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Winndannde timmunde he Pulaar e ko yowitii He Miijtiyankaagal Wellitaare ummuraade gila Calliclés haa JP.Sartre, rewrude e Spinoza, Descartes, e Kant.
MIIJTIYANKAAGAL WELLITAARE. Philosophie de la Liberté,NAATIRKA-E fraysee firo iwdi-konngol liberté, to aslan ummii ko e helmere latin ”liber”, ngol loowdi mum hollita neɗɗo mo wonaa maccuɗo, ”celui qui n’est pas esclave”. Helmere nde na luutondira e maanaa ndool-ndoolnaagu, ” contrainte”, loritaare, ”servitude”.-To firo yaajngo,weltaare toɗɗotoo ko katantaagal ɗooftagal hoore mum, taw alaa loritaare waawnde wonde fof, walla taw alaa ko naatti heen. Kala ko neɗɗo oo waawi miijaade e gollaade taw ko e wellitaare mum tan loritii, ƴefti, fawi.
A. Wellitaare gaa-gaa
kala kaɗooje, gaa-gaa
kala ndool-ndoolnaangu.
A1. Wellitaare ko ɗooftagol kala yiɗde: yiyannde Callicles.
E yiyannde Callicles wellitaare ko waaw ɗooftaade kala yiɗde mum, kala muuyooji fittaandu mum, kala soklaaji ɓanndu mum.Faandaare neɗɗo foti won’de tan ko waawde yuumtin’de yiɗdeeji mum.Haa jooni e miijo makko, neɗɗo fotaani ruttude, haɗde e hamƴude yiɗdeeji e soklaaji fittaandu mum e ɓanndu mum.Neɗɗo foti tan ko riddude mbelemma fittanduyankooji mum e tuuyooji ɓalliyankooji mum.Tee alaa fof ko foti falaade ɗum. E yiyannde Callicles, weltaare ko salaade ɗooftaade jamirooje neɗɗo goɗɗo, walla kuulle mum (doosɗe mum).Ɗooftaare yiɗdeeji mum faanata neɗɗo ko mbelwelto mawɗo(bonheur).
A2. Yeru laamɗo bonɗo.
Miijooji Callicles na kollita haa jooni, laamɗo bonɗo ko yeru laaɓtuɗo neɗɗo bellitiiɗo, ko kanko tan feññinta wellitaare. Ngati nde wonnoo tago waɗiimo jom doole, joom baawɗe, jom kantanɗe, jom ƴoƴe. Neɗɗo baawɗo yuumtin’de yiɗdeeji mum, muuyo mum e soklaaji mum nder-ndereeji. E yiyannde makko kanko Callicles, no tago tafiri neɗɗo fof to bannge doole mum, to bannge ƴoƴe mum, e loowdi mum ko noon o foti wuurdude, ko noon o foti golloraade. Omo foti ardaade , laamaade, e halfude ɓeen ɓe tago hokkaani ɗumen doole, ƴoƴe e katantaagal fotde e waawde no kanko jom doole o. E miijo makko, nuuɗal ( la justice) ko ɓurɓe doole yoo kalfu doofolɓe.
B. WELLITAARE E HAKKILLE(
HAKKILANTAAGAL)
B1. WELLITAARE E HAKINDAARE. SOCRATES
Socrates miijtiyanke grec, na ñiŋa no feewi miijtiyankaagal wellitaare Callicles, ngal nganndu-ɗaa yahdaani e hakindaare, nde alaa haɗiinde, nde alaa kaɗooje, nde sagaani e hakkille e hakilantaagal.E yiyannde Socrates, wellitaare nde alaa hakindaare yuumtata ko e macungaagu.Neɗɗo wonata ko loritiiɗo, jowitiiɗo e yiɗdeeji ɓanndu mum, tuuyooji fittaandu mum. O wonata ko neɗɗo mo yiɗdeeji e mo tuuyooji ɗowata, nduñata. Hakkille makko e golle makko ngonata ko lofiiɗe, penndiiɗe, dummbiiɗe e callalle tuuyo e soklaaji nder-ndereeji balliyankooji. Daliilu makko, fawii ko neɗɗo waawa dogde caggal tuuyooji , yiɗdeeji e soklaaji. Neɗɗo ko tago ɓanndu, ndu ganndu-ɗaa soklaaji mum, mooyooji mum e yiɗdeeji mum cojjataa, ngasata, kesɗitooji e kala taaɓal goodal. E yeru mo o hokkata, ngal jaɓɓal wayata kono yiɗde heɓin’de loonde yulnde ni. E oo gagga, neɗɗo na foti jogaade ko Socrates wiyata ” la temperance”- muñal, hakindaare e hakkilantaagal waawde ɓittude hoore mum e won yiɗdeeji, rutta woon tuuyooji ɗi paayodinaani, ɗi ngalaa ngartam moƴƴam.E nder ɗuum hootoraade hakkille na haani, na foti, ina moti. Ko neɗɗo kakindiiɗo, caliiɗo ɗooftaade kala tuuyo, kala sokalaaji puuyɗi ɓalliyankooji, tamɗo fittaandu mum woni bellitiiɗo. Ko e kaa ngonka, o waawat heɓde haa jooni ko Socrates wiyata: ”ataraxie de l’âme” deeyre fittaandu. To bannge goɗɗo, ko wellitaare hakindiindi wonata ngooroondi renndo deeƴngo, fotngo, nuunɗungo, e wellitiiingo.
B2 Jokkondiral-sababuuji
e hakkille dimɗuɗo.DESCARTES
E firo miijtiyankaagal Descartes, hakkille dimɗuɗo ko hakkille jogiiɗo katanɗe waawde suɓaade, taw ko e mbaadi kaaɗtudi ɗooftaare hoore mum tan.Wonannde Descartes neɗɗo ko kullel ngel hakkille miijotooɗo, paamoowo, cikkittooɗo. Ko o hakkille seerndimo e jawdi e kala tago heddiingo. O hakkille noon na jogii katanɗe, doole e nder mum waawde suɓaade, ɗooftaade taw ko e faamaamuya mum geɗe ɗee tan fawii. Ɗooftagol makko wonaa dool-doolnaaɗo, wonaa jamiraaɗo, wonaa ñoƴƴaaɗo. Kala miijo ngo o waawi waɗde, kala gollal o waawi ƴeftude, ko e keytal e pawagol e hakkille dimɗuɗo o. E nder ɗuum, ko hakkille dimɗuɗo tan waawi hollitde wellitaare neɗɗo. Hollitde neɗɗo tamɗo hoore mum, ɗowɗo yiɗdeeji mum e hiimo-hiimo nder-ndereeji mum. Ndeke noon, e yiyannde Descartes, ɓayde neɗɗo na jogii hakkille dimɗuɗo na waawi salaade, ruɗaade e yaltude e teddeendi callalle batte jokkondiral-sababuuji tago. O ƴeesto gaa-gaa kuulle tago( les lois naturelles). E humpto Descartes, ko hakkille dimɗudo waawa ɗowde golle moƴƴe neɗɗo, miijooji paayondinɗi, luggiɗɗi neɗɗo. E nder ɗuum ngam haa wellitaare waawa yuumtude, yaajde, ñiiɓde, maa ganndal sakkoo. Wellitaare fawi ko e ganndal, ko e humpito, ko e faamaamuya geɗe aduna ɗe. Wellitaare waawa won’de gaa-gaa ganndal, e konngol daɓɓol majjere waawa tambaade walla ɗowde wellitaare.
B3. Wellitaare e kuulle (
doosɗe) renndo.
SPINOZA
E naamnal mate neɗɗo na waawi wuurde bellitiiɗo e les kuule walla doosɗe ngonɗe renndo?
E yiyannde Spinoza gooɗgol kuulle e doosɗe renndoyankooje luurotiraani, weñotiraani e wellitaare aade.Ɗooftaagol kuulle renndo firtaani neɗɗo alaa wellitaare.Neɗɗo na heytoo, na ɗooftoo kuule renndo taw ko bellitiiɗo. Daaliilu majjum, kuulle gonɗe e renndo ɗee, ko kuulle ɗe neɗɗo oo miijanii hoore mum, tafani hoore, yuumtinanani hoore mum. Kono e miijtiyankaagal Spinoza, ngam haa ɗee kuulle e doosɗe mbaawa yahdude e wellitaare neɗɗo, ma ɗe njogoo woon paayndaale: go’o, yoo taw ɗe njiilotoo tan ko malal neɗɗo, jam neɗɗo, mbelwelto neɗɗo; ɗiɗi, yoo taw eɗe njahndii e hakkille, ko miijtanɗe hakkille; tati: yoo taw ɗe njiilotoo ko ɓural kuuɓtidinngal toɗɗingal aade en fof. Ɗii miijooji tati dowluɗi na mbaawi yuumtineede e nokkuuji potal e ndenndiyankooje- espaces republicain et démocratique.
B4. Loowdi (maanaa)
wellitaare miijaade.
Wellitaare miijaade kañum ne fawii ko e hakkille bellitiiɗo, na naamnii hakkille bellitiiɗo. Ko hakkille dimɗudo e doŋle keewɗe: donngal renndo, donngal diine, donngal aadaaji, donngal fina-tawa…ekn. Miijaade e wellitaare ko jogaade hakkille jiilotooɗo faamde ngoorondi huunde kala, cikkitooɗo huunde kala, ñiŋoowo huunde kala. Ko hakkille caliiɗo yooltaade e miijoyeeje puuyɗe, toŋɗi , ɗaasɗi hanki. Ko hakkille loskoowo, ceɗtotooɗo ko gannde kaali? To pine tuuknii? Hol maanaa e loowdi nguurndam e goodal? Ko ndii mbaaydi hakkille waawata feñin’de ganndal laaɓtungal, cellungal, koolangal, e to waɗtan nafowol. Ko e ngal jaɓɓal o daɗata e juumre, e sikke, e majjere. Ko o hakkille koytuɗo e ndii teddeendi waawata waɗde neɗɗo bellitiiɗo. Ko oo hakkille wonno ngooroondi miijtiyankaagal temederannde sappo e jeetaɓiire e nde sappo e jeenayaɓiire.
C. Ñinngol goodgol
hakkille dimɗuɗo.
C1. Calagol gooɗgol hakkille dimɗuɗo. SPINOZA E FREUD.
Miijtiyankooɓe fof kawraani e miijo Descartes hollitngo gooɗgol hakkille dimɗuɗo( le libre arbitre).Ko goonga neɗɗo na jogii hakkille, kono oo hakkille dee ko jowitiiɗo e teddeendi ɓanndu e yiɗdeeji mum keewɗi, ko jowitiiɗo e teddeendi doosɗe tago, ko o mahiiɗo e teddeendi renndo makko, pinal makko, finaa-tawaa makko. Ndeke neɗɗo ndii miiji kala, ƴefti gollal kala, won sababuuji ngoni caggal mum. Ɗooftaare makko wonata tan ko yowintiinde. Ndeke neɗɗo wellitoraaki no sikkirta ni. E yiyannde Spinoza, Hakkille dimɗuɗo e kala sabaabu, e kala yowitaare e kala huunde woodaani. Hakkille alaa wellitaare mawnde, huuɓtidin’de e cuɓagol kala: woon geɗe ganndaaɗe walla majjaaɗe nduñatamo e ɗooftaade e woon mbaaydi. Ko himmi koo tan, yoo neɗɗo oo anndu: hol ko o ɗooftotoo koo? E yo o anndu mate ko o ɗooftoto koo na yahdii e hakkille? To bannge goɗɗo, e yiyanndeFreud e ganndal mum biyetengal Psychanalyse, jaɓaani gooɗgol hakkilli dimɗuɗo, baawɗo suɓaade taw alaa sabaabu woni caggal mum. E yiyanndeFreud koko o wiyata ” inconscient”( ko denndaangal kala ɗiin tuuye, ɗiin yiɗdeeji, ɗiin beeli,e jejjitte, duttaaɗi, moɗtaaɗi, diƴɗi to ɓuri woɗɗoyde e luggiɗde e nder hakkille neɗɗo), woni sababuuji miijooji e golle ɗe neɗɗo waɗata walla jogotoo.E nder ɗuum, so neɗɗo waawi luggiɗinaade e ganndal biyetengal psychanalyse ngal ( ganndal toɗɗingal geɗe hakkilleyankooji, fittiyankooji e jikkuyankooji), to waɗtan ma o waaw ɓeydaade anndu hoore makko, anndude hol sababuuji ngonɗi ngoroondi miijooji makko, golle makko, e jikkuuji makko. Wellitaare ko waawde humpitaade ooɗo bannge cuuɗiiɗo e neɗɗo.
C2 KO WELLITAARE WONI
NGOOROONDI NEƊƊIYANKAAGAL( LA
MORALE). KANT.
E yiyannde Kant, ko wellitaare woni ngooroondi neɗɗiyankaagal. Ko wellitaare hokkata golle neɗɗiyankaagal faayiida, loowdi e maanaa. Ngati ko neɗɗo dimɗuɗo, ko hakkille bellitiiɗo waawi tan yuumtinde gollal baɗngal maana to neɗɗiyankaagal. Nde wonnoo, to les ɗee golle, sakkii ko cuɓagol jowitingol e wellitaare meere. Ko ɗooftagol ngol ndool-ndoolnaaka.
E nder miijtiyankaagal Kant, neɗɗiyankaagal waawa jogaade faayida gaa-gaa wellitaare. To bannge goɗɗo, gollal pawangal e yiɗde(la volonté) waɗde fotde mum tan (son devoir), feñinta wellitaare neɗɗo. Ngati sakkii gollal ngal ko yiɗde tan waɗde fotde mum. Yeru mo kant hokkata: ko fotde neɗɗo salaade fen’de. Ngol calagol ɗooftingol ko wonaa fotde añde, na hollira neɗɗo ko tamɗo hoore mum, ɗowɗo yiɗde mum, mo heytaaki soklaaji ɓanndu mum, e konngol daɓɓol ko neɗɗo bellitiiɗo.
Tonngol. Wellitaare dowrowre. J.P. Sartre
” La conscience est, en effet ce qui empêche l’homme
d”être” sur le même mode d’être des choses”.
Miijtiyankaagal Sartre na roondi ko heewi, ko faati e neɗɗo, goodal e wellitaare. Ngal miijtiyankaagal omo sifoo ngal, e deftere makko wiyeteende: woodiyankaagal ko neɗɗankaagal- l’existentialisme est un humanisme. Omo hollira heen wonnde aduna o, goodal ngal e ngurndam ɗam alaa heen ko faamni, alaa heen ko hakkille waawi hoccude to loowdi, e maana. To iwa faamnaaki, to faya faamnaaki. Aduna o e ƴerngo mum alaa heen fof to hollirta won faayndaare mawnde, faayondin’de laaɓtunde jogaa: fof ko kunuus to bannge maana e faamaamuya.
E nder ɗuum, ɓayde tago waɗii neɗɗo jom hakkille paamoowo, kumpittooɗo, jaltinoowo ganndal omo waawi rokkude goodal ngal, aduna o loowde e maana ( donner du sens à l’existence et au monde). E yiyannde makko kadi, neɗɗo ko bellitiiɗo, neɗɗo ko wellitaare, ”l’homme est libre, l’homme est liberté”.Ngati neɗɗo tan jogii hakkille( conscience) paamɗo goodal mum, mbaawɗo wiide aduna o na woodi, winndere nde na woodi. Ɓayde neɗɗo na jogii oo hatan, nguu ngalu (hakkille e wellitaare) ko kañum hokkata hoore mum faayida, tafata taarik janngo mum, wonata baylo ngonka mum. Ndi mbaylaandi fawii tan ko e gollal neɗɗo. E nder ɗuum neɗɗo ko kaliifa golle mum, kaliifa nanndo mum, kaliifa aduna( responsable de ses actes, de son semblable et du monde). To wadtan, wellitaare e miijtiyankaagal Sartre: ko waawde suɓaade won’de ko yiɗi ko, walla saalaade ko woni ko.
JAMAL SOW. FRANCE
Ndee ɗo winndannde eggaa ko ummoraade e Jamaa-Tabital Pulaaku e yamiroore binnduɗo o Ceerno Jamal Sow


