text:
Donetsk
Yuzovka around the metallurgical factory of the Welshman John Hughes. The settlement was established in lands of Yevdokim Shydlovsky, who received them upon destruction of the Zaporizhian Sich in 1775.
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Donetsk UK UK : / dɒ ˈnjətsk / don - don-, US : / də ˈn ( j ) ɛ t sk / də-N (Y)ETSK ; ] Ukrainian [doˈnɛtsʲk] (   , Russian [dɐˈnʲetsk] ), nke a na-akpọbu Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (ma ọ bụ Hughesovka ), Stalin na Stalino ( leekwa: aha ndị ọzọ nke obodo ), bụ obodo mepere emepe na ọwụwa anyanwụ Ukraine nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Kalmius na mpaghara Donetsk na esemokwu. Mgbe mba ụwa ghọtara dị ka na Ukraine, obodo bụ n'okpuru de facto ochichi nke Donetsk People's Republic, nke na-azọrọ na ya dị ka isi obodo. E mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na 905,364 (2021 est.) na isi obodo, yana ihe karịrị nde 2 na mpaghara mepere emepe (2011). Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ukraine 2001 si kwuo, Donetsk bụ obodo nke ise nke kachasị na Ukraine. [1]
Na nchịkwa, Donetsk abụrụla etiti mpaghara Donetsk, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ isi obodo na-akwadoghị na obodo kachasị ukwuu nke akụ na ụba na ọdịbendị ka ukwuu Donets Basin ( Donbas ) mpaghara. Donetsk dị n'akụkụ isi obodo ọzọ, Makiivka, yana obodo ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu na-etolite nnukwu obodo mepere emepe na mkpọmkpọ ebe na mpaghara ahụ. Donetsk abụrụla nnukwu ebe akụ na ụba, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na sayensị nke Ukraine nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ yana ndị ọrụ nwere nkà. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ (nke kachasị mmepụta ígwè, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, na ngwuputa coal) kpebiri ọnọdụ ebe obibi na-ama aka nke obodo ahụ. N'afọ 2012, otu akụkọ UN depụtara Donetsk n'etiti obodo ndị mmadụ na-ebi ngwa ngwa n'ụwa. [2]
Ebe obibi mbụ dị na ndịda nke akụkụ Europe nke Alaeze Ukwu Russia bụ nke mbụ a kpọrọ Aleksandrovka na 1779, n'oge ọchịchị nke Empress Catherine the Great. . N'afọ 1869, onye ọchụnta ego Welsh bụ John Hughes tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ nchara na ọtụtụ ebe a na -egwupụta coal na mpaghara ahụ, a na-akpọkwa obodo ahụ Hughesovka ma ọ bụ Yuzovka (ЮзoBka) n'ihi ọrụ ya ("Yuz" bụ mkpokọta asụsụ Russian nke Hughes ). N'oge Soviet, ụlọ ọrụ ígwè nke obodo ahụ gbasaa. Na 1924, Yuzovka gbanwere aha Stalin. Na 1929 Stalin e renamed Stalino, na 1932 obodo ghọrọ etiti nke Donetsk mpaghara. A kpọgharịrị aha Donetsk (nakwa Donetske, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Kharkiv ) na 1961, obodo taa ka bụ ebe etiti maka ngwupụta kol na ụlọ ọrụ nchara .
Kamgbe April 2014 Donetsk na gburugburu ya bụ otu n'ime isi saịtị nke ọgụ na-aga n'ihu Donbas War, dị ka pro-Russian separatist agha agha Ukraine agha agha maka ịchịkwa obodo na gburugburu ebe. N'ime agha ahụ niile, obodo Donetsk a na-elekọta ndị agha pro-Russian separatist dị ka etiti nke Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mpaghara Donetsk kewara n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ. [3] Ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa Donetsk ghọrọ ebe mbụ agha ahụ ji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ na-alụ ọgụ nke butere oke ọnwụ n'etiti ndị nkịtị na mbibi nke mpaghara ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo
As of July 2021[update], the DPR has full control of the city, with Ukrainian and DPR forces still engaging in combat outside of the city.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntọala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Otu n'ime ndị mbụ Ngwuputa obodo na ókèala Donetsk bụ Aleksandrovka [ ru ] . Achọpụtara ịdị adị nke Aleksandrovskaya Cossack Sloboda n'ọnọdụ ya na 1779. N'ikpeazụ, Aleksandrovsky coal mine [ ru ] ka e meghere ebe ahụ.
E hiwere obodo Donetsk na 1869 mgbe onye ọchụnta ego Welsh bụ John Hughes na-arụ ọrụ nchara na ọtụtụ ogbunigwe na Aleksandrovka. Nkwa nke onye ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikọtara Aleksandrovka ma kpọọ ebe ahụ Yuzovo, emesịa Yuzovka ( Russian ), mgbe Hughes gasịrị. [4] N'oge mmalite ya, ọ natara ndị si Wales, ọkachasị n'obodo Merthyr Tydfil . [5] Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, Yuzovka nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 50,000, [6] wee nweta ọkwa obodo na 1917. [7] A na-akpọ isi mpaghara Yuzovka English Colony, na mmalite obodo Britain na-egosipụtakwa na nhazi ya na nhazi ya.
Soviet Union[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe agha obodo Russia dara, Yuzovka bụ akụkụ nke Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic site na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe na 12 February 1918. Ebisara Republic na 2nd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets na 20 Maachị 1918, mgbe e kwupụtara nnwere onwe nke Ukrainian Soviet Republic . Ọ dabara nke ọma, ma mba ụwa ma ọ bụ site na Russian SFSR, ma kagburu ya n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta nke Brest-Litovsk .
Na 1924, n'okpuru ọchịchị Soviet, a gbanwere aha obodo ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Stalin . N'afọ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ruru 63,708, na n'afọ na-esote, 80,085. Na 1929–31 a gbanwere aha obodo ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Stalino . [8] Obodo ahụ enweghị usoro mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo 1931, mgbe 55.3 km (34.4 mi) usoro e tọrọ n'okpuruala. Na July 1933, obodo ahụ ghọrọ ebe nchịkwa nke Donetsian Oblast nke Ukrainian SSR . [7] Na 1933, 12 nke mbụ arụnyere sistemu nsị, na ojiji nke gas malitere n'afọ ọzọ. Ebe ụfọdụ kwuru na a kpọchara obodo ahụ Trotsk n’oge dị mkpirikpi—mgbe Leon Trotsky gasịrị—ruo ọnwa ole na ole ná ngwụsị 1923.
Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị bi na Stalino dị 507,000; Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, 175,000. Mwakpo nke ndị Nazi Germany fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ibibi obodo ahụ kpam kpam. Ndị agha German na Ịtali were ya dị ka akụkụ nke Reichskommissariat Ukraine n'etiti 16 Ọktoba 1941 na 5 Septemba 1943. E wughachiri ya n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị.
Na 1945, ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị dị afọ 17 ruo 35, sitere na obodo Danube Swabian  (Schwowe)  nke Yugoslavia, Hungary na Romania ( Batschka na Banat ), ezigara Russia n'ike dị ka Allied "nkwụghachi ụgwọ agha", na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọrụ ohu iji wughachi Stalino na ịrụ ọrụ na ogbunigwe ya. Ọnọdụ ndị ahụ dara nke ukwuu nke na ọtụtụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ. [9]
N'oge ebili mmiri nke abụọ nke Nikita Khrushchev nke mbibi na Nọvemba 1961, a kpọgharịrị obodo ahụ Donetsk, aha Osimiri Seversky Donets, nke dị na Don [7] iji mee ka ọ dịpụrụ adịpụ na onye ndu mbụ Joseph Stalin .
Na 1965, na Donetsk Academy nke Sciences e guzobere dị ka akụkụ nke Academy nke Sciences nke Ukraine SSR .
Ukraine nọọrọ onwe ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe ọ nwesịrị oge siri ike na 1990s, mgbe ọ bụ ebe etiti agha ndị otu maka ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe,, Donetsk mere ngwa ngwa, nke ukwuu n'okpuru nduzi nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.
Na 1994, e mere referendum na Donetsk Oblast na Luhansk Oblast, na gburugburu 90% kwadoro nkwenye nke Russian dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị n'akụkụ Ukraine., na maka Russian na-bụ nanị ukara asụsụ na a mpaghara larịị; otu o sila dị, ndị ọchịchị Kyiv kagburu referendum ahụ. [10] [11] ]
N'afọ ndị 1990 na oge 2000, e gburu ọtụtụ narị n'ime ogbunigwe i na Donetsk na mpaghara ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere mkpọmkpọ coal nke Ukraine n'afọ 2008, ọdachi ogbunigwe Zasyadko nke afọ 2007, na ọdachi ahụ mere n'afọ 2015 nke Zasyadko . Ukraine enweela ọtụtụ ihe mberede n'ịgbapụta ihe kemgbe ọdịda Soviet Union na 1991, otu ihe kpatara ya bụ njikọ nke ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị na-egwuputa ihe na mmepụta ihe, bụ ihe mkpali ileghara usoro nchebe anya nke na-ebelata mmepụta ihe. [12]
Na nzuko e nwere na Moscow na 2008, a ghọtara Donetsk dị ka obodo kacha mma na Commonwealth of Independent States maka atụmatụ mmepe ya etinyere.[13] na 2012 na 2013 Donetsk ghọtara dị ka ebe kacha mma maka azụmahịa na Ukraine . [14] [15] [16]
Ka ọ na-enweta otuto maka ikike azụmahịa ya, Donetsk nwetakwara nkatọ maka njikọ mafia siri ike nke oligarchy ya na-eto eto, yana maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na-abawanye. [17] Ụfọdụ ndị nyocha dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere ọdịda Donetsk ogologo oge; na na ọ nwere ike ịkekọrịta ọnọdụ ọjọọ Detroit n'ihi ọdịda ya ịlụso mpụ na ịda ogbenye ọgụ [18]
Donetsk People's Republic (2014-dị ugbu a)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe Onye isi ala Yanukovych gbapụrụ na Ukraine ịchọ mgbaba na Russia, ndị na-agbachitere Russia na-akwado weghaara Ọchịchị Oblast State Administration [ uk ] (OSA), isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, na Donetsk. Ndị uwe ojii enyeghị mmegide. [19] Mgbe e mesịrị na izu ndị ọchịchị nke Donetsk disallowed a referendum na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara [20] na uwe ojii retook Donetsk OSA ụlọ. [21] [22] Donetsk ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị emmepe nke 2014 pro-Russian esemokwu na Ukraine .
Na 7 April 2014, pro-Russian ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị weghaara ikike nke Donetsk OSA ma kwupụta " Donetsk People's Republic ", na-arịọ maka enyemaka Russia. [23]
Na 11 May 2014, a Donetsk ọnọdụ referendum, 2014 e ẹkenịmde ke Donetsk nke ndị ntuli aka nwere ike họrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nnwere onwe. Onye isi kọmishọna nhoputa ndi ochichi nke kpọsara onwe ya Donetsk People's Republic, Roman Lyagin, kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 90 nke ndị mere ntuli aka na mpaghara Donetsk kwadoro nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Kyiv . Ukraine anaghị aghọta referendum, mgbe EU na US kwuru na ntuli aka bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. [24]
Mgbọ ogbunigwe nke ndị agha Yukren na ndị otu ndị agha akpatala ọnwụ ndị nkịtị na Donetsk. [25] [26] Human Rights Watch akpọkuola akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-alụ ọgụ ka ha kwụsị iji ogbunigwe BM-21 Grad na-adịghị eduzi n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi, ma kwuo na iji usoro ngwa agha ndị a bụ mmebi iwu mba ụwa na ọ nwere ike bụrụ mpụ agha . Ọ kpọkukwara ndị ọgbaghara ahụ ka ha zere ibunye ha n'ebe ndị mmadụ juru. [27]
2015 IIHF World Championship Division I, Group A bụ ndokwa maka 18 ruo 24 April 2015 na Donetsk, ma Ukraine wepụrụ dị ka ndị ọbịa n'ihi esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na mba ahụ. [28] Kama Donetsk, a haziri asọmpi ahụ na Kraków, Poland. N'ikpeazụ, Ukraine kwadoro 2017 IIHF World Championship Division I, ọzọ Group A, ma na isi obodo ya, Kyiv .
Geography[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk lina na steppe odida obodo, gbara ya gburugburu gbasasịrị woodland, ugwu nta, nkwata Atụmatụ, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri . A na-ejikarị mpụga ugwu eme ọrụ ugbo. Osimiri Kalmius jikọtara obodo ahụ na Oké Osimiri Azov, nke bụ 95 km (59 mi) n'ebe ndịda, yana mpaghara ntụrụndụ ama ama maka ndị bi na Donetsk. Ogologo eriri nke ala ubi gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu.
Obodo ahụ ruru 28 km (17 mi) site n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda na 55 km (34 mi) from east to west. Enwere ọdọ mmiri abụọ dị nso: Nyzhnekalmius (60 ha ), na "Oké Osimiri Donetsk" (206). ha). Osimiri 5 na-agafe n'obodo ahụ, gụnyere Kalmius, Asmolivka (13 km), Cherepashkyna (23 km), Skomoroshka na Bakhmutka. Obodo nwekwara ngụkọta nke 125 ndụmọdụ nkwata. [29]
Ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihu igwe nke Donetsk bụ kọntinent na- ekpo ọkụ n'oge okpomọkụ ( Köppen : Dfb ). [30] Nkezi okpomọkụ bụ −4.1 Celsius C (25 Celsius F) na Jenụwarị na 21.6 Celsius C (71 °F) na Julaị. Nkezi ọnụọgụ mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-agbakọta ụbọchị 162 na ruo 556 millimeters kwa afọ. [31]Àtụ:Weather box
Government and administrative divisions[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe ọ bụ na 7 April 2014 Donetsk bụ de facto nke Donetsk Ndị mmadụ Republic na- achị dị ka isi obodo ya. The Donetsk Ndị mmadụ Republic na- adịghị ghọtara mba na ihe niile UN so na- aghọta na obodo dị ka Ukraine. South Ossetia, obodo ọzọ nwere oke ude, ghọtara Donetsk People's Republic dị ka onye nwe obodo yana Donetsk dị ka isi obodo ya. [32]
A na-ekewa ókèala Donetsk n'ime 9 nhazi raions (mpaghara), onye ọchịchị obodo na-elekọta site na raion kansụl, bụ ndị nọ n'okpuru Donetsk City Council.
Ọnụọgụ mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Lee akụkọ: Ndị Russia nọ na UkraineÀtụ:Historical populations
Donetsk nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 985,000 bi na 2009[33] na ihe karịrị 1,566,000 bi n'ógbè mepere emepe na 2004. Ọ bụ obodo nke ise kasị ibu na Ukraine[1]
Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ e mere n'afọ 2001 si kwuo, ndị si n'ihe karịrị otu agbụrụ 130 bi na Donetsk Oblast.. [34] Ukrainian agbụrụ bụ 56.9% nke ndị bi (2,744,100 ndị mmadụ); agbụrụ Rọshịa bụ 38.2% nke ndị bi (1,844,400 mmadụ). [34] Asụsụ obodo nke 74.9% nke ndị bi na Donetsk mpaghara bụ Russian, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 24.1% Ukraine. [35] 58.7% nke ndị agbụrụ Ukraine na-ewere Russian ka asụsụ obodo ha.[35]
Na 1989 ọ dịghị Ukraine asụsụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na Donetsk..[36]
Ọdịdị nke Donetsk City Municipality site agbụrụ bụ ndị a: [37]
- Total: 1,024,678 people, 100.00%
N'afọ 1991, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi na Russia bụ ndị Russia, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ dị ka Ukraine ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọzọ kwuputara na ha bụ ndị Slav . [36] Obere obere na-agụnye ụfọdụ agbụrụ sitere na South Caucasus na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Anatolia mpaghara, gụnyere ndị Armenia, Azerbaijans, Georgians na Pontic Greek (gụnyere ndị a kọwara dị ka ndị Gris Caucasus ).
