text:
Taa, m na-ewetara gị efere pasta, ụfọdụ macaroni nwere tomato na tuna, nri dị mfe ma dị ezigbo mma. Otu efere nke…
vanilla custard vegan
Kedu otu ị ga-esi ahọrọ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ ọhụrụ n'oge a n'afọ? Otu ice cream, ihe eji megharịa ọnụ yogọt ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ custard…
Ube oyibo na akwa toast
Ọ bụ ezie na ị nwere ike ịnweta ya n'oge ọ bụla, avocado na akwa akwa na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ nri ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ nri abalị. Ndị…
Salmon na ihendori na ham
Salmon na ihendori na ham, nri dị ngwa ma dị mfe ịkwadebe, nri zuru oke nke kwesịrị otu efere ...
Kọlịflawa na apụl ofe
Kọlịflawa na ude apụl, ude bara ụba ma na-enye ume ọhụrụ maka oge okpomọkụ, dị mma dị ka mmalite ma ọ bụ maka nri abalị ...
Yogọt na achicha turmeric
Otu esi amasị anyị n'ụlọ iji kwadebe achicha maka nri ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ soro kọfị n'ehihie. Anyị na-emekarị ya na ...
Achicha kuki
Achịcha bisikiiti nwere chọkọleti na flan, ihe ochie nke nne nne anyị na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ya karịsịa na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ,…
Scampi
Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ akụ tapas dị mfe ma dịkwa mma nke ukwuu. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ akụ bụ ihe kpochapụrụ, n'oge ọkọchị na mbara ala adịghị…
Macaroni zuru oke na zucchini
Taa, m na-ewetara gị usoro nri dị mfe, ahụike nke nwekwara ike iji, ebe ị nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ nri ...
Letus obi salad na oroma na nduku
Kedu ka esi amasị salad n'oge a n'afọ? N'izu a, anyị enwekwara oke okpomọkụ na ugwu,…
Osikapa na cherry na grated cheese
Kedu oge n'afọ ọ naghị adị gị ka osikapa na cherry na cheese grated dị ka nke a? Oge nwere ike ịgbanwe...
Puff pastry braid na chocolate
Puff pastry braid na chocolate na mkpụrụ, na-atọ ụtọ ụtọ !!! Ọ nweghị onye nwere ike iguzogide braid a juru eju…
Salmon na ube oyibo salad
Salmon na ube oyibo salad, salad ọhụrụ na-atọ ụtọ maka ụbọchị ọkụ. Enwere ike ịme salads dị iche iche, anyị nwere ...
Salmon na lemon, rosemary na mmanụ aṅụ
salmon ọ na-amasị gị? Ị na-etinyekarị ya na nchịkọta nhọrọ izu ụka gị? Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, Ntụziaka a maka salmon na lemon, rosemary ...
Macaroni na akwụkwọ nri na cheese gbazere
Kedu ka macaroni si dị mma mgbe ị maghị ihe ị ga-esi esi. O zuru ezu imeghe ngwa nju oyi, na mgbakwunye, ịchọta otu esi eso ha….
Azụ mọnk a kụdara
Azụ mọnk achịcha achịcha, azụ dị nro, nwere ọkpụkpụ ole na ole ma dị mfe isi nri. Azụ kacha mma maka ụmụaka, maka ya…
Akwụkwọ nri mịrị na osisi pine cannelloni
Akwụkwọ nri mịrị na pine nut cannelloni nri dị mfe, dị ngwa ịkwadebe ma dị oke mma. Nri bara anyị...
Nduku ụtọ ṅara n'ọkụ na yabasị caramelized, ham na cheese ewu
Nduku ụtọ a ṅara n'ọkụ bụ ihe nkwado zuru oke na anụ, azụ, inine na ọka dị ka osikapa. Ọ bụrụkwa na gị...
Lentils na lek na karọt
Ị na-agbanwe ụzọ isi nri gị n'oge okpomọkụ? N'agbanyeghị ịrị elu okpomọkụ n'ụlọ anyị na-aga n'ihu na-anụ ụtọ…
Yogọt igwe nrụaka
Yogurt mousse, dị mfe, ngwa ngwa na ihe eji megharịa ọnụ, o nwere obere shuga nwere ike ịgbanwe maka sweetener, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ...
Obere pizza nwere achịcha chara acha
Obere pizzas nwere achịcha mpekere, nri abalị kacha mma iji soro ezinụlọ akwadebe. Mgbe ụfọdụ, anyị anaghị achọ ịgbagwoju onwe anyị anya...


c: text/html

text:
über Ọ bụghị ụlọ ọrụ Spanish, agbanyeghị, ọ mụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya site na picaresque nke nnukwu akụkụ nke azụmaahịa na mba anyị yana, n'agbanyeghị na ụlọ ikpe Barcelona ekpebiela na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eji "mmekọrịta ọrụ agbanweela" were ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ya n'ọrụ, nke bụ eziokwu bụ na nke a bụ kwa nkịtị omume megide nke ọ dị mkpa ịlụ ọgụ, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị oke esemokwu dị ka Uber.
N'ihi ya, ikpe nke Courtlọ ikpe na-elekọta mmadụ na Barcelona, nke na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ ka ha mata ogo nke onye isi ya ọzọ, Ọ bụ nsogbu siri ike maka Uber Spain, nke na-agbachitere mgbe niile na ụdị azụmaahịa ya na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụghị ndị ọrụ, mana ụlọ ọrụ, yana o doro anya na ndị njikwa ha abụghị ndị ọrụ.
Ndị isi Uber bụ ndị ọrụ, ọ bụghị ụlọ ọrụ
Isi ụlọ ọrụ Uber Spain dị na Avenida Diagonal na Barcelona. Ruo oge ahụ, onye ọrụ gọọmentị General Treasury nke Social Security gara ọtụtụ oge, na-enyo enyo na ndị ọrụ nọ n'ọnọdụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ahụ bụ Joan Pont Prats, onye si na May 2014 ruo Jenụwarị 2016 jere ozi dị ka onye isi ahịa ahịa. Post sonyere na ntinye nke Uber na Spain; Ọ zutere usoro ihe omume site na ịga ebe ọrụ ya kwa ụbọchị ma soro ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ setịpụrụ, agbanyeghị, Uber goro ya dịka ụlọ ọrụ, na ọ bụghị dị ka onye ọrụ.
Dabere na onye ọka ikpe nke Courtlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ọha na Nọmba 9 nke Barcelona, ọ bụ "okwu gbasara mmekọrịta ọrụ nke edobere n'ụdị nkwekọrịta nke ọha mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe", n'ụzọ dị ka, site na ikpe 29/2017, A mara Uber ikpe ịmata ogo Joan Pont Prats na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'otu ụbọchị ahụ ọ sonyere nke ya dị ka onye ọrụ n'ezie.
Nke a bụ ikpe yiri nke ahụ Manuel Pujol, nke Uber ghaghi amata okenye ya na ulo oru ebe obu, dika isi Uber Erie Na Spain, ọ guzobere ọfịs na ọbụna lekọtara nnweta ekwentị ndị ọrụ. Ndi freelancer nwere ike ijikwa nke a? Onye ọka ikpe ahụ ekpeghị.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Amụma nzuzo na-akọwa ọnọdụ na ebumnuche maka ịnakọta, chekwaa, chekwaa, nhazi na ikesa ozi gbasara ndị ọrụ potatosystem.ru akụ. Site na ịdenye aha na webụsaịtị potatosystem.ru, ị na-egosi na ị nabatara amụma nzuzo a ozugbo.
Nchịkọta na ojiji nke ozi nkeonwe
Ndị ọrụ na-enye potatosystem.ru ozi nkeonwe ha ruo n'ókè achọrọ. potatosystem.ru na-anakọta ozi nkeonwe n'aka ndị ọrụ na ndabere afọ ofufo. Onye ọrụ na-ekwenye na nkwenye nke data nkeonwe ya site na onye nhazi.
Ozi nkeonwe a rịọrọ gụnyere aha mbụ, aha ikpeazụ na adreesị ozi-e. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, potatosystem.ru nwere ike ịrịọ ozi gbasara aha, ụdị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nke onye ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, na ọnọdụ ya.
Ndị ọrụ nyere data nkeonwe na-akwado nkwenye ha maka ojiji ha iji mee ka ozi gbasara ngwaahịa na ọrụ ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Potato System.
potatosystem.ru na-agba mbọ iwere usoro ezi uche dị na ya iji chebe ozi nkeonwe nke ndị ọrụ na mbibi, mgbagha ma ọ bụ mkpughe.
Nkpughe ozi enwetara ndị ọzọ
potatosystem.ru nwere ikike ịnyefe ozi nkeonwe gbasara onye ọrụ na ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na nke a chọrọ site na Russian, iwu mba ụwa na / ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị na-agbaso usoro iwu.
Ịnweta ozi nkeonwe yana mmelite ya
N'ikwekọ na Iwu Federal nke Russian Federation No. 152-FZ "Na Personal Data", a na-ewere ihe niile anakọtara, chekwaa na nhazi ozi gbasara ndị ọrụ dị ka amachibidoro ịnweta ozi, ma ọ bụrụ na iwu nke Russian Federation nyere ya. Onye ọrụ nwere ike ịrịọ ka ihichapụ, mezie ma ọ bụ nkwenye nke data onwe ya site na:
- izipu arịrịọ site na e-mail nke akọwapụtara maka ndebanye aha onye ọrụ;
- izipu akwụkwọ ozi na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ nwere ihe akaebe iji mata onye ọrụ.
zoro
Saịtị ahụ nwere ike ịnwe njikọ na saịtị ndị ọzọ. potatosystem.ru abụghị maka ọdịnaya, ịdịmma ma ọ bụ amụma nchekwa nke saịtị ndị a. Akwụkwọ a (Amụma nzuzo) na-emetụta naanị ozi ezigara na saịtị ahụ.
Mgbanwe na amụma nzuzo
Nlekọta saịtị ahụ nwere ikike ịme mgbanwe ọ bụla dị mkpa na Amụma Nzuzo n'otu akụkụ. potatosystem.ru na-agba mbọ ịgwa ndị ọrụ na webụsaịtị potatosystem.ru maka mgbanwe echere na ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 7 tupu ntinye ike nke mgbanwe ndị a. Site n'ịga n'ihu na-eji saịtị potatosystem.ru mgbe mgbanwe ndị ahụ malitere, onye ọrụ si otú ahụ gosi na ọ nabatara ha.
Ajụjụ gị
Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ ọ bụla gbasara ọkwa a, biko kpọtụrụ anyị na: 8 910 870 61 83 ma ọ bụ ziga ajụjụ gị: maksaevaov@agrotradesystem.ru


text:
A na-egbu egbu egbu egbu egbu nke ukwuu site n'aka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị n'ihi ịma mma ha na ntụgharị. Enwere ike ime egbugbu egbugbu na nha dị iche iche, ọ bụrụhaala na imepụta atụmatụ ahụ, nha na ebe a ga-etinye ya. E nwere ndị na-ahọrọ igbu egbugbu na nwa na ọcha, obere na ebe mara mma, ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ha buru ibu ma nwee agba.
Ogbugbu egbugbu nwere ezigbo ihe ọ pụtara maka onye ọ bụla. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ha na-egosipụtakarị nnwere onwe site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ nnụnụ na-efe efe ma nwee ike ịga ebe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ, n'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-egosikwa ịhụnanya ebighi ebi. Ihe ịhụnanya ebighi ebi pụtara bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'agbanyeghị nnwere onwe ha n'ihi nku ha, mgbe ha na-ahọrọ onye òtù ọlụlụ ha na ya ga-anọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.
Agbanyeghi na ihe ichoro inye egbugbu gi ilo ga-adaberekwa n’ihe ha putara n’ebe ị nọ ma ọ bụ ịbụ onye nnụnụ ndị a dị ntakịrị ma maa mma nweworo na ndụ gị. Naanị gị ga - amata ihe pụtara gị kacha mma na ahụmịhe gị biri. Choose na-ahọrọ!
Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-amasị gị ilo, ọ karịrị karịa igosi na ị chọrọ igbu ebe ha bụ ndị protagonists, n'ezie! Ma olee ebe kachasị mma n'ahụ gị iji gbaa egbugbu? Nke ị chọrọ n'ezie. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ebe na-amasịkarị ọtụtụ maka ngwa anya ọ na - akpata: ubu.
Ubu bu oke ebe iji egbusi egbugbu na efe efe n’ihi na o gha adi ka o n’efeghari n’anu aru gi. Ọ bụrụ n ’igbu egbugbu gị n’ubu gị, ihe kachasị mma bụ ime ya na agba yana iji nweta nkọwapụta kachasị elu, n’ihi na otu ahụ ị ga-esi nwee ọ enjoyụ n’ezie.


text:
NJINJI jiri n’Umudioka Awka nke dị n’okpuru ọchịchị Awka South na steeti Anambra na Tọzdee izuụka gara aga ebe aka otu nwoke tọrọ n’ime tankị mmanụ ụgbọala ebe ọ gara ohi mmanụ ‘diesel’.
Nwoke ahụ, aha ya bụ Anayo Igwendu, ma bụrụ onye gbara afọ iri abụọ na isii bụ onye steetị Enugu. Ọ bụ n’elekere nke abụọ ụzọ ụtụtụ (2am) ka ọ gara n’ebe ụgbọala ahụ dị wee malite iku mmanụ ụgbọala.
Otu onye ọnọ ka o mere kwuru na ọ bụ mgbe o kutechara mmanụ ma chọzia ka o were ihe ‘foam’ hichatachaa mmanụ ahụ nke ọma ka aka ya ji tọkiri n’ime tankị ahụ.
Mgbe ọ nwara oko ya ka o wepụta aka ya ma okweghị ya ka o jiri gbaa onwe ya ama site n’itiku ọha na eze ka ha bịa zọpụta ya.
Ọ gara n’ihu kwuo wee sị; “Anyị nụrụ mkpu ọ na-eti wee gbara bịa wee hụ ebe eke na ihe o loro wụsa. Otu onye n’ime anyị wetere akọrọngwa e ji alu ụdị ọlụ ahụ ‘chisel’ nke anyị ji wee bepụta tankị ahụ n’ụgbọala, nke mere ka o buru aka ya na akụkụ tankị ụfọdụ na-agagharị.”
E mechaara kpọrọ onye ohi ahụ gaa n’ụlọ ezumezu obodo ahụ ebe ọha na eze nọ wee gbaa ya nkiri.
N’okwu nke ya, onye nwe ụgbọala ahụ aha ya bụ Onyebuchi kọwara ihe ahụ merenu dịka akaọlụ Chineke, ma kwuo na ọ bụ n’ihi ekpere na ebumonu o mere n’ụbọchị gara aga.
O kwuru na ya bụ ihe abụrụla ihe idọ aka na ntị nye ndị ọchọngaloko nọ n’ogbe ahụ.


