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Seenaa J/Dirribaa Kumaa (1958-1997)
Godinni Horroo Guduruu akkuuma godinaale Oromoo biro madda gotowwani ta’u seenaatu ragaa baha. Godina kana keessatti Oromoota achitti dhalatan qoofa osoo hin taane ilmaan Oromoo carraan qabsoo naannoo sana isaan geessite heeddutu akka bahaniin hafan. Kanaaf gotoota Oromoo J/Milkeessaa Gadaa fi J/Faariis Hirphaa akka fakkeenyaatti kaasuun ni danda’ama.
Abishee Garbaa fi Dhugumaa Jaldeessoos falmii haadhooftuu weerartuu waraana Minilik dukaa taasisaniin warra sabaaf jeecha wareegame. Sana boodas jaallan akka Dirribaa Kumaa, Araarsaa Assabaa, Abbaa biyyaa (Bayyanaa Obsi), Shorshoraa fi kanneen biro dhibbootaan lakkaahaman xurree abbootiin isaani saaqan irratti loltoota wayyaane kuffisee warra kufe. Seenaa gabaabduu hardhaa keessattiis seenaa J/Dirriibaa Kumaa walumaan haa ilaallu.
Dhaloota Dirribaa Kumaa
Diribaa Kumaa ilma qotee bulaa ture. Bara 1958 (ALH) tti abbaa isaa Obbo Kumaa Waaqoo fi haadha isaa aaddee Marartuu Tochee irraa godina Horroo Guduuruu ganda haroo shooxee kesstti dhalate. Umuriin isaa barnootaaf akka gahetti barnoota isaa 1-8 tii mana barumsaa sad 1ffaa shamboo keessatti, 8-12 ammoo magaalaa naqamteeti baraatee xumure. Sana booda leenjii barsiiauma fudhatee hojiitti boba ‘e.
Dirbaan bara 1983 (ALH) magaalaa arjoo awuraajaa irraa gara magaala Shaambootti jijjiirame mana barumsaa sadarkkaa lammaffaa Shaamboo keessatti dalagaa isaa eegale. Bara sana qabsoon ABOtiin hoogganamu yeroo itti ija horate waan tureef Dirribaaniis akka qaroo Oromoo tokkootti qooda keessaa fudhachuu eegale. Keessattuu dargaggoota Oromoo maandheen ijaaree barnoota siyaasaa akka isaan argatan gochaa ture.
Eerga ABO chaartara keessaa baheen booda J/Milkeessaa Gadaa naannoo sanatti bobbaafame ture. Motummaan wayyaanees goota kana dhabamsisuuf yeroo itti naannoo sana xiyyeeffannaa adda ta’e jala gashite socho’aa turte.
Bara sana namni siyaasa ABOn shakkame kaampiilee wayyaane Ma’igamaa fi Waradaa jiranitti hidhameetu hiraarfama ture. Akka duri mana poolisaa fi wayn bet tti nama hidhuun hafeera jechuun ni danda’ama. Wayyaanoonni toftaa kanatti dhiimma bahudhaan ummata shororkeessite gargaarsa jaalleewwan dagala jiran irraa kutu dalagaa tokkoffaa godhatte socho’aa turte, amma ta’ees itti milkoofteetti jechuun ni danda’ama. Diribaan amala shororkeessaa wayyaaneef haarka kennuu diduun humna ABO J/Milkeessaa Gadaan durfamaa tureef dirmannaa fi gargaarsa barbaachisaa ta’e goota kennaa ture. Gochaansaa gotummaan gutame kuun hawaasa biratti jaalala guddaa akka inni horatu yeroo isa taasisu wayyaanotaa fi jaleewwan isaani biratti ammoo akka diina tokkoffaatti akka ilaalamu fi adamsamu isa taasise.
Waraanni wayyaanee nama Fisehathe jedhamuun hoogganamaa ture bobbaa walirraa hin cinnee J/Milkeessaa Gadaa fi jaallewwan isaa irratti bobbaase. Waraanni jaal milkeessaas bobbaalee kana toftaa adda addaan dura dhaabbate fashalsaa turuus dhuma irratti haarka dinaa irratti waregamee, jaal Araarsaa Assabaa ammoo haarka dinaa keessa gale. Waraana hafees carraan faca’uu mudatte. Kuun wayyaanotaa fi ayyaanlaallatootaaf injifannoo guddaa, sabboontoota naannoo sanaaf ammoo gadda humnaa oli ture.
Wayyaanoonni reenfa jaal Milkeessaa galma magaala Shaamboo (aka adaraash) keessa kaahani haalkan gutuu dhichisaa bulan. Manni keenyi galma kanatti dhihoo waan tureef dhichiisa isaani haalkan sanaa sammuu ijoollummaan na keessatti katabame haafe. Barsiistoonni dhalootaan Oromoo ta’ani dinaaf dalagaa tuuran (kan ammaaf maqaa dhahuun hin barbaachisne) reenfa J/Milkeessaa irra dhaabbatani tigroota dukaa suraa ka’aa akka tuuraniis bulchaa magaalaa Shaamboo yeroosi kan ture fi kan ija isaan arge Obbo Dassaalegn Jur’aa namootatti akka hime nan yaadadha.
Reenfi J/Milkeessaa galma sana keessa jiraachu kan hubatan sabboontoonni barattoonni fi barsistoonni mana barumsaa Shaamboo finciilli isaan dhoosan kan bara baraan seenaa keessatti yaadatamaa hafudha. Finciila kanaaniis reenfa goota kanaa diina harkaa baasudhaan bakka barattoonni fi sabboontoonni magaala Shaamboo argamanitti awwaalcha gootaa akka inni argatu taasisaniru. Dirribaan finciila kana qindeessuu fi deeggaru keessatti gahe inni xabate waan akka salphaatti haasa’amu miti. Yeeroo kuun ta’eetti wayyaanoonni Dirribaas ajjeesuuf mana isaa deemani fudhatani bahan. Iyya daa’iimman safara keessaa, iyya maatii isaa fi dirmannaa ollaatiin diina irraa bufame.
Sabboonummaa fi mirga sabaaf quuqamuun Dirribaa kiyyoo dinaa keessa akka seenu isa taasise. Gidiraan isaa fi maati isaa irra gahaa turees salphaa hin turre. Eerga ABO biyyaa bahe manni hidhaa magaala Shaamboo mana isaa lammaffaa ture jechuun ni danda’ama. Magaala sana keessatti namni Dirribaa caalaa hidhamaa ture akka hin ture anu akka seenaatti waaniin yaadadhu fi ragaa bahu. Gidiraan kun hundi irra gahuus, maatiin isaa goolamuus cichoominni Dirribaa kan dhaloota ammaaf fakkeenya guddaa ni ta’a. Maati isaa keessaa namni ani dubbise tokko Dirribaan yeroo hidhaatii bahu huunda waan jechaa ture akkas jechuun naaf ibsani…”Dinoonni koo na dhabamsisuuf aaritiin tarkanfataniyyu ani garuu fiigichi koo inni dhumaa gara dirree qabsooti .” jedha ture.
Baroota1983-85 Dirribaan kutaa heregaa fi bajata mana barumsaa shamboo ta’ee utuu hojeetaa jiruu yeroo dha gara yeroott akka dalagaa dhaabu fi hidhaan gidirfamu taasisama ture. Hidhaa fi gidirfamu Dirribaa irra gahaa ture maati isaa caalaa kan hubatu fi jala bu’e hordoofu hin jiru. Dirribaan waggaa tokko keessatti yeroo 15 akka hidhame turees maatiin isaa naaf ibsaniru. Akka dhalataa magaala kanaa fi seenaa Dirribaa beeku tokkotti lakkoofsi kuun xiqqaa natti fakkaata.
Diinaaf Jilbeeffachuu Diduu
Dinaaf gadi jechu diduun Dirribaa kan boqqoonnaa isa dhowwate hoogganaan OPDO Yaaddeessaa jedhamu fi jala deemtoonni isaa Diribaa yeroo dhumaaf dalagaa irraa darbuuf shiira xaxuu jalqaban. Bakka inni hin jirreetti waajiira isaa cabsani meeshaa mana barumsaa eerga saamaniin booda isa qabuuf gara mana isaa deemani. Dallaa isaa seenanii akka gaaffiif barbaadamu yeroo itti himan “ofumaa jalqabdan ofumaa fixaa, dirreenis tabaataanis kessan. Animoo tasa kubbaa keessan akkaa hin taanee beektaa” jedhe dallaa qe’ee isaa keessaa muka luqqifatee moraa keessaa isaan arihe. Gootummaan isaa kuni hidhaa san booda dhufe irraa isa hambisu baatuus magaala Shaamboo keessatti bal’inaan haasa’amaa ture.
Diraamaa kana xaxuu keessatti gahe guddaa kan xabate nama yeroo sana waardiyyaa mana barumsaa ture amma kan taaytaa guddaa qabu fi yeroosii kaasee amma hardhaatti ilmaan oroomoo dabarsee diinaaf kennaa nama jiru dha. Xaxaa dinni xaxeen eerga hidhaan gidirfame booda waggaa tokkoof dalagaa malee akka taa’u taasisam.
Diribaan abbaa ijoollee afurii kan turee yeroo ta’u hidhaan wal irraa hin citne maati isaaf qoormaata humnaa oli akka ture tilmaamuun nama hin rakkisu. Keessaahu haatii warraa isaa addee yashumnash Baqalaa, barsiistuu mana barumsaa sadarkaa 1ffaa Shaamboo kan turte, maati shoroorkaahe tasgabbeessu fi daa’iman Dirribaan manatti dhisee hidhaatti marmaaraa ture guddisuti qormaata isheen keessa turte kan ummanni magaala Shaamboo raga bahu. Cubbuun Dirribaa irratti dalagamaa ture addee Yashumneshiin kan laaffise osoo hin taane kan xiqii haara galifii hin qane keessa ishe sensise ture.
WBOtti Makamuu
Guyyaan isaa 8/05/87 guyyaa kessaa sa’a 5 ture. Guyyaa itti Dirribaan yeroo dhumaaf WBO tti makamuuf murteeffate, guyyaa itti Dirribaan daa’iman isaa babbareedduu afuur abbaa dhable taasise falmaa wareegamuu filate, guyyaa itti akka holaa harkifamani hidhamuun obsa keessaa fixe ture. Guyyaa kanatti Dirribaan dhiimma dhunfaaf manaa bahe gara magaalaatti imala eegale. Magaala dhufuuf kaampi wayyaanootaa Ma’igamaa tti argamu biira darbuun dirqama ture.
Akka bakka kana gaheetti wayyaanootni kaampi keessaa bahani qabuuf itti marsan. Inniis hidhaan waan itti hadhoofteef utaalee gidduu isaani keessaa bahuun dhukaasa isarratti baname keessa figaa dallaa manneen jireeenyaa heeddu irra utaaludhaan karaa naannoo sheelii jedhamee beekamun miliqe. Dirribaan manaa bahe achumaan hafuuf karorfate yokaan itti qophaahe manaa hin baane. Haati manaa isaa mucaa isaani ishe dhumaa erga deesse reef baati jaha ture. Miliquusaa eerga mirkaneeffateen booda karaa cabsate gara mana isaatti deebi’ee ijoolleesaa yeroo dhumaaf adda dhungate mehsaa yeroo rakkoof gad kaayyate fudhachuu akka qabu hubate. Akka mana gaheen waan umame maati isaaf ibsuuf yeroo gahaa hin arganne, ijoolleensaas itti rarra’ani abbaa abbaa jechuun lukasaatti maramani himimmaan robsaa gaggeessaa dirqamaa godhaniif. Inniis wayyaanoonni akka dhufan waan hubateef suuta sossoobee of gadhisisee mucaasaa baatii jahaa bakka cistuutti adda ishe dhungate meeshaa qabu butatee bahuuf osoo qophaahaa jiru wayyaanoonni dallaa isaa cabsani waan seenaniif karaa boroo bahe imala isaa dirree qabsoo taakkuu tokkoon eegale.
Hidhaan gidiirfamuun kan haarka harka isatti jedhe gootichi Oromoo J/Dirriibaa Kumaa figichaan isaa kuun yeroo dhumaaf maati fi ijjoolleen isaa hunda caalaa jaallatu irraa akka adda isa baasu fi bakki isaaf malu daggala Oromoo seenee qabsoo fininsuu qoofa akka ta’e hubate humna faca’aa ABO yeroo sanatti godina Horroo Guduruu keessa socho’aa turettiis nagaan dabalame.
