text:
Edemede bara uru? Kekọrịta na netwọk mmekọrịta:
Ọbara mgbali elu = systolic BP ³140 mmHg na/ma ọ bụ diastolic BP ³90 mmHg n'ihe ndị na-adịghị ewere ọgwụ antihypertensive.
Nhazi ọkwa ọbara mgbali elu, mm Hg.
1. Diuretics
Mechanisms nke antihypertensive edinam diuretics
- Mwepụ nke sodium (chloride);
- Mmetụta vaskụla na-adabereghị na natriuresis.
Ndị isi dị iche iche nke diuretics:
- Thiazide na thiazide-dị ka diuretics;
- loop diuretics na
- Ihe diuretics na-egbochi potassium
Thiazide diuretics (TD) - ọgwụ mbụ antihypertensive na
1958, e mepụtara thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide.
Na 1959 - thiazide dị ka chlorthalidone diuretic.
Na 1974 - thiazide dị ka diuretic indapamide.
Ọgbọ nke mbụ - usoro benzothiadiazine (hydrochlorothiazide) na phthalimidine (chlorthalidone)
Ọgbọ nke abụọ - ihe chlorbenzamide (indapamide).
Mmetụta na mgbochi maka iji thiazide diuretics
• Metabolic (biochemical): hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia na hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia.
• Mfu nke potassium na magnesium ion n'oge ọgwụgwọ na nnukwu doses nke thiazide diuretics kọwara site na omume nke ventricular arrhythmias (ọnwụ mberede na-enweghị potassium supplements)
• Mmetụta dị na ọgwụgwọ thiazide diuretics na ihe dịka 30-50% nke ndị ọrịa.
• Ugboro nke mmetụta na-adabere na dose nke ọgwụ.
• Mgbe ị na-eji nnukwu doses nke thiazide diuretics, ọ dị mkpa ịkagbu ha n'ihi mmepe nke mmetụta na 20-30% nke ikpe.
Thiazide diuretics na-abawanye mpụta nke potassium na magnesium ion ma n'otu oge ahụ na-ebelata mmịpụta nke uric acid.
Thiazide (na loop!) A na-egbochi diuretics na ndị ọrịa nwere hypokalemia (ihe na-erughị 3.5 mmol / l), gout na hyperuricemia (karịa 8.5 mg / dl na ụmụ nwoke na karịa 6.6 mg / dl n'ime ụmụ nwanyị).
Thiazide diuretics (ọkachasị na oke doses) nwere ike imebi metabolism nke carbohydrate, nke na-egosipụta onwe ya na mmụba nke glucose na haemoglobin glycosylated, yana nnabata nnabata nke glucose ọnụ na eriri afọ.
Hyperglycemia nke na-eme n'oge ọgwụgwọ thiazide diuretics anaghị erute uru ụlọ ọgwụ.
Mana n'ime ndị nwere ike ịnwụ, ọgwụgwọ diuretic thiazide ogologo oge dị ka ọ na-enye aka na mmepe nke ọrịa shuga mellitus.
N'oge ọgwụgwọ ya na thiazide diuretics, mkpokọta insulin na-abawanye, nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ nzaghachi nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mbelata uche nke anụ ahụ dị n'akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ insulin.
Hyperinsulinemia nwere ike ime ka mmepe nke atherosclerosis dịkwuo elu na ndị ọrịa HD.
Mmetụta na-adịghị mma na metabolism
lipid
. A na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ejiri indapamide gwọọ ya.
Thiazide diuretics (n'adịghị ka loop na potassium-sparing diuretics) na-ebelata mpụta nke ion calcium na mmamịrị.
Mmetụta calcium na-echekwa thiazide na thiazide dị ka diuretics na-eme ka ha baa uru na ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere osteoporosis concomitant.
A na-enweta mmetụta diuretic kachasị site na obere doses nke TD dị obere.
Diuretic, ya mere mmetụta antihypertensive nke thiazide diuretics na-ebelata nke ukwuu na ndị ọrịa nwere ụkọ akụrụngwa (GFR erughị 30 ml / min).
N'ihi nke a, thiazide na thiazide dị ka diuretics adịghị atụ aro maka ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrụ akụrụ na-adịghị mma.
Hydrochlorothiazide (hypothiazid)
• Mmetụta diuretic na-apụta mgbe awa 2 gachara, na-eru nke kachasị mgbe awa 4 gachara ma na-ewe ihe dị ka awa 12. Na-enyere aka belata ọbara mgbali elu.
• Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ na-ebelata polyuria na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga insipidus (usoro nke ime ihe adịghị akọwapụta nke ọma).
• N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na-ebelata nrụgide intraocular na glaucoma.
• N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a naghị eji hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) mee ihe dị ka monotherapy.
• N'ụzọ bụ isi, a na-eji ya mee ka ọrụ nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ antihypertensive dị ntakịrị - 12.5-25 mg.
• Ngwakọta diuretic: triampur - HCTZ (12.5 mg) + triamterene (25 mg)
Mmetụta dị n'akụkụ.
• Site na usoro nri: ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, afọ ọsịsa; adịkarịghị - pancreatitis.
• Site na usoro obi obi: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.
• Site n'akụkụ nke metabolism: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia.
• Site na usoro endocrine: hyperglycemia.
• Site na usoro hemopoietic: adịkarịghị - neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.
• N'akụkụ akụkụ nke ọhụụ: adịkarịghị - mmebi anya.
• Site n'akụkụ nke usoro nhụjuanya nke etiti na usoro nhụjuanya nke akụkụ: adịghị ike, ike ọgwụgwụ, dizziness, paresthesia.
• Mmeghachi omume nfụkasị: adịkarịghị - dermatitis nfụkasị ahụ.
Ntuziaka pụrụ iche
• Jiri nlezianya mee ihe na ndị ọrịa nwere gout na ọrịa shuga mellitus.
• N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ụkọ akụrụngwa, ọ dị mkpa iji nlezianya nyochaa mkpokọta plasma nke electrolytes na CC.
• Mgbe ihe ịrịba ama nke ụkọ potassium pụtara, yana iji otu oge nke glycosides obi, GCS na ACTH, a na-egosi ọkwa nke nkwadebe potassium ma ọ bụ diuretics na-egbochi potassium.
• Maka iji ogologo oge eme ihe, ekwesịrị ịgbaso nri bara ụba na potassium.
• A naghị atụ aro iji diuretics na NSAID n'otu oge.
• GMPnews Portal: Ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ọrịa kansa anụ ahụ na-abụghị melanoma ka achọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke hydrochlorothiazide n'ọmụmụ ọrịa ọrịa abụọ dabere na data sitere na Ndekọ Ọrịa Cancer Mba Danish. Mmetụta fotosensitizing nke hydrochortiazide nwere ike ịbụ usoro enwere ike maka mmepe nke NMSC.
Ekwesịrị inye mmasị maka nhọrọ diuretic na thiazide na thiazide dị ka diuretics • Indapamide
na chlorthalidone egosipụtawo uru na mbenata ọnwụ cc n'ime ule ụlọ ọgwụ na-enweghị usoro . nwere ogologo oge ime ihe karịa HCTZ • Indapamide na chlorthalidone na-anabata nke ọma.
Chlorthalidone (oxodoline, apo-chlorthalidone)
• Na-ezo aka na diuretics nke ọkara irè. Mmetụta diuretic na-amalite mgbe awa 2 gachara, rute nke kachasị mgbe awa 12 gachara ma dịruo awa 72
• Mmetụta hypotensive na-amalite nke nta nke nta, na-eru oke mgbe izu 2-4 gachara. mgbe mmalite ọgwụgwọ.
• Na mgbakwunye, chlorthalidone na-akpata mbelata nke polyuria na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga insipidus, ọ bụ ezie na akọwapụtabeghị usoro ya.
• Site na ọbara mgbali elu arterial - 25 mg 1 oge / ụbọchị
• Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, enwere ike ịbawanye dose ahụ ruo 50-100 mg / s
.
Chlorthalidone nwere uru n'ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali nke awa 24 ma e jiri ya tụnyere HCTZ - a na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali ka mma, ọkwa cholesterol na LDL dị ala, na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi na-agbadata nke ukwuu (site na 21%).
Ihe ndị a na data ndị ọzọ, karịsịa nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ALLHAT, kwere ka ndị ọkachamara America tụlee CTD diuretic kachasị mma na ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu.
Indapamide dị iche na thiazide diuretics ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ nwere mmetụta pere mpe na ọkwa potassium na uric acid.
N'oge ọgwụgwọ na indapamide, ọkwa glucose anaghị agbanwe agbanwe na mmetụta nke anụ ahụ dị n'akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke insulin adịghị enye nsogbu, yabụ ọ bụ diuretic kachasị mma maka ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga mellitus.
Indapamide dị iche na diuretics ndị ọzọ na nnabata ya nke ọma.
N'adịghị ka thiazide ndị ọzọ na thiazide dị ka diuretics, indapamide nwere mmetụta pere mpe na mkpokọta cholesterol na triglyceride ma na-abawanye ọkwa HDL ọbara ntakịrị
.
Mmetụta nke indapamide na arịa ọbara
• Mmetụta vasodilating kpọmkwem:
- na-ebelata ọdịnaya calcium intracellular, na-egbochi ịbanye calcium site na akpụkpọ ahụ ma pụọ na ebe nchekwa intracellular nke sel anụ ahụ dị nro nke vaskụla vaskụla akwara
.
• Na-ebelata ngbanwe nke vaskụla pathological
• Njirimara Antioxidant
• Mmetụta mgbochi atherosclerotic
• Thiazide na diuretics dị ka thiazide dị irè karịa ụmụ nwanyị nwere HD karịa ụmụ nwoke.
• N'ime ndị ọrịa agadi (karịa afọ 60) ha dị irè karịa ndị ọrịa na-eto eto.
Ya mere, thiazide na thiazide dị ka diuretics (ewezuga indapamide) adịghị mma maka ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga mellitus na ndị na-ebute mmepe ya, ya bụ, n'ime ndị nwere oke ibu ma ọ bụ na-egosi ọrịa shuga mellitus na ọrịa shuga mellitus. akụkọ ezinụlọ.
Diuretics loop na-eme mkpụmkpụ - mgbe nkwụsị nke mmetụta diuretic, ọnụego nke excretion nke ion sodium na-ebelata ruo n'ọkwa dị n'okpuru ọkwa mbụ, ya bụ. sodium njigide na-eme.
Nke a bụ "mmeghachi azụ azụ" (ma ọ bụ nlọghachi azụ).
"Ihe ngosi nlọghachi" na-akọwa ihe kpatara diuretics loop na-eme mkpụmkpụ (dị ka furosemide na bumetanide) mgbe a na-ewere ya otu ugboro n'ụbọchị anaghị abawanye nsị sodium ion kwa ụbọchị ma ghara inwe mmetụta antihypertensive.
Diuretics loop nke na-eme ogologo oge (torasemide) anaghị ebute mmetụta nlọghachi, yabụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu karịa furosemide na bumetanide.
Torasemid (Diuver, Britomar, Trigrim) na dose nke 2.5 mg otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị anaghị akpata mmetụta diuretic akpọpụtara, yana ọbara mgbali na-agbada n'otu oge iji hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone na indapamide.
Njirimara nke torasemide
• na-egbochi reabsorption nke Na + na Cl-in
• mgbago mgbago nke Henle;
• na-apụkarị (80%) site na imeju;
• nwere obere kaliuresis ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ loop diuretics;
• nwere ihe mgbochi aldosterone;
• nwere mmetụta vasodilator kpọmkwem;
• na-eme ka eriri akwara dị nro dị nro.
A na-emepụta beta-blockers
b-blockers dị ka ọgwụ antianginal, ma na mmalite 60s ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ha dị irè na ọgwụgwọ ọ bụghị naanị angina pectoris, kamakwa ọbara mgbali elu.
N'afọ 1964, e bipụtara akụkọ mbụ banyere iji propranolol na ndị ọrịa nwere GB,
yana mgbochi nke b1-adrenergic receptors, b-blockers nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara igbochi b2-adrenergic receptors.
N'okwu nke mbụ, ha na-ekwu maka
b-blockers na-abụghị ndị a na-ahọrọ, na nke abụọ - banyere ọgwụ ndị na-ahọrọ b1.
Mgbochi nke ndị na-anabata B1-adrenergic nwere mmetụta chrono-, dromo-, batmo- na inotropic adịghị mma.
Nhazi nke beta-blockers dabere na beta-1-selectivity na esịtidem sympathomimetic ọrụ (ISA):
Ndị na-abụghị ndị beta-blockers:
a) na-enweghị ICA: propranolol, nadolol (Korgard), sotalol, carvedilol (dilatrend, acridilol, atram, vedicardol). , carvedigamma, carvetrend, cardivas, coriol, talliton), proxodolol (albetor);
b) na ICA: oxprenolol, pindolol (whisken);
Wisken - n'ihi mmetụta na-akpali akpali nke akụkụ ahụ dị nro na ndị na-anabata B2-adrenergic, ọ nwere mmetụta vasodilating nke ụlọ ọgwụ.
Nhọrọ beta-blockers:
a) na-enweghị ICA: atenolol, esatenolol (estekor), betaxolol (lokren, betak), metoprolol (betalok zok, egilok C, metozok, vasocardin, corvitol, metocard, serdol, egilok, emzok), bisoprolol (aritel). , bidop, biol, biprol, bisogamma, bisocard, concor, corbis, cordinorm, coronal, lodoz), nebivolol (binelol, nebilet), esmolol (breviblok), talinolol (cordanum);
b) na ICA: acebutolol, celiprolol (celiprol) na-arụ ọrụ B2 a-rec.
b-blockers, na-egbochi ndị na-anabata b2-adrenergic nke mkpụrụ ndụ b-pancreatic, na-ebelata mmepụta insulin, nke na-esonyere mmụba nke ọkwa glucose basal.
Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, b-blockers, dị ka thiazide diuretics, na-abawanye ohere nke ịmalite ịmalite ọrịa shuga na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu.
Ya mere, a naghị atụ aro ndị na-egbochi b-blockers (karịsịa ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-ahọrọ) dị ka ọgwụ antihypertensive nke mbụ n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu mmepe nke ọrịa shuga mellitus, ya bụ, na ndị ọrịa nwere oke ibu na akụkọ ihe mere eme ezinụlọ nke ọrịa shuga mellitus.
Mkpọkọta glucose sitere na imeju na nzaghachi nke hypoglycemia bụ ndị na-anabata B2-adrenergic bụ ndị na-akwado ya.
Yabụ, mmeghachi omume hypoglycemic na insulin ma ọ bụ ọgwụ antidiabetic nke ọnụ na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga mellitus na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị na-egbochi b1 bụ ihe na-adịkarị obere karịa na ọgwụgwọ nke ọgwụ anaghị ahọpụta.
b1-selective blockers:
dị nchebe n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mgbochi mkpali na-
akawanye njọ n'ime ọbara lipid na glucose metabolism ruo n'ókè dị nta karịa
omume antihypertensive na-abụghị nhọrọ nke a na-apụta karịa omume nke b-blockers na-abụghị nhọrọ.
Dabere na solubility na abụba na mmiri, a na-ekewa b-blockers n'ime otu atọ:
1) lipophilic (betaxolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol);
2) hydrophilic (atenolol, nadolol, sotalol);
3) amphophylic.
Lipophilic b-blockers na-abanye ngwa ngwa na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpam kpam (karịa 90%) na tract gastrointestinal.
Na-emekarị ha metabolized na imeju (80-100%). Ekwesịrị iburu nke a n'uche na ọrụ imeju na-adịghị mma.
Ekwesịrị ibelata doses ma ọ bụ ugboro ole lipophilic b-blockers na ndị agadi agadi, ndị ọrịa nwere imeju imeju ma ọ bụ CHF, yana mgbe ejiri ya na ọgwụ na-egbochi ọrụ enzymes imeju.
Contraindications maka nhọpụta:
Zuru oke:
• Bradycardia (obi na-erughị 50 kwa nkeji), hypotension
• Ọrịa sinus ọrịa
• Atrioventricular block II-III ogo, sinoauricular ngọngọ
• Decompensated obi nkụda mmụọ
• Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala obstructive pulmonary ọrịa, bronchial ụkwara ume ọkụ.
