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Monday, January 6, 2014
Dear all: This is a good addition to our history archive.
Just to let you know that we will invite some of heroes of the Dhoombir period to our OSA mid year conference for a round table (panel discussion). We the Oromo elites have a lot learn from their lived experience of the dark days and the legacy of their heroic struggle. I personally love to hear personal stories from heroes like Xulaa Dubee than read books. They inspire me a lot and give me a sense of purpose. The OSA mid year conference will be a good opportunity for the Oromo of mid-west to come and learn Oromo history. All who read this post are invited, March 29-30 to Chicago. Please, Share this information. Much credit goes to Oromo young people who are exploring online archives and sharing such important pieces of data. Thank you.
Lola Baalee Mootii Haylasilaasee fi Gootota Oromoo Baalee Jiddutti Jarsuumaa Godhaame irratti Gaafa san Jarsonni “Nuti Oromo dha Malee Ethiopian Nu hin Bulchitu” jechuun Murtii Isaanii Laatan Bara 1950 Magaalaa Baalee Goobbaa Keessatti. Isaan Amma Suuraa Isaanii Argitan Kun Adam Jiloo, Haaji Aadam Saaddoo, Sheek Ahmed Mohammed, Hasan Galataa, Huseen Bunee, Sheek Ahmed jarso fi Shanbal Axnaafu Asfaaw K.K.F Suuraa Amma Argitan Kana Keessatti Argaman.!!! Gootota Ethiopiphiyummaa Hin Fudhannu Jedhanii Habashaan Falmatan.!!!! Seenaan Isaan Yaadata.!!!
Sunday, January 5, 2014
Irrigation Ministry: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia meetings on Renaissance Dam failed
The meetings of water ministers of the east Nile Basin countries, including Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, have failed to reach a solution to outstanding disagreements on the mechanisms of technical and environmental studies on the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.
An official statement issued by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation said that after lengthy discussions over two days, no agreement could be reached between the three countries on the points in question.
The statement blamed Ethiopia's stubborness on certain conditions regarding the work of the team of international experts as causing the failure. Ethiopia rejected the idea of international experts working alongside the tripartite commission of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt on dam studies, so as to provide a neutral opinion in case of differences between members of the committee, the ministry said.
Ethiopia rejected the paper proposed by Egypt encouraging confidence in the countries, suggesting international experts would conduct studies on the dam to determine the negative effects on each state and identify mechanisms to ease them, the statement said.
Egypt suggested that the experts would be responsible for the convergence of views regarding rules of operating the dam to avoid harming the water shares of Egypt and Sudan, the statement added.
The statement pointed out that in light of the above-mentioned issues, the meetings were concluded and ministers agreed to maintain consultation between the three countries in case any new proposals were put forward.
Edited translation from Al-Masry Al-Youm
Lola Seenanii Afuursanii Loluu Dhiisuun Balaa Guddaa Qaba
Qeerransoo Biyyaa
Hololaafis haata’uu dhugumaan qeeqa laachuuf qaamonni hawaasaa gargaraa qabsoon Oromoo waggootta kudhanan afur darban oliif injifannoo gahaa ta’e galmeessisuu dadhabuu nidubbatu. Jaalannus jibbinus, ammammii umurii dhaloota isaatiin walbira qabinee yoo laalle injifannoon qabsoo Oromoo baay’ee xiqqaadha. Kayyoon barreeffama kanaa mooraan qabsoo Oromoo maaliif hongee injifannootiin rukutamee akka jiru keessa deebi’anii guututti laaluu otoo hintaane irra-deebiin irra deemanii laaluun rakkoon jiru maal akka fakkaatu ummatatti muli'isuudha.
Yoo xinnaatee xinnaate, waggoota 22 darban keessa Addi Bilisummaa Oromoo mootummaa wayyaanee waliin waraana walirratti labsanii walwaraana as gahuun hundumti keenyayyuu waanuma beekinu. Baroota kanneen keessatti midhaan Addi Bilisummaa Tigraayi ummata keenyarran gahe wargeegama guddaan bu’aa argame waliin walhinmadaalle. Kayyoon barreeffama kanaas babal’achuu aadaa dadhabina jiran haaluun rakkoo furuu dhiisuu mormuudhaan, balaa/gaaga’ama osoo lola keessa galle jirruu akka biyyi-nagaattti harka maratanii dhaabbachuurratti yaadota tokko tokko laata. Balaa guddaa kan ummata keenyarratti fidaa jiru kaayyoon qabsoo keenya dogoggora ta’uu isaati miti. Kaayyoon qabsoo keenya sirriidha. Balaa guddaa kan fidaa jiru osoo lola keessa seenanii jiranuu akka waan lola keessa hinjirreetti of yaaduun loluu dhiisuudha. Kuni ijoo dubbii barreefamichaati.
Ilaalchi as keessatti calaqqisu irra barachuufi rakkoo furuufi malee garee, nam-tokkee akkasumas dhaabbata siyaasa kamiyyuu mufachiisuu miti.
Yeroo amma kanatti, ummanni Oromoo cunqursaa cimaa bira darbee yeroo itti duguggaa sanyii karaaa ifaafi karaa ifantaane irratti geeggeeffamuun lafarra qunca’aa jiru. Lafarraa badaa jiraachuu saba kanaaf sababii wantoota ta’an keessaa tokkoffaan diinumiti saba kana lafarraa balleessuuf halkanii guyyaa hojjechuudha. Lammaffaanifii sababiiwwan isaan gurguddoo badiisa Oromoo fidan keessatti ramadamuu kan danda’u immoo mooraa qabsoo faffaca’eefi lola keessa osoo jirruu akka waan nagaan jirutti taa’uudha. “Rakkoo maaltu jira; biyya nagaadhaa,” jedhanii taa’uu waliin walfakkaata.
Maaliif osoo lola labsinee riphee loltoota ofiin jennee jirruu diina ofirraa ittisuun tikaafi nagaa ummata keenyaa eeguu dadhabine? Maaliif bara bofini hammaate jiru kana keessatti lootuun ija nutti babaasti? Maaliif abbaan biyyaa Oromoo ta’ee otoo jiru ABT dhagaa Tigraayi keesssa kiilometra kuma olirraa dhuftee nu bitti? Akkamitti qaanii, salphinaafi badiisa kana keessaa baana? Rakkoolee Oromoorra gaha jiran gurguddaa ta’anii osoo jiranuu maaliif furmaata caccabaafi xixiqqaa gandumaarratti buu’uure barbaaduuf yaalla? Gaaffiilee kanneen si gafachuun akka atis gaaffiilee kanneen of gaaftattee itti yaaddufi malee deebii isaa hundaa nan beeka jedhee oftuluu koo miti.
Akka Mirmaa Dhaaba Keessa Taa’anii Dhaba Burkutessuu
Jabinniifi deeggarsi diinni biyyoota alarraa argatufi jabinni ABT ummata keenya saamuun qawwee ittiin bitatu akkuma jiranitti ta’ee, mooraan qabsoo Oromoo waggooti afurtamaa oliif kaayyoo ifa ta’erratti hoggantoonni akeeka tokko qaban jirrachuu dhiisuun dhugaa urufa jiru. Mooricha qabsoo keessa otuma dhaaba kaayyoo Oromiyaa bilisoomite gadhaabuuf hojjetuuf hojjenna jedhanii, yeroo gargaraatti hoggantoonni tokko tokko dhaaba keessa taa’anii iccitii diinatti dabarsuudhaan, Itoophiyaa dimokiraatessina jedhanii iccitiin hojjechaa turani.
Dhuunfadhaan waldorgommiin angoorratti ta’uufi waljibbiinsi nam-gidduu akkuma jirutti ta’ee, yeroo gargaraatti hogganni wanti ummatatti himuufi wanti ofiif hojjetaa ture/jiru walfallessaa deemuun nibeekina. Bu’aan dhaaba tokkoof otuma hojjetanuu sagantaa siyaasaa dhaba sana jala hiriiruu dadhabuun, ABOn yeroo gara garaatti bakka baay’eetti akka fofoxxoquufi umni isaa akka laamsha’u ta’ee jira. Kana immoo warri akkaata itt QCn, Jijjiiramini, Waltajjiin Marii Oromoo, Adddi Dimokiraatawaa Oromoo itti uumaman hordoftan salphumatti hubachuun nidandeessu. Jijjiiramaaniif (amma bade) ADOn kaayyoo Itoophiyaa dimokiraatessuu dhabichuma keessa taa’anii walqunnamitii hoggantoota mootummaa Itoophiyaa kana akka Mallas Zeenawwii waliin deemsisaa akka turan odeeffannoon WikiLeaks garagraa niaddeessa. Leencoofi Dimaafaan ofii saani “moderate” ykn “leellistoota kan hinta’iin” ofiin jechisiisuuf jecha kaayyoo ummaticha alayyaa dhuma hinqabinetti darbatani. Eessa ta’aanii? Dhaabuma keessa akka hoggantoota olaanootti taa’anii. Kuni yakka gantumaa biyyaa dhiifama naamaaf hingoosisine. Otoo Oromiyaa akka biyyatti jiraatte yakka seerri ishee du’aaf ajjeechaa jara kanatti ittimuru ture. ADOn dhabarraa obbaafatee gadi ba’uun isaa waan gaariidha jedhaniii laalu namoonni siyaasa Oromoo hordofan baay’een—anis akkasumattan laala. Farreen qabsoo kanaafii fira qabsoo kanaa addaan baafachuuf nu gargaara adeemsi ba’anii of dhabuu isaanii. Gaariidha yeroo jennu Oromoof bu’aa fidu jechuu miti. Oromoof bu’aa dur fiduu dadhaban amma fiduu akka hindandeenye beekuun barbaachisaadha. Kanarratti waan baay’ee jechuun nidanda’ama garuu asumattan irra tara mataduree koorratti xiyyeeffachuuf.
Araara Hinjirre Ummatatti Labsuu
Haata’u malee, ABOfi QCn akkuma ADOn asbaheen dhuma bara 2012 keessa ibsa ejjennoo walhubanoofi haasaa jalqabuu baasanii ture. Ergasii waggaan tokko guutuun qaari’ee jira. Bu’aan dubbi umnoota bilisummaa Oromiyaatti amanan kanneen lamaan gidduutti geggeefamaa ture ammayyuu malirra akka jiru beekuuf rakkisaadha. Wanti ummanni beeku tokko yoo jirate: murna QC keessaa haasaan deemaa ture fashaluu isaa Gadaa.com irratti faa nudubbisiisanii jiru. Cabaarratti baqaqaa akka jedhan sani.
Murnootafi sochiiwwan adda addaa xixiqqoo abbumti barbaade as bahee bixxiluun bu’aan inni argamsiisu tokkollee hinturre/hinjirusi. Ammatti ummanni Oromoo “siyasa madaallii”, siyyasa murnoonni xixiqqoon walitti dhufanii/baqanii gurmuu olaanaa uumuun umna saanii diinarratti qoran fedha.
Ammatti balaaleen ummata keenyarra ga’aa jiran heedduufi bal’oodha. Isaan keessaa inni tokko waraana labsinee otoo jirruu loluu dadhabuu ykn qawee ofitti gargalchuun ofitti dhukaasuudha.
Oromiyaafi biyyi amabaa wajjirri qabsoon Oromoo keessatti karoorramaa jiru haga lafaaf samiit walirraa fagaatu. Hoggantoonni ummatarraa fagatanii jiraachuun isaa ajjeechaa, hidhaa, lafarraa buqqisuufi dararaa diinnii ummatarraan ga’urraa fagaatanii jiru. Fageenyarraa karoorrama fageenyarra lolama—uumaan isaa akka waraan diroonii biyya Ameerikaa fakkaata diroonii hinqabu malee kan keenya kuni. Waraana keessatti fageenyi safuun (ethics ykn morality) akka hoggana keessaa badu/hir’atu taasisa. Rakkoon dhuunfatti yoo nurra ga’uu baate akka waan hinjirreefi akka waan nama hinminee faakkaatee nutti mul’ata. Namini ajjeefaa jiru kallatiin arguufi nama ajjeefamu gabaasarraa dubbisuun safuu (morality) adda addaa qabu. Inni duraa ulfaataafi waan yeroo namaaf hinkennine; inni booda salphaafi waan nama kallattiidhaan nama hinilaallanne. Achi hinjirtu taanan ibidda namini guyyuu keessa darbu hubachuufi ummanni ibidda sana ofirraa akka dhaamisu loltee lolchiisuun hinjiraatu. Rakkoon keenya kana. Sirumaa keessa darbinee rakkoo ummata keenya akka bashannana sukaneessatti fudhachaa jirra. Ittti qoosa jirra; wanti ummanni guyya guyyaan keessa darbu sirbaan yooo ta’e malee qabatamaan nutti dhagahamaa hinjiru. Sirbi gaafa dhabbate qabsoonis walumaan dhaabbata. Ummanni Oromoo walga’ee sirbee dina abaaree bilisummmaa isaa galgaluma tokko fidee gaafa addaan galu hojiin hinjiru; hojiin akka jiraatu kan too’atus akkasuma.
