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Haa jooni dey caɗeele ina ɓeydoo saɗtinde nguurndam gaaraas mo Wurosoogi, tawde kay gardiiɗo renndo teeru ngo hono Meeter Muusaa Bookar Caam jooɗdiima e jaayndiyaŋkooɓe e kikiiɗe hannde o ɗo galle makko ɗo. O hollitii ardiiɓe diiwaan o mballitaani jahrugol yeeso gaaraas sabu gooto kala nana urɓira bannge mum. O hollitii maa o rewindo golle haa yettoo jaagorgal kalfinaangal kisal leydi ndi ngam rewnude ɗum laawol so wonaa ɗuum jam artataa e nokku o, hannde o ko kaŋko woni gardiiɗo nokku o, omo foti joganaade ɗum doole ngam artirde gaaraas e laawol. E jammaagu ngu sukaaɓe ɓe telliima e mbeddaaji ngam duppude ponooji e waɗdude e sanndarmaaɓe ɓe.
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MUUSAA BOOKAR CAAM MEER WUROSOOGI : HAALA GAARAAS OO MAA YETTO JAAGORGAL KISAL KLEYDI
Haa jooni dey caɗeele ina ɓeydoo saɗtinde nguurndam gaaraas mo Wurosoogi, tawde kay gardiiɗo renndo teeru ngo hono Meeter Muusaa Bookar Caam jooɗdiima e jaayndiyaŋkooɓe e kikiiɗe hannde o ɗo galle makko ɗo. O hollitii ardiiɓe diiwaan o mballitaani jahrugol yeeso gaaraas sabu gooto kala nana urɓira bannge mum. O hollitii maa o rewindo golle haa yettoo jaagorgal kalfinaangal kisal leydi ndi ngam rewnude ɗum laawol so wonaa ɗuum jam artataa e nokku o, hannde o ko kaŋko woni gardiiɗo nokku o, omo foti joganaade ɗum doole ngam artirde gaaraas e laawol. E jammaagu ngu sukaaɓe ɓe telliima e mbeddaaji ngam duppude ponooji e waɗdude e sanndarmaaɓe ɓe.
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Ngardinndi
Winndi ooɗoo dokimaa ko hoohooɓe e jagge sooninkooɓe, tawi faltaaki jeyaaɓe e pelle politik gonduɗe e laamu walla e luulndo, jiiduɓe miijooji ko faati e ɗawre leñol mum en ɗawaa ndee.
Kala neɗɗo goɗɗo, yo o won sooninke walla alaa, jaɓɗo loowdi ooɗoo dokimaa ina waawi yantude e fuɗɗuɓe ɓee,
ngam jokkidde golle e luggiɗinaade e peeje. Faandaare rowrowre ndee ko daranaade jojjanɗe aadee e wallitde tabitingol nuunɗal nder renndo kam e ñiɓagol demokaraasi e nder Muritani juumtuɗo, dentuɗo.
Naatirka | Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM) yiɗi wonde ko njuɓɓudi ndenndinoori, njooɗaniindi dental sooninkooɓe, leñol jeyangol e timmal mum e ɓesngu Muritani leƴƴi-leƴƴinngu. Saabii ɗum ko teskuya laaɓtuɗo baasgol woodde ɓiyleydaagu, kam e baasgol dowla oo wonde jaambuur e nder mahngo leydi ndii, yantude e tasgol Dowla-Ngenndi. Ɗee geɗe gaddanɗe yimɓe teskoreede leñol mum en walla tirbii mum en. Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM), kam fof e woɗɗitaade kala miijo leñamleñaagu, e heddaade e yiɗde hisnude tigi rigi darnde mum ɓooynde jaamburaagal e waasde naatde e geɗe Dowla oo, fellitii huccitde e laamu kalfinaangu yuɓɓinde janngo men denndaaɗo oo, kam e gollooɓe politik e leƴƴi goɗɗi jeyaaɗi e Muritani ɗii e ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii kala.
Caggal Bayyinaango Sappo e Njeenayo (Manifeste des Dix-neuf) ngo 1966 e Bayyinaango Baleejo Muritaninaajo Kiiɗaaɗo (Manifeste du Négro-Mauritanien opprimé) ngo 1986 e Bayyinaango ngam Hakkeeji Politik e Faggudu e Renndo Hardaneeɓe (Manifeste pour les droits politiques, économiques et sociaux des Hratine) ngo abriil 2013, e Teskorde (Aide-mémoire) yowitiinde e jiytagol Jolfuɓe Muritani e laamu hee, e lewru abriil 2014, DHSM kam ne ina yiɗi addude ballal mum e mahngo Ngenndi Muritani, fawaade e nuunɗal e potal. Faandaare ngalɗoo ballal, wonaa ñiŋde won ɓeen walla woyande woɗɓe. Faandaare ooɗoo dokimaa ko fooɗtude hakkillaaji yimɓe fof, rewrude, ko idii fof, e cifagol ngonka daartol njuumtuka e sosngo Mauritani kaa (I). Feccere ɗiɗmere ndee yowittoo ko e cifagol batte gallugol tijjanoongol koɗdigal hakkunde leƴƴi, hono no tabitiniranoo nii. Faandaare ndee ko rokkude wasiyaaji e sakkitde peeje ngam ummital ngenndiwal ngam tabitingol nuunɗal e beldital e deeƴre nder renndo, geɗe gonooje ngooroondi ƴellitaare faggudu renndo fotndoowo yimɓe fof. Ko ɗee geɗe tan kadi mbaawi gaddaade kisal leydi ndii, haa ndi wona Ngenndi kesiri, mbellitiindi, potndundi yimɓe fof, ngenndi jaggondiral (III).
I. Iwdi caɗeele Muritani nde keɓi hoore mum ndee
Ngenndi Muritani fuɗɗii maheede ko e ngonka ka moƴƴaani hay batte saka waɗa e deeƴre, leydi ndii daroo haa tiiɗa. Saabii ɗum ko geɗe keeriiɗe nokkuyeeje njiimaandi koloñaal kam e ceertugol leƴƴi baawnaaɗi koɗdigal les laamu ngootu, yantude e dokkugol jeytaare ngol heblanaaka, paranaaka, kam e ngonka winndere ndee e oon sahaa to bannge jogaraafi daartol (géopolitique) e politik winndere ndee e diiwaan oo e Afrik e Arab.
Jiimgol leydi Muritani rewi ko e daawe ɗiɗi :
Ngol idorii ko e nokku ɓaleeɓe oo. Ngal inniraako « Seppo feewde fuɗnaange» (Marche vers l’Est), takko Maayo Mawngo, ummoraade tufnde Ndar wonnde e yuppirde geec Atlantik. Ngal naatti ko e njiimaandi Afrik hirnaange. Refti heen ko yaaɓande jiimgol leydi safalɓe, capanɗe joy hitaande caggal njiimaandi nokku ɓaleeɓe oo. Ko daawal daɓɓal, kuyfiɗngal. Ngal inniraa ko « seppo feewde rewo » (Marche vers le Nord). Ngal nawdaa ko e jiimgol espaañ dow Rio-de-Oro to bannge rewo, ƴaañoraade e koloni Senegaal to bannge worgo. Faandaare maggal wonnoo ko sukkude yolnde wonnoonde hakkunde koloniiji Afrik hirnaange farayseejo e ndeenaandi (protectorat) Maruk e teelɗugol njiimaandi Alaseri, njiimaandi koɗki, mbaɗtundi Alaseri departemaa Farayse.
Juɓɓitingol ko jogori wontoyde Muritani koo, ɓurnoo tuugaade ko e ngoƴaaji koloñaal en e luure nderndere hakkunde mum en, goɗɗuɗe no feewi ngonka Muritani. Ɗum noon, mahngo Muritani fawaaki e ngonka mum nderndera e mahondiral nafooje nokkuyeeje tawi fof tuugii ko teskagol nafooje ɓesnguuji ɗii e hoohooɓe mum en.
Wonande Muritani, miijo koloñaal goonga e goonga ngoo wonnoo ko sosande safalɓe Dowla. Ɓe kiisii leƴƴi ɓaleeji daande maayo ɗii njeyaa ko e Senegaal, gonɗo e njiimaandi. Ko ɗum ɗoon wonoyta hujja « seppo feewde rewo » e cuɓagol koloñaal innde « Muritani » ndee e hitaande 1899, e tafde ko jogori wontoyde leydi men koo. Daawal gadanal sosngo Muritani e keeri mum hannde ɗii, ko baɗtugol daande maayo rewo ngoo e « ndeenaandi leyɗeele safalɓe daande maayo Senegaal » (« protectorat des pays maures du bas-Sénégal ») ñalnde 10 abriil 1904. Teeŋtini ɗum ko naattingol e nder koloni Muritani, diiwanuuji ɗiɗi Hod ɗii, jeyanooɗi e njiimaandi Sudaan farayseejo, ñalnde 5 sulyee 1944. Gaa gaa ɗee geɗe nokkuyeeje, ina teskaa jotondiral jiimoowo oo e jiimaaɓe ɓee, wonaano gootal to safalɓe e to ɓaleeɓe. Njiimaandi ndii to nokku safalɓe ina deestii seeɗa, sibu ndi rewratnoo ko e mawɓe tirbiiji gollantonooɓe koloñaal, ɓe ɓe ɓurnoo jokkondirde, tawi noon, wonande leƴƴi ɓaleeji daande maayo ɗii, ko njiimaandi ŋaddet rewrude e mawɓe kantoŋaaji ɓe laamu koloñaal toɗɗotonoo, fooɗondirtunooɓe e laamaandi ngaadanteeri ndii. Ko ɗumɗoon waɗi, laamaandi ngaadanteeri salafɓe ɓuri heddaade sibu njiimaandi koloñaal e maɓɓe ɓuri raɓɓiɗde. Ɗum na jeyaa e ko addani koloñaal ɓurde wuuranaade ɓe nde tottitta laamu ndee. Koloñaal en mballitii no feewi kanndidaaji jaɓannooɗi ɗum en e nder woote depiteeji baɗnooɗe e hitaande 1946 kam e toɗɗe diiso guwarnama e hitaande 1957 juumtunooɗe e wellitaare, caggal ɗum e jeytaare leydi men.
Njuɓɓudi mbaawka politik ndii wonaano ngootiri, tamiindi, wonande leydi ndii kala. Sibu e oon sahaa, wonnoo e rewo leydi hee ko amiraaji safalɓe, hono emiraa Tararsa e Barakna e Tagante e Adraar, cawndondirnooɗi, to bannge worgo, e dowlaaji ɓaleeɓe Tekruur e Ganaa e Jolof, ɗuum woni laamaandi Gidimaka e Fuuta Tooro e Ngalam e Waalo Barak, maantinirnooɗi, e nder jotondire mum en, kaɓɓondire heen sahaaji, kareeli heen sahaaji, tawi teskaaki jeyegol e safalɓe walla e ɓaleeɓe. Njuɓɓudi koloñaal waawii haɓɓondirde e lawakooɓe e laamaandi ngaadanteeri. Nde ndi sompata laamu mayri tuugiingu e laawakooɓe ndee, ndi ɓuri heedande ko ɓurnooɓe jaɓde njiimaandi Farayse. Nde Muritani sompetee e mbaydi kesiri ndee, ndi roni ko renndooji lawakooji adiikoloñaal, tee rewaa tan ko ɗo koloñaal rewnoo ɗoo, sibu, e nder jiirondiral laamu hee, ko jotondire goodnooɗe ɗee tan ƴettitaa, yantude e kuutoragol paltoraaji ngam tiiɗtinde laamu lawakooɓe.Ɗee peeje laamagol ɓooyɗe, tabitɗe, tuugiiɗe e cehilaagal hakkunde njuɓɓudi laamu e lawakooɓe, maa ɓeydo teeŋtude e nder Muritani nde keɓi hoore mum ndee, sibu laawɗinaa tan ko ɓurondire renndo duumtuɗe.
E nder kaan ngonka tiimtagol e aadaaji, ɗooftagol jiimaaɓe ɓee laamu nguu, fawii ko e kulol ɓe njogii e doole laamu nguu. Ko ɗum addani laamotooɓe ɓee teeɗanaade tamde laamu nguu fof e innde neɗɗo. Seede mum, ko laaminooɓe e tuma nde Muritani heɓi jeytaare mum ndee, ngoppii, e nder daawal jaasngal duuɓi joy, laamu tuugiingu e parlamaan ngu koloñaal ɗaccirnoo en, ɓe lomtiniri ɗum laamu hooreleydaagu. Ko ɓurnoo teeŋtude e mbaawkaaji waɗtaa e juuɗe laamɗo leydi. Ɗoon e ɗoon mbaawka carɗinoowa reftii mbaawka ciynoowa ; kaaɗoo mbaawka kadi wonti tan laamu hooreejo leydi, sibu, e ko tabiti, terɗe guwarnama, woni hilifaaɓe, kam e kanndidaaji depiteeyaagal ciññinantuno hooreejo leydi oo demisiyoŋ mo ñalɗaaka (sarɗanaaka ñalngu) ko adii nde toɗɗetee. Ɗum firti ko kala nde o yiɗi ittude gooto e mum en, o yaltintu demisiyoŋ siññinnoo oo, o waɗa heen ñalngu ngu o welaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko parti bajjo laawɗinaa, woni parti-dowla (parti-Etat) ngam tamde haa tiiɗa denndaangal gini laamu ngu o renndaani hay gooto. Kuufgol yimɓe leydi ndii e yeeso finndinde ɗum en e mahde hakkillaaji mum en e ɓiyleydaagu e demokaraasi e ittude denndaangal mbaadiiji paltoor donaaɗi, maa renndoyankooji, leƴƴiyankooji, walla tuugiiɗi e edda, kuufgol jojjunongol ngam mahde Dowla-Ngenndi, ngool kuufgol yejjitaa.
Yanti heen kadi, ndeen hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeere wonti hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu koninkaagu ngaadanteeri caggal kuudetaa 1978 e denndaangal daawal ngal konu laamii ngal, rewrude e silsil nanondiraaɗo e nder goomuuji koninkaagu dartingol, caggal ɗum goomuuji kisal ngenndi, hade mum wontude hinnde njuɓɓudi reenooɓe ngaadanteeri caggal cosgol BASEP. Neeɓaani, oon BASEP heɓti kaɓirɗe konu nguu kala, konu ngontungu konu ndeenka laamu hoorameewu. Nde tawnoo nehdi ɓiyleydaagu e jikkuuji demokaraasi ngoodaani, wonti laamu neɗɗo gooto ɗo hakkunde ɗoo, banndiraaɓe catii ɗum, rewi heen tirbii, caggal ɗuum jinngere fotnde suddude ko heddii koo. Nii woni, so a ƴeewii dow, laamu nguu ina jogii mbaadi Dowla keso jogiiɗo juɓɓule demokarasiije, kono nder, ngu gollortoo ko kongol laamu e yedditaare goodgol Dowla oo e hoore mum. E nder ɗuum, ardiiɓe ɓee, gooto e mum en kala ina huutoroo ɓallagol mum laamu nguu, ngam honde ngalu e keɓe leydi ndii, haa ko jeyi keeriiɗo e jeyi buur ndenti ceerndotaako. Ngolɗoo jeɗgol njeenaaje e teddule huutortoo ko coodgu ngam suddude jinngere tuugiinde e jiidigal. Nii woni, mawɗo « geese » (système) cañeteeɗe ɗee, nde tawnoo huutorii ko njeenaari e bellitgol bonannde, faggoo caggal ballowal ɗum, tawi woni heen ko yimɓe politik e omdafeer en reftiiɓe, ɓe o sosi, ɗum noon yowitiiɓe e makko banngeeji fof. Ɗum ko gaagaa galle makko e tirbii makko e leñol makko e edda ɓalndu makko. Nafoore ngolɗoo kowol laamu tataɓol ko ɓoornude laamu nguu wutte demokaraasi e rokkude ɗum mbaadi laamu tirbiiji keewɗi e leƴƴi keewɗi e eddaaji ɓalndu keewɗi, haa nanndita e Ngenndi e huutoraade ɗum e woote.
II. Batte maajum dow mahngo dowla-ngenndi keso
Laamuuji deggondirɗi e ngardiigu leydi Muritani dewɗi heen ɗii fof, tuugotoo ko e denndaangal ɗeeɗoo geɗe cifaaɗe, kañje fof e luutondirde e mahngo leydi. Ɗuum woni compugol tippudi laamu tuuginoondi, ɗo adan ɗoo, e « keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab » (A), keertingol baɗngol e dow keeci mbaadiiji pinal tawaaɗi e nokku hee, ɓurɗi ɓooyde. Ndiin tippudi heɓti mbaawka politik e faggudu leydi ndii fof, tabitini heedi-heeda (B) e nder denndaangal juɓɓule pewjooje, heedi-heeda donaaɗo wonande hardaneeɓe, jaajtinaaɗo e haalpulaaren e sooninkooɓe e jolfuɓe, rewrude e jiilyiiltugol mbaawka e doole laamu. Ɗum yuumti e wasre laamu to bannge politik (C), wasre nde dente loraaɗe ɗee cifortoo rasisma dowla walla warhoore aadeejo, walla warhoore leñol, fawaade e no juɓɓule winndereeje cifortoo ɗum.
A. Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab e dewondiral geɗe ɗee
Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab garngol e duumaade e leydi hee, ɗeɓi wayde ko no ardinde ƴellitaare neɗɗaagal arab e dow mbaadi leƴƴi keddiiɗi ɗii, jeyaaɗi kam enne e Ngenndi Muritani. Ɗuum ko rewrude e keɓtingol ɗemngal Arab tan, e baawnugol mum nder jaŋde.
Ngolɗoo keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ina laawɗinaa e sariya gorworo oo, gila e Doosɗe leydi 22 marse 1959, e doosɗe leydi 20 mee 1961, rewrude e baɗgol Arab ɗemngal gootal ngenndiwal, oon sahaa ko Farayse tan wonnoo ɗemngal laawɗungal. Doosɗe leydi 4 marse 1968 wayliino ɗum seeɗa nde waɗti Arab ɗemngal laawɗungal, fotndi ɗum e ɗemngal jiimnooɗo oo, heddii kadi e wonde ɗemngal ngenndiwal gootal : pulaar e sooninke e wolof mbinndaaka heen boom. Ko maa 20 suwee 1991 nde Arab waɗtaa ɗemngal bajjal laawɗinangal, ɗemɗe e pine keddiiɗe ɗee, jeyaaɗe e Muritani kam enne, ndañi hankati wontude ɗemɗe ngenndiije. Ngolɗoo keɓtingol ɓurondirngol mbaadiiji gorwori leydi men kesiri ndii, dalliniraa ko konngol « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » (repersonnalisation de l’homme mauritanien). « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » noon, maa dagotono no haanirta nii so tawiino miijiranoo, tabitiniranoo ko e yeeso teskaade denndaangal muritaninaaɓe e kuuɓal mum en, ko aldaa e paltoor. « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » waawaano wonde, waawaano tabitde ɗoon ɗo jiyaaɓe e rimɗinaaɓe e kinɗe lesɗinaaɗe e renndo men, taweteeɗe e leƴƴi Muritani ɗii fof, keɓtaani « aadeeyaagu » mum en. Ngolɗoo « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo aadeyaagu mum » nooynangol, rewrude e dimɗingol e keɓtingol timmungol, maa addantuno mo heɓtude mbaadi makko fof e ndimaagu makko kala, so wonde aadee timmuɗo. So tawii « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » yiyranoo ko e yeeso toɗɗaade kadi denndaangal leƴƴi ɓaleeji Muritani, maa pellital politik ngal yettotono laawɗingol, no Arab laawɗiniraa nii, e janngingol e ekkolaaji laamu hee, ɗemɗe keddiiɗe ɗee, hono Pulaar e Sooninke e Wolof. Hannde, ko pellital tan ŋakki, sibu duɗe jarriborɗe Duɗal Ɗemɗe Ngenndiije kollitii juumtugol heblo majje. Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ina haawnii gila e fuɗɗoode mum, sibu dalliniraa ko ɗaɗndude en e wostaare to bannge pinal, wostaare jotondirnde e njiimaandi koloñaal, kono ngol wonti kadi ko feere waɗtirde Muritani fof mbaadi ngootiri, e waasde teskaade pine leydi ndii keddiiɗe ɗee. Wonande muritaninaaɓe ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe, « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » wontani ɗum en ko « waasde neɗɗaagu mum en goɗngol », ko joñegol. Mbaadi yimɓe e leƴƴi wonaa huunde nde tagaaɗo waawi sarɗude, ko Alla tan sarɗi ɗum nde felliti tellinde ɓe e leydi mum hee. Ɗum noon, eɗen poti teskaade gootol kala e leƴƴi leydi men, tesko-ɗen ɗi kañji kala, potnden ɗi, e nder mahngo ngenndi ndii. Mbele Allah wiyaani, e aaye 13 simoore 49 Quraana tedduɗo oo « Eehey mon yimɓe, Min tagii on ummoraade gorko e debbo, min mbaɗi on leƴƴi leƴƴi mbele nganndondiron. Ɓuri rimɗude e mon fof to Allah, ko ɓurɗo hulde ɗum oo … » ?
Ngootaagu ngenndi firtaani wontude gootel, wontude gootum. Ngootaagu ina waawi waɗde e nder ceertugol e keewal, tawi aldaa e sarɗi walla jojjeende reftaare, walla wosteende, walla caaygol gooto oo nder heddiiɓe ɓee. Ngalɗoo keewal pine fotaani wonde mumangal, walla muñanaangal, walla waɗde tolnooji. Ngal foti ko hisneede, hormeede, jojjiteede no ngalu nii, rewrude e carɗingol kam e ɗooftagol poyngol juɓɓule Ndenndaandi ndii pine ɗee kala.
Demokaraasi firtaani keeweendi njaltundi e woote ina jiima ko heddii koo. Ndiin keeweendi rokkaa tan ko hakke, dagnanaa ardaade e lelnude sariyaaji, tawi ina gaddanii ɓiɓɓe leydi kala, e kala ɓiɗɗo leydi, denndaangal hakkeeji mum gorwori, rewrude e teskagol leƴƴi Ngenndi men ndii kala, haa arti noon e leƴƴi kiisaaɗi ko ɓuraaɗi keeweendi ɗii.
Hay so tawii en koddirii wonde keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ngol joopii ko ɗemngal Quraana, ina moƴƴi ciftinen wonde, tuggi njaatiraaɓe men haa yettii yontannde men, hay gooto fadaani haa ɗemngal Arab tan laawɗinaa e Muritani nde fuɗɗii janngude Quraana e nder ɗemngal Arab, walla waɗti janngude Arab ngam ɓeydaade faamde nelal kuuɓtodinngal gonngal e Quraana tedduɗo oo.
So en koddirii woni daliilu keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ngol ko sabu haalooɓe Arab ɓurde heewde e leydi hee, ngam dallinde baawnugol e dow yimɓe fof aarabaagal rewrude e laawɗingol mum kam tan, kam e joñgol mbaadiiji pine ngenndiije keddiiɗe ɗee, eɗen poti siftinde wonde miijannde keeweendi keertinndi woodaani : woodi tan ko leƴƴi cosɗi Dowla Muritani. Ɗiin leƴƴi noon, e fawaade e ɗuum, mbaawaa, etee potaani adaba joñeede.
Feere wootere ngam mahde mbaadi ngootiri, tuugiindi e ɓiyleydaagu, ngaroori dow leƴƴi ɗii fof, ko heɓtinde mbaadiiji keeriiɗi denndaangal leƴƴi leydi men, tawa noon eɗen ndeentoo waɗtude ɗum leñamleñamaagal.
Addata ñoofagol e nder keertingol leñol e felɓondirde ɗum e keddiiɗi ɗii, ko baasgol fotndude mbaadiiji leƴƴi cosɗi Muritani ɗii, mbaadiiji potɗi alɗondirde.
Leƴƴi kiiseteeɗi ko ɓuraaɗi keeweendi e Muritani ɗii, njeyaa ko leƴƴi cosɗi Muritani, to bannge daartol, kono kadi hay to bannge sippiro politik addanngo leydi ndii jeytaade.
To bannde daartol, ɗiin leƴƴi ko ɗoo koɗnoo gila dawaa-dawi, won heen idiiɗi goɗɗi ɗii, kono kañji fof ko juuti ko idii kalfaandi koloñaal Farayse e leydi men e ko rewi e mum, ko juuti ko idii jeytaare Rippoobilik Islaamiyeejo Muritani. Wonande sooninkooɓe, koɗki maɓɓe e leydi hee ina yaajnoo, sibu yettiima lowlowi cahe nannduɗe e Kummbi Saaleh e Waalata e Tiisiit e Shinngiti e Attaar, kono kadi ɓe idiima wattiindiiɓe arde ɗoo ɓee, hono Beni Hasaan en, ko ina wona duuɓi ujunere e leydi hee.
Persidaa Muttaar wul Daddaa, neɗɗo mawɗo e jeytaare leydi men, kam fof e woɗɗude jiyle e daranaade cosgol Dowla Muritani, dañaani heeroraade innde baaba coso. Kanko e hoore makko o heɓtinii ɗum e wondude e yankinaare e nder deftere makko siftorde, wonde o heɓiino « ardaade e yuɓɓinde golle cosgol Dowla Ngenndi Muritani ». Hono no huunde e hoohooɓe aarabeeɓe-berbeer en, haa arti noon e Ahmedu wul Horma wul Baabanaa, Sileymaani wul Seek Sidiyaa e Muhammed wul Seek, hoohooɓe woɗɓe jeyaaɓe e leƴƴi goɗɗi ɗii, ko wayi no Sileymaani Joop e Njawaar Saar e Ahmadu Mammadu Bah e Siidi el Muttaar Njaay e Bah Maamuudu Sammba Booli e Ceekura Demmbele e Sammba Ganndegaa e Jeeri Sidibe e Bah Aamadu Jaaje Sammba Joom e Yuusuf Koytaa e Yaayaa Kan e Siidi Muhammed Jagana e Seek Saad Buuh Kan e Gaay Silli Sumaare, en mbaawaa limtude fof, ɓee fof ndariima, kaɓaa ngam ndimaagu ngenndi men. Aɓe njeyaa e daraninooɓe laŋ mahngo neɗɗaagu politik leydi men, gila noon e woote depiteeji gadane Farayse wonande nokkuuji gaɗa-maayo geec ɗii, e hitaande 1946 haa yettii referaandoom wellitaare, haa yettii termondire baɗdanooɗe e Farayse ngam jeytaare leydi ndii. Ɓee hoohooɓe kala ina njeyanoo e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe yiytinaade kaɓɓondire politik keewɗe baɗetenooɗe ina pirtee, haa arti noon e Mooɓondiral Eeleega e lewru mee 1958, nde jooɗaninooɓe daande maayo mbaɗi maslahaa mawɗo, so jaɓde dirtinde carɗingol peccugol laamu kam e juɓɓingol laamu tuugingol e Dental (federaasiyoŋ) ɗi ɓe mbiynoo alaa sago ngooda ngam reentoraade. Ɓe kollitii ngenndiyankaagal mawngal, ɓe cuɓii ngootaagu ngam huccitande musibbaaji ummortooɗi caggal, ketɗi goodal Muritani. Ina jeyanoo e ɗiin musibbaaji ketɗi, hujjaaji « Maruk mawɗo » kiisinooɗi wonde Maruk yahii haa daande maayo Senegaal. Ɗuum ummorinoo ko e eɓɓaande nde jiimooɓe korsinnoo, yiɗde sompude Fedde Renndinnde Diiwanuuji Saharaa, nde fotaano moƴƴude e leydi Alaseri, yantude e eɓɓaande Njuɓɓudi Ndenndinndi Leyɗe Afrik Hirnaange mo Farayse. Ɗee eɓɓaaɗe dental maa ngontatno dente mawɗe ɗo njogorno-ɗen saayde so en naatii e mum en. Ko e cosgol e pirtugol dille e partiiji politik e nder Muritani, dille ngenndiyankooje Arab e Afrik njibinaa. Ina himmi kolliten wonde dille cakkitiiɗe ɗee njibinaa ko caggal juɓɓitgol dille ngenndiyankooje aarabeeɓe gidinooɗe soseede. Ɗeen dille kadi eɗen mbaawi wiyde ko kaannooɗo, so ƴeewraama bannge dartagol njiimaandi koloñaal, to bannge njuɓɓudi e politik e pinal. Kono kadi eɗe mbaawnoo yiyreede no dille ceɓɓitiiɗe nii, ɗoon ɗo ɗe njeddi hujjaaji leƴƴi ɓaleeji ɗii, baaɗi no hujjaaji maɓɓe ɗii nii haande.
Jaltugol njiimaandi e naatgol e jeytaare hesere, ittii en e ngonka cawndondiral leƴƴi men, e nder jotondiral ɗeɓnongal yerondirde, sibu ndeen, hare laamu ɓurnoo wonde ko e nder leƴƴi ɗii e koye mum en, naatni en e ngonka dowla tamiiɗo ɗo laamu woni ɗo gootel, huunde jibininnde pooɗondire hakkunde leƴƴi ngam tamde laamu, kam e ɓurondire hakkunde majji.
B. Ɗawgol, gila ɗo wonnoo seeɗa-seeɗa, haa huuɓtodini
Ko goonga, caɗeele koɗdigal ɗee mbaawaa tan haaɗtineede e pelɓondiral hakkunde leƴƴi. Kono tan, kuutoragol leƴƴi ina jeyaa e ko ɓeydi geɗe ceerndooje Ngenndi Muritani : ɗawgol e geɗe renndo, to bannge politik e faggudu kam e cuɓagol dente gollondiral diiwaniije. Yeru jeyeede e sosnooɓe Dental Magreb Arab (UMA) e hitaande 1989, e jaltugol e Dente Afrik hirnaange ; yeru jaltugol bannginteewol e Dental Faggudu e Ƴellitaare Dowlaaji Afrik Hirnaange (CEDEAO), tawi Muritani ina jeyanoo e sosnooɓe ɗum e hitaande 1975, ko juuti ko adii cosgol UMA. Faamaama wonde paltoor oo ko kuutorgal ooyrugal laamu kuuɓtodinngal e tolnooji kala. Woni hoore, ɓuri teeŋtude e oon paltoor fof, ko ɗawre to bannge renndo fawaade e jibinannde, woɗɗitinnde ceŋɗe ɓesngu nguu no ndiidorinoo denndaangal nokkuuji e fannuuji nguurndam renndo ngoo, rewrude e leeltingol lelnugol kaɓirɗe ñaawoore sariya ngam haɓde e jiyɗingol e batte mum e mumtude ɗum. Ɗum haaɗaani tan ndeke e ŋakkeende pellital politik. Alaa e sago keɓtinen wonde, e goonga, ɗumɗoo fof ko feere ooyrude faggudu e renndo rewrude e leeltingol pinal moɓe ɓesngu jiimaaɗe ɗee, sabu kulol duumingol feccoyde e mum en laamu. Ooɗoo paltoor ina jogii sifaa renndo, ɗum noon omo toɗɗii leƴƴi leydi men kala. Kono kadi, omo jogii sifaa keeriiɗo, renndo-leƴƴiyankeejo wonande Hardaneeɓe e Haalpulaaren e Sooninkooɓe e Jolfuɓe. Ooɗoo paltoor ina yaaji, ina huuɓtodini juɓɓule politik e koninkaagu e faggudu. Paltoor oo ina feeñira e famɗude hilifaaɓe (ministereeɓe) e nder guwarnama, kam e Njuɓɓudi toowndi Dowla oo, e to diiwanuuji ɗii, e to bannge dipolomaasi. Ko yimɓe seeɗa kadi ɓe njogii e nder konu hee e doole kisal ɗee, sabu yimɓe maɓɓe ɓooreede e konu hee haa laaɓi, walla heɗɗooji kaɗooji yimɓe maɓɓe ƴetteede e kawgelaaji. Ko ceɗta kunal kadi ɓe keɓata e ngalu leydi hee, sabu politik paltoor to bannge faggudu tuugiiɗo e baɗtugol sosiyateeji laamu sosiyateeji keeriiɗi bannginteeji, kam e cosgol bankeeji e pelle gaddotooɗe kisal, kam e dokkitgol jamirooje awo tuugingol e heedi-heeda.
Wonande soninkooɓe, no ɓe ɗawraa nii ɗooftaaki hay doosɗe ɗe mbinndaaka dottooje geɗal kala leñol heewi rokkeede e nder juɓɓule pinal e faggudu e dipolomaasi e koninkaagu e ñaawoore. Ɗiiɗoo ɓetooji garooji njeddotaako. E oon sahaa gooto mo yimɓe leydi ndii ɓeydotoo, faggugu mum ina ɓeydoo yaajde e ƴellitaade, njuɓɓudi laamu ina ɓeydoo saraade, jagge ina ɓeydoo sokleede, Muritani ina yaajtina jotondire mum banngeeji fof e winndere ndee kala, geɗal sooninkooɓe kañum woni tan ko e ustaade ñalnde kala, haa wonti hay huunde wonande nokkuuji keewɗi.