Onye ikwu:
Oge ngwụcha nke ọrịa Raynaud na ọrịa vaskụla na-ekpochapụ ọrịa vaskụla
• Ọrịa shuga mellitus na-emebi emebi (ihe ize ndụ nke hypoglycemia)
• Ime na
ịmụ nwa • Vasospastic angina
• Dyslipidemia • nkụda mmụọ
.
N'ihi ihe ndị a nke acebutolol, bisoprolol na celiprolol, ojiji ha na-akacha mma na ndị ọrịa agadi, bụ ndị na-enwekarị imeju na akụrụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.
Ngosipụta maka idepụta B-blockers dị ka ọgwụ antihypertensive nke mbụ:
• Angina pectoris • Infarction
myocardial gara aga
• CHF
• Tachyarrhythmias
• Glaucoma
• Ime ime .
2. Calcium antagonists (calcium channel blockers)
A na-ekewa ndị na-emegide calcium ụzọ atọ dị mkpa dabere na nhazi kemịkal:
- Phenylalkylamine mmepụta (verapamil, gallopamil);
- Ihe mgbarụ Benzothiazepine (diltiazem)
- Dihydropyridine mmepụta - nifedipine, amlodipine (Norvasc, Normodipin, Cardilopin), S (-) amlodipine (Escordicor) Isradipine (Lomir) Nitrendipine (Octidipine, Bypress), Nimodipine (Nimotop), Felodipine (Plendil, Felodipine), Nisoldipine (Sicordipine), lacidipine (lacipil, sakur), lercanidipine (lerkamen, zanidip), wdg.
Ihe ngosi maka nhọpụta nke ndị na-emegide calcium:
• angina pectoris;
• Vasospastic angina;
• ọbara mgbali elu akwara;
• Supraventricular tachycardia (ma e wezụga dihydropyridines): verapamil na diltiazem na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ obi, na-egbochi ọrụ nke sinus na AV nodes;
• Ọrịa Raynaud.
Verapamil na diltiazem nwere mmetụta ino-, chrono- na dromotropic na-adịghị mma, i.e. ike ibelata myocardial contractility, ibelata ọnụego obi na ngwa ngwa atrioventricular conduction.
Ya mere, verapamil na diltiazem bụ nkewa dị ka "cardioselective" ma ọ bụ "bradycardic" (obi na-ebelata) calcium antagonists.
Nifedipine na ihe ndị ọzọ dihydropyridine dị iche na verapamil na diltiazem na vasoselectivity ka ukwuu.
Ha anaghị enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ọrụ nke oghere sinus na nhazi nke atrioventricular.
N'oge ọgwụgwọ ya na ihe ndị na-emepụta dihydropyridine, ọnụọgụ obi anaghị agbanwe agbanwe, mana ọ nwere ike ịbawanye n'ihi mmeghari nke sistemu ọmịiko-adrenal na nzaghachi na mgbasawanye dị nkọ nke akwara sistem.
A na-akpọ Nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, na ihe ndị ọzọ dihydropyridine dị ka "vasoselective" (vasoseelecting) ma ọ bụ "vasodilating" (vasodilating) calcium antagonists.
Ọdịmma nke calcium antagonists nke ọgbọ mbụ - verapamil, nifedipine na diltiazem - bụ obere oge nke edinam (T1 / 2 ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 3 awa), na-achọ 3-4 ugboro n'ụbọchị. Nri nke ndị na-emegide calcium na-eme mkpụmkpụ na-esonyere ya na nnukwu ọnụọgụ ọgwụgwọ plasma nke ọgwụ, na-akpata "ọnụ ọnụ" na "na-agbada", na enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke mmetụta vasodilating.
A maara na mmetụta niile nke ndị na-emegide calcium na-adabere na dose ma na-apụta na njedebe kachasị. Site na usoro onunu ogwu a, a naghị anabata ha nke ọma yana ọtụtụ mgbe ndị ọrịa na-akwụsị ị drinkụ ya, ọkachasị ọgwụ ndị otu dihydropyridine.
Dabere na data sitere na nnwale ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke gụnyere ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu myocardial infarction, a na-anabatakarị na vasoselective calcium antagonists, n'adịghị ka ọgwụ cardioselective, enweghị mmetụta cardioprotective, ya bụ. ha anaghị ebelata mmepe nke myocardial infarction myocardial ugboro ugboro na ọnwụ obi na mberede.
Otu ihe onwunwe nke ndị na-emegide calcium bụ lipophilicity, nke na-akọwa nnabata ha dị mma na tract gastrointestinal (90-100%) na naanị ụzọ ikpochapụ ahụ bụ metabolism na imeju.
Calcium antagonists na-akpata:
• regression nke ekpe ventricular hypertrophy na ọbara mgbali elu,
• nwere antianginal,
• cardioprotective,
• renoprotective,
• mmetụta antiatherogenic (plasma membrane stabilization, nke na-egbochi ntinye na ntinye nke free cholesterol n'ime mgbidi arịa, na-ebelata ike nke mgbidi arịa. macrophages iji weghara LDL),
• gbochie nchịkọta platelet.
Isi mmetụta nke calcium antagonists
- Mmetụta ndị metụtara vasodilation (isi ọwụwa, dizziness, flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema, transient hypotension) na ihe ndị ọzọ e ji mara nke dihydropyridine dị mkpụmkpụ na-eme ihe;
- Mmetụta ino-, chrono- na dromotropic na-adịghị mma dị na verapamil na, n'ókè dị nta, diltiazem, n'ihi nke a na-egbochi iji calcium antagonists na nnukwu systolic systolic ventricular aka ekpe (ejection ejection na-erughị 30%), ọrịa sinus na-arịa ọrịa na. mgbochi nke atrioventricular II-III Art.;
- Ọrịa eriri afọ (afọ ntachi, afọ ọsịsa, ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, wdg), a na-ahụkarị na ndị agadi agadi na ọgwụgwọ verapamil;
- Mmetụta metabolic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-akawanye njọ nke metabolism carbohydrate n'oge ọgwụgwọ nke nifedipine) na
- Mmetụta metụtara pharmacokinetic na pharmacodynamic mmekọrịta nke calcium antagonists na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, digoxin, theophylline, rifampicin, b-blockers, vasodilators, wdg).
Calcium antagonists bụ naanị otu klas nke ọgwụ mgbochi hypertensive nke mmetụta ya adịghị ebelata mgbe ejiri ya na ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali na-abụghị steroidal. Ya mere, ndị na-emegide calcium na-adabara karịsịa maka ọgwụgwọ ogologo oge nke ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere OA, ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo, wdg.
3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Renin, enzyme proteolytic, na-etolite na sel nke juxtaglomerular ngwa nke akụrụ, nke nwere baroreceptors na-anabata ịgbatị mgbidi nke afferent arterioles nke renal glomerulus.
Mbelata nrụgide arteriole (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na hypovolemia jikọtara ya na mfu ọbara ma ọ bụ ịba ụba ọsụsọ) na-akpali renin secretion, nke bụ eleghị anya usoro nchebe evolushọn maka ịnọgide na-enwe ọbara mgbali.
Njikọ na-esote na RAAS bụ angiotensinogen, nke bụ glycoprotein arụpụtara n'ime imeju ma zoo n'ime ọbara.
Renin na-ekewa angiotensinogen n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe abụọ, nke buru ibu, angiotensin I, na-atụgharị ya site na angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) na angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II bụ peptide nwere ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche nke usoro ndu, yana na mbụ - ihe kachasị ike vasoactive.
Angiotensin II na-akpali secretion nke aldosterone site na adrenal glomerular oyi akwa, nke na-akwalite sodium reabsorption na nephron tubules, na-abawanye na olu nke mmiri (n'ime arịa, mgbe ahụ na interstitium), ya mere na-abawanye na ọbara mgbali.
Site na igbochi ọrụ nke angiotensin I-converting enzyme, ndị na-egbochi ACE na-ebelata nguzobe nke angiotensin II ma mechaa mebie mmetụta obi na-akpata nke ịgbalite sistemu renin-angiotensin, gụnyere vasoconstriction arterial na secretion aldosterone.
Site na igbochi ọrụ kininase II, ndị na-egbochi ACE na-ebelata arụ ọrụ nke bradykinin na kinin ndị ọzọ ma na-enye aka na mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a na anụ ahụ na ọbara. Kinins naanị ma ọ bụ site na ntọhapụ nke prostaglandins E2 na I2 nwere mmetụta vasodilating na natriuretic.
Usoro ọrụ nke ndị na-egbochi ACE
Na mgbakwunye, ndị na-egbochi ACE, site na ibelata ntụgharị nke angiotensin I na angiotensin II, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọdịnaya nke angiotensin I n'ọbara na anụ ahụ.
Mkpokọta nke angiotensin I na-enye aka na ntụgharị ya na-abawanye na angiotensin- (1-7), nke nwere mmetụta vasodilatory na natriuretic.
Ya mere, mmetụta antihypertensive nke ndị na-egbochi ACE na-ejikọta ya na mbelata nguzobe nke ihe vasoconstrictor (angiotensin II, yana norepinephrine, arginine-vasopressin, endothelin-1), yana mmụba na nguzobe ma ọ bụ mbelata nke mmebi ahụ. nke vasodilating bekee (bradykinin, angiotensin- (1-7), nitric oxide, prostaglandins).
Naanị ihe mgbochi ACE anọ (captopril, libenzapril, lisinopril na cenonapril) na-arụ ọrụ ndụ ozugbo.
Ndị na-egbochi ACE ndị ọzọ amaara bụ ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ prodrugs.
Naanị mgbe nnabata na tract eriri afọ, n'ihi hydrolysis, ha na-aghọ diacid metabolites na-arụ ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enalapril na-atụgharị na enalaprilat, fosinopril na fosinoprilat, wdg.
Ya mere, ndị na-egbochi ACE niile nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: 1) na-arụ ọrụ. ụdị onunu ogwu na 2 ) prodrugs.
Klas 1. Ọgwụ lipophilic
• Captopril (Capoten)
Klas II. Ọgwụ lipophilic
• Subclass II - ọgwụ ndị na-emekarị mkpochapụ gbasara akụrụ (karịa 60%): benazepril (lotensin), quinapril (accupro) perindopril (prestarium A, hypernic, perinpress, prenesa) cilazapril (inhibase, prilazid) enalapril, enalaprilat (zofenopril)
Subclass IIB - ọgwụ nwere isi ụzọ abụọ nke mkpochapụ: moexipril (moex), ramipril (tritace, amprilan, chartil, diaprel), fosinopril (monopril
) quadropril), trandolapril (hopten)
Klas III. Hydrophilic ọgwụ
Lisinopril (Irumed, Diroton, Dapril, Lysigamma, Sinopril) bụ ọgwụ nwere nnukwu nephro- na cardioprotective Njirimara.
Mmetụta antihypertensive a na-akpọkarị nke ndị na-egbochi ACE bụ ndị ọrịa nwere oke ọrụ nke sistemu renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.
Mana ndị na-egbochi ACE enweghị ike igbochi oke ọrụ nke RAAS, n'ihi na. Ihe ruru 70-80% nke angiotensin II na-arụ ọrụ n'ime akụkụ ahụ na anụ ahụ na-enweghị itinye aka na ACE site na enyemaka nke enzymes ndị ọzọ (chymase, cathepsin, wdg), na ọgwụgwọ nke ACE inhibitors, njikọ nke angiotensin II nwere ike ịgbanwe. site n'okporo ụzọ dabere na ACE gaa na ụzọ chymase.
Nke a na-akọwa ohere nke "mgbanarị" mmetụta antihypertensive na ọgwụgwọ nke ACE inhibitors, karịsịa megide ndabere nke nri nnu dị elu, ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka iji ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi ọrụ angiotensin II. , n'agbanyeghị ụzọ e si guzobe ya.
Dabere na oge mmetụta antihypertensive, enwere ike kewaa ndị inhibitors ACE n'ime otu atọ:
- Ọgwụ ndị na-adịghị adịte aka kwesịrị inye 2 ma ọ bụ 3 ugboro n'ụbọchị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, captopril).
- Ọgwụ nwere ogologo oge nke omume, nke a ga-ewererịrị ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ n'ụbọchị (zofenopril na enalapril).
- Ọgwụ na-eme ogologo oge nke na-enye njikwa ọbara mgbali elu elekere anya mgbe a na-ewere ya otu ugboro n'ụbọchị (quinapril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril, spirapril, trandolapril, fosinopril, wdg).
Ndị ọrịa na-anabatakarị ndị na-egbochi ACE.
Ndị ikom ọcha na-anabata ọgwụgwọ ogologo oge ACE inhibitor karịa ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, yana ndị ojii na ndị China.
• Mmetụta metụtara ya na iji ACE inhibitors: kpọmkwem na nke na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ.
Specific
• Ọrụ gbasara akụrụ arụrụ arụ na ọgwụgwọ ndị na-egbochi ACE na-adịkarị na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa akụrụ ma ọ bụ nke zoro ezo, gụnyere ọnya abụọ nke akwara akụrụ.
• hyperkalemia dị ịrịba ama (> 5.5 mEq / L) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'oge ọgwụgwọ na ndị na-egbochi ACE na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrụ gbasara akụrụ nkịtị (0%-6%).
Na mgbakwunye na ọdịda akụrụ, ihe ndị dị ize ndụ maka mmepe hyperkalemia na ndị ọrịa na-anata ndị na-egbochi ACE bụ ojiji nke potassium salts, potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene) na ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali na-abụghị steroidal (indomethacin, diclofenac). sulindac).
• N'aka nke ọzọ, ijikọ aka nke loop na thiazide diuretics na-ebelata ohere nke ịmalite hyperkalemia n'oge ọgwụgwọ ACE inhibitors
• Ụkwara akọrọ, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ si kwuo, na-eme na ọgwụgwọ nke ACE inhibitors ugboro 1 ruo 48. %
Ugboro ụkwara n'oge ọgwụgwọ ya na ndị na-egbochi ACE na-adabere na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ nke ndị ọrịa.
• Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkwara na-ejikọta ACE inhibitor na-adịkarị na ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke (ihe dịka 7: 3 ratio).
• Ndị na-adịghị ese anwụrụ nwere ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ ugboro ụkwara ka ndị na-ese anwụrụ.
• Dịka ụfọdụ nlebanya siri kwuo, perindopril na fosinopril adịchaghị ebute mmepe ụkwara akọrọ karịa captopril, lisinopril na enalapril.
• Angioedema (Quincke's edema) bụkwa ihe na-emetụtakarị ndị na-egbochi ACE.
• Ọ na-apụta obere oge karịa ụkwara akọrọ - na 0.1-0.5% nke ikpe, mana angioedema, n'adịghị ka ụkwara, nwere ike ibute ndụ ndị ọrịa egwu ozugbo.
Mmetụta ndị na-adịghị akọwapụta nke ndị na-egbochi ACE gụnyere mgbakasị uto, leukopenia (neuropenia), rashes anụ ahụ, ọrịa dyspeptik, yana ikpe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mmebi akụrụ na imeju na mmepe nke anaemia.
A naghị
atụ aro ka iji ACE inhibitors dị ka ọgwụ antihypertensive maka akwara akwara nke akụkụ abụọ, stenosis nke akwara nke naanị akụrụ na-arụ ọrụ, ọdịda akụrụ siri ike (ọkwa creatinine karịa 300 umol / l ma ọ bụ 3.5 mg / dl), hyperkalemia siri ike ( n'elu 5.5 mmol / l), n'oge ime na n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nakwa dị ka onye hypersensitivity nke otu ọgwụ (akọrọ ụkwara ma ọ bụ angioedema na akụkọ ihe mere eme).
Site na iji nlezianya dị ukwuu, ekwesịrị iji ndị na-egbochi ACE na ndị ọrịa na-ekpochapụ atherosclerosis nke akwara akwara nke ala nsọtụ (n'ihi nchikota atherosclerotic ọnya nke akụkụ akwara na akwara), atherosclerosis na-agbasa na ọnya nke akwara obi na carotid, na-agafeghị oke. ọdịda akụrụ, hyperkalemia na-agafeghị oke (site na 5 ruo 5, 5 meq / l), ịba ọcha n'anya na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ imeju imeju, yana ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa (na-eburu n'uche mmetụta ọjọọ ọgwụ nwere ike ime na mmepe intrauterine nke nwa ebu n'afọ. ).