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Fedde Leelawal Pinal e gardagol Usmaan Abdullaay Bah lollirɗo Mboondi Kummba e hooreeɓe mum teddungal Sammba Baabayel Njaay e Jah Abuu Haamiidu, yuɓɓinii jammaaji ɗiɗi Pinal pattamlami, ñalnde 8 e ñalnde 9 lewru jolal hitaande 2014 to Dingiral Cehilaagal. Fedde ndee addi ko Kecco-joom-Karwaas walla Kecco Yeenee-yooɓee lollirɗo Abuu Jubaa Deh e diɗɗal mum. Rokkaa teddungal udditde jamma gadano oo ko Abdarahmaani Njaatigi Joop to Oolo-oolooga, gollotooɗo to Boowal-laaɗe diwooje Nuwaasot.
Faandaare fedde ndee ko siftinde Nuwaasotnaaɓe wonde geɗe men ganni potaani welsindeede haa teeŋti e nder teeruuji bayɗi no Nuwaasot, Nuwaadibu, Suwoyraat, Rooso, Kayhayɗi, ekn sabu ko ɗoon nguurndameeje yimɓe ɓee ɓuri dooltinde hannde. Kala ko neɗɗo jeyi, yo waɗtu heen hakkille mum waasa yeeboraade ɗum geɗe janane. Lowe ko peccaaɗe, ena haani gooto fof rema lowre mum tawo woto sooyreede.
Ko ɗuum jeyi sabaabu nde nde cosaa ñalnde aljumaa 22 lewru juko 2014, alaa ko ari e hakkille mayre so wonaa eeraade Abuu Juubaa Deh e noddude Abdarahmaani Njaatigi Joop ngona sukkiti-bawɗi golle mayre to bannge pinal.
So Geno newnii ne maa nde yuɓɓin kiirɗeeli bayɗi nii e nder gure mawɗe leydi ndii ɗo ɓiɓɓe Fulɓe ngoni ngam daɗndude ko heddanii Fulɓe e pinal ngal e rokkitde naalankooɓe Leñol ngol ko ɗawanoo e ooɗoo dumunna cakkitiiɗo.
Kiirɗeeli ɗii mbaɗii faayiida sanne sabu pottital bayrunongal waɗde waɗii e ɗiiɗoo e jammaaji to Dingiral Cehilaagal. Yimɓe mawɓe ngarii heen, gila e nulaaɓe Meeri Sebka, naalankooɓe mawɓe e haaliyankooɓe dowluɓe. Teskaama kadi garal gorko teddinɗo naalankooɓe ɓaleeɓe, balloowo ɗumen balle teskinɗe ena wiyee Mohammed Lemiin mo America Legend.
Gelongal Fuuta lollirɗo, Njaay Saydu Aamadu

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Fuuta Jaloo
Fuuta Jaloo (na Fuuta Jalon) ko leydi doŋi e pelle jeyaandi hannde e Ndenndaandi Gine. Hindi tummbii hakkunde Gine.
Joogarafi[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]
Fuuta Jaloo (leydi Fulɓe e Jalunkeeɓe) no wertii e ko yahata 80.000 Km2. Ɗii ɗoo nooneeji leydi no tawee e mayri: boowe, ndantaari, hansaŋere, doŋi, pelle, dunkiiji. Ce’e (teelal: seere) e ayɗe no heewi kadi.
Buruuji (teelal mum ko: buruure) e wonndiije (teelal: wonndiire) no heddii haa jooni fii kala sunnugol buruuji nyaamii ko heewi e funngo ngon. Fello ɓurngo toowde ngon no wi’ee Fello Luura, hingo hewta meeteraaji 1515.
E ndunngu (ittude lewru awril haa ottoombur), toɓo no heewi Fuuta Jaloo. Canɗi e maaje kadi no ila e ndin leydi, yoga e maaje ɓurɗe mawnude ɗen, wano Dimmawol (caangol Dimma) wontugol Maayo Gammbi, ɓalewol (maayo ɓaleewo) anndiraangol kadi Maayo Senegal fow ko ton tubbi. Yoga e canɗi go’o kadi ko Kunkure, Kolenten ekn. Fuuta Jaloo no hittani fota Afirik Hiirnaangeeri ngam canɗi mum e maaje mum.
Yimɓe[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]
Lenyol ɓurngol ɗuuɗude ngol ko Fulɓe. Hiɓe wowla pular, caltuka fulfulde, jeyduka e pulaarji Senegal e Gammbiya kono hika سنلخjogii mbaadiiji makka heertiiɗi. Leƴƴi go’o kadi ko Jalunkeeɓe, Jaakankeeɓe, Maninkaaɓe, Konyaagiiɓe, Basariiɓe, Bajarankeeɓe, ekn. Ko ɗemngal pular ɓuretee wowleede Fuuta Jaloo.
Nyamri Fuuta Jalunkeeɓe ɓen ko ɓuri kon ko maaro, fonnye, kaaba kanyum e kuusuuji wano kappe e jaabere e putee. Fulɓe ɓen acciino nguurndam egga-hoɗa kono haa jooni ngaynaaku no woodi. Yunngo liƴƴi anndaaka.
Taariika[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]
Also see Kingdom of Fouta Djallon
Ndaar kadi [webFuuta]
Fuuta Jaloo ko leydi hoɗaandi gila duuɓi guluuji guluuji. Hino sikkaa Fulɓe aynooɓe fuɗɗino naatude ton gila jamaanu laamateeri Gana e Malle (hakkunde teeminannde 9aɓere haa 15aɓere. Gooto e murtannooɓe laamateeri Malle ɓen laatino Pullo no wi’ee Koli Teŋella. Hino sikkaa Koli Teŋella ardu e yimɓe mum haa ka wi’etee ɗon hannde Telimile, ko ɗon o surraa (ɗum ko e teeminannde 15aɓere). Ka attorum Fulɓe e lasliiɓe ɓen, ɗum ko Jalunkeeɓe, Soosooɓe e leƴƴi go’o wano Kisiiɓe e Baagaaɓe, ɓe hoɗiduno e hoore jam, teeŋtii nde tawnoo ɓe fow maɓɓe ko sanamuuji ɓe rewaynoo. Kono ittude e teeminannde 18aɓere alsilamaaku fuɗɗii naatude e leydi ndin. Ko Fulɓe iwrunooɓe reedu Maasina wonunoo sabu mum. Nde ɓe tawnoo ɓe fuɗɗike ɗuuɗude e doolnude, ɓe murtitani Jalunkeeɓe ɓen. Hareeji jihaadi wulɗi huɓɓi e leydi ndin. Kono juulɓe ɓen heɓi poolgal. Ko ka konu Talansan, laatinoongu e hitaande 1725 Fulɓe ɓen fooli fes ɓe sinci dawla almamaaku e ley ardungal Alfaa Ibrahiima Sammbegu, ɓurɗo lollirde Karamoko Alfaa. Diiwe 9 sincaa. Kannje woni: Timmbo (laamorde nden), Timmbi Tunni, Keebaali, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Ɓuriyaa, Foodee Hajji, Fugummbaa, Labe. Diiwal kala no mari laamɗo mum. Ko Almaami on woni hooreejo Fuuta on fow, hella ka dawrugol e hella ka diina.
Fii danndugol leydi ndin piiro fii laamu, tuuginorde Fuuta nden halfini laamu ngun cuuɗi ɗiɗi, Soriyaa e Alfaayaa, happani suudu kala duuɓi ɗiɗi. Ngal lomtondiral ka laamu haɗaali fitinaaji yanude hakkunde cuuɗi ɗin ɗiɗi. Nde tawnoo kadi ko njuɓɓudi laamu federasiyon, diiwe ɗen no jokkunoo tun heɓtugol geɓoy geɓoy e mbaawka kan. Ko ɗum lo’ini Fuuta weeɓinani Faransiiɓe naatugol. Caggal nde ɓe foolunoo ka hare Pooredaaka e hitaande 1896, ɓe bonniti almamaaku ngun ɓe lanci yuɓɓo dawroyankeewo ngon. Ko ɗon taariika Fulɓe Fuuta heertiiɗo on timmi sabu gila on saanga leydi ndin ko e nder leydi ɓurndi yaajude, innaandi Gine jeyaa.
Fuuta laatino leydi ganndal e diina e pinal e ɗin jamaanuuji. En limtay yoga e ceernooɓe, karamokooɓe e waliyyuuɓe nantuɓe innde wano: Ceerno Aliyyu Gommbaa, Ceerno Aliyyu Ɓuuɓa Ndiyam, Ceerno Saadu Dalen, Ceerno Maawiyatu Maasi, Ceerno Sammba Mommbeyaa. Ɓen ceernooɓe wallifino defte ɗuuɗuɗe e aarabuure kanyum e pular, wano deftere diina lollunde, Oogirde Malal, nde Ceerno Sammba Mommbeyaa wallifii e pular.
S. G. T
- [webFuuta]


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E tuugnaade e ciimtol Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, hitaande yawtunde ndee, ko Norwees (Norvège) woni hikka leydi ɓurndi moƴƴude nguurndam e winndere ndee, ko yimɓe mayri fof ɓuri weytaade. Rawane ko Danemark wonnoo. Rewi e Norwees ko Danemark, Islande, Suwis, Finlande, Pays-Bas, Canada, Nuwel Selannde, Ostarali e Suwed. Dental Dowlaaji Amerik ari 14, Almaañ 16, Angalteer 19 e Farayse 31.
Heedi laaci e nder leyɗe 155 ɗee fof, ko leyɗeele Afrik worgo Saharaa, sibu ko Sudaan Worgo, Liberiyaa, Gine, Togo, Ruwannda, Tansaani, Burunndi, e Santarafrik. Yanti e ɗeen ko Siiri e Yemen ngonɗe e musiiba golwole.
BAB


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Siftorde Dr Sonja Fagerberg-Diallo
Ñalnde 5 Mbooy (Mars/March) 2008, pulaar waasii gooto e yiɗɓe mum. Korsinnooɗo pinal Fulɓe, rokki nguurndam mum fof ngam ƴellitaare ɗemngal pulaar. Ganndunooɗo ɗemngal wuurnata ɗum ko haaleede kono alɗinta ɗemngal, ɓeyda yaajnude pinal joom mum en, ko winndeede. Doktoor Sonja (Soña) Fagerberg-Diallo, sabu kanko njiɗɗen haalde, yarlitinanoomo nguurndam fof ngam janngude e jannginde Pulaar; o wiɗti o winndi o muuli defte Pulaar.
Doktoor Sonja Fagerberg-Diallo (1951- 2008), ko kanum sosi Associates in Research and Education for Development (ARED). O yalti ko Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde ngal Minnesota.; o yahrunoo ko jaŋde Afriknaaje (ko toɗɗi pine e neɗɗaagal Afrik). E hitaande 1982 o heɓi doktoraa makko e ɗemɗiyankaagal-tawa tuugnii ko ɗemɗe Afriknaaje- to Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Wiskonsan (University of Wisconsan, Madison).
Sonja wuuri e nder Senegaal ko ene ɓura duuɓi 30, kadi o anndiranoo ko golle makko jowitiiɗe e binndugol e muulgol defte pulaar. Eɗen nganndi o mo jeyaa e yimɓe fuɗɗuɓe ɗum tawa ko e mbaydi fanniyankaagal. Ɗuum noon eɗen nganndi ko pellital, yarlitaare e wonndude e yiɗde mawnde tan waawi waɗnude ɗum neɗɗo. Nde tawnoo meccal ngal suwaano ƴellitaade, ndeke noon joom maggagal waawaano loritaade heen ngam wuurnude hooree mum saka noon alɗude heen.
Giɗli hakkunde Dr Sonja e ɗemngal Pulaar fuɗɗii ko 1974 nde o woni almuudo o mo waɗa doktoraa makko e ɗemɗe Afriknaaje e coñce mum en. E ngaan saanga o wuuri e nder Senegal duuɓi jeegom (6) o mo golla e deftere makko timminirde jaŋde (dissertation) nde tiitoonde mum wonnoo ko: Syntatic Expension in Text: Beyond Subject-Verb-Object in the Pulaar Language.
E 1985 kanko e musiɗɓe makko ɗiɗo ɗemɗiyankeeɓe, Fari Silaat Kah e Prof. Mammadu Njaay, ɓe denti, ɓe tafi fedde ene wiyee: Goomu Winndiyankeeɓe e Ɗemɗe Ngenndiije, (Groupe d’Initiative pour la Promotion du Livre en Langues Nationales-GIPLLN- e ɗemngal Farayse). E ngaan saanga hay gooto e maɓɓe alaano humpito walla karallagal e ko fayti e muulngo defte, kono ɓe pelliti muulde deftere Yero Dooro Jallo, “ Ndikkiri Joom Moolo”. E 1990 Sonja sosi ARED wonndude e fayndaare muulde defte kese ngam waɗde jaribooji e ko fayti e jaŋde mawɓe, kadi e heblude jannginooɓe ɓe ene kuwtoroo ɗee ɗoon defte. Gila ARED sosaa e 1990 haa hannde ɓe muuli ko ene ɓura 150 tiitoonde e ɗemngal Pulaar.
Dr Sonja Fagarberg maayi ko ñalnde 5 lewru Mbooy 2008 to saare Seattle, Washington. USA.
Hayso tawii ɓanndu makko wirniima gite men, o wirnotaako e ɓerɗe men. Pulaagu e winndere Fulɓe njejjittaa o banndiraaɗo dewbo jibinaaɗo Ameriknaajo kono fodoore waɗi ɗum ngeɗu Fulɓe. Golle makko e nder men ko guurɗe ɗe maaytataa, majjata, kala yonta garɗo ko en daartooɓe.


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To bannge farayse. Nde faayre nde mawni haa Farayse natti waawde suuɗde nde, felliti ko ummanaade mo, woni e daɗɗude peeje. Ñalnde 14 lewru duujal hitaande 1983, e nder jaagorde jotondiral e kuutondiral ( ministère de la Coopération ), Gii Peen, diisnondirɗo keeriiɗo Faransuwaa Miteraŋ(François Mitterrand) ko fayti e geɗe afriknaaje, saaktani jaayndeyankooɓe ngolɗoo konngol, ko aldaa e ƴeŋƴaare:
Ɓooyataa, mi yaha Wagadugu momtoyde jaagorgal gadanal ngal.
Mbele o faynditorii e helmere”momtoyde” nde ko warde walla ko ittude? Haa yeeso ko laawol.
Nii woni, ñalnde aaɓnde, 16 lewru duujal hitaande 1983, laana makko futti Pari, juuroyii Wagadugu, heedde 23w50 hojom, omo ardi e daalambol jaayndeyankooɓe fanniyankooɓe geɗe Afrik. Jaayndeyankooɓe ɓe payraa Otel Silmannde, kanko Gii Peen, o fayi to galle jooɗaniiɗo leydi Farayse e Wagadugu. Nde o yettii, o haalani Ammbasadeer o haaju gadduɗo mo walla ko woni sabaabu garal makko:
” Min nattii yiɗde nantude haala jaagorgal gadanal ngal ena haalee. Ɗum ne yo won ko adii janngo”.
Jooɗaniiɗo ɗoon leydi Farayse o jeertini mo nde tawnoo ena humpitii wonde Sankara wonaa jaagorgal gadanal tan mehal. Kono ko jaagorgal e huunde. Omo jogii jagge tiiɗɗe e nder konunkaagu ngu no o jogorii jagge tiiɗɗe e nder renndo ngo. Gii Peen wiyi:” ɗum noon yo o jagge”.
Ko nii addi nanngal Tomaa Sankara, hono no kollirɗen dow nii, weenndoogo ñalnde talaata 17 lewru duujal hitaande 1983 e yamiroore Kolonel Gabiyel Some Yoriyaŋ.
Kono ɗum fof e wayde noon hebbiti keewngal ko dewgol Faransuwa Miteraŋ to Wagadugu e haala ka Tomaa Sankara nantini mo ka, nde tawnoo hono ɗum wayri ko gila hakkunde Ahmed Seeku Tuure e Seneraal Deegool e hitaande 1958. Gila ndeen hankadi ena wonde ñaamɗe Tomaa Sankara ngoni ko e huuɓde e laamu.
To bannge Kodduwaar
To bannge Kodduwaar, caggal nde peeje baɗanooɗe ngam haɗde laamu Tomaa Sankara deeƴde ɗe fof ndomki yuumtude, Hufut Booñi wayli sawru mbawgu, ƴeewi feere ɓurnde yamɗude, so etaade seerndude Tomaa Sankara e Belees Kompaawore. Nii woni ñalnde 15 lewru siilo hitaande 1985, o teddiniri, kanko Hufut Booñi, lappol burkinaanaaɓe e gardagol Belees Kompaawore, hiraande fattamlamre. E nder heen, o ɗaɓɓiri gardiiɗo duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Yamusukoro( Proɓiseur du Lycée des Jeunes de Yamoussoukoro), nde suɓtotoo keele e nder ɓurɓe ŋarɗude e sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe, nelda toon. Ko nii kadi addani Santaal Terason( Chantal Terrasson) suɓteede e hebleede ngam jaribaade Belees Kompaawore. Ciftinen wonde e oon sahaa, ko Belees gooto wonnoo surga e nder goomu laaminoongu Burkinaa Fasoo ngu. Lebbi nay caggal ganndondiral Belees Kompaawore e Santaal Terason, dewgal maɓɓe yiilaa, hoppaa, haɓɓaa haa baaji keddii.
E lewru duujal, Santaal Terason hurtoyii to wuro Poo. Tomaa Sankara tawtoroyaama yannge nge kono wonaa e sago mum nde tawnoo omo faami ko golle Hufut ngoni ɗoon kadi omo anndi fayndaare jooɗtoraande heen nde.
To bannge Togo
Ngañgu laamu Tomaa Sankara wonaa tan to bannge Koddiwaar heednoo. Hay laamu Togo e gardagol Seneraal Eyadema meeɗaani suuɗde mettere mum. Eyadema seeraani e tuumde Tomaa Sankara e Jeri Rawliŋ e heblude luutndiiɓe laamu mum gila e peeje haa e kaɓirɗe. E ko refti heen, alɗuɓe dognooɓe laamu Tomaa Sankara fof mooloyii ko Togo.
Warngo Tomaa Sankara fof e fewjeede gila e hitaande 1983, alaa sago Farayse e Kodduwaar e Togo ndaña kaggu nder leydi Burkinaa Fasoo, ɗo lalii feere mumen nde. Oon kaggu dey ko Belees Kompaawore e Silbeer Jenndere.
Hannde Tomaa Sankara tuɗɗiima leppi kono o tuɗɗaama leppi manoore e teddungal, nde wonnoo o maayi ko e wolde. O maayi ko kaɓirɗe ena e junngo makko. O maayi ko omo ɓoornii paɗe ndimaagu…
Njaay Saydu Aamadu