Humna Ijaarachuu
J/Dirribaan dandeetti fi gotummaa addaa qabu tti dhiimma bahe dargaggoota heeddu hawwachudhaan akka qabsootti dabalaman taasise. Humna ijaaratte kanatti dhiimma bahudhaan wayyaanota dukaa bakka adda addaatti waraana gaggeesse itti milkaahe ture. Tarkaanfiin humni isaan hoogganamu bakka Haarbu Baalaa jedhamutti fudhate kan diina rifaasisee humni dabalataa naannoo sanatti akka bobbaafamu wayyaanoota kan dirqisise ture. J/Dirribaan toftaa isaa yeroo irraa yerootti jijjirudhaan bakkoota akka Haroo Shooxee, Dongooroo, Gabar, Saqalaa, Ashaayyaa, fi suluula Finca’aa keessatti bal’inaan socho’e dinaaf mataa dhukkubbi ta’e ture.
Bara 1990 (ALH) tti eergamaan OPDO Girmaa Qannoo jeedhamu Haaroo Shoxeetti ramadame qotee bultoota hiraarsutti ka’e. Haroo Shooxee bakka dhaloota J/Dirribaa waan taateef xiyyeeffannoo addaa keessa seente. Kana kan hubate gotichi Oromoo J/Dirribaa humna isaa bobbaase nama kana dhabamsisuuf karoorfate. Girmaan ummata hiraarsaa olee gara magaala Shaambootti deebi’aa wayta turetti karaatti eeggachudhaan dhukaasa irratti bane. Waraana guyyaa sana taasisameetti Girmaan miliquus loltoonni isa dukaa tuuran du’aan adabame warri hafan akka irraa baratan nama taasise ture. Kanaan kan baaragan wayyaanoonni magaala Shaambootti debi’ani humna guddaa dabalatani bobbaa sakatta’aa taasisu eegalan.
Baruma kana wayyaaneen humna guddaa itti bobbaafte bakka Tuluu Wandii jedhamutti loola hamaa irratti bante. Loola sa’aa tokko calaaf taasisame kana irratti wayyaanoonni heeddu ajjeefaman, kaan ammoo madoo ta’an. Humni ABO J/Dirribaatiin hoogganamuus baayyina loltu fi meshaa waraanaan caalame kasaaraan guddaa irra gahe. Gotoowwan ilmaan Oromoo Katamaa Taaddasaa fi Ittafaa (Tamasgeen) jedhaman loola kana irratti yeroo wareegaman Kisii Saaqqataa ni madaahe. J/Dirribaa Kumaas waahiillan isaa hafan qabate bakka jijjiirrachuuf dirqame.
Diriibaan haala kanaan jireenya maatii isaa fi jiruu mataa isaa dhiise gabrummaan saba isaa waan boqonnaa isa dhowateef haadha warraa isaa fii ijoollee isa afran diina giddutti dhiise qabsoo bilisummaa Oromoo ABOtiin durfamtu fi jaallewwan qabsoo maati godhate.
Dirribaa Kumaa harkatti galfachuuf bobbaa wal irraa hin citne godhani kan itti milkaahu dadhabani angawootni OPDO fi wayyaane maati isaa dararu hojii dhaabbataa godhatan. Haati manaa isaa addee Yashuumnash Baqqalaa barsiistu mana barummssaa sad 1ffa Shaamboo kan turte yoo ta’u bataluma Diribaan biyya gad lakkisuti gidiraa arguuti kaate.Yeroo dha gara yerooti gantoonni warri kaleessa diribbaa gidirsaa turan qornnoo jechuun yeroo mara waajiratti waamanii dhiphiissuu fi dorsiisuuti ka’an. Bakka Diribaan jiru yoo nu beeksifte yokaan gaafa inni mana dufu yoo nu gargaartte guddina ariifachiisaa fi biyya barbaadde filatee jiraachuu akka dandeessuu ni goona, ijjoolleen kees mana barnnootaa beekama baasii tokko malee akka baratan ni goona fi kkf jechudhaan sossoobu fi dorsisutti ka’an.
Sossoobbaa fi dorsiisa dinaaf haarka laachu kan didde addee Yashumneesh daa’ima waggaa tokkoof ji’a jahaa sire irratti dhifte gaafa 10/08/88 manaa butamte bakka bufata waraanaa ‘Waradaa’ jedhamuutti baati lamaaf hidhamte. Yeroo hidhaati baatu ajaja wayyaanota irraa kennameen hojii irraa akka arihamtu taasisame. Maallaqni isaan mana baanki keessaa qabaniis maqaa Dirribaatiin waan tureef maatiin isaa qarshi kana baasee akka itti hin fayyadamneef ajajni darbe.
Yeroon kuun addee Yashumnesh fi ijoolleeshe arfaniif yeroo qormaataa ture. Ijoolleensaa qananiin guuddatan waan nyaatani bulan amma mana keessaa dhibamutti rakkoo kana hin jedhamneef saaxilaman, uuffata jijjiiratan haanga dhabanittii daaran. Maatii shiftaa jedhamani gargaarsi kamu hawaasa irraa akka isaaniif hin taasisamneef hordooffiin cimaa godhame, akka nama fiira hin qabneetti biyya abbaa isaani irratti akka moggeeffan taasisame, Ijoolleen Dirribaa mana barnootaa kessaatti ija addaan ilaalamu, ijjollee shiftaa jeechudhaan akka isaan shororkaahani barrnoottaa dhaabaniif barattoonni OPDO itti ramadamani carraaqqii heddu godhan.
Rakkoof kan hin jilbeeffane addee Yashuumnesh araqee fi farsoo naqxee ijoollee goota kanaa kabajaan guddisuuf tattaaffii heedduu gootuus namni kamuu mana shiftaa seenee akka hin dhugneef dhiibbaan adda addaa wayyaanootaan waan taasisameef itti milkaahuu hin dandeenye ture.
Harka Diinaa Bu’uu
J/Dirriibaan dirqama addaa fudhate naannoo magaala Bishooftuutti bobba’ee osoo jiruu guyyaa 10/09/91 ALH harka dinaa keessa sene.Sana booda mana hidhaa ma’ikalaawwitti waggaa lamaaf ji’a afuriif eerga hidhameen booda manni murtii bilisaan gad lakkise. Garuu polisiin Oromiyaa ‘gaaffii addaa qabna’ jechudhaan qabanii mana hidhaa magaala Naqqamteetti hidhan. Bara kana wayyaanoonnii dhiimma Ertrea irratti bakka lamatti qoodamani rakkoo guddaa keessa seenani ture. Rakkoo kana keessaa bahufiis OPDO akka haaraatti jajjabeessuuf nama isaani amanamaa ta’e Abbaa Dulaatiin waraana keessaa baasanii mataa OPDO gochuuf yerootti dhama’aa turan ture.
OPDOniis kana galmaan gahuuf barattoota University baha wallaggaatti argaman Naqqamteetti sassaabdee maqaa marii jedhuun yeroo rakkisaa turte ture. Barattoonni walgahi wayyaanee kana irratti argamaniis sodaa tokko male waltajjiima wayyaaneerratti dirgoo baratotaaf kaffalamaa ture irraa $1000 sassaabudhaan Dirribaa fi ilmaan Oromoo siyaasa ABO tiin himatamani mana hidhaa Naqamtee keessatti hidhamani jiran akka gargaarruu taasisame. Maallaqa kana qabannee yeroo jaallan kana dubbisuuf deemneetti J/Dirriibaan torcharaan baayyee akka midhame jiru nuuf ibse ture.
Du’aan Boqochuu
J/Diribaan hidhaa isaa xumurate lakkifamuus midhaa mana hidhaatii irraan gahaa ture irraa kan ka’ee gaafa 15/7/97 addunyaa kan irraa du’aan boqate. Du’a J/Dirribaatiin kan gadda guddaaf saaxilamte haati manaa isaa aaddee Yashumneeshiis gaafa 12/08/2008 ijoolle afuur facaastee du’aan addunyaa kana irraa boqootte.
Xumura Dubbii
Seenaa Jaal Dirribaa Kumaa qaama seenaa ummata Oromoo ti. Uummatni Oromoo eerga waanjoo gabrummaa jalatti kufeen kaasee biifa adda addaan fincila gaggeessaa turuun isaa ni beekama. Finciloota godhamaa turani fi jiran keessatti gaheen beektootni Oromoo bahaa turani fi jiran seenaa Oromoo keessatti bakka guddaa qaba. Kaabaa fi kiibba bahaa fi dhiha kutaa Oromoo huunda keessatti beektoota Oromoo saba isaaniif jeecha maatii isaanii facaasanii jireenya gadadoo jiraachaa jiraniis ta’e wareegama lubbuu baasani warra ijoolleesaanii abbaa yokaan haadha dhable taasisan seenaan Oromoo yoomu ni yaadata.
Qabsoon Oromoo bifa amma qabdu akka qabaattuu kan taasisee aarsaa gotoonni Oromoo kanneen akka Abishee Garbaa, Dhugumaa Jaldeessoo, Araarsaa Assabaa, Abbaa biyyaa (Bayyanaa Obsi), J/Milkeessaa Gadaa, J/Faariis Hirpha, fiJaal Dirribaa Kumaa fa’aa kaffalaniin ta’uu dhalootni ammaa ni hubata. Hubachuu qoofa osoo hin taane kaayyoo isaan itti wareegamaniif sana galmaan gahee gabrummaa saba isaa irraa hundeen buqqisudhaaf wareegama barbaachisaa ta’e baasaa jira.
Qabsaa’aan ni kufa; qabsoon itti fufa!!


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Sirni golessituu ABUT/TPLF-EPRDF, ammas maqaa ‘ayyaana Itoophiyaa’ jedhuun gaaffilee siyaasaa fi qabsoo mirga hiree murteeffannaa ummatoota biyyattii yeroof illee dagachiisuuf bashannanaa lallabaa jira.
Sirni hannaa siyaasaan guddate, hannumaan kooraa angorraa jiru kun, amma ammoo ‘ayyaana waggaa 112ffaa Injifannoo Adwaa’ jechuun, gaafa jalqaba Bitotteessa 2008-tti dhiichisa marsaa biraaf of-qopheessurratti argama. Sirnichi yaadannoo seenaa olaantummaa abbootii isaani kanas, kan ummatoota hafani illee laalu fakkeessuuf dhaadabboolee Itoophiyaa jedhan afuufaa jiran.
Bashanannan kabajaa ayyaana Adwaa jedhamu kunis, ar’aa illee osuma naannolee biyyattii akka Kibbaa Oromiyaa, Ogadeniyaa fi Afariitti ummatootni beelaa fi dhukkuboota dadabraaf saaxilamuun dhaabbatoota namoomaan gabaafamaa jiru kan ittiin bohaaran tahuun galmaa’e jira.
Koreelee ayyaanaa dhuma hin qabnee kabaja baananiif utubuu fi baajjata qarshii miliyoonotaa dhangalaasuun sirna nama-nyaataa kanaas hubatameera.
Akkuma lolaa fi Injifannoon Adwaa jedhamu kun Oromoo fi ummatoota cunqurfamoo biyyattii hin ilaalle, kabajaan ayyaan isaas, ummatoota kanneen biraatti bakka hin qabne. Sababni isaas seenaan achuma biyyattii sana keessatti kaabaa fi Kibbaa jidduuti seenaan ummatootaa adda addaa waan taheef.
Lolli Adwaa bara 1896, kan gartuun bicuu Wayyanee ittiin dhaadatu kun, lola Kolonii waan ture. Lolli Adwaa gaafa Bitotessa 1 fi 2, bara 1896, Lola olaantummaa, kan qabeenna lafaa dhunfachuuf fi ummatoota biyyattii kolonii ofiitti booji’uuf Minilik fi Musoliiniin irratti wal lolaan turan.
Lola sirnoota faashistummaa Xaliyaanii fi hattummaa siyaasaa Habashaa kan jalaba baatii Bitoteessaa bara 1896, kanaan kan harki caalaa ummatoota biyyattii irratti hiddii gabrummaa fi abbaa Irrummaa hiriyaa dhaalmayaan diriirfame jiruuf. Kana malees, aadaan dabaa kan loloota isaan hin ilaalleetti ummatoota fayyaaleyyii biyyattii maqaa Itoophiyaa jedhuun hiriirsuu ar’aa illee raawwatamaa jiru kan gaafas Minilikiin gad dhabbame tahuun falamsiisaa miti.
Bara 1896 Adwaatti jagnummaan kan Faashistoota Xaliyaanii kufisani kufan harkii caalaan ummatoota cunqurfamoo Kibbaa turan. Oromootni akka Gabayyoo Gurmuufaa kanneen Minilik irraa salphina dandamachiisan keessatti argamu.
Garuu wareegamaa fi gootummaa ummata Oromoo fi ummatoota Kibbaa gaafas baasan kan itti of faarse, badhaafamee, ittiin badhaadhe fi seenaan galmeeffameef dhaloota koloneffatootaa ture. Ar’as waggoota dhibbaa fi kudha-lama booda illee kunoo kan itti dhiichisuu fi dhaadatu isaanuma ta’e itti fufaa jira.