Wanti biraa hoggannifi ummanni Oromoo biyya-ambaa keessaa wasallataa jiru kun wanti inni itti yaaduu dadhabaa jiru tokko dhimma roga safuu lola nurratti godhamaa jiruuti. (The moral dimension). Lola erga labsanii booda loluu dadhabuun, akka abbaa hinololle sana miidhu ijoollee xixiqqoonuu nibeekiti. Walloluma beeladootafi bineensota bosonaa gidduuttillee beeladini hinololle tokko salphumatti moo’ama.
Garuu, hogganoonni keenya kan dhaba waaraa/jabaataa tokko akka hinqabanne nudhoowwan osoo hinlolin dhumuu ummataa akka hinjifannootti lakkaa’uun ibsa adda addaa irratti baasuu qofa ta’e hojiin isaanii. Ibsaafi galmee namoota dhiittan mirga dhala-namaa irra gahuu baasuunfi akkasumas tarkanfiiwwan xixiqqoo lukkeelee ummata rakkisanirratti fudhataman waaqa jala olbaasanii akka injifannoo guddaatti himachuun of sobinee akka jiraannu nutaasisa. Yeroo meeqa ABO/WBOn hoggantoota mootummaa tophiyaa olaanoorratti tarkaanfii fudhate jedhee labsatu dhageesse? Duuwwaadha akka jettu shakkii hinqabu. Garuu, tarkaanfiin lukkeelee gadi-aanoorratti fudhatamu eyyee baay’eetu jira, garuu tarkaanfiin akkasii sirinicha hundeedhaan raasuun rifachiisuu hindanda’u. Lukkeen yoo du’e aanga’oonni olanoo ABT du’a sareettuu hinlakkaa’ani. Akka wardiyyaan saanii du'etti laalu.
Of sobuufi ummata sobuu ykn dhugaa jiru haaluun ammatti aadaa hoggantoota tokko tokkorraa ifatti mul’atu. Akka amma deeminutti, Oromiyaan yomiyyuu bilisoomuu akka hindandeenye alagaan alarraa nu laalurree ifatti beeka, garuu hoggantoonni keenya tokko tokko waanuma ifa jiru amananii furmaata itt barbaaduurra sobaafi injifannoo hinjirreen of amansiisanii jiraachuu filatu. Yeroon amma yeroo itti dhadannoo dhageessisaniif yeroo sirbanii addan galan qofa miti. Yeroo ammaa yeroo jireenyi ummata Oromoo gaaffii badiisaa jala galee jiru. Filannoon ummata kana dhiphachaa deemuun ykn loluu ykn baduutti gadi-galee jira. Dhaabinifi hogganni filannoo kam akka filatu hojiin agarsiisuun baraachisadha.
Araarri moora keessatti asitti bu’aa jira, achitti bu’aa jira jedhamee ummanni sobamaa jira. Namini garaa guutuun of kennee qabsoo kana deeggaruuf rakkina itti ta’aa jira. Shakkiifi manatti hafuu ummataatiif sababii kan ta’es fedhii ummanni bilisummaaf qabu ujummoo itti godhanii hammatanii hojiirra ooluchuu dadhabuudha. Kuni nama aarsaa,nama shakkisiisa, nama abdii murachiisa. Haamileen nama dhuunfaa haamilee dhabini agarsiisu waliin walbria qabinee yoo laallu haamilee nama dhuunfaatu olkaa’ee mul’ata. Dhabini ummata waarraaqisaaf qophaa’ee kanatti dhimma ba’uu dadhabuun rakkoo ummataati miti. Dhaabini yoo narra laafaa ta’e sababiin dhabaa keessa galee haamilee of buusuuf hinjiru jedheet yaada namini baay’een. Umnoota bilisummaa Oromiyaa barbaadan walittifiduurra filannoon biraa hinjiru. Umnoota bilisummaa barbaadan lolanii arguun immoo ittuu waan biraatifi waan ummata akka dhaabbachuun boonee biyya abbaa isaarratti falmatu godhudha.
Fakkiin/Akkaataan/Moodeeliin Qabsoo Geeddaramuu Qaba
Fakkiin ykn moodeeliin moorichi qabsoo hordofaa jirus moofaafi kan geeddarumsa haalota amma jiran waliin hindeemine ta’uun isaa beekamaadha. Kana keessatti gabaabsinee gahee bartootaaf qonnaan-bultoota haalaallu. Qaama haawaasa biroo yeroo biraa laalla.
Erga umamee kaasee QBOn malli qabsoo inni hordofaa ture haayyoota gubbaarraa gara ummata jalaatti deemuudha. Moodeeliin kun moofaadha. Akka ilaalcha kootti moofaa qofa osoo hintaane dogoggoraadha. Waggootii 22 darban keessa ABOn bartoota akka motora qabsootti itti fayyadamuu yaluun beekamadha. Barattoonni qaama haawaasa keessaa qaama hayyotaatti ramadamu; qaama xiqqaadha. Sochiin barattootaa qabsoo tokko deeggaruun essumattuu waanuma beekkamu, garuu dogoggora kan ta’u dhaabini tokko hojii ofii isaatii kaaraa baay’ee biraan hojjechuu danda’u baratootumarratti fee’ee harka maratee taa’uu isaati.
Haala waraanni lolaa hinjirre keessatti yeroo gargaraatti bartoonni ka’anii finciluun fincilli isaaniis diinaan rukutamee bartoonni rakkoo gurguddoo keessa gala as gahani. Wareegamini kaffalamaa jiru bu’aa inni fidu waliin gonkumayyuu walhingitu. Yeroo hundumaa bu’aan wareegamaa tokko waregamicha sana caaluu qaba ykn barbaachisaa miti. Kuni immoo hagam tokko heerreegini qabsoo haala sirriin hereegamaa jiraachuu dhiisuu isaati. Daldaluma buu’uuraa keeessattillee akka daldalli tookko itti deemu yoo nama kan kasaarsu ta’ee abbaan qabeenyaa mala haaraa dhawuun bu’aa buufachuuf yaala. Bu’aan laakkaa’amee safaramuu danda’a ykn lafarratti mul’achuu danda’a. Omtuu lafarratti mul’achaa hinjiru yoo ta’ee garuu homtuu hinjiru jechuudha. Kuni immoo injifaannoowwan darban kan sharfman kan akka uummamuu kaartaa Oromiyaafi Afaan Oromoo Oromiyaatti Afaan hojjii ta’uu saatti hoggantoonni barabaraan dhaadachaa akka hafan godha. Afaan Oromoo, naanno Oromiyaa, aadaa Oromoorratti nutu fide jedhanii ABOfi OPDOn waldorgouuun isaanii hagamuma wanti haaraan hojjetamaa akka hinjirre nutti agarsiisa. Waayyaaneenis injifannoo akkasii anatu siniif kennee jetti.
Dhugaan jiru garuu ummanni Oromooo biyyaafi qabeenya isaarratti bulchuun haahafuuti lubbuunuu jiraachuun yeroo itti dadhabamerra gahee jira. Silaa rakkoo guddaan furamuuf malu rakkoo kana ture waan darbeen dhaadachaa hafuurra. Hojechuu baannan injifannoon kaleetu baduu danda’a-- halkan tokko keessatti. Kan wabii nuuf ta’uu malu umna keenya qofa. Inni immoo ammatti hinjiru. Sochii barattoota duuba umni hidhate kan lolee sooddaattamuu danda’u jiraachuu baannan moodeelii akkasii qofarratti hundaa’uun injifannoo eeguun Oromiyaa bilisoomite akka hawwiidhaan ykn abjuudhaan argutti lakkaa’ama.
QBOn amma deemaa jiru yaadota haaraa burquisiisuu kan dadhabeefi isaanuma dur ittiin moo’amine sanneen deddeebisee kan itti fayyadamu. Hoggantoonni Adda Bilisummaa Tigraay, Mallas Zeenaawii dabalatee, yeroo gargaraatti qabsoon ABOn geggeeffamu qotee bulaa kan hammate waan hintaaneef milkaa’uu hindanda’u jechaa hololaa as gahuun isaanii nibeekama. Holololli saanii kuni dhugaarratti hundaa’ee? Eyyeen haalaan dhugaadha. Moodeeliin qabsoo gubbaa- jalaa dhabini hordofu ummata keessa gadi bu’ee akka qootee bulaa laakkoofisa gudda qabu hingurmessine godheera. ABT fallaa kanaan qotee bulaa hanga gooxiin foormulaa 1-5 jedhuun gurmessitee ummannni akka walirratti basaasu gochuurraa darbuun miseensa ishee miliyoonotaan baay’ifachuu dandeesse jirti.
Gama biraatiin, ABOn qoonnan bultoota Oromoo qaama ummatichaa isa guddaa kan ta’e, ijaaree hojiirraa yoo oolchu hinmul’atu. Biyya ummanni baay’een qotee-bulaa ta’ee jiru keessatti, qabsoon qotee-bulaa hammatee, qoteebulaa hinolchiisine eessa gahuu danda’a? Mallas yeroo Leencoo Lataafi Diimaa Nagoo Suudaan keessatti argaa turetti wantoota inni sirriitti waa’ee isaanii xiinxaleefi cuunfee hubate keessaa tokko, ummata keessa gadibu’anii qotee-bulaa gurmeessuuf fedhii dhabuuf oftulummaa isaanti ture. Karabaatiifi suufii uffatanii Kaartuum keessa yeroo Diimaafi Leencoon fooqiin jala waliif gadi deeman, wayyanonni qumxaa uffachaa, koshoroo nyaachaafi qoteebulaa isaanii gurmeessaa turani. Mallas ayyaanlaalatummaa Leencoofi Dimaafaarratti qorannoo geggeessaa ture, akka hiriyaa sanii ta’ee wajjin taphachuudhaan. Ammallee ilalchi akkasii qasoo Oromoo hayyoota qofaan geggeessina jedhu bal’inaan fudhatameet jira. Kuni dogoggora cimaafi seenarraa barachuu dhabuudha.
Dadhabinni moraa QBO keessa jiru itti fufeetuma jira; miidhaan diinni keenya nurraan ga’u akkasuma itti fufee jira. Miidhaan ummata keenyarra ammatti gahaa jiru miidhaa ummanni kuni otoo afursee lolee gahuu danda’uu olitti tilmaama. Lola keessa gallee loluu dhiisuun wareggama bilaashaa kaffalaa jiraachuun keenya dhumarra nubaleessa. Nuti ummata akkamiiti? Balaan akkasii ummata keenyarraa gahaa osoo jiranii akkuma biyyi nagaa ta’eetti ayyaanlaaltumman jiraachuun keenya waa’ee safuuf-safaqaa (morality) keenya maal nutti himuu danda’a?
Rakkoowwan asii olitti eeraman, barbaachisummma haaromisa atattamaa QBOfi ABO keessatti dhufuu qabu nutti mul’isa. Hubadhaa haaromisa keessaatan jedhe malee dhaaba diigaa dhaaba gantuu biraa ijaaraa jechaa hinjiru. Rakkoowwan jiran furanii mooraa qabsoo deebisanii itichuun QBOn bu’aa qabu geggeessuun ummata keenya manca’uu bifa adda addaa itti aggaamamee jiru jalaa baasuu mala. Haaromsi armaan gadi fiduuf irratti hojjechuu:
· ABOn rakkoowan jiran amanee fudhachuun furmaata itti barbaadu;
· Lola labsanii loluu dhiisuun ummata akka balleessaa jiru hubachuufi itti-gafatamummaan seenaa kan keenya ta’uusaa hubachuun sirreessuu;
· Faakiiwwan (moodeeliin) qabsoo Oromoo moofonni irra-debi’amanii laallamuudhan fakkiiwwan jijjiirama yeroo waliin walsiman uumuun hojiirra oolchuu;
· Qabsoon qonnaan-bultoota wiirtuu hingodhanne essayyuu gahuu kan hindadeenye ta’uu hubatanii tarsiimoo haaraa qonnan bulaa hirmaachisu uumuu;
· Barattoonni qabsoo nifiniiinsu garuuu Qeerroo qofarraa bilisummaa Oromoo eeguun balaa guddaa qaba;
· Araarri umnoota Bilisummaa Oromiyaatti amanan kan akka QCfi GS ABO gidduutti deemu atattamaan xumuramee ummanni bu’aa isaa beekisifamuu qaba;
· Hogganni waanuma hunda haaluufi sobuu dhiisee dadhabina jiru amanuun ummatarraa yaada fudhachuun yaadota sanneen haala hunda-hammatuun hojiirra oolchuu;
· Iccitiin dhaabaa karaa tokkoon seenee karaa biraa dhangala’uun akka hafu tarsimoo odeeffanoofi iccitii dhabaa tikisuu jabaataa qabatanii asi bahuu;
· Lola labsanii loluu dhiisuun uummata ibidda keeesa galchuun safuu Oromoo keessa waan hinjirreefi hanqina safuuti (unethical). Ykn loluu ykn dhiisuu malee taa’anii ummata ficcisiisuun hiika tokkollee hinqabu.
