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Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe
Ọgbakọ Ukwu Nke United 22² Nations maka Ngbanwe Ịrụ igwe hiwere nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa iji luso "ntụnye aka dị n ize ndụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na usoro ihu igwe ", n' otu akụkụ Drsite na ịkwado mkpokọta gas griin na ikuku. [1] Mba dị otú narị na iri ịse na anọ bịanyere aka na ya na ogbako Mba ndị nọ n 'Otu United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), nke a na-akpọkarị Nzukọ mba Ụwa, nke emere na Rio de Janeiro site na abali atọ rue abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Junn n' afọ otu puku, narị itolu na iri itolu na abụọ. O hiwere isi ụlọ ọrụ Sekteret na Bonn wee malite ọrụ n' ọzụzụ na mgbe ọnwa Maachị gbàrà nkpuru ubọchi iri abụo na otu n' afọ otu puku, nari itolu na iri itolu na anọ. [2] Nkwekọrịta ahụ na- akpọ maka nyoocha sayensị , n' ịnwe nzukọ mgbe nile, ngụkọta uche, mkparịta ụka,na nkwekọrịta nkwenyere na usoro ọdịnihu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ịnabata na ị kwenyere mgbanwe ịrụ ìgwè, iji hụ na iko pụta ìhè oriri enweghị ihe ọ bụla bụ ihe ị maka n' iru iji mee mkpụrụ ụbọchị ka usoro ihe mmepeụzo na akụ ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. [2] [3]
N' Ihe banyere Kyoto Ptotocol, nke a bịanyere aka na ya n' afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa, ma rụọ ọrụ malite na afọ puku abụọ na ise rue n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ bụ nke mbụ mmejuputa usoro n'okpuru UNFCCC. Nkwekọrịta Paris dochie Protocol Kyoto, nke malitere na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii [4]. Malite n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ UNFCCC nwere pati steeti otú narị na iri itolu na asaa . Òtù na-eme mkpebi ya kachasị elu, bụ nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP), na-ezukọ kwa afọ iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe. [5]
Nkwekọrịta ahụ wepụtara ọrụ dị iche iche maka mpaghara atọ nke mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ. Ndị a bụ mba ndị mepere emepe, mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụ iche na mba ndị nke ka na -emepe emepe . [3] Mba ndị mepere emepe, nke a na-akpọkwa mba Annex 1, nwere steeti iri atọ na asatọ na mbụ, iri na atọ n'ime ha bụ steeti Eastern Europe na mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n' akụ na ụba, azum ahịa, yana European Union . Ha niile bụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Akụ na ụba na mmepe (OECD). A na-akpọ mba Annex (1) ka ha nakwere atumatu mba wee mee usoro Nkwekọrịta na mbelata mgbanwe iru igwe site na ịmachi ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin ha na ịkọ akụkọ usoro ewepụtara n'ebum n' obi nke ịlaghachi n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ njikọtaọnụ na ọkwa ikuku nke afọ otu puku na narị itolu na iri itolu ha. [3] Mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụiche nke na-akpọkwa mba Annex II. Ha gụnyere mba Annex I niile ma ewezuga ndị na-agbanwe na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na akụ n' ụba na ahịa. A na-akpọ mba Annex II ka ha weta ego tọrọ atọ na mgbakwunye ego iji gboo ụgwọ ndị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-enweta na irube isi n'ọrụ ha imepụta ngwaahịa mba nke ihe ọkụkụ ha site na isi mmalite yana mwepụ ha site na sinks maka ikuku griin na-adịghị achịkwa nke Montreal Protocol . . [3] Mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-ebufe ngwa ahịa ha n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC. [3] N'ihi na steeti ndị isi bịanyere aka na ya anaghị erube isi na nkwa nke onye ọ bụla, a katọrọ UNFCCC dị ka enweghị ike ịga nke ọma n'ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide kemgbe ejiri hiwe ya. [6]
Nkwekọrịta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Emepụtara ederede nke ọgbakọ Fremewok n'oge nzukọ nke Kọmitii Mkparịta uka Ọchịchị na New York site na abalị iri atọ n' ọnwa Eprel ruo abalị itoolu nke ọnwa Mee na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ. A nakweere Ọgbakọ a n' abali itoolu na ọnwa Mee n' afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, wee mepee maka mbinye aka na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, nkea abịa nyere aka n' ya site n'aka Otú United Nations conferensi na Evironment na Development (UNCED) na Rio de Janeiro (nke aha ya na-ewu ewu, bụ Mba Ụwa Summit ). N' abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ, mba otu narị na iri ise na anọ bịanyere aka na UNFCCC, nke na nkwado nke gọọmentị ndị mbinye aka kwadoro iji belata ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin na ebumnuche nke "igbochi nnyonye anya dị n' ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe ụwa". Nkwenye a ga-achọ mbelata nke ukwuu na ikuku ikuku griin haus (lee akụkụ nke ọzọ, "Nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas griin haus" ). [1] Ndị otu a na-ezukọ na ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ site na afọ nke otú na ọgbakọ nke Paties (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe . [5]
Nkeji edemede 3 (1) nke ọgbakọ a na-ekwu na ndị otu a kwesịrị ime ihe iji chebe usoro ihu igwe na ndabere nke "ọrụ nkịtị ha dị iche iche na ike dị iche iche", na mba ndị mepere emepe kwesịrị 'ibu ụzọ' n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe. . N'okpuru edemede nke anọ ndị otu niile na-ekwe nkwa n'ozuzu ha iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya site, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emesịa. Nkeji edemede 4 (7) kwuru:
Ogologo mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-emejuputa nkwa ha nke ọma n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-adabere na mmejuputa nke ọma site na mba ndị mepere emepe Parties nke nkwa ha n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nke metụtara akụ ego na ịnyefe nkà na ụzụ ma ga-eburu n'uche na mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye bụ ihe mbụ na ihe kacha mkpa nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe Pati.
Nkwekọrịta Fremewok ahụ na-akọwapụta ebumnobi nke Annex I Paties na-eme ka ikuku na ikuku griin haus guzosie ike ( carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ anthropogenic griin haus anaghị ahazi n'okpuru (Montreal Protocol) na okpuru otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu ka ọ na-erule afọ puku abụọ .
"UNFCCC" bụkwa aha nke United Nations Secreteretna-ahụ maka ịkwado ọrụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ, na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Haus Carstanjen, na UN Campus (nke amaara dị ka Langer Eugen ) na Bonn, Germany . Site na afọ puku abụọ na iri ruo n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii onye isi nke odeakwụkwọ bụ Christiana Figueres . Na ọnwa Julaị afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, Patricia Espinosa meriri Figueres. Ụlọ ọrụ Secretariat, nke agbakwunyere site na nyirịta mbọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bu n'obi inweta nkwenye site na nzụkọ na nkparịta ụka nke atụmatụ dị iche iche. Kamgbe ebi nyere aka na nkwekọrịta UNFCCC, ọgbakọ ndị otu (COPs) atụlewo ka a ga-esi mezuo ebumnuche nkwekọrịta ahụ.
Kyoto Protocol[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nzukọ nke mbụ nke ndị otu (COP-1) kpebiri na ebumnuche nke Annex I Parties na-eme ka ikuku ha guzosie ike bụ ụkpụrụ nfesasi na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, na afọ puku abụọ nfesasi
bụ "ezughị oke", na nmkparịta ụka ndịọzọọ na nnọkọ ndị ọzọ mere ka ehiwe Kyoto Protocol na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa . E kwubiri na Kyoto Protocol wee guzobe ọrụ na-ejikọta iwu n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa, maka mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata ikuku na ikuku griin ha n'ime afọ puku abụọ na asatọ rue na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ [5] Ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ puku abụọ na iri weputara nkwekọrịta na-ekwupụta na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọdịnihu ga-ejedebe n'okpuru 2. Celsius C (3.6 °F) n'ihe gbasara ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ.
Protocol Kyoto nwere oge nkwa abụọ, nke mbụ sitere na afọ puku abụọ na asatọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Emeziri ụkpụrụ ahụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ka ọ gbasaa nke abụọ maka oge afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na Ndezigharị Doha. [7]
Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ UNFCCC tọhapụrụ bụ maka mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado ka ha guzobe akụrụngwa ikuku griin haus (GHG) na mwepụ na mkpochapụ, nke ejiri mepụta ọkwa benchimak na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, maka ịbanye mba Annex I na Protocol Kyoto na maka ntinye aka nke mba ndị ahụ na mbelata GHG. Mba Annex I ga-etinyerịrị ngwa ahịa e mepụtara kwa afọ.
United States of Amerika akwadoghị Kyoto Protocol, ebe Canada katọrọ ya na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Ndị ọzọ niile nke Annex I ọzọ kwadoro Protocol Kyoto.
Ndị otu Annex I niile, ewezuga Mba United States of Amerika sonyere na oge nkwado Kyoto nke mbụ. Obodo iri ato na asaa na Mba Annex I na European Union kwenyere na mbuso Kyoto agba nke abụọ. Mba ndị a bụ Australia, ndị niile so na European Union, Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Norway, Switzerland, na Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan na Ukraine kwuru na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Protocol ma ọ bụ ghara itinye n'ike iwu ndezigharị na ebumnuche nke abụọ. Japan, New Zealand na Rọshịa sonye na agba nke mbụ nke Kyoto mana ha etinyeghị ebumnobi ọhụrụ n'ime oge nkwa nke abụọ. Mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe na-enweghị ebumnuche agba nke abụọ bụ Canada (nke wepụrụ na Protocol Kyoto na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ na United States.
Mba niile fọdụrụ na-eso na Protocol Kyoto zutere ebumnobi oge mbụ ha chọrọ. [8]
Nkwukọrịta nke mba na mba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
"Nkwukọrịta mba" bụ ndị akụkụ nke mba ndị kwadoro nkwekọrịta United Nations Fremework Convention na Climate Change (UNFCCC) nyefere. [9] Achọrọ mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha nyefee nkpakorita ụka mba na mba kwa afọ anọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwesịrị ime ya. [10] [11] [12] Ụfọdụ mba ndị dị nta n' imepe emepe n'ime afọ ise rue na afọ iri na ise gara aga, [13] n'ihi oke ike.
Akụkọ nzikọrịta ozi mba na mba adịkarị ọtụtụ narị peeji n'ogologo wee kpuchie usoro obodo iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ yana nkọwa nke adịghị ike na mmetụta ya sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. [14] A na-akwado nzikọrịta ozi mba dịka ntuziaka nke ọgbakọ ndị otu na UNFCCC kwadoro. Ntụnye aka (NDC) nke mba dị iche iche bụ ntọala nke nkwekọrịta Paris dị mkpụmkpụ na obere nkọwa mana na-agbaso usoro ahaziri ahazi ma dabere na nyocha teknụzụ sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara.
Nkwekọrịta Paris[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị otu a zutere na Durban, South Africa n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu wee kwupụta "oke nchegbu" na mbọ a na-eme iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2 ma ọ bụ 1.5 Celsius C, n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ, pụtara ezughị oke. Ha kwadoro iwepụta nsonaazụ ekwenyela na ikike iwu n'okpuru Mgbakọ dị n'akụkụ niile.
Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise UN Climate Change Conference na Paris n'oge ahụ otu narị na iri itoolu na isii pati kwetara ime ka ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2. Celsius C, ma gbalịa ịmachi mmụba na 1.5 Celsius C. [15] [7] Nkwekọrịta nke Paris batara na abalị anọ nke Novemba, n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii na mba ndị kwadoro Nkwukọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ kwadoro Nkwekọrịta kemgbe.
Ntụnye ekpebiela n'obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na nnọkọ nke iri na itoolu nke Nzukọ nke ndị otu na Warsaw na afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ , UNFCCC mepụtara usoro maka ntinye aka na-ekpebisi ike nke mba (INDCs) na-aga n'ihu na nnọkọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke Nzukọ nke Paties na Paris (COP21). na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise . [16] Enyere mba dị iche iche nnwere onwe na mgbanwe iji hụ na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a na atụmatụ imeghari dabara adaba na mba. [17] Mgbanwe a, ọkachasị gbasara ụdị omume a ga-eme, nyere mba ndị ka n' emepe emepe ohere ịhazi atụmatụ ha dabere na mkpa mgbanwe ha na mbelata ha, yana maka mkpa ndị ọzọ.
N'ikpeazụ nke COP21, ndị INDC ndị a ghọrọ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ka obodo ọ bụla kwadoro Nkwekọrịta Paris, ma ọ bụrụ na edobere NDC ọhụrụ n'aka UNFCCC n'otu oge ahụ. [18] Nzukọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP22) na Marrakesh lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke mba ndị a na mmejuputa ha, mgbe nkwekọrịta Paris malitere na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Novemba na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii . [19]
Ihe banyere Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) kere ntuziaka maka mmejuputa NDC, maka ojiji nke ndị na-eme mkpebi na mba ndị mepere emepe. N'ime ntuziaka a, CDKN chọpụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu mba na-enwekarị na mmejuputa NDC, gụnyere otu esi eme:
- wulite mmata maka mkpa, na abamuru nke ime ihe n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe, gụnyere ndị isi gọọmentị;
- isi na itinye mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime usoro nhazi na mmepe obodo;
- wuzie njikọ dị n'etiti atụmatụ ọchịchị mba na mba na mgbanwe ihu igwe;
- wulite ikike iji nyochaa, ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu ihu igwe;
- guzobe iwu maka ịhazi ihe omume gburu gburu NDC na ịkwọ ụgbọ ala mmejuputa ha; na
- dozie ihe mgbochi akụrụngwa maka ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu mgbanwe ihu igwe. [20]
Mkpebi ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na mgbakwunye na Protocol Kyoto (na mmezi ya) na nkwekọrịta Paris, ndị otu na Convention ekwenyela na ha ga-emekwu nkwa n'oge ọgbakọ UNFCCC nke ndị otu. Ndị a gụnyere Bali Action Plan nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa , ya na Copenhagen Accord nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu , nkwekọrịta Cancún nke afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ , na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (puku abụọ na iri na abụọ ).
- Atụmatụ mmemme Bali
Dị ka akụkụ nke Bali Action Plan, nakweere na afọ puku abụọ na asaa, mba niile mepere emepe Parties ekwenyela na " quantified emission mmachi na mbelata ebumnobi, na-ahụ na ntunyere nke mgbalị n'etiti ha, na-eburu n'uche ihe d'iche iche n' akpa ha n' ọnọdụ." Ndị otu mba na-emepe emepe kwenyere na "[mba] n'ime usoro mbelata kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide, nke teknụzụ na-akwado ma na-enyere aka site na nkà na ụzụ, ego na iwulite ikike, n'ụzọ enwere ike ịlele, nke a na-akọ na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya." [21] Mba iri anọ na abụọ mepere emepe enyefela ebumnuche mbelata n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC, Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; refs with no name must have content dị rụrụ mba iri ise na asaa na-emepe emepe na Group Africa (otu mba dị na United N). Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; refs with no name must have content
- Nkwekọrịta Copenhagen na Cancún
Dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu n' afọ puku abụọ na itoolu Copenhagen, ọtụtụ mba mepụtara nkwekọrịta Copenhagen. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwesịrị ịbụ n'okpuru 2.0 Celsius C (3.6 °F). [22] Nkwekọrịta ahụ akọwapụtaghị ihe ntọala bụ maka ebumnuche ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ndị a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara tupu ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nke afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu. (di ka UNFCCC si kwuo) , ebumnuche ndị a na-emetụta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ.
Mba otu narị na iri na anọ kwetara na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC na-ekwu na "Ụfọdụ ndị otu ... kwuru na nzikọrịta ozi ha nye ndị odeakwụkwọ nkọwa gbasara ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta ahụ na ihe ndị metụtara ya, dabere na nke ha kwenyeworo na [Accord]." Ọgbakọ nke otu dị iche iche anabataghị nkwekọrịta ahụ. Kama, ndị COP "debanyere nkwekọrịta Copenhagen." [22]
Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, ndị otu mba iri na asaa mepere emepe na EU- iri abụọ na na asaa nyefere ebumnuche mbelata, dị ka otu mba iri anọ na ise na-emepe emepe mere. Ụfọdụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwuru mkpa ọ dị maka nkwado mba ụwa na atụmatụ ha.
Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta Cancún, mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe nyefere atụmatụ mbelata na UNFCCC. Ejikọtara atụmatụ ndị a na ndị emere dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Bali Action Plan.
- Mgbapụta Ọsọ-na-efu nke otu United Nations
Na nzukọ kwa afọ nke puku abụọ na iri abụọ na otu (UNFCCC) weputara 'UN Race-to- Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. Ebum n' uche nke mgbasa ozi a bụ ịgbanwe ngalaba iri abụọ nke akụ na ụba iji nweta ikuku na ikuku griin na efu. Opekatampe iri percent abụọ nke ngalaba ọ bụla kwesịrị ịme usoro akọwapụtara, yana ngalaba iri kwesịrị ịgbanwe tupu COP   26 na Glasgow. Dị ka ndị nhazi ahụ si kwuo, iri percent abụọ bụ ihe nkwụsịtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, akụkụ ahụ dum na-amalite ịgbanwe agbanwe. [23] [24]
- Mba ndị na-emepe emepe
Na Berlin, Cancún, na Durban, e kwughachiri mkpa mmepe nke otu mba na-emepe emepe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Durban Platform kwadoro na: [25] [...] Ihe na nbawanye nke akụ n'ụba na mkpochapụ nke ubiam bụ nke mbụ ya na ọkacha kacha na ọchịchọ nke ọganiru nke mba Paties nke oganiru n' obodo o n' emepe emepe nke Paties ke na enwemaghiusoro nke opupu nke bụ isi nyere idebe ọganiru ya na nkekorita nke opupu nke ụwa niile geto wee zute ihe atụrụ anya na aka ya na nmepe na otuto.
Ntụgharị asụsụ aticlu (2)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebumnobi kachasị nke ọgbakọ Fremewok bụ "nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku ọjọọ nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya dị ize ndụ anthropogenic [ya bụ, mmadụ kpatara] na usoro ihu igwe". [1] Nkeji edemede 2 nke mgbakọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a "kwesịrị ime n'ime oge zuru ezu iji mee ka usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji hụ na mmepụta nri agaghị agwu na iji mee ka mmepe akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị". [1]
Iji mee ka mkpokọta GHG dị na mbara igwe kwụsie ike, ihe ọkụkụ GHG nke mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arị elu wee daa (lee mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ). Ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala ga-achọ ka ikuku ga-arị elu ma daa na mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. [26] Eserese dị n'elu na-egosi mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mwepụta GHG zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ (atụnyere na CO 2 -dakọrọ) maka ọnọdụ nkwụsi ike dị iche iche. Eserese abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi mgbanwe ndị emetụtara na mkpokọta GHG ikuku (na CO 2 -equivalents) yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ọnọdụ ndị a. A na-ejikọta ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala na ogo dị ala nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. [26]
Enwere ejighị n'aka maka otú mkpokọta GHG na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-esi gbanwee na nzaghachi nke ikuku anthropogenic (lee nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ihu igwe ). Eserese nke dị iche na-egosi mgbanwe okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2100 maka ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ikuku, gụnyere atụmatụ ejighị n'aka.
- nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ
Enwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka ọkwa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ. Nyocha sayensị nwere ike inye ozi gbasara ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, mana ikpebi ihe ize ndụ dị ize ndụ chọrọ ikpe ikpe bara uru.
Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke merelarị na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nye ụfọdụ sistemu mmadụ na eke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, coral reefs). Oke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye ohere nke mmetụta ọjọọ. Dị ka Field et al. (2014), [27] ihe egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ "dị oke egwu" yana 1 ruo 2 Celsius C nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. 4 Okpomọkụ Celsius C ga-eduga n'ihe egwu dị elu nke ukwuu, yana mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime gụnyere mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche yana ibelata nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara. [27]
Amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibute ụgwọ ndị metụtara isiokwu 2. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, atumatu siri ike iji chịkwaa ikuku GHG nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa ya.
- Atụmatụ
Enwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka maka mgbanwe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ikuku GHG anthropogenic, oke ikuku GHG, na mgbanwe ihu igwe jikọtara ya. Na-enweghị atumatu mbelata, ịba ụba ume ike na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe nke ukwuu nwere ike ibute okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) nke 3.7 ruo 4.8 Celsius C dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ (2.5 ruo 7.8 Celsius C gụnyere ejighị n'aka ihu igwe).
Iji nwee ohere nke ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) ka ọ dị n'okpuru 2 Celsius C, mkpokọta GHG ga-adị mkpa ka amachi ya na gburugburu 450 ppm CO 2 -eq. Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ikuku n' ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ adịghị ka ọ dabara na ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'okpuru 1.5 ma ọ bụ 2 Celsius C.
Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapụ anya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ime mkpebi, a na-atụle ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya mgbe achọpụtara ihe omume dị ize ndụ, enweghị mgbagha, ma ọ bụ ọdachi, mana nyocha sayensị nke nwere ike imebi ejighị n'aka (Toth et al ., 2001, p. 655–656). [28] Ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na-egosi imesi ike na mkpa ọ dị igbochi mmetụta ọjọọ dị otú ahụ.
Ejikọtara ejighị n'aka na njikọ ọ bụla nke ihe kpatara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku GHG n'ọdịnihu bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, dịkwa ka mmebi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị. Agbanyeghị, n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ akpachara anya, ejighị n'aka abụghị ihe kpatara enweghị ọrụ, nke a na-ekwenye na Nkeji edemede 3.3 nke UNFCCC (Toth et al ., 2001, p. 656). [28]
Ndị otu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ihe dị ka afọ 2015, UNFCCC nwere pati 197 gụnyere mba ndị otu United Nations niile, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN na-abụghị ndị otu Niue na Cook Islands na European Union supranational Union. [29] [30] Holy See abụghị onye otu, kama ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ihe. [30]
Nhazi nke ndị otu na nkwa ha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekewa ndị otu UNFCCC dị ka:
- Annex I : Enwere akụkụ 43 na UNFCCC depụtara na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. [31] A na-ekewa akụkụ ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe (mepụtara) yana " akụnụba na mgbanwe " (EITs). 14 EIT bụ akụ na ụba nke Russia na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe echerebu ( Soviet ).
- Annex II : N'ime nnọkọ ndị e depụtara na mgbakwunye I nke mgbakọ ahụ, e dekwara 24 na Annex II nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu OECD na 1992 ma ewezuga Turkey, yana EU. A na-achọ ka Annex II Parties inye nkwado ego na nka na ụzụ EIT na mba ndị ka na -emepe emepe iji nyere ha aka ibelata ikuku ikuku griin ha (mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe) na jikwaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ( mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe ). [32]
- Mba ndị kacha emepe emepe (LDC): Ndị otu 49 bụ LDCs, a na-enyekwa ha ọkwa pụrụ iche n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ihi oke ikike ha nwere ime mgbanwe na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. [32]
- Ndị na-abụghị Annex I : Ndị otu UNFCCC edepụtaghị na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ bụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere obere ego . [32] Mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere ike wepụta onwe ha ka ha bụrụ mba Annex I mgbe ha mepụtara nke ọma.
Ndepụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
obodo ndị nọ na Annex I[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere 43 Annex I Paties gụnyere European Union. [31] A na-ekewa mba ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe na akụ na ụba na mgbanwe. N'ime ndị a, 24 bụ Annex II Paties, gụnyere European Union, na 14 bụ Economy na Transition.
Nzukọ nke ndị otu Paties[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations bụ ọgbakọ ndị a na-eme kwa afọ n'usoro nke UNFCCC. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ nzukọ nke UNFCCC Parties ( Conferences of the Parties ) (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe, na malite n'etiti 1990s, iji kparịta usoro Kyoto iji guzobe ọrụ iwu kwadoro maka mba ndị mepere emepe. belata ikuku ikuku ikuku ha. [5] Ebe ọ bụ na 2005 ọgbakọ ndị ahụ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) na ebe ọ bụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii ka ọgbakọ a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties na Paris Agreement (CMA).
Emere ọgbakọ mbụ nke (COP1) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na ise na Berlin. Emere ọgbakọ nke 3 (COP3) na Kyoto wee rụpụta ụkpụrụ Kyoto, nke emeziri n'oge ọgbakọ Doha na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (COP18, CMP 8). Emere ọgbakọ COP21 (CMP11) na Paris wee rụpụta nnabata nke Agreement Paris . Emere COP26 (CMA3) na Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom .
Òtù enyemaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Otu enyemaka bụ kọmitii na-enyere ọgbakọ ndị otu a aka. Ndị enyemaka gụnyere: [34]
- Na-adịgide adịgide:
- Òtù enyemaka nke ndụmọdụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ (SBSTA) bụ nke edemede 9 nke mgbakọ ahụ hiwere iji nye ọgbakọ nke ndị otu na, dịka o kwesịrị ekwesị, ndị enyemaka ya ndị ọzọ nwere ozi oge na ndụmọdụ gbasara sayensị na nkà na ụzụ gbasara mgbakọ ahụ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka njikọ n'etiti ozi na ntule nyere site ọkachamara isi mmalite (dị ka IPCC) na COP, nke na-elekwasị anya na ịtọ atumatu.
- Ndị enyemaka nke mmejuputa iwu (SBI) na-eguzobe site na Nkeji edemede 10 nke mgbakọ ahụ iji nyere ọgbakọ nke ndị otu aka aka na nyocha na nyocha nke mmejuputa iwu nke ọma. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara amụma na okwu mmejuputa iwu na COP yana, ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya, nye ndị otu ndị ọzọ.
- Nwa oge:
- Otu Ad hoc na edemede 13 (AG13), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1998;
- Otu Ad hoc na iwu Berlin (AGBM), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1997;
- Otu Ad Hoc na-arụ ọrụ na nkwa ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọzọ Mgbakwunye n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), nke ndị otu na-ahụ maka Kyoto kwadoro na 2005 iji tụlee nkwa ndị ọzọ nke mba ndị mepere emepe n'okpuru Protocol Kyoto maka oge gafere 2012; ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na 2012 mgbe CMP nakweere Ndezigharị Doha ; [35]
- Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), nke e hibere na Bali na 2007 iji duzie mkparita uka banyere nkwekorita mba uwa siri ike banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe;
- Ad Hoc Working Group na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), nke e guzobere na COP 17 na Durban na 2011 "iji mepụta ụkpụrụ, ngwá ọrụ iwu ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe nkwekọrịta kwadoro na ikike iwu n'okpuru nkwekọrịta dị n'akụkụ niile." [36] ADP kwubiri ọrụ ya na Paris na 5 Disemba 2015. [37]
Ọrụ n'okpuru UNFCCC bụ onye odeakwụkwọ dị na Bonn, Germany kwadoro ya. E hiwere odeakwụkwọ n'okpuru edemede asatọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-eduzi ya. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ugbu a, Patricia Espinosa, ahọpụtara na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii.
site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Ban Ki-moon wee were ọrụ na na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị n' afọ puku abụọ na iri isii. [38] Ọ nọchiri Christiana Figueres onye ji ọfịs kemgbe afọ puku abụọ na iri . Ndị ode akwụkwọ nchịkwa mbụ bụ Yvo de Boer site na afọ puku abụọ na isii ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri, Joke Waller-Hunter n' afọ puku abụọ na abụọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na ise na Michael Zammit Cutajar na afọ otu puku na ise ruo na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ.
Ihe Omume maka ike ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe omume maka ike ihu igwe.bụ okwu UNFCCC nakweere n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, inwe aha dị mma maka isiokwu a karịa "Akụkụ 6". Ọ na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 6 nke ihe odide mbụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ , na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ isii dị mkpa: agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, mmata ọha na eze, ntinye aka ọha na eze, ohere ọhaneze nweta ozi, na nkwado mba ụwa n'okwu ndị a. Achọpụtala mmejuputa mpaghara isii niile dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka onye ọ bụla ịghọta na isonye na idozi nsogbu ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta. ACE na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha zụlite ma mejuputa mmemme mmụta na ọha mmadụ, zụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ aka na njikwa, kwalite ohere ịnweta ozi, na ịkwalite nsonye ọha na eze n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya. Ọ na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha gbakọọ aka na usoro a, site n'ịgbanwe omume ọma na nkuzi a mụtara na ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mba. A n' eduzi ọtụtụ ọrụ a site n'ebumnobi dị iche iche nke, ọnụ, a n'ahụta dị ka ihe dị oke mkpa maka imejuputa mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọma na omume mbelata, yana iji nweta ebumnobi kachasị nke UNFCCC.[39]
Ozi dị gbasara nkwa ndị a[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[40]Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, UN na Peru na France kere Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA maka ide na ịlele nkwa ihu igwe niile. [41]
Nkọwa na nyocha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nkatọ nke usoro UNFCCC[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ufodu katọrọ nche anwụ na usoro niile nke UNFCCC na Kyoto Protocol a nakweere na ha enwetabeghị ebumnobi ha ekwuru na ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide (onye bụ isi na-ebute oke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 21st senchuri. [6] N'okwu e nyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Todd Stern - onye nnọchiteanya US mgbanwe ihu igwe - kwuputara ihe ịma aka ndị dị na usoro UNFCCC dị ka ndị a: "Mgbanwe ihu igwe abụghị ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. . . . Ọ na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke akụ na ụba steeti, ya mere ọ n' eme ka mba dị iche iche na-atụ egwu maka uto na mmepe. Nke a bụ okwu gbasara akụ na ụba n'ihi na ọ bụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi." Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na United Nations Fremewok Convention on Climate Change bụ òtù dị iche iche na-eche banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee ike bụrụ usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ịmepụta amụma mba ụwa. N'ihi na usoro a gụnyere ihe karịrị mba otu narị na iri itoolu na n'ihi na a na-achịkwa mkparịta ụka site na nkwenye, obere ìgwè nke mba nwere ike igbochi ọganihu. [42]
Ọdịda iji nweta ọganihu bara uru na iru CO dị irè - ịbelata nkwekọrịta amụma n'etiti ndị otu ahụ n'ime afọ iri na asatọ gara aga emewo ka ụfọdụ mba dị ka United States kwụsị ịkwado nkwekọrịta kachasị mkpa nke UNFCCC - Kyoto Protocol - na nnukwu akụkụ n'ihi na Nkwekọrịta ahụ ekpuchighị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe bụ nke gụnyere ugbu a nke kachasị ikuku CO . Otú ọ dị, nke a emeghị n'uche ma ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mgbanwe ihu igwe kemgbe mmepụta ihe, nke bụ okwu esemokwu na mkparịta ụka, yana ọrụ maka ikuku sitere na oriri na mbubata ngwaahịa. [43] O mekwara ka Canada pụọ na Kyoto Protocol na afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu n'ihi ọchịchọ ịghara ime ka ụmụ amaala ya kwụọ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ nke g' eme ka ebufe akụ na ụba na Canada. [44] Ma US na Canada na-eleba anya atụmatụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ afọ ofufo dị n'ime iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide na-abụghị Usoro Kyoto. [45]
Echiche a na-eche na enweghi ọganihu emewokwa ka mba ụfọdụ chọọ na ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịmepụta nke Climate na Clean Air Coalition iji belata mmetọ ikuku na-adị mkpụmkpụ nke na-achọ ịchịkwa mmetọ ndị dị mkpirikpi dị ka methane, ojii . Carbon na hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), bụ ndị a kwenyere na ha ga aza ihe ruru otu n'ime uzo atọ nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a mana nke iwu ya adịghị emejupụta na mmetụta na mmegide akụ na ụba buru ibu. [46]
Na afọ puku abụọ na iri , Japan kwuru na ọ gaghị edebanye aha ya na ọkwu abụọ nke Kyoto , n'ihi na ọ ga-amachibidoro ya n' abụghị ihu isi ya n'asọmpi akụ na ụba, China, India na Indonesia. [47] Onye isi ala New Zealand nyere ihe ngosi yiri nke ahụ na Nọvemba n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. [48] Na ọgbakọ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ , mmegide ikpeazụ nke nkeji na ọgbakọ nke Russia, Ukraine, Belarus na Kazakhstan leghaara ndị ọrụ nchịkwa anya, ha egosiwokwa na ha ga ewepụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwado nkwekọrịta ahụ. Nrụrụ aka ndị a na-etinyekwu nrụgide na usoro UNFCCC nke ụfọdụ n' ahụ dị ka ihe siri ike ma dị oke ọnụ: na UK naanị, ngalaba mgbanwe ihu igwe ejirila ụgbọ elu puku atọ n'ime afọ abụọ na-ere ihe karịrị £otu ijeri na narị puku atọ (British pounds sterling). [49]
Ọzọkwa, UNFCCC (karịsịa n'oge protocol Kyoto) emeghị ka ịnyefe teknụzụ dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi (SETs) nke bụ usoro eji ebelata adịghị ike nke agbụrụ mmadụ megide mmetụta adịghị mma nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị bụ isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ. UNFCCC kere ahụ "usoro teknụzụ" nke ga-ekesa ihe ndị a na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; Otú ọ dị, nkesa a adịchaghị mma yana, ejikọtara ya na mmejọ nke nkwa mbụ ahụ Ediboglu. Effectiveness Analysis of the United Nations Climate Change Regime. university of Aberdeen. university of Aberdeen. Retrieved on 28 February 2018. "Ntụle arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations" . mahadum nke Aberdeen . mahadum nke Aberdeen . eweghachiri 28 Febụwarị 2018 . oge nke Kyoto protocol, na-eduga na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwenye dị ala maka ntinye aka nke abụọ (nke kpatara na ọ gaghị aga n'ihu).