text:
Weld waya ntupu galvanized ma ọ bụ PVC ntekwasa
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Mkpado ngwaahịa
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Ụdị ntupu waya welded:
Ihe: obere carbon ígwè ígwè waya Q195/235
1. Black waya welded ntupu + pvc mkpuchi;
2. Galvanized welded ntupu + pvc mkpuchi;
3. Hot tinye galvanized welded ntupu + pvc ntekwasa.
Ngwa:
Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ, njem na Ngwuputa.A na-eji ya eme ihe na mgbidi ụlọ, ebe a na-etinye ihe, ụdị fencing na ịchọ mma.
Ntupu welded nke emechara na-enye elu dị larịị na nke edo, usoro siri ike, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.Ngwunye waya welded bụ ihe kachasị mma na-egbochi corrosion na-eguzogide n'etiti ngwaahịa nchara nchara niile, ọ bụkwa ihe ntanetị kachasị mma n'ihi ngwa ngwa ya na mpaghara dị iche iche.Ntupu welded ahụ nwere ike ịbụ galvanized, mkpuchi PVC, ma ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara welded waya ntupu.


text:
304 igwe anaghị agba nchara Anụmanụ Anụmanụ ịrịba ama Anụ N'èzí Anụ Ịkpọ Agịga Anụ Mmịkpọ Anụmanụ Agịga Ewepụghị Sign Ngwaọrụ Factory N'ogbe
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Mkpado ngwaahịa
Igwe anaghị agba nchara Anụmanụ Mbinye aka N'anụ Anụ Ịgba agịga agịga Anụ Mmịkpọ Flat Sign Tool Factory N'ogbe
Nkọwa
Ụdị: Ngwaọrụ Anụ Mmịkpọ
Ebe Mmalite: Zhejiangg, China
Aha aha: Darkelves
Nọmba Model: HS-KC0066 Igwe anaghị agba nchara Flat Mutton Kebab
Ụdị Ngwaọrụ: Skewers
Ihe: Metal
Ụdị ígwè: 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara
Mmecha: Polish
Njirimara: nhicha dị mfe, nguzogide okpomoku, enweghị osisi
Agba: Silver
Ojiji: BBQ n'èzí
Aha: igwe anaghị agba nchara Flat Mutton Kebab
Ogo: 25cm 30cm 35cm 40cm
Mbukota: katọn
Qty:
25cm 27*19*20cm 1800p
30cm 31*20*20cm 1800pcs
35cm 36*20*13cm 1200pcs
40cm 42*19*13cm 1200pcs
Akara: Nabata Akara ahaziri ahazi
MOQ: 5000 PC
Ihe eji eme ya: igwe anaghị agba nchara


text:
N'èzí Illuminated Led n'ihu ụlọ ahịa ọkụ Signbord
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Mkpado ngwaahịa
Nkọwapụta Ụlọ ọrụ
Ụdị azụmahịa: Onye nrụpụta / Ụlọ ọrụ & Ụlọ Ahịa
Ọnụọgụ ndị ọrụ:>50
Afọ nke ntọala: 2013
Ọnọdụ: Sichuan China
Ozi ndabere
Ihe igbe ọkụ: mpempe akwụkwọ acrylic ebubata
Isi iyi ọkụ: tube LED
Aha ngwaahịa: Mpempe akwụkwọ ọkụ ọkụ n'ihu ụlọ ahịa dị n'èzí
Ntinye voltaji: 220V
Agba : ahaziri
Akwụkwọ ikike: 3 Years
Mmalite: Sichuan, China
Ngwa: Ụlọ ahịa dị mma, ụlọ ahịa kọfị, ụlọ ahịa achicha, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ụlọ ahịa ahịa ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ahịa na-ere ahịa
Nha:
Okwu ụlọ ọrụ
1.The zuru ìhè igbe bụ ike na-eri, na ya na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa.Ihe odide ndị a na-eduzi anaghị apụta ìhè n'abalị, na ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke na-adịkarị mfe ịnweta ìhè.
2.Traditional signboards na-akasị mere na mkpokọta , na mmezi na-achọ ike ọkachamara, na mmezi na-eri bụ elu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna-agaghị ekwe omume ịrụkwa, n'ihi na elu ojiji efu.
3.Repair ọrụ dị oke egwu, ya mere mgbe oge akwụkwọ ikike, ndị na-emepụta adịghị njikere ịrụzi ihe ịrịba ama.
Nsogbu ndị anyị meworo
1. Igbe ọkụ nke Zhengcheng bụ nke mpempe akwụkwọ acrylic, na-eji tube oriọna patented, nchapụta dị elu, tube oriọna LED ejiri igbe ọkụ acrylic, nnyefe ọkụ dị mma, ìhè edo.
2. Igbe ọkụ nke Zhengcheng na-agbaso ụkpụrụ modular, na otu igbe ọkụ na-eji eriri LED dị iche iche, nke dị mfe iji nọgide na-enwe ma belata ụgwọ ọrụ.
3. Usoro nrụzi ihe nrịbama ọdịnala na-agbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe nrịbama adịghị njikere ịrụzi akara ngosi ahụ, mana igbe ọkụ nke Zhengcheng dị mma iji rụkwaa ya, a pụkwara ime ya n'oge.
Ngwa
Ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa dị mma na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-ahọrọ imeghe ụlọ ahịa na nkwụsịtụ, ma nhazi nke ihe ịrịba ama bụ nnukwu nsogbu.Akara ngosi n'ihu ụlọ ahịa Zhengcheng nwere ọtụtụ igbe ọkụ gbawara agbawa iji dozie nsogbu nke curvature.N'otu oge ahụ, oriọna LED nwere nnukwu ọkụ.Ọ na-adọrọ mmasị karị ma maa mma n'abalị.


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Ọla ntụpọ laser ịgbado ọkụ igwe iwebata:
Nke a igwe na-akpan mere maka ọla na ndị ọzọ obere metal ngwaahịa ntụpọ laser ịgbado ọkụ, tumadi na-eji na ntụpọ ịgbado ọkụ nke dị iche iche ọla.
Laser ntụpọ ịgbado ọkụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke laser ihe onwunwe nhazi technology, otu n'ime ntụpọ-ịgbado ọkụ usoro bụ thermal conduction, ntụgharị laser radieshon kpo oku elu, elu okpomọkụ na esịtidem mgbasa site okpomọkụ omume, site ịchịkwa obosara nke laser usu, ike, ike kachasị elu na ugboro ole na ole, oke dị ka agbaze nke mmiri, iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri a wụrụ awụ.
N'ihi uru ya pụrụ iche, ejirila ya nke ọma na nhazi ọla na ọla ọcha na ịgbado ọkụ nke obere na akụkụ micro.
Workingkpụrụ ọrụ nke usoro ịgbado ọkụ laser bụ teknụzụ ịgbado ọkụ na ike ọkụ dị elu na ebe a na-ahụkarị, nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ịgbado ọkụ na ịrụzi obere akụkụ niile, ma mejupụta ụkọ nke usoro teknụzụ argon arc na ịgbado ọkụ na elu ịgbado ọkụ.
A na-ezere ọnụ ụzọ ụzọ abụọ nke nrụgide ọkụ na ọgwụgwọ, nke na-azọpụta usoro mmepụta nke ebu.
Laser ntụpọ welder na-bụ-eji maka oghere ndochi na ntụpọ ịgbado ọkụ nke ọlaedo na ọlaọcha ịchọ mma, na nwekwara ike-eji maka oyi ịgbado ọkụ nke elu alloy ígwè, na-ekpo ọkụ ibe ya bụrụ elu alloy ígwè, nickel ngwá ọrụ ígwè, elu ọkwa ígwè, ọla kọpa alloy, beryllium ọla kọpa , akwa siri ike nke alloy alloy, ọla edo, ọlaọcha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ígwè.
SUNTOP ọla ọla laser ịgbado ọkụ igwe isi atụmatụ:
Enwere ike itinye igwe niile na desktọọpụ, ihe eji eme ka mmiri dị jụụ, obere oghere.
Energy, usu obosara, ugboro, ntụpọ size nwere ike gbanwee na a nnukwu nso, iji nweta a dịgasị iche iche nke ịgbado ọkụ mmetụta.
A na-agbanwe ihe ndị ahụ site na mkpanaka nchịkwa na oghere mechiri emechi, nke dị mfe ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.
Ojiji nke oghere seramiiki nke Britain batara, mbibi nrụrụ, nguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, arụmọrụ mgbanwe fotoelectric dị elu, na-etinye ndụ oghere (afọ 8-10), ndụ oriọna xenon karịa oge 8.
Ngwunye kwekọrọ, kpochapụ ihe na-akpali akpali n'anya n'oge ọrụ.
Na 24 awa na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ike, dum igwe arụmọrụ bụ mụ.
Humanized imewe, ergonomic, ogologo ọrụ awa na-enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ.
Isi uru: ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ, arụmọrụ dị elu, nnukwu omimi, obere nrụrụ, obere ọkụ metụtara mpaghara, ogo ọkụ dị elu, enweghị mmetọ, arụmọrụ dị elu na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.
Isi parameters nke ọla ntụpọ laser ịgbado ọkụ igwe:
The ezigbo ọla laser ịgbado ọkụ sample foto maka akwụkwọ:
Vidio


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Ejiri igwe eji eme ihe eji eme ka igwe ihe n 'uzo anyi di nma na Germany. The ahịa tumadi nyere metal nhazi ọrụ na-achọ nkenke 0.08mm. Na mbido, ọ họọrọ ọtụtụ ndị na-eweta ngwaahịa, mgbe ha tụlechara nhazi igwe, izi ezi, ọrụ aka na ọrụ nke igwe ahụ, a na-ahọrọ SUNTOP LASER n'ikpeazụ. N'ebe a, anyị chọrọ ka azụmahịa ya ka mma ma ka mma. SUNTOP ga-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ gaghị eweda gị ala.
Dabere na data kachasị ọhụrụ nke General Administration of Customs wepụtara, mbubata na mbupụ azụmahịa nke mba China ruru puku ijeri 2,84 na October, mmụba nke 4.6% karịa otu oge n'afọ gara aga (otu dị n'okpuru). Nke a bụkwa ezigbo mmụba nke mbubata na mbupụ azụmaahịa mba ofesi maka ọnwa ise gara aga kemgbe June. N'ime ha, mbupụ bụ yuan 1.62, ịrị elu nke 7.6%; mbubata bụ yuan trillion 1.22, mmụba nke 0.9%; ahia ahia bu 401.75 ijeri yuan, mmụba nke 34.9%. Nyocha a na-egosi na ihe ndị dị mma n'ụlọ na mba ndị ọzọ ka na-agbakọ, a na-atụ anya na azụmaahịa mba ofesi ga-anọgide na-eto eto na-aga n'ihu n'afọ niile.
Na ngụkọta, n’ime ọnwa iri mbụ n’afọ a, ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa China na-ebubata ma na-ebupụ bụ ngwa ahịa ruru ijeri dolla 25,95, ịrị elu nke 1.1%. N'ime ha, mbupụ bụ yuan 14,33 trillion, mmụba nke 2,4%; bubata bụ yuan trillion 11,62, ihe ruru 0,5%; ahia ahia bu 2,71 trillion yuan, mmụba nke 16.9%.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enwe ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na usoro, usoro azụmaahịa China ka enwegoro nke ọma, yana mbubata mbubata mbubata na mbubata na-abawanye na nkezi na-abawanye. N'ime ọnwa iri mbụ, mbubata na mbupụ izugbe nke China ruru ijeri trillion 15,6, mmụba nke 2.8%, na-atụle 60.1% nke uru ahịa mba ofesi China, mmụba nke 1 pasent karịa otu oge n'afọ gara aga. N'ime ha, mbupụ ruru yuan 8.51 trillion, mmụba nke 4.8%; Mbubata batara 7,09 trillion yuan, mmụba nke 0,5%. N'ime otu oge ahụ, mbubata na mbupụ nke nhazi nhazi ruru 6.09 trillion yuan, gbadaa 6.2%.
Nyocha a na-egosi na mgbake ngwa ngwa nke mbupụ azụmaahịa izugbe na-enye nkwado maka njikarịcha nke usoro azụmaahịa niile. Wang Han, onye ọka mmụta akụnụba nke Societe Generale Securities, kwuru na ebe ọ bụ na Machị, na usoro mgbake mbupụ China, ike mgbake na-esite na mbupụ azụmaahịa izugbe. Kwa afọ na-ebupụ ahịa ahịa izugbe na 16.8% site na ala dị ala - 4.5% na Machị ruo Ọktọba; site na Jenụwarị ruo Ọktọba, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke azụmaahịa izugbe nwetaghachila na 2.8%, na-ede ihe dịka 60% nke mbupụ China, mmụba nke ihe dịka 1% ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge n'afọ gara aga. N'otu oge ahụ, ahịa nhazi mbubata ọnụ bụ - 7.5% kwa afọ, na azụmaahịa nhazi nhazi bụ - 14.7% kwa afọ. N'ime usoro mbupụ mbupụ mgbe ọrịa ahụ gachara, azụmaahịa izugbe nwere ọnụ ahịa dị elu ga-agbake nke ọma na usoro azụmaahịa China ga-akawanye mma.
Post oge: Jul-28-2020


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Online roulette nọ n’etiti egwuregwu egwuregwu cha cha kachasị ewu ewu nke ụmụaka na ndị okenye na-egwuri egwu. Ọ bụrụ n ’ịbụ onye ọhụụ nye ụwa nke egwuregwu cha cha cha cha, enwere ụfọdụ ndụmọdụ bara uru nke nwere ike imeziwanye nka gị. Ka anyị lelee ha ọnụ.
Mara Iwu Ndị Bụ́ Isi
Tupu ị gbanye mgbagharị roulette, ịkwesịrị inwe echiche banyere iwu egwuregwu bụ isi metụtara cha cha n’ịntanetị. Egwuregwu ahụ nwere ọdịiche abụọ: European roulette na American roulette.
Iwu nke European Roulette nọgidere bụrụ otu. Roulette nwere mkpụrụ ndụ 37, gụnyere nzọ na efu. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ – chee echiche nke cell bọl ahụ ga-ada mgbe ọ gbanwere ụkwụ. Iji malite egwuregwu ahụ, ịkwesịrị ịkụ nzọ na nsonaazụ a tụrụ anya. N’etiti ohere nzọ: ọbụlagodi / iberibe, ọbara ọbara / ojii, maka otu na nọmba, wdg.
American roulette wheel, dị iche, nwere nkewa 38 gụnyere nọmba sitere na 1 ruo 36, 0 na 00. Iwu ndị ọzọ niile bụ otu ihe na European roulette.
Họrọ maka Oke Osisi
Nke a bụ otu n’ime ndụmọdụ roulette nke ị kwesiri iburu n’uche mgbe niile. Beingbụ onye mbido ma ọ bụ onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ọkpụkpọ, ị ga – ebu ụzọ nwaa ịtụba nzo maka obere cha cha cha ma họrọ maka obere osisi. Na ụfọdụ casinos, ị kwesịrị ịnwale roulette n’efu na mgbe ị maara iwu ndị bụ isi, malite itinye nzo.
Nwee Oke Ego
Ọ dị mkpa ịnweta usoro mmefu ego akọwapụtara mgbe ị na-egwu egwuregwu ntanetị. Ndị na-egwu egwu ekwesịghị ịgafe ma kwụsịchaa mmefu ego ha. Nke a ga – eduga na ida ego na – enweghị isi. Gbalịa itinye obere nzọ na dabere na arụmọrụ gị, ị nwere ike ịga n’ihu. Ọ bụrụ n’itinye nzo dị elu na mbido, enwere ohere ị ga – enweta n’efu. Ọfọn, ịnọgide na-enwe mmefu ego kwesịrị ekwesị bụ otu n’ime ihe ndị dị mkpa ị kwesịrị ịme tupu ịmalite igwu egwu.
Họọrọ ezigbo ego
Nnukwu ego cha cha nwere ike inyere gị aka ịme nnukwu mmeri na wiilị roulette. Oke cha cha Crypto na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị nkwalite dị iche iche ị nwere ike ịgbapụta kwa ụbọchị. Agbanyeghị, ọ ga-adị mma ịhọrọ daashi nke na-enye gị uru kachasị mma. Inweta ezigbo ego nwere ike ime ka ụgwọ ọrụ gị dị ukwuu, na-enweghị ịkwụsị nnukwu ego. Mana, tupu ị kwuo nkwalite, na-agụkarị usoro na ọnọdụ iji zere nghọtahie ọ bụla.