Bara 2014 kana keessa ayyaana WBO qofa kan itti kabajinu osoo hintaane, kabajamuun guuyyaa gootota WBOn daranuu akka lollu deegarsa hoggansaafi deeggarsa mahaallaqaa kan itti goonuuf ta’uu qaba. Biyya Itoophiyaa keessatti akka sochilee biyyoota Arabaatti qabsoon karaa nagaa nimilkaa’a jedhanii yaaduun seenaa biyyoota saniifi seena mataa keenyaa wallaalurraa ka’a. Biyyoonni biyya arabaa karaa nagaa kan qabsa’aniif lammummaa tokko, amantii tokkofi akeeka siyaasaa tokkoo waan qabaniif ture; dabalataanis baay’een saanii magaalaalee keessa jiraata turani. Biyya Itoophiyaa keessatti sagagantaaleen siyaasa ammuma lammiilee/garee sabaa biyya sanaat baay’atu; isaraatti dabalee immoo nafaxxanyoonni magaalalee biyyattii keessatti lakkoofisa irra guddaa qabu. Kana jechuun qabsoon nagaa biyya sanatti milkaa’uurra harreen gaanfa magarsuufi dhala gangee eeguun walfakkaata. Garuu, qabsoowwan waldeeggaran kalattii baay’een gochuun inuma danda’ama.
Sochiin haawsaa Oromo biyya-ambaa keessatti nam-tokkoleedhaan geggeeffaman kan akka "Oromo First" faa ammatti kan Oromoo barbaachisu umna sibiilaa qabaachuu ta’uu hubachuu qabu. Dinni Oromoo kan ammaan tanaa eenyu jedhanii addaan bafachuun xiyyeeffannoo keenya qulqulleeffachuu feesisa. Akkasuma waliindhahaa diina ofitti baay’isuun dadhabina tarsiimooti/tooftaati.
Yeroon itti shimala, eeboofi meeshaalee aadaatiin lolan darbeera. Ibiddi diinni keenya of harkaa qabu qaanqee keenya waan caaluuf, qaanqee keenya akkamitti gara ibiddaatti olguddisna jedhanii yaaduu feesisa. Akkamittiin haal bu’aa qabuun itti fayyadamina jedhaanii yaaduun barbaachisaadha. Haalaa kana caaluun, hogganna yaada ummata fudhachuuf qophii ta’e horachuun barbaachisaadha.
Waraana alagaa irra qubatee jiru ofirraa ittisuuf/qolachuuf, Oromiyaan haahidhattu!
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Ilaalchonni barreeffama kan keessatti jalaqqisan ilaalcha barreessichaa qofa malee ilaalcha jaarmiyaalee biro bakkabu’anii miti. Kaayyoon barreeffamichaatis holola geggeessuu osoo hintaane, ummanni akka hubatu gochuudhaan hoggantootaafi dhaboonni rakkoo uumaa jiran akka itti gaafatamummaa fudhatan of-sirreessan gochuudha.
=>oromopress
Hololaafis haata’uu dhugumaan qeeqa laachuuf qaamonni hawaasaa gargaraa qabsoon Oromoo waggootta kudhanan afur darban oliif injifannoo gahaa ta’e galmeessisuu dadhabuu nidubbatu. Jaalannus jibbinus, ammammii umurii dhaloota isaatiin walbira qabinee yoo laalle injifannoon qabsoo Oromoo baay’ee xiqqaadha. Kayyoon barreeffama kanaa mooraan qabsoo Oromoo maaliif hongee injifannootiin rukutamee akka jiru keessa deebi’anii guututti laaluu otoo hintaane irra-deebiin irra deemanii laaluun rakkoon jiru maal akka fakkaatu ummatatti muli'isuudha.
Yoo xinnaatee xinnaate, waggoota 22 darban keessa Addi Bilisummaa Oromoo mootummaa wayyaanee waliin waraana walirratti labsanii walwaraana as gahuun hundumti keenyayyuu waanuma beekinu. Baroota kanneen keessatti midhaan Addi Bilisummaa Tigraayi ummata keenyarran gahe wargeegama guddaan bu’aa argame waliin walhinmadaalle. Kayyoon barreeffama kanaas babal’achuu aadaa dadhabina jiran haaluun rakkoo furuu dhiisuu mormuudhaan, balaa/gaaga’ama osoo lola keessa galle jirruu akka biyyi-nagaattti harka maratanii dhaabbachuurratti yaadota tokko tokko laata. Balaa guddaa kan ummata keenyarratti fidaa jiru kaayyoon qabsoo keenya dogoggora ta’uu isaati miti. Kaayyoon qabsoo keenya sirriidha. Balaa guddaa kan fidaa jiru osoo lola keessa seenanii jiranuu akka waan lola keessa hinjirreetti of yaaduun loluu dhiisuudha. Kuni ijoo dubbii barreefamichaati.
Ilaalchi as keessatti calaqqisu irra barachuufi rakkoo furuufi malee garee, nam-tokkee akkasumas dhaabbata siyaasa kamiyyuu mufachiisuu miti.
Yeroo amma kanatti, ummanni Oromoo cunqursaa cimaa bira darbee yeroo itti duguggaa sanyii karaaa ifaafi karaa ifantaane irratti geeggeeffamuun lafarra qunca’aa jiru. Lafarraa badaa jiraachuu saba kanaaf sababii wantoota ta’an keessaa tokkoffaan diinumiti saba kana lafarraa balleessuuf halkanii guyyaa hojjechuudha. Lammaffaanifii sababiiwwan isaan gurguddoo badiisa Oromoo fidan keessatti ramadamuu kan danda’u immoo mooraa qabsoo faffaca’eefi lola keessa osoo jirruu akka waan nagaan jirutti taa’uudha. “Rakkoo maaltu jira; biyya nagaadhaa,” jedhanii taa’uu waliin walfakkaata.
Maaliif osoo lola labsinee riphee loltoota ofiin jennee jirruu diina ofirraa ittisuun tikaafi nagaa ummata keenyaa eeguu dadhabine? Maaliif bara bofini hammaate jiru kana keessatti lootuun ija nutti babaasti? Maaliif abbaan biyyaa Oromoo ta’ee otoo jiru ABT dhagaa Tigraayi keesssa kiilometra kuma olirraa dhuftee nu bitti? Akkamitti qaanii, salphinaafi badiisa kana keessaa baana? Rakkoolee Oromoorra gaha jiran gurguddaa ta’anii osoo jiranuu maaliif furmaata caccabaafi xixiqqaa gandumaarratti buu’uure barbaaduuf yaalla? Gaaffiilee kanneen si gafachuun akka atis gaaffiilee kanneen of gaaftattee itti yaaddufi malee deebii isaa hundaa nan beeka jedhee oftuluu koo miti.
Akka Mirmaa Dhaaba Keessa Taa’anii Dhaba Burkutessuu
Jabinniifi deeggarsi diinni biyyoota alarraa argatufi jabinni ABT ummata keenya saamuun qawwee ittiin bitatu akkuma jiranitti ta’ee, mooraan qabsoo Oromoo waggooti afurtamaa oliif kaayyoo ifa ta’erratti hoggantoonni akeeka tokko qaban jirrachuu dhiisuun dhugaa urufa jiru. Mooricha qabsoo keessa otuma dhaaba kaayyoo Oromiyaa bilisoomite gadhaabuuf hojjetuuf hojjenna jedhanii, yeroo gargaraatti hoggantoonni tokko tokko dhaaba keessa taa’anii iccitii diinatti dabarsuudhaan, Itoophiyaa dimokiraatessina jedhanii iccitiin hojjechaa turani.
Dhuunfadhaan waldorgommiin angoorratti ta’uufi waljibbiinsi nam-gidduu akkuma jirutti ta’ee, yeroo gargaraatti hogganni wanti ummatatti himuufi wanti ofiif hojjetaa ture/jiru walfallessaa deemuun nibeekina. Bu’aan dhaaba tokkoof otuma hojjetanuu sagantaa siyaasaa dhaba sana jala hiriiruu dadhabuun, ABOn yeroo gara garaatti bakka baay’eetti akka fofoxxoquufi umni isaa akka laamsha’u ta’ee jira. Kana immoo warri akkaata itt QCn, Jijjiiramini, Waltajjiin Marii Oromoo, Adddi Dimokiraatawaa Oromoo itti uumaman hordoftan salphumatti hubachuun nidandeessu. Jijjiiramaaniif (amma bade) ADOn kaayyoo Itoophiyaa dimokiraatessuu dhabichuma keessa taa’anii walqunnamitii hoggantoota mootummaa Itoophiyaa kana akka Mallas Zeenawwii waliin deemsisaa akka turan odeeffannoon WikiLeaks garagraa niaddeessa. Leencoofi Dimaafaan ofii saani “moderate” ykn “leellistoota kan hinta’iin” ofiin jechisiisuuf jecha kaayyoo ummaticha alayyaa dhuma hinqabinetti darbatani. Eessa ta’aanii? Dhaabuma keessa akka hoggantoota olaanootti taa’anii. Kuni yakka gantumaa biyyaa dhiifama naamaaf hingoosisine. Otoo Oromiyaa akka biyyatti jiraatte yakka seerri ishee du’aaf ajjeechaa jara kanatti ittimuru ture. ADOn dhabarraa obbaafatee gadi ba’uun isaa waan gaariidha jedhaniii laalu namoonni siyaasa Oromoo hordofan baay’een—anis akkasumattan laala. Farreen qabsoo kanaafii fira qabsoo kanaa addaan baafachuuf nu gargaara adeemsi ba’anii of dhabuu isaanii. Gaariidha yeroo jennu Oromoof bu’aa fidu jechuu miti. Oromoof bu’aa dur fiduu dadhaban amma fiduu akka hindandeenye beekuun barbaachisaadha. Kanarratti waan baay’ee jechuun nidanda’ama garuu asumattan irra tara mataduree koorratti xiyyeeffachuuf.
Araara Hinjirre Ummatatti Labsuu
Haata’u malee, ABOfi QCn akkuma ADOn asbaheen dhuma bara 2012 keessa ibsa ejjennoo walhubanoofi haasaa jalqabuu baasanii ture. Ergasii waggaan tokko guutuun qaari’ee jira. Bu’aan dubbi umnoota bilisummaa Oromiyaatti amanan kanneen lamaan gidduutti geggeefamaa ture ammayyuu malirra akka jiru beekuuf rakkisaadha. Wanti ummanni beeku tokko yoo jirate: murna QC keessaa haasaan deemaa ture fashaluu isaa Gadaa.com irratti faa nudubbisiisanii jiru. Cabaarratti baqaqaa akka jedhan sani.
Murnootafi sochiiwwan adda addaa xixiqqoo abbumti barbaade as bahee bixxiluun bu’aan inni argamsiisu tokkollee hinturre/hinjirusi. Ammatti ummanni Oromoo “siyasa madaallii”, siyyasa murnoonni xixiqqoon walitti dhufanii/baqanii gurmuu olaanaa uumuun umna saanii diinarratti qoran fedha.
Ammatti balaaleen ummata keenyarra ga’aa jiran heedduufi bal’oodha. Isaan keessaa inni tokko waraana labsinee otoo jirruu loluu dadhabuu ykn qawee ofitti gargalchuun ofitti dhukaasuudha.