Wareegamni olaanaan Oromoo fi ummatootni maqaa Itoophiyaan baasaan kamuu kan deebi’e isaan miidhu malee, isaaniif hin oolle tahu seenaan kaleessaas ta’e ar’a ragaa dha.
Ar’as yeroo sirni Faashistii TPLF/EPRDF, ‘Injifannoo Adwaa’ jedhamuun akkuma sirnoota Habashootaa isaan dura turaniitti bashannanan, hireen ummata Oromoo fi ummatoota cunqurfamoo biyyattii hafani ajjeefamu, saamamuu, hidhamuu, torchiin waadamuu, dhabamsiisfamu, biyyaa ari’atamu fi roorroo dhuma hin qabne tahuun itti fufee jira.
Kanaafu, ayyaani injifannoo Adwaa jedhamuu kun, gaafa ummatootni itti koloneffataman; gaafa bu’urri hidda sirnoota faashistii, abbaa irrummaa, hanna Siyaasaa, gooltummaa fi imaammata dabaa ummatoota cunqurfamtoota Itoophiyaa irratti gad dhaabbame ta’urraa, gaddaan kan yaadatamuu dha.
Waan ta’eef, ayyaanni injifannoo Adwaa jedhamu kun kan ummata Oromoo fi ummatoota cunqurfamoo biyyattii ilaallatu hin taane.
Koloneffataa ofirraa cabsuuf fi hundeedhaan buqisuuf, guyyaa sabboontotaa fi nagaa jaalattootni biyyattii itti waadaa falmaa itti haaromfatan, qabsoo waliitti qindeeffatani fi lola bilisummaa isa injifannoo dhugaa kan mataa isaani mirkaneeffatuuf qabsicha finiinsan ta’u qaba jenna.
Kun Ejjennoo Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo ti!

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Focus on Oromia
Fulli kun dhimma Oromia fi Oromo irratti yaada wal jijjirrannaaf kan ummamee dha. Yaada qabdan yoo nuuf hirtan, galatoomaa jenna. Yaada keessan karaa Oromia2008@gmail.com nuuf ergaa. Galatoomaa, Alamu
Sunday, July 11, 2010
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Poem by Naomi Long Madgett
In 2007, in honor of Black History Month and the struggle for civil rights in America, Noami L Madgett posted one of her favorite poems titled "ALABAMA CENTENNIAL" published by Naomi Long Madgett way back in 1965 in the poetry book Star by Star. The poem was posted on the following link. Here is the poem in its original version. http://amaddemocrat.blogspot.com/2007/02/alabama-centennial-by-naomi-long.html
......//......
They said, "Wait." Well, I waited.
For a hundred years I waited
In cotton fields, kitchens, balconies,
In bread lines, at back doors, on chain gangs,
In stinking "colored" toilets
And crowded ghettos,
Outside of schools and voting booths.
And some said, "Later."
And some said, "Never!"
Then a new wind blew, and a new voice
Rode its wings with quiet urgency,
Strong, determined, sure.
"No," it said. "Not 'never,' not 'later.
"Not even 'soon.
'Now.Walk!"
And other voices echoed the freedom words,
"Walk together, children, don't get weary,
"Whispered them, sang them, prayed them, shouted them.
"Walk!"
And I walked the streets of Montgomery
Until a link in the chain of patient acquiescence broke.
Then again: Sit down!
And I sat down at the counters of Greensboro.
Ride! And I rode the bus for freedom.
Kneel! And I went down on my knees in prayer and faith.
March! And I'll march until the last chain falls
Singing, "We shall overcome.
"Not all the dogs and hoses in Birmingham
Nor all the clubs and guns in Selma
Can turn this tide.
Not all the jails can hold these young black faces
From their destiny of manhood,
Of equality, of dignity,
Of the American Dream
A hundred years past due.
Now!
[From Star by Star by Naomi Long Madgett.]
God bless Naomi L Madgett
Saturday, August 16, 2008
Daraaraa Lammiin
Mal balulchiinsa jallaa barootaaf ummata Oromoo irratti fe’amee jiru jalaa ba’uuf lammiwwan Oromoo akka dhuunfaattis ta’e gamtaatti biyyaa godaanuun biyyoota ollaa fi baar gama cehuun qubachuu erga jalqaban wagga 40maa ol ta’ee jira. Baqattooni Oromoo baayyinaan kan isaan keessa qubatan Baha Afirkaa kan akka Jibuutiii, Kenya, Somalia, fi Sudan, akkasumas lakoobsaan muraasa kan ta’an Kibba Afirkaa fi biyyoota arabaa adda addaa keessa qubatanii jiru. Biyyoota Afirkaan alas biyyoota Akka Europe, USA, Canada fi Australia keessatti baayyinaan qubatanii jiru.
Lammiwwan Oromoo kun isa biyyaa ba’an callisanii jireenya isaanii qofa fooyyeffachuu irratti kan bobba’an osoo hin taane, qabsoo ummanni Oromoo hiree mataa isaa murteeffachuuf biyya keessaa gaggeessaa turee fi jiru dinagdee fi yaadaan utubuun gahee isaanii ba’aa turanii fi jiru. Aadaa, seenaa fi og barruun afaan Oromoo akka hin badneef ykn kan hormaan wal makee akka hin wallaalchifneef kitaabota adda addaa barreessuun, barrulewan goosa adda addaa maxxansiisuun gahee isaan irraa eegamu baayyee raawwachaa jiru. Irra darbees daa’imman Oromoo biyya alaatti dhalatanis ta’e, biyya irraa xinnummaan kan ba’an aadaa fi afaan warra isaanii qabatanii akka guddataniif tattaaffii isaan taasisan xinnaa miti.
Bara 1970 ta keessa warreen akka Generaal Waaqoo Guutuufaas roorroo alagaa jibba biyyaa erga ba’an booda tooftaa lolaa barachuun meeshaa waraanaa hidhatanii kan biyyatti deebi’an, kanneen akka Ayyuub Abubakar Somalia irraa lafa Oromootti kan darbu raadiyoo afaan Oromoo banuun barnoota barbaachisaa ummata Oromoof dabarsaa kan turanis fakkenya baayyee keessa isa tokko.
Yeroo ammaa kanattis hawwaasni Oromoo biyyoota alaa jiran baayyeen isaanii haala waliin ijaaramuu danda’anitti wal ijaaruun sabni Oromoo akka saba tokkootti addunyaa irratti akka beekamuuf beeyyee irratti hojjechaa jiru. Tattaaffii isaanii kana fiixaan baasuufis akka wal fakkaatanii fi waliin ijaaramuu danda’anitti ijaaramaniiru. Fakkeenyaaf beektotni Oromoo Waldaa Qorannoo Oromoo (Oromo Studies Association), Kaa’imman Oromoo Waldaa dargaggoota Oromoo(Oromo youth Association ) Waldaaleen Amantii kirstaanaa; Waldaa warra Wangeelaa afaan Oromoo( yeroo ammaa kanatti waldaalee 30 ol) maqaa adda addaan biyya alaa kana irraa qabu. Yeroo ammaa kanatti tamsaasa TV dabalatee raadiyoonni afaan Oromoon ala knaa biyya keessatti darban baayyeedha. Akkasumas jaarmayoonni siyaasaa fi namoomaa baayyeen bu’ureeffamuun ummanni Oromoo rakkoo namoomaa, hawwaasummaa fi dhiibbaa adda addaa jala jiru keessaa ba’ee fedhi isaa akka guutuufiif hojii guddaa hojjechaa jiru. Dadhabbiin isaanii kunis gaaf tokko firii akka qabaatuufiif abdii guddaa qabu.
Wednesday, August 13, 2008
Hiikaa Awaajii
Hiikaa Awwaajii namoota bebbeekamoo Oromoon qabaatanii dhaban keessaa nama tokko. Namni kun bara jireenya isaa keessatti waan yeroo hunda maqaa isa dhoofsisuu fi sabni isaa itti tajaajilaman kaa’ee nama darbeedha. Kanumaa Hiikaa Awwaajii eenyu inni, bara jireenya isaattoo Oromoof maal godhe? Barreeffamni kun deebisa kan qabateera.
Hiikaa Awwaajii 1856 biyya Oromoo kutaa Iluu-Abbaabor keessatti dhalate. Abbaa fi haati isaa horii horsiisuun jiraatu turan. Hiikaan isaa waggaa afurii abbaan isaa irraa waan du’eef obbolaa isaa lamaan hafan waliin kunuunsa haadha isaan jiraata ture. Garuu utuu fagaa hin turin gaaf tokko namoonni hidhannoo lolaa qaban bakka Hiikaan haadhaa fi obboleyyan isaa lamaan waliin loon tikfatan dhaquun namoota biroo Hiikaafaa waliin turan erga ajjeessaniin booda Hiikaa fi obboleyyan isaa haadha isaanii harkaa butatanii fudhatan. Haati Hiikaa u..uuu..uuu… jette. Na jajjeestan malee ijoollee koo na harkaa hin fudhattan jettee iyyite. Garuu jarri iyyaa fi bo’icha isheef bakka hin laanneefaa. Hiikaa harkaa butatanii deeman. Guyyaa sanaa ka’ees Hiikaan ni garboome. Maqaan isaas jijjiiramee Nasiib jedhame.
Namtichi jalqabaaf isa bitates yeroo gabaaf erga of bira turseen booda Hiikaan bo’ee, waan rakksiieef qaamaa fi qalbiin erga darareen booda dabarsee gurgurate.
Hiikaan haala akkasiin yeroo torbaffaaf gurgurame. Inni torbaffaatti bitates naannoo jiru irraa fagaatee Mitswaa bakka jedhamutti fudhatee gale. Namtichi kunis amalaan nama baayyee gara jabeessa ture. Hiikaan harka nama kanaa keessatti baayyee miidhame, reebamee hidhameeras. Guyyaa tokko manaa ba’ee magaalaa dhaqee achitti nama adii( Faranjii) arge. Battalumatti waan namtichi isa bitatee jiru ittiin jedhe sammuu isaa keessatti balaqqise. “biyya kana bulguun foon namaa nyaatutu jiraa of eeggadhu. Yoo ati hammaatte yookaan baduu yaalte isattan si gurgura” kaninni jedhu. Hiikaan sana dura nama adii argee waan hin beekneef bulguun nama nyaatu sun isa kana jedhee yaade. Jireenya akka sanaa jiraachuurras bulguu sanaan nyaatamee boqochuu hawwe.
Hiikaan ammas yeroo saddettaffaaf gabaatti dhihaatee, Faranjii Bulguudha jedhamee itti himamaa ture sanatti gurgurame. Yeroo sanatti hiikaan yeroo jalqabaaf jireenya isaatti abdii kutate. Utuu biyya isaatti deebi’ee haadhaa fi obboleyyan isaa hin argin du’atti akka dhihaate itti mul’ate. Namni marroo dhumaaf isa bite Itti aanaa Qonsilaa Embassy Faransay kan ta’e nama Vener Musinger jedhamu yoo ta’u yeroon isaas baatii Onkololessaa 1870 ture. Akka Hiikaan tilmaametti Musinger Hiikaa qalatee nyaachuuf kan bite osoo hin taane bilisa baasuuf ture.
Battalumattis mana barumsaa warra Misiyoonii Sweden galche. Hiikaanis Carraa isa mudate kanatti guddaa gammadee hamilee guutuun waan barateef barnoota isaatti jabaa ta’e. Bitootessa 31, 1872ttis Cuubame. Maqaan isaas jijjiiramee Onesmos jedhame. Onesmos jechuun afaan Girkiin waan fayidaa qabu jechuudha. Onesmos luba isa barsiisee isa cuube Lundihaal biratti kabajaa fi jaalala guddaa horate. Yeroo kanatti yeroo jalqabaaf gara dhaloota isaatti deebi’ee warra isaa barbaaduu kan jedhu yaadni itti dhufe. Kadhannaan isaas “…yaa Waaq yoom biyya abbaa kootti na deebistee warra koon wal na agarsiifta kan jedhu ture. Garuu akka inni yaadutti osoo hin taane biyya Sweden deemee barnoota isaa akka itti fufu kan jedhu qajeelfamni itti dhufe. Diduu hin danda’u. Waxabajjii 25 bara 1876 ti biyya Sweden magaalaa Stockholm gahe. Afaan Sweden baruun yeroo itti hin fudhanne. Waggaa shan keessatti barnoota Amantii baratee xumure. Sana booda hawwii isaa duraa kan biyya Oromootti deebi’uu jedhu sana dhugoomsuuf 1881tti gara Sudan dhaqee achirraan Mitsuwaatti deebi’e. Amma yaadni biraan sammuu isaa cinqee qabuu jalqabe, maatii isaa arguu osoo hin taane wangeela ofii baratee jireenya barabaraa ittiin abdate sana saba Oromoo waanjoo garbummaa jala jiran sanaan ga’uu ture. Kanaafuu Macaafa qulqulluu gara afaan Oromootti hiikee maxxansiise. Kitaabota aadaa fi og barruu afaan Oromoos afaan Oromoon barreessee og barruu afaan Oromoof bu’uura lafa kaa’e. Sana boodas Onesmos Akka yaadettis salphaatti lafa Oromoo ga’uu baatellee dhuma irratti saba Oromoo bira ga’ee misiraachoo wangeelaa kana itti himuu danda’eera.