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Eɗen njokka nguuurndam baaba Aadama (JKM) fawaade e winndiyankooɓe adiiɓe.
Hawaa kañum ne addanaa ngelooba ummiiba to aljanna ina fawii e dow mum iililal kaŋŋe luulu, o waɗɗii e dow heen, Jibril jippii, jaggi labangal puccu Aadama, maleyka Miikaayiil ina sawndii Aadama ina heedi ɗum bannge ñaamo, Asraafiil ina heedi ɓe bannge nano, o yiilni Aadama en e nder asamaanuuji jeeɗiɗi ɗii kala, ɗo ɓe mbirtii maleykaaji kala Aadama wona e salminde ɗi, haa ɓe ngari e damal aljanna, ɓe ndarii ɗoon waktu kuurɗo. Ko ndeen geno toowɗo Oo lonngini aadama, wiyi ɗumɗoo ko aljannaaji ɗiɗi : ɗoo ko galle teddungal mon, naatee no weliri on. E ko geno wiyi ɓe, no haaldi e nder Ɓuraana mum tedduɗo “ñaame heen no haaniri e kala no njiɗir-ɗon, kono hoto ɓadto-ɗee kiiɗoo lekki laato-ɗon kon tooñɓe” simoore nagge, kaawise :35. Ɓe kollaa maleykaaji, refti heen ɓe naatnaa to nder aljannaaji. Maleykaaji ɗii mbiyi “eehey maa Aadama, jippo ɗoo aan e Hawwaa.” Ɓe njippii, ɓe njooɗii e dow leeso, refti heen ɓe ngaddanaa enɗi ɗiɗi reseŋ, lelnaa e jeese maɓɓe, leeso ngoo noon njuuteendi mum ina yahranee ñalawma kuurɗo e jamma mum. Ɓe ñaami, ɓe njari e nder mbelelmma aljanna. Laatiima Aadama so yiɗii renndude e Hawwaa, ɓe naattata ko he fabiyoŋ kaŋŋe luulu, fabiyoŋ oo tellinee e maɓɓe ngam suturo maɓɓe ina ñilka no majje nih. Laatiima Hawwaa so ina yaha e nder tataaji aljannaaji ɗii, he nder ɗee kurmuɗe, ɗum firti so tawii ko huunde ɓalejum ko maa hurma, so tawii ko ko wojji ko maa hurma, so ndaneeri ko noon. Hono ibnu Sinii wiyi “Aadama adii ñaamde e ɓesnooje aljanna ko jaaɓe.” Hono ibnu Abbaas wiyi, o adii ñaamde ko reseŋ, kono ɓe mbaɗtindii ñaamde ko gemhaa (Blé). Caggal ɗuum, o yartii sanngara aljannaaji, oon sanngara noon wiyaama ko sanngara aljanna, e oon sanngara so o yarii ɗum ina ɓeydana mo weltaare mawnde sanne. E kala jarɗo sanngara aduna yarataa sanngara aljannaaji ñalnde darga. Haa jooni dee ko konngol ibnu abbaas, o wiyi “haɗi aadama e Hawwaa fuɗɗoraade ñaamde gawri, ko ngam heewde caɗeele, ngam nde neɗɗo heɓata heen ko ñaami ko maa heɓa tampere no feewi”. Ndeen tampere fuɗɗotoo ko gila e lewre e jabbere haa heɓi coñal, caggal ɗuum, unee haa conndi heɓee heen, waɗee mburu walla ko waawi waɗeede fof. Ko waɗi wiyeede nde heɓatee joommum wonata ko he lollere mawnde. Ko ɗuum e nanallaaji goongɗinɓe ɓee ngadii ñaamde e nder winndere ko reseŋ. Hono ibnu Nisaaburi wiyi “ko o adii ñaamde e keeñe, ko heeñere liingu, ete ko nguun liingu roondii leydi ndii”. Ɗuum ko haa yimɓe aljannaaji ngannda ko halki leƴƴi winndere ndee kala. O wiyi laatiima Aadama ina wanngoo, o tinaani tan, haa o ari e nokku, ndeke lekki mbaaki no gemhaa nii ina ɗoon, geɗe keewɗe ina njoñii lekki kii. Ngam aadi ɓooyɗo mo ɗe mbaɗdunoo hakkunde majje e Geno, ngam reentaade ñaamde e lekki kii, Aadama tawi ki ɗoon. Ina laatii kiin ɗoon lekki ko kañim ɓuri mawnude e leɗɗe aljannaaji. Etee ina fuɗi e dow makki butaali gawri, abbere heen fof foti ko no hoore ngelooba nih, tee ina weli haa wayi no njuumiri, ina ranwi ina wiyi tal, ellee kosam. Nde ibliis kuɗaaɗo oo tini Aadama e Hawwaa naatii aljanna tan, e kadi omo anndi Aadama ko ko haɗaa ñaamde e lekki kii, o diirani damal aljannaaji o darii toon, o darii ɗoon ko ina tolnoo e teemedde tati hitaande. Teemedde tati hitaande noon hiisetee ko waktu gooto e nder ñalawmaaji darnga.
Heddi hankadi ibliis ina fanndoo, ina ƴeewa holi jogorɗo arde ɗoon, holi damal ngal oon jogori naatirde. Winndiyanke oo wiyi, ɗoon e ɗoon haa sonndu yooɗndu ari ina ñaantii e ndu wiyee Ɗaawuus, fulɓe ngalanaa ndu innde, etee ina yaakoraa ko kayru woni mawɗo ndiwri kala ñalnde darnga, ko geno noon ɓuri anndude ɗuum, yo O yaafo en. Ndeen ibliis yiyii sonndu nduu tan, o fayi e mayru, o wiyi “eehey maa sonndu barkinndu, aan kam, to gummi-ɗaa ?” Ndu jaabii, ndu wiyi : ngummii-mi ko to lowe Aadama (sardiŋŋaaji Aadama, Ibliis wi’I mo: won wasiya mo ) njogani-maa-mi, mbiɗo yiɗi naatnaa-mi toon e nder aljannaaji ɗii, miin e maa. Sonndu nduu wiyi mo “ko haɗ maa naatnude hoore maa ?” O wiyi “njiɗ-mi tan ko naatde e dow cuuɗiindi”. Ɗaawuusa wiyi mo “laawol alanaa ma ɗo am ɗoo, kono maa mi addane mo ina naatnu maa e cuuɗiindi”. Ɗaawuusa yahi to ngooroondi, nde yettii ngooroondi, ndi wiyi ɗum “yah to damal aljannaaji too, maa a taw toon gooto e maleykaaji tedduɗi ɗii, maa wood ko yooɓnu maa”. Nde ngooroondi ndii nani ɗum tan, yaaccii, fayi to damal aljannaaji too. Nde ngooroondi yettii Ibliis, Ibliis wiyi ndi “aɗa waawi naatnude mi nder, e dow cuuɗiindi, won ko njooɓnat-maa-mi ?” Ngooroondi ndii wiyi “hol feere nde njogani-maa-mi ngam naatnude ma?” Ibliis wiyi “ɗum kay ina weeɓi, uddit hunuko maa”. Ngooroondi ŋaaɓi hunuko mayri tan, Ibliis sorkii nder hunuko ngooroondi, o wiyi ngooroondi ndii “nawam to lekki Aadama e Hawwaa ngoni kii, so en njettiima ngukkitaa mi ɗoon.”
Ngooroondi yahdi e Ibliis haa yettii lekki ki Aadama ngoni kii, ngooroondi wukkiti ɗoon Ibliis. Nde Ibliis wukkitaa yalti tan, o wonti naalanke ŋanaa, o feewni liite makko e bawɗi makko, omo fiya omo wutta, omo ama, omo ama. Ɗum weli Aadama, kadi ɗum haawi ɗum en, ngam eɓe nganndi ɗo ɓe ngoni ɗoo, neɗɗo alaa ɗoon so wonaa maleyka mo geno neli, ndeke ɓe njaggiri Ibliis ko gooto e maleykaaji geno tedduɗo ɗii. Ɓe mbaɗti ɓadtaade Ibliis eɓe keɗtoo gaaci e bawɗi mum. Ñalnde kala Ibliis ina ɓoda ngam ɓadtaade lekki ki ɓe kaɗaa ñaamde kii. O rewi waɗde ko o waɗatnoo haa yettii lekki kii. Ibliis joofii lekki kii wiyi : “aan Aadama, ko haɗ maa ñaamde kii lekki ?” Aadama wiyi : “minen ko min haɗaaɓe ñaamdee e makki.” Ko ndeen Ibliis wiyi, hono no geno jangtorii ɗum e nder Ɓuraana mum nih, “Geno haɗiraani on ñaamde kiiɗoo lekki so wonaa hoto on laato malekaaji ɗiɗi, laato-ɗon ko on duumiiɓe” simoore iiraafi, kaawise: 20” Iiraaf noon firti e arab ko geejol ngori walla safe puccu. Caggal ɗuum, Ibliis wiyi ɓe : “ kiiɗɗo lekki, kala ñaamɗo ɗum wonataa cukalel, wonataa nayeejo ”. Ko ndeen Ibliis meeɗi woondirde geno, wiyi : “ mi woondiri Geno toowɗo Oo, so on ñaamii heen, hay huunde ɗum lorlataa on. ” Aadama sikki haadi o woondirii Geno, o miijii ibliis woondirtaa Geno e dow fenaade, o yaakorii hankadi ko ɗum wasiya tan. Hawwaa noon faanditinoo e ñaamde lekki kii ko ngam yiɗde duumaade e nder aljannaji ɗii, ko ɗum tagi ko kanko adii ƴettude e lekki kii o ñaami ɗum. Aadama ina ƴeewa, nde Aadama ƴeewi ha o ñaami yiyi oon ine hisi, kañum ne itti heen abbere ñaami. Abbere nde o ñaami ndee, nde naatnoo reedu makko tan, tenngaade makko laamu ndee weɗii, ummii e hoore makko, kala ko o tottiranoo ngam laamu nguu ɗum ummii e makko.
Hol ko tagi nde Hawwaa ñaami gabbe lekki kii, koltu mum laamu nguu ɓooraaki ? Waɗi noon ko so Aadama yiyiino geɗe Hawwaa fof ina caami, ndeen Aadama ñaamataa, etee ko kañum ƴeewatee. Yoga e annduɓe mbiyi addani Aadama ñaamde abbere lekki kii ko o yejjit, ko ɗuum tagi Geno Toowɗo Oo wiyde e nder Ɓuraana “ ko goonga mi fiɓondiriino e Aadama ko adii, o yejjiti ” simoore ɗaaha, kaawise: 115. Nde Aadama ñaami abbere lekki kii ndee, Geno lonngini Jibriil (JKM), yo jaggu ginol Aadama e Hawwaa o yaltina ɓe Aljanna. Ko nii woni jibriil yaltini ɓe Aljanna, o waɗti noddirde ɓe woofɓe. Hono no winndiyanke oo wiyiri ɗum woni ko laatii Aadama e Hawwaa ngonti holɓe hay tekkere ɓe ngalaa, ɓe naatti e nder aljannaaji ɗii eɓe ƴeewa suuroraade beremrefi e kuɗi leɗɗe ɗee, hay ɗuum ne kadi waɗtindi ko dogde ɓe, ɓe mbiyi : “ lekki ki ɓe suuroraade kii wiyetee ko tiin, ko kiin wonti suturo maɓɓe ngam ko cate kiin lekki ɓe cuurorii. Wiyaama kadi ko lekki ina wiyee uwda kii noon ina huutoree ngam yaltinde heen jeynge, firti, e ki waɗiree pofal. Ɓe mbiyi, ko kiin ɓe cuurorii, fawtii heen kadi eki uuri ngam eki waɗiree cuuraawi, ɗuum noon eɗen mbaawi innirde ki munnaas. Lekki ki geno teddini sanne. Won wiyɓe kadi ko lekki puuɗdi, ko ɗum addani rewɓe yiɗde ñaantoraade puuɗdi. Hono kaaba El Ahbaari wiyi nde Aadama waɗtindii e kolndam, Geno Toowɗo Oo lonngini mo feewde e mum, wiyi mo “ yaltu haa mi ɓeydoo ƴeewde ma ”. Aadama wiyi : “ eehey maa joomi am, mi hattanaani ɗuum, ngam kersa am e gacce am feewdee maa ”. Ko ndeen Jibriil nanngi e juŋngo Aadama ina woni kolɗo ina heddii hoore mehre, o yahdi e mum to haayre mawnde ina to leydi Enndo ine wiyee Raayhuun, o jippini mo ɗoon saanga kikiiɗe, ina hawri ñalnde aljumaa. Etee Hawwaa kañum ne kala ko wonnoo e mum ko wayi no cuɗaari e mbaadi, ɗum ɓoraa he mum haa laaɓi cer. Ko ndeen kadi o fuɗɗii ellaade, walla mbiyen ɗum ruŋaade, yiyde ƴiiƴam, o natti anndude asko, ko ndeen yimɓe mbaɗti wiyɓe ɓiɓɓe aadama, ko ɗum waɗi alaa e ɓiyɓe maɓɓe fof, jooftinteeɗo e Hawwaa. Waɗi noon ko kanko renndini Aadama e Ibliis ngam adaade ñaamde lekki kaɗaaki ñaameede kii.
Hawaa noon kañum jippinoyaa ko Jidda, e konngol Geno toowɗo Oo, (o wiyI : njippo-ɗee yoga e mon e yoga keddiiɗo ko añondirɓe, etee leydi wonanii on ñiiɓirde e dakmitorde haa abada) simoore iiraaf, kaawise: 24”
Jibriil Muusaa Joop
Ine jokki e tonngoode faande