Oromiyaafi biyyi amabaa wajjirri qabsoon Oromoo keessatti karoorramaa jiru haga lafaaf samiit walirraa fagaatu. Hoggantoonni ummatarraa fagatanii jiraachuun isaa ajjeechaa, hidhaa, lafarraa buqqisuufi dararaa diinnii ummatarraan ga’urraa fagaatanii jiru. Fageenyarraa karoorrama fageenyarra lolama—uumaan isaa akka waraan diroonii biyya Ameerikaa fakkaata diroonii hinqabu malee kan keenya kuni. Waraana keessatti fageenyi safuun (ethics ykn morality) akka hoggana keessaa badu/hir’atu taasisa. Rakkoon dhuunfatti yoo nurra ga’uu baate akka waan hinjirreefi akka waan nama hinminee faakkaatee nutti mul’ata. Namini ajjeefaa jiru kallatiin arguufi nama ajjeefamu gabaasarraa dubbisuun safuu (morality) adda addaa qabu. Inni duraa ulfaataafi waan yeroo namaaf hinkennine; inni booda salphaafi waan nama kallattiidhaan nama hinilaallanne. Achi hinjirtu taanan ibidda namini guyyuu keessa darbu hubachuufi ummanni ibidda sana ofirraa akka dhaamisu loltee lolchiisuun hinjiraatu. Rakkoon keenya kana. Sirumaa keessa darbinee rakkoo ummata keenya akka bashannana sukaneessatti fudhachaa jirra. Ittti qoosa jirra; wanti ummanni guyya guyyaan keessa darbu sirbaan yooo ta’e malee qabatamaan nutti dhagahamaa hinjiru. Sirbi gaafa dhabbate qabsoonis walumaan dhaabbata. Ummanni Oromoo walga’ee sirbee dina abaaree bilisummmaa isaa galgaluma tokko fidee gaafa addaan galu hojiin hinjiru; hojiin akka jiraatu kan too’atus akkasuma.
Wanti biraa hoggannifi ummanni Oromoo biyya-ambaa keessaa wasallataa jiru kun wanti inni itti yaaduu dadhabaa jiru tokko dhimma roga safuu lola nurratti godhamaa jiruuti. (The moral dimension). Lola erga labsanii booda loluu dadhabuun, akka abbaa hinololle sana miidhu ijoollee xixiqqoonuu nibeekiti. Walloluma beeladootafi bineensota bosonaa gidduuttillee beeladini hinololle tokko salphumatti moo’ama.
Garuu, hogganoonni keenya kan dhaba waaraa/jabaataa tokko akka hinqabanne nudhoowwan osoo hinlolin dhumuu ummataa akka hinjifannootti lakkaa’uun ibsa adda addaa irratti baasuu qofa ta’e hojiin isaanii. Ibsaafi galmee namoota dhiittan mirga dhala-namaa irra gahuu baasuunfi akkasumas tarkanfiiwwan xixiqqoo lukkeelee ummata rakkisanirratti fudhataman waaqa jala olbaasanii akka injifannoo guddaatti himachuun of sobinee akka jiraannu nutaasisa. Yeroo meeqa ABO/WBOn hoggantoota mootummaa tophiyaa olaanoorratti tarkaanfii fudhate jedhee labsatu dhageesse? Duuwwaadha akka jettu shakkii hinqabu. Garuu, tarkaanfiin lukkeelee gadi-aanoorratti fudhatamu eyyee baay’eetu jira, garuu tarkaanfiin akkasii sirinicha hundeedhaan raasuun rifachiisuu hindanda’u. Lukkeen yoo du’e aanga’oonni olanoo ABT du’a sareettuu hinlakkaa’ani. Akka wardiyyaan saanii du'etti laalu.
Of sobuufi ummata sobuu ykn dhugaa jiru haaluun ammatti aadaa hoggantoota tokko tokkorraa ifatti mul’atu. Akka amma deeminutti, Oromiyaan yomiyyuu bilisoomuu akka hindandeenye alagaan alarraa nu laalurree ifatti beeka, garuu hoggantoonni keenya tokko tokko waanuma ifa jiru amananii furmaata itt barbaaduurra sobaafi injifannoo hinjirreen of amansiisanii jiraachuu filatu. Yeroon amma yeroo itti dhadannoo dhageessisaniif yeroo sirbanii addan galan qofa miti. Yeroo ammaa yeroo jireenyi ummata Oromoo gaaffii badiisaa jala galee jiru. Filannoon ummata kana dhiphachaa deemuun ykn loluu ykn baduutti gadi-galee jira. Dhaabinifi hogganni filannoo kam akka filatu hojiin agarsiisuun baraachisadha.
Araarri moora keessatti asitti bu’aa jira, achitti bu’aa jira jedhamee ummanni sobamaa jira. Namini garaa guutuun of kennee qabsoo kana deeggaruuf rakkina itti ta’aa jira. Shakkiifi manatti hafuu ummataatiif sababii kan ta’es fedhii ummanni bilisummaaf qabu ujummoo itti godhanii hammatanii hojiirra ooluchuu dadhabuudha. Kuni nama aarsaa,nama shakkisiisa, nama abdii murachiisa. Haamileen nama dhuunfaa haamilee dhabini agarsiisu waliin walbria qabinee yoo laallu haamilee nama dhuunfaatu olkaa’ee mul’ata. Dhabini ummata waarraaqisaaf qophaa’ee kanatti dhimma ba’uu dadhabuun rakkoo ummataati miti. Dhaabini yoo narra laafaa ta’e sababiin dhabaa keessa galee haamilee of buusuuf hinjiru jedheet yaada namini baay’een. Umnoota bilisummaa Oromiyaa barbaadan walittifiduurra filannoon biraa hinjiru. Umnoota bilisummaa barbaadan lolanii arguun immoo ittuu waan biraatifi waan ummata akka dhaabbachuun boonee biyya abbaa isaarratti falmatu godhudha.
Fakkiin/Akkaataan/Moodeeliin Qabsoo Geeddaramuu Qaba
Fakkiin ykn moodeeliin moorichi qabsoo hordofaa jirus moofaafi kan geeddarumsa haalota amma jiran waliin hindeemine ta’uun isaa beekamaadha. Kana keessatti gabaabsinee gahee bartootaaf qonnaan-bultoota haalaallu. Qaama haawaasa biroo yeroo biraa laalla.
Erga umamee kaasee QBOn malli qabsoo inni hordofaa ture haayyoota gubbaarraa gara ummata jalaatti deemuudha. Moodeeliin kun moofaadha. Akka ilaalcha kootti moofaa qofa osoo hintaane dogoggoraadha. Waggootii 22 darban keessa ABOn bartoota akka motora qabsootti itti fayyadamuu yaluun beekamadha. Barattoonni qaama haawaasa keessaa qaama hayyotaatti ramadamu; qaama xiqqaadha. Sochiin barattootaa qabsoo tokko deeggaruun essumattuu waanuma beekkamu, garuu dogoggora kan ta’u dhaabini tokko hojii ofii isaatii kaaraa baay’ee biraan hojjechuu danda’u baratootumarratti fee’ee harka maratee taa’uu isaati.
Haala waraanni lolaa hinjirre keessatti yeroo gargaraatti bartoonni ka’anii finciluun fincilli isaaniis diinaan rukutamee bartoonni rakkoo gurguddoo keessa gala as gahani. Wareegamini kaffalamaa jiru bu’aa inni fidu waliin gonkumayyuu walhingitu. Yeroo hundumaa bu’aan wareegamaa tokko waregamicha sana caaluu qaba ykn barbaachisaa miti. Kuni immoo hagam tokko heerreegini qabsoo haala sirriin hereegamaa jiraachuu dhiisuu isaati. Daldaluma buu’uuraa keeessattillee akka daldalli tookko itti deemu yoo nama kan kasaarsu ta’ee abbaan qabeenyaa mala haaraa dhawuun bu’aa buufachuuf yaala. Bu’aan laakkaa’amee safaramuu danda’a ykn lafarratti mul’achuu danda’a. Omtuu lafarratti mul’achaa hinjiru yoo ta’ee garuu homtuu hinjiru jechuudha. Kuni immoo injifaannoowwan darban kan sharfman kan akka uummamuu kaartaa Oromiyaafi Afaan Oromoo Oromiyaatti Afaan hojjii ta’uu saatti hoggantoonni barabaraan dhaadachaa akka hafan godha. Afaan Oromoo, naanno Oromiyaa, aadaa Oromoorratti nutu fide jedhanii ABOfi OPDOn waldorgouuun isaanii hagamuma wanti haaraan hojjetamaa akka hinjirre nutti agarsiisa. Waayyaaneenis injifannoo akkasii anatu siniif kennee jetti.
Dhugaan jiru garuu ummanni Oromooo biyyaafi qabeenya isaarratti bulchuun haahafuuti lubbuunuu jiraachuun yeroo itti dadhabamerra gahee jira. Silaa rakkoo guddaan furamuuf malu rakkoo kana ture waan darbeen dhaadachaa hafuurra. Hojechuu baannan injifannoon kaleetu baduu danda’a-- halkan tokko keessatti. Kan wabii nuuf ta’uu malu umna keenya qofa. Inni immoo ammatti hinjiru. Sochii barattoota duuba umni hidhate kan lolee sooddaattamuu danda’u jiraachuu baannan moodeelii akkasii qofarratti hundaa’uun injifannoo eeguun Oromiyaa bilisoomite akka hawwiidhaan ykn abjuudhaan argutti lakkaa’ama.
QBOn amma deemaa jiru yaadota haaraa burquisiisuu kan dadhabeefi isaanuma dur ittiin moo’amine sanneen deddeebisee kan itti fayyadamu. Hoggantoonni Adda Bilisummaa Tigraay, Mallas Zeenaawii dabalatee, yeroo gargaraatti qabsoon ABOn geggeeffamu qotee bulaa kan hammate waan hintaaneef milkaa’uu hindanda’u jechaa hololaa as gahuun isaanii nibeekama. Holololli saanii kuni dhugaarratti hundaa’ee? Eyyeen haalaan dhugaadha. Moodeeliin qabsoo gubbaa- jalaa dhabini hordofu ummata keessa gadi bu’ee akka qootee bulaa laakkoofisa gudda qabu hingurmessine godheera. ABT fallaa kanaan qotee bulaa hanga gooxiin foormulaa 1-5 jedhuun gurmessitee ummannni akka walirratti basaasu gochuurraa darbuun miseensa ishee miliyoonotaan baay’ifachuu dandeesse jirti.
Gama biraatiin, ABOn qoonnan bultoota Oromoo qaama ummatichaa isa guddaa kan ta’e, ijaaree hojiirraa yoo oolchu hinmul’atu. Biyya ummanni baay’een qotee-bulaa ta’ee jiru keessatti, qabsoon qotee-bulaa hammatee, qoteebulaa hinolchiisine eessa gahuu danda’a? Mallas yeroo Leencoo Lataafi Diimaa Nagoo Suudaan keessatti argaa turetti wantoota inni sirriitti waa’ee isaanii xiinxaleefi cuunfee hubate keessaa tokko, ummata keessa gadibu’anii qotee-bulaa gurmeessuuf fedhii dhabuuf oftulummaa isaanti ture. Karabaatiifi suufii uffatanii Kaartuum keessa yeroo Diimaafi Leencoon fooqiin jala waliif gadi deeman, wayyanonni qumxaa uffachaa, koshoroo nyaachaafi qoteebulaa isaanii gurmeessaa turani. Mallas ayyaanlaalatummaa Leencoofi Dimaafaarratti qorannoo geggeessaa ture, akka hiriyaa sanii ta’ee wajjin taphachuudhaan. Ammallee ilalchi akkasii qasoo Oromoo hayyoota qofaan geggeessina jedhu bal’inaan fudhatameet jira. Kuni dogoggora cimaafi seenarraa barachuu dhabuudha.
Dadhabinni moraa QBO keessa jiru itti fufeetuma jira; miidhaan diinni keenya nurraan ga’u akkasuma itti fufee jira. Miidhaan ummata keenyarra ammatti gahaa jiru miidhaa ummanni kuni otoo afursee lolee gahuu danda’uu olitti tilmaama. Lola keessa gallee loluu dhiisuun wareggama bilaashaa kaffalaa jiraachuun keenya dhumarra nubaleessa. Nuti ummata akkamiiti? Balaan akkasii ummata keenyarraa gahaa osoo jiranii akkuma biyyi nagaa ta’eetti ayyaanlaaltumman jiraachuun keenya waa’ee safuuf-safaqaa (morality) keenya maal nutti himuu danda’a?