Asụsụ obodo nke ndị bi na obodo Donetsk dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ukraine nke 2001 : [38]
- Russian 87.8%
- Ukrainian 11.1%
- Armenian 0.1%
- Belarusian 0.1%
Akụ na ụba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk na ókèala ndị gbara ya gburugburu bụ obodo mepere emepe nke ukwuu ma na-agbakọba n'ime obodo. Ndị ọrụ na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ, ọkachasị ngwuputa kol . Obodo ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na kol na Donets Basin ( Donbas ). Kpọmkwem n'okpuru obodo dina coal ogbunigwe, nke na-adịbeghị anya hụrụ na-abawanye na Ngwuputa ihe mberede, kasị ọhụrụ mberede bụ na Zasyadko mine, nke gburu ihe karịrị 100 ọrụ. [39]
Akụ na ụba Donetsk mejupụtara ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe 200 nwere ngụkọta mmepụta nke ihe karịrị ijeri 120 rubles kwa afọ yana karịa otu 20,000 ọkara-obere nha. Ụlọ ọrụ na -egwupụta kol n'obodo ahụ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta coal 17 na igwe ihe abụọ na-etinye uche; ụlọ ọrụ ọla na-agụnye nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọla 5 dị na obodo dum; ahịa injinia mejupụtara ụlọ ọrụ 67, yana ụlọ ọrụ nri - otu 32.
Mgbe ọdịda Soviet Union gasịrị, Donetsk na obodo ndị ọzọ gbara agbata obi nke Donbas tara ahụhụ nke ukwuu, n'ihi na e mechiri ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya funahụrụ ha n'ọrụ. [40] Ihe 412,000 square metres (4,434,731 sq ft) nke ebe obibi, 7.9 km (4.9 mi) nke netwọk gas, na 15.1 km (9.4 mi) nke netwọk mmiri n'ime obodo n'ime 1998-2001.
Obodo ahụ nwekwara ụlọ "Donetsk" mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche . [41] Donetsk nwere obodo itoolu ugbu a. [42] Obodo German nke Magdeburg nwere mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na Donetsk n'oge 1962–1996. [43] [44]
Na 2012, Donetsk e gosiri obodo kasị mma maka azụmahịa na Ukraine site Forbes . Donetsk topped the rating na ise egosi: mmadụ isi obodo, ikike ịzụrụ ụmụ amaala, ego ọnọdụ, aku na uba kwụsie ike, nakwa dị ka akụrụngwa na nkasi obi . [45]
Ebe ịzụ ahịa n'obodo ahụ gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ahịa nke Donetsk City .
Donetsk bụ nnukwu ebe egwuregwu, nwere akụrụngwa mepere emepe, ma nweela asọmpi mba ụwa ugboro ugboro - Davis Cup, UEFA Champions League . Ndị nnọchi anya obodo ahụ bụ egwuregwu ndị isi steeti dịka bọọlụ, hockey, basketball, ịkụ ọkpọ, tenis, egwuregwu na ndị ọzọ.
Egwuregwu kachasị ewu ewu na Donetsk bụ football . Donetsk bụ ụlọ abụọ bụ isi ọkachamara football klọb: Shakhtar Donetsk, nke na-egwuri na Donbas Arena tupu 2014 ma ugbu a na-arụ na NSC Olimpiyskiy, na FC Olimpik Donetsk, nke ugbu a na-arụ na Chernihiv Stadium . Ruo 2021, ha abụọ gbara na Ukraine Premier League, mana na 2021, Olimpik weghaara ya na Njikọ Mbụ nke Ukraine . Shakhtar Donetsk meriri Ukrainian Championship na Ukrainian Cup ọtụtụ ugboro, na 2009 ha ghọrọ otu nke abụọ si Ukraine (mgbe FC Dynamo Kyiv ) iji merie asọmpi European, UEFA Cup . Donetsk bụkwa ụlọ nke ndị inyom football club WFC Donchanka, otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma klọb na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ukrainian Women's League, ma ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ na 2014.
Donetsk bụ ụlọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Donbas Arena, nke mepere na 2009. Ọ ghọrọ ámá egwuregwu mbụ dị na Eastern Europe e mere ma wuo ya dịka ụkpụrụ UEFA maka egwuregwu egwuregwu nke "Elite" si dị. Mgbe mba Poland na Ukraine meriri nkwekọrịta nkwonkwo maka UEFA Euro 2012, a họpụtara Donetsk's Donbas Arena dị ka ebe maka egwuregwu atọ Group D, otu egwuregwu nkeji iri na ise, na otu egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ. [46] A họpụtara ama egwuregwu RSK Olimpiyskyi ka ọ bụrụ ama egwuregwu idobere. [47]
Donetsk, yana Mariupol dị nso, bụ obodo ndị ọbịa nke asọmpi UEFA European Under-19 2009 . Ama egwuregwu ndị na-akwado ihe omume ahụ n'aha Donetsk bụ RSC Olimpiyskiy (nke kwadoro ikpeazụ) na Metalurh Stadium .
Donetsk bụ ụlọ nke ice hockey club HC Donbass, na-egwu egwu na Druzhba Arena kemgbe 2011 (ma ịkwụsị ọrụ bụ 2014 wee na-akwaga Druzhkivka na 2015), nke meriri 2011 Ukrainian Hockey Championship, na nke bụ naanị otu ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri. obodo. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị otu oge na Russian Major League, klọb ahụ kwalitere ebe egwuregwu ya na ụkpụrụ Njikọ Hockey Kontinental, wee sonye na otu na 2012. Mgbe ị na-akwaga na KHL, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kere ụlọ ọrụ ugbo mpaghara ka ọ na-egwu na Ukrainian Championship n'okpuru aha HC Donbass-2, nke meriri 2012 na 2013 mba aha. Na 2013 Donetsk nọ na-akwado 2012-13 IIHF Continental Cup ice hockey Super Final, nke HC Donbass meriri, na 2013 IIHF World Championship Division I - Group B, ebe Ukraine kwụsịrị 1st wee nweta nkwalite na Group A (ha abụọ kwadoro na Druzhba Arena ). Mgbe otu ahụ maliteghachiri ọrụ na 2015, ọ kwụsịrị na KHL, na-ejedebe na Njikọ Hockey nke Ukraine, ebe ọ meriri anọ n'ime asọmpi ise ikpeazụ.
Donetsk bụkwa ebe obibi nke bọọlụ basketball BC Donetsk, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Ukrainian Basketball Super League, wee nweta aha mmeri 2012. Klọb a na-egwuri egwu na Druzhba Arena, a họpụtara Donetsk ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime obodo 6 nke Ukraine iji kwado FIBA EuroBasket 2015 . Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ kwụsịrị egwuregwu mgbe 2014 gasịrị n'ihi agha na-aga n'ihu, na asọmpi 2015 FIBA ga-ebupụ na mba ahụ.
Obodo a bụbu ebe obibi nke ole na ole ama ama n'oge ahụ ma ugbu a, klọb na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. MFC Shakhtar Donetsk club meriri Ukrainian futsal Championship ugboro ise, ma etisasịwo na January 2011 n'etiti oge n'ihi nsogbu ego (n'oge - ndị kasị titled club na Ukraine ). Otu n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu volleyball Soviet kachasị elu n'oge ahụ, VC Shakhtar Donetsk, bụ ndị otu ikpeazụ meriri Soviet Volleyball Championship, na 1992. Ndị otu ahụ meriri asọmpi abụọ mbụ na Njikọ nke Ukraine kwụụrụ onwe ya, na 1992 na 1993 (1992 Ukraine Championship e mere na Donetsk), wee merie Ukraine Cup na 1993, mana mgbe enwere okwu gbasara ego, ọgbakọ ahụ wepụrụ na 1997. ma mgbe otu oge gachara na akwa nke abụọ, e mechiri ya.
Donetsk kwadoro asọmpi Tenis USSR na 1978, 1979 na 1980, wee kwado ụfọdụ egwuregwu tennis nke 2005 Davis Cup . Donetsk bụ ebe obibi nke Alexander Kolyaskin Memorial, nke e mere n'etiti 2002-2008 na akụkụ nke ATP Challenger Series, na Donetsk bụ ebe obibi nke iko nwanyị Viccourt, nke a na-ekewa dị ka ITF Women's Circuit wee malite na 2012.
Donetsk na-abụkarị ebe egwuregwu dị mkpa, na-anabatakwa mmemme dị iche iche. Donetsk bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị ọbịa maka asọmpi egwuregwu 1978 na 1980 Soviet, ma bụrụ naanị obodo ndị ọbịa na mmemme ahụ na 1984. Donetsk kwadokwara asọmpi egwuregwu ụmụaka nke 1977 nke Europe . Ama egwuregwu eji eme mmemme egwuregwu ahụ bụ RSC Olimpiyskiy (n'oge a na-akpọ RSC Lokomotiv).
N'etiti egwu egwu na egwuregwu ubi dị iche iche, Donetsk karịsịa nwere nnukwu aha na ikpo okwu . Serhii Bubka, nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere dị ka nnukwu pole vaulter na akụkọ ihe mere eme, tolitere n'obodo ahụ, ma malitekwa na 1992 ihe omume ịkwanye osisi pole kwa afọ na Donetsk, nke a na-akpọ Pole Vault Stars . Bubka n'onwe ya debere ndekọ ime ụlọ ụwa na ihe omume ahụ ugboro atọ (1990, 1991, 1993). Ndekọ ọnụ ụlọ ya dị mita 6.15, nke edobere na ama egwuregwu Olympic nke Donetsk na 21 February 1993, agbajighị ruo 2014. Onye uwe ojii Russia bụ Yelena Isinbayeva debere ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ na mmemme ahụ kwa afọ n'etiti 2004 na 2009.
2015 IIHF World Championship Division I ice hockey asọmpi ka akwadoro maka 18 ruo 24 Eprel 2015 na Donetsk mana emechara kwaga Kraków, Poland n'ihi agha na-aga n'ihu.
Ndị otu egwuregwu ọkachamara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke otu egwuregwu ndị ọkachamara dị adị, yana ndị ama ama (na-emeri aha) klọb arụrụ arụ. Ọ dịghị nke klọb ugbu a na-egwu n'ime obodo n'ihi agha Donbas .
Omenala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
First Line Avenue (Artema Street)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
First Line Avenue, nke a makwaara dị ka Artema Street, ka a na-ewere dị ka akụkụ bụ isi nke Donetsk. Ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka ebe kacha mma ịmalite maka njem nlegharị anya ọ bụla na gburugburu obodo. Okporo ámá ahụ nwere ngwakọta nke ihe owuwu ọhụrụ na nke ochie yana obere ogige ntụrụndụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ebe ịzụ ahịa na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. Saịtị ndị ama ama gụnyere Lenin Square, Opera & Ballet Theatre, Ncheta nke Coalminers na Donetsk Drama Theatre.
Ihe oyiyi nke Artyom (Fyodor Sergeyev)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe oyiyi a dị mita isii n'ogologo na Artema Street bụ ụtụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Soviet Fyodor Sergeyev .
Donetsk Opera na Ballet Ụlọ ihe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ewubere na 1936, Donetsk State Academic Opera na Ballet Theatre abụrụla ụlọ ọrụ Donetsk Ballet kemgbe 1946.
Donbass Palace[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ 5-kpakpando a dị n'etiti Donetsk bụ nanị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke Ukraine sonyere The Leading Hotels of the World na bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-eduga na Ukraine dịka World Travel Awards Association si kwuo. E wuru ya na 1938 site n'iwu Shuvalova na Rechanikov. N'oge ndị Nazi na-arụ ọrụ Donetsk, ndị Gestapo nwere ụlọ nkwari akụ dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ; Ebibiri ụlọ ahụ n'oge agha ahụ. Emepeghachiri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ mgbe arụgharịrị ya na 2004.
Pushkin Boulevard[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A 2 km (1.24 mi) ogologo ụzọ ndụ ndụ nke nwere isi iyi, cafes, na ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi dị ka ihe ncheta nke Taras Shevchenko . Ọkpụrụkpụ nkwụ Mertsalov dịkwa na Pushkin Boulevard. N'ịbụ nke e mepụtara maka ihe ngosi na 1896 site n'aka Aleksei Mertsalov, onye na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ, site na otu ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ọ pụtara iji gosipụta nkà na ike nke ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ na Czarist Russia.
Ihe ncheta nke John Hughes[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nke a 2001 akpụrụ akpụ dị n'ihu Donetsk National Technical University asọpụrụ ọrụ nke Welsh obodo nchoputa John James Hughes, onye wuru obodo Yuzovka Steel Plant nke nyere Donetsk ya ulo oru akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Ogige ihe onyonyo akpara akpa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Emeghere Forged Figures Park na 2001. Ememme Smithcraft nke mba ụwa na-eme na ogige ahụ kwa afọ. Ụfọdụ ọrụ na-enweta ihe nrite na-enye obodo ukwu ma na-anọ n'ogige ahụ, na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe ọkpụkpụ oge ụfọdụ.
Aqua ogige[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk Aquapark "Royal Marine" e meghere na Scherbakova Park na mbubreyo 2012. Dome na-akwụghị ụgwọ, nke ejiri usoro aluminom truss mee, bụ 26 metres (85 ft) dị elu nwere dayameta nke 85 metres (279 ft), ma na-egosipụta ihe a na-emegharị emegharị nke na-emepe slide iji kpughee ihe ruru 50% nke ihe owuwu ahụ na ìhè anyanwụ. Mpaghara 5,700-square-metre (61,000 sq ft) aqua park, otu n'ime ogige mmiri ime ụlọ kacha ibu n'ụwa, bụ ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ OpenAire, Inc. [48] rụrụ.
IAlley nke mmụọ ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ogige ndị mmụọ ozi dị na Donetsk bụ ihe ncheta ụmụaka gburu n'oge agha Donbas .
Nhazi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk, n'oge ahụ Yuzovka, kewara ụzọ abụọ: n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda. N'akụkụ ndịda bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo, ọdụ ụgbọ oloko, ụlọ telegraph, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'ebe na-adịghị anya na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ ógbè Bekee ebe ndị injinia na ndị ọrụ nlekọta bi. Mgbe e wuchara ebe obibi John Hughes na ogige dị iche iche maka ndị ọrụ si mba ọzọ, e wuru akụkụ ndịda obodo ahụ n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ụdị Bekee.
Ụlọ ndị a na-eji facade nke nwere akụkụ anọ na akụkụ atọ, elu ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nnukwu windo, nke nwere akụkụ buru ibu nke ụlọ ahụ, na mbara ihu. N'akụkụ a nke obodo ahụ, okporo ámá ndị buru ibu ma nwee pavement. Mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi ụlọ na Donetsk bụ onye na -ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Novorossiya - Moldingauyer . Ụlọ ndị echekwara na mpaghara ndịda Yuzovka nwere ebe obibi nke John Hughes ( 1891, nke echekwabara ), Bolfur ( 1889 ) na Bosse.
N'ebe ugwu nke Yuzovka, Novyi Svet, ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị omenkà na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. N'ebe a, e nwere ụlọ ahịa ahịa, isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii na Katidral nke Nnwogha nke Jizọs. Okporo ụzọ etiti Novyi Svet na okporo ámá ndị gbara ya gburugburu bụ ụlọ obibi nwere okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ, yana ahịa, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ. Ụlọ a ma ama nke echekwara na mpaghara ugwu Yuzovka bụ ụlọ nkwari akụ Great Britain.
Atụmatụ izugbe mbụ nke Stalino mere na 1932 na Odessa site n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ P. Golovchenko. Na 1937, a rụgharịrị ọrụ ahụ n'otu akụkụ. Ọrụ ndị a bụ nke mbụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme ụlọ ọrụ owuwu obodo.
A nnukwu akụkụ nke obodo ụlọ site na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 20 e mere site architect Pavel Vigdergauz, nke e nyere Gọọmenti award nke USSR maka ije na obodo Donetsk na 1978.
Okpukpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị bi na Donetsk so na omenala okpukpe gụnyere Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ [49] Eastern Catholic Churches, Protestantism, na Roman Catholic Church, yana Islam na okpukpe ndị Juu . [50] [51] Otu okpukpere chi nwere ọtụtụ ndị otu bụ Ụka Ọtọdọks nke Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate) na Ụka Ọtọdọks nke Ukraine nke Kyivan Patriarchate .