4. Angiotensin II antagonists (AT1 receptor blockers)
Na omume nke AII na arịa ọbara, a na-ekewa usoro abụọ - pressor na depressor.
A na-emegharị usoro pressor site na mmetụta nke AII na ụdị 1 ndị na-anabata ya ma na-eduga na vasoconstriction, sodium na njigide mmiri, mmụba nke ọrụ ọmịiko, mbelata ụda vagal, mmụba cell, na mmetụta inotropic dị mma.
Mmetụta ịda mbà n'obi nke AII na-enweta site na mkpali nke ndị na-anabata ụdị 2, nke na-eduga na vasodilation, karịsịa nke a na-akpọ na arịa ụbụrụ na akụrụ, mmetụta natriuretic, mmetụta antiproliferative, ịgbalite nke kininogen, ntọhapụ nke nitric oxide na prostaglandin I2.
A na-enye usoro dị irè karị na nke akọwapụtara maka igbochi oke ọrụ nke sistemu renin-angiotensin na AH site na otu ọgwụ - angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) ma ọ bụ AT1-angiotensin receptor blockers (sartans)
Sartans nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa.
Nke mbụ, ndị na-egbochi AT1-angiotensin na-anabata nke ọma karịa ndị na-egbochi ACE, na-ebelata mmetụta obi obi nke ịgbalite sistemu renin-angiotensin .
Ebe ndị na-egbochi ACE na-eme naanị otu ụzọ maka imepụta angiotensin II, ndị na-egbochi ndị na-anabata AT1-angiotensin na-arụ ọrụ dị ka angiotensin II antagonists, n'agbanyeghị otú e si emepụta angiotensin II.
Ya mere, ndị na-egbochi ndị na-anabata AT1-angiotensin na-enye nkwụsị zuru oke na nhọrọ nke usoro renin-angiotensin.
Nke abuo, omume nke sartans dị kpọmkwem karịa omume nke ndị na-egbochi ACE.
N'ihi enweghị mmetụta na usoro bradykinin-kallikrein-kinin, isi ihe dị iche iche nke ARB bụ nchekwa dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mmetụta ndị yiri placebo. Enweghị ụkwara na ọnụọgụ mmeghachi omume nfụkasị ahụ bụ uru zuru oke nke sartans karịa ndị na-egbochi ACE.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ antihypertensive nke AT1-angiotensin receptor blockers jikọtara ya na mbelata mmetụta nke angiotensin II (na angiotensin III), nke ndị na-anabata AT1-angiotensin na-akwado ya.
Na mgbakwunye, mgbochi nke ndị na-anabata angiotensin II na-eduga na mbelata nke nzuzo nke aldosterone, mbelata nke reabsorption nke sodium na mmiri na akụkụ dị nso nke tubules gbasara akụrụ.
Sartans na-egbochi naanị ndị na-anabata AT1 ka ha na-ejigide ikike nke na-ekesa AT II ka ha na ndị na-anabata AT2 na-emekọrịta ihe, nke na-esonyere vasodilation, mgbochi proliferation ma na-akwalite mmetụta organoprotective ndị ọzọ, na nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-egbochi ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ.
Site na igbochi ndị na-anabata AT1, ndị na-egbochi AT1-angiotensin na-ebelata akwara arterial vasoconstriction nke angiotensin II (na angiotensin III), na-ebelata nrụgide hydraulic na renal glomeruli, yana belata nzuzo nke aldosterone, arginine-vasopressin, endothelin-1 na norepinephrine.
Site na iji ogologo oge, AT1-angiotensin receptor blockers na-ebelata mmetụta proliferative nke angiotensin II n'ihe metụtara cardiomyocytes na mkpụrụ ndụ akwara dị nro nke mgbidi vaskụla, yana sel mesangial na fibroblasts.
Losartan (Cozaar, Lorista, Lozap, Blocktran)
• Valsartan (Diovan, Valsacor, Valz)
• Irbesartan (Aprovel)
• Candesartan (Atakand)
• Eprosartan (Teveten)
• Telmisartan (Micardis)
• Olmesartan (Benikar, Cardosal)
• Azmilartan (edarbi)
————————————————————
• Prodrugs Prodrugs
include:
• Losartan - metabolized in the liver, only 14% is converted to the active metabolite,
• Candesartan, olmesartan na azilsartan - hydrolysis na eriri afọ tract.
Sartans nwere nnukwu ihe akaebe maka cerebroprotection, nephroprotection na mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu obi.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọmụmụ ihe a na-achịkwa egosiwo ike ha ọ bụghị nanị iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepe na ọganihu nke mmebi akụkụ ahụ a na-atụ anya (mbelata hypertrophy ventricular aka ekpe, mbelata na ịdị njọ nke microalbuminuria na proteinuria, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdịda nke ọrụ akụrụ). , cerebroprotection), kamakwa iji gbochie mmebi akụkụ ahụ.
• Otu n'ime akụkụ dị mkpa akọwapụtara nke ọgwụ maka ojiji nke sartans bụ mbelata nke ụdị ọrịa shuga mellitus nke 2.
• Achọpụtala mmetụta ndị a nke ọma maka telmisartan (ONTARGET, 2008), irbesartan (IRMA, 2001; IDNT, 2003), valsartan (NAVIGATOR, 2010), nnukwu doses nke losartan (RENAAL, 2001; RASS, 2009).
• Maka ọgwụ atọ - losartan, valsartan na candesartan - edebanye aha CHF dị ka ihe ngosi maka ojiji.
N'otu oge ahụ, CHF bụ ihe mgbochi maka ịde telmisartan
• N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite CVC, a na-egosi ọkwa telmisartan ọbụlagodi na ọbara mgbali elu dị elu. N'ime ARB niile, ọ bụ naanị telmisartan ka egosiri iji belata ihe omume CV niile yana nnabata ọgwụgwọ dị mma.
• Telmisartan nwere ọkara ndụ kachasị ogologo (ihe karịrị awa 20) n'etiti ndị sartan niile, nke na-enye ndị ọrịa si na otu "ndị na-abụghị dipper" kwaga n'ìgwè "dipper" dị mma karị, na-enwe obere ihe ize ndụ nke ọbara mgbali elu. n'isi ụtụtụ na mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa strok .
• Telmisartan na-ebelata LVH nke ọma karịa ọgwụ antihypertensive ndị ọzọ
• Nephroprotection
• Na-ebelata nguzogide insulin .
Telmisartan nyere aka ọ bụghị naanị na mmụba nke paramita anthropometric, kamakwa na mbelata ọnụọgụ na olu nke abụba ahụ
Mgbe atụnyere telmisartan na sartan ndị ọzọ, uru ya na ibelata ọkwa triglyceride na ịbawanye ọkwa HDL gosipụtara
mmetụta Uricosuric
Mbelata ọrụ RAAS. na SNS
Azilsartan (Edarbi)
Ọmụmụ nnwale egosila na Edarbi® na-ejikọ ndị na-anabata angiotensin.
ọzọ ike
karịa ARB ndị ọzọ (olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan).
Nke a na-akọwa ngwa ngwa, ogologo oge na mmetụta antihypertensive nke ọgwụ
Olmesartan nwere ọ bụghị naanị ezigbo antihypertensive nrụpụta, ikike ibelata akwara akwara, meziwanye ọrụ nke endothelium vaskụla, mana nwekwara ikike cerebroprotective.
Nke a na-enye anyị ohere ịkwado ọgwụ ahụ bụ isi maka ọgwụgwọ ndị agadi na-arịa ọbara mgbali elu, bụ ndị ọrụ nke ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa
.
5. a1-adrenergic receptor
blockers a-adrenergic receptor blockers na-anọchite anya otu ọgwụ dị iche iche nke ejirila kemgbe mmalite 1960 na-agwọ ụdị dị iche iche nke ọbara mgbali elu.
Nkewa nke a-adrenergic receptor
blockers a-adrenergic receptor blockers kewara ụzọ abụọ bụ isi:
- anaghị ahọpụta na
- a1-nhọpụta.
Ndị na-adịghị ahọpụtara (phentolamine) na-ebelata mmetụta nke catecholamines na ma a1- na a2-adrenergic receptors, nhọrọ - nhọrọ na-egbochi mmetụta nke catecholamines na a1-adrenergic receptors nke arịa ọbara na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na anụ ahụ.
• prazosin - pratsiol, minipress, adverzuten,
• doxazosin - kamiren, cardura, tonocardin, artezin, doxaprostan)
• terazosin - cornam, setegis (BPH)
• tamsulosin - omnic (BPH)
Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi hypertensive nwere a-adrenergic igbochi Njirimara. , nke na-abụghị nke otu a-blockers.
Ya mere, a hụrụ mmetụta mgbochi a1-adrenergic na b-blockers abụọ (carvedilol na proxodolol).
Mmetụta extravascular nke a1-adrenergic blockers bụ nnukwu mkpa ụlọ ọgwụ.
Ekwuputala na nhọrọ a1-adrenergic receptor blockers nwere ike imeziwanye ihe mejupụtara ọbara - ha na-ebelata ọdịnaya nke mkpokọta cholesterol n'ime ọbara n'ihi akụkụ atherogenic ya - LDL cholesterol ma n'otu oge ahụ na-abawanye ọkwa HDL. Ọdịnaya nke triglycerides na-ebelatakwa n'oge ọgwụgwọ a1-blockers.
Mmetụta nke a1-blockers na nchịkọta lipid ọbara na-apụta karịsịa na ndị ọrịa nwere atherogenic dyslipidemia.
a1-blockers na-abawanye mmetụta nke anụ ahụ na ọrụ nke insulin. Doxazosin, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-ebute mbelata nke obere glucose basal (site na 7 mg/dl, ma ọ bụ 5%) yana insulin (site na 14 mmol/l, ma ọ bụ 17%) na ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu.
Nnyocha ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ egosila na a1-blockers (karịsịa doxazosin) na-egbochi nchịkọta platelet.
Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-anabata a1-adrenergic na akwara dị nro nke prostate na eriri afo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndabere maka iji prazosin, na ndị ọzọ a1-adrenergic blockers na ndị ọrịa nwere hyperplasia prostate na-adịghị mma.
Ọchịchọ nke mmeghachi omume orthostatic, nke a na-ahụkarị na ndị agadi na ndị ọrịa nwere neuropathy mamịrị, bụ ihe mgbochi maka iji a1-blockers.
Site n'ibelata ọbara mgbali elu, a1-blockers na-eme ka mmeghachi omume nhụsianya nke sistem obi ọmịiko, nke na-egosipụta site na tachycardia.
Ya mere, a 1-blockers ekwesịghị iji a1-blockers na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa akwara obi na-arụ ọrụ angina na-enweghị nchịkwa nke b-blockers n'otu oge, nke na-egbochi ihe omume reflex tachycardia.
6. Central sympatholytics
Hyperactivity nke SNS bụ otu n'ime isi usoro maka ịba ụba ọbara mgbali na prognostically adịghị mma akara na ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu.
Ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị ọrịa nwere GB na-egosi hyperactivity nke SNS, nke a na-egosipụta ọ bụghị naanị site na mmụba nke ọbara mgbali elu, kamakwa site na tachycardia, mmụba nke mmepụta obi, vasoconstriction akụrụ, njigide mmiri, na nguzogide insulin
• ọgbọ nke mbụ - methyldopa. (dopegyt), guanfacine (estulic), reserpine
• ọgbọ nke abụọ - clonidine (clophelin, hemiton)
• ọgbọ nke atọ (imidazoline agonists receptor) - moxonidine (cint, physiotens, moxogamma), rilmenidine (albarel).
Dị ka echiche nke oge a si dị, mmetụta antihypertensive nke moxonidine na rilmenidine dabeere na agonism megide ndị na-anabata I1-imidazoline nke neurons dị na ventrolateral nuclei nke medulla oblongata.
Site na ibelata hyperactivity SNS, ndị agonists ndị na-anabata I1-imidazoline na-ebelata ọbara mgbali ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ obi.
Moxonidine na-ebelata ọrụ nke SNS ma si otú a na-eduga na mbelata ọbara mgbali.
Otu uru dị mkpa nke moxonidine bụ mmetụta dị mma na carbohydrate na lipid metabolism. Moxonidine na-abawanye mmetụta nke anụ ahụ na insulin site na imeziwanye usoro insulin dabere na ibuga glucose n'ime sel, na-ebelata ọkwa insulin, leptin na glucose n'ọbara, na-ebelata ọdịnaya nke triglycerides na acid fatty free, na-abawanye ọkwa nke HDL cholesterol. .
N'ime ndị ọrịa buru oke ibu, moxonidine na-eduga na mbelata ibu (MERSY).
Moxonidine nwere mmetụta organoprotective: ọ na-ebelata LVH, na-eme ka ọrụ diastolic nke obi dịkwuo mma, ọrụ ụbụrụ nke ụbụrụ, ma na-ebelata MAU.
Enwere ike igosi Moxonidine maka ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere MS ma ọ bụ ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 yana njikọ ACE inhibitors ma ọ bụ ARBs, calcium antagonists.
Contraindications na nhọpụta nke moxonidine na rilmenidine bụ:
• oké uche ịda mbà n'obi,
• sinus bradycardia (obi na-erughị 50 kwa nkeji),
• ọrịa sinus syndrome,
• atrioventricular ngọngọ II-III ogo,
• ọrịa imeju siri ike,
• nnukwu gbasara akụrụ ọdịda. .
N'ihi enweghị ahụmahụ ụlọ ọgwụ, a na-atụ aro ka ị ghara inye ụmụ nwanyị moxonidine na rilmenidine n'oge ime na nwa ara.
7. Renin inhibitors
Aliskiren (rasilez) bụ onye na-egbochi ya kpọmkwem nke renin Renin
secretion site na akụrụ na ịgbalite RAAS na-eme na mbelata nke BCC na ọbara na-agbapụta ọbara site na usoro nzaghachi.
Renin na-arụ ọrụ na angiotensinogen, na-eme ka e guzobe decapeptide na-adịghị arụ ọrụ - angiotensin I (ATI), nke, site n'enyemaka nke ACE na, akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-enweghị òkè ya, na-agbanwe n'ime octapeptide angiotensin II (ATII).
ATII na-ebelata secretion renin site na usoro nzaghachi na-adịghị mma. Ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi RAAS (gụnyere renin inhibitors) na-ebelata nzaghachi na-adịghị mma, na-eduga na mmụba nkwụghachi ụgwọ na ntinye uche renin plasma.
Ọgwụgwọ ya na ndị na-egbochi ACE na ndị na-anabata angiotensin II na-abawanye ọrụ renin plasma, nke metụtara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi na ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu na ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu.
Mgbe ị na-eji aliskiren dị ka monotherapy yana yana ọgwụ antihypertensive ndị ọzọ, a na-ewepụ nkwụsị nke nzaghachi na-adịghị mma, na-ebute mbelata ọrụ renin plasma (na ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu site na nkezi 50-80%), yana ATI. na ọkwa ATII,
na ọbara mgbali elu akwara mgbe ị na-eji Rasilez na dose nke 150 na 300 mg otu ugboro n'ụbọchị, enwere mbelata ogologo oge dabere na ọbara mgbali systolic na diastolic maka awa 24, gụnyere n'isi ụtụtụ.
Mgbe izu 2 gachara, enwere mbelata ọbara mgbali elu site na 85-90% nke kachasị, mmetụta hypotensive na-anọgide na ọkwa enwetara n'oge ogologo oge (ruo 1 afọ).
Mgbe a kwụsịchara ọgwụgwọ ya na Rasilez, a na-enwe nlọghachi ọbara nke nta nke nta na ọkwa mbụ ya n'ime izu ole na ole, na-enweghị mmepe nke ọrịa nkwụsị na mmụba nke ọrụ renin plasma.
N'izu 4 ka nkwụsị nke Rasilez gasịrị, ọbara mgbali na-anọgide na-adị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere placebo.
Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ ahụ maka oge mbụ, ọ dịghị mmeghachi omume hypotensive (mmetụta nke mbụ dose) yana mmụba reflex nke obi na nzaghachi vasodilation.
