979] (2001). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region, rev, Knopf, 378–379. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
- ↑ Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) Genome Project. NCBI. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.
- ↑ Sunflower Genome Holds the Promise of Sustainable Agriculture. ScienceDaily (2010-01-14).
- ↑ "Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun.
- ↑ Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation.. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23.
- ↑ Gerard (1597). Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. London: John Norton, 612–614. Retrieved on 2012-08-08.
- ↑ Sunflower, Developmental stages (life cycle). GeoChemBio website. Retrieved on 8 August 2012.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Atamian (2016-08-05). "Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits" (in en). Science 353 (6299): 587–590. DOI:10.1126/science.aaf9793. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27493185.
- ↑ Donat-Peter Häder (2001). Photomovement. Elsevier, 673–. ISBN 978-0-444-50706-8. Retrieved on 15 August 2010.
- ↑ Adam (2003). John A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature. ISBN 978-0-691-11429-3. Retrieved on 2011-01-31.
- ↑ R. Knott, Interactive demos. Mcs.surrey.ac.uk (2009-02-12). Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved on 2011-01-31.
- ↑ R. Knott, Fibonacci in plants. Mcs.surrey.ac.uk (2010-10-30). Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved on 2011-01-31.
- ↑ Motloch (2000-08-25). Introduction to landscape design - Google Books. ISBN 978-0-471-35291-4. Retrieved on 2011-01-31.
- ↑ Jean (1994). Phyllotaxis. ISBN 978-0-521-40482-2. Retrieved on 2011-01-31. “fibonacci packing efficiency.”
- ↑ Parastichy pair(13:21) of CYCAS REVOLUTA (male) florets_WebCite. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009.
- ↑ Vogel (1979). "A better way to construct the sunflower head". Mathematical Biosciences 44 (3–4): 179–189. DOI:10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4.
- ↑ Prusinkiewicz (1990). The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag, 101–107. ISBN 978-0-387-97297-8.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gontcharov, SV.
- ↑ Encheva, J. Christov, M and Shindrova, P. Developing Mutant Sunflower Line (Helianthus Annuus L.) By Combined Used Of Classical Method With Induced Mutagenesis and Embryo Culture Method.
- ↑ Blackman et al. (2011).
- ↑ Lentz et al. (2008).
- ↑ Rieseberg, Loren H., et al. (2004).
- ↑ Henderson & Pollack (2012).
- ↑ Putt, E.D. (1997). "Early history of sunflower", in A.A. Schneiter: Sunflower Technology and Production, Agronomy Series. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, 1–19.
- ↑ Smith (2006).
- ↑ Park (March 2020). "Phylogeography and the Evolutionary History of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Wild Diversity and the Dynamics of Domestication" (in en). Genes 11 (3): 266. DOI:10.3390/genes11030266. PMID 32121324.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Hancock (2012). Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species. CABI Pub.. ISBN 978-0-85199-874-9. Retrieved on 2022-04-07.
- ↑ SUNFLOWERS: The Secret History. (2007).
- ↑ Production of sunflower seeds in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists). UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (2022). Retrieved on 13 March 2022.
- ↑ Spinelli (2017). "Environmental analysis of sunflower production with different forms of mineral nitrogen fertilizers". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 22 (4): 492–501. DOI:10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6. PMID 23974447.
- ↑ Castro (2018). "Main aspects of sunflower production in Brazil". Ocl 25: D104. DOI:10.1051/ocl/2017056. Àtụ:ProQuest.
- ↑ Mastuura (2017). "Life-cycle assessment of the soybean-sunflower production system in the Brazilian Cerrado". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 22 (4): 492–501. DOI:10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6.
- ↑ Martin (2016-03-01). "Honeybee floral constancy and pollination efficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) crops for hybrid seed production" (in en). Apidologie 47 (2): 161–170. DOI:10.1007/s13592-015-0384-8. ISSN 0044-8435.
- ↑ AGM Plants - Ornamental. Royal Horticultural Society (July 2017). Retrieved on 3 March 2018.
- ↑ Pelczar, Rita. (1993) The Prodigal Sunflower.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Niering [1979] (1985). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- ↑ Neufeld, Dietrich.
- ↑ Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2016.
- ↑ Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018.
- ↑ Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye (1980) A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico.
- ↑ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians.
- ↑ Irons (1982). "Competitive and Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)". Weed Science 30 (4): 372–377. DOI:10.1017/S0043174500040789. ISSN 0043-1745.
- ↑ AFP (June 24, 2011). Sunflowers to clean radioactive soil in Japan. Yahoo News. Retrieved on 2011-06-25.
- ↑ Antoni Slodkowski. "Sunflowers melt Fukushima's nuclear "snow"", Reuters, 19 August 2011. Retrieved on 22 January 2012.
- ↑ Stevenson, p.93
- ↑ Sunflower Symbolism & the Meaning of Sunflowers in the Language of Flowers. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18. Retrieved on 2014-03-07.
- ↑ Ukrainian woman offers seeds to Russian soldiers so 'sunflowers grow when they die' – video. The Guardian (25 February 2022).
- ↑ "The sunflower, Ukraine's national flower, is becoming a global symbol of solidarity", The Washington Post, 2 March 2022.
- ↑ Awtry-Smith, Marilyn J. The Symbol of Spiritualism: The Sunflower.
- ↑ Dutch town hard hit by MH17 disaster remembers victims with sunflowers. The Guardian (17 July 2015). Retrieved on 30 May 2021.
- ↑ Planting hope. The Sydney Morning Herald (2015). Retrieved on 30 May 2021.
- ↑ Kimberly Jiménez parades in the typical sunflower costume at the Miss Universe pre-message gala (13 May 2021).
- ↑ Flora of North America: Common sunflower, United States Department of Agriculture, Helianthus annuus L.
- ↑ Ovid (1977). Metamorphoses: Books 1-8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, Book iv, lines 190–283. ISBN 9780674990463.
Ebe e si nweta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R. (18 May 2001). "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica". Science, 292(5520):1370–1373.
- Shosteck, Robert (1974) Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. ISBN: 9780812904536.
- Wood, Marcia. (June 2002). Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research.. USDA.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- National Sunflower Association
- Sunflowerseed—USDA Economic Research Service. Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports.
- Sunflower cultivation—New Crop Resource Online Program, Purdue University


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Oge okpomọkụ na-abịa na njedebe na omenala nke a gaara abụ oge kachasị elu maka ọrụ trans-Pacific, nke gaara apụta mmalite nke azụmahịa ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ.Otú ọ dị, e nwere usoro mgbaàmà ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha na nkọwa dị iche iche na ahịa, ma enwere nkwenye na ọnụ ahịa ibu na-amalite "n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama" na ọchịchọ na-adị nro.fan iko akwụkwọ
Obi abụọ adịghị ya, macroeconomic na geopolitical ejighị n'aka emewo ka adịghị ike dị ugbu a na ahịa chartering akpa, na ụlọ ọrụ liner, dị ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ahịa ahụ, nwere ahụmahụ onwe onye karị.Agbanyeghị, n'ihu mbelata dị ugbu a na ọnụego ibu ibu, ịdị nro na ọdịnihu na-ejighị n'aka, ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi na-achọsi ike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ịgbatị akwụkwọ ikike nke nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri, na ruo ugbu a, opekata mpe iri na abuo 10,000 TEU containers. emegharịrị tupu oge eruo.akwụkwọ iko akụrụngwa
Alphaliner kwuru na ahịa ịre ahịa akpa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụta n'ọgba aghara nke izu ole na ole gara aga.Karịsịa azụmahịa akpa 9500-14000 TEU na-arụsi ọrụ ike, enwere ọ dịkarịa ala azụmahịa ụgbọ mmiri 19.
Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ si kwuo, azụmahịa ndị na-adịbeghị anya nke nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-abụkarị ndị òtù Alliance.Hapag-Lloyd megharịrị akwụkwọ ikike nke ụgbọ mmiri ise 10,100 TEU nke Seaspan na ọnụego ụgwọ kwa ụbọchị maka ọnwa 78 site na 2024. Hapag-Lloyd nwekwara ụgbọ mmiri 14,000 TEU isii na akwụkwọ ikike afọ ise sitere na SFL, malite mgbe njedebe nke akwụkwọ ikike ahụ na ya. 2023 ruo 2024 Charterer Evergreen Marine ugbu a.akwụkwọ iko fan akụrụngwa
Ụgbọ mmiri Netlink Ocean nke Japan (ONE) emezigharịrị akwụkwọ ikike nke Seaspan Adonis (wuru na 2010, 9,500 TEU) ruo afọ atọ na ọnụego ụgwọ kwa ụbọchị nke US $ 67,500, malite n'afọ na-abịa.
Yang Ming Marine, nke bụ akụkụ nke njikọ aka ya na Hapag-Lloyd na ONE, kwupụtara na ya ejirila nhọrọ ya ịgbatị akwụkwọ ikike nke arịa ise Seaspan 14,000 TEU maka afọ abụọ na ọnụego kwa ụbọchị nke ihe dịka $ 28,355 na $ 36,695 kwa ụgbọ mmiri.mpịakọta akwụkwọ ekpuchiri ya
Alphaliner kwuru na azụmahịa ụgbọ mmiri nke obere na obere akpa enwetaghachila ume, yana azụmahịa na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru 5,000 TEU na-amalite ịda, n'ezie maka oge ịgba ụgwọ dị mkpụmkpụ, ebe ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ugbu a na-ahọrọ ịnya ụgbọ ala ọnwa iri na abụọ.Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị nwe ụlọ ka na-enwe ike mgbe ụfọdụ ịnweta chata nke ọnwa 24 ma ọ bụ karịa maka ụgbọ mmiri ụfọdụ, nke a na-abụkarị n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka nkọwa ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri 2700 TEU Posen, nke F. Laeisz na-achịkwa, bụ nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ na Jinjiang Shipping Line maka afọ abụọ na ọnụego ụgwọ kwa ụbọchị nke US $ 58,500.A na-akwụ ụgwọ ụdị ụgbọ mmiri a maka oge dị mkpirikpi na ọnụ ahịa ụgwọ agbadala site na nkezi nke 10% n'ime izu ole na ole gara aga ma na-aga n'ihu na-agbada.akụrụngwa maka iko akwụkwọ
DKT Allseas kwụrụ ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri 1,700 TEU "A Daisen" maka otu afọ na ọnụ ahịa ụgwọ kwa ụbọchị nke US$50,000.N'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ụdị a dị maka chata, ọnụego kwa ụbọchị maka ụgwọ ọnwa 12 amalitela ịda site na $54,000 otu ọnwa gara aga.
Agbanyeghị, n'obere mpaghara feeder nke na-erughị 1,000 TEU, Hans-Peter Wegene nwere “Nova” ka edobere ya na ONE maka ọnwa isii n'ọnụego dị egwu kwa ụbọchị nke $31,000.ndị na-emepụta mpịakọta akwụkwọ
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-26-2022

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Li Ching-Yuen ma ọ bụ Li Ching-Yun bụ nwoke Huijiang County, Sichuan Province, kwuru na ọ bụ onye China. ọkachamara n'ọgwụ ọgwụ, onye ọgụ ọgụ na onye ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ. O kwuru n'otu oge na a mụrụ ya na 1736 n'oge oge QianlongEmperor nke isii nke Ọchịchị Qing. Mana enwerekwa ndekọ na -emegiderịta onwe ya na a mụrụ Lee na 1677 n'oge ọchịchị KangxiỌchịchị eze nke anọ nke usoro ndị eze Qing. Agbanyeghị, ekwetabeghị ya.