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Adobe Glass
Product Ihe
Ajụjụ
Ngwaahịa
The iko ngọngọ nwere njirimara nke rụrụ arụ ìhè ma untransparent, soud mkpuchi, elu kwes eguzogide, ala omume nke okpomọkụ, elu osisi ike, ike idi corrosion, okpomọkụ ichebe, ooh mkpuchi, wdg na adaba iji wuo ma na-agbasakwa na mgbidi achọrọ n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ n'èzí.
A na-arụpụta mgbidi dị na mgbidi dị ka akụkụ abụọ dị iche iche na, ebe iko ahụ ka na-agbaze, a na-agbanye mkpụrụ abụọ ahụ wee kagbuo ya. Mbadamba iko ndị ahụ na-esi na ya ga-enwe agụụ nke ihu na etiti. N'ihi oghere dị n'etiti, mgbidi iko mgbidi enweghị ikike ibu nke brik masonry ma yabụ jiri ya rụọ mgbidi. A na-egbochi mgbidi mgbidi na-adabere na nhazi nke etinyere ha. na-enye nhụjuanya anya mgbe ị na-anabata ìhè na mgbidi, ọkụ ihu igwe
Nkọwapụta
Atụmatụ
1. Iguzo n’enwu enwu;
2. insda mkpuchi ihe
3. Nnukwu nrụgide ọkụ
4. Akwa ike
5.Able iji hụ na corrosion
6. Nchekwa ọkụ
Igwe mkpuchi 7.Moist
Ations Ngwa
1. Glass Block or Glass Brick bụ ngwaahịa ụlọ etubere ugo.
2. The aghụghọ mara mma & dara oké ọnụ.
3. Ọ dị mfe & adaba iji wuo & n'ọtụtụ ebe na mgbidi achọrọ n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ n'èzí.


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Ngụkọta oge nke pent ụlọ
Ezipụta achọrọ akụkụ millimeters
X
- obosara nke ụlọ
Y
- ụlọ elu
C
- size nke overhang
B
- ogologo nke ụlọ
akwụkwọ
Ihe omume a iji gbakọọ ihe pent ụlọ: ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mpempe akwụkwọ ihe (ondulin, Nulin, wepụrụ ebubo ma ọ bụ metal taịl nile), underlay ihe (korota, roofing ihe), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbadamba lathing na ntụhie ya.
-Akpachara anya! Rịba ama na ihe omume na-atụle sheeting na ndabere nke ebe nke ụlọ.
Ka ihe atụ, 2.9 ka 7.6 ọtụtụ usoro nke Ibé akwụkwọ ke a n'usoro. Mgbe ezigbo ewu na-etinye 3 ahịrị.
N'ihi na ihe ezi ngụkọta oge dị mkpa iji belata elu nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-emepụta ihe dị integer usoro.
Mgbe e mesịrị ga-a iche iche usoro ihe omume ndị ọzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na ngụkọta oge nke roofing ihe onwunwe.
Echefula na ịzụta a ụlọ ihe onwunwe na a oke.


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Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Mkpado ngwaahịa
Kaadị agba
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
Ogwe ihe mejupụtara aluminom na -enweghị ọkụ bụ ụdị ihe eji achọ mma, nke nwere ọtụtụ uru na -enweghị atụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe mkpuchi ọzọ. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na ogwe ihe mejupụtara aluminom nwere ihe abụọ (ọla na nke na-abụghị ọla) nwere ihe dị iche iche kpamkpam. Ọ bụghị naanị na-ejigide njiri mara nke ihe akụrụngwa mbụ (aluminom metal, plastik polyethylene na-abụghị metal), kamakwa na-emeri adịghị ike nke ihe akụrụngwa mbụ.
Isi atụmatụ
1. Ọ nwere ọmarịcha nguzogide ọkụ na nkwụghachi azụ ire ọkụ, ma nwee ike gafee ọkwa mmanye nke mba GB8624 "usoro nhazi maka ịrụ ọkụ nke ihe ụlọ", na arụmọrụ ya adịghị ala karịa ọkwa B1;
2. Ike peel dị elu na ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ, na -emezu ihe mba ụwa chọrọ GB / t17748 plastik plastik mejupụtara;
3. Usoro ihe bụ isi nwere mmegharị siri ike, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe ọnọdụ nhazi extrusion nke efere aluminom-plastik nkịtị, nke nwere ike izute ụzọ teknụzụ chọrọ nke usoro nrụpụta efere efere aluminom-plastik dị iche iche n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ;
4. Isi ihe nwere ezigbo ihe nkpuchi ikuku oxygen na -ekpo ọkụ ma nwee ike iguzogide oke na ala dị ala - 40 ℃ - + 80 ℃ maka okirikiri 20 na -enweghị mgbanwe;
5. Ihe na -egbochi ire ọkụ nke dị na isi ihe nwere nkwụsi ike dị mma, enweghị mbugharị na ọdịda, yana ezigbo ihu igwe, nke na -emeri ntụpọ nke ndị na -egbochi ọkụ halogen nkịtị nke na -anaghị eguzogide ọkụ ultraviolet, yabụ ọ dabara adaba maka ime ụlọ na n'èzí ihe owuwu ụlọ;
6. Isi ihe nke ngwaahịa a na -acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na -acha ntụ ntụ ọcha, enwere ike ịhazi ya na agba ndị ọzọ;
7. Isi ihe bụ ihe na-eme ka ọkụ na-adị mma na gburugburu na ihe dị ọcha, enweghị halogen na anwụrụ ọkụ dị ala. Ọ dị oke ike ọkụ. Olu anwụrụ ọkụ dị obere mgbe ọ na -ere ọkụ, ọ nweghịkwa anwụrụ ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ ojii. Ọ bụ enweghị mmetọ ma na-emezu ihe steeti chọrọ maka ihe owuwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nchekwa gburugburu.
Ngwa ngwa
Ọ dabara maka mgbidi ákwà mgbochi na ime ụlọ na n'èzí mma na akwa ọkụ chọrọ.
Ogwe ihe mejupụtara aluminom na -enweghị ọkụ nwere ezigbo ọnụahịa yana ngwa sara mbara. Enwere ike iji ya maka ịchọ mma nke ákwà mgbochi, mgbidi ime na mpụga, ebe obibi, ụlọ nri, ebe a na -ere ahịa, ụlọ ọgbakọ na ihe ndị ọzọ.
nhazi ngwaahịa
Ebe ọ bụ na ihe mejupụtara aluminom mejupụtara ihe abụọ (ọla na nke na-abụghị ọla) nwere ihe dị iche iche, ọ bụghị naanị na-ejigide njiri mara nke ihe mejupụtara ihe mbụ (aluminom ọla, plastik polyhexene na-abụghị metal), kamakwa na-emeri nke mbụ akụrụngwa akụrụngwa ezughi oke, wee nweta ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe mara mma.
Nkọwa ngwaahịa
1. Aluminom alloy mpempe akwụkwọ ọkpụrụkpụ:
0.06mm, 0.08mm, 0.1mm, 0.12mm, 0.15mm, 0.18mm, 0.21mm, 0.23mm, 0.25mm, 0.3mm, 0.33mm, 0.35mm, 0.4mm, 0.45mm, 0.5 mm
2. Size:
Ọkpụrụkpụ: 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm
Obosara: 1220mm, 1500mm
Ogologo: 2440mm, 3200mm, 4000mm, 5000mm (kacha: 6000mm)
Ogo ọkọlọtọ: 1220mm x 2440mm, enwere ike ịnye nha na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ dịka ihe ndị ahịa chọrọ si dị.
3. Ibu ibu: 5.5kg/㎡ dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ 4mm
4. Mkpuchi elu:
N'ihu: efere aluminom nke ejiri fluorocarbon resin (PVDF) na polyester resin (PE) kpuchie varnish.
Azu: Aluminom alloy plate nke ejiri polyester resin paint kpuchie
Ọgwụgwọ elu: PVDF na PE resin roll baking treatment
5. Isi ihe: isi ihe na-ere ọkụ, polyethylene na-adịghị egbu egbu
Usoro nhazi
1) Ebe a na-eli ozu na-eji akụrụngwa kemịkalụ dị elu na teknụzụ na-eji kemịkal na-emeso elu mkpuchi aluminom, na-akpụpụta ihe nkiri oxide mmanụ aenseụ dị elu n'elu eriri aluminom, ka agba na mkpuchi aluminom wee jikọta nke ọma na nke a. intermediary, ma nwee ezigbo adhesion. .
2) Mkpuchi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-anabata igwe mkpuchi mkpuchi ala nke atọ dị elu nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ọnọdụ mechiri emechi na enweghị ájá, nke mere na a na-achịkwa oke nke ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi na ịdị mma nke mkpuchi ahụ; a na -ekewa oven n'ime mpaghara anọ iji chịkwaa ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na akpọọ nkụ.
3) Ahịrị mejupụtara ọkụ na-ejikọ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu bụ akụrụngwa bụ isi maka ịkpụpụta kọmpụta mejupụtara aluminom-plastik. Ọrụ ya bụ ime ka ihe aluminom, PE isi ihe na ihe nkiri polymer nwere njikọ chiri anya n'okpuru mmetụta nke oke ọkụ na -aga n'ihu na nrụgide iji mepụta ala dị larịị.


text:
Ịzụ ahịa
N’ebe ọ bụla njem gị na County Kildare na-akpọrọ gị, ị nwere ike ijide n’aka ịchọta ụlọ ahịa ọdịnala, ụlọ ahịa dị elu na ebe a na-azụ ahịa nwere ọtụtụ nzube. Ya mere, ihe ị na-eche? Inyocha ụlọ ahịa Kildare ma hụ akụ dị oke ọnụ ahịa ị nwere ike ịchọta.
Kildare juputara na obodo na obodo na -eme mkpọtụ nke na -enye ọtụtụ nhọrọ ịzụ ahịa, site na ụlọ ahịa zoro ezo ruo nnukwu ụlọ ahịa jupụtara na nnukwu aha na azụmaahịa. Isi ihe gụnyere Obodo Kildare na Ngwongwo ọla ọcha Newbridge ebe ndị ọbịa na ebe ngosi nka akara ngosi akara ngosi, ha abụọ na -atụgharị Co. Kildare n'ime ebe ejiji na Ireland.
Mmelite Covid-19
N'ihe banyere mgbochi Covid-19, ọtụtụ ihe na mmemme na Kildare nwere ike ịbụ na echere ma ọ bụ kagbuo ma ọtụtụ azụmaahịa na ebe enwere ike mechie nwa oge. Anyị na-akwado gị ka ị tụlee azụmaahịa na / ma ọ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka mmelite kachasị ọhụrụ.


text:
Na mbụ, anyị na-ekerịta ọtụtụ egwuregwu metụtara ụdị dị iche iche. Mana taa ebe a anyị wetara ngwa egwuregwu ọhụrụ a maara dị ka Yandere No Sutoka Apk. Ugbu a ịwụnye egwuregwu ahụ ga-enye ahụmịhe egwu dị egwu.
Ọ bụrụ na ị kwenyere, ị na-egwu egwuregwu dị mma ma nwee obi ike iji dozie ọnọdụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ ị ka mma ịnwale ọhụrụ a Ngwa egwu egwu. Nke bụ free download si ebe a na otu click nhọrọ. Ọzọkwa n'okpuru ebe a anyị ga-atụle niile nkọwa gụnyere isi atụmatụ nkenke.
Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmepe na-ekwu na ha na-enye ikpo okwu ịntanetị zuru oke. Ebe ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike ikpebi nkà egwu ha na-egosi oke nsonye. N'ihi ya, ị dịla njikere ịbụ akụkụ nke egwuregwu a wee budata Yandere Simulator Apk.
Kedu ihe bụ Yandere No Sutoka Apk
Yandere No Sutoka Apk bụ ngwa egwuregwu egwu egwu dabere na ntanetị. Ebe ndị egwuregwu chọrọ ka ha jiri amamihe na-edozi ọnọdụ ahụ wee gbanarị ebe ahụ n'enweghị achọpụtara ya. Onye egbu egbu sweet girl no na acho gi.
N'ime egwuregwu egwuregwu, ndị sonyere ga-arụ ọrụ nke Protagonist. Nke a pụtara na a ga-ewere onye na-egbu egbu ụtọ nwa agbọghọ onye iro ma ọ bụ onye mmegide. Ihe mere anyi ji akpo egbu egbu aha di uto. N'ihi na a na-ewere onye na-egbu egbu dị ka onye maara ihe na obiọma na mmalite.
Ọbụna ọ ga-adọta ndị ọzọ na-egosi omume ọma ya. Na-amanyekwa ndị ọzọ ka ha na ya gwuo egwuregwu mara mma n'oge efu. N'ezie ọ na-ewu ọnyà nkọ a dị nkọ. Mgbe mmadụ dabara n'ime ọnyà ya mgbe ahụ ọ na-adị ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume izere igbu ya.
Ma ebe a anyị ga-atụle aghụghọ na ndụmọdụ niile. Ndị ahụ ga-enyere ndị egwuregwu aka izere Saiko Chan ma nyere aka ịgbanahụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na ị hụrụ akụkọ ahụ n'anya ma dị njikere isonye n'ime, ị ga-ebudata Yandere Simulator Descargar.
Ozi nkowa mgbakwunye APK
Dị ka anyị kwuru na mbụ na ndị ọkachamara mere mgbanwe ụfọdụ n'ime. Nke dị mkpa ma ugbu a ndị egwuregwu nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ egwuregwu dị nro. Mana anyị ejirila ekwentị dị iche iche kpọọ egwuregwu ahụ. Mgbe anyị mechara egwuregwu ahụ, anyị hụrụ na ọ bara ụba na ohere.
Enwere ọtụtụ ọkwa na ebe ezoro ezo dị iche iche agbakwunyere. Ugbu a ndị na-egwu egwuregwu chọrọ ka ha nyochaa ebe ndị ahụ zoro ezo ma jiri ndị ahụ dị ka ụzọ dị nchebe maka ịgbanahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, onye na-egbu ya nwere ike soro ebe onye ọkpụkpọ nọ.
Ya mere, ihe anyị na-akwado ndị egwuregwu bụ ka ha jiri nlezianya na-egwu egwu ma na-agbachi nkịtị mgbe niile. N'ihi na onye na-emegide ya yiri nnọọ mmetụta nke ụda. Ọbụna ntị ya dị nkọ nke na-enwe ike ịchọpụta ụda na mmegharị ahụ ngwa ngwa.
Iji mee ka egwuregwu ahụ bụrụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya na anya. Ndị mmepe na-ejikọta eserese ndị a dị elu dị elu. Eserese HD ga-enyere aka na-enye ngosi ngosi. Ebe ndị egwuregwu ga-ahụ egwuregwu egwuregwu n'ezie.
Cheta na a na-ewere ngwa egwuregwu ahụ n'efu ka ọ kpọọ ma ọ chọghị ndenye aha. Ọbụna njikwa ga-enyere aka gbanwee ihe isi ike larịị n'ime. N'ihi ya, ị dịla njikere ka gị na ndị enyi gị gwuo egwuregwu ahụ n'ịntanetị, mgbe ahụ ị ga-awụnye Yandere Simulator Mobile Apk Download.
Isi ihe dị na egwuregwu ahụ
- Free ibudata na egwu.
- Enweghị ndebanye aha.
- Enweghị ndenye aha
- Dị mfe ịwụnye na igwu egwu.
- Ịmekọrịta ngwa egwuregwu na-enye gburugburu ebe a dị elu.
- Ebe ndị egwuregwu nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ egwuregwu n'ezie.
- Anaghị anabata mgbasa ozi.
- A na-agbakwunye ọkwa dị iche iche.
- Enwere ike ịchịkwa ọkwa isi ike site n'ime.
- A na-eji eserese dị elu.
- A na-eji mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche eme ihe.
- Edebere ihe ngosi egwuregwu ahụ ka ọ dị ike.
- Enwere ike ịkpọ ya n'ịntanetị.
Nseta ihuenyo nke egwuregwu ahụ
Otu esi ebudata Yandere No Sutoka Apk
Enwere ike ịnweta ngwa egwuregwu site na Ụlọ Ahịa Play. Agbanyeghị, ewepụtara ya n'etiti ngwaahịa egwuregwu gam akporo amachibidoro. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ naanị ndị tozuru oke na ndị ọrụ gam akporo nwere ike ịnweta faịlụ ngwa egwuregwu ozugbo site na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa.
Yabụ kedu ihe ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ime n'ụdị ọnọdụ ahụ mgbe ha enweghị ike ịnweta faịlụ Apk ozugbo? A na-arịọ ndị egwuregwu ahụ ka ha gaa na webụsaịtị anyị dị umeala ma budata faịlụ ngwa egwuregwu ozugbo. Naanị pịa njikọ enyere wee budata faịlụ Apk kacha ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa.
Ọ dị mma igwu egwuregwu a
Cheta tupu ịnye faịlụ Apk n'ime ngalaba nbudata. Anyị etinyelarị ya na ngwaọrụ dị iche iche. Mgbe ị wụnye egwuregwu ahụ, anyị hụrụ na ọ dị nro ma na-atọ ụtọ. Agbanyeghị, anyị anaghị ekwu na anyị ji ikike nwebiisinka nke egwuregwu ahụ.
Webụsaịtị anyị bara ụba na ngwa egwu egwu dị iche iche. Nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ igwu egwu. Iji wụnye egwuregwu ndị ahụ biko soro URL ndị enyere. Ndị ahụ gụnyere Onye nchịkọta akụkọ GDPS Apk na Street nke Rage 4 Apk.
mmechi
Yabụ na ị nwere mmasị na egwuregwu egwu ma dị njikere igwu egwu ndị ewepụtara ọhụrụ. Nke na-ewu ewu ma na-ewere dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ka gị na ndị enyi gwurie egwu. N'akụkụ a, anyị na-atụ aro ka ndị ọrụ mkpanaka wụnye Yandere No Sutoka Apk kachasị ọhụrụ.