Nde Muritani heɓi hoore mum ndee, e saanga nde faayiida neɗɗo wonnoo ɓetirgal teeŋtungal ngam heɓde poosto, sooninkooɓe ngoniino e poostooji keewɗi : ɓe meeɗii wonde Persidaa Asaambele Ngenndi, ministereeɓe, hoolaaɓe kuuɓal, ardiiɓe kabineeji, kumaandaŋ serkaluuji, waaliiji, perfeeji, ñaawooɓe, ammbasaderuuji, konsileeɓe, ofiseeji toowɗi e nder konu, e nder sanndarmori e garde e duwaan. Ɓe ngardinooma bankeeji, ɓe ngardinooma sosiyateeji laamu, ɓe ngoniino komersaaji mawɗi e omdafeer en. En mbaawaa limtude fof. Gila laamujji militeer en ngari, haa teeŋti noon e feccere kitaale capanɗe jeetati, yimɓe amen ustiima no feewi e nder juɓɓule laamu haa wonti ceɗta kunal.
So en ƴettii yeru e guwarnama hee, ɓe meeɗii jogaade heen Kuuɓal kalfinaangal Sato fat. Ɓurii ɗoon bonde, sibu ɓe ngalaano hay neɗɗo gooto e nder HCE (Diiso Dowla Toowngo). Ngool woni go’o gila laamuuji militeer puɗɗii laamaade. Geɗal amen hankadi natti diwde kalifu gooto, walla ɗiɗo, Kuuɓal kuɓtodinngal gootal, ammbasadeer gooto walla hay gooto, e konsil gooto walla hay gooto ; ɗumɗoo ko wonande pootooji laamu toowɗi ɗii. Wonande poostooji keddiiɗi ɗii, amin njogii kalfinaaɗo donngal (chargé de missions) gooto to persidaas, ballitoowo gooto (attaché) to pirimatiir, hooreeɓe diiso njuɓɓudi (conseil d’adminsitration) ɗiɗo e gardo kuuɓtodinɗo nokku dowla gooto. Wonande konu nguu e doole kisal ɗee, min ngalaa hay seneraal gooto, hay kolonel gooto. Min kaaɗdaa e konu hee ko e lietnaaji kolonel jeegom, e kumaandaŋ gooto e kapiteen gooto, lietnaa gooto, cukko lietnaa gooto. To garde ngenndi, min njogii ko lietnaa kolonel gooto. A min njogii kapiteen gooto garde e gooto sanndarma. To polis, amin njogii gardo (directeur) gooto e komiseer gooto e juurnittooɗo (inspecteur) gooto. Wonande njuɓɓudi laamu nokkuyeeri (administration territoriale), min ngalaa hay Waali gooto ; a min njogii cukko Waali gooto, e haakem gooto, e sukkuɓe haakem tato. Min ngalaa hay mawɗo rondismaa gooto. Ko min ɗawaa koo ɓuri laaɓtude kadi ko to Ministeer ñaawoore, sibu min ngalaa hay carɗo (Magistrat) gooto, hay ñaawoowo gooto, hay binndoowo (gerefiyee) gooto.
Ɗumɗoo kam, ma a taw warii hoore. Naamndal amen ko hol nde ɗumɗoo jogori nattude. Eɗen teskoo noon sooninkooɓe keeroraaki ndee ɗawre. Ko ɗum addani min naattinde gollal amen e hare ɓurnde yaajde ngam compugol Muritani nuunɗuɗo, dentuɗo, Muritani ɓiyngu yummaagu, ɗo faayiida neɗɗo e yarlitanaare mum ngenndi mum, e kaɓɓagol mum e ngootaagu ngenndi ndii kam e renndo ngoo, njogotoo faayiida.
Peeje ɗawgol ɗee tuggi ko e ɗawre to bannge politik kam e politik ƴellitaare e peewnugol leydi (aménagement territorial) rewrude e taƴngo keeri njuɓɓudi laamu e kominaaji, ngo rewaani laawol, ngo teskaaki softeende yimɓe, haa yettii jedditagol ngenndaagu (deni de nationalité) e kaɗgol ɓiyleydaagu to karnal etaa siwil. Wonande sooninkooɓe, eɗen mbaawi rokkude yeru e fenaande fuŋŋiniinde wonande diiwaan Gidimaka oo to bannge keewal depiteeji, sibu teskaa ɗoo tan ko mukaataaji ɗiɗi e ronndismaaji tati, keewal yimɓe mum teskaaka. E oon sahaa gooto mukaataaji ɗiɗi kesi (Saami jowitiiɗo e Daklet Nuwaadibu e mukaataa Dar jowitiiɗo e diiwaan Hod hirnaange, tawi laamorgo mum ko Nbeiket Lahuwash) cosaama e nokkuuji pamɗuɗi yimɓe. Wonande binnditagol e karnal ngenndiwal yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi (registre national des populations et des titres sécurisés) alaa no waawi faamreede, so wonaa weleede waɗde paltoor. So wonaano ɗuum, hol no neɗɗo suusirta naamnaade muritaninaaɓe wonɓe caggal leydi kaayitaaji goɗɗi ɗi muritaninaaɓe wonɓe e leydi ndii naamnaaka ? Ƴeewaa batte mum bonɗe wonande sooninkooɓe wonɓe caggal leydi, haa arti noon to Farayse, ɗo ɓe ɓuri heewde ɗoo, ɗo ɓesngu mum en waawi heɓde ngenndaagu Farayse, sibu ko toon jibinaa, kono ina keddii e wonde muritaninaaɓe e haɓɓaade e muritanaagal mum en haa tiiɗi to bannge renndo e pinal e faggudu. Haa hannde, wonande binnditagol etaa siwil ngol : paltoor oo haaɗaani tan e kaayitaaji naamneteeɗi ngam waawde winnditaade ɗii, so wonaa wonande muritaninaaɓe wonɓe caggal leydi, no kollitir-ɗen nii. Kono paltoor oo ina woodi haa e terɗe goomuuji kalfinaaɗi binnditagol ɗii, sibu ma a taw kamɓe fof ko ɓe safalɓe. Yanti heen aɓe ngondi e solteende ina ɓurti no feewi, ɓe cuuɗaaki, ɓe moggaaki e naamne maɓɓe ɓurtuɗe ɗee, naamne kaawniiɗe ɓe naamnotoo ɓaleeɓe ɓee. Ɓaleeɓe heewɓe mbaasii ngenndaagu mum en (nattii jogaade leydi ɗo njeyaa) sabu tan caliima, walla ndonkii jaabaade naamne puuyɗe, doondiiɗe ngañantumaagu, ɗe ndewaani laawol, naamneteeɗe ɗee. Naamne ɓurtiiɗe kaayitaaji laamu rokkunoo ɗii, kam e kaayitaaji etaa siwil dewɗi laawol ɗii, himmude ngam dallinde ko ɓe Muritaninaaɓe. To bannge goɗɗo oo, mbayliigu jeyi leydi 1983 ina fotnoo wonde taaɓal mawngal, e coktirgal moƴƴal ngam ñawndude caɗeele nguura e nder leydi hee, walla kam wona fartaŋŋe tabitinde kisal nguura, tawa kadi ina ñawnda tooñannge fawaange e hardaneeɓe e jiyaaɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe to leƴƴi ɓaleeji. Sibu nana wona duuɓi teemedde jooni ko ɓe ngollinee, doole maɓɓe ina ciiɓee, aɓe keedaa e ndimaagu maɓɓe, aɓe ndema leyɗeele daande maayo ngam wuurnude Muritaninaaɓe fof. Gagga jeyi leydi ileteendi daande maayo ndi golle Fedde Peewnugol Maayo Senegaal (OMVS) rokkiti faayiida, ina jokkondiree e caɗeele koɗdigal leƴƴi leydi ndii. Waɗi ɗuum, ko mbayliigu jeyi leydi nguu ittii mbaadi ngaadanteeri jiilgol leyɗeele ɗee, tawi teskaaki hakkeeji jeyi ɗi ɓaleeɓe Muritani ndoni e njaatiraaɓe mum en, hakke maɓɓe dow leyɗeele ɗe ɓe ngollotoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi ujunere. Ɓaleeɓe Muritani lomtinanaaka kaalis baawnooɗo addande ɗum en jokkude gollaade leyɗe ɗe ndematnoo, ndaa ɓe ngalaa mbaawka naatnude karallaagal kesal ndema. Ɗum na waawnoo addande ɓe hattande dartaade yooro e kirisaaji faggudu deggondirɗi. Hare haannde luulndiinde mbaadiiji jaanduyaagal e nder jeyi leydi ɗo hardaneeɓe e ɓiɗɓe jiyaaɓe to leƴƴi ɓaleeji, fotaano wonde daliilu ittugol jeyi denndaaɗo jotondirɗo e jeyi enɗam gure. Ndema galleeji e gure firtaani ndema ndaɗaaka. Haralleeɓe ina keɓtini wonde ko ka ndema njahduka e ngonka daande maayo. Ka nanndaani e ndema kolaaɗe mawɗe ka jom kaalisaaji en, ummoriiɓe caggal leydi walla jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ɓe kattanaani ɗum mbaɗata, tawi alaa ko mbaaw-ɗen heen. Tabitingol mbayliigu jeyi leydi nguu addanii ɓaleeɓe Muritani ɓeydaade mettinde, e hiisaade ko teettaaɓe leyɗe mum en e dow fenaande, tawi kadi ina ɗawaa e ñamaale kaalisaaji bankeeji kam e peeje ƴetteteeɗe ngam wallitde ndema. Ɗumɗoo ina holliti wonde, no laamu nguu wayi e ɓaleeɓe nii, wonaa noon wayi e safalɓe, sibu, duuɓi ɗiɗi ko adii ɗuum, sariya mumtuɗo macungaagu oo ina yamiri huunde haawniinde, so lomtinande halfunooɓe yimɓe. Hannde eɗen ngoɗɗi tawo faandaare kisal nguura, tee leydi men ina ɓeydoo, hitaande kala, yowitaade e jiggoore caggal leydi nde balle adunankooje coodanta en. Ndema jom kaalisaaji en ko ko galli e nder leydi men, tee haa hannde hardaneeɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe jeyaaɓe e leƴƴi ɓaleeɓe, ngalaa tawo leydi.
Ardiiɓe leydi ndii ndañaani wune naftoraade fartaŋŋe daartiyankeejo, so waɗde mbayliigu jeyi leydi miijaangu no moƴƴi, ciyniraangu no feewi. Mbayliigu jeyi leydi ngoodngu nguu, wonti ko mbayliigu ceerndoowu, njaggiraangu no fuɗɗoode bone jogorɗe kewɗe e Muritani duuɓi sappo caggal ɗuum, to bannge jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e warhoore aadee, e warhoore leñol.
C. Piggal e wasre politik, jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e warhooreeji laamu
Leƴƴi Muritani ɓaleeji ina piɗɗitoo kala nde kuule ɗe moƴƴaani en ƴettaa.
Ngool dartagol ina haani, sibu jotondiri ko e jojjanɗe gorwore, tee dartagol maɓɓe ko jamyamol, kaaɗngol e juuɗe, tawi faandaare mum ko fooɗtude hakkillaaji ardiiɓe leydi ndii tan. Kono ɗum haɗataa, kala nde ɓe ndilli, laamu yanat e maɓɓe, haa yaɓɓa jojjanɗe aadee, ɓeyda mette ; ngool jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee yanta e paltoor gulletenooɗo oo, naatna leydi ndii e yiriinde wasre mettunde yaltude.
Caggal dummbugol hoohooɓe ɓaleeɓe Muritani e hitaande 1966 caggal nde njaltini kaayit ganndiraaɗo « Bayyinaango Sappo e Njeenayo », to Nebeyba, nder caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, e hitaande 1986 to Waalata, caggal nde mbayyini kaayit ina wiyee « Bayyinaango Ɓaleejo Muritani Kiiɗaaɗo », Waalata ɗo laamu nguu yaɓɓi jojjanɗe aadee jaɓɓugol teeŋtungol, juumtungol e maayɗeele won ɓeen dummbaaɓe ; caggal ɗeeɗoo geɗe fof mbiy-ɗen, hankadi jalluɗi ngañgu ngoni tan ko e ɓeydaade bewde. Ñalnde 22 oktoobar 1987 kuudetaa mo mbaadi leñol yiytaa. Tuumanooɓe ɓee ndañaani hakke jogaade keedoowo, keedanoowo ɗum en ñalnde ñaawoore ndee. Wonaani lewru, ñaawoore maɓɓe udditi ñalnde 18 noowammbar. Ñaawoore ndee yani ñalnde 3 desaambar : ofiseeji tati haalpulaaren ñaawaa warngo, ɓe mbaraa e nder balɗe tati dewɗe heen ɗee, ñalnde 6 desaambar ; nii woni ɓe ndañaani hay hakke yedditaade (waɗde appel). Maa aduna kala tesko huunde haawniinde : kanko barnooɗo ɓe oo, o yurmiima umminnooɓe fiyannde ñalnde 8 suwee 2003, ngam follude laamu makko, haa yimɓe heewɓe maayi heen. Ina jeyaa e ɓeen, kolonel Muhammed Lemiin wul Njaayaan, gonnooɗo mawɗo Taamasoor. E baawɗe Alla, kamɓe umminnooɓe ndee fiyannde, ɓe keɓii hakke jogaade heedooɓe, ɓe ñaawaaka warngo, caggal ɗuum nii, ɓe njaafaama. Kono ɓeeɗoo kadi enndunoo ko kuudetaa mo mbaadi leñol, leñol safalɓe, sibu hay ɓaleejo gooto alaa e maɓɓe ; kono kadi, ngolɗoo ɓuri bonde, sibu kuudetaa oo jogii nii ko mbaadi tirbii.
E hitaande 1989, Muritani jaggondirii e Senegaal jaggondiral muusngal. Hare hakkunde remooɓe e aynaaɓe ɓaleeɓe, hare keewnde waɗde e keerol hakkunde leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, hono daande maayo Senegaal, waɗi toon kadi, haa woodi maayɓe heen. Ko ñalnde 9 abriil wonnoo. Caggal ɗuum, ñalnde 23 abriil, pelɓondire puɗɗii hakkunde muritaninaaɓe e senegaalnaaɓe. Komersaaji safalɓe wonnooɓe Senegaal njanaa, marsandiis mum en ƴettaa. Woodi maayɓe heen. Ñalnde 25 abriil, Senegaalnaaɓe wonnooɓe e Muritani puɗɗi yaneede kam enne. Ndee hare yuumtunde e warngo yimɓe heewɓe nder leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, hay dara jotondiraano e luure hakkunde Safalɓe e ɓaleeɓe (sibu ɗoo, ko Pullo e Sooninko mbaɗdunoo), kono nde reɓii, haa nde yuumti e pelɓondire hakkunde safalɓe e senegaalnaaɓe, to rewo e worgo fof. Hare ndee raayti, nde tawnoo nde hanndaaka e leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, haa wonti raddo ɓaleeɓe e nder Muritani. Capanɗe ujunnaaje ɓaleeɓe Muritani taccinaa feewde Senegaal e Mali : gure no ndiidorinoo mumtaa ; jawdi ndariindi fefaa ; leyɗe ndema teettaa. To daande maayo too, laamu nguu, e konu nguu, e doole kisal ngoppi woɗɓe ina owna beeli yimɓe nokku oo, yimɓe ɓe mbiyaani mbaɗaani. Ɓe kaɗi ɓe boom hay dartaade kiiɗal e tooñannge. Kankadi, wonti ko uddo wonande ɓaleeɓe daande maayo. Seede majjum ko heewɓe majjii toon, gaññeeje denndaaɗe (biidi) keewɗe njiytaama toon. Ina jeyaa heen wiiduru Sorimalee e wiiduru Wocci. Gidimaka daɗaani e ɗuum, sibu biidi njiytaama Woynduyol e Tektaake. Nde yahnoo haa hedde feccere 1990, kooninkooɓe ɓaleeɓe puɗɗii nanngeede nder konu hee, ɓe mdummbaa e tuddule warngo (camp de concentrations) Inaal e Ajilaan e Jereyda, ɗo jojjanɗe aadee njaɓɓaa ; heewɓe e maɓɓe mbaraa. Kaaɗtudi majjum ko jamma 27-28 noowammbar 1990. Oon jamma, ngam mawninde jeytaare Muritani, koninkooɓe Muritani mbaɗi 28 soldaat ɓaleejo yargo, mbari ɗum en warngo bonngo. Sariya yaafuya ƴettaa e hitaande 1993 ngam haɗde ñaawoore warkoyeeɓe ɓee, e daɗndude ɗum en. Ɗuum hollitii wonde won yimɓe toowɓe e laamu nguu moddi e warngooji hee. Nii woni pooɗondire hakkunde leƴƴi to bannge politik goodnooɗe ko adii jeytaare, ɓeydii ŋeerde sabu kuutoragol leƴƴi e laawɗingol keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab.