text:
Leydi, teeŋti noon e ndi swaalo ndi, ko e ngaluuji tago ɓurɗi himmude ɗi yimɓe hoɗɓe daande maayo njeɗaa, ɗum wonani ɗumen sewnde wuurnoore, ñawndana ɓe saqqaaji maɓɓe kala kamɓe e ɓesnguuli maɓɓe. Ko ɗum waɗi faggudu daande maayo, gila e waalo ngo haa e jejogol ngol, ko ndema e ngaynaaka, sabu ko e ɗiin nokkuuji ndema golletee, so tawii ko caggal toɓo walla duttugol ilameeje.
Leydi, teeŋti noon e ndi swaalo ndi, ko e ngaluuji tago ɓurɗi himmude ɗi yimɓe hoɗɓe daande maayo njeɗaa, ɗum wonani ɗumen sewnde wuurnoore, ñawndana ɓe saqqaaji maɓɓe kala kamɓe e ɓesnguuli maɓɓe. Ko ɗum waɗi faggudu daande maayo, gila e waalo ngo haa e jejogol ngol, ko ndema e ngaynaaka, sabu ko e ɗiin nokkuuji ndema golletee, so tawii ko caggal toɓo walla duttugol ilameeje.
Ko ɗiin nokkuuji ne kay ɓuri henanaade nehgol jawdi. Ko ɗum waɗi kala e nokkuuji leydi he ɗo toɓo yanata walla ilam naatata, gila dawaa dawi, ko ko jeyaa fawaade e tippudi renndo mum : to bannge leƴƴi ɓaleeji ɗi ko ɓuri teeŋtude e jeyi mum en fawii ko e galleeji enɗam walla koɗki gure. To bannge safalɓe ɗum ɓuri yowitaade ko e leƴƴi maɓɓe (tiribiiji) nde wonde kadi faggudu maɓɓe ɓuri yowitaade ko e ngaynaaka, kala leñol e maɓɓe haɓantoo ko hippude bertalle durnirɗe jaajɗe.
Dowla Moritani noon gila jibinaa e kitaale 60, woni ngoƴa mum dowrowo ko hol no tabitinirta mbaawka mum e wertaango keeri leydi ndi kala e yimɓe hoɗɓe e mum. Ɗum saɗtiri no feewi dowla o, nde wonde hakkillaaji ɓuri mahaade tawo ko e aadaaji e juɓɓule gaadanteeje, hay to bannge jeyi, yimɓe ɓe ngoongɗini tan ko jeyi gaadanteejo. Ko ɗum waɗi denndaangal sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jeyi leydi ƴettaaɗi, gila e jamaanu koloñal, ciynugol mum saɗtii walla mbiyen won ɗo aamnaaki.
Sariya mo 83 127 hitaande 1983 ɓamranoo ko yiɗde yuɓɓinde jeyi leydi e nder Moritani tawa faandaare mum rowrowre ko wellitde laamu e jeytaare huunde e ngaluuji tago tawa ina golloroo ɗum e nafoore ndenndaandi. Faandaare sariya o in waawi fecceede e pecce tati :
1- Anniya laamu ko laɓɓitinde jeyi leydi hol no foti siforaade e leydi he. Jeyuuji ko tati tan : jeyi laamu keeriiɗo, jeyi keeriiɗo tawa ko teelɗuɗo wonande ɓiɗɓe leydi e jeyi ndenndaandi ngonndie njiimaandi laamu.
2- Kala jeyi tuuginooɗo e jeyi joowre, jeyi leƴƴi walla kinɗe nattii jaɓeede walla nii hiisetee ko woodaani. Kala kadi mo waawaa dallinde jeyi mum tawa fawii ko e golle jiytiniiɗe (leɗɗe loraaɗe, boyli, mahdi, batte ndema ekn..), ɗum firti kala ko alaa batte ko joganoo, ko jeyi laamu. Ko ɗum waɗi hay ko anndaa ko ko jeyanoo, so tawii jooɗiima duuɓi sappo gollaaka yantii e bayti laamu (jeyi laamu). Laamu noon ina rokki joom en jeyuuji joowe walla jeyuuji leƴƴi fartaŋŋe rentude e juɓɓule kese (Kooperatifuuji) nduttoo, peccitoo leydi mum en e nder jeyi teelɗuɗo.
3- Ko laamu rokkata leydi wonande jiɗɗo ɗaɓɓude jeyde hettere leydi e nder ko hiisetee hankadi ko jeyi laamu keeriiɗo oo. Jeyi ndenndaandi rokketaake, yeeyetaake kono ina luɓee, ina hasee tawa noon fof ko e yamiroore laamu. Laamu ina lelni sarɗiiji mum hol no neɗɗo dañirta leydi haa wonta jeyi mum mo taƴi hattan mum tawa ina waawi yeeyde, rokkirde walla luɓde.
Eɗen poti faamde wonde ina jeyaa e ko saabii laamu ngu ƴettude ooɗoo sariya ko yiɗde ɗum laaɓtinde e yuɓɓinde tippudi jeyi leydi sabu e ɗum jeyaa e sarɗiiji ɗi leyɗeele e pelle adunayankooje ballitooje en ɗaɓɓunoo ngam waawde wallitde en. Ɓeen wallitooɓe njiɗi ko yo jotondire yimɓe to bannge jeyi leydi ngon jotondire qiimirteeɗe kaalis. Ɗum woni ñamlooɓe kaalis ko wayi no bankeeji so ina ñamla tawa ina nganndi mo ñamlondiri (tawa wonaa leñol fof ñamlondiri) tawa kadi joom leydi ina waawi ñamlaade kaalis, jukna leydi mum, joom ñamaande daña ɗo nangtii.
So tawii e nder ko huuftidini, eɗen mbaawi wi’de wonde sariya oo ko sariya moƴƴo, nawroowo yeeso sabu amo wallita ƴellitaare faggudu, ittataa teski-ɗen ko no o siinira nii, o ƴetti ko mbaadi teetgol leyɗeele janane. Sabu no ɗum yahri nii, jom leydi en e nder daande maayo teskii ko ɗo ndematnoo fof Administarasiyon ittii ɗum rokki yimɓe woɗɓe ɓe njeyaaka e nokku he, haa ɗum ɗeɓi wayde no leñam-leñaagu nii. Sabu so tawii faanditanoo heen ko ƴellitde faggudu ndema ɗum yiyaaka tawo, sabu yoga e yimɓe rokketeeɓe leyɗeele ɗe ngonaa remooɓe, ko julankooɓe, ɓe keɓata leyɗeele ɗe ko e perfeeji e governoruuji banndiraaɓe maɓɓe(teskini heen yoga e ɓeen ko safalɓe) , ɓe nduttoo ɓe njeya ɗum woɗɓe, ɓe caawa kaalis oo ɓe njahda heen. Leyɗeele teetiranoo ko ɗaminaade rokketeeɓe ɓe maa liggo leyɗeele ɗe leydi ndi naftoroo, kono ɗum wayaani noon, eɗen mbaawi ni wi’de e nder leyɗeele teemedere fof dokkiraaɗe e daande maayo he, ko golletee heen hannde diwaani leyɗeele sappo (10%).
Fannu goɗɗo ne ko caggal ko lolliri « Ewenemaaji », artiranooɓe Senegaal ndokkaama leyɗeele taccinanooɓe walla nii heen sahaaji hay ɓe taccinaaka, e nder ɓeen, heewɓe coomiima heen tawi meeɗaa yahde Senegaal, kono kadi ina jeyanoo e oon sahaa e politigi laamu Maawiya waylude mbaadi koɗki daande maayo, ɗum waɗi won ittaaɓe tan to koɗnoo dow, mbiyaa yoo ngar koɗta e gure janane, ndokkee leydi. Ɗum fof hannde ina addi jiiɓru mawndu e daande maayo he sabu tetananooɓe leyɗeele mum en njiɗi heɓtude kaake mum en, jogiiɓe leyɗeele ɗe mbiyata wonde kañum en « keɓri ko laamu, ko laamu waawi heɓtude e mum en », laamu ne suwaa ummanaade tottitde joomum en leyɗeele mum en, eɗen kuli nii mbar pollugol laamu sidioca waɗtata oon ɗamaamuya « koyɗol muumo ».
Ko ɗum waɗi jom leyɗeele en aadanteeɓe njirata ɗum kono jinngere nii kaake mum en teetaama rokkaama woɗɓe (foksineeruuji, julankooɓe e woɗɓe) e tee ɓeen ngollaaki leyɗeele no ɓe ndonkirnoo golloraade ɗum nii sabu nakkere ilam. E tee e sahaaji ɓennuɗi ɗi, nde wonde yimɓe daande maayo haqqillaaju mum en ko ownanooɗi, ko goonga ɓe ndartiima ngam falaade ɗum haa won heen njeeyi pittaali mum en (wuro Sillaa to gorgol) kono noon doole njerondiraani.
Ñalawma hannde oo teskini ko remooɓe to daande maayo to ko ummaniiɓe yiɗde heɓtude leyɗeele mum en, ina jeyaa noon ko saabii ndeedoon darnde waame politigi garɗunooɗo e piilgol Siidi Muhammed wul Sheex Abdallaahi. Sabu e nder tuugnorgal makko politigi e nder kampaañ makko, o huninooma artirde yimɓe taccinanooɓe, tottita ɗum en leyɗeele mum en, mumtude kala tooñanngeeji e loruuji pawanooɗi e leñol ɓaleeɓe. Ko oon ɗamamuya e heppere nde won ɓeen njogii e baasgol Administarasiyon daranaade ɗum, addani won heen ummaade mbele ina teeɗtira doole mum en leyɗeele mum en ( ko ɗum woni ko waɗi Calgu e Baabaaɓe ko). Ina foti teskeede wonde ko ɗum ummondere hesere haaɗaani tan e Barakna, kono gorgol e tararsa fof, yimɓe mum ina keewi jokkondirde e Administarasiyon ina ɗaɓɓa tottiteede leyɗeele mum en.
Laamu ina foti e ko fay arde yuurnitaade politigi mum ko yowitii e mbayliigu tippudi jeyi leydi ƴettunoo e hitaande 1983, sabu ɗum woni hikka duuɓi noogaas e joy (25), ina haani oon politigi ɓetee, ƴeewtee ko laƴata heen ko safree, ƴeewee kadi mbele ko faanditanoo heen ko so dañaama.
Sabu so tawii en nduttiima hay no sariya o wi’iri nii ko heewi e ko waɗa ko yahdaani heen ; Yeru jooni yoga e rokkanooɓe leyɗeele ɗe njogii ko « Yamiroore e mudda gollagol leydi » (Autorisation Provisoire et Précaire d’exploiter) e tee sarɗiiji pawaaɗi heen ɗi, hay gooto e maɓɓe hormaaki ɗum : ko wayno gollaade leydi ndi golle maantinde e nder duuɓi joy caggal dokkirgol ngol, waasde yeeyde walla rokkirde leydi ndi ekn…kono hannde yoga e ɓe inɗe mum en njaltunoo e dokkirgol leyɗeele ɗe, nattii ɗum jeyde sabu ɗum rewii e fotde juuɗe tati haa e juuɗe joy. E tee sariya oo e ngal geɗal darnde mu mina laaɓti sabu wi’i : « kala jeeyɗo, dokkuɗo, gostiiɗo, kasɗo leydi ndi suwaa rokkeede dokkal pandungal, ina wayno kaayit mum nattii dagaade ». Ɗum firti ko e oo sahaa e teskaade yoga e leyɗeele ɗee ngollaaka, kadi kormaaki sarɗiiji ɗi laamu fawnoo e dokkal ngal, heddani laamu ngu tan ko ƴettude kuulal heɓta leyɗeele ɗe, sakka feere yumtunde no peccitagol leydi ko fayi arde rewata laawol : laamu itta heen ko ina golloroo e nafoore ndenndaandi, rokka heen joom leyɗeele waali-wuro en ko nguurdi kono kadi totta heen jom jawɗeele en tigi rigi gollotooɓe ko yowitii e ndema kesa haralleewo wallitoowo duuñtude heege e nder leydi he. Waali-wuro en daande maayo ina poti faamde wonde jeyi leydi waawataa heddaade e no wooru noo gila e jamanuuji ɓennuɗi sabu aduna oo wayliima, jooni ko Dowlaaji kesi, karallaagal kesal ɗaɓɓungal njuɓɓudi kesiri, ɗum noon ɓe mbaawataa wi’de tan eɓe nantoo e « ɗee leyɗeele , min tawri ɗum en ko taaniraaɓe amen » On potaani salaade sakkitde peeje e laamu no huutororii huunde e leyɗeele mon kono woppira on heen ko nguurdu-ɗon tawa laamu ina wallita on no ngollori-ɗon, « hoto ñale waas, hoto ɓirdugal waas ».
Maamuudu Haaruuna Joop


text:
Alet 15 sulyee 2018, jaggondiral cakkital kawgel 21ɓel fuku winndere juɓɓinanoongel to Riisi tuggi 14 suwee 2018 haa 15 sulyee 2018, hakkunde kippu Farayse e kippu Korowasi (Croatie) joofrii poolgu kippu Farayse (4-2). Ngol woni ɗiɗmol caggal 1998, ko Farayse ina nawta karaŋ kawgel fuku winndere. Nii woni kadi, kewu ɓurngu lollude e winndere ndee joofii.
Yimɓe fof ina kawri e peewgol njuɓɓudi kewu nguu, sibu, nder nduu lewru pottitte fuku bal, alaa fof ɗo saɗeende teskaa, wonaa to bannge jaɓɓagol e koɗnugol e ñaamningol nootiiɓe e kewu nguu, wonaa to bannge dingire pettirɗe ɗee, wonaa to bannge kisal, alaa fof ɗo dille teskaa.
Geɗe keewɗe ina maantini e kawgel ngel :
Ko idii fof, ko jaltugol kippu joginooɗo raay winndere ndee, so kippu Almaañ, sibu o ɓennaani hay daawal gadanal ngal, tawi noon e pottitte 4 cakkitiiɗe deggondirɗe ɗee kala, Almaañ, ko famɗi fof yettiima feccere joofnirde (demi finaal), tee gila 1954, ndi meeɗaa waasde yettaade ko famɗi fof nayaɓal joofnirɗe (kaar de finaal). Ɓurii ɗoon fof bonde, sibu ko Almaañ heedi laaci goomu wonnoo nguu. Ko noon kadi Farayse yaltirnoo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2002 (caggal nde nawi raay e hitaande 1998), no Itaali yaltirnoo ngel e 2010 (caggal nde nawi raay e hitaande 2006) e no Espaañ yaltirnoo ngel e 2014 (caggal nde nawi raay e hitaande 2010).
E nder kippuuji Afrik joy tawtoranooɗi kawgel ngel, hay heen gooto taccaani daawal gadanal ngal, huunde wayrunde waɗde gila 1982.
Kippuuji 10 Orop, kippuuji joy Amerik latineejo e kippu Asi gooto (kippu Japon) tawaama daawal ɗiɗmal ngal (jeetaɓal joofnirɗe). Ko e ngaal daawal kippu Riisi yaltini kippu Espaañ, kippu Farayse yaltini kippu Arsaatiin (4-3). Kippuuji 2 Amerik latineejo keddinooɗi ɗii, hono Urugaay e Beresiil, njalti ko e daawal nayaɓal joofnirɗe, caggal nde Farayse fiyi Urugaay (2-0) e nde Belsik fiyi Beresiil (2-1).
Ɗum noon, ko kippuuji Orop ɓoli kawriti e daawal feccere joofnirɗe (demii finaal) : Korowasi, Angalteer, Belsik e Farayse. Ngol woni joyaɓol ko wayi nii ina waɗa caggal 1934, 1966, 1982, 2006. Ngol woni go’o kadi, e nder daartol kawgel ngel (gila 1930), ko gooto e kippuuji nay ɗiiɗoo ina waasa yettaade feccere joofnirɗe, ɗiin kippuuji ngoni : Beresiil, Almaañ, Itaali e Arsaatiin.
Ɗum noon joofnirgal ngal, ko finaal mo woowaaka hakkunde kippu Farayse (tataɓol mum yettaade finaal caggal 1998 e 2006) e kippu Korowasi (gadanol mum yahde finaal). Ɗum noon, caggal Farayse (go’aɓo) e Korowasi (ɗiɗaɓo), woni kippu tataɓo kawgel ngel hikka ko Belsik caggal nde fooli Angalteer (2-0) ñalnde aset 14/7/2018. Ngol woni go’o Korowasi daraade e toŋŋinorde (podium) kawgel ngel.
Rokkaa karaŋ « ɓurɗo waawde fettude » ko Luka Modric (Korowasi). Biyeteeɗo Kiliyan Mbappe (Farayse, duuɓi 19) heɓi karaŋ « suka ɓurɗo waawde » ; Harri Kan (Angalteer) heɓi karaŋ « ɓurɗo heewde ko wallini » ; Thibaut Courtois (Belsiknaajo) rokkaa karaŋ « ɓurɗo waawde reende wallinirde ».
E ngelɗoo kawgel, fettooɓe ɓee mballinii laabi 169 (hakindo : 2,64) ; kartoŋ oolo (teeŋtingol jeertino) weeynaama laabi 219, kartoŋ boɗeejo (jatingol boowal) weeynaama laabi 4.
Kawgel hikka ngel kadi ina teskiniri ballitoragol wideyoo. Ɗuum woni hakke mo ñaawooɓe pottitte ɓee ndokkaa ngam waawde ɗaɓɓude duttingol wideyoo mo kameraaji ɗii ƴettata oo, e nder ñaawooje mum en.
Ballitoragol wideyoo
Ɗuum wonnoo ko e hoolkiseede gila 2016. E kala pottital, ñaawooɓe tato aadoraaɓe ɓee ina njogii ñaawoowo wideyoo ballitoowo e sukkuɓe mum tato, tawi heen gooto toppitii tan ko « oorle » (hors-jeux), ko jiidaa e haralleeɓe nayo wideyoo.
E ngelɗoo kawgel, ñaawooɓe 13 FIFA cuɓaama ngam heedde e wideyoo. Ɓe mbaɗaa ko e saal mawɗo ɗo laamorgo Riisi ɗoo (Mosku), aɓe kuufi jaynirɗe (ekraaji), aɓe njiya denndaangal ko kameraaji saaktooɓe ɗii fof ƴettata koo, yantude e ko kameraaji ɗiɗi ɗi alaa ko toppitii so wonaa reende oorle ƴettata koo. Ɗiin wideyooji kala ndewrata ko e laylaytol leeɓol giiɗal (fibre optique). Ina jeyaa heen kadi jooɗaniiɗo FIFA toppitiiɗo habrude saaktooɓe ɓee e haalooɓe ɓee sabaabu ballinoragol wideyoo kam e njeñtudi mum.
Korowasi.
Korowasi ko leydi Orop hakkundeejo e worgo, njeytiindi e hitaande 1991 caggal pusgu Yugoslaawi. Ndi ɓilii ko hakkunde Sloweni e Hongiri e Serbi e Bosni hersogowin e Montenegoro. Laamorgo mayri wiyetee ko Zagreb. Ko ndi tergal Dental Orop gila 1 sulyee 2013. Huunde haawniinde, keeweendi yimɓe Korowasi woni ko e ustaade (4,3 miliyoŋ neɗɗe e hitaande 2007 ; e 4,1 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2017). Ɗamaawu nguurndam toon ko duuɓi 75 (72 wonande worɓe e 79 wonande rewɓe). Tolno yiyooɓe binndi (ɓooriiɓe humambinnaagu) ko hedde 98,5%.
Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi ndii ko e leñol Korowat en njeyaa (89,6%), kono ko ina wona leƴƴi 20 ina nguuri e mayri (Serbe en toon hannde ko hedde 4,5%, kono ko idii wolde ɓe tolnoyinooma e 12% ; leƴƴi keddiiɗi ɗii, alaa heen diwngol 1%). Dewal ɓurngal yaajde toon ko katolikyaagal (87,8%). Juulɓe toon ko hedde 1,3%.
E ngelɗoo kawgel
- Dingiral kala (estaad kala) ina waɗi 33 kameraa (ɗii ko sawndo, ɗii ko caggal, ɗii ko dow, ɗii ko dariiɗi ɗo gootel, ɗii ko deegooji, ɗii ko diwooji ekn…) ;
- – Lomtinde haa fetooɓe 4 (so tawii daawal pottital jokkaama – prolongation)
- – Fereeji mahaaɗe boowe diwooje kewu nguu tolniima e 117,8 miliyaar ruubal (kaalis Riisi) woni hedde 676 miliyaar ugiyya (MRO)
- – 31 wallinannde mbaɗi ko e ɓeyde mudda pottital. E nder kewu nguu fof ko laabi 146 wallinaa.
- – 28 penalti (heen 21 mballinaama).