Rakkoowwan asii olitti eeraman, barbaachisummma haaromisa atattamaa QBOfi ABO keessatti dhufuu qabu nutti mul’isa. Hubadhaa haaromisa keessaatan jedhe malee dhaaba diigaa dhaaba gantuu biraa ijaaraa jechaa hinjiru. Rakkoowwan jiran furanii mooraa qabsoo deebisanii itichuun QBOn bu’aa qabu geggeessuun ummata keenya manca’uu bifa adda addaa itti aggaamamee jiru jalaa baasuu mala. Haaromsi armaan gadi fiduuf irratti hojjechuu:
· ABOn rakkoowan jiran amanee fudhachuun furmaata itti barbaadu;
· Lola labsanii loluu dhiisuun ummata akka balleessaa jiru hubachuufi itti-gafatamummaan seenaa kan keenya ta’uusaa hubachuun sirreessuu;
· Faakiiwwan (moodeeliin) qabsoo Oromoo moofonni irra-debi’amanii laallamuudhan fakkiiwwan jijjiirama yeroo waliin walsiman uumuun hojiirra oolchuu;
· Qabsoon qonnaan-bultoota wiirtuu hingodhanne essayyuu gahuu kan hindadeenye ta’uu hubatanii tarsiimoo haaraa qonnan bulaa hirmaachisu uumuu;
· Barattoonni qabsoo nifiniiinsu garuuu Qeerroo qofarraa bilisummaa Oromoo eeguun balaa guddaa qaba;
· Araarri umnoota Bilisummaa Oromiyaatti amanan kan akka QCfi GS ABO gidduutti deemu atattamaan xumuramee ummanni bu’aa isaa beekisifamuu qaba;
· Hogganni waanuma hunda haaluufi sobuu dhiisee dadhabina jiru amanuun ummatarraa yaada fudhachuun yaadota sanneen haala hunda-hammatuun hojiirra oolchuu;
· Iccitiin dhaabaa karaa tokkoon seenee karaa biraa dhangala’uun akka hafu tarsimoo odeeffanoofi iccitii dhabaa tikisuu jabaataa qabatanii asi bahuu;
· Lola labsanii loluu dhiisuun uummata ibidda keeesa galchuun safuu Oromoo keessa waan hinjirreefi hanqina safuuti (unethical). Ykn loluu ykn dhiisuu malee taa’anii ummata ficcisiisuun hiika tokkollee hinqabu.
Bara 2014 kana keessa ayyaana WBO qofa kan itti kabajinu osoo hintaane, kabajamuun guuyyaa gootota WBOn daranuu akka lollu deegarsa hoggansaafi deeggarsa mahaallaqaa kan itti goonuuf ta’uu qaba. Biyya Itoophiyaa keessatti akka sochilee biyyoota Arabaatti qabsoon karaa nagaa nimilkaa’a jedhanii yaaduun seenaa biyyoota saniifi seena mataa keenyaa wallaalurraa ka’a. Biyyoonni biyya arabaa karaa nagaa kan qabsa’aniif lammummaa tokko, amantii tokkofi akeeka siyaasaa tokkoo waan qabaniif ture; dabalataanis baay’een saanii magaalaalee keessa jiraata turani. Biyya Itoophiyaa keessatti sagagantaaleen siyaasa ammuma lammiilee/garee sabaa biyya sanaat baay’atu; isaraatti dabalee immoo nafaxxanyoonni magaalalee biyyattii keessatti lakkoofisa irra guddaa qabu. Kana jechuun qabsoon nagaa biyya sanatti milkaa’uurra harreen gaanfa magarsuufi dhala gangee eeguun walfakkaata. Garuu, qabsoowwan waldeeggaran kalattii baay’een gochuun inuma danda’ama.
Sochiin haawsaa Oromo biyya-ambaa keessatti nam-tokkoleedhaan geggeeffaman kan akka "Oromo First" faa ammatti kan Oromoo barbaachisu umna sibiilaa qabaachuu ta’uu hubachuu qabu. Dinni Oromoo kan ammaan tanaa eenyu jedhanii addaan bafachuun xiyyeeffannoo keenya qulqulleeffachuu feesisa. Akkasuma waliindhahaa diina ofitti baay’isuun dadhabina tarsiimooti/tooftaati.
Yeroon itti shimala, eeboofi meeshaalee aadaatiin lolan darbeera. Ibiddi diinni keenya of harkaa qabu qaanqee keenya waan caaluuf, qaanqee keenya akkamitti gara ibiddaatti olguddisna jedhanii yaaduu feesisa. Akkamittiin haal bu’aa qabuun itti fayyadamina jedhaanii yaaduun barbaachisaadha. Haalaa kana caaluun, hogganna yaada ummata fudhachuuf qophii ta’e horachuun barbaachisaadha.
Waraana alagaa irra qubatee jiru ofirraa ittisuuf/qolachuuf, Oromiyaan haahidhattu!
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Ilaalchonni barreeffama kan keessatti jalaqqisan ilaalcha barreessichaa qofa malee ilaalcha jaarmiyaalee biro bakkabu’anii miti. Kaayyoon barreeffamichaatis holola geggeessuu osoo hintaane, ummanni akka hubatu gochuudhaan hoggantootaafi dhaboonni rakkoo uumaa jiran akka itti gaafatamummaa fudhatan of-sirreessan gochuudha.
=>oromopress
WBO was gloried in Ireland
There is nothing like Oromo Librations Front that has become part and parcel of Oromo people’s live. Many people say the objective of the OLF is so tuned to the history and political thirst of Oromo people and that is why it became the objective of the Oromo public as well. Today, Oromo people both outside and inside Oromia covertly and overtly support OLF. Whether the OLF, as an organisation, is weak or strong, it has got the right place in Oromo people heart. Both the friends and the enemy know this fact.
On January 4/2014 the Oromo community in Ireland celebrated the 2014 WBO Day. The WBO day was the day of joy here Dublin where all the members and supporters of the Oromo national struggle came together and gloried the Oromo Liberation Army. On the day, WBO was portrayed as the shield of the Oromo people, the ornament of the Oromo history and the hope of the nation’s future. The Oromo public here is in full hope of seeing the glory to be achieved by WBO, the gallant.
We were thrilled and highly motivated by the experiences, brave deeds and achievements of the previous members of the Oromo Liberation Army. The previous OLA members told us their encounters and achievements in battle field, in communication and army leadership against the Derg, the TPLF, and the SPLA military aggressions against OLA. The victory and glory OLF achieved on both political and battle fields were amazing. WBO is truly the hope of its people, the light in the darkness of history.
We are happy that we have a true political organisation and its military wing OLA that has been, and is ready to die for our nation to end the bondage of Oromo people. We never forget those who died for us and those who are now fighting for our liberty, justice and freedom. We will never be dismayed by what the enemy is doing to our people and never give up the fight for freedom. We support OLF and any movement or political group that fights to end the tyranny against the Oromo people.
We love you WBO, Leeca Bosonaa victory is yours!
AFAAN KEENYAAF AFAAN KEENYAAN HAA-KAANU
Taammanaa Bitimaa irraa
DURADUBBII
Dubbiftoota barreeffata kanaa jaalatamoo fi kabajamoo, mee dursee barri haaraan kun bara nagaa fi bara badhaadhinaa, bara milkii gaarii fi bara tokkummaan Oromoo sonaan jabaatu isiniif haa tahu! Ilaa, amma waayee mataduree kanaa olitti kaayamee irrattan waa isiniif dhiyeessaa mee na hoofkalchaa!
Duula dhuma bara dabree isa muummiyyeewwanii (iliitonnii) warra Amaaraa: uummata Oromoo, saba Oromoo fi Biyya Oromoo irratti adeemsisan duradhaabannoo fi ofirraa-qolannaan dhalawwan Oromoo alaa-manaa agarsiisan kan hedduu nama gammachiisu. Amma irraantii tokko tokkollee arganneeti jirra. Hubaddhaa nuti Oromoonni biyya namaa deemnee: laga Abbayyaa, laga Barreessaa fi laga Bashiloo ceenee biyya Habashaa qabannee, mirga warra Habashaa irra ijjanneetii mitii! Isaan garuu biyya keenya humna qawwee fi humna gargaarsa Faranjiitiin qabatanii: harma aayyolee cicciranii, harka aabbolee mummuranii, ijaa-funyaan dargaggeeyyii fi shamarranii buqqifatanii, lafa lafee Oromoo sarbatanii, gabbaarii fi gabra nu taasifatanii waggaalee hedduu qaxxaamuruun as gayani. Kana hundaa kan jalqabee fiixaan-isaaniif baase, isa qaamaan namaa garaanimmoo bineensaa san kan Minilik jedhamu.
Minilik kun wanneen inni uummata Oromoo, uummatoota: Waalayitaa, Kafichoo, Dimmee, Gimiraa fi kanneen biroo irratti adeemsise wanneen Hitler, naazichi uummata Yuudaa irratti adeemsee gadii miti. Ammoo, warri isaa iliitonni Amaaraa “kana irraanfaddhaatii akka jagnaatti isaa fudhaddhaa” nuun jechaa jiru. Hardha uummannii fi mootummaan Biyya Jarmanii nama waayee Hitler kaasee faarsu, waayee isaa xiqqoo ishiillee akka gaariitti ilaalu mana seeraa geessuun adabsiisu. Isaan “keenyaa” nama harma harmeewwan teenyaa mummure faarsaa akka gootaatti akka fudhannuuf nu dirqisiisu! Abadan lafa irraayyi ammas nu duguugu malee, kun dachee Oromoo irratti hin tahu!
Egaa, fiixaan-bayiinsi waayee asmaarii sanii isa Minilik faarsuu fi faabrikaa Baddallee irratti gonfanne kun, gara qabsoo isa kana fakkaatuutti nu ceesisuu dha qaba! Akkamitti, eessatti, maal maal faa irratti isa jedhamu kanaa gaditti wajjumaan ilaalla. Ilaallees, humnaa fi onnee tokkoomeen wajjumaan ol-jenna!
SEENASA
Amma gareen warra Amaaraa kan “Garee Cuquliisaa – Blue Party” jedhamu, duula hamaa Afaan Oromoo irratti banee jira. “Engineer Gizachew of Blue Party said, “Afaan Oromoo was a rural language and will stay as such and it will never able to get modernised therefore we are forced to keep using Geez”/ obboo Bariisoo irraayyi/. Yaa Oromoo koo, yaa saba Gadaa namtichi kun kana jechuun duula fi waraana: Afaan Oromoo, uummata Oromoo fi saba Oromoo irratti ifumatti kan labse Shaggar, handhuura Oromiyaa, qeyee jagnicha Oromoo qeyee Tufaa Munaa keessatti. Ee, Shaggar dachee Oromoo Kurnan Gullallee isaan erga qawwee ibiddaatiin, waraanaa Minilikiin moyamanii, isaan dhuumatii irraa hafan qawween buqqifamanii, quwween oofamanii naannoo Arsiitti hariyamanii saniitti. Wanni kun Oromoota bakka jiran maratti, alaa-manaa ilkaan ciniinnachisetoo kan isaan tokkoomsuun olkaasu tahuu qaba! Dabrees, Gareen Cuquliisaa kun biyyattis, biyyoota alaattis oggaa walgayii isaan waamame banu: dursee sirba Minilik faashisticha faarsu tokko dhageessisuuni.
Raaji Waaqa, safuu namaa nuti afaan isaanii, afaan qawween nutti dhufuun marcuma afaan keenyaa qabate kana baranna! Isaan garuu afaan keenya irratti, biyyuma keenya irratti duula banaa jiru. Kanaafuu, tarkaanfiiwwan lama gara fuulduraatti tarkaanfachuun: AFAAN KEENYAAF AFAAN KEENYAAN HAA-KAANU! Kun waamicha saba Oromoo fi waamichaa harmee Oromiyaa ti!
AFAAN OROMOO
Warri eeboo fi fardaan cabseetoo biyya keenya seene, gocha hamaa fi hammeenyaa inni adeemsise keessaa inni tokko isa Afaan Oromoo irratti tahe. Hamma yeroo dhiyoo, bara 1991-tti Afaan Oromoo akka bakka balaqqeessa tahe kan akka: yaa’ii, paarlamaa, bataskaanaa, mana barumsaa, mana seeraa fi waajjirootatti ittiin hin hojjatamneef seeraan dhoowwamee ture. Gaazexoonni, kitaabeewwanii fi barrooleen marti isaan baafamuun dhoorkaa ture. Kan biraa hafee Barroo Qulqulluu kan biyyoota Oroppaatti afaan keenyaan barreeffamanii dhoksaan karaa Sudaanii fi Keeniyaa faa biyya seenan guursisuun, mootummaan Habashaa inni Kiristaana ofiin jedhu gubsiisee jira. Kana bira kutee olola jibbaa fi jibbisiisaa afaan Biyya Gadaa kana irratti oofsisaa ture.