Mgbe a na-eji Rasilez dị ka monotherapy yana yana ọgwụ antihypertensive ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ mbelata ọbara mgbali elu na 0.1% na 1% nke ikpe, n'otu n'otu.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta na Rasilez na ndị na-egbochi ACE, ndị na-anabata angiotensin II, ndị na-egbochi ọwa calcium na diuretics bụ ndị ọrịa na-anabata nke ọma ma na-enye ohere iji nweta mbelata ọbara mgbali ọzọ.
Contraindications
• Ịrụ ọrụ gbasara akụrụ siri ike (serum creatinine> 150 umol / l maka ụmụ nwanyị na> 177 µmol / l maka ụmụ nwoke na / ma ọ bụ ọnụego nzacha glomerular <30 ml / min).
• Ọrịa Nephrotic.
• ọbara mgbali elu nke renovascular.
• Usoro hemodialysis mgbe niile.
• Ọrụ imeju na-adịghị mma nke ukwuu
• Ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-erubeghị afọ 18.
• Hypersensitivity na akụkụ nke ọgwụ.
• Site na ịkpachara anya, ekwesịrị ịnye ọgwụ ahụ maka ndị ọrịa nwere akwara akwara otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ stenosis nke akwara otu akụrụ, ọrịa shuga mellitus, BCC belatara, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa mgbe a tụgharịrị akụrụ. Nchekwa nke Rasilez na ndị ọrịa nwere akwara akwara abụọ ma ọ bụ akwara akwara nke otu akụrụ emebeghị.
Mmetụta dị n'akụkụ
• A tụlere nchekwa nke Rasilez n'ime ihe karịrị ndị ọrịa 7800.
• Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ ahụ na dose nke ruru 300 mg, ngụkọta oge mmeghachi omume ọjọọ yiri nke ahụ mgbe ị na-eji placebo. Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-adịru nwa oge, na ọ dịkarịghị mkpa ka a kwụsị ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ. A na-ahụkarị afọ ọsịsa na ndị ọrịa na-agwọ Rasilez.
• Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ ahụ eme ihe, enweghi mmụba na ụkwara akọrọ, njirimara nke ndị na-egbochi ACE. Mmetụta nke ụkwara akọrọ n'oge ọgwụgwọ na Rasilez (0.9%) yiri nke ahụ mgbe ị na-ewere placebo (0.6%).
• Site na tract digestive: ọtụtụ mgbe - afọ ọsịsa.
• Mmeghachi omume dermatological: mgbe ụfọdụ - akpụkpọ anụ.
• N'akụkụ nke ụlọ nyocha: adịkarịghị - megide ndabere nke monotherapy, a hụrụ ntakịrị mbelata na mkpokọta hemoglobin na hematocrit (na nkezi site na 0.05 mmol / l na 0.16%, n'otu n'otu), nke na-achọghị ịkwụsị ọgwụgwọ. (mbelata mkpokọta hemoglobin na hematocrit na-ahụkwa site na iji ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta RAAS, ọkachasị ndị na-egbochi ACE na ndị na-anabata angiotensin II), ntakịrị mmụba na mkpokọta potassium serum (0.9% ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0.6% mgbe ị na-ewere placebo). ).
• Enweghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'ụlọ ọgwụ na mkpokọta cholesterol, HDL, na triglycerides na-ebu ọnụ, glucose, ma ọ bụ uric acid.
• Mmeghachi omume nfụkasị: n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ - angioedema.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta
• Jiri ọgwụ abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ mbụ ma ọ bụrụ na BP dị 20/10 mmHg karịa ebumnuche. Art. (ya bụ> 160/100 mmHg maka ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ> 150/90 mmHg maka ndị nwere ọrịa shuga na ọrịa ndị ọzọ).
• Ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu ọkwa 1 na-adịkarị mma ịmalite na monotherapy.
• Otú ọ dị, ihe àmà na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na uru nke ọgwụgwọ nchịkọta mbụ nwere ike ịgbatị ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu ọkwa 1.
Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ọgwụ antihypertensive na ohere nke mkpochapụ ha
Nkwenye
Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ọgwụ antihypertensive nwere mmetụta ndị na-adabere na dose, monotherapy dị elu nwere ike ibute ihe ọjọọ.
N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, iji belata mmeghachi omume ọjọọ na-adabere na dose, ọ ka mma iji obere ọgwụ mbụ yana ọgwụ antihypertensive ọzọ, ọbụlagodi na enweghị mbelata ọbara mgbali ọzọ.
Otu ihe atụ bụ iji ngwakọta dị ala nke ndị na-egbochi ACE na dihydropyridine CCB na ndị ọrịa na-etolite edema na nnukwu doses nke CCBs.
Nkwenye ọgwụgwọ
ogologo oge na ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa maka njikwa BP. Iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta nwere ike ibelata nsogbu a site n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ na ibelata ugboro ole ha na-eji.
Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ihe dị ka ndị ọrịa Kaiser Permanente (USA) 85,000 gosiri na nrapagidesi ike nke ndị ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ na-adabere na ọnụọgụ ọgwụ e nyere ha.
Ngwakọta ọgwụ dị mma • Diuretic
+ ACE inhibitor ma ọ bụ ARB
• Calcium antagonist (dihydropyridine) + BAB •
Calcium antagonist + ACE inhibitor ma ọ bụ ARB •
Calcium antagonist + diuretic Nchikota nke ACE inhibitors, AKs, ARBs nwere imidazoline agonists nnabata.
Uru nke nchikota a kapịrị ọnụ • Ọ
dị mfe ịdepụta na dose titration
• Ịbawanye nnabata onye ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ • Ike nke
mmetụta antihypertensive. Mwepụ nke ohere nke nchịkọta na-enweghị isi
ACE inhibitor + diuretic
Nchikota a kapịrị ọnụ:
• Co-Renitec - enalapril 20 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg
• Enap H / NL - enalapril 10 mg + HCTZ 25/12.5 mg •
NoliprelA / Noliprel forte / NoliprelA bi-forte
5/5/10mg + indapamide 0.625/1.25/2.5 mg
• Enzix - 10 mg enalapril na 2.5 mg indapamide
• Enziks duo-forte - maka ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu arterial ogbo III, 20 mg enalapril + 2.5 mg nke indapamide n'ụtụtụ ka edepụtara ya. , na 20 mg ọzọ nke enalapril na mgbede.
Iruzid - lisinopril (irumed) + HCTZ
• Capozid - captopril 25 ma ọ bụ 50 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 15 ma ọ bụ 25 mg)
• Hartil D - ramipril + HCTZ
Angiotensin II receptor blockers + diuretic
Ngwakọta a kapịrị ọnụ:
• Gizaar - losartan 50 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg •
Co-Diovan - valsartan 80 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg
Calcium antagonist + ACE inhibitor
Ngwakọta ejikọtara ọnụ
• ọnụnọ - amlodipine + perindopril A
• Equator - amlodipine + lisinopril
• Tarka - verapamil SR 180 mg + trandolapril 2 mg • Lotrel - amlodipine +
benazepril •
Aegipres - amlodipine + Enanorm (nitrendipine + enalapril • Triapin - ramipril + felodipine
Angiotensin II receptor blockers + calcium antagonist
Ngwakọta a kapịrị ọnụ:
• Exforge - valsartan + amlodipine
• Amzaar - amlodipine + losartan
• Twinsta - amlodipine + telmisartan
Calcium antagonist + beta-blocker
egosipụtara karịsịa na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa akwara obi
• Ike nke mmetụta antihypertensive na mbelata ọnụọgụ mmetụta n'ihi ihe omume multidirectional
• Nnukwu antihypertensive irè
Ngwakọta edozi:
Logimax - metoprolol succinate 47.5 + felodipine 5 mg.
Amlodipine + bisoprolol = Concor AM
• Bisoprolol: ezigbo arụmọrụ ogologo oge
yana profaịlụ nchekwa amụrụ nke ọma
• Amlodipine: arụmọrụ ogologo oge (n'ime awa 24) na data nchekwa ogologo oge.
Beta-blocker + diuretic
Nchikota a kapịrị ọnụ:
• Tenoric - atenolol 50 mg + chlorthalidone 12.5 mg
• Lopressor - metoprolol 50/100 mg + HCTZ 25/50 mg
• Viskaldix - pindolol 10 mg + clopamid 5 mg
• Lodoz - bisoprolol / 5 mg) na hydrochlorothiazide (6.25 mg)
Mmetụta na-adịghị mma na carbohydrate na lipid metabolism, ike belatara.
A na-atụle ohere nke iji ngwakọta atọ nke ọgwụ antihypertensive na ndị ọrịa na-enwetaghị ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ha na-eji usoro akụkụ abụọ.
Enwetala ọnụọgụ data zuru oke na-egosi ịdị irè na nnabata nke ọgwụgwọ ugboro atọ.
Akụkọ banyere iji ọgwụgwọ nchikota atọ emee laa azụ na 1960-1970s.
Ọmụmụ ihe nkwado nke Veterans Affairs tụlere ịdị irè nke ngwakọta atọ nke reserpine, hydralazine, na HCTZ.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nkwenye nke mkpa ọ dị iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ugboro atọ dabere na nnukwu ọmụmụ ihe.
Ndụmọdụ RMOAG/VNOK maka nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ ọbara mgbali elu na-ekwu na ndụmọdụ nke ịdepụta ọgwụgwọ antihypertensive ugboro atọ maka ọbara mgbali elu na-eguzogide ọgwụ; A na-amata ngwakọta nke akụkụ atọ ndị a dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya:
• ACE inhibitor + dihydropyridine AA + B-AB;
• ARB + dihydropyridine AA + B-AB;
• ACE inhibitor + AK + diuretic;
• ARB + AK + diuretic;
• ihe mgbochi ACE + diuretic + B-AB;
• ARB + diuretic + B-AB;
• dihydropyridine AK + diuretic + B-AB.


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Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) - oké Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị-encyclopedist: chemist, physicist, technologist, onye nkụzi, geologist, meteorologist, metrologist - nwere pụrụ iche sayensị echiche, ịhụ na ya pụta na nkà mmụta sayensị na-eme ihe na nnọọ ịrịba ụzọ. Otu onye so na European Academies of Sciences na otu n'ime ndị malitere Russian Physical and Chemical Society, o dere, sị: “Ihe kasị nso n'ihe banyere kemịkal bụ ọmụmụ banyere ihe ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, bụ́ ndị e si ná mgbakwunye ihe mejupụtara ahụ́ nile nke ụwa. , mgbanwe ha na-agbanwe na ibe ha na ihe ịtụnanya na-esonyere mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ.”
Dị ka nkọwa nke UNESCO si kwuo na afọ 1984th nke D.I. A na-akpọ Mendeleev onye ọkà mmụta sayensị kasị ukwuu nke oge niile na ndị mmadụ.
Na 2007, otu narị afọ agafeela kemgbe ọnwụ nke onye na-ahụ maka chemist pụtara ìhè, na ịkọ banyere ndụ ya dị ịtụnanya na nchọpụta mara mma abụghị naanị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, kamakwa ọ dị mkpa maka ncheta nke ụmụ anaghị enwe ekele.
Ka m malite, ikekwe, na a cursory enumeration nke isi na nkà mmụta sayensị researches nke Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev iji na-abịaru nso a àgwà, na okwu nke akporo nke ọgụgụ isi tụnyere, ikekwe, naanị na amamiihe nugget Lomonosov.
Cheedị echiche, Mendeleev bụ onye edemede nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị 500, o kere usoro hydrate nke oge a nke ngwọta, nha nha gas dị mma nke steeti, mepụtara teknụzụ maka imepụta egbe na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ, chọtara Iwu oge oge wee tụpụta tebụl oge nke Chemical Elements. , dere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ kacha mma maka narị afọ nke iri na itoolu "Organic Chemistry". Na kwa: ọ tụrụ aro ihe ndị bụ isi nke mgbawa mmanụ, usoro nke inweta ọkụ moto ọkụ na ngwaahịa mmanụ dị arọ, n'okpuru ala coal gasification, ojiji nke kemịkalụ dị iche iche alaka nke ugbo, akpan akpan, chemical fatịlaịza, ala ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, mma navigation, na mmepe nke Arctic na nha mmanya. Ọ hapụrụ akara ya na ụgbọ elu, akụnụba, agụmakwụkwọ ọha na ọmụmụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.
DI. Mendeleev mụrụ na Siberia obodo Tobolsk na 1834, na ezinụlọ nke director nke mgbatị ahụ Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev na nwunye ya, Maria Dmitrievna. Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ, nwa nke iri na asaa n'ime ezinụlọ na, ikekwe, ya mere, kacha hụ n'anya. O yiri nnọọ iju na na mgbatị ahụ Dmitry nwere ala akara na niile na-achị, karịsịa adịghị eme nke ọma na Latin.
Mgbe nna ha nwụsịrị, nne na ụmụ ha kwagara St. Petersburg, ebe Dmitry banyere Pedagogical Institute, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1855 na ọla edo. Ọchịchọ maka nkà mmụta sayensị gosipụtara onwe ya na Mendeleev ugbua na afọ akwụkwọ ya.
N'otu afọ ahụ, Mendeleev na-eto eto dara ọrịa ụkwara nta na mberede. Ọnọdụ ahụ wee bụrụ nke dị oke njọ (hemoptysis malitere) nke na amụma ndị dọkịta anaghị akasi ya obi. A dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ pụọ ngwa ngwa maka Crimea, ma ọ bụ kama, gaa Simferopol, ebe dọkịta na-awa ahụ ama ama N.I. Pirogov. A ghaghị ịnakwere na Dmitry gara dọkịta, ma ọ gaghị abịakwute ya ozugbo (enwere ọrụ agha), na mgbe Pirogov nyochara ya, okwu ya karịrị ihe niile na-atụ anya ya: ị ga-adị ogologo ndụ na ndụ anyị niile. Ọrịa ahụ dị ize ndụ laghachiri n'enweghị enyemaka ahụike ọ bụla n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube na-enweghị nkọwa.
Na 1856, na St. Petersburg University, Mendeleev gbachiteere nna ya tesis, mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ natara ọnọdụ nke Privatdozent wee malite ịgụ a N'ezie nke nkuzi na organic kemịkal. N’ezie, e kwesịrị ịrịba ama na onye nkụzi na-eto eto nwere ọmarịcha onyinye ikwu okwu na ihe ọmụma miri emi banyere isiokwu ya.
Site ebe a, na 1859, e zigara ya na ọrụ sayensị na Germany afọ abụọ. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka otu n'ime nchọpụta dị mkpa bụ - "mkpebi siri ike nke mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ", nke a maara dị ka okpomọkụ dị oke egwu.
N'ịlaghachi na Russia ma na-aga n'ihu na nkuzi ya, Dmitry Ivanovich chọpụtara nnukwu ụkọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na na 1861 na-ebipụta Organic Chemistry, bụ nke e nyere Demidov Prize n'oge na-adịghị anya site na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Na 1864, Mendeleev a họpụtara prọfesọ kemịkalụ na Technological Institute. Na 1865 ọ gbachiteere ya doctoral dissertation "Na Nchikota mmanya na mmiri" na dị nnọọ afọ abụọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-ama isi na ngalaba nke inorganic kemịkalụ nke mahadum. N'ebe a, Dmitry Ivanovich malitere ozugbo na-ede ya kpochapụ ọrụ "Fundamentals nke Chemistry". N'afọ 1869, n'okwu mmalite nke mbipụta nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, o nyere tebụl nke ihe akpọrọ "ahụmahụ nke usoro ihe ndị na-adabere n'ịdị arọ nke atomic ha na myirịta kemikal", ya mere, Iwu oge nke ọ chọpụtara ghọrọ ntọala maka ịmepụta. akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. N'oge ndụ Dmitry Ivanovich, "Fundamentals of Chemistry" e bipụtara na Russia ugboro asatọ na ugboro ise - na English, German na French.
Njuju nke ndụ site na mmezu sayensị dị oke ukwuu nye Mendeleev nke na enwere ike ịkọwa nke a naanị site na nnukwu ikike ọrụ ya, ntachi obi na-enweghị atụ na ngọzi Chineke. Ndụ mmadụ atọ nkịtị agaghị ezuru oke mmefu nke uche na mkpụrụ obi na, nke kachasị mkpa, nweta nsonaazụ dị ịtụnanya.