text:
Kaalen haala rewɓe dewlaaɓe (resaaɓe) gollooɓe ?
Saakitaama ñannde : Hesɗintinaama ñannde :
Hannde yeewtere Ko mbiiɗon humpittoo ko rewɓe rendinɓe dewgal e golle. Sahaa wayliima hannde.
Debbo natti jooɗaade e suudu mum tan ene fada hokkeede. So gorko finii dawii yiiloyiima ko dañi, debbo kañum ne finat dawa. Kono rendinde dewgal e golle mbella ene weeɓi ? Holi caɗeele (tiɗallaji) taawete heen ? Mate dawde ene haɗa debbo toppitaade gallemum ? Mate gollade fiirti welsindaade galle mum ?
Kadijatu Njaay woni koɗomen e ndee toɓɓere. O jeyaa ko Wurosoogi kono omon tawe ooɗo sahaa to laamorde leydi Faraans. O dillata ko e karallaji kesi ɗii omo waɗa jeewte payidinɗe e gonnka rewɓe e caɗeele mumen e “youtube” to seen biyeteeɗo Njaay Jaata Tiiwi
Men Keɗo caggal Kadijatu Njaay seedaaku Ummu Jallo e tiɗallaji ɗi o heɓata e suudu makko e sabaabunde ko gollotoo ko.
El Hajji Saada Sih oo cafroowo guurte maa artu kadi e waajoo ji mum tiiɗɗi


text:
Naange nge njyaten e dow koyemen nge, ko deental keneeli keewɗi (gaasuuji keewɗi): ene tawee heen henndu ndiyameeru (gaas* ndiyameejo) wiyeteendu “hydrogène” e ɗemɗe tuubakooɓe, gaas biyeteeɗo eeliyom*, gaas asot*, gaas ƴulɓe (gaas Karbonik*), gaas nafnuurndam (gaas oksiseen*). Inɗe maantoraaɗe (*), wonaa inɗe fulfulde (wonaa pulal): ko konnguɗi leyɗeele tuubakooɓe, kono ko konnguɗi ganndal, hay gooto jeyaa, yimɓe fof ena mbaawi huutoraade ɗi;
Naange nge njyaten e dow koyemen nge, ko deental keneeli keewɗi (gaasuuji keewɗi): ene tawee heen henndu ndiyameeru (gaas* ndiyameejo) wiyeteendu “hydrogène” e ɗemɗe tuubakooɓe, gaas biyeteeɗo eeliyom*, gaas asot*, gaas ƴulɓe (gaas Karbonik*), gaas nafnuurndam (gaas oksiseen*). Inɗe maantoraaɗe (*), wonaa inɗe fulfulde (wonaa pulal): ko konnguɗi leyɗeele tuubakooɓe, kono ko konnguɗi ganndal, hay gooto jeyaa, yimɓe fof ena mbaawi huutoraade ɗi;
*gaas ko henndu, kono firtaani henndu duñooru ndu. Oɗon nganndi neɗɗo ena banoo ko uuri (ko nanndi e lati walla cuuraay), ena banoo ko luuɓi (henndu jiiba), ena banoo ko woynata gite haa ñitte njalta (ko poliseeji keewi werlaade e yimɓe murtuɓe ko). ɗum fof ko gaasuuji ceertuɗi fiyaaku, ceertuɗi uurgol walla luuɓgol, walla lammugol, baawɗi baneede e nder henndu ndu poofaten ndu: ko uuri, ko luuɓi, ko uuraani luuɓaani, ko banotaako. ɗum fof ko geɗe ceertuɗe baawɗe won’de e nder henndu duñooru ndu. ɗum woni gaas. Gaas ko konngol ganndal, leƴƴi fof ena mbaawi huutoraade ɗum.
ɓuri heewde to naange ko gaas ndiyameejo (gaas hidoroseen). Ooɗo gaas noon ɓuri gaasuuji ɗi fof hoyde. To jooɗorɗe metewo, ko ooɗo gaas feewnetee, wuttee e nder paali dalli (e nder mankaaji), ɗalee “haya” e weeyo, weɗoo faya dow. Ko ɗum metewo en ɓetirta kafeeje weeyo leydi, ko nanndi e doole henndu dow, wulɓuuɓndi e dummbo weeyo. Waɗi noon ooɗo gaas ɓuri henndu ndu poofaten ndu hoyde. To naange to, e nder 100 fof, gaas ndiyameejo ma roondo heen 70 e keewal.
Gaas ɗiɗaɓo e keewal, ko gaas eliyoom: ooɗoo-ne, e nder 100 fof, ma o roondo heen 29 e keewal. Ko ɗum waɗi, to naange to, e nder 100 fof, 99 roondii ɗum ko deental ɗii-ɗoo gaasuuji ɗiɗi (mo ndiyameejo o e mo eliyom o).
Ko fayti e tagoodi weeyo naange, ngo mahorii ko paɗe-paɗe:
-faɗo adanngo ngo wiyetee ko Fotosfeer: ko ngoo-ɗoo faɗo nuldata en caafe naange ɗe njiyaten ɗe. So en ndaarii naange ñalawma, e nge ranmi: ko faɗo ngo njiyaten ena ranma. E nder weeyo naange, ko ngoo-ɗo faɗo wiyeteengo Fotosfeer ɓuri ɓuuɓde, sabu tamperaatiir maggo (wulɓuuɓndi maggo) ko 4500° tan (ujunnaaje 4 pawɗe 500 degere). Mbaason yejjitde noon, hono ndiyam moƴƴam laaɓɗam so fasnaama haa fasii, nguleeki mum ko 100° (teemedere degere). Faɗo Fotosfeer ngo ma sowo ndiyam pasɗam wulde laabi 45, kono ko kanngo ɓuri ɓuudɓe e ko heddii e naange ko!
Les Fotosteer (fayde e nder naange) woni toon ko faɗo pattoowo, no fayannde (no barme) fattirta nih.
So en ngummiima faɗo Fotosfeer ngo eɗen njippoo en e nder naange, ngadotoɗen jippaade ko e faɗo wiyeteengo Koromosfeer. E nder ngoo-ɗo faɗo, nguleeki wonata ko e ɓeydaade haa sowoo 10.000° laabi keewɗi. Tekkeendi faɗo Koromosfeer ngo ko hakkunde 12.000 haa 15.000 km. Jirgitte e gawuuji mawɗi ena mbaɗa e nder ngoo faɗo. ɗee jirgitte so pettii ena njaha haa naatoyaa e faɗo won’ngo dow wiyeteengo Kuuroon naange, walla so en njiɗii mbiyen ɗum e pulaar Kaala naange. Kaala naange ko faɗo weeyo naange ɓurngo toowde. E nder maggo, nguleeki ena ɓeydoo haa yettoyoo walla ɓura degerrji milioq! Jirgitte baɗooje e nder faɗo Koromosfeer ngo, ena njaha haa naatoyaa e lefol naange ngol (kaala naange ka). Njuuteeki jirgitte ɗe ena cowoo kilomeeteruuji ujunere.
No mbiyno-ɗen nih, faɗo Fotosfeer ngo ɓuri tigi ɓuuɓde e paɗe goɗɗe ɗe. Ngo’o faɗo Fotosfeer fawii ko e ɓanndu naange; ndu ɓanndu noon fattat no barme fattirta nih, no fayannde e dow jeyngol nih. Pattanɗe ɗee noon ena mbaɗa dille keewɗe nannduɗe e diiraali e piyanɗe. Diiraali e piyanɗe gummotooɗe e ɓanndu naange ndu, fiyaaku mumen e fiyaaku mbommboo atomik nanndi, kono kañum en ɓuri bommbooji atomik doole ɗo woɗɗi. E nder ɓanndu naange fattooru ndu, aɗa ɓeydoo mutde e nder heen tan, nguleeki ena ɓeydoo mawnude, haa ɗum ɓura milioqaaji e milioqaaji degereeji.
So wiyaama nguleeki naange ko milioqaaji degereeji, ɗum jommbaani etee yedekinaaki, sabu ƴeewen ɗum tan e hakkilllaji men.
Xeewee tan jeyle kuɓɓaten walla cumu ladde, nguleeki mum ena ɓura degereeji ujunnaaje e ko fawi. Kono so cumu waɗi, walla so jeyngol mawngol huɓɓaama, so a woɗɗitiima ko foti meeteruuji 100, a tinataa nguleeki ki. Xeewee tan, enen ngoytoo sahaa fof nguleeki naange, tawii noon ngoɗɗeeki hakkunde naange nge to woni to e men ko kilomeeteruuji 149.600.000 (hedde Kilomeeteruuji 150 milioq)!
Eɗen poti faamde kadi, laana ndiwoowa so fayii to naange ena ƴeewa ɓetde nguleeki mum, yettotaako tawa taayii wontii henndu ko yaawi ! Haawnaaki maa heewɓe mbiy hol no ɗum anndiraa, hol no ki nguleeki ɓetiraa.
Kono paamen tan, geɗe keewde paytuɗe e naange ɓetiraa ko hiisa, etee ko hiisa luggo ɓetirtee. Ngannden kadi, ko fayti e Lewru, hade yimɓe yahde toon, annduɓe kiisinooma kala ko fayti e mayru. Nde Ameriknaaɓe njahnoo toon ñande 20 lewru Suliyee e hitaande 1969, tawaa kala ko hiisannoo hade maɓɓe yahde toon ko goonga. Yahnoo toon ko Neel Mastrong e Aldrin, laana maɓɓe wiyetenoo ko « appoloo » 11. (Ko ndeen ñabbuuli gite ngari e men, nginnirɗen ɗum “appolo”).
Umar Abdalla Wele
Ina jokki


text:
– Ɓe mbiyi mo : “Ko goonga, ɗum noon min njaɓii !”
– Ɓe mbiyi mo : “Ko goonga, ɗum noon min njaɓii !”
E oon sahaa aadiyankaagal ene woodi, ndimaagu ina heddii ! Heen gooto fof garɗo, won heɗdiiɓe caggal mum, nde o hooti, o yiyndiri e ɓeen, ɓe nanondiri.
Ɓe idii fof ko ƴeftude laawol, eɓe ƴeewoya Satigi Suley Njaay laamɗo Deeniyankooɓe e oon sahaa. Nde ɓe njettii to Suley Njaay, ɓe tawi ko omo resi rewɓe sappo. Ndeen Suleymaani Baal arii, o wiyi :
– “Aan Suley Njaay, aɗa anndi ko addi mi ɗo ? Addi mi ɗo ko mi nanii aɗa resi rewɓe sappo, etee ɗum wonaa laawol ! Rewɓe sappo, laawol diine yiɗaa ɗum !”
– Suley Njaay wiyi : “Miin, hol ɓeen rewɓe sappo ? Miin kay, so mi yiɗii mi resa rewɓe sappo !”
– “Suleymaani Baal wiyi mo : “etee mi nanii aɗa ɗo resi rewɓe jiiduɓe yumma e baaba !”
– O wiyi : “Eey ! Miin ndes-mi ɗo tan ko Ummu Maajuura, e Kummba Maajuura, etee ko seɓɓe Koliyaaɓe, ko … ko … ko horɓe am tan !”
Seɓɓe Koliyaaɓe ɓe kaawaa, mbiyi :
– “Eyyoo… ! On nanii Suley Njaay ! Eɗen njaha, eɗen mbarondiree haa o laamoo, ndeke o jaggiri en ko en jiyaaɓe !”
Ɓe pelliti ɓe laawii, ɓe mbiy : “Ndewen e oo Ceerno !”
Ɓe ndewi e “Sheex Suleymaani Baal. Seɓɓe Koliyaaɓe ngonnoo reenooɓe mo, ɓeen ngonnoo jagge makko tigi rigi, kono ɓerɗe mum en taayii e makko e oo ñalawma, sabu o nanngiri ɗum en ko jiyaaɓe. Suley Njaay wiyi kadi seerataa e rewɓe ɓee fof. O waɗdii e Suleymaani Baal “moƴƴii… ma laaɓ !”, tee, jooni alaa ɓe o wondi. Seɓɓe ɓe, ko ɓeen kaɓetenoo, ɓeen noon jooni njahii !
Suley Njaay ummii ɗoon, o wiyi omo yaha wuro Tulel. O nawori kaŋŋe, mbele maa won ɓe o soodi toon, ngonana mo, wooda kam ɓattii ɓe mo, wooda reenooɓe mo, o waawa feewnitaade.
Suleymaani Baal e ganndal mum ruttii, jooɗii. Suley Njaay jokki laawol mum, ene wondi e subalɓe. Omo lelii tan omo ajjii e hoore laana, subalɓe ina ngawƴa. Suleymaani Baal e ganndal mum waɗdi mo e baawal. Baawal ngal ina ɗapɗapina tan, e hoore laana. Suley Njaay ina ajjii tan, ina ƴefti fetel, ina fawi e reedu mum. Baawal ngal ina ɗapɗapina, ina ɗapɗapina tan, e hoore laana. Hhaa juuti tan, Suley Njaay roŋki muñde. O wiyi : “iijam… ! Onon kam, ngal baawal ina haɗa yimɓe tan awƴude !” Ɗoon tan o jippini fetel, o toɓɓi baawal … conndi oolii, fetel dajjitii, fappii e junngo makko, junngo ngo saami e nder laana. Baawal nana yaha… ! Nde juungo ngo taƴi, tawi ko laaɗe makko ina njoofa e tufnde Waali Jantaŋ. O wiyi yo laaɗe ɗe njiilte…
Barmannde nde ɗaccaani mo haa o maayi. Ɓe memondiraani haa hannde… haa hannde Suleymaani Baal e Suley Njaay njettondiraani !
Nde Suley Njaay maayi, Deeniyankooɓe ndenti, cuɓii Satigi goɗɗo, hono Suley Njaay Buubu Gaysiri Dewal Sawa Laamu Yero Koli Tengella, oon woni Suley Njaay 2 ɓo. Ɓe ndarni mo, mbele ma won ko ɓe mbaawi gasnude.
“Sheex“ Suleymaani Baal felliti waɗde jeeyngal mawngal, mooɓre mawnde,
ngam samminde laamu Deeniyankooɓe, e haɓde e Hormankooɓe.
Hormankooɓe, so ngariino, tellortonoo e oon sahaa ko Rinnjaw. Ɗoon ɓurnoo welde taccirde. Suleymaani Baal e wondiiɓe mum, ɓiɓɓe soknaaɓe Fuuta, kamɓe kala ɓe pelliti fayde Rinnjaw. Ndeen noon ɓe kuudiima, ɓe ndawi, ɓe mbaali Rinnjaw.
Yahi haa weeti, gooto e Aañ-Aañɓe (ko ɓesngu Aañ en laamotonoo Rinnjaw) addi gawri. Gawri ɓetaa ɗoon haa heewi, Hormankooɓe ina unanee. Rewɓe ndenndinaa ɗoon, ina una, hay worɓe mbaddaama e maɓɓe ngam unde, sabu gawri ndi heewde.
“Sheex“ Suleymaani Baal e wondiiɓe mum ngari tan njooɗii, ina ƴeewa tawo, ina ngañi heñaade, ina ƴeewa tan ; anndi heñaade ina bonna. Suleymaani Baal e wondiiɓe mum naati e nder Hormankooɓe, kaɓi e maɓɓe, wonti baŋ-yoo-baŋ “palee ! palee !” Yoga e Hormaankooɓe ndoondaa, piyaa e leydi, woon heen mbaraa, woodi heen mo o neli to mawɗo maɓɓe, o wiyi mo:
– “Mbiɗo nel-ma to mawɗo mon. So a yahii, mbiyaa mo ko heddii heen ko, wonani mo gaay ko conndi e kure, gawri alanaa mo gaay, jiyaaɓe ngalanaa mo ɗo. Ko o dañatnoo ko, o dañii, ko o dañaano, o wontaa ɗum dañde !”
Muudo Horma helaama ! Suleymaani Baal jokki hare mum e Safalɓe. Ndeen Suleymaani Baal e wondiiɓe mum mbaaldii jamma gundabi, aɓe njogori haɓoyeede Fori, o winndi ɓataake gooto haa gasi, o noddi sehilaaɓe makko, hono Aamadu Siree Anta Ngiji, e Alfaa Aamadu Seydi Yero Buso. O holli ɓe kaayit o. O wiyi heen ko janngo e jam, so tawii o maayii, yo ɓe tuugno e doosɗe ɗe o lelni e kaayit o, ngam toɗɗaade almaami. So tawii kadi aɓe cuɓoo almaami, yo ɓe cuɓo Abdul Qaadiri Kan.
Caggal ɗum ɓe njahi Fori, nootitoyaade e wolde. Ndeen ɓe njettiima Fori, ko toon Suleymaani Baal heddii. Ndeen o maayii Fori, ɓe ubboyi mo ko Jeeriyel Tummbere, sara Ɓokki Sammba Gelaajo Jeegi, heedti ko rewo wuro Jowol. Ɗum hawri ko e hitaande 1775.
Aamadu Umar Jah.
Taarik keɓaaɗo e Tijjaani Aan