Tupu 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, magazin  National Geographic  gbakwụnyere na nkatọ ahụ, na-ede, sị: "Kemgbe 1992, mgbe mba ụwa kwetara na Rio de Janeiro iji zere 'nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe,' ha ezutewo ugboro 20. na-enweghị ịkwagharị agịga na ikuku carbon. N'ime oge ahụ, anyị atụkwasịla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ carbon na ikuku dị ka anyị mere na narị afọ gara aga." [50]
Benchmarking[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Benchmarking bụ ntọala ebumnuche amụma dabere n'ụdị ntụaka ụfọdụ. Ọmụmaatụ nke benchmarking bụ ebumnuche mbụ UNFCCC nke Annex I Parties na-amachi ikuku ikuku griin ha na ọkwa 1990 n'afọ 2000. Goldemberg et al. (1996) kwuru banyere mmetụta akụ na ụba nke ebumnuche a. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnuche ahụ metụtakwara otu akụkụ Annex I niile, ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke imezu ebumnuche ahụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'etiti ndị otu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mba ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike dị elu na mbụ nwere ike ịhụ na ọ dị ọnụ ahịa iji mezuo ebumnuche karịa mba ndị nwere obere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike. Site n'echiche a, e nwere ike ile ebumnuche UNFCCC anya ka enweghị oke, ya bụ, ezighi ezi.
A tụlekwara Benchmarking n'ihe gbasara ebumnuche mgbanaka nke mbụ akọwapụtara na Protocol Kyoto (lee echiche na Protocol Kyoto na Protocol Kyoto na mmemme gọọmentị ).
Azụmahịa mba ụwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ isiokwu nke 3(5) nke mgbakọ ahụ, nke na-ekwu na ekwesịrị izere usoro ihu igwe ọ bụla nke ga-egbochi azụmahịa mba ụwa.[Tinye edensibịa]
Ntinye aka nke ndi obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị na-ahụ maka ọha na eze n'okpuru UNFCCC ahazila onwe ha n'otu ndị rụrụ arụ, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka 90% nke ụlọ ọrụ niile anabatara. Ụfọdụ otu na-anọpụ iche na-anọghị n'otu ndị a sara mbara, dị ka otu okwukwe ma ọ bụ ndị omeiwu nke mba. [51]
- Sistemụ nlele ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ
- Ụkpụrụ ihu igwe
- Ụgwọ ihu igwe
- Omume onye ọ bụla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe
- Ndepụta nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa
- Mkparịta ụka Post–Kyoto Protocol na mpụta ikuku griin haus
- Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịlụso ọzara ọgụ
- Keeling usoro
- Mpaghara Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị steeti maka ihe omume ihu igwe (NAZCA).
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Article 2. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved on 23 May 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved on 22 October 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 H.K. (2001). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Climate Policy: International. Science Direct. Retrieved on 22 October 2020.
- ↑ About UNFCCC. United Nations Global Market place (ungm). Retrieved on 22 October 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 What is the UNFCCC & the COP. Climate Leaders. Lead India (2009). Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved on 5 December 2009.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schiermeier (2012). "The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air". Nature 491 (7426): 656–658. DOI:10.1038/491656a. PMID 23192127.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Art. 2.1 (a) of Paris Agreement: Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
- ↑ Igor Shishlov, Romain Morel & Valentin Bellassen (2016) Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period, Climate Policy, 16:6, 768-782, DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658
- ↑ What is transparency and reporting?. UNFCCC. Retrieved on 2019-11-10.
- ↑ Seventh National Communications - Annex I | UNFCCC (en). unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2018-08-24.
- ↑ National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties | UNFCCC (en). unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2018-08-24.
- ↑ Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2020-11-10.
- ↑ National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties | UNFCCC (en). unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2018-09-29.
- ↑ Lesnikowski (2015-02-01). "How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment" (in en). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 20 (2): 277–293. DOI:10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x. ISSN 1573-1596.
- ↑ COP21 | United nations conference on climate change. www.cop21.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved on 2015-12-07.
- ↑ "INDC - Climate Policy Observer", Climate Policy Observer. Retrieved on 2017-01-23. (in en-US)
- ↑ Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action Second session, part seven Àtụ:Webarchive, UNFCCC, Geneva, 12 December 2014
- ↑ NDC Registry. unfccc.int. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2017-01-23.
- ↑ United Nations Treaty Collection (EN). Retrieved on 2017-01-23.
- ↑ Planning for NDC implementation: A Quick-Start Guide (en-GB). www.cdkn.org. Retrieved on 2017-01-23.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; no text was provided for refs named
cop bali action plan
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; no text was provided for refs named
copenhagen accord p5
- ↑ Launch of UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs. United Nations Climate Change. United Nations. Retrieved on 2021-02-21.
- ↑ Transforming our systems together. Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs. United Nations. Retrieved on 2021-02-21.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Toth, F.L. (2001). "10.4.2.2 Precautionary Considerations", in B. Metz: Chapter 10. Decision-making Frameworks, Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Status of Ratification of the Convention. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2013-06-25.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Parties to the Convention and Observer States. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved on 2013-06-25.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 List of Annex I Parties to the Convention. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2014-05-15.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
tag; no text was provided for refs named
unfccc parties and observers
- ↑ Based on Höhne et al. (2005). in AR4 of the UNFCCC.. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved on 26 December 2018.
- ↑ Glossary of climate change acronyms. Essential Background. UNFCCC.int. Retrieved on 23 August 2016.
- ↑ What is the AWG-KP?. UNFCCC.int. Retrieved on 23 August 2016.
- ↑ Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. Decision 1/CP.17. UNFCCC.int. Retrieved on 23 August 2016.
- ↑ What is the ADP?. UNFCCC.int. Retrieved on 23 August 2016.
- ↑ Executive Secretary. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 28 August 2016.
- ↑ UNESCO and UNFCCC (2016). Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public. UNESCO and UNFCCC, 6. ISBN 978-92-3100-182-6.
- ↑ Global Climate Action NAZCA. Global Climate Action Portal. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved on 22 October 2019.
- ↑ global climate action portal NAZCA, About. global climate action portal NAZCA. Retrieved on 22 October 2019.
- ↑ ""Voices" speaker talks climate change", The Dartmouth. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Clark. "Which nations are most responsible for climate change?", The Guardian, 21 April 2011. Retrieved on 2 January 2013.
- ↑ "Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol", CBC News. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ "U.N. Global Warming Summit: Heading Over the Climate Cliff", Time, 27 November 2012. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Secretary Clinton To Announce a Climate and Clean Air Initiative To Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. US Dept of State. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ McCarthy. "Japan derails climate talks by refusing to renew Kyoto treaty", The Independent, 2 December 2010. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ "NZ backs off Kyoto climate change route", The New Zealand Herald, 10 November 2012. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ UK climate change department takes over 3000 flights at a cost of over £1.3m. The Commentator. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved on 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Fresh Hope for Combating Climate Change, National Geographic, November 2015, page 14 of print edition
- ↑ UNFCCC: Non-governmental organization constituencies, about 2014, (pdf).
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text:
IGBO LANGUAGE SSS 2 SECOND TERM
SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
SUBJECT: IGBO LANGUAGE
CLASS: SS2
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1 Mmeghari ihe ndi a muru na taam gara aga (B) Ogugu akwukwo a hooro
2-3 Atumatuokwu-A)mputara ya B)Udidi ya C)Omumatu ha D)uru o bara n”agumagu.I choputa
atumatuokwu n’ime agumagu ederede.I tinye ha n’ahiriokwu na ikowa ha
4 Ikowa asusu nka na inye omumatu dika ilu ,ukabuilu, akpalaokwu dgz
5-6 Usoro odide Igbo –Iwu nsupe Igbo-Oru “na” n’asusu Igbo.Mgbakwunye na nsokwunye. Okwu a na-edeko onu na nke a na- edesa edesa. Udaolu.
7 .Ezumike nNta
-8 Echichi na echimechi odinaala-Udidi echichi di iche iche. Mmalite ha, Etu esi aba ha na oru di iche iche ndi chiri echichi na-aru
- Echichi na echimechi: oru ndi chiri echichi uru echichi..
- Ogugu na aghotaazaa.
- Edemede— .Edemede nka na udidi ya.Uru na njirimara ya.Ide ya ede.
- Mmeghari na ule
- Ule na mmechi
IZUUKA MBU (WEEK1) UBOCHI …….
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – Mmeghari ihe ndi a muru na taam gara aga (B) Ogugu akwukwu a hooro? Oja Dufuo Dike Nke Ray C. Anene
NDINAYA:1. Mmeghari ihe ndi a muru na taam gara aga.
- Ogugu akwukwo a hooro: Oja Dufuo Dike.
IZUUKA ABUO (WEEK 2)UBOCHI——-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – Atumatuokwu
NDINAYA: 1. Nkowa atumatu okwu, udidi ya, na omumaatu ha.
- Uru o bara n’agumagu.
NDINISIOKWU 1: NKOWA ATUMATU OKWU, UDID YA, NA OMUMAATU HA
Atumatu okwu (Figures of speech) Atumatuokwu bu okwu amamihe nke nwafo igbo ji ekwu o kwu oge o na achoghi ikpo ihe aha kpomkwem. E ji ya acho ederede, ma o bu okwu mmadu na – ekwu mma. E nwere ike ikowakwa ATUMATU OKWU dika nka e ji acho asusu mma maobu ederede maobu ekwurunonu. Ndi igbo na- ewe onye na-adighi aghota atumatu okwu dika ofeke.Atumatu okwu na-adi mfe n’onu mana mputara ya na-adi omimi.
ATUMATU OKWU DI ICHE ICHE:
- Ilu
ILU NKOWA YA
- O bu otu aka ha O bu otuike mmaduha ka o na-eme ihe.
nwaanyi ka o na-
atukwasa di ya
- Isi kote ebu o gbaa ya Ihe onye choro ka o na-ahu.
iii. Agbisi gbaa otule o Ihe mee mmadu onyeahu a muru ako
muru ako
- A nyukoo mamiri onu E jikota aka onu ruwa oru a ruputa nnukwu ihe
o gbaa ufufu
- Ukwa ruo oge ya odaa Oge ihe obula ruru, o mee
- Aka aja aja na-ebube Onye ruo, ori e
onu mmanu mmanu
vii. Nwatakiri jide oku,jide mma
o oku ereghi yam ma eyie ya onye na –acho okwu na uka ga- enwetariri ya.
2.Akpaalaokwu (Idioms)
Ndi igbo ji akpaakokwu ekwu okwu oge ha na-achoghi ikpo okwu aha kpomkwem
Omumaatu.
Akpaalaokwu Nkowa ya
- O gbara okwu oto O kwuru ihe niile ka osiri mee kpomkwem.
- O bu okuko udummiri O na-ariakari oria
iii. Nkita anaghi eri nsiya O naghi enye mmadu ihe
- Okpuru iku anya Ihere anaghi eme ya.
- Mmanu emetula n’akwa Ihe joo emeela
- Anya huru ya ndi mmuo Ihe mesiri ya ike nkeukwuu
vii. O na-eme aka ntutu O na-ezu ohi.
- Okwuntughi / Okwuntabire/Okwumgbawa onu (Tongue Twister)
Omumaatu:
- Papa Pita patara popo, panye papa Polu wdg
- Nwaanyi na-eri anu ele I na-ere anu ele ere, ka i na-eri anu ele eri.
- Agwugwa gwam gwam gwam(Riddles).
- Mburu (metaphor)
Mburu bu atumatuokwu na – ekwu na ihe a na- okwu maka ya buzi ihe ahu kpomkwem.
Omumaatu
Mburu Nkowa ya
- Udo bu nnunu Udona ekwu oke okwu
- Ubaka bu agu Ubaka siri ike
iii. O bumbe O na-agho aghugho
- Ada bu anyanwu ututu Ada mara mma
- Myiri/ndika (simile)
Myiri bu atumatu okwuna-ekwu na ihe yiri ibe ya, ma o bu di ka ibe ya omumaatu.
- Chike di ka nna ya
- O na-agho aghugho ka mbe
iii. O di ka ezi
- Ugo di ka agu
- Okeke di ka mmonwu
- Mmemmadu (personification)
Nke a bu atumaatu okwu na-agwa ihe na-abughi mmadu okwu ka aga-asi na o bu mmadu.
Omumaatu
- Mmanya ahu mara m aka nti
- Aguu gworo okoro iba
iii. Onwu olee ebe ike gi di ozo?
- Mgbirigba kwuru na oge ezuola
- O nwu kuoro ibekwe aka n’uzo taa wdg
- Egbeokwu (Hyperbole)
Nke a na-etinye okwu nnu na ose iji mee ka o too uto na nti.
- Okpurukpu anya ya ha ka onwa.
- Isi ya ha ka ogbe ukwa
iii. Uwa niile biara agbamakwukwo Amaka
- Afo ya ha ka ite mmiri
- Oke di n’ulo okeke ruru otu nde.
- Ucheuda (Ideophone)
O bu site n’uda ihe ahu dara ka eji ama ihe o bu
Omumeatu
- Ogbatumtum
- Isi akwu dara gbim
iii. Gham gbam
- Dum Dum
- Nsinuuda (onomatopia)
A na-esite ka uda okwu ahu si di wee ghota ka o kwu ahu si ditabe.
Omumaatu:
- Oku a na-enwu zaa
- Mmiri ahu zoro patapata kwusi.
iii. Ukwu ya na-ede jimjim n’ala.
11.Nkwuma (Euphemism)
E ji nke a eziputa ihe joro njo ma o bu ihe nwute n’uzo o ga-adika o bu ihe oma.
Omumaatu
- O bulaala akwukwo – O nwuola
- O jighi anya ahu nwaanyi – O na-achukari nwaanyi
iii. O jula gari – O nwuola
NNWALE
- Gini bu atumatu okwu?
- Deputa atumatu okwu ise.