A maara na Prọfesọ Mendeleev na-agakarị n'ụlọ ụka dị nsọ nke Ndịozi Pita na Paul nke Mahadum St. Petersburg.
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na o nweghị nkọwa a kapịrị ọnụ n'echiche okpukpe ya, esemokwu n'okwu a adịghịkwa ebelata ruo taa. Ma ka anyị gbalịa ịchọta azịza ya n'ime ọgbụgba ndụ ime mmụọ nke nnukwu ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-agwa ọgbọ ndị ga-abịa n'ihu - "Echiche dị oké ọnụ ahịa", nke o dechara na 1905. Enwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ebe a.
Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ kwuru na n’oge ya, nkọwa kachasị elu nke sayensị na nkà ihe ọmụma na-eche ihu na nke ihe ọmụma sayensị bịarutere bụ echiche atọ na-akọwa ntọala nke ọrụ: ikpebi: ihe (ma ọ bụ okwu), ike (ma ọ bụ ike) na Mmụọ .. N'ụwa, ịdị n'otu nke ụwa, Atọ n'Ime Otu nke echiche mbụ (mmụọ, ike na ihe) na njikọ ha n'ihe niile dị n'okpuru ikpe ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu na mmekọrịta mmadụ ga-anọgide na-abụ ihe omimi na-enweghị nghọta ruo ogologo oge ".
"Ma isiokwu ndị ọzọ miri emi banyere ihe bụ isi nke ịbụ, mgbọrọgwụ ya, nzube ya, banyere isi nke nsụhọ anyị ma ọ bụ "mmụọ", banyere anwụghị anwụ ya, wdg, mgbe ahụ ruo mgbe elucidation sayensị nke okwu ndị a, nke kwesịrị ịbịa. Ana m ahapụ kpam kpam ikpe ikpe ọ bụla. Isiokwu nke ịtụ anya bụ ihe ọzọ. Echere m na amụma ndị a bụ ezigbo omimi na mgbọrọgwụ nke ihe niile. "
Ndụ Mendeleev niile jupụtara n'ụdị ihe egwu dị otú ahụ, dabere na echiche pụrụ iche. Na ọtụtụ akaebe nke ndị ikwu ya na ndị enyi ya ka echekwara, na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ site na onyinye nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egbuke egbuke na-atụ anya ihe omume, na-ele anya n'ofe nke eziokwu, hụ ihe a na-apụghị iru eru echi.
Na-arụ ọrụ na-agwụ ike na oge nke Iwu, Dmitry Ivanovich dere aha nke chemical ọcha na kaadị azụmahịa, tọgbọrọ ha n'ihu ya, gbanwere ọnọdụ ha ọtụtụ narị ugboro, ma zuru ezu foto atụkwasịghị. Na dị ka otu n'ime ndị enyi ya chetara, Mendeleev hụrụ nsụgharị ikpeazụ nke tebụl ya na nrọ wee dee ozi ọ nwetara ozugbo na mpempe akwụkwọ.
Ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ajụ nrọ amụma Dmitry Ivanovich ihe karịrị otu ugboro, mgbe ahụ, echiche ya na-egbuke egbuke banyere ịdị adị nke ihe ndị a na-amaghị ama bụ eziokwu nke sayensị dekọrọ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ukwu ahụ gbalịsiri ike ịkọ ihe ndị nwere kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha: gallium, scandium na germanium - ma o cheghị echiche. Obere oge ka e mesịrị, tupu oge eruo, o kwuputara ịdị adị nke kemịkal asatọ ọzọ a na-achọpụtabeghị, gụnyere: polonium, astatine, technetium na francium.
Mendeleev buru amụma banyere ụbọchị ọmarịcha obodo ya bụ Tobolsk. Ma n'ezie, mgbe afọ iri anọ ọ họpụtara, obodo ahụ ghọrọ nnukwu etiti nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical.
Ọ ga-adịkwa ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na afọ ole na ole tupu achọpụta Auguste Picard, Mendeleev chepụtara echiche nke "itinye balloon ihe eji eme ihe nke ọma, nke a kpara akpa, nke na-agbanwe maka ịtọ onye na-ekiri ihe, bụ onye a ga-enye ya nke ọma. ikuku ma nwee ike mee mkpebi na ịchịkwa balloon n'enweghị nsogbu. " Mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka ụkpụrụ nke hermetic nkata, a haziri ụgbọ ala nke mbara igwe na Yuri Gagarin na ụgbọ.
Ọ bụghị na-enweghị amụma amụma, Dmitry Ivanovich n'ụzọ ziri ezi buru amụma mmalite nke Russo-Japanese War nke 1905 na ọdachi ga-esi na Russia pụta.
Ọ chọpụtara ihe nzuzo nke ime vodka iri anọ (ma ọ bụ karịa 38 degrees), nke gọọmentị Russia kwadoro ozugbo n'okpuru aha aha "Moscow Special".
Na 1900, D. Mendeleev na W. Ramsay bịara ná nkwubi okwu: na-agụnye a pụrụ iche, efu otu nke inert gases na oge table nke Elements.
Nnyocha sayensị dị iche iche nke Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev dị nnọọ ukwuu ma dị iche iche nke na ọ na-agụnyekarị ebe ndị na-adịghị emetụta kemịkalụ.
Ọ tụrụ aro ụkpụrụ nke obere distillation na nnụcha mmanụ, na-etinye aka na kemịkalụ nke ọrụ ugbo, haziri ngwaọrụ - pycnometer maka ịchọpụta njupụta nke mmiri mmiri. O kere kpọmkwem tiori nke ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀, na-enye ndị kasị mma rocker na onu maka oge ndị ahụ.
Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole, eleghị anya, maara na Prọfesọ Mendeleev bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ̀ na ụba nke kwadoro isi ntụziaka nke mmepe akụ na ụba Russia. O nwere mgbe ọ na-eji obere egwuregwu gwa ụmụ akwụkwọ ya banyere nke a, sị: “Lee onye kemist bụ m, abụ m ọkà mmụta akụ̀ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Kedu ihe bụ "Fundamentals of Chemistry", ebe a bụ "Tarifu nkọwa" - nke ahụ bụ okwu ọzọ.
Na 1906, e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya "Toward an Understanding of Russia", bụ nke onye edemede ahụ, nke nwere ihe ọmụma miri emi nke isi okwu ahụ, na-atụle ụzọ ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke ịzụlite akụ na ụba obodo.
Ma azụ na biography nke Dmitry Ivanovich, ya siri ike ndụ ndụ, nke na mbụ abụghị ígwé ojii na obi ụtọ. Mkpakọrịta na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, alụmdi na nwunye na-enweghị isi na nke mebiri emebi na Feozva Leshcheva, onye na-aghọtaghị di ya, bụ onye na-agbalịsi ike maka sayensị, ma ọlị. Dmitry mere ka ọ lụọ ya site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Olga (n'ụzọ, nwunye nke Decembrist N.V. Basargin).
N'afọ 1880, Mendeleev mechara nweta aha ya kwesịrị ekwesị. Ma nlebara anya n'ozuzu nke ndị ọzọ na-eme ka owu ọmụma dị n'ụlọ na esemokwu mgbe nile na nwunye ya ka njọ.
Ndụ onwe onye na-ada ngwa ngwa, n'agbanyeghị ịdị adị nke ụmụaka a hụrụ n'anya.
Ọ bụ n'oge a (na nke a bụ ihe kwere nghọta) na Dmitry Ivanovich nwere ọmịiko maka nwa agbọghọ mara mma Anna Popova, bụ onye na-eletakarị Mendeleevs n'ụlọ. Ọ na-enwe mmasị na eserese, gụrụ akwụkwọ na nnwere onwe, dị mfe ịchọta asụsụ nkịtị na ndị na-ese ihe a ma ama, bụ ndị na-ezutekarị Dmitry Ivanovich. Otu n'ime ha bụ Repin, Shishkin, Kuindzhi, ha niile bụ enyi na ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere nkà.
Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na n'oge na-adịghị anya e jiri obi ike na mmetụta miri emi dochie ọmịiko mbụ ahụ. Mana Anna gbapụrụ n'ịhụnanya iwu na-akwadoghị na Italy, n'atụghị egwu ibibi ezinụlọ ya. Mgbe oké echiche na oge na-adịghị, Dmitry Ivanovich na-eso ya. Mgbe otu ọnwa gachara, ha si ná mba ọzọ lọta ọnụ. Enyere alụmdi na nwunye ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ozugbo. Feozva enyeghị ịgba alụkwaghịm ruo ogologo oge, nke a na-ewere na Russia tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe dị ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị olileanya. Mendeleev ọbụna na-eme mgbalị siri ike na agbamakwụkwọ iwu na-akwadoghị. E kpughere aghụghọ ahụ, e yigharịrị alụmdi na nwunye ahụ ọzọ ruo mgbe a ga-agba alụkwaghịm n'aka nwunye mbụ. Ma, n'ikpeazụ, agbamakwụkwọ ahụ mere, na ndụ Dmitry Ivanovich na-agbanwe maka mma n'ihu anyị. Anna Ivanovna tụgharịrị bụrụ ezigbo nwunye na-ege ntị, na-ebi ndụ maka ọdịmma nke di ya a ma ama. N'oge na-adịghị, a mụrụ ụmụ: Lyuba na Ivan.
Anna Ivanovna chetara na Dmitry Ivanovich hụrụ n'anya eserese, music, bụ mmasị nke akụkọ ifo, karịsịa akwụkwọ akụkọ Jules Verne. Ọ hapụghị ịrụ ọrụ anụ ahụ́: ọ rụrụ ozu, rụọ igbe na okpokolo agba maka ihe osise, na akwụkwọ agbụ. E nwere akụkọ na-akọwa otú otu ugboro Dmitry Ivanovich zụtara ihe maka aka ya na Gostiny Dvor. Na ebubo na otu onye na-ere ahịa jụrụ onye ọzọ: "Ònye bụ nwa amadi a na-asọpụrụ?" Azịza ya bụ ihe a na-atụghị anya ya: "Oh, nke a bụ nna ukwu akpa - Mendeleev!".
Ugbu a, ka anyị laghachi na nwa nwaanyị si nke abụọ alụmdi na nwunye, Lyuba. N'ezie, ị chere na Lyubov Dmitrievna bụ ọdịnihu nwunye nke onye na-ede uri Alexander Blok. Okwu nke nnukwu onye na-ede uri banyere ule ya, nnukwu chemist, dị ịrịba ama. "Ọ maara ihe niile na-eme n'ụwa ruo ogologo oge. Batara n'ime ihe niile. Ọ dịghị ihe ezoro ezo n'ebe ọ nọ. Ihe omuma ya kacha zuo oke. Ọ na-abịa site na ọgụgụ isi, nke a adịghị eme na ndị nkịtị ... Ọ bụghị ma ọlị egwu n'okpuru ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe niile na-ezu ike, nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ maara ihe niile ruo ogologo oge, na-enweghị akụkọ, na-enweghị hints, na-enweghị ọbụna ịhụ ma ọ bụ. ịnụ ihe. Ọmụma ihe niile a dabere na ya. Mgbe ọ na-asụ ude na-asụ ude, ọ na-asụ ude banyere ihe niile ọnụ mgbe ọ bụla; ọ nweghị ihe dị iche iche ma ọ bụ nkewa - ihe niile enweghị atụ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agwụ ike mgbe niile, n'ihi na ọ maara nke ọma ... "
Dmitry Ivanovich rụrụ ọrụ ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Ebe ikpeazụ ọ rụrụ bụ Ụlọ Arụ na Ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀. Na Jenụwarị 1907, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe ọ na-egosi Ụlọ Nzukọ na Minista ọhụrụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya Pleurisy ghọrọ oyi baa. Na February 2, 1907 Mendeleev nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ. E liri ya n'ili Volkovo na St. Petersburg, n'akụkụ ili nke nwa ya nwoke na nne ya.
N'ịsọpụrụ D.I. Mendeleev, Academy nke Sayensị onyinye e hiwere maka mmezu pụtara ìhè na ngalaba nke physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, ọha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọnụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri dị n'Oké Osimiri Arctic, obodo dị na Kama, obodo dị nso na Moscow, okporo ámá dị na Moscow, ugwu mgbawa na Kuril Islands, oghere nke ọnwa, ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Moscow, ụgbọ mmiri, a chemical element Nke 101 - mendelevium na mineral na-aza aha ya - Mendeleev.
Mgbe m nwetachara ndepụta a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche nke uru onye pụtara ìhè, ọ dị m mkpa ịchọta ihe kacha mkpa iji mejupụta ihe ahụ. M gbalịsiri ike ịbịaru ahịrị, na-achọ okwu ndị kwekọrọ na echiche ndị na-aga n'ihu, ma ihe niile yiri ka ọ bụ ihe na-abaghị uru ... Ka onye ahụ mara mma, ka omume nke mmadụ nke eluigwe na ala, otú ahụ ka ọ na-esikwu ike ịchọta. naanị mkpa ezi okwu. Na mgbe ahụ, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev n'onwe ya bịara napụta, dị ka a ga-asị na ọ na-eche m ahụhụ, na chịkọta ndụ ya na nke ya see okwu: "M onwe m na-eche ihe m mere na nkà mmụta sayensị ndụ. Echere m na ọ mere nke ọma."
Mendeleev lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ, Fiza Leshcheva, bụ nwa nwanyị P. Ershov, na nke abụọ, Anna Popova, dị afọ 26 karịa ọkà mmụta sayensị. Site n'alụmdi na nwunye abụọ, a mụrụ ụmụ 7. Otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwanyị, Lyubov Mendeleeva, bụ nwunye nke onye na-ede uri Russia a ma ama nke Silver Age A. Blok.
Ihe niile na-adọrọ mmasị sitere na ndụ Mendeleev
Karịrị nkenke maka mkpesa ma ọ bụ biputere klaasị
Nhọrọ 2
Nhazi nke echiche ndụ Dmitry Ivanovich nwekwara mmetụta nke nwanne nna ya, nwanne nne ya, Vasily Dmitrievich Korniliev, bụ onye maara ndị nnọchianya pụtara ìhè nke ụwa nke nkà na sayensị nke oge ya. Ikekwe, n'ụlọ nwanne nna ya, Dmitry Ivanovich nwere ike izute N. Gogol, F. Glinka, M. Pogodin na ọbụna Sergei Lvovich na Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kasị ukwuu na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. Edere obere akụkọ ndụ Mendeleev na mkpụrụedemede ọla edo na akụkọ ntolite nke sayensị okike ụwa. Nke ahụ bụ ihe a ga-atụle n’isiokwu a.
DI. Mendeleev: a obere biography
Ọdịnihu Onye Okike nke oge okpokoro a mụrụ na February 1834 na obodo Tobolsk. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ nwere ọgụgụ isi: nna
jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Na mgbakwunye na dike anyị, ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ụmụ iri na asaa ọzọ (asato n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha dị obere). Ọdịnihu chemist nwetara ihe ndabere nke agụmakwụkwọ ya na mgbatị ahụ Tobolsk. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbatị ahụ, ọ na-abanye na ngalaba nke Physics na Mathematics nke Mahadum St. Petersburg. N'ozuzu, a nkenke biography Mendeleev nke oge a dabara n'ụzọ zuru okè na canons nke biography nke Russian ọgụgụ isi n'oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ọ gara mahadum na ihe nrite ọla edo.
Dmitry Mendeleev. Brief biography: mmalite nke ọrụ
Na njedebe nke ọmụmụ ya, Mendeleev na-eto eto gbalịrị ruo oge ụfọdụ iji gosi na ya onwe ya na-agụ akwụkwọ ubi, bụ nke e mere ka ọ dị mfe site na nnọọ ọlaedo afọ nke Russian uri nke o biri ndụ. O nyere ihe mmụta na nzuzo. Otú ọ dị, anya ruru ka
nsogbu ahụike amanye ịkwaga Odessa. N'ebe a, Dmitry Ivanovich nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi na mgbatị ahụ, nke e debere na Richelieu Lyceum. Otú ọ dị, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri St. N'afọ 1859-1861, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto bi na Heidelberg, Germany, ebe ọ na-enweta ọzụzụ sayensị. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, o dere akwụkwọ mbụ banyere kemịkalụ organic na akụkọ ntolite Russia.