N'afọ 2014, e kesara ndị Juu akwụkwọ akụkọ adịgboroja "nke onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị nwa oge Donetsk Denis Pushilin bịanyere aka na ya" n'ememme Ngabiga. Akwụkwọ nta ahụ gwara nwa amaala Juu Donetsk ka ọ deba aha onwe ya, ihe onwunwe ha na ezinụlọ ha n'aka ndị ọchịchị na-akwado Russia. Mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na emeghị ihe ọ chọrọ ga-eme ka a napụ ya ikike ịbụ nwa amaala na ịnara ihe onwunwe ya. Akwụkwọ nta ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara na ụjọ n'etiti ndị Juu Donetsk, bụ ndị hụrụ nkwughachi nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ. [52]
Ihe Mgbasa ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn ise na-arụ ọrụ na Donetsk:
- TRK Ukraine ( Ukrainian ) [53]
- KRT, Kyivska Rus' ( Ukrainian ) [54]
- Obodo mbụ ( Russian )
- Kanal 27 ( Russian )
- TRK Donbass ( Russian )
Na Donetsk, e nwere ụlọ elu TV nke dị mita 360, otu n'ime ihe owuwu kacha ogologo n'obodo ahụ, nke arụchara na 1992.
Ndị ama ama[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-akpọkarị ụmụ amaala Donetsk Donchyani ( Russian ). Ndị a bụ ndepụta ndị ama ama bụ ndị amụrụ ma ọ bụ zụlitere n'obodo ahụ:
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk bụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka 140. N'ime ha, abụọ nnukwu obodo ngosi ihe mgbe ochie - Donetsk Region History Museum na Donetsk Regional Art Museum.
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Akụkọ ihe mere eme na Donetsk na-ekpughe ezigbo njirimara obodo yana kpuchie obodo niile dị iche iche dịka ọ dị. Ntọala na 1924, ọ na-enye ihe ngosi sara mbara nke nwere ihe ngosi 120,000: site na nchọpụta ihe ochie nke malitere na oge ochie ruo mgbe John Hughes malitere obodo ahụ, mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ na ngwuputa coal, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na oge Soviet. Na 21 Ọgọst 2014, onye isi obodo Donetsk kọrọ na ọkụ ogbunigwe ebibiela ụlọ na mgbidi nke Donetsk Regional History Museum n'isi ụtụtụ ahụ. [55]
E mepere FC Shaktar Museum na 2010. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Ukraine nke a ga-ahọpụta maka onyinye ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke European. [56]
Ụgbọ njem[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụgbọ njem obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Isi ụdị njem n'ime Donetsk bụ: trams, bọs trolley eletriki, bọs na marshrutkas (obere bọs nkeonwe). Usoro njem ọha na eze nke obodo ahụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ obodo Dongorpastrans dị n'otu na-achịkwa. Obodo ahụ nwere okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko iri na abụọ (~ 130 km), ụzọ ụgbọ oloko iri na asaa (~ 188 km), na ihe dị ka ụzọ ụgbọ oloko iri na ise.[57] Ma usoro ụgbọ oloko na ụgbọ oloko dị n'obodo ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na ebe nchekwa abụọ nke ọ bụla.[57] Ụzọ njem ọzọ n'ime obodo ahụ bụ ọrụ taxi, nke e nwere 32 na Donetsk.
Obodo nwekwara autostations dị n'ime obodo na ala ịta ahịhịa ya: autostation Yuzhny (South), nke na-eje ozi tumadi ahịrị njem na ndịda, n'ihi ya aha ya; autostation Tsentr (Centre), nke na-eje ozi na njem na ntụziaka nke Marinka na Vuhledar nakwa dị ka intercity iga; na autostation Krytyi rynok (ime ụlọ ahịa), nke na-eje ozi tumadi iga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ntụziaka; na autostation Putilovsky, nke na-eje ozi karịsịa n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ntụziaka njem.
Owuwu nke usoro metro n'obodo ahụ, nke malitere na 1992, gbahapụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi enweghị ego. Ọ nweghị ahịrị ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu emechara. [58]
Isi ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Donetsk, nke na-eje ozi ihe dị ka nde ndị njem asaa kwa afọ, dị na mpaghara ugwu nke obodo ahụ.[57] E nwere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị nso na isi ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè mpaghara ahụ. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị ọzọ bụ: Rutchenkovo, nke dị na Kyivskyi Raion; Mandrykino (Petrovskyi Raion), na Mushketovo (Budionivskyi Raion). Ụfọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị njem na-ezere ọdụ Donetsk ma na-eje ozi na ọdụ Yasynuvata, nke dị na mpụga obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji ya eme njem mgbe niile, obodo ahụ nwekwara ụgbọ okporo ígwè ụmụaka. (Dị ka ọ dị na Septemba 2009) a na-eme atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhụrụ nke ga-agbaso ihe UEFA chọrọ (ebe ọ bụ na Donetsk bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị ọbịa maka UEFA EURO 2012).[59]
Donetsk Oblast bụ ebe njem dị mkpa na Ukraine, ya mere ebe etiti ya bụ Donetsk. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Donetsk, nke dị na Donetsk, bụ ngalaba ụgbọ okporo ígwè kachasị ukwuu na Republic. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke mpaghara ahụ, na ndị bi na Donetsk na Lugansk Republics na akụkụ nke Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia na Kharkiv oblasts.
Ụgbọ njem okporo ụzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nke  okporo ụzọ, akụkụ nke International E-road netwọk, na-agafe n'obodo ahụ na-aga Rostov-on-Don na Russia .
Na mgbakwunye, okporo ụzọ mba ọzọ na-agafe obodo ahụ: M 04. Ọzọkwa, okporo ụzọ mba Ukraine atọ (N 15, N 20, na N 21) na-agafe obodo ahụ.
A ga-arụcha ọkwa nke anọ nke okporo ụzọ okirikiri na-agafe Donetsk n'afọ 2014.[60]
Njem ụgbọelu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na mgbakwunye na njem ọha na eze na ụgbọ okporo ígwè, Donetsk nwere ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa.[61] E wuru ya n'oge mmalite afọ 1940 na mmalite afọ 1950. E wughachiri ya na 1973 na ọzọ site na 2011 ruo 2012. N'ihi ọgụ, emechiri ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ na 26 Mee 2014 ma kemgbe ahụ emebiela ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ.[62] E mechikwara mbara igwe dị n'elu Donetsk kemgbe ọdachi MH17.
Donetsk nwere ọtụtụ mahadum, nke gụnyere mahadum steeti ise, ụlọ akwụkwọ iri na otu, ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ iri na anọ, mahadum ise nke onwe, na kọleji isii.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ kachasị mkpa na ndị a ma ama gụnyere Donetsk National Technical University, nke e hiwere na 1921 ("Donetsk Polytechnical Institute" na 1960–1993), yana Donetsk National University nke e hiwere na 1937.[63][64] National Technical University nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na Mahadum dị na Magdeburg. Kemgbe 1970, ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 100 si Germany (East Germany) agụchaala agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na otu n'ime mahadum abụọ dị na Donetsk. Donetsk bụkwa ebe obibi nke Donetsk National Medical University, nke e hiwere na 1930 wee bụrụ otu n'ime mahadum ahụike kachasị na Soviet Union. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha sayensị na Mahadum Alakụba n'ime Donetsk.
Donetsk bụkwa ebe obibi nke Prokofiev Donetsk State Music Academy, ụlọ nchekwa egwu nke e hiwere na 1960.
Twinnings[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Donetsk na-ekere òkè na atụmatụ obodo mba ụwa iji kwalite ezi mmekọrịta mba ụwa. Ndị mmekọ gụnyere:
Leekwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndetu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Results / General results of the census / Number of cities. 2001 Ukrainian Census. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved on 28 August 2006.
- ↑ The 28 Fastest-Shrinking Cities In The World
- ↑ Weaver. "Ukraine ceasefire deal agreed at Minsk talks", The Guardian, 13 February 2015. Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ Yuz is a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes
- ↑ Evans (June 11, 2012). Euro 2012: Donetsk's roots have more in common with Merthyr Tydfil than Moscow. Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved on 2014-08-09.
- ↑ The population included mostly migrants from neighbouring Russian territories
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Official site of the Head of Donetsk City (31 August 2004). Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.
- ↑ http://alldonetsk.info/en/history-city-donetsk The history of the city of Donetsk
- ↑ Das politische Bewusstsein. Retrieved on 2013-03-26.
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Nakanune.ru (26 March 2014). Retrieved on 14 December 2016.
- ↑ "Ukraine's mine death toll rises", BBC News, 20 November 2007. Retrieved on 14 December 2016.
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Epravda.com.ua (22 July 2013). Retrieved on 14 December 2016.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedKommodova (4 August 2009). (ru). Ostro.org. Retrieved on 14 December 2016.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Makeevkainfo.com.ua (24 June 2014). Archived from the original on 3 July 2014.
- ↑ B ДoHeцke Heckoлbko coTeH paдиkaлoB c kpиkaMи "Poccия" шTypMyюT OГA. Gazeta.ua (3 March 2014). Retrieved on 3 March 2014.
- ↑ HoBocTи ДoHбacca :: The authorities of Donetsk region don't want a referendum and they opposed 'foreign scenarios' – video report. Novosti.dn.ua (9 March 2014). Retrieved on 9 August 2014.
- ↑ Kushch. "Ukrainian flag again flies over Donetsk regional HQ", Reuters, 6 March 2014.
- ↑ Roth. "Ukrainian Officials in East Act to Blunt Pro-Russian Forces", The New York Times, 7 March 2014. Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ Radyuhin. "Donetsk proclaims independence from Ukraine", The Hindu, 7 April 2014. Retrieved on 7 April 2014.
- ↑ Ukraine crisis: Eastern rebels claim 'self-rule' poll victory. BBC News (12 May 2014). Retrieved on 12 May 2014.
- ↑ "Ukraine crisis: Shells hit Donetsk amid Russia convoy row". BBC News. August 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Kyiv's troops surround separatist stronghold Donetsk, civilian casualties high". Euronews. August 12, 2014.
- ↑ "Ukraine: Unguided Rockets Killing Civilians Stop Use of Grads in Populated Areas". Human Rights Watch. July 24, 2014.
- ↑ Steven Ellis (15 August 2014). Ukraine Withdraws as Hosts of 2015 Division IA World Championships. The Hockey House. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved on 23 August 2014.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedLiakh. (ru). gorod.donbass.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.
- ↑ Donetsk, Ukraine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase). Weatherbase. Retrieved on 2018-11-13.
- ↑ The Weather in Donetsk (ru). rospogoda.ru. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved on 5 May 2007.
- ↑ "South Ossetia recognizes Donetsk People's Republic", Kyiv Post, 27 June 2014. Retrieved on 1 August 2015.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (uk). Department of Statistics of the Donetsk Region. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 2001 Ukrainian Census, ЧиcлeHHocTb и cocTaB HaceлeHия ДoHeцkoй oблacTи пo иToraM BceykpaиHckoй пepeпиcи HaceлeHия 2001 roдa [The size and composition of the population on the basis of the Donetsk region in the 2001 Census].
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 2001 Ukrainian Census, ЧиcлeHHocTb и cocTaB HaceлeHия ДoHeцkoй oблacTи пo иToraM BceykpaиHckoй пepeпиcи HaceлeHия 2001 roдa, ЯзыkoBoй cocTaB HaceлeHия ДoHeцkoй oблacTи, пo дaHHыM BceykpaиHckoй пepeпиcи HaceлeHия [The size and composition of the population on the basis of the Donetsk region in the 2001 Census, Linguistic composition of the population of the Donetsk region, according to the Census]
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Steele (1994). Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy. Harvard University Press, 217–18. ISBN 978-0-674-26837-1. Retrieved on 13 December 2016.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (uk). Department of Statistics of the Donetsk Region (2004). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved on 5 May 2007.
- ↑ About number and composition population of Donets'k Region by data, All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001. State Statistical Service of Ukraine. Retrieved on 14 December 2016.
- ↑ "Another victim of Ukraine mine blast dies in hospital", RIA Novosti, 30 November 2007. Retrieved on 1 December 2007.
- ↑ Subtelny (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (uk). Order of Verhovna Rada (24 December 1998). Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Official site of the Head of Donetsk City (31 August 2004). Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved on 5 May 2007.
- ↑ Stegers (5 November 2013). Meine Reise nach Donetsk I: Die unbekannte ukrainische Metropole (de). wize.life. Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ (1967) The Daily Review, Volume 13, Michigan 1967. Retrieved on 4 October 2014.
- ↑ Forbes admitted Donetsk best city for business in Ukraine. Yellowpage.in.ua (1 June 2012). Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved on 26 March 2013.
- ↑ Stadiums / Donetsk. UEFA Euro 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.
- ↑ Stadiums / Introduction. UEFA Euro 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.
- ↑ World's largest retractable aluminum-domed waterpark under work in Ukraine. Themeparkpost.com (14 September 2011). Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved on 26 March 2013.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). ortodox.donbass.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved on 12 May 2007.
- ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (uk). Razumkov Centre (2006). Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved on 5 September 2017.
- ↑ Yarosh (2011). "Muslim communities and Islamic network institutions in Ukraine: contesting authorities in shaping Islamic localities", in Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowka: Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam. Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska. ISBN 978-83-903229-5-7. Retrieved on 27 May 2016.
- ↑ Margalit, Michal. "Donetsk leaflet: Jews must register or face deportation." Ynetnews. 16 April 2014.
- ↑ Television channel 'Ukraine' home. TRK Ukraina. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ Main Page (ru). Kyivska Rus. Archived from the original on 2 April 2006.
- ↑ Kishkovsky (14 August 2014). Eastern Ukraine's museums told to hide their collections. theartnewspaper.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014.
- ↑ FC Shakhtar Museum nominated for an 'Oscar'. Donbass-arena.com (19 May 2012). Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved on 2013-03-26.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Partner-Portal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved on 11 May 2007.
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
- ↑ "Construction of railway terminal in Donetsk for UEFA EURO 2012 worth UAH 414mln", Ukrinform, 23 September 2009.
- ↑ Building of fourth stage of Donetsk ring road to end in 2014, Interfax-Ukraine (11 January 2014)
- ↑ Service Center, International Airport 'Donetsk'. VIP-Terminal. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved on 6 March 2007.
- ↑ Loiko (28 October 2014). Ukraine fighters, surrounded at wrecked airport, refuse to give up. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014.
- ↑ About DonNTU. Donetsk National Technical University (DonNTU) (2016). Retrieved on 16 December 2016.
- ↑ History of the University. Donetsk National University (2015). Retrieved on 16 December 2016.


c: text/html

text:
Ekpere Gọziri Agọzi Ọ bụ ọgbụgba ọkụ nke okwukwe Katọlik na-emekarị. Ndị kwere ekwe kwesịrị ịmara ekpere ndị a ka ha nwee ike mee ya mgbe ọ bụla anyị chọrọ.
Cheta na ekpere bu ihe anyi nwere ike iji oge obula anyi choro, anyi ekwesighi ime ya n’enweghi okwukwe kama inwere ezi mmetụta n’ime obi anyi na ihe anyi n’eme bu oru nke mo ma buru ihe anyi kwesiri iji kpọrọ ihe. .
Emere ekpere a, n’ọtụtụ oge iji fee Onye nwe anyị Jesu Kristi ofufe, na-ahụ aja o mere maka ụmụ mmadụ n’elu obe nke Calvary.
Ndepụta nke ọdịnaya
Ekpere Kachasị Ebe Nsọ Dị Ekpere Olee otu esi ekpe ekpere?
1) Ekpere maka idobe ihe kacha nsọ
“Nna ebighi-ebi, a na m ekele gị n’ihi na ịhụnanya gị na-enweghị ngwụcha a zọpụtara m, ọbụna megide ọchịchọ nke m. Daalụ, Nna m, maka nnukwu ndidi gị nke chere m. Daalụ, Chineke m, maka ọmịiko gị na-enweghị atụ nke mere m ebere. Naanị ụgwọ ọrụ m nwere ike inye gị maka ihe niile i nyere m bụ adịghị ike m, ihe mgbu na nhụjuanya m.
Anọ m n’ihu gị, mmụọ nke ihunanya, na ị bụ ọkụ a na-apụghị imenyụ emenyụ, m chọkwara ịnọrọ n’ịhụnanya gị, achọrọ m idozi mmejọ m, mee onwe m ka m dị nsọ ma nye gị otuto m na otuto.