- Nye omumaatu ilu ato.
NDINISOKWU 2: URU ATUMATU OKWU BARA
Atumatuokwu bara otutu uru nke gunyere ndi a:
- E ji atumatu okwu acho asusu igbo mma.
- E ji ya etinye ofeke na gbagharia
iii. A na-eji atumatuokwu ekwu okwu ufodu a na-achoghi ikwu hoo haa.
- E ji ya ako ofeke onu maka na o ghotaghi nke ekwe na-aku.
- A na-ekwenyere onye na-ejikari ilu ma o bu atumatokwu o bula ekwu okwu ugwu na nsopuru.
- Ndi ode akwukwo ji atumatu okwu acho edemede ha mma.
NNWALE
- Deputa atumatu okwu iri i maara.
- Nye ommaatu abuo na nke o bula maka atumatu okwu ndi a
- ilu ii. akpaalaokwuiii. Egbeokwu iv. Myiri
Nchikota Nnwale (General Evaluation)
Tumbom Tumbom (Hopata nke a choro)
- O bulaala akwukwo. Atumatuokwu a bu(a) ilu (b) nkwuma (ch) Akpaalaokwu (d) Egbeokwu
- Chika yiri nne ya. Atumatuokwu a bu (a) ilu (b)mburu (ch) myiri (d) Agwugwa
- Ugomma bu ewu. Atumatu okwu a bu (a) mburu (b) mmemmadu (ch) Myiri (d) ilu
- Afo tara ya mmiri. Nke a bu (a) Mburu (b) ilu (ch) Nsinuuda (d) Akpaalaokwu
- Nwoke bidoroaka n’ala na- anyu nsi, mbili ya na-ara ahu(a) Myiri(b) ilu (ch) ukabuilu (d) ukabuilu
Edemede Nnwale (Essay Test)
- Deputaa ilu ato i maara
- Were mburu mee ahiriokwu abuo
Oru ngwucha izuuka (Weekend Assignment)
Guo Atumatu okwu ufodu n’Igbo maka Sinio Sekondiri 2
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo (Pre-reading Assignment)
Guo maka atumatu okwu n’ime laptop gi.
Akwukwo nlere anya( REFERENCE TEXT)
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu, Utoasusu, na Omenaala Igbo Nke Ndi Sekondiri Ukwu Nke Mbu (ss1) NkeOgechukwu Leti Okoye.InnogeTrading Company Limited.
IZUUKA ATO (WEEK 3)UBOCHI——–
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – Ichoputa atumatu okwu n’ime agumagu ederede, itinye ha n’ahiriowu.
NDINAYA 1: Ichoputa atumatuokwu n;ime agumagu ederede.
- Itinye atumatuokwu n’ahiriokwu na ikowa ha.
NDINISIOKWU1.ICHOPUTA ATUMATUOKWU N’IME AGUMAGU EDEREDE
Guo ederede a ma zaa ajuju na-esote ya.
Ugomma bu anyanwu ututu. O toro ogologo ka nne ya, mma ya na – enwu zuu. Ntutu isi ya di yorii na-eji kpikpikpi.
Nna ya zutaara ya ogbatutum o na – eji aga akwukwo O dighi ihe koro ya uko n’ihi nanne na nna ya nwere ego nke ukwuu. Mana nkita a naghi eri nsi ugomma.
Zaa ajuju ndi a
- Choputa atumatu okwu ndi ewebatara n’ederede a
Usa ya
Atumatu okwu ndi ewebatara n’ederede n bu ndi a
- Mburu: Ugomma bu anyanwu ututu.
- Nyiri: O toro ogologo ka nne ya
- Nsinuuda: zuu yorii, kpikpikpi
- Ucheuda: Ogbatutum
- Akpaala okwu: Nkita anaghi eri nsi ugomma
NNWALE:
- Deputa udi atumaatu okwu bu ndi a
- O bu anyanwu ututu
- Zuu, yorii, kpikpikpi
iii. Ogbatutum
NDINISIOKWU 2: ITINYE ATUMATU OKWU N’AHIRIOKWU NA IKOWA HA
Ahiriokwu Udi atumatuokwu Nkowa ya
- Isi Ada ha ka Egbe okwu Isi Ada buru ibu
Ogbe ukwa
- O na-eji ka Myiri O na-eji oji
Unyi
- Ezeudo bu Mburu Ezendo siri ike
Agu
- Mmiri na-ezo Nsinauda Mmiri na-ezo
Patapata
- Ibeka na-eme AkpaalaokwuIbeka na-ezu ohi
Aka abuo
- Awo anaghi Ilu Ihe aneghi emena nkiti
Agba oso ehihe
n’efu
- Aguu gworo anyi.Mmemmadu Agwu guru anyi nke ukwuu uyiahu
Iba unyiahu
- Ndi biara Egbeokwu Otutu mmadu biara
Mmemme ahu mmemme ahu.
Kariri aja ala
- Obi agafeela Nkwuma Obi anwuola
- O dara dimdim Ucheuda O dasiri uda ike
NNWALE:
- Were atumatu+okwu abuo mee ahiriokwu.
- Kowaa ihe atumatu okwu ndi a putara
- Awo anaghi agba oso ehihie n’efu
- O na-eji ka unyi
iii. O toro ogologo ka nne ya.
NCHIKOTA NNWALE
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke a choro
- O gefeela. Atumatu okwu a bu(a) Nkwuma (b) ilu (ch) egbeokwu (d) mburu
- Chidimma nne ya. Nke putara na (a) chidimma you une ya (b) chidimma ga-adika nne ya (ch) Chidimma yiri nne ya (d) Chidimma nwere nne
- Nkita anaghi eri nsi ya putara (a) Nkita agaghi eri nsi ya (b) O naghi enye mmadu ihe (ch) Nkita anaaghi eri nsi (d) O na-enye mmadu ihe.
- O dara dim dim. Atumatu okwu a bu (a) Uchenda (b) Nkwuma (ch) myiri (d) mburu.
- Ezeudo bu Agu putara (a) Ezeudo na-eme ka agu (b) Ezeudo yiri agu (ch) Ezeudo esighi Ike (d) Ezendo siri ike.
EDEMEDE NNWALE
Denye otu omumaatu atumatuokwu ndi a
- Ilu
- Myiri
- Agwugwa
- Akpaagbokwu
- Mburu
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Guo maka atumatuokwu ufodu n’Igbo maka Sinio Sekondiri 2
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Guo isiokwu ndi a na laptop gi ilu ukabuilu, Akpaalaokwu wdg.
Ihe omume nke ngwucha Izuuka
Deputa uru ato atumatu okwu bara
Akwukwo nlere anya(Reference text)
Ntuziaka maka udaasusu maka ndi Sekondiri 2 nke ogechukwu 1.02004. Innoge &Sons Company Ltd. Igbo Ogbaraohuu nke Chuks F.D 2003. C. Dems Books Aba
Nchikota Ihe omumu nke asusu Igbo maka ulo Sinio Sekondiri nke & Maazi, Ngoesi M.C.
IZUUKA ANO (WEEK 4)UBOCHI——-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – Ikowa asusu nka na inye omumaatu di ka ilu, ukabuilu, akpaala – okwu.
NDINAYA 1. Ikowa asusu nka: ilu na ukabuilu.
- Asusunka: Ikowa akpaalaokwu, na inye onmmaatu di iche iche.
NDINISIOKWU 1.IKOWA ASUSU NKA: ILU NA UKABUILU
ILU (PROVERBS)
Nke a bu asusu juputara n’amamihe. O bu mmanu ndi Igbo ji eriokwu. Okwundi Igbo anaghi ezucha oke ma o buru na ilu adigi na ya.
Omumaatu.
ILU NKOWA YA
- A nyukoo mamiri onu Ejikota aka onu ruwa oru a ruputa nnukwu ihe.
O gbaa ufufu.
- Ukwa ruo oge ya Ihe ruo oge ya o mee/ihe niile nwere oge.
O daa.
- Onye achoghi ka a O buru na ichoghi ka e mesie gi ike a chokwala okwu/onye na
Kpoo ya ohu eme- -achoghi ntaramahuhu ya erube isi
Kwala ka ohu
- Okuko chiri umu O bu etu onye siri nwee iheka mkpa ya hakwuazi.
O chiri ekwuruekwu
UKABUILU (Parable)
Ukabuilu bu ilu e tinyere n’udi nkenke akuko.Nghota ya n – adika nghota ilu. O bu uka ekwuru ekwu burukwa ilu.
Omumaatu
- Akpa si n’elu nkwu daa n’ala, okuko gbara bia tuo ya onu, o wee juo okuko si ya, “Enyi m olee mgbe o bidoro sewere anyi”.
- Okuko siri umu ya ha na-atu ji ha na-atukwa mgborogwu ka o ga-abu onye nwe oru gwuru ji ya, ha atuwa mgborogwu.
NNWALE:
- Gini bu ukabuilu?
- Deputa ilu abuo, ma nye nkowa ha.
- Nye omumaatu ukabuilu
NDINISIOKWU 2: AKPAALAOKWU (IDIOM)
Akpaalaokwu bu usorookwu na-etinye nghota di omimi n’ahiriokwu.
Omumaatu
Akpaalaokwu Nkowa
- Adannana-eme aka abuo Adanna na-ezu ohi
- Ndi uwe ojii na-ana aka azu Ha na-eri ngari (bribe)
- Ngozi nwere anya ukwu Ihe anaghi ebu yan’anya.
- Afo tara ya mmiri O nwere obi ojoo
- Inwu o kwa n’aka Ipu n’uzo ututu
- Edi soro ya onu O na-arahu oke ura
- Iji eze ekpe ekwere Ita oke ahuhu
- Ita ojiaka Ikwe n’aka
- Ipu eze elu Ime aru
- Ire idi nko Ikwu oke ekwurekwu
- Nti ike A dighi erube isi
- Igba ugba nwamkpi ichula mmadu mgbe oge ula ya erubeghi
- Ihusi anya Ita ahuhu.
NNWALE:
Ikowaa ihe akpaakokwu ndi a putaraa
- Ime aka abuo
- Ihusi anya
- Ije eze kpee ekwere
- Afo ita mmiri.
NCHIKOTA NNWALE
Tumbom Tumbom (Hoputa nke a choro)
- Afo tara ibekwe mmiri. Nke a bu(a) Mburu (b) akpaalaokwu (ch) ilu (d) ukaburlu
- Adanne na-eme aka abuo. Nke putara (a) Adanna na-ezu ohi (b) Adanna nwere aka abuo (ch) Adanna ji aka abuo eme ihe (d) Adanna nwere aka abuo,
- Iji eze ekpe ekwere putara (a) iji eze atabi ekwere (b) iji eze ata ihe (ch) ita oke ahuhu (d) iri uru
- Ukwa ruo oge ya o daa. Nke a bu (a) mburu(b) Egbeokwu (ch) ukabuile (d) ilu
- Ipu eze elu putara (a) ime aru (b) izu ohi (ch) ita ahuhu (d) ime isiike
EDEMEDE NNWALE
- Deputa ilu ato i maara
- Nye ommaatu akpaalaokwu ise i maara
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Guo isiokwu a na laptop gi: Usoro odide Igbo: Iwu nsupe Igbo
Ihe Omume nke ngwucha izuuka
Deputa oru ato ‘Na’ aru n’asusu Igbo
Akwukwo nlere anya
Nchikota Akwukwo maka ule Sinio Sekondiri Nke Nze A. I. 2010. Mis Fav. Publishers
Ndezu utoasusu make ndo Sinio sekondiri nke Chinedu E na Ofomata 2004. Format Publishers (Nig.) Ltd.
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd.
IZUUKA ISE (WEEK 5)UBOCHI ———-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – Usoro odide Igbo – Iwu nsupe igbo-oru ‘Na’ na-aru n’asusu Igbo
Mgbakwunye na nsokwuniye
NDINISIOKWU
1: USORO ODIDE IGBO-IWU NSUPE ORU ‘NA’ NA-ARU N’ASUSU IGBO
- MGBAKWUNYE NA NSOKWUNYE.
- USORO IDIDE IGBO: IWU NSUPE, ORU ‘NA’ NA-ARU N’ASUSU IGBO
ORU ‘Na’ na-aru n’asusu Igbo
‘Na’ na- aru oru n’asusu igbo n’uzo ndi a:
- ‘Na’ di ka mbuuzo
- ‘Na’ di ka njiko
- ‘Na’ di ka Nnyemakangwaa.
4 ‘.Na’ dika isingwaa.
‘Na’ di ka mbuuzo
A na- eji nke a egosiputa onodu ihe. O buru okwu ‘Na’ na esote bidoro na udaume, a ga-ewepu ‘a’ tinye rikom elu (’) di ka n’
Omumaatu
- Azu di na ngiga
- Mmiri di n’ite
- Akwukwo m di n’elu oche
- Chioma no na klaasi
- Ego di n’akpa
‘Na’ di ka njiko
NDINAYA
E ji ‘Na’ejikota mkuruokwu na mkpuruokwu, aha na aha, nnochiaha na nnochinaha, nkebiokwu na nkebiokwu, nkebiahiriokwu na nkebiahiriokwu.
Omumaatu
- Ji na ede bu ihe oriri
- Ifeoma na Ugochukwu bu nwanne
- Azuru m azu na osikapa
- Mu na ya bu nwanne
- Aki na ukwa bu enyi eze
- Nwaanyi ahu na nwa ya na-ese okwu.
‘Na’ di ka Nnyemakangwaa
‘Na’ di ka Nnyemakangwaa na-enyere ngwaa aka ikowaputa nke oma ebumnuche ya bu ngwaa n’ahiriokwu o no na ya. A na- eji akara uhie
uhie (-) edesa ya na ngwaa ahu o na-enyere aka.
Omumaatu
- Anyi na- aga uloakwukwo
- Chinedu na-eri nri
- Anyi na- ele ule
- Umunwaanyi ahu na-aga ahia
- Nne m na-esi nri.
Na dika isingwaa : Nke a bu mgbe ‘na’ bidoro ngwaa n’ahiriokwu.
Omumaatu: nabatara__ Obi nabatara ndi obia ya nke om a.
nara_____Biko nara m ego a.
NNWALE
- Deputa uzo ato na na- aru oru n’asusu igbo
- Nye omumuatu abuo ebe ‘Na’ na- aru oru di ka njiko
ORU ULO
Deputa omumaatu ise ebe ‘Na’ na- aru oru di ka Nnyemakangwaa
2: MGBAKWUNYE (AFFIXES)
Mgbakwunye bu umu kirikiri mkpuruokwu a na-atinyere mkpuruokwu ozo n’ihu, n’etiti, ma o bu n’azu iji mee ka o nwee nghota di iche. Mgbakwunye di uzo ato. Ha bu
- Nganuhu (Prefix)
- Nnoneetiti (Interfix)
- Nsonaazu (Suffix)
- Nnoniime (Infix)
Nganiihu (prefix)
Nke a bu mgbakwunye a na-etinye n’ihu isingwaa iji mebe okwu ohuu. A na-agbakwunye yana ngwaa.
Nganiihu Isingwaa Mkpuruokwu
i je ije
a ku atu
e ri eri
i cho icho
m ma mma
n ku nku
Nnonetiti (interfix): Nnonetiti bu mghakwunye nke onodu ya na-adi n’etiti Mkpuruokwu iji kewaa ya nhatanha
Omumaatu
Ede + m + ede = Edemede
Ngo + ri + ngo = ngoringo
Ekwu + m + okwu = ekwuekwu
Ako + m + onu = akomonu
Egu + r + egwu = egwiregwu
- NSONAAZU: Nke a bu mgbakwunye na-adi n’azu isingwaa.
Isingwaa Nsonaazu Mkpuruokwu
- gu o guo
- ri e riie
iii. ta a taa
- gbu o gbuo
- gu ghi gughi
- je re jere
vii. che ta cheta
- NNONIME(infix): Nnomime bu nsonaazu na-abughi ya kpezi azu n’ebe enwere karia otu nsonaazu.