text:
Baaba fiili lefol kesol biyeteengol “telewisiyoŋ”. Ngolɗoo lefol noon ina seedtini sibu e ngol loowi gaaci keewɗi : cosaan e kesamkesaagu . Fooyre Ɓamtaare ina yaltina ɗo huunde e jokkondiral o waɗdunoo e RFI Musique e Afrik.com
Jokkondiral e RFI Musique
RFI Musique : Hol ko wonnoo fayndaare ma adannde e ngolɗoo lefol kesol ?
Baaba Maal : Ɓurnoo-mi ko yiɗde feeñirde gaaciyanke, jimoowo, tawa wonaa gaaciyanke Afriknaajo tan.
Ko huutoraade daande am, sawto am, e baaruuji kuutorinoo-mi ngam fentude jimɗi jahduɗi e gitaar, mi ƴeewa hol no mbaawirtu-mi nawrude ɗi yeeso, tawa miɗo yimda e ɓe mi jiydaani pinal. Waɗi mi waɗde ɗum ko naalankooɓe men ngoownii heɗotooɓe ɗum en yiyrude ɗum en no naalaŋkooɓe Afriknaaɓe tan, tawi noon, ko idii fof, ko min naalaŋkooɓe tan.
RFI Musique : A ɓooyii miijaade ɗum ?
Baaba Maal : Mi etinooma ko idii hannde, ngoppu-mi. Mi wallifiima jimɗi ɗi njaltin-mi e Afrik. Miɗo hatojinnoo e waasde heñaade, ha mi annda hol ko njogor-mi waɗde caggal nde njaltin-mi lefol biyeteengol “Missing You” gaddannoongol kam ruttitaade e Baayo. Mi ƴeewa ɗum noon waɗde huunde yahdoore e ko njiɗ-mi haalde ko. Nde tawnoo kadi ɗum wonaa tan gaaci, eɗum nawori haala yahdoowo heen ka.
RFI Musique : E nder leppi piil-ɗaa ɗi, ina waɗi heen ƴoogɗi e cosaan, ina waɗi heen jilluɗi. Aɗa hatojini e jogaade ɗii mbaydiiji ɗiɗi kala ?
Baaba Maal : Aahaa ! Kañji fof ɗi njeyaa ko e neɗɗaagal am. Fawii ko e nguurndam am e oon sahaa … So tawii njiɗ-mi ko haaldude e leñol am, e Afrik, ko gaaci ganni ɓurata doolnude e am. Kono so tawii njiɗ-mi ko haalde ko ko fayti e winndere nde, ko oya sifaa ɓurata doolnude. So tawii ɗi (sifaaji ɗiɗi ɗii) mbaɗtii fooɗondirde mi, oon sahaa miɗo wemja seeɗa. Nafi mi tan ko miɗo jogii maantorɗe ballitooje mi yiytude laawol am, walla won ɓeen yimɓe, ko nanndi e sehil am Mansuur Sek, mo ngollodtoo-mi gila ndeen haa jooni.
RFI Musique : E deftel jahdowel e lefol kesol ngol, aɗa yetti heen kisa Mansuur Sek, mo innir-ɗaa heen «My Best Friend». Hol ko tiiɗni ngalɗoo gollondiral ?
Baaba Maal : E mbunndi mbunndi, ko mi neɗɗo lasliyanke. Mawnu-mi ko e sato pinal afriknaawo aadanteewo, goɗɗuɗo teeruuji. E nder ɗuum nehaa mi kadi nehdi kesam-kesaagu, neesu Orop seeɗa, sibu Baaba am wuurii Farayse. Ko ɗum addani mo sikkude so o naatnii kam ekkol, ma mi ƴellito. Ɗum noon, njiyrat-mi kala kesam-kesaagu ko no huunde jeyaande e am nii. Mansuur noon ko gawlo. Kala nde ɗeɓ-mi majjude (walla selde laawol), ko kanko fooɗata ceɓal wutte am, o siftina mi nde min puɗɗii yimde nde, min njiɗnoo wonde tan ko gaaciyankooɓe lasliyankooɓe.
RFI Musique : Aɗa yetta heen kadi Chris Blackwell, jeñtinatunooɗo Bob Marioy, keɓɗo wallitde ma ko juuti. Mbele wonaa kanko addantu maa, suɓaade won ɗeen geɗe ? .
Baaba Maal : O naatnii e hoore am wonde miɗo foti anndude nafoore gaaci am ɗi mbaawi addande Afrik, mi huutoroo kattanɗe am fof ngam naftude tawo leñol am Afrik, hade am miijaade nii njulaagu. Ɗum heewaani e renndo naalankooɓe, kono miin e Chris, ko ngaal jotondiral woni hakkunde amen. O yilliima mi cili keewɗi nde njah-mi Philadelphie e nder Stijoo Roots en, tawi addaani mo so wonaa cehilaagal. O seerataa e rokkude mi wasiyaaji nafooji, sibu ko o kumpitiiɗo.
l Jokkondiral e Afrik.com
Afrik.com : innir-ɗaa lefol maa gadanol ko « telewisiyoŋ » : ɗum ko yiɗde mantude ɗum walla reentinde yimɓe ?
Baaba Maal : Njoopii-mi ɗo ko jaynirgol keewngol jarabi, haa teeŋti noon nder Afrik. So boowal, walla so e nder saloŋ, tawataa ko yimɓe ina taarii mo. Jeewte keewɗe ko e makko payti. Afriknaaɓe ina mbaawi naftoraade mo so kuutoriima mo hakilantaagal. Yeru, mi meeɗii bismeede e emisiyoŋ “Big Brother House” to Afrik worgo. Omo ƴeewee no feewi e diiwaan he. Miɗo wondunoo e hoohooɓe woɗɓe, min njokkondiri e sukaaɓe tawtoranooɓe mo ɓe, min njeewtidi ko fayti e Payndaale ngam Ƴellitaare Ujunannde (Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement –OMD). Ɗoon e ɗoon, emisiyoŋ o wonti emisiyoŋ ɗo yimɓe njeewtata ko fayti e jaŋde, ko fayti e ndeenka sato, ko fayti e potal hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe nder golle, nder jaŋde … Wakyuuji 24 mbaɗ-mi Johannesburg ɗi, mi seeraani e heɓde emeeluuji e SMS ɗi sukaaɓe hoɗɓe e diiwaan he nuldata mi. Nafoore tele ina feeñi ɗo. Ina hasii yimɓe mbaɗta hakkille e kala ko haalaa heen. So o huutoriraama no moƴƴi, omo nafa, so wonaa ɗuum, o bonnat.
Afrik.com : So neɗɗo heɗiima lefol ngol ma tesko gaaci ɗi ko “deeƴɗi”, “daasotooɗi” …
Baaba Maal : Ina waawi tawa ɗum tinndinta ko kellifuya to bannge naalankaagal. So neɗɗo ina yima jimɗi baawɗi addude luural, ina moƴƴi yahdina ɗum en e gaaci deeƴɗi, keɗotooɗi, kono tawa neɗɗo ina waawa waɗtude hakkille e ko haaletee ko. Addani mi waɗde ngolɗoo lefol ko yiɗde naatnude mbayliigu e fooɗtude hakkille leñol am e denndaangal heɗotooɓe mi e winndere nde.
Afrik.com : Hono no heewnoo wonirde, ngonka debbo ina jeyaa heen e ngoƴaaji ma. Hol ko Tindo kaaleteeɗo heen o joopii?
Baaba Maal : Tiitoonde nde noddi ko konngol ɓooyngol. E sifaa kuftodinɗo, ngol wiyi wonde debbo foti heddaade ko e suudu mum ngam toppitaade nehdi sukaaɓe e moƴƴinde galle. Hay so tawii miɗo wondi e ndaɗɗudi miijo ngo, miɗo goongɗini wonde rewɓe ina poti yaltude, sibu ñeeñal maɓɓe nder suudu ngal, ina hatojinaa e nder renndo he, ina waawi naftude renndo ngo. Yeru, aɓe ceedtanaa waawde ɗowde golle haa njoofa, aɓe ceedtanaa coftal … Aɓe coklaa yiyeede aɓe ngollanoo faggudu e pinal e politik … Ko noon kadi wonande sukaaɓe. Hoohooɓe men politik ina poti waɗtude hakkille e rewɓe e sukaaɓe. Baasal ngal fof e yaajde, aɓe pitoo, ɓe njooɗtina ha ɓe ndaña ko ɓe nguurdi. Ke njebbilantaako abada baasal.
Afrik.com : Rewɓe ina mal maa ? No lefol maa “African Woman” ngol njaltinno-ɗaa e hitaande 1994 ngol malirno ma ?
Baaba Maal : Miɗo sikki waɗi mi rokkude geɗe toɗɗiiɗe rewɓe himme, ko jotondiral keeringal gonnongal hakkunde am e neene am. Gaa gaa ko o woni neene am ko, o battinii no feewi e nguurndam am, haa teeŋti noon kadi e ko ngollotoo mi ko. Ko kanko waajotoo kam so miɗo winnda jimɗi, o wiya mi «waylu ɗo», “ittu ngol konngol walla oo kelme”, ngam waɗtude ɗoon ko ɓuri yuɓɓude.
Aljumaa 7 ut 2009,
Waɗi ngal ko Falila Gbadamassi
Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah


text:
Artii-artaani, ɓoggol enternet, walla mbiyen ɓoggol giiɗal, ndokkowol Muritani enternet gila 2012, wiyaama kadi taƴii ! Ɗum noon waɗde, eɗen mbaawi wiyde wonde, muritaninaaɓe ngalaa enternet ko ina wona jooni lewru fawndu, sibu ko gila darorɗe mars 2020 wonnoo, e tuma nde yimɓe ɓuri hatojinde heen, sibu hawri ko curagol yimɓe e nder galleeji mum en sabu covid-19, huunde e gollotooɓe ine mbiyaa yo ngolloro enternet.
Ngolɗoo ma a taw woni tataɓol waɗde, ko muritaninaaɓe ina njooɗoo ko foti nii juutde ngalaa enternet, gadanol ngol ko caggal woote hooreleydaagu 2019 wonnoo. Ndeen, ko laamu tan welanoo uddi enternet. Ngolɗoo laawol noon, yimɓe mbiyaa ko ɓoggol nawowol kabaruuji gonngol nder geec taƴi ! Kono, e sikke huunde e yimɓe, « ɗuum woodaani, haa hannde ko laamu tan uddi enternet ». E miijo ɓeen, laamu uddiri ɗum ko ngam haɗde kabaruuji ngañantumaagu saraade e yimɓe caggal duko mawngo ardungo e haala Biraam Daah Abeydi to yahnoo heɓoyde ‘njeenaari’ kesiri mbiyeteendi «Njeenaari Cuusal» ndi « Joɗnde hakkeeji aadee e demokaraasi » rokkunoo ɗum.
Ñalnde o heɓata njeenaari ndii, e nder haala makko balɗe dewɗe heen ɗee, o suurtii heen « paltoor goodɗo hannde he Muritani », o wiyi ɗum wayi ko no njiimaandi « apartaayde nder hirnaange Afrik » nii. Kaan haala noon jibinii duko mawngo e haalaluuji mettuɗi, haalaluuji ngañgu e añamnguraagu, haa kalifu geɗe nder leydi reentini « haalooɓe haalaluuji bonnooji ngootaagu ngenndi » wonde laamu nguu ina anniyii dartinde joomum en… Ine wiyee ko ɗuum nii addani Ministeer geɗe nder leydi yamirde uddugol enternet ngam haɗde fitinaaji. Kono, kaan haala fof nii yejjitaama, sibu ko “ɓuri baagal yanii e woyndu” so “korona wiris” (corona virus), kono ɗuum ko ngoɗka.
So en ngartii e haala ɓoggol nder geec biyangol taƴii ngol, eɗen ciftora, e noowammar 2014 ɗum waɗiino, kono e oon sahaa, ko leyɗe hirnaange Afrik ɗee kala tini ɗum : Muritani, Senegaal, Mali, … haa koddiwaar e Niiseriyaa, tee ɓuraani balɗe 4. Ngannden tan, hannde, ko ina ɓura 95% kabaruuji dogooji he winndere ɗii (telefonaaji, enternet, woni jeewte mon e facebook e WhatsApp…) rewrata ko he ɓoggi jollaaɗi nder lugge geec (lappiiɗi he dow leydi nder ndiyam, walla ubbaaɗi toon), taccooji leyɗe keewɗe. Ko ceɗta kunal rewrata heen he satelitaaji walla weeyo (antenaaji rajo). Ɗiin ɓoggi woni nder mum en ko leeɓol giiɗal (fibre optique) ɗi yimɓe kumpitaaki tawo no feewi ko ngoni. Ine woodi kadi ɓoggi nawooji yiite, kono wonaa ɗiin ngoƴa-ɗen ɗoo. Ɗiiɗoo ɓoggi giiɗal, kuuɓnuɗi ko ina wona 99% jokkondire winndereeje, ndewi tan ko ɗo ɓoggi telegaraaf ndewnoo e teeminaande 19ɓiire, e ɗo ɓoggi telefoŋ ndewnoo e teeminannde 20siire (ɗiin noon ko ɓoggi kiri ngonnoo).
Gila e darorɗe kitaale 1980 ko ɗii ɓoggi giiɗal lomtii ɗoon, tammbii yah-ngartaa enternet. Tee hitaande kala eɗi ɓeydoo heewde. Ine wiyee ɗi tolniima hannde e 450 ɓoggol, ɗi njuuteendi mum en kam en fof tolnii e miliyoŋ e teemedde tati ujunere kiloomeeteer (1 300 000 km). Eɗen mbaawi limtude heen ɓoggi tacci-atalantik (hakkunde Orop/Afrik e Amerik) lolluɗi ɗii, jokkondirɗi Dental Dowlaaji Amerik, ɗo maamaaje geese ganndiraaɗe GAFAM ngoni ɗoo, e miliyoŋaaji-miliyoŋaaji oropnaaɓe seŋiiɓe no feewi e enternet.
Ɓoggi ɗii ina keewi eddaaji. Njuuteendi ɓurɗi famɗude ɗii ko hakkunde 50 e 100 km, njaru mum en ko hedde 13 miliyaar ugiyya men ɓooyɗo oo. Ɗi ngalaa piɓle (mawninooje siñaal). Ɓurɗi juutde ɗii ina ngona capanɗe ujunnaaje kiloomeeteer ; ko ɗi ɓoggi piɓaaɗi 100 km fof (baɗɗi ko ina ƴettita siñaal oo so leefii, mawnina ɗum, ɓennina ɗum). Ɗii ɓoggi mawɗi ina njara hedde 300 miliyaar ugiyya men ɓooyɗo oo. Ɓoggol heewaani gollaade ko ɓuri duuɓi 25. Ɓoggol kala ina waawi loowde puni 4 haa jeetati (funere = paire). Ɓoggol Google biyeteengol Dunant ngol, maa waɗoy puni 12 ; nii woni maa ngol hattanoy nawde ko ina tolnoo e 30 Tbit/lƴ (capanɗe tati teraabit leƴƴannde kala). Ñalnde kala batooje gawooje ina taƴa ɓoggi ɗii. Walla nii dowlaaji mbonna ɗi. Walla kadi dowlaaji ɗii ceŋoo e majji ngam heɗaade kaaruuji dewrooji e majji. … Google e Facebook fof (joom WhatsApp kadi) ɓuri waɗde heen kaalis ngam jokkondirde paaɓi-keɓe mum en (data center). Ko ina wona duuɓi 10 jooni, ko 5% ɓoggi ɗii ɓe njeynoo ; hannde, ko kamɓe njeyi heen feccere (50%) ; ɗoo e duuɓi tati paaɗi ko kamɓe njeyata heen fotde 95% ! Yiɗde wiyde tan ɓe ngoni ko e jiiraade ngam jeyande koye maɓɓe ɓoggi maɓɓe, ɓe keeroroo kabaruuji e keɓe dewrooje e kuutorɗe maɓɓe. Ɗuum noon firti ko maa njiimaandi Dental Dowlaaji Amerik (DDA) dow yah-ngartaa enternet ɓeydo. Hannde, fotde 80% e waraango enternet tiindii ko DDA, nde tawnoo ko toon paaɓi-keɓe GAFAM ɓuri heewde. Ɗumɗoon noon ina addana leyɗe winndere keddiiɗe ɗee ɓeydaade yowitaade. Ko ɗuum addani leydi Siin ne daraade hannde ngam ruppaade ndeen yowitaare e añde daɗeede. E hitaande 2021, maa ɓoggol Siin gadanol (12 000 km njuuteendi) yetto Farayse. Ngol rewri ko Pakistan e Jibuti e Kenyaa e Misra hade maggol joofde Marsey (Marseille).
Ɓoggol “Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)”
Ɓoggol Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) walla mbiyen ɓoggol Daande maayo Afrik feewde Orop, biyangol taƴii ngol, jokkondiri ko leyɗe 24 afriknaaje e Orop. Sosiyatee toppitiiɗo ngol oo ina waɗi 19 tergal. Fotde 400 miliyoŋ neɗɗo ina ceŋii e maggol beƴ (wonande leyɗe jiimɗe maayo ɗee), walla rewrude e jokkondire njoorndi wonande leyɗe jookiiɗe (ko wayi no Mali e Niiseer). Ɗeeɗoo leyɗe garooje ko e maggol puɗɗii seŋaade e ɓoggol giiɗal : Gine hakkundeejo, Gammbi, Liberiyaa, Muritani, Saawo Tome-e-Perensipe, Siyera Leyon.
ACE renndini ko gollooɓe telekom e leyɗe baɗɗe jawdi mum en heen ɗee. Nanondiral ACE siifaa ko ñalnde 5 suweŋ 2010. Ɓoggol ngol fuɗɗii gollaade ko ñalnde 15 desaambar 2012 ; ngol hurmbitaa ko ñalnde 19 desaambar to Bañnjul. Njuuteendi maggol ko 17 000 km. Ɓutteendi ɓoggol ngol ko hedde santimeeteruuji 5. A ngol waawi nawde 5,12 Tb/leƴ. Won e nokkuuji, luggeendi ɗo ngol lappii ɗoo ko hedde 6 km nder ndiyam. Yolli ngol ko laaɗe Alcatel Submarine Networks e Orange Marine.
Ko e hitaande 2010 Muritani felliti jeyeede e eɓɓaande ACE mbele ina seŋoo e ɓoggol ACE ngol, ngam waɗtude heɓde enternet no haanirta nii. Ɓoggol ngol tuggi ko Gabon haa Farayse, rewri Kamaruun, Niiseriyaa, Beneŋ, Togo, Gana, Koddiwaar, Liberiya, Siraa Leyoon, Gine Konaakiri, Gine Bisaawo, Senegaal, Gammbi, Kapweer, Muritani, Espaañ, Purtugeec, Farayse.
Njaru maggol ko 680 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik. Ƴeeŋrude (Point d’atterissement) Nuwaasoot ndee ko 25 miliyoŋ dolaar jari. Gila nde ngol fuɗɗii gollaade e hitaande 2012, kattanɗe waraango ƴeeŋrude Nuwaasoot ndee ko 40 Gb/leƴ (ko idii ɗuum ko 1 Gb/lƴ fat wonnoo).
Laamu Muritani, rewrude e Mauripost, kam e pelle 3 telekom Muritani ɗee (Mattel, Mauritel e Chinguitel) e golloowo keeriiɗo goɗɗo ndenti cosi dental golle ine wiyee IMT (International Muritania Telecom). Ko ngalɗoo dental golle naatir-ɗen ACE. Ko kanngal yiilita ƴeeŋirde Nuwaasoot ndee. Sosɓe IMT ɓee ndenndini 25 miliyoŋ ngam feewnude ƴeeŋrude Nuwaasoot ndee. Mauripost addi 35%, Mauritel 25% ; Mattel 20% ; Chinguitel 15% ; e golloowo keeriiɗo goɗɗo 10%.
Ɓoggol giiɗal
Jokkorgol ɓoggol giiɗal waɗi ko neldowel giiɗal e keɓɓotoongel giiɗal, leeɓol giiɗal ina jokkondiri hakkunde mum en.
Leeɓol giiɗal waɗi ko korwe ɗiɗi weer ummiiɗo e oogaande wiyeteende silis : korwal ɓurngal famɗude ngal ina lommbii e ɓurngal mawnude ngal. Ɓurngal famɗude ngal woni ɓernde ndee ; ko e maggal caafal annoore loowngal kabaruuji ɗii rewrata. Korwal mawngal ngal, ko coomgal kuuringal e tokosal ngal ; ko kanngal ɗowata annoore ndee (so annoore ndee saytii e maggal ruttoo refta bolol, woni ɓernde ndee).
Korwe ɗiɗi ɗee ina mbaɗanee kadi kuurngal goɗngal dalli ngam hisnude fof : « ɓernde + coomgal ». Kuurngal ngal nafata tan ko soomde, alaa golle e nawgol annoore ndee.
Leeɓol giiɗal goƴngol en ngol, tekkeendi mum (hakkundol mum) ko 9 µm (mikoro meeteruuji 9). Hakkundol coomgal ngal ko 125 µm. Tekkeendi leeɓol sukundu ko hakkunde 50 haa 100 µm. Ɗum firti ko leeɓol giiɗal e coomgal ngal e kuurngal ngal fof so ndenndii, tekkeendi mum en ɗeɓata yerondirde ko e tekkeendi leeɓol sukundu. Ɓernde leeɓol giiɗal ndee, leeɓol sukundu ɓuri ɗum tekkude laabi 5 haa 10, ndeke ina famɗi no feewi !
Mbeelu (spectre) njuuteele wempeƴƴo (longueurs d’ondes) ina feccoo e pecce tati : heen feccere ko mbeelu ngu yiyotaako tolnondirnde e caafal dow-wiyolee, (Ultra-violet) heen feccere ko mbeelu njiyotoongu tolnondirngu e noorɗe/goobuuji timtimol, feccere heddiinde ndee ko mbeelu ngu yiyotaako tolnondirngu e les-boɗewol (infra rouge). Ko nguuɗoo mbeelu ngu yiyotaako (lesboɗewol) toɗɗii laylayti giiɗal. Keɓe ɗee ndewrata ko e njuuteele bempeƴƴe 1310 nm (tellagol) kam e 1490 nm (ŋabbugol) nguuɗoo mbeelu lesboɗewol.
So meeteer feccaama :
– laabi milyaar rokka : 1 nm (nanomeeteer)
– laabi miliyoŋ rokka : 1 µm (mikroomeeteer)
– laabi ujunere rokka : 1 mm (milimeeteer)
Giiɗawal (Optique)
Ko ganndal ɓalliwal toppitiingal ko faati he annoore e yiyngo kam e geɗe toɗɗiiɗe caafe jogiiɗe huunde nannduɗe e annoore (caafe les-boɗewol, dow-wiyolee, bempeƴƴe daɓɓe, dow-hitooji, ustoron ekn…). So artii e yiyngo, ɗum ɓuri toɗɗaade ko peewnugol e njeeygu kuutorɗe giiɗal (lone peewnitooje, mawninorɗe, lonngorɗe, mikoroskopaaji ekn).
Bookara Aamadu Bah