Brief biography nke Mendeleev: heyday nke nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ na ude
N'afọ 1865, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto gbachitere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral ya. Ọ tọrọ ntọala maka nlele ọhụrụ na ngwọta organic. Ugbu a ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Mahadum St. Petersburg. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ ya ejedebeghị na mgbidi nke Alma mater naanị. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ nwetara ala na nhazi nke Boblovo, na mpaghara Moscow. N'ebe a, o ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi malite nyocha n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na agrochemistry.
N'afọ 1869, ihe omume mere na ndụ Mendeleev, n'ihi nke a na-akpọ ya ugbu a na Russia na n'ụwa nile: o chepụtara ma nye iwu na tebụl oge nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1871, site n'okpuru mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya na-abịa ọrụ oge ochie "Fundamentals of Chemistry". N'afọ 1880, a họpụtara Mendeleev dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, ma onye ọkà mmụta sayensị agafeghị, nke mere ka ọha na eze iwe na-eme ihe ike. N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, ọkà mmụta sayensị nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na nyocha na nkuzi n'ime mgbidi nke mahadum obodo ya, ma na 1890 ọ hapụrụ ya, na-eme mkpesa megide mmegbu nke ikike na nnwere onwe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ.
Brief biography Mendeleev: na-adịbeghị anya
Ná ngwụsị nke ndụ ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama rụrụ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Naval Ministry. Mgbe e mesịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi na onye nduzi mbụ nke State Chamber of Weights and Measures. Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ a ka ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Dmitry Ivanovich nwụrụ na February 2, 1907 na isi obodo.
Oge nwata na ntorobịa
Ọnwụ
Ọrụ sayensị
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev nwụrụ n'abalị nke Jenụwarị 22, 1907 si lobar oyi baa. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị dị afọ 72 enweghị ike imeri ọrịa siri ike ma obi ya kwụsịrị. Ọ hụrụ ọnwụ ya n'ihu, n'ihi ya, ọ gụchara sayensị, ego na ihe ndị ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na uche ya na ncheta ya na-ebelata kwa ụbọchị.
- Dmitri Mendeleev bụ onye so na ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama sayensị mmuta, o nwere ikike ụwa.
Jenụwarị 27 (February 8) 1834 Ọka mmụta sayensị, ọkà mmụta sayensị, kemist, onye na-emepụta ihe.
- Ọka mmụta sayensị nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 22, 1907 mgbe ọ dị afọ 72 site na oyi baa lobar.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev mụrụ February 8, 1834 na Tobolsk. Ọ bụ ya bụ nwa nke iri na asaa na nke ikpeazụ. Nna Dmitry, bụ́ Ivan Pavlovich, tụfuru ụzọ mgbe Dmitry dị otu afọ, nne ya, bụ́ Maria Dmitrievna, aghaghịkwa ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe iji gboo ezinụlọ ya.
Dmitry na-eletakarị ọrụ nne ya, bụ́ ebe ọ na-ahụ otú e si emepụta ugegbe, ọ bụkwa mgbe ahụ ka ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ebe sayensị dị. N'obodo ya Tobolsk, Mendeleev gụrụ akwụkwọ na mgbatị ahụ wee banye na Main Pedagogical Institute na St.
- Oge mbụ Dmitry Mendeleev lụrụ Feozva Leshcheva, n'alụmdi na nwunye a mụrụ ụmụ atọ, ma mmekọrịta ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ na di na nwunye ahụ mebiri.
- Dmitry nwere mmasị na sayensị mgbe ọ na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke iko mgbe ya na nne ya na-arụ ọrụ.
N'afọ 1890, site n'enyemaka nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, e mepụtara akwụkwọ nke tarifu omenala ọhụrụ, na n'okwu ndị e kwuru na ya, e nwere nyocha miri emi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke gosipụtara mkpa ya na atụmanya ọdịnihu.
Site na nwata, Dmitri Mendeleev hụrụ Sowya Kash n'anya, ma ọ jụrụ ịlụ ya. Ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ọdịnihu lụrụ Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva, bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye edemede nke "Humpbacked Horse" a ma ama. N'alụmdi na nwunye a, di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ, ma otu nwa nwanyị nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị obere.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev bụ nnọọ vasatail àgwà. O nwetara nsonaazụ dị egwu na sayensị dị iche iche: kemistri, physics, metrology, yana ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na ọrụ ugbo. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ nwere ntachi obi dị egwu na arụmọrụ pụrụ iche, nke nyere ya ohere ịga n'ihu n'oge n'ọtụtụ ebe sayensị ruo ọtụtụ afọ.
N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Òtù Naval na Agha Agha gwara Mendeleev ka ọ mepụta ntụ ntụ na-adịghị anwụrụ ọkụ, ọ bụkwa ya rụrụ ọrụ a n'enweghị ntụpọ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ tụrụ aro "pyrocollodium", nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịmegharị ngwa ngwa ọ bụla.
- Na 1872 ọ nwetara prọfesọ wee malite nkuzi na St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.
- Na 1876 ọ ghọrọ onye kwekọrọ na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Ndụ onwe onye
- Site na 1857 ruo 1890 nnukwu ọkà mmụta sayensị rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi kemistri na Mahadum Imperial na St. Petersburg.
mkpirisi biography
- Mendeleev lụrụ nke ugboro abụọ na Anna Popova dị afọ 19, di na nwunye ahụ ghọrọ nne na nna nwere obi ụtọ nke ụmụ anọ.
- Na 1856, Mendeleev nwetara aha Master nke Chemistry.
- N'obodo ya, Mendeleev gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbatị ahụ, wee ghọọ nwa akwụkwọ na Main Pedagogical Institute na St. Petersburg.
- D. I. Mendeleev mụrụ na Tobolsk na February 8, 1834.
Site na 1864 ruo 1866, Mendeleev kụziri na St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, na 1865 ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ, na-agbachitere akara mmụta doctoral ya "Na Nchikota mmanya na mmiri." Mendeleev na-etinye aka na nkuzi nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekere òkè na ndụ ọha mmadụ ma kwado mgbasawanye nke ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ, yana ịnakwere akwụkwọ ikike mahadum ọhụrụ.
Na Machị 1, 1869, nchọpụta bụ isi nke Mendeleev mere - iwu oge nke oge, nke sitere na nyocha sayensị dị ogologo. Ọkà mmụta sayensị chịkọtara ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke usoro oge, na ndabere nke o mere ka o doo anya arọ nke ọtụtụ ihe ama ama, ma buru amụma na ịdị adị nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-amabeghị na sayensị ruo oge ahụ. Iwu nke oge a nwetara amara mgbe nchọpụta nke ihe ndị Mendeleev buru amụma ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ bụrụla ụdị map ụzọ maka onye ọ bụla na-etinye aka na kemịkalụ inorganic.
Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich
- March 1, 1869 chọpụtara iwu oge nke chemical ọcha - ihe dị mkpa na sayensị.
Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia, onye dere ihe karịrị 1500 ọrụ sayensị na-egbuke egbuke. O mere nnyocha ndị bụ isi na kemistri, physics, sayensị meteorological, akụ na ụba, ọrụ ugbo, wdg. Nke a bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị nke haziri Isi Chamber of Weights and Measures, na isi ihe ọ rụzuru bụ nchọpụta nke iwu oge.
Nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ gbakọtara ịhụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia na-egbuke egbuke. E liri ya n'ili Volkovo, na "Okpokoro Oge nke Elements" na ọtụtụ okooko osisi ka edobere n'ili ...
Na 1890, Mendeleev gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke mkpesa site n'ọkwá ya dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum St. Petersburg, n'ihi na ọ pụghị iji nwayọọ hụ mmegbu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọ gbanwere ụzọ site na ọrụ sayensị gaa na nke bara uru.
Onyinye nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egbuke egbuke tụrụ onye ọ bụla akpata oyi n'ahụ. O buru amụma banyere ihe ndị ga-eme n’akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ, na-ebu ụzọ mata ọdịnihu n’ezie. Ndị ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya hụrụ ya n'anya, yana ụmụ akwụkwọ ọ kụziiri, ebe ọ bụ na Dmitry Ivanovich bụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mma, ma onye prọfesọ nwere ndidi na nghọta. Dmitri Mendeleev bụ onye pụrụ iche aha ya na-enweghị ike ihichapụ na Russian na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na sayensị.
- Site na 1859 ruo 1860 ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Heidelberg (Germany).
- Na 1868 Dmitry Ivanovich ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Russian Chemical Society.
- Na 1855 ọ nwetara diplọma wee malite izi ihe.
- Ọ bụ nwa nke iri na asaa, nna Dmitry kpuru ìsì, nne ya aghaghịkwa igbo mkpa ezinụlọ ha dum.
Mmekọrịta ya na nwunye ya emeghị, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya Mendeleev zutere ịhụnanya ọhụrụ - nwa nwanyị dị afọ 19 nke Don Cossack si Uryupinsk, Anna Ivanovna Popova. N'alụmdi na nwunye nke Dmitry na Anna, a mụrụ ụmụ anọ, ha biri ndụ obi ụtọ mgbe ọ bụla, na nghọta zuru oke.
Tobolsk Mendeleev bụ onye edemede nke mbụ Russian akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Organic Chemistry", nke e nyere ya Demidov Prize - n'oge ahụ kasị elu na nkà mmụta sayensị award na Russia.
Jenụwarị 20 (February 2), 1907 (afọ 72)
Mmechi
Dmitry Mendeleev rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Encyclopedic Dictionary, ma deekwa ọtụtụ isiokwu maka akwụkwọ a. Ọ gara n'ihu dezie "Library of Industry", na-anagide ọrụ a nke ọma. Na 1904, akwụkwọ Mendeleev malitere ịpụta na Treasure Treatise, ebe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chịkọtara ndụ ọha mmadụ na nke obodo, yana akụ na ụba Russia. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a ghọkwara ụdị ihe akaebe nye ụmụ ọmụmụ.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kasị ukwuu na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. Edere obere akụkọ ndụ Mendeleev na mkpụrụedemede ọla edo na akụkọ ntolite nke sayensị okike ụwa. Nke ahụ bụ ihe a ga-atụle n’isiokwu a.
DI. Mendeleev: a obere biography
Ọdịnihu Onye Okike nke oge okpokoro a mụrụ na February 1834 na obodo Tobolsk. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ nwere ọgụgụ isi: nna ya
jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke mgbatị ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na dike anyị, ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ụmụ iri na asaa ọzọ (asato n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha dị obere). Ọdịnihu chemist nwetara ihe ndabere nke agụmakwụkwọ ya na mgbatị ahụ Tobolsk. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbatị ahụ, ọ na-abanye na ngalaba nke Physics na Mathematics nke Mahadum St. Petersburg. N'ozuzu, a nkenke biography Mendeleev nke oge a dabara n'ụzọ zuru okè na canons nke biography nke Russian ọgụgụ isi n'oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, ọ gara mahadum na ihe nrite ọla edo.
Dmitry Mendeleev. Brief biography: mmalite nke ọrụ
Na njedebe nke ọmụmụ ya, Mendeleev na-eto eto gbalịrị ruo oge ụfọdụ iji gosi na ya onwe ya na-agụ akwụkwọ ubi, bụ nke e mere ka ọ dị mfe site na nnọọ ọlaedo afọ nke Russian uri nke o biri ndụ. O nyere ihe mmụta na nzuzo. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị, n'ihi
nsogbu ahụike, a manyere ya ịkwaga Odessa. N'ebe a, Dmitry Ivanovich nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi na mgbatị ahụ, nke e debere na Richelieu Lyceum. Otú ọ dị, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri St. N'afọ 1859-1861, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto bi na Heidelberg, Germany, ebe ọ na-enweta ọzụzụ sayensị. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, o dere akwụkwọ mbụ banyere kemịkalụ organic na akụkọ ntolite Russia.
Brief biography nke Mendeleev: heyday nke nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ na ude
N'afọ 1865, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto gbachitere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral ya. Ọ tọrọ ntọala maka nlele ọhụrụ na ngwọta organic. Ugbu a ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Mahadum St. Petersburg. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ ya ejedebeghị na mgbidi nke Alma mater naanị. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ nwetara ala na nhazi nke Boblovo, na mpaghara Moscow. N'ebe a, o ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi malite nyocha n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na agrochemistry.
N'afọ 1869, ihe omume mere na ndụ Mendeleev, n'ihi nke a na-akpọ ya ugbu a na Russia na n'ụwa nile: o chepụtara ma nye iwu na tebụl oge nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1871, site n'okpuru mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya na-abịa ọrụ oge ochie "Fundamentals of Chemistry". N'afọ 1880, a họpụtara Mendeleev dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, ma onye ọkà mmụta sayensị agafeghị, nke mere ka ọha na eze iwe na-eme ihe ike. N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, ọkà mmụta sayensị nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na nyocha na nkuzi n'ime mgbidi nke mahadum obodo ya, ma na 1890 ọ hapụrụ ya, na-eme mkpesa megide mmegbu nke ikike na nnwere onwe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ.
Brief biography Mendeleev: na-adịbeghị anya
Ná ngwụsị nke ndụ ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama rụrụ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Naval Ministry. Mgbe e mesịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi na onye nduzi mbụ nke State Chamber of Weights and Measures. Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ a ka ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Dmitry Ivanovich nwụrụ na February 2, 1907 na isi obodo.
Mendeleev bụ onye edemede nke ọrụ na metrology. Ọ mepụtara atụmatụ nke rocker na onye njide, kere echiche nke ịdị arọ. Na 1901, ọkà mmụta sayensị nyere aka n'eziokwu na e meghere ụlọikwuu nkwenye na Kharkov maka akara akpịrịkpa.
Mendeleev bụ onye edemede nke nchọpụta bụ isi na kemistri. Ọ chọtara ebe mmiri na-esi esi n'ebe ahụ ma chepụta ngwaọrụ e mere iji chọpụta njupụta nke mmiri mmiri. N'afọ 1869, ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ kere ụdị mbụ nke Tebụl nke Chemical Elements. Na 1900, a na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ efu nke gas dị mma na usoro.
Na 1890-1895, Mendeleev mepụtara teknụzụ maka imepụta ntụ ntụ na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ. Na 1899, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị duru Ural njem. Na 1900 ọ gara Paris maka ngosi ngosi ụwa. Dmitry Ivanovich dere otu isiokwu na sịntetik emep uta eri.
Na 1857, Dmitry Ivanovich rụrụ ọrụ na Imperial St. Petersburg University. Ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ kemistri na ọdịdị ọdịdị anụ ahụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na 1841, Dmitry gụrụ akwụkwọ na mpaghara mgbatị. Na 1855 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọla edo site na Main Pedagogical Institute na St. Petersburg. N'otu afọ ahụ, nwa okorobịa ahụ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Simferopol Men's Gymnasium. Ọ bụ onye nkụzi sayensị. N'afọ sochirinụ, Dmitry rụrụ ọrụ na Richelieu Lyceum na Odessa. N'October 1856, Mendeleev nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na kemistri.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị encyclopedic bụ onye chọpụtara iwu kemịkalụ oge nke oge. Nke a bụ ọkà mmụta mbara ala na metrologist, onye na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ na ụgbọelu. Dmitri Mendeleev mụrụ February 8, 1834 na Tobolsk. Ọ bụ nwa nke iri na asaa n’ezinụlọ ha.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Na 1859, Mendeleev gara njem azụmahịa na Germany iji meziwanye ihe ọmụma na ime ule. Ọkà mmụta sayensị họọrọ Heidelberg University. O guzobere ntọala nyocha maka nleba anya, maka njikọ na ịdị ọcha nke ihe. Na Germany, Dmitry Ivanovich nwere nwa nwanyị na-akwadoghị iwu site na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahapụghị nwa agbọghọ ahụ ma kwado ya n'ụzọ ego.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev nwụrụ na February 2, 1907 na St. Petersburg. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ bụ oyi baa. E liri onye ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na bridges Literary nke ili Volkovsky.
Dmitri Mendeleev nwere mmasị na aeronautics. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ mepụtara oru ngo nke balloon stratospheric na balloon nwere injin. N'afọ 1887, ọ fepụrụ na balloon Rọshịa iji hụ n'ehihie n'ehihie.