Omumaatu
- ga + fe + re = gefere
- kwa + ghe + pu = kwaghepu
iii. cho + pu + ta = choputa
- go + si + ta = gosiputa
NSOKWUNYE
Nsokwunye bu mkpuruokwu na –eti nyekwu nghota n’ahiriokwu. O na-anodebekari ngwaa, mkpoaha, na nko- waa. Oburu na o na-esote ngwaa, edekota ya na ngwaa, ma o sote nkejiasusu ozo, edesaa ya edesa.
Omumaatu
Kwa, cha, noo, mu, kwanu, zi, ga, rii, si wdg
- Uwe ndi a bucha nke gi
- Onye kwa ka i na-acho?
iii. ibunoo onye nzuzu
- Gini buzi uche gi n’okwu a?
- Ha bunu umuakwukwo.
NNWALE:
- Gini bu mgbakwunye
- Deputa udi mgbakwunye ano e nwere
- Nnye omumaatu abuo abuo na ndi a
(i) nzonaazu(ii) nnoneetiti (iii) nganiihu (iv) nsokwunye
NCHIKOTA NNWALE:
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke a choro
- Erila nri ahu. N’ahiriokwua ‘la’ na-aru oru di ka: (a) mbuuzo (b) nganiihu (c) nzonaazu (d) nnoneetiti
- Azu di na ngiga. ‘Na’ na-aru oru ebe a di ka: (a) mbuuzo (b) njiko (ch) isingwaa (d) Nnyemakangwaa
- Onye kwa ka i bu ‘kwa’ bu (a) nsonaazu (b) nganiihu (ch) nsokwunye (d) nnoniime
- Gaa rie nri. ‘Ga’ na-aru oru di ka (a) isungwaa (b) nsonaazu (c) Nnyemakangwea (d) mbuuzo
- Ha na-egwu egwur ‘r’ na-aru oru di ka (a) nsonaazu (b) nnoneetiti (c) nnoniinne (d)nsokwunye
Edemede nnwale
- Kowaa mgbakwunye ndi a, ma nye omumaatu abuo na nke o bula
(i) nganiihu (ii) nsonaazu (iii) nnonetiti
Oru ngwucha Izuuka
Guo Igbo maka sinio sekondiri (peji ….).
Ihe Ogugu maka nkwado izuuka
Gue maka okwu a na-edeko onu na uke a na-edesa edesa na laptop gi.
Ihe omume nke ngwucgha izuuka
Nye omumaatu mkpuruokwu ise a na-edese edesa
Akwukwo nlere anya
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd.
Nchikota akwukwo maka ule sinio sekondiri
IZUUKA ISII (WEEK 6)UBOCHI ——–
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – OKWU A NA-EDEKO ONU, NA NKE A NA-EDESA EDESA, NA UDAOTU.
NDINISIOKWU
- OKWU A NA-EDEKO ONU NAN DI A NA-EDESA EDESA.
2 . UDAAOLU
1 . OKWU NDI A NA-EDEKO ONU, NA NDI A NA-EDESA EDESA
N’asusu igbo di ka O dikwa n’asusu ndi ozo, enwere mkpuruokwu ndi a na-edeko onu, ma nwekwaa ndi a na-edesa edesa. Ka anyi leba anya na mkpuruokwu ndi a:
MKPURUOKWU NDI A NA-EDEKO ONU
- Agumagu xii Mkpumkpu
- Ekwumekwu xiii. Agbataobi
iii. Ogologo xiv. Nkejilwu
- Ezinsulo xv. Nkebiahiri
- Ohanaeze xvi. Osiiso
- Akwukwo xvii. Umuakwukwo
vii. Onuogugu xviii.Umuaka
viii. Okwukwe xix Umunne
- Omume xx Onyenkuzi
- Mmadu
- Mkpuruokwu
MKPURUOKWU NDI A NA-EDESA EDESA
- Ndi a vii. Ngwa ngwa.
- Ndi ahia
iii. Onye a
- Ugbu a
- Ike ike
- Oso oso
vii. N’asusu Igbo e nwere
2: UDAOLU (Tone Marking)
N’asusu Igbo e nwere udi akara udaolu ato e ji eziputa udi uda ato e ji akpoputa mkpuruokwu igbo: Ha bu ndi a:
(a) Akara udaelu (High tone) (/)
(b) Akara udansuda (mid tone) (-)
(ch) Akara udaala (Low tone) (\) .Na nchikota,a ga akowa udaolu dika ihe e ji ama ndiiche di n’etiti okwu abuo jiri onwe ha na nsupe ma mputara ya di iche. O bu naani udaume na myiriudaume (m/n) na– anabata akara udaume n’odide asusu n’igbo.
Udaelu (HH)
- Aka (hand)
- Egwu (music)
iii. Akpu (cassava)
Udaala (LL)
- Ala (hand)
- Ukwu (bundle)
iii. Enwe (monkey)
- Akwa (Bed)
- Aku (Wealth)
Udaelu na undansuda (HM)
- Mma (beauty)
- Eze (teeth)
iii. Ego (money)
- Ero (mushroom)
NNWALE:
- Deputa mkpuruokwu ise a na-edeka onu
- Deputa mkpuruokwu ise a na-edesa edesa
- Tunye akara udadu na mkpuruokwu ndi a:
- Aka (hand
- Anya (eye)
iii. Akwukwo (book)
NIHIKOTA NNWALE
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke a choro
- Kedu mkpuruokwu e dejoro na ndia(a) ndia (b) agumagu (ch) eznsulo(d) umunne
- A na- edeko otu n’ime mkpuruokwu ndi a onu (a) ugbu a (b) umunna (ch) ngwa ngwa (d) oso oso
- E nwere akara udaolu —— (a) abuo (b) ise (ch) ano (d) ato.
- Anya (eye) nwere akara (a) // (b) \\ (ch) /- (d) / \
- Kedu nke putara akwa (bed) na ndi a (a) akwa /\ (b) akwa \\ (ch) akwa// (d) akwaa /-
Edemede nnwale
- Gini bu udaolu?
- Tinye akara udaolu na mkpuruokwu ndi a
(i) Ube (pear)
(ii) Eze (teeth)
(iii) anyanwu (sun)
(iv) Akwukwo (book)
(v) Ngaji (spoon)
Oru ngwucha izuuka
Guo ntuziaka maka udaasusu nke o gechukwu L. O. (page 52)
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Guo maka echichi na echimechi odinaala
Ihe omume nke ngwucha izuuka
Deputa udidi echichi ato I maara
Akwukwo nlere anya
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd.
IZUUKA ASATO(WEEK 8) UBOCHI ——-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU ECHICHI NA ECHIMECHI ODINAALA
NDINISIOKWU
- ECHICHI NA ECHIMECHI ODINAALA.
- UDIDI ECHICHI DI ICHE ICHE.
- ORU NDI CHIRI ECHICHI.
- URU DI N’ECHICHI
ECHICHI NA ECHIMECHI ODINAALA
Echichi ma o bu ime emume bu ihe di ukwuu na ndu ndi igbo. Ndi uka akwusla ndi otu ha imee ma o bu ichi echichi ndi a n’ihi iji mkporogwu na igo mmuo di n’imeya. Ka anyi ileba anya n’udi echichi di iche iche di ka:
- ichi nze/ozo
- ibe amenwuru
iii. ichi eze
- ichi iyom
- ichi loolo
- ichi eze ji/diji
vii. ichi atama wdg
NNWALE:
- Deputa udi echichi ise maara.
- Kowaa ihe mere ndi uka ji kwusi ndi nke ha ichi echichi odinaala ndi a.
2: UDIDI ECHICHI DI ICHE ICHE
- Ozo:Onye o bula bu nwoke na-echi ozo n’ala igbo. Nke a bu iji gosi na onye ahu eruola ihe e ji nwoke eme. Onye o bula ga-echi ozo ga aburiri onye agwa ya di mma, o gaghi abu onye na-asi asi.Ichi ozo bu na mmasi o bughi na mmanye.
- Nze:A na-ahoputa onye nze site n’etiti ndi chiri ozo. O na abu onye kachasi buru okenye n’umuma. o bu umunna na-echi onye di otu a nze. O bu ndi nze na-atukari aro maka Ihe gbasara omenaala di ka ichu aja, ikpu aru, ichoputa ihe ojo o na-eme n’obodo.
- Iba Amanwuru: Nke a bu nkwado a na-emee n’bodo ufodu n’ala igbo iji kwado mmadu maka echichi ozo. O buru na mmadu abanyeghi amanwuru, agaghi enye ya ikike ichi ozo.
- Ichi eze: O bu ndi eze odinaala na-achi obodo o bula. Onye a na-ahoputa di ka eze bu onye bukarisiri isi na umunna, ma o bu onye buru uzo chie ozo maobu eze. Ona-anochite anyaumunna ha n’ochichi obodo. O ga-abu onye na-ekwu eziokwu, na-akpa ezi agwa, ma hukwa umunna ya n’anya.
- Ichi iyom: Nke a bu echichi a na-echi umnwaanyi kpatara ego, obodo na – echikari echichi a bu Onitsha na Asaba. Tupu echie mmadu \y]m, a ga-enyocha agwa onye ahu ma otozukwara oke. A na-ebdo n’isi ututu ubochi a na-echi ya gbanye onye ahu odu aka, na nke ukwu. Nke a ka na-akpo “mmacha” oga emere nke a onye ahu ga-ewere ukwu gazuo ogbe niiledi na ghurugburu ha na benna ya. Oge nke a gasiri a na-enye ndi mmadu ihe oriri na nke onunu.
- Ichi lolo: Nke a bu echichi a na-echi umunwaanyi tozuru ihe e ji nmadu eme, tumadi nwunye igwe na ndi eze ndi ozo. O bu oru ndi loolo-ilekota umunwaanyi ndi ogbe ha na-ahu na ha na-eme ihe kwesiri ekwesi ka udo wee di n’ogbe nakwa obodo ha.
- Ichi, ezeji/diji: O bu onye kacha kota ji n’obodo n’ofo ka a na-echi eze ji, ma o bu diji. Onye ahu ga-eke Iji nke oma n’akuku oba ano, ma gbasaa ufodu n’ala. Ubochi a ga-echi nimadu ezeji ndi ozo echii ezeji ga-agbakota an’ulo onye ahu. A ga-esi ihe oriridi iche iche maka ndi obia ga-ebute ji a ga-eri n’ubochi ano di n’izu (eke, osie, afo na nkwo). A ga-akpoba ewu n’ime oba ji ya. Oga-ano ebe ahu na-ata ji ru o abali-ano. A ga-akpaputa ewu ahu, chiputa ji ndi o tara, ma nye he umu ogbenye. Nke a ka a na-a kpo “ahia n’ano” oge n’ano”. A ga-amalite ubochi ahu kpoba onye ahu diji, ma o bu ezeji.
- Ichi atama: O bu onye tozuru ihe e ji mmadu eme ka a na-echi echichi Atama. Obodo na-echi atama bu Nsukka na Enugwu. Ezike nke di n’Enugwu Steeti.Onye na-elekota mmuo atama nwuo, echie onye ozo atama. A na-ajuta arusi ase onye aga-echi atama tupu emee nke a. Oge a na-echi onye ahu atama, a na-etinye ose oji n’anya ya iji gosi na arusi atama anabatala ya. A ga-akpoba zi onye ahu atama malite n’ubochi ahu.
NNWALE:
- Deputa udidi echichi ise I maara
- Kedu ndi na-echi loolo?
NCHIKOTA NNWALE:
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke achoro
- Kedu nke na-abughi echichi na ndia(a)Ikpu uzu (b) ichi ozo (ch) ichi ido (d) ichi eze
- O bu nwunye igwe, ma o bu eze ka a na-echi ——— (a) atama (b) ezeji (ch) loolo (d) nze
- Ezeji bu——— (a) onye umengwu (b) okenye (ch) ofogori (d) onye kacha kota ji n’obodo n’afo
- N’ichi echichi ezeji, ji ndi ewu tara, ka a na- enye (a) Eze (b) ndi ogbenye (ch) okenye (d) lolo
- Otu n’ime ndi a na-echi ozo (a) nwaanyi (b) unwaka (ch) iyom (d) nwoke
Edemede Nnwale:
- Deputa uzo echichi asaa i maana.
Oru ngwucha Izuuka
Guo mtuziaka maka udaasusu, utaasusu na omeneala Igbo nke ndi Sedondiri ukwu nke abuo (SS2) pages 197 – 198.
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo.
Gue oru ndi chiri echichi n’ime laptop of:
Ihe omume nke ngwucha izunka
Deputa oru ise chiri echichi na-aru.
Akwukwo nlere anya Ntuziaka
(3) ORU NDI CHIRI ECHICHI N’ALA IGBO
ndi chiri echichi na-oru di iche iche n’obodo. Oru ndi a ahu gunyere ndi a:
- He na-enye aka n’ochichi obodo
- Ha na-enyere ndi ogbenye aka
- Ha na-enye aka ihu na omenaala Igbo na-aga n’ihu
- Ha na-elekota ndi ahenyene ha n’aka.
- Ha na-achikota mmemme a na-eme n’obodo
- Ha na-achoputa uzo a ga-esi dozie nsogbu daputara n’obodo
- Ha na-eme ka obodo na-adi ocha ma na-ewebeta ihe ndi na-enyere ndu aka. Wdg.
NNWALE:
- Deputa oru ise ndi chiri echichi na-aru
- Deputa uzo echichi ato ndi igbo na-echi
(4)URU DI N’ECHICHI
Ndi o bula chiri echichi nwere uru ha na-erite na a. Ufodu uru ndi abu bu:
- Ha na-enwe ugwu na nsopuru
- Echichi na-eme ka otutu mmadu na-okwuba aka fa oto
- Ha na-esonye na ndi onu na-eru n’okwu n’obodo.
- Ndi chiri echichi na-enwe afo ojuju n’ihi echichi echiri ha.
- Echichi na-emeka mmadu na-agba mbo.
- Ha na-enweta akunuba ufodu site n’echichi
- A na-eso n’echichi enweta ego.
NNWALE:
- Deputa uru ise a na-enweta n’echichi.
- Deputa udidi echichi ato imaara.
NCHIKOTA NNWALE:
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke a choro
- Onye chiri echichi na-aru otuoru n’ime ndi a (a) ikwa iko (b) ikpo asi (ch) igbu mmadu (d) inyere ndi ogbenye aka
- Otu n’ime ndi a anaghi ahu agamu n’ihu omenaala Igbo (a) ofogori (b) eze (ch) nze (d) igwe
- Onye chiri echichi na-enwe ihe ndi a niile e wezuga otu (a) afo ojuju (b) ugwu na nsopuru (ch) ego (d) ume ngwu.
- Ikwuba aka oto putara (a) ichuli aka elu (b) ibi ezi ndu (ch) ime mpu (d) izu ohi
- Onye chiri echichi kwesiri inwe njirimara ndi a niile, ewezuga otu (a) itu asi (b) ikwu eziokwu (b) ikpo asi (ch) izu ohi (d) ikwa iko
Edemede Nnwale
- Deputa oru ato ndi chiri echichi na-aru
- Deputa uru abuo a na-enweta n’echimechi
Oru ngwucha izuuka
Guo ntuziaka maka udaasusu, utoasusu na omenala igbo nke ndi sekondiri ukwu nke (pages 200 – 202)
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Guo maka ogugu na ghotaazaa n’ime laptop gi.
Ihe omume nke ngwucha izuuka
kowaa ihe bu aghotaazaa
Akwukwo nlere anya
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd.
IZUUKA ITOOLU(WEEK 9)UBOCHI——-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – OGUGU NA AGHOTAAZAA:
NDINISIOKWU
- NKOWA OGUGU NA AGHOTA AZAA, NLEKOTA GBURUGBURU
- IKOWA OKWU SIRI IKE NIHE AGHURU NA IJI MKPURUOKWU NDI A MEBE AHIRIOKWU.