text:
Ifuru The Anya bụ ifuru osisi maka oge niile. A na-eji ọla edo mechie oghere ndị na-adịghị anya dịka anya mmadụ nke na-achọ mgbe niile maka ihe dị ebube na Nature Mama. Guzo na-eme ihe dị ka ọkà ihe ọmụma. Ọ hụrụ n'anya sitere n'okike ma gosipụta ụwa niile maka gị tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ịmechara ya.
Aha oru ngo : Eyes, Aha ndị na-emepụta ya : Naai-Jung Shih, Aha onye ahịa : Naai-Jung Shih.
Designkpụrụ a dị ịtụnanya bụ mmeri nke onyinye ọla ọcha na ejiji, uwe na asọmpi uwe. Ga-ahụrịrị na ọkaibe ọlaọcha na-enweta ihe ngosipụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe n ’ụlọ ahịa iji chọpụta ọtụtụ ụdị ọhụụ, ọhụụ, nke mbụ na okike, uwe na uwe ọrụ.


text:
Scaffold plank (Mwube ọkwa LVL)
Product Ihe
Ajụjụ
Ngwaahịa
PEONYWOOD Scaffold plank
Ihe: Paini / Eucalyptus
Ọkwa: Constructionlọ ihe owuwu
Ọkọlọtọ: ISO9001: 2008, CQC
Mkpokọta: WBP, MR, melamine, E1, E2
Size: ọkpụrụkpụ: 15mm-100mm
obosara: 25mm-1220mm
ogologo: 80mm-6000mm ma ọ bụ ahaziri size
Mmiri ọdịnaya: 6% -12%
Njupụta: 520-580kgs / m³
Edge: chamfer
PEONYWOOD scaffold plank uru
1. Emeghi oke
2.Enyocha gburugburu ebe obibi.
3.Tight ewu na elu ike.
4.High ekwe ike
N'ihi ọdịdị ya mejupụtara, o yikarịrị ka osisi a na-ejikarị eme ka ọ dị ogologo, gbagọọ agbagọ, kpọọ ma ọ bụ belata. LVL bụ ụdị osisi eji arụ ọrụ, dị ka osisi laminated glued ma nwee nrụgide dị elu karịa.


text:
Òtù n’ahụ Maka Azụmahịa Ụwa na Fraịde kwetara nyefee ngwugwu azụmahịa “na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya” na-emetụta ahụike, mgbanwe na nchekwa maka nri mgbe esemokwu dapụtara n’etiti mba abụọ.
Nkwekọrịta a bịara ka onye isi WTO Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala gbara mba dị iche iche ume ka ha kwenye mgbe mkparịta ụka enweghị nkwekọrịta na njedebe maka ịkwụsị ịkụ azụ nke na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịhapụ ikike maka ọgwụgwọ COVID-19.
“Ngwungwu nkwekọrịta ị ga-eme ga-eme ka ndụ ndị mmadụ dị gburugburu ụwa gbanwee.
“Ihe si na ya pụta na-egosi na WTO nwere ike ịzaghachi ihe mberede nke oge anyị,” Okonjo-Iweala kwuru.


text:
YOURLITE RGB Flood Light LG189C bụ ngwaahịa Tuya smart ọhụrụ anyị, anyị butere ya maka ahịa Europe, RGB, dimmable na agba agba iji mepụta ikuku ekeresimesi ịhụnanya maka ụlọ gị wee mee ka ụlọ gị nwee mmasị.
Anyị RGB Iju Mmiri LG189C nwere ọtụtụ uru dị ka ndị a maka gị:
Kwado njikwa olu/APP/ Otu:Na-arụ ọrụ na Amazon Alexa (Echo/Dot/Tap) na Google Assistant, dakọtara na gam akporo&IOS.Kedu ihe ọzọ, ị nwere ike ịchịkọta ọkụ wee jikwaa ha site na iji ngwa ngwa na iwu olu.
Oge & Mbelata:Tọọ usoro ịgbanwuo ma gbanyụọ ọkụ na-akpaghị aka ka ọ na-eme.Enwere ike gbanwee nchapụta ahụ n'etiti 0-100% iji mee mgbanwe maka oge ọkụ dị iche iche.Ọrụ ebe nchekwa dị.A ga-echekwa ntọala ikpeazụ maka ịnweta ngwa ngwa oge ọzọ, na-eme ka ndụ kwa ụbọchị dịkwuo mma.
Egwu mekọrịtara ọnụ na-agbanwe agba na ọtụtụ ụdị:Ìhè iju mmiri nke RGB nwere ike ịgbanwe agba dị ka rhythm nke egwu egwu si dị.Ọ nwere 16 nde agba na ụdị 20 ịhọrọ n'ụzọ zuru oke maka ịchọ mma ememme.
Arụ ọrụ & njikọ dị mfe:Site n'enyemaka nke ntuziaka ntuziaka zuru ezu, njikọ ahụ dị nnọọ mfe ma na-ewe naanị nkeji ole na ole.Naanị tinye APP, ọkụ ọkụ na-ejikọta ngwa ngwa na ekwentị mkpanaaka na ekwentị mkpanaaka na-achịkwa ya.
IP65:Enwere ike iji ya na ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo na oyi, ọ dịghị mkpa ịpụ apụ iji chịkwaa ọkụ ọkụ n'èzí.
Ọrụ:Anyị RGB Flood Light LG189C nwere ụdị ọrụ atọ maka nhọrọ gị, otu bụ RGBW+Dimmeable, otu bụ RGB+CCT+Dimmable, otu bụ naanị dimmable.
Igwe mmiri RGB Flood Light LG189C dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị oke mkpa maka ịchekwa ike ọkụ ụlọ.YOURLITE nwere ike ịnye gị ngwaahịa kachasị mma, anyị kwenyere na ngwaahịa anyị nwere ike gboo mkpa gị niile.YOURLITE RGB Flood Light LG189C bụ ezigbo nhọrọ maka iji chọọ ụlọ gị mma nke ọma na ụtọ, ọkachasị maka emume ekeresimesi.


text:
N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na onye ọ bụla na-eji Google eme ihe niile gburugburu ebe obibi, ma desktọọpụ ma ekwentị mkpanaaka, yana ikike Safari na iOS, n'ahịa anyị nwere ihe karịrị nhọrọ na-atọ ụtọ a na-akpọ Firefox, ihe nchọgharị nke isi njirimara ya na nzuzo ọ na-enye anyị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị oge ọ na-arụ nyocha anyị na-eme, dị ka a ga-asị na Google na-eme na Chrome.
Ihe eji eji ihe nchọgharị kacha ọhụrụ egosighi ozi ọma maka Mozilla Foundation, onye na-akwado ya. magburu onwe nchọgharị, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-egosi anyị otu ọ na-aga n'ihu na-efunahụ òkè ahịa na-akwado Chrome. Mana n'agbanyeghị data ahụ, Firefox na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ iji meziwanye nzuzo ọ na-enye, opekata mpe maka ndị ọrụ jiri ya kpọrọ ihe, na ga-agbakwunye atụmatụ ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya iji belata nsuso na ịbawanye nchọgharị ọsọ.
Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ si kwuo, dịka nke 2019, ga-amalite nwa afọ igbochi niile trackers na anyị nwere ike ịchọta na ibe weebụ dị iche iche anyị gara, ndị nyocha maara na anyị ahụla, ebe anyị pịrị, na anyị nwere mmasị iji duzie ọ bụghị naanị mgbasa ozi, kamakwa kedu ihe na-amasị anyị, mmasị anyị, ihe omume ntụrụndụ anyị ...
Ọrụ a dị na nchọgharị Firefox Focus, site na otu Ntọala ahụ, ihe nchọgharị, nke na-enweghị mgbe ọ bụla hapụrụ akara nke ibe weebụ anyị gara, n'ezie ọ nweghị akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nke na-ahụ maka igbochi ma ndị na-eso ụzọ na ụdị mgbasa ozi ọ bụla, si otú a na-abawanye ọsọ.
Ederede / crawler ndị a bụ isi ihe kpatara ya ibe weebụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-ewe ogologo oge iji kwado, ya mere, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe nzuzo nke onye ọrụ, mana ọ ga-ebelata oge ntinye nke ibe weebụ anyị na-eleta mgbe niile. Willdị koodu a agaghị egbochi Chrome, n'ihi ozi ọ na-enye ya ohere inweta, yabụ ọ bụrụ na inyebeghị Firefox ohere, ọ nwere ike ịbụ oge ịme nke ahụ site n'afọ ọzọ.