text:
Miijo no limgal fulɓe newora
A jaaraama fota, Dr. Abdou Ba he hirjin’de fayde he ndee toɓɓere himmunde. Sabu, hono no teskori ɗaa ɗum ni, addanta yimɓe men e ɓesnguuji men saayde he nder leyɗeele men haa ngonta guɗɗum, ko majjineede ko’e mum en e fuuntireede ko leñel tokosel. Kollee leñol goɗngol ko kanum en ngoni mawngal tawa noon he jaati ko ngool woni leñel tokosel. Ndeke noon no mbiyɗaa ni, Tabital Pulaagu he nder Winndere ene foti daranaade ndeen toɓɓere he kala mbaydi no ɗuum ene gasira won’de.
Ɓaawo min janngii ɓataake mawɗo Tijaan Mbaalo fii limgal e keeweendi haalooɓe Fulfulde, men tawno ndee toɓɓere LIMGAL FULƁE, maa keeweendi Fulɓe, ko e toɓɓe ɓurɗe himmude ɗe pot-ɗen daranaade, ɗuum waɗi min meeɗii waɓɓude e TPI yo immano ndee toɓɓere, eɗen nana limooje janteteeɗe ɗe njaɓnaaki, yimɓe men kadi ko ɗeen ɓe pillotoo e binndi e haala maɓɓe, hulɓinii heen ko geɗe ɗiɗi:
- ɗeen limooje ɗe cellaani si ɓooyii ko ɗeen ngontata goonga (fenaande wonta goonga)
- ɗeen limooje ustooje keeweedni fulɓe na waɗa yimɓe tina ustaare natta hoolaade ko e maɓɓe tawa ɗum fawaaki e goonga.
Minen ɗoo e janngirde ɗemɗe Afrik e jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Keer (Université du Caire) ɗum na jeyaa e toɓɓe pooɗondirteeɗe, heerorɓe ɗemngal heen kala na hollira keewal yimɓe maggal, o yiɗa ustude keewal heddiiɓe, wano jannginooɓe Hawsa (ejiptenaaɓe) mbi’a haalooɓe Hawsa na ɓura milyonji 200, ɓe usta haaloɓe fulfulde e wiide ko milyonji 16, woɓɓe mbiya…
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Jaalal diineyankeewal, Khalifa kuuɓtidinɗo galle Ceerno Hamdu Rabbi Njaac yanii to “Hôpital principal” mo Dakaar. E wiyde Doktoor Buubu Sare, Khalifa oo sankii ko e 00H pawɗo hojomaaji seeɗa ko e nder jamma leylatul qadr. Ceerno Baaba Galle Njaac ari e aduna ko hitaande 1950. O adii naatde Qur’aan ko e juuɗe baaba makko hono Ceerno Hamdu Rabbi Njaac ( yo yurmeende Allah won e makko).
Hono no kala jogorɗo wonoyde salndu diineyankeewu herndu, gila e yonta almamaagal, ine hasii rewa e lappi keewɗi ngam ɗaɓɓoyde gannde alliyankooje ceertuɗe. Ndeke Ceerno Baaba Galle Njaac kañum ne wooraani ngol laawol, sibu nde o ummii e juuɗe baaba makko oon mo o jaggirnoo ko Ceerno makko, o ƴeewra ɗum yiytere ceernaagu haa heewɓe cikki ko o koɗo e nder galle hee, sibu ɗooftaare makko, Ceerno Baaba fayi ko to Dumnga Wuro Alfaa ngam jokkoyde jaŋde mum Qur’aan Kariim. Caggal ɗum o yahi to Hoore Foonde, o janngidii toon e ceerno Saamasa. Nde wonnoo ko o ɗomɗanooɗo ganndal alliyankeewal ko ɗum waɗi nde o ummii e duɗe rewankooje ɗee, Ceerno yaaɓani ko Kayhayɗi to Ceerno Aamadu Neene ngam ɓeydoyde ganndal e defte keewɗe alliyankooje.
E wiyde ceerno Hamdu Gey, almaami jamaa subalo: “Teskaama gila e cagataagal makko timmungal, ceerno Baaba ko ganndo nuunɗuɗo, kaaraaysire e rontude jikkuuji moƴƴi ɗi Baaba makko jikkii e Nelaaɗo Allah (mo jam e kisal ngoni e mum) addanii mo lomtaade jinnaaɗo makko gila law. O wonii e khalifaagal fotde duuɓi 18”.
Teskaama e makko, yeeso laaɓngo, ngo meeɗaa wayloraade hay neɗɗo gooto hay so tawii on mbayrondirii dumunna juutɗo.
O woniino jiɗɗo koɗo, kanko fof e wonde ɓiɗɗo Ceerno Hamdu, ko almudaagal ngal ɓuri teskeede haa yoga heen cikki ko o koɗo e galle baaba makko, sibu yankinaare.
So jaalal diineyankeewal tokkitiima, ine hasii nawora care keewɗe. Ɓuuɓri ɗuhirtenooki waasee. Baasal Ceerno Baaba Galle, heertoraaki tan e jibinannde Madiina Njaacɓe maa Senegaal no diidorinoo. Ko baasal kuuɓtidinngal, denndangal, Fuuta kala e mbaydi kuuɓtidinndi waasii wooturu e calɗi mum diineyankeewu.
Ɗii ɗoo jikkuuji tati ɗi ceerno joginoo addanii mo teskoreede yankinaare:
1- Kala mo Ceerno anndunoo ɓuri mo ganndal, o jaɓiino wonde almuudo mum kadi o jannga e mum ;
2- Kala mo ceerno fotnoo ganndal, o jaggirta ko oon ɓuri mo ;
3- Kala mo o daɗnoo ganndal, o waɗa ko kamɓe poti.
Baasal ceerno Baaba , ko baasal denndangal. Wonaa tan wonnoode Khalifa galle oo, hono lomto baaba makko. Ko sabu makko wonde neɗɗo jamyamo, ñaawoowo nuunɗuɗo, ñippatnooɗo fitinaaji e dogoowo koyɗe jam e beldital kala caɗeele maa luure dookinooɗe.
2 Korse 2019, ko ñalngu teskinngu ngu Ceerno Baaba Galle ruttii e joom mum, tawi o yahri ko duuɓi 69.
Yo Allah yurmo mo yaafoo mo, haarno mo aljanna. Yo toon won fooftorde makko.
Siftinde banndiraaɓe ɓee tan, oo sahaa jooni gooski kii ummiima Dakaar eɓena e laawol feewde Madiina Njaacɓe. So Bajjo oo ñaawii, ko janngo sahnga 11H o wirnetee to Madiina Njaacɓe, ko toon ne kadi o feewnatee.
So salndu diine waasaama, golle moƴƴe ngoppaama, jommbaani maayde mum kewta.
Umar Alhajji Caam (Jaayre Pinal /JP)


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Duko e hare hakkunde resondirɓe (dewlondirɓe): Hol feere?
Saakitaama ñannde : Hesɗintinaama ñannde :
A yiyat sahan men hannde oo, resondirɓe ɓe nganduɗaa koɗi ko e fitina jamma e ñalawma. Ñaande weeti fof ko duko, ƴeddondiral, so ɓooyi nii mbattata ko fiyondirde. Ɗum ne nii ko e yeese ɓesngu nguu. Ngoonga mbiiɗen ko koddigal weeɓaani. Kono mate wiiɓe ko yiɗondirɓe haa ndesondiri ene kaani dukdude ? Mate fitina ene foti wonde hakkunde ɓee ɗoo ?
Ko ɗum woni loowdi yeewtere Ko mbiiɗon ñalawma asay noogay e jeetati lewru tataɓurdu (mars) hitaande ujunnaaji ɗiɗi e noogay.
-Koɗoo oo Faatumata Sih maa wallu en faamde holko addata duko hakkunde dewlondirɓe e holko ñawdata ɗum. Kanko noon koo neɗɗiyanke, O gollittooko e Ong wiyeteende „Union pour la solidarité et l’entraide“, Dental Ballondiral e nangondiral tambiinde golle galle Ahmadu Maalik Gay ɗoo e Dakar.
- Men keɗo kadi e nder yeewtere ko musiɗɗo men Abdulaay Dikko waddani en e dow toɓɓere nde
-Timminta yeewtere nde ko tinninooje ɗe “Conseil régional de la jeunesse du Sahel, “Waaldere Sukaaɓe Sahel” waɗi mbela renntinde yimɓe ɓe e nguu ñaw wiyeteengu Koronavirus