3.IJI MKPURUOKWU NDI A MEBE AHIRIOKWU
NDINISIOKWU 1:OGUGU NA AGHOTAAZAA
Ogugu na aghotazaa putara a guchaa, ghota, a zaa ajuju na esote ihe aguru.
Guo ederede a ma zaa ajuju ndi na-esote ya.
Gburugburu
Gburugburu bu okirikiri ebe mmadu no, ma o bu bi. Nlekota bu iledo ihe anyanke oma hu na ihe ahudi mma.
Ilekota gburugburu anyi anya putara ikpachapuru gburugburu anyi anya, na-ahu na o di ocha.
E nwere ike ihu otutu ihe na gburugburu anyi di ka: owa mmiri, ebe mkpofu ahihia, pompu mmiri, okporouzo, osisi, uloakwukwo, waya oku latrik, waya telefoonu wdg.
A na-enweta nsogbu ndi a na gburugburu, ma o buru na edebeghi ya ocha.
Di ka: anwuta, unyi ijuputa okporouzo nke ga-ebute otutu oria, agwo n’ihe ndi ozo na-ata ata ga-amuba, n’ihi azu-chaghi ahihia di nagburugburu.
Zaa ajuju ndi a
- Kedu aha ozo a na-akpo gburugburu?
- Gini ka ilekota gburugburu putara.
3.Deputa ihe ato igutara n’ederede a, di na gburugburu
4.Deputa ihe nsogbu ato a na-enweta n’ihi elekotaghi gburugburu anya.
IKOWA OKWU SIRI IKE N’IHE A GURU, NA IJI MKPURUOKWU NDI A MEBE AHIRIOKWU.
- Gburugburu (Surrounding). Gburugbburu bu ogige ma o bu okirikiri ebe mmadu bi.
- Owa mmiri (Gutter) bu uzo mmiri si aga
- Ebe mkpofu ahihia (Disposal site) Ebe a na-ekpofu ahiahia, ma o bu ihe ndi ozo na- adighimkpa.
4 Pompu mmiri (pipe borne water) ebe a na-agbata mmiri on unu.
- Anwuta (mosquito) Nke a na-atanye mmadu iba n’ahu
IJI MKPURUOKWU NDI A MEBE AHIRIOKWU
1.Gburugburu: Gburugburu ulo anyi di ocha
2.Owa mmiri: E nwere owa mmiri na gburugburu ulo anyi.
- Ebe mkpofu ahihia: Ebe a na-ekpofu ahihia di na gburugburu anyi.
- Pompu mmiri: Anyi nwere pompu mmiri n’okirikiri ulo anyi.
- Anwuta: Anwuta na-atanye iba n’ahu mmadu.
NNWALE:
- Deputa ihe mkpuruokwu ndi a putara n’asusu Igbo
- gutter (ii) mosquito iii. Disposal site
- Were mkpuruokwu ndi a mee ahiriokwu (i) gburugburu (ii) pompu mmiri
NIHIKOTA NNWALE
Tumbom Tumbom
Hoputa nke a choro
- Aha ozo a na-akpo gburugburu bu
(a) owa mmiri (b) okirikiri (ch) mkpofu (d) pompu
- Otu n’ime ndi a esoghi n’ihe ndi a na-ahu na gburugburu (a) pompu (b) osisi (ch) owa mmiri (d) onweghi
- Gburugburu putara ——- na bekee (a) house (b) surrounding (ch) gutter (d) disposal site
- A na-enweta nsogbu ndi a na gburugburu e wezuga otu (a) anwuta (b) ibnyi (ch) agwo (d) uloakwukwo
- Snake putara——– n’asusu Igbo (a) agwo (b) anwuta (ch) oke (d) okuko.
Edemede Nnwale:
- Deputa ihe ano I na-ahu na gburugburu uloakwukwo gi.
- Deputa uru abuo di n’ilekota gburugburu
Oru ngwucha izuuka
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd (pejis 45 – 46).
Ihe ogugu maka nkwado izuuka ozo
Choputa ihe bu edemede
Akwukwo nlere anya
Ntuziaka Maka Udaasusu Nke Ogechukwu L.O. 2004. Innooge company Ltd.
IZUUKA IRI(WEEK 10) UBOCHI——-
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – IDE OTU NKENKE AKUKO MAKA EDEMEDE NKOWAMI.IKWWAPUTA ILU N’EDEREDE AHU.
NDINAYA 1.IDE OTU NKENKE AKUKO MAKA EDEMEDE NKOWAMI.
- IKOWAPUTA ILU N’EDEMEDE AHUNLEKOTA GBURUGBURU.
1;IDE OTU NKENKE AKUKO MAKA EDEMEDE NKOWAMI.
Edemede nkowami (Expository Essay)
N’edemede nkowami ode na-eziputa ihe dum o nwere ike ide iji kowaa nke oma ihe di iche iche o maara maka ihe o na-ede maka ya. O bu edemede choro igba isiokwu ya n’anwu.
Omumaatu:
- Uru oru ugbo bara
- Ndi uwe ojii
- Uru osisi bara na ndu mmadu
Edemede nkowami nwere ike idi n’ubi abuo. Dika:
- Di ka iluokwu
- Di ka otu isi mkpuruokwu.
Edemede nkowami bu ilu okwu
- Ahia omana-ere anwe ya
- Ura ejula ozu afo
Edemede nkowami ndi bu otu isi mkpuruokwu
- ihunanya
- oku
iii. mma
- Eziokwu
Omumaatu Edemede nkowami
UZO E NWERE IKE ISI KWALITE ORU UGBO N’ALA ANYI
E ji oru ugbo mara ala anyi.N’oge mbu o bu n’oru ugbo ka ndi ala anyi naara enwetaa akununba ha ji egbo mkpa di iche iche. Ma na oge a choputara mmanu e si n’ala enweta, ndi ala anyi bido ida mba n’orungbo. Ugbu a isi ogu adighikwa ebe a mabaara ya.
Ndi mmadu na-adazi mba iru oru ugbo ugbu a. Onye obula na-achuzi oru Bekee. O dighizi onye choro iru oru ugbo nihi na ndi na-aru aru anaghi aruputacha ihe o kwesiri mgbe e lere ihe ha na-etinye n’ihi ya ekwesiri ima ihe a ga-eme ka onodu a gbanwee.
Ihe ndi a ga-eme ka onodu a gbanwee bu ndia:
- Ihu na-eji uzo ogbara ohuu wee kowa/ruwa oru ugbo n’obodo anyi,n’ihi na a noghi otu ebe ekiri mmanwu.
- Anyi ga-amalite iji ntu Fetiliza na-ako ihe.
- Ndi ochichi ala anyi ga na-enye ndi oru ugbo ntu Fetiliza n’efuka nkwu were soro ibe ya abaa mmanu.
- Ndi ochichi ala anyi ga-ahu na a na-enye ndi oru ugbo ozuzu gbasaramkpuru akuku ogbara ohuru na ngwa oru ogbaaraohuru.
- A ga-ahu na a na-enye ndi oru ugbo ego iji kwado ha.
- Ozo kwa ndi ochichi kwesiri idi na-ekesara ndi oru ugbo ogwu nke na-egbu ahuhu na- atagbu mkpuru akuku ha koro n’ubi ka mmadu ghara i kwo aka tiere okuko aki.
- Ndi be anyi ga – abagidokwa oru ugbo ozo site na onye obula iko ihe n’akuku ulo.
- A ga na-akuzi ihe gbasara oru ugbo n’ulo akwukwu anyi niile iji meea o buru nwanwa tote o tokwuru.
NNWALE:
- Kowaa ihe edemede nkowami putara.
- Deputa uzo abuo a ga-esi mee ka oru ugbo gaa n’ihu n’ala anyi.
2:IKOWAPUTA ILU N’EDEMEDE NLEKOTA AHUIKE GBURUGBUIRU
E jiri ilu ufodu ndi Igbo wee dee edemede a bu uzo a ga-esi kwalite oru ugbo n’ala anyi. Ilu ndi a ka anyi ga-achoputa ebe ha di deputa ha ma kowaa ha.
Ihe ndi a bu –
- A noghi otu ebe ekiri mmawu nkowa ya:
Ihe omume anaghi abu naani otu uzo ka e si eme ya.
- Ka nkwu were soro ibe ya gbaa mmanu.
Nkowa ya
Ka ndi be anyi were di ka ndi ala ozo na-eme nke oma n’ihe gbasara oru ugbo.
- Ka mmadu ghara ikwo aka tiere okuko aki
Nkowa ya
Ka uchu/mbo mmadu gbara ghara ila n’iyi maobu buru n’efu.
NCHIKOTA NNWALE
NNWALE TUMBOM TUMBOM
- Otuna ndi a bu edemede nkowami otu mkpuru okwu
(a) Ndi uwe ojii (b) ihunanya (ch) ego oyibo (d) uru oru ugbo bara
- N’edemede nkowami, ode na-agba ihe niile n’anwu putara
(a) ode na-ede ihe niile maka edemede ahu o maara
(b) O naghi edecha ihe nile o mara
(ch) O na-edebiri isiokwu ya
(d) Ihe ole na ole ka o na-ede maka ihe o mara maka isiokwu ya.
- ‘Igba n’anwu’ bu (a)Ilu (b) myiri (ch) Akpalaokwu (d) mburu.
- Edemede nkowami nwere ike ibu—– (a)ekwumekwu(b) edemede (ch) udaume (d) iluokwu
- Ka e wee kwalite oru ugbo n’obodo anyi, ndi ochichi kwesiri ime otu n’ime ndi a
(a) Ikwusi oru ugbo (b)Inye ndi oru ugbo ego mgbazinye (ch) Isi onye obula tuo ego(d) Ime ka ndi oru ugbo na-agba alukwaghi m n’oru ha.
EDEMEDE NNWALE
- Kowaputa uzo ano a ga-esi kwalite oru ugbo n’obodo anyi.
- Deputa ilu ato di n’ederede a bu: uzo a ga-esi kwalite oru ugbo n’obodo anyi.
- Gini bu edemede Nkowami?
- Deputa isiokwu ato e were ike ide edemede nkowami na ha.
- Dee nkenke edemede maka isiokwu aNdi uwe ojii.
ORU NGWUCHA IZUUKA
Gue akwukwo agumagu Igbo
NCHIKOTA IHE OMUMU NKE ASUSU IGBO MAKA ULE SINIO SEKONDIRI NKE MAZI M. C. NGOESI Peji 116 – 117.
OGUGU MAKA NKWADO IZUUKA OZO.
Guo edemede nka n’akwukwo ntuziaka maka udaasusu, utoasusu na omenala igbo nke ndi sekondiri ukwu nke abuo nke ogechukwu leti okoye n’isi nke iri na itoolu
IHE OMUME NKE NGWUCHA IZU UKA
Dee uru asaa oru ugbo bara obodo anyi.
- akwukwo nlere anya
Ntuziaka maka udaasusu, utoasusu na omenala i gbo nke ndi sekondiri ukwu nke abuo (SS2) nke ogechukwu leti okoye
- Nchikota ihe omumu nke asusu igbo maka ule sinio sekondiri nke mazi m. c. ngoesi.
IZUUKA IRI NA OTU (WEEK 11) UBOCHI——–
IHE OMUMU – ASUSU IGBO
KLAASI – SS 2
ISIOKWU – EDEMEDE NKA NA UDIDI YA.URU NA NJIRIMARA YA.IDE YA EDE
NDINISIOKWU
- EDEMEDE NKA NA UDI YA
- URU EDEMEDE NKA BARA, NA NJIRIMARA YA
- URU EDEMEDE NKA BARA, NJIRIMARA EDEMEDE NKA.
- IDE OTU NKE NKE AKUKO MAKA EDEMEDE NKOWAMI
1: EDEMEDE NKA NA UDI YA
Edemede nka bu edemede ndi puru iche nke a na – agbaso iwu were ede. Edemede nka di iche n’edemede nkiti nke onye obula nwere ike imaba debe ngwa ngwa. Edemede nka di iche n’ihi na agaghi esi otu esi ede akuko wee dee abu maobu si otu e si ede akuko wee dee ejije. Edemede nka gunyere – abu, akuko na eiije.
EDEMEDE NKA N’UDI AKUKO
Akuko bu agumagu siri n’echiche puta nke na-eziputa ndu na obibi ya. Akuko a di n’udi n’udi. O nwere usoro a na-abaso mgbe a na – ede akuko. Agaghi esi otu e si dee akuko wee dee abu maobu ejiye.
Edemede nka na-ewebuta atumatu mgbe a na-ede ya.
Eji ilu, akpaalaokwu, mburu, myiri na ndi ozo mgbe a na-ede ya.
ABU: Abu bu edemede ozo eji nka ede. Ide abu nwere usoro na iwu na-achikwa ya. Ihe ndi ufodu eji ama abu bu ndi a:
- a) Abu na-enwe isiokwu.
- b) Asusu ya anaghi eto ogologo.
Ch) O na-adi na nkebi na nkebi.
- d) Nghota ya na – adi omimi
- e) E nwere ike iji olu abughi Igbo izugbe wee dee abu.
Odide abu abughi ihe di mfe n’ihi ya o choro igbado anye.
EJIJE:
Ejije bu njije nke mmadu na-ejije ihe e kere eke. A na-eji nka ede ejije. Onye na-ede ejije ga – eso iwu e ji ede ejije.
A na-enwe nkowa na mbido ya. A na-enwekwa aha ndi na-ejije ihe obula. A na-enwekula obom ebe ndi a nwere usoro a na-agbaso wee ahazi ya.
NNWALE
- Gini bu edemede nka?
- Deputa udidi edemede nka ato i maara
2:URU EDEMEDE NKA BARA,NA NJIRIMARA YA
URU EDEMEDE NKA BARA
- a) O na-egosi ndiiche di n’etiti ya na edemede ndi ozo
- b) O na-eme ka otutu mmadu ghara idi na-ede udi edemede a.
- ch) O na-eweputa udo asusu anyi bu igbo.
- d) O na-eme ka onye na-agu agumagu chemi e echiche ime.
- e) O na-enye aka ikuziri umuakwukwu out e si ede ya.
NJIRIMARA EDEMEDE NKA
- Edemede nka nwere usoro dabara adaba eji ede ya.
- Nghota ya anaghi adi mfe n’ihi ausu nka eji ede ya.
- Edemede nka na – akokuri maka ndu, ebimndu na akparamagwa.
- Odee nwere ike iko akuto ya n’uzo masiri ya.
- Udi edemede a na-arutu aka oge ihe mere.
NNWALE
- a) Edemede nka nwere udi ato kpoputa ha ato ma kowaa otu.
- b) Kwuo ihe ato e ji ama edemede nka.
- ch) Abu, akuko na ejije. Oke nke na-adi na nkebi nkebi.
NCHIKOTA NNWALE
- Edemede Nka –
- a) abu, isiokwu na akuko
- b) abu, ejije na okwuputa
- ch) akuko, abu na ejije.
- d) isiokwu, abu, akuko
- Edemede nka a na-ede na nkebi na nkebi bu –
- a) abu b) akuko ch) Ejije na d) isiokwu.
- Edemede nka a na-enwe ndi na-ejije ihe obula a na eme na ya bu –
- a) abu (b) ejije (c) isiokwu (d) akuko
- Otu n’ime ndi a abughi ejirimara edemede nka.
- a) O nwere usoro a na-agbaso nay a.
- b) O na-akokari maka akparamagwa na ebimundu udi
- ch) O naghi enwe usoro a na-agbaso nay a.
- d) Odee nwere ike iko akuko ya n’uzo masiri ya.
- Otu akwukwo akuko m maara bu
- a) Omenala Igbo
- b) Oja Dufuo Dike
- ch) Obidiya
- d) Nchikota ihe omumu nke asusu Igbo maka ule sinio
EDEMEDE NNWALE
- Kowaa na nkenke ihe bu edemede nka.