text:
ÉKWÉ JỌNAL NKE NDỊ IGBO SCHOLARS FORUM, NIGERIA VOLUME 12; NO 2, JULY, 2019
Pronunciation Difficulties Among Idoma Native Speakers Of English Language
BY
Achadu, Peter Ada
achadu.peter@unn.edu.ng
Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
+2348068360547
Abstract
The study focuses on the pronunciation difficulties among Idoma native speakers of English language and how it affects communication processes. It provides information on why these problems naturally occur and the specific English phonemes that Idoma people find difficult to pronounce or articulate. Only segmental phonology is considered and the model for the study is Received Pronunciation (RP). Contrastive analysis approach was adopted by the researcher. Data were collected from the native speakers who were considered educated in order to discover the major areas of difficulty. Participant observation, oral interview and audio recorder were used as instruments of data collection for the study. Data were collected through observation of utterances of fifty native speakers, twenty-five males and twenty-five females from five local government areas in Benue State that speaks the Idoma language. The respondents were randomly selected, all with the ages ranging 26 - 50. Their speeches were recorded without them knowing. The data were transcribed phonemically based on the Received Pronunciation model. The result for the analysis shows that pronunciation difficulties arise because of first language phonological interference and problems inherent in the target language itself.
Keywords: Idoma, Pronunciation, Segmental Phonology, Language, Native Speakers.
Introduction
The English language is the best studied and mostly acclaimed language in the world. It is rule governed verbal behaviour that has attained the global proportion (Chitulu et al, 2015). Language popularly described as a medium or instrument of interaction among human beings. It is a systematically structured entity which exhibits the following structural components - phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics components (Roach, 2000: 2). Effective communication processes among users of the language must be achieved by maintaining the morphology, syntax, semantics and phonological ideals of the language (Jackson, 1956). Anything short of this will hinder the effective use of the language and strongly affect the competence and performance of the user. This obviously, will make mutual intelligibility difficult for all involved in the use of language. Worthy of note is that all aspects of language are important. However, the spoken word, where the sounds of language will be physically applied to bring out the correct lexical items and consequently form appropriate and grammatically acceptable syntactic structures is very important as it is the final part of the language use where which communication between hearer and speaker takes place. Misapplication of the rules governing the sound system of any language, particularly, the English language will negate the very essence of communication and mutual intelligibility (Schane, 1973). This misappropriation is the root of pronunciation difficulties among Idoma native speakers that use English language. This paper x-rays the causes of pronunciation difficulties among Idoma native speakers of English language and its effects on communication processes.
The Idoma people speak the Idoma language which is an African language classified under the Niger - Kordofamian family. According to Encyclopedia Britammica (2012), the languages of the present days Niger-Congo are divided into nine major branches: Mande, Kordofanian, Atlantic, Ijoid, Kur, Gur, Adamawa, Ubanji Kwand Benue - Congo. Yusuf (2010) further classifies the Idoma language as Bantoid which falls under the Benue-Congo sub division along with other languages such as Bamileke, Efik/Ibibio and Tiv. The Idoma language consist of - dialects which are distributed thus, according to Adejor (1977) some of the dialects in Idoma includes the two northern dialects of Agatu and Ochekwu, while Otukpo, Adoka, Oglewu and Onyagede speak the central dialect. The Western districts of Ichama, Okpoga, Orokam, Owukpa and Edumoga fall under the Idoma west dialect. In the southern districts, four out of the five that make up the district, speak Igumale dialect, the fifth district, Utomkon, has it distinct dialect called Ufia, just like Akpa in Otukpo that speaks Akweya. There is also Igede dialect in Oju and Obi.
Received Pronunciation
The term Received Pronunciation is usually credited to Daniel Jones, Simply means accepted or approved. Received Pronunciation is the standard accent of standard English in Great Britain, as spoken in the south of England. According to Carford (1979), in the first edition of the English Pronunciation Dictionary by Daniel Jones in 1917, he named that accent public school pronunciation. But in the second edition of his dictionary in 1926, he called the same accent received pronunciation. This is the model that is in use at the Oxford, Cambridge, and London Universities and it is the accent used by the BBC and most overseas personnel of the British Foreign Service (Chitulu, et al. 2015). It shows a great deal about the social and educational background of the person using the English language. A speaker using RP will definitely speak Standard English. Pronunciation refers to the production of sounds that we use to make meaning. It includes attention to the particular sounds of a language (segments) aspect of speech beyond the level of the individual sound such as intonation, stress, timing, rhythm and in its broadest definition, attention to gestures and expressions that are closely related to way we speak a language (Roach, 2000).
Segmental phonology deals with the description and organization of speech sound in terms of consonants and vowels. According to Agbedo (2015: 55) consonant is a sound produced by an articulation involving some degree of constriction of the mouth passage while vowel is defined as the sound produced by the "aggressive airstream from the lung tissue into the oral cavity without any obstruction or constriction as would cause available friction characteristics of many consonants sounds".
The study sets out to investigate causes and effects of pronunciation, difficulties among Idoma native speakers of English language. These native speakers were asked to pronounced some list of English words thrice in order to determine their levels of proficiencies in pronunciation; all with ages ranging 26 - 50. The data were transcribed phonemically bearing in mind the Received Pronunciation RP Model.
The data were collected through participant observation, oral interview and audio recording from 50 respondents who were native speakers and considered as educated with relative degree of communicative competence in English, and randomly selected from Apa, Otukpo, Ogbadibo, Ado and Okpokwu local government areas of Benue State; comprise twenty-five males and twenty females respectively. This study is sets out to identify specific English phonemes that Idoma find difficult to pronounce and articulate and how they affect appropriate communication.
Literature Review
In order to provide a solid base for this study, this section is devoted to methodological and empirical review of related works done by scholars.
Methodological Studies
This section will focus on the methods of second language learning (L2).
Contrastive approach
. Fries (1945) points out that the most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned, carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language. This means that the best way to carry out a Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis is to carefully describe the target and native language scientifically and compare both of them to achieve a better result.
This approach was propounded by Lado (1957). The theory has to do with the way languages are being compared in order to bring out the similarities which Lado (1957:7) sees as facilitators on potential factors that will enhance learning of target language and the differences as the difficulties L2 (second language) learner will encounter while learning a second language
The following are some of the criticisms leveled against contrastive analysis.
- The processes of language acquisition is not sufficient to described by the characterization of errors.
- Errors in L2 acquisition do not only arise from interference.
- The structural differences between two languages are not sufficient to predict the occurrence of errors in L2 acquisition.
- In its strongest formulation, the contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed that all the errors made in learning L2 could be attributed to "interference" by the L1. This claim was opposed by empirical evidence that was formulated in the mid and late 1970s which pointed out that many errors predicted by contrastive analysis were not observed in learners' language.
- It is equally observed that some uniform errors were made by learners irrespective of their L1 therefore, contrastive analysis is not capable of accounting for prediction of learning difficulties (Shaghi, 2014).
Error analysis approach
Error analysis in second language acquisition was established in the 1960s by Stephen Pit Corder. Error analyst like Corder is of the opinion that most of the learner's errors are produced by learners making faulty interferences about the rules of the target language. Error analyst distinguish between errors, which are systematic and mistakes, which are not. Errors can be classified according to the level of language: phonological errors, lexical errors, syntactic errors and so on. This approach does not go free of Skirmish, the following weaknesses were recorded against it.
- It does not provide a complete access on how to acquire second language.
- It only account for errors committed by the second language learners.
- It fails to account for all areas in which learners can have difficulty.
Monitoring approach
This approach was propounded by Krashen (1970s). monitor theory shares a number of the assumptions of the universal grammar approach but its scope is specifically second language acquisition. As with UG, the assumption is that human beings acquire language without instruction or feedback on error. Krashen (1982) presented it in terms of five hypothesis. The fundamental hypothesis of monitor theory is that there is a difference between acquisition and learning. Acquisition is hypothesized to occur in a manner similar to L1 acquisition, that is, with learners focus on communicating messages and meanings: learning is described as a conscious process, one in which the learner's attention is directed to the rules and forms of the language. The monitor hypothesis suggest that, although spontaneous speech originates in the acquired system, what has been learned may be used as a monitor to edit speech if the L2 learner has the time and the inclination to focus on the accuracy of the message. In light of research showing that L2 learners, like L1 learners go through a series of predictable stages in their acquisition of linguistic features, Krashen (1982) proposed the natural order in hypothesis. The comprehensible input hypothesis reflects this view that L2 learning, like L1 learning, occurs as a result of exposure to meaningful and varied linguistic input. Linguistic input will be effective in changing the learner's developing competence if it is comprehensible (with the help of contextual information) and also offers exposure to language which is slightly more complex than that which the learner has already acquired. The affective filter hypothesis suggests, however, that a condition for successful acquisition is that the learner be monitored to learn the L2 and thus receptive to the comprehensible input.
Monitoring approach has been criticized for the vagueness of the hypotheses and for the fact that some of them are difficult to investigate in empirical studies (Dekeyser, 1997; Mclaughlin, 1990; White, 1987). Nonetheless, people still claimed its impact on the field of L2 teaching. Many teachers and students intuitively accept the distinction between learning and acquisition, recalling experiences of being unable to spontaneously use their L2 even though they had studied it in a classroom. This may be especially true in classrooms where the emphasis is on meta-linguistic knowledge (the ability to talk about the language) rather than on practice in using it communicatively.
Behavioural approach
For the much first half of the 20th C, behaviourism dominated psychology and education and consequently, theories of L2 learning and teaching. Behaviourism was based on the view that all learning - including language learning - occurs through a process of imitation, practice, reinforcement and habit formation. According to behaviourism, the environment is crucial not only because it is the source of the linguistic stimuli that learners need in order to form associations between the words they hear and the objects and events they represent, but also because it provides feedback on learners' performance. Behaviourists claimed that when learners correctly produce language that approximates what they are exposed to in the input, and these efforts receive positive reinforcement, habits are formed (Skinner, 1957).
Behaviourism was attacked when Chomsky (1968) questioned the notion that children learn their first language by repeating what they hear in the surrounding environment. He argued that children produce novel and creative utterances - ones that they would never have heard in their environment. Researchers asserted that children's creative use of language showed that they were not simply mimicking what they heard in the speech of others but, rather, applying rules and developing an underlying grammar following Chomsky's critique of behaviourist explanation for language acquisition and a number of studies of L1 acquisition, behaviourist interpretations of language acquisition fell into disfavor.
Interactionist Perspective approach
Some scholars who work primarily within a second language acquisition framework assume that a great deal of language learning takes place through social interaction, at least in part because interlocutors adjust their speech to make it more accessible to learners. Some of the L2 research in this framework is based on L1 research into children's interaction with their care givers and peers. L1 studies showed that children are often exposed to a specialized variety of speech which is tailored to their linguistic and cognitive abilities (that is, child directed speech) when native speakers engage in conversation with L2 learners, they may also adjust their language in ways intended to make it more comprehensible to the learner. Furthermore, when L2 learners interact with each other or with native speakers they use a variety of interaction techniques and adjustments in their efforts to negotiate meaning. These adjustments include modifications and simplifications in all aspects of language, including, phonology, vocabulary, syntax and discourage (Long, 1985).