Gọziri Jesus, agam n’ihu Gị ma m chọrọ ịdọrọ obi na-enweghị atụ site n’obi gị nke Chukwu, kelee m maka mkpụrụ obi niile, maka Nzukọ nsọ, ndị ụkọchukwu gị na ndị okpukperechi. Kwe ka m, Jesu, oge awa a bụ ezigbo mmekọrịta, awa ọhụrụ m n'anya nke enyere m ịnabata nsọpụrụ niile nke Chineke gị debeere m.
Nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwanyị, nne nke Chukwu na nne m, a sonyere m na arịọ m gị ka ị sonye na mmetụta nke Obi Obi Gị.
Chi m! Ekwere m, ekwere m ife, enwere m olileanya na ahụkwara m gị n'anya. M na-arịọ mgbaghara maka ndị ekweghị, anaghị efe ofufe, echela ma hụghị gị n'anya.
Otutu Atọ n'Ime Otu, Nna, Ọkpara na Mmụọ Nsọ, ana m asọpụrụ gị ma na-enye gị ahụ dị oke ọnụ ahịa, Ọbara, Mkpụrụ Obi na Chi nke Onyenwe anyị Jizọs Kraịst, nke dị na thelọikwuu niile nke ụwa, na nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmejọ niile, nsọ na enweghị mmasị nke Ya onwe ya na-emejọ. Site na enweghi ngwụcha nke Obi Gị Dị Nsọ na Obi Gị N'enweghị Mmetụta nke Meri, a na m arịọ gị maka ntughari nke ndị mmehie dara ogbenye. "
Ekpere nke nsọ nye ndi kachasi ihe nile na-egosipụta inyefe ihe kpam kpam site n'obiỌ bụ ya mere ekpere a ji dị oke mkpa n'ihi na ya, anyị agaghị na-arịọ maka ihe ọ bụla pụrụ iche, kama na anyị ga-enyefe obi anyị nye onye kwesịrị ya ma ọ bụ weda obi ihere dịka a kụziri n'okwu Chineke.
Ofufe, nke a na-esite n’obi na n’ezie bụ ngwa agha dị ike nke ime mmụọ.
2) Ekpere kari ndi kachasi ihe nsọ ario iriba
"Nna kachasị nsọ nke eluigwe."
Anyi na ekele gi, mbu
Maka aja i ji ihunanya mee, site n’ịnwu n’ihi mmehie anyi
Ọ bụ ya mere m ji mata gị, dịka onyenwe m, na naanị nzọpụta
Taa achọrọ m itinye Nna m hụrụ n'anya n'anya, ndụ m
Mara ihe m na-agabiga, na ihe m wedara n’ala n’iru gị
Nna okwu gị kwuru na ọnya gị ka a gwọrọ
Achọrọ m imezu nkwa a, ka ị wee gwọọ m
Dinwenu a na m arịọ gị ka ị bụrụ n’aka ndị ọkacha mara nke nwere okwu m
Na ị na-enye ya usoro dị mkpa ka ha wee nyere m aka
Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe kacha nsọ gị Nna
Dọputam aka-nri-gi n’elum, sachapụ kwa arum
Wepụ ọrịa niile n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ m
Weghachite ọgwụgwọ m
A na m arịọ gị, Nna dị nsọ
Biko, tọọ ntị gị ntị ịnụ ekpere m
Na ihu Chukwu gị n’enweta amara n’ihu m
Obi siri m ike na ịnụla ekpere m
N’ezie, ị na-arụ ọrụ ịgwọ ọrịa n’ime m
Ka I mee uche Nna m
Amen
You chọrọ ọnụnọ Chineke na ndụ gị? Mgbe ahụ pray ga-ekpe Ekpere Nsọ Kachasị Nsọ ịrịọ maka ọrụ ebube.
Ekpere a ga - enyere gị aka inweta ọrụ ebube. Ma ọ̀ dị nfe ka ọ siri ike, ekpere ga-arụ ọrụ.
Jiri obi okwukwe kpee ekpere n’obi gị ma kwere na ike nke Chineke Onyenwe anyị mgbe niile.
3) Ekpere ka ito Sakrament kacha ebe nile
"Anata m taa ọkụ, udo na ebere
Site n'aka Onye-nwe ngọzi nke elu-igwe;
M na-enweta Jesus ahu na nkpuru obi
Ka ndụ m jupụta n'ekele, agụụ, obi ụtọ
Charisma na nguzosi ike tupu ọbịbịa gị;
Anọ m n'ime ime m
M n'obi obi dị nsọ okwukwe na-enye m ohere
Nọgide na-egwu mmiri n'oge nsogbu;
Eluigwe na ụwa na-atọ m ụtọ
Tupu njem nke ndụ m nke ahụ
Ejiri ihe nsọ kacha nsọ kpuchie ya.
Ana m ewere sacrament a na nkpuru obi m
Eji m obi ebere, obiọma na ịhụnanya nabata ya.
Ka udo nke mo nso diri anyi niile
Na na ákwà mgbochi nke ọchịchịrị na-apụ mgbe
Okwukwe m na-eme n’ọdịdị.
Amen."
Nwee okwukwe n’ekpere a iji too sacrament kacha aja aja.
Otuto bu nbuli elu nke emere site n’obi na imata na imara na odighi onye dika ya. N'okwu a anyị na-eto Jehova, bụ eze ndị eze nyere onwe ya maka ịhụnanya. Na o diri ihe mgbu na mmechuihu nke na anyị nwere ezi nnwere onwe n’ime ya taa.
Otuto bu otu ihe di nkpa n’ekpere anyi nke anyi n’eleghara ileghara anya n’ihi na anyi aghaghi idi ike nke ike nke Onyenwe anyi na ndu anyi.
4) Ekpere di nsọ
"Oh Chineke Jesus! na n’abalị, ị nọ naanị gị n’ime ọtụtụ ụlọikwuu nile nke ụwa, n’enweghị onye kere gị ga-eleta ma fee gị ofufe.
M na-enye gị obi m dara ogbenye, na-enwe olileanya na ọhụụ ya niile dị ka ịhụnanya na nsọpụrụ. Gi, Onye-nwe-ayi, nọ na-amụ anya mgbe nile n’okpuru ụdị oriri nsọ, ebere ebere gị anaghị ehi ụra ma ọ bụ taya na-eche ndị mmehie nche.
O Jesu, huru m n'anya, Jesu nke nani gi! Mee ka obim di ka oriọna na-enwu enwu; Inye ịhụnanya na-enwu ọkụ ma nwee ọkụ mgbe niile n'ịhụnanya gị. Lezienụ anya! Chukwu sentinel!
Lelee ụwa nhụsianya, maka ndị nchụàjà, maka mkpụrụ obi ndị edoro nsọ, ndị furu efu, maka ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa, ndị abalị ha na-adịghị agwụ agwụ chọrọ ike gị na nkasi obi gị, maka ọnwụ na maka nke a ohu gị dị umeala n'obi nke na-enyere gị aka izu ike ma na-enweghị ịpụ. n’aka Gị, si n’ụlọikwuu gị… ebe gị na ịnọ naanị ya na ịnọ nkịtị.
Ka obi dị nsọ nke Jisos bụrụ onye a gọziri agọzi, too, asọpụrụ, hụrụ n'anya na nsọpụrụ n'ụlọikwuu niile nke ụwa. Amen. "
Ekpere a na Sacrament na nke a gọziri agọzi tupu ị lakpuo ụra bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị ike.
Tupu anyị ehiwe ụra, ọ dị mkpa ka ị na -ekpe ekpere ma ọ bụ kpegara Sacrament Nsọ pụrụ iche iji nyere anyị aka izu ike zuru ezu. Ramalite ikpere ekpere na oriri nsọ kachasị tupu anyị lakpuo ụra bụ ihe anyị ga-eme kwa ụbọchị ọbụlagodi, ịkụnye omume a ụmụaka bụ nnukwu ihe dị mkpa.
N'ime ụlọ ụka Katọlik, nke a bụ otu n'ime ekpere kachasị mkpa ka ọ na-ewusi okwukwe nke Iso Christianityzọ Kraịst ike ma na-ewusi mmụọ nsọ.
Ọ bụ ekpere nke mmata, otuto y Jesus na-efe ofufe na uwa ya diri mmadu. Anyị maara na ekpere na-ewetara abamuru anyị oge niile n'ihi na site na ya anyị na-ewusi gị ike, meekwa ka i jupụta n'udo, ọ bụ ya mere inwe ndụ mmekọrịta gị na Onyenwe anyị ji dị mkpa.
Isnye kacha dị nsọ?
Sakrament kacha dị nsọ bụ arụ nke okwukwe a na-eme na ụka Katọlik ebe anyị na-amata ma na-anabata aja nke Onye-nwe Jizọs Kraịst. A na-eme ihe a na Sọnde nke atọ nke ọnwa ọ bụla ebe ekpughere ya ka ndị kwere ekwe wee bulie ofufe ha.
Ndi ọbịa a raara nye bụ ihe nnọchianya nke aru Kraist nke azọpiaara maka mmehie anyị maka ịhụ mmadụ n'anya, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka ndị kwere ekwe niile nwee ihe ọmụma a iji wee nyefee onwe ha n'okpuru Onyenwe anyị.
Enwere m ike ịwụnye oriọna mgbe m na-ekpe ekpere ndị kasị nsọ?
Azịza ya bụ ee, ma ọ bụrụ na kandụl nwere ike ịcha ọkụ mgbe ị na-ekpe ekpere. Agbanyeghị, nke a abụghị iwu n'ihi na enwere ike ikpe ekpere n'oge ọ bụla na ebe ọ bụla, anyị enweghịkwa ọkụ oriọna mgbe niile ikpe ekpere. Ọtụtụ ndị kwere ekwe na-ewuru ndị nsọ ha ebe ịchụàjà pụrụ iche ebe ha nwere kandụl na-enye ọkụ n'oge ụfọdụ akọwapụtara maka ofufe.
N'okwu nke ekpere ma n’omume nile nke Mo Nso okwukwe nke akpara ha na ya di nkpa di nkpa nihi na odi n’ebe ahu ka odi ha gha idu ha.
Okwu nke Onyenwe anyị kuziri anyị na anyị enweghị ike iji ekpere jupụta obi anyị niile na obi abụọ ma ọ bụ chee na ihe anyị na-arịọ siri ezigbo ike n'ihi na ekpere ahụ ga-abụ oge na-enweghị uru anyị na-agaghị enweta.
Atụrụ m anya na ị nụrụ ekpere n’ekpere ahụ. Nọnyere Chineke
Ekpere kari:
Kedu otu esi ekpe ekpere puku Jizọs?
Ekpere Saint Cyprian
Ekpere San Alejo
Ekpere iji dọta nwoke
Ekpere nke Nwa Atụrụ ahụ dị nwayọọ
Ekpere San Marcos de León
Ekpere nye Saint Helena
Ekpere ka m chee
Ekpere iji chọta ihe furu efu
Ekpere maka oru
Ekpere ka obi jua gi obi
Ekpere ka akpo m
Ekpere nke Holy Cross
Ekpere na ọnwụ dị nsọ maka ego
Ekpere Setan
Ekpere nke Ebube
Ekpere ka iwepu anya ojoo ya
Ekpere nye naanị mkpụrụ obi ime ka mmadụ bịa
Ekpere na Saint Barbara
Ekpere maka ndi m ha laghachite
Ekpere San Marcos de León nke na-abia
Kpee ekpere ka ị nweta ego ị kwụrụ
Ekpere maka ndi nwuru anwu
Ekpere nye Nwa Nsọ nke Atocha

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
nke
Mpempe akwụkwọ nzacha mgbidi na-agụnye akara ule dabara adaba maka nzacha zuru oke, nzacha dị mma, na njigide nha nha anya n'oge nkọwa nke mmiri mmiri dị iche iche.Anyị na-enyekwa akara ule ndị a na-eji dị ka septum iji jide ihe nzacha n'ime efere na ihe ntanetị ma ọ bụ nhazi nhazi ndị ọzọ, iji wepụ obere ọkwa nke particulate, na ọtụtụ ngwa ndị ọzọ.
Dị ka: mmepụta nke mmanya na-aba n'anya, ihe ọṅụṅụ dị nro, na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, nhazi nri nke sirop, mmanụ esi nri, na mkpirisi, imecha ígwè na usoro kemịkal ndị ọzọ, nhazigharị na nkewa nke mmanụ mmanụ na waxes.
Biko rụtụ aka na ntuziaka ngwa maka ozi ndị ọzọ.
• Uniformly creped elu na cellulose eriri tupu uwe maka ibu, dị irè n'elu ebe.
• Mmụba n'elu ala nwere oke nrịba dị elu karịa ihe nzacha ọkọlọtọ.
• High eruba udu nwere ike nọgidere na-enwe mgbe irè nzacha, otú filtration nke elu viscosity ma ọ bụ elu urughuru ịta fluids nwere ike rụrụ.
• Wet-ike.
①Oge ọ na-ewe 6ml nke mmiri a na-ekpo ọkụ na-agafe 100cm2nke akwụkwọ nzacha na okpomọkụ gburugburu 25 ℃
Kedu ka akwụkwọ nzacha si arụ ọrụ?
Akwụkwọ nzacha bụ nzacha omimi n'ezie.Ụdị dị iche iche na-emetụta ịdị irè ha: njide ihe eji arụ ọrụ, nnabata, pH, ihe ndị dị n'elu, ọkpụrụkpụ na ike nke akwụkwọ nzacha yana ọdịdị, njupụta na ọnụọgụ nke a ga-ejigide.Ihe nzacha a na-etinye na nzacha na-etolite "achicha oyi akwa", nke - dabere na njupụta ya - na-emetụtawanye ọganihu nke nzacha na-agba ọsọ ma na-emetụta ike njide.N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mkpa ịhọrọ akwụkwọ nzacha ziri ezi iji hụ na nzacha dị irè.Nhọrọ a dabere na usoro nzacha a ga-eji, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe nke usoro a ga-enyocha, nha nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpochapụ na ọkwa dị mkpa nke nkọwa bụ ihe niile na-ekpebisi ike ime nhọrọ ziri ezi.
Great Wall na-elebara anya na njikwa mma na-aga n'ihu;Ọzọkwa, a na-enyocha mgbe niile na nyocha kpọmkwem nke akụrụngwa na nke onye ọ bụla emecharamee ka obi sie ike na ịdị elu dị elu mgbe niile yana otu ngwaahịa.
Biko kpọtụrụ anyị, anyị ga-ahazi ndị ọkachamara teknụzụ iji nye gị ngwọta nzacha kacha mma


text:
Intern, Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ 2030
Arooj Yousaf is a recent graduate of The George Washington University with a B.A in International Affairs and Global Health and a minor in Public Health. Her interests include sexual and reproductive health, menstrual health and hygiene, and maternal and child health. She has previous experience in these fields of public health from her work with Planned Parenthood and UNDP and continues to pursue her interests within the intersection of global public health and SRH services. She was Family Planning 2020’s Fall intern and worked alongside the team to conduct research on family planning commitment makers, adolescent and youth population data, and access to reproductive services.
Le 16 Disemba 2020, FP2030 na SUCCESS Ọmụma kwadoro nnọkọ nke anọ na nke ikpeazụ nke modul nke abụọ na usoro mkparịta ụka njikọ. : Nne na nna, ndị nkwusa, Ndị mmekọ, na ekwentị : Kpọọ ndị na-eme ihe ike ...
On December 16th, Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ 2020 (FP2020) and Knowledge SUCCESS hosted the fourth and final session in the second module of the Connecting Conversations series: Nne na nna, Ndị nkwusa, Ndị mmekọ, na Ekwentị: Engaging Critical Influencers in Improving ...
Were otu iko kọfị ma ọ bụ tii ma gee ntị na mkparịta ụka eziokwu gị na ndị ọkachamara mmemme atụmatụ ezinụlọ gburugburu ụwa na-ekerịta ihe rụpụtarala na ntọala ha - yana ihe ha ga-ezere - na usoro pọdkastị anyị., N'ime akụkọ FP.
Pịa na onyonyo dị n'elu ka ị gaa na ibe pọdkastị ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta ọkacha mmasị gị n'okpuru ka ige ntị n'ime Akụkọ FP.
Ịga nke ọma Ọmụma bụ ọrụ afọ ise zuru ụwa ọnụ nke otu ndị mmekọ na-eduzi yana ụlọ ọrụ USAID's Office of Population and Reproductive Health kwadoro mmụta., ma mepụta ohere maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mgbanwe ọmụma, n'ime atụmatụ ezinụlọ na obodo ahụike ịmụ nwa.
Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
111 Market Place, Suite 310
Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
Kpọtụrụ anyị
Emere webụsaịtị a site na nkwado ndị America site na Ụlọ ọrụ United States maka mmepe mba ụwa (USAID) n'okpuru ihe ọmụma ihe ịga nke ọma (Iji mee ka ike sie ike, Ike, Mmekọrịta, Gbanwee, Synthesis, na Ịkekọrịta) Ihe oru ngo. Ọmụma SUCCESS bụ ụlọ ọrụ USAID maka ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na-akwado, Office of Population and Reproductive Health na-edu ya Johns Hopkins Center maka Mmemme Nkwukọrịta (CCP) na mmekorita ya na Amref Health Africa, Ụlọ ọrụ Busara maka akụ na ụba omume (Amamihe), na FHI 360. Ihe dị na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị ọrụ CCP. Ozi e nyere na webụsaịtị a esichaghị egosipụta echiche USAID, gọọmentị United States, ma ọ bụ Mahadum Johns Hopkins. Gụọ Nchebe anyị n'uju, Nzuzo, na amụma nwebiisinka.


text:
Mgbe ị nwere akwarium, ị ga-ekpebi ụdị osisi ị ga-edebe maka ịma mma ya yana maka ịba uru yana arụmọrụ ha maka ndụ azụ gị. Mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ọtụtụ osisi (nke izizi na nke aka) na ọ na-esiri ike ịhọrọ ndị ziri ezi maka akwarium gị.
Lee anyị ga-akụziri gị ụfọdụ osisi kacha pụta ìhè maka ụdị akwarium niile na ụfọdụ ndị kapịrị ọnụ ụdị ụfọdụ ike. Youchọrọ ịmatakwu banyere osisi akwarium?
Na
- 1 Osisi akwarium kacha mma
- 2 Ofdị osisi akwarium
- 3 Osisi maka ịgba ígwè usoro
- 4 Osisi chọrọ obere ọkụ
- 5 Osisi akwarium dika onodu ha g’enwe
- 6 Anti-algae na akwarium osisi na cichlids
- 7 Oyi mmiri algae
- 8 Ntụle Osisi Aquarium Ndị Ọzọ
- 9 Kedu nlekọta nlekọta osisi aquarium chọrọ?
- 10 Kedu ihe kpatara o ji dị mma itinye osisi na akwarium?
Osisi akwarium kacha mma
Mgbe anyị bidoro ịchọ mma akwarium anyị, ọ na-abata n'uche mgbe niile ịmegharị tankị azụ dịka o kwere mee na gburugburu ụwa nke azụ ahụ bi. Maka nke a, ọ dị mkpa ịnwe ezigbo osisi akwarium. Enwere osisi akwarium plastik na nke eke. Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-enwe ezigbo osisi, ị ga-amarịrị nlekọta ha na ụdị azụ ị ga-enwe ka ha nwee ike ịdị n'otu n'otu usoro okike.
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-agwa gị gbasara osisi akwarium kachasị mma ma anyị ga-enye gị ụfọdụ nhọrọ ka ị nwee ike ịzụta nke kachasị gị mma.
Ọzọ anyị ga-egosi gị ụfọdụ ụdị achọkarịsịrị na ihe ọzọ enwere ike ịhazigharị n'ọtụtụ ụdị akwarium ndị mmadụ na-ejikarị.
Onye nsọ
Anyị na-amalite site na osisi kpochapụwo aquarium plastic. Ihe nlere a biara na akuku aquarium nke g’enweta akuku aquarium 5-15. Ha doro nnọọ anya ma kọwaa nke ọma na agba ka ị nwee ike itinye ndụ na tank. Gbalịa ịkọwapụta ihe bụ ezigbo ahịhịa nke mere na gburugburu azụ dị nso na gburugburu ebe obibi ya dị ka o kwere mee.
Ihe nlereanya a gụnyere ihe akwarium ịchọ mma na 8 keagwaraogwa iberibe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ plastic osisi maka akwarium. Osisi dị iche iche sitere na 5 ruo 18 cm. Ihe a anaghị egbu egbu ma ọlị, yabụ ọ bụrụ na azụ̀ tara ya na mberede, ọ nweghị ihe ga-eme. Ihe mejupụtara ya bu plastik, resin na seramiiki base. Okwesiri maka aquariums ohuru na nnu ebe obu na pH nke tank adighi emetuta ya.
Osisi niile na-eji obere ihe edere wee debe ha ka ha wee ghara ise n'elu akwarium. Ihe ịchọ mma ahụ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ma nwee ike inye azụ azụ obere ụlọ. Nwere ike ịzụta ihe nlereanya a site na ịpị ebe a.
JDYW
Nke a bụ ihe nlele ọzọ nke nwere atụmatụ na-adịgide adịgide ma na-adịghị emerụ ahụ maka azụ. Ọ bụ osisi rọba nke etinyere ya na seramiiki na enweghị isi na-esi isi. Ọ naghị emebi azụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu mmiri. Ọ ga-ajari ma ọ bụ ire ere. Ọ bụ ezigbo osisi ma na-e imomi mmegharị nke osisi mgbe ha nọ na mmiri.
O nwere ezigbo mma maka akwarium nwere isi nke na-ekwe nkwa nchekwa nke osisi ahụ ma nye azụ ahụ ohere inwe ebe ọ ga-egwu ma zoo. N'ihi morphology ya, ọ dị mfe ihicha mgbe ọ ruru unyi. Naanị ị ga-etinye ha na mmiri ọkụ iji wepụ irighiri ihe ọ bụla ha nwere. Ọ bụ 52 cm n’ibu ma tụọ ihe dị ka gram 270. Emere plastik ahụ ka osisi wee nwee ike kwụsie ike ebe ị debere ya. Nwere ike ịzụta osisi a site na ịpị ebe a.
luoem
Nke a bụ otu n'ime osisi zuru oke itinye na ala aquariums. Ọ bụ ihe na-enyere aka ịdepụta ọdịdị ala. O nwere ihe eji acha ocha. E ji plastik mee ya akụkụ nke 20x8x16cm na ibu nke 200 gr. Enwere ike iji ya maka mmiri dị mma na mmiri nnu ma anaghị egbu egbu. Enwere ike ịsacha ya n'ụzọ dị mfe ma bụrụ ezigbo mma maka tankị azụ.
Emere ya na oghere seramiiki nke na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike. Ọ dị ezigbo mma ma dịkwa na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndi na ihe nlereanya dika nke a site na ịpị ebe a.
Marina Naturals
Ihe nlere a bu ezi uche ma nwekwa ezigbo oso. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị kachasị mma anyị nwere ike ịzụta ma ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ inye ya aka. anyị akwarium-enweghị mkpa n'ezie osisi. Ọ dị nro nke dị nro na mmetụta zuru oke maka ụdị akwarium niile.
Ọ nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha uhie uhie na epupụta. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo njikọta na osisi ndị ọzọ nwere agba ndị ọzọ na-adọrọ adọrọ iji nye ya egwuregwu nke agba nwere ike jikọta ya na nke azụ. Jide ya site na ịpị ebe a.
Ofdị osisi akwarium
Mgbe anyị chọrọ inweta osisi maka akwarium anyị, anyị nwere nsogbu n'etiti ọtụtụ aha dị iche na mgbe ụfọdụ, o siri ike ịmata ma osisi ọ ga-adị mma maka azụ anyị. Osisi (ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ ezigbo) na-achọkwa ụfọdụ ọnọdụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, ụfọdụ ọkụ, oke aquarium kwesịrị ekwesị, wdg.
Otu n'ime nsogbu anyị hụrụ mgbe anyị na-ahọrọ ahịhịa maka akwarium anyịAma m na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile ji aha sayensị abịa. N'ihi ya, ọ dị mgbagwoju anya karị ịmata ha. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe kwesịrị ịtụ anyị ụjọ, ebe ọ bụ na anyị ga-eji nke nta nke nta mara ha na oge ọ bụla anyị ga-amatakwu ha.
Anyị ga-amalite site na ịkọwa ụdị osisi dị iche iche dabere na nsogbu ha nwere ịkwado ha na mma ha, nke bụcha ihe bụ isi nke akwarium aquarium.
Osisi maka ịgba ígwè usoro
Ihe mbu anyi gha eme mgbe anyi malitere aquarium ohuru site na mbido bu iguzobe ndi mmadu na-aru agha na-aru oru ha. Ọrụ a dabere na ya gbanwee mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ ogige nke agaghị emerụ azụ anyị. Usoro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè a na-ewe ihe dị ka otu ọnwa, yabụ n'oge ahụ anyị agaghị enwe ike iwebata azụ ọ bụla n'ime akwarium anyị, ebe ọ bụ na mmiri ahụ ga-abụ nsị maka ha.
N'oge usoro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè, anyị nwere ike iwebata ahịhịa ga-enyere anyị aka melite usoro ahụ site n'ịgbalite ya ọsọ ọsọ. Osisi na-eri amonia, nitrites na nitrates nke nwere ike nsi na azu. Osisi kachasị mma maka usoro a bụ nke uto ngwa ngwa, na oxygenate mmiri ma bụrụ nnukwu ndị ahịa nke nitrates. Ha anaghị achọ nlekọta dị ukwuu, ha dị mfe iji dozie osisi.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, anyị na-ahụ ụdị osisi abụọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka usoro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè:
- Nke mbụ bụ ọdụ ọhịa fox (Ceratophyllum nkwenye): Ọ bụ osisi dị mfe ilekọta, na-eto ngwa ngwaỌ chọrọ obere ọkụ na onyinye CO2 adịghị mkpa.
- Nke abụọ bụ ambulia (Limnophila sessiliflora): Ọ chọrọ ntakịrị ọkụ karịa nke gara aga, mana ọ dịkwa mfe ilekọta, na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na-adọrọ adọrọ.
Osisi chọrọ obere ọkụ
Ọ bụrụ na ị bụ ụwa ọhụrụ nke aquariums, ọ kachasị mma ịmalite site na ịnwe osisi nke chọrọ obere ọkụ. Dị ka ọ dị, osisi ndị a chọrọ obere nlekọta na obere mmezi (ọ bụrụ na anyị dị ọhụrụ, chee na ị na-elekọta azụ, yana ichegbu onwe ya banyere osisi). Osisi ndị a na-eme nke ọma naanị site n'ime ka ha mikpuo n'ime akwarium. Ndị a ga-eri nri na nsị nke azụ (ọ na-abụkarị ha bụ nitrates), akụkụ nke nri anyị na-agbakwunye (phosphates) na ọ gaghị adị mkpa ịnweta ọkụ iji too. Obere fatịlaịza ga-enyere ha aka ito eto, nke a ga-atụkwasị kwa oge ma na-enweghị ụdị njikwa ọ bụla.
Fatịlaịza anyị ga-eji ga-abụ ndị na-enye potassium na micronutrients, na-agbanye otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'izu:
- Aquili isi mmiri mmiri fatịlaịza: fatịlaịza dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala
- Fatịlaịza fatịlaịza: fatịlaịza kachasị elu site na akara ngosi Seachem
N'ime osisi ndị a chọrọ obere ọkụ, anyị na-ahụ:
- Java fern (Microsorium Pteropus): Ugbu a n'ọtụtụ aquariums site na nkwụsi ike ya na ịdị mfe nke ndozi ya. Uto adighi mma ma achoghi onyinye CO2.
- Anubia barteri: Ọ bụ ọtụtụ Anubias kachasị eji. Ọ dịghị achọ nlekọta ọ bụla na akwụkwọ ya buru ibu ma gbaa ya gburugburu.
- Hygrophila polysperma: Na-eguzogide ọgwụ, na obere akwụkwọ na azuokokoosisi nwere ike too ogologo. Na ezigbo ọkụ, elu ya na-acha ọbara ọbara na agba. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka potassium erughị eru welara.
- Vallisneria americana gigantea: Osisi na akwụkwọ rịbọnụ, ụdị a nwere akwụkwọ kachasịnụ. Ọ na-agbasa ngwa ngwa site na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ site na iwepụ stolon ọhụrụ, dị mma maka ịmepụta ákwà mgbochi na ala nke akwarium.
Osisi akwarium dika onodu ha g’enwe
Na mbu, oburu na anyi adi ohuru na akuku aquariums a, osisi obula zuru anyi oke, ma ihu azu anyi di nma, obi di anyi uto. Agbanyeghị, ka anyị na-abanye ụwa akụrụ mmiri, ọtụtụ ụdị osisi anyị chọrọ itinye. Ghara itinye osisi na-enweghị ụdị ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe kacha mkpa, anyị ga-eme ndepụta osisi dabere na nha ha na ọnọdụ ha nwere n'ime akwarium ka ha bụrụ ezigbo.
Gaanụ n'ihu ọnọdụ osisi
Akụkụ ihu nke akwarium kwesịrị ịbụ ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nke a ga-egosi ọha na eze ma ọ bụ naanị nke a na-ahụkarị. N'ihi ya, Osisi anyị na-ahọrọ n'ihu akụkụ ga-abụ ihe ngosi ma anyị ga-ahọrọ ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Osisi ndị ọzọ "chebe" ha, n'ihi ya, ha na-abụkarị onye protagonist na nhazi ọ bụla nke mmiri.
Osisi mara mma kachasị mma maka mpaghara aquarium bụ ihe ndozi na-eto ala. Osisi ndị a na-etinye mkpụrụ ahụ n'uwe dị iche iche iji mepụta ala ahịhịa juru. Nsogbu bụ na, n'ozuzu, osisi ndị a na-achọkwu ihe. Ha choro oku karia, fatịlaịza nke oge, chọrọ mgbakwunye nke CO2, wdg. Ihe niile mara mma na-akwụ ụgwọ karịa. Ọ bụ ezie na enwekwara osisi osisi upholstery nke anaghị achọ nlekọta dị ukwuu, yabụ anyị agaghị etinye nnukwu ego.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-ahapụ ụfọdụ n'ime osisi osisi eji eme ihe:
- Sagittaria dị n'okpuru: Osisi a anaghị achọ CO2 ọzọ ma ọ chọghị ọkụ dị ukwuu. Ọ bụ osisi kacha dị mfe iji kwado. O ruru ogo dị elu, ọ na-agbasa site na stolon dị mfe.
- Glossostigma elatinoides: Osisi a chọrọ mmezi CO2 maka mmezi ya. Ọ na-achọkwa ọkụ dị elu. Ha mechie akwukwo na A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi maka ịma mma ya na obere obere.
- Marsilea hirsuta: Maka osisi a na-atụ aro ka ị gbakwunyekwuo CO2 na ọkụ ọkụ. Ọ na-agbasa na ndabere niile, gụnyere mpaghara nwere obere ọkụ. Ọ na-ewepụta akwụkwọ 2 ma ọ bụ 4 dabere na oke ọkụ ruru ya.
Ọkara elu osisi
A na-eji ihe ọkụkụ etolite n'ogologo dị iche iche eme ihe dị iche iche. N'ihe banyere enweghị osisi upholstery, Anyị nwere ike iji ha mepụta ebe ahịhịa na-enweghị igbochi mpaghara azụ nke akwarium. Ha na-eje ozi ime ka ha gbanwee gaa na mpaghara ikpeazụ nke akwarium ka a ghara ikwupụta mgbanwe ahụ. E nwere ụdị osisi dị iche iche nke ọkara dị elu dabere na ihe ha chọrọ.
Anyị na-etinye ụfọdụ ihe atụ:
- Staurogyne rubescens: Nke a anaghị achọ nnukwu ọkụ, mana ọ ga-adị mma ka ị gbakwunye CO2 ọzọ. Osisi nke ọkara dị elu, ọ naghị eto karịa 5-6cm.
- Echinodorus Vesuvius: Osisi a anaghị achọ CO2 ọzọ ma nwee oke akwụkwọ.
- Pogostemon Helferi: Osisi ama ama na nhazi ala maka ọdịdị ya, dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka osisi etiti etiti ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi. Ọ dị mma ịgbakwunye CO2 ndị ọzọ ma chọọ oke ọkụ.
Anti-algae na akwarium osisi na cichlids
Enwere aquarium osisi nke na-egbochi ọdịdị nke algae, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na-eri nitrates site na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke bu ihe na - ebute ahihia alga. Foxtail ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke dị ka osisi algae na-egbochi algae, n'ihi na ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na-eri ọtụtụ nitrates. Ọ bụ osisi a ga-egbutu ọtụtụ oge n’ihi etu o si eto ngwa ngwa.
Banyere ndị na-achọ ilekọta african cichlids, ha kwesịrị ịma na azụ ndị a na-eri nri na ahịhịa aquarium. Likefọdụ na-achọ ọkọ mkpụrụ nke na-eme ka osisi ndị ahụ tọpụ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ihi igwu mmiri ha nwere ike imebi ma tọpụ ha.. Ya mere, a chọrọ osisi ndị ga-eme ụdị ihe a azụ.
N'ime ha ka anyị hụrụ:
- Java fern (nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu)
- Anubia barteri (kwukwara n'elu)
- Mma agha Amazon (Echinodorus amazonicus): Osisi a maara nke ọma na aquariums maka ịdị mfe ya, ọ nwere akwụkwọ elongated mma agha. Ọ dịghị achọ mpụga CO2, ha na-arapara nke ọma na mkpụrụ ma ọ dịghị mkpa nnukwu ìhè.
Oyi mmiri algae
Mgbe anyị kwuru banyere mmiri oyi, anyị na-ekwu Aquariums ndị ahụ enweghị okpomoku. N'ime ụdị akwarium azu a na - abụkarị anaghị eri anụ, yabụ na anyị ga - eburu n'uche na osisi anyị nwere ike itinye ga - eguzogide ọgwụ.
Nke a bụ ụfọdụ osisi na-eguzogide mmiri oyi:
- Ọdụ Fox
- Java fern
- Anubia barteri
- Carolinian Bacopa: Osisi na anụ na azuokokoosisi na epupụta, nnọọ eguzogide ọgwụ na adabara mmiri oyi. Na ezi ọkụ, ya elu epupụta atụgharị oroma. Ọchọghị mpụga CO2.
- Vallisneria americana gigantea
- Mma agha Amazon
- Eleocharis Acicularis: Ahịhịa-ụdị upholstery osisi na-ajụ ase chọrọ, ọkara size na-akwado ala okpomọkụ. Ha anaghị achọ mpụga CO2.
Enwere ọtụtụ osisi dị maka akwarium. Anyị na-elekwasị anya naanị na ndị nkịtị na-ejikwa, agbanyeghị, ha dị na ụdị na agba niile. Ihe bụ ihe ọzọ, Ọ dị mkpa ịchọpụta ụdị osisi azụ ụfọdụ chọrọ, n'ihi na a ga-enwe ụfọdụ ndị chọrọ ụdị osisi pụrụ iche iji dịrị ndụ.
Ulo osisi upholstery
Ekpuchi osisi bụ ndị na-aga n'ihu akwarium. Ya mere, ha aghaghi ima nma. Ha bụ ndị a ga-eji anya gbapụ. Osisi anyị na-ahọrọ na nke a ga-etinye n'ihu ihu ga-abụ nke kachasị mma. Ọ dị mkpa ịhọrọ ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu ka e wee nwee ihe ịchọ mma mma.
Ihe kachasị mma bụ osisi ndị ahụ na-ebu ala.. Ndị a nwere ike ịnwe mkpụrụ ahụ ọbụlagodi ma mepụta ahịhịa mara mma. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ha bụ ezigbo osisi, ha bụ ndị kachasị achọ.
Osisi na-enweghị mkpụrụ
Mgbe anyị na-ekwu maka osisi nke na-enweghị mkpụrụ, anyị na-ezo aka n'eziokwu ahụ na ọ chọghị nri ọ bụla. Ha nwere ike itolite na gravel ọ bụla. Ha bụ osisi dị mkpa ka a kụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha agbanyeghị mkpọrọgwụ dị iche iche. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ị nwere ike ịnwe ezigbo ihe eji achọ mma na ezigbo osisi ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịnweta mkpụrụ nke ị ga-ejikwa ezigbo mma.
Mgbọrọgwụ osisi
Ha bụ ndị gbanyeworo mkpọrọgwụ na osisi na okwute. Ndị a bụ osisi nwere usoro dị mfe karịa site na ịgbakwunye ihe okike dị na akwarium anyị. Na ụdị osisi anyị agaghị echere uto ha ma ha ga-enwe nnukwu onyinye ịchọ mma.
Osisi uhie
Agba na-acha uhie uhie na-abata mgbe niile maka aquariums anyị n'ihi na ọ na-enye ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke epupụta. Ihe kacha mkpa dị n'etiti osisi akwarium uhie bụ ihe ndị a:
- Ọzọ Reineckii
- Ammania Senegal
- Echinodorus Red Devil
- Cryptocoryne Albida Brown
- Echinodorus Red Diamond
- Echinodorus Ozelot
- Ludwigia na -emegharị Rubin
- Echinodorus Hadi Uhie Pearl
- Echinodorus Fancy Twist
- Echinodorus Uhie Chameleon
Ọ dị mfe ilekọta
Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-achọ osisi nlekọta dị mfe ilekọta mgbe ha webatara ezigbo osisi n'ime akwarium ha. Nke a bụ ndepụta nke kachasị mfe ilekọta:
- Cryptocorynes
- Echinodorus
- Anubias
- Amboịa
- Onyinyechukwu
- Hygrophila polysperma
- Java fern
- Mmiri Mosis
Osisi oxygen
Ha bụ ndị na-enye mgbakwunye oxygen na mmiri. Aeration dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ahụike dị mma. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime osisi ikuku oxygen kacha mma:
- Ceratophyllum nkwenye
- oke egeria
- hottonia palustris
- Brasilensis nke myriophiylum
- Myriophyllum aquaticum
- Mmiri orontium
- Ranunculus aquatilis
- Vallisneria gigantea
Ntụle Osisi Aquarium Ndị Ọzọ
Mgbe anyị nwere akwarium n'ụlọNa mgbakwunye na ilekọta ihe ndị dị ka okpomọkụ, pH, acidity, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ọ dị mkpa ka anyị attentionaa ntị na osisi anyị nwere na akwarium anyị. Osisi ndị a aghaghị ịnọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma, iji zere ụdị nsogbu ahụike ọ bụla na ụmụ anụmanụ anyị, ma ọ bụ mmụba nke nje ma ọ bụ fungi.
Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na osisi anyi nwere n’ime akwarium A na-edebe ha ndụ na ọnọdụ zuru oke ka azụ wee nwee ahụ iru ala na ebe obibi ha, ha nwere ike zoo n'ime ha, ma ọ bụ gịnị kpatara, na-eri nri na ha. Buru n’uche na aquarium osisi ndị a kụrụ n’ime akwarium, ga-akpa niile ịbụ nnọọ ọhụrụ ma jupụta na ndụ. Ọ bụ nke a mere anyị ji ewetara gị ụfọdụ ntụnye ka osisi nwee ike mezuo ọrụ ha na ọdọ mmiri anyị.
Dị ka ihe mbụ, ọ dị mkpa na, maka osisi ga-adị ezigbo mma, ha nwere ezigbo ìhè na CO2. Ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime ihe ndị a ezughị, anaghị m akwado ka ị tinye nri fatịlaịza na osisi, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịgbakọta karịa, mana ị nwere ike itinye obere potassium na obere.
N'ihe banyere sere n'elu akwarium osisi, mgbe akwukwo ha malitere iputa n’elu ala, ma di nso n’anwu anwu, ha nwere ike igbochi oria osisi ndi ozo di n’ime akuku aquarium, ya mere anyi na akwado ka anyi ghara ikwe ka ha too ogologo kwa na nke ahu ndị nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ ụzarị anyanwụ.
N'otu ụzọ ahụ, ana m akwado iji ụdị gravel nke dị n'etiti 3 na 5 millimeters ebe nke ahụ dị mma ma pere mpe nwere ike ịmịpụ mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi ahụ, na-eme ka ha ree ma nwụọ. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na egosiri pH nke mmiri na-anọpụ iche, cheta na osisi na-ahọrọ nke dị ntakịrị acidic.
Kedu nlekọta nlekọta osisi aquarium chọrọ?
Osisi aquarium choro ilebara anya nke oma ka odi nma. Havekwesiri ịgbaso ụfọdụ ihe achọrọ ma mezuo ha. Anyị ga-enyocha otu otu:
- Luz: oke ọkụ na-abanye akwarium bụ isi ihe. Ọ ga-abụrịrị ezigbo ọkụ na oke zuru oke. Osisi na-ese n’elu mmiri chọrọ obere ọkụ n’ihi na ha dị nso n’elu ala. Osisi ndị ọzọ ga-achọ obere ọkụ. Maka nke a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ma eke ma wuru ìhè.
- CO2: Nweta Ọ bara ezigbo uru itinye ya na akwarium, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ahịhịa maka osisi iji see foto, kama ọ na - enye aka belata pH nke mmiri. Nke a dị mkpa iji nye ezi ọnọdụ anyị osisi. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enyere anyị aka belata njupụta nke algae achọghị.
- Fatịlaịza: Ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere ìhè zuru oke na CO2 anyị ga-agbakwunye ụfọdụ ụdị fatịlaịza ka osisi wee nwee nri ndị dị mkpa. Have ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye ha n'ọrụ ka ha ghara ịfefe ihe na-edozi ahụ ma jiri algae mee ihe.
- Mbido: mkpụrụ bụ nditịm mkpa site na osisi. N'ezie, enwere osisi na-achọghị mkpụrụ. Otú ọ dị, a pụrụ inweta mkpụrụ a n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ụlọ ahịa ọ bụla na osisi ga-ekele gị ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ chọrọ ya.
Kedu ihe kpatara o ji dị mma itinye osisi na akwarium?
Cingtụkwasị osisi na akwarium anyị nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo echiche maka ọtụtụ ihe. Ọ bụrụhaala na ha bụ ezigbo osisi, anyị nwere ike irite uru site na atụmatụ niile ọ na-eweta na tankị azụ anyị. Ka anyi lee ihe kpatara ya ji di nma itinye osisi na akwarium:
- Ha nwere ike iri nri na-egbu egbu site na azụ anyị ma na - enyere aka mee ka aru ahu na azu di ike ya niile.
- Ha na-enye oxygen mmiri ya mere o ji enyere azu ahu iku ume nke oma.
- Ha na-enye akụkụ maka azụ ịkụ egwu ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ ebe nzuzo maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha.
- N'okike, azụ na-eji osisi ịgha akwa. Yabụ, n'ime akwarium ha ga-ejikwa osisi ndị a bụrụ ebe mgbaba maka ụmụ ha.
- Mgbe photosynthesizing, enyere aka igbochi mgbasa nke algae.
- Ọ na-enyere anyị aka imeziwanye aesthetics nke akwarium.
- Anyị nwere ike ịmepụta ezigbo ala.
Dịka ị pụrụ ịhụ, akuku aquarium bụ ezigbo nhọrọ maka ịchọ mma ma melite ogo tank anyị. Enwere m olileanya na site na ndụmọdụ ndị a na ozi a ị nwere ike ịmụtakwu banyere osisi akwarium.


text:
JMC Shunda 4D25 obere ụgbọ ala ọkụ maka ọrịre
JMC Shunda (4D25) obere ụgbọ ala ọkụ maka ọrịre nwere obere wheelbase, obere radius ntụgharị na obere mmanụ mmanụ, nke dabara adaba maka njem nkesa obodo.
model: Shunda (4D25)
Ụdị akụrụngwa: 5MT
Isi ala ụkwụ: 2800mm
Ngini: JX4D25A6H
Ajuju gbasara JMC Shunda 4D25 obere gwongworo ọkụ maka ọrịre
Description
Product Okwu Mmalite
JMC Shunda (4D25) obere ụgbọ ala ọkụ maka ire ere nwere obere wheelbase na obere ntụgharị ntụgharị, nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe; nnukwu ebe a na-ebu ibu, okpokolo agba siri ike na igwe inyinya dị elu na-eme ka ụgbọ ala a na-ebu ibu; obere mmanụ ụgbọala, ntụkwasị obi dị elu, Nke a na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ndụ nke ụgbọ ala dị ala. N'ihe gbasara nkesa obodo, Shunda (4D25) obere ụgbọala ọkụ bụ ezigbo nhọrọ.
Main kwa
Remarks: A na-emewanye ngwaahịa a mgbe niile site na ọganihu nke teknụzụ. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti paramita na njirimara nhazi edepụtara n'elu dabere na ngwaahịa ahụ n'ezie.
Njirimara arụmọrụ
1. Obere wheelbase na obere nha na-agbanwe karịa
N'ihe gbasara mgbanwe, wheelbase nke Shunda pickup bụ naanị 2800mm, na ntụgharị ntụgharị bụ naanị 5.5 mita. Mgbanwe ya bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke sedan A-class. N'ihe banyere ịdị elu ahụ, ịdị elu nke ụgbọ ala nsu dị otu ahịrị bụ naanị 2040mm. Maka okpuru ulo nke nwere oke elu nke 2.1-2.2m, ụgbọ ala a nwekwara ike ịbanye na ịpụ n'efu, na nnyefe dị mma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ịdị elu nke ihe ndina nke ụgbọ ala a bụ naanị 0.89 mita, nke na-erughị 1 mita, nke na-eme ka ntinye na ịkwanye ngwongwo na-echekwa ọrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, n'okpuru echiche nke ịghara ịdị elu, ị nwekwara ike ịdọrọ ngwongwo ndị ọzọ.
2. Igbe ibu ibu buru ibu nwere ikike ibu siri ike
Ogologo igbe ibu nke ụgbọ ala a nwere ike iru mita 3.7, nke dị oke ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere obere gwongworo ma ọ bụ obere gwongworo nwere anya coaxial. Iji nwee ike iburu igbe ibu dị otú ahụ, a na-ewusikwa etiti nke Shunda pickup ike. Ụgbọ ala a na-eji ogwe ogologo ogologo ogologo nwere akụkụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, site na ụdị nrụnye arụrụ arụ, na ígwè dị elu nke Baosteel, nke nwere ezigbo ikike ibu na nchekwa.
- Ihe niile akụkụ mapụtara nke JMC Shunda(4D25) obere gwongworo ọkụ dị.
Ngwaahịa Ngwaahịa


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Anyị ọkachamara na
-Bịa na ịkwa ákwà n'ichepụta
Ruidesen bụ ọkachamara n'ịkwalite na imepụta akwa site na uwe ụmụaka dị mfe dị ka mkpirisi na T-shirts ruo na uwe ndị okenye ọkaibe dị ka pajamas. Anyị nwere ndị ọkachamara imewe otu, merchandisers na mgbakọ akara.
Nzaghachi dị ugbu a na ngwa ngwa
Anyị na-aga n'ihu na usoro kachasị ọhụrụ na akwa akwa na imewe. Maka ajụjụ gị, anyị ga-enye nzaghachi ngwa ngwa wee kwuo ọnụahịa asọmpi maka gị ma ọ bụ ọkwa ọkwa ma ọ bụ chọrọ ọhụrụ.
ezigbo njem na nhazi
Anyị nwere ndị ọrụ na-asụ Bekee maara ihe ị pụtara na mkpa, ị nwere ike ịtụkwasị obi na atụmatụ nnyefe gị.
Gịnị kpatara ọrụ ma ọ bụ họrọ anyị?
Enwere ike imepụta uwe naanị site na nka nka na echiche siri ike nke imewe, site na eserese ruo n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. Ya mere, ịkwesịrị ịhọrọ onye nrụpụta gị nke ọma.
Shijiazhuang nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ụlọ mmepụta ihe na elu-larịị nkà ọrụ na obodo. Ya mere, anyị họọrọ ịtọ ntọala isi ọrụ anyị ebe a. Anyị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ karịrị 100 na ụdị dị iche iche mere kwa afọ karịa 120 na ihe karịrị 20 afọ ahụmahụ na uwe.
Nlele anya
Anyị nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 10 n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nke anyị raara onwe ha nye mmepụta nke nnwale na ihe nlele tupu mmepụta.
Anyị nwere olileanya na a ga-emecha ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo enwere ike. Ngwa ngwa anyị nwere ike ịlele, ka anyị na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị mma anyị nwere ike ime nkeji iri na ise ọ bụla. Ndị otu ụlọ nlele nwere ike mechaa ihe nlele nke akwa amaara n'ime otu izu. Ọ bụrụ na ákwà a tụrụ atụ siri ike inweta, ọ nwere ike were oge karịa. Onye na-ere ahịa anyị ga-emelite gị mgbe nlele gị ga-adị njikere.
Ụkpụrụ na nlele
Ndị ọrụ nọ n'ime ụlọ nlele anyị tozuru oke ime ihe nlele. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịnyefe atụmatụ nke gị, nke a dị mma n'ezie. Ime ụlọ ihe atụ nwere ngwanrọ ịgụ ọtụtụ faịlụ dijitalụ.
N'ihi na anyị bụ ndị na-emepụta uwe na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke, ihe nlele na mmepụta nnukwu bụ ngwugwu ngwugwu. Anyị ga-amalite nlele mgbe anyị na onye zụrụ ahịa kwekọrịtara na usoro niile, dị ka ọnụahịa na oge nnyefe. Ozugbo anyị nwere obi ike na anyị ga-amalite ọrụ ahụ ọnụ ma anyị ga-eme ka ọtụtụ ihe atụ dị ka o kwere mee iji nweta ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.
Onye na-emepụta uwe na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke
Anyị bụ ndị nrụpụta uwe zuru oke. Nke a pụtara na anyị ga-ahụ maka ihe niile, gụnyere ịzụrụ akụrụngwa, ịgba akaebe, nlele na mmepụta oke.


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Kpaliri / igwe anaghị agba nchara / welded waya ntupu / waya ntupu ngere / welded ngere ntupu
Product Ihe
Ngwaahịa
Igwe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-enye ntụpọ na akwa edo, usoro siri ike, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe. Ngwunye waya a na-agbanye ọkụ bụ ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-egbochi nsị n'etiti ngwaahịa niile nke waya waya, ọ bụkwa ya bụ waya waya kachasị dị ọtụtụ n'ihi ngwa ya sara mbara na mpaghara dị iche iche. Enwere ike kpoo ya, tinye ya na PVC, ma ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.Galvanized Waya ntupu ogwe With 4 ″ Aperture: Nrịgo nke ụlọ ọrụ ozuzu, dịka ịzụlite mink, ugbo ọkụkọ, ọdịbendị bekee, were gabazie, a ga-eji Welded Wire Mesh mee ya. A na-ejikarị Ogwe Meshidesh Mesh na-eme igbe ndị a, na-eguzogide ọgwụ, mara mma, na-adịghị emerụ ahụ anụmanụ na ọnụahịa dị oke ala. The welded ntupu Ibé akwụkwọ mepụtara anyị factory nwere ọtụtụ nkọwa, na ọ nwere ike izute nile di iche iche nke ojiji. A na-ejikarị akwado Meshesh Waya, igwe anaghị agba nchara welded waya ntupu, ịkwanyere ntekwasa welded waya ntupu, kpaliri welded waya ntupu.Ihe: Waya-Carbon Iron Waya, Igwe anaghị agba nchara (SS304. SS316) N'elu Ọgwụgwọ: Electric kpaliri, Hot tinye kpaliri, ịkwanyere ntekwasa Oghere pedị: Square, Rektangulu Ihe ngosi: 2 ″ ka 6 ″ Eriri Waya: BWG12-BWG24 Ogologo: 10 ′ na 300 ′ Galvanized welded waya ntupu mgbe niile na abụọ ịke: GBW (kpaliri tupu ịgbado ọkụ) na GAW (kpaliri mgbe ịgbado ọkụ) Galvanized welded waya ntupu:


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comme-un-pro.fr na-agba mbọ idebe webụsaịtị a n'oge. Ọ bụrụ na ị zutere nsogbu ma ọ bụ data emechiela, anyị ga-enwe ekele maka ya ma ọ bụrụ na ị mee ka anyị mara. Biko gosi ebe ị gụrụ ozi na-ezighi ezi na webụsaịtị. Anyị ga-eleba anya na nke a ozugbo enwere ike. Biko email nzaghachi gị na: tranquillus.france@comme-un-pro.fr.
Anyị enweghị ọrụ maka ọghọm na-esite na ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ erughị eru, ma ọ bụ maka nfu sitere na nsogbu kpatara ma ọ bụ pụta ụwa na mgbasa ozi nke ozi na Internetntanetị, dị ka ọgba aghara ma ọ bụ nkwụsị. Mgbe ị na-eji mpempe akwụkwọ weebụ, anyị na-agbasi mbọ ike ime ka ọnụọgụ nke mpaghara dị mkpa belata. Maka ọnwụ ọ bụla tara ahụhụ n'ihi iji data, ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ echiche enyere site ma ọ bụ na nnọchite comme-un-pro.fr site na weebụsaịtị a, comme-un-pro.fr enweghị ibu ọrụ.
Ojiji nke weebụsaịtị na ihe omuma ya (tinyere forums) usoro ojiji. Nanị iji weebụsaịtị a na-egosi ihe ọmụma na nnabata nke usoro ojiji a.
Nzaghachi na arịrịọ maka ozi nkeonwe nke e-mail zitere ma ọ bụ jiri mpempe akwụkwọ weebụ ga-emeso n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka akwụkwọ ozi. Nke a pụtara na ị nwere ike ịtụ anya nzaghachi n'aka anyị n'ime otu ọnwa n'oge kachasị ọhụrụ. N'ihe banyere arịrịọ dị mgbagwoju anya, anyị ga-agwa gị n'ime otu ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ ọnwa 3 karịa.
Data nkeonwe ọ bụla ị nyere anyị dịka akụkụ nke nzaghachi gị ma ọ bụ rịọ maka ozi ga-eji naanị dabere na nkwupụta nzuzo anyị.
comme-un-pro.fr na-agbaghara ibu ọrụ niile maka ọdịnaya nke weebụsaịtị nke ma ọ bụ site na ya a na-eme hyperlink ma ọ bụ ntụaka ndị ọzọ. Ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ na-enye dị n'okpuru usoro na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ahụ.
Ikike niile nke arịa ọgụgụ isi dị na ọdịnaya weebụsaịtị a bụ akụ nke comme-un-pro.fr.
Mbipụta, nkesa na ojiji ọ bụla nke akwụkwọ ndị a ka amachibidoro na-enweghị ikike edere nke comme-un-pro.fr, belụsọ ma ọ bụrụ na ruo oke nke iwu dị mkpa (dị ka ikike ịgwa), ewezuga ihe ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya.
Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ nsogbu nwere ike ịnweta saịtị ahụ, biko egbula oge ịkpọtụrụ anyị.


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N'afọ ndị 1930, United States chepụtara valvụ urukurubụba, bụ nke ewebatara na Japan na 1950s, a naghịkwa eji ya eme ihe na Japan ruo n'afọ 1960, ebe nkwalite na China bụ mgbe 1970 gachara.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na ụwa, dayameta n'ozuzu dị n'elu DN300, valvụ nru ububa ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie valvụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá.N'iji ya tụnyere valvụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá, valvụ nru ububa nwere obere oghere na oge mmechi, ọrụ ahụ bụ obere oge, obere oghere ntinye na ịdị arọ dị arọ.Were DN1000 dị ka ihe atụ, valvụ urukurubụba bụ banyere 1.2T, mgbe valvụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá bụ banyere 3T, na urukurubụba valvụ na-adị mfe jikọtara dị iche iche mbanye ngwaọrụ, na ezi anwụ ngwa ngwa na ntụkwasị obi.
Mwepu nke rubber sealing valvụ urukurubụba bụ na mgbe a na-eji ya dị ka trotul, n'ihi iji ya eme ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ga-emepụta corrosion gas, nke mere na peeling oche roba, mmebi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ga-eme.N'ihi nke a, ugbu a, metal akara nru ububa valvụ ka e mepụtara na mba ụwa, na ikuku ozize ebe ebelatawo.N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, China ewepụtala valvụ nru ububa nke ọla edochichiri na valvụ bọọlụ na-atụgharị ígwè.N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Japan ewepụtala nguzogide corrosion gas, obere ịma jijiji na obere mkpọtụ valvụ nru ububa yiri comb.
Ndụ nke oche mkpuchi n'ozuzu bụ, n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, 5-10 afọ maka roba, na 30-50 afọ maka ígwè.Ma otu esi ahọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka ihe achọrọ nke ọnọdụ ọrụ.
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oghere mmeghe nke valvụ nru ububa na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-asọpụta bụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'usoro.Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya mee ihe iji chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ na-asọ asọ, àgwà ndị na-asọpụta ya na-enwekwa njikọ chiri anya na nkwụsị nke nkesa ọkpọkọ, dị ka dayameta na ụdị nke ọkpọkọ abụọ iji wụnye valvụ ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ, na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ọkpọkọ. dị iche iche, ọsọ ọsọ nke valvụ ahụ ga-adịkwa nnọọ iche.
Ọ bụrụ na valvụ ahụ dị na nnukwu trotul, azụ nke efere valvụ ahụ na-adaba na ikuku ikuku, na-enwe ike imebi valvụ, a na-ejikarị valvụ eme ihe n'èzí 15 Celsius.
valvụ nru ububa na oghere nke ọkara, oghere oghere nke valvụ ahụ na-arụ na njedebe n'ihu nke efere nru ububa na-adabere na valvụ valvụ, na steeti dị iche iche na-etolite n'akụkụ abụọ, n'ihu efere nru ububa n'otu akụkụ na-aga n'ihu. ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agba ọsọ, na akụkụ nke ọzọ na-emegharị megide ntụziaka nke mmiri na-asọ asọ.Ya mere, otu valvụ ahụ na valvụ efere na-etolite oghere oghere, akụkụ nke ọzọ dị ka oghere oghere nke yiri oghere.Akụkụ nozzle bụ ngwa ngwa karịa akụkụ trotul, na nrụgide na-adịghị mma n'okpuru valvụ akụkụ trottle, na-apụtakarị akara rọba.
Igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke valvụ nru ububa nwere ụkpụrụ dị iche iche n'ihi oghere mmeghe na oghere valve na ntụziaka mmechi.Ngwunye nru ububa nke kwụ ọtọ, karịsịa nnukwu valvụ buru ibu, n'ihi omimi mmiri, a pụghị ileghara ihe mgbagwoju anya site na valve shaft na isi mmiri dị iche.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe ngwaọrụ akụkụ ntinye valvụ ahụ na-ehulata, a na-emepụta ntụgharị ahụ, na ike ga-abawanye.Mgbe valvụ dị na etiti oghere etiti, usoro ọrụ ahụ kwesịrị igbachi onwe ya n'ihi na mmiri na-asọ asọ na-arụ ọrụ.
Oge nzipu: Dec-20-2021


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Tebulu ọdịnaya
Ọgwụgwọ kacha mma maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ oku na-akpọ ndị inyom na-achọ
Ọ bụrụ na ị bụ nwanyị na-achọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ m chọrọ ka ị nọgide na-agụ.
N'ọchịchọ m ka mụ na ụmụ nwanyị 50 na-ata ahụhụ site na mgbaàmà nhụfu ụbụrụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụ nchoputa, ana m achọta ọtụtụ ihe na-ezighi ezi na mgbagwoju anya.
Iji chọta ụmụ nwanyị ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ maka mmepe mmemme m, m na-eme ọtụtụ nyocha hashtag na ọtụtụ nyiwe dị iche iche.
#brainfogger #fogbrain #brainfogfix #brainfogbegone #nomorebrainfog #brainfogisreal #byebrainfog #nobrainfog #brainfogsucks #brainfogproblems #brainfog #best ọgwụgwọ maka ụbụrụ fog
Mgbe ụfọdụ, nke a na-enyere m aka ịchọta ụmụ nwanyị na-ata ahụhụ site na ụfụ ụbụrụ na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro iji ruo ozugbo. Ana m arụ ọrụ na mmemme nke ga-eji ụkpụrụ isi mgbaka na-edozi ahụ na arụ ọrụ yana nkwado mkpuchi gburugburu iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ị nwetaghachi ụbụrụ ha. Na ịgwa ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa mgbaàmà mgbe ha na-amụta banyere nkụda mmụọ ha na-eme ka ahụ dịkwuo mma bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ahụ.
Ma ihe m na-ahụ ọtụtụ mgbe bụ ọtụtụ mgbalị iji ree ngwa ngwa fixes ma ọ bụ aro gburugburu otú ịma jijiji nwayọọ ụbụrụ oyi. Ụfọdụ bụ nootropics bu n'obi iji kpuchie mgbaàmà ndị dị n'okpuru ma mee ka ụbụrụ rụọ ọrụ. Ma enwere ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a m nwere ike ịhụ nwere ike imeziwanye mgbaàmà nwa oge. Ma ha agaghị akwụsị usoro ọrịa na-akpata nke mere ka mgbaàmà ahụ malite.
Aro ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka isi ísì ụfọdụ mmanụ dị mkpa, ịga ije na ime ihe ike, ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ n'uche gị gbasara inwe ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Eji m n'aka na ihe ndị a nwere ike ịba uru maka ụbọchị ụbụrụ ụbụrụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwanyị nwere ike izute. Isi mmanụ Rosemary na-amasịkwa m. Ọ na-agba ume nke ukwuu. Mana iji ya ọ zọpụtara ọrụ ọgụgụ isi m na nke kacha njọ? Ọ bụghị kpamkpam.
Ya mere, maka ndị inyom na-achọ ihe ngwọta maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ na-emekarị, aro ndị a adịghị eme ihe ziri ezi maka mgbaàmà ha. Na n'ezie, ha esichaghị ike nke ọma iji weghachi akara ngosi nke ọdịda ọgụgụ isi.
Ụdị posts ndị ọzọ m na-ahụ na hashtags ndị ahụ bụ gburugburu nri nri. Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro nri sitere na osisi; M na-eche na ha na-eme nke a site n'echiche na ọtụtụ micronutrients ka mma yana nkwenye na nri ndị ahụ na-enye ndị nwere oke ego iji gwọọ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ (bụghị eziokwu site n'echiche biochemistry na-edozi ahụ - enwere obere ụdị bioavailable nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ dị oke mkpa na Vegan). nri). Ụfọdụ ga-atụ aro ka ị rie ọtụtụ blueberries, na-ekwupụta na antioxidants dị n'ime ha ga-eme ka neuroinflammation dịkwuo mma ma kwụsị usoro neurodegenerative.
Ma enwere m ike ịgwa gị na mgbe ịmalite ịhụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ gị na-amalite imetụta arụmọrụ ọrụ gị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta gị, n'agbanyeghị ma onye gị na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ibe gị na-achọpụta, oge eruola ịmalite ịtụle ntinye aka dị ike karị. Ị maara mgbe ọrụ gị na-amalite ibelata. Lezienụ anya na nke ahụ.
Enwere m ike ịgwa gị na ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà ndị a na-eme, oge eruola ịkwụsị igwu egwu!
- Nsogbu ịchọta okwu ma ọ bụ aha (nke ezinaụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị mmekọ ya mara)
- Enweghi ike icheta aha mgbe eweputara ndi mmadu ohuru
- Esemokwu arụ ọrụ na ntọala mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (ndị ọzọ ama ama)
- Ịgụ otu akụkụ na idowe obere ihe
- Itufu ma ọ bụ idobe ihe ndị dị mkpa
- Mbelata ikike ịhazi ma ọ bụ hazie
Anọla ikuku naanị site na ndepụta mgbaàmà a. Chee echiche ka ọ ga-esi tinye.
Ị na-agụ obere ihe ka ị na-agụbu? Ị chọpụtara na ị naghị ejide ozi ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, ma ị ga-agụgharị akụkụ ndị ahụ? Ị na-ahụ onwe gị ka ị na-eri nri ndị dị mfe n'ihi na ị na-eri nri dị mgbagwoju anya? Ị kwụsịla ihe omume ntụrụndụ ndị na-achọsi ike nke ọma n'oge gara aga? Ị na-enwe nchegbu banyere icheta aha ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ịchọta okwu na mkparịta ụka? Ị ga-enwerịrị usoro siri ike maka iweghachi ihe ebe ị ga-ahụ ha? Ị na-efunahụ ozi ịntanetị ọrụ dị mkpa ka ọ bụ ihe na-adaba na mgbawa nke ị ga-anọkarị n'elu? Ị na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa iji mara?
N'oge a, blueberries abụghị ọgwụgwọ zuru oke maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ.
Na mgbe ị na-eri nri ndị na-edozi ahụ dị ka salmon ugboro abụọ n'izu bụ echiche magburu onwe ya ma, n'ezie, na-enye gị ihe ụbụrụ gị kwesịrị ịdị mma, iri azụ naanị agaghị agbanwe ihe nwere ike ịkpata mgbaàmà gị.
Ịme egwuregwu ụbụrụ na-enyere aka, ma n'oge ụfọdụ, ka ị na-eme ha, ị ga-ahụ na ị nweghị ike iche echiche iji nwee ọganihu dị mma. Ị ga-achọpụta na ha na-eju gị anya, ị ga-akwụsịkwa iji ha eme ihe mgbe niile. Ha ga-abụ ngwa ọzọ dị na ekwentị gị nke ị naghị eji wee taa onwe gị ụta maka imeghị ya.
Nke a na-eduga anyị na ngalaba posts ọzọ m na-ahụ mgbe m na-achọ hashtags ndị a. Ma ndị a bụ ọkwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ ndị chọrọ inye nkwado nke hormonal ma gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ka ha gwọọ afọ ha ma na-echegbu onwe ha na adrenal ha iji meziwanye ọrụ ụbụrụ. Ma ee, ndị a nwere ike imeziwanye mgbaàmà n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Ma ihe ndị a abụghị nanị na-ekwu maka ihe ndị na-akpata metabolic na-eme na-eme ka nchekasị dị na ụbụrụ na ahụ dịkwuo elu.
Inye gị homonụ bioidentical agaghị akwụsị ihe kpatara na homonụ gị anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mbụ. Na inye gị probiotics na ụfọdụ eriri agaghị edozi nsogbu ike na ụbụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike inye aka na mgbaàmà mgbari nri gị ma nwee mmetụta dị ala na ahụike nke na-abara ụbụrụ uru. Kedu ihe kpatara na adrenal gị ji atụ ụtụ isi na mbụ? Kedu ihe kpatara nkwụghachi ike gị ji dị ntakịrị nke na a gwara gị ka ị zere nsogbu niile? Kedu ihe kpatara na adrenal gị anaghị eweghara mmepụta nke homonụ mmekọahụ ị chọrọ na peri na mgbanwe nke menopause? Mgbanwe anyị nwere dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, mana ugbu a enweghị ike ijikwa nke ọma na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ nnọchi homonụ?
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ ozi ọgwụ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka nnukwu nrụgide metabolic na iri nri nke carbohydrates edoziri nke ọma na-emetụta sistemu ahụ yana otu o si akpaghasị homonụ na arụ ọrụ nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, nke nwere ike ibute neuroinflammation (ọrịa autoimmune, gụnyere). Ma ọ bụ ka ụbụrụ ga-esi kwụsị iji glucose dị ka mmanụ ọkụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụbụrụ n'ihi nkwụsị insulin. Onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ gị na-achọkarị ịgwa gị ka ị nọgide na-eri ọtụtụ carbohydrates karịa metabolism gị ugbu a nwere ike ijikwa n'ihi na ha maara na ọ bụ ihe ịchọrọ ịnụ. Ha na-eche na ha abụọ nwere ike ime gị obi ụtọ ma na-emeso mgbaàmà gị na ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye nke ga-anwa imebi mmebi nke nri gị ugbu a na-enwe na ụbụrụ gị, eriri afọ, hormones, na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ (niile dị mkpa na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-emekarị ma na-adịgide adịgide. ).
Mana ọ gaghị abụ ntinye aka dị ike zuru oke iji kwalite ọrụ ọgụgụ isi gị ruo n'ọkwa dị mma. Ọ gaghịkwa eme ka usoro ọrịa dị n'okpuru gị belata nke ọma nke na-eme ka ị nweta mgbaka nwere ike ime.
Ị kwesịrị ọgwụgwọ siri ike na nke dabere maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ iji napụta nghọta gị. Ị gafere ebe blueberries, egwuregwu ụbụrụ, omume uche, na iche echiche na ụbụrụ gị ga-akawanye mma n'onwe ya. Enwetara m ya. Ị chọrọ ka ụbụrụ gị laghachi azụ. Ị nwere ọrụ na ihe mgbaru ọsọ ị na-agbalị imezu. Ị na-echeta inwekwu ume nke uche. Ebe nchekwa ka mma.
Mmebi nghọta n'ụdị foogu ụbụrụ na-ama jijiji ruo n'isi gị. Ewubere njirimara gị, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ntụkwasị obi ọgụgụ isi gị. Otu nnukwu akụkụ nke ọṅụ gị sitere n'inwe ike iche echiche ịchụso ihe ọmụma na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe. Ịghọta ụwa gị ma ọ bụ otu esi eme ihe dị ntakịrị mma bụ akụkụ na-enye afọ ojuju nke ndụ gị.
Ma eleghị anya, ị bụ ndị ọzọ na-elekọta mmadụ. Ma ugbu a ị na-echefu akụkọ ndị mmadụ site na nleta ikpeazụ, ikekwe ị naghị enwe obi ike na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta. Ị nwere ike na-eche na ị na-enwetachaghị nkwado yana ikekwe ọ dị obere ka ị nọ. Gịnị kpatara? N'ihi na ezigbo ọnụnọ mmetụta uche na-ewe ọtụtụ ume ụbụrụ. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-enwe ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ala ala, ike ahụ adịghị adị. Mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-agwụ ike ma ị na-ahụ na ị na-agakwuru ha obere oge.
Ma eleghị anya, gị na onye òtù ọlụlụ ma ọ bụ ụmụaka anọghị ya. Na nke a bụ oge efu na ahụmahụ efu ọnụ. Ọ na-achọ ike ọgụgụ isi ịnọ na ya na-egwu egwu, ma ṅaa ntị. Ọ na-achọ ike ọgụgụ isi ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-atụghị anya ya na ọ joyụ. Ịgwa gị ka ị na-erikwu blueberries, gaa ije ma mụta "ịnabata" ụbụrụ ụbụrụ bụ mkparị. Ọ naghị anabata ihe mgbaàmà gị na-eri gị kwa ụbọchị n'ihe gbasara ụdị ndụ gị. Ọ naghị ekweta na e nwere akụkụ ndụ ị na-efunahụ gị n'ezie.
Ụdị posts ndị ọzọ m na-ahụ bụ ndị na-adịghị enye ọgwụgwọ maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ma ọlị. Ọgwụ ndị a na-enweta iji na-agwọ fofoụ ụbụrụ ma ọ bụ nkwarụ dị nro (MCI) na ọbụna nrịanrịa mmalite bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya. Ya mere, mkparịta ụka nke nhọrọ ndị bụ ọgwụgwọ maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ adịghị adị ma e wezụga dị ka mgbasa ozi ọgwụ. Nke a apụtaghị na ọ nweghị ọgwụgwọ dị ike ma dị irè maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ dị. Ọ pụtara na amachaghị ha nke ọma n'ihi na ha enweghị mmefu ego mgbasa ozi.
Ya mere, n'oge ụfọdụ ihe na-adịghị mma, posts ndị a kwụsịrị ikwu maka otu esi emeziwanye mgbaàmà ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Edemede ndị ahụ na-amalite ịtụ aro ka a ga-esi nagide mgbaàmà nhụfu ụbụrụ, n'adịghị ka a na-agwọ ha nke ọma.
Ha na-atụ aro ka ị dee ndepụta ndị ọzọ na itinye igodo ebe ị ga-echeta ha. Ha chọrọ ka ị were ọtụtụ ndetu n'ọrụ ka ndị gị na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ghara ịhụ mbelata nke arụmọrụ gị. Echiche a na-ekwughị okwu bụ na n'oge ụfọdụ, ị kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịnwale ma nabata ya dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ gị ma nabata ọkwa ọrụ gị ugbu a.
Omume a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-enweghị ike ịmekọrịta nyocha na ọgwụgwọ ugbu a na-aga n'ihu n'ime usoro dị ugbu a n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ozi ahụ nweta gị.
Ịchọghị ọgwụ mgbochi ịda mbà n'obi ga-enyere gị aka ịnagide iwe ị na-enwe mgbe ụbụrụ gị na-efunahụ. Nke a bụ ihe a na-enye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị iwu ka ha na-agakwuru dọkịta ha mgbe ha chọpụtara na ụbụrụ ha anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Nke a mere nchọpụta mmemme m ji lekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Anọ m n'ọrụ ichekwa ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ụmụ nwanyị. Ekwenyere m na ị na-ekwu na ụbụrụ gị anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ka ọ na-emebu.
Ị chọrọ ezigbo ọgwụgwọ maka foogu ụbụrụ. Na ị ga-achọ enyemaka na nkwado maka obi ike ịpụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ugbu a iji nweta ya.
Ị ga-achọ ozi ziri ezi, nke dabeere na ihe akaebe na nduzi n'ọgụ gị iji nwetaghachi ụbụrụ gị.
Ma echere m na ị bara uru n'ọgụ ahụ.
Echere m na ịgwa gị ka ị na-erikwu blueberries ruo mgbe mgbaàmà gị siri ike nke na nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịnakwere ha ma mụta ihe enyemaka nchekwa bụ ihe ọjọọ.
Anọ m ebe a ịgwa gị na enwere ọgwụgwọ dị irè maka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe kpatara mgbaàmà ụbụrụ ụbụrụ gị.
- Mmebi ọgwụ ndị a na-enyo enyo (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụ OTC ma ọ bụ Rx nkịtị, psychotropics, mmanya mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbu)
- Ọnọdụ autoimmune (Hashimoto's, Lupus, Fibromyalgia, MS, Ọrịa Crohn)
- Nchọpụta ahụike uche (ADHD, nsogbu nchekasị, ịda mbà n'obi, ọrịa bipolar, PTSD)
- Nsogbu mgbari nri (digestion, dysbiosis, SIBO)
- Arụ ọrụ nke homonụ a na-enyo enyo ma ọ bụ kwenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Peri ma ọ bụ Post Menopause, PMS, na PMDD)
- Usoro ngbanwe akpaaka (dịka, POTS)
- Isi ma ọ bụ mmerụ ụbụrụ ugbu a ma ọ bụ gara aga (TBI, Stroke)
- Ọrịa Post-Viral (CFS, Epstein-Barr, COVID)
Ọ bụrụ na ị bụ onye nwaanyị na -ata ahụhụ foogu ụbụrụ nke na-eme ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ala ala nke na-ebelata ogo ndụ gị, biko tụlee ịwụ na obere oku na m ka m nyere m aka na mmepe mmemme. Ọ ga-amasị m ịnụ maka mgbaàmà gị na ọ ga-amasị m ịmụta maka nkụda mmụọ gị na mbọ ị na-eme ka ahụ dịkwuo mma.
CALENDLY - Nhazi ebe a
N'ihi na ị nwere ikike ịmara ụzọ niile ị ga-esi nweta mma.
Ọ bụrụ n’ịchọrọ ịdebanye aha maka ọkwa ọkwa na mmemme yana ụzọ m ga-esi rụọ ọrụ ị nwere ike ime ya ebe a:
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịgụkwu gbasara ọrụ ụbụrụ na ebe nchekwa, a na m agba gị ume ka ị nyochaa blọgụ ndị a:
References
Gillis, C., Mirzaei, F., Potashman, M., Ikram, MA, & Maserejian, N. (2019). Mmetụta nke adịghị ike nghọta dị nro: nyocha nhazi na njikọ data. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Nchọpụta, Ntụle & Nyocha Ọrịa, 11, 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.01.004
Ihe ịrịba ama iri kacha elu nke Alzheimer | Ụlọ ọrụ Fisher maka Alzheimer's Research Foundation. (nd). eweghachiri Eprel 10, 2022, site na https://www.alzinfo.org/understand-alzheimers/top-ten-signs-of-alzheimers
Kedu ihe bụ Dementia? (nd). Ọrịa Alzheimer na Dementia. eweghachiri Eprel 10, 2022, site na https://alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia


text: Onye dibia bekee zipụrụ onye ahịa ya na ọgwụ mgbe e gosipụtara ya. Onye ahịa nwetara mmetụta dị oke njọ nke mgbakasị na enweghị ndidi wee kọọ na ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu na ọ ga-ezere ịchọ ahụmịhe ọhụrụ. Ịrụ ọrụ dị ala na onye ahịa ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ iji zere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na izute na ọnọdụ ọrụ. Onye ahịa nọpụrụ iche belụsọ maka otu enyi ya na-eme njem oge ụfọdụ yana mmekọrịta ịntanetị. Ụfọdụ mmelite mere site na iji ntubara uche na ọgwụgwọ omume na ebumnobi ịzere. Anyị tụlere nri nri na nri ketogenic dị ka enyemaka ahụike uche yana ụfọdụ mgbakwunye na usoro ịdị ọcha nke ụra. Mgbe usoro mmegharị ahụ onye ahịa nọrọ na ọgwụ ha mana akọpụta na ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu wee malite ịmalite ahụmịhe ọhụrụ gụnyere ọbụbụenyi ọhụrụ, mmekọrịta mmekọrịta wee malite ịrụ ọrụ ọzọ. Onye ahịa kwuru na enwekwara obi ụtọ maka ibu ọ tụfuru na usoro a. – Oge etiti, nwanyị; ọrịa bipolar


text:
induction kpo oku igwe anaghị agba nchara ngwa ntinye
Description
induction kpo oku igwe anaghị agba nchara ngwa ntinye
ebumnobi: Iji kpoo ihe ntinye igwe anaghị agba nchara maka ngwa ntinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala
ihe onwunwe : Ihe ntinye igwe anaghị agba nchara (3/8 "/ 9.5 mm ogologo, OD nke ¼"/6.4 mm na ID 0.1875"/4.8 mm)
Okpomọkụ: 500 ° F (260 ° C)
Frequency: 230 kHz
Itinye n'ọkwa Heating Equipment: DW-UHF-6kW-I, 150-400 kHz itinye n'ọkwa kpo oku ike ọkọnọ nwere isi ọrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere 0.17 uF capacitors maka ngụkọta nke 0.34 uF.
- A isii ọnọdụ atọ n'aka helical induction kpo oku haziri ma mepụtara maka ngwa a
usoro: Ihe ntinye, nke nwere agba na-egosi okpomọkụ, etinyere n'ime ebe isii helical induction coil kpo oku wee gbanye ike. Akụkụ ndị ahụ dị ọkụ ruo 500 °F (260 Celsius) n'ime sekọnd iri. Onye ahịa ahụ na-eji ultrasonic kpo oku iji pịa na ntinye nke were 90 sekọnd.
Nsonaazụ / Uru :
-Ọsọ: Induction na-enye kpo oku ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ultrasonics
- Mmepụta na-abawanye: Ọsọ ọkụ pụtara na enwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego mmepụta nke ukwuu
- Nkwagharị: Mbubata bụ nke a na-emegharị ugboro ugboro yana dị mfe itinye n'ime usoro nrụpụta
- Ịrụ ike ike: Induction na-enye ngwa ngwa, enweghị ọkụ, ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ọkụ


text:
From the stable of Shekina Voice comes this evergreen gospel song Ebube vol 1 by Mba Abaraogu for mp3 download.
Play Ebube by Mba Abaraogu mp3.
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text:
Mgbochi mebiri emebi n'èzí okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu 3x5 nwere mpe mpe akwa ọla edo B722
Nkowasi
Ọ kachasị ma ọ bụ ngwa gburugburu ọha, dị ka igwe na-ere ahịa, igwe tiketi, ọnụ ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ, ekwentị.
- nkọwapụta
- ngwa
- Ntak emi Họrọ Anyị
- ase
1.Keypad mere nke igwe anaghị agba nchara.Vandal mgbochi.
2.Font bọtịnụ elu na ụkpụrụ nwere ike ahaziri dị ka ndị ahịa chọrọ
3.Double-sided board,Ọ dị mma maka kọntaktị nke gold-mkpịsị aka.
4.3X5 okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu, Matrix imewe. bọtịnụ nọmba 10 na bọtịnụ ọrụ 5
1.Buttons okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu nwere ike ahaziri dị ka ahịa' arịrịọ.
2.Keypad interface bụ nhọrọ.
Specification
Antinye
Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ahụ igodo bụ ọpụrụiche maka machie tiketi na ọnụ ịkwụ ụgwọ