Monday, July 21, 2008
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Addis Bomb Explosion Kills and Destroys Properties
Ebla 19 gaafa Dafino ykn Hoja Duree galgala Finfinnee keessatti kan argamu Waajjira Dhimma Alaa Wayyaanee cinatti konkolataa geejjibaa xiqqaa namoota fe’ee deemu keessatti dhoksaan hidhamee ture dhohee battalumatti lubbuu namoota sadii kan galaafate yeroo tahu kanneen konkolaaticha keessa turan du’a irraa hafanis hedduu akka miidhaman odu tamsaasaan BBC addeesseera.
Maddi oduu BBC namoota biliqii konkolaatichi gubachuu jalqabe argan wabii dhahuun akka jedhetti, dhukaasichi konkolaaticha burkuteessee qaama konkolaatichaa qilleensa keessa akka facaase fi namoonni dirmatan reeffa namoota achi keessaa baasuu arge jedhee dubbata. Dhukaasaa ta’e kana ilaalchisee hanga yoonatti qaammi anatu sababaa kanaaf kana raawwate jedhee itti gaafatamummaa fudhate hin jiru. Aanga’oonni mootummaa wayyanee garuu dhukaasa kana mootummaa Eritrea fi qabsaa’ota adda bilisa baasaa ummatootaa kan mootummaa wayyaanen mormantu duuba jira jechuun jarreen yakku.
Akkuma yaadatamu, xumura filmaata naannoolee kan guutummaa Ethiopia tti baatii Caamsaa keessa geggeefameen booda haala walfakkaataan mana boba’aa raabsan lamarratti dhukaasni dhohee balaa gurguddaa geessisee ture. Balaan dhukaasa sun manneen boba’aa raabsan lamarratti kan qaqqabe akka lakkoofsa Oromootti (ALO) Caamsaa 14 bara 2008, Kibxata galagala. Jalaqabatti dhukaasa guddatu dhagahame. Itti fufee dhukaasa xixiqaa sadiitu dhaga’aman. Booda naannoon akka guyyaa ifuu jalqabe. Manni boba’aa raabsu kuusaa boba’aa fi meeshaalee adda addaa waliin abiddi itti qabatee. Hojjetoota dhaabbatichaa gaafas hojiirra jiranii fi namoota konkolaataa boba’aa guuttachuuf achi turan keessa hanga tokkorra midhaan ga’ee ture. Dhukaasni sun foddaa manaa fi konkolaatottaa caccabsee ture. Abiddi qabates manicha, meeshalee fi konkolaatottaa hanga tokko daara taassise. Manni daldalaa boba’aa raabsu sun balaa irra gahe sanarraa kan ka’e harra tajaajilaa alaa ta’ee jira. Deebi’ee tajaajila haa kennuu fi haa dhiisuu wanni beekamu hin jiru.
Gama biroon ammoo, deemsa filmaata biyyooleessaa bara 2005 Itoophiyaa keessatti geggeeffameen sagalee uumatatu hatameen jeequmsi ka’ee ummanni hiriira ba’an. Humni ittisaa wayyanee hiriira ba’ame sana dhaamsuuf yaalii godhe keessatti, keessahuu Finfinnee keessaatti, finciltootarra miidhaan ga’uun beekama dha. Walitti bu’iinsa ta’e sana keessatti namoonni dhibba tokkoof sagaltamii sadii du’uun akkasumas hedduun midhaamuun ni yaadatama. Walitti bu’iinsa ta’e sana keessatti qabeenyis barbadaa’ee ture.
Thursday, May 1, 2008
The Making of Tyranny
The root cause of today’s Oromia-Ethiopian conflict goes back to the formation of the Ethiopian empire state in 1880’s. Before that period, the many ethno-national groups we find today under the Ethiopian empire were used to live side-by –side independently, governing their own affair by themselves. These ethno-national groups were, however, in constant interaction with each other, peacefully as well confrontational, in search of access or control over resources. But none managed to conquer the other. However, the balance of power changed with the advent of power arms in Europe during the scramble for Africa.
The power that shaped the colonization of other Africa countries also shaped development in the horn of Africa. Western aid and ammunition helped the Abyssinian warlords to control Oromia and other ethno-nations in the region. That move culminated in the unwillingly incorporation of many independent ethno-nations, upon losing the war, into Abyssinia. To diffuse the tension and to legitimize the annexation, Abyssinian king changed the name of the incorporated empire states in 1950 to the present day Ethiopia. Accordingly, the present day Ethiopian empire-state comprises several ethno-national groups that include broadly the Cushitic, Semitic, Nilotic and Omotic ethno-language groups. In terms of population, the Cushitic people constitute by far the majority, accounting for about 70% of the population of that empire, yet for almost a century since the conquest by the north, they remained a ‘political minority’. The northern minority, the Semitic, who have been dominating political life in this part of the world, on the other hand, altogether account only for 25% of the population.
Further, the national integration envisaged resulted in forced yet unsuccessful assimilation of the majority into the culture of the northern minority while centralization ensured a monopoly of power. Control of state power enabled the northern minority unabated access to resources and thereby full control over both the production and distribution of material and social products, while the conquered ethno-nations have been denied access to resources, overtly as well covertly. This resulted in centre- periphery confrontation. Further compounding the problem is the unwillingness of the state to address the problems of the oppressed national groups. In response to the divide and rule system of the minority rule, the different ethno-nations organized themselves on ethnic line, making ethnic the defining political principle in the country, and the national group mobilized its resources to defend its territorial, economic, cultural and political claims (1).
With narrow political bases, successive Ethiopian regimes have been compelled to use excessive forces in order to retain exclusive control of the state power. As a result, state power became increasingly arbitrary, violent and brutal. That has been why the Ethiopian empire state had become the targets of the many liberation forces of the oppressed nationals.
It was the effort of such liberation forces, among many other factors, that overthrew the Haile Sillassie monarchy in 1974. However, the military junta that followed it made no better and was forced to flow its predecessor, after 17 years. The focus of the analysis is on the confrontation between the two major forces representing the centre-periphery opposing lines and the impact of their confrontation on the democratisation process in the country.
The transitional period: Its goals
The transitional government was merely to facilitate and pave ways for smooth transition to multiparty democracy after holding national election within 2 years time and was to handover power to the party or parties that gain majority in the National Assembly (2).
The forces in the transitional government of Ethiopia
The liberation forces that overthrew the military junta, created the transitional government. However, they had diverging opinion with respect to state power. But for simplicity, one can lump them into two: those opting for more centralization through consolidation of state power to the centre on one hand and those fighting for a real decentralization and democratisation of the empire state on the other hand.
These two forces could be represented by the two dominant forces in the transitional government namely the Tigray peoples liberation front (TPLF) and the Oromo liberation front (OLF). The OLF represents the Oromo people of the Cushitic group while the TPLF represents the Tigray people of the Semitic group who enjoy political ‘majority’ albeit being minority in terms of population size. The TPLF represents the centrist group and is bent on consolidating state power. The OLF, on the other hand, advocates decentralization of power and democratisation of power in real terms.
The road to the Palace
OLF and TPLF fought against the military junta. However, TPLF was more powerful militarily, enjoyed wider international support such as from the US. As a result, when the military junta was forced to collapse and power vacuum was created, the US unilaterally endorsed the TPLF to take power. And the two parties, with many others shared power and created a coalition government. In that coalition government, the TPLF had upper hand while the OLF the next. Power alignment in that coalition force was that TPLF was the boss and the OLF a subordinate.
The need for alliance
Though their common goal was to lead the country jointly during the transition, they also sow the opportunity differently. TPLF with its limited popular support, however, had neither dreamt of coming to power nor sure of staying on power longer. Therefore TPLF wanted some sort of alliance to gain legitimacy and acceptance across the different nationals, at least until it consolidate its grip on power.
As for the OLF it was a great opportunity, to reach the entire Oromo area- a vast land and, to carry out political activities aimed at increasing public awareness and participation in the upcoming election, as the OLF had strong public support in Oromia and was sure to win regional election if free and fair elections were to be held.
Further, there was a popular demand from the oppressed people for real decentralization of power. On top of that the US and other international allies and supporters of the TPLF promised more aid given that the TPLF launch a democratisation process. These all lead to the formation of the TGE.
The making of tyranny
TPLF and OLF, with dozen small parties shared power and created the TG. Election date fixed and all the parties started campaigning. As election date came closer and closer, tension between the two dominant forces increased.
In the meantime, TPLF and OLF kept expanding their local offices across the country to increase their sphere of control. In this confrontation, the TPLF enjoyed access to the national budget while the OLF enjoyed its huge popular support. As the election date came very close, popular support for the OLF increased dramatically, as indicated by snap election shoot.
In fact that result was a blow to the democratisation process in the country. It was indeed, because the TPLF found it absolutely necessary to reverse that popular support. But the only way the TPLF could do that was through some sort of coercion, particularly intimidating and limiting the OLF and its authorities from reaching out to the public. To that effect, first the media was used to dis-inform the public. Press releases were coming out of the offices of both parties day and night. Both seated in the same government but kept on blaming each other.
As the main election date came closer, the crisis became very serious. The US and EPLF of Eritrea started mediation. The two major forces brought OLF and TPLF together and negotiated settlement reached. But it was a hasty decision that rarely took into consideration the real cause(s) behind the conflict. The mediators and stakeholders agreed that the stakeholders to strongly refrain from using violence to win election. To that end, it was agreed the forces of the two parties to be camped and only the police force to oversee law and order in the country. This would enable the country to hold fair and free election enabling the people to elect their representatives to the National Assembly. The mediators were to oversee the implementation of the negotiated settlement and the upcoming election.
Accordingly the OLF encamped its army. The TPLF, however, defied the agreement in pretext of defending the security of the country against the ‘enemy’, as its army was equated as the national army. The stakeholders failed to respect the settlements agreed upon while the mediators failed to enforce it.
TPLF intensified intimidating OLF supporters and sympathizers. Worsening was when the TPLF army made a swift attack on the OLF army in different camps across Oromia. Fighting erupted, under the eyes of the mediators and the OLF was forced to leave the coalition government and was banned from peacefully operating in the country. After removing the OLF, the second most powerful opposition party, from the coalition government, TPLF became the only powerful party: the creator and destroyer of every thing. That move brought democratisation process in the country to halt. TPLF became tyranny surpassing the previous military junta it replaced.
After the OLF was forced out of the coalition, the TPLF governments’ political base became increasingly narrower. Thus in order to retain exclusive control of the state power, TPLF reverted to the use of excessive force and its rule became increasingly arbitrary, violent and brutal.
Why mediation failed: the mediators
The Eritrean Government (EPLF)
The EPLF, TPLF and OLF all fought against the military junta. When the military junta was forced down, the EPLF declared independency and created the Eritrean government. TPLF and OLF, with many small parties, formed the coalition government of Ethiopia. So the three forces had some common experiences including a common understanding and recognition of the right of the oppressed people for self-determination. Therefore, EPLF of Eritrea was the right body to mediate the conflict in question.
Unfortunately, people change opinions/interests and shift sides as time goes. The EPLF had two factors to consider. One was to ensure that the military junta and those forces opposing the Eritrean independency not make a comeback. The other thing was to secure access to resources in Ethiopia. To achieve these, it was necessary to support the dominant part in Ethiopia that promotes the above Eritrean interests, directly or indirectly. Owing to the contextual power relationship, that party was happened to be the TPLF. Therefore, the EPLF fought along with the TPLF and helped the TPLF establish “law and order” in the country. For the TPLF, key military and intelligence service were provided by the EPLF. Thus the EPLF as a mediator was far to be impartial. However because of the fact that the EPLF was the only force in the area in close contact with both stakeholders, with a good knowledge of both parties to the conflict, it was right to have the EPLF as a mediator. Thus, the EPLF was the both the wrong and right mediator at the same time.