Pooɗondiral laamu hakkunde leƴƴi to bannge politik reɓi haa naati e konu e doole kisal, hade mum yettaade, e hitaande 1989, denndaangal ɓesngu Muritani. Kankadi, fof yiyretee ko e mbaadi « ngenndiyankooɓe safalɓe » bannge, « tumarankooɓe » ɓaleeɓe, waɗtaaɓe senegaalnaaɓe, bannge goɗɗo oo ; tumarankooɓe fotɓe muumteede e leydi hee.
III. Jojjugol mahtaade Muritani e dow goonga, e mbaadi ɓooyoori
Feere amen ko feere huɓtondinnde. E nde waawi innireede « Mooɓondiral Mahtagol Muritani » (les États Généraux de la refondation en Mauritanie). Faandaare mayre ko yiytidde peeje gonooje ngooroondi potal nder renndo, e ɓiyleydaagu e ndimaagu aadee e ɗooftagol hakkeeji gorwori aadee, gardagol sariya, tiiɗtingol gootiɗingol Ngenndi, tawa gooto kala ina hormii heddiiɓe ɓee, e nanondirde e eɓɓaande renndo waawnde tiiɗtinde ngootaagu renndo e jam.
Ɗum noon ko nokku ɗo pecce gonɗe e leydi ndii kala njiytotoo koye mum en. Huunde ɗaɓɓunde kuutoragol peeje juumtuɗe, mbele hay gooto ina waasa yejjiteede, tawa ko e nder nuunɗal, tawa kala feere ƴettaande ina dagoo, peeje e wasiyaaji cakkitaaɗi kala ine teskee. Ɗum noon, ko idii fof : suɓaade e yuɓɓinde Mooɓondiral Mahtagol Muritani ngal ; toɗɗaade e hirjinde dente jonaaɗe potɗe tawtoreede ɗee ; hawrude e doosɗe ɗowirɗe golle mbele pooɗondire baawɗe feeñde heen kala, ina kaaɗa e juuɗe, haa yimɓe mbaawa yettinde ndee faandaare teddunde, daartiyankoore, so nanondirde e geɗe mawɗe potɗe yeewteteeɗe ɗee. E daawal ɗiɗmal ngal, lelnude doggol tiitooɗe jeewte baawɗe yeewteede, kam e toɓɓe potɗe yeewteede. Miijooji ɗi DHSM sakkitta (cakkitte), kam e wasiyaaji waɗata ɗii, ina peccitoo e dame 5 garooje ɗee :
1. Cakkitte baawɗe wonde ngooroondi Piɓondiral Jojjanɗe Gorwore waali-wuro en, jeyaaɓe e sosɓe Dowla Muritani keso oo.
Ɓesngu Muritani ina foti hollitoyde wonde ina haɓɓii e ɗeen piɓle, hono no waɗiraa e naatirɗe Doosɗe Leydi nii wonande Bayyinaango huuɓtodinngo Jojjanɗe aadee nde 10 desaambar 1948, e Piɓondiral Afrik wonande Jojjanɗe aadee e ɓesnguuji, nde 28 suwee 1981.
• E fawaade e deggondiral abajada, leƴƴi jeyaaɗi e leydi hee, kiisaaɗi ina njeyaa e cosɗi Dowla Muritani ko : Wambarankooɓe, Biidaan en, Haalpulaar en ; Hardaneeɓe ; Sooninkooɓe e Jolfuɓe.
• Denndaangal leƴƴi cosɗi Dowla Muritani ko bellitiiɗi, potɗi to bannge hakke e to bannge faayiida e ndimaagu. E ɗi njogii hakke e wuurde e deeƴre e hakke e kisal.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e waasde falteede, tee hay huunde waawaa dallinde njiimaandi gootol e majji dow keddiiɗi ɗii.
• Ɗii leƴƴi kala ina njogii hakke mo ruumtataa, mo teettotaako to bannge waawde tamde fiyakuuji heerorii.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e waasde waawneede saayde ender leñol goɗngol, walla « waawneede naattude », walla pusgol pinal majji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke heɓtinaneede ballal keeringal ɗi ngaddi e ngalu leydi hee, so keewal leƴƴi e pine cosɗe Ngenndi Muritani.
•Eɗi njogii hakke faamde e faameede e nder ɗemɗe majji, haa arti noon e nder njuɓɓudi laamu e ñaawoore nder Muritani.
• Ɓee waali-wuro en ina njogii hakke tawtoreede, e timmal, e nguurndam politik e faggudu e renndo e pinal nder Muritani.
• Denndaangal leƴƴi ɓeeɗoo Muritaninaaɓe, ina jogii hakke e peccitagol potngol ngaluuji ngenndi ndii, hakke fotndeede to bannge cellal e nehdi e jaŋde e heblo e golle e kumpital e geɗe kumpitirɗe e ƴellitgol ɗemɗe e pine majji, kam e daarti majji.
• Eɓe njogii hakke nde jaŋde e geɗe kumpital peeñninta, nder nuunɗal, aadaaji majji e daarti majji e muuyaaɗe majji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke heɓde denndaangal mbaadiiji jaŋde laamu, ko aldaa e paltoor gooto ; hakke e jaŋde worworde wonande sukaaɓe majji, e tuma nde njiylotoo gannde gidiiɗe, tawa janngintee ko e ɗemɗe ɗe sukaaɓe ɓee muuyni, rewrude e peeje juumtuɗe. Eɗi njogii hakke jogaade jaaynirɗe e nder ɗemɗe majji e heɓde denndaangal sifaaji jaayɗe, ko aldaa e paltoor gooto.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e jogaade e ƴellitde, haa caggal leydi majji, jotondire e gollondirde e yimɓe ɗi njiidi leñol walla goɗɗi, haa arti noon e geɗe diine e pinal e faggudu e renndo.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e jeytoreede no haanirta nii e lelnugol tuugnorɗe faggudu e renndo, haa teeŋti noon so tawii ko kañji poti yiilde ɗum en nder kominaaji majji walla mukaataaji majji maa wilaayaaji majji nder tuugnorgal bellitgol nokkuuji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e diisneede e jeyeede no haanirta nii e kala mbayliigu jeyi leydi tawaangu ina hatojinaa, haa teeŋti noon e joopagol e lelnugol geɗe gardiiɗe, kam e peeje, wonande moƴƴingol leyɗe ndema ɗi ngaadorinoo gollaade. Ɗumɗoo ko mbele ina gaddoo laaɓal e jaamburaagal teskotoongal aadaaji to bannge jeyuuji leydi keeriiɗi, tawa kadi, e fawaade e sariya Lislaam, fiɓnde wiynde wonde « jeyi leydi ko guurnoowo ɗum » ina tabitinee. Feere fotnde huutoreede ko gollondiral e joom mum en ɓee, mbele peeje juumtuɗe ina ƴettee ngam lomtingol moƴƴol, nuunɗungol ; peeje deentorɗe batte goɗɗe ɗe ɗum waawi jibinde cakkee, tawa ko baawɗe bonnude sato walla faggudu maa renndo e pinal.
• Eɗi njogii hakke dañde peeje nuunɗuɗe ngam ñawndude luure e kareeli ɗi mbaawi dañdude e woɗɓe, hakke e ñawndugol jaawngol ɗeen luure maa kareeli. Eɗi njogii hakke e dañde ɗo ɗi ngullitii kala nde hakkeeji majji njaɓɓaa.
• Eɗi njogii hakke dottude hol ko foti wonde doŋngal yimɓe feewde e leñol heen fof.
2. Miijooji e wasiyaaji e kuule teskinɗe wonande gagga hardaneeɓe, gagga jibinannde jiyaaɓe nder leƴƴi ɓaleeji ; wonande kadi paltooraaji taweteeɗi e leƴƴi ɗii kala, hono paltoor feewde e won ɗeen kinɗe renndo lesɗinaaɗe, ko wayi no fitiram golleeɓe (wayluɓe, lawɓe, sakkeeɓe), kam e kinɗe awluɓe e wammbaaɓe (kinɗe awluɓe kala : yimooɓe, huutortooɓe kaɓirɗe gaaci).
Laamu ina foti heɓtinde haa laaɓta, haa aduna fof nana, geɗe bonɗe baɗeteeɗe hannde ɗee to bannge jiyɗingol e paltooraaji renndo guuraaɗi ɗii.
• Tabitinde kuule sariya jowitiiɗe e mumtugol njiyaagu e toppitagol kala wullitaango, ko aldaa e sarɗi, ɗoon e ɗoon, ummanoo ñaawde ɗum ko yaaccii, e darnde, haa nde porkireer felliti yettinde ɗum walla waasde yettinde ɗum ñaawoowo cunnotooɗo (juge d’instruction).
• Sariya oo ina foti timmitinireede dokkugol pelle daraniiɗe haɓaade ɗum ɗee, mbaawka wullitaade sibu mum en jeyeede e loraaɓe.
• Fawde kuugal sariya e kala jedduɗo golle njiyaagu sabu mum wonde warhoore aadeejo.
• Waɗde wiɗto jaambureewo, yaajngo, e nder leydi hee kala, ngam ɓetde ɗo njiyaagu tolnii e renndo hee, e anndude sifaa baɗe goɗɗe gabbitiiɗe heen. Pelle jooɗaniiɗe, walla daraniiɗe jiyɗinaaɓe ɓee, ina poti tawtoreede e jeyeede e ngoon wiɗto.
• Heblude polis kam e ñaawoore, mbele ina mbaawa huuɓnude ko fawii e mum en koo, ngardoo hare haɗoore duumagol njiyaagu kam e paltooraaji renndo donaaɗi e njuɓɓudi renndo ndaɗaandi.
• Hirjinde ardiiɓe diine kam e hoohooɓe aadoraaɓe, ngam softinde ɗum en e wallitde jikkuuji e golle jahooje e mumtude haa laaɓa baɗe njiyaagu.
• Humpitde loraaɓe ɓee, mbele aɓe ngannda hakkeeji maɓɓe, ɓe ndaranoo ɗum en.
• Hirjinde yimɓe leydi ndii kala, mbele ina ndaranoo muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu, mbaɗta ɗum e hoore geɗe potɗe daraneede.
• Waɗde feere mbele gollodiiɓe leydi men kala e nder winndere ndee, ina naatna e sarɗiiji dokkugol balle mum en « keɓgol njeñtudi tabitndi, ɓetotoondi nder hare baɗe njiyaagu », natta haaɗnude ɗii sarɗiiji e ɓamgol kuule ɓole, ɗe ngandu-ɗaa tabitintaake boom.
• Lelnude feere ngenndiire hare mumtugol baɗe njiyaagu wondude e tuugnorgal e eɓɓaade ciynugol.
• Reende e lomtinande e ɗoftude jiyɗinanooɓe haa keɓta neɗɗaagal mum en, coɗtoo e renndo hee. Ɗum fof noon ko mbele aɓe lomtinanee haa timma, e nder nuunɗal.
• Laawɗinde waɗɗiinde ciftorgol (devoir de mémoire) wonande njiyaagu ngam siftinde yimɓe ɗee baɗe kaantoriɗɗe, mbele kala baɗe njiyaagu ina keɓa geɗal mum en nder defte janngirɗe kam e hakkillaaji yimɓe fof, e Ngenndi ndii fof.
• Sosde njuɓɓudi njaambureeri, ndi jiidaa e juɓɓule laamu goodɗe hannde ɗee. Ina foti jeyeede e ndiin njuɓɓudi : pelle renndo siwil (feccere), e fiilaaɓe (konseyeeji kominaaji e depiteeji) kam e jooɗaniiɓe laamu halfinaaɓe potal fartaŋŋeeji e hare luulndiinde paltooraaji, haa teeŋti noon e baɗe njiyaagu, yantude e kala ɓe paltoor yettinoo sabu tolno mum en nder renndo walla sabu mbaadi mum en, tirbii mum en, maa leñol mum en, walla ɓalli mum en (feccere heddiinde ndee).
• Hokkude ndiin njuɓɓudi kalfinaandi potal fartaŋŋeeji e haɓde e paltooraaji, yimɓe yonɓe e kaɓirɗe katojinaaɗe nder golle muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu e baɗe jokkiiɗe e mum.
• Hitaande kala saaktude ciimtol horo e ɓeto ko heɓaa e hare muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu.
• Jinngande jiyɗinanooɓe walla faltanooɓe sabu jibinannde. Ɗum ko gaa-gaa potal fartaŋŋeeji.
• Newnude binnditagol Muritaninaaɓe kala e nder karnal Nokku ngenndiijo toppitiiɗo yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi, haa arti noon e hardaneeɓe, sikkaaɓe ko kam en ɓuri famɗude ko mbinnditaa, kam en fof e ɓurde heewde e leydi ndii.
• Sompude nokkuuji nehdi e jaŋde gardinaaɗi e nder deebayuuji e leeɗe ɗo baasal ɓuri heewde, kam e kebbe kuufɗe gure teeru, tawa ina ndokkaa kaɓirɗe e ngalu katojinaangu, e huufde ɗum en to bannge rewindo karallaagal jaŋde juumtungal, e ɓeto e coftingol jannginooɓe e janngooɓe e jiknaaɓe almudɓe, rewrude e dokkugol bursi e cosgol enternaa e kantinaaji duɗe…
• Huufde jiyɗinanooɓe, haa arti noon e sukaaɓe, reena ɗum en e kuutoragol to bannge faggudu walla kala golle coomɗe tanaa, maa baawɗe telɓinde nehdi mum en walla ñawnude ɗum en, jugginde ƴellitaare terɗe mum en, maa hakkillaaji mum en, maa telɓinde ɗum en to bannge diine e hakilantaagal e renndo, tawa noon ina teskoo farweende maɓɓe heeriinde e kimmugol jaŋde ngam seerndude ɓe e yowitaare.
3. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral (kuule taƴondirooje e ko woodnoo) wonande gagga keertingol
• Waylude tippudi nehdi e jaŋde, woɗɗitina ndi politik, mbele ekkol Muritani ina wona ekkol ñiɓiiɗo e nokku mum to bannge renndo e faggudu e pinal. O wona ekkol kebloowo ɓiyleydi janngo, potɗo jogaade mbaadi ndiwtundi leñol ngam ustude gallugol e goppugol jaŋde, rewrude e guurtingol peeje jannginirɗe to bannge laabi e mbaadiiji.
• Tabitinde e ƴellitde jaŋde tuugiinde e ɗemɗe muuynaaɗe sabu mum en wonde codorgol keɓtinangol to bannge karallaagal jaŋde, sibu ko ɗemɗe ɗe sukaaɓe mbaawi ko adii na naata ekkol, ballitooje cukalel faggaade gannde gila law.
• Huutoraade jaŋde ɗemɗe muuynaaɗe ɗee e faamamuya e jaŋde ɗemngal Arab e Farayse ngam newnude paamondiral nder duɗe hee, kam e newnude paggagol ganndal, sibu jeddi naattii woodde wonde, cukalel so fuɗɗoriima jaŋde e ɗemngal ngal waawaa no feewi, ɗuum ina bonna jaŋde mum, haɗa ɗum yahrude yeeso.
• Hokkude daɗndugol ngaluuji pinal e keewal ɗemɗe, faayiida, rewrude e guurtingol Duɗal Ɗemɗe Ngenndiije, ngam kadi ƴellitde gostondiral e kaaldigal hakkunde leƴƴi ; ɗum fof noon fawaade e hakke faggaade ganndal e hakke neheede e janngineede, kam e hakke jogaade sifaa keeriiɗo mo teettotaako.
• Newnude binnditagol Muritaninaaɓe kala e nder karnal Nokku ngenndiijo toppitiiɗo yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi, haa arti noon e ɓaleeɓe Muritani, tawi ina dartini kaljingol ngol rewaani laawol ɓe kaljintee ngol, kam e koyeera ɓe koynatee mbele aɓe mbaasa artude winnditaade. Ɗum ɗoon noon ina foti yahdude e juɓɓitingol goomuuji gardiiɗi binnditagol ngol e nder leydi hee kala, mbele leñol kala ina jeyee e goomuuji hee kala.
• Dartinde fuuntiiji e ɗawgol ɓaleeɓe e ekkolaaji militeer Nuwaasoot (Liisee e ekkol Politeknik Toowɗo) e Ekkol Konuuji Attaar (EMIA) kam e Ekkol Ngenndiijo Njuɓɓudi (ENAJM).
• Fotndude jeyegol Muritani e bannge Arab oo kam e jeyegol mum e bannge Afrik oo. Ɗum woni fotndude jeyegol mum e Magreb rewrude e Dental Magreb Arab, yantude e senngo Arab rewrude e Dental Aarabeeɓe (Ligue Arabe) e jeyegol mum e diiwaan Afrik Hirnaange oo, woni CEDEAO kam e Afrik, rewrude e Dental Afrik. OMVS kañum foti hiisoreede tan ko denndingol doole e leyɗe keediiɗe, ngam huutoraade ngalu maayo Senegaal.
4. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral ko faati e ndonaandi aadeeri (Passif humanitaire).