Empirical Studies
A lot of researches have been carried out on this topic. Chitulu et al (2015) conducted a research on poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL students; the ICT solution. They examined the causes of poor English pronunciation, problems associated with Nigerian ESL students, and the ability of the digital age approach to pronunciation problems. Also, they discusses the various digital age techniques used to combat poor English pronunciation among Nigerian students, and the wonderful input this can give to linguistic pedagogy in the area of spoken English.
Rehman et al (2012) studied English problematic consonants for Pashto speakers. The study identifies that five English consonants are problematic for Pashto speakers. These consonants includes: /f/, /v/, / /, /θ/, /Ʒ/, it also assesses the role of L1 in the pronunciation of the target English consonant. The stud further shows that these consonants are replaced by L1 sound 1). English Labio-dental fricative /f, v/ are pronounced as bilabial voiceless stop /p/ and bilabial approximant /w/ 2) English dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are replaced by dental stops /t, d/; 3) palatal voiced fricative /Ʒ/ is replaced by palate-alveolar voiced affricate /dƷ/. It is suggested that English learners with Pashto background should be properly trained to acquire correct English pronunciation.
Adam (1991) researched on mispronunciation among Jukun (Wapan) speakers of English. Finding of the study showed that a lot of English words are in appropriately pronounced; there is deviation from the model (Rp) as certain peculiar rules or certain phonological features of words have not been learned. Again, the (Wapan) speakers of English tend to make the centering vowel /ǝ/ more open. The phoneme is realized as /ą/. There is also the introduction of an epenthetic element /ǝʊ/ between the voiced alveolar plosive /t/ and the voiced alveolar trill /r/. Hence, Jowit (1991) commenting on the phonology of Nigerian English observes, that we find some of the centering vowels or diphthongs terminating in the centre having more features than we have in (Rp).
Yet, Agbedo (2015) in his study of central vowel in Efik find out that part of the learning difficulties faced by Efik English difficulties faced by Efik English learners are recognition of these English phonemes /ʌ, ǝ, ɜ:/, and the problem of distinguishing /ʌ/, /ǝ/, /ɜ:/ from /Ͻ/, /ą/ and /ƹ/ because they are equivalent of the former set of sounds. Although, the empirical studies reviewed have something do with the pronunciation difficulties, their dimensions are quite different from this study.
Summary of Literature Review
The review of related theories to language acquisition is meant to account for the working of the human mind and all use metaphors to represent this invisible reality (Schmitt, 2002). Theorists can draw some of their evidence from neurological research that taps language processing more directly. In general, however, second language acquisition theories must be based on other kinds of evidence primarily the language which L2 learners produce, understand and judge to be appropriate or grammatical. The empirical reviewed on pronunciation shows that the speech of non-native English speakers may exhibit pronunciation difficulties as a result of L1 acquired by reason of linguistic interference. These are carried out in other languages hence, the reason for this paper.
Framework
Contrastive Analysis (CA) is the base on which this paper is anchored. This approach was propounded in (1957) by Lado. Lado explains that contrastive analysis is comparative study of two or more languages to show their similarities and differences to generate prediction about the areas of learning difficulty in the target language (L2) which speaker of the source language (L1) are likely to come across. He (Lado) initiated the procedural measures for the contrastive study of languages. These include description of the languages, comparison of the languages and predicting learning difficulties.
CA was extensively used in the field of second language acquisition in the 1960s and 1970s as a means of explaining why some features of a target language were difficult to acquire than others. Agbedo (2015) opines that the contrastive analysis brings to light the differences between the mother tongue and the target language of the learners and so makes it possible to predict the difficulties that the learners will have. This in turn determines what the teacher has to teach. The results of the contrastive analysis are therefore built into language teaching materials, syllabuses, tests and researches.
Presentation of data and analysis
The following section gives the comparison of the vowel and consonantal charts of the two languages.
In the pronunciation of words in English, errors of pronunciation particularly those associated with spelling pronunciation, replacement of phonemes and diphthongs, sounds absent, environmental factors and ignorance were considered.
English Vowels
Source: Agbedo (2015: 139)
æ
ʌ
a:
ǝ
ɜ:
e
I
I:
ʊ
u:
Tongue
Close
Front
Centre
Back
Half close
Half open
Open
ͻ:
D:
Idoma Vowels.
I
i
ʊ
u
Close
Front Unrounded
Back rounded
Half close
Half open
Open
D:
ą
ϵ
o
ͻ
Adopted
from Ameh (2002)
English Consonant Phonemes
Place →
Manner
Bilabial
Labio Dental
Dental
Alveolar
Plato-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Plosive
p b
t d
k g
Fricative
f v
θ ð
ʆ z
I Ʒ
h
Affricate
tʆ dƷ
Nasal
m
n
ƞ
Lateral
I
Tap
r
Approximate
W
j
Culled from Agbedo (2015:138)
Figure 4: Idoma consonant chart (adopted from Ameh, 2002)
Place →
Manner
Bilabial
Labio Dental
Alveolar
Post Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Labio Velar
Glottal
Plosive
e b
t d
k g
kp gb kw gw
Fricative
f v
s z
H
Affricate
tʆ
Lateral
l
Nasal
m
n
ƞ
ƞm ƞw
ny
Trill
r
Approximate
w
j
Causes of Mispronunciation among native Idoma speakers of English Langauge
Among Idoma people, we observed number of mispronunciations due to what is called spelling pronunciation. According to Roach (1983) spelling pronunciation is the pronunciation of a word according to its spelling. In most Nigerian languages, leather (1996) observes that words are pronounced exactly as they are spelt. For instance the English word "house" in Idoma, written as ͻiẹ in Igbo ụlọ in Yoruba ile in Hausa gida. In each of these cases, the pronunciation follows the same pattern as the spelling. But English spelling in most cases is highly deceptive particularly to the foreign learner. This is because its orthography is not always a guide to its pronunciation. For instance, Catford et al. (1997) states that "threw" begins with only two consonants /θ, r/, they further adds that spelling is not a good guide in phonology.
Another causes of pronunciation difficulties among Idoma native speakers of English language is that there are sounds absent in Idoma language, but present in English orthography prove very difficult for the speakers to pronounced. Over the years, it has been discovered that some major causes of mother tongue interference among native speakers and speakers of English language are carry-overs from the initial language orthography, maybe from Idoma into English. Also, consonants not sounded in the mother, but present in the English poses threat for the speakers to pronounced. The speakers do not have those sounds in his repertoire or sound inventory. She/he will learn how to pronounce them. This certainly will be difficult according to Gimson; (1980), states that after early adolescence, it becomes increasingly difficult to acquire the pronunciation of a second language. Stevenson (1974) tells us that different psychologists agree that the best time to learn language is before puberty when achievement of childhood bilingualism is possible. For instance, these vowels are not found in the Idoma vowel chart /ʌ/, /ǝ/ and /ɜ:/. As a result, words like blood, gun, son, cup, gum could be mispronounced.
Word
Received Pronunciation
Idoma pronunciation
Blood
/biʌd/
/brͻd/
Gun
/gʌn/
/gͻn/
Son
/sʌn/
/sͻn/
Cup
/kʌp/
/kͻpu/
Gum
/gʌm/
/gͻm/
These consonant phonemes are also absent in the Idoma language, hence, they are wrongly pronounced /tʆ/, /dƷ/, /θ/ on /ð/
Word
Reviewed Pronunciation
Idoma pronunciation
Change
/tseintʆ/
/senƷ/
Church
/tsɜ:ts/
/sͻs/
Joke
/dƷǝʊk/
/jǝʊk/
Jump
/dƷʌmp/
/jͻmp/
It will not be easy for them to pronounce - when Idoma native speaker attempts to pronounce these words, he/she make mistakes. He will replace those sounds with the nearest sound to it in the sound inventory of his/her mother tongue. The above examples justify this assertion.
Also, the Idoma native speakers have difficulties in differentiating/I/ from /r/ when pronouncing them or (1) is pronounced /r/ and vice versa.
Word
Reviewed Pronunciation
Idoma pronunciation
Colour
/ˈkʌ/.ǝr/
/ˈkͻ.rͻ/
Liver
/ˈIiv.ǝr/
/ˈrivæ/
Around
/ˈǝrǝʊnd/
/ˈæ/ąʊnd/
Leader
/ ˈii:.dar/
/ˈri:dæ/
Love
/ˈlʌv/
/ˈrͻ:v/
Load
/lǝʊd/
/rod/
Road
/rǝʊd/
/lod/
Bread
/bred/
/bled/
Plumber
/ˈplʌmǝ/
/ˈprumba/
Moreover, pronunciation difficulty among Idoma native speakers of English language is the environmental factor. Most of the time, the environment in which they found themselves is usually linguistically illiterate. The environment does not care for the use of correct English grammar, how much more, correct pronunciation. English is carelessly spoken without considering its rulers. The place that they find themselves in has no regard for the use of Received Pronunciation. Different forms of Englishes are used by speakers: Pidgin English, American English, Carreabian English or Nigerian English etc due to this factor, the sensibilities of these Idoma native speakers of English are covered by these linguistic abnormalities.
Outright ignorance on the part of some Idoma native speakers of English language concerning the correct pronunciation of most English sounds and words have also led to the incidence of gross mispronunciation of very important English words with attendant results. The table below will justify this claim:
Word
Received Pronunciation
Idoma pronunciation
Power
/ˈpaʊǝ/
/ ˈpawa/
Often
/ˈDfǝn/
/ˈͻ:ftin/
Restaurant
/ˈrestǝrǝn/
/ˈrestͻ:rant/
Jamb
/ˈdƷæm/
/ˈjambu/
Coup
/ˈku:/
/ˈku:pu/
Burn
/ˈbɜ:n/
/ˈbͻƞ/
Comb
/ˈkǝʊm/
/ˈkoʊmb/
Christmas
/ˈkrismǝs/
/ˈkristmas/
Nurse
/ˈnɜ:s/
/ˈnͻ:s/
Doubt
/ˈdǝʊt/
/ˈdaʊbt/
Mother
/ˈmʌdǝ/
/ˈmͻ:da/
Wire
/ˈWaiǝ/
/ˈWaja/
Womb
/ˈWu:m/
/ˈWu:mb/
Vowel
/ˈvąʊǝl/
/ˈvͻwǝl/
Category
/ˈkæt.ǝ.gri/
/ˈkætigͻri/
Vehicle
/ˈvi:.l..ki/
/ˈvehikul/
Women
/ˈWimin/
/ˈWumen/
Pure
/ˈpjʊǝ/
/ˈpiͻr/
Champagne
/ʆæm'pein/
/ˈtʆæm'pen/
Curriculum
/ˈkǝ'rik.jʊ.lǝm/
/ˈkͻrikͻlͻm/
Student
/ˈstju:dǝnt/
/ˈstudent/
Liquor
/ˈlik.ǝr/
/ˈlikwͻ:/
Ado
/ǝˈdu:/
/ædͻ/
Almanac
/ˈͻ:lmǝ.næk/
/æl.mænak/
Singing
/ˈsiȠ.iƞ/
/ˈsingin/
Amoeba
/ˈǝmi:.bǝ/
/ˈæmuiba:/
Quasi
/ˈkwei-zaI-/
/ˈkwaiʆi/
Sachet
/ˈsæʆ.ei/
/ˈsætʆet/
Brochure
/ˈb.rǝ.ʆr/
/ˈbrͻkiͻ/
Three
/ˈθri:/
/ˈtri:/
They
/ˈðel/
/ˈdei/
Replacement of some English consonant and vowels abound in their pronunciations. English dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are replaced by dental stops /t, d/. Other example includes:
Burn
/ɜ:/
→
/ͻ:/
Amoeba
/ǝ/
→
/a/
Champagne
/ʆ/
→
/ts/
Liquor
/q/
→
/kw/
Jamb
/dƷ/
→
/j/
Power
/ʊ/
→
/w/
Vowel
/ʊ/
→
/ͻ/
Mother
/ʌ/
→
/ͻ:/
Colour
/l/
→
/r/
Three
/θ/
→
/t/
They
ð
→
/d/
The diphthong
The word diphthong is of Greek origin as posit by Daniel (2003). It is used to described a vowel which changes its quality in the process of its articulation, it starts as one vowel phoneme and ends as another. This diphthong is a problem to many Idoma users of English language. They replace it with the monothong /e/ thereby pronouncing the word as:
Word
Received Pronunciation
Idoma pronunciation
Maid
/ˈmeid/
/ˈmed/
Reign
/ˈrein/
/ˈren/
Bait
/ˈbeit/
/ˈbet/
Saint
/ˈseint/
/ˈsent/
Taste
/ˈteist/
/ˈtest/
Pray
/ˈprei/
/ˈpre/
Shade
/ˈʆeid/
/ˈsed/
Pain
/ˈpein/
/ˈpen/
Bail
/ˈbeil/
/ˈbel/
They do not pronounce /ei/ as a real diphthong rather as a simple vowel /e/. This often leads to erroneous pronunciation of words that bears such diphthong. However, proper articulation of /ei/ involves a slight movement of the tongue and jaw and spread lips, beginning from /e/ and ending in /i/.
Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion
The results of the study indicate that pronunciation difficulties found among the Idoma native speakers of English language are caused by negative transfer from the first initial language orthography, in this case, from Idoma into English. Also some consonant and vowels not sounded in the mother tongue, but found in the English orthography prove very difficult for the speakers to pronounce. The speakers do not have the knowledge of these sounds in their memory; hence, they cannot pronounce them correctly. It is evidence from the study that Idoma speakers of English mispronounced English words because of the environmental influence. The environment where most of them finds themselves do not regard the use of correct pronunciation.
This paper further suggests that research should be conducted to ascertain the rationale behind their inability to discern between lateral Alveolar /I/ and tap Alveolar /r/ even when these sounds are present in their sounds inventory or orthography. The study suggests that Idoma speakers of English should be properly trained in this area to acquire correct pronunciation.
The goal of learning a foreign language is to enable one communicate effectively in the target language. This purpose could only be achieved through appropriate pronunciation. Anything short of this will indicate the incompetence on the parts of the user. This will certainly render communication mutually unintelligible for all the parties involved in the use of language.
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Asụsụ Igbo N'Ezi Gbara Atọ N'Ihe Gbasara Nkanụzụ N'Oge Igwe Amamiihe senchụri nke iri abụọ na otu
Nke Ọkammụta Joy Ifeadikanwa Obayi Humanities Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka joy.obayi@unn.unn.edu.ng +2348065132008,
Maazị Onyebuchi Virginus Arua Linguistics/Igbo and Other Nigerian LanguaUniversity of Nigeria, NsukkaOnyebuchi.aruah@unn.edu.ng+2348039482647
Na
Udensi, Peace Ebere Humanities Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka ebere.udensi@unn.edu.ng +2348038499009