N'afọ ndị 1870, ọkà mmụta sayensị mụtara nguzogide nke ndị na-ajụ ase. O kwuputara echiche ahụ na ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ọdọ mmiri nnwale maka ịnwale ụgbọ mmiri. Ọka mmụta sayensị sokwa na-arụ ebe a na-akpụ ice.
Na 1860 Mendeleev keere òkè na International Chemical Congress na Karlsruhe. N'afọ sochirinụ, o dere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Organic Chemistry. Na 1863, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị duru ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ. Na 1865, Dmitry gbachiteere ya doctoral tesis na Nchikota mmanya na mmiri. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e nyere ya aha Prọfesọ pụrụ iche na Ngalaba Nkà na ụzụ Chemistry.
Mendeleev lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ bụ Feozva Leshcheva. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ atọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 42, ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ hụrụ otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ 16 n'anya. Ọ bụ Anna Popova, onye mesịrị ghọọ nwunye Mendeleev. Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ụmụ anọ.
Nchọpụta Mendeleev nke iwu oge oge malitere na March 1, 1869, mgbe ọ chịkọtara tebụl nke isiokwu ya bụ "ahụmahụ nke usoro ihe ndị na-adabere n'ịdị arọ nke atọm na myirịta chemical ha." Ọ bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ afọ nke ịchọ. Ọ chịkọtara ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke usoro oge na, na ndabere ya, mezie atomiki arọ nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị a maara, buru amụma ịdị adị na ihe onwunwe nke ihe ndị a na-amaghị ama. Na mbụ, usoro ahụ n'onwe ya, mmezi ndị e mere, na amụma Mendeleev zutere njide. Ma mgbe nchọpụta nke ihe ndị o buru n'amụma (gallium, germanium, scandium), iwu oge malitere inweta amara. Usoro nke oge a bụ ụdị map na-eduzi n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara kemịkalụ inorganic na ọrụ nyocha na mpaghara a.
N'afọ 1864-1866. DI. Mendeleev bụ prọfesọ na St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. Na 1865 ọ gbachiteere ya doctoral dissertation "Na Nchikota mmanya na mmiri" na n'otu oge ahụ a kwadoro dị ka prọfesọ na St. Petersburg University. Mendeleev kụzikwaara ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. O tinyere aka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndụ ọha, na-ekwu okwu n'akwụkwọ na-achọ ikike ịgụ okwu ihu ọha, kwugidere usoro mgbasa ozi na-amachibido ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ, ma kparịta akwụkwọ ikike mahadum ọhụrụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na 1891 Mendeleev na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke chemical-teknuzu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na onye dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na-achọ akwụkwọ a. N'afọ 1900-1902. Dmitry Mendeleev na-edezi "Library of Industry" (Brockhaus-Efron bipụtara), ebe o nwere okwu nke "Ịkụzi banyere Ụlọ Ọrụ". Ebe ọ bụ na 1904, "Echiche Ahụrụ n'anya" malitere ịpụta - Mendeleev akụkọ ihe mere eme-nkà ihe ọmụma na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba, nke nwere, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, ọgbụgba ndụ ya maka ụmụ ụmụ, pụta ihe ọ nwetara na chegharịa n'ihe dị iche iche metụtara akụ na ụba, ala. na elekọta mmadụ ndụ Russia.
Na 1868 Mendeleev ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị nhazi nke Russian Chemical Society.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 20, 1907 site na oyi baa. Olili ozu ya, nke a nabatara na ego steeti, bụ ezigbo iru uju mba. Ngalaba Chemistry nke Russian Physical-Chemical Society guzobere onyinye abụọ maka nsọpụrụ Mendeleev maka ọrụ kacha mma na kemistri. Ọbá akwụkwọ Mendeleev, yana ngwá ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ya, nwetara site na Mahadum Petrograd ma debe ya n'ime ụlọ pụrụ iche nke bụbu akụkụ nke ụlọ ya.
Ebe ọ bụ na 1876, Dmitry Mendeleev bụ onye kwekọrọ na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, na 1880 a họpụtara ya maka agụmakwụkwọ, ma a họpụtara ya, nke mere ka ọha na eze na-eti mkpu.
Na 1890, Mendeleev, bụ́ onye prọfesọ na Mahadum St. Petersburg, gbara arụkwaghịm ná mkpesa megide mmegbu a na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a ga-ebipụ ya na sayensị, Dmitri Mendeleev na-etinye ike ya niile na nsogbu ndị bara uru.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) - Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma. N'afọ 1869, ọ chọtara iwu oge nke chemical element - otu n'ime iwu ndị bụ isi nke sayensị okike. Ọ hapụrụ ihe karịrị 500 e biri ebi ọrụ, n'etiti nke kpochapụwo "Fundamentals nke Chemistry" - mbụ kwekọrọ ekwekọ ngosi nke inorganic kemịkalụ. Ọzọkwa D.I. Mendeleev bụ onye edemede nke nchọpụta bụ isi na physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, Economics, Public Education, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na mkpa nke mmepe akụ na ụba Russia. Onye nhazi na onye ntụzi mbụ nke Isi Chamber of Weights and Measures.
Mendeleev nwetara agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Department of Natural Sciences of Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute na St. Petersburg, nke ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1855 na ọla edo. Na 1856 ọ gbachitere nna ya ukwu tesis na St. Petersburg University na site na 1857 ọ kụziiri a N'ezie na organic kemịkal n'ebe ahụ dị ka onye na-akpakọrịta prọfesọ. N'afọ 1859-1861. ọ nọ na ọrụ sayensị na Heidelberg, ebe ọ ghọrọ enyi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ ebe ahụ, gụnyere A.P. Borodin na I.M. Sechenov. N'ebe ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'obere ụlọ nyocha ụlọ ya, nakwa na ụlọ nyocha nke R. Bunsen na Mahadum Heidelberg. Na 1861, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Organic Chemistry", bụ nke e nyere Demidov Prize site na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev mụrụ February 8, 1834 na Tobolsk na ezinụlọ Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, onye n'oge ahụ nwere ọnọdụ nke director nke Tobolsk mgbatị ahụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Tobolsk district. Dmitry bụ nwa ikpeazụ, nke iri na asaa n'ime ezinụlọ. N'afọ 1841-1849. A mụrụ na Tobolsk gymnasium.
N'afọ 1862, Mendeleev lụrụ di na nwunye nke onye edemede a ma ama nke The Little Humpbacked Horse, Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov, Feozva Nikitichnaya Leshcheva, onye Tobolsk. N'alụmdi na nwunye a, ọ mụrụ ụmụ atọ, ma otu nwa nwanyị nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata. N'afọ 1865, ọkà mmụta sayensị nwetara ụlọ ahịa Boblovo na mpaghara Moscow, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ agrochemistry na ọrụ ugbo. F.N. Leshcheva na ụmụ ya bi n'ebe ahụ ọtụtụ oge.
Na njedebe nke 1870s. Dmitri Mendeleev hụrụ n'anya Anna Ivanovna Popova, ada Don Cossack si Uryupinsk. N'alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ, D. I. Mendeleev nwere ụmụ anọ. DI. Mendeleev bụ nna nwunye nke onye na-ede uri Russia Alexander Blok, onye lụrụ nwa ya nwanyị Lyubov.
Site na ntinye aka ya, na 1890, e kere akwụkwọ nke tarifu omenala ọhụrụ, bụ nke a na-emejuputa usoro nchebe mgbe nile, na 1891, e bipụtara akwụkwọ magburu onwe ya: "Explanatory Tariff", nke na-enye nkọwa banyere ọrụ a na, na 1891. N'otu oge ahụ, nyocha nke echere nke ọma nke ụlọ ọrụ , na-egosi mkpa ya na atụmanya ọdịnihu. Na 1891, ndị agha mmiri na agha ministri nye Mendeleev mmepe nke okwu nke anwụrụ ọkụ ntụ ntụ, na 1892 ọ (mgbe ọ gachara ná mba ọzọ) ọ rụzuru ọrụ a nke ọma. "Pyrocollodium" ọ tụrụ aro ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ntụ ntụ na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ, Ọzọkwa, zuru ụwa ọnụ na ngwa ngwa na-emegharị na ngwa agha ọ bụla.
Mendeleev bụkwa onye nchoputa nke Russian Organisation of Chemists, nke e hiwere na 1868 na, n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mgbalị ha chọrọ ịhụ ya dị ka onyeisi oche n'ebe ahụ. Ọ nọchikwara anya otu n'ime ndị otu kwekọrọ na St. Petersburg Academy, ma ebe ọ nọ na 1880 ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ ndị dị otú ahụ.
N'afọ 1856, Dmitry gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya wee ghọọ onye ọkachamara nke kemịkalụ.
3rd grade maka ụmụaka na oghere ya
Na Jenụwarị 27, 1834, a mụrụ oké ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịnihu D.I. Mendeleev. Nna ya bụ onye nduzi nke otu n'ime mgbatị ahụ dị na Tobolsk, nne ya bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye nwe ala na ogbenye.
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin mụrụ na 1832 na ezinụlọ nke Yelabuga ahịa. Ivan Vasilyevich Shishkin jere ozi dị ka onyeisi obodo, ndị bi na ya kwanyere ya ùgwù. Ọ chọrọ ka nwa ya mụọ ezigbo akwụkwọ. Ya mere, o nyere Ivan na-eto eto na ndị ikom
- Bunin Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov bụ onye na-ede uri, onye edemede na ọkà mmụta sayensị nke uri na nchọpụta ya dịgidere ruo taa. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'ụwa niile maka ọkwa ụbụrụ ya na ihe ọmụma ya. Site na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru, o meriri ụwa dum. A mụrụ ya na 1711 na November 8
N'ihi na 3rd klas ụmụaka banyere ya na ụmụ ya
- Frank Schubert Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia na-arụ ọrụ na ubi ndị dị ka: physics, kemistri, aeronautics, meteorology, technology na ndị ọzọ. N'ime nchọpụta ya kachasị ewu ewu, ihe kachasị ewu ewu bụ "iwu oge nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe", nke, dịka ị maara, bụ isi iwu nke eluigwe na ala, nke jikọtara ya na sayensị okike.
N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-akpali akpali, nke onye ọ bụla maara nke ọma, karịsịa maka onye nkịtị.
Ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ndụ obi umeala Mendeleev na ezinụlọ ya nọrọ na Siberia. Ọ bụ ebe a ka ndị Decembrists jere ozi nchụpụ ha n'oge ndị ahụ siri ike na ọbụna egwu.
D.I. Mendeleev, ezigbo onye amamihe nke Russia, ọkà mmụta sayensị na prọfesọ, n'afọ ya bụ onye so na Academy of Sciences. O nwere ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche na ngalaba sayensị niile. na mgbakwunye na physics na kemistry, ọ na-enwe mmasị nke ukwuu ịmụ ọdịdị ala.
Brief biography Dmitri Mendeleev
N'afọ 1855, Dmitry Ivanovich gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, nwetara nrite ọla edo maka ịgụ akwụkwọ na ikike iche echiche, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere izi ihe.
Na 1861, Mendeleev laghachiri n'obodo ya wee malite azụmahịa ochie ya - nkuzi nkuzi na State University of St. Petersburg. N'otu oge ahụ, n'aha ya, e bipụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka, ebe a na-etinye ntọala nke kemịkalụ organic, nke nwere otu aha - "Organic Chemistry". Otu akwụkwọ ahụ ga-abụ onye mmeri nke Demidov award.
Dmitry Ivanovich bụ onye òtù nke ihe karịrị 90 ukwuu nkà mmụta sayensị, eke sayensị ụlọ ọrụ na mahadum si kpamkpam dị iche iche mba. Malite na 1964, aha Mendeleev pụtara na ebube nke ebube, yana ndị a ma ama dị ka: Archimedes, Newton, Galileo na ndị ọzọ.
N'agbanyeghị nke a, D.I. N'ime ndụ ya niile, ọ ka bụ otu nwa nwoke, onye nọchiri ya, Ivan Dmitrievich Mendeleev, na-echeta otu okwu mgbe niile. Mgbe nna ya dara ọrịa, ọ gwara ya otu ahịrịokwu, sị: “Ahụ ahụ na-ewute ya nke ukwuu, dị ka mgbe anyị lụrụ ọgụ n’àkwà mmiri mgbe anyị gụsịrị akwụkwọ.”
Mgbe ahụ, site na 1859 ruo 1861, o si na Germany gawa ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha nke Kirchhoff na Bunsen na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Heidelberg a ma ama.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev nwụrụ na 1907, na February 2, n'ihi oyi baa. E liri ya n'ili Volkovskoye, n'ebe a maara dị ka Bridges Literary.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin bụ onye edemede a ma ama, onye na-ede uri na onye edemede pụtara ìhè. A mụrụ October 10, 1870. Ógbè Oryol bụ ebe Bunin nọrọ oge ọ bụ nwata. Okirikiri ala mara mma, nnwere onwe na ohere kpaliri Ivan iwere nzọụkwụ mbụ ya na ederede
- Lomonosov Austrian onye na-ede egwú na onye na-agụ egwú mụrụ na 1797 na Vienna. Nna ya na nwanne ya gụrụ akwụkwọ egwu, ọ bụ ha nyere nwata ahụ nkuzi n'ịkụ egwu egwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 6, nna ya zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ parochial.
- Jean-Paul Marat Dmitry Ivanovich mụrụ na Tobolsk Jenụwarị 27, 1834, na ezinụlọ nke a maara nke ọma ndú nke a maara nke ọma ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na obere izi ụlọ ọrụ nke district. Mgbe afọ 16 gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ nke mgbatị ahụ, ebe ọ debanyere aha na ngalaba nke Physics na Mathematics, ma ọ bụ karịa, na ngalaba nke sayensị sayensị. N'afọ 1856, n'otu n'ime mahadum St.
Ọ bụ nwa nke iri na asaa n’ime ezinụlọ (dị ka akwụkwọ ọzọ siri kwuo, nke iri na anọ). Nne Dmitry gbalịrị ime ihe niile o nwere ike ime ka ọ nweta agụmakwụkwọ kacha mma.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Mendeleev akwụsịghị inye onyinye ya na sayensị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1869, o wetara "usoro oge nke ihe ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ" nke onye ọ bụla maara, na March nke otu afọ, onye ọzọ a ma ama chemist Menshutkin, n'aha Dmitry Ivanovich. , gwara onye ọ bụla banyere usoro oge ya.
Mgbe ahụ, ọ, ruo afọ abụọ, gbaziri usoro nke ya, mee mgbanwe ụfọdụ n'ebe ahụ ma na-agbazikarị ya. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịmụ ụkpụrụ a ná ndụ ya nile.
A mụrụ Jean-Paul-Marat na July 1743 nye nne Switzerland na onye nkụzi Ịtali. Ọ nwụnahụrụ nne na nna ya n'oge, ya mere, site na nwata, ọ mụtara ịnọrọ onwe ya ma nweta ihe e ji ebi ndụ site na ọrụ nke ya, na ebe ahụ.
N'ime ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ kachasị mkpa na sayensị, ekwesịrị icheta na ọ na-eduzi usoro ọmụmụ ihe niile na ngwọta, na na 1865 ọ malitere ịkwasa ụkpụrụ multi-hydrate nke ngwọta hydraulic. Banyere ọmụmụ ya banyere nrụrụ nke gas, ebe ya na Clapeyron mepụtara n'ozuzu nha nha nke ọnọdụ nke gas dị mma.
/
- Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich
N'afọ 1864, ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke St. Petersburg Dmitry Ivanovich malitere ịkpọ onye nkụzi sayensị n'ọhịa nke onwu. Na Jenụwarị 31, 1865, na nchikota nke conclave nke ngalaba nke Physics na Mathematics nke St. maka nkuzi niile gbasara ngwọta mmiri.
Dmitry nwetara agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na otu n'ime mahadum dị na St. Petersburg. Nne ya nwara ma mee ihe niile o kwere mee ka nwa ya nwoke wee bụrụ onye ọhụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ.
- Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich Dmitry bụ eze lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ ya bụ Fiza Leshcheva. Nwunye nke abụọ dị afọ 26 karịa di ya ọ hụrụ n'anya, aha ya bụ Anna Popova. N'alụmdi na nwunye abụọ mere Mendeleev nwere ụmụ 7 mara mma. Site n'ụzọ, otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwanyị, Lyubonka, ghọrọ nwunye nke onye edemede a ma ama na onye na-ede uri A. Blok.
- Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Site na 1869 ruo 1900, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na e kere eke nke oge iwu nke chemical ọcha. O nweghị afọ ojuju maka ọrụ ya.
Biography Dmitry Mendeleev banyere isi ihe
Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 72 na 1907. N'ime afọ ikpeazụ ya, o mere ihe niile kwere omume imeghe mahadum mbụ na Siberia na Siberia, na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmeghe nke Polytechnic University na obodo Kyiv, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
Na 1630, Dezhnev si Veliky Ustyug, tinyere 500 ndị nweere onwe ha, jere ozi na Siberia. Na 1961 ọ nọ na detachment nke Mikhail Stadukhin. Ndị Cossacks rutere n'ọnụ Indigirka, yabụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara osimiri a na nke mbụ.
Ezinụlọ na Ụmụaka
N'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, Mendeleev mere ọtụtụ ihe imeghe mahadum mbụ na Siberia, tọrọ ntọala Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, nyere aka na mmeghe nke Polytechnic Institute na Kyiv, ma mepụta Chemical Society mbụ na Alaeze Ukwu Russia. .
Mendeleev lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye mbụ, Fiza Leshcheva, bụ nwa nwanyị P. Ershov, na nke abụọ, Anna Popova, dị afọ 26 karịa ọkà mmụta sayensị. Site n'alụmdi na nwunye abụọ, a mụrụ ụmụ 7. Otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwanyị, Lyubov Mendeleeva, bụ nwunye nke onye na-ede uri Russia a ma ama nke Silver Age A. Blok.
Afọ ikpeazụ na ọnwụ
- Mendeleev gara ọtụtụ njem. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na ọ gara ebe niile n'Alaeze Ukwu Russia, ọbụna n'akụkụ ya niile dịpụrụ adịpụ, na Europe dum, ọbụna gara Niagara.
Dmitry Ivanovich mụrụ na ezinụlọ nke director nke Tobolsk mgbatị, Iv. P. Mendeleev na M. Dm. Kornilyeva, ada nke ogbenye Siberia onye nwe ala, Jenụwarị 27 (February 8), 1834. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke 17 (dị ka nsụgharị ọzọ - 14), ma nne ahụ mere ihe niile kwere omume ka "nwa ikpeazụ" ya wee nweta agụmakwụkwọ dị mma.
Nhazi nke echiche ndụ Dmitry Ivanovich nwekwara mmetụta nke nwanne nna ya, nwanne nne ya, Vasily Dmitrievich Korniliev, bụ onye maara ndị nnọchianya pụtara ìhè nke ụwa nke nkà na sayensị nke oge ya. Ikekwe, n'ụlọ nwanne nna ya, Dmitry Ivanovich nwere ike izute N. Gogol, F. Glinka, M. Pogodin na ọbụna Sergei Lvovich na Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.
Site na 1859 ruo 1860 ọ kụziiri ma rụọ ọrụ na Germany, na Mahadum Heidelberg, ebe ọ zutere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka R. Bunsen, J. Gibbson.
A na-echekwa ozi na otu n'ime ndị nkụzi Dmitry Ivanovich na mgbatị ahụ bụ onye na-ede uri a ma ama P. Ershov (onye edemede a ma ama "Humpbacked Horse").
Oge nwata na nzụlite
Ebe ọ bụ na 1872, mgbe ọ natara aha nke prọfesọ, ọ kụziiri na St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, Nikolaev Engineering School, nakwa na Institute of Communications. Ebe ọ bụ na 1876 ọ bụ a kwekọrọ ekwekọ so na Academy of Sciences.
Site na 1857 ruo 1890 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Imperial St. Petersburg na Ngalaba Chemistry.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara ma chepụta otu n'ime iwu ndị bụ isi nke okike - iwu oge nke ihe kemịkal. Ekwesiri ighota na Mendeleev rụrụ ọrụ na usoro ya site na 1869 ruo 1900 ma ọ dịghị afọ ojuju maka ọrụ ya.
Karịrị nkenke maka mkpesa ma ọ bụ biputere klaasị
Nhọrọ 2
Na 1855, Mendeleev gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institute (na a gold) wee malite izi ihe. Na mbụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Simferopol mgbatị (ebe ọ zutere NI Pirogov), mgbe ahụ na Richelieu Lyceum na Odessa. N'afọ 1856, ọ gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na kemistri.
- A maara na ya na S. O. Makarov, bụ onye na-achị Russia, maara nke ọma. Ya na ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị zubere njem iji na-amụ Arctic Ocean na ọbụna keere òkè n'ime ihe e kere eke nke mbụ icebreaker "Ermak".
Akụkọ ndụ Mendeleev jupụtara n'eziokwu ndị na-adọrọ mmasị, bụ ndị na-adịkarị obere ka onye nkịtị mara.
Na nkenke biography nke Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, e kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ọdịnihu nọrọ akụkụ nke ndụ ya na Siberia, bụ ebe ndị Decembrists chụpụrụ n'otu oge. Ezinụlọ Mendeleev maara nke ọma I. Pushchin, A.M. Muravyov, P.N. Svistunov, M. A. Fonvizin.
Ọrụ sayensị
Biography nke Mendeleev
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Evgenia Semenova
10/10
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Julia Mayorova
10/10
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Anna Karatun
8/10
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Elena Zholobova
9/10
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Ilya Kolchin
7/10
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Seit-Mahmud Seitmemetov
7/10
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Timofey Kalyazin
10/10
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Pavel Sholom
10/10
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Tatyana Kuznetsova
10/10
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Boltirik Jersultan
5/10
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Nchọpụta nke Iwu Oge Oge
Ngụkọta ọkwa natara: 470.
Ọnwa Abụọ 8, 1834 - Febụwarị 2, 1907 (afọ 72)
Ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ nwụrụ na 1907, mgbe ọ dị afọ 72. E liri ya n’otu n’ime ebe a na-eli ozu nke St. Petersburg.
Ihe niile na-adọrọ mmasị sitere na ndụ Mendeleev
Ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ọdịnihu nwetara agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na St. Petersburg, na Main Pedagogical Institute. Nne ya mere ihe niile iji debanye aha nwa ya nwoke n'afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia ama ama, prọfesọ, onye otu Academy of Sciences, onye nwere ihe ọmụma encyclopedic na kemistri, physics, ọdịdị ala na akụnụba. Isi ihe nchoputa ya na mmepe ya bụ tebụl kemikal nke oge, ma ọ bụ tebụl oge.
Ngụkọta ọkwa natara: 470.

robotstxt: allowed

filter: keep


text:
Ụdị Crawler Rough Terrain Scissor Lift CE Asambodo Dị Mma
Data teknụzụ
Mkpado ngwaahịa
China Daxlifter Rough Terrain Crawler Scissor Ebuli ihe pụrụ iche maka ebe arụ ọrụ ọjọọ, imewe crawler ga-enye aka dị mma maka ebuli gafee ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi siri ike.Dị ka ihe atụ, grassland, ụfọdụ siri ike na-ewu ala wdg .. Nke a ìhè crawler scissor lift adịghị akpaka nkwado ụkwụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mma maka na-arụ ọrụ na ụfọdụ ebe nwere nnukwu akụkụ.ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka mkpasa ebuli rụọ ọrụ na ramp ma ọ bụ mkpọda.Tụlee ịzụta anyịakpaka nkwado ụkwụ arụnyere crawler mkpa ebuli.Igwe mkpasa crawler abụọ a na-emepụta na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Ụdị Crawler Scissor Lift na-anakwere ihe eji eme crawler iji hụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume ibuli mkpa.Otú ọ dị, mkpasa ebuli n'elu ikpo okwu ga-kwuru na crawler imewe naanị ike ya na-agafe ike, na ọ dịghị ka ike ike teren mkpasi ebuli na nkwado ụkwụ nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na-erughị eru ala ma ọ bụ na usoro nke ebuli, dum ngwá bụ gbagọrọ agbagọ.Ọ ka dị mkpa iji hụ na a na-ebuli ngwá ọrụ ahụ ma gbadaa n'ala dị larịị na-enweghị mkpọda.Nke a dị ezigbo mkpa, biko aghọtahiela ma ọ bụ jiri akụrụngwa a mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na saịtị ọrụ gị chọrọ ka mma passable akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa na-arụ ọrụ na a larịị n'ala, ị nwere ike họrọ crawler mkpa lift na-enweghị nkwado ụkwụ.Ọ bụrụ na ebe ọrụ niile dị larịị ma enweghị mkpọda, ị nwere ike họrọ ozugbohydraulic onwe-propelled mkpa ebulikama itinyekwu ego iji zụta ihe mkpali ụdị crawler.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịchọta ezigbo onye nrụpụta, biko zitere anyị ajụjụ.Anyị ga-enye gị ọnụahịa kwesịrị ekwesị!
FAQ
A: Ogologo ikpo okwu kachasị bụ 11.75m, mana iỌ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ na-eguzo na ya, ịdị elu na-arụ ọrụ karịrị mita 11.75.
A: Crawler scissor lift bụ nke ahaziri maka ebe ọrụ siri ike.Nhazi crawler ga-enye aka dị mma maka ebuli elu gafere ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi siri ike.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ala ahịhịa, ụfọdụ ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu, wdg.
A:Anyị mkpasa inwego table enwetala ISO9001 na CE akwụkwọ ugbua nke kasị mma àgwà elu table naChina.
A: Anyị na ụlọ ọrụ mbupu dị ike jikọrọ aka ruo ọtụtụ afọsonye ga-enye anyị ọnụahịa mbupu akụ na ụba ma na-enye ọrụ mbupu kacha mma.
Vidiyo
Nkọwapụta
Gịnị mere Họrọ Anyị
Dị ka onye ọkachamara crawler scissor lift sopplier, anyị enyela ọkachamara na akụrụngwa ebuli elu n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Serbia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, India, New Zealand, Malaysia, Canada na mba ndị ọzọ.Ngwá ọrụ anyị na-eburu n'uche ọnụahịa dị ọnụ ala na arụmọrụ ọrụ magburu onwe ya.Na mgbakwunye, anyị nwekwara ike ịnye ọrụ ire ere zuru oke.Obi abụọ adịghị ya na anyị ga-abụ nhọrọ kacha mma gị!
Nhazi belt crawler:
Usoro mgbagharị eriri crawler ga-eme ka mkpasa ebuli nwee ikike ngafe siri ike
Evalvụ mbelata ngwa ngwa:
N'ọnọdụ mberede ma ọ bụ ọdịda ike, valvụ a nwere ike belata ikpo okwu.
valvụ na-egbochi mgbawa nchekwa:
N'ọnọdụ nke ịgbawa tubing ma ọ bụ ike mberede mberede, ikpo okwu agaghị ada.
Nchekwa oke ibu:
Ngwaọrụ nchebe oke ibu arụnyere iji gbochie eriri ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ma mebie ihe nchekwa n'ihi oke ibu
Mmasịnhazi:
Ọ na-anakwere imepụta scissor, ọ siri ike ma na-adịgide adịgide, nsonaazụ ya dị mma ma kwụsie ike karị.
Ịdị mma Dị elu Ọdịdị hydraulic:
Emebere usoro hydraulic nke ọma, mmanụ mmanụ agaghị emepụta adịghị ọcha, na nrụzi ahụ dị mfe.
Uru
Wuru n'imeBngwa ngwa:
Ike batrị arụnyere arụnyere, iji mezuo ihe achọrọ nke ọnọdụ ọrụ dị iche iche, enweghị ike mpụga, enweghị ike ndọtị mpụga nwere ike ibuli n'efu.
Na-agbanwe agbanwemove naEasy ịrụ ọrụ:
Ọrụ na nhazi nke akụrụngwa nwere ike ime otu onye.Naanị onye na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ka ọ mara njikwa njikwa iji mechaa n'ihu, azụ, steing, ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa mmegharị nke akụrụngwa.
SokpokoroSnhazi:
Mgbe ị na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ, Crawler Scissor Lift kwụsiri ike karịa Scissor Lift nwere wiil.
valvụ na-egbochi mgbawa nchekwa:
N'ọnọdụ mberede dị ka ịgbawa tubing ma ọ bụ ọdịda ike, ikpo okwu agaghị ada, na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ.
Ibufe ọrụ nchebe:
Sistemu hydraulic nke Crawler scissor lift nwere ọrụ nchekwa oke ibu, nke dị mma iji.
Ngwa
Ikpe 1
Otu n'ime ndị ahịa anyị na Philippines nwere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ike nke ya.Ọ zụtara mkpasa Crawler anyị ka ọ na-adị mfe ịgafe ala siri ike dịka ahịhịa na ájá mgbe ọ na-arụzi ike.N'otu oge ahụ, n'ihi na nhazi crawler anyị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emegharị nkwụsi ike, ya mere enwere ike ijide n'aka na nchekwa onwe onye nke onye ọrụ n'oge usoro mgbanwe ọnọdụ.
Ikpe 2
Otu n'ime ndị ahịa anyị na Vancouver nwere ụlọ ọrụ mgbazinye nke ya.Site na nkata anyị, anyị mụtara na Crawler rough terrain lift na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'etiti ha.Ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-agbazite ngwá ọrụ ha n’aka ụlọ ọrụ na-arụzi ọkụ eletrik, ụfọdụ n’ụlọ ọrụ na-arụzigharị ihe, na ụfọdụ n’ụlọ ọrụ na-ehicha ihe.N'ihi na onye ahịa dị nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Vancouver, ọ na-adaba adaba iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe ya, ya mere ọ zụtara ngwá ọrụ abụọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ya.N'ihi ntụkwasị obi na nkwado onye ahịa anyị nwere, mgbe ọ gbapụtara nke ugboro abụọ, anyị nyere ya ọnụ ahịa dị mma karị.


text:
Ezi oge ikuku ọcha
Ihe AAPG ohuru ohuru nke di na ihe nchacha ikuku nke ugbo ala nwere ike weputa ihe na-eme ka ikuku di ocha n’ime ikuku iji nweta nchacha ikuku nke oge (disinfection, deodorization, iwepu TVOC, wdg).
Ịrụ ọrụ disinfection dị elu
Ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu egbu nke ọtụtụ nje bacteria na nje karịrị 99.9%, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha siri ike kwadoro.
100% mma maka mmadụ na anụ ụlọ
Nnwale nchekwa SGS na-egosi adịghị egbu egbu, adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ.
Ọ dị mfe iji, na-adịte aka
Ọ dịghị ọkụ eletrik chọrọ.Nhazi njide iko.
Obere na nha (D:7.3cm, H:7.3cm).
Na-adịgide adịgide 7 * 24h na ruo ụbọchị 180.


text:
Spanish poets na egwú
Ke May na June anyị tinye abụọ ibe anyị ngalaba “Spanish Pictures”. Ha bụ ihe oyiyi nke na-ede uri na Spanish egwú niile oge na ị na-ewetara ha nso ka Spanish omenala. Spanish poets Spanish egwú
Resources maka kwabatara
Nke a na ọnwa anyị informaros ihe: 1. Anyị na-na na na gbakwunyere na anọ Spanish kwurula obodo ozi banyere ebe ndị i nwere ike na-aga na-eduzi gị ma ọ bụ na-amụta Spanish maka free. Anọ n'ógbè ndị: Andalusia, Cantabria, Valencia na Castilla-León Na ndị a na ị nwere 9 obodo na nri n'igbe! 2. Immigramob kere […]
News nke Spanish akụ
Nchịkọta nke ozi ọma na weebụ, Na-akpali Links nke Spanish, ọhụrụ na ngalaba na sụgharịa ọtụtụ asụsụ.
Purorrelato
Akwụkwọ PDF usoro na Micro-akụkọ banyere Africa.
Ntị! Memrise na Spanish
Web nke na-amụta na eme Spanish ebe dị iche iche formats na ọmụmụ.
M mkpa karịa okwu!
n'akpaala okwu okwu na Spanish nke Spain na Latin America kwadebere site CCMD Quebecna-achọ »