Garuu, kun cufti fiixaan isaaf bawuu hin dandeenye. Afaan qawwee, Afaan Amaaraa bakka maraa fi akka maraatti iddoo Afaan Oromoo buufamuuf humnii fi horoon irratti dhangalawullee afaan isaa kun boongoowwan isaa, jechuun magaalaawwan bira dabruun gandeen Oromoo hulluuqee seenuu hin dandeenye. Sirumaa Afaan Oromoo keenya dhiibbaa gurmee wayii malee, babaldhachaa, guddachaa kunoo Dhaloota Qubee daggala-raasaa fi gabrumfataa hollachiisaa dhaqqabee jira.
Afaan Oromoo biyyoota Gaafa Afrikaa sadii keessatti akka afaan dhalootaatti (afaan haadhaa-abbaatti) dubbatama. Kunis: Impaayera Toopphiyaa, Biyya Keeniyaa fi Somaliyaa Kibbaa keessatti. Baddaa Raayyaa, hara Ashangee irraa hamma Maanya Hindiitti (“Indian Ocean“-tti), Muggii fi Beegii duubaan daangaa Sudaan irraa hamma Magaalaa Jijjigaa cinaatti dubbatama. Akka afaan dhalootaatti uummata kitila 46-tu, akka afaan lammaffaa yookaan sadaffaatti immoo uummata kitila 12-tu, walumatti uummata kitila 58-tu isaan dhimma-baya. Ardii Afrikaa keessatti akka afaan dhalootaatti Afaan Arabaa fi Afaan Hawusaatti aanee sadarkaa 3-ffaa irratti argama.
Afaan Oromoo afaan daran sooressa tahee fi afaan hedduu, hedduu miidhagina isaatiin raajeffatamu. Heddumminni jechoota isaa, bareedumni afaanii yaa’inni sagalee isaa kan nama maalalu. Akkuman walooloo kiyya tokko keessatti ibsuuf yaale, inni “afaan nadhii dammaa” ti. Kan biraa hafee, waggaalee 130 seeraan dhoowwameeyyuu, hardha hanqina jechoota ammayyaa kan afaanota Addunyaa Sadaffaa hunda keessatti argamu sanillee karaa qabachiifatee jira. Oromoonni hundi alaa-manaa, fiixaan-baanee jirra jechuun otoo haara wayiituu hin baafatin dagaaginaa fi misooma afaan keenyaa irratti hojjachuu qabna!
WANNEEN HOJIIRRA OOLUU QABAN
Egaa amma, waraana fi duula ginni-bittee Amaaraa fi mummiyyeewwan Amaaraa afaan keenya irratti banan kana ofirraa faccisuuf, maal maal faa gochuun akka nu irraa eegamanin armaan gaditti baldhinaan tarreessa. Baldhinaanis jala-harriqa.
1) Oromiyaa keessatti afaan biyyaa Afaan Oromoo tahuu eenyumtuu beekuu qaba. Ijoolleen Oromoo manneen barumsaa kam keessattuu, yoo mabbawwanii (unibasiitotaa) fi kolleejota Afaan Ingiliziitiin barsiisan tahe malee, afaan ofiitiin barachuu qabdi. Ammaan tana ijoolleen Oromoo afaan qawween nutti dhufee qawweenis nutti fe’ame kana, Afaan Amaaraa wanni barattuuf sababni wayiitu hin jiru. Gayeen gayee dhaa afaan qawwee kun nu irraayyis, marcuma Afaan Oromoo irraayyis bu’uu qaba! San bira dabreeyyuu namoonni Oromiyaa keessa akkaa waaraatti jiraatan afaan biyya keessa jiraatanii kana, Afaan Oromoo barachuutu isaan baasa. Kun mee seera biyyoota addunyaatii! San irratti ijoollee Amaaraas tahee, kan warreen biroo bakka tuuta-tuutaan jiraatanitti afaan ofiitiinis barachuun seeruma. Kana irratti warri amma “Oromiyaa nutu bulchaa jira” nuun jedhan, warri OPDO miila isaanii lamaanin dhaabachuun isa jedhame kana hojii irra oolchuutu isaan baasa. Jalakaattummaan Afaan Amaaraas, jalakaattummaan warra Wayyaanees inni isaan adeemsisaa jiran kun eessumaanuu isaan hin gawu! Uummata isaanii, uummata Oromoo galaana Abbayyaa kana gaachana taasifachuun oljechuu qabu!
Yaa Oromticha, yaa Oromtittii, yaa qeerransoota Qubee dhageessuu! Gayeen gayee dhaa, amma irraa kaasee Oromiyaa guutuu keessatti ennaa barsiisaan Afaan Amaaraa isin barsiisu, yookaan inni wanneen biroo Afaaan Amaaratiin isin barsiisu olseenu isinimmoo akkuma jirtaniitti kutaa sana gadhiisuun gadi-baatu! Hubaddhaa kun seenaa keenya keessatti bara 1969 keessa dachee Oromoo Afran Qalloo irratti magaalaa Dirre Dhaawaatti tahee ture! Bara Dargii, ee bara mootummaan Habashaa ilmoo namaa qalee karaa irratti darbatu san dachee Oromoo Sadan Liiban magaalaa Amboo fi magaalaa Walisootti tahee ture! Bara dukkanaa san keessa kan ijoolleen Oromoo sun hojii raajeffatamaa kana goote, isin hardha bara ifaa, bardhibbee 21-ffaa keessa gochuu hin daddhabdani! Oromoonni addunyaa tana mara keessatti argaman hundumtuu karaa hundumaan isin cinaa jiruwoo!
2) Dira Shaggar keessattis Afaan Oromoo Afaan Amaaraa cinaatti afaan ballaqqeessa (“official language“) tahuu qaba. Ijoolleen Shaggar akkuma ijoollee dira Biruusel isa magaalmataa Biyya Beeljigii sanaa afaan lamaan kutaa tokkoffaa irraa kaasanii Afaan Oromoo fi Afaan Amaaratiin barachuu dha qabu!
3) Oromiyaa guutuu keessatti Afaan Amaaraa afaan balaqqeessaa tahuun isaa hatattamaan dhaabachuu qaba! Horoo fi horiin: bunni, sabbuu, diggaa fi hoomishinni warshaalee Oromiyaa keessaa isaan amma Afaan Amaaratii oolaa jiran dhaabachuun, Afaan Oromootiif ooluu qabu! Waajjiroonni mootummaa Toopphiyaa isaan Oromiyaa keessatti argaman Afaan Oromootiin hojjachuun dirqama!
4) Manneen amantii hundumtuu Biyya Oromoo keessa jiran Afaan Oromootiin hojjachuu, Afaan Oromootiin uummata tajaajiluutu isaan irraa eegama. Oromiyaa keessatti yoo isaan kana gochuu baatan, Waaqa tokkichaa fi guddicha san akka rifachiisan beekuu qabu!
5) Namoonni Biyya Habashaa irraa dhufuun manneen daldalaa fi seedataa banatan Afaan Oromootiin hojjachuu qabu. Oromtichi tokko, Oromtittiin takka Oromiyaa keessatti: gabaattis, manneen bunaatti, manneen nyaataa fayittis afaan ofiitiin tajaajilamuu qaba, qabdi! Yoo kun tahuu baate Oromoonni warreen kana irraa waa bituu fi waa itti-gurguruu, akkanuma irraa bitatanii dhuguu fi nyaachuu dhaabuu qabu!
6) Oromiyaa mara keessatti nama uummata Oromoo fi saba Oromoo arrabsu irraa waa bituu fi waa itti-gurguruun dhaabachuu qaba! Nama akkanaa kanatti dubbachuun, gaafa rakkoon itti-dhufte hamma inni ifumatti dhiifama hin gaafatinitti isaaf birmachuun hin jiru.
7) “Gareen Cuquliisaa” inni amma Afaan Oromoo irratti waraana fi duula bane kun, hatattamaan uummataa fi saba Oromoo dhiifama gaafachuu qaba. Tahuu baannan, gareen kun dachee Oromoo irratti, wiirtuu Oromiyaa dira Shaggar irratti hojii isaa adeemsisuu hin qabu!
8) Namnoonni Amaaraa isaan Oromiyaa keessatti gaazexoota faa baasuun: “Gaallaa Gadaay” isaanii oofaa jiran ifumatti uummata Oromoo dhiifama gaafachuu qabu! Tahuu baannan, jarreen kun dachee Oromoo irratti, wiirtuu Oromiyaa dira Shaggar irratti hojii isaanii adeemsisuu hin qabani!
9) Oromoonni Oromiyaa keessatti bakka kamittuu afaan ofiitiin dhimma-bawuu qabu. Ijoolleen Oromoo warri miseensota Dhaloota Qubee tahan, namoota alagaa isaan Afaan Oromoo barachuu barbaadan tolumaan barsiisuu qabu. Warri OPDO immoo bakka itti-baratamuu fi wanneen ittiin-baratamu ijoollee tanaaf dhiyeessuun dirqama! Warri OPDO kun faajjii Afaan Oromoo olqabanii akka tarkaanfataniif, karaa garagaraatiin dhiibbaan adeemsifamuutu karaa qajeelaa taha.
XUMURA-DUBBII
Yaa Oromoo yaa uummata koo, nuti Oromoonni aadaa fi duudhaa uummata keenyaa irraanfachuu hin qabnu. Namni kamuu, Amaarris, Tigreenis eenyu fi eenyu faa marti nagaa fi kabajaan nutti dhufnaan akkuma aadaa keenyaa boonsisaa saniitti simanna! Isa afaanii fi billaa qaratee nutti dhufu guruu, tokkummaan dura dhaabanneetoo ofirraa deebifna! Uummanni Habashaa: warri Amaaraas, warri Tigrees uummata ollaa keenyaa waan tahaniif nageenya fi ollummaan isaan waliin qabnu kana ololli warra Garee Cuuqulisaa fi kan warreen faarsituu Minilik naazichaa faa booressuu hin qabu. Faashisota Amaaraa isaan kaleessa fi isaan hardhaatii obsa tokkollee horachuu hin qabnu! Ammoo, baaqaa-callaa addaan-baafachuun aadaa Oromooti. Ilaa gayeen gayee dhaa, fashistoonni fi sanyiitti-amantoonni Habashaa nurraa bu’uu qabu! Mirgaa fi haqa uumamaan qabnuuf sochowuun, bilisummaa fi walabummaa keenyaaf tarkaanfachuun mirgaa fi haqa uummata Habashaa: kan warra Amaaraas, kan warra Tigreess kan miidhu akka hin taane, eenyumtuu beekuu qaba!
Akkuma mammaaksi Oromoo tokko: “abbaan iyyu malee, ollaan namaa hin birmatu” jedhu san, nuti karaa maraan of ijaarree, karaa maraan hidhannee yoo kaane malee, kan nuuf maluu hin jiru. “Ilma yartuu haatiyyuu hin jaalattu” jedha Oromoon. Kanaaf, nuti hundumtuu: AFAAN KEENYAAF AFAAN KEENYAAN HAA-KAANU!
Saturday, January 4, 2014
“Mul’ata karatti hafe”
(Seenaa Gooticha Oromoo Baaroo Tumsaa) Jaarraan amma keessa jirru jaarraa qalama malee seenaa dhiigaan itti barreessanidha. Sababnisaas seenaan dhiigaan barreeffame ija waan godhatuufi. Arrabni qoraattiifi sammuu joonja’aan jaarraa 21ffaa keessatti bakka hinqaban. Sababnisaas dubbii hadhaayaa afaanii waan nama baasaniif. Warreen abashaa impaayera nuti jiraannu keessatti jaarraa tokkoo oliif seenaa Kuushiin akka hinjirre godhanii balleessuudhaan madaa hinfayyine nurratti uumaniiru. Seenaa isaanii malee kan warra senaan isaanii Seemeetik hinta’iinii hedduu burjaajessaniiru. Keessumaayyuu Oromoo jiraataa biyya Itiyoophiyaa ta’uusaa utma beekanii, alaa galee, amantiifi biyya hinqabu jedhanii eenyummaa isaatti akkanni qaanawu taasisaa turaniiru. Har’as taanaan ilmaansaanii jijjiirama sammuu fiduu dadhabuudhaan dhimmi Itiyoophiyaa isaan malee Oromoo akka hinilaallanne godhanii qaanii tokko malee odeessu. Seenaan Itiyoophiyaa seenaa Kuushiifi seenaa Oromoo akka ta’etti tasa hin amanan.