Umịedemede Isi nchọcha a bụ ima ihe e mere asụsụ Igbo n'oge ugbu a mmụta na-abawanye ụba bụ mmụta nkanụzụ ya na iji igwe mmụta bụ cọmputa wee dee ihe ma kuzie ya n'asụsụ Igbo dịka mmụta ndị ọzọ na-aga n'iru. Nsogbu bụrụ na igwe amamiihe a enweghị mkpụrụedemede Igbo na ya. Ọ bụrụ na e dechaa ihe n'igwe ahụ pụta ka e wepụta ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ edereede. Ihe a ga-ahụ abụrụ ihe gbagwojuru anya. Nchọcha a depụtakwara ajụjụ nchọcha abụọ iji chọpụta nke bụ eziokwu na ọmụmụ a. Ma onye nchọcha kere mmadụ iri isii na ise (65) bụ ndị nkụzi Igbo njụmaza a ya na ụmụakwụkwọ dị out narị na iri mmadụ abụọ na ise (125) nke SS2 n'ime ọchịchị ime obodo Nsụka nke Steeti Enugwu. Ọnụọgụ ahụ nọchitere anya ndị nkụzi niile na ụmụakwụkwọ niile ebe ngalaba Sekọndịrị Nsụka niile dị na ya. Ndịnetiti (miin) na ndịpu izugbe (standaad divieshọn) ka e jiri hazie ajụjụ nchọcha. E jikwara ụmaokwu abụọ wee hazie nchọcha a ebe e ji t-testi wee nyocha ụmaokwu. Ọkpụrụkpụ nchọpụta gosiri na (1) igwe amamiihe adịghị adị, (2) ọtụtụ ndị nkụzi amaghị apị igwe amamiihe. (3) Akụrụ ngwa igwe a ebe ọ dị adị ezuchaghị oke. Onye nchọcha kwupụtakwara ụfọdụ ihe ga-enye aka ikwalite asụsụ Igbo n'ọgbọ ije a dịka - Ndị gọọmentị Naịjiria ịhụ na e nwere igwe amamiihe nke bụ afere asụsụ ala anyị dịka ime ka ndị ọ bụ ọrụ ha dịka Naijiria kọmụnikashọn kọmishọn (NCC) buru nke a n'obi na igwe amamiihe ọ bụla batara Naijiria ga-ebu afere a. Nke a ga-eme ka asụsụ Igbo nwee ike gaa n'iru dịka ọmaliteworo.
Igodo Okwu: Asụsụ Igbo, Ezi gbara atọ, Nkanụzụ na ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Mkpọlite
Okwu akpụn'ọnụ bụ imụ asụsụ e jiri mụọ mmadụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ epum agaghị akarị akarị. Maka ihe a ka e jiri mara agbụrụ. Agbụrụ na-enweghị asụsụ epum e nweghị njirimara ma nke ha gwụrụ agwụ. Ya mere agbụrụ ọ bụla ga-ejisi ike kwalite asụsụ na omenaala ha bụ ihe ga-enye ha ọnọdụ dịka mba. Asụsụ na-agbanwe dịka ihe na-agbanwe mana omenaala dị ọkpụtọrọ ọkpụ nke asụsụ nọkwa n'ime ya. Oyelami (2008) kwuru sị na asụsụ bụkwa ngalaba ọdịnaala. Nke a pụtara na a gaghị ewepụ asụsụ n'ọdịnaala. Asụsụ Igbo bụkwanụ otu n'ime asụsụ kacha n'ala Naijiria nke iwu afọ 1999 nke Naịjiria kwuru ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ a ga-eji na-akụzi ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu ma na-ejikwa ya ekwu okwu n'ụlọ ọgbakọ ukwu ala anyị ya na ọgbakọ etiti. Nke a pụtara na e kwesịrị ikuzi Igbo n'ụlọakwụkwọ niile Naịjiria gbaa gburugburu ka ụwa niile sonyekwa. Nke a abụghị obere ihe, ya kpatara igwe amamiihe ga-adị adị iji nye aka ime ka nke a gaa n'ihu n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ na ihe mmụta ndị ọzọ.
Ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi dị nke mere na asụsụ Igbo na-akpọbi ụkwụ na senchụri nke iri abụọ na otu. Ọtụtụ nne na nna agụwaala akwụkwọ isi ma gaa obodo dị iche iche ituru ugo mmụta. Ọtụtụ dị otu a amaghị asụ Igbo ma ọ bụ ede ya. Ọ bụrụ na e nwee igwe amamiihe, ọ ga-enye aka ime ka ndị dị otu a gụwa ya site n'igwe ahụ ma nwee ike ide ya. O nweghị onye ga-asị na ofe nne ya tere adịghị mma. Ọ dịkwaghị onye ga-achọ ka aha ya fuo ma ọ bụ ka a napụ ya oke ruru ya. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụedemede Igbo adịghị n'efere igwe amamiihe nke a, ọ pụtara na a gaghị enwe ike iji igwe bipụta ya. Iji maa atụ - e nweghị ike ide 'ọ', 'ụ', 'ị' na 'ṅ' n'igwe ma bipụta ha naanị ma e tinyere afere Igbo n'ime Igwe amamiihe ahụ, ma chọkwaa igwe nwekwara afere Igbo maka mbipụta. Ọ bụghị otu a, ederede aghasaa.
Asụsụ ka e ji echekwa ọdịnaala mana ọ bụ ọdịnaala ka e ji ama dike. Ya mere, nkanụzụ kwesịrị ka anyị mara ya nke ọma (Ejionueme 2012). Ọ bụ site n'ọzụzụ ndị nkụzị ka a ga-eji mee ka ebumnobi a gbasara nkwalite asụsụ Igbo n'oge a mmụta na-abawanye, nwee isi na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu a. Ndị nkụzi bụ isi sekpụ ntị n'ihe niile gbasara mmụta. Ha ga-ebu ụzọ mụta otu e si eji ya bụ igwe amụ ihe ka ha were nwee ike ikụzi ma haziere ụmụakwụkwọ ha. Mgbe ahụ o si n'aka fere n'aka ọzọ. Asụsụ anyị enwee ike gawa n'iru. Ọ bụ eziokwu na o nwere ndị fooro ntutu taa na ha agaghị akwado asụsụ Igbo dịka Nwadike (2008) kwuworo na ọtụtụ ndị Igbo ekweghị ka ụmụ ha sụọ Igbo site
N'ịsụrụ ha asụsụ Bekee. Ha tikwere ya ka iwu na ụmụ ha agaghị asụ Igbo nke mere na otu onye nkuzi na mahadum Nsụkka na-abara onye- nkuzi nyere nwa ya ihe omume Igbo mba ka ọ kpachara anya ya maka inye nwa ya nnwale n'Igbo. ọ kpọrọ nke a 'nọnsensị' n'olu Bekee iji gosi iwe ya.p39
Nke a erijughị afọ n'ihi na ndị dị otu a na-egosi iberiibe dị ha n'ime n'ihi na ha amaghị ihe ha na-eme. Onye nwe ọba kpọọ ọba ya mkpọkọrọ ụmụaka ewere ya kpoo ntụ ụtụtụ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ekwuwokwa okwu maka ụdị agwa dị otu a mana ihe bụ isi sekpu ntị bụ ka ụgbọ ghara ịgha ndị Igbo site na mmepe ọgbara ọhụrụ. Onye ọ bụla ga-agba mbọ iwebata ihe niile ga-eme ka ọganiiru bata iji mee ka onye gbara mbọ rie erere so ya.
Onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịma ihe na-aga n'oge a, nkanụzụ mere ka ihe dịwaga mfe. Ndị Igbo kwesịkwara itinyekwa ozi site n'asụsụ Igbo n'igwe na-ekwu okwu ma nke onyonyoo site n'itinyecha ihe niile na-enye ụmụ ọgbara ọhụrụ obi aṅụrị n'ụzọ ga-akwalite omenaala Igbo ma mekwaa ka ndị mmadụ bie ndụ dị mma. Dịka Echeruo (1982) si kwuo na asụsụ ga-adị ndụ ma gaa n'iru ma ọ bụrụ na e chekwaba ya ma mee ka ọ dị ugwu n'ọgbọ n'ọgbọ ọ bụla na-asụ ya na ụdị ọgbọ ahụ chọrọ. Nke a mere o ji dị nnukwu mkpa na a ga-eme ka ụmụ ntoroọbịa kwụrụ chịm n'ihe gbasara asụsụ Igbo. Okwu a Echeruo kwuru bụ nsogbu nye ndị Igbo n'oge a. Ọ bụ ndị ụka tụmadụ ụka CMS wetara odide asụsụ Igbo iji kọwaa ma gụọ okwu Chineke. Mana ihe a na-ahụ n'ụlọụka ugbu a bụ na ndị ụka anaghị ejikwa asụsụ Igbo akụzi okwu Chineke kama ọ bụ asụsụ Bekee. Ụmụ ntoroọbịa niile gbasoo ha na-asụ ya ma nke dabara ma nke adabaghị, chefuo na anyị bụ ndị Igbo. Ihe a wee bụrụ ihe jọgburu udele ma sigbuo nkakwụ n'isi. Nke a wee bụrụ na ndị Igbo ga-ebido n'oge chụwa ewu ojii tupu chi ejie.
Ndị isi ụka ndị Igbo niile ga-amara na agwọ nọ n'akịrịka. Otu ọnọdụ ndị Igbo sịrị kwụrụ n'obodo Naịjiria, Igbo anọghị n'elu ma Igbo anọghị n'ala mana Igbo abụghị ụsụ. Chineke ekwela! Onye ọ bụla ga-agba akpaaka ya mmiri ma mee ka ụmụ Igbo sụwa Igbo site n'iji asụsụ Igbo aka ụka; tinye ya n'onyonyoo nke a na-akwụba n'ụlọụka ma mee ka ha gụwa ya mgbe a na-ekwe ukwe. 'Ụkpana okpoko gburu, ntị chiri ya'.
Nkọwasị okwu nka dịka na nghọta onwe
Asụsụ Igbo
Asụsụ Igbo bụ asụsụ epum nke ndị a na-akpọ Igbo. Ndị a bụ ndị bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria. Asụsụ Igbo bụ asụsụ a na-ede dịka e si asụ ya. O nwechakwara ngalaba dị iche dịka ntọala asụsụ nke ndị mmadụ na-akpọ ụtọasụsụ, nwee Omenaala na Agụmagụ n'ime ngalaba dịgasị iche iche n'ime ha iji kọwamie ha nke ọma. Ohiri (2004) kọwara asụsụ epum dịka asụsụ e jiri mụọ nwata, na nke o pulitere n'ime ya. O kwukwara na ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ nwata mụtara na ndụ ya; nke o ji akparịta ụka ma na-enwekwa mmekọrịta, ya na mmadụ ndị dị na gburugburu ya. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1995) kwukwara na asụsụ epum bụ 'agwa nwata nwetara ma ọ bụ nke ọ mụtara n'aka nne ya ma ọ bụ n'aka ndị obodo ha'. Mana e tere ụgba e tere azụ, asụsụ epum bụ asụsụ chi nke sitere n'ọnụ nne nwata bụ nke nwata na-anụ mgbe niile. Asụsụ epum bụ ihe e jiri mara onye. Ọ bụ asụsụ epum na-egosi agbụrụ onye si bịa. Ọ na-egosi ụdịdị mmadụ na njirimara ndị site n'agwa onye na-akpa. Asụsụ epum nwekwara nke ndị Igbo haziri ka ọ bụrụ nke onye ọ bụla ga-asụ ma edewe Igbo n'akwụkwọ ka o were kwe onye ọ bụla nghọta. Maka na asụsụ epum dị n'ụdị n'ụdị dịka Nwadike (2002:8) si kọwaa ya dịka epum nke 'Ịká' (ụkwanị na Enuanị) nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ Bini. E nwekwara olu ndị Ọnịcha, Ọlụ, Owere, Nsụka, Ụmụahịa na Abakeleke nke bụ nke a na-asụ na steeti Anambara, Imo, Enugwu, Abịa na Abọnyị. E nwekwazịrị epum nke Ikwere-Eche nke steeti Rivas.
Ohiri (2004) kwuru na kemgbe ihe dịka afọ 1940 ka a malitere kụziwe Igbo n'ụlọakwụkwọ ndị sekọndịrị, e nweela ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ihe gbasara nkụzi na ọmụmụ ya. Ụfọdụ mgbanwe ndị a metụtara ọnụọgụgụ na ụdịrị ụmụakwụkwọ na-amụ ya. Ntụanya na mbunuche nkụzi ya, na kwa ụdịrị ule na nnwale a na-enwe na ya.p1
Ohiri mekwara ka a mara na mgbe nkuzi Igbo malitere na ọ bụ naanị n'ụlọakwụkwọ abụọ bụ Dennis Memorial Grammar School (D.M.G.S), Ọnịcha ya na Methodist Institute, Uzuakọlị ka a na-akụzi Igbo. Mgbe ahụ ọ dịghị n'iwu ikuzi Igbo n'ụlọakwụkwọ niile wee ruo n'afọ 1977 oge gọọmenti etiti jiri tie ya ka iwu na ụmụakwụkwọ sekọndịrị niile ga-amụ asụsụ epum n'ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndịrị. Mgbe ahụ ka e jiri bido kuziwe asụsụ Igbo dịka asụsụ epum n'ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndịrị niile n'ala Igbo. Mana ọtụtụ ụmụaka Igbo achọghị ịmụ asụsụ Igbo. Ilebaa anya na nke bụ eziokwu, a ga-ahụ na ndị ukwu dị iche iche bụ ndị ọkammụta Naịjiria bụkwa asụsụ Igbo du ha gaa mba dị iche iche n'ụwa a.
Ihe dịka oge ugbu a, asụsụ Igbo bụzị ihe a na-amụ na Mahadum ala anyi iji mee ka asụsụ a gaa n'iru. Ihe ka mkpa bụ inwe ọtụtụ ndị nkụzi maara ihe ha na-eme n'asụsụ Igbo ka ha gbaa akpaaka ume ịhụ na asụsụ Igbo kwụ chịm chịm ruo oge a chọrọ ka o ruo. Mana dịka Ohiri (2004) si kwuo na nsogbu dị n'inwe ụdịrị ndị nkụzi a bụ na e nweghị akwụkwọ nrụtụaka ndị e dere n'Igbo maka ọzụzụ ndị nkụzi Igbo, ma bakwaa uru dịka akwụkwọ nrụtụaka nye ndị ọ bụla na-akụziri ụmụafọ Igbo asụsụ ha dịka asụsụ epum. Mana dịka ọ dị ugbu a, e nweela akwụkwọ nrụaka na-enye aka ikuzi asụsụ Igbo ma ọ bụ Igbo dịka asụsụ epum (L 1) ma ọ bụ Igbo dịka asụsụ nke abụọ (L 2). Usoro e ji akụzi ha abụọ abụghị otu dịka a na-ahụ na Mahadum Nsụkka na ngalaba School of General Studies (SGS).
Ezi gbara atọ Ezi bụ ụzọ mmadụ si aga ma ọ bụ 'ọnọdụ'. 'gbara' bụ ngwaa na-egosi ihe o kwuru na-achọ ikọwa. 'Atọ' bụ ọnọdụ mgbagwoju anya nke bụ na odee ma ọ bụ okwuu amaghị ihe ọ ga-eme. E nwere ike ịkpọ ya; ọnọdụ gbara gharịị, jewe ejewe adịghị nso, ma lawa alawa adịkwaghị nso. Ọnọdu ahụ bụ ọnọdụ onye nọ n'ime ya ga-agba mbọ sowe nke ga-eweta ọ ganiihu na ọṅụ; ọ bụrụgodu na ụzọ ahụ siri ike ịga. Ezi gbara atọ oge ụfọdụ na-abụ ọnọdụ mmadụ anaghị enwe mkpebi ọsọ ọsọ n'ihi na ọ maghị nke ga-agazi agazi.
Nkanụzụ
Nke a bụ nchọpụta nke gbara mmadụ gharịị bụ nke oyibo wepụtara iji mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe. Nkanụzụ na-enye aka n'ọganiihu nke ụwa na-achọ inwe ma na-enyekwazi aka ime asụsụ ka ọ tọọ atọọ. https://www.dictionary kọwara nkanụzụ dịka ngalaba amamiihe nke na-ahụ maka okike na iji akụrụ ngwa amamiihe dịka ha siri metụta ndụ, obodo, ya na akụkụ anyị bi na-adọrọ ihe ọmụmụ esereese, ndị na-ahụ maka nchọpụta dị iche iche wee dịrị gawa. Ụwa taa esila n'oge brọnzụ, gata n'oge igwe wee banye n'oge igwe amamiihe nke ndị bekee na-akpọ 'computar' bụ mgbe igwe na-eche echiche karịa ka mmadụ ga-eche ma mee ka e nwee ụsa nye ihe ọ bụla a chọrọ ịma. Ọ bụ nkanụzụ mere e jiri nwee igwe na-enyocha ime ahụ mmadụ nke ndị bekee na-akpọ ultra sound, MRI, CAT scans ya na ngwa ndị ọzọ na-enyocha ime ahụ mmadụ ma kọwaa ya nke ga-eme ka ndị dibịa oyibo nwee ike iji ya rụọ dị ike n'ahụ mmadụ. Nkanụzụ nwekwere igwe na-akọwa okwu site n'asụsụ gaa n'asụsụ ọzọ.
Ọgbara ọhụrụ
Nke a bụ ihe a dịbughị n'oge mbụ bụ nke a na-eme ugbu a. Ọgbara ọhụrụ dị n'ụdị na ụdị. E nwere ụmụ ọgbara ọhụrụ bụ ndị ntorobịa. Omume na echiche ha eyighị nke ndị mgbe ochie. Ha na-ahụta ndị mgbe ochie dịka ndị eruchaghị ogogo ha kwerịrị iru n'ihi asaheghị anya dịka o siri kwesị. A bịakwa n'ihe gbasara okwu akpụ n'ọnụ bụ nkanụzụ ya na igwe amamiihe bụ cọmputa, ihe ndị a bụgasị ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọdịbughị n'oge gara aga. Ọ bụ ya kpatara o ji esi ike n'ihi na a maghị anya ya. Obodo mepere emepe ndị malitere jiri ya rụwa ọrụ enweghị nnukwu nsogbu dịka ndị amaghị ihe ọ bụ. Otu a ka ọ dị ndị okenye bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ mgbe gboo oge e jighị igwe cọmputa agụ akwụkwọ. Ihe gbasara igwe cọmputa na-enye ha nsogbu n'iji ya gụọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na e jighị ya zụọ ha. Ụmụ ntakịrị bụ ndị maara nke a nke ọma a na-ahụ ha dịka ndị na-amaghị ihe.
Ajụjụ nchọcha
Ajụjụ nchọcha a ka ajụrụ iji wepụta ụsa nye isiokwu a
- Kedụ otu asụsụ Igbo si nọrọ n'ezi gbara atọ na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu nke Naijiria?
- Kedụ otu a ga-esi merie nsogbu a asụsụ Igbo nwere n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ya na igwe amamiihe na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu nke Naijiria?
Ụma okwu efu
Ụ O. 1 Onweghị ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị nkuzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ebe asụsụ Igbo nọ na nkanụzụ na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu
Ụ O. 2 Onwere otu a ga-esi gboo mkpa gbasara nkanụzụ n'ezi gbara atọ n'oge igwe amaiihe/computa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otuNaijiria.
Usoro Nchọcha
Nchọcha nkọwa ka e jiri mee nchọcha a nke gbadoro ukwụ n'ihe Nwọọgụ (2006) kọwara na mnyocha dịka ụzọ e ji enweta ngwa nchọcha nke ndị nchọcha ji eme mnyocha nke gbasara ufọdụ ọnụọgụgụ nke ga-anọchite anya mmadụ niile.
Nsere na usoro nsere e ji mee nchọcha a bụ nke ama ama sere iji nọchite anya ndị nkụzi niile na ụmụakwụkwọ niile nọ na Nsụka Edukshọn Zonu. Ebe ndị nkụzi dị iri mmadụ isii na ise (65) ma ụmụakwụkwọ dị out narị na iri mmadụ abụọ na ise (125).
Ngwa nchọcha kewara ụzọ abụọ (A na B). Ebe nke 'A' na-ajụ ajụjụ maka onwe mana ngalaba 'B' bụ njụmaaza a haziri n'usoro ọsaa ga-ahọrọ nke o kpebiri ka mma. Ajụjụ nchọcha a dị iri abụọ. Mpaghara nke mbụ na-ekwu maka otu asụsụ Igbo siri nọrọ n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ya na igwe amamiihe na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu nke Naijiria. Mpaghara nke abụọ na-ajụzị ihe a ga-eme ka ihe dị mma. E nwere nhazi anọ nke ga-egosi otu ọsa ajụjụ siri kwenye n'ihe a na-ekwu maka ya. Ekwesiri m ike (EI), Ekwere m (E), A jụrụ m (A), Ajụsiri m ike (AI) nke akara ha bụcha 4, 3, 2, 1 n'usoro ha si dị.
E nyochakwara ngwa nchọchaa hụ na ọ dabara nke ọma n'ihe a na-ekwu ebe ọtụtụ ya bụ 0.82 na 0.77 n'usoro ha.
E kere njụmaaza nye ụmụakwụkwọ sekọndịrị nke ise na ndị nkụzi Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n' okpuru ọchịchị Nsụka. Nke a nyeere ndị nchọcha aka ime ngwa ngwa inweta ụsa na mnyocha nke a na-eme.
Ajụjụ nchọcha mbụ na nke abụọ bụ miin na ndịpu izugbe ka e jiri rụọ ya; ebe mgbado ụkwụ miin bụ 2.50 maka ajụjụ nchọcha.
Ụsa Nchọcha
Ajụjụ Nchọcha nke mbụ: Kedu otu asụsụ Igbo si nọrọ n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naijiria?
Tebul 1: Miin na ndịpu izugbe nke akara ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ọnọdụ asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge igweamaiihe/cọmputa na senchụri nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria.
Ihe Nkwusa
Ndị aziza
N
Miin
NI
Mkpebi
1
.Igwe amaiihe adighi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyi
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.49
.50
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.28
.45
E
2
Igwe amaiihe di mana o bughi ibu
Ndị nkuzi
65
2.07
.75
A