En mbaawaa waasde rewrude e Goomu Kaaldigal, Goonga, Ñaawoore, Ciftorgol, e Beldital, feere jarribaande e leyɗeele keewɗe ngam wallitde diwtude caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, e sellinde ñawannde jaɓɓugol ɓurtungol jojjanɗe aadee baɗnongol e leydi men. Nguun goomu maa addan en :• Yaltinde goonga e anndude tigi rigi bone baɗnooɗe ɗee ;
• Anndude waɗnooɓe bone ɓee ;
• Waɗde feere haa ɓe nimsa ;
• Darnude heɗɗooji to bannge sariya hoto ko wayi noon waɗtude ;
• Teeŋtinde, e mbaadi kuuɓtodinndi, jojjogol hokkitde loranooɓe ɓee neɗɗaagu e ndimaagu mum en ;
• Ƴettude kuulal sariya wonande waɗɗiinde ciftorgol wonande « ndonaandi aadeeri ». Ɗumɗoo ko huunde teeŋtunde ngam haɗde bone waɗtude e haɓde e majjere, e jejji e kutuya. Ɗum foti rewrude ko e ciftingol musiiba kewnooɗo oo, e yeeso nehde yimɓe ɓee, rewrude e naatnugol geɗe ɗee e defte jaŋde ekkol kam e hakillaaji yimɓe fof e ngenndi ndii kala.
• Ittude kala baɗnooɗo bone e golle laamu ;
• Yiylaade e heɓde yaafuya potɗo yuumtude e beldital. Feere laamu nguu rewi haa jooni ndee, haa wiyi ooɗoo doosiyee uddaama, wonaa feere yuumtunde wonande ko ɓuri heewde e pelle loranooɓe daɗɓe, walla ronooɓe ɗum en ɓee. Ko ɗum tagi ndeen feere waawaa hiiseede e feere beldital ngal yimɓe fof teeɗanii ngal.
• Himme majjum ina mawni no feewi wonande ngenndi ndii, haa ko en mbaawaa jaɓde won ɗeen peeje dagnirɗe ñawndugol gagga ndonaandi aadeeri ɗe ardiiɓe leydi ndii tan njiɗi heñoraade e waawnude yimɓe. Ɓe etiima rokkude feere maɓɓe mbaadi nanondiraandi, rewrude e fiiltomooltooji e njeenaari, e ballal taƴel ngel yonaani loraaɓe daɗɓe ɓee, kam e ronooɓe ɓee.
Yimɓe fof ina nganndi yaafuya e beldital mbaawaa dañeede ko idii nde won ɗeen geɗe ndañantee jaabawol, geɗe ɗe ñawndaaka haa hannde e Muritani. Hol ko yaafetee e hol yaafeteeɓe ? Mbele sikkaaɓe na njeyaa e waɗboniiɓe ɓee naamndiima yaafuya ? Mbele won ɗo hunaa ko wayi nii wontaa waɗtu ?
5. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral paatuɗe e potnditgol juɓɓule demokaraasiije, e bellitgol nokkuuji e peccugol laamu hakkunde leƴƴi ɗii. Ɗum firti ko yeewtude ngam ƴeewde mbele en potaani dottude peccugol laamu teskotoongol leƴƴi leydi ndii kala, laawɗina ɗum, hono no leyɗe keewɗe mbaɗi nii. Ɗum ko gaagaa peccitagol mbaawka ɓurngol moƴƴude hakkunde juɓɓule demokaraasi ɗee, kam e mbayliigu luggu e taƴtagol keeri e bellitgol nokkuuji ngam reenaade laamaandi mbonndi e paltooraaji ɗi njoofataa.
E Muritani, e ko tabiti, ndimaagu mbaawka ñaawoore kam e ceertugol mbaawka ciynoowa e mbaawka carɗinoowa njettaaki ɗo poti yettaade e nder Dowla nuunɗal e demokaraasi. E nder ɗii mbaawkaaji tati, ko mbaawka ñaawoore ɓuri himmude ngam mahgol Dowla ngenndiijo. Maa ka rimɗa, ka seerta e mbaawka ciynoowa e carɗinoowa tan, nde ka waawa wonde mbaawka nuunɗuka nder ciynugol Sariya.
Nii woni, nguu ndimaagu ñaawoore ina foti wonde ngoƴa gadano mahooɓe leydi ndii. Ko ŋakkeende ndimaagu e hattan ñaawoore haɗi nde waawde, e yeru, maslude hakkunde mbaawkaaji goɗɗi ɗii, ko ɗuum haɗi ka waawde faddaade fenaande e tooñannge laamu ; ko ɗum woni sabaabu laamuuji hoorameeji e jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e nder leydi men.
Ko ɗooftagol ñaawoore ndee hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeere, addani nde wonde ñaawoore edda ɓalndu, ñaawoore leñol e tirbiiji e lanndaaji. Ciimtol Fedde Ngenndiije dentuɗe, jowitiingol e mbaadiiji kesi añamnguraagu (rasisma) e paltoor leƴƴi e ooyre e ŋakkeende muñal e nder Muritani, nde nelaaɗo maɓɓe biyeteeɗo Mutana Ruteere yillii Nuwaasoot e Rooso e Kayhayɗi, no siforii ñaawoore leydi ndii ina laaɓti to oon bannge.
Ciimtol ngol ina wasiyii laamu Muritani « nde ƴettata kuule teeŋtuɗe, waasaa muñande hay huunde baasgol hulde waɗde bone, ngam yaawnude potal nder renndo Muritani leƴƴi-leƴƴinngo, tuugiingo e kormagol jojjanɗe aadee wonande yimɓe fof ». Ndimaagu e mbaawka e nuunɗal ñaawoore, kam e peewnitgol binndol mum nder sariya haa ɓeydoo laaɓtude, laatotaako gaa-gaa mbayliigu luggu tippudi ñaawoore. E ngoon yeeso, min mbasiyoo :
• Rokkude tippudi ñaawoore ndii yimɓe heblaaɓe yonɓe kam e ngalu njonngu.
• Rokkude tippudi ñaawoore ndimaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi e ngalu.
• Haɓde e geɗe goɗɗe kam e mbaawnoraaji naattude e geɗe ñaawoore.
• Ɗooftaade laŋ fiɓnde deŋgol (baasgol dirtineede, fektee nokku goɗɗo) wonande gollotooɓe e ñaawoore.
• Jiilgol moƴƴol kariyeer gollotooɓe e ñaawoore, haa teeŋti noon to bannge pektugol.
• Ƴettugol gollotooɓe e ñaawoore tuugingol e doosɗe teeŋtuɗe kaandugol e kattangol.
• Ɓeydaare gollotooɓe e ñaawoore tuugiinde tan e kaandugol e kattangol.
• Njoɓdi moƴƴiri ndi ustetaake wonande gollooɓe e ñaawoore.
• Waylude Diiso Toowngo Ñaawoore, njuɓɓudi kalfinaandi horo e toɗɗagol e pawgol kuuge dow sarɗooɓe, tawa wonata heen ko sarɗooɓe toppitiiɓe ñaawde (magistrats du siège) e sarɗooɓe toppitiiɓe tabitingol sariya (magistrats du parquet) kam e hoohooɓe hattanɓe ɓe ngonaa sarɗooɓe, tawa toɗɗii ɗum en ko hoohooɓe jaambureeɓe, tawa noon ina wondi e sarɗi, so suudu sarɗi jaɓde ɓe. Gardiiɗo Diiso ngoo waawataa hankadi wonde hooreejo leydi walla kalifu ñaawoore, kono ko neɗɗo mo denndaangal terɗe Diiso ngoo njaɓi, jeyaaɗo e hoohooɓe ɓe ngonaa sarɗooɓe ɓee.
• Ngam yimɓe fof mbaawaa fotde e Ñaawoore, Ñawoore ndee kadi seerta e mbaadi mbonndi ñaawoore leñol e lannda. Ittude ko nde waɗtaa ñaawoore Arab koo tan, e hirjinde jeyegol hardaneeɓe e ɓaleeɓe Muritani e tippudi ñaawoore hee, ɓe ngidoo ƴetteede e doge ENAJM garooje.
• Nguu mbayliigu maa addan ñaawoore hisde e kuutoragol ngam haɓde e woɗɓe, walla to bannge piggal politik walla polis maa konu ; nde hisa e jaawondireede e politik e kuutoragol laamu luulndingol fiɓnde Dowla sariya, kuutoragol dallinirteengol deeƴre renndo e kisal Dowla walla, ko wattindii koo, jedditagol diine walla bakkodingol.
Caggal waɗɗiinde ndimaagu e nuunɗal, ko waɗɗiinde ceerndugol hakkunde mbaawka ciynoowa e carɗinoowa. Min mbasiyii ko mbayliigu luggu jotondire hakkunde ɗiiɗoo mbaawkaaji, mbele aɗi mbaawaa seertude, tawa heen mbaawka kala ina jogoo hattan waawde reende keddiika kaa. Nii woni :
• Tabitingol kujjinagol guwarnama yeeso parlemaa, maa addan mbaawka carɗinoowa waawde horde guwarnama, e luulndaade politik mbaawka ciynoowa, sibu ina waawi liɓde ɗum rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande goppugol golle (motion de censure) walla caggal nde guwarnama ɗaɓɓi ɗum rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande hoolaare (question de confiance).
• Tabitingol hoolaare Hooreejo leydi wonande won ɗiin mbaawkaaji ɗi o heerorii, gaa gaa mbaawkaaji guwarnama, maa waaw rewrude e mbaawka carɗinoowa njogiika hattan ittude mo.
• Tabitingol hakke mo hooreejo leydi rokkaa waawde yedditaade mbaawka carɗinoowa e fusde asaambele ngenndi, maa addan ɓesngu rokkiteede mbaawka mum ñaawde hakkunde ɗiiɗoo mbaawkaaji ɗiɗi.
• Mbaawka ciynoowo ina jogii hakke sahtaade eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe asaambele sakkitta, yantude e hakke yettinde ɗum eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe eɓɓi.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa ina jogii hakke fuɗɗude sariyaaji, rewrude e cakkitgol sariyaaji, yantude e hakke sahtaade eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe guwarnama eɓɓata.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa ina jaɓa nanondire ɗe mbaawka ciynoowa haaldaa, siifi.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa maa artire, haaɗtinee e asaambele ngenndi, sibu senaa gollotoo ko golle asaambele, ɗum noon senaa ko ko jolti. A min njoganii ɗum dalillaaji nay : daliilu daartol oo ko nde laamu ummii e Laamaandi neɗɗo (Roi), laamu ngonnoongu e juuɗe Laamɗo e Rimɓe e ɓesngu, wonti Rippoobilik, mbaawka ciynoowa kam ne lomtii Laamɗo (Roi), mbaawka ɓesngu tuugii ko e Asaambele, mbaawka Rimɓe tuugii e Senaa. Ndaa so wiyaama rimɓe, ɗum noddii lawakaagu, tee dowla Muritani keso oo ina foti wallitde ndimaagu tabitngu jiyaaɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe kam e kinɗe renndo lesɗinaaɗe, ngam wallitde mbayliigu njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeeri hannde ndii, mbele wonta tippudi demokaraasi. Hujja to bannge nuunɗal demokaraasi ngal, ko senaa ƴoogaani dagagol mum e ɓesngu, kono ko e wootooɓe mawɓe, sibu woote senaa ko woote ɗe ngonaa ŋaddet.
• Eɗen teskoo boom, e woote senaa kala, coodgu daaɗe konseyeeji ɓeydoto. Hujja deentagol deftagol mbaawka carɗinoowa mbaawka ciynoowa oo ne ko : e sahaa mo mbaawka carɗinoowa woni cuuɗi ɗiɗi, so mbaawka ciynoowa heɓii senaa tan, ina waawi wappaade yiɗde ɓesngu, rewra e senaa. Hujja battano oo ko hujja faggudu. Jogaade senaa ina ɗaɓɓi ngalu keewngu. E miijo amen ko bonnude jawdi.
• Alaa e sago mbaawka ciynoowa kaa feccitee e potal, hakkunde hooreejo leydi, jogiiɗo mbaawka kaa fof, e guwarnama. Mawɗo hilifaaɓe (premier ministre) ina foti wonde mawɗo guwarnama tigi rigi ; o yowitii ko e asaambele ngenndi ; kanko e hilifaaɓe heddiiɓe ɓee, ko ɓe njuɓɓudi bannge, ndi jiidaa e hooreejo leydi jogiiɗo kam ne mbaawkaaji mum e wellitaare mum heeriinde.
Ɓayri en cakkitii ittugol senaa, eɗen cakkita kadi cosgol gollal Cukko Hooreejo leydi. Kanko e hooreejo leydi poti wondude e doggol gootol woote, mbele so tawii Hooreejo leydi oo heɓaaki, omo lomtoo ɗum. Ɗuum maa addan en kadi waawde heƴnude leƴƴi men ɗii fof e hoore laamu nguu.
Ɗeeɗoo potnditte maa ngaddan mbaawkaaji ɗii fof ƴellitde kattanɗe mum en maslahaa, ngam ñawndude kirisaaji njuɓɓudi. So ɗum yahdinaama e mbayliigu doole kisal e konu, ɗee geɗe maa ittu kuudetaaji.
Guwaranama oo, e gardagol Hooreejo hilifaaɓe mo darnde mum e wellitaare mum cemmbinaa, maa wontu tergal jokkondiroowal mbaawka ciynoowa e mbaawka carɗinoowa, hoybina ceertugol mbaawkaaji ngol, sibu mum yowitaade e asaambele e hooreejo leydi kala. Asaambele maa waaw wonde jokkorgal, so parlemaa luurdii e persidaa.
Eɗen cikki ina moƴƴi ɓeyden e ɗeeɗoo cakkitte wonande peccitagol laamu, coftingol e tiiɗtingol wellitaare nokkuuji fuɗɗanoonde e hitaande 1986 rewrude e cosgol kominaaji, hay so tawii nde boosii law. Laamu weeɗa dente nokkuuji ɗee, woni kominaaji e mukaataaji e wilaayaaji, huunde e mbaawkaaji mum e kattanɗe mum.
Nii woni dente nokkuuji ɗee njogoo konseyeeji toɗɗaaɗi, ɗe njogoo neɗɗaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi e sariya. Ɗe mbellitee to bannge ngalu mbele aɗe mbaawa yiilde koye majje, ɗe njogoo ndimaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi kam e mbaawkaaji tabitɗi tuugiiɗi e laawol to bannge ƴellitaare faggudu e cellal e nehdi e jaŋde e pinal, nder Rippoobilik dentuɗo mo feccotaako goodɗo oo, kalfinaaɗo horde dewgol laawol peeje ɗe mbaawka nokku kaa ƴettata e nder ɗiin fannuuji, tawa noon mbaawka carɗinoowa e ciinoowa e ñaawoowa naataani heen.
Dente nokkuuje ɗee maa njokku e yowitaade e laamu nehaande nguu wonande geɗe paatuɗe e ndimaagu, ko nanndi e geɗe caggal leydi, ndeenka leydi e kaalis …
Faandaare bellitgol ngol ko jerondiral mbaawkaaji ɓurngal moƴƴude e denndaangal leydi ndii tawa ina ɓallina ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii ƴettugol kuule e nokkuuji ɗo tabitintee ɗoo, ina wallita tabitingol demokaraasi ɓalliiɗo yimɓe, kono kadi ina ƴellita kellifuya e horo ɓiyleydiiwo dow ngardiigu nokkuyeewu, rewrude e kalfingol nokkuuji ɗii huunde e mbaawkaaji laamu.
Ngolɗoo bellitgol njuɓɓudi laamu ina waɗi ɓural, so wallitde toppitaade geɗe keewɗe, ceertuɗe, nder ngonkaaji ɗi kala dental nokkuwal heerorii, nder jokkorɗe goodɗe e tolnooji ɗii kala, gila to tolno ngenndi haa e wilaayaaji e mukaataaji e kominaaji e hakkunde kominaaji ; rokka ɗum en safaruuji ɓurɗi yahdude e ngonka mum en. Bellitgol puɗɗanoongol e leydi men ndii yaawii hollude en wonde yonaani, tee teddeendi renndo e politik teppii ɗum, haa wonti ko woni hannde koo, so waasde wonde bellitgol.
Kominaaji ɗii ina kaaɗi tawo ɗo jaɓi, sibu nokkuuji keewɗi e leydi ndii, ɗo yimɓe yonɓe nguuri, ngalaa tawo kominaaji.
Kominaaji goodɗi ɗii ina ŋakkiraa yimɓe gollotooɓe e ngalu no feewi. Ɗuum yanti e peccitagol ngol moƴƴaani ngaluuji buur hakkunde Dowla oo e dente nokkuuje ɗee ; fof yiiletee ko e nokku gooto, ɗo ardorde toppitiinde gollotooɓe e nokkuuji hee, wondude e ŋakkeende kattanɗe njuɓɓudi ndi yowitaaki, haa teeŋti noon to bannge ƴettugol hoolaaɓe kuuɓe ɓe laamu nehaande nguu toɗɗotoo.