Seenaan nafxanyootaa bara minilikii,bara Hayilesillaaseefi Dargii guyyaa guyyaaatti rakkina uumaa jiru; nutu caalaa nafxanyootaati malee maalummaafi seenaa Oromoo wajjin waan wal qabate miti. Har’as taanaan hololli nutu caalaa yookiin nafxanyoonni kun egaa har’a kan isaan barbaadan Itiyoophiyaa barbaadan dhaabbachuudha. Jarreen kun egaa Oromoos ta’e uummata kibbaa qabeenya isaanii malee isaaniin hinbarbaadan. Shirri nafxanyootaa kana qooqa ittiin ibsinutu nurakkisa. Yeroo Oromoon cunqursamee lafti isaa irraa fudhatamee aadaansaa wanjoo jala gale, akkasumas seenaa sobaa irratti fe’ame jalaa bilisa ba’uuf ofiikootiinan ofbulcha jedhee yeroonni ka’u, ‘Gaallaan maalta’eetu’ jedhanii arrabsoon mogolee isa buusu. Biyya bulchuun nuuf kenname isinimmoo nujalatti bitamuudha; carraan keessani jechuun Waaqa wajjin walloluudha jechuun akka waan Oromoon Waaqa malee uumameetti soba guyyaa saafaa amantii isaaniin da’ate sanaan sammuu nu hadoochaa turaniiru. Itiyoopiyaan qomoo kanaan haabitamtuun seera Waaqarraa dhufe utuu ta’ee nutis warri lafattiirra jiraannu beekuu qabna turre. Kanaafuu jarreen warra nutu caalaa kanaaf goonkumaa hinmijatu. Ummanni bittaa kana jala jiru cunqursamuusaa akkanni hin hubanne gochuudhaan biyya,aadaafi afaan boonsaa utuu qabuu mataa buusee jiraachuusaa ilaalee dhalooti hincallisne hindhabamu. Ammas ta’e durattis qabsoo eenyummaa Oromootiif goototni qabsaa’an lakkoofsi bira hinga’u. Haaluma wal fakkaatuun uummata Oromoofi sab lammoota Itiyoophiyaa keessa jiraatan irra cunqursaa qaqqabu ilaaluu jibbuudhaan bittootaafi miiltoosaanii wajjin wal falmuudhaan saba isaaniif jedhanii kan wareegaman hedduudha. Barreefamni kun seenaa nama uummatasaa cunqursaafi bittaa jalaa baasuuf dhimmaa ture garuu waa’een isaa hedduu hindhagayamin irratti xiyyeefata. Namni kunis Baaaroo Tumsaa jedhamuun beekama. Innis seenaasaafi seenaa uummata balla’aa Oromoo dhiiga isaatiin katabee darbe.
Baaroo Tumsaa bara 1942 lixa Oromiyaa godina wallaga lixaa naannoo Gimbii ganda karkarroo jedhamtu keessatti abbaasaa obbo Tumsaa silgaafi harmeesaa aadde Naasisee Ciratoo jedhaman irraa dhalate. Abbaan isaafi harmeen isaa walitti aansuun du’aan irraa adda baanaan Baaroon obboloota isaa lamaan Raaheelfi Nagaasaa Tumsaa wajjin mana duwwaa keessatti hafe. Yeroo sanatti obboleessi isaa obbo Guddinaa Tumsaa hojiidhaan magaalaa Naqamtee keessa jiraachaa waan turaniif, qophummaa obboleessa isaanii jibbuudhaan dhaqanii bakka jiraatan magaalaa Naqamteetti gatiittiitti baatanii isa fidan. Baaroon barumsa isaa sadarkaa tokkoffaafi 2ffaa achuma magaalaa Naqamteetti erga xumuree booda, barumsasaa sadarkaa olaanaammoo kolleejjii Waldaa Makaane Yesuus Bishooftuutti argamurraa xumure. Itti aansuudhaan Yuunivarsiitii Haayile Sillaasee 1ffaa jedhamuun beekamurraa barnoota Faarmaasiistiin digirii jalqabaa bara 1966tti fudhate. Itti fuufuudhaan utuu hinturiin Yunivarsiitichumarraa seeraan digiriisaa jaaalqabaa fudhate. Baaroon egaa turtiisaa Yunivarsiitii keessatti barattoota jijjiirama barbaadanii wajjin waliigaluudhaan sochii cimaa taasisaa ture. Barattoota kutannoodhaan saba isaaniif qabsaa’aa turanis sadarkaa garaagaraatti ijaaraa ture. Ijoolleen Oromoo muummee barnoota addaa addaarrtti ramadamtee akka biyyaasheef hojjechuu qabduttillee gurmeessaa ture. Bara 1964-1965 waldaa Yunivarsiitii kolleejjii Finfinnee irratti pireezedaantii ta’uudhaan hojjete. Bara 1966 immoo waldaa waliigaltee Yunivarsiitii Finfinneerratti barreessaa ta’uudhan hojetaa ture. Baroota kana keessatti baay’inni barattoota Oromoo Yuunivarsiitii keessatti haaxiqatu iyyuu malee, warruma jiran kanaa wajjin wal arguudhaan mirga uummata Oromoo kabachiisuurratti maree taasisaa tureera. Wal’aansoon barattoota Yunivarsiitiin jalqabame kun utuu hinturiin ifatti ba’uudhaan namoota hedduu sochooseera. Sochiin kunis kana qofaaf utuu hintaane, uummanni Oromoo akka inni mirgasaaf falmatuuf karaa baaseera. Baaroon itti fufuudhaan namoota paarlaamaa keessa hojjetanii wajjin wal argee mariyachuun warra akka Maammoo Mazammirfaa wajjin ta’uun waldaa walgargaarsa Maccaafi Tuulamaa keessatti mormii fiyuudalizimii baadiyyaa keessattis baballisuun sochii mormii bara 1966 keessa turerratti haala mijeessuun shoora olaanaa taphatera. Finfinneefi magaalota kanbiroo keessatti yaada ‘lafti qoteebulaaf’ jedhu irratti dargaggoota hedduu gurmeessuudhaan bittaan warra nafxanyootaa akka gabaabbatu taasisuuratti gumaacha guddaa taasiseera. Wallaansoon bara 1966 ka’e kun duula guddina waliin jedhu uumee keessumaayyuu naannoo Oromiyaa keessatti fudhatama argateera. Fudhatama argachuusaatiif sababnisaa Baaroo Tumsaa ture. Goota humna dargaggootaa ijaaruun sirna Nafxanyootaa barbadeessuuf kutatee ka’e.
Jijjiiramni inni fides Oromoo qofaaf utuu hinta’iin, bittaa warra abbaa lafaa jala turan hundaaf akka ta’e seenaan ni dhugoomsa. Baaroon bara 1966 barnootasaa erga xumuree booda biiroo eegumsa fayyaatti miindefamee hojjechuu jalqabe. Waajjira kana keessa amma turetti loogii bara dheeraaf mana hojii sana keessaa ture qorachuudhaan qajeelfama ture sana jijjiiree namoota hedduudhaaf bu’aa ta’eera. Sobdootaafi warreen malaamaltummaadhaan jiraatanis qaanessaa tureera. Haalli Baaroofi garee hojjetootaa kanaa namootni itti hintolin Baaroo hojiirraa ariyaniiru. Miindaasaarra ariyatamuun cinatti akka shororkeessituu addaatti fudhatamee tureera. Haata’u malee dabni irratti raawwate kun Baaroon wallaansoosaatti akkanni cimu isa taasise malee dugda duubatti isa hindeebifne. Yeroo mara mootummaan bara sanaa Oromoorrti miidhaa dhoksaa waan taasisuuf, akka sabni Oromoo walitti dhufanii mariyatan waan hinbarbadneef waldaan maccaafi tuulamaa akka cufamu taasisaniiru. Kun kan isa gaddisiise Baaroon ummanni Oromoo bakka maree akka hindhabneef ‘Waldaa Dhaaba Dhidheessaa’ jedhu uume. Mul’anni Baaroo keessaa finiinaa ture sun boqonnaa waan isaaf hinlaanneefiif yoo isaan karaa tokko cufan inni ammoo karaa biraan mala dhaha malee sodaachisiifamuu abashaa kanaaf goota hinjilbeenfanne ture. Faayidaalee yeroo qabsoo bilisummaa Oromoof jedhee dhabes homaa tokkottuu hinlakkoofne. Baaroo Tumsaa sochii hedduu taasise cinatti bara 1964 aadde Warqinash Bultoo wajjin bultii ijaarrate. Aadde Warqinash Bultii biyya Eertiraa keessatti dirqama loltummaarra utuu jiranii bara 1982 loltoota amanamoo Mangistuu Haayilemaariyaamiin ajjeefamani. Aadde Warqinash Bultoo obboleettii jeneraal Demisee Bultoo yommuu ta’an, abbaan isaanii obbo Bultoo Ejersaammoo Waldaa Maccaafi Tuulamaa keessatti miseensa turani. Cidhi Baaroo Tumsaa Oromoota sadarkaa hojii adda addaarra bakka adda addaarra jiran hundaa biratti haala ho’aadhaan waan kabajameef diina biratti akka sochii siyaasaatti fudhatamee isaan sodaachisaa ture. Dargaggeessi lammiisaatiif akka guddaatti inaaffaa garbummaa hunkuteessuuf qabatee ka’e kun tarkaanfii diinaa kan itti caalchisaa deemeefi akka malee sodaachisee gara isa dhabamsiisuuf ka’ame sochii bara 1966 ka’e akkanni karaattti hafuuf gumaacha taasisera. Amma ammaatti saba Oromoo hedduu biratti akka gaariitti kan dubbifamuufi jaallatamu (The Oromos voice against tyranny document 1971) kan jedhu garee hojjetootasaa wajjin namoota hedduu bira akka ga’u taasiseera. Barreeffamni kun gara afaan Amaaraattillee hiikamee dubbifamaa ture. Kan inni barruu kana raabsaa tureefimmoo waan waldaan maccaafi Tuulamaa cufameef Oromoota jajjabeessuuf qofaa utuu hintaane, baroota dheeraadhaaf cunqursaafi dabaa saba Oromoorra ga’aa ture barruun kun ofkeessatti waan qabattee jirtuufidha. Dararfamaafi cunqursaa tureef jiru saba Oromoo ittiin bariisuuf jedheetu.
Baaroon bara 1972 tti Afaan Oromoo akka qubee laatiiniin barreeffamuuf Hayilee fidaa wajjin qo’atee yeroodhaaf gaazeexaan ‘Bariisaa’ jedhamu qubee saabaatiin akka maxxanfamu taasisaniiru. Garuu utuu hinturiin mootummaan dargii itti inaafuudhaan fuudhee ministeera beeksisaa jala galche. Har”a gaazeexaan Bariisaa faayidaa siyaasaatiif jedhamee kan qophaawu malee faayidaa eenyummaa saba Oromootiif jedhee miti. Baay’inaan waa’ee eenyummaa Oromoo irrattis kan hojjetaa jiru miti. Maqaa kana qabatee gaazexaan bahaa jiru garuu ammayyuu biyya Oromiyaa keessa jira. Qubee Afaan Oromoo har’a sabni Oromoo itti fayyadamu Baaroo Tumsaafi Hayilee Fidaafaatu bara lubbuun jiran qopheessani. Bara 1973 qabsoon Oromoo akka inni sadarkaa olaanaarra ga’uuf kaayyoo balla’aa baasuudhaan wiirtuu Qaama Qindoominaa yookaan ‘Central Coordinating Body’ dhaaba jedhu hundeesseera. Kunis immoo turee dhaaba Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo jedhutti jijjiirameera. Bara 1974 daba mootummaan Hayile Sillaaseefi jaleensaa uummaatarratti geessisaa turan qaamni qoratu hundaa’e. Kana keessattis Baaroon miseensa ta’ee akka hojjetu erga taasifameen booda namoota Oromoo hinta’iniin rakkoo keessa galafamuuf tureera. Garuu rakkoo isaan Baaroorratti qopheessan kana namoota miseensa Dargii turaniin karaatti hafeera. Baaroon dhaabbata siyaasaa bara sana keessatti hundeeffaman hunda dhiisee saba bara mootummaa Haayile Sillaasee cunqrsaan irra ga’aa ture hundaa kan ofitti haammatu dhaaba Wala’ansoo saba balla’a cunqursamoota Itiyoophiyaa ‘Ye Itoophiyaa ciqunooch abiyootawwii Tigil’ jedhu hundeesse. Dhaabni kunis saba Oromoofi sabaafi sablammoota cunqurfamoota byyattii kan ofkeessatti haammate ture. Isaan booda Dargiin yeroo jabaachaa deemu oftuulummaasaa dabalaa deemuun dargiin dhaaba ‘EMALEDHI” jdhaman diiguutti kaanaan Oromoonni baay’een gara qabsootti seenuu jalqaban. Bara 1974 tti hundaa’ee baha Oromiyaa keessatti soch’aa kan ture Dhaabbati Bilisummaa Oromoo qabsaa’ota hedduu horachuu danda’ee ture. Baaroonis qabsoo kanatti seeenuudhaan gara bahaatti deemee geggeessummaan hojjetaa utuu jiruu bara 1977 tti lubbuunsaa darbe. Duutii Baaroo umurii gabaabaafi akka tasaa dhaaba Adda Bilissummaa Oromoofi uummata Oromoo akka malee naasiseera; miidheeras. Dargaggeessi umurii waggaa 35 tti diinaan ajjeeffame kun bara hundumaa godaannisa hindagatamne saba Oromoo irratti maxxansee jira. Diinni oldeemtota Oromoo karaatti hambisuun isa duras ta’ee isaa asitti kan itti fufaa turedha.