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Walla ko «heptinaa woyi, saawaani jam»? Ñalnde 29 mee 2010, mi haawaama no feewi nde nan-mi Abdullaay Wad ina reentina jooɗaniiɗo leydi Amerik to Senegaal, sabu tan haalii ko fayti e njeenaari. Sibu, ko go’o am nande hooreejo leydi ina furoo kiliifu potɗo nii, e yeeso aduna fof.
Walla ko «heptinaa woyi, saawaani jam»? Ñalnde 29 mee 2010, mi haawaama no feewi nde nan-mi Abdullaay Wad ina reentina jooɗaniiɗo leydi Amerik to Senegaal, sabu tan haalii ko fayti e njeenaari. Sibu, ko go’o am nande hooreejo leydi ina furoo kiliifu potɗo nii, e yeeso aduna fof.
Ko kaa haala woni kadi ? Ko laawi Abdullaay Wad kadi ?
Laawi Laay ko winndannde Marsiyaa Bernikaa (Marcia Bernicat), debbo jooɗaniiɗo Barak Obama to Senegaal, bayyinaande e leydi he ñalnde aljumaa 28/05/2010. Tiitoonde winndannde nde ko «Senegaal e njeenaari».
Marsiyaa ina hollitnoo heen wonde leydi Amerik, e rewrude e USAID (Njuɓɓudi Amerik toppitiindi ƴellitaare Winndere) e MCA (ballal 540 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, fotde 140 miliyaar ugiyya, rokkata won ɗeen leyɗe ceedtanaaɗe ngardiigu moƴƴu), jiidaa e juɓɓule Amerik goɗɗe ballitooje leydi Senegaal, ina wallita leyɗeele Afrik. O wiyi heen «So Senegaal ƴellitiima to bannge faggugu, deeƴii, ma ɗum wallit deeƴre e nder Afrik hirnaange, wonana Afrik fof kadi yeru moƴƴo, yimɓe fof naftoroo … Kono tan, njeenaari … kam e politikaaji ɗi njuumtaani ina mbaawi bonnude kala ko gollanoo ngam ƴellitaare, celna ngalu potnoongu waɗeede e cellal yimɓe walla e jaŋde walla e nokkuuji goɗɗi guurwuuri wonannde renndo, bonnana ɓurnooɓe hatojinde heen ɓe». O wiyi wonde hay «tuumamuya njeenaari tan ina yammina jom kaalis en e gollaade e leydi, itta hoolaare juɓɓule ñamlatnooɗe kaalis». E tonngol «laamu kellifaangu ina jojji ngam ƴellitaare leydi».
«Nafoore ballal ngam ƴellitaare ina jotondiri no feewi e calagol njeenaari kam e heɓaare guwarnama keɓoowo balle ɗe, daraade darnde moƴƴere, nuunɗunde… Ko ɗum waɗi, Guwarnama Amerik yiɗi gollondirde ko e huniiɓe haɓde e njeenaari e golloraade laaɓal. … Dental Amerik ina wallita kadi pelle renndo cirŋiniiɗe, deenooje, baawnooje laamuuji ɗi wonde kellifaaɗi».
«Kuuɓal dowla Amerik toppitiingal geɗe politik – ammbasadeer William Burns – kam e cukko hoorejo MCA toppitiiɗo tabitingol mum, hono Patrick Fine, njokkondirii ko ɓooyaani ko e laamu Senegaal, ɓe njeewtidii ko fayti e payndaale maɓɓe to bannge ƴellitaare, e teeŋtungol haɓde e njeenaari. E nder ɗeen jokkondire baɗdaaɗe e hoohooɓe Senegaal ɓurɓe toowde, ɓeen kuniima jokkude haɓde e njeenaari … tee ɓe nanii sarɗiiji ɗi min pawi e ballal amen, so haɓde e njeenaari e ardoraade peewal. Amin njaakorii maa Senegaal jokku tabitinde ko hunii ko, mbele ballal amen ina ɓeydoo waawde nafde».
«Ɓesngu Amerik ina teeŋtina wonde dolaruuji ɗi waɗata e ƴellitaare ɗi ina poti wallitde e moƴƴinde nguurndam ɓesngu Senegaal. Ameriknaaɓe ina ɗaminii, ko fotde maɓɓe ne, yiyde kala dolaar ummiiɗo e limpooji njoɓata ɗi, ɓaɗaaɗo e balle, ina nafta».
Ko e ƴeesgol batu hakkunde Dental Orop e USA njowiitiingu e woote, Abdullaay Wad jaabii ndeen winndannde, jaabawol ƴaggungol. O hucciti e Marsiyaa, yeeso kameraaji teleeji, fotde hojomaaji jeeɗiɗi omo haala, yimɓe fof ina mugaa. O idii ko wiyde «miɗo sunii no feewi e konnguɗi nanat-mi ñalnde fof, takkooji Senegaal wonde leydi njeenaari».
«Ko miin woni kalfinaaɗo reende faayiida Senegaal, leydi ndimɗundi. Ko min leydi tokosiri, kono amin njogii faaro e ndimaagu. Mi anndaa so tawii oɗon ƴeewtindoo ko kaalaton ko. Sabu haala mon, a min mbiyee ko min wuyɓe, ko min yeenaaɓe. Mi nattii yiɗde ɗum. Min mbaawaa jaɓde won e geɗe. Tee, mi roŋkii famde, hol ko saabii ko onon ngoni leydi ngootiri ñalloori wiyde ko min leydi njeenaari… Dental Orop e Farayse e Sawuud e Inndo e Siin ina mballa min no feewi, kono ɓe meeɗaa wiyde ko min yeenaaɓe. Ko Dental Amerik tan wiyata min noon.»
O hucciti e makko o wiyi mo «alaa fof yeru njenaari mo ndokku-ɗon, mo kuugal fawaaka e mum… Ndartinee ɗee takke e peeñcu, sibu mi nattii waawde muñde ɗum».
O jokki heen «so tawii, sabu ngalɗoo ballal MCA min mbaawaa dañde jam, ebo ƴettitee ngal, nawee ngal to njiɗɗon fof, ɗo mbaaw-ɗon ƴattaade joom mum en, kono wonaa ɗo e Senegaal. Ngaranee ngal nde njiɗ-ɗon kala, nawon ngal ɗo njiɗ-ɗon fof».
O haali ha o joofni, kameraaji ina jokki e filmude. Marsiyaa Bernikaa wiyi mo «meeɗaani wonde e anniya am, wonaa hanki, wonaa hannde, takkude walla ƴattade hay gooto. Ko ɗum waɗi, nde kaalat-mi nde, mi ɓet heen helmere kala, ngam dogde luural». Kono o ɓeydi heen nii wonde «So mi nuunɗii, winndannde nde ummorii kam ko Dental Amerik, tee, mi ittii heen ko heewi ngam teskaade ko fuɗɗaa waɗeede heen ko ». Ɗum firti ko winndannde nde o neldaa nde ɓuri ƴaggude, falaani heen hay gommbal.
Haalpulaar en ina keewi wiyde «hul ko haalaa». Eɗen nganndi Wad dañdiino caɗeele e FMI e Alekse Segura, nde wiyetee wonde o tottii oon bakanel baɗngel ko ina tolnoo e 90 miliyoŋ kaalis Seefaa, ngam yeende ɗum. Ko ñalnde 25 settaammbar 2009 wonnoo. E oon sahaa, FMI hollitiino wonde ɗumɗoo ko huunde harminaande muɗlakan («…ces pratiques peu orthodoxes sont formellement interdites»). E oon sahaa Wad jaabinoo ko «ɗumɗoo ko kadooyel tokosel, ko e aadaaji Afrik». Ɗum noon, eɗen poti faamde tan, Amerik e Wad «njiydaa ɗemngal», ko ɓeen mbiyata njeenaari ko, kanko wonaa noon o yiyri ɗum … Ina gasa tawa ko ɗum saabii denndaangal geɗe o yooɓtortee, gila e «sañciyeeji Cees» haa e kuutoragol ngalu «mooɓondiral lislaam», e ko wonaa ɗum tan.
Hoohooɓe politik Senegaal heewɓe kollitii mettere mum en e ngooɗoo duko. Ina heen Aysata Taal. E miijo Aysata, kaaɗoo haala ina siftina en Dadis Kamara (Dadis Show). O wiyi «Senegaal ina anndiraa wonde leydi ndi heewaani doole to bannge faggudu, kono leydi mawndi to bannge tabitino demokaraasi. Wonaa ngol fuɗɗi, Abdullaay Wad bonnii faayiida Senegaal… Persidaa leydi fotaani haaldirde nii e ammbaasadeer leydi ngoɗndi, e peeñcu. Kalfinaaɗo jokkondiral leydi ina waawnoo noddude Ammbasadeer o, haalda emum : ko noon aduna oo fof gollortoo. Ɗumɗoo ina siftina Dadis Kamara. Ina yurminii, kono ko noon wayi». Miɗo sikki noon Aysata Taal ko jejjitɗo tan, sibu Abdullaay Wad wiyiino, nde Dadis heɓi laamu to Gine nde, wonde «Dadis ko ɓiyam», tee o meeɗaani suuɗde jokkondiral makko e oon, haa ñalnde waɗi ajaande bonnde nde. Ƴeew so wonaa oon janngunoo e makko.
Mammadu Mbooc, gardiiɗo pelle renndo to Senegaal kam holliti tan, ko Senegaal yahnoo ɗaɓɓitoyde ballal Amerik, ngam jeyeede e tuugnorgal MCA ngal. Ngaal tuugnorgal noon, e no o hollitiri, ina jogii sarɗiiji mum. So Senegaal ina anndunoo waawaa ɗooftaade ɗum en, fotaano yahde ɗaɓɓude heɓde ngal, haa ko ina adda haalaluuji e cood-maa-mi coodtu-maa-mi, mo alaa ko firti.
So eɗen ciftora kadi, ko hono ɗuum Mustafa Ñas wiynoo mo, ñalnde 16 mee, nde o wiyata ko kanko woni sabaabu goppitgol Kolotilde Raayse, hono suka debbo Faraysenaajo nannganooɗo to Iraan. Ñas wiyiino «no Wad waɗiri nii, wonaa noon woowraa. Neɗɗo ina foti fadde haa heptinanee golle mum, wonaa wiyde ina fiytoo heen becce. Ɗumɗoo ko waasde hormaade Aduna…»
Enen boom mbiyaten tan, ɗumɗoo ko huunde woowtaande : haala keewka, kaaldaaka no fotiraani, walla huccitde hirnaange tawi aduna fof ina hucciti fuɗnaange, ɗum ko huunde nde haawaani en e Wad. Heddii ko eɗen nduwanoo Senegalnaaɓe nde Alla ittanta ɗum en ndee fawre e hitaande 2012, mawɗo leydi goɗɗo, mo «heewaani duuɓi» toɗɗee heen. Eɗen nduwanoo heen kadi denndaangal ɓesnguuji Muritani e Gine e goɗɗi, daaɓanooɗi, nde Alla fawtanta ɗum en won ɗeen pawe Alla!
Bookara Aamadu Bah


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Ñalnde 19/09/2013, ko ñalngu mawningol piilngal IBK (Ibraahim Buubakar Koytaa) hooreejo leydi Mali. Wonande leydi Mali, ko daawal kesal ɗamaawu reftude laawol caggal jiiɓru bonndu e kulol pusgu leydi ndii. Wonande IBK ko laatagol koyɗol so wonde hooreejo leydi, kono kadi «kanko e soklaaji».
Hooreeɓe leyɗe heewɓe tawtoraama piilngal ngal. Ina jeyaa heen François Hollande hooreejo leydi Farayse, oon kaɗanɗo Mali firtaare, paabiiɗo ɗum nde hatojini heen ;
ina jeyaa heen persidaa Idris Debi, hooreejo leydi Caad, oon mo konu mum jeyaa e furtinɓe saaysayeeɓe e nder kaaƴe rewo Mali, saaysayeeɓe huutortooɓe diine lislaam ina mbaɗa ko boni ; ina jeyaa heen Alasan Watara hooreejo Koddiwaar e Laamɗo leydi Maruk hono Muhammed 6, ina jeyaa heen kadi Makki Sal, hooreejo leydi Senegaal… Ina jeyaa e luutaaɓe, luutegol kaawngol yimɓe, hooreejo leydi Muritani hono Muhammed wul Abdel Asiis.
Ɗum noon, ñalnde 19 settaambar ko belaa mawɗo wonande Mali, hay so tawii, e no jaaynde « Mali Actu » winndiri nii : « So Mali weltiima, IBK ina tini donngal teddungal pawingal e balabe mum ngal ». Hol ngaal donngal ? Gila o toɗɗaa, o hollitii yiɗde welditinde Malinaaɓe, kono ɗuum ko gollal caɗtungal no feewi hay so tawii noon heɓde kaalis wonaa caɗeele. Ina jeyaa e ko saɗtini ɗum, mbeelu waɗboniiɓe, mbeeyoowu e dow leydi hee. Ɗum ɗoon ina ɗaɓɓi jeertaare duumiinde, e waasde ŋofƴaade hay seeɗa, hay gootol.
Yanti e ɗuum doosiyee rewo Mali. Ko famɗi fof goomuuji nay jogitiiɗi ina innitoroo toon. Ɓe ciifondiraama nanondiral (ƴeew Fooyre Ɓamtaare tŋ 113), kono hoto njejjitee ko kamɓe puɗɗunoo wuddere e cawgu, haa arti noon e Fedde MNLA, mooliinde e laamorgo Muritani e to Farayse. Tee, ɓe ngoɗɗondiraani e « ndiyam laana »…
————–
IBK : « Jaaraama Caad »
IBK teddinirii leydi Caad toɗɗegol mum e gardagol leydi Mali ; ñalnde altine 26/08/2013 o yilliima Idiris Debi to wuro Caad wiyeteengo Iriba ɗo Idiris Debi woni e fooftere. O wiyi : «ngar-mi ko wiyde on, on njaaraama, onon caadnaaɓe. Mi waawaano waasde idoraade Caad, ngam yettude ɓesngu Caad e hooreejo mum, sabu darnde maɓɓe addannde Mali heɓtude deeƴre ». O wiyi kadi o yiɗaano nulde walla winndude, addi mo kadi ko wiyde persidaa Idiris Debi, hunuko e nofru, wonde omo piriyii ɗum e piilngal makko ñalnde 4 settaambar 2013.
Ndaw ko haani, sibu Caad jeyaa ko e leyɗe gidiiɗe wallitde Mali, kam e Farayse, haɓde e saaysayeeɓe heɓtunooɓe rewo leydi ndii. Tee, ndi maayraama heen fotde 30 soldaat.
Baɗɗo ko moƴƴi fof, wiyee « a jaaraama ». Baɗɗo ko boni fof noon, maa yiytu!
Fooyre


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Ñaawooɓe Ñaawirde Kuuge Winndereere (CPI) wonnde to La Haye (laamorgo Pays Bas) fellitii ñaawde Looraa Bagboo, oon gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi koddiwaar. Ɗuum, ko caggal nde ɓe cikkitii dalillaaji gaddanooɗi ñaawirde ndee addude mo toon e wiyde ina ñaawa mo. Jooni noon, ɓayri ɓe pellitii ñaawde mo, firti ko won dalillaaji njogaa gaddanooji yimɓe tuumde mo geɗe nay (4) : warhoore aadeewo, woni warngooji e njangu e rewɓe e golle yoorɓerndaagu kam e ownugol beeli.
Hade maɓɓe fellitde ñaawde mo, maa ɓe njuurnitii dalillaaji kollitaaɗi ɗii, gila e haala 108 seede, haa e 22 000 hello binndi haa e dille e wideyooji. Bagboo woni hooreejo leydi gadano mo CPI teeɓtii, ina yiɗi ñaawde ɗum. Kanko Bagboo omo yahra e duuɓi 69. Bone ɗe tuumaa ɗee mbaɗi ko caggal juɓɓingol woote gardagol leydi Koddiwaar. Ko ina wona e 3 000 fittaandu mbaasaama e hare waɗnoonde e oon sahaa hakkunde makko e senngo Alasan Watara e Giyoom Soroo. O jagganoo ko e lewru abriil 2011, o nawaa La Haye e lewru noowammbar 2011. Omo wondi toon e Charles Blé Goudé, gardinooɗo sukaaɓe wondunooɓe e laamu maɓɓe.
Ñalnde alkamiisa 12 suwee 2014, FƁ


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Ñande 11 Duujal (Mai) 1973, Omar Bolondee Joop sagata feeloyaŋke-filosof senegaalnaajo luutndinooɗo laamu hooreejo Lewopool Sedaar Seengor, yiita ene hawri e lajal, tawi omo sokanoo e kasoo e Duunde Gore ndee. Ko ene wona jooni duuɓi cappanɗe Joy, yiyannde laamu nde, so wi’de ko o baraaɗo, heewɓe ene calii ɗum, ɓeen jagguɓe wonnde ko woni goonga koo, koo o baraaɗo. Artude e dew-rewe harbiyanke Bolondee Joop ko njiilaw (miijitaade) e dumunna waylitaare (rèvolution) he nder Senegaal.
Jokku Taro
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Mansa Musaa, laaminooɗo joomaandu Mali e teemadannde sappo e nayaɓere (1400) woni neɗɗo ɓurɗo alɗude e ko anndaa he daartol. Ɗuum wonaa deftere balliftooɗo Afrocantrist hesere jaŋtii ɗum, alaa, ko jaaynde Ameriknaare wiyeteende celebritynetworth.com e kuɗol Brian Warner, yaltini ɗum ñalnde 13/10/2012.
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Ko he nduu ɗoo lewru, ñalnde 11 Korse (Juin) 2021 waɗata duuɓi sappo e go’o ko Mammadu Sammba Joop, ɓurnooɗo lollirde Murtuɗo walla Baaba Leñol, hooti saare ngoonga. O yahii kono o naworaani ñamaande leñol Fulɓe kono Fulɓe kam ene njoganiimo tawo ñamaande. Murtuɗo rokkiino nguurndam mum fof leñol Fulɓe e ɗemngal Pulaar. O hirjinii Fulɓe he winndude, janngude e janngin’de ɗemngal Pulaar. O jannginii, o heblii jannginooɓe kadi o wallifiima defte keewɗe he ɗemngal Pulaar. Kono ɗeen defte noon haajooni leñol ngol daraaki he no ɗe muuldaa. Ɗuum ko ñamaande teddunde, nde yontii leñol ngol ene ƴeewa no rootorii ɗum.
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He duuɓi jawtuɗi ɗii pelle nodditortooɗe Jihaadyankeeje (Al-Qa’ida e Da’is) mbonni ko heewi e ndonateeri pinal aade to bannge Fuɗnaange-Ɓadiiɗo e Worgo Afrik. Ɓe kelii jumaaji keewɗi, ɓe pusi janaale waliyaaɓe, eglisaaji e defterɗi e jaatiiji (monuments) daartolyankeeji; ɓe nduppi defte e ballifanɗe (manuscrits) keewɗe joginooɗe faayida mawɗo he daartol pinal aade, walla ɓe ngujja ɗum en sabu maɓɓe anndude ko njaru majje en ɓuri tiiɗde hay muudo kaŋŋe.
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Ko ñalnde Mawbaare (Talaata) 1 Mbooy
(Mars) 1977, he saanga beetawe, Koolaaɗo Kuuɓal Fedde Ngootaagu
Afrik garwaniijo o maayi he nder dummbirdu 52 to Camp Boiro,
Konaakiri leydi Lagine (la Guinée).
Duuɓi cappanɗe nay e ɗiɗi (42)
njawtii caggal ko ɗum waɗi, kono sukaaɓe Afriknaaɓe heewɓe
nganndinaaka holi oo ɓiyɗo Pullo, gorko Afriknaajo, kaɓanaaɗo
ngam rokkitde Afrik jeytaare e ndimaagu mum. Hare hakkilantaagal e
ñeeñal nde o sippiraa he nder batuuji winndereyankeeji, ɗi he nder
mum en hay añɓe makko ene keɓtini haayaneede mo konngol e laaɓtude
makko jiyanɗe. Darnde makko he mahde ngootaagu leyɗeele Afrik ngam
haa mbaawa tabitin’de nguun ndimaagu e ndeen jeytaare ko huunde
seedtinnde.
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Sammba Jabare Sammbu ko ciftinatnooɗo
Senegaal hanki mum. Hanki binndaaɗo he jimɗi awluɓe e gaaaci
wammbaa. Hanki ngootaagu pinal e daartol haa ɓuri teeŋtude hakkunde
Haalpulaar en e Jolfuɓe.
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