- Deputa ma kowaa udi edemede nka abuo
- Edemede nka bara uru. Deputa uru abuo edemede nka bara.
- O nwere ihe e ji ama edemede nka? Kpoputa abuo n’ime ha.
- Deputa usoro ato onye na-ede abu ga – agbaso.
ORU NGWUCHA IZUUKA.
GUO AKWUKWO AKUKO OJA DUFUO DIKE NKE MAZI RAY C. ANENE. ISI ASATO NA ITEOLU
IHE OGUGU MAKA NKWADO IZUUKA OZO
Gue maka udi edemede ndi ozo
NCHIOKOTA IHE OMUMU NKW ASUSU IGBO MAKA ULE SINIO SEKONDIRI
PEJI 115 – 117.
IHE OMUME NKE NGWUCHA IZU UKA
Deere enyi gin woke no n’ulo akwukwo ozo gwa ya ka obia emume asompi ulo na ulo ulo akwukwo o unu ga – eme ma onwa Maachi gbaa mkpuru abali iri n’out nafo 2014.
AKWUKWO NLERE ANYA
(i) Nchikota ihe omumu nke asusu igbo maka ule sinio sekondiri by maazi m. c. ngoesi
(ii) Ntuziaka maka udaasusu, utoasusu na omenala igbo nke ndi sekondiri ukwu nke abuo.
- Mmeghari na ule
- Ule na mmechi

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- Ndụmọdụ maka ultrasonic na pneumatic scalers nke a na-eji wepụ ihe nkwụnye ego supragingival na oghere interdental dị ọcha (enweghị ike iji mee ihe mgbe ị na-ewepụ nkwụnye ego subgingival).
N'iji ngwa a dị mfe iji, ndị dọkịta ezé na-achọpụta ntụpọ dị n'elu ezé, nyochaa ọnọdụ ha, gụnyere omimi, njupụta, nha na ọkwa ọnya.
- Iji kpochapụ nkwụnye ego eze.
Maka prosthetics
- Njide, na-eji mgbe isi ọgwụgwọ orthodontic iji chekwaa nsonaazụ.
- Ngosi eze nke na-enye ihe onyonyo buru ibu. A na-eji enyo na aka ya nyochaa ma kpatụ ezé iji chọpụta ogo mgbu.
- Maka prosthetics.
Otu esi ahọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mma na ihe ị ga-achọ
- Syringe maka ọgwụ mgbu.
Ngwa eji enyocha oghere ọnụ
- tweezers eze. Nhazi atụmatụ dị n'ụdị akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ na-agbagọ agbagọ na-eme ka o kwe omume iji ihe ndị dị ntakịrị rụọ ọrụ. Tweezers na-adaba adaba na nhazi ebe siri ike iru nke oghere ọnụ, gụnyere azụ azụ nke ezé. Ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ogo nha nha nha.
- A na-eji discs na burs akwadebe ezé.
- Ngwa maka ịrụ ọrụ na mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ. Enwere akwụkwọ ntuziaka na igwe. A na-eji ha maka ịchọpụta, ịgbasa na ọwa na-agafe, na-egbutu anụ ahụ nwere ọrịa.
Iji wepụ ihe nkwụnye ego na ezé
- Mgbọrọgwụ faịlụ. A na-eji ngwaọrụ a na-egweri elu mgbọrọgwụ mgbe mwepụ nke mineralized nkwụnye ego.
- Ngwa maka ikewa chịngọm tupu mwepu eze.
- Ngwa maka ịchọpụta Central mmechi eze.
- A na-ekewa ngwaọrụ eji eme prosthetics n'ime otu ndị a:
Ngwá ọrụ eze nke ndị dọkịta ezé na-eji nwere nnukwu ngwa agha. Ọ dị mkpa mgbe ị na-enyocha oghere ọnụ nke onye ọrịa, na-arụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ, prosthetics na nhazi ndị ọzọ.
A na-ekewa ngwaọrụ maka ịgwọ ọrịa dị iche iche nke ezé n'ime ụdị ndị a:
Nhazi nke ngwa eze
- Ngwa enyemaka. Ha na-agụnye brushes dị iche iche maka iji mmiri mmiri na-ete n'elu eze mmanụ, clamps, matrices, punches, trowels, strips.
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- Micrometer. E mere ya iji chọpụta ọkpụrụkpụ nke okpueze.
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- A na-eji akpali ezé.
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- Maka ọgwụgwọ eze.
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- ngaji kpuru ìsì. Enwere akụkụ, zuru oke, maka ịweta nkedo site na agba abụọ na ndị ọzọ.
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- Maka njuputa.
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- Hemostatic: agịga ligature, clamps nke ụdị dị iche iche.
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Iji wepụ ezé
- Ndozi, ejiri mee ihe mgbe ị na-agbanwe ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ ezé.
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- Ụdị ngwaọrụ eji aka. A na-eji ya kpochapụ anụ ahụ ezé dị nro, na-ejuputa. A na-anọchi anya ya site na nnukwu nhọrọ nke isi diamond, burs, diski na-egbuke egbuke.
- Curettes. A na-eme ha site na alloys dị iche iche. Akụkụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ụdị dị iche iche, nke na-enye aka na ntinye ha n'ime ebe siri ike iru n'etiti ezé na akpa oge.
- Ndị na-egwupụta ihe. Site n'enyemaka ha, dọkịta ahụ na-ewepụ ihe oriri ndị fọdụrụnụ, ndochi nwa oge, supragingival na subgingival nkwụnye ego.
- Nyocha eze. Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ nyocha nkuku; ngwa nwere ụdị bayonet adịghị adịkarị n'etiti ndị dọkịta ezé.
- Maka ijikọ akwa akwa: ndị na-ejide agịga nke ụdị dị iche iche na-egbutu na agịga.
- Mkpọchi, agịga, ihe njide agịga.
- mma enamel. A na-eji ya maka mmelite ikpeazụ nke enamel eze mgbe e wepụsịrị nkwụnye ego. Emebere ya n'ụdị chisel ma nwee elu na-arụ ọrụ ruo 3 mm.
- Ngwa maka nhọpụta, ịwa osisi na iwepu okpueze. A na-ejikwa ha kwapụ akụkụ okpueze ndị gbara akwụkwọ.
- Elevators bụ ngwaọrụ maka iwepụ mgbọrọgwụ. Ha na-abịa n'ụdị nha na ụdị dị iche iche. Enwere ụdị isi atọ: angular, kwụ ọtọ, ụdị bayonet. A na-eji ụdị mbuli elu na-eme ihe na-ekpochapụ mgbọrọgwụ nke agba elu, obere oge - na ala. A na-eji igwe mbuli elu eme ihe iji kpochapụ ezé na mgbọrọgwụ na agba ala. A na-eji mbuli elu nwere ụdị bayonet pụrụ iche iji kpochapụ mola nke atọ dị ala. Site n'enyemaka nke ngwaọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, dọkịta ahụ nwere ike imetụta ezé ahụ n'enweghị mgbalị ọ bụla, wepụ ya na oghere. Dị ka ogo nghazi nke elu agụba, a na-ekewa ndị mbuli elu n'aka ekpe na aka nri.
- Ụdị ike dị iche iche maka iwepụ ezé na mgbọrọgwụ ha. N'aka nke ya, a na-ekewa ha n'ime ngwá ọrụ maka agba dị ala na nke elu, maka ezé na-adịgide adịgide na nwa oge, maka ụfọdụ ezé ezé.
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- Tray maka ngwaọrụ n'onwe ha.
- A na-anọchi anya ntọala ngwaọrụ site na oke oke kachasị:
- Ngwa ndị emebere iji warara ma gbasaa eze ahụ.
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Dọkịta eze ọ bụla nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọrụ ha. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e mepụtala ngwá ọrụ alloy dị iche iche dị iche iche. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ngwá ọrụ, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ụdị ihe abrasive, kemịkalụ ha na nke anụ ahụ, uru na ọghọm. Alloys metal kacha nkịtị bụ titanium na igwe anaghị agba nchara. Steel na mgbakwunye nke chromium, nickel ma ọ bụ molybdenum nwere nguzogide corrosion kacha elu.
Ntọala zuru oke maka mmịpụta nha nha nwere ngwaọrụ ndị a:
- nko eze. A na-emepụta ha n'ụdị dị iche iche na nha. Dị mma maka ihicha ezé.
- Curettes. A na-emepụta ha n'ụdị ngaji nwere akụkụ dị nkọ. Site n'enyemaka ha, ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ mebiri emebi, a na-ewepụ granulations sitere na akpa periodontal.
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Ngwa ịwa ahụ nwere ngwa ndị pụrụ iche na ngwa ebumnuche zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'ime ha bụ:
A na-ahụta ngwa ọrụ a dị ka isi, zuru ụwa ọnụ yana dị mkpa maka dọkịta ezé ọ bụla. Nzube ya bụ ime nyocha nke oghere ọnụ onye ọrịa maka njirimara nke nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a. Na mgbakwunye na nchọpụta nchọpụta, a na-eji otu ngwaọrụ maka ọgwụgwọ, prosthetics na nha nha nha. Ngwa nleba anya nwere ngwaọrụ ndị a:
Onye orthodontist na-arụ ọrụ ya na-eji otu ngwa orthodontic pụrụ iche. Ọ na-agụnye: ngwa nju maka ịrụ ọrụ na sistemu multibonding, mkpọ crampon, mkpa igwe, mkpọ imi gburugburu, ihe nkwado nkwado, anvil, hama eze, reverse tweezers maka ịwụnye ihe nkwado. E kewara ngwaọrụ niile n'ụdị ndị a:
- akpụkpọ ụkwụ . Ha dị mkpa mgbe ị na-egbutu anụ ahụ dị nro nke oghere ọnụ.
- Maka imepụta ihe ndochi.
- Spatulas dị iche iche. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ịgwakọta ngwọta maka ndozi, ihe mmetụta.
- Maka nkewa anụ ahụ: mkpa, mma, akpụkpọ anụ na nkwọ, chisel, ndị na-akpụ waya, wdg.
- Ngwá ọrụ nke ụdị jikọtara ọnụ, na-enye gị ohere imechi ma ọ bụ gbasaa ahịrị ezé n'otu oge ma dozie anomalies na ọnọdụ nke eze.
- Tweezer ịwa ahụ. Ọ dị mkpa n'oge ntinye aka ịwa ahụ iji jide ma nyefee ihe eji ejiji.
- Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ burs ma ọ bụ diski, ṅaa ntị na elu ọrụ. Enwere ike ime ya site na diamond eke ma ọ bụ artificial. Ọ bara uru ịtụle na oke ọka dị arọ nke ngwaọrụ diamond na-enye aka na nkwadebe ngwa ngwa nke anụ ahụ eze. N'ihi ya, na obere ọka na obere omimi nke microroughness. Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta, mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ngwá ọrụ, na-eduzi ha mma n'oge ọrụ. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ adịghị apụ apụ n'aka ma n'ozuzu adịghị akpata nsogbu ọ bụla na dọkịta. Ọ ka mma ịzụta ngwaọrụ n'aka ndị nrụpụta tụkwasịrị obi. Ekwela ka ọnụ ahịa dị ala nke onye nrụpụta amaghi ama arafu gị. Ọtụtụ mgbe ọnụ ala dị ala na-egosi ngwaahịa dị ala ma ọ bụ adịgboroja. Ngwa ndị ahọpụtara nke ọma bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ntinye aka na-aga nke ọma.
Ngwa maka ọgwụgwọ eze
- Maka inyocha oghere ọnụ.
- Ngwá ọrụ maka dọkịta ezé ọkpụkpụ dị mkpa maka mweghachi na prosthetics nke eze. Ọzọkwa, site n'enyemaka ha, a na-eweghachi obere ntụpọ nke ezé, a na-eweghachi ọrụ niile, gụnyere ịta.
Ngwa eji agwọ ọrịa dị iche iche na nsogbu nke oghere ọnụ na-ekewa n'ime otu ndị a:
- Maka ịdọrọ ezé.
- Maka nhazi njuputa.
- Ndị na-ahụ maka eze na-eji ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche na-eme ụdị okpueze wuru dị iche iche, àkwà mmiri, ezé nke mbughari na ihe owuwu maxillofacial ndị ọzọ. Gaa na katalọgụ nke ngwaọrụ maka ndị ọkachamara eze.
- Maka ọgwụgwọ mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ.
- Enyemaka: dị iche iche tweezers, nko, clamps, forceps.
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Ụmụnwaanyị Abịa achọghịzị mgbere nwa na akwụna cha cha
Ụmụnwaanyị Abịa steeti kpokotara onwe ha ọnụ wee rịọ ndị uweojii na steeti ahụ ka ha gbatara ha ọsọ enyemaka ma kwụsị mgbere ụmụaka nakwa ụlọ ebe a na-amụ ụmụaka e ji atụ mgbere nke na-amụbanye na steeti ahụ.
Ihe ndị ọzọ ha rịọkwara bụ ka a kwụsị mmekpa ahụ nke a na-emekpa ndị mmadụ na steeti ahụ, nwakpo ụmụnwaanyị na akwụna
Ụmụnwaanyị ahụ kwuru na arụ ndị a a na-emeso ụmụnwaanyị nakwa ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ala Naịjirịa.
Ha rịọrọ ndị uwojii na steeti Abịa ka ha kwalite ebe ha na-eleta ụmụaka na ụmụnwaanyị nke a kpọrọ Juvenile and Women Center (JWC) na Bekee site n'imalite ụlọọrụ ga na-eme nyocha pụrụiche ma na-etinyekwa uchu na mkpesa gbasara ụdị arụ ndị ahụ ịhụ na ndị na-eme ya anaghị ala n'efu.
Onye ndu ụmụnwaanyị ahụ bụ nwunye aka na-achị Abịa steeti bụ Nkechi Ikpeazu na-arụ ọrụ iji kwụsị mmekpa ahụ megide ụmụnwaanyị na ndị na-anapụ ụmụnwaanyị oke na ugwu dịrị ha.
N'okwu nwaanyị Ikpeazu gwara Anthony Ogbizi bụ kọmịshọna ndị uweojii na steeti ahụ, "Njem anyị bụ ịgba ndị uweojii ume ka ha na-eme nyocha banyere mmegide a na-emegide ụmụaka na ụmụnwaanyị ọsịsọ nakwa ịhụ na ndị na-eme ha agahị ala n'efu.''
"A na-akwanye ụmụanyị n'akwụna, na-awakpo ha ma jiri ha na-amụ ụmụ e ji atụ mgbere ebe a na-etikwa ụmụnwanyị ihe ma na-emetọ ha, ụfọdụ oge, a na-egbu ha na-ebe dị icheiche.''
"Anyị ma na ndị uweojii na-anwa ike ha ma na anyị na-agba ha ume ma na-akwado ha ka ha mekwuo iji jide ndị na-akpa arụ ndịa maka na ọ bụ ihe ịgba anya mmiri na ụfọdụ oge, ndị na-akpa arụ a na-ala n'efu maka na e nweghi ọkpụrụkpụ ihe ha ji aka iji jide ndị ahụ.
Iji kwado ndị uweojii ahụ, ọ nyere ha igwe kọmputa na akụrụngwa ya nakwa ụfọdụ akwụkwọ gbasara oke na ugwu ruru ụmụnwaanyị na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Na nzaghachi, kọmishọna Ogbizi kwere ụmụnwaanyị ahụ nkwa na ha ga-eleba anya na arịrịọ ha maka ọdịnaihu steeti ahụ.
Nwunye Ikpeazu bụ site n'atụmatụ ya nke ọ kpọrọ ''Vicar Hope Foundation'' na Bekee ka o ji enye aka iweghachite olileanya nye ụmụnwaanyị.