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
2.00
.56
A
3
Igwe amamiihe nke ndi enweghi akara Igbo na ya
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.95
.21
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.52
.50
E
4
Ndị nkuzi anyi amaghi api igwe amamiihe
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.72
.62
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.49
.50
E
5
Obo Nkuzi Igbo adighi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.39
.58
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.63
.48
E
6
Ndị nkuzi e nweghi ohere iga muo otu e si eji igwe amaiihe ede akwụkwọ
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.38
.48
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.86
.34
E
7
Ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi e nweghi mmasi imu ka e si eji
Igwe amaiihe ede akwụkwọ
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.48
.50
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.86
.34
E
8
Ikuku na-enye igwe amaiihe ike adighi n'ụlọ
Akwụkwọ anyi
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.58
.49
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.87
.33
E
9
Ndị nkuzi ndị choro imuta ka e ji igwe amamiihe
Agu akwụkwọ e nweghi oge zuuru ha imuta ya.
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.63
.48
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.56
.66
E
10
. Igwe ntughari nke na-ebiputa ihe ka o di n'Igbo
Abaghi ụba.
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.40
.60
E
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.46
.66
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.32
.59
E
Nchịkọta Miin
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.41
.19
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.30
.32
E
Tebul 1 gosiri nhazi miin nke ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ọnọdụ asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ na n'oge cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria. Nke a gosiri na nhazi miin nke ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ na nkwusa 1, 3-10 karịrị 2.50 bụ nzọ miin. Nke a gosiri na ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ kwenyere na nkwusa nke 1, 3-10 dịka ọnọdụ asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na Naịjiria na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu. N'ihi nke a, ndị ụsa ajụjụ ma ndị nkụzi ma ụmụakwụkwọ na nkwusa nke abụọ (2) zara n'ekwenyeghị ihe nkwusa kwuru mana ha na-akwadokwa na enweghị igwe amamiihe. Nke a mere ụsa ha dịkwa obere nye akara nzọ miin 2.50 gosiri na ndị ụsa ekwenyeghị na nkwusa 2.
U O. 1: O nweghị ihe pụtara iche n'ebe ndị nkuzi na ụmụakwụkwọ nọ n'ụsa ha nyere gbasara ọnọdụ nkanụzụ na cọmputa n'ebe asụsụ Igbo nọ na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria.
Tebul 2: bụnhazit-teesti nke ndịiche n'etiti miin akara ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ na mbọ a na-agba iji wepụta asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otuNaịjiria.
Ndị aziza
N
Miin
NI
Ni
t-cal
uru. ( 2-tailed)
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.41
.19
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.30
.32
188
1.11
.063
Tebul 2 gosiri na probabiliti nke jikọrọ nchịkọ nke t (1.11) n'ihe dị iche na nhazi miin nke ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ ụzọ a ga-esi zọpụta asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria bụ 0.063. Ebe probabiliti nke pụtara 0.063 karịrị 0.05 akara nzọ na uru, ya mere ụma okwu efu bụ ihe a na-ajụghị ajụ. Ya mere o nweghị ndịịche dị na nhazi miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ na nkanụzụ n'oge cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria.
Ajụjụ Nchọcha Abụọ: Kedụ otu a ga-esi merie nsogbu a asụsụ Igbo nwere n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ya na igwe amamiihe na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu nke Naịjiria?
Tebul 3: Miin na ndịpu izugbe nke nhazi ndị nkụzi ya na ụmụakwụkwọ na ụzọ e si agba mbọ ịzọpụta asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge cọmputa nke senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria.
Ihe Nkwusa
Ndị aziza
N
Miin
NI
Mkpebi
Ihe Nkwusa
11
A ga-eme ka ndị na-ahu maka mmuta n'ala anyi zutawa igwe amamiihe bu ndị nwere akaraIgbo.
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.64
.67
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.44
.58
E
12
A ga-emekwa ka e nwee igwe mbiputa
Nke na-ebiputa asusu Igbo ma tinye ntupo
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.41
.82
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.31
.66
E
13
Ndị nkuzi Igbo ga-eje ozuzu muo ka
E si eji igwe amamiihe ebiputa akwụkwọ
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.38
.86
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.32
.67
E
Ndị goomenti ga-agbakwa mbo ihu na ndị nkuzi
Na Ụmụakwụkwọ ga n-enwe omumu mmughari...
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.73
.44
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.50
.50
E
Ndị isi ụlọakwụkwọ ga-akwado ndị nkuzi ije Ozuzu iji mata ihe ha na-eme
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.27
.94
E
Umuakwu..
125
3.25
.73
E
A ga- agbakwa mbo ihu na igwe amamiihe zuru
ụlọakwụkwọ niile
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.72
.57
E
Umuakwu..
125
3.51
.54
E
17. Ihe gbasakwara ikuku na-eme ka igwe amaiihe
Nwetawa ozi n'ebe ozo ka a ga-arunye n'ụlọakwu..
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.67
.58
E
Umuakwu..
125
3.49
.54
E
Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ niile ga-agbakwa mbo hu
Na-akwadoro asusu Igbo site n'inye ha oge zuuru ha
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.44
.61
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.40
.54
E
A ga-enwekwa ubochi ga-abu ubochi ndị Igbo
N'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.49
.86
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.48
.66
E
A ga-enwe ihe agbam ume nye ndị nkuzi na
Ụmụakwụkwọ ndị mere nke oma n'asusu Igbo
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.70
.55
E
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.52
.54
E
Overall Mean
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.55
.31
E
Umuakwukw..
125
3.42
.33
E
Tebul 3 gosiri akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ụzọ a ga-esi zọpụta asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ya na igwe amaiihe/cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria. Nke a gosikwara na akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ malite na nke iri na otu ruo na nke iri abụọ (11-20) karịrị ntọ 2.50. Nke a gosiri na ma ndị nkụzi ma ụmụakwụkwọ kwenyere na nkwusa 11 ruo na 20 dịka ụzo ga-enye aka ihụ na asụsụ Igbo enweghị nsogbu n'oge a oke mmụta na-arị ibe ya enu ebe nkanụzụ dị tinyere igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria.
U O2: O nweghị ihe dị iche n'akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ dịka na mkpebi gbasara ụzọ a ga-esi mee ka a zọpụta asụsụ Igbo n'oge a nkanụzụ tinyere igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria.
Tebul 4: bụnhazit-testi nke ndịịche n'akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ụzọ a ga-esi gboo mkpa n'ọnọdụ asụsụ Igbo nọ n'oge a nkanụzụ na cọmputa juru ebe niile iji zọpụta asụsụ Igbo na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu
Ndị azịza
N
Miin
On
Ni(Df)
t-cal
Uru. ( 2-tailed)
Ndị nkuzi
65
3.55
.31
Ụmụakwụkwọ
125
3.42
.33
188
1.06
.079
Tebul 4 gosiri na probabiliti nke so mgbakọ mpụtara nke t (1.06) maka ndịịche nke akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'ụzọ a ga-esi zọpụta asụsụ Igbo n'oge nka n'uzu na igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naijiria bụ 0.079. Ebe mpụtara nke probabiliti bu 0.079 were karia akara ndịiche 0.05, ụma efu abụghị ihe a jụrụ ajụ. Ya mere o nweghị ihe dị iche na nkwenye akara miin ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwọkwọ gbasara ụzọ a ga-esi nyere asụsụ Igbo aka ịhụ na ọ pụtara n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ya na igwe amamiihe/cọmputa n'ezi gbara atọ nke senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria.
Mkparịta ụka
Ajụjụnchọcha nke mbụ na-ajụ si kedu otu asụsụ Igbo si nọrọ n'ezi gbara atọ n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ na igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụri nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria. E lebanye anya n'ụsa e nyere maka nke a, a ga-ahụ na ajụjụ iri a jụrụ iji mata ihe na-eme, gosiri na akara nzọ niile gafere bụ nke ụmụakwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi gafere nzọ 2.50 nke na-egosi na ndị azịza kwenyesịrị ike n'ajụjụ niile a jụrụ. Ajụjụ ahụ bụ: Igwe amamiihe adịghị adị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị anyị, Igwe amamiihe dị mana o bughi ibu, Igwe amamiihe nke dị enweghị akara Igbo na ya., Ndị nkuzi anyị amaghị apị igwe amamiihe., ọbọ nkuzi Igbo adịghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị., Ndị nkuzi enweghị ohere ịga mụọ otu e si eji igwe amamiihe akụzi ihe., ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi e nweghị mmasị imụ ka e si eji igwe amamiihe ede akwụkwọ., Ikuku na-enye igwe amamiihe ike adịghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị., Ndị nkụzi ndị chọrọ ịmụta ka e si eji igwe amamiihe agụ akwụkwọ enweghi oge zuuru ha ịmụta ya., Igwe ntụgharị nke na-ebipụta ihe ka ọ dị n'Igbo abaghị ụba. Nchọpụta a dabara n'ihe Ejionueme (2012) kwuru na ihe ịma aka n'ihu dịịrị ndị nkụzi Igbo n'ihe gbasara nkanụzụ na igwe amamiihe/cọmputa bụ ngwa cọmputa adịghị ma nke dị ezughị oke. Onye nchọcha na-agbakwụnye na igwe amamiihe enweghị afere Igbo na ya. Nke a bụ nnukwu nsogbu dịịrị asụsụ Igbo.
A bịa n'ajụjụ nchọcha nke abụọ, bụ nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'ụzọ a ga-esi gboo mkpa gbasara asụsụ Igbo n'ezi gbara atọ n'oge nkanụzụ na igwe amamiihe/cọmputa na senchụri nke iri abụọ na otu, Naịjiria. ụsa dị na ya bụ na: A ga-eme ka ndị na-ahụ maka mmụta n'ala anyị zụtawa igwe amamiihe bụ ndị nwere akara Igbo., A ga-emekwa ka e nwee igwe mbipụta akwụkwọ nke nwete ike ibipụta akwụkwọ Igbo ma tinyekwa ya ntụpo ya niile., Ndị nkụzi Igbo ga-eje ọzụzụ mụọ ka e si eji igwe amamiihe ebipụta akwụkwọ ma kuziere ụmụakwụkwọ., Ndị gọọmenti ga-agbakwa mbọ ịhụ na ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ na-enwe ọmụmụ mmụgharị kwa mgbe kwa mgbe iji mee ka ọ baa onye ọ bụla n'ụbụrụ., Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ga-akwado ndị nkụzi ije ọzụzụ iji mata ihe ha na-eme.,A ga-agbakwa mbọ ịhụ na igwe amamiihe zuru ụlọ akwụkwọ niile iji gbaa ụmụakwụkwọ na ndị nkụzi ume ịmụ igwe amamiihe site n'ide Igbo n'ime ya., Ihe gbasakwara ikuku na-eme ka igwe amamiihe nwetawa ozi n'ebe ọzọ ka a ga-arụnye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile.,Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ niile ga-agbakwa mbọ hu na a kwadoro ọmụmụ asụsụ Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ bụla site n'inye ha oge zuuru ha iji kụzie Igbo., A ga-enwekwa ụbọchị ga-abụ ụbọchị ndị Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile ka e were sụwa Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwụ nke a ga-eme ka ụmụakwụkwọ nwee mmasị ịsụ Igbo, A ga-enwe ihe agbam ume nye ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ bụ ndị megasịrị nke ọma n'asụsụ Igbo. Ụsa a niile gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara ijisi ike n'ịmụ otu e si eji igwe amamiihe/cọmputa ede akwụkwọ maka onye e jisighi ike ụgbọ aghara ya dịka Kadiri (2012) si kwuo na ụwa ga-ahapụ gị ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ejisighị ike sonye n'usoro nkanụzụ na cọmputa si arụ ọrụ n'ụwa n'oge a.
T-testi nke ụmaokwu gosiri na e nweghi ihe dị iche n'ụsa ndị nkụzi na ụmụakwụkwọ na e nwere igwe amamiihe mana o bughi ibu. Ụsa ha abụọ gosiri na e nweghi igwe amamiihe/cọmputa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekoọndịrị 2 na Nsụka
Nchịkọta
Ihe gbasara nkanụzụ n'oge computa nke senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu Naịjiria n'ebe asụsụ Igbo dị abụghị ihe a ga-eji gwuo egwu. Onye ọ bụla ga-adị njikere ịrụ ọrụ dị na ya site n'ime nke kwesịrị ka e mee ka asụsụ Igbo ghara ịnwụ. Gọọmenti ga-enye aka ibụbata igwe amamiihe/cọmputa. Ndị nkụzi n'akụkụ nke ha ewepụta onwe ha ije mụọ ka e si eji igwe amamiihe dee akwụkwọ. Maka na ọ bụ ndị nkuzi bụ isi a hụrụ kwawa okpu. Ọ bụ ha ga-akụzi ihe gbasara nkanụzụ ma ọ bụkwa ha ga-eme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ghọta ihe a na-eme. Ndị nkụzi ga-agbakwa mbọ ịdị na-eje ihe ọmụmụ mgbe na mgbe ka ha were mara ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ cọmputa ka ha nwee ike jeso usoro ahụ. Ya mere ihe ọ bụla nke ga-enye aka ihụ na mmiri erighị asụsụ Igbo, ka gọọment jisie ike mee ya ka ọ dịrị nwoke mma dịrị nwaanyị mma. Nke a ga-eme ka asụsụ Igbo gaa n'ihu dịka asụsụ ndị ọzọ.
Ntụnye Aro
Ntụnye aro ndị a gbadoro ụkwụ na nchọpụta nchọcha, mkparịta ụka ya na nchịkọta nchọcha.
- Gọọmenti ga-ejisike zụtawa igwe amamiihe/cọmputa n'obodo anyị Naijiria bụ ndị nwere akara Igbo na ha ka e wee nwee ike ibipụtanwu asụsụ Igbo n'akwukwọ.
- Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ secọndịrị ga-agba mbọ ịhụ na ndị nkụzi Igbo jere ọmụmụ cọmputa iji mụta otu e si eji igwe amamiihe/cọmputa ede ihe
- Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ga-enyekwa oge zuru maka asụsụ Igbo iji kụzie asụsụ Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị
- Gọọmenti ga-ejisike n'ime ka e nwee ihe niile gbasara akụrụngwa igwe amamiihe/cọmputa dịka ikuku intanet, ọkụ latrịk, ọbọ asụsụ Igbo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị
- A ga-enwe ihe agbamume nye ndị nkụzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ ndị na-eme nke ọma n'asụsụ Igbo.
Edensibịa
Echeruo, M.J.C (1982). The Future of Igbo Studies: A very Modest Proposal in Igbo Language and culture. Ibadan. University Press Ltd.
Ejiọnụeme, L.K (2012). ICT Compliance: A Vital tool for teachers in the emerging Knowledge revolution for transformation. International Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 90-94
Https://www.dictionary.com/browse/technology
Kadiri, G.C (2012). The role of information and communication technology in language teachingand learning in University education. Journal of Liberal Studies, University of Nigeria,Nsukka 15(1) 1-2
Nwadike, I. U (2008). Igbo Language and Culture! Whither bound! (Asusu na Omenala Igbo: Ijeaṅaa?). In R. N. Umeasiegbu (ed). Chief F. C. Ogbalu Memorial Lectures (1&3). Onitsha: varsityPublishing Co.
Ohiri-Aniche, C. (2004). Nkụzi Igbo Dị Ka Asụsụ Epum (Igbo L1) N'ụlọ Akwụkwọ ndị Sekọndịrị. Port Harcourt. Emhai Printing & Publishing Co.
Hornby S (1995). Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary.Britain. Oxford University Press.
Oyelami, M.O (2008). Development of Igbo Language e-learning System. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. TOJDE 9(4)
www.yoụrdictionary.com/technology