The US
Being the only world super power of the time and having persistent interest in the region, the US was and is the right body to mediate the conflict in question. However there were three points that influenced the attitude of the US towards the Oromia-Ethiopian conflict. In the first place, it was the US who installed the TPLF into power. And it seemed unrealistic to expect the US to exert full pressure on the TPLF. The second factor was that, in the eye of the US mediators, the OLF was not strong alternative force- despite its popularity in the region. US needed a force that will secure its interest in the region with minimum input. And also the democratic tradition of the Oromo may make it difficult for the OLF to abandon its national commitment and rather serve the US interest wholeheartedly.
Furthermore OLF was portrayed, by pro-centrist, as an agent for true decentralization of power. The US mediators feared this perceived OLF position as a threat to US interest in the region. This is because they believed that US interest in the region –including the Middle East is best respected only if there is strong pro-US government in Ethiopia. However, installing a minority regime- that operates against the will of the populace may serve US interest only in the short term.
Commenting on the US policy in the region (2) says that south of Aswan, Aswan is a dam on the Nile in Egypt, American authority remains fragile, its policies confused and its influence more of symbolic than real. Therefore, all went to the negotiation table thinking how to resolve the conflict whilst maintaining their respective interests in the region at most. Thus the concern for self interest, from both the mediators and the stakeholders’ sides, influenced not only the outcome of the mediation but also the implementation of the negotiated settlements.
OLF
The OLF boosting of its popular support from among Oromos- the majority in that empire, hoped to achieve a landslide victory, especially in Oromia. On the other hand, the OLF made mistakes by under estimating the war making machinery and desire of the TPLF. Also mediators were given more than necessary power.
TPLF
The TPLF, being threatened by the popular support the OLF enjoyed among the Oromos, and knowing how far the mediators would go in resolving the conflict, took the law solely into its hand. The solution according to TPLF was bullet first and then ballot- after removing the opposition candidates.
Thus, all went their way leaving the assignment undone. And that
has given a new
life to an old conflict.
Today, after nearly 17 years, the country is still at war with itself. Unknown to the rest of the world, Ethiopia is waging war on its citizens in Ogaden. Human rights suppression is reaching an unprecedented scale in Oromia. TPLF has violated the sovereignty of Somalia with the sole objective of controlling and containing Oromo movement. Part of the Ethiopian territory is also used as a bribe to appease the Sudan government so that TPLF military will use that nation’s territory to monitor Oromo movement. That was why land was snatched from poor Ethiopian farmers and given away. This could not be done by government that claim to represent the nation, but by a foreign mercenary that is in power to serve not the nation and its people but the interest of its own power.
References
1. Markakis, John (1998) Resources Conflict in the Horn of Africa. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Saga publications.
2.Collins, Robert O (1999) Nile Conflict. Policy Brief 11-2: Smoothing the water. University of California. Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.
Mr Meles Zenawi & Mr Kofi Anan: Leaders with Common Vision for the Future?
"First came decolonization, the struggle against apartheid and the first attempt at nationbuilding.Then came a disappointing second wave, too often marked by civil wars and the tyranny of military or one-party rule; by economic stagnation as a result of corruption, weak governance, inadequate regulatory systems, state-sanctioned theft, and unchecked external interference....
"And I believe Africa is close to establishing a norm that will make it no more legitimate to cling to power by unconstitutional means than it is to come to power by them, and which will rule out ad hoc constitutional amendments to prolong the power of a particular ruler."
Kofi Annan, Banjul, July 1, 2006
"Yes, Yes, I agree! But it is also more than that. And I, Meles Zenawi, believe Africa is close to establishing a norm that will make it more legitimate to cling to power by unconstitutional means. I would also like to note that the end justifies the means and therefore is legitimate to make ad hoc constitutional amendments to protect and prolong the power of the government since it is a sign of stability and the bearer of democracy."
Mr Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Aduwa, May 2005
Friday, April 25, 2008
AT A KNIFE POINT
It is not common to see cars on this road but horses, mules and donkeys. And when there is a car, like today, it is difficult to see far ahead because of the dust that follows the car. It takes too long before the dust disappears or settles down. Because of the vegetation, there was no strong wind to take it away.
When I arrived, there were not so many people. Then not long after that people started pouring in from every direction. They were from all walks of life. It seemed everybody knows every one. Many greetings with warm hugs and kisses. Also close hand shake and long chat.
People were moving in every direction. Some were in a rush while others walked slowly in search of this or that item. There was not any form of label or indication of direction which shows where to get this or that item. But people who sell similar items tried to seat or put the items next to each other. This way they formed a sort of arranged placement. However, because an individual had more than one or two items, placement of items became haphazard giving a mosaic appearance.
A particular exception to the haphazardity was pottery, handicrafts and animals. These had separate areas. Pottery items were placed on the northerly edge of the market. Metal tools were at about 50 meters away after pottery products on the same direction. Because of two things, it was very easy to locate the blacksmith huts. One was the sound when the specialists hammer the metal into a desired product(s) and the other was a unique smell the charcoal they burn releases into the air. The smell was not disgusting. The charcoal was from a tree that they call bahaa from an Olea family.
Some where to the west were animals. Oxen must have been in a great demand for there was a big crowed around. There were fewer mules and donkeys than horses. I have not seen even a single camel in the market and neither for that matter in the surrounding areas. "Where there are horses there are no camels", said an old man answering my question with surprise. There were more female and children where the scene was dominated by sheep and chickens than with any of the other animals.
For many the purpose of going there was far more than buying or selling. The market was also a venue for meeting or hearing news of friends from another end. For some it was too long to visit relatives from a distant village. But now each contributes his or her share of shortening the distance. One, who failed to go there, had to send greetings through neighbourhood or else face the pressure of abandonment at least until next market day.
Recently Arge has started attracting attention from the big as well as the small, the rich and the poor alike. Like the general merchandise, the price of salt has increased 1000% across the country, and even worse in the capital of the country. But bargaining has made the picture different and unique for Arge. But there have been many more reasons for the popularity of Arge. As bargaining between the empire keepers and the local heroes is ever intensifying, Arge also has come to be the venue for many to hear the news of their own borns, the local heroes whose whereabouts is untraceable.
But the most interesting bargain I saw was in the case of those buying tobacco bread. It was locally made crude tobacco bread used for smoking. The smoking apparatus was a pipe prepared from dry a gourd.
The seller, a man, measured the bread by finger. Then the buyer, also a man, held the other end of the bread and tried to get more and more into his hand. The seller held the bread with one hand and a sharp knife with the other. He aimed the knife against the surface of the bread to slice just apiece. As price was already agreed, the buyer tried to increase his catch while the seller tries to reduce the out going share at a knifepoint. Here bargaining was more of action than words. It was very short but intense and full of action. Tension eased immediately the cut was made. And it was a peaceful one.
At the end of the day, said an old man watching the action; every thing goes to its destination.
Thursday, April 24, 2008
Oromiyaa
Baayyinni ummata Oromiyaa miliyoona 40tti tilmaamama. Bal'inni lafa ishees kiiloo meetra kaaree 600,000 (kuma dhibba jaha) olitti shallagama. Karaa bal'ina lafaatiin biyyoota Afrikaa 50 keessaa sadarkaa 18ffaa irratti argamti. Bal'inna lafaan Kuubaa, Bulgaariyaa, Xaaliyaanii fi Ingliziin yoo walitti dabalaman hamma Oromiyaa hin gayan.
Oromiyaan qilleensa gaarii, kan ho’aa ykn qabanaa’aa jedhamee hin daangeffamne qilleensa qabbana ho’atti madaalu giddu galeessa qabdi. Haalli qilleensa Oromiyaa kunis waktii(season) afuritti, Birraa, Arfaasaa, Bonaa fi Ganna jedhamee qoodamuun beekama.
Oromiyaa uumamaan badhaatuu dha. Biyyi kun lafa gabbataa qonnaa fi bosonaaf tolu qaba. Lafti Oromiyaa kuusaa albuudaan kan jiruu fi jireenya saba Oromoo fooyyeessuu fi jijjiiruu tajaajiluu danda’uu hedduu of keessaa qaba. Albuudaa lafni Oromoo qabdu keessaa, daaba(Warqee), birrii (silver), plaatiniyeemii, yuraaniyeemii, dhagaa maarbilii, niikeelii fi boba’aa (natural gas) sogida, kasala (charcoal), suphee, sibila (copper and iron), simintoo (cement) maqaa dhahuun ni danda’ama. Oromiyaan bineensota daggalaa kanneen akka leenca, qeerramsa, arba, bosonuu, jaldeessa, qamalee, saattaawwaa, fi kanneen fakkaatan heedduu qabdi. Qonnaan bultoonni Oromoo horii manaa kanneen akka sa’a, re’ee, hoolaa, farad, gaangoo, harree, lukkuu (andaaqqoo), fi kanneen fakkatan bal’inaan horsiisu. Lafti Oromiyaa midhaan gosa hedduu kaneen akka xaafii, boqqolloo, garbuu, atarii, baaqilaa, bisingaa, akkasumas buna, jimaa fi kkf magarsa.
Oromiyaan, lageen, haroowwan, gaarreewwanii fi bosona maqaa dhawaman baayyee qabdi. Lageen heedduun har’a kibba-bahaa Afrikaa keessatti argaman keessaa irra guddaan isaanii Oromiyaa keessaa kan maddanii dha. Isaan kana keessaa maqaa dhahuufis Haroo Xaanaa irraa ka’ee biyya Oromiyaa baayyee kutee darbuun Sudan erga ga’een booda Gurraacha Abbayya (Blue Nile) jedhamee kan beekamu Abbaya ykn Mormor. Dachee Oromiyaa keessaa kanneen maddan laggeen Waabee fi Gannaalee, laggeen xixiqqoo baayyee ofitti dabaluun lafa Oromoo keessa darbanii Sumaaliyaaf wabii jireenyaa kan ta’an, akkasumas handhuura Oromiyaa Jibaatii fi Macca keessaa ka’uun hundee dinagdee fi wabii jireenya impaayera Ethiopia kan ta’e Awwaashi laggeen Oromiyaa warra maqaan dhahaman keessatti argamu.
Haroowwan Oromiyaa keessaa maddan hedduu keessaa, Shaalaa, Bushooftuu, Qooqaa, Laangaanoo, Laaqii Danbal, Fincawaa fi haroowwan Haaroomaayaa maqaa dhahuun ni danda’ama. Fincawa, Gilgel Gibee fi MalkaaWaakkennaan humna ibsaa (electricity) Empayera Ethiopia utubanii kan qabanii jiraniidha.
Oromiyaan gaarren gurduddoos ni qabdi. Isaan keessaa kutaa Arsii keessatti kan argaman Kaarraa, Enkelloon, dhiha Oromiyaatti kan argamu Tulluu Walal, baha Oromiyaatti kan argamu Mul’ataa, akkasumas giddu-galeessa Oromiyaatti kan argamu Baddaa Roggee maqaa dhahuun ni dandahama. Kana malees Oromiyaan lafa daawwatootta harkisuun galii maddisiisuu danda’an baayyee qabdi.
Oromiyaan biyya ballee qabeenya olitti ibsamee ofkeessatti qabduu dha. Oromoonni qabeenya uumamaa kana dhimma itti bahuun mala-jireenyaa adda addaa geggeefataa jiratu. Harki guddeessi ummata Oromoo qonnaan, horii horsiisuu dabalatee, jiraatu.
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Ergaa Qe'ee
Fuulli kun bakka dhimma Oromia fi Oromummaa irratti haala bilisa taheen yaada wal jijjirruu fi marihanuu dha. Yaada gorsaas tahee yaddoo dhibdee Oromia fi Oromummaa irratti qabdu kabajaan simannee siif keessumsiifna. Irra caalaa garuu dandeettii afaan Oromoo barreessuu horachuuf toora kanaan yaada wal-jijjiruu kan fedhu hundaaf ulaa banuun fedha. Ani gama kiyyaan hiree kanatti dhimma bahuun qabxiilee Oromia fi Oromummaa irratti rarra’an irratti tokko lama jechuuun fedha. Akeeki koos, orma caala hubannaa fi ejjennaa tan mata koo of –qoruu fedheen. Ormis utuu akkas yaalee, fuula kana akkasumas marsaalee Oromoo biro bilchinaa fi ogummaan dhimma itii baane humnaa fi qabeenya (yeroo fi dandeettii dabalatee) waan biyyaaf faayidaa qabu tokkorra oolchuu dandeenya jedheen yaada. Kanaafuu, ofirraa eegaluu kooti. Harraa eegalee, barruu adda addaan fuula kanarratti dhiheessuu yaala.
Barruuleen dhuhaachuu malan qabxii adda addaa irratti kan xiyyeeffatan yeroo tahu, waliigalatti afaan Oromoo akka diriirfatuuf gahee akka nam-tokketti bahuun narra jirun raawwachuuf carraqa.