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A maliteghachiri ịrụ ọrụ ndị a na-arụ n’ụlọ nsọ (20-36)
29 Hezekaya+ malitere ịchị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ọ chịrị afọ iri abụọ na itoolu na Jeruselem. Aha nne ya bụ Abaịja, nwa Zekaraya.+2 Ọ nọ na-eme ihe ziri ezi n’anya Jehova+ otú Devid nna nna ya mere.+3 N’ọnwa nke mbụ n’afọ nke mbụ n’ọchịchị ya, o meghere ọnụ ụzọ ndị dị n’ụlọ Jehova, rụziekwa ha.+4 Ọ kpọkwara ndị nchụàjà na ndị Livaị, ha ezukọọ na mbara èzí dị n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ụlọ nsọ.5 Ya asị ha: “Ndị Livaị, geenụ m ntị. Doonụ onwe unu nsọ,+ dookwanụ ụlọ Jehova bụ́ Chineke nna nna unu hà nsọ. Wepụnụ arụsị dị iche iche n’ebe dị nsọ.+6 N’ihi na ndị nna anyị hà nọ na-enupụrụ Jehova bụ́ Chineke anyị isi, na-emekwa ihe dị njọ n’anya ya.+ Ha hapụrụ Jehova, gbakụta ya azụ, wepụkwa anya* ha n’ebe ụlọikwuu ya dị.+7 Ha mechikwara ọnụ ụzọ dị n’ihe a rụnyere n’ụzọ e si abata n’ụlọ nsọ ahụ,+ menyụọkwa ọkụ* ndị dị ebe ahụ.+ Ha kwụsịkwara ịmụnye insens* ọkụ+ nakwa ịchụrụ Chineke Izrel àjà a na-esu ọkụ+ n’ebe nsọ.8 N’ihi ya, Jehova wesara ndị Juda na ndị bi na Jeruselem iwe+ ma mee ka ọdachi dakwasị ha. Ndị hụrụ ihe e mere ha na ndị nụrụ gbasara ya nọ na-ama jijiji, ya eju ha anya, ha ana-afụkwa mkpọrọhịhị,* otú unu ji anya unu na-ahụ.+9 Ọ bụkwa maka ihe a ka e ji jiri mma agha gbuo nna nna anyị hà,+ dọrọkwa ụmụ anyị ndị nwoke na ndị nwaanyị nakwa ndị nwunye anyị n’agha.+10 Ọ dị m n’obi ugbu a ka mụ na Jehova bụ́ Chineke Izrel gbaa ndụ,+ n’ihi na ọ ga-eme ka obi ya jụrụ n’iwe ọ na-ewesa anyị.11 Ndị nke m, ugbu a abụghị oge unu kwesịrị ileghara ọrụ unu anya,* n’ihi na Jehova họọrọ unu ka unu na-ejere ya ozi+ nakwa ka unu na-achụrụ ya àjà a na-esu ọkụ.”+12 Ndị Livaị bidoziri ọrụ. Ndị nke si n’agbụrụ Kohat+ bụ Mehat nwa Amesaị na Joel nwa Azaraya. Ndị nke si n’agbụrụ Meraraị+ bụ Kish nwa Abdaị na Azaraya nwa Jehalelel. Ndị nke si n’agbụrụ Geshọn+ bụ Joa nwa Zima na Iden nwa Joa.13 Ndị si n’agbụrụ Elizefan bụ Shimraị na Jeyuel. Ndị si n’agbụrụ Esaf+ bụ Zekaraya na Matanaya.14 Ndị si n’agbụrụ Himan+ bụ Jehayel na Shimiaị. Ndị si n’agbụrụ Jedutọn+ bụ Shemaya na Ọziel.15 Eze gwara ha, ha akpọkọta ụmụnne ha, doo onwe ha nsọ, bịakwa ime ka ụlọ Jehova dị ọcha otú Jehova kwuru ka e mee.+16 Ndị nchụàjà banyeziri n’ụlọ Jehova iji mee ka ọ dị ọcha. Ha kpooro ihe niile na-adịghị ọcha ha hụrụ n’ụlọ nsọ Jehova kpopụta n’ogige ụlọ Jehova.+ Ndị Livaị ekporo ha kpoga na Ndagwurugwu Kidrọn nke dị n’azụ obodo.+17 Otú a ka ha si malite ido ụlọ nsọ ahụ nsọ n’abalị mbụ n’ọnwa mbụ. N’abalị asatọ n’ọnwa ahụkwa, ha ruru n’ebe a rụnyere ihe n’ụzọ e si abata n’ụlọ Jehova.+ Ha jikwa ụbọchị asatọ ọzọ doo ụlọ Jehova nsọ. Ha mechara ihe a n’abalị iri na isii n’ọnwa mbụ.18 Mgbe ha mechara, ha bịakwutere Eze Hezekaya, sị ya: “Anyị emeela ka ebe niile n’ụlọ Jehova dị ọcha, ma ebe ịchụàjà nke àjà a na-esu ọkụ+ na arịa niile dị na ya,+ ma tebụl a na-eji edosa achịcha a na-enye Chineke+ na arịa niile ya na ya so.19 Anyị ahaziekwala arịa niile Eze Ehaz wepụrụ n’ụlọ nsọ mgbe o nupụụrụ Chineke isi n’oge ọ na-achị.+ Anyị edookwala ha nsọ. Ha dị n’ihu ebe ịchụàjà Jehova.”+20 Eze Hezekaya wee bilie n’isi ụtụtụ kpọkọọ ndị isi obodo, ha agaa n’ụlọ Jehova.21 Ha kpụtara oké ehi asaa, ebule asaa, ụmụ ebule asaa, na mkpi asaa ka ha bụrụ àjà mmehie maka alaeze ahụ na maka ụlọ nsọ ahụ nakwa maka ndị Juda.+ Hezekaya gwaziri ụmụ ụmụ Erọn, bụ́ ndị nchụàjà, ka ha jiri anụ ndị ahụ chụọ àjà n’ebe ịchụàjà Jehova.22 Ndị nchụàjà gbuziri oké ehi ndị ahụ,+ fesa ọbara ha n’elu ebe ịchụàjà ahụ.+ Ha gbukwara ebule ndị ahụ, fesakwa ọbara ha n’elu ebe ịchụàjà ahụ. Ha gbukwara ụmụ ebule ndị ahụ ma fesa ọbara ha n’elu ebe ịchụàjà.23 Ma, ha kpụtara mkpi ndị ahụ a ga-eji chụọ àjà mmehie n’ihu eze nakwa n’ihu ndị gbakọrọ ebe ahụ ma bikwasị ha aka.24 Ndị nchụàjà gburu ha ka ha bụrụ àjà mmehie. Ha fesara ọbara ha n’elu ebe ịchụàjà iji kpuchie mmehie ndị Izrel niile, n’ihi na eze kwuru ka a chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ na àjà mmehie maka ndị Izrel niile.25 Hezekaya gwakwara ndị Livaị ka ha jiri ájà, ụbọ akwara, na une+ guzoro n’ụlọ Jehova, otú Devid na Gad onye na-ahụrụ eze ọhụụ nakwa Netan onye amụma kwuru ka a na-eme.+ Ọ bụ Jehova si n’ọnụ ndị amụma ya kwuo ka a na-eme ya otú ahụ.26 N’ihi ya, ndị Livaị ji ngwá egwú Devid guzoro, ndị nchụàjà ejirikwa opi guzoro.+27 Hezekaya gwaziri ha ka ha chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ n’elu ebe ịchụàjà.+ Mgbe ha malitere ịchụ ya, ndị na-abụ abụ malitere ịbụrụ Jehova abụ, ndị na-afụ opi amalitekwa ịfụ opi. Ha nọ na-afụ ya ka ya na abụ e ji ngwá egwú Devid eze Izrel na-abụ na-adakọ.28 Ndị niile gbakọrọ ebe ahụ nọkwa na-akpọ isiala ka a nọ na-abụ abụ ma na-afụ opi. A nọ na-eme ihe a niile ruo mgbe a chụchara àjà ahụ a na-esu ọkụ.29 Ozugbo ha chụchara àjà ahụ, eze na ndị niile ya na ha nọ hulatara kpọọ isiala.30 Eze Hezekaya na ndị isi gwaziri ndị Livaị ka ha jiri abụ Devid+ na nke Esaf+ onye ọhụụ too Jehova. Ha wee jiri ọṅụ na-abụ abụ otuto, hulatakwa kpọọ isiala.31 Hezekaya kwuziri, sị: “Ugbu a e dorola unu iche ka unu na-ejere Jehova ozi, jirinụ ihe unu ga-eji chụọ àjà ekele na àjà ndị ọzọ bịa n’ụlọ Jehova.” Ha niile maliteziri iweta ihe ha ga-eji chụọ àjà ekele na àjà ndị ọzọ. Onye ọ bụla n’ime ha o metụrụ n’obi wetakwara ihe a ga-eji chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ.+32 Ha wetara ehi iri asaa, otu narị ebule (100), nakwa narị ụmụ ebule abụọ (200) ka e jiri chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ. Ihe a niile ka ha wetara ka e jiri chụọrọ Jehova àjà a na-esu ọkụ.+33 Ha wetakwara narị ehi isii (600) na puku atụrụ atọ (3,000) ka e jiri chụọ àjà ndị ọzọ dị nsọ.34 Ma ndị nchụàjà ndị nọ ebe ahụ ezughị ịgba anụ niile ahụ a ga-eji chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ akpụkpọ. N’ihi ya, ụmụnne ha ndị Livaị bịara na-enyere ha aka+ ruo mgbe a rụchara ọrụ ahụ, ruokwa mgbe ndị nchụàjà ndị ọzọ dochara onwe ha nsọ,+ n’ihi na ndị Livaị ka ndị nchụàjà gbaa mbọ ido onwe ha nsọ.35 Ihe ndị ha wetara ka e jiri chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ karịkwara akarị,+ ma abụba anụ a ga-eji chụọ àjà udo,+ ma mmanya a ga-eji chụọ àjà a na-esu ọkụ.+ Otú a ka e si maliteghachi* ịrụ ọrụ a na-arụ n’ụlọ Jehova.36 Hezekaya na mmadụ niile nọkwa na-enwe aṅụrị na ezi Chineke nyeere ndị ya aka,+ n’ihi na ihe a niile mere n’otu ntabi anya.


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Banyere mmeghe nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkwupụta okwu, MOQs, nnyefe, ihe atụ n'efu, imepụta nka, usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ, ọrụ ire ere wdg. Biko pịa FAQ ka ịnweta azịza niile ịchọrọ ịma.Pịa FAQ
Akara oghere bụ usoro ịwepụ ikuku n'ime akpa, obere akpa, ma ọ bụ ngwugwu tupu ị mechie ya.Usoro a gụnyere (aka ma ọ bụ na-akpaghị aka) itinye ihe na ngwugwu ihe nkiri plastik, wepụ ikuku n'ime ma mechie ngwugwu ahụ.
Ebumnuche nke ịkwakọ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na-abụkarị iwepụ oxygen na akpa ahụ iji gbatịa ndụ nchekwa nri yana, yana ụdị ngwugwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, iji belata olu nke ọdịnaya na ngwugwu.
Nkwakọ ngwaahịa oghere na-ebelata ikuku oxygen, na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria ma ọ bụ fungi, na igbochi ikuku nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.A na-ejikwa ya na-echekwa nri kpọrọ nkụ ruo ogologo oge, dị ka ọka, akị, anụ a gwọchara, cheese, azụ̀ a na-ese anwụrụ, kọfị, na ibe nduku (crisps).N'oge dị mkpirikpi karị, a pụkwara iji nkwakọ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-echekwa nri ma ọ bụ tapawa dị ka paste agwa uhie esichara, cheese, akwụkwọ nri, anụ, salmon anwụrụ ọkụ na ọkara mmiri mmiri n'ihi na ọ na-egbochi uto nje.
Mkpokọta oghere na-ebelata nnukwu ihe ndị na-abụghị nri.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchekwa uwe na ihe ndina n'ime akpa ndị e ji ihe mkpocha ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi nke raara onwe ya nye.A na-eji usoro a eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji kpokọta mkpofu ụlọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka akpa ọ bụla zuru ezu anakọtara.
Maka ihe oriri ndị siri ike nke usoro nchịkọta agụụ (dị ka ibe poteto) nwere ike ịkụpịa, ihe ọzọ bụ iji nitrogen dochie gas dị n'ime ime.Nke a nwere otu mmetụta ahụ nke igbochi mmebi n'ihi mwepụ nke oxygen.
Ngwunye mkpuchi mkpuchi na-echebe site na oxidation, emebi emebi, na corrosion, nke nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ ngwaahịa n'ụzọ dị egwu.A na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nri na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike.Qingdao Advanmatch na-enye ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ mara mma n'ime akpa nkwakọ ngwaahịa oghere n'ụdị dị iche iche & hụ na ngwaahịa gị ga-adị ọhụrụ ruo mgbe oge ruru maka onye ahịa iri ha.Anyị na-anọgide na-ebuga àgwà agụụ akpa na omenala nha, ihe owuwu na-ebi akwụkwọ artwork na ahịa, mgbe ọ ga-.
Ngwaahịa Shelf-ndụ
Akpa nri ngwa ngwa anyị na-ekpuchi ikuku ma jiri ihe mgbochi dị elu mee ya.Atụmatụ ndị a na-enyere aka ichekwa ụtọ na ịdị ọhụrụ nke ngwaahịa nri ruo ogologo oge karịa ụdị nkwakọ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ.
Nchekwa nri
Anyị na-eji ihe ndị dị mma nke FDA kwadoro maka nchekwa nri.Ha adịchaghị mma, enweghị BPA, ha anaghị etinye kemịkalụ ọ bụla n'ime ngwaahịa nri ma ọ bụ gbanwee ụtọ ha.
Mma
Obere akpa nri Qingdao Advanmatch dị fechaa na kọmpat.Enwere ike ịchekwa ha n'ụzọ dị mfe na friza ma ọ bụ buru ha gaa na mmemme n'èzí dị ka njem ịma ụlọikwuu.Nke a na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa gị uru bara uru.
All nke anyị nkwakọ ngwaahịa bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu customizable ka dabara gị ika mkpa gụnyere omenala full-agba obibi, ahaziri nha, ahaziri ihe Ọdịdị wdg Biko kpọtụrụ anyị ka anyị nweta a customization quote!
Agba agba: Na-ebi akwụkwọ dabere na nlele-nleba anya ma ọ bụ Nọmba Ntuzi Pantone
Akpa ihe nkiri bụ akpa ihe nkiri nwere ike ihicha ya.Mkpokọta Vacuum bụ usoro nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-ewepụ ikuku na ngwugwu site na igwe na-ekpuchi oghere.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, a na-eji ihe nkiri laminated mee ka ọ dabara nke ọma na ọdịnaya.
Akara oghere na-eme ka nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị mma, ahaziri ahazi.Nri mechiri emechi na-ewe obere ọnụ ụlọ n'ime friji ma ọ bụ friza gị ma na-enye gị ohere ịhụ nri ị na-echekwa ngwa ngwa.Mkpuchi oghere na-enye nri ebe ikuku na-adịghị, na-egbochi kristal na-eme ka friza ọkụ na-etolite na nri gị.
A na-eji ihe nkiri emezi akpa oghere anyị site na iji ngwakọta nke Nylon (PA) na Polythene (PE).Nke a na-enye ha nnukwu mmiri na ihe mgbochi oxygen na ya mere ọ dị mma maka ịgbatị ndụ ngwaahịa.
ọkpụkpụ na anụ / ọgịrịga, ọkpụkpụ na ọkụkọ, mọsel, shellfish, pistachios, anụ ọhụrụ, Azụ, anụ ọkụkọ,
Sausaji na anụ a gwọchara, anụ esichara, cheese, achịcha, ofe na ofe, sie n'ime akpa na pasteurization, nri dị njikere na anaghị eri nri wdg.
Ozugbo akwadoro ọrụ nka gị, a ga-emepụta obere akpa mkpuchi agụụ gị n'ime ụbọchị ọrụ 15.