Haa e oo ñalawma, ministeer jiimɗo nokkuuji ɗii ina reɗɗi bellitgol ngol, ina darii e ittude bellitgol njuɓɓudi laamu ngonndi e nokkuuji ɗii, ellee yiɗi ko haɗde ɗuum. Haa hannde silsil bellitgol diiwanuuji kaalanoongol ko ɓooyi ngol siynaaka, ko noon kadi wonande bellitgol mukaataaji ngol. A min cakkitta geɗe garooje ɗee wonande mbaawkaaji dente nokkuuje ɗee potata rokkeede :
Ƴellitgol faggudu e renndo e pinal e peewnugol nokkuuji ɗii.
• Cosgol, mahgol, peewnugol, toppitagol, gollingol, baɗgol kaake e jiilgol nokkuuji toppitiiɗi laaɓal e jolngo kam e ekkolaaji buur e mahaaɗe pinal e coftal ɓalli, e nder nokkuuji ɗii (kominaaji, mukaataaji walla wilaayaaji).
• Juɓɓingol e toppitagol politikaaji koɗki e koɗorɗe kakindiiɗe e wuraagu e peewnugol nokku e ƴellitaare duumiinde kam e nokku nguurndam.
• Laɓɓingol sato, gaddugol diƴƴe e kuuraa.
• Ittugol e naftoragol mbalitaaji kam e ndeenka e moƴƴingol sato, ha arti noon e haɓde e posnugol weeyo.
Ngam joofnude tawa ina faccira seeɗa fannuuji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e taƴgol keeri nokkuuji ɗii e peccugol e majji mbaawka, amin cakkita geɗe garooje ɗee :
• Taƴgol keeri nokkuuji ɗii ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande njuɓɓudi nokkuuji ɗii kam e njuɓɓudi nehaandi ndii, tuugiindi e geɗe laaɓtuɗe (keeweendi yimɓe, ko nokku oo heerorii).
• Nomgol nuunɗungol ardiiɓe njuɓɓudi (Waali, Haakem, sarɗooɓe, halfinaaɓe kisal) tawa ina teskoo geɗe maantinɗe mbaaɗe no ɗowgol moƴƴol golle halfinaa, ngenndiyankaagal, kattanɗe. Harminde peccitagol poostooji laamu tuugingol e ƴele leƴƴi, tirbii, diiwaan, walla galle goodngol hannde ngol.
• Wonande toɗɗagol jooɗantooɓe leydi men to leyɗe goɗɗe, teskaade mbaadi leƴƴi-leƴƴinndi leydi men Muritani. Semmbinde peeñningol mbaadi leƴƴi-leƴƴinndi Muritani e nder misiyoŋaaji dipolomasi, tawa ina noma heen ɓaleeɓe e hardaneeɓe.
• Semmbinde nomgol rewɓe ɓaleeɓe e hardaneeɓe, no rewɓe safalɓe nomretee nii, e nokkuuji hee kala. Wonande fannuuji ngalu e kaalis, feccitaade, peccitagol potngol, ngaluuji leydi ndii, tawa ina waɗta no moƴƴi hakkille e yimɓe joñaaɓe ko ɓooyi, yuɓɓitina tippule bankeeji ngam wallitde, e tolnooji hee kala, compugol e kuuɓtodingol ñamaale, mawɗe e tokoose, ngam ustude baasal e mumtude mbaadiiji kesi jiyɗingol yimɓe kam e ɗawgol leƴƴi e ngalu leydi ndii.
• Nguuɗoo mbayliigu luggu senngo faggudu e kaalis, rewrata kadi ko e booñ ballitoowo golle ƴellitaare faggudu ngam duusde to bannge kaalis, e ƴaañde eɓɓaaɗe jogiiɗe nafoore faggudu, kam e pelle e dente e gollorɗe tokoose, haa teeŋti noon wonande senngo ndema.
• Leñol sooninkooɓe e sifaa kuuɓtodinɗo, haa teeŋti kadi e sooninkooɓe Muritani, ina seedtanaa, e winndere hee kala, faayidaagal e yarlitaare e kaɓɓagol e ngenndi mum, kam e nuunɗal mum, e jikkuuji moƴƴi.
Hannde, ngol naamnii tan ko geɗal maggol, woni palaas ngol haandi, sabu maggol jeyeede jeyegol timmungol e ngenndi Muritani. Ɗum noon, e ngol teeɗanii jeytoreede e nguurndam ngenndi men, e tolnooji hee kala, ɗoon ɗo ngol jeyaa e dariiɓe ngam waɗtude Muritani nokku jam e deeƴre e koɗdigal renndo moƴƴal ngal ngenndiyankooɓe ɓee kala koyɗata.
Tonngol :
Kirisaaji ɓeydotooɗi ñalnde fof ɗii, kam en fof e reggondirdee bonnude ngootaagu ngenndi ndii, paani en e pusgu baŋ-yoo-baŋ, jogorɗi bonnande leƴƴi leydi ndii kala ; gaa gaa jiyle daɓɓe gartirooje geɗe ɗee fof e luural hakkunde safalɓe e ɓaleeɓe, ɗo warkoyeeɓe ɓee njiɗi uddude en, won miijooji daɓɓi jowitiiɗi e mahngo ngenndi njokki e woodde, jedduɗi gagga njiyaagu e koɗdigal hakkunde leƴƴi, jondikiniiɗi e fuuntirde yimɓe meewtankon, calikon haa yoori kos umminde kaaldigal nuunɗungal. Ndaa noon, ko ngaal kaaldigal tan waawi addande en faamondirde baŋ-yoo-baŋ e caɗeele ɗe ngenndi men wondi hannde ɗee, kam e safaruuji moƴƴi duumotooɗi potɗi siyneede.
DHSM ina ɗaɓɓi lelnugol piɓondiral cosgol ngenndi Muritani kesiri ngam mahde Dowla-Ngenndi goonganteejo, rewrude e dimɗingol lanndaaji renndo lesɗinaaɗi, e potal renndo kam e potal to bannge hakkeeji e fartaŋŋeeji, enen fof e seertude ngonka renndo, gaa gaa leƴƴi men, e tirbiiji men, ngam renndude ɓiyleydaagu tuugiingu e doosɗe Rippoobilik, kam e doosɗe Dowla nuunɗal e demokaraasi, renndude wellitaare, e nuunɗal, e beldital ɓiyngu yummaagu e ƴellitaare to renndo e faagudu.
Leydi men ina hatojini e nde ɓiɗɓe mum mbaawata waylude jiyle mum en, cuusa sakkitde peeje nuunɗal, woni peeje ɓooyooje, so renndude en battane. Ɓe lelna tuugnorgal eɓɓaande renndo ngam artirde hoolaare hakkunde yimɓe haa natta hulondirde e reentondirde, Muritaninaaɓe natta añondirde, ɓe ceegoo yimɓe jogiiɓe miijooji bonɗi, saliiɓe seertude e jiyle mum en daɗaaɗe, ngam yiɗde jokkude heɓde ɓure ɗe kaandaani, ɗe ngaaɓnotaako so wonaa e duumagol njiimaandi tippudi laamu hannde nguu.
Demokaraasi firti ko reende farwuɓe tawo, ko reende waasɓe, ɗawaaɓe e ɓiɗtaaɓe, ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko kam en ngoni ɓurɓe heewde, ɓe daaɗe mum en nanetaake, gaa-gaa guri ɓalli mum en e leƴƴi mum en e tirbiiji mum en.
A min njiɗi renndude e ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii kala miijooji luggi ameriknaajo, palestiinnaajo biyeteeɗo Edward SAID, porfeseer coñce jerondiraaɗe (Littérature comparée) to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kulummbiya to New York. O yuurnittonoo ko miijanteendi caggal-koloñaal, jowitiingal e ceertugol pine, miijanteendi njahdundi e ngonka leydi men, so en njiɗaa Muritani wona keeri leydi tan, wona leydi ndi alaa miijo arngo dow leƴƴi walla banngambanngaagu, tawa yaltataa e hakillaaji men wonde, ngootaagu ngenndi ko huunde mettunde yettaade, nde heɓotaako abada, kono ko huunde teeɗanteende, fotnde teeɗaneede e kala sahaa : « hakkille loskoowo jaɓataa waawneede naattude nder lasal ngam haɓoyde e gaño carɗinaaɗo walla goɗɗo. Eɗen poti waɗtude hakkille e gollodaade ko juuti pine ɓooyduɗe, luɓondirooje, naatnaattondirɗe haa e tolno mo faamamuyaaji tokoosi, ɗi ngoodaani, mbaawaa yettaade. Kono ndii mbaadi jiyrugol geɗe ina ɗaɓɓi wiɗtooji juutɗi ɗi keñoraaka, loskitooji, guurɗi e goongɗingol goodal hakillaaji mettuɗi jaɓnude wonde, aduna oo tuugii tan ko e hannde, aduna ko waɗee waɗtoo. Neɗɗo lonnginte yiɗde aadee tan. Wuurnata ndeen yiɗde kadi ko miijo heeriingo, wonaa sikkeeji walla ɗooftagol laamu. Binndol foti jaggireede ko no paggaaɗe keddotooɗe e daartol. Miɗo waawi wiyde nii ko kañum tan woni heɗɗaawo wattano reenoowo en e yoorɓerndaagu e fenaande wayloore mbaadi daartol winndere ndee ».
Ko noon ne kadi min mbaɗtirta e jeyi amen, min ɗaɓɓa e kala ɓiyleydi nde waɗata hono noon, duwaawu moƴƴinoowo jikke, baawdo jaaɓeede, umiiɗo e kuɗol gooto e jaaynooɓe men lolluɗo, cuusɗo, hono Abdullaay Siree Bah, tuma mawningol hitaande capanɗe joyaɓiire jeytaare leydi men, nde waɗi winndannde tiitoriinde « Le pays de nos rêves » (No njiɗ-ɗen leydi men waya) : « Miɗo anndi noon, duuminooɓe e neema kala coftantaa waylo waylo mo ngummani-ɗen o; hooram hooraagu ɓooy falaade yiɗde men nuunɗal renndo ; maa jingere e heedi heeda ɓooy haɗde ɓiyngu yummaagu hakkunde ɓiɗɓe Muritani ; maa miijooji leñam-leñaagu e keeriiɗi gila hanki, ɓooy haɗde mahngo janngo men denndaaɗo oo.
So yiɗii ! Ɓe ɓesngu am ɓee ɓuraani, njaasaani worɓe e rewɓe winndere ndee. Kono aɓe njogii ɓural mawngal ngal ɓetotaako, ko kamɓe ngoni ɓe am. Etee ko e dental – kamɓe nder am, miin nder maɓɓe – min mahroyta, tuufeere tuufeere, wondude e muñal e pellital, leydi min koyɗata ndii. »
Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM)
Ñalnde 1 ut 2014
Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah


text:
Ko ɓuri anndeede e nder ganndal koode ko nokku ɗo njeyaɗen ender aduna o. O nokku ɗo njeyaɗen ɗo, wiyetee ko Satonaange.
Hol ko woni Satonaange?
Naange ko hoodere ɓurnde fof ɓadaade en, ɓurnde fof ɓadtade leydi. Ko kayre hokkata nguleeki kuule catiiɗe nge ɗe.
Ko ɓuri anndeede e nder ganndal koode ko nokku ɗo njeyaɗen ender aduna o. O nokku ɗo njeyaɗen ɗo, wiyetee ko Satonaange.
Hol ko woni Satonaange?
Naange ko hoodere ɓurnde fof ɓadaade en, ɓurnde fof ɓadtade leydi. Ko kayre hokkata nguleeki kuule catiiɗe nge ɗe.
Satonaange, ko deental tagooje bayɗe no annama leydi nii, taarotooɗe naange. Ɗoo kadi eɗen poti faamnude yimɓe yoga e konnguɗi ɗi njogorɗen huutoraade. Heen konngol wiyetee ko "tagofeere": tagofeere (wiyetee e ɗemɗe tuubakooɓe ko "planet"), ko tagoodi Alla mbaydi no leydi nii, walla no lewru nii. Eɗum waawi ɓurde walla fotde walla jaasde leydi mawnude. Ɗum woniri e weeyo ko no leydi walla naange walla lewru ngoniri e weeyo ni. Leydi e hoore mum ko tagofeere. Tagopeeje goɗɗe ena ngoodi e aduna he, hay so Banii Aadama en njiyaaka toon tawo. Tagopeeje ɗe noon, tuubakooɓe ena njoginii ɗum en inɗe; ko ɗum waɗi, tawde en ngalanaa ɗum en inɗe, mbaawaten tan ko huutoraade inɗe ɗe. Ko leydi tan njogini-ɗen innde, mbiy-ɗen ɗum e pulaar (mbiyɗen ɗum e Fulfulde) "LEYDI". Tagopeeje banngotooɗe walla taarotooɗe naange nge ko ɗe ko 9: – tagofeereMEERKUUR, tagofeere WENUS, tagofeere LEYDI, (ndi nguur-ɗen e dow mum ndi), tagofeere MAARS, tagofeere SUPITEER, tagfeere SATUURNA, tagofeere URAANUS, tagofeere NEPTUUN e tagofeere PULUTON. Tagofeere fof ena jogii bolol mum ngol taardotoo Naange men nge.
Puɗɗorto-ɗen noon ko tagofeere ɓurnde ɓadtaade naange nge, payen to tagofeere ɓurnde woɗɗude nde.
Jooni noon ƴewen ngoɗɗeeki hakkunde tagopeeje ɗe e naange nge, caggal ɗum ƴeewen hol no ɗe mbaydi e mawneeki, caggal ɗum kadi ƴeewen njuuteeki ñalawmaaji e kitaale e dow majje.
A) Ngoɗɗeeki hakkunde tagopeeje ɗe e naange :
hakkunde Meerkuur e Naange ko kiloomeeteruuji 57910000
hakkunde Wenus e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 108210000
hakkunde leydi e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 149600000
hakkunde Maars e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 227940000
hakkunde Supiteer e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 778340000
hakkunde Satuurna e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 1427200000,
hakkunde Uraanus e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 2.869300000
hakkunde Neptuun e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 4498500000
hakkunde Puluton e naange ko Kiloomeeteruuji 5900000000
(Kilomeeteer ko meeteruuji ujunere, walla ujunnaje ɗiɗi diraa, tawde keew-ɗen wiyde enen fulɓe meeteer ko diraaji ɗiɗi; tawde kadi wonaa diraa tiggu, kono ko diraa kellifaaɗo timmuɗo).
B) Mawneeki tagopeeje.
Tawi ko fayti e mawneeki, walla mawngu, e nder satonaange ɓuri heen fof mawnude ko naange. Kono naange wonaa tagofeere, ko hoodere! Ma en ngartoy heen so Alla jaɓii.
Ɓuri fof mawnude e nder tagopeeje 9 ɗe, ko tagofeere Supiteer, refti heen ko Satuurna, rewi heen Neptuun, rewi heen Uraanus, rewi heen noon ko Leydi ndi nguur-ɗen e dow mum ndi, rewi heen Wenus, rewi heen Maars, rewi heen Puluton, refti heen noon ko tagofeere ɓurnde fof famɗude, wiyeteende Meerkuur. Meerkuur kadi ɓuri fof ɓadtaade naange. Ko tagopeeje ɗiɗi keedti leydi e naange : tagofeere Wenus e tagofeere Meerkuur.
Ɗee nate kollata ko jerondiral hakkunde tagopeeje : e ngal holla hol no Supiteer (walla Jupiteer) ɓurdi tagopeeje goɗɗe ɗe.
E nder sato naange ɓuri nde mawnude tan ko naange, kono naange wonaa tagofeere, ko hoodere. Tagopeeje 8 satonannge godde ɗe fof, so ndenndinaama mbaɗaama tagofeere wootere, tagofeere Supiteer ɓuri ɗum. Supiteer ne, so renndinaama e tagopeeje 8 goɗɗe ɗe mbaɗaama tagofeere wootere, Naange ɓuri ɗum ɗo woɗɗi.
Winndannde aroore: Njuuteeki ñalawmaaji e dow tagopeeje.
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Hol Umar Abdalla Wele ?