Tole, yeroo kee fudhattee hanga kana fuula kana doowwachuu keef hedduu galatoom. Yaada qabdus asumaan yoo lafa nuuf keessa galatni kee walabummaa dha jednna.
Alamu. Yaad karaa Oromia2008@gmail.com naa erguu dandeessa


text:
Marii Kurii
Marii Skiwoodofiskaa Kurii (Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie) (Sadaasa 7 1867 - Adoolessa 4 1934) fiizisistii fi kemistii beekkamtuu yoo taatu namoota qoraannoo wa'ee raadiyoo'aktiviitii irratti godhan keessaa kan jalqaba fi adda duree turte. Mariin dhalootaan lammii Poolaandi yoo taatu boodarra garuu lamummaa Firaansi argate. Mariin Badhaasa Noobelii argachuun dubartii jalqabaa yoo taatu, nama badhaasa kana si'a lama argate kan jalqabaa (dubartii keessaa kan qofaa) ti, nama saayinsii adda addaatin badhaasa kana si'a lama argate kan qofaa, fi maatii Kurii kan Badhaasa Noobelii shan argate keessaa nama tokko turte. Mariin Yuunivarsiitii Paarisitti dubartii pirofeesara taate kan jalqabaa yoo taatu bara 1995 dubartii jalqabaa kan hojii mataa ishiitin Paaris keessatti awwalcha namoota kabajamoof addatti qophaa'e keessati awwaalamte dha.
Mariin Waarsawu, kan yeroo sana Mootummaa Poolaandi jedhamu fi kutaa Impaayera Raashiyaa ta'e keessatti Mariyaa Saloomiyaa Skiwoodofiskaa taatee dhalatte. Mariin dhoksaan socho’u Yuunivarsiitii Filootingi (Floating University) Waarsawu keessatti barattee leenjii saayinisii hojiirrattii Waarsawu keessatti jalqabde. Bara 1891tti, umurii 24tti, obboleettii ishii angafaa hordofuun barnootaaf Paaris deemte. Paarisitti digirii ishii kan argate yoo ta'u hojiiwwan saayinsii hojjatte hundas Paaris keessatti hojjatte. Badhaasa Noobleii kan 1903 abbaa manaashii Piyeer Kurii fi fiizisisti Henrii Baakireel wajjin kan addaan qooddatte Mariin bara 1911tti ammoo Badhaasa Noobelii kan Kemistirii dhuunfaa ishiitti argatee jirti.
Argannoo Marii keessaa raadiyoo'aktiiviitii (jecha kana kan uume ishii dha), toofta ittiin ayissotooppota raadiyoo'aktiivii addaan baasanii fi elementoota haara lama kan polooniyeemii fi reediyeemii jedhaman kaasun ni danda'ama. Qajeelfama Mariitin, ayissotooppota raadiyoo'aktiivii ta'anitti fayyadamuun, qorannoon jalqabaa kan akkataa ittiin neoplasmas yaalanii fayyisuun danda'amu irratti xiyyeeffatu godhame. Mariin dhaaba Inistiitiyuutii Kurii jedhamu Paarisii fi Waarsawu keessatti kan dhaabdee yoo ta'u dhaabni hanga ammaatti giddugala qorannoo fayyaa ta'ee argama. Yeroo Waraana Addunyaa I, giddugala raadiyooloojii dirree waraanaa kan jalqaba dhaabde.
Lammii Firaansi yoo taateyyuu, Marii Skiwoodofiskaa Kurii (maqaa maatii lamaanuu ni fayyadamti) eenyummaa kan Poolish ta'uushii hin daganne. Ijoollee ishii kan durbaa lamaanuu Poolaandiffa kan barsiifte yoo ta'u akka daawwataniifis gara Poolaandi yeroo baayyee isaan geessitee jirti. Elementii jalqaba argate – Polooniyeemii kan jalqaba bara 1889 adda baafte – maqaa biyya dhaloota ishiin polooniyeemi jettee moggaafte.
Mariin bara 1934 Hospitaala Sanselomuuz (Sancellemoz - Haute-Savoie), Firaansi keessatii duute, sababiin du'a ishiis apilaastiik animiyaa yoo ta'u kunis kan dhufe raadiyeeshiniidhaaf saaxilamuu isheetin ture - kan saaxilamtes yeroo qorannoo teesti tuubii reediyeemii kiisii keessatti waan baachaa turtee fi tajaajila eksi-reyii yeroo waraanaa kenniteen ture.
Contents
Seenaa Jireenyaa[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
Ijoollumaa Ishii[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
Marii Skiwoodofiskaa Waarsawu, kutaa Poolaandi kan Impaayera Raashiyaa jala ture keessatti Sadaasa 7 1867 dhalatte. Mariin ilmoo shanaffaa fi kan dhumaa Birooniswaa, fi Waadiswaa Skiwoodofiskaa ti. Obbleeyyan Marii kan angafa ishii ta'an Zoofiyaa (1862 dhalate), Yoozeef (1863), Birooniiswaa (1865) fi Heleenaa (1866).
Karaa abbaas ta'ee karaa haadhaa, maatiin Marii qabeenyaa isaanii fincila bilisummaa Poolaandiif jecha godhaniin (kan dhiyoo sana ka'e Fincila Amajjii kan 1863-65) dhaban. Kunis dhaloota itti aane dhufu, Marii dabalatee, obboleeyyanshii kan durbaa fi obbleessa ishii, rakkina qabeenyaa fi jireenya moo'achuuf qabsoo keessa akka seenan godhe.
Akaakayyuun Marii kan karaa abbaa, Yoozeef Skiwoodofiskaa, Lubliin keessatti barsiisaa kabajamaa ture, achittiis Boleswaa Piruus kan seenaa ogbarruu Poolaandi keessatti nama guddaa ta'e yeroo ijoollummaasaa barsiisee ture. Abbaan ishii, Władysław Skłodowski, herregaa fi fiiziksii barsiisa ture, barnoota boodarraa Mariin ; akkasumas geggeessaa jiminaaziyemii dhiirotaa ture. Erga qondaaltonni Raashiyaa ajaja akkaata fayyadama laabiraatorii ibsu mana barumsaa Poolaandi kessaa balleessanii booda, abbaan ishii meeshaalee laabiraatorii baayyee kan manasaatti fide, akkasumas akkamitti akka fayyadaman ijoollee isaa barsiise.
Abbaan ishii boodarra qondaaltota Raashiyaatin deeggarsaa bilisummaa Poolandiif qaburraan kan ka'e hojiirraa ari'ame, kanarraan kan ka'e hojii miindaansaa xiqqoo ta'e hojjachuuf dirqame; kana malees, maatin Marii investimeentii godhaniin qarshii dhaban, kanaafuu galii argachuuf jecha dargaggoota mana isaanii akka bulan eeyyaman. Haatii Marii Bronisława mana barumsa fi jireenya dubartoota (boarding school) keessaa hojjatti turte, ergaa Mariin dhalattee hojii kana gadi lakkifte. Yeroo Mariin waggaa 10, Bronisławan dhibee tuubarkiloosisiin duute. Waggaa sadi'i dura, obboleettiin Marii Zoofiyaan, dhibee taayifesii kan mana barumsaatii ishii qabeen duute.
Abbaan Marii nama waaqatti amanu hin turre (atheist), haati ishii garuu Kaatolikii cimtuu turte. Duuti haadhaa fi obboleettii sihii Mariin amantii Kaatolikii dhiiftee aginoostikii taate.
Yeroo Mariin waggaa 10, mana barumsaa fi jireenyaa J. Sikorska galtee barachuu jalqabde; itti aansee jiminaaziyeemii dubartootaa kan baratte yoo ta'u gaafa Waxabajjii 12 1983 madaaliya warqeetin eebbifamte. Erga gaggabdee kuftee booda, tarii dippireeshiniidhaan ta'uu hin oolu, waggaa itti aanu sana baadiyyaa keessatti fira abbaa ishii biratti dabarsite. Wagga itti aanu ammoo Waarsawu keessatti abbaashii biratti nama qayyabachiisaa dabarsite. Barnoota sadarkaa olaanaa sababii dubartii taateef galuu waan hin dandeenyeef, ishiini fi obboleettiin ishii Bronisławan yuunivarsiitii dhoksaan hojjatu kan Yuunivarsiitii Filootingi jedhamu, dhaabbata barnoota olaanaa bilisummaa Poolandi deeggaruu fi kan dubartoota fudhatu, galan.
Mariin obboleettii ishii Bronisława wajjin waliigaltee uumte, kunis yeroo Bronisławan Paarisitti medisinii barattu gargaaruuf, waggaa lama boodammoo Bronisławan akkasuma Marii akka gargaartu ture. Kana wajjin wal qabatee, Mariin hojii maatii namaa wajiin jiraattee ijoollee isaanii barsiisuu (governess) jalqabde: jalqaba manaa ishiitii deddeebi'uun qayyabachiisu, achii booda waggaa lamaaf maatii wayii wajiin jiraattee ijoollee isaanii barsiisuu jalqabde; kunis iddoo Ischukii (Szczuki) jedhamu yoo ta'u maatin kunis kan Żorawskis jedhaman fira abbaa ishii turan. Yeroo maatii kanaaf jirtutti, ilma isaani Kazimierz Żorawski, kan sana booda herregaa beekkama ta'e, jaalatte. Maatin isaa garuu Mariin kan saantima cabduu hin qabne fuudhuun akka hin danda'amne itti himan, innis kan maatin isaa dura dhaabachuu hin dandeenye. Haala kanaan addaan ba'uun isaani jara lamaanifuu ulfaataa ture. Sana booda odoo hin turin Kazimierz Żorawski dafee doktireetii isaa argate, akka barsiisaa herreegaattis hojii jalqabe, Yuunivarsiitii Kirakoov keessatti pirofeesaraa fi dura ta'aa ta'e. Erga dulloomee booda, pirofeesara herregaa Waarsawu Pooliiteekniik (Warsaw Polytechnic) ta'e yeroo jirutti, siidaa Marii kan bara 1935tti Inistiitiyuutii Reediyeemii kan Mariin bara 1932 dhaabde fuuldura jiru jala taa'ee baayyee yaadan bada ture.
Jalqaba bara 1890tti, Bronisława — kan ji'a muraasa dura, kan doktarii fi qabsaawaa mirga namaa Poolaandi ta'e Kazimierz Dłuskitti heerumte — Mariin gara Paaris akka dhuftuuf ishii affeerte. Kaffaltii yuunivarsiitii waan hin dandeenyeef, Mariin affeerraa kana hin didde; qarshii ishii barbaachisu walitti qabuuf, waggaa tokkoo fi walakkaa ishiitti itti fudhate. Abbaanshii kan deebi'ee hojii mindaa guddaa qabu aragate, ishii gargaare. Yeroo kana hunda Mariin of barsiisuu itti fufte, kitaaba dubbisuu, xalayaa babarreesuun, fi tutooriyaalii (tutor) fudhacuun barachaa turte. Jalqaba bara 1889, Mariin Waarsawutti gara mana abbaashiitti deebite. Achittiis ijoolee namaa barsiisu ittuma fufte, hanga 1991ttis achuma turte. Mariin tuutooriyaalii ni kenniti, Yuunivarsiitii Filootingitti ni baratti, akkasumas leenjii saayinsii shaakalaan deeggarame laabiraatorii keemikaalaa keessatti jalqabde; laabiraatoriin kunis Godambaa Industirii fi Qonnaa keessatti, bakka Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 jedhamutti Waarsawu dulloomaa keessatti argama. Laabiraatoriin kun wasiilashii Józef Boguskin, kan kemistii Raashiyaa Dimiitirii Mendeleeviif gargaaraa ta'ee Seenti Petersibergi keessatti hojjachaa ture, kan hoogganamu ture.
Jireenya Ishii Kan Paarisi[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
Gara dhuma 1891 keessaa Mariin Poolaandi gadi lakkiftee gara Paaris deemte. Paarisitti, hanga mana yuunivarsiitiitti dhiyaatu kan Latin Quarter jedhamu kireeffatutti, Mariin obboleettii ishii abbaa manaa obboleettii ishii bira quabatte. Bara 1891tti, Mariin Yuunivarsiitii Paarisitti galmooftee fiiziksii, kemistirii, fi herrega barachuu jalqabde. Mariin qabeenya xiqqo qabdutti fayyadamtee jiraatte, qora bonaa hamaadhan waaddamaa fi yeroo tokko tokko ammoo beelarraa kan ka'e gaggabdee kufaa turte.
Mariin guyyaa guyyaa barachaa alkan alkan ammoo qo'achiisaa turte, ittiin jirachuuf garuu ga'aa hin turre. Bara 1893tti, Mariin fiiziksiidhan digirii fudhatee laabiraatorii pirofeesara Gabriel Lippmann kessatti hojii jalqabe. Bukketti ammoo barnoota ishii kan Yuunivarsiitii Paaris ittuma fufte, carraa gargaarsa barnootaa argatteen, bara 1894tti digirii lammaffaa fudhatte.
Mariin ogummaa saayinsiishii isa dheeraa Paarisi keessatti amala maagineetawaa sibiila adda addaa qorachuun jalqabde, kan ishee hojjachiisiises Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale ture. Baruma kana keessa Piyeer Kuriin jireenya ishii keessa seene; fedhii guddaan saayinsiif isaan lamaanu qaban walitti isaan harkise. Piyeer Mana barumsa Fiiziksii fi Kemistirii, École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI), keessatti barsiisaa ture. Kan wal isaan barsiises fiizisistii Poolaandi pirofeesara Józef Kowalski-Wierusz ture; kunis Mariin laabiraatorii guddaa akka barbaaddu waan bareef, kanammoo Piyeer qabaachuu danda'a yaada jedhuun ture. Piyeer laabiraatorii guddaa yoo qabaachuu baateyyuu, Mariif iddoo wayii qopheesseefii ishiinis achitti hojii jalqabde.
Jaalala guddaan lamaanuu saayinsiif qaban irra caala walitti akka isaan dhiyaachaa deeman gode, boodarras jaallalli keessa isaanitti biqile. Kana booda Piyeer gaa'ilaaf Marii gaafate; jalqabarratti Mariin kana hin fudhanne, sababinsaas gara biyya ishiitti deebi'uu barbaaddi ture. Piyeer garuu, ishii wajjin gara Poolaandi deemuf qophaa'aa ta'usaa itti hime, yoma kana jechuun saayinsii jaalatu dhiis hojii xiqqaa akka Firaansiffa qofa barsiisuu hojjachuuf ta'elle. Gidduu kanatti, boqonnaa gannaa 1894tti Mariin gara Waarsawutti deebi'te warrashii dubbifte. Amallee Mariin saayinsii isa jaalattu Poolaandi keessatti hojjachuu nan danda'a jettee yaaddi ture, garuu Yuunivarsiitii Kiraakoov keessatti sababii ishiin dubartii taateef iddoo dhowwatan. Xalayaan Piyeer ergeef gara Paarisitti deebitee PhD akka itti fuftu ishii amansiise. Jajjaabeessaa Mariitin, Piyeer qorannoo maagineetizimii irratti godheen bara 1895 PhD argate; mana barumsaasaa keessattis gara pirofeesaraatti guddate. Namoonni waa'ee Marii yeroo dubbatan "argannoo guddaa Piyeer" jedhu ture. Gaafa Adoolessa 26 1895 Suu (Sene) keessatti gaa'ila isaanii raawwatan; lamaanuu sirna ga'ilaa kan amantii hin barbaadne ture. Uffata aruzaa dhiiftee, uffata gurrracha cuquliisni Mariin gaafa gaa'ilaa sana uffatte, sana boodallee yeroo laabiraatorii keessa hojjachu baayyee ishii tajaajile. Jarri laamaanuu yeroo boqonnaa isaanii kan ittiin dabarsan waa lama qabu: karaa dheeraa saayikilii hoofuu, fi biyya alaa daawwachuu ture, kunis irra caala akka isaan walitti dhiyaatan godhe. Piyeer keessatti, Mariin jaalalaa haaraa, gargaaraa, fi nama saayinsii waliin hojjattu kan guutummaan itti abdachuu dandeessu argatte.
Elementii Haaraa[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
Bara 1895tti Viilheelmi Roontigan jiraachuu eksi-reyii (x-rays) argate, garuu akkaataa uummama isaanii irratti hubannoo ga'aan hin turre. Bara 1896 Henirii Baakireel ashaboon Yuraaniyemiin carallaa akka maddisiisuu fi carallaan kunis humna waantoota keessa seenuu danda'uu isaatin eksi-reyii akka fakkaatu argate. Baakireel raadiyeeshiniin kun, akka fosfaraseensii madda anniisaa alaarraa kan dhufe odoo hin taane yuraaniyemichuma irraa kan burqaa jiru akka fakkaatu agarsiise. Argannoo gurguddaa lamaan kanaan dhiibbamuun, Mariin qorannoo PhD ishii carallaa yuraaniyemii kana irratti akka gootu murteessite.
Saampiloota qorachuufis tooftaa haaraatti fayyadamte. Waggaa kudha-shan dura, abbaan manaashii Piyeerii fi obboleessi isaa elektiromeetirii hojjataan, kunis meeshaa siyaa'aa chaarjii elektirikii safaruuf gargaaru ture. Elektiromeetirii Piyeer kanatti fayyadamuun, carallaan yuraaniyemii qilleensi naannoo yuraaniyemii sanaa jiru elektirikii akka dabarsu kan godhu ta'u argatte. Tooftaa kanatti fayyadamuun, hojiin kampaawondii yuraaniyemii sanaa baayyina yuraaniyemii achi keessa jiruu irratti akka hundaa'u argatte. Raadiyeeshiniin kun walnyaatinsa molokiyuulotaa ta'urraan kan dhufu odoo hin taane atamiirraa kan dhufu jettee yaada dhiyeessite. Yaadni kunis yaada durii kan atamiin waan addaan cabuu hin dandeenye jedhu kuffise.
Bara 1897 intalshii Ayiriin deesse. Maatii ishii gargaarufis, Mariin Ikool Noormaal Supperiyeertti (École normale supérieure) barsiisuu jalqabde. Kuriiwwan (Piyeerii fi Mariin jechuudha) laabiraatorii hojii saayinsiif hojjatame hin qaban turan; hojiisaanii baayyee gamoo Mana Barumsa Fiiziksii fi Kemistirii bukkee jiru gara laabiraatoriitti jijjiiranii ittti fayyadamaa turan. Gamoon kun, kan duraan kutaa baqaqsanii yaaluu barnoota fayyaa ta'ee tajaajilaa ture, kan qilleensa seeran hin galchinee fi kan bishaan dhowwuuyyuu hin dandeenye turre. Jarri lamaanuu miidhaa hamaa raadiyeeshiniidhaaf saaxilamuun namarraan ga'uu waan hin beekneef ittisa wayiituu odoo hin fayyadamin wantoota raadiyoo'aaktiivii irratti hojjachaa turan. Manni barumsaashhii, Mariidhaa qorannoo kanaaf fandii wayiituu hin kennineefi, garuu kaampaanota sibiilaa fi albuuda baasuu irraa fi dhaabotaa adda addaa fi mootummootarra deeggarsa maalaqaa (subsidy) ni argatti ture.
Qorannoon tooftawaan Mariin geggeessite albuuda yuraaniyemii lama irratti ture, pitchblende fi torbernite (chalcolite ni jedhama). Elektiroomeetiriin pitchblenden yuraaniyemii dachaa afuriin akka caalu agarsiise, chalcolite ammoo dachaa lamaan akka caalu. Yoo yaadni ishii kan duraanii, kan raadiyoo'aktiiviitiin kampaawondii tokkoo baayyina yuraaniyemii irratti hundaa'a jedhu dhugaa ta'e, albuudonni lamaan sun wanta bira kan yuraaniyemii caalaa raadiyoo'aktiivii ta'e akka of keessaa qaban hubatte. Haala tooftawaa ta'eenis wantoota biraa kan carallaa burqisiisan barbaaduu jalqabde, bara 1998 elementiin tooriyeem raadiyoo'aktiivii akka ta'e argatte.
Piyeeris hojii ishii kanaan baayyee booji'ame. Bara 1898 walakkeessa keessa hojiishii kana keessatti baayyee harkifamuurraan kan ka'e qorannoo kan matasaa kan kiristaala irratti hojjachaa ture dhiise Marii wajjin hojjachuu jalqabe.
Yaadni qorannoo sanaa kan mataa ishii ti [Reyid yoo barreessu]; namni kamiyyuu mata duree kana filachuuf ishii hin gargarre, yoo abbaa manashiitti yaada isarraa fudhachuuf itti himteyyuu daftee abbumaa mataduree sanaa fudhatte. Boodarra seenaa jireenyaa abbaa manaashii keessatti si'a lama galmeessitee jriti, wanti ifa hin ta'in tokkoyyuu akka hin jiraanneef. Seenaa ogummaashii kan saayinsii kana gara jalqabaa irratti saayintistoonni baayyen dubartiin yaada qorannoo haaraa akkanaa kan ishiin irratti hojjachaa jirtu kana ni burqisiifti jedhanii amanuuf rakkachuu akka danda'an hubachuu hin oolle.
Mariin argannoo ishii kana maxxansiisuun murteessaa akka ta'e waan barteef dursa kennuufif murteessite. Waggaa lama dura, Baakireel odoo argannoosaa waa'ee raadiyo'aktiviitii Académie des Sciences dhaaf guyyaa lama booda dhiyeesseera ta'e kabajni nama raadiyoo'aaktiviitii argate jedhuu fi Badhaasni Noobelii Silvaanus Toomsaniif kennama ture. Mariinis mala argannoo ittiin maxxansan kan ariifataa ta'e filatte. Barruun ishii, kan hojii ishii gabaabsee fi salphisee ibsu, Académiedhaaf gaafa 12 Ebla 1898 pirofeesarashii kan duraanii Gabriyeel Liipmaan dhiyaateef. Sanayyuu ta'ee, akkuma Toomsan Baakireelin durfame, argannoo Marii kan tooriyeem akkuma yuraaniyemii carallaa burqisiisa jedhu akka Mariin argatteefitti hin galmoofneef; sanan ji'a lama dura, Geerhaardi Kaarli Shimiit Barliin keessatti argannoo kana maxxansiiseera ture.
Yeroo sanatti, addunyaarraa namni fiiziksii kamiyyuu waa'ee hima Mariin yaadannoo ishiirratti barreessite hin beeku, kunis pitchblende fi chalcolite yuraaniyemii caalaa ammam akka raadiyoo'aktiivii ta'an ibsa: "dhugaan kun baayyee adda, kanaafuu albuudonni kun elementii yuraaniyemii caala raadiyoo'aktiivii ta'an qabaachuu danda'u amantii jedhutti nama geessa". Boodarra yaadattee waan ishiitti dhaga'ame yoo dubbattu "yaada kana ariitidhaan mirkaneessuuf fedhii cimaatu na keessa ture" jette. Ebla 14 1898, Kuriiwwan (Piyeeri fi Mariin) piichibileendii (pitchblende) giraama 100 madaalanii fudhachuun mooyyee keessatti tumuu jalqaban. Yeroo sanatti wanti isaan barbaadan kun kan baayyee xiqqatee argamu waan ta'eef boodarra oorii tooniidhaan lakkaawwamu hujeessuu akka qaban battala sanatti hin hubanne ture.
Adoolessa 1898, Mariini fi abbaan manaashii barruu elementii haaraa argachuu isaanii isbu walii wajjin maxxansan, elementii haara kanas "polooniyeemii" jechuun kabaja biyya Marii Poolaanditti moggaasan, Poolaandi sana boodallee gara waggaa digdamaaf impaayera sadi'iin addaan qoqqoodamtee turte. Gaafa Mudde 26 1898, Kuriiwwan elementii haraa kan biraa argachuu isaanii beeksisan, elementii kana jecha Laatinii kan "radius" (carallaa) jedhurraa "reediyeemi" jechuun moggaasan. Qorannoosaanii kana keessattis, jecha "raadiyoo'aktiiviitii" jedhu uuman.
Argannoo isaanii kana shakkii tokko malee mrikaneessuuf, Kuriiwwan polooniyeemii fi reediyeemii qulqulluu baasuu barbaadan. Pitchblenden albuuda xaxamaa waan ta'eef ruuqoleesaa adda baasun ulfaataa ture. Polooniyeemii argachuun amma tokko salphaa ture; amalli keemikaalaasaa bismazii fakkaata, wanti oorii san keessaa bismazii fakkatu polooniyeemii qofa ture. Reediyeemiin garuu, argachuuf baayyee ulfaataa ture; amalli keemikaalaasaa baariyeemii kan fakkatu yoo ta'u bismazin lamaan isaanituu of keessaa qaba. Bara 1898 Kuriiwwan reediyeemii xiqqoo argatan, garuu reediyeemii baayyinaan jabaa ta'e, kan baariyeemin hin faalamne argachuun kan bira hin ga'amne ta'e. Kuriiwwan hojii ulfaataa ashaboo reediyeemii mala diferenshiyaal kiristaalaayizeeshiniidhan addaan baasuu jalqaban. Pitchblende toonii tokko keessaa, bara 1902tti reediyeem kilooraayidii kan amma giraamii tokko bakka kudhanitti qoodamtee ga'u adda baasan. Bara 1910tti Marii Kurii sibiila reediyeemii qulqulluu adda baafte. Mariin polooniyeemii, kan jireenya-walakka guyyaa 138 qofa qabu, adda baasurratti hin milkoofne.
Bara 1898 hanga 1902 gidduuttii, Kuriiwwan walii wajjin ykn dhuunfadhaan barruu saayinsii 32 maxxansiisan, kana keessaa tokko seelonnii xannachaa fidan yoo reediyeemitti saaxilaman seelota fayyaa caala dafanii du'u kan jedhu ture.
Bara 1900, Mariin miseensa faakaltii École Normale Supérieure ta'uun dubartii kan jalqabaa taate, abbaan manaashii ammoo faakaltii Yuunivarsiitii Paarisi gale. Bara 1902 sababa du'a abbaa ishiitin gara Poolaandi deemte.
Adoolessa 1903tti, Gabriel Lippmannin gorfamuun, Mariin dokitireeti ishii Yuunivarsiitii Paarisirraa argatte. Ji'uma sana keessa, Marii fi Piyeer Royaal Inistitushinii Landanittin waa'ee raadiyoo'aktiiviitii haasaa akka godhaniif affeeraman; Mariin akka hin dubbanne dhorkamte, Piyeer qofatu dubbate. Yeruma kana keessa, indastirii haaran reediyeemii irratti hundaa'e guddachuu jalqabe. Kuriiwwan argannoo isaanii kanaaf paatentii hin fudhanne, kanaafis bu'aan isaan bizinesii guddachaa jiru kanarraa argatan gadaanaa ture.
Badhaasa Noobelii[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
Mudde bara 1903, Akkaadaamiin Saayinsii Iswiidin Piyeer Kurii, Marii Kurii fi Henrii Baakireel Badhaasa Noobelii kan Fiiziksii kenneef, kunis "yaadannoo tajaajila olaana isaan qorannoo wal faana raadiyeeshinii Pirofeesar Henrii Baakireel argate irratti godhaniin kennaniif beekkamtii kennuuf". Jalqaba irratti, koreen kun badhaasa kana Piyeerii fi Baakireelif qofa kennuuf yaade, garuu miseensa koree kanaa fi deeggaraa saayintistoota dubarti ta'n kan ture Herregaa Iswiidin Maagnus Jostaa Mittaag-Leefler dhimma kana Piyeeritti hime. Piyeer erga komii dhiyeessee booda, maqaan Marii filannoo kana keessa gale. Mariin Badhaasa Noobelii argachuudhaan dubartii jalqabaa ti.
Kurii fi abbaan manaashee qaaman Istookoolmi deemanii badhaasa fudhachuu hin didan; hojiitti baayyee qabamanii turan, Piyeeris yeroodhaa gara yerootti dhukkubsachaa ture, Piyeer ayyaneffata bakka ummanni walitti qabametti godhamu hin jaalatu ture. Looretiin Noobelii barnoota gabaabaa (lecture) kennuu waan qabuuf, Kuriiwwan bara 1905 gara sana deeman. Maallaqni badhaasa kanarraa argatan, Piyeerii fi Marii gargaartuu laabiraatorii kan jalqabaa akka qacaratan isaan dandeessise. Badhaasa Noobelii argachuutti aane, akkasumas affeerraa Yuunivarsiitiin Jeneevaa iddoo kennuufiif godhe, Yuunivarsiitin Paaris Piyeerif sadarkaa piroofeesarummaa kenneef, dura bu'aa fiiziksiis godhee muude. Kuriiwwan laabiraatorii seeran hojjatamellee hin qaban turan yeroo sana. Hiyyannoo Piyeer irraa ka'uun, Yuunivarsiitin Paaris laabiraatorii haaraa ijaaruu fi meeshaa itti guutuuf walii galan, garuu hanga bara 1906tti hin xumuramne ture.
Muddee 1904, Kuriin intalashii lammaffaa Iivi deesse. Mariin boodarraa nama afaan dhalootashee Poolaandiffa ijoollee ishii barsiisu mindeessiteefi, ijoollee ishiis Poolaandi akka daawwataniif ni ergiti, ofiifis fuuteet deemti ture.
Ebla 19 1906tti, Piyeer balaa karaarraatin du'e. Kuriin du'a abbaa manashee kanaan guyyatu itti dukkanaa'e. Caamsaa 13 1906tti, dippaartimentii fiiziksii Yuunivarsiitii Paaris dura ta'ummaa Piyeerif kennee ture Mariif kennuuf murteesse. Mariinis affeerraa kana laaboraatorii cimaa hojjachuudhaan yaadanoo Piyeerif oolchuf na gargaara jettee fudhatte. Mariin Yuunivarsiitii Paarisitti pirofeesara ta'udhaan dubartii jalqabaa taate.
Hawwiin Mariin laabiraatorii cimaa ijaaruf qabdu garuu Yuunivarsiitii Paarisitti hin xumuramne. Gara dhuma jireenyaa ishii keessa, Mariin Inistiitiyuutii Reediyemii (Institut du radium, amma Inistiitiyuutii Kurii, Institut Curie) hoogganaa turte, kunis laabiraatorii raadiyoo'aktiiviitii Yuunivarsiitii Paarisii fi Inistiitiyuutii Paasteriin ishiidhaaf hojjatame ture. Yaadni Inistiitiyuutii Reediyemii uumuu kan dhufe bara 1909 hoogganaa Inistiitiyuutii Paaster kan ture Piyeer Pool Emiila Ruudhaan ture. Piyeer Pool Emiila Ruun Yuunivarsiitiin Paaris Mariif laabiraatorii seeran hojjatamee kennuufii daddhabuu isaatiin baayyee gaddee gara Inistiitiyuutii Paaster akka dhuftu yaada dhiyeesse. Sana booda, Marii gadi lakkifti sodaa jedhuun, Yuunivarsiitiin Paaris kan duraan dide yaada jijjiiruun, gamoon Kurii, waliigaltee Yuunivarsiitii Paarisii fi Inistiitiyuutii Paasteriin ijaarrame.
Bara 1910tti Mariin reediyeemii addaan baafte; akkasumas sadarkaa addunyaalessaa madda raadiyoo'aaktivii kan kabaja ishii fi Piyeeriif kurii jedhamee moggaafame uumte. Haa ta'u malee, bara 1911 Akkaadaamiin Saayinsii Firaansi miseensa akka taatu harka tokko ykn lamaa jecha odoo hin filatamin hafe. Bakka ishiitti kan filame Iduwaardi Biroonii, kalaqaa Gulyeelmoo Maarkoonii telegiraafii wadaroo-maleessaa akka hojjatuuf gargaare, ture. Dubartiin Kurii jalattii doktireetii barattu, Maargariit Pereeyi, dubartii jalqaba miseensa akkaadaamii kanaa taatee filatamte - kunis walakkaa jaarraa tokkoo booda, bara 1962tti ture. Mariin saayintistii beekkamtuu Firaansif hojjattu ta'ee oduma jiruu, ilaalchi uummataa garuu gara nama biyya alaa ta'uu ishiitin gara jibbuutti deema - qisaasa Direeyfus irrattis mul'ateera - kunis oduun sobaa Mariin sanyii Yihudaa ti jedhu akka odeeffamu godhe. Yeroo filannoo Akkaadaamiin Saayinsii Firaansi geggeefamu, gaazexaa kaachoo mirgaa (right wing press) saba nama biyya ormaa taatee fi nama waaqatti hin amanne taateefi balaleffatanii maqaa ishii xureessan. Intalli ishii booda wa'ee kanaa yoo dubbattu gaazexoonni Firaansi yeroo Mariin badhaasa Firaansi keessatti kennamuuf filatamtu akka nama biyaa ormaa gatii hin qabneetti ishii dhiyeessu, yeroo badhaasa biyya alaa kan akka Badhaasa Noobelii fudhattu ammoo akka goota lammii Firaansi taatetti barreessu jechuun of tuulummaa isaani ibsite.
Mariin bara 1910-11tti walqunnamtii jaalalaa waggaa tokkoof fiizisistii Pool Loonzyevaa, kan duraan barataa Piyeer ture, wajjin akka qabdu bara 1911tti ifa ta'e. Namni kun nama fuudhee yoo ta'u garuu haadha manaasaa wajjin jiraachaa hin turre. Kunis qisaasa maxxansaalee gaazexoota fide, warri karaa hojii mormitoota ishii ta'an kanatti fayyadman. Kuriin (umuriin wagga 40n walakeessa kan turte) umuriidhaan Loonzyevaa waggaa shaniin caalti turte, gazeexootarrattis akka nama ormaa sanyii Yihuudi gaa'ila namaa diigdutti ibsamte. Yeroo qisaasni kuni jalqabu, Mariin Beeljiyeem turte; yeroo deebitu, uummata aaretu karra ishiirratti ishii eege, ishiinii fi ijoollenshii durbaa lamaan hiriyaashii biratti baqatanii turuun dirqama itti ta'e.
Beekkamtiin hojiishii sadarkaa addunyaalessaatti ol gudhachaa dhufe, Akkaadaamiin Saayinsii Iswiidinis mormii qisaasa Loonzyevaa irraa ka'ee dhufe bukkeetti qabuun, yeroo lammaffaatiif, Badhaasa Noobelii kan Kemistirii kan bara 1911 kenneef. Badhaasni kun "yaadannoo tajaajila ishiin guddina kemistiriitif elementii reediyemii fi polooniyemii argachuun, reediyemii adda baasun, fi qorannoo ummamaa fi kompaawondoota elementii addaa kanaa irratti gooten gumaachiteef beekkamtii kennuuf" jedhameeti kennameef. Mariin Badhaasa Noobelii lama moo'un ykn qooddachuun nama jalqabaa turte, namni badhaasa kana damee saayinsii adda addaatin argate lama qofa yoo ta'u kunis Marii fi Laayinas Poolin qofa. Jilli beektota biyya Poolaandi, barreessaa asoosamaa Henriik Shinkeeviichin durfamuun Mariin gara biyya ishiitti deebite qorannoo ishii akka achitti itti fuftu gaafatan. Badhaasni Noobelii inni lammataa Mariin mootummaa Firaansi Inistiitiyuutii Reediyemii akka deeggarana amansiisuuf ishii gargaare. Inistiitiyuutin kunis bara 1914tti kan hijaarrame yoo ta'u achi keessatti qorannoo kemistirii, fiiziksii, fi fayyaatu godhama ture. Badhaasa Noobelii kan bara 1911 erga fudhattee ji'a tokkoon booda, Mariin dippireeshinii (depression) fi dhukkuba kaleetin hospitaala seente. Bara 1912 baayyeesaa, Mariin jireenya ummataa dhiiftee garuu Ingilaandi keessa hiriyaashii fiizisistii Heertaa Ayirtan biratti dabariste. Laabiraatorii ishiitti kan deebite ji'a Muddee keessa yoo ta'u kunis ji'a 14 booda ture.
Bara 1912tti, Hawaasni Saayinsii Waarsawu aangoo hoogganummaa laabiraatorii haaraa Waarsawu keessa jiruu kennuufiff affeere, garuu Mariin ni didde, sababiinsaas Inistiitiyuutii Reediyemii kan Hagayya 1914tti xumurame irrattii fi karaa haaraa Gaabine Piyeer-Kurii jedhamee moggaafame irratti xiyyeeffachuu barbaadde. Mariin bara 1913tti Poolandi yoo deemtu Waarsawuttis simannaan godhameef garuu angaawonni Raashiyaa iddoo hin kennineefi. Guddinni Inistiitiyuutiichaa waraana dhufeen addaan cite, qorattoonni Firaansi baayyen Loltuu Firaansitti makamuuf dirqaman, inistiitiyuutichis hojiisaa bara 1919 deebi'ee jalqabe.
Wabii[edit | Lakkaddaa gulaali]
- "Marie Curie – Biography". Nobelprize.org. 4 July 1934. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- "She had given a whole new area of physics its name." "The Genius of Marie Curie: The Woman Who Lit Up the World" on YouTube (a 2013 BBC documentary).
- See her signature, "M. Skłodowska Curie", in the infobox.
- Her 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was granted to "Marie Sklodowska Curie"
- Barbara Goldsmith (2005). Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-393-05137-7.
- "The Genius of Marie Curie: The Woman Who Lit Up the World" on YouTube (a 2013BBC documentary).
- Tadeusz Estreicher (1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 (in Polish). p. 111.
- "Marie Curie – Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) Part 1". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- Wojciech A. Wierzewski (21 June 2008). "Mazowieckie korzenie Marii" [Maria's Mazowsze Roots]. Gwiazda Polarna 100 (13): 16–17. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- Robert William Reid (1974). Marie Curie. New American Library. p. 12.ISBN 0002115395.