Akkaataa du’asaa ilaalchisee saba Oromootiif odeeffannoon hinkennamne. Haata’u malee, du’a Baaroo Tumsaan booda namootni yeroo sana turan geggeessummaarratti dandeettii dhabuu qofaa utuu hintaane, ejjennoo dhabuusaaniirraan kanka’e dhaabasaaniitiifis ta’e uummatasaaniitiif ta’uu dadhabuudhaan ummata qaanessaniiru. Kaayyoo inniifi kan isa fakkaatan itti wareegamaniif xiyyeeffannoo guddaan hinkennamne. Har’a sammuufi dandeettiin uummata Oromoo yeroo kamirrayyuu caalaa akka malee guddachaa jira. Dargaggoonni Baaroo Tumsaa bakka bu’an Oromiyaa keessaa biqilanii jiru. Dhiigi Baaroo Tumsaa, Guddinaa Tumsaa, Magarsaa Barii, Jaagamaa Badhaaneefi dhiigi goototni Oromoo hedduun bilisummaafi dagaaginaan guutuummaa Oromiyaa keessa walgayee jira. Seenaan gootota Oromoo sirna diddaa garbummaatiif qabsaa’aa turanii bara baraan gabatee seenaarra hindhabamu. Dhiigni dargaggoota Oromoo harka diinaatiin dhangalaafame bilisummaa goolee bantii lafaa hundarratti finiinu argamsiisuu akka danda’u firaafi diinni Oromoos wallaala natti hinfakkaatu.
Nama cimaa kan turaniif waldaa Maccaafi Tuulamaa keessatti geggeessummaan hojjetaa utuu jiranii Mootummaa Hayile Sillaaseetiin hidhamanii rukkuttaan gidirfamanii lubbuun isaanii waxabajjii bara 1962 umurii waggaa 58tti kan darbe seenaafi ergaa obbo Hayile Maariyaam Gammadaatiinan barreeffamakoo kana xumura. Utuu lubbuun isaanii hindarbiin dura hiriyoota isaanii mana hidhaa keessa jiran wajjin turaniin, an kanaan booda fayyee isinii wajjin jiraachuu akkan hindandeenye beeka; garuu kun ergaakoo isa xumuraati jechuun dubbiisaani akka arman gadiitti dubbtan. Jechi Maccaafi Tuulamaa jedhu akka ‘Bofa garaa namaa keessa galeeti; nuuf bofti sun ba’us ba’uu dhiisus summiisaa waan facaaseef, summiin sun nama keessaa ba’uu hindanda’u; nutis akkuma kana inni nukeessa seene kun nukeessaa ba’uu hindanda’u; qabsoon nuti amma jalqabne kunimmoo dhala dhala keenyaan bakka ga’a malee karaati hinhafu jedhanii torban kana dubbatanitti lubbuun isaanii darbite. Har’a kunoo guutummaa Oromiyaa keessatti dhalataan Oromoo barate seenaasaa akka qoratuufi ifa godhu akkasumas utuu akka jabaa diinaan oofamuu lafasaa qabatee akka jiraatu kan taasise dhiiga ilmaan Oromoo kaleessa dhangala’e sanadha. Bittaa abbaa lafaa jalaa baanee bittaa siyaasaa jala hin seennu. Qabsoon walharkaa fuudhii waan ta’eef, har’arra bori akka wayyu dagachuun nurra hinjiraatu. Warreen har’a carraa argannee lubbuun lafa kanarra jirru qabsoo barnootaa, siyaasaa, dinagdee barreessuu keessatti qooda nurraa eegamu fudhachuu yoo baanne dhiigniifi lafeen isaanii dhangalaes ta’e caccabe sun boqonnaa nu dhowwata. Seenaanis duuba deebi’ee nutaajjaba. Qabsoon itti fufa, garboomfataan nikufa akkuma jedhamutti garbummaan wallaalummaafi of wallaaluu akkasumas garbummaan hiyyuma gama hundaa
nurraa haa hunkutaa’u jechuudhaanan barreeffamaakoo kana ammaaf xumura!
Galatoomaa!!
Galatoomaa!!
Beekan Guluma Erena PhD Student at Addis Ababa University In Documentary Linguistics and Culture
Email: beekanguluma@gmail.com Skype name: misganu.guluma Tel. 091107443
Evidence: Menelik’s Genocide against Oromo and other nations.
Evidence: Menelik’s Genocide against Oromo and other nations
By Falmataa Oromo
Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn (1990: 24) wrote that ‘No fewer than 80 percent of the Herero and 50 percent of the Nama had… fallen victim to colonial rule’. They indicated that the Herero and Nama were exterminated for opposing German colonial rule. They added that ‘the staggering human cost of German colonial rule in South-West Africa’ was accompanied by plunder. The sources suggest that more than 90 percent of the Maji or Dizi, about 80 percent of the Gimira, between third thirds and three quarter of the Kaficho and about half of the Oromo population had lost their lives as the consequence of the conquest and colonisation The small kingdom of Walaita also lost a large proportion of its inhabitants. An Abyssinian expedition in 1894 slaughtered about 119,000 men, women and children (Prouty, 1986:115) in less than two weeks.
Secondly, to spread terror among real and potential enemies, the Abyssinian forces committed acts of mass murder and mutilation against the different peoples they conquered. Here, unlike in the north, mutilation included even women. In that respect the best-known case was the mass mutilation of the Arsi Oromo during the wars of conquest fought from 1882 to 1886. What was remarkable here is that mutilation did not stop with Abyssinian victory at the battle of Azule in 1886 that cost the lives over 12,000 Oromo fighters (Haji, 1995; Zewde, 1991: 63). Weeks after the Arsi were defeated at battle of Azule, the commander of the conquering forces, Ras Darge Sahle Selassie, ordered thousands of Oromos to gather at a place called Anole. Thousands came obeying the order and were killed or mutilated – the men of their hands and the women of their breasts (Haji, 1995: 15-16).
According to (De Salviac, 1901:349-354 During the protracted war of conquest and the pacification that lasted for several decades, vast amounts of property belonging to the conquered peoples was confiscated or destroyed, and millions of head of livestock were looted. Tens of thousands of captives were deported and sold into slavery. The conduct of Abyssinian armies invading a land is simply barbaric. As the fire begins, surprised men in the huts or in the fields are three quarter massacred and horribly mutilated; the women, the children and many men are reduced to captivity. General Walde Gabriel was for a long time held in check, he had cut the right wrist of 400 notable Oromo in one day alone. In these great expeditions (war), the generals have right to be preceded by eight drummers (negarit); the Nugus has 24 of them. The number is trumpets is unlimited, Menelik brought back 10,000 oxen, and several thousands of slaves form just one campaign, not including the booty of subordinate officers. The number of heads of cattle captured in one expedition sometimes rises to 100,000; we have seen our eyes some of these glorious ones mutilated. In his hours of reflexion the general, almost a centenarian, believed seeing the specter of these 400 heroes, pursuing him with their reproach. The Nugus, whom I had asked the number of dead, had his guard of the seal make an inventory; each chief told how many victims their men had. Finally I had a total of 96,000 men killed and taken prisoners. I have seen Abyssinians escort string of prisoners; women, and children, making them carry the bloody stripped skins of their husbands or their fathers. I have seen, and the Nugus (Menelik) had to make an edict to prevent the atrocities, Abyssinian solders pull away infant from the breast and throw them in the field, in order to unload off the mother the weight which would have obstructed her from continuing on the road all the way to the country. Page 354.
It was reported that in 1912, about 40,000 of the Gimira were rounded up and taken to the north, and that half of them died on the way while the rest were sold as slaves and scattered within and outside the Ethiopian empire (Pankhurst, 1968: 107).
While, in the case of the Arsi Oromo, both resistance and surrender to the conquering forces led to mass murder and mutilation, the initial passive incorporation of the Gimira and Maji/Dizi expedited their enslavement and mass deportation from their land (Hodson, 1927: 02). Writing about the Maji/Dizi, the German anthropologist Eike Haberland (1984: 47) notes that before the arrival of the Amhara troops in the 1890s and the subsequent forced incorporation of the Dizi into the Ethiopian empire, the Dizi probably numbered between 50,000 and 100,000.
Bulatovich referred to the one-sidedness of the killing he had witnessed. An expedition which would have cost any European power millions, was carried out by the Abyssinians almost free, if you don’t count several hundred men killed and several thou sands cartridges shot ([1898], 2000: 381). .Bulatovich,the Menelik punishments against Oromo even peace time.
Judicial System and Procedure
The exercise of judicial functions rests partly in the emperor and commanders of regions and districts, and partly in the people itself.
Each leader has the right to judge and punish his subordinates, and each individual person has the same right over his servants.
In the forty-fourth chapter, it talks about imperial power. The time of appearance of this book coincides with the apogee of imperial power.
Crimes and punishments are as follows:
1) State crime — capital punishment (in very rare cases); cutting off the right hand and left leg; most often, putting inchains and life imprisonment.
2) Insulting majesty — cutting out the tongue.
3) Murder — the murderer is given to the family of the person killed, who kill him in the same manner that he killed.
4) Robbery — capital punishment (in this way, Emperor Menelik eliminated robbery, which formerly was very widespread).
5) Insulting a personality by action or word 104 — monetary fine.
6) Fraud — monetary fine.
7) Accidental manslaughter — monetary fine from 50 to 1,000 talers.
8) Non-performance of instruction of the government — monetary fine and flogging.
9) Criminal breach of trust — removal from job, putting into chains, monetary fine, confiscation of property. The imposition of punishments by separate individuals goes in the following steps:
1) Each private individual in relationship to servants and minor commanders have the right to throw someone into chains for an indeterminate time and to impose 25 lashes by birch rods (kurbach).
2) The commander of a marketplace can impose monetary fines and flogging with whip (jiraf) up to 8 lashes.
3) The commander of an area — cutting off hands, up to 50 lashes (jiraf), and monetary fine.
4) Afa-negus — cutting off hands, up to 75 lashes (jiraf), and monetary fine.
5) The emperor — capital punishment, up to 100 lashes (jiraf), monetary fine, and life imprisonment. Capital punishment is carried out by hanging, or, in case of murder, it is carried out by relatives in the same manner in which the murderer killed. When the murderer is sentenced, he is given over to the relatives, who take him outside town and kill him. Very often, this task is entrusted to a child. Bulatovich,
“Tekle Yeshaw Explains the History of Anole – Hiber Radio”
kun emotional nama hin goodhu lataa? Kana obsuun ni danda’ama? dhabilee Aada adda lola Oromoo irra labsan jiru. Bareefama Moresh (Gala Gaday) facasee fi Paltak Room Debtara, Abba Mela, Qale, Ethiopia karenti Affärs jeechdamu keessatti Oromoo deebisan garboonfachuu tarsimoo Isan qoophefacha Jiran.
Ittifufa …
Falmataa Oromo
Sources:
1. Bulatovich, F., 1898, 2000, Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition in 1896-1898, Translated by Richard Seltzer, Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
2. Chalk, F., and K. Jonassohn, 1990, The History of Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies, New Haven: Yale University Press.
3. Crummey, D., 1971, ‘The Violence of Tewodros’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 107-125.
4. De Salviac, de Martial, 1901, Une peuple antique au pays Menelik: les Galla grand nation africaine, Paris. Translate by Dr. Ayalew Kanno
5. Fein, H., 2002, ‘States of Genocide and Other States’, in Rittner, C., J., K. Roth, and J. M. Smith, (eds.), Will Genocide Ever End?, St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House.
6. Haji, Abbas, 1995, ‘Arsi Oromo Political and Military Resistance against the Shoan Conquest, (1881-86)’, Journal of Oromo Studies, Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2.
7. Hodson, A., 1927, Seven Years in Southern Abyssinia, London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd.
8. Prouty, C., 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II: Ethiopia 1883-1910, Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.
9. Zewde, Bahru, 1991, A History of Modern Ethiopia 1855-1974, London: James Currey.
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