A maara Li Ching-Yuen nke ọma maka ogologo ndụ ya, na-adị ndụ mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 197 ma ọ bụ 256. Ha abụọ gafere ihe ndekọ kachasị elu nke afọ enyochala n'ime ụwa a.
Ihe nzuzo nke Ogologo Ndụ
Na Mee 15, 1933, otu "Time Magazine”Ibuotikọ emi ẹkotde “Nkịta Nduru Mbe” kọrọ banyere akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Li Ching-Yuen hapụrụ ihe nzuzo nke ịdị ogologo ndụ: "Debe obi dị jụụ, nọdụ ala dị ka mbe, jee ije ọsọ ọsọ dị ka nduru, rahụ ụra dị ka nkịta." Dị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ si kwuo, ọ dị ogologo ndụ n'ihi na ọ na -emega ahụ mgbe niile, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na n'eziokwu kwa ụbọchị maka afọ 120.
Na 1928, Li Ching-Yuen dere akwụkwọ ahụ "Ntụziaka ochie nke itolite." Agbanyeghị, ọ kwughị afọ ndụ ya n'akwụkwọ a, isi ihe na-eme ka ọ too ogologo ndụ ya qigong mgbatị ahụ-usoro narị afọ gara aga nke nhazi ahụ na mmegharị ahụ, iku ume, na ntụgharị uche. Li Ching-Yuen tụrụ aro ka ọ jiri “Lite, yin na yang mezie ”usoro. Enwere ihe atọ kpatara ogologo ndụ ya siri dị mma: nke mbụ bụ onye anaghị eri anụ ogologo oge, nke abụọ na-adị jụụ ma na-enwe ọ joyụ, nke atọ na-ewere tii Goji nke esi esi esi Goji tomato.
Ndụ nke Li Ching-Yuen
Ọtụtụ kwenyere na a mụrụ Li Ching-Yuen na Febụwarị 26th nke 1677 na Huijiang County, Sichuan Province ― taa, mpaghara Huijiang, Chongqing City. O boro ebubo na ọ nọrọ ogologo ndụ ya niile n'ịchịkọta ahịhịa ndị China na ịnakọta ndụmọdụ maka ogologo ndụ. Na 1749, mgbe ọ dị afọ 72, Li Ching-Yuen gara Kai County isonye na ndị agha wee bụrụ onye nkuzi ịgba ọgụ na onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ndị agha.
Na 1927, General kpọrọ Li Ching-Yuen oku Yan Sen ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ọbịa na Wan County, Sichuan. Yang Sen nwere mmasị miri emi na nka nka nka nka ochie na nka. Mgbe afọ isii gachara, agadi nwoke Li Ching-Yuen nwụrụ na 1933. Ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ nwụrụ n'ụzọ nkịtị, ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ gwara ndị enyi otu oge, "Emeela m ihe m kwesịrị ime ma ugbu a, m ga -ala n'ụlọ"Mgbe ahụ ọ nwụrụ ozugbo.
Mgbe Li Ching-Yuen nwụsịrị na Mee 6th nke 1933, Yang Sen zigara mmadụ kpọmkwem ka ọ nyochaa afọ ndụ ya na nzụlite ya wee bipụta akụkọ. N'otu afọ ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị Sichuan, mgbe a gbara ha ajụjụ ọnụ, kwuru na ha amala Li Ching-Yuen mgbe ha bụ ụmụaka, na Li emebeghị agadi mgbe ha mere agadi. Ndị ọzọ kwuru na Li bụbu enyi nne nna ha ochie. E liri Li Ching-Yuen n'ili ili Xicunxian Luoyang, Henan, China.
Banyere ezigbo afọ Li Ching-Yuen
Dabere na akụkọ ọnwụ 1933 bipụtara na "Magazin Oge" na "The New York Times," Li Ching-Yuen, mgbe ọ dị afọ 256, lụọlarị nwunye 24 sitere na oge dị iche iche nke zụlitere ụmụaka 180, karịa ọgbọ iri na otu. . E nwere ụdị ndụ alụmdi na nwunye Li Ching-Yuen nke o liri nwunye iri abụọ na atọ wee binyere nwunye ya nke iri abụọ na anọ, onye dị afọ iri isii n'oge ahụ.
Dabere na "The New York Times": Wu Chung-Chieh, onye isi ngalaba mmụta na Mahadum Chengdu na 1930, chọpụtara" akwụkwọ ọmụmụ "Li Ching-Yuen nke na-egosi na a ga-amụ ya na Febụwarị 26th nke 1677. Akụkọ ọzọ na-egosi na gọọmentị Qing nwekwara Ememe afọ 150 maka ya na 1827.
Agbanyeghị, ụdị mkpesa dị otú a siri ike igosipụta n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị China na narị afọ nke 17 bụ nke ezighi ezi na enweghị nkọwa. Magazin Time kọwakwara, Li Ching-Yuen nwere mbọ aka dị ogologo nke dị sentimita isii n'aka nri ya.
Taa, enwere puku kwuru puku ndị nka mara mma kachasị mma n'ụwa niile na -ekwu ugbu a na ndị bu ha ụzọ amụtala Usoro Qigong na ihe ọmụma nzuzo ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke nka ọgụ si n'aka nna ukwu Li Ching-Yuen. Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo, Li Ching-Yuen bụ onye okike Jiulong Baguazhang ma ọ bụ Dragons itoolu Baguazhang.
Stuart Alve Olson dere akwụkwọ na 2002, "Ụzọ nkuzi Qigong nke anwụ anwụ Taoist: Mmega ahụ asatọ dị mkpa nke Master Li Ching-Yun." N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ na -akụzi usoro omume nke "Hachia Kam." Stuart Alve Olson bụ onye na -eme ihe Taoist ruo ihe karịrị afọ 30 ma soro onye nkuzi Taoist a ma ama bụ Tung Tsai Liang nwụrụ na 2002 mgbe ọ dịrị ndụ afọ 102.
Liu Pai Lin, nna ukwu onye Taoist nke bi na São Paulo, Brazil site na 1975 ruo 2000, nwetara foto Li Ching-Yuen. Pai Lin kwuru na ọ hụla mbụ Li Ching-Yuen na China wee were ya dị ka onye nwe ya na mgbe ọ jụrụ Master Li, "Gịnị bụ usoro Taoist kachasị mkpa?" Nna -ukwu Li zara, "Omume Taoist kachasị mkpa bụ ịmụta ịghara imebi ya."
Ndị isi narị afọ ndị ọzọ kacha ochie
Onye nlekọta oke bụ onye ruru afọ 110. A na -enweta afọ a site n'ihe dị ka otu onye n'ime puku afọ iri.
Luo Meizhen bụ onye China na -azọrọ onye kacha okenye n'ụwa. A mụrụ ya na July 9th nke 1885 wee nwụọ na June 4th nke 2013. Na 2010, Gerontological Society of China kwupụtara na Luo Meizhen dị afọ 125 bụ onye kacha dịrị ndụ na China. Nke a mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye na -ekwu na ọ bụ onye kacha dịrị ndụ n'ụwa. Agbanyeghị, enweghị ndekọ ọmụmụ nwa pụtara na Guinness World Records enweghị ike ịnabata nkwupụta nke ogologo ndụ.
Jeanne Louise Calment kwuru bụ onye nlekọta ndị France sitere na Arles, yana mmadụ kachasị okenye nke edepụtara afọ ya nke ọma, yana afọ ndụ 122 na ụbọchị 164. A mụrụ ya na February 21 nke 1875 wee nwụọ n'August 4th nke 1997.
Kane tanaka bụ onye nlekọta ndị Japan nke, mgbe ọ dị afọ 117+, bụ onye kacha enyocha ndụ dị ndụ n'ụwa, yana nke asatọ kwupụtara onye kacha ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Okwu ikpeazụ
Site n'ọtụtụ ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ekwenyesiri ike na otu agadi nwoke aha ya bụ Li Ching-Yuen ma ọ bụ Li Ching Yun bi na China n'ezie onye tinyere ndụ ya niile n'ịmụ ahịhịa ahịhịa na nzuzo nke ịdị ogologo ndụ. Li gara njem na Gansu, Shaanxi, Tibet, Annan, Siam, Manchuria, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ ịnakọta ma ọ bụ ree ahịhịa ya. Ọ bụkwa eziokwu na ọ dị ogologo ndụ, mana afọ ole ― ọ ka edoghị anya ma ọ bụ kwenye.
Ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ụwa, ọkachasị ọdịnala ndị India na ndị China, na -ekwu maka ị nweta ogologo ndụ ogologo oge site na ndozi ime mmụọ dịka Yoga na Taoism. Omume ndị a niile na-enyere aka ịbawanye mmata onwe onye, belata mmetụta nke ego ma mee ka anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na mmega ahụ kwa ụbọchị, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie iji bie ogologo ndụ na udo nke uche.


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Sex work
Ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ "mgbanwe nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, arụmọrụ, ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ ihe onwunwe.[1][2] Ọ na-agụnye ihe omume nke mmekọrịta anụ ahụ kpọmkwem n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa ya na mkpali mmekọahụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.[3] Ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ezo aka naanị na azụmahịa mmekọahụ afọ ofufo; ya mere okwu ahụ anaghị ezo aka na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na azụmahịa mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ a manyere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta dịka ịgba akwụna ụmụaka. Azụmahịa ahụ ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti ndị okenye na-ekweta bụ ndị ruru afọ iwu kwadoro na ikike uche iji kwenye ma ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'enweghị ụzọ ọ bụla mmanye, ma e wezụga ịkwụ ụgwọ.[4][5] Okwu a na-emesi mmetụta ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ụdị ọrụ a ike. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ iji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-enye ndị na-ere ọrụ ndị a ụlọ ọrụ.
N'ihi ọnọdụ iwu nke ụfọdụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ihere metụtara ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọ na-esiri ndị mmadụ ike ịnweta; ya mere enwere obere nnyocha agụm akwụkwọ emere na isiokwu ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ na-elekwasị anya na ịgba akwụna, na obere, ịgba egwu na-enweghị atụ; enwere obere nnyocha banyere ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ. A pụghị ịkọwapụta nchọpụta ndị a n'ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ. Ka o sina dị, e nwere ogologo akụkọ ederede ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọahụ na ọdịdị onwe ya na akụ na ụba ya.
ỤdịMèzi
N'afọ puku abụọ na anọ, e mere nyocha Medline na nyocha nke isiokwu 681 "ịgba akwụna" iji mepụta ụdị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ site na iji ụdị na-enweghị isi. A chopụtara ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ iri abụọ na ise iji mepụta nghọta dị n'usoro banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ya. Ịgba akwụna dịgasị iche site n'ụdị na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere ụdị ịgba akwụna dị iche iche. Nnyocha a dị ka emere iji rụọ ọrụ iji meziwanye ahụike na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ.[6]
Ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ na agụnye ọrụ mmekọahụ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ arụmọrụ agụụ mmekọahụ, na-agụnye ogo dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na ndị ahịa:[7]
- Ngosipụta webcam na ịme ihe ngosi ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. A na-emekarị nke mbụ site na saịtị camming, nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ nwere ike ọ gaghị eji ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenye.[3][8]
- Ịgba egwu dị egwu
- Ịgba egwu.[9][3]
- Ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na ekwentị: na ndị ahịa na-enwe mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ, ma nwee ike ịme egwuregwu mmekọahụ
- Egwú go-go
- Erotik egwú
- Neo-burlesque
-  Egwú ike
- warara-tils / Egwu tabulu
- Ịhịa aka n'ahụ
- Ịgwe ọka
- Ịgba egwu ùwà
- Ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ
- Ndị na-eme Peepshow
- Ọrụ iduga / Ahụmahụ enyi nwanyị / nwadiuto
- Ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ: soro ndị nyocha uche na-arụ ọrụ iji nwee mmekọahụ dịka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ na ndị ahịa ha.[10]
- Ịgba akwụna n'okporo ámá
- Ịgba akwụna n'ime ụlọ (ọrụ ụlọ akwụna, ịgba akwụna metụtara ụlọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ụlọ mmanya ma ọ bụ ịgba akwụna cha cha)
Usoro iwuMèzi
Mmebi iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ usoro iwu kachasị eme maka ịchịkwa mmekọahụ azụmahịa.[11] A na-eme mpụ zuru oke na mba China, Russia, na ọtụtụ mba dị na Afrịka a. Na United States, nke steeti ọ bụla nwere iwu mpụ nke ya, ọrụ mmekọahụ zuru oke bụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ebe niile, ọrụ mmekọahụ site na iji condom bụ iwu naanị n'akụkụ Nevada; ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enweghị mmekọrịta bụ ebe isi awọ na mgbagwoju anya. N'okpuru mpụ zuru oke, onye na-ere ahịa, onye na-azụ ya, na onye ọ bụla nke atọ metụtara na-enweta ntaramahụhụ mpụ. Nke a gụnyere onye ọ bụla na-erite uru site na mmekọahụ azụmahịa na ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ anụ ahụ. E jikọtara mpụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ, ime ihe ike nke ndị mmekọ, na iyi egwu ndị uwe ojii.[12] Egwu nke mmetụta iwu nwere ike igbochi ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ịchọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike mmekọahụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ma mee ka ha ghara ịkọ mpụ nke ha bụ ndị ahụ metụtara. Dị ka nnyocha nke Human Rights Watch mere si kwuo, mpụ na-eme ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee ike ịdaba n'ike, igbu ọchụ, na ịkpa ókè n'ihi ọnọdụ ha na ikike ndị uwe ojii nwere ikpe ha maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha abịa dị ka onye a tara ahụhụ.[13]
Mmebi iwu na-enye ohere maka nkwado iwu nke ịzụta na ire mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị abụọ kwetara mana ọ machibidoro ire ahịa nke mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ akwụna ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọha na eze dị ka ịrịọ arịrịọ n'okporo ámá. Nke a nwere nsonaazụ a na-atụghị anya ya na ọ na-eme ka njikọ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ mpụ, na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ naanị ha na n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma. Mmebi iwu ụfọdụ sitere na ụdị iwu dị iche iche dịka Nkwụsị, neo-abolitionism na Swedish-Nordic Model.
A na-eme nkwado iwu ugbu a na akụkụ nke South Amerịka, Australia, Europe, na mpaghara ụfọdụ na steeti Nevada nke United States. Red Light dị na Amsterdam, Netherlands, bụ ihe atụ nke nkwado iwu zuru oke, ebe a na-ekwe ka akụkụ niile nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha debanyere aha na gọọmentị. Ebe ọ bụ na usoro ndebanye aha na-adịkarị ọnụ ma na-ewe oge, na-achọ ebe obibi iwu kwadoro, ma nwee ike ịgụnye nyocha ahụike mgbe niile, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ a na-eleghara anya ga-anọgide na-akwadoghị iwu, ma na-akwụkarị ụgwọ dị ala, n'ihi na ha enweghị ike irube isi na iwu. Nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nta, ndị mbịarambịa, na ndị ọrụ na-enweghị ego.
Ikpa oké bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị akwado site n'aka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'onwe ha. Ikpa oké bụ naanị ngwọta iwu nke na-enye enweghị mpụ nke onye ọ bụla na-etinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ ma na mgbakwunye enweghị ihe mgbochi na onye nwere ike isonye na ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Mmebi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ agaghị ewepụ ntaramahụhụ iwu ọ bụla na-akatọ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Enweghị ihe akaebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-egosi na mmebi iwu nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-agba ume ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.[4] New Zealand bụ mba mbụ machibidoro ọrụ mmekọahụ n'afọ puku abụọ na atọ, site na ngafe nke Iwu Ndozigharị Ịgba akwụna.[14] Nke a bụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-akwado n'ihi na ọ na-enye ha ohere ka ha na ndị ahịa ha nwee ike ịkparịta ụka. Site na nchebe zuru oke n'okpuru iwu, ha nwere ikike ịchọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ ha, usoro nchebe, ma chebe onwe ha pụọ n'aka ndị omekome na-eme ihe ike. Ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị ochie dị adị na ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme mpụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe iji chịkwaa ya, ọrụ ahụ agbanwebeghị ma ọ bụla ka oge na-aga. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ahịa mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka a ga-erigbu ha, na-azụ ahịa, na ndị a wakporo mgbe a na-eme mpụ maka ọrụ mmekọahụ.[15] Malite n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ puku abụọ na ise, Amnesty International, otu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-enweghị ọdịmma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ na mmegbu, webatara iwu nke rịọrọ ka mba niile mee ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ iwu.[16][17] Amnesty International kwuru na iwu a na imebi ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-ebelata ịzụ ahịa mmadụ site n'ịkwalite ahụike na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ site n'ikwe ka ha nwee onwe ha site na nchebe nke gọọmentị.[17] Iwu a nwetara nkwado dị ukwuu n'ụwa niile site n'aka WHO, UNAIDS, GAATW, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, mana anabatabeghị ya n'ụwa niile.
Akụkọ ihe mere emeMèzi
A na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, kemgbe oge ochie. A na-akọ na ọbụna n'obodo ndị kasị ochie, enwere mmekọahụ azụmahịa. Ịgba akwụna juru ebe niile n'Ijipt na Gris oge ochie, ebe a na-eme ya na ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A hụrụ Hetaera na Gris na geisha na Japan dị ka ndị a ma ama nke ọha mmadụ maka ọkwa ọzụzụ ha dị elu na mkpakọrịta. Àgwà banyere ịgba akwụna agbanweela site na akụkọ ihe mere eme.
N' etiti oge gboo, a nabatara ịgba akwụna mana ọ bụghị ememe. Ọ bụ ruo mgbe atuteghachi na Ndozigharị Protestant na narị afọ nke iri na isii ka àgwà gbanwere megide ịgba akwụna n'ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ma a malitere ịchịkwa ahụ nke ọma. Mgbanwe omume ndị a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka mmachi nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ịmanye iwu gbasara ịgba akwụna metụtara ndị ogbenye n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ.[18]
Ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na United Steeti mana iwu na-achịkwa ire mmekọahụ dị ọhụrụ. Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ịgba akwụna gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike site na Louisiana ruo San Francisco. N'agbanyeghị njupụta ya, àgwà n'ebe ndị akwụna nọ adịghị mma ma na-enwe obi ọjọọ ọtụtụ ugboro. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ahụ ekwughị kpọmkwem banyere ịgba akwụna n'oge a, ndị mmanye iwu na-elekwasịkarị ndị akwụna anya. E ji iwu megide ịkwa iko na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị mee ihe iji chịkwaa ọrụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara na-acha uhie uhie guzobere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche na mba ahụ na mgbalị nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ịchọta ohere ebe ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ, kewapụrụ onwe ha na ọha mmadụ na ihere kwekọrọ.
Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'iwu nyere ndị akwụna ohere ịgbagha mkpọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe. Site n'okwu ndị a, ndị akwụna manyere nkwenye a ma ama nke ọrụ ha ma gbachitere ikike na ihe onwunwe ha. N'agbanyeghị mbọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-agba, ndị na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-achọ ịkwụsị ịgba akwụna ozugbo malitere inweta nkwado na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Iwu ọhụrụ lekwasịrị anya na azụmahịa nke atọ ebe ịgba akwụna na-eme, dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ akwụna, na-ejide ndị nwe ya maka ọrụ ndị mere n'ime ụlọ ha. Mpaghara na-acha uhie uhie malitere imechi. N'ikpeazụ, na 1910 Mann Act, ma ọ bụ "White Slave Traffic Act" mere iwu na-akwadoghị omume ịmanye mmadụ ịgba akwụna ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ ndị ọzọ, iwu gọọmentị etiti mbụ na-ekwu maka ịgba akwụna. Emere omume a iji dozie ịzụ ahịa nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto, ndị Europe bụ ndị e chere na a tọọrọ ma buru ha gaa United States ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụna, mana ha mere ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ọrụ mmekọahụ.[19] Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ, iwu ndị agha mmiri manyere mmechi nke azụmahịa metụtara mmekọahụ na nso ebe ndị agha. Mgbochi na ime ihe ike n'ụzọ doro anya mere ka obere njikwa ndị ọrụ nwere n'ọrụ ha funahụ. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, n' afọ otu puku na iri na asatọ , Iwu Chamberlain-Kahn mere ka nwanyị ọ bụla a hụrụ na ọ nwere ọrịa a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ (STI) bụrụ onye gọọmentị ga-ekewapụ. Ebumnuche mbụ nke omume a bụ ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ọrịa mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị agha United States.[20] Ka ọ na-erule afọ puku iri na iteghete na iri na ịse n'okpuru iwu a, a pụrụ ịkwụsị ndị akwụna, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ahụta dị ka ndị akwụna, nyochaa, ma jide ha ma ọ bụ ziga ha n'ụlọ mmeghari ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ha ka ha nwere ọrịa mmekọahụ ọ bụla. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ, e jidere ma nyochaa ụmụ nwanyị puku atọ . Steeti emeela ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ka ha bụrụ ndị iwu kwadoro.[21] N'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na New York City bụ ihe karịrị pacenti iri ise nke njide maka ịgba akwụna.[22]
Ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ gbasaa na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu. Ihe nkiri na mgbe e mesịrị Intanet nyere ohere ọhụrụ maka ọrụ mmekọahụ. Na afọ puku ịrị iteghete na iri asaa na asatọ , Carol Leigh, onye na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na onye na-eme ihe ike, chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ mmekọahụ" dịka a na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a. Ọ na-ele anya ịlụso mmegide ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ọgụ site na ịmepụta okwu nke gosipụtara mmetụta ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ahụ. Okwu a malitere iji ya eme ihe n'afọ 1980s. (bayswan). COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics) na otu ndị ọzọ yiri ya guzobere na 1970s na 80s iji kwalite nnwere onwe mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Esemokwu guzobere n'ime feminism nke na-aga n'ihu taa, ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka maka ịkwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ maka nnabata na ikike maka ọrụ mmekọahụ.
Ihere bụ echiche na akara na-adịghị mma ma na-abụkarị mkparị nke a na-etinye na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ndị otu obodo. Ihe ihere nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ekesa site na usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche bụ ihere "nwanyị akwụna" nke a na-akpọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka "ndị akwụna" n'ihi ọdịdị na ụba nke mmekọrịta ndị ahịa.[23]
A mụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ iji nweta akụkọ atọ kachasị elu nke egosipụtara na mgbasa ozi banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ. Nke mbụ, a na-egosi ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-ebute ọrịa na isi iyi nke ọrịa. Nke abụọ, a na-egosi ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke dịgasị iche na ịdị njọ. Na nke atọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-egosi ọrụ mmekọahụ na mgbasa ozi iji mee n'èzí, nke na-agbakwụnye echiche na-adịghị mma nke na-ejikọta ọrụ mmekọahụ na unyi ma ọ bụ ọha na eze. N'ime akụkọ ndị a niile, anyị na-ahụkarị usoro nhazi nke a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ dị iche iche dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke na-egosi dị ka ọrụ ikike nke pimps, ndị ahịa, na ndị na-ahụ maka iwu.[23]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ puku abụọ na isii site na Mahadum Victoria chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ahụmịhe mbụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ adịghị ka nke ahụ. Achọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na ezighi ezi, a na-emepụta ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ site na ederede mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala siri ike nke na-eme ka ihere na-aga n'ihu ma na-enye mmetụta na mgbasa ozi na echiche ọjọọ banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ.[23]
Ọrịa nje HIV / AIDS nyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ. Mmebi nke ikpughe ndị ọzọ na nje HIV / AIDS metụtara ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ukwuu. A haziri usoro mbelata mmerụ ahụ na-enye nyocha, ndụmọdụ, na ihe iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ. Ịhazi ahụmịhe a nyere aka mee ka omume n'ọdịnihu maka ikpe ziri ezi ọha na eze. Egwu ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu n'ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Njikọ nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ iwu kwadoro dị ka ndị na-agba egwu na-enweghị atụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na ndị ọrụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ruuru mmadụ emeela ka ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ka o sina dị, mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịkwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-akparị na-eme ka ịhazi gburugburu ọrụ mmekọahụ sie ike. N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ndị a, omume megide ime ihe ike na mmụba ọhụụ na ikike na-anọgide na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị sonyere.[24] Ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ na-enwekarị ihere na ịkpa ókè karịa ụmụ nwoke.[25] A na-ekwu na ihere na ịkpa ókè a sitere na echiche na-adịghị mma nke aha ọrụ "onye ọrụ mmekọahụ" na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere dị nso na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ dị ka HIV na AIDS. Ihe ihere ndị a na-emetụta otú ọha mmadụ si emekọrịta ihe na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na Hong Kong kọrọ na ha na onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ahụike nwere mmekọrịta mkparị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, nke kpaliri mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ahụike n'ozuzu ya na ịnweta ahụike n'ụzọ na-adịghị nhata.[25]
N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, amachibidoro ọrụ mmetụta nke anụ arụ (nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na ndị ọzọ) na mba ụfọdụ. Nke a ebutela mbelata na Europe nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke ọrụ mmekọahụ. [26] Na mgbakwunye, enweela nnabata ka ukwuu nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ nke na-achọghị kọntaktị anụ ahụ (ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị). [27] [28] [29] Ọmụmaatụ nke ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nke na-achọghị kọntaktị anụ ahụ gụnyere imewe kamera weebụ yana ọrụ ndenye ọdịnaya nke okenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ. Naanị Fans). [30] Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-aga n'ihu n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị, nakwa n'ihi na ụfọdụ ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịchọ akaụntụ ụlọ akụ gọọmentị (ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ego dijitalụ ) na ọnụ ụlọ nkeonwe. [28] [27] Ọrịa COVID-19 abawanyela mwepu, ahaghị nhata na mpụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Site na ihe egwu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke metụtara ọrịa na-efe efe, a kwụsịtụrụ ọrụ mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ, na-ebute nsogbu ego karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye kparala aka. Iwu COVID-19 ewepụtala ihe egwu karịa na nchekwa anụ ahụ na nke ego nke ndị ọrụ mmekọ na-adịghị mma nke ọha na-enweghị akwụkwọ, mmegharịa o we nna agba. [31]
Mmekọahụ ọrụ ikeMèzi
Ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọahụMèzi
Dr. Annie Sprinkle na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ wemaram ọrụ USA buru ụzọ hụ ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na Disemba iri na asaa , puku abụọ na atọ , a na-amatakwa ya nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ iri na asaa gara aga. [32] Sprinkle na ndị Ọrụ mmekọahụ Outreach Project USA buru ụzọ hụ ụbọchị a na ebe nchekwa nke ndị egburu na Green River Killer na Seattle Washington wee malite n'afọ kwa afọ, mba ụwa maka obodo ndị ọzọ furu efu ọtụtụ ndụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, ndị nwere ahụmahụ na enwetala ime ihe ike, na inye ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ike. [33] N'ime izu nke Disemba iri na asaa , ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na-akpọ uche gaa na mpụ ịkpọasị gburugburu ụwa na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na obodo ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ iji jide ncheta na ogbo omume iji mee ka mmata nke ime ihe ike site na. na-elekwasị anya na nkatọ nke transphobia, egwundịobịa, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ime mpụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe yana mkparị nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ nke dị nchebe, nke na-adịghị eme mpụ. [34]
Ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenyeMèzi
Na ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ. OnlyFans) ndị na-emepụta mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọdịnaya ha. Ọdịnaya a nwere ike ịgụnye selfies, ndụmọdụ, ozi, nkuzi, yana ọrụ mmekọahụ. Naanị ndị na-emepụta Fans na-enweta uru bara uru site n'aka ndị debanyere aha na-azụta ohere ịnweta akaụntụ ha pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa.[35] A na-ahazi ahụmịhe ahụ maka onye ọ bụla debanyere aha megide ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị dị ka ọdịnaya nke Pornhub / brazzers / xxxvideos / wdg nyere.[35] OnlyFans agbanweela ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ mere ka ọ dị ike maka onye okike, ma dị nchebe maka ha ịchịkwa otú ha si arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ ha. Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta OnlyFans na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ mmekọahụ, ekwuola na ha na-enweta ọtụtụ ndị debanyere aha ka ha na-ede akwụkwọ ugboro ugboro. Ọ baghị uru ma ọ bụrụ na posts bụ "ihe doro anya" ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.[36] Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na OnlyFans nwere ndị ha maara ihe niile banyere ha site na nkọwa ọrụ ha, na aha ụmụaka / di / nwunye, na mgbe usoro ịwa ahụ ha dị. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akwụkarị ndị okike a ụgwọ ma nwee ike inye aka na orgasms ndị debanyere aha ha: omume a abụghị ịgba akwụna. Ndị debanyere aha na akaụntụ OnlyFans ebe ha na-enweta ọrụ mmekọahụ, ekwuola na ha nwere ike ịnweta porn n'efu n'ebe ọ bụla, nakwa na ha na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ na-egbo mkpa onwe ha. Ndị debanyere aha a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa n'ịntanetị nke na-enyere ha aka mgbe ụfọdụ nweta ogazim .[36]
Ọrụ mmetụta ucheMèzi
Ọrụ mmetụta uche bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ọrụ ọrụ, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Site na ọrụ mmetụta uche, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinye aka na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ime ihe a maara dị ka ime ihe n'elu na ime ihe miri emi. Ọkwa ndị a na-egosipụta mmekọrịta onye ọrụ mmekọahụ na ọrụ mmetụta uche. Ime ihe n'elu na-eme mgbe onye na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ maara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezigbo ahụmịhe mmetụta uche ha na ngosipụta mmetụta uche ha. N'ụzọ dị iche, ime ihe nkiri miri emi na-eme mgbe onye ọrụ mmekọahụ enweghịzi ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe bụ eziokwu na ihe na-eme ihe; ime ihe na-aghọ eziokwu.[37]
dị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmetụta uche maka ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. Nke mbụ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche iji wuo arụmọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ.[38][39][40] Ihe ngosi ndị a na-egosipụtakarị ọchịchọ nke ndị ahịa nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị ahịa ji ụmụ nwanyị ha na-ahụta dị ka ụmụ nwanyị kpọrọ ihe. Maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, inweta echiche a chọrọ arụmọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ nke gụnyere nrubeisi nye ndị ahịa na nkwenye nke nwoke ha, yana ngosipụta anụ ahụ nke nwanyị ọdịnala.[38][41] Ọrụ mmetụta uche na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa karị mgbe ọdịiche agbụrụ metụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Mistress Velvet, onye ojii, nwanyị na-achị achị, na-akpọsa onwe ya site na iji àgwà ya kachasị mma. Ọ na-eme ka ndị ahịa ya, bụ ndị na-abụkarị ndị ọcha na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha, gụọ echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii tupu nnọkọ ha. Nke a na-enye ndị ahịa ohere ịhụ ihe mere òkè ha, dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-acha ọcha na-edina nwoke, na-enye aka na fetishization nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[42]
Ma n'ime ọrụ mmekọahụ ma n'ụdị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-arụ ọrụ mmetụta uche n'ihi na a na-atụ anya na ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji ya rụọ ọrụ nke nwanyị, ebe a na-atụ anya na ụmụ nwoke ga-eji ya rụọ arụmọrụ nke nwoke.[37] N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, a na-emezu atụmanya ndị a n'ihi na ọrụ a dị mkpa iji mee ka uru ego dị ukwuu ma nwee ike ijigide ọrụ. N'ezie, a na-ejikarị ọrụ mmetụta uche eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ego dị ukwuu. Ọ na-akwalite ahụmịhe ka mma maka onye ahịa ma na-echebe onye ọrụ wee mee ka onye ọrụ nweta uru kachasị.[38][39][43]
Na mgbakwunye, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche dị ka atụmatụ nchebe onwe onye, na-ewepụ onwe ha na ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe ụfọdụ.[3][39] N'ikpeazụ, ndị ahịa na-ejikarị eziokwu a ghọtara na azụmahịa ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ; ya mere, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ịnwa ịkwalite echiche nke ezi mmekọrịta chiri anya.[38][43]
Nlekọta ahụike maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụMèzi
Nlekọta ahụike bụ isiMèzi
Ihe omume mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike na-etinye ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka nsogbu ahụike uche. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere dị elu nke ịrịa nsogbu ahụike uche, ohere ahụ dịkwa ukwuu maka ndị bụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị nta gụnyere obodo LGBTQ +.[44] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka ha ga-egosipụta ihe ịrịba ama nke PTSD (13%), nchekasị (33.7%), na ịda mbà n'obi (24.4%). Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwekwu ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi iji nweta nlekọta ahụike uche n'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ ha na-abawanye n'ihi ihere, enweghị ohere ịnweta mkpuchi, enweghị ntụkwasị obi site n'aka ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na misogyny.[45] E mere nnyocha na-enyocha ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-eche ihu na Canada n'afọ 2016. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe dị ka pasent 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ na ahụike. Ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ ndị a gụnyere ogologo oge ichere, obere awa nke ọrụ, na ọgwụgwọ na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè n'aha ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike.[46]
Nlekọta ahụike bụ isiMèzi
Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka ha agaghị achọ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ ruo eru ịchọ nlekọta ahụike n'ihi ihere na-adịghị mma. A na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ na ọnọdụ nlekọta ahụike. Ọ bụ obere mkpa na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere ịnweta nyocha na ọgwụgwọ STD / STI ugboro ugboro, mana ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee ohere nhata maka nlekọta bụ isi maka ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị na-abụghị ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ.[45] UNAIDS nyochara pasent ọnụego nke ọrụ mgbochi nwere ike ịnweta maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na 2010 gburugburu ụwa wee kwubie na 51% enweghị ohere.[47] Ihe mgbochi ọzọ maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ iji nweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike bụ na ọtụtụ enweghị ike, ma ọ bụ na-achọghị ikpughe ọrụ ha na akwụkwọ ahụike achọrọ na-eme ka ha ghara iru eru ịnata nlekọta ahụike.[17][48]
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze lekwasịrị anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute nje HIV. A na-eji echiche a eme atụmatụ maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ihe gbasara akụ ahụike, mana achọpụtala na ọ na-agbakwunye ihere na ịkpa ókè nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na-eme ka ịgba akwụna ghara ịdị ka isi iyi nke ego, na-egbochi ntinye aka ahụike dị irè, ma na-eme ka echiche ahụ dị na ịbụ onye ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa.[49] Atụmatụ nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze nke na-ebute mgbochi nje HIV n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ma gosipụta ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike na-ekpuchi ikike nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ikike nke ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ. E webatara aha "onye ọrụ mmekọahụ" n'onwe ya iji gbalịa imebi mkpakọrịta site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke jikọtara ụmụ nwanyị akwụna na njirimara ruru unyi, omume rụrụ arụ, na ọrịa.[49]
Mmekọrịta chiri anyaMèzi
Nnyocha e mere na Melbourne, Australia, chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu mmekọrịta n'ihi ọrụ ha. Nke a sitere n'okwu gbasara ikpughe ọrụ ha na mmekọrịta onwe onye. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ kwuru na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-enye aka n'ihi na ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwe mmekọrịta ma ha maara ọrụ ha.[50]
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ kọrọ na ọrụ ha metụtara ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ndị kwuru mmetụta dị mma kọrọ na ha na-abawanye ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike.[50] Enwere obere ihe akaebe na-egosi ndị ahịa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, mana ha nwere ike ịkekọrịta nsogbu yiri nke ahụ. Otu isiokwu Scientific American banyere ndị na-azụ mmekọahụ chịkọtara obere ngalaba nyocha nke na-egosi na Johns nwere profaịlụ akparamaagwa nkịtị nke kwekọrọ na ọdịdị nke ụmụ nwoke sara mbara mana ha na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa uche.[51]
Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke ngwaahịaMèzi
Na nzute ndị ahịa na ndị akwụna ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba egwu (na ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ), ọtụtụ na-achọ ihe karịrị afọ ojuju mmekọahụ. Ha na-achọkarị, site na mmekọrịta ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, nkwenye nke nwoke ha, nke ha nwere ike iche na ọ dịghị n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ha.[38][41] Nkwenye a na-abịa n'ụdị (nṅomi nke) ịhụnanya na agụụ mmekọahụ, na "ebe dị nro, nke dị nso, nke na-emetụ n'obi, ebe ụzọ e si ejikwa oge na-achịkwa naanị site n'ọchịchọ na obi ụtọ. "[41] N'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ha na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mmekọrịta ndị a, a na-ahazi ahụmịhe ndị akwụna na nkọwa nke oge kama site na ọchịchọ iji mee ka ego dị ukwuu, zere ike ọgwụgwụ, na / ma ọ bụ zere imebi ùgwù onwe onye.[41]
Maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, mmekọrịta chiri anya na-enye uru dị iche iche. Na Brazil, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ebute ụmụ nwoke si mba ọzọ karịa ụmụ nwoke obodo n'ihe gbasara iso ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụmụ nwoke obodo banyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-abaghị uru karịa ọrụ ha. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụmụ nwoke si mba ọzọ na-esokarị akụ na ụba na ọnọdụ, nke bụ ihe ndị nwere ike inyere onye ọrụ mmekọahụ aka inwere onwe ya. N'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na Brazil yikarịrị ka ha ga-achọ "njikọ mgbagwoju anya" na ụmụ nwoke mba ọzọ ha na-enye ọrụ, kama ụmụ nwoke obodo.[52]
Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyịMèzi
Ajụjụ ọnụ nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-esonyere na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị pụta ìhè na ahụmịhe ndị a.[3] Na nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-esonyere na-akwụ ụgwọ karịa ụmụ nwoke. [isi iyi dị E jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ahịa niche na-akwụ ụgwọ ọnụego dị ala.[53] Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche a na ọnụego adịghị maka ndị ikom na-esonyere. Ndị na-eso ụmụ nwoke kwuru na nnabata zuru oke na obodo ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha; o yikarịrị ka ha karịa ụmụ nwanyị ikpughe ọrụ ha. Nnabata obodo a bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nye ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha ọ bụghị ahụmịhe nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke na nwanyị na-agba akwụna yikarịrị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke na-edina nwoke na-agba akwụna iji mee ndị ahịa nwoke na nwanyị nwee obi ụtọ n'ihi mkpa, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị ahịa bụ ụmụ nwoke.[41] N'ozuzu, enwere atụmanya dị ukwuu maka ụmụ nwanyị itinye aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche karịa ka ọ dị maka ụmụ nwoke; enwerekwa nsonaazụ dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị.[37]
Ihe ize ndụMèzi
Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ibute onye ọrụ dịgasị iche iche dabere na ọrụ ha na-arụ. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'èzí ma ọ bụ n'okporo ámá, ndị ọrụ ime ụlọ enweghị ike ihu ime ihe ike.[54] Ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'okporo ámá nwekwara ike iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eri ahụ, inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị nchebe, na ịbụ onye a wakporo n'ụzọ mmekọahụ.[3] HIV na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, nke nwoke na nwanyị niile, ndị na-agba akwụna n'ụwa niile. Idina n'ike na ime ihe ike, ịda ogbenye, ihere, na ịpụ iche ọha na eze bụ ihe ize ndụ niile ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-eche ihu n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche.[18] Nnyocha nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-agba akwụna n'okporo ámá chọpụtara na 68% kwuru na e dinara ha n'ike.[55] Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke igbu ọchụ. Dị ka ọmụmụ Salfati si kwuo, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike igbu ugboro 60 ruo 120 karịa ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị akwụna.[56] Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ndị a na-etinyekwu aka na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ zuru oke, ihere na ihe ize ndụ nchekwa jupụtara maka ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ niile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị iche iche.[3][54] N'ihi ọnọdụ iwu dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị ụfọdụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na mba ụfọdụ na-echekwa ihe ize ndụ nke ịtụ mkpọrọ, ịpịa ụtarị na ọbụna ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.[57]
Mkparịta ụka ụmụ nwanyịMèzi
Arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ịgba akwụna. A na-adabere arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị megide ọrụ ndị a n'echiche na ụdị ọrụ ndị a na-eweda ụmụ nwanyị ala, na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee mmekọahụ, na / ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ụmụ nwoke dị elu.[58] Na nzaghachi, ndị na-akwado ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ụka na nkwupụta ndị a na-agọnahụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa na ịhọrọ itinye aka na ọrụ a nwere ike inye ike. Ha na-ekwusi ike na echiche nke ndị na-emegide ọrụ mmekọahụ na-adabere na echiche nke mmekọahụ nke ndị patriarchy wuru iji chịkwaa ngosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ.[59] N'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị feminists na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ekwu na ime mpụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ ha. Otu isiokwu dị na Touro Law Review 2014, na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ịma aka ndị akwụna na-eche ihu na United States na mkpa ọ dị maka mgbanwe ịgba akwụna: "[Site na mpụ ịgba akwụna] ụmụ nwanyị na-efunahụ nhọrọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka inwe mmekọahụ. Nwanyị nwere ike inwe mmekọahụ n'efu, mana ozugbo ọ natara ihe bara uru maka ọrụ ya, omume ahụ na-aghọ iwu na-akwadoghị. "[60] Ndị na-ahụ nke a dị ka mwakpo na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mwakpo na-adịbeghị anya na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị na ite ime na-achọ, na United States. Ụfọdụ ndị nweere onwe ha na-arụkwa ụka na ebe ọ bụ na òkè na-enweghị atụ nke ndị na-ahọrọ ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego bụ ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike, ndị ọrụ ọhaneze kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eme ka ndụ nke ndị na-ahọrọ ime nke ahụ kama ịkatọ ụzọ nzuzo" nke ndị ahụ metụtara ọha mmadụ na-eji.[61]
Mkparịta ụka banyere ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụMèzi
A na-etinyekarị isiokwu nke ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ime echiche ndị na-emegide mkpochapụ na echiche mmekọahụ.[62][63] Echiche abolitionist na-akọwakarị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị ọrụ mmegbu.[64] Dị ka ndị na-emegide ịgba akwụna si kwuo, ọ bụghị naanị ịzụta ahụ mmadụ n'ụzọ nkịtị maka mmegbu mmekọahụ, ọ bụkwa itinye ike n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ ma n'ụzọ ihe atụ ma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. Echiche a na-ele ịgba akwụna na ịzụ ahịa anya dị ka njikọ chiri anya ma ya mere ọ na-akpọ ka a kwụsị ịgba akwụna na mgbalị iji kpochapụ mmegbu mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka.[64] Ndị mmegide na-agbagha echiche nke nkwenye n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ site n'ikwu na nkwenye dị otú ahụ bụ naanị nnabata nrubeisi nke mmegbu ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'ihi ihe ndị a, ndị mmegide kwenyere na imebi ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ kpamkpam dị ka otu klas site n'ịnọgide na-emegbu ha n'ụzọ mmekọahụ na akụ na ụba ha mgbe ha "na-ejere ọdịmma nke ndị pimps, ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị akwụna ozi".[64]
Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na-aghọta ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị nọ n'ime usoro mmekọahụ nke oge a nke ọdịda anyanwụ ebe a na-akwanyere nwoke na nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye ùgwù ebe a na-ele ndị LGBT, ndị na-efe ofufe, na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị akwụna na ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ anya dị ka ndị na-emebi mmekọahụ.[65] Dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ si kwuo, iwu gbasara mmekọahụ na-agụnye mmachibido iwu megide ịgwakọta mmekọahụ na ego iji kwado ọkwa a. Ya mere, a na-ewere ndị na-eme omume mmekọahụ ndị a "na-ezighị ezi" dị ka ndị omempụ ma nwee obere nkwado ụlọ ọrụ ma na-etinye ha ntaramahụhụ akụ na ụba.[65] Echiche dị mma nke mmekọahụ na-agbagha ndị isi a site n'inwe ekele maka mmekọahụ dị iche iche na ịjụ echiche ọ bụla nke mmekọahụ "nke nkịtị".[66] Site na nghọta a, a na-ahụta ndị na-ahọrọ itinye aka na omume mmekọahụ mpụ dị ka ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị onwe ha kama ịbụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ metụtara. Maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, a na-ele ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka ọnọdụ n'ihi echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme, a pụkwara iwere ya dị ka otu akụkụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya nke echiche nke gụnyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka oge na-aga. Otu nsonaazụ nke a bụ ụzọ mmekọrịta agbụrụ si emetụta mmegharị nke ndị isi ojii na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ.[67]
Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-emesapụ aka kwenyere na "omume ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" kwesịrị ikpe mmekọahụ (dị ka a ga-asị na ọchịchọ nke ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, yana nkà ha n'inye ihe ụtọ mmekọahụ, kwesịrị ikpebi ntụziaka nke ụkpụrụ omume ọha mmadụ) "site n'ụzọ ndị mmekọ si emeso ibe ha, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị mmanye, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịdị mma nke ihe ụtọ ha na-enye. "[65] Ha na-atụ aro na ọ gaghị abụ nchegbu gbasara ụkpụrụ omume ma omume mmekọahụ jikọtara ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè, otu ma ọ bụ agwakọta mmekọahụ, na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ vidiyo, azụmahịa ma ọ bụ n'efu.[65]
Usoro telivishọn na ihe nkiri ndị dị mkpaMèzi
Ndị otu nkwado dị mkpaMèzi
- African Sex Workers Alliance
- Global Network of Sex Work Projects
- Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ na United States
- EMPOWER
- RedTraSex
- Njikọ Ndị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ Caribbean
LeekwaMèzi
- Onye ọrụ mmekọahụ
- Ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ
- Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ
- Mmekọahụ na-positive feminism
- Ịkwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ
- Ndepụta nke òtù ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ
- Ịgba akwụna
- Ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ndị mbịarambịa
- Onye ọrụ mmekọahụ transgender
EdensibiaMèzi
- ↑ Lutnick (November 2009). "Criminalization, legalization or decriminalization of sex work: What female sex workers say in San Francisco, USA". Reproductive Health Matters 17 (34): 38–46. DOI:10.1016/S0968-8080(09)34469-9. PMID 19962636.
- ↑ Prostitution Reform Act 2003 No 28 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation. www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved on 2019-01-28.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 (2000) in Weitzer: Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9780415922944.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Q&A: policy to protect the human rights of sex workers (en). www.amnesty.org. Retrieved on 2019-10-30.
- ↑ Ditmore (May 9, 2008). Sex Work vs. Trafficking: Understanding the Difference. Alternet. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018.
- ↑ Harcourt (1 June 2005). "The many faces of sex work". Sexually Transmitted Infections 81 (3): 201–206. DOI:10.1136/sti.2004.012468. PMID 15923285.
- ↑ Who are sex workers
- ↑ Weiss (5 April 2017). "Patterns of Interaction in Webcam Sex Work: A Comparative Analysis of Female and Male Broadcasters". Deviant Behavior 39 (6): 732–746. DOI:10.1080/01639625.2017.1304803. ISSN 0163-9625.
- ↑ Green (2017-11-22). Top 10 Sex-Related Jobs. www.careeraddict.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved on 22 December 2019.
- ↑ Poelzl (October 2011). "Reflective Paper: Bisexual Issues in Sex Therapy: A Bisexual Surrogate Partner Relates Her Experiences from the Field". Journal of Bisexuality 11 (4): 385–388. DOI:10.1080/15299716.2011.620454.
- ↑ About the map of Sex Work Law | Sexuality, Poverty and Law. spl.ids.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2019-10-29.
- ↑ Hayes‐Smith (2010-03-01). "Why is prostitution criminalized? An alternative viewpoint on the construction of sex work". Contemporary Justice Review 13 (1): 43–55. DOI:10.1080/10282580903549201. ISSN 1028-2580.
- ↑ Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized (en). Human Rights Watch (2019-08-07). Retrieved on 2019-10-30.
- ↑ New Zealand Parliament home page - New Zealand Parliament (en). www.parliament.nz. Retrieved on 2019-10-30.
- ↑ Albright (2017-01-01). "Decreasing Human Trafficking through Sex Work Decriminalization" (in en). AMA Journal of Ethics 19 (1): 122–126. DOI:10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.1.sect2-1701. ISSN 2376-6980. PMID 28107164.
- ↑ Who We Are (en). www.amnesty.org. Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers' rights (en). www.amnesty.org (26 May 2016). Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 (2006) in Melissa Hope: Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work Volumes 1 & 2. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313329685.
- ↑ Martin (1978). Dictionary of American History: With the Complete Text of the Constitution of the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780822601241.
- ↑ Ann (August 2017). Cather Studies, Volume 11, 11, University of Nebraska Press, 384. ISBN 9780803296992.
- ↑ Grant (18 February 2013). When Prostitution Wasn't a Crime: The Fascinating History of Sex Work in America. AlterNet. Retrieved on 31 May 2018.
- ↑ Blanshard (October 1942). "Negro Deliquency in New York". The Journal of Educational Sociology 16 (2): 115–123. DOI:10.2307/2262442.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Hallgrimsdottir (August 2006). "Fallen Women and Rescued Girls: Social Stigma and Media Narratives of the Sex Industry in Victoria, B.C., from 1980 to 2005" (in en). Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 43 (3): 265–280. DOI:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2006.tb02224.x.
- ↑ Sex Work Activists, Allies, and You History. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mastin (2016-03-03). "Having Their Say: Sex Workers Discuss Their Needs and Resources" (in en). Health Care for Women International 37 (3): 343–363. DOI:10.1080/07399332.2015.1020538. ISSN 0739-9332. PMID 25719732.
- ↑ Impact of COVID-19 on Sex Workers in Europe. Global Network of Sex Work Projects (6 July 2020).
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Nelson (2020-11-02). "Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic" (in en). Exertions. DOI:10.21428/1d6be30e.3c1f26b7.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kabelka (2020-05-25). Back to the Street (en). KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
- ↑ DeLacey (2020-05-10). The precarisation of sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (en). leidenlawblog.nl.
- ↑ Dickson (2020-05-18). Sex Workers Built OnlyFans. Now They Say They're Getting Kicked Off (en-US). Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2021-12-28.
- ↑ Bromfield (May 2021). "At the Intersection of COVID-19 and Sex Work in the United States: A Call for Social Work Action" (in en). Affilia 36 (2): 140–148. DOI:10.1177/0886109920985131. ISSN 0886-1099.
- ↑ NSWP (2010-11-26). 17 December: International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers (en). Global Network of Sex Work Projects. Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ NSWP (2017-05-11). International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers (en). Global Network of Sex Work Projects. Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ Daring. Homepage (en-US). December 17th - International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers. Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Sex workers turned to OnlyFans, but so did a lot of amateurs (en-US). Marketplace. Retrieved on 2021-04-08.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Bernstein. "How OnlyFans Changed Sex Work Forever", The New York Times, 2019-02-09. Retrieved on 2021-04-08. (in en-US)
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Hochschild (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (in en). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520054547.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Frank (2002). G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire (in en). Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822329725.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Sanders (2005). "'It's Just Acting': Sex Workers' Strategies for Capitalizing of Sexuality". Gender, Work and Organization 12 (4): 319–342. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00276.x.
- ↑ Trautner (2005). "Doing Gender, Doing Class: the Performance of Sexuality in Exotic Dance Clubs". Gender and Society 19 (6): 771–788. DOI:10.1177/0891243205277253.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Brewis (2003). Sex, Work and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9781134621774.
- ↑ Duberman. "Meet The Dominatrix Who Requires The Men Who Hire Her To Read Black Feminist Theory", Huffington Post, 2018-02-13. Retrieved on 20 April 2018.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Sijuwade (1996). "Counterfeit Intimacy: Dramaturgical Analysis of an Erotic Performance". International Journal of Sociology of the Family 26 (2): 29–41. DOI:10.1080/01639625.1988.9967792.
- ↑ Puri (2017-12-19). "Burden and correlates of mental health diagnoses among sex workers in an urban setting". BMC Women's Health 17 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12905-017-0491-y. ISSN 1472-6874. PMID 29258607.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Sawicki (2019). "Culturally Competent Health Care for Sex Workers: An Examination of Myths That Stigmatize Sex-Work and Hinder Access to Care". Sexual and Relationship Therapy : Journal of the British Association for Sexual and Relationship Therapy 34 (3): 355–371. DOI:10.1080/14681994.2019.1574970. ISSN 1468-1994. PMID 30899197.
- ↑ Socías (2016-05-16). "Universal Coverage without Universal Access: Institutional Barriers to Health Care among Women Sex Workers in Vancouver, Canada" (in en). PLOS ONE 11 (5): e0155828. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155828. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 27182736.
- ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information (December 2012). NSWP GLOBAL SEX WORKER CONSULTATION (in en). World Health Organization.
- ↑ Taylor (2016-06-01). "How can general practice respond to the needs of street-based prostitutes?" (in en). British Journal of General Practice 66 (647): 323–324. DOI:10.3399/bjgp16X685501. ISSN 0960-1643. PMID 27231303.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Uretsky (January 2015). "'Sex' – it's not only women's work: a case for refocusing on the functional role that sex plays in work for both women and men" (in en). Critical Public Health 25 (1): 78–88. DOI:10.1080/09581596.2014.883067. ISSN 0958-1596. PMID 25642103.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Bellhouse (30 October 2015). "The Impact of Sex Work on Women's Personal Romantic Relationships and the Mental Separation of Their Work and Personal Lives: A Mixed-Methods Study" (in en). PLOS ONE 10 (10): e0141575. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0141575. PMID 26516765.
- ↑ Westerhoff (1 October 2012). "Why Do Men Buy Sex?". Scientific American 21 (2s): 60–65. DOI:10.1038/scientificamericanbrain0512-60.
- ↑ Williams (8 November 2013). Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements. University of Illinois Press, 224. ISBN 978-0252079443.
- ↑ Fogg (14 October 2014). Gender differences amongst sex workers online.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Krusi (Jun 2012). "Negotiating safety and sexual risk reduction with clients in unsanctioned safer indoor sex work environments: a qualitative study". Am J Public Health 102 (6): 1154–9. DOI:10.2105/ajph.2011.300638. PMID 22571708.
- ↑ Farley (2008). "Prostitution". Women & Criminal Justice 11 (4): 29. DOI:10.1300/J012v11n04_04.
- ↑ Salfati (2008). "Prostitute Homicides: A Descriptive Study". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23 (4): 505–43. DOI:10.1177/0886260507312946. PMID 18319375.
- ↑ Federal Research Division (2004). Saudi Arabia A Country Study. ISBN 978-1-4191-4621-3.
- ↑ Dworkin. Prostitution and Male Supremacy.
- ↑ Davidson (2013). Prostitution, Power and Freedom (in en). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780745668093.
- ↑ Carrasquillo (October 2014). "Understanding Prostitution and the Need for Reform". Touro Law Review 30 (3): 697–721.
- ↑ Audacia Ray in Feministe "7 Key American Sex Worker Activist Projects".
- ↑ Hakim (2015). "Economies of Desire: Sexuality and the Sex Industry in the 21st Century". Economic Affairs 35 (3): 329–348. DOI:10.1111/ecaf.12134.
- ↑ Bernstein (2007). Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Comte (2013). "Decriminalization of Sex Work: Feminist Discourses in Light of Research". Sexuality and Culture 18: 196–217. DOI:10.1007/s12119-013-9174-5.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Rubin (1984). "Thinking Sex: Notes toward a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality". Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality: 275–284.
- ↑ Windsor (2014). Sex Matters: Future Visions for a Sex-Positive Society. New York: Norton, 691–699. ISBN 978-0-393-93586-8.
- ↑ Miller-Young (2014). A Taste for Brown Sugar, Black Women in Pornography. Duke University Press Book. ISBN 978-0822358282.
- ↑ Buying Sex (2013). IMDB (May 2013).
- ↑ Meet the Fokkens (2011). IMDb (December 2011).


text:
Ihe ị kwesịrị ịma maka mkpụrụ ọgbọnọ.
Ọgbọnọ bụ mkpụrụọsịsị ndị mpaghara bi n’okpuruọchịchị Boki nke dị na Krọs Rịva steeti . Ọ na-etokwa na mpaghara ala Igbo dị icheiche dịka Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Imo na Abịa steeti
Ọ bụ n’osisi dị n’ọhia ka ha si enweta ya na mbụ.
Kama nke a na-emetụta mbara ime ọhịa nke meree ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọhịa nke bụ ‘Forest Conservation tụtara ha aro etu ha ga-esị akụ osisi ọgbonọ n’ọhịa ma hara imebi ọdịmma ọhị .
Ọ bụ ụmu nwanyị na-akọkarị ogbono ma ụfọdụ mgbe ha na-ebu ya aka Ebonyi steeti ebe ha na-ere ya n’Eke Aba.
A na-ere otu penta ọgbọnọ ihe dịka puku naịra itolu.
Kirie akụko a n’uju ya ka ị mata ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka Ọgbọnọ.


text:
Weet-Bix
Weet-Bix bụ ọka ọka ụtụtụ ọka wit zuru oke nke ụlọ ọrụ Sanitarium Health Food Company mepụtara ma mepụta na Australia na New Zealand.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụ Bennison Osborne mepụtara Weet-Bix na Sydney, Australia n'etiti afọ 1920. Osborne malitere imepụta ngwaahịa dị ụtọ karịa Granose, biskit nke ụlọ ọrụ Sanitarium Health Food Company na-ere n'oge ahụ. N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1926, o tinyere akwụkwọ maka ndebanye aha nke akara ahịa Weet-Bix, aha o chepụtara. Mmepụta malitere na 659 Parramatta Road, Leichhardt, n'okpuru njikwa Osborne na nkwado ego nke Arthur Shannon, onye mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ "Grain Products" iji mepụta ọka.[1] Enyi Osborne bụ Malcolm Ian Macfarlane si New Zealand sonyeere ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ahịa. Ngwaahịa ahụ gara nke ọma nke na n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1928, Shannon rere ikike dị na ngwaahịa ahụ na Australasian Conference Association Limited (Sanitarium Health Food Company, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na ụlọ ọrụ nke Seventh-day Adventist Church na Australia). Macfarlane tụrụ aro ka ha zigara ngwaahịa ahụ na New Zealand, ebe ọ gosipụtara ihe ịga nke ọma nke na o siri ike ịnye ahịa ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu site na Australia. Osborne na MacFarlane gara New Zealand ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na Auckland na Christchurch. Otú ọ dị, ọzọ, Shannon rere ya na Australasian Conference Association Limited.
Osborne na Macfarlane wee bubata ngwaahịa ahụ na South Africa ma site na nkwado ego Shannon, gaa na mba ahụ ma wuo ụlọ ọrụ na Cape Town, na Osborne na-elekọta ahịa. E mesịkwara ree ụlọ ọrụ a, n'oge a na Bokomo.
Mgbe ha nọ na South Afrika, Osborne na Macfarlane chọrọ inweta nkwado ego zuru oke iji nweta ngwaahịa Osborne. E guzobere otu, Osborne ñụchara ngwaahịa ahụ ma ya na Macfarlane gara England iji guzobe British & African Cereal Company, Ltd., nke ha debanyere aha na London na 1932, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye, na onye nwe ya gosipụtara dị ka Weetabix Limited nke Weetabix Mills, Burton Latimer, Kettering.[2] A kọwapụtara òkè niile dị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ nọrọ n'okpuru nchịkwa nke ndị nduzi, nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ Bennison Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, Alfred Richard Upton na Arthur Stanley Scrutton.[2] Maka ebumnuche nke ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngwaahịa ahụ na nke a na-ere na Australia, New Zealand na South Africa, a kpọrọ ngwaahịa ahụ "Weetabix".
Osborne na Macfarlane ghọrọ ndị isi nchịkwa na Osborne na-achịkwa mmepụta na Macfarlan na-achịkọta ahịa. A nyochara ebe maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na Burton Latimer na Northamptonshire ka a họọrọ n'ikpeazụ, n'ihi n'otu akụkụ maka onyinye nke ụlọ ọrụ ntụ ọka a na-ejighị eme ihe site n'aka Maazị George, onye rịọrọ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma nye ya oche na bọọdụ ndị nduzi dị ugbu a. N'afọ 1933, Macfarlane hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji chụọ ọdịmma azụmahịa ndị ọzọ, na-ahapụ Osborne dị ka naanị onye isi nchịkwa. George mechara bụrụ onyeisi oche nke bọọdụ ahụ. Osborne resịrị ndị nduzi òkè ya na July 1936, n'oge ahụ ka a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "Weetabix Limited".[2]
Osborne gara n'ihu n'oge ahụ na United States, na-eguzobe ụlọ ọrụ Weetabix na Clinton, Massachusetts. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Weetabix mechara banye n'ahịa US site na Canada site na Clinton, Massachusetts, saịtị nke ụlọ ọrụ US mbụ. [citation needed]
Gluten Free Weet-Bix[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014 Sanitarium wepụtara Gluten Free Weet-Bix, nke e ji mkpụrụ sorghum mepụta.[3] Na mbido afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ weghachiri ụlọ ọrụ Weet-Bix nke dị na Perth n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta gluten na-enweghị ego iji mepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ a.[3]
Ihe a ma ama[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ahụ Weet-Bix na Australia na New Zealand dị ka ihe oriri mba. Nnyocha n'ịntanetị nke mmadụ 16,000 na afo 2006 gosipụtara ya dị ka akara ahịa kachasị amasị Australia.[4] A na-ere ngwaahịa ahụ na Australia kemgbe afọ 1985 na catchphrase "Aussie Kids are Weet-Bix kids". Dabere na ịga nke ọma ya na Australia, a nabatara okwu yiri nke ahụ ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị na New Zealand: "Kiwi Kids bụ ụmụaka Weet-Bix". [citation needed]
Kaadị Weet-Bix[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Sanitarium malitere ịnye kaadị ndị na-anakọta na afo 1942 dị ka ngwaọrụ ahịa na igbe ha nke Weet-Bix na ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ọka nri ụtụtụ ha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Granose, Bixies, Cerix na mgbe e mesịrị Puffed Wheat, Puffed Rice, Weeta Puffs, Weeta Flakes na Corn Flakes.[5][6] Sanitarium enyekwara kadị na ngwaahịa ha na New Zealand, mgbe ụfọdụ yiri usoro Australia ma na-elekwasị anya na mbaNew Zealand dịka kaadị 'Stat Attack' nke All Blacks.[7]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Kaadị Weet-Bix Ndepụta nke kaadị nchịkọta Weet-Bx
- Weetabix bụ ụdị UK nke a na-ebupụ ugbu a na mba 80.
- Wheat shedded bụ ọka wit ọzọ.
- Granola
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ "The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company", 15 May 2013, eud.adventist.org
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 [1] Company No. 00267687 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; name "Companies' House" defined multiple times with different content
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Introducing Gluten Free Weet-Bix, www.sanitarium.com.au, July 2014 Retrieved 17 June 2015
- ↑ "Weet-Bix Top Trademark", ABC News, 26 September 2006.
- ↑ Howieson, Paul & Marsden, Alice. (2013). Catalogue and card list of Weet-Bix, 1942–2010, Elizabeth Park, South Australia
- ↑ The list of products can be found on the reverse of cards including those in the 1942 Advance Australia and 1962 The Young Motorist's Book of Cars series.
- ↑ Stat Attack.


text:
Osisi oak na-acha uhie uhie (c/c) plywood mara mma, ash eke, beech uhie, oak ocha (Q/C), beech uhie, bubinga, sapele (C/C), teak eke (C/C), ect.
Osisi oak na-acha uhie uhie (ọkwa: AAA/AAA, BB/BB, A/B, B/C, c/c) plywood mara mma, ash eke, beech uhie, osisi oak (Q/C), beech uhie, bubinga, sapele (C) /C), teak eke (C/C), wdg.
Plywood mara mma, nke a na-akpọkwa plywood ịchọ mma, na-ejikarị akwa osisi siri ike mara mma, dị ka osisi oak na-acha uhie uhie, ash, oak na-acha ọcha, birch, maple, teak, sapele, cherry, beech, ukpa na ndị ọzọ.
Plywood mara mma dị oke ọnụ karịa plywood azụmahịa nkịtị.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ndị fancy ihu / azụ veneers (mpụta veneers) bụ banyere 2 ~ 6 ugboro dị oké ọnụ dị ka nkịtị hardwood ihu / azụ veneers (dị ka red hardwood veneers, Okoume veneers, Red Canarium veneers, poplar veneers, pine veneers na na na ).Iji chekwaa ego, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahịa chọrọ naanị otu akụkụ nke plywood ka a ga-eche ihu ya na ihe mkpuchi mara mma na akụkụ nke ọzọ nke plywood ga-eche ihu na akwa mkpuchi osisi siri ike.
A na-eji plywood mara mma ebe ọdịdị nke plywood kacha mkpa.Ya mere, veneers mara mma kwesịrị inwe ọka mara mma ma bụrụ ọkwa dị elu (A grade).Plywood mara mma dị larịị, dị larịị.
ọtụtụ ebe eji ngwá ụlọ, kabinet, ọnụ ụzọ, ezinụlọ mma.
Usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ:30% T / T n'ihu, nguzozi ugwo tupu loading.
Oge nnyefe:n'ime 25 ụbọchị mgbe nata ugwo.
Obere iwu:1*40HQ.


text:
Onye na-emepụta karama iko
Iko ihe nchọgharị
Onye nrụpụta karama Navigator bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke oke azụmaahịa ya bụ: Mmepụta karama iko, imepụta karama iko, nhazi karama iko, ire karama iko na mkpuchi karama na-akwado mmepụta. I Osisi dị na obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala, ụlọ akụ mpaghara ebe mara mma mara mma. Companieslọ ọrụ nwere ngụkọta ego nke ndị ọrụ dị adị nke ihe karịrị otu puku mmadụ, ndị injinia, ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka teknụzụ, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa sitere na akụrụngwa ruo na usoro nkwakọ ngwaahịa nrụpụta niile dabara na ụkpụrụ Iso9001, yana mpụta kwa afọ nke puku tọn iri abụọ na iko, A na-ekewa ngwaahịa ahụ n'ime karama iko kristal, nnukwu iko iko na-acha ọcha, iko ihe na-acha ọcha, iko iko ndụ ndụ, ngwaahịa, gụnyere nri, mmanya, ihe ọṅụṅụ, oriọna oriọna.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ anyị, ozi kachasị ọhụrụ gbasara ngwaahịa anyị, ozi na onyinye pụrụ iche.Pịa maka akwụkwọ ntuziaka
Iko iko, akwa akwa, okpu karama iko, karama iko mmanya, karama mkpụrụ mmanya, karama mmanụ aṅụ, karama mmanụ aṅụ...
Onye nrụpụta karama Navigator bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke oke azụmaahịa ya bụ: Mmepụta iko iko...
Anyị na-atụ anya ka anyị na ọtụtụ ndị ahịa na-arụkọ ọrụ maka mmepe na uru. Anyị na-anabata ndị nwere ike ịzụta ka ha kpọtụrụ anyị.
Onye na-emepụta karama iko
Onye na-emepụta karama iko


text:
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ekwu maka ngwa ntụrụndụ ọzọ emepụtara maka ndị ọrụ gam akporo, nke a na-akpọ INAT TV Pro. Ị ga-enwe ohere ịnweta ọwa IPTV na-akparaghị ókè n'efu. Gụnyere ihe nkiri na usoro na-enweghị ndenye aha.
Ọ bụ eziokwu na enwere ọtụtụ ngwa ntụrụndụ dị maka nbudata n'ebe ahụ. Agbanyeghị, isi ihe kpatara imepụta ngwa a bụ ịnye windo ọzọ. Site na ntụrụndụ ndị hụrụ n'anya nwere ike ịnweta ọwa na vidiyo na-akparaghị ókè na-akwụghị ụgwọ ndenye aha.
Anyị nwere ike ịhụ echiche a pụrụ iche mgbe anyị na-ahụ nkà mmụta uche miri emi nke ndị mmepe. Anyị na-enye ihe nkiri na-akparaghị ókè, usoro Weebụ na ọwa TV Live ga-enye ohere ịnweta ọwa ndụ na-agagharị taa. Ee, ị gụrụ ya nke ọma, ọ bụrụ na ị kwe ka Inat TV Apk na-agba ọsọ na ekwentị gam akporo gị, ị ga-enwe ike ịnweta ntụrụndụ ndụ.
Ka anyị na-egwu miri emi, anyị na-ahụ na ngalaba ndị a dị iche iche na-enye ọdịnaya dị ukwuu. Site n'ịmepụta edemede ndị a, anyị nwere ike ijikwa ọdịnaya ma kewaa ya na ngalaba dị iche iche. Ya mere ndị na-ekiri nwere ike ịchọta ọdịnaya ha nwere mmasị na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ọ bụla.
Agbanyeghị, mgbe onye ọrụ nwetara ụdị ndị a site na INAT Apk. Ọ ga-enweta ọdịnaya dabere na niche yana ngwa ahụ na-enyekwa ọtụtụ ọdịnaya n'ime edemede ndị a. Gụnyere ihe nkiri, usoro webụsaịtị, ọwa, ọdịnaya amamihe obodo na ntọala dị elu.
Ma ị na-achọ Inat TV App ogologo oge. Ugbu a ị nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ vidiyo na ọwa na-enweghị njedebe n'efu na webụsaịtị anyị naanị site na ịpị njikọ nbudata enyere. Gaa na webụsaịtị anyị ugbu a, pịa njikọ nbudata enyere, ma ị nwere ike ịmalite iji ya ozugbo.
Kedu ihe bụ INAT TV Pro Apk
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E wezụga nke ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ndị ọrụ mkpanaka Turkish ịghọta asụsụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe mgbe ị na-eji ya Ngwa IPTV. Echegbula onwe gị ma ọ bụrụ na ị ghọtaghị asụsụ Turkish. Ndị ọkachamara ejikọtalakwa asụsụ bekee n'ime ya, yabụ ndị na-enuba n'ụwa niile nwekwara ike iru maka ojiji ya.
N'iburu n'uche nsogbu njikọta ịntanetị gburugburu ụwa, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ndị ọrụ sitere na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ekpebiri ijikọ sava na-agba ọkụ iji wepụta ma bufee data ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, nkwanye vidiyo ga-aga n'ihu nke ọma na nke ahụ na YouTube na Inat TV Pro Apk.
Ozi nkowa mgbakwunye APK
Na mgbakwunye, ndị ọkachamara ewepụtala ọtụtụ atụmatụ na INAT Pro Apk. Njirimara ndị a gụnyere ihe ncheta ngosi, igwe nchọta arụrụ arụrụ, yana Counter nkekọrịta mmekọrịta. Site n'ịkwalite ọkwa ahụ, a ga-edobe onye ọrụ ya na mbulite na mmelite na nso nso a.
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Site n'iji njirimara a, ndị ọrụ ga-enwe ike ịkekọrịta ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa n'elu ikpo okwu ọ bụla na-elekọta mmadụ n'otu ntabi anya, yana inwe ike ịkekọrịta Inat TV Pro Apk na ndị enyi ha site na iji otu njirimara n'ime ngwa ahụ.
Isi Njirimara nke ngwa
- Nnukwu mkpokọta Inat TV na-enye ohere ịnweta ọtụtụ ọwa mba ụwa.
- Apk ahụ na-enye nhọrọ sara mbara gụnyere ọwa kachasị.
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Nseta ihuenyo nke ngwa
Otu esi ebudata Inat TV Pro Apk
Nbudata mmelite Apk faịlụ bụ usoro dị mfe. Enwere ọtụtụ weebụsaịtị na-enye faịlụ Apk dị iche iche n'efu. Agbanyeghị, anyị enweghị ike ikwe nkwa izi ezi na izizi. Otú ọ dị, faịlụ ndị nwere ike ịnweta bụ adịgboroja ma mebie ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bịara na izi ezi na mmalite.
Kedu ihe kwesịrị ịbụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ nke ndị ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ? Dịka ndị ọrụ nke ngwaọrụ android, ị nweghị ike ịdabere na webụsaịtị ọ bụla maka nbudata ha. Anyị na-ekekọrịta naanị ezigbo faịlụ na arụ ọrụ ebe a. Ka ibudata ụdị INAT TV Pro kachasị ọhụrụ, biko pịa njikọ enyere. Cheta na ngwa ahụ enweghị ike ibudata na Ụlọ Ahịa Play.
N'ebe a na webụsaịtị anyị, anyị enyelarị ngwa mgbasa ozi ntụrụndụ yiri nke ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị dị njikere inyocha usoro mgbasa ozi ịntanetị ndị a kacha mma. Mgbe ahụ, anyị na-akwado nleta nyere njikọ nke bụ KUNJUY Apk na CEP TV ngwa.
mmechi
Kedu ihe ị na-achọ ma ọ bụrụ na ị si Turkey na-achọ ntụrụndụ? Budata INAT Pro TV Apk kachasị ọhụrụ site na ebe a wee nwee ọ enjoyụ usoro ntụrụndụ na-akparaghị ókè, ihe nkiri na IPTV n'efu. Enwere onwe gị ịkpọtụrụ anyị ma ọ bụrụ na ị zutere nsogbu ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ngwa ahụ.
Ajụjụ
Anyị na-enye INAT TV PRO Mod Apk?
Mba, ebe a anyị na-enye ụdị ngwa ngwa.
Ngwa ọ na-akwado mgbasa ozi?
Mba, ngwa anaghị akwado mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ.
Ọ dị mma ịwụnye Apk?
Ee, ngwa ahụ adịchaghị mma ịwụnye na iji.
Ngwa ọ chọrọ ndebanye aha?
Mba, ngwa anaghị achọ ndebanye aha.


text:
NTULERIKOTA OLUNDI ACHI NA IGBO IZUGBE
UMI EDEMEDE
Asusu obula di n’uwa nwere olundi e jiri mara ya. Asusu Igbo, dika otu n’ime asusu ato e nwere na Naijiria nwere olundi di iche iche ma nwekwaa Igbo Izugbe e jiri mara obodo niile na-asu asusu Igbo. N’edemede nchocha a nke isi okwu ya bu Ntulerikota olundi Achi na nke Igbo Izugbe, e lebara anya n’olundi Achi iji choputa myiri na ndiiche di n’etiti ya na Igbo Izugbe. Nwanchocha malitere site n’inye nkowa banyere ebe isiokwu a gbadoro ukwu. E nyere nkowa banyere olundi na Igbo Izugbe putara. A kowakwara abumnobi nchocha a nke gunyere ikwalite asusu Igbo. E metutakwara aka n’uru di iche iche nchocha a baara nwanchocha, umuakwukwo, ndinkuzi ndi ga-agu ya n’odinihu na ndi ga-eme nchocha nay a tinyere ndi nwere mmasi n’asusu Igbo. Nihi na nchocha nke e mere bu nke sovee, nwanchocha gara n’ogbe iri na abuo di n’Achi gbaa ndi okenye ajuju onu. E kere ndi maara aguede akwukwo ajuju nke ha zakwara. A kowakwara maka okere nchocha ebe a noro kowaputa na o bu naani Igbo a suru asu ka agbadokariri ukwu ihi choputa ihe digasi mkpa banyere olundi Achi. E deputakwara ajuju niile a juru ndi e jiri mee nchocha kesaa ha nye ndi nwere ike igu ha dika nid nkuzi na umuakwukwo. E ziputakwara otutu nnyocha ihe e derela banyere isiokwu nakwa nnyocha edemede nchoputa bu ndi e sitere n’akwukwo agumagu di iche iche e biputara ebiputa nwetasia nwanchocha lebakwara anya n’ihe gbasara usoro nchocha e mere bu ebe o noro wee rutu aka n’ihe e banyere udidi nchocha ebe ndi a noro mee chocha, ndi e jiri mee nchocha, nsere na usoro nsere nchocha, ngwa oru di iche iche e jiri mee nchocha. E tuchara ihe niile a choputara banyere olundi Achi ma tulerikota ya na Igbo Izugbe. Nwanchocha mechara chikota ihe niile o mere na nchocha a, tunyekwuo aro eti a ga-esi site n’ileba anya n’olundi di iche iche e nwere n’asusu Igbo mee ka asusu Igbo were onodu ua dike asusu tozuru etozu.
Disclaimer: By purchasing this Research Project Material, YOU agree to use it ONLY as a GUIDE to conduct your own academic research.


text:
Na -arụkọ ọrụ na mahadum kachasị na United States na China. 69 patent site na EUIPO; ISO9001 akwụkwọ, onye otu ISSA ...
Na-achọ mgbe niile ma na-akwalite mmekorita ogologo oge na ndị ahịa ma nwee olileanya itolite na onye mmekọ ọnụ
Mgbe afọ 28 nke ahụmịhe agbakọbara, ka ị bụrụ onye nrụpụta ngwa ọrụ diamond kachasị n'ụwa.
Site na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ibu ọrụ, Ashine na -achọ ịbụ onye na -ebubata ngwa ọrụ diamond maka egweri ala na ịchacha.
Ebe etiti Ashine R&D enwetala ikike iri isii na itoolu, gụnyere asambodo 43 nke ndebanye aha nke EUIPO ji.
ISO9001 ruru eru, yana ndị otu QC mara mma na -ekwe nkwa ịdị mma na usoro ọ bụla nke mmepụta.