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1. Naatirgel
Pinal noddi ko neɗɗaagu, neɗɗaagal. Sabu jawdi haalantaake haala pinal. So Pinal haalaama tan noddi ko innama aadee. Yimɓe noon ɗo ndenndi fof; ɗo nganndondiri fof pinal feeñat ɗoon. Pinal wayi kono yertere mawnde nii, so a feƴƴii maa wood ko taw-ɗaa to nder to. Ko taw-ɗaa to nder ko, ɗum woni mbaydi, ko ɗum woni faayiida leñol. Fof ko heen jeyaa, fof ko heen yaltata, tammbii pinal ngal. So jeyaaɓe e ɓamtaare pulaar kaalii haala pinal, ko ɗum fotde ..
Yeewtere ndee ko nii jogori leloraade, ko toɓɓe joy ƴettaten.
1. Naatirgel
2. No neɗɗo waynoo adan hade pinal yillaade ɗum
3. Hol ko naskata leñol (so leñol ina nuskee to rewratee)
4. Peeje ɗe leñol yaltinta mbele ina faaboo pittaali jeyaaɗi e muuɗum
5. Uddirgel.
Naatirgel
Banndiraaɓe ko kaalat-mi ɗo ko noon ko laawol paytungol e gannde kese lelnaaɗe, laawol diine ko bannge, ngol kadi ina woodi. Nde neɗɗo feeñi nde woɗɗondiraani e jawdi, hol ko waɗi noon? Nde neɗɗo feeñi nde, jogii ɗum ko njawdiigu : wonde jawdi. Hol ko ɗum firtata? ko wel maa fof waɗ! ko njiɗ-ɗaa fof waɗ! Njogi-ɗaa tan ko doole maa, mo mbaaw-ɗaa fof moññu no njiɗir-ɗaa fof; ɗum noon wayi kono nguurndam jawdi nii to ladde to. Ndee toɓɓere alaa e sago njaajno-ɗen heen! Ɓe mbiyi geɗe tati ina e neɗɗo: nde neɗɗo feeñi ndee heen geɗal alaa, ko geɗe ɗiɗi ɗee tan o jogii. Geɗal tataɓal ngal ma en kaal hol no ngal ardi. Ko nder neɗɗo, nder fittaandu neɗɗo ina woodi bannge, wiyat maa tan ko” waɗ ko mbele-ɗaa fof! ko njiɗ-ɗaa fof waɗ! No jawdi waɗta nii, ko njiɗ-ɗaa waɗde fof waɗ. Ɗum woni “les pulsions interieurs”, ko mbiyaten ɓernde. Firtata, ko miin so tawii wonii e am tan ko njawdiigu , mi yiyataa goɗɗum, mi anndaa ko haɗaa, alaa ko haɗaa. Huunde fof ko mi jamirɗo hoyre am! Ko mbelaa-mi mbaɗat-mi, ko njiɗ-mi mbaɗat-mi; ɓe mbiyi ɗo neɗɗo “est un être de plaisir”, ɗum woni “neɗɗo ko weli ɗum tan waɗata”, ɗum noon noddi ko njawdiigu ɓaadi alaa ɗo haaɗi hankadi.
So yehii haa juutoyii, so pinal naatii, wonta neɗɗo waɗta naatnude peeje, ɗeen peeje payti ko e nehdi. Hol ndiin nehdi, neɗɗo waɗta wiyde : ɗum ɗo ina haɗaa, ɗum ɗo haɗaaka. A yiyi, adan mbiyno-ɗen ko alaa ko haɗaa. Hankadi renndo won ko yaltini, wiyi ɗum ɗo ina haɗee, ɗum ɗo ina yamiree. Neɗɗo yo haaɗ ɗo. Neɗɗo hol to yawtu ɗo. Ɗum ɗo ina foti waɗeede, ɗum ɗo fotaani waɗeede. Neɗɗo gadano o noon anndaa ko foti e ko fotaani. Fof ina fotani ɗum, sabu alaa pinal. Ko ɗuum weli ɗum, en njiyi neɗɗo ko “ko welata ɗum tan”. So ɗiiɗoo fannuuji ɗiɗi pooɗondiri noon, ko dañaatee heen ko, ko ɗum tagata neɗɗo o. Maanaa neɗɗo yaltata ko e pooɗondiral njawdiigu ngu e oya to bannge, ko renndo waɗi ina yamiraa, ina haɗaa , ina neha. Ngal pooɗondiral hokkata ko wiyatee “neɗɗo” ko. Jooni noon eɗen nganndi, hade renndo ngo waɗde, ina yaltina won e miijooji no yimɓe poti wuurdude, hade ɗum arde, ngannden tawo oo neɗɗo adan no o woorunoo. Hol no o wuurdunoo. Kala ko jokkii e makko kanko neɗɗo o, so yawtii hankadi no o waynoo adan nii, hono njawdiigu, kala ko ɓeydii e makko hankadi woni Pinal. Nganndee noon banndiraaɓe, so tawii en njuutniima heen, ma en nganndu kanko neɗɗo o, fannuuji ɗiɗi ina kaalaa e makko. Won wiyɓe nde neɗɗo tagaa nde neɗɗaagal ina waɗaa e mum seeɗa, heddotoo tan ko ina yaha ina mawna. Neɗɗo juuta duuɓi, ina juuta nguurndam neɗɗaagal ngal ina yalta e mum (ina feeña).
Won wiyɓe alaa, Alla waɗi neɗɗo kañum sahaa e sahaa fof ina tagtee ina wonta goɗɗum. Adan ko nii waynoo, jooni wontii nii. So yawtii wontoyta ko neɗɗo goɗɗo. Ɗum waɗi, joom binndi en mbiyi, so tawii en njettiima e neɗɗaagal ko mbiyaten neɗɗo ko, so en keɓii toon, walla so tawii en njettaaki toon, walla so tawii en njawtii toon, ɗoon woni ko wiyetee “thèse Darwin”. Darwin ina haala ɗum. Mi rippa seeɗa e ɗum ɗo. So tawii neɗɗo nde tagaa nde won ko waɗaa e mum seeɗa wiyatee ko neɗɗaagal (aawdi neɗɗaagal ina e makko). So tawii nde o juuti nguurndam fof ɗum ina ɓeydoo (so mi wiyii neɗɗo noon ko e mbaydi timmundi, ɗum ko yimɓe fof), wonaa kaari, walla kaari, alaa ko neɗɗo o. So tawii ɗum ina e makko, omo yaha omo taftoo, waɗi noon ko aawdi neɗɗaagal ina e makko, ɗum mawna, ko ɗum waɗtata mo neɗɗo. Ɗum so tawii ko noon woori, ɗum kadi miijo mum ko bannge, won gannde keewɗe ina njalti ɗoo kadi, ɗoon ɗo Darwin haali ɗo.
Won wiyɓe alaa, neɗɗo sahaa e sahaa fof ina taftee (tagtee) ina wonta goɗɗum. ko Lamartin haali ɗum, oon ko ganndaaɗo. Heddotoo noon ko ɗoo jooni, won ganndo gooto, ko o ganndaaɗo kanko ne, o wiyi : ko waawi wonde heen fof, so yiɗii wona aawdi, so yiɗii sahaa e sahaa o tagtee o wonta goɗɗum, faayiida e leñol ɗo o woni ɗo, ko ɗoon ƴeewatee. Holi oon faayiida? Pinal ngool leñol, pinal leñol ngol ɗo tolnii fof, ko ɗoon neɗɗo o tolnotoo. Won ko o wiyata “la nature naturante”, hol ko ɗum firtata? Ɗum firtata ko tagoodi tagtatoondi. So tagoodi tagtiima huunde noon, ndeen huunde wontii goɗɗum. Ɗum woni “nature naturé”, hol ko ɗum firtata? Ɗum firtata so tawii ko goonga nde tagaa ɗum nde, mbay-ɗen ko no jawdi nii. Ɓe ndokkii heen yeru filmo Mowgli.( Mowglii ko neɗɗo , jibinaa ko e wuro, weddoyaa ladde gila ko o tiggu, o wondi ko e jawdi, omo mawnidi ko e jawdi. Omo wayi no jawdi ndi wayi nii, o ñaamirta ko hunuko, o anndaa comci, sibu ko renndo anndi comci, o anndaa haala, o waawa haalde sabu ɗemngal (ma en ngartoy heen) ko ɗum woni faayiida ko kaalaten ko fof. O wayi tan ko no jawdi nii). Oon ganndo mo mbiynoo-mi naane o, o wiyi : wiyeede neɗɗo nde tagaa nde aawdi neɗɗaagal ina waɗaa e mum, ina majjinaa e mum, ina mawna tan ina ɓeydoo. Oon kaalɗo ɗum o, o yahdaani e ngoon miijo. O yahdaani heen sabu ɗum miijo ngo cakkitii-mi haalde ngo wiyi : “Neɗɗo tagata ɗum ko yimɓe, tagtatoo ɗum kadi ko yimɓe, yimɓe renndo ngo o woni ngo”.
Ko ɗum addani-mi wiyde ko tagtatoo neɗɗo ko, ko gila e nehdi renndo. Renndo fof ina jogii nehdi mum. Renndo fof ina jogii gannde mum. Renndo fof ina jogii pine mum. So tawii en njuurnitiima haala ka, ma en nganndu, nde neɗɗo feeñi wonaani hay dara nde, wayi tan kono fittaandu heddiindu e ɓalndu mehru. Ko renndo ɓoornata ɗum comci, waɗnata ɗum haa wona neɗɗo. Hol ko o ɓoornotoo? O ɓoornotoo ko ko wiyetee Pinal ko. A finii ko a majjuɗo, ɗum noon nguurndam ko yimɓe tagtoto maa, peewnat maa.
Ɓe mbiyi kamɓe annduɓe, nde neɗɗo feeñi nde, yahi haa ɓooyi ƴeestii seeɗa seerti e jawdi. Tee nde o seerti jawdi nde, o adii fof ko ƴeewde hol no o wuurdata : O yaltini waaño. Hol no o waañirta? Dogatno tan haa heɓtoo lella jagga ɗum …Cellal mum ina hokkunoo ɗum, en mbiyi ɓe ngoɗɗondiraani e jawdi ndi ɓe nguurdunoo ndi. Nde yahnoo haa ɓooyi, ɓe njaltini ko wayno laañe nii, ɓe tafi ɗum. Ɗum ɗo ko pinal hakkille yaltini ɗum. Juuti-juuti haa gannde kese ngabbii heen kadi seeɗa. Refti heen ko miijo ko mbiyaten “les croyances réligieuses” ko wiyatee diineeji ndeen. Nde neɗɗo ƴeestii nde, nde wonnoo fuɗɗiima faamde won ɗo haaɗi, neɗɗaagal mum, doole mum, e baawal mum won ɗo haaɗi, alaa e sago nawta ɗum, halfina hoyre mum goɗɗum. Halfinde hoyre mum goɗɗum wayi ko no rewde won e geɗe nii. Ko ɗoon woni diineeji ndeen puɗɗii yaltude. Hol ɗiin diineeji? Eɗen nganndi won ko mbiyaten goglisme, firtata ko ɓeeɗoo njogii tan ko diine jawdi, ɓe ndewi ko jawdi.
So tawii eɗen poti rippude heen seeɗa, eɗen nganndi nde neɗɗo fini nde kañum ne, nde wonnoo renndo ɗo fini ɗo won ko jogii, ina jogii pinal nguurndam, ina jogii no foti yahreede haa neɗɗo daɗa e boneeji maayde. So tawii ko ina daɗoo, daɗa heen. So daɗotaako noon ko Alla waɗi.
Jooni noon ɓeen ne njaltini peeje, ɗeen peeje ina keewi seeɗa. Ɓe kaalii heen halfinde hoyre mum won e miijooji nder diineeji ɓooyɗi, mi haalaani heen haala Islaam. Mi haalaani hono defte jippinaaɗe ɗe, ko nanndi e Islaam. Wonaa ɗum kaal -mi, kaal-mi ko diineeji ɓooyɗi. Ndeen oɗon nganndi pullo ina jogii heen fannu mawɗo, ina winndanaa heen deftere mawnde. Jiɗɗo janngude nde yo o rutto e deftere nde “Ɓinceant Monteil” winndi “Les Peulhs en ŋuestion”. Yo o ƴeewoy ɗum ma o taw heen pullo hakkunde mum e jawdi, ɓe mbiyi kono funeeɓe nii. Hol ko waɗi mi wiyde mbayi kono funeeɓe nii. wonaa noon funeeɓe no njaggirten funeeɓe nii, rennduɓe reedu njibinaa ñalawma gooto, alaa.
Jooni noon ɓeen ne njaltini peeje, ɗeen peeje ina keewi seeɗa. Ɓe kaalii heen halfinde hoyre mum won e miijooji nder diineeji ɓooyɗi, mi haalaani heen haala Islaam. Mi haalaani hono defte jippinaaɗe ɗe, ko nanndi e Islaam. Wonaa ɗum kaal -mi, kaal-mi ko diineeji ɓooyɗi. Ndeen oɗon nganndi pullo ina jogii heen fannu mawɗo, ina winndanaa heen deftere mawnde. Jiɗɗo janngude nde yo o rutto e deftere nde “Ɓinceant Monteil” winndi “Les Peulhs en ŋuestion”. Yo o ƴeewoy ɗum ma o taw heen pullo hakkunde mum e jawdi, ɓe mbiyi kono funeeɓe nii. Hol ko waɗi mi wiyde mbayi kono funeeɓe nii. wonaa noon funeeɓe no njaggirten funeeɓe nii, rennduɓe reedu njibinaa ñalawma gooto, alaa.
Ko nanndude nde, woowondirde nde, anndondirde nde ; ndeen so pullo yahii ladde ina rewi e jawdi (aynoyii) seertat e comci. So o seertii e comci noon wayi kono o ruttiima e no tagiranoo adan nii, no mbiyru-ɗen adan, nde neɗɗo feeñata nde. Hol ko waɗnata mo noon? Waɗata mo waɗde noon, tawdi eɗen kaala diineeji maɓɓe ndeen, ko anndude so o heddiima ɓalndu mehru, alaa ko waawi fosaade mo, ko nanndi e seyɗeneeji e ko wonaa ɗum tan. So o heddiima ɓalndu mehru, ko ndeen o waawata faamondirde e jawdi ndi o reenata ndi. Ndiin jawdi noon, kala ko yiyi, ina haalana mo, kala ko sooynii ina faamnina mo. Ko ɗum tagi ɓe mbiyi, fulɓe ndeen ina faamondiri e jawdi mum en. Ko ɗum waɗi hay sinno njawdi leliima ina fettoo, ina tiiɗi pullo hirsude ɗum sibu wayi kono hirsude hoyre mum nii; ko ɗum woni maanaa oo.
Goglisme noon haa jooni won rewɓe heen. Enen ko en juulɓe, en ndewii Lislaam, kono so en njahii ɗo Enndo ɗo, e miijooji Mahandman Ganndi yaltini, omo haali heen geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no haala ndiin jawdi ekn. A yahat e Gure laamorgo maɓɓe, hono Ñewdelli, kawraa e nagge tawa a suusaa feraade ɗum; ko aan taaratoo ɗum ngoppaa yaha. Sibu ɓe mbiyi (kamɓe Enndonaaɓe) jawdi fof, nagge fof, woni ɗoon ko fittaandu taaniraaɓe, njaatiraaɓe maayɓe adan, Alla artiri ɗum e nder jawdi ina yaha ina yiyloo; ɗum noon, ko ko reenatee, waretaake. Ɗum waɗi fulɓe men, enenne ga, hirsude dammuwol wayi ko no warde hoyre mum nii.
Ɗum noon ɗiiɗoo miijooji, ɗeeɗoo pine, won ko jogori yillaade ɗe. Hol ko yillotoo ɗe? Yillotoo ɗe ko kalfaandi. Kalfaandi, kañum heewi bonnude geɗe keewɗe. Kalfaandi, ko bonni ɓuri heewde e ko feewni. So tawii en nduttiima e ngooɗoo miijo, eɗen nganndi miijo diineeji men gadani won ko mbelsindi-ɗen heen. Kono eɗen ndewi ɗum haa jooni. Oɗon nganndi ko fayti e mecce. Kala meccal e mecce Fuuta, roondii ko fannu e pinal. Mbiɗo hokka on yeru e maabuɓe. So en nduttiima e wootere e defte Aamadu Hampaate Bah, o wiyi, ɓamti ɗum ko goɗɗo ina wiyee Ki-Serboo ina winndi “Daartol Kuuɓtidinngol Afrik”, eɓe njaltini ɗoo miijo, miijo ngo ina foti yuurneede, miijo ngo fayi kadi ko e fulɓe. Hol ko ɓe kaali e diineeji gadani ɗi? Kaalat-mi ko diineeji gadani ɗi. E fuɗɗorde majji, Alla wiyetenoo ko Geno, Pullo wiyata Alla ko Geno. Ko oo Geno biyateeɗo Kiikalla, oon woni kalfinaaɗo aduna o yo o feewnu ɗum. Ko o maabo. Hol no o feewnirta aduna o? Kanko noon, e miijo Aamadu H. Paate Bah ko o Maabo.
Hol ko waɗi en wiyde ko o maabo? sabu omo jogii “caali cañirka”. Oon nokku ɗo o liggotoo ɗo, so a ƴeewii bannge ñaamo e caali ki (atelier o) ina waɗi ko wayi no cawon 33 to yeeso to; to o hucciti to, won ko falii mo toon ina wayi no sawru mawndu nii; ɗo o fawi koyɗe makko ɗo, sawru nani dow, sawru nani les, omo ɓili heen koyɗe makko omo nawa dow, omo artira les. Ina hasii o waɗa ɗoon ko wayi no ceenal seeɗa. Ɗoon baylo ina waɗa noon (ma en ngartoy heen). Ɗee geɗe hol ko pirtata? Mi wiyii no on naane, geɗe keewɗe eɗen mbaɗa ɗum, so en naamndaama mbiyen en nganndaa walla eeh! tawi eɗum jogii maanaa !