Umar Abdalla Wele, jibinaa ko 1954 to Jowol. Omo anndiraa "Baaba Loocol" (e nder galle maɓɓe), omo wiyee kadi "Barme e Kuundal" to wuro maɓɓe Jowol ɗo. Duɗal makko gadanal ko ɗoon o janngi. O janngii kadi to Kayhayɗi haa o danyi "berwe" e hitaande 1972. O heɓi bakkaa makko (BAC ‘C’ (ko fayti e hiiso) ko 1975. O neldaa Riisi ngam heɓde toon karallagal ko fayti e ganndal weeyo "aasinyoor" (1975-1981), ko fayti e "arditaare" ("Prévision). O wonii mawno metewo e hitaande 1988 to Nuwasoot ɗo. O wonii mawɗo Joorde metewo to boowol laaɗe diwooje Nuwasoot (1988-1992). O liggiima e jooɗorɗe metewo e boowe laaɗe diwooje : Caad (1992-1995), Santarafrik (1995-1997), Burkina (1997-2008).
Ko fayti e defte ɗe o winndi e Pulaar ko ɗeeɗoo : Ganndal weeyo (leydi), Ganndal koode, Deftel jime, Macungaangu. Ko fayti e Farayse, ko ɗeeɗoo defte o winndi : "Ce que je pense" (miijo makko), "Prévoir le temps pour sauver la vie" (Anndinnde ko arata ngam sowde pittaali), "le temps et la santé" (dumunnaaji e cellal aadee), "le réchauffement" (nguleeki weeyaango aduna), "A propos de la Mauritanie" (ko fayti e Murtani e kitaale caɗeele (1986-1991). (Ɗe defte fof ko baɗtateeɗe e fulfulde). O waɗɗiino jeewte e Rajo Muritani ko fayti Gannde Weeyo e Koode, ko fayti kadi e jime (e gonndigal Alhajji smakkomba Sih e Aliw Siree Bah, saaktooɓe kabaruuji). Jooni o gollotoo ko to Jooɗorde ASECNA mawnde to Ndakaaru (Senegaal).


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Ene gasa tawa e ngol winndannde men wonata ko naamne mehe. No heewi wiyeede nii noon :•neɗɗo ene naamnoo sabu anndaa ; neɗɗo ene naamnoo sabu yuwde mo naamnii oo , neɗɗo ene naamnoo kadi ngam tan udditande miijiyankooɓe lowre haa ndaña ɗo njeewti.
Naamnal men noon yowitii ko ñalawma 28 Nowaambar. Eɗen nganndi kay hitaande fof, so nguun ñalngu artii, gila e rajooji, Watsap, Facebook haa waawɓe yettaade teleeji ngonata ko e haalde ko fayti e geɗe kaantoriɗɗe baɗanooɗe haa caabii nguun ñalngu ene siftoree. Sikke alaa kay, leliiɗo e karawal ajjii sahnga tiisubaar, suusaa wiyde yiyaani naange. Waɗde alaa, hannde, majjuɗo ko waɗanoo haa saabii nguu ñalngu ene siftoree hitaande kala.
Kono tan dee won ko teski ɗen. En teskiima, so ñalngu 28 nguu ɓennii, alaa mo ɗemngal mum ene taatoo heen, saka haala e rajo walla winnda e jaaynirɗe jolɗe hannde ɗee. Ko ɗuum waɗi mbiy-ɗen, hannde winndannde men ko naamne tan, walla boom ko naamne ɓurata heewde heen. So en mbelaa mbiyen, Holi ko waɗi ɗeen baɗe baɗanooɗe ciftortaake so wonaa nde nguun ñalngu arti ? Mbele ko e nguun ñalngu tan ɗum foti haaleede ? Mbele haalooɓe ɗum e nguun ñalngu ɓee, kaaldaani tan haa teskee, walla njiyee mbele mantee, limtidee e ko won e men mbiyata “ngenniyankooɓe koo”? So tawii wonaa ɗuum, holi ko waɗi haala kaa haaletaake ñalnde fof ? Mbele ko sabu ko waɗnooɓe haalde ɗum koo, ko ko safraa ? So tawii on njamirii kam, mi werloo kadi naamnal goɗngal. Mbele en cikkaani, ɓuri heewde e leñol hee ko “ndaaree kam, keɗo-ɗee paykaaji am, tinee kam, toownee kam”. Haaɓnii e ngonka men kaa fof, ko kala mo njiy ɗaa wonata ko e woyde “en ndentaani, en kawraani, alaa e men jiɗanɗo goɗɗo finde saka tina” kono alaa mo ene fuɗɗa. Haaliyanke biyateeɗo Njaay Saydu wiyii e wootere e jime mum “so leñol rentii, hulee hersee, ittanee fotde nde haandi”. Waɗde firti ko so dental alaa, podle fof njooloto. Donkuɗo haɗde fotde yoolaade noon, mi sikkaani so ene jarani ɗum mutde ngam aaftoyaade ɗum caggal nde yoolii. So en ngartii e haala puɗɗorino-ɗen, naamno-ɗen kadi “holi peeje pewjaaɗe ngam safrude ndee ñawannde urmbitteende kala nde artii nguu ñalngu potnoongu wonde ñalngu mbelemme, soko ngu golle ɗe peewaani mbaɗtani yoga e ɓiɓɓe leydi ñalawma sunu? Tawde kay en kawrii ko hakkeeji njaɓɓaa ɗoon, ene moƴƴi kadi naamno-ɗen so tawii renndo ngoo ene anndida peeje potɗe sakkeede ngam hakke jaɓɓanooɗo yaɓɓitee, tawa konngol bonngol yaltaani, cabbi mbeeyaani, fetel huɓɓaani ? Waasataa tawa ɗeen peeje ene keewi, kono eɗen nganndi heen kam wootere, huutorirteende hakkilantaagal, teeyre e haalde goonga mo sumataa toni kaalɗo, jiiɓataa hakkille kaaldateeɗo, addanoore ɗum faamde jaɓɓitgol oon hakke maa jibinan ɗum nafoore nde jaɓɓugol ngol rokkataa ɗum. Eɗen nganndi no ndeen feere wiyatee e Farayse, tee humpitiiɓe ɗum ene keewi hannde yettere Alla. Nde wiyatee ko PLAIDOYER. So on mballii kam firde ɗum e Pulaar maa mi eto yaajnaade heen laawol goɗngol, e ballal Alla.
Malal Sammba Gise


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KO alkamiisa 06 Awril wonnoo suɓngooji depitiiji to Gammbi. Gammbinaaɓe cuɓiima 53 depitee fotɓe jooɗonaade ɗumen to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E nder 53 depitee, ko lannda UDP mo Aadama Barro jeyaa e mum tawa ko Dabo ardii kaan lannda nawi 31 jooɗorde. Caggal UDP, ko lannda APR mo YAAYAA JAMMEE, NRP e GDC ndañii mo heen kala jooɗorɗe joyi. Ko gooto wonnoo heen mo hay lannda wooto ngemmbaani, oon nawii jooɗorde 1.
So a renndinii ko wondiiɓe Aadama Baro ndañi ko maa taw timmii 42 jonnde. Ko dañaa koo maa wallit Aadama Baro e waawde laamaade tawa alaa ko falii mo.
WOOTE DEPITEEJI GAMMBII : LANNDA FOF ANNDII ARSUKA MUM
KO alkamiisa 06 Awril wonnoo suɓngooji depitiiji to Gammbi. Gammbinaaɓe cuɓiima 53 depitee fotɓe jooɗonaade ɗumen to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E nder 53 depitee, ko lannda UDP mo Aadama Barro jeyaa e mum tawa ko Dabo ardii kaan lannda nawi 31 jooɗorde. Caggal UDP, ko lannda APR mo YAAYAA JAMMEE, NRP e GDC ndañii mo heen kala jooɗorɗe joyi. Ko gooto wonnoo heen mo hay lannda wooto ngemmbaani, oon nawii jooɗorde 1.
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Daawal gaadoraangal batuuji parlemaa gadanal hitaande 2009-2010 udditnongal nyanlde 09 noowammburu 2009, uddii nyanlde 07 saawiyee 2010. Ko ngal daawal maantingal, sabu ngal ari ko caggal wooteeji hoyre leydiyaagal baɗnoodi e leydi he, nyalnde 18 sulyee 2009. Eɗen ciftora ko adii wooteeji ɗii, leydi ndi wonnoo ko e iiñcuru politik bonndu caggal kuudetaa 06 ut 2008. E oon tuuma, parlemanteeruuji luulndinooɗi kuudetaa o fof, ko calinooɗi tawtoreede batuuji parlemaa o, sabu wiyde wonde ɗi ndewaani laawol, ɗoon ɗo hoyreejo leydi cuɓaado woodaani.
Daawal gaadoraangal batuuji parlemaa gadanal hitaande 2009-2010 udditnongal nyanlde 09 noowammburu 2009, uddii nyanlde 07 saawiyee 2010. Ko ngal daawal maantingal, sabu ngal ari ko caggal wooteeji hoyre leydiyaagal baɗnoodi e leydi he, nyalnde 18 sulyee 2009. Eɗen ciftora ko adii wooteeji ɗii, leydi ndi wonnoo ko e iiñcuru politik bonndu caggal kuudetaa 06 ut 2008. E oon tuuma, parlemanteeruuji luulndinooɗi kuudetaa o fof, ko calinooɗi tawtoreede batuuji parlemaa o, sabu wiyde wonde ɗi ndewaani laawol, ɗoon ɗo hoyreejo leydi cuɓaado woodaani.
E ngolɗoo laawol noon, parlamanteeruuji ɗii fof pottitii e batuuji ɗi, hay so tawii noon teskaama yoga e maɓɓe heewaani ko ngari batuuji, haa arti noon e gonduɗi e laamu ɗi. Ko maa hooreejo leydi o noddi ɓe, jeertini ɓe, nde ɓe mbaɗti arde batuuji.
E nder batuuji he, parlemaa o wootii sariyaaji keewɗi. O wootii bidsee hitaande 2009 ooñcaado (Loi de finances rectificative 2009), o wootii bidsee 2010 go’abo (Loi de finances initiale 2010). O wootii, gaagaa ɗum, ko ina wona noogaas e jeegom eɓɓaande sariya. Ina heen ko eɓɓaaɗe jamirooje mawɗo leydi yo siif ñamaale dowla o waawi ƴettude e ñamlooɓe ngaluuji. Ɗeen ñamaale ko joɓeteeɗe e duuɓbi keewɗi tawa ina pawnoo seeɗa. Ngaluuji ɗi kuutortee ko e ndema, e peewnugol laabi godoroŋ e geɗe goɗɗe. Ina heen eɓɓaande ko jamirooje yo mawɗo leydi siif nanondire hakkunde dowlaaji Afrik, arabeeɓe, ngenndiiji dentuɗe ekn. Ina jeyaa heen kadi eɓɓaanɗe ooñcooje sariyaaji goodnooɗi, ko wayi no sariya jowitiiɗo e ngonka e nder renndo (etat civil) gila e kaayitaaji juddu, haa e seedantaagal dewgal maa ceergal, seedantaagal maayde ekn, walla eɓɓaande ooñcoore ko fayti e jeyegol e leydi (Code de la nationalité). Ina waɗi heen eɓɓaade sariya paytuɗe e cellal (Sariya ooñcoowo sariya compugol booñ ngenndiijo gaddotooɗo cellal «CNAM», kam e sariya juɓɓinoowo farmasinaaji). Waɗii kadi eɓɓaande yowitiinde e kuutaragol yimɓe uujooɓe tawi rewaani laawol (trafic illicite des migrants), kañum e eɓɓaande yowitiinde e hare feewde e ownugol (terrorisma). So tawii won e eɓɓaande keewaano luure hakkunde parlemanteeruuji luulndo e parlemanteeruuji gonduɗi e laamu kañum en e terɗe gofornama, yoga e eɓɓaaɗe goɗɗe ngaddii duko tiiɗngo. Eɓɓaaɗe ɓurɗe famɗude luure ko eɓɓaaɗe paytuɗe e ciifgol nanondire hakkunde dowlaaji walla ciifgol yamiroore ñamaale ɗe dumunna juutɗo tawa ene kuutoree e geɗe nguurndam tiiɗɗe, hay so tawii noon parlemanteeruuji luulndo ngo ina keewi woytaade wonde ngaluuji ñamaale ɗe ina mbaasa huutoreede no haniri nii, haa ko joortanoo heen ko roŋka dañeede.
Gaagaa ɗeeɗoo eɓɓaaɗe cifaaɗe dow ɗe, keddiiɗe ɗee fof cabobinii luure mawɗe. So tawii ko ko fayti e eɓɓaade sariya bidseeji ɗi, parlemanteeruuji gonduɗi e laamu ɗi etotonoo ko hollitde wonde gofornama o tiiɗniima haa waawi diwtude iiñcuru wonanoondu ndu, etee laamu ngu wallii miskineeɓe e ɓurɓe famɗude doole. Etee kadi ɓe kaɓtiima bonnooɓe jawdi laamu.
Wonande parlemanteeruuji luulndo ngo, miijooji maɓɓe ɓuri yahrude ko wonde ardiiɓe gofornama o caabinoo iiñcuru ndu (e baɗgol kuudetaa o) haa wallatnooɓe Muritani to bannge ngaluuji fof ndartini juuɗe mum en. Ko noon kadi politik mo gofornama o bayyinta to bannge haɓde e basal e bonnooɓe jawdi laamu o fof ko fuunti e fenaande. Yeruuji ɗi ɓe ndokkata ko e bidsee ooñcaaɗo hitaande 2009, ɓuri usteede fof ko ngaluuji paaranooɗi e cengɗe kaɓooje e baasal, etee ɗiin ngaluuji ustaaɗi kuutoraa ko e kampaañ wooteeji ɓennuɗi ɗi.
So tawii ko ko fayti e hare fewde e bonnooɓe jawdi laamu, e miijo luulndiiɓe ɓe, ɗuum ko meerorɗe yimɓe ɓe njaɓaano kuudetaa o, walla ɓe ngondaano e laamu ngu e sahaa wooteeji ɓennudi ɗi.
Eɓɓaaɗe goɗɗe kadi gadduɗe duko mawngo ko ko wayi no eɓɓaande yowitiinde e kuutoragol uujooɓe ngol rewaani laawol, kañum e hare feewde e ownugol. So tawii gofornama e parlemanteeruuji gonduɗi e mum ɗi kolliti ko eɓɓaaɗe ɗe ko kaanɗe, etee ma ɗe mballu leydi ndi e heɓtaade no haanirta nii ɗiiɗoo saqqaaji ɗiɗi, luulndiiɓe ɓe kolliti ko ɗeeɗoo eɓɓaade ɗiɗi kala njogori ko hokkude laamu mbaawka no tooñiri ɓe mbiyaani mbaɗaani. Kala mo laamu ngu yiɗi leeptude, maa takku ɗum waɗii ɗum, walla wiyii ɗum, hono no aadoranoo nii. Yeru, so tawii sariya yamirii kala tuumaaɗo wonde hoɗorde mum ina waawi wiciteede e sahaa kala, firti ko mo polis maa laamu guutanii fof ina waawi wiciteede, takkee hay ko tawaaka e mum. Ko noon kadi so wiyaama kala tuumaaɗo yo telefong mum heɗte, ɓe njogori heɗtaade kadi ko mo ɓe njiɗi heɓde o tan. Ɗuum fof noon ko geɗe, e wiyde maɓɓe kamɓe luulndiiɓe ɓe, baɗaaɗe etee teskaaɗe e Muritani. Ɗum kadi ko gaagaa luulndaade ɓe dumunnaji cokgol tuumaaɓe ɓe. Ɓe mbiyi neɗɗo haanaani ɗaldeede e polis ko ina tolnoo e lebbi ɗiɗi ina leepta ɗum haa jaɓna ɗum ko woodaani. Tuumaaɗo kadi haanaani sokeede duuɓi nayi, tawa ñaawaaka, ruttee kadi wiyee ko tuumanoo ko woodaani.
Ina teskaa kadi parlemanteeruuji ɗi, teeŋti e dipiteeji luulndo, kala nde ñiŋi eɓɓaande ina njahɗina heen peeje ooñcirɗe kuule ɗe ɓe cikki moƴƴaani ɗe, kono ina saɗi nde hilifaaɓe gofornama ɓe kañum e dipiteeji gonduɗi e mum en ɗi njaɓi yo wood ko waylaa e eɓɓaaɗe laamu ngu addata ɗe.
Ko ɗuum waɗi ina waawi wiyeede mo woni kala ina joginoo faandaare, tee etiima yo nde laato.
Wonnoo faandaare gofornama o ko yo parlemaa ɓenninan ɗum sariyaaji eɓɓunoo kala, tawa alaa ko waylii heen. Ndeen faandaare heɓaama.
Wonande parlemanteeruuji gonndudi e laamu ɗi faandaare mum en ko yo gofornama o yanane ina jogii ƴaañorgal tiiɗngal to parlemaa to, ko addi fof ma ɓenninane. Ɗuum kadi waɗii.
Wonande luulndiiɓe ɓe, eɓe njenanaa ɓe ngalaa mbaawka haɗde parlemaa o ɓenninde eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe kawranaani ɓe ɗe. Kono anniya maɓɓe ko ñiŋde e suurtude denndaagal eɓɓaaɗe ɗe ɓe cikki moƴƴaani, haa ɓesngu o kam nana daade maɓɓe waawa ñaawde holi daraniiɗo ngoyaaji mum. Ɓee ne kadi ina mbaawi wiyde faandaare mum en timmii.
Gaagaa jeewte paytuɗe e eɓɓaade sariya ɗe gofornama yettini ɗe, dipiteeji luulndo ngo kuutoriima e ngol ɗo laawol, kaɓtorgal walla kuutorgal mawngal ngal parlemaa jogii feewde e gofornama ngam horde golle mum. Ngal kuutorgal ko huccitinde naamnde e tergal gofornama, oon ara jaaboo e nder batu mbayyinaangu. So joom naamngal ngal yiɗii, ɗaɓɓa yo yeewtere nde uddite, dipiteeji goɗɗi ɗi ndokka heen miijo mum en. Nii woni, kamɓe dipiteeji luulndo ɗi ɓe mbaawi huccitinde e laamu ngu ko ina wona sappo e go’o (11) naamndal gondugal e yeewtere; won dipitee gooto gonduɗo e laamu huccitinii naamnde ɗiɗi feewde e gofornama o kono o jaɓaani udditde heen yeewtere, haaɗi tan ko hakkunde makko e tergal gofornama o.
Naamnde ɗe luulndo ngo huccitinnoo e gofornama o njowitii ko e caɗeele ndema hikka, kam e ƴettugol dingire leydi ndenndaandi (gazra) ɗe kaanaani rokkireede, walla nanngal jom jawɗeele en ɓe banke santaraal wullitinoo, walla caɗeele jaŋde leydi ndi, walla caɗeele kisal e nder leydi ndi (war hoyreeji, dahngo tuubakooɓe, ekn), walla ko fayti e kaake coodananooɗe galle gardiiɗo hilifaaɓe baɗtaaɗo lopitaan yummiraaɓe e sukaaɓe, walla ko fayti e pusgol foosuuji e tajgol leɗɗe leegal El Miina (Leegal jeegoɓal) e geɗe goɗɗe e geɗe goɗɗe.
E joofnirde batuuji ɗi, gardiiɗo hilifaaɓe yettinii parlemaa bayyinaango mum to bannge politik kuptidinɗo laamu mum. Yeewtere tiiɗnde kadi waɗii ɗoon. Wonanɓe laamu ɓe kollitii weltaare mum en e politik mo gofornama rewi o, e wiyde maɓɓe ɗuum ƴoogaa ko e tuugnorgal ngal Mohamed wul Abdel Aziz hollitnoo ɓesngu ngu haa waawi wootaneede haa fooli ñalnde 18 sulyee 2009. Kono luulndo ngo kañum huccitin ñiŋooje feewde e laamu ngu gila e kuudetaa baɗnoodo e 2008 haa e politik duttinɗo leydi ndi caggal to bannge demokaraasi e faggudu e renndo.
Denndaangal jeewte parlemaa ɗe njaltinaama e tele e rajo Muritani, yimɓe heewɓe mbaawii hettaade ee. Mo woni kala yaama tawa waawi jogaade heen miijo e heɓtinde darnde dipitee kala maa senateer kala. Ɗuum noon mo woni kala e ñaawoore mum feewde e parlemanteeruuji keedandi laamu e parlemanteeruuji luulndiidi laamu.
Fooyre Ɓamtaare


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Sikke alaa ndaaroowo ɗo waali e ndaaroowo mo waaldi uddu suudu renndintaa ɗum en. Kikiinde aljumaa ko ñalngu teskinngu, mahiingu nder hakkillaaji yimɓe wonande kala tawtoraaɓe ndeen joɗnde kikiiɗe mawnde saanga w17 haa w19, yiilirde Fedde Ɓamtaare Pulaar e Muritani (FƁPM) heɓii jooɗodaade e almudɓe Demmba Aamadu Bari, ngam duɗal ngal waawa naatde e yumma mum pelle, daroo ɗo tiiɗi.
Ko adii nde ɓe puɗɗoo batu kuɓtodinngu, huunde e terɗe FƁPM e yoga e yiilirde duɗal ngal keɓii joñaade ko ina wona waktu ŋakkuɗo seeɗa ngam sompude yiilirde hesere. Luɓo-ɗen konngol e Ceerno Maamuudu Jah « so yimɓe njiɗii huleede maa herseede ina poti rentude sibu kala ko renti hulee, hersee, ittanee geɗal ». Hannde e oo sahaa mo ngon-ɗen, nattii haa laaɓi duɗal, gooto kala yo waɗ e hakkille mum wontii catal, tee annda ngaal catal e nder PK jibinaa ko ñalnde 25/04/2014 to galle Baaba Abuu Soh, hooreejo teddungal mo wonaa hettere yannde e ɓakkere, so a ñaamii, a ñaamii ɓakkere, so a woppii a woppii teewu. Yiilirde Catal ngal ko nii soforii :
Hooreejo teddungal : Abuu Soh
Hooreejo : Aamadu Mammadu Jallo
Cukko hooreejo : Kajjaa Mbay
Koolaaɗo kuuɓal : Maymuuna Soh
Kalfinaaɗo pinal : Seek Saydu Jallo
Kalfinaaɗo jokkondiral e kumpital : Faarmata Jallo
Kalfinaaɗo Jaŋde : Demmba Aamadu Bari
Kalfinaaɗo njuɓɓudi : Yaayaa Kan
Kalfinaaɗo ngalu : Mammadu Lih
Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe catal ngal ndañii arde e nguun batu; wonande ɓe ndañaani, ɓe kollitii ngantu mum en; kono caggal nde ciimtanaa no batu nguu yahri nii, ɓe ŋattii peɗeeli, ɓe picci, sibu ɓe njiɗaano luuteede saka siimtaneede. Eɗen mbaawi wiyde sinno ndeen joɗnde e “batu” wonnoo ko paalel njuumri, kala meɓɓiiɗo heen ɗiɗmitat, sibu heewde ɗum ñamri.
Ñalnde aljumaa 25 abriil 2014
Kuuɓal Catal PK, Nuwaasoot


text:
Yonaaɓe gure jeyaaɗe e komin Wul Birom Oolo oolooga e Daarel Barka e Ajuweer ndiinnii ñalnde alkamiisa 22 ut 2013 damal biro perfee Ɓoggee ngam salaade dokkal 31 000 ha ngal laamu rokki soyitee Sawuudnaajo gooto biyeteeɗo Al Rajihi. Ɓe mbeeɗi cukko waali oo bayyinaango ɗo ɓe mbiyata dokkal ngal joopii ko « ko nokkuuji mawɗi ndema e durngo, tee alaa ko jogori so wonaa ɓeydude baasal e heege e yimɓe wuurɓe e nokku hee».
E wiyde Muhammed Saalem wul Naaji « ngal ɗoo dokkal so laatiima, firti ko ndema e ngaynaaka maayii e nder komin wul Birom e Daarel Barka (Barakna) e Ajuweer (Tararsa). » O wiyi « ko ɗum addannoo min jokkondirde e kalifu geɗe nder leydi e hooreejo senaa e hooreejo asaambele, e Goomu ngenndiiwu jojjanɗe aadee e Fonadh ngam ɗaɓɓude niilnugol dokkal ngal, sibu maggal naworde gese ndema e nokkuuji ngaynaaka e cehe gure ɗee (Mgerinaat, Biir el Woes e Felluuja) kam e foorasuuji 3 e boyli 6 ». Ɓe mballitorii kuulal 8 Doosɗe ngaynaaka biyngal «Ngaluuji durngo ko denndaaɗi, ko hakke to bannge fiɓnde». Cukko haakem oo noon wiyi wonde «ndee eɓɓaande dokkal waɗanaama jeeyngal gila 5 suwee wonande lajal balɗe 60, mbele kala neɗɗo walla dental jogingal hujja e nokku hee ina ara hujjikinaade, kono ɓe ngaddaani dokimaaji kollitooji ko kamɓe njeyi nokku oo».
Ndee yiɗde laamu nguu ɓolde waali-wuro en nokkuuji mum noon wonaa hannde fuɗɗii. Eɗen ciftora laawgu Daarelnaaɓe e Ɓoggeenaaɓe nde rewo nokkuuji mum en wiyanoo ina rokkee Sawuudnaaɓe kadi. Sibu eɗen nganndi daande maayo ngoo fof wuuri ko e ngaynaaka e ndema. Leyɗe ɗee, wonde ɗum en waalo e jeeri fof ko gootum : waalo ngoo fof ina jogii joomum en, ko leydi ndema. Jeeri ndii ne, ko noon, sibu ko heen jawdi maɓɓe durata. Heddii ko laamu nguu faama, wonde hay so tawii ko ngu yiɗi waɗde koo ko nafoore yimɓe ɓee, alaa e sago ngu diisnondira e maɓɓe tawo, ngu faamnina ɓe ko yehetee, haa ɓe paama, kamɓe e koye maɓɓe ɓe njooɗodoo e yiɗɓe gollaade leyɗe ɗee, ɓe kaalda, ɓe paamondira, mbele ɓe mbaawa hisnude nafooje maɓɓe. Ko wonaa e kaaldigal fof alaa battane. Wiyde ina huutoroo doole laamu walla fuuntiiji, alaa heen fof ko wattinta. Laamu foti ko daranaade nafooje yimɓe mum, wonaa dartoraade yeeyde jeyi mum e ɗeɗɗude ɗum.
Tesko : Nokku oo woni ko dow keerol Tararsa e Barakna, hedde kilooji 4 rewo laawol hakkunde Rooso e Ɓoggee.
Bookara Aamadu Bah


text:
FULFULDE, NIGERIAN: Bible NT
Ephesians (Aafisanko’en) 6:10-18
10 Ko mbi’aymi cakitiiɗum woni alee bawɗe mawɗe ɗe Joomiraawo meeɗen sembiɗina’on.
11 Ɓornee fuu kolte konu ɗe Allah hokki’on ngam mbaawon daraaki, nganyon ƴoyre Ceyɗan.
12 Ngam naa’ yimɓe kondeten, ammaa en konda e ginni gonɗi dow, laamotooɗi, e gooduɗi bawɗe, e jogiiɗi laamu duuniyaaru ndu’u ndu jaamanu nyiwre.
13 Ngam non, ɓornee fuu kolte konu ɗe Allah, ngam to nyalnde kallunde warii, mbaawon daraaki nganyon ƴoyre Ceyɗan. Gaɗa on njottinii koo ɗume, ɗum tawa on ndarii.
14 Ngam non, ndaree on ciryii. Goonga warta taadorde mooɗon, aadilaaku warta toggoore njamndi mooɗon nde konu.
15 Siryaaki yaaruki Habaru Belɗum dow Yeesu Almasiihu ɗum jam warta bo paɗe to koyɗe mooɗon.
16 Gaɗa maajum maa, hoolaaki Yeesu warta ko njogotooɗon taɓɓoo nyifa hiite piɗille ɗe ganyo kalluɗo on ɗon fiɗoyi.
17 Kumnee humneere njamndi nde konu, waato kisndam. Koccee kaafahi Ruuhu Allah, waato Wolde maako.
18 Koo ndeye ngaɗee ka waɗuki do’aare no Ruuhu Allah holliri’on nder koo ɗume ɗum ngaɗoton. Kadin ngaɗon ka toraaki Allah walla’on. Ngam fii ɗu’um, paamee, to’ on njaɓu comon, koo ndeye ngaɗee ka waɗanki yimɓe Allah fuu do’aare.
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text:
Ko dental keewngal arnoo e takkusaan alet oo ngam duusde, duuso sakkitiingo Bano Mbaay, neene mum Aysata Taal Sal. O hawrii e lajal e oo alet subaka. dilloobe to politik, jaale diine ngarii gila to Rawda Saydu Nuuru haa to genaale Yoof.Laamu nguu neliino toon Aamadu Bah, kono kadi yiyaama toon ko wayi no Mansuur Kan en, Serin Mbay Caam, Jibo Kah ekn. E yamiroore Ceerno Madaani Taal, ko Rawaan Mbay ardii njuulu gooski kii. Muusaa Taal joom galle makko seedtiima o ari e mum ko e duubi makko 17, o wuurdii e makko 62 ndunngu, kono ko diine tan o teskii e makko.
Banaa Mbaay teskaama wonde jokkoowo dentinoowo e nder kitaale 79 o wuuri.
SUNAARE : NEENE MUM AYSATA TAAL SAL WIRNIIMA
Ko dental keewngal arnoo e takkusaan alet oo ngam duusde, duuso sakkitiingo Bano Mbaay, neene mum Aysata Taal Sal. O hawrii e lajal e oo alet subaka. dilloobe to politik, jaale diine ngarii gila to Rawda Saydu Nuuru haa to genaale Yoof.Laamu nguu neliino toon Aamadu Bah, kono kadi yiyaama toon ko wayi no Mansuur Kan en, Serin Mbay Caam, Jibo Kah ekn. E yamiroore Ceerno Madaani Taal, ko Rawaan Mbay ardii njuulu gooski kii. Muusaa Taal joom galle makko seedtiima o ari e mum ko e duubi makko 17, o wuurdii e makko 62 ndunngu, kono ko diine tan o teskii e makko.
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text:
e ɗaŋre men Ngaawe e daartol majje.
Njoorndi e dow ɗaŋre men Ngaawe, ko duungal gootal wonno ko ɓooyi, njiɗmi wiyde doŋe Afrik, Amerik, Asi, Ostorali e Orop foo koko ndentunoo ɗo gootel, woni faɗo wooto, ndiyam taariingo banngeeji kala, nde wonnoo nder ɗaŋre men koko fasata ina wawña sabu nguleeki loopal kaaƴe e jamɗe taayɗe gonɗe toon, doŋe ɗee ngonata ko e hayde e dow loopal he ina ceerta, maaje kaaɗɗe loma yolnde hakkunde majje, e yeru ɗum ɗeɓata waade ko no leggal pawangal e dow ndiyam, ngal feecee, heen helitin’de fo yahra bannge.
Nde wonnoo doŋe ɗee ɓosirta ko seese fotde 20 cm ( fotde felo tan) kala hitaande, en mbaawataa teskaade nduun yahdu walla tin’de ndu, kono tan so e ƴeewtiima wertaango leyd no doŋe ɗee lelorii ni ma en paam koko renndunoo ko ɓooyi, ɗum fotndaa ko e duuɓi milyoŋaaji 200 caggal,
Hedde hitaande 1955 ganndo wertaango leydi biyeteeɗo Edward Bullard yaltini keeri doŋe ɗe e nder ordinaateer tawa o rewni ko e hiisa, ko ɗoon o feññini wonaa tan so doŋe ɗe kiɓɓondiraama to tufle wontat mbuuɗu, alaa hay nder maaje kaaɗɗe ( geec) ina waɗi keeri hakkunde doŋe ɗe.
Ko e hitaande 1968 fellitaa won’de doŋe ɗe ko kiɓɓe ngonnoo, ɗo ɗi ceertata ɗo ko mboorkaaji pusata ina mberloo loope gulɗe boowal, ɗo doŋe kawrititta ɗo maaje egga, doŋe ɗee taggoo, heen laral roondoo nder leydi, goɗngal ngal faya dow, ko e ɗiin nokkuuji kaaƴe toowɗe puɗata hono Himalaya to Enndo, addi ndeen haayre ko pelɓondiral hakkunde doŋre Enndo e Asi, Enndo seŋtii ko e Afrik ko ɓooyi yaaɓani Asi, nde yottii lare leydi ɗe ngoni e sortaade faade dow, ko ɗuum woni kaaƴe nanaton ɗe.
To leydi Ecoppi ngaska ina toon ko loopal gulngal woni heen ina fatta, kaan ngaska hollirii won’de laral leydi e oon nokku ina sewi, ina huyfiɗi, ɗuum waɗi kaan nkaska hollirde ko woni e nder leydi, ka ɓooyii, kono ɗo e duuɓi miliyoŋaaji garooji maa ,nukko o wontu maayo haaɗngo, allaadu Afrik ndu seŋtoo yahra bannge.
Maayo meditarane koko eggata natta, sabu doŋre Afrik fay ko to Orop ɗo e duuɓi miliyoŋaaji paaɗi Afrik e orop koko hiɓɓondirta natta waɗde ndiyam.
Pelɓondiral hakkunde doŋe leydi e ɓittondiral ɗo ɗe kawritta to addata leydi yerɓude, ɗuum waɗi won e nokkuuji ina anndaa tan ceerataa e yerɓude, ko way no Jappon.
HAMMADI JAH
WIDTO : AFRIK, AMETRIK, OROP, ASII E OSEYAANI FOF KO DOŋRE WOOTERE WONNOO (GANNDO)
e ɗaŋre men Ngaawe e daartol majje.