Ko kaalnoo-mi naane : ɗoo jooni cabbi capanɗe tati e tati (33) ɗe ko pirtata? Firtata ko Allaaji 33 fulɓe ndewnoo. Holi ɗiin Allaaji? Eɗen njogii ɗi haa jooni, eɗen ndewi ɗi en tinaani. Won wiyɓe enen ko njogi-ɗen, inɗe men ɗe, ko inɗe Allaaji ɓooyɗi, noon wayi! Ko nanndi e inɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗen Penndel en, Demmbel en, ekn…Ɗee inɗe noon wonaa arab addi ɗum! Ɗo tawi ɗe.
Nde Arab ari momtude pine men ma a taw ko feewnitde? Ɗoon won ko ɓe ngitti, won ko ɓe ngoppi ɗoon. Tuubakooɓe nde ngari, won ko ngardi kañum en ne. Ɓeen ne ngari mbiyi so a yiɗii nuskude, so a yiɗii fuuynude leñol ngadorto-ɗaa ko jumpude ɗemngal mum. Hol ko waɗi noon? Ɗemngal woni faawru ! Hay pinal woni ko nder. Won wiyɓe ko pinal moofti ɗemngal, won wiyɓe alaa! Doole ɗemngal no wayi nii, ko kam moofti pinal. So wiɗtaama fof ina yiytee heen. Ɗum eɓe luurondiri seeɗa…
Ɗum ɗo fof e wayde noon, kanko maabo jooɗiiɗo o, biyaaɗo yo feewnu Aduna o, sawru mawndu wonndu yeeso makko ndu, ɗum firtata ko : “Minen dey min payi ko yeeso, alaa ko waawi ruttinde min”. Ɗo o awƴata ɗo, koyɗe ɗe no njahrata dow e les ina ngarta nii, ɗum ko omo nodda Geno, Geno woni Alla maɓɓe : so o jippinii les o ƴetta doole, mbele omo waawa yettoyaade Geno.
Ɗum noon hol ko o dañata heen? o dañata heen ko lefol. Lefol ngol faayiida mum, neɗɗaagal mum ina barkinoree haa jooni. Ina hasii won e seernaaɓe won ko nganndi; ɓe mbiyi so aɗa waɗa ɗum, mbaɗdataa ɗum ko e lefol nanngam…. Ɗum ɗo won ganndal kadi suuɗii toon. So en njawtii toon, en payii to wayluɓe. Wayluɓe hannde ina mbiyee eh ! Kono noon ina anndaa hono ko Aamadu Hampaate Bah wiyi : “Baylo hula haa aña” So a hulii huunde haa a hulii, ɓernde hulii hulii, a añtat ɗum, ɗum ko kulol. Hol ko waɗi noon? kamɓe ne eɓe nokki e ganndal. Ganndal mawngal ngal Geno ina totti ɓe, eɓe ƴetti heen…
Kanko maabo oo noon e ko haalaa, ko Aamadu Hampaate Bah en mbiyi, ko kanko woni cubballo.Hol no o wontiri cubballo? Ɓe mbiyi ko cuballo wonti maabo, ɓee mbiyi ko maabo wonti cuballo! Hol ko addi ɗum? Addi ɗum ko nde ɓe njahata, kamɓe tan ɗiɗo jiiduɓe yumma e baaba. Ɓe ngari, eɓe ɗomɗi, eɓe njaroya. Ɓe njahi ha ɓe paandii maayo, miñiraaɗo o seli koyɗe, nde selnoo koyɗe Alla holli ɗum jinne gooto. Jinne oo ina saña, jaggi mo. Oya darii ko juuti yiyaani mo, haaɓii, yiylii yiiytaani. Kañum fayi maayo. Kañum nde yettii maayo nde, tawi ɗoon debbo joom jubbi keewɗi kañum ne. O jooɗi, o yari haa o gasni. Oon wiyi mo : “waɗii duuɓi nanngam (mi yejjitii duuɓi ɗi) alaa jippiiɗo ɗo ina yara. Miin so neɗɗo yarii e am mi weltoto. Mi duwani-maa ma” , o jaggi mo, fooɗi mo nder, mutni mo nder maayo. Nde o suppitii, o yaltidi e ganndal. Ɗoo jooni yimɓe ɓee mbiyi ko kamɓe ɗiɗo njidi yumma e baaba. Kono noon ina wiyee ganndal dow, ganndal ooɗoo maabo, e ganndal oya too gonɗo nder maayo, gannde maɓɓe ɗiɗi tammbii Aduna oo. Ɗum waɗi e gannde, kamɓe annduɓe meeɗen, miñiraaɗo o heddiima to cañoowo dow to, mawniraaɗo o jippiima ina yara. Alla yaltinii gooto e tagoore mum e maayo he, debbo juutɗo jubbi, heewɗo jubbi, mo wonaa boɗeejo, ko o ɓaleejo, ko o daɓɓo, omo heddii ɓalndu mehru, o feeñanii mo haa e enɗi hee … Caggal nde ɓe ngasni janngude, ɓe njiytondiri, ɓe njokki laawol maɓɓe. Ko ɗum waɗi wiyeede gannde men keewɗe ko maabo e cubballo njogii ɗum.
Ɗahiiru Sih, porfeseer


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Ɗiin laamuuji ngoni laamu Maasina, nganndiraangu “Diina” e gardagol Seeku Ahmadu, Laamlaamu Sokoto (teeminannde 19ɓiire to rewo Niijeriyaa) e gardagol Usmaan Dan Fojo, e laamu “Tukuloor” (e leydi Mali hannde ndii) e gardagol Al Hajji Umar Taal.
Laamu Maasina
Laamlaamu (kaanankiri) fulɓe Maasina, nganndiraangu kadi « Dina », ko laamlaamu tuugiingu e dewal, ngu ceerno lollirɗo Seeku Aamadu, jeyaaɗo e galle barinaaɓe compunoo e teeminannde XIXɓiire. Ngu wonnoo ko huunde e Mali hannde oo, tuggi Tummbuktu bannge rewo haa leydi Mosi en bannge worgo, tuggi Muritani bannge hirnaange haa diiwaan Mopti. Ko Hamdallaay wonnoo laamorgo laamlaamu nguu.
Ko fulɓe ummoriiɓe diiwaan Fuuta Tooro oo ciiñcunoo e diiwaan hee e maayirɗe teeminannde XIVɓiire. E naatirɗe teeminannde XIXɓiire, « satigeeɓe arɗo » laamɓe fulɓe, kam e galle Dikko en laaminoo nokku oo. Seeku Aamadu moolinooɗo to Nukuma caggal nde dañdi e seernaaɓe Jenne caɗeele, haɓi ɗoon wolde mum adannde e arɗo en, wondiiɓe Fama (laamɗo) Segu, ko e hitaande 1818. Poolgu makko e ndeen wolde addani mo umminde jihaadi, e heɓtude e Jenne, hitaande caggal ɗuum e 1819. O yamiri yo jumaa mawka ka laamɗo Kummboro mahnoo kaa, yo woppe, o mahi jumaa kesa ngoɗka. Nii woni o sompi laamu tuugiingu e diine ngu o inniri « Diina », ngu o feccitii e diiwanuuji joy, tawi heen diiwaan fof ardii ɗum ko guwerneer kooninke e dental (diiso) diine. O siiñti wuro Hamdallaay (Yettere Alla), o waɗti ɗum laamorgo heso ɗo diiso Diina oo jooɗotoo. Wonnoo e diiso Diina ngoo ko capanɗe nayo neɗɗo, hakkunde koohoowo diine e jaggal toowngal konu, diiso wonngo e les njiimaandi makko. O ƴelliti jaŋde Ɓuraana. Laamu nguu tuugii kadi ko e sariya Lislaam laawol Maalik. Faggudu laamaandi ndii tuuginoo ko e nehngo jawdi, na’i e baali. Seeku Aamadu waawni fulɓe aynaaɓe ñiiɓde e nokku gooto. Hankadi, yimɓe makko naatani golwole jihaadi feewde e wambarankooɓe, e sooninkooɓe e bwa en, e dogon en, e fulɓe sanamiyeeɓe. Kala heen poolaaɗo waɗtee jiyaaɗo (riimayɓe) ligginteeɗo nder ndema. Ngam ƴellitde njulaagu, Seeku Aamadu wootiɗini ɓetirɗe e nder laamaandi mum. Laamu Bammbara Segu e Kaarta dartinooɗi ɗii, naataani e njiimaandi Diina.
Njiimaandi Diina yettiima Mopti, rewo diiwaan Segu haa yettii Tummbuktu, heerondiri e dowlaaji Mosi to rewo Burkina Faso. Nde Seeku Aamadu sankii e hitaande 1844, ko ɓiyiiko Aamadu Seeku lomtii mo, oon ne lomtii ɗum ko taaniraagel makko biyeteengel Ahmadu Ahmadu e hitaande 1852. E hitaande 1862 Al Hajji Umar Taal heɓti Jenne e Hamdallaay.
Seeku Aamadu jibinaa ko e hitaande 11776 to wuro ina sara Mopti ina wiyee Moolangol. Nehi mo ko baaba makko cawndiiɗo ina wiyee Hamman Lobbo. Omo wiyetenoo kadi “laamiiɗo juulɓe”, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e Laamɗo Sokoto. O sankii ko e 1844 walla 1845.
Laamlaamu Sokoto
Laamlaamu Sokoto sompaa ko e teeminannde 19ɓiire to rewo Niijeriyaa. Sompi ngu ko Usmaan Dan Fojo. Laamorgo maggu ko wuro Sokoto wonnoo.
Almaami Usmaan Dan Fojo, nde feri e hitaande 1804 jooɗii to Godu, dognoo ko laamɗo Gobeer biyeteeɗo Yunfa. Oon sahaa won nanndintunooɓe fergo makko e ferno Nelaaɗo (JKM) ; ɗuum ɓeydani mo daraja no feewi. O noddi jihaadi feewde e heeferɓe fof, haa teeŋti noon feewde laamɗo hawsankooɓe, ɓe o yooɓtorinoo waasde tabitinde piɓle diime Lislaam. Fulɓe heewɓe e hawsankooɓe heewɓe ɓe mbeltanooki nootii mo e ngoon noddaango. Ko hawsankooɓe boom ɓurnoo heewde e konu makko. Ñalnde 21 suwee 1804, nguun konu dañi poolgu mum ngadanu e dow konu Yunfa to nokku ina wiyee Tabkin Kwato. O waɗti hoore makko laamiiɗo juulɓe, o jiimi e Gober e maayirɗe 1817.
Jaambareeɓe heewɓe ummoriiɓe Fuuta Tooro, Maasina e Sonngaay tawti mo. Ɓe keɓtidi Kano ɗo o waɗti laamorgo makko. Nguu poolgu kadi ɓeydii fooɗtude juulɓe Niijeriyaa e Kamaruun, kam e fulɓe jilluɓe hoɗnooɓe ko ɓooyi e nokku hee. Nii woni, e nder duuɓi nay fat (hakkunde 1804 e 1808), e gardagol konu ndoolnungu, Usmaan heɓti laamuuji hawsankooɓe ɗii fof (Katsina, Sariya, Nupe, Kebbi, Liptaako) kam e rewo Kamaruun. O toɗɗii emireeɓe yo ngardo ɗi : ina hasii ko laamɓe foolaaɓe, jebbiliiɓe ɓee, keewi toɗɗiteede e ngool gardagol.
Kala amiiru mo o toɗɗii yo ardo gooto e diiwanuuji ndii laamaandi fulɓe njaajndi, o rokkii ɗum wellitaare jaajnde ngam ardaade nokku mum. Asakal ƴettetenoongal ngal tuugii e sariya Lislaam.
E hitaande 1815 Usmaan Dan Fojo toɗɗii ɓiyum biyeteeɗo Muhammed Bello yo lomto ɗum. Hawsankooɓe, e urɓugol Tuwaareg en nokku Ayiir (Aïr), kam e laamɗo Kanem Bornu, calii laamu diine kiisɗo Sokoto. Muhammed Bello nehi ɓe. Muhammed Bello sankii e hitaande 1837. Miñiiko Usmaan (Atiku) lomtii mo e gardagol laamu nguu haa hitaande 1843. Yoruba en itti laamu Oyo e juuɗe Fulɓe Sokoto e wolde Oshogbo e hitaande 1840. Moodibo Aadama, gooto e yahdiiɓe Usmaan Dan Fojo, jooɗii Yola, yaajtini laamu mum haa to fuɗnaange worgo laamlaamu Sokoto e hitaande 1841. O haɓi e leƴƴi sanamiyeeji rewo Kamaruun, o haɓi e laamɗo Manndara, o wootiɗini diiwaan Fommbina (worgo) oo, mo o inniraa, woni Aadamawa. E noowammbar 1842, ɓiy Muhammed Bello biyeteeɗi Aali roni laamu to Sokoto, caggal sankaare Atiku. Ko e njiimaandi makko yoga e nokkuuji poolanooɗi keɓtiti ndimaagu mum, hay so tawii, e ɗemngal, ina njaɓi yowitaare mum en laamiiɗo juulɓe jooɗotooɗo to Sokoto oo.
E hitaande 1903, doole goɗɗe koɗii nokku oo : Biritaannaaɓe keɓti Kano (feebariyee), e Sokoto (marse). Keerol gonngol hakkunde Niiseer e Niiseriyaa hannde ngol woɗɗondiraani e keerol gonnongol hakkunde laamlaamu Sokoto, bannge worgo, e laamuuji jeynooɗi koye mum en (Gobiir, Maradi e Sinndeer) bannge rewo.
Laamlaamu Tukuloor
Tesko : So en ndewii e helmere « tukuloor », ndew-ɗen tan ko e innde nde nguu laamu anndiraa ndee, kono en keɓtinaani nde, sibu, e miijo men, haannoo wiyeede ko « Pulaar » walla « Fulɓe », maa so juutii « haalpulaar ».
Ko pullo biyeteeɗo Al Hajji Umar Taal sompi laamlaamu Tukuloor nder bannge e leydi Mali hannde ndii. Ɗuum ko caggal nde o ummitii hajju to Makka e hitaande 1936, omo ardi e tiitooɗe « Al Hajji » e « Kaliifa » laawol Tijjaan wonande Sudaan. Caggal nde o duumii e Fuuta Jaloŋ (Leydi Gine hannde ndii), o jeyaa tigi-rigi ko e Fuuta Tooro ɗo o umminiri wolde Jihaadi e hitaande 1850.
Caggal nde o buɓɓondiri e konu koloñaal Farayse, e caggal deestagol uddo Madiina e lewru sulyee 1857, o tiindtii faade fuɗnaange, konu makko ina yana e laamuuji bambarankooɓe. O heɓti Segu ñalnde 10 marse 1861, o waɗti ɗum laamorgo makko. Hitaande caggal ɗuum o woppiri ngo ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Aamadu Taal, o tiindii Hamdallaay, laamorgo laamlaamu fulɓe Maasina. O mooloyii to Degemmbere, o wirnii ɗoon e kaaƴe Bañnjagara e hitaande 1864. Baaɗiiko Tijjaani Taal lomtii mo, waɗi Bañnjagara laamorgo Laamlaamu Tukuloor. E hitaande 1890 Faraysenaaɓe keɓti Segu e ballal wambarankooɓe. Ahmadu mooloyii to Sokoto, nder hirnaange Niijeriyaa.
Tesko : ko ɗoo njoofnir-ɗen daartol hirnaange Afrik. Eɗen mbasiyoo banndiraaɓe nde ndokkata en heen miijo mum en, caatanoo en heen ko sellaani, ŋakkitana en heen ko timmaani.
Bookara Aamadu Bah

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Sitroŋ e ŋari. Ina anndanoo wonde limoŋ (sitroŋ) ina sewna, walla ina moƴƴi e tammpere walla maɓɓo… Kono, wonaa ɗum tan, limoŋ ina heewi ko nafata goɗɗum.- Limoŋ ina moƴƴi e sukundu, sibu ina ɓeyda « semmbe » mum, ɗelkina ɗum. Ɗum ɗoon noon ko caggal nde lawƴu-ɗaa ndu haa ndu laaɓi, moomaa heen dihal limoŋ oo. – Ina moƴƴi e nguru : subaka fof, a yarat weer ndiyam mbaɗɗam limoŋ, ɗam wulaani ɓuuɓaani, tawa ko kañum idii e reedu maa.
– Limoŋ ina haɓa e puƴe walla uube ɓalndu. Ko limoŋ ndenndintaa e nebam ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe. Mbaɗataa ko e wiro aɗa mooma e nokku ɗo puƴe (uube) ɗee ngoni ɗoo. Maa nduumo-ɗaa heen noon. – Sitroŋ ina ranwina ñiiƴe. A ɓiɗat heen seeɗa e coccorgal maa, coccoro-ɗaa. Waasde ɓurtinde. – Limoŋ ina itta ñorɓolli ɓalndu. Waɗi noon ko eɗum leppina ɗum. Teddin waɗde ɗum e ñaamdu maa.
Ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe e ɓernde. Wiɗto ɓurngo mawnude meeɗngo waɗeede to Angalteer yowitiingo e jotondiral gonngal hakkunde « ñaamde teewu e liɗɗi» e «ñawbuuli ɗaɗi e ɓernde ». Wiɗto ngoo toɗɗiima ko ina tolnoo e 45 000 neɗɗo, yarlitiiɓe. E darorɗe hitaande ndeeɗoo tan, wiɗto wooto hollitii wonde « ñaamde ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe boɗeeje » ina moƴƴi e ɓernde. Ngooɗoo wiɗto ne ko holliti koo woɗɗaani ɗuum, sibu teskaama e maggo wonde ɓurɓe duumaade e ñaamdu ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe e kaakooli ɓuri famɗude ko ngaretee ñawbuuli « taƴamɓeram » fotde 32%. Ina hollitaa heen wonde sabaabu majjum ko ɓeen «wuurɓe puɗi» (végétariens) ɓalli mum en ɓuri famɗude kolesterol, tee taasiyoŋ mum en ɓuri hakindaade. Wonaa ngol teewu mboɗeewu fuɗɗii joopeede, sibu ina anndanoo wonde duumaade e ñaamde teewu mboɗeewu ina ɓeyda aksidaaji ɗaɗngaanndiiji fotde 18%, ɓeyda nguɗu (kaaseer) fotde 10%. E wiyde doktoor ɗowɗo wiɗto ngoo «ngooɗo wiɗto heso wasiyii yimɓe ko ñaamdu hakindiindu ngam haɓde e ñawbuuli ɗaɗi e ɓernde».
FƁ 108, marse 2013
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Ngardinndi
Winndi ooɗoo dokimaa ko hoohooɓe e jagge sooninkooɓe, tawi faltaaki jeyaaɓe e pelle politik gonduɗe e laamu walla e luulndo, jiiduɓe miijooji ko faati e ɗawre leñol mum en ɗawaa ndee.
Kala neɗɗo goɗɗo, yo o won sooninke walla alaa, jaɓɗo loowdi ooɗoo dokimaa ina waawi yantude e fuɗɗuɓe ɓee,
ngam jokkidde golle e luggiɗinaade e peeje. Faandaare rowrowre ndee ko daranaade jojjanɗe aadee e wallitde tabitingol nuunɗal nder renndo kam e ñiɓagol demokaraasi e nder Muritani juumtuɗo, dentuɗo.
Naatirka | Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM) yiɗi wonde ko njuɓɓudi ndenndinoori, njooɗaniindi dental sooninkooɓe, leñol jeyangol e timmal mum e ɓesngu Muritani leƴƴi-leƴƴinngu. Saabii ɗum ko teskuya laaɓtuɗo baasgol woodde ɓiyleydaagu, kam e baasgol dowla oo wonde jaambuur e nder mahngo leydi ndii, yantude e tasgol Dowla-Ngenndi. Ɗee geɗe gaddanɗe yimɓe teskoreede leñol mum en walla tirbii mum en. Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM), kam fof e woɗɗitaade kala miijo leñamleñaagu, e heddaade e yiɗde hisnude tigi rigi darnde mum ɓooynde jaamburaagal e waasde naatde e geɗe Dowla oo, fellitii huccitde e laamu kalfinaangu yuɓɓinde janngo men denndaaɗo oo, kam e gollooɓe politik e leƴƴi goɗɗi jeyaaɗi e Muritani ɗii e ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii kala.
Caggal Bayyinaango Sappo e Njeenayo (Manifeste des Dix-neuf) ngo 1966 e Bayyinaango Baleejo Muritaninaajo Kiiɗaaɗo (Manifeste du Négro-Mauritanien opprimé) ngo 1986 e Bayyinaango ngam Hakkeeji Politik e Faggudu e Renndo Hardaneeɓe (Manifeste pour les droits politiques, économiques et sociaux des Hratine) ngo abriil 2013, e Teskorde (Aide-mémoire) yowitiinde e jiytagol Jolfuɓe Muritani e laamu hee, e lewru abriil 2014, DHSM kam ne ina yiɗi addude ballal mum e mahngo Ngenndi Muritani, fawaade e nuunɗal e potal. Faandaare ngalɗoo ballal, wonaa ñiŋde won ɓeen walla woyande woɗɓe. Faandaare ooɗoo dokimaa ko fooɗtude hakkillaaji yimɓe fof, rewrude, ko idii fof, e cifagol ngonka daartol njuumtuka e sosngo Mauritani kaa (I). Feccere ɗiɗmere ndee yowittoo ko e cifagol batte gallugol tijjanoongol koɗdigal hakkunde leƴƴi, hono no tabitiniranoo nii. Faandaare ndee ko rokkude wasiyaaji e sakkitde peeje ngam ummital ngenndiwal ngam tabitingol nuunɗal e beldital e deeƴre nder renndo, geɗe gonooje ngooroondi ƴellitaare faggudu renndo fotndoowo yimɓe fof. Ko ɗee geɗe tan kadi mbaawi gaddaade kisal leydi ndii, haa ndi wona Ngenndi kesiri, mbellitiindi, potndundi yimɓe fof, ngenndi jaggondiral (III).
I. Iwdi caɗeele Muritani nde keɓi hoore mum ndee
Ngenndi Muritani fuɗɗii maheede ko e ngonka ka moƴƴaani hay batte saka waɗa e deeƴre, leydi ndii daroo haa tiiɗa. Saabii ɗum ko geɗe keeriiɗe nokkuyeeje njiimaandi koloñaal kam e ceertugol leƴƴi baawnaaɗi koɗdigal les laamu ngootu, yantude e dokkugol jeytaare ngol heblanaaka, paranaaka, kam e ngonka winndere ndee e oon sahaa to bannge jogaraafi daartol (géopolitique) e politik winndere ndee e diiwaan oo e Afrik e Arab.
Jiimgol leydi Muritani rewi ko e daawe ɗiɗi :
Ngol idorii ko e nokku ɓaleeɓe oo. Ngal inniraako « Seppo feewde fuɗnaange» (Marche vers l’Est), takko Maayo Mawngo, ummoraade tufnde Ndar wonnde e yuppirde geec Atlantik. Ngal naatti ko e njiimaandi Afrik hirnaange. Refti heen ko yaaɓande jiimgol leydi safalɓe, capanɗe joy hitaande caggal njiimaandi nokku ɓaleeɓe oo. Ko daawal daɓɓal, kuyfiɗngal. Ngal inniraa ko « seppo feewde rewo » (Marche vers le Nord). Ngal nawdaa ko e jiimgol espaañ dow Rio-de-Oro to bannge rewo, ƴaañoraade e koloni Senegaal to bannge worgo. Faandaare maggal wonnoo ko sukkude yolnde wonnoonde hakkunde koloniiji Afrik hirnaange farayseejo e ndeenaandi (protectorat) Maruk e teelɗugol njiimaandi Alaseri, njiimaandi koɗki, mbaɗtundi Alaseri departemaa Farayse.
Juɓɓitingol ko jogori wontoyde Muritani koo, ɓurnoo tuugaade ko e ngoƴaaji koloñaal en e luure nderndere hakkunde mum en, goɗɗuɗe no feewi ngonka Muritani. Ɗum noon, mahngo Muritani fawaaki e ngonka mum nderndera e mahondiral nafooje nokkuyeeje tawi fof tuugii ko teskagol nafooje ɓesnguuji ɗii e hoohooɓe mum en.
Wonande Muritani, miijo koloñaal goonga e goonga ngoo wonnoo ko sosande safalɓe Dowla. Ɓe kiisii leƴƴi ɓaleeji daande maayo ɗii njeyaa ko e Senegaal, gonɗo e njiimaandi. Ko ɗum ɗoon wonoyta hujja « seppo feewde rewo » e cuɓagol koloñaal innde « Muritani » ndee e hitaande 1899, e tafde ko jogori wontoyde leydi men koo. Daawal gadanal sosngo Muritani e keeri mum hannde ɗii, ko baɗtugol daande maayo rewo ngoo e « ndeenaandi leyɗeele safalɓe daande maayo Senegaal » (« protectorat des pays maures du bas-Sénégal ») ñalnde 10 abriil 1904. Teeŋtini ɗum ko naattingol e nder koloni Muritani, diiwanuuji ɗiɗi Hod ɗii, jeyanooɗi e njiimaandi Sudaan farayseejo, ñalnde 5 sulyee 1944. Gaa gaa ɗee geɗe nokkuyeeje, ina teskaa jotondiral jiimoowo oo e jiimaaɓe ɓee, wonaano gootal to safalɓe e to ɓaleeɓe. Njiimaandi ndii to nokku safalɓe ina deestii seeɗa, sibu ndi rewratnoo ko e mawɓe tirbiiji gollantonooɓe koloñaal, ɓe ɓe ɓurnoo jokkondirde, tawi noon, wonande leƴƴi ɓaleeji daande maayo ɗii, ko njiimaandi ŋaddet rewrude e mawɓe kantoŋaaji ɓe laamu koloñaal toɗɗotonoo, fooɗondirtunooɓe e laamaandi ngaadanteeri ndii. Ko ɗumɗoon waɗi, laamaandi ngaadanteeri salafɓe ɓuri heddaade sibu njiimaandi koloñaal e maɓɓe ɓuri raɓɓiɗde. Ɗum na jeyaa e ko addani koloñaal ɓurde wuuranaade ɓe nde tottitta laamu ndee. Koloñaal en mballitii no feewi kanndidaaji jaɓannooɗi ɗum en e nder woote depiteeji baɗnooɗe e hitaande 1946 kam e toɗɗe diiso guwarnama e hitaande 1957 juumtunooɗe e wellitaare, caggal ɗum e jeytaare leydi men.
Njuɓɓudi mbaawka politik ndii wonaano ngootiri, tamiindi, wonande leydi ndii kala. Sibu e oon sahaa, wonnoo e rewo leydi hee ko amiraaji safalɓe, hono emiraa Tararsa e Barakna e Tagante e Adraar, cawndondirnooɗi, to bannge worgo, e dowlaaji ɓaleeɓe Tekruur e Ganaa e Jolof, ɗuum woni laamaandi Gidimaka e Fuuta Tooro e Ngalam e Waalo Barak, maantinirnooɗi, e nder jotondire mum en, kaɓɓondire heen sahaaji, kareeli heen sahaaji, tawi teskaaki jeyegol e safalɓe walla e ɓaleeɓe. Njuɓɓudi koloñaal waawii haɓɓondirde e lawakooɓe e laamaandi ngaadanteeri. Nde ndi sompata laamu mayri tuugiingu e laawakooɓe ndee, ndi ɓuri heedande ko ɓurnooɓe jaɓde njiimaandi Farayse. Nde Muritani sompetee e mbaydi kesiri ndee, ndi roni ko renndooji lawakooji adiikoloñaal, tee rewaa tan ko ɗo koloñaal rewnoo ɗoo, sibu, e nder jiirondiral laamu hee, ko jotondire goodnooɗe ɗee tan ƴettitaa, yantude e kuutoragol paltoraaji ngam tiiɗtinde laamu lawakooɓe.Ɗee peeje laamagol ɓooyɗe, tabitɗe, tuugiiɗe e cehilaagal hakkunde njuɓɓudi laamu e lawakooɓe, maa ɓeydo teeŋtude e nder Muritani nde keɓi hoore mum ndee, sibu laawɗinaa tan ko ɓurondire renndo duumtuɗe.
E nder kaan ngonka tiimtagol e aadaaji, ɗooftagol jiimaaɓe ɓee laamu nguu, fawii ko e kulol ɓe njogii e doole laamu nguu. Ko ɗum addani laamotooɓe ɓee teeɗanaade tamde laamu nguu fof e innde neɗɗo. Seede mum, ko laaminooɓe e tuma nde Muritani heɓi jeytaare mum ndee, ngoppii, e nder daawal jaasngal duuɓi joy, laamu tuugiingu e parlamaan ngu koloñaal ɗaccirnoo en, ɓe lomtiniri ɗum laamu hooreleydaagu. Ko ɓurnoo teeŋtude e mbaawkaaji waɗtaa e juuɗe laamɗo leydi. Ɗoon e ɗoon mbaawka carɗinoowa reftii mbaawka ciynoowa ; kaaɗoo mbaawka kadi wonti tan laamu hooreejo leydi, sibu, e ko tabiti, terɗe guwarnama, woni hilifaaɓe, kam e kanndidaaji depiteeyaagal ciññinantuno hooreejo leydi oo demisiyoŋ mo ñalɗaaka (sarɗanaaka ñalngu) ko adii nde toɗɗetee. Ɗum firti ko kala nde o yiɗi ittude gooto e mum en, o yaltintu demisiyoŋ siññinnoo oo, o waɗa heen ñalngu ngu o welaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko parti bajjo laawɗinaa, woni parti-dowla (parti-Etat) ngam tamde haa tiiɗa denndaangal gini laamu ngu o renndaani hay gooto. Kuufgol yimɓe leydi ndii e yeeso finndinde ɗum en e mahde hakkillaaji mum en e ɓiyleydaagu e demokaraasi e ittude denndaangal mbaadiiji paltoor donaaɗi, maa renndoyankooji, leƴƴiyankooji, walla tuugiiɗi e edda, kuufgol jojjunongol ngam mahde Dowla-Ngenndi, ngool kuufgol yejjitaa.
Yanti heen kadi, ndeen hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeere wonti hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu koninkaagu ngaadanteeri caggal kuudetaa 1978 e denndaangal daawal ngal konu laamii ngal, rewrude e silsil nanondiraaɗo e nder goomuuji koninkaagu dartingol, caggal ɗum goomuuji kisal ngenndi, hade mum wontude hinnde njuɓɓudi reenooɓe ngaadanteeri caggal cosgol BASEP. Neeɓaani, oon BASEP heɓti kaɓirɗe konu nguu kala, konu ngontungu konu ndeenka laamu hoorameewu. Nde tawnoo nehdi ɓiyleydaagu e jikkuuji demokaraasi ngoodaani, wonti laamu neɗɗo gooto ɗo hakkunde ɗoo, banndiraaɓe catii ɗum, rewi heen tirbii, caggal ɗuum jinngere fotnde suddude ko heddii koo. Nii woni, so a ƴeewii dow, laamu nguu ina jogii mbaadi Dowla keso jogiiɗo juɓɓule demokarasiije, kono nder, ngu gollortoo ko kongol laamu e yedditaare goodgol Dowla oo e hoore mum. E nder ɗuum, ardiiɓe ɓee, gooto e mum en kala ina huutoroo ɓallagol mum laamu nguu, ngam honde ngalu e keɓe leydi ndii, haa ko jeyi keeriiɗo e jeyi buur ndenti ceerndotaako. Ngolɗoo jeɗgol njeenaaje e teddule huutortoo ko coodgu ngam suddude jinngere tuugiinde e jiidigal. Nii woni, mawɗo « geese » (système) cañeteeɗe ɗee, nde tawnoo huutorii ko njeenaari e bellitgol bonannde, faggoo caggal ballowal ɗum, tawi woni heen ko yimɓe politik e omdafeer en reftiiɓe, ɓe o sosi, ɗum noon yowitiiɓe e makko banngeeji fof. Ɗum ko gaagaa galle makko e tirbii makko e leñol makko e edda ɓalndu makko. Nafoore ngolɗoo kowol laamu tataɓol ko ɓoornude laamu nguu wutte demokaraasi e rokkude ɗum mbaadi laamu tirbiiji keewɗi e leƴƴi keewɗi e eddaaji ɓalndu keewɗi, haa nanndita e Ngenndi e huutoraade ɗum e woote.
II. Batte maajum dow mahngo dowla-ngenndi keso
Laamuuji deggondirɗi e ngardiigu leydi Muritani dewɗi heen ɗii fof, tuugotoo ko e denndaangal ɗeeɗoo geɗe cifaaɗe, kañje fof e luutondirde e mahngo leydi. Ɗuum woni compugol tippudi laamu tuuginoondi, ɗo adan ɗoo, e « keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab » (A), keertingol baɗngol e dow keeci mbaadiiji pinal tawaaɗi e nokku hee, ɓurɗi ɓooyde. Ndiin tippudi heɓti mbaawka politik e faggudu leydi ndii fof, tabitini heedi-heeda (B) e nder denndaangal juɓɓule pewjooje, heedi-heeda donaaɗo wonande hardaneeɓe, jaajtinaaɗo e haalpulaaren e sooninkooɓe e jolfuɓe, rewrude e jiilyiiltugol mbaawka e doole laamu. Ɗum yuumti e wasre laamu to bannge politik (C), wasre nde dente loraaɗe ɗee cifortoo rasisma dowla walla warhoore aadeejo, walla warhoore leñol, fawaade e no juɓɓule winndereeje cifortoo ɗum.
A. Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab e dewondiral geɗe ɗee
Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab garngol e duumaade e leydi hee, ɗeɓi wayde ko no ardinde ƴellitaare neɗɗaagal arab e dow mbaadi leƴƴi keddiiɗi ɗii, jeyaaɗi kam enne e Ngenndi Muritani. Ɗuum ko rewrude e keɓtingol ɗemngal Arab tan, e baawnugol mum nder jaŋde.
Ngolɗoo keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ina laawɗinaa e sariya gorworo oo, gila e Doosɗe leydi 22 marse 1959, e doosɗe leydi 20 mee 1961, rewrude e baɗgol Arab ɗemngal gootal ngenndiwal, oon sahaa ko Farayse tan wonnoo ɗemngal laawɗungal. Doosɗe leydi 4 marse 1968 wayliino ɗum seeɗa nde waɗti Arab ɗemngal laawɗungal, fotndi ɗum e ɗemngal jiimnooɗo oo, heddii kadi e wonde ɗemngal ngenndiwal gootal : pulaar e sooninke e wolof mbinndaaka heen boom. Ko maa 20 suwee 1991 nde Arab waɗtaa ɗemngal bajjal laawɗinangal, ɗemɗe e pine keddiiɗe ɗee, jeyaaɗe e Muritani kam enne, ndañi hankati wontude ɗemɗe ngenndiije. Ngolɗoo keɓtingol ɓurondirngol mbaadiiji gorwori leydi men kesiri ndii, dalliniraa ko konngol « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » (repersonnalisation de l’homme mauritanien). « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » noon, maa dagotono no haanirta nii so tawiino miijiranoo, tabitiniranoo ko e yeeso teskaade denndaangal muritaninaaɓe e kuuɓal mum en, ko aldaa e paltoor. « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » waawaano wonde, waawaano tabitde ɗoon ɗo jiyaaɓe e rimɗinaaɓe e kinɗe lesɗinaaɗe e renndo men, taweteeɗe e leƴƴi Muritani ɗii fof, keɓtaani « aadeeyaagu » mum en. Ngolɗoo « Dokkitgol muritaninaajo aadeyaagu mum » nooynangol, rewrude e dimɗingol e keɓtingol timmungol, maa addantuno mo heɓtude mbaadi makko fof e ndimaagu makko kala, so wonde aadee timmuɗo. So tawii « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » yiyranoo ko e yeeso toɗɗaade kadi denndaangal leƴƴi ɓaleeji Muritani, maa pellital politik ngal yettotono laawɗingol, no Arab laawɗiniraa nii, e janngingol e ekkolaaji laamu hee, ɗemɗe keddiiɗe ɗee, hono Pulaar e Sooninke e Wolof. Hannde, ko pellital tan ŋakki, sibu duɗe jarriborɗe Duɗal Ɗemɗe Ngenndiije kollitii juumtugol heblo majje. Keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ina haawnii gila e fuɗɗoode mum, sibu dalliniraa ko ɗaɗndude en e wostaare to bannge pinal, wostaare jotondirnde e njiimaandi koloñaal, kono ngol wonti kadi ko feere waɗtirde Muritani fof mbaadi ngootiri, e waasde teskaade pine leydi ndii keddiiɗe ɗee. Wonande muritaninaaɓe ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe, « dokkitgol muritaninaajo neɗɗaagu mum » wontani ɗum en ko « waasde neɗɗaagu mum en goɗngol », ko joñegol. Mbaadi yimɓe e leƴƴi wonaa huunde nde tagaaɗo waawi sarɗude, ko Alla tan sarɗi ɗum nde felliti tellinde ɓe e leydi mum hee. Ɗum noon, eɗen poti teskaade gootol kala e leƴƴi leydi men, tesko-ɗen ɗi kañji kala, potnden ɗi, e nder mahngo ngenndi ndii. Mbele Allah wiyaani, e aaye 13 simoore 49 Quraana tedduɗo oo « Eehey mon yimɓe, Min tagii on ummoraade gorko e debbo, min mbaɗi on leƴƴi leƴƴi mbele nganndondiron. Ɓuri rimɗude e mon fof to Allah, ko ɓurɗo hulde ɗum oo … » ?
Ngootaagu ngenndi firtaani wontude gootel, wontude gootum. Ngootaagu ina waawi waɗde e nder ceertugol e keewal, tawi aldaa e sarɗi walla jojjeende reftaare, walla wosteende, walla caaygol gooto oo nder heddiiɓe ɓee. Ngalɗoo keewal pine fotaani wonde mumangal, walla muñanaangal, walla waɗde tolnooji. Ngal foti ko hisneede, hormeede, jojjiteede no ngalu nii, rewrude e carɗingol kam e ɗooftagol poyngol juɓɓule Ndenndaandi ndii pine ɗee kala.
Demokaraasi firtaani keeweendi njaltundi e woote ina jiima ko heddii koo. Ndiin keeweendi rokkaa tan ko hakke, dagnanaa ardaade e lelnude sariyaaji, tawi ina gaddanii ɓiɓɓe leydi kala, e kala ɓiɗɗo leydi, denndaangal hakkeeji mum gorwori, rewrude e teskagol leƴƴi Ngenndi men ndii kala, haa arti noon e leƴƴi kiisaaɗi ko ɓuraaɗi keeweendi ɗii.
Hay so tawii en koddirii wonde keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ngol joopii ko ɗemngal Quraana, ina moƴƴi ciftinen wonde, tuggi njaatiraaɓe men haa yettii yontannde men, hay gooto fadaani haa ɗemngal Arab tan laawɗinaa e Muritani nde fuɗɗii janngude Quraana e nder ɗemngal Arab, walla waɗti janngude Arab ngam ɓeydaade faamde nelal kuuɓtodinngal gonngal e Quraana tedduɗo oo.
So en koddirii woni daliilu keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab ngol ko sabu haalooɓe Arab ɓurde heewde e leydi hee, ngam dallinde baawnugol e dow yimɓe fof aarabaagal rewrude e laawɗingol mum kam tan, kam e joñgol mbaadiiji pine ngenndiije keddiiɗe ɗee, eɗen poti siftinde wonde miijannde keeweendi keertinndi woodaani : woodi tan ko leƴƴi cosɗi Dowla Muritani. Ɗiin leƴƴi noon, e fawaade e ɗuum, mbaawaa, etee potaani adaba joñeede.
Feere wootere ngam mahde mbaadi ngootiri, tuugiindi e ɓiyleydaagu, ngaroori dow leƴƴi ɗii fof, ko heɓtinde mbaadiiji keeriiɗi denndaangal leƴƴi leydi men, tawa noon eɗen ndeentoo waɗtude ɗum leñamleñamaagal.
Addata ñoofagol e nder keertingol leñol e felɓondirde ɗum e keddiiɗi ɗii, ko baasgol fotndude mbaadiiji leƴƴi cosɗi Muritani ɗii, mbaadiiji potɗi alɗondirde.
Leƴƴi kiiseteeɗi ko ɓuraaɗi keeweendi e Muritani ɗii, njeyaa ko leƴƴi cosɗi Muritani, to bannge daartol, kono kadi hay to bannge sippiro politik addanngo leydi ndii jeytaade.
To bannde daartol, ɗiin leƴƴi ko ɗoo koɗnoo gila dawaa-dawi, won heen idiiɗi goɗɗi ɗii, kono kañji fof ko juuti ko idii kalfaandi koloñaal Farayse e leydi men e ko rewi e mum, ko juuti ko idii jeytaare Rippoobilik Islaamiyeejo Muritani. Wonande sooninkooɓe, koɗki maɓɓe e leydi hee ina yaajnoo, sibu yettiima lowlowi cahe nannduɗe e Kummbi Saaleh e Waalata e Tiisiit e Shinngiti e Attaar, kono kadi ɓe idiima wattiindiiɓe arde ɗoo ɓee, hono Beni Hasaan en, ko ina wona duuɓi ujunere e leydi hee.
Persidaa Muttaar wul Daddaa, neɗɗo mawɗo e jeytaare leydi men, kam fof e woɗɗude jiyle e daranaade cosgol Dowla Muritani, dañaani heeroraade innde baaba coso. Kanko e hoore makko o heɓtinii ɗum e wondude e yankinaare e nder deftere makko siftorde, wonde o heɓiino « ardaade e yuɓɓinde golle cosgol Dowla Ngenndi Muritani ». Hono no huunde e hoohooɓe aarabeeɓe-berbeer en, haa arti noon e Ahmedu wul Horma wul Baabanaa, Sileymaani wul Seek Sidiyaa e Muhammed wul Seek, hoohooɓe woɗɓe jeyaaɓe e leƴƴi goɗɗi ɗii, ko wayi no Sileymaani Joop e Njawaar Saar e Ahmadu Mammadu Bah e Siidi el Muttaar Njaay e Bah Maamuudu Sammba Booli e Ceekura Demmbele e Sammba Ganndegaa e Jeeri Sidibe e Bah Aamadu Jaaje Sammba Joom e Yuusuf Koytaa e Yaayaa Kan e Siidi Muhammed Jagana e Seek Saad Buuh Kan e Gaay Silli Sumaare, en mbaawaa limtude fof, ɓee fof ndariima, kaɓaa ngam ndimaagu ngenndi men. Aɓe njeyaa e daraninooɓe laŋ mahngo neɗɗaagu politik leydi men, gila noon e woote depiteeji gadane Farayse wonande nokkuuji gaɗa-maayo geec ɗii, e hitaande 1946 haa yettii referaandoom wellitaare, haa yettii termondire baɗdanooɗe e Farayse ngam jeytaare leydi ndii. Ɓee hoohooɓe kala ina njeyanoo e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe yiytinaade kaɓɓondire politik keewɗe baɗetenooɗe ina pirtee, haa arti noon e Mooɓondiral Eeleega e lewru mee 1958, nde jooɗaninooɓe daande maayo mbaɗi maslahaa mawɗo, so jaɓde dirtinde carɗingol peccugol laamu kam e juɓɓingol laamu tuugingol e Dental (federaasiyoŋ) ɗi ɓe mbiynoo alaa sago ngooda ngam reentoraade. Ɓe kollitii ngenndiyankaagal mawngal, ɓe cuɓii ngootaagu ngam huccitande musibbaaji ummortooɗi caggal, ketɗi goodal Muritani. Ina jeyanoo e ɗiin musibbaaji ketɗi, hujjaaji « Maruk mawɗo » kiisinooɗi wonde Maruk yahii haa daande maayo Senegaal. Ɗuum ummorinoo ko e eɓɓaande nde jiimooɓe korsinnoo, yiɗde sompude Fedde Renndinnde Diiwanuuji Saharaa, nde fotaano moƴƴude e leydi Alaseri, yantude e eɓɓaande Njuɓɓudi Ndenndinndi Leyɗe Afrik Hirnaange mo Farayse. Ɗee eɓɓaaɗe dental maa ngontatno dente mawɗe ɗo njogorno-ɗen saayde so en naatii e mum en. Ko e cosgol e pirtugol dille e partiiji politik e nder Muritani, dille ngenndiyankooje Arab e Afrik njibinaa. Ina himmi kolliten wonde dille cakkitiiɗe ɗee njibinaa ko caggal juɓɓitgol dille ngenndiyankooje aarabeeɓe gidinooɗe soseede. Ɗeen dille kadi eɗen mbaawi wiyde ko kaannooɗo, so ƴeewraama bannge dartagol njiimaandi koloñaal, to bannge njuɓɓudi e politik e pinal. Kono kadi eɗe mbaawnoo yiyreede no dille ceɓɓitiiɗe nii, ɗoon ɗo ɗe njeddi hujjaaji leƴƴi ɓaleeji ɗii, baaɗi no hujjaaji maɓɓe ɗii nii haande.
Jaltugol njiimaandi e naatgol e jeytaare hesere, ittii en e ngonka cawndondiral leƴƴi men, e nder jotondiral ɗeɓnongal yerondirde, sibu ndeen, hare laamu ɓurnoo wonde ko e nder leƴƴi ɗii e koye mum en, naatni en e ngonka dowla tamiiɗo ɗo laamu woni ɗo gootel, huunde jibininnde pooɗondire hakkunde leƴƴi ngam tamde laamu, kam e ɓurondire hakkunde majji.
B. Ɗawgol, gila ɗo wonnoo seeɗa-seeɗa, haa huuɓtodini
Ko goonga, caɗeele koɗdigal ɗee mbaawaa tan haaɗtineede e pelɓondiral hakkunde leƴƴi. Kono tan, kuutoragol leƴƴi ina jeyaa e ko ɓeydi geɗe ceerndooje Ngenndi Muritani : ɗawgol e geɗe renndo, to bannge politik e faggudu kam e cuɓagol dente gollondiral diiwaniije. Yeru jeyeede e sosnooɓe Dental Magreb Arab (UMA) e hitaande 1989, e jaltugol e Dente Afrik hirnaange ; yeru jaltugol bannginteewol e Dental Faggudu e Ƴellitaare Dowlaaji Afrik Hirnaange (CEDEAO), tawi Muritani ina jeyanoo e sosnooɓe ɗum e hitaande 1975, ko juuti ko adii cosgol UMA. Faamaama wonde paltoor oo ko kuutorgal ooyrugal laamu kuuɓtodinngal e tolnooji kala. Woni hoore, ɓuri teeŋtude e oon paltoor fof, ko ɗawre to bannge renndo fawaade e jibinannde, woɗɗitinnde ceŋɗe ɓesngu nguu no ndiidorinoo denndaangal nokkuuji e fannuuji nguurndam renndo ngoo, rewrude e leeltingol lelnugol kaɓirɗe ñaawoore sariya ngam haɓde e jiyɗingol e batte mum e mumtude ɗum. Ɗum haaɗaani tan ndeke e ŋakkeende pellital politik. Alaa e sago keɓtinen wonde, e goonga, ɗumɗoo fof ko feere ooyrude faggudu e renndo rewrude e leeltingol pinal moɓe ɓesngu jiimaaɗe ɗee, sabu kulol duumingol feccoyde e mum en laamu. Ooɗoo paltoor ina jogii sifaa renndo, ɗum noon omo toɗɗii leƴƴi leydi men kala. Kono kadi, omo jogii sifaa keeriiɗo, renndo-leƴƴiyankeejo wonande Hardaneeɓe e Haalpulaaren e Sooninkooɓe e Jolfuɓe. Ooɗoo paltoor ina yaaji, ina huuɓtodini juɓɓule politik e koninkaagu e faggudu. Paltoor oo ina feeñira e famɗude hilifaaɓe (ministereeɓe) e nder guwarnama, kam e Njuɓɓudi toowndi Dowla oo, e to diiwanuuji ɗii, e to bannge dipolomaasi. Ko yimɓe seeɗa kadi ɓe njogii e nder konu hee e doole kisal ɗee, sabu yimɓe maɓɓe ɓooreede e konu hee haa laaɓi, walla heɗɗooji kaɗooji yimɓe maɓɓe ƴetteede e kawgelaaji. Ko ceɗta kunal kadi ɓe keɓata e ngalu leydi hee, sabu politik paltoor to bannge faggudu tuugiiɗo e baɗtugol sosiyateeji laamu sosiyateeji keeriiɗi bannginteeji, kam e cosgol bankeeji e pelle gaddotooɗe kisal, kam e dokkitgol jamirooje awo tuugingol e heedi-heeda.
Wonande soninkooɓe, no ɓe ɗawraa nii ɗooftaaki hay doosɗe ɗe mbinndaaka dottooje geɗal kala leñol heewi rokkeede e nder juɓɓule pinal e faggudu e dipolomaasi e koninkaagu e ñaawoore. Ɗiiɗoo ɓetooji garooji njeddotaako. E oon sahaa gooto mo yimɓe leydi ndii ɓeydotoo, faggugu mum ina ɓeydoo yaajde e ƴellitaade, njuɓɓudi laamu ina ɓeydoo saraade, jagge ina ɓeydoo sokleede, Muritani ina yaajtina jotondire mum banngeeji fof e winndere ndee kala, geɗal sooninkooɓe kañum woni tan ko e ustaade ñalnde kala, haa wonti hay huunde wonande nokkuuji keewɗi.
Nde Muritani heɓi hoore mum ndee, e saanga nde faayiida neɗɗo wonnoo ɓetirgal teeŋtungal ngam heɓde poosto, sooninkooɓe ngoniino e poostooji keewɗi : ɓe meeɗii wonde Persidaa Asaambele Ngenndi, ministereeɓe, hoolaaɓe kuuɓal, ardiiɓe kabineeji, kumaandaŋ serkaluuji, waaliiji, perfeeji, ñaawooɓe, ammbasaderuuji, konsileeɓe, ofiseeji toowɗi e nder konu, e nder sanndarmori e garde e duwaan. Ɓe ngardinooma bankeeji, ɓe ngardinooma sosiyateeji laamu, ɓe ngoniino komersaaji mawɗi e omdafeer en. En mbaawaa limtude fof. Gila laamujji militeer en ngari, haa teeŋti noon e feccere kitaale capanɗe jeetati, yimɓe amen ustiima no feewi e nder juɓɓule laamu haa wonti ceɗta kunal.
So en ƴettii yeru e guwarnama hee, ɓe meeɗii jogaade heen Kuuɓal kalfinaangal Sato fat. Ɓurii ɗoon bonde, sibu ɓe ngalaano hay neɗɗo gooto e nder HCE (Diiso Dowla Toowngo). Ngool woni go’o gila laamuuji militeer puɗɗii laamaade. Geɗal amen hankadi natti diwde kalifu gooto, walla ɗiɗo, Kuuɓal kuɓtodinngal gootal, ammbasadeer gooto walla hay gooto, e konsil gooto walla hay gooto ; ɗumɗoo ko wonande pootooji laamu toowɗi ɗii. Wonande poostooji keddiiɗi ɗii, amin njogii kalfinaaɗo donngal (chargé de missions) gooto to persidaas, ballitoowo gooto (attaché) to pirimatiir, hooreeɓe diiso njuɓɓudi (conseil d’adminsitration) ɗiɗo e gardo kuuɓtodinɗo nokku dowla gooto. Wonande konu nguu e doole kisal ɗee, min ngalaa hay seneraal gooto, hay kolonel gooto. Min kaaɗdaa e konu hee ko e lietnaaji kolonel jeegom, e kumaandaŋ gooto e kapiteen gooto, lietnaa gooto, cukko lietnaa gooto. To garde ngenndi, min njogii ko lietnaa kolonel gooto. A min njogii kapiteen gooto garde e gooto sanndarma. To polis, amin njogii gardo (directeur) gooto e komiseer gooto e juurnittooɗo (inspecteur) gooto. Wonande njuɓɓudi laamu nokkuyeeri (administration territoriale), min ngalaa hay Waali gooto ; a min njogii cukko Waali gooto, e haakem gooto, e sukkuɓe haakem tato. Min ngalaa hay mawɗo rondismaa gooto. Ko min ɗawaa koo ɓuri laaɓtude kadi ko to Ministeer ñaawoore, sibu min ngalaa hay carɗo (Magistrat) gooto, hay ñaawoowo gooto, hay binndoowo (gerefiyee) gooto.
Ɗumɗoo kam, ma a taw warii hoore. Naamndal amen ko hol nde ɗumɗoo jogori nattude. Eɗen teskoo noon sooninkooɓe keeroraaki ndee ɗawre. Ko ɗum addani min naattinde gollal amen e hare ɓurnde yaajde ngam compugol Muritani nuunɗuɗo, dentuɗo, Muritani ɓiyngu yummaagu, ɗo faayiida neɗɗo e yarlitanaare mum ngenndi mum, e kaɓɓagol mum e ngootaagu ngenndi ndii kam e renndo ngoo, njogotoo faayiida.
Peeje ɗawgol ɗee tuggi ko e ɗawre to bannge politik kam e politik ƴellitaare e peewnugol leydi (aménagement territorial) rewrude e taƴngo keeri njuɓɓudi laamu e kominaaji, ngo rewaani laawol, ngo teskaaki softeende yimɓe, haa yettii jedditagol ngenndaagu (deni de nationalité) e kaɗgol ɓiyleydaagu to karnal etaa siwil. Wonande sooninkooɓe, eɗen mbaawi rokkude yeru e fenaande fuŋŋiniinde wonande diiwaan Gidimaka oo to bannge keewal depiteeji, sibu teskaa ɗoo tan ko mukaataaji ɗiɗi e ronndismaaji tati, keewal yimɓe mum teskaaka. E oon sahaa gooto mukaataaji ɗiɗi kesi (Saami jowitiiɗo e Daklet Nuwaadibu e mukaataa Dar jowitiiɗo e diiwaan Hod hirnaange, tawi laamorgo mum ko Nbeiket Lahuwash) cosaama e nokkuuji pamɗuɗi yimɓe. Wonande binnditagol e karnal ngenndiwal yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi (registre national des populations et des titres sécurisés) alaa no waawi faamreede, so wonaa weleede waɗde paltoor. So wonaano ɗuum, hol no neɗɗo suusirta naamnaade muritaninaaɓe wonɓe caggal leydi kaayitaaji goɗɗi ɗi muritaninaaɓe wonɓe e leydi ndii naamnaaka ? Ƴeewaa batte mum bonɗe wonande sooninkooɓe wonɓe caggal leydi, haa arti noon to Farayse, ɗo ɓe ɓuri heewde ɗoo, ɗo ɓesngu mum en waawi heɓde ngenndaagu Farayse, sibu ko toon jibinaa, kono ina keddii e wonde muritaninaaɓe e haɓɓaade e muritanaagal mum en haa tiiɗi to bannge renndo e pinal e faggudu. Haa hannde, wonande binnditagol etaa siwil ngol : paltoor oo haaɗaani tan e kaayitaaji naamneteeɗi ngam waawde winnditaade ɗii, so wonaa wonande muritaninaaɓe wonɓe caggal leydi, no kollitir-ɗen nii. Kono paltoor oo ina woodi haa e terɗe goomuuji kalfinaaɗi binnditagol ɗii, sibu ma a taw kamɓe fof ko ɓe safalɓe. Yanti heen aɓe ngondi e solteende ina ɓurti no feewi, ɓe cuuɗaaki, ɓe moggaaki e naamne maɓɓe ɓurtuɗe ɗee, naamne kaawniiɗe ɓe naamnotoo ɓaleeɓe ɓee. Ɓaleeɓe heewɓe mbaasii ngenndaagu mum en (nattii jogaade leydi ɗo njeyaa) sabu tan caliima, walla ndonkii jaabaade naamne puuyɗe, doondiiɗe ngañantumaagu, ɗe ndewaani laawol, naamneteeɗe ɗee. Naamne ɓurtiiɗe kaayitaaji laamu rokkunoo ɗii, kam e kaayitaaji etaa siwil dewɗi laawol ɗii, himmude ngam dallinde ko ɓe Muritaninaaɓe. To bannge goɗɗo oo, mbayliigu jeyi leydi 1983 ina fotnoo wonde taaɓal mawngal, e coktirgal moƴƴal ngam ñawndude caɗeele nguura e nder leydi hee, walla kam wona fartaŋŋe tabitinde kisal nguura, tawa kadi ina ñawnda tooñannge fawaange e hardaneeɓe e jiyaaɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe to leƴƴi ɓaleeji. Sibu nana wona duuɓi teemedde jooni ko ɓe ngollinee, doole maɓɓe ina ciiɓee, aɓe keedaa e ndimaagu maɓɓe, aɓe ndema leyɗeele daande maayo ngam wuurnude Muritaninaaɓe fof. Gagga jeyi leydi ileteendi daande maayo ndi golle Fedde Peewnugol Maayo Senegaal (OMVS) rokkiti faayiida, ina jokkondiree e caɗeele koɗdigal leƴƴi leydi ndii. Waɗi ɗuum, ko mbayliigu jeyi leydi nguu ittii mbaadi ngaadanteeri jiilgol leyɗeele ɗee, tawi teskaaki hakkeeji jeyi ɗi ɓaleeɓe Muritani ndoni e njaatiraaɓe mum en, hakke maɓɓe dow leyɗeele ɗe ɓe ngollotoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi ujunere. Ɓaleeɓe Muritani lomtinanaaka kaalis baawnooɗo addande ɗum en jokkude gollaade leyɗe ɗe ndematnoo, ndaa ɓe ngalaa mbaawka naatnude karallaagal kesal ndema. Ɗum na waawnoo addande ɓe hattande dartaade yooro e kirisaaji faggudu deggondirɗi. Hare haannde luulndiinde mbaadiiji jaanduyaagal e nder jeyi leydi ɗo hardaneeɓe e ɓiɗɓe jiyaaɓe to leƴƴi ɓaleeji, fotaano wonde daliilu ittugol jeyi denndaaɗo jotondirɗo e jeyi enɗam gure. Ndema galleeji e gure firtaani ndema ndaɗaaka. Haralleeɓe ina keɓtini wonde ko ka ndema njahduka e ngonka daande maayo. Ka nanndaani e ndema kolaaɗe mawɗe ka jom kaalisaaji en, ummoriiɓe caggal leydi walla jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ɓe kattanaani ɗum mbaɗata, tawi alaa ko mbaaw-ɗen heen. Tabitingol mbayliigu jeyi leydi nguu addanii ɓaleeɓe Muritani ɓeydaade mettinde, e hiisaade ko teettaaɓe leyɗe mum en e dow fenaande, tawi kadi ina ɗawaa e ñamaale kaalisaaji bankeeji kam e peeje ƴetteteeɗe ngam wallitde ndema. Ɗumɗoo ina holliti wonde, no laamu nguu wayi e ɓaleeɓe nii, wonaa noon wayi e safalɓe, sibu, duuɓi ɗiɗi ko adii ɗuum, sariya mumtuɗo macungaagu oo ina yamiri huunde haawniinde, so lomtinande halfunooɓe yimɓe. Hannde eɗen ngoɗɗi tawo faandaare kisal nguura, tee leydi men ina ɓeydoo, hitaande kala, yowitaade e jiggoore caggal leydi nde balle adunankooje coodanta en. Ndema jom kaalisaaji en ko ko galli e nder leydi men, tee haa hannde hardaneeɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe jeyaaɓe e leƴƴi ɓaleeɓe, ngalaa tawo leydi.
Ardiiɓe leydi ndii ndañaani wune naftoraade fartaŋŋe daartiyankeejo, so waɗde mbayliigu jeyi leydi miijaangu no moƴƴi, ciyniraangu no feewi. Mbayliigu jeyi leydi ngoodngu nguu, wonti ko mbayliigu ceerndoowu, njaggiraangu no fuɗɗoode bone jogorɗe kewɗe e Muritani duuɓi sappo caggal ɗuum, to bannge jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e warhoore aadee, e warhoore leñol.
C. Piggal e wasre politik, jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e warhooreeji laamu
Leƴƴi Muritani ɓaleeji ina piɗɗitoo kala nde kuule ɗe moƴƴaani en ƴettaa.
Ngool dartagol ina haani, sibu jotondiri ko e jojjanɗe gorwore, tee dartagol maɓɓe ko jamyamol, kaaɗngol e juuɗe, tawi faandaare mum ko fooɗtude hakkillaaji ardiiɓe leydi ndii tan. Kono ɗum haɗataa, kala nde ɓe ndilli, laamu yanat e maɓɓe, haa yaɓɓa jojjanɗe aadee, ɓeyda mette ; ngool jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee yanta e paltoor gulletenooɗo oo, naatna leydi ndii e yiriinde wasre mettunde yaltude.
Caggal dummbugol hoohooɓe ɓaleeɓe Muritani e hitaande 1966 caggal nde njaltini kaayit ganndiraaɗo « Bayyinaango Sappo e Njeenayo », to Nebeyba, nder caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, e hitaande 1986 to Waalata, caggal nde mbayyini kaayit ina wiyee « Bayyinaango Ɓaleejo Muritani Kiiɗaaɗo », Waalata ɗo laamu nguu yaɓɓi jojjanɗe aadee jaɓɓugol teeŋtungol, juumtungol e maayɗeele won ɓeen dummbaaɓe ; caggal ɗeeɗoo geɗe fof mbiy-ɗen, hankadi jalluɗi ngañgu ngoni tan ko e ɓeydaade bewde. Ñalnde 22 oktoobar 1987 kuudetaa mo mbaadi leñol yiytaa. Tuumanooɓe ɓee ndañaani hakke jogaade keedoowo, keedanoowo ɗum en ñalnde ñaawoore ndee. Wonaani lewru, ñaawoore maɓɓe udditi ñalnde 18 noowammbar. Ñaawoore ndee yani ñalnde 3 desaambar : ofiseeji tati haalpulaaren ñaawaa warngo, ɓe mbaraa e nder balɗe tati dewɗe heen ɗee, ñalnde 6 desaambar ; nii woni ɓe ndañaani hay hakke yedditaade (waɗde appel). Maa aduna kala tesko huunde haawniinde : kanko barnooɗo ɓe oo, o yurmiima umminnooɓe fiyannde ñalnde 8 suwee 2003, ngam follude laamu makko, haa yimɓe heewɓe maayi heen. Ina jeyaa e ɓeen, kolonel Muhammed Lemiin wul Njaayaan, gonnooɗo mawɗo Taamasoor. E baawɗe Alla, kamɓe umminnooɓe ndee fiyannde, ɓe keɓii hakke jogaade heedooɓe, ɓe ñaawaaka warngo, caggal ɗuum nii, ɓe njaafaama. Kono ɓeeɗoo kadi enndunoo ko kuudetaa mo mbaadi leñol, leñol safalɓe, sibu hay ɓaleejo gooto alaa e maɓɓe ; kono kadi, ngolɗoo ɓuri bonde, sibu kuudetaa oo jogii nii ko mbaadi tirbii.
E hitaande 1989, Muritani jaggondirii e Senegaal jaggondiral muusngal. Hare hakkunde remooɓe e aynaaɓe ɓaleeɓe, hare keewnde waɗde e keerol hakkunde leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, hono daande maayo Senegaal, waɗi toon kadi, haa woodi maayɓe heen. Ko ñalnde 9 abriil wonnoo. Caggal ɗuum, ñalnde 23 abriil, pelɓondire puɗɗii hakkunde muritaninaaɓe e senegaalnaaɓe. Komersaaji safalɓe wonnooɓe Senegaal njanaa, marsandiis mum en ƴettaa. Woodi maayɓe heen. Ñalnde 25 abriil, Senegaalnaaɓe wonnooɓe e Muritani puɗɗi yaneede kam enne. Ndee hare yuumtunde e warngo yimɓe heewɓe nder leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, hay dara jotondiraano e luure hakkunde Safalɓe e ɓaleeɓe (sibu ɗoo, ko Pullo e Sooninko mbaɗdunoo), kono nde reɓii, haa nde yuumti e pelɓondire hakkunde safalɓe e senegaalnaaɓe, to rewo e worgo fof. Hare ndee raayti, nde tawnoo nde hanndaaka e leyɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, haa wonti raddo ɓaleeɓe e nder Muritani. Capanɗe ujunnaaje ɓaleeɓe Muritani taccinaa feewde Senegaal e Mali : gure no ndiidorinoo mumtaa ; jawdi ndariindi fefaa ; leyɗe ndema teettaa. To daande maayo too, laamu nguu, e konu nguu, e doole kisal ngoppi woɗɓe ina owna beeli yimɓe nokku oo, yimɓe ɓe mbiyaani mbaɗaani. Ɓe kaɗi ɓe boom hay dartaade kiiɗal e tooñannge. Kankadi, wonti ko uddo wonande ɓaleeɓe daande maayo. Seede majjum ko heewɓe majjii toon, gaññeeje denndaaɗe (biidi) keewɗe njiytaama toon. Ina jeyaa heen wiiduru Sorimalee e wiiduru Wocci. Gidimaka daɗaani e ɗuum, sibu biidi njiytaama Woynduyol e Tektaake. Nde yahnoo haa hedde feccere 1990, kooninkooɓe ɓaleeɓe puɗɗii nanngeede nder konu hee, ɓe mdummbaa e tuddule warngo (camp de concentrations) Inaal e Ajilaan e Jereyda, ɗo jojjanɗe aadee njaɓɓaa ; heewɓe e maɓɓe mbaraa. Kaaɗtudi majjum ko jamma 27-28 noowammbar 1990. Oon jamma, ngam mawninde jeytaare Muritani, koninkooɓe Muritani mbaɗi 28 soldaat ɓaleejo yargo, mbari ɗum en warngo bonngo. Sariya yaafuya ƴettaa e hitaande 1993 ngam haɗde ñaawoore warkoyeeɓe ɓee, e daɗndude ɗum en. Ɗuum hollitii wonde won yimɓe toowɓe e laamu nguu moddi e warngooji hee. Nii woni pooɗondire hakkunde leƴƴi to bannge politik goodnooɗe ko adii jeytaare, ɓeydii ŋeerde sabu kuutoragol leƴƴi e laawɗingol keertingol neɗɗaagal Arab.
Pooɗondiral laamu hakkunde leƴƴi to bannge politik reɓi haa naati e konu e doole kisal, hade mum yettaade, e hitaande 1989, denndaangal ɓesngu Muritani. Kankadi, fof yiyretee ko e mbaadi « ngenndiyankooɓe safalɓe » bannge, « tumarankooɓe » ɓaleeɓe, waɗtaaɓe senegaalnaaɓe, bannge goɗɗo oo ; tumarankooɓe fotɓe muumteede e leydi hee.
III. Jojjugol mahtaade Muritani e dow goonga, e mbaadi ɓooyoori
Feere amen ko feere huɓtondinnde. E nde waawi innireede « Mooɓondiral Mahtagol Muritani » (les États Généraux de la refondation en Mauritanie). Faandaare mayre ko yiytidde peeje gonooje ngooroondi potal nder renndo, e ɓiyleydaagu e ndimaagu aadee e ɗooftagol hakkeeji gorwori aadee, gardagol sariya, tiiɗtingol gootiɗingol Ngenndi, tawa gooto kala ina hormii heddiiɓe ɓee, e nanondirde e eɓɓaande renndo waawnde tiiɗtinde ngootaagu renndo e jam.
Ɗum noon ko nokku ɗo pecce gonɗe e leydi ndii kala njiytotoo koye mum en. Huunde ɗaɓɓunde kuutoragol peeje juumtuɗe, mbele hay gooto ina waasa yejjiteede, tawa ko e nder nuunɗal, tawa kala feere ƴettaande ina dagoo, peeje e wasiyaaji cakkitaaɗi kala ine teskee. Ɗum noon, ko idii fof : suɓaade e yuɓɓinde Mooɓondiral Mahtagol Muritani ngal ; toɗɗaade e hirjinde dente jonaaɗe potɗe tawtoreede ɗee ; hawrude e doosɗe ɗowirɗe golle mbele pooɗondire baawɗe feeñde heen kala, ina kaaɗa e juuɗe, haa yimɓe mbaawa yettinde ndee faandaare teddunde, daartiyankoore, so nanondirde e geɗe mawɗe potɗe yeewteteeɗe ɗee. E daawal ɗiɗmal ngal, lelnude doggol tiitooɗe jeewte baawɗe yeewteede, kam e toɓɓe potɗe yeewteede. Miijooji ɗi DHSM sakkitta (cakkitte), kam e wasiyaaji waɗata ɗii, ina peccitoo e dame 5 garooje ɗee :
1. Cakkitte baawɗe wonde ngooroondi Piɓondiral Jojjanɗe Gorwore waali-wuro en, jeyaaɓe e sosɓe Dowla Muritani keso oo.
Ɓesngu Muritani ina foti hollitoyde wonde ina haɓɓii e ɗeen piɓle, hono no waɗiraa e naatirɗe Doosɗe Leydi nii wonande Bayyinaango huuɓtodinngo Jojjanɗe aadee nde 10 desaambar 1948, e Piɓondiral Afrik wonande Jojjanɗe aadee e ɓesnguuji, nde 28 suwee 1981.
• E fawaade e deggondiral abajada, leƴƴi jeyaaɗi e leydi hee, kiisaaɗi ina njeyaa e cosɗi Dowla Muritani ko : Wambarankooɓe, Biidaan en, Haalpulaar en ; Hardaneeɓe ; Sooninkooɓe e Jolfuɓe.
• Denndaangal leƴƴi cosɗi Dowla Muritani ko bellitiiɗi, potɗi to bannge hakke e to bannge faayiida e ndimaagu. E ɗi njogii hakke e wuurde e deeƴre e hakke e kisal.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e waasde falteede, tee hay huunde waawaa dallinde njiimaandi gootol e majji dow keddiiɗi ɗii.
• Ɗii leƴƴi kala ina njogii hakke mo ruumtataa, mo teettotaako to bannge waawde tamde fiyakuuji heerorii.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e waasde waawneede saayde ender leñol goɗngol, walla « waawneede naattude », walla pusgol pinal majji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke heɓtinaneede ballal keeringal ɗi ngaddi e ngalu leydi hee, so keewal leƴƴi e pine cosɗe Ngenndi Muritani.
•Eɗi njogii hakke faamde e faameede e nder ɗemɗe majji, haa arti noon e nder njuɓɓudi laamu e ñaawoore nder Muritani.
• Ɓee waali-wuro en ina njogii hakke tawtoreede, e timmal, e nguurndam politik e faggudu e renndo e pinal nder Muritani.
• Denndaangal leƴƴi ɓeeɗoo Muritaninaaɓe, ina jogii hakke e peccitagol potngol ngaluuji ngenndi ndii, hakke fotndeede to bannge cellal e nehdi e jaŋde e heblo e golle e kumpital e geɗe kumpitirɗe e ƴellitgol ɗemɗe e pine majji, kam e daarti majji.
• Eɓe njogii hakke nde jaŋde e geɗe kumpital peeñninta, nder nuunɗal, aadaaji majji e daarti majji e muuyaaɗe majji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke heɓde denndaangal mbaadiiji jaŋde laamu, ko aldaa e paltoor gooto ; hakke e jaŋde worworde wonande sukaaɓe majji, e tuma nde njiylotoo gannde gidiiɗe, tawa janngintee ko e ɗemɗe ɗe sukaaɓe ɓee muuyni, rewrude e peeje juumtuɗe. Eɗi njogii hakke jogaade jaaynirɗe e nder ɗemɗe majji e heɓde denndaangal sifaaji jaayɗe, ko aldaa e paltoor gooto.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e jogaade e ƴellitde, haa caggal leydi majji, jotondire e gollondirde e yimɓe ɗi njiidi leñol walla goɗɗi, haa arti noon e geɗe diine e pinal e faggudu e renndo.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e jeytoreede no haanirta nii e lelnugol tuugnorɗe faggudu e renndo, haa teeŋti noon so tawii ko kañji poti yiilde ɗum en nder kominaaji majji walla mukaataaji majji maa wilaayaaji majji nder tuugnorgal bellitgol nokkuuji.
• Eɗi njogii hakke e diisneede e jeyeede no haanirta nii e kala mbayliigu jeyi leydi tawaangu ina hatojinaa, haa teeŋti noon e joopagol e lelnugol geɗe gardiiɗe, kam e peeje, wonande moƴƴingol leyɗe ndema ɗi ngaadorinoo gollaade. Ɗumɗoo ko mbele ina gaddoo laaɓal e jaamburaagal teskotoongal aadaaji to bannge jeyuuji leydi keeriiɗi, tawa kadi, e fawaade e sariya Lislaam, fiɓnde wiynde wonde « jeyi leydi ko guurnoowo ɗum » ina tabitinee. Feere fotnde huutoreede ko gollondiral e joom mum en ɓee, mbele peeje juumtuɗe ina ƴettee ngam lomtingol moƴƴol, nuunɗungol ; peeje deentorɗe batte goɗɗe ɗe ɗum waawi jibinde cakkee, tawa ko baawɗe bonnude sato walla faggudu maa renndo e pinal.
• Eɗi njogii hakke dañde peeje nuunɗuɗe ngam ñawndude luure e kareeli ɗi mbaawi dañdude e woɗɓe, hakke e ñawndugol jaawngol ɗeen luure maa kareeli. Eɗi njogii hakke e dañde ɗo ɗi ngullitii kala nde hakkeeji majji njaɓɓaa.
• Eɗi njogii hakke dottude hol ko foti wonde doŋngal yimɓe feewde e leñol heen fof.
2. Miijooji e wasiyaaji e kuule teskinɗe wonande gagga hardaneeɓe, gagga jibinannde jiyaaɓe nder leƴƴi ɓaleeji ; wonande kadi paltooraaji taweteeɗi e leƴƴi ɗii kala, hono paltoor feewde e won ɗeen kinɗe renndo lesɗinaaɗe, ko wayi no fitiram golleeɓe (wayluɓe, lawɓe, sakkeeɓe), kam e kinɗe awluɓe e wammbaaɓe (kinɗe awluɓe kala : yimooɓe, huutortooɓe kaɓirɗe gaaci).
Laamu ina foti heɓtinde haa laaɓta, haa aduna fof nana, geɗe bonɗe baɗeteeɗe hannde ɗee to bannge jiyɗingol e paltooraaji renndo guuraaɗi ɗii.
• Tabitinde kuule sariya jowitiiɗe e mumtugol njiyaagu e toppitagol kala wullitaango, ko aldaa e sarɗi, ɗoon e ɗoon, ummanoo ñaawde ɗum ko yaaccii, e darnde, haa nde porkireer felliti yettinde ɗum walla waasde yettinde ɗum ñaawoowo cunnotooɗo (juge d’instruction).
• Sariya oo ina foti timmitinireede dokkugol pelle daraniiɗe haɓaade ɗum ɗee, mbaawka wullitaade sibu mum en jeyeede e loraaɓe.
• Fawde kuugal sariya e kala jedduɗo golle njiyaagu sabu mum wonde warhoore aadeejo.
• Waɗde wiɗto jaambureewo, yaajngo, e nder leydi hee kala, ngam ɓetde ɗo njiyaagu tolnii e renndo hee, e anndude sifaa baɗe goɗɗe gabbitiiɗe heen. Pelle jooɗaniiɗe, walla daraniiɗe jiyɗinaaɓe ɓee, ina poti tawtoreede e jeyeede e ngoon wiɗto.
• Heblude polis kam e ñaawoore, mbele ina mbaawa huuɓnude ko fawii e mum en koo, ngardoo hare haɗoore duumagol njiyaagu kam e paltooraaji renndo donaaɗi e njuɓɓudi renndo ndaɗaandi.
• Hirjinde ardiiɓe diine kam e hoohooɓe aadoraaɓe, ngam softinde ɗum en e wallitde jikkuuji e golle jahooje e mumtude haa laaɓa baɗe njiyaagu.
• Humpitde loraaɓe ɓee, mbele aɓe ngannda hakkeeji maɓɓe, ɓe ndaranoo ɗum en.
• Hirjinde yimɓe leydi ndii kala, mbele ina ndaranoo muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu, mbaɗta ɗum e hoore geɗe potɗe daraneede.
• Waɗde feere mbele gollodiiɓe leydi men kala e nder winndere ndee, ina naatna e sarɗiiji dokkugol balle mum en « keɓgol njeñtudi tabitndi, ɓetotoondi nder hare baɗe njiyaagu », natta haaɗnude ɗii sarɗiiji e ɓamgol kuule ɓole, ɗe ngandu-ɗaa tabitintaake boom.
• Lelnude feere ngenndiire hare mumtugol baɗe njiyaagu wondude e tuugnorgal e eɓɓaade ciynugol.
• Reende e lomtinande e ɗoftude jiyɗinanooɓe haa keɓta neɗɗaagal mum en, coɗtoo e renndo hee. Ɗum fof noon ko mbele aɓe lomtinanee haa timma, e nder nuunɗal.
• Laawɗinde waɗɗiinde ciftorgol (devoir de mémoire) wonande njiyaagu ngam siftinde yimɓe ɗee baɗe kaantoriɗɗe, mbele kala baɗe njiyaagu ina keɓa geɗal mum en nder defte janngirɗe kam e hakkillaaji yimɓe fof, e Ngenndi ndii fof.
• Sosde njuɓɓudi njaambureeri, ndi jiidaa e juɓɓule laamu goodɗe hannde ɗee. Ina foti jeyeede e ndiin njuɓɓudi : pelle renndo siwil (feccere), e fiilaaɓe (konseyeeji kominaaji e depiteeji) kam e jooɗaniiɓe laamu halfinaaɓe potal fartaŋŋeeji e hare luulndiinde paltooraaji, haa teeŋti noon e baɗe njiyaagu, yantude e kala ɓe paltoor yettinoo sabu tolno mum en nder renndo walla sabu mbaadi mum en, tirbii mum en, maa leñol mum en, walla ɓalli mum en (feccere heddiinde ndee).
• Hokkude ndiin njuɓɓudi kalfinaandi potal fartaŋŋeeji e haɓde e paltooraaji, yimɓe yonɓe e kaɓirɗe katojinaaɗe nder golle muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu e baɗe jokkiiɗe e mum.
• Hitaande kala saaktude ciimtol horo e ɓeto ko heɓaa e hare muumtugol baɗe njiyaagu.
• Jinngande jiyɗinanooɓe walla faltanooɓe sabu jibinannde. Ɗum ko gaa-gaa potal fartaŋŋeeji.
• Newnude binnditagol Muritaninaaɓe kala e nder karnal Nokku ngenndiijo toppitiiɗo yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi, haa arti noon e hardaneeɓe, sikkaaɓe ko kam en ɓuri famɗude ko mbinnditaa, kam en fof e ɓurde heewde e leydi ndii.
• Sompude nokkuuji nehdi e jaŋde gardinaaɗi e nder deebayuuji e leeɗe ɗo baasal ɓuri heewde, kam e kebbe kuufɗe gure teeru, tawa ina ndokkaa kaɓirɗe e ngalu katojinaangu, e huufde ɗum en to bannge rewindo karallaagal jaŋde juumtungal, e ɓeto e coftingol jannginooɓe e janngooɓe e jiknaaɓe almudɓe, rewrude e dokkugol bursi e cosgol enternaa e kantinaaji duɗe…
• Huufde jiyɗinanooɓe, haa arti noon e sukaaɓe, reena ɗum en e kuutoragol to bannge faggudu walla kala golle coomɗe tanaa, maa baawɗe telɓinde nehdi mum en walla ñawnude ɗum en, jugginde ƴellitaare terɗe mum en, maa hakkillaaji mum en, maa telɓinde ɗum en to bannge diine e hakilantaagal e renndo, tawa noon ina teskoo farweende maɓɓe heeriinde e kimmugol jaŋde ngam seerndude ɓe e yowitaare.
3. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral (kuule taƴondirooje e ko woodnoo) wonande gagga keertingol
• Waylude tippudi nehdi e jaŋde, woɗɗitina ndi politik, mbele ekkol Muritani ina wona ekkol ñiɓiiɗo e nokku mum to bannge renndo e faggudu e pinal. O wona ekkol kebloowo ɓiyleydi janngo, potɗo jogaade mbaadi ndiwtundi leñol ngam ustude gallugol e goppugol jaŋde, rewrude e guurtingol peeje jannginirɗe to bannge laabi e mbaadiiji.
• Tabitinde e ƴellitde jaŋde tuugiinde e ɗemɗe muuynaaɗe sabu mum en wonde codorgol keɓtinangol to bannge karallaagal jaŋde, sibu ko ɗemɗe ɗe sukaaɓe mbaawi ko adii na naata ekkol, ballitooje cukalel faggaade gannde gila law.
• Huutoraade jaŋde ɗemɗe muuynaaɗe ɗee e faamamuya e jaŋde ɗemngal Arab e Farayse ngam newnude paamondiral nder duɗe hee, kam e newnude paggagol ganndal, sibu jeddi naattii woodde wonde, cukalel so fuɗɗoriima jaŋde e ɗemngal ngal waawaa no feewi, ɗuum ina bonna jaŋde mum, haɗa ɗum yahrude yeeso.
• Hokkude daɗndugol ngaluuji pinal e keewal ɗemɗe, faayiida, rewrude e guurtingol Duɗal Ɗemɗe Ngenndiije, ngam kadi ƴellitde gostondiral e kaaldigal hakkunde leƴƴi ; ɗum fof noon fawaade e hakke faggaade ganndal e hakke neheede e janngineede, kam e hakke jogaade sifaa keeriiɗo mo teettotaako.
• Newnude binnditagol Muritaninaaɓe kala e nder karnal Nokku ngenndiijo toppitiiɗo yimɓe e kaayitaaji kisnaaɗi, haa arti noon e ɓaleeɓe Muritani, tawi ina dartini kaljingol ngol rewaani laawol ɓe kaljintee ngol, kam e koyeera ɓe koynatee mbele aɓe mbaasa artude winnditaade. Ɗum ɗoon noon ina foti yahdude e juɓɓitingol goomuuji gardiiɗi binnditagol ngol e nder leydi hee kala, mbele leñol kala ina jeyee e goomuuji hee kala.
• Dartinde fuuntiiji e ɗawgol ɓaleeɓe e ekkolaaji militeer Nuwaasoot (Liisee e ekkol Politeknik Toowɗo) e Ekkol Konuuji Attaar (EMIA) kam e Ekkol Ngenndiijo Njuɓɓudi (ENAJM).
• Fotndude jeyegol Muritani e bannge Arab oo kam e jeyegol mum e bannge Afrik oo. Ɗum woni fotndude jeyegol mum e Magreb rewrude e Dental Magreb Arab, yantude e senngo Arab rewrude e Dental Aarabeeɓe (Ligue Arabe) e jeyegol mum e diiwaan Afrik Hirnaange oo, woni CEDEAO kam e Afrik, rewrude e Dental Afrik. OMVS kañum foti hiisoreede tan ko denndingol doole e leyɗe keediiɗe, ngam huutoraade ngalu maayo Senegaal.
4. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral ko faati e ndonaandi aadeeri (Passif humanitaire).
En mbaawaa waasde rewrude e Goomu Kaaldigal, Goonga, Ñaawoore, Ciftorgol, e Beldital, feere jarribaande e leyɗeele keewɗe ngam wallitde diwtude caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, e sellinde ñawannde jaɓɓugol ɓurtungol jojjanɗe aadee baɗnongol e leydi men. Nguun goomu maa addan en :• Yaltinde goonga e anndude tigi rigi bone baɗnooɗe ɗee ;
• Anndude waɗnooɓe bone ɓee ;
• Waɗde feere haa ɓe nimsa ;
• Darnude heɗɗooji to bannge sariya hoto ko wayi noon waɗtude ;
• Teeŋtinde, e mbaadi kuuɓtodinndi, jojjogol hokkitde loranooɓe ɓee neɗɗaagu e ndimaagu mum en ;
• Ƴettude kuulal sariya wonande waɗɗiinde ciftorgol wonande « ndonaandi aadeeri ». Ɗumɗoo ko huunde teeŋtunde ngam haɗde bone waɗtude e haɓde e majjere, e jejji e kutuya. Ɗum foti rewrude ko e ciftingol musiiba kewnooɗo oo, e yeeso nehde yimɓe ɓee, rewrude e naatnugol geɗe ɗee e defte jaŋde ekkol kam e hakillaaji yimɓe fof e ngenndi ndii kala.
• Ittude kala baɗnooɗo bone e golle laamu ;
• Yiylaade e heɓde yaafuya potɗo yuumtude e beldital. Feere laamu nguu rewi haa jooni ndee, haa wiyi ooɗoo doosiyee uddaama, wonaa feere yuumtunde wonande ko ɓuri heewde e pelle loranooɓe daɗɓe, walla ronooɓe ɗum en ɓee. Ko ɗum tagi ndeen feere waawaa hiiseede e feere beldital ngal yimɓe fof teeɗanii ngal.
• Himme majjum ina mawni no feewi wonande ngenndi ndii, haa ko en mbaawaa jaɓde won ɗeen peeje dagnirɗe ñawndugol gagga ndonaandi aadeeri ɗe ardiiɓe leydi ndii tan njiɗi heñoraade e waawnude yimɓe. Ɓe etiima rokkude feere maɓɓe mbaadi nanondiraandi, rewrude e fiiltomooltooji e njeenaari, e ballal taƴel ngel yonaani loraaɓe daɗɓe ɓee, kam e ronooɓe ɓee.
Yimɓe fof ina nganndi yaafuya e beldital mbaawaa dañeede ko idii nde won ɗeen geɗe ndañantee jaabawol, geɗe ɗe ñawndaaka haa hannde e Muritani. Hol ko yaafetee e hol yaafeteeɓe ? Mbele sikkaaɓe na njeyaa e waɗboniiɓe ɓee naamndiima yaafuya ? Mbele won ɗo hunaa ko wayi nii wontaa waɗtu ?
5. Cakkitte e wasiyaaji e kuule taƴondiral paatuɗe e potnditgol juɓɓule demokaraasiije, e bellitgol nokkuuji e peccugol laamu hakkunde leƴƴi ɗii. Ɗum firti ko yeewtude ngam ƴeewde mbele en potaani dottude peccugol laamu teskotoongol leƴƴi leydi ndii kala, laawɗina ɗum, hono no leyɗe keewɗe mbaɗi nii. Ɗum ko gaagaa peccitagol mbaawka ɓurngol moƴƴude hakkunde juɓɓule demokaraasi ɗee, kam e mbayliigu luggu e taƴtagol keeri e bellitgol nokkuuji ngam reenaade laamaandi mbonndi e paltooraaji ɗi njoofataa.
E Muritani, e ko tabiti, ndimaagu mbaawka ñaawoore kam e ceertugol mbaawka ciynoowa e mbaawka carɗinoowa njettaaki ɗo poti yettaade e nder Dowla nuunɗal e demokaraasi. E nder ɗii mbaawkaaji tati, ko mbaawka ñaawoore ɓuri himmude ngam mahgol Dowla ngenndiijo. Maa ka rimɗa, ka seerta e mbaawka ciynoowa e carɗinoowa tan, nde ka waawa wonde mbaawka nuunɗuka nder ciynugol Sariya.
Nii woni, nguu ndimaagu ñaawoore ina foti wonde ngoƴa gadano mahooɓe leydi ndii. Ko ŋakkeende ndimaagu e hattan ñaawoore haɗi nde waawde, e yeru, maslude hakkunde mbaawkaaji goɗɗi ɗii, ko ɗuum haɗi ka waawde faddaade fenaande e tooñannge laamu ; ko ɗum woni sabaabu laamuuji hoorameeji e jaɓɓugol jojjanɗe aadee e nder leydi men.
Ko ɗooftagol ñaawoore ndee hinnde njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeere, addani nde wonde ñaawoore edda ɓalndu, ñaawoore leñol e tirbiiji e lanndaaji. Ciimtol Fedde Ngenndiije dentuɗe, jowitiingol e mbaadiiji kesi añamnguraagu (rasisma) e paltoor leƴƴi e ooyre e ŋakkeende muñal e nder Muritani, nde nelaaɗo maɓɓe biyeteeɗo Mutana Ruteere yillii Nuwaasoot e Rooso e Kayhayɗi, no siforii ñaawoore leydi ndii ina laaɓti to oon bannge.
Ciimtol ngol ina wasiyii laamu Muritani « nde ƴettata kuule teeŋtuɗe, waasaa muñande hay huunde baasgol hulde waɗde bone, ngam yaawnude potal nder renndo Muritani leƴƴi-leƴƴinngo, tuugiingo e kormagol jojjanɗe aadee wonande yimɓe fof ». Ndimaagu e mbaawka e nuunɗal ñaawoore, kam e peewnitgol binndol mum nder sariya haa ɓeydoo laaɓtude, laatotaako gaa-gaa mbayliigu luggu tippudi ñaawoore. E ngoon yeeso, min mbasiyoo :
• Rokkude tippudi ñaawoore ndii yimɓe heblaaɓe yonɓe kam e ngalu njonngu.
• Rokkude tippudi ñaawoore ndimaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi e ngalu.
• Haɓde e geɗe goɗɗe kam e mbaawnoraaji naattude e geɗe ñaawoore.
• Ɗooftaade laŋ fiɓnde deŋgol (baasgol dirtineede, fektee nokku goɗɗo) wonande gollotooɓe e ñaawoore.
• Jiilgol moƴƴol kariyeer gollotooɓe e ñaawoore, haa teeŋti noon to bannge pektugol.
• Ƴettugol gollotooɓe e ñaawoore tuugingol e doosɗe teeŋtuɗe kaandugol e kattangol.
• Ɓeydaare gollotooɓe e ñaawoore tuugiinde tan e kaandugol e kattangol.
• Njoɓdi moƴƴiri ndi ustetaake wonande gollooɓe e ñaawoore.
• Waylude Diiso Toowngo Ñaawoore, njuɓɓudi kalfinaandi horo e toɗɗagol e pawgol kuuge dow sarɗooɓe, tawa wonata heen ko sarɗooɓe toppitiiɓe ñaawde (magistrats du siège) e sarɗooɓe toppitiiɓe tabitingol sariya (magistrats du parquet) kam e hoohooɓe hattanɓe ɓe ngonaa sarɗooɓe, tawa toɗɗii ɗum en ko hoohooɓe jaambureeɓe, tawa noon ina wondi e sarɗi, so suudu sarɗi jaɓde ɓe. Gardiiɗo Diiso ngoo waawataa hankadi wonde hooreejo leydi walla kalifu ñaawoore, kono ko neɗɗo mo denndaangal terɗe Diiso ngoo njaɓi, jeyaaɗo e hoohooɓe ɓe ngonaa sarɗooɓe ɓee.
• Ngam yimɓe fof mbaawaa fotde e Ñaawoore, Ñawoore ndee kadi seerta e mbaadi mbonndi ñaawoore leñol e lannda. Ittude ko nde waɗtaa ñaawoore Arab koo tan, e hirjinde jeyegol hardaneeɓe e ɓaleeɓe Muritani e tippudi ñaawoore hee, ɓe ngidoo ƴetteede e doge ENAJM garooje.
• Nguu mbayliigu maa addan ñaawoore hisde e kuutoragol ngam haɓde e woɗɓe, walla to bannge piggal politik walla polis maa konu ; nde hisa e jaawondireede e politik e kuutoragol laamu luulndingol fiɓnde Dowla sariya, kuutoragol dallinirteengol deeƴre renndo e kisal Dowla walla, ko wattindii koo, jedditagol diine walla bakkodingol.
Caggal waɗɗiinde ndimaagu e nuunɗal, ko waɗɗiinde ceerndugol hakkunde mbaawka ciynoowa e carɗinoowa. Min mbasiyii ko mbayliigu luggu jotondire hakkunde ɗiiɗoo mbaawkaaji, mbele aɗi mbaawaa seertude, tawa heen mbaawka kala ina jogoo hattan waawde reende keddiika kaa. Nii woni :
• Tabitingol kujjinagol guwarnama yeeso parlemaa, maa addan mbaawka carɗinoowa waawde horde guwarnama, e luulndaade politik mbaawka ciynoowa, sibu ina waawi liɓde ɗum rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande goppugol golle (motion de censure) walla caggal nde guwarnama ɗaɓɓi ɗum rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande hoolaare (question de confiance).
• Tabitingol hoolaare Hooreejo leydi wonande won ɗiin mbaawkaaji ɗi o heerorii, gaa gaa mbaawkaaji guwarnama, maa waaw rewrude e mbaawka carɗinoowa njogiika hattan ittude mo.
• Tabitingol hakke mo hooreejo leydi rokkaa waawde yedditaade mbaawka carɗinoowa e fusde asaambele ngenndi, maa addan ɓesngu rokkiteede mbaawka mum ñaawde hakkunde ɗiiɗoo mbaawkaaji ɗiɗi.
• Mbaawka ciynoowo ina jogii hakke sahtaade eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe asaambele sakkitta, yantude e hakke yettinde ɗum eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe eɓɓi.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa ina jogii hakke fuɗɗude sariyaaji, rewrude e cakkitgol sariyaaji, yantude e hakke sahtaade eɓɓaaɗe sariya ɗe guwarnama eɓɓata.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa ina jaɓa nanondire ɗe mbaawka ciynoowa haaldaa, siifi.
• Mbaawka carɗinoowa maa artire, haaɗtinee e asaambele ngenndi, sibu senaa gollotoo ko golle asaambele, ɗum noon senaa ko ko jolti. A min njoganii ɗum dalillaaji nay : daliilu daartol oo ko nde laamu ummii e Laamaandi neɗɗo (Roi), laamu ngonnoongu e juuɗe Laamɗo e Rimɓe e ɓesngu, wonti Rippoobilik, mbaawka ciynoowa kam ne lomtii Laamɗo (Roi), mbaawka ɓesngu tuugii ko e Asaambele, mbaawka Rimɓe tuugii e Senaa. Ndaa so wiyaama rimɓe, ɗum noddii lawakaagu, tee dowla Muritani keso oo ina foti wallitde ndimaagu tabitngu jiyaaɓe e jibinannde jiyaaɓe kam e kinɗe renndo lesɗinaaɗe, ngam wallitde mbayliigu njuɓɓudi laamu lawakeeri hannde ndii, mbele wonta tippudi demokaraasi. Hujja to bannge nuunɗal demokaraasi ngal, ko senaa ƴoogaani dagagol mum e ɓesngu, kono ko e wootooɓe mawɓe, sibu woote senaa ko woote ɗe ngonaa ŋaddet.
• Eɗen teskoo boom, e woote senaa kala, coodgu daaɗe konseyeeji ɓeydoto. Hujja deentagol deftagol mbaawka carɗinoowa mbaawka ciynoowa oo ne ko : e sahaa mo mbaawka carɗinoowa woni cuuɗi ɗiɗi, so mbaawka ciynoowa heɓii senaa tan, ina waawi wappaade yiɗde ɓesngu, rewra e senaa. Hujja battano oo ko hujja faggudu. Jogaade senaa ina ɗaɓɓi ngalu keewngu. E miijo amen ko bonnude jawdi.
• Alaa e sago mbaawka ciynoowa kaa feccitee e potal, hakkunde hooreejo leydi, jogiiɗo mbaawka kaa fof, e guwarnama. Mawɗo hilifaaɓe (premier ministre) ina foti wonde mawɗo guwarnama tigi rigi ; o yowitii ko e asaambele ngenndi ; kanko e hilifaaɓe heddiiɓe ɓee, ko ɓe njuɓɓudi bannge, ndi jiidaa e hooreejo leydi jogiiɗo kam ne mbaawkaaji mum e wellitaare mum heeriinde.
Ɓayri en cakkitii ittugol senaa, eɗen cakkita kadi cosgol gollal Cukko Hooreejo leydi. Kanko e hooreejo leydi poti wondude e doggol gootol woote, mbele so tawii Hooreejo leydi oo heɓaaki, omo lomtoo ɗum. Ɗuum maa addan en kadi waawde heƴnude leƴƴi men ɗii fof e hoore laamu nguu.
Ɗeeɗoo potnditte maa ngaddan mbaawkaaji ɗii fof ƴellitde kattanɗe mum en maslahaa, ngam ñawndude kirisaaji njuɓɓudi. So ɗum yahdinaama e mbayliigu doole kisal e konu, ɗee geɗe maa ittu kuudetaaji.
Guwaranama oo, e gardagol Hooreejo hilifaaɓe mo darnde mum e wellitaare mum cemmbinaa, maa wontu tergal jokkondiroowal mbaawka ciynoowa e mbaawka carɗinoowa, hoybina ceertugol mbaawkaaji ngol, sibu mum yowitaade e asaambele e hooreejo leydi kala. Asaambele maa waaw wonde jokkorgal, so parlemaa luurdii e persidaa.
Eɗen cikki ina moƴƴi ɓeyden e ɗeeɗoo cakkitte wonande peccitagol laamu, coftingol e tiiɗtingol wellitaare nokkuuji fuɗɗanoonde e hitaande 1986 rewrude e cosgol kominaaji, hay so tawii nde boosii law. Laamu weeɗa dente nokkuuji ɗee, woni kominaaji e mukaataaji e wilaayaaji, huunde e mbaawkaaji mum e kattanɗe mum.
Nii woni dente nokkuuji ɗee njogoo konseyeeji toɗɗaaɗi, ɗe njogoo neɗɗaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi e sariya. Ɗe mbellitee to bannge ngalu mbele aɗe mbaawa yiilde koye majje, ɗe njogoo ndimaagu to bannge njuɓɓudi kam e mbaawkaaji tabitɗi tuugiiɗi e laawol to bannge ƴellitaare faggudu e cellal e nehdi e jaŋde e pinal, nder Rippoobilik dentuɗo mo feccotaako goodɗo oo, kalfinaaɗo horde dewgol laawol peeje ɗe mbaawka nokku kaa ƴettata e nder ɗiin fannuuji, tawa noon mbaawka carɗinoowa e ciinoowa e ñaawoowa naataani heen.
Dente nokkuuje ɗee maa njokku e yowitaade e laamu nehaande nguu wonande geɗe paatuɗe e ndimaagu, ko nanndi e geɗe caggal leydi, ndeenka leydi e kaalis …
Faandaare bellitgol ngol ko jerondiral mbaawkaaji ɓurngal moƴƴude e denndaangal leydi ndii tawa ina ɓallina ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii ƴettugol kuule e nokkuuji ɗo tabitintee ɗoo, ina wallita tabitingol demokaraasi ɓalliiɗo yimɓe, kono kadi ina ƴellita kellifuya e horo ɓiyleydiiwo dow ngardiigu nokkuyeewu, rewrude e kalfingol nokkuuji ɗii huunde e mbaawkaaji laamu.
Ngolɗoo bellitgol njuɓɓudi laamu ina waɗi ɓural, so wallitde toppitaade geɗe keewɗe, ceertuɗe, nder ngonkaaji ɗi kala dental nokkuwal heerorii, nder jokkorɗe goodɗe e tolnooji ɗii kala, gila to tolno ngenndi haa e wilaayaaji e mukaataaji e kominaaji e hakkunde kominaaji ; rokka ɗum en safaruuji ɓurɗi yahdude e ngonka mum en. Bellitgol puɗɗanoongol e leydi men ndii yaawii hollude en wonde yonaani, tee teddeendi renndo e politik teppii ɗum, haa wonti ko woni hannde koo, so waasde wonde bellitgol.
Kominaaji ɗii ina kaaɗi tawo ɗo jaɓi, sibu nokkuuji keewɗi e leydi ndii, ɗo yimɓe yonɓe nguuri, ngalaa tawo kominaaji.
Kominaaji goodɗi ɗii ina ŋakkiraa yimɓe gollotooɓe e ngalu no feewi. Ɗuum yanti e peccitagol ngol moƴƴaani ngaluuji buur hakkunde Dowla oo e dente nokkuuje ɗee ; fof yiiletee ko e nokku gooto, ɗo ardorde toppitiinde gollotooɓe e nokkuuji hee, wondude e ŋakkeende kattanɗe njuɓɓudi ndi yowitaaki, haa teeŋti noon to bannge ƴettugol hoolaaɓe kuuɓe ɓe laamu nehaande nguu toɗɗotoo.
Haa e oo ñalawma, ministeer jiimɗo nokkuuji ɗii ina reɗɗi bellitgol ngol, ina darii e ittude bellitgol njuɓɓudi laamu ngonndi e nokkuuji ɗii, ellee yiɗi ko haɗde ɗuum. Haa hannde silsil bellitgol diiwanuuji kaalanoongol ko ɓooyi ngol siynaaka, ko noon kadi wonande bellitgol mukaataaji ngol. A min cakkitta geɗe garooje ɗee wonande mbaawkaaji dente nokkuuje ɗee potata rokkeede :
Ƴellitgol faggudu e renndo e pinal e peewnugol nokkuuji ɗii.
• Cosgol, mahgol, peewnugol, toppitagol, gollingol, baɗgol kaake e jiilgol nokkuuji toppitiiɗi laaɓal e jolngo kam e ekkolaaji buur e mahaaɗe pinal e coftal ɓalli, e nder nokkuuji ɗii (kominaaji, mukaataaji walla wilaayaaji).
• Juɓɓingol e toppitagol politikaaji koɗki e koɗorɗe kakindiiɗe e wuraagu e peewnugol nokku e ƴellitaare duumiinde kam e nokku nguurndam.
• Laɓɓingol sato, gaddugol diƴƴe e kuuraa.
• Ittugol e naftoragol mbalitaaji kam e ndeenka e moƴƴingol sato, ha arti noon e haɓde e posnugol weeyo.
Ngam joofnude tawa ina faccira seeɗa fannuuji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e taƴgol keeri nokkuuji ɗii e peccugol e majji mbaawka, amin cakkita geɗe garooje ɗee :
• Taƴgol keeri nokkuuji ɗii ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande njuɓɓudi nokkuuji ɗii kam e njuɓɓudi nehaandi ndii, tuugiindi e geɗe laaɓtuɗe (keeweendi yimɓe, ko nokku oo heerorii).
• Nomgol nuunɗungol ardiiɓe njuɓɓudi (Waali, Haakem, sarɗooɓe, halfinaaɓe kisal) tawa ina teskoo geɗe maantinɗe mbaaɗe no ɗowgol moƴƴol golle halfinaa, ngenndiyankaagal, kattanɗe. Harminde peccitagol poostooji laamu tuugingol e ƴele leƴƴi, tirbii, diiwaan, walla galle goodngol hannde ngol.
• Wonande toɗɗagol jooɗantooɓe leydi men to leyɗe goɗɗe, teskaade mbaadi leƴƴi-leƴƴinndi leydi men Muritani. Semmbinde peeñningol mbaadi leƴƴi-leƴƴinndi Muritani e nder misiyoŋaaji dipolomasi, tawa ina noma heen ɓaleeɓe e hardaneeɓe.
• Semmbinde nomgol rewɓe ɓaleeɓe e hardaneeɓe, no rewɓe safalɓe nomretee nii, e nokkuuji hee kala. Wonande fannuuji ngalu e kaalis, feccitaade, peccitagol potngol, ngaluuji leydi ndii, tawa ina waɗta no moƴƴi hakkille e yimɓe joñaaɓe ko ɓooyi, yuɓɓitina tippule bankeeji ngam wallitde, e tolnooji hee kala, compugol e kuuɓtodingol ñamaale, mawɗe e tokoose, ngam ustude baasal e mumtude mbaadiiji kesi jiyɗingol yimɓe kam e ɗawgol leƴƴi e ngalu leydi ndii.
• Nguuɗoo mbayliigu luggu senngo faggudu e kaalis, rewrata kadi ko e booñ ballitoowo golle ƴellitaare faggudu ngam duusde to bannge kaalis, e ƴaañde eɓɓaaɗe jogiiɗe nafoore faggudu, kam e pelle e dente e gollorɗe tokoose, haa teeŋti noon wonande senngo ndema.
• Leñol sooninkooɓe e sifaa kuuɓtodinɗo, haa teeŋti kadi e sooninkooɓe Muritani, ina seedtanaa, e winndere hee kala, faayidaagal e yarlitaare e kaɓɓagol e ngenndi mum, kam e nuunɗal mum, e jikkuuji moƴƴi.
Hannde, ngol naamnii tan ko geɗal maggol, woni palaas ngol haandi, sabu maggol jeyeede jeyegol timmungol e ngenndi Muritani. Ɗum noon, e ngol teeɗanii jeytoreede e nguurndam ngenndi men, e tolnooji hee kala, ɗoon ɗo ngol jeyaa e dariiɓe ngam waɗtude Muritani nokku jam e deeƴre e koɗdigal renndo moƴƴal ngal ngenndiyankooɓe ɓee kala koyɗata.
Tonngol :
Kirisaaji ɓeydotooɗi ñalnde fof ɗii, kam en fof e reggondirdee bonnude ngootaagu ngenndi ndii, paani en e pusgu baŋ-yoo-baŋ, jogorɗi bonnande leƴƴi leydi ndii kala ; gaa gaa jiyle daɓɓe gartirooje geɗe ɗee fof e luural hakkunde safalɓe e ɓaleeɓe, ɗo warkoyeeɓe ɓee njiɗi uddude en, won miijooji daɓɓi jowitiiɗi e mahngo ngenndi njokki e woodde, jedduɗi gagga njiyaagu e koɗdigal hakkunde leƴƴi, jondikiniiɗi e fuuntirde yimɓe meewtankon, calikon haa yoori kos umminde kaaldigal nuunɗungal. Ndaa noon, ko ngaal kaaldigal tan waawi addande en faamondirde baŋ-yoo-baŋ e caɗeele ɗe ngenndi men wondi hannde ɗee, kam e safaruuji moƴƴi duumotooɗi potɗi siyneede.
DHSM ina ɗaɓɓi lelnugol piɓondiral cosgol ngenndi Muritani kesiri ngam mahde Dowla-Ngenndi goonganteejo, rewrude e dimɗingol lanndaaji renndo lesɗinaaɗi, e potal renndo kam e potal to bannge hakkeeji e fartaŋŋeeji, enen fof e seertude ngonka renndo, gaa gaa leƴƴi men, e tirbiiji men, ngam renndude ɓiyleydaagu tuugiingu e doosɗe Rippoobilik, kam e doosɗe Dowla nuunɗal e demokaraasi, renndude wellitaare, e nuunɗal, e beldital ɓiyngu yummaagu e ƴellitaare to renndo e faagudu.
Leydi men ina hatojini e nde ɓiɗɓe mum mbaawata waylude jiyle mum en, cuusa sakkitde peeje nuunɗal, woni peeje ɓooyooje, so renndude en battane. Ɓe lelna tuugnorgal eɓɓaande renndo ngam artirde hoolaare hakkunde yimɓe haa natta hulondirde e reentondirde, Muritaninaaɓe natta añondirde, ɓe ceegoo yimɓe jogiiɓe miijooji bonɗi, saliiɓe seertude e jiyle mum en daɗaaɗe, ngam yiɗde jokkude heɓde ɓure ɗe kaandaani, ɗe ngaaɓnotaako so wonaa e duumagol njiimaandi tippudi laamu hannde nguu.
Demokaraasi firti ko reende farwuɓe tawo, ko reende waasɓe, ɗawaaɓe e ɓiɗtaaɓe, ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko kam en ngoni ɓurɓe heewde, ɓe daaɗe mum en nanetaake, gaa-gaa guri ɓalli mum en e leƴƴi mum en e tirbiiji mum en.
A min njiɗi renndude e ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii kala miijooji luggi ameriknaajo, palestiinnaajo biyeteeɗo Edward SAID, porfeseer coñce jerondiraaɗe (Littérature comparée) to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kulummbiya to New York. O yuurnittonoo ko miijanteendi caggal-koloñaal, jowitiingal e ceertugol pine, miijanteendi njahdundi e ngonka leydi men, so en njiɗaa Muritani wona keeri leydi tan, wona leydi ndi alaa miijo arngo dow leƴƴi walla banngambanngaagu, tawa yaltataa e hakillaaji men wonde, ngootaagu ngenndi ko huunde mettunde yettaade, nde heɓotaako abada, kono ko huunde teeɗanteende, fotnde teeɗaneede e kala sahaa : « hakkille loskoowo jaɓataa waawneede naattude nder lasal ngam haɓoyde e gaño carɗinaaɗo walla goɗɗo. Eɗen poti waɗtude hakkille e gollodaade ko juuti pine ɓooyduɗe, luɓondirooje, naatnaattondirɗe haa e tolno mo faamamuyaaji tokoosi, ɗi ngoodaani, mbaawaa yettaade. Kono ndii mbaadi jiyrugol geɗe ina ɗaɓɓi wiɗtooji juutɗi ɗi keñoraaka, loskitooji, guurɗi e goongɗingol goodal hakillaaji mettuɗi jaɓnude wonde, aduna oo tuugii tan ko e hannde, aduna ko waɗee waɗtoo. Neɗɗo lonnginte yiɗde aadee tan. Wuurnata ndeen yiɗde kadi ko miijo heeriingo, wonaa sikkeeji walla ɗooftagol laamu. Binndol foti jaggireede ko no paggaaɗe keddotooɗe e daartol. Miɗo waawi wiyde nii ko kañum tan woni heɗɗaawo wattano reenoowo en e yoorɓerndaagu e fenaande wayloore mbaadi daartol winndere ndee ».
Ko noon ne kadi min mbaɗtirta e jeyi amen, min ɗaɓɓa e kala ɓiyleydi nde waɗata hono noon, duwaawu moƴƴinoowo jikke, baawdo jaaɓeede, umiiɗo e kuɗol gooto e jaaynooɓe men lolluɗo, cuusɗo, hono Abdullaay Siree Bah, tuma mawningol hitaande capanɗe joyaɓiire jeytaare leydi men, nde waɗi winndannde tiitoriinde « Le pays de nos rêves » (No njiɗ-ɗen leydi men waya) : « Miɗo anndi noon, duuminooɓe e neema kala coftantaa waylo waylo mo ngummani-ɗen o; hooram hooraagu ɓooy falaade yiɗde men nuunɗal renndo ; maa jingere e heedi heeda ɓooy haɗde ɓiyngu yummaagu hakkunde ɓiɗɓe Muritani ; maa miijooji leñam-leñaagu e keeriiɗi gila hanki, ɓooy haɗde mahngo janngo men denndaaɗo oo.
So yiɗii ! Ɓe ɓesngu am ɓee ɓuraani, njaasaani worɓe e rewɓe winndere ndee. Kono aɓe njogii ɓural mawngal ngal ɓetotaako, ko kamɓe ngoni ɓe am. Etee ko e dental – kamɓe nder am, miin nder maɓɓe – min mahroyta, tuufeere tuufeere, wondude e muñal e pellital, leydi min koyɗata ndii. »
Diiso Hoohooɓe Soninkooɓe Muritani (DHSM)
Ñalnde 1 ut 2014
Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah


text:
waru-waru e dow leñol fulɓe
Saakitaama ñannde : Hesɗintinaama ñannde :
E lebbi cakitiiɗi ɗi en njii enen fow ko kewnoo Mali, gurel fulɓe booma, teemedde teemedde yiimɓe mbara, cagal ɗum ne, warngo wadi e gure goɗɗe to Mali to Burkina… Holko addi fulɓe ene mbare ? Ko ɗum woni namdal ngal ?Njaadaten e yewtere nde ko biyeteeɗo Fatumata Jallo. O debbo jooɗii ko to dawlaaji dentuɗi woni Etats Unis. Omo jeya e fedde Taɓital Pulaaku taweteeɗo to dawlaaji dentuɗi, to Washington. E niale cakitiiɗi ɗii, ndeen fedde waɗii potital ngam woyraate e hollitde mette mum e ɗii warngooji baɗooji sahaa fow. Ngoon potital noon waɗaa ko e nokku biyeteeɗo State department. Be mbadii yaaɓereFatumata Jallo maa haalan min ko iwee ndenn yaaɓereCaggal ɗum men keɗo ko leñol fulɓe faami e o fitna pawaaɗo e dow mum, haa teŋti noon Malinaabe. Abdulay Dikko joodaniiɗo njaaynde Rfi fulfulde to Mali, ɓamii haala maɓɓe.


text:
Annduɓe ina kawri wonde ko wiyetee leydi men ndii ina ɓeydoo wulde koo, ko huunde woodnde. A ɓe luurdi tan to bannge tolno ɓeydagol nguleeki kii.
Annduɓe ina kawri wonde ko wiyetee leydi men ndii ina ɓeydoo wulde koo, ko huunde woodnde. A ɓe luurdi tan to bannge tolno ɓeydagol nguleeki kii.
Ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe (fotde 9 nder 10) ina kawri kadi ko golle aadee ngoni sabaabu ngool ɓeydagol nguleeki, haa teeŋti noon e kuɓɓugol geɗe baɗɗe karbon (petroŋ, ƴulɓe, gaas) kam e iirtugol leydi, kono haa hannde ɓe cuwaa hawrude e huɓindaade batte ɓeydagol nguleeki kii. Ko noon kadi wonande golle potɗe waɗeede ngam dartinde ngol walla ustude ngol, nde tawnoo aɗe njoopii ko cofte men kala, gila to bannge renndo haa to bannge faggudu, karallaagal, sato, cellal ekn.
Ciimtol ngol Fedde ngenndiije dentuɗe saakti ñalnde altine 7/12/2015 ina feeñnini wonde 90% musibbaaji janɗi e winndere ndee e duuɓi 20 cakkitiiɗi ɗii, ina njotondiri e baylagol ngonka weeyo (kilimaa). E nder heen, fotde 606 ujunere neɗɗo maayii heen, miliyaaruuji 4 pawɗi neɗɗo ngaañiima heen walla mbasii heen jawdi.
Leyɗe ɓurɗe tinde baylagol ngol ko Dental Dowlaaji Amerik, Siin (leyɗe ɗiɗi ɓurɗe waawde wukkitde GGS), Inndo, Filipiin e Inndonoosi.
Fotde 89% loraaɓe ɓee njeyaa ko e leyɗe pamare doole ; fotde 242 ujunere neɗɗo maayi ko e mobbooji (musiiba ɓurɗo bonde oo). Nguleeki kii warii 164 ujunere neɗɗo. Hedde feccere e musibbaaji ɗii ko ile. Musibbaaji kewɗi hakkunde 2005 e 2014 (fotde 335 musiiba) cowiima laabi ɗiɗi musibaaji baɗɗi hakkunde 1985 e 1995.


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Asalaamu aleykum banndiraaɓe, ko ardii fof, mbiɗo rewa tan ɗo rewanoo ɗo.Banndiraaɓe
Adiiɓe haalde ɓee kaalii haala njuɓɓuka! njaɓɓii e ɗemɗe amen !ittataa ma min ndeftu e ko min njɗnoo haalde koo tan. Ko ardii fof Fedde Ɓamtaare Pulaar e Moritani ina yettee !gila ɗum fuɗɗii fayde jooni, ma a taw min ngalaano ɗo, walla min ngalaano e birooji ɗi, kono ko min soldateeɓe, dariiɓe e nder fedde Ɓamtaare Pulaar gila 1977. Aamadu Umaar Jah oo, ɗaccataa mi fena, nde ɗum fuɗɗii nde, ko kanko ari Ɓoggee, min mbaɗi ko wuro e wuro, gure 27 halayɓe ɗe, alaa heen ɗo min njettaaki, o moni ɗoo jooɗii !
Oon sahaa eɗum daranaa no feewi. Jaŋde nde na daranaa, golle mum ina njiyaa.J annginaama, liggaama haa yettiima ɗo. Kamɓe noon eɓe ngonndi e katantaagal mawngal eɓe poti kadi yetteede. Sabu daranaade ɗum, woppa haaju mum, wonaa huunde weeɗnde. Haalde ndee ina weeɓi, saɗi ko gollal. Yimɓe ceertata ko e gollal. Haala mbelka kay ina weeɓi haa maayi, kono ko daranaade yiɗde mum nde, sellina yiɗde muuɗum nde, haa ɗum heɓi ɗo ɗum heɓi jooni ɗo. Baawɗo fof, foti wiyde tan, ko ɓe njaaraama. Ɓe mbiyi duɗal so ina huɓɓa, so aɗa jogii docotal maa ar tan mbaɗaa heen. Jokko, hol to wiy aɗa ñifa ɗum. Ko Alla huɓɓi ɗum, wonaa hay gooto huɓɓi. Ɓeeɗoo hay so njehii, ma a wood arɓe woɗɓe dariiɓe, njokkana haalpulaar en (fulɓe) golle mum en. So ɗum ɓennii, hono ñalawma hanki o, ko ñalawma teskinɗo ! Sabu ɗum aadaaji men fof, en njiyi hanki!
Mecce meeɗen ɗee fof njaltii ɗo hanki ! ko hono nii woni pinal! Darnde daranaade leñol muuɗum… Kono miin won ko manki mi heen seeɗa, e ko waɗaa hanki ko : no ɗum wayi hanki yooɗde nii, no ɗum wayi hanki yurminaade nii, e ngenndiyankaagal hanki no wayi yaltude nii, haanaano tawa ko ko ari koo tan ari! Wuro ngoo fof no diidorinoo ina fotnoo tintineede. Ɗum ina ŋakki seeɗa!… Yo ɗum waɗe e jaayndeeji, rajooji e ɓatakeeji… So gonngol arii, so en nguurii en celli haa en tawtoraama, yo jaaynirgol waɗe haaɓura ɗoo laaɓtude, sibu won jogiiɓe yiɗde hono no njogori-ɗen heen yiɗde nii, hono tinaani! So ɓe tiniino, ma ɓe nganndu, maa enen fof nganndu eɗen ngoodi! Yo en keew! Hay so en moƴƴii, so yiyetaake diɗɗal ngal ina mawni, ina ŋakki!… Diɗɗal ngal yo yiye! Kala ko mbaɗaten kaaloyen lewru, lebbi ɗiɗi, galleyoo galleyel, rajo yo e rajo.Kaayitel yo e kaayit.Yimɓe fof tintinee.. Ko haalde ɗo hafeere piye, njiɗ-mi haalde. Woytaama ɗo ngaluuji ɗi ngalaa! Ɗo ngalu alaa, banndiraaɓe heewɓe kaalii, njumpii heen, ɗo ngalu alaa, golle ngalaa! Hannde aduna mo njahraten oo, aduna oo naamndii ko gollal, kono gollal yahataa tawi wondaani e dañal. Kaalden goonga. Dañal ngal, tawdi eɗen njiɗi leñol ngol, eɗen njiɗi ngol ɓamtoo, mbaɗen ko muusataa hay gooto fof… Alaa e sago piye ɗee ngara, kono hoto ɗe keew (tiiɗ)…
…so ɗum ɓennii, mbiɗo yetta Alla e nelaaɗo mum, mbiɗo yetta on. Alla jaaraama, on njaaraama, Banndiraaɓe…


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So mi wiyii ma “aɗa ɓosa ñalnde kala miliyoŋaaji 3 km”, mbiyataa ko “wonaa goonga !”. Ko goonga tigi !
Ngal naamnal ina waawi jaakde en. Waɗi noon, ko ɗo gooto men kala woni ɗoo, tinataa nii leydi ina yaha, ɗuum ne, ko doole ndi dograta. Wayi tan ko no jolɗo e oto jahoowo nii, so o ƴeewii sawndooji ɗii, o sikkata ko leɗɗe e kuɓeeje e kuuje ɗe oto oo wirtotoo ɗee, ko kañum en ndogata (noon ɗeɓata wayde). So o yiyataa boowal oto ngal, ina gasa o sikka oto oo dogaani.
Waɗi noon ko “huunde fof ko ko yowitii e goɗɗum ɗum” : so a wiyii “huunde ine doga”, ƴeewdu-ɗaa ɗum ko e “goɗɗum”. Ko ɗuum waɗi, so a ƴeewdii Leydi e Naange, maa a anndu Leydi ina yaha. Ko goonga noon cikkaten ko Naange ngee tan yahata, kono ko juumre, hay Leydi ndii kay ina doga (siftor hakkunde jolɗo e oto dogoowo e leɗɗe cawndiiɗe : ina gasa waya e makko ko leɗɗe ɗee ndogata nii.) So a ƴeewii hakkunde Leydi e Lewru ko noon. Ina hawraa ko Leydi taarotoo Naange (leydi ko tagofeere), Lewru ina taaroo Leydi (Lewru ko yowitiinde).
So Leydi taariima Naange haa artii ɗo tolninoo e mum (…), wona hitaande. Leydi ina yirloo e hoore mum kadi, no herndelde yirlortoo nii.
Goɗɗum kadi, annduɓe ina kawri gila e kitaale 1960, wonde Duuɗe Leydi ɗee e geecuuji ɗii, ko lare ceertuɗe dillooje (ɓadtondirooje, goɗɗondirooje, pawfawtondirooje, googondirooje) duuɓi teemedde miliyoŋaaji jooni (yeru, ɗe meeɗii wonde tamannde wootere, caggal ɗuum ɗe ngoni e seertude, haa ɗe njettii ɗo ɗe ngoni jooni ɗoo).
Kono, gasaani dey : hol njaaweeki Leydi nder jiiryiirngal men ngal (galaksi men oo), hono Fedannde malaaɗo (voie lactée) ? Ina heddii, hol dille Leydi nder fedde faru men ndee ? So Alla jaɓii maa en eto jaabaade ɗee naamnde (laaɓnde) kala.
Leydi ina yirloo kadi, no baɗoowo yiiloo banngoo nii, no ɓortere mottoowo yirlortoo kerlal nii. Ko ɗuum addi deggondiral jamma e ñalawma. So en ƴeewii ŋori leydi tolnde Farayse, njaaweendi yirlo ngoo ko hedde 1 100 km waktu kala (1 100 km/w), tolnde gulli too (rewo e worgo) njaaweendi yirlo ngoo ko hedde 3 km/w fat, kono tolnde ŋorol peccol (yeru tolnde Koddiwaar) njaaweendi yirlo ngoo ko hedde 1 600 km/w.
Kono wonaa ɗuum tan woni dille Leydi. Kala ko woni dow Leydi ina ɓosa so ƴeewdaama e wuddu leydi. Yeru, duunde Afrik ndee ina ɓosa hitaande kala santimeeteruuji 2 (2 cm) feewde rewo, leydi Farayse ina ɓosa hitaande kala hedde santimeeteer gooto (1 cm) feewde fuɗnaange. Faɗo Pasifik kadi ina ɓosa hitaande kala hedde santimeeteruuji 10 (10 cm) feewde fuɗnaange rewo. Ɗee dille noon saabii ɗum en ko dille paɗe Leydi.
Hol njaaweendi taartagol Leydi Naange ?
Ɗoo, dille ɗee ɓuri yaawde no feewi. Hono no nganndir-ɗen enen fof nii, tagofeere men ndee ina taroo Naange e mudda balɗe 365 e waktuuji 6. Njuuteendi bolol ngol ko hedde 940 miliyoŋ kiloomeeteer (hiiso nganndaa ko ndi dogata e kiloomeeteruuji nder waktu gooto). Ɗum noon, Leydi men ndii (ɗum noon gooto e men kala wondude e Leydi ndii) ina « siirtoo » hakke 107 000 km waktu kala ! (woni hedde 29,78 km leƴƴannde kala, 19,78 km majjannde kala, haa ɓeydoo faamnaade). Ɗum firti ko ñalawma kala mo Alla tagi, gooto e men kala ina ɓosa nder faru hee fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,6 km ! Bolol ngol ko ɗeɓi-murlol, wonaa murlol, ko ngol ommbol (ellipse).
Yoonii ɗoo hoto en njiyleede njanen, haa tonngoode faande kadi.
Bookara